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PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 
SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS 


OF THE 


ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


OF LONDON 


FOR THE YEAR 


Tear 
\ gt? ae SS 
Cora ae 


Kale 


PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, 
AND SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE. 
LONDON : 


MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO, 
PATERNOSTER ROW. 


Ee eb 


OF THE 


COUNCIL AND OFFICERS 


OF THE 


ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 


1888. 


COUNCIL. 
(Elected April 30, 1888.) 


Proressor W. H. Frower, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., President. 


Dr. Joun ANDERSON, 
F.R.S. 

Witt1ram T. Branrorp, KEsq., 
F.R.S. 

Masor-Gen. Henry Crerx, R.A., 
F.R.S. 

Cuartes Drummonp, Esq., T'rea- 
surer. 

Str JosepoH Farrer, K.C.S.L., 
F.R.S., Vice-President. 

Joun P. Gasstor, Esq. 

F. Du Caner Gopmay, Esq., F.R.S. 

Cot. James A. Grant, C.B.,C.8.L., 
E.R.S. 

De ALC. i. 'G.. Gurnaur, 
F.R.S., Vice-President. 


LLD., 


Dr. Enwarp Hamitron, Vice- 
President. 
KE. W. H. Hotpsworrn, Esq. 
Joun W. Hutxe, Esq., F.R.S. 
Dr. Sr. Groner Mivart, F.R.S., 
Vice-President. 
Proresson ALFRED NEWTON, 
M.A., F.R.S., Vice-President. 
Osprrt Satvin, Esq., F.R.S. 
Howarp Saunpers, Hsq., F.L.S. 
Pure Luriey Scrarer, Esq., 
M.A.,Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary. 
Josern Travers Surry, Esq. 
Surcron-Gen. L. C. Srewarr. 
Tue Lorp Watsinenam, F.R.S., 
Vice-President. 


PRINCIPAL OFFICERS. 


P. L. Scrater, Esq., M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary. 
Frank E. Bepparp, Esq., M.A., Prosector. 

Mr. A. D. Barrierr, Superintendent of the Gardens. 
Mr. F. H. Warernovuse, Librarian. 

Mr. Joon Barrow, Accountant. 

Mr. W. J. Witttrams, Chief Clerk. 


LIST 


OF THE 
CONTRIBUTORS, 


With References to the several Articles contributed by each. 


Page 
Bates, H. W., F.R.S., F.Z.S., &c. 


On a Collection of Coleoptera from Korea (Tribes Geode- 
phaga, Lamellicornia, and Longicornia) made by Mr. J. H. 
DEI OE EDS... 5 Oe ahetata a Sls hod aoe, was weed ite ta ah ihe oan 367 


On some new Species of Coleoptera from Kiu-Kiang, 
IE te ein) ncn (hiss p Aosta alersie and eR eels vigil as Weslaco en GEO 


BEpDDARD, FRANK E., M.A.,, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., F.Z.S., Prosector 
to the Society, Lecturer on Biology at Guy’s Hospital. 


On certain points in the Visceral Anatomy of the Lacer- 


Mra marticalariy ot Mowitor. 3.4.90 2200. Pad No 5 held eiSlte 98 
Observations upon an Annelid of the Genus olosoma. 

EG eects Ae ohare Re Bei>  o ryeiiaip ie sainieeienie one Boa 213 
Notes on the Visceral Anatomy of Birds.—No. II. On 

the Respiratory Organs in certain Diving Birds .......... 252 


On certain Points in the Visceral Anatomy ot Baleniceps 
hea, hearing npon, its Afimities (yee. ciate. Al) 284 


Note on the Sternal Gland of Didelphys dimidiata .... 353 
Note on a. mewGrer atin’ oie eich enrich nals ha « * 355 


On certain Points in the Structure of Clitellio (Claparéde). 


Ses PROMNi. O i aie He tote le Cdithona ol Ake ale ee neta Ae 
a2 


lv 
Page 
Bett, F. Jerrrey, M.A., Sec. R.M.S., F.Z.S., Professor of 
Comparative Anatomy in King’s College, London. 


Exhibition of, and remarks upon, three specimens of a 
dane Penmmtalidl — o..62 sis: Greet peis ss is o's te moans oles 267 


Descriptions of Four new Species of Ophiurids. (Plate 
DOVES) si. j-4 f aay ae 2 oe creams of eee pcan ame 281 


Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of Cerianthus 
membranaceus in its tube ...-.. 0. . «ss a's+ ss sae 0 ie an eeu 


Report on a Collection of Echinoderms made at Tuticorin, 
Madras, by Mr. Edgar Thurston, C.M.Z.S., Superintendent, 
Government Ceutral Museum, Madras ................ 383 


Bou.encer, G. A., F.Z.S. 


Third Contribution to the Herpetology of the Solomon 
Debits S202 SE a Bas ae clot Meats «eee ncaa eee 


Note on the Classification of the Rantde ............ 204 


Exhibition of, and remarks upon, the type specimen of a 
new Marsupial Tree-Frog (Nototrema fissipes) from Per- 
DUMMTOMEG is Mc. score rvs so oc eee io Bae eee atone sae 219 


Description of a new Land-Tortoise from South Africa, 
from Specimens living in the Society's Gardens. (Plate 
Pe LV is) a hier. | aaliels oh cd. "\e Ub ee eee aeelore iste Dee 251 


Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a new Genus of Snakes, 
AZEMRODS FOE oo. 6 Sasi wie bn i te ae Pee 0 = ae ee 266 


On the Scaling of the Reproduced Tail in Lizards ...... 351 


On the Reptiles of Christmas Island........ eh Seite sf 534 


Butuer, Arruur G., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c., Assistant Keeper 
of the Zoological Department, British Museum. 


On the Lepidoptera received from Dr. Emin Pasha .... 56 


¥ 
Page 


Descriptions of some new Lepidoptera from Kilima- 
ETO OS. BS TY POR ES OF OY. SEV Pat, 20. HOV OL 


On the Lepidoptera of Christmas Island.............. 542 


CAMPBELL, F. M., F.Z.S. © 


Exhibition of a pair of Pallas’s Sand-Grouse, and remarks 
on the numerous recent occurrences of this bird in Western 
PCL ee re ee ea ae een eee et ee el 


CocKkERELt, T. D. A. 


Letter from, containing remarks on Atavism .......... 219 


Coutett, Professor Rosert, C.M.Z.S. 


Exhibition of a nest, eggs, and two young ones in down of 
PREP UME AOU: (5 cians ict Patel ed celine weet teen cum ated e'slete es. OIL 


Cores, E. C. 
Letter from, asking for assistance in studying the question 
of Economic Entomology in India .............. 2.2.5. 266 


Daty, D. D., Assistant Resident, British North Borneo. 


On the Caves containing Edible Birds’-nests in British 
Norte Dornea Say teres oa eters ete ee eee, OILS IOS 


Davies, A. M., Assoc. Normal School of Science, S. Kensing- 
ton; and Howes, G. B., F.Z.S., F.L.S., Assistant 
Professor of Zoology, Normal School of Science and R. 
School of Mines, S. Kensington. 

Observations upon the Morphology and Genesis of Super- 
numerary Phalanges, with especial reference to those of the 
miaphibia, Celts, KRU. we RY JE A eee PLA YR 9S 


Day, Francis, C.LE., F.LS., F.Z.S. 


Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of the 
Spanish Loach (Cobitis tenia) and of some hybrid Sai- 


NAN OHIVCL CO A Scribe aoe abel PEER ORE ciao ea ele loa alee wa « 


Observations on the Fishes of India.—Part I........... 258 


vi 
Dresser, H. E., F.Z.S. 


Exhibition of, and remarks upon, an example of a new 
Species of Shrike (Lanius raddei) from the Transcaspian 
WSU RICE ere eyed citis. aeveoseyaye%enss Sides a talyur et etsy evevetachane eaererey one 


Druce, Hersert, F.LS., F.Z.8., &e. 


List of Lepidoptera Heterocera collected by Mr. C. M. 
Woodford at Suva, Viti Levu, Fiji Islands, with the De- 
scriptions of some new Species. (Plate XIII.) .......... 


List of the Lepidoptera Heterocera, with Descriptions of 
the new Species, collected by Mr. C. M. Woodford at Aola, 
Guadalcanar Island, Solomon Islands. (Plate XXIX.).... 


Drummonp-Hay, Lt.-Col. H. M., C.M.Z.8. 


Exhibition of a specimen of the Desert Wheatear (Saai- 
cola deserti) killed in Scotland ........... svi deeded 


Emin Pasua, Dr., C.M.Z.S. 


Letter from, concerning the despatch of Natural History 
Objects... A KA obo Me ore) PRI PRIS ee eee 


Frowrr, WittiAM Henry, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., 
President of the Society. 
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of a Japan- 
ese Domestic Cock with elongated upper tail-coverts ...... 
Fowter, G. Hersert, B.A., Ph.D., Assistant to the Jodrell 
Professor of Zoology, University College, London. 
On a new Pennatula from the Bahamas. (Plate VI.) 
Gapow, Hans, Ph.D., M.A., F.Z.S., Strickland Curator and 


Lecturer on the Advanced Morphology of Vertebrata in 
the University of Cambridge. 


Remarks on the Numbers and on the Phylogenetic Deve- 
lopment of the Remiges of Birds .. 


Page 


291 


219 


140 


248 


135 


655 


vil 
Page 
Gauan, C. J., M.A. 


On the Coleoptera of Christmas Island .............. 538 


Gopwin-AusTen, Lieut.-Col. H. H., F.R.S., F.Z.S., &e. 


On some Land-Mollusks from Burmah, with Descriptions 
of some new Species.—-Part I. ...... 0... cee ee ee ence ee 240 


Grant, W. R. Oeitvir, F.Z.S. 


Second List of the Birds collected by Mr. C. M. Wood- 
ford in the Solomon Archipelago. (Plate X.) .......... 185 


Ginrner, ALBERT, C.L.G., M.A., M.D., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., 
Keeper of the Zoological Department, British Museum. 


Report on a Collection of Reptiles and Batrachians sent 
by Emin Pasha from Monbuttu, Upper Congo .......... 50 


Howes, G. B., F.Z.S., F.L.S., Assistant Professor of Zoology, 
Normal School of Science and Royal School of Mines, 
S. Kensington. 


Note on the Azygos Veins in the Anurous Amphibia .. 122 
Notes on the Gular Brood-pouch of Rhinoderma 
RUAYSORENE es 0 Ast ke ett og Kole aciernea dora e lanl eres «ew nate. se 231 
Howes, G. B., F.Z.S., F.L.S., Assistant Professor of Zoology, 
Normal School of Science and Royal School of Mines, 
(South Kensington), and Davies, A. M., Assoc. 
N.S.S. 


Observations upon the Morphology and Genesis of Super- 
numerary Phalanges, with especial reference to those of the 
Amphibia. (Plates XXIV. & XXV.).....-.... .000---- 495 


Howes, G. B., F.Z.8., F.L.S., &c., and Ripewoop, W. 


On the Carpus and Tarsus of the Anura. (Plates VII.- 
7x) 


viii 


Page 
Hutxg, J. W., F.R.S., F.Z.S., &c. 
Contribution to the Skeletal Anatomy of the Mesosuchia, 
based on Fossil Remains from the Clays near Peterborough 
in the Collection of A. Leeds, Esq. (Plates XVIII. 
Irpy, Col. L. H., F.Z.S. 
Exhibition, on behalf of Lord Lilford, of a specimen of 
Aquila rapax from Southern Spain .................... 248 
Jacosy, Marttn, F.E.S. 
Descriptions of new Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera 
froiy-omkiaiie (CHG) oes ese she cic alte eden 339 
Kirsy, W. F., Assistant in the Zoological Department, 
British Museum. 
On the Insects (exclusive of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera) 
On AO Raristrias, UStaN i o on is. = 5. 0h iceman eee eh ee 
Layarp, E. L., F.Z.S., &e. 
Extract from a letter concerning the distribution of some 
Land-Shells of the genus Stenogyra .... 6.0... .+se eee 358 
Leecu, J. H., B.A., F.R.G.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., &. 
On the Lepidoptera of Japan and Corea.—Part II. 
Heterocera, Sect, I. (Plates XXX.-XXXII.) .......... 580 
Laster, J. J., M.A., F.Z.S. 
On the Natural History of Christmas Island, in the Indian 
Ocean. (Plates XXVI. & KXVEL.)IS TI ale ei. cee 512 


Lover, Sir E. G., F.Z.S8. 


Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a very large tusk of an 
Aitricniiile phamtetgg fs / 6s om.c sess pe aie pee oe bie wees ee 


ix 
Lussock, Sir Joun, Bart., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., &c. 


Extracts from a letter, addressed to him by Mr. George 
A. Treadwell, concerning a fatal case of poisoning from the 
bite of Heloderma suspectum  .....- sere ee eecces = Paine 266 


Page 


Moors, Freperic, F.Z.S. 


Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Lepidoptera 
Heterocera, collected by Rev. J. H. Hocking, chiefly in the 
Kanera’ District, N.W. Himalaya 20008. 0.2 5.2 Se 390 


Parker, W. Newron, F.Z.S., Professor of Biology in the 
University College of S. Wales and Monmouthshire. 


On the Poison-Organs of Trachinus. (Plate XVII.).... 359 


Pocock, R. I., Assistant Natural History Museum. 


On the Arachnida, Myriopoda, and Land-Crustacea of 
@hrishiuitas ‘Uslaridigess ts -ests atecre.e, elcrerneee ene ee ee oad ase 556 


RipEewoop, W., and Howes, G. B., F.Z.S., F.L.S., &e. 


On the Carpus and Tarsus of the Anura. (Plates VII.- 
es aes salnt anes a's Jars senarins raledgeaeshaa ebhun agi Bret eats, Saw ate 141 


Savin, Ospert, M.A., F.R.S. 
A Note on Ornithoptera victoria, Gray. (Plate IV.) .. 116 


Saunpers, Howarp, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e. 


Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of the 
American Green-winged Teal shot in Devon ... ........ 469 


SciatTer, Pure Lutiey, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to 
the Society. 
Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in 
December 1887, and List of Specimens of the Genus Canis 1 


Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in 
sernby LGSGs esi ses © SER OA a. ee 87 


Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in 
PME NOOS. +. . coins «3 een + ss Shinn ceed. 2h 140 


x 


Page 
Exhibition, on behalf of Lt.-Col. H. M. Drummond-Hay, 
C.M.Z.S., of a specimen of the Desert Wheatear (Savxicola 
deserti) killed in Scotland ..........--. eeseseeeeereee ce 140 


Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in 
BT ee BSS. icc os wis eaten wile os de Ghee ee ae ee 


Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in 
PPT IR UA ccc ore clalaic cane hied ope ans pv a, ph mcin, we a ee 


Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in 
Weegee eS a Seek)... che eens a 291 
Exhibition, on the part of Mr. F. M. Campbell, F.Z.S., of 
a pair of Pallas’s Sand-Grouse, and remarks on the numerous 
recent occurrences of this bird in Western Europe ........ 291 
Exhibition, on behalf of Prof. R. Collett, C.M.Z.S., of 


a nest, eggs, and two young ones in down of the Ivory 
Gil Save coe ere wuste "el siete sc. ate cine Shs MEPIS aie ecece cose 291 


Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in June, 
July, August, September, and October, 1888 ........... 413 


Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in 
BFOVEMBCELLB BD. o pins aic'e » sis oem eee kee cee ee 964 


Srersoum, Henry, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e. 


Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a series of Pheasants 
from Mongolia, Thibet, and China .. ......2c000. sons ss Op 


Exhibition of, and remarks upon, examples of Phasianus 
shawi from the valley of the Tarim River, and an example 
of P. tarimensis frou Lob-Nor clu. 7. ssa 2b esis ol seve 415 


Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of /% anellus 
gregartux, shot in Lancashife ..). occ. = + ass pee 416 


Suarpe, R. Bowpter, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c., Department of 
Zoology, British Museum. 


On a new Species of Elainea from the Island of Fernando 
IN OP OBI 2 inna 5695 G 0 pig cies Sarees eae ae ee nn eee 107 


Descriptions of some new Species of Birds from the Island 
of Guadalcanar in the Solomon Archipelago, discovered by 
Dat. CME WUGMtOrd cree cate Ca ie se ce veneer e 182 


xi 


Page 

Note on Specimens in the Hume Collection of Birds.— 

No. 6. On some Species of the Genus Digenea .......... 246 

List of a Collection of Birds made by Mr. L. Wray in the 
main Range of Mountains of the Malay Peninsula, Perak. 

GE LAGEL MVS) Te, arihireia sais, state dls ahie MTT. Die .gte ste) alaial 268 
SHELLEY, Capt. G. E., F.Z.S. 

On a Collection of Birds made by Emin Pasha in Equa- 

Siti Atrida. + (Plate: TEE) iar.: abil ehets terinienn git alia! s aia 17 
Smirag, Epear A., F.Z.S. 

On the Shells of the Albert Nyanza, Central Africa, 
obtained by Dr. Emin Pasha .......-.. eee eee e eee eee 52 

On the Terrestrial Mollusks of Christmas Island........ 536 

Sowersy, G. B., F.Z.S., F.L.S. 

Descriptions of sixteen new Species of Shells. (Plate XI.) 207 

Description of a Gigantic new Species of <Aspergillum 
HEGEA) SABAM. W505 fees ale ss soa Ba wee pds me aver WIN) woe aoa 290 

Descriptions of fourteen new Species of Shells from China, 
Japan, and the Andaman Islands, chiefly collected by Deputy 
Surgeon-Gen. R. Hungerford. (Plate XXVIII.) ........ 565 

Steere, Professor J. B., C.M.Z.S. 

Letter from, containing an account of the “Tamaron” of 

the Philippines)... «+ 5 s:ni/Fsiene% ne Ware eis lovee Pd earls ake 413 
STEWART, CHARLES. 

Exhibition of a preparation showing the Structure and 
Development of the Brood-pouch of Nototrema marsu- 
PrUatUm =... cers.s cess ; 219 

Surron, J. Buanp, F.R.C.S., F.Z.S., Lecturer on Comparative 
Anatomy, Middlesex Hospital Medical College. 

Remarks on some Abnormalities occurring among animals 

recently living in the Society’s Gardens ...........+..-- 359 


xi 
Taczanowsnhl, Lapisuas, C.M.Z.S. 


Liste supplémentaire des Oiseaux recueillis en Corée .. .. 


TrGeTMeIeR, WiLL1AM Bernuarp, F.Z.S. 


Exhibition of, and remarks upon, specimens of the feet 
of an Australian Rabbit 


Txomas, OupriELp, F.Z.S., Natural History Museum. 


On a Collection of Mammals obtained by Emin Pasha in 
Equatorial Africa, and presented by him to the Natural 


Page 


450 


. 359 


History Museum.” (Plates I. & Th)... ie emes = ene 3 
List of Mammals obtained by Mr. G. F. Gaumer on 
Cozumel and Ruatan Islands, Gulf of Honduras .......... 129 
On a new and interesting Annectant Genus of Muride, 
with Remarks on the Relations of the Old- and New-World 
Members of the Family. (Plate V.) ....... 130 
Description of a new Genus and Species of Rat from New 
RAIRAGG 6 crew h porgs sina Wd; 0 valde Tes aR eae ash ieee ee 237 
On the Small Mammals of Duval County, South Texas .. 443 
The Mammals of the Solomon Islands, based on the 
Collections made by Mr. C. M. Woodford during his Second 
Expedition to the Archipelago. (Plates XX.—XXII.) .... 470 
On the Mammals of Christmas Island........ ook Phe 
Tuomson, ARTHUR. 
Exhibition of a living specimen of the larval form of a 
Stick-insect (Hmpusa egena) ...... 00.0. cece ce ceeees a ee 
Report on the Insect-house for 1887 ...........++04- 119 
Tuurston, Enear, C.M.Z.S. 
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a series of Marine 
415 


Animals from the Gulf of Manar, Indian Ocean.......... 


Xiil 
Warren, W., M.A., F.E.S. 


On Lepidoptera collected by Major Yerbury in Western 
India in 1886 and 1887 Ser 


Wateruousse, Cuartes O., F.E.S. 


On some Coleoptera from Eastern Equatorial Africa, 
received from Emin Pasha 


ee 


Witson, Scorr BARCHARD. 


On Chloridops, a new Generic Form of Fringillide from 
the Island of Hawaii 


rr 


Wooprorp, C. M., F.Z.S. 
General Remarks on the Zoology of the Solomon Islands, 
and Notes on Brenchley’s Megapode ...... 
Woopwarp, A. Smiru, F.G.S., F.Z.S., of the British Museum 
(Natural History). 


Paleontological Contributions to Selachian Morphology. . 


Page 


292 


86 


218 


248 


126 


ERRATA. 


Page 128, 8th line from top, for “also” read “alone.” 

251, 2nd line from top, for “ from a Specimen” read ‘ from Specimens, 

266, 14th line from bottom, and page 267, 18th line from bottom, for 
“EK, E. Cotes” read “ E. C. Cotes.” 


” 


”? 


LIST OF PLATES. 


1888. 
Plate Page 
E. Anomalurus pusslhis 600. 0 vce ccaweeadaciee boas 3 
Es «Denirohyran‘eming§ O09... 7 Pe do eke sche iain bs 
DUD. dndicdtavvemiten F300. Vo ite wins ads ag) niad Se dees nis 17 
IV* *Ornithaptera’ victoria 20s. ee Pee a oS 116 
W.)) Deets iperragemene 2S ON oe vals ooh 7 ie es 130 
WED | PennatularGellisstmas . os ose ied fh wena St + yee ab vaae'e 135 
VII. Carpus and Tarsus of Aglossa and Discoglosside.... 
VIII. Carpus aud Tarsus of Pelobatide, Hylide, and Bufo- | 
mide (Pstudophryne). 70. cases ccs vs = cin cee as > 141 
IX. Carpus and Tarsus of Bufonide, Cystignathide, and | 
EAE UO SE OMEUINAIE A retetecle teal n nectar ef ato shone Sa a 616 
X. Figs. 1, 2. Nasiterna aole (1 bd, 2 Q)....0..ee0e. ! 185 
Fig. 3. Myzomela sharpest, ..... ses oes seccesecss 
Bly New Seis Ue tararrenon te pieg tte colic as ae vis cide we 207 
PRED AOLOLONME EMHECUT oo noe 5 caigte bis oak vows ove eo 213 
PELE SS Heleracena apm Bains tiie se Co acens sx ss see 219 
SDV ier LEDs CMRP ER oo roe su guid Sebieige's Hnie eee 251 
DEW et S CPAGTAE MOS TOTAUD Neth c he or ston access os! w.cee sae 268 
FONTS CINGwitimmranten Satan. adios cuca eda eeace dens é 281 
XVII. Poison-Organs of Trachinus ........cccecececeeees 359 
Taxis Fossil Crocodilia .......... oe Se Ee Cee 417 
XX. Fig. 1. Pteropus woodfordi. Fig. 2. P. coronatus. 
Big... Elevalopen Ginilie. tis oni +s cae » tee ass ym e 470 
XXI. Fig. 1. Pteropus woodfordi. Figs. 2, 3. P. coronatus. 
Figs. 4-/- Péeraloped dirata 002s .h eaves einsanss 470 
XXII. Fig. 1. Anthops ornatus. Figs. 2, 3. Mus imperator. 
Figs. 4,5. Mus rez. Fig.6. Mus pretor ........ 470 
Pee UEE Anatomy of, CHeMIOy ss. san ce uts os iss ocoeeae o 485 


——————————— 


xvi 


Plate Page 
XXIV. s my 
XXV. Supernumerary phalanx and syndesmoses in Amphibia. . 495 
XXVI. Map of Christmas Island........ 6... s0eeeeeeseeee 512 
XXVII. Zosterops natalis ..... see cece eee cece een e renee 512 
OO UE. NG ache Rae a Ni Be ene ga Gocintm gan ce oo : 565 
XXIX. New Lepidoptera Heterocera ......+++++++00+se000s 570 
XXX. 
XXXI. Lepidoptera of Japan and Corea......-.++.-+ssseee- 580 
XXXII 


LIST OF WOODCUTS. 


1888. 

Page 
BENET LG LUNECUIECEC = 6. ais/ ey stasis aie) <¥e ora) es s ste) oun laleiayeNarel «cece eis) e sel stahenenare 53 
CIEOD CUO CMUNG ove nmrei ai + - valapslei the «= eltisiee clepicr aie ns yoo Veet +t ® 54 
DER ELRNUEE, QUENT ain in) oles) eolo)«, Vala} dya)e)=\ 2/4) s)s'a) at slegersVereqslo isle aisragacs| 55 
Diagrammatic section through body of Lacerta .............+++-- 100 
Diagrammatic section of Monitor .......+.+. eee e eee cece eees 101 
Diagrammatic section through the body of a Crocodile.......-.... 101 
Liver, bile-ducts, &c. of Varanus salvator ..........0-++2-eeeees 105 
The venous system of an adult of Rana temporaria ............+- 124 
Pelvic cartilage of Cyclobatis oligodactylus .....+0.eesseeeceeeeee 128 


A young leaf showing the triangular shape, the dorsal row of immature 
autozooids, and the ventral row of siphonozooids in Pennatula 


Delica May. ce atevateays\era ole 6 ese SOW GES tubes ree tidak Bert tie 136 
Transverse section through an immature autozooid in Pennatula 
GUESS GA ASA AO SOD BOG ABO. 0.08 BUDD Orr OaOmIBIO, oIIor a Eire 137 
Fusiform spicule, distributed over the feather and rachis in Pennatula 
(EAT EDP oman NED BO Oa b CnOd DONO. cdiod TO. spua neo Lemania: 139 
Dumbbell-shaped spicules from the bulbous swelling of the stalk in 
Perce Ui OE ULB SUITE a els) )p) alota ete tstayel foi lela) elviel=s i+) eesti e ¢) > -)ale1s 139 
The pre-hallux of opposite sides in Hyla Uichenaks Peer ara. eras 15) 
Left fore foot, dorsal view, of Rana temporaria..........++-+005 174 
Left hind Boot dorsal view, of Rana temporaria ......6+. see eens 176 
Finger of Rhacophorus mavimus . 2... e cece cette eee eee 206 
Finger of Rana afghand.... 0.1... cece cee cane nent cece ee eees 206 
Gular sac of Rhinoderma darwint....... 00. c eee c cece rece eeee 232 


Gular sac of Rhinoderma darwint, opened up to display its contents. 233 
Gular sac of Rhinoderma darwini, dissection to show the intestine 


ail GCies bach co gala Aegean ao son sb add Sou bn moon Oop U ged 234 
The floor of the mouth of Rhinoderma darwint .......6..6 000 es 235 
Longitudinal section of Rhinoderma darwini, entire ........-..... 236 
Smal ChirwrOmys fOPUCEE . ov ctaidieatin josie ss 0 tee scenes seus ae, SEO 
Left upper and left lower molars of Chiruromys forbest............ 239 
Dorsal view of middle and tip of tail of Chirwromys forbesi, to show 

epalgo ieule a usalksshogmeannooochban] suuO ee Odet me oCN gO UFOS 239 
Dissection of Fratercula arctica, to illustrate disposition of oblique 

SH Bo Pa aod naaos4 000 Noobs o> neon ON DOO ORO SEDO ROO ea 
Diagrammatic transverse section through abdominal region of Emu, 

to illustrate the oblique septum ..........eee eet etree renee 257 


Proc. Zoou. Soc.— 1888. b 


XVili 


Page 
Syrinx of Baleniceps ren—front View 16.1... e reece tenet tenes 286 
Syrinx of Baleniceps rex—posterior surface «16-5. +s seeeee ee eee 286 
Syrinx of Baleniceps rev—lateral VieW 1... eee ee eee ete ee eee ees 287 
Syrinx of Baleniceps rex, to display the pessulus and membrana 
tympaniformis ......... 0s eee eee cence eee ec eesenesenenes 287 
Tails of Gymnophthalmus quadrilineatus and Ophisaurus gracilis, with 
reproduced terminal portion ............eee sees e cece eee eee 352 
Didelphys dimidiata, Ventral view of head and neck, to show sternal 
gland..... et, CEN a MT arA RNR ORT AS oc io aaceens cae 354 
Didelphys dimidiata, Sternal gland ..........+.+-. banoom made sc 354 
Gregarine from body-cavity of Pericheta nove-xelandi@ .......... 357 
Trachinus draco. External view of the left opercular bone and its 
SUC a gcosibss ie nse eaten «910 imei brnles SS aOR ele enna le ne 362 
Trachinus draco. Side view of the third dorsal spine ............ 362 
Scapula of Metriorhynchus......11-ceereveecer crews ececscceees 428 
Coracoid of Metriorhynchus ...+....00es SE pees slousteiel cistetoke hears 428 
Cervical vertebrae of Steneosauy'us ... 0. ses errecneseeecrsrscceeee 454 
Trunk vertebra of Stencosaurus ..csseeseeeenves SOAS ots Sa 435 
Caudal vertebra of Stencosaurus ....6eeeeenceees inca, etc ste ey dopetees 435 
Anterior view of first sacral vertebra of Steneosaurus ...........- 435 
Head of Haliaetus branichit .......45. JHooT CUR AeeD OB s hae oe 452 
label Ale ial iad, ab bale tan Abo ndoe = Godoase ag eoadeo nds epinsh SOE 
Anterior seements of Hemitubifex ater (Cltat ater, Clap.) ...... 486 
Genital segments of Clitellio arenarius.......++++- rote aciacke Retenene 49] 
(Dia PLOPSKENEN IU PIES: tara ei-|»\ =) olevelaha «1 -1eayoreneareys Foetal Senet Bho Sh 557 


Cylindrodesmus hirsutus oi... scev ee ceanes SOO Oe 46 is "aipvehcese ..+. 509 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 


SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS 


OF THE 


ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF LONDON 


FOR THE YEAR 


1888. 


(PLATES,) 


PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, 
AND SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE. 
LONDON : 


MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO, 
PATERNOSTER ROW. 


Py meat t 
f Weel as) wea 
> 6 1, * . \ J 
Pen... Wirt ATS 


‘ 
Lag 
ap 


Lis? OF PLATES: 


1888. 


Plate Page 
I. Anomalurus pusillus ... 1... 0600 cece ee tee eee 4 
Il; \ Dendrohyrag emipi oo... 4 5.5 on Wane cues ve wes | 
DU Unde ctor: ematnisransel ane re ciate sicteh tes ele cleye © lo fn ches Mlnysiia/s\ sim ahs 17 
IV. Ornithoptera victoria ... 1.0... eee eevee eee eee eees 116 
Wall OR OS nM RAD eee deco ntee Seda gogacun ee sun -ue 130 
| Wide) sckeenmirtinhces DEUS Stn air sirietolalslere lo} cio) elole)a) el=ieie) efeta steeds « 135 
; VII. Carpus and Tarsus of Aglossa and Discoglosside. .. > 
 - VIII. Carpus and Tarsus of Pelobatide, Hylide, and Bufo- | 
: Mien (Pseudophnymen ria attr -)a\abelay- olor «feta| stated (= r 141 
} IX. Carpus and Tarsus of Bufonide, Cystignathide, and | 
ENG YStOMALAE Hr siecle iste aie ote ware lel ele ele iets el= se y 
7 X. Figs. 1,2. Nasiterna aole (1 5,2 9).4........-- 185 
Fig. 3. Myzomela sharpet...... 100 cece eee ceeeees 
XI. New Shells ......... Hee erat ROVERS SERN CCUM iO RRRS 207 
Nie A OlosoMi heaGleyEn Sane + ciclo cre iey cic' ws eee a 2i- oer 213 
XIII. Heterocera from Fiji..........2.-.. cee cree ere eee 219 
XIV. Homopus femoralis ..........2..ccsecse once eenene 251 
VF) PEricrocorus WHAYh aes «see ne nee nnn ot chen woe 268 
XVI. New Ophiurotdea ...... 0. cece cess cee cece neces 281 
XVII. Poison-Organs of Trachinus ....... 06. ceee eee eeees 359 
ah MossAChOCHMT Ee) OE SLO nee Sie one vale fe era stare 417 
XX. Fig. 1. Pteropus woodfordi. Fig. 2. P. coronatus. 
Fig. 3. Pleraloper atrata ..00..0.+eseetecreees 47 
XXI. Fig. 1. Pteropus woodfordi. Figs. 2, 3. P. coronatus. 
Figs. 4-7. Pteralopex atrata .......0.0-eeeeeeees 470 
XXII. Fig. 1. Anthops ornatus. Figs. 2, 3. Mus wnperator. 
Figs. 4,5. Mus rex. Fig. 6. Mus pretor ........ 470 
XXIII. Anatomy of Clitellio oi. cce ee cece eee e cece eens 485 


Plate Page 
XXIV. ‘ a 
XXV. Supernumerary phalanx and syndesmoses in Amphibia... 495 
RXV Maprol Christmas Island). cstee ce) oo «olivier «le selenete 512 
ERONGVILN ny ASTER ONS) TEALCELES ala wisi o\s\eyi ols) sjol eis aie! siniaval nie cl svelenetyetaye 512 
PRENGV IMM Momma SHELLS: feccaterarssa’= 2/sisieic15. lm cties sim osteo cies eee 565 
XXIX. New Lepidoptera Helerocera .........--.+e.seceeee 570 
XXX. 
XXXI. Lepidoptera of Japan and Corea........6+..eueeeeee 580 
XXXII. 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 


SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS 


OF THE 


ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 


January 17, 1888. 
Dr. A. Giinther, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the 
Society’s Menagerie during the month of December 1887 :— 

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena- 
gerie during the month of December was 35, of which 17 were by 
presentation, 2 by birth, 2 by purchase, 2 by exchange, and 12 were 
received on deposit. The total number of departures during the 
same period, by death and removals, was 117. 

Amongst these I may call attention to a small Fox from Afghanistan, 
presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir Oliver B. C. St. John, K.C.S.L., F.Z.S., 
which should probably be referred to the species shortly noticed by 
Blyth (Journal As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxiii. p. 730, 1884) as Vulpes 
grifithi. It is, however, as Mr. Blanford informs me, somewhat 
doubtful whether the species is really distinct from Vulpes leucopus 
(Blyth), the small Desert-Fox of Western India. 

This specimen has been lodged in the New Wolves’ and Foxes’ 
Dens lately finished, to which I wish to call special attention, as 
this is the first occasion on which our specimens of the genus Canis 
have been arranged in a connected series. I add a list of the speci- 
mens now living in the collection :— 


List of Specimens of the Genus Canis now living in the Society’s 
a Gardens. 


1, 2. Canis lupus, 6 2. Received in exchange, Dec. 5, 1887. 
3. Canis lupus, 6. Presented by C. 8. Hardy, Esq., Dec. 14, 
1887. This is a large animal of unknown origin, and may 
possibly be referable to Canis occidentalis of North America. 


Proc. Zoot. Soc.— 1888, 


2 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [Jan. 17, 


4. Canis niger, §. Received in exchange from the Zool. Gardens, 
Calcutta, May 5, 1883, to which institution it was presented 
by Major Fred. Clowes. 

5. Canis vulpes. Presented by Mr. Thos. Legg, July 30, 1884. 

6. Canis vulpes. Presented by Lady Brassey, F.Z.S., Feb. 21, 
1885. 

7. Canis vulpes. Presented by A. B. Priestley, Esq., July 3, 
1886. 

8. Canis vulpes. Presented by C. Heseltine, Esq., July 8, 1885. 

9, 10, 11. Canis lagopus. Presented by T. Nordenfelt, Esq., 
C.E., Sept. 27, 1887. 

12. Canis javanicus, §. Purchased, Sept. 29, 1887. 

13. Canis aureus. Presented by J. Smith, Esq., Aug. 22, 1878. 

14. Canis aureus,2. Presented by Capt. W. Geake, Sept. 23, 
1887. 

15. Canis grifithi. From Afghanistan. Presented by Lt.-Col. 
Sir O. B. C. St. John, Dec. 29, 1887. 

16. Canis anthus,g. Presented by Capt. W. F. Wardroper, 
Dec. 4, 1882. 

17. Canis anthus,?. Presented by A. ‘I’. Marsh, Esq., Sept. 14, 
1886. 

18, 19. Canis mesomelas,$ 2. Presented by F. Mosenthal, 
Esq., May 12, 1886. 

20, 21. Canis lateralis,$ 9. Purchased, May 28, 1886. 

22. Canis pallidus. Presented by Capt. J. 8. Talbot, Nov. 24, 
1885. 

23. Canis chama. Purchased, June 26, 1886. 

*24. Canis latrans. Presented by R. Payne, Esq., July 8, 1884. 

25. Canis latrans,g. Presented by Prof. C. M. Vincent, 
Aug. 21, 1887. 

26. Canis latrans,2. Presented by Baron Ferdinand de 
Rothschild, F.Z.S., Dec. 5, 1885. 

27. Canis fulvus. Deposited, Nov. 10, 1876. 

28. Canis fulvus. Presented by Messrs Ensor, Weber & Co., 
July 23, 1886. 

29. Canis fulvus. Presented by Miss Cameron, Sept. 24, 1887. 

30. Canis velox. Received in exchange, Jan. 17, 1885. 

31. Canis virginianus. Received in exchange, Oct. 23, 1886. 

32. Canis azare. Purchased, June 16, 1885. 

33. Canis rudis,$. Presented by Capt. J. Smith, Sept. 30, 
1886. 

34. Canis rudis. Purchased, Dec. 2, 1886. 

35. Canis fulvipes (Tierra del Fuego). Presented by Miss M. 
M. Wroughton, Sept. 26, 1887. 

36. Canis dingo,?. Deposited, July 4, 1887. 

* It is doubtful whether the animal presented by Mr. R. Payne as captured 


in Epping Forest is really of this species, It seems in some respects to be more 
like the North-African Canis anthus. 


[NINA XVAAHOMAINAG 


dur‘ soug uszepny “Wit 22s wg +P 


Wit Seal SZ id 


1888. ] ON MAMMALS FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 3 


Mr. F. Day, F.Z.S., exhibited a specimen of the Spanish Loach, 
Cobitis tenia, captured the previous week at Hungerford. 

Mr. Day also exhibited two specimens of hybrid Salmonidee from 
Howietoun, both of which had been removed from the ponds on Dec. 
Ist, 1887. The first was of the leopard breed, 13°2 inches long, and 
one of the progeny from 8000 eggs of an American Char (Salmo fon- 
tinalis), taken on November 15th, 1882, milted from a Loch-Leven 
Trout. Although 4 years and 10 months of age, this was the first 
season that they had been observed to be fertile ; the specimen was a 
female full of nearly ripe eggs. The second fish was one of the zebra 
breed, 18 inches long, 3 lb. in weight, and one of those raised from 
3000 ova of the Loch-Leven Trout taken on November 29th, 1883, 
and milted from an American Char. This fish, 3 years and 10 
months old, was also a fertile female. The external colours in these 
two forms were very similar, and coloured drawings of the hues 
exhibited by the fish when first captured were likewise shown. 
These fishes were covered with reticulations or vermiculated lines on 
a grey or silvery ground, and differed in appearance from either of 
their parents. But the most remarkable feature was the dentition 
of the vomer, for in the Char teeth are only found along the 
hind edge of the head of that bone, not along its shaft, where they 
are, however, present in Trout. In these hybrids the hind edge of 
the head of the vomer was toothed as in a Char, and also for a short 
distance along the shaft of that bone, where three or four teeth were to 
be seen. Thus a fertile form could be produced, differing in external 
colours from Trout or Char, and having neither the dentition of 
S. salvelinus nor of true S. fario, but a compound between the two. 
If such a form had been captured wild, and it is now so found in Car- 
diganshire, doubtless it would have been referred to a new species. 


The following papers were read :— 


1. On a Collection of Mammals obtained by Emin Pasha in 
Equatorial Africa, and presented by him to the Natural 
History Museum. By Oxprietp Tuomas. 


[Received December 14, 1887.] 
(Plates I. & II.) 


The Mammals recently received by the Natural History Museum 
from Dr. Emin Pasha number 115, belonging to 39 species—a col- 
lection which is of the utmost value as a contribution to our know- 
ledge of the Central-African fauna, and one which reflects the 
highest credit on the energy and scientific spirit of the man by 
whom it was formed. When the cares and anxieties of a person in 
the position of responsible governor of a large and turbulent. African 
province are considered, it seems wonderful that Emin should have 
been able to make any collections at all, and still more should have 

1* 


4 MR. 0. THOMAS ON MAMMALS FROM (Jan. 17, 


made such a collection as the present, nearly every specimen of which 
has been carefully labelled in his own handwriting, with the date, sex, 
and exact locality—particulars which add enormously to its scientific 
value. 

The great mass of the collection was not obtained at Dr. Emin’s 
headquarters, on the Upper Nile, but in a district called Monbuttu 
(lat. 2° 30' N., long. 27° 50’ E.), just within the Congo basin*, and 
separated by the Congo-Nile watershed from the Wadelai region. 
There, practically, all the interesting forms were collected; and, 
considering their number, and especially their strongly marked 
geographical character, the general affinities of the mammal-fauna 
of this district may now be looked upon as settled; their affinities 
are discussed at the end of the present paper. 

Of the more recent papers on the Central-African mammal-fauna 
the three following are the most important:— 

1. Pagenstecher, Dr., ‘Die von Dr. G. A. Fischer, auf der im 
Auftrage der geographischen Gesellschaft in Hamburg unternom- 
menen Reise in das Massai-Land gesammelten Siugethiere ” *. 

2. Noack, H., ‘‘ Beitrige zur Kenntniss der Siiugethier-Fauna von 
Ost- und Central-Afrika’’®. 

3. Leche, W., “Ueber einige von Emin Pascha gesammelte 
afrikanische Siugethiere”’ *. 

The first of these contains notes on 31 species of mammals, but 
the region explored by Dr. Fischer has so different a fauna from 
Monbuttu, that only some three or four species, and those very widely 
spread, are common to both collections’. 

Dr. Noack’s paper also, based on the mammals collected by Dr. 
Bohm in the Marungu country, on the south-west coast of Lake 
Tanganyika, refers to a fauna very different to that of Monbuttu, 
although several species, and those some of the most interesting 
(e. g. Sciurus boehmi and Dus kaiseri), are found in both districts. 

Finally, Dr. Leche’s paper is founded, like the present one, upon 
specimens collected by Emin Pasha. Fifteen species are enumerated, 
but these come chiefly from the Upper Nile district, only three of 
them occurring also in the Monbuttu collection. The localities 
given are so widely scattered that the paper, although important for 
the histories of the individual species, gives but little definite 
faunistic information. 

There is also a list of 71 species observed in Niam-niam-land, given 
at the end of Dr. Schweinfurth’s ‘Im Herzen von Afrika,’ but 


? On the assumption that the Uelle is really an affluent of the Congo, and 
does not run, as has been suggested, north-westwards to Lake Chad or into the 
Niger basin. 

* JB. Mus. Hamburg, 1884, pp. 32-46 (1385). 

3 Zool. Jahrb. ii. pp. 193-302, pls. viii—x. (1887). 

* Zool. Jahrb. iii. pp. 115-126, pls. iii. and iv. (1887). 

° Dr. Pagenstecher (pp. 40 and 41) places Gazella thomsoni and Alcelaphus 
coket as synonyms of G. granti and <A. lichtensteini respectively, observing 
that they are “figured but not described” in Thomson’s ‘ Masai-Land,’ 1885, 
He seems, therefore, to be unaware that these species were originally described 
by Dr. Giinther (Ann. & Mag. N. H. [5] xiv. p. 426, 1884). 


1888.]} EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 5 


the list is a merely nominal one, except that the different native 
names of the animals are all carefully recorded. Two of Dr. Emin’s 
West-African animals, the Chimpanzee and Galago demidoffi, occur 
in the list. 

The 39 species in the present collection consist of 3 Primates, 
8 Carnivora, | Insectivore, 3 Bats, 1 Ungulate, 1 Edentate, and no less 
than 22 Rodents, Dr. Emin having wisely paid most attention to 
the latter group, in which our knowledge of the smaller forms is 
still so exceedingly incomplete. 


1, ANTHROPOPITHECUS TROGLODYTES (Gm.). 


a. Skeleton, ¢ (incomplete). Bellima, Monbuttu. 
b, ec. Skulls, old ¢ andimm. Monbuttu. 

Without further material, and a much fuller examination than is 
now possible of the whole genus, it is impossible to determine to 
which of the races of Chimpanzee these specimens should be 
assigned, and I therefore place them provisionally under the name 
of the common West-African species. Chimpanzees from this 
region have received the names of Troglodytes schweinfurthi', and 
T. niger, var. marungensis”*, but the evidence in favour of this dis- 
tinction seems to be as yet exceedingly meagre. Some notes on an 
acrocephalous skull of a Chimpanzee, also obtained by Dr. Emin, 
were contributed to this Society by Prof. Flower in 1882 (P.Z.S. 
1882, p. 634). 


2. CoLospus GUEREZA, Riipp. 
a. Immature. On the Nambiri*, Sandeh (=Niam-niam) land, 
20/7/83. 
This species is also mentioned by Schweinfurth as occurring in 
Niam-uniam. 


3. GaLaGo pDEmIDoFFI, Fisch. 


a. 3. Stat. Gadda, Monbuttu, 18/3/84. 
6. 3S. Stat. Gadda, Monbuttu, 3/5/84. 
*Tride flavo-umbrina. Monbuttu name ‘ Nensi.’ ”—E.’ 


This species, like the last, was observed by Schweinfurth in 
Niam-niam, but has otherwise only been recorded from West Africa. 


4, Feuis seRvALinA, Ogilb. 
a. Immature. 
As this specimen is immature, having its milk-teeth still in place, 
it does not afford any additional information as to the vexed 
question of the relation of F’. servalina to the true F. serval, except 


1 Giglioli, Ann. Mus, Genov. ili. p. 56 e¢ segg. (1872). See also Peters, SB. 
Nat. Freunde, 1869, p. 25; Issel, Ann. Mus. Genoy. i. p. 56 e¢ segg. (1870) ; 
Hartmann, Arch. Anat. Phys. 1872, p. 474 e¢ segg.; and Schweinfurth, ‘Im 
Herzen von Afrika,’ i. p. 558 (1874). 

? Noack, /. c. p. 291 (1887). 

* The exact position of this locality Iam quite unable to find in any of tho 
maps at my disposal. 

“ The particulars marked “ E.” are those noted on the labels by Emin Pasha, 


6 MR. O. THOMAS ON MAMMALS FROM [Jan. 17, 


in so far as it shows the constancy at different ages of the peculiar 
coloration to which the name of F. servalina has been applied. 
The specimen has lost its label, but is no doubt one of the Mon- 
buttu series. 


5. Fexis caLicata, Temm. 

a. 3. Tingasi, Monbuttu, 16/10/83. 
b.d. Stat. Gadda, 14/5/84. 

c. Juv. 


“Tride fulva. Lives in the woods. Monbuttu name ‘ Nango’ 
or ‘ Kao.’ ”’—E. 


[FELIS CALIGATA DOMESTICATA. 
a. Lado. 12/83. 
‘‘ Bastard between F. caligata & and F. domestica 9 .”’—E.] 


6. GENETTA TIGRINA, Schr. 
a,b. Q and juv. Lado, 5/12/s». 
“Caught with three young in its nest. A severe biter, and a 
great enemy to poultry. jected a fetid fluid on capture.’’—E. 
I only use the above name provisionally, until the species of 
Genets are properly worked out, which will probably result in the 
union of nearly all the so-called different species. 


7. PorANA RICHARDSONI, Thomps. 
a. Juy. 


An immature individual of this exceedingly rare and interesting 
species quite agrees with the typical specimen in the Museum col- 
lection. It is unfortunate that its label has been torn off, so that its 
exact locality is unknown; but as the species is a strictly West- 
African one, having only hitherto been recorded from Fernando Po 
and Sierra Leone, it was, no doubt, obtained in the Monbuttu district, 
where the whole of the purely West-African species were collected. 


8. CROssARCHUS ZEBRA, Riipp.’ 

a, 3. Tingasi, 1/7/83. 

b. g. Stat. Gadda, 18/1/84. 

c. 3. Stat. Gadda, 20/1/84. 

“‘Tride fusco-flava. ‘ Ndoto’ (Monbuttu).”—E. 


Notes on the habits in Marungu of the closely allied C. fasciatus, 
Desm., have been recorded by Dr. Noack’, from the note-books left 
by Dr. Bohm. 


Of the species labelled as occurring in Monbuttu, this is absolutely 
the only one of a distinctly Abyssinian character. It is, however, a 


1 In connection with this species, I may take the opportunity of correcting 
an unfortunate misprint in my paper on the African Mungooses (P. Z. 8. 
1882, p. 87), where, in the synopsis of species (lines 22 and 24), the lengths of 
the fourth premolar in C. zebra and C. fasciatus have been transposed, as an 
examination of the detailed descriptions would show. It is C. fasciatus that 
has its premolar ‘more than 8 millim.” and C. zebra “less than 7 millim.” 

2 T.c. p. 253. 


1888.] EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 7 


most strongly marked example, the present being by far the most 
distant point from Abyssinia from which it has been recorded. 

Bearing in mind the semi-domesticated state of many of the 
Mungooses, and the otherwise strictly West-African character of the 
Monbuttu fauna, one is almost tempted to believe that this species 
has been artificially transported across the watershed from the Lado 
district, where Dr. Emin has himself previously obtained it. 


9. CrossaRCHUS OBsCURUs, F. Cuv. ? 
a. 2 imm. 

** Lives in pairs; very harmful to poultry.”—E. 

An extraordinary short-haired specimen, of the determination of 
which I am somewhat doubtful. It is wholly without the long fur on 
the body, none of the hairs exceeding about 14 or 15 millim. in length, 
and the general tone of colour is a peculiar whitish grey, exactly 
similar to that of the underfur of C. obscurus. It appears to me 
probable that it has been clipped of the longer hairs by the natives, 
perhaps for purposes of deception, as the majority of the hairs do 
not taper naturally to a point, but end quite abruptly. Its skull is 
quite similar to that of C. obscurus. 


10. Lycaon pictus, Temm. 
a. Skin and skull, young. 

This specimen, unfortunately without a label, is probably part of 
the Wadelai collection, as the species is known from Abyssinia and 
South Africa, but not from Western Africa. The sizes of the milk- 
premolars in this specimen are as follows :—m.pm.?, length 6°5 
millim. ; m.pm.*, length 11°4; m.pm.*, length 8°5, breadth 9-5; 
m, pm.?, length 61; m. pm.3, 8-4; m. pm.*, 13°3. 


11. Icrmonyx zortuua, L. 
a. 3. Redjaf, near Lado, 1/84. 


12. CrocipuRA DoRIANA, Dobs. 
a-c. Wadelai, 10/85 and 4/86. 
I am indebted to Dr. Dobson for the determination of this Shrew. 
The type came from Shoa, and the species is therefore, so far as is 
yet known, distinctly Abyssinian. 


13. EpomopHorvus (Hypsignatuus) Monstrosus, Allen. 


a-b. 3 & Q. Tingasi, 29/10/83. 
“Tride fusca. ‘Balupa’ of natives. Lives upon fruit, and is 
itself eaten by the natives. Found in flocks of from 50 to 60.”—E. 


Herr Bohndorff also obtained this species in Niam-niam-land. 
Previously only known from West Africa. 
14. EPoMOPHORUS FRANQUETI, Tomes. 
a. Tingasi, 5/82. 
This is another wholly West-African species. 


8 MR. 0. THOMAS ON MAMMALS FROM [Jan. 17, 


15. MrGaperMA FrRons, Geoffr. 
a. 2. Wadelai, 26/6/86. 


16. ANOMALURUS PUSILLUS, sp. n.’ (Plate I.) 
a. 9. Bellima, 21/6/83. Type. 
b. &. Tingasi, 5/82. 

Size very much smaller than in any of the other species. General 
colour above uniform dark grizzled grey, the hairs throughout dark 
slaty grey for the greater part of their length, this colour gradually 
darkening to black just below a terminal band of pale grey or oliva- 
ceous. Head and limbs like back ; sides of parachutes rather darker. 
Underside pale yellowish white, without a tinge of rufous, the hairs 
on the belly pale slate basally, and dull yellowish white terminally ; 
outer margins of parachute below covered with coarse dark brown 
hairs. Tail uniform pale brown, cylindrical, rather bushy, the hairs 
at its end attaining a length of nearly two inches; scales about 15 
in number. 

Skull, as compared to that of A. deecrofti, distinguished by its 
very much smaller size, short muzzle, proportionately longer pala- 
tine foramina, longer orbital and shorter temporal fossz, and larger 
rounder bullze. 

Teeth as usual. Incisors orange above, pale yellow below. 
Molars readily distinguished by their small size. 

Dimensions of a female in skin :—Head and body (to anus) (¢.) 280 
millim. ; (to back of interfemoral membrane), 300 ; tail 134; hind 
foot (without claws) 40°; ear (dried and shrunk) (c.) 20. 

Skull—basal length 41 millim. ; greatest breadth 29 ; interorbital 
breadth 12°3; height of infraorbital foramen 5°2; palate, length 
21:7; diastema 10°1; length of palatal foramen 5:0; length of 
upper molar series 9°4. 

This interesting little animal is most nearly allied to the West- 
African A. beecrofti, Fraser, but differs from that species in its 
duller and less yellow upperside, in the entire absence of rufous 


on its neck and belly °*, and, as from all the other described species, 
in its diminutive size. 


17. Scturus STANGERI, Waterh. 
a. Tingasi, 2/9/83. 
“Common in Monbuttu, where it is called ‘ Mbonga.’ ”—E. 


18. ScruRUS RUFOBRACHIATUS, Waterh. 
a. 6. Bellima, 13/7/83. 
b. 3. Bongereh, 21/7/83. 
ec, d, Tingasi, 5/82 and 7/83. 
*‘Tride fusca. ‘ Bonga.’ ’’—E. 
ee diagnosis published, Ann. Mag. N. H. [5] xx. p. 440, Dee. 1, 
2 In specimen 4, an adult male, rather smaller than a. 
3 Young specimens of A. beecrofti are also without the bright rufous on the 


belly characteristic of the species, but the size of their feet and teeth would 
always distinguish such specimens from A. pusiilus. 


1888. ] EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 9 


These specimens vary very considerably in the colour of the 
belly-hairs, which in some of them, notably in a, are pure white, 
while in others they are of the usual dull grey and white found in 
Western Coast specimens. 


19. Scrurus annuxatus, Desm. 
a. Q. Lado, 16/2/84. 
b. 3S. Tobbo, 18/5/83. 
ce. 2. Tobbo, 18/5/83. 


20. Scrurus pyrruopvs, F. Cuv. 

a. 3. Tingasi, 16/9/83. 

b. 2. Tingasi, 10/10/83. 

“‘Tride fusca. ‘ Kejo.’”’—E. 

Specimen a has the hairs of the belly, usually pure white, richly 
washed with red. 

S. stangeri, 8. rufobrachiatus, and the present species are all 
strictly West-African forms, this being by far their most easterly 
recorded locality. 


21. Scturus BOEHMI, Reichen. 

a, 6b. & & Q. Tangasi, 7 and 9/83. 
c,d. &6 & Q. Stat. Gadda, 2 and 3/84. 
e. o. Nendja (Monbuttu), 9/7/83. 

5 sae 

“«* Nangeri.. Common from 4° N. lat. southwards. As yet 
only taken to the west of the Bahr el Djebel.’’—E. 

These beautiful little Squirrels quite agree with the description 
given by Dr. Reichenow (Zool. Auzeiger, 1886, p. 315) of some 
specimens obtained by Dr. R. Bohm in the Marungu country, at the 
south-west corner of Lake Tanganyika. Whether the species is 
really distinct from S. congicus, Kuhl, is a question which will have 
to be decided later, when further specimens are available from other 
localities. It appears to me to be by no means improbable that not 
only will §. boehmi be found to grade into S. congicus, but that the 
latter also will equally pass into S. poensis, Smith, of which I have 
seen specimens with just a faint indication of a whitish back-stripe. 
This stripe then becomes bright and prominent in S. congicus, with 
a darker band below and external to it; while further, in S. boehmi 
this latter dark band is quite black, and is supplemented internally 
by a second even more prominent black stripe. ‘These gradations 
from the normally wholly unstriped S. poensis to the brilliantly 
banded S. dochmi show how little these dorsal bands can be trusted 
for the division of the Squirrels into groups, or even for the discri- 
mination of the species. No appreciable seasonal change is visible 
between the different specimens of the series. 

The Squirrel from ‘ Tamaja”’ referred to and figured by Leche * 
as S. lemniscatus, Le Conte, appears also to belong to this species, 
which, while having the same number of stripes as S. lemniscatus, 


1 T.e. p. 117, pl. iii. 


10 MR. 0. THOMAS ON MAMMALS FROM [Jan. 17, 


is apparently, as already remarked, more nearly allied to S. congicus. 
Prof. Leche’s six specimens are stated to be all immature, a state- 
ment that perhaps only rests on their inferior size as compared with 
S. lemniscatus, S. boehmi being decidedly smaller than that species. 
Indeed the beautiful figure given by Prof. Leche represents, when 
increased to scale, an animal quite as large as the largest of our 
specimens of S. boehmi, all of which are undoubtedly fully adult. 
Notes on the habits of this species have been made both by 
Dr. Bohm (Noack, ¢. c. p. 251) and Dr. Emin himself (Leche, J. c.). 


22. XmrRus eRyYTHROPUS, Geoffr. 


a. 3. Tingasi, 16/10/83. 
6. 3S. Stat. Gadda, 4/2/81. 
c. Skeleton. Stat. Gadda. 
d. Skull. Foda, Lake Albert Nyanza, 12/85. 
“‘Tride fusca. Monbuttu name ‘Koro.’ Common everywhere.”— 
E. 
No difference that could be ascribed to season is observable 
between a and 8, collected respectively in October and February. 


23. GERBILLUS, sp. (allied to G. leucogaster, Peters). 
a. 9. Tingasi, 31/8/83. 
b. 2. Stat. Gadda, 24/1/84. 

“*Monbuttu names ‘ Kota’ and ‘ Sinsi.’ ””—E. 


24, GERBILLUS, sp. 
a,b, Wadelai. 5/86. 

In the state of confusion in which the species of Gerbilles are at 
present it is impossible to determine these specimens with certainty, 
but they are nevertheless of the utmost value as supplying material 
for a future revision of the group. 


25. CRICETOMYS GAMBIANUS, Waterh. 


a,b. 3 & Q. Bellima, Monbuttu, 16/7/83. 

ce, d. Tingasi, 8/83. 

e. Skeleton 2. Tingasi, 7/9/83. 

f-i. & & 2. Stat. Gadda, 2/84. 

j. Skeleton ¢. Stat. Gadda, 14/3/84. 

k. Skull, ¢. Kubbi, Monbuttu, 7/83. 

l. Skull, 2. Foda, Lake Albert Nyanza, 12/85. 

‘* Tride fusca. Native name ‘ Assumba.’ ”—E. 

Specimens a and 6, from Bellima, differ from the rest by their 
greyer colour, grey instead of pure white bellies, and the less sleek 
character of their fur, differences which, as shown by the fine series 
obtained, are neither seasonal nor sexual. Their skulls, however, do 
not present any valid specific distinction, and it is probable that we 
have here one of the definite but non-specific variations often known 
to be due to some difference in the nature of the locality—as, for 
example, a difference either in altitude, presence or absence of forest, 
or amount of rainfall. 


1888. | EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 11 


26. Matacomys toneires, M.-Edw. 


a-d. 6 &3 9. Tingasi, 7 and 9/83. 
(a) “ride fusca. ‘Nesanda.’ In and by water.” 
(6) ‘In the forest.” —E. 

This most interesting form was only previously known from a 
single specimen from the Gaboon in the collection of the Paris 
Museum, the skull of which has unfortunately been destroyed. An 
examination of the skulls sent by Dr. Emin shows that J/alacomys 
has perfectly smooth incisors, and the molars of a typical Mus, and 
is therefore only distinguished by its very different external pro- 
portions. Asa species M. longipes is characterized by its rounded 
supraorbital edges, elongated muzzle, small teeth, and short palatine 
foramina, the latter and the teeth being each only 6 millim. in 
length, as compared to a basal length of 35:5, and a palate length 
of 22 millim. 


27. Mus (Isomys) BARBARUS, L. 


a. d. Stat. Gadda, 10/1/84. 
b-g. Tingasi, 7 to 9/83. 
h. 3. Wadelai, 24/7/85. 

“Tride fusca, Native name ‘ Nadje’ or ‘Nage Nadje.’ Found 
along the edges of the forest.”—E. 

No remark to this very common and widely spread species would 
be needed were it not that the three authors whose papers have 
been above referred to have all expressed different views as to its 
nomenclature, and it is therefore advisable for me to explain my 
reasons for the name I myself use. Thus Dr. Pagenstecher, although 
only having two of the ordinary specimens for comparison, calls the 
Masai form ‘‘ Mus (Lemniscomys) barbarus, var. massaicus”’*, a form, 
however, that I do not think distinct enough to merit a varietal 
name, especially as the Emin series contains individuals precisely 
agreeing both with ordinary West-African specimens and with those 
described by Dr. Pagenstecher. 

Dr. Leche? puts all under “ Mus barbarus” and expresses his 
opinion that the variety known as “ pulchellus,” Gray, is not really 
distinct—a view with which I most fully agree, although I prefer to 
recognize the subgenus “ Isomys,” with which at the same time I 
think ‘“ Lemniscomys”’ should be amalgamated, the two grading 
quite insensibly into each other. 

Finally Dr. Noack? uses Dr. Gray’s obsolete name of ‘* Golunda 
pulchella” for the species, being apparently unaware either of its 
position in the subgenus Isomys, or of the fact that the generic 
name Golunda belongs properly to a very different animal, for which 
in its turn * he uses Peters’s name of Pelomys, although the latter’s 
identity with Golunda was shown by Mr. Blanford as long ago as 
1876”. 


5 


ete. a: 4 Tic. p. 235. 
ae Tenp. Lid. 5 J. A.S. B. xlv. part ii. p. 165. 
a LaCaps 2 


12 MR. 0. THOMAS ON MAMMALS FROM [Jan. 17, 


28. Mus (Isomys) apyssrntcus, Riipp. 


a. 2 juv. Lado, 16/2/84. 
“ House-mouse ; very common.” —E. 


29. Mus Guernzil, Peters. 
Dasymys gueinzii, Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1875, p. 12, pls. i. & ii. 
a,b. 6 & &. Stat. Gadda, 1/84. 

“* Monbuttu name ‘ Suhr.’”’—E. 

These two specimens agree in all essential characters with 
Dr. Peters’s description, the type of which I have examined in 
Berlin. His specimen came from the interior of Natal, and this 
occurrence of the species in Monbuttu is therefore a most remark- 
able and interesting fact, quite unparallelled by any of the other 
small mammals of the Emin collection. 

With regard to the genus “ Dasymys”’ formed by Dr. Peters for 
this animal, and its alleged relationship to Otomys, I can only say 
that I am quite unable to see any reason why the species should not 
be included in the genus Mus, an opinion | first came to in Berlin 
when examining the type, and since confirmed by a direct comparison 
of Dr. Emin’s specimens with Otomys and with many other species 
of the genus Mus. 


30. Mus xatsert, Noack. 


a-c. 2. Stat. Gadda, 1/84. 
d. Skeleton. Stat. Gadda. 
“ Bomu” or “ Sinsi.”’—E. 
These specimens agree very fairly well with Dr. Noack’s descrip- 
tion of a new species obtained by Dr. Bohm in Marungu. 


31. Mus rurinus, Temm. 


a,b. 9 & yg. Stat. Gadda, 1/84. 

I am not very certain about the determination of these specimens, 
as Temminck’s description is exceedingly vague, and the skull of 
the type is, unfortunately, in so dilapidated a condition that, as 
Dr. Jentink bas been kind enough to inform me, no exact measure- 
ments can be taken upon it for comparison with those of Emin Pasha’s 
specimen. 


32. Mus unrvirtartvs, Peters. 


a. 3. Tingasi, 24/7/83. 
6. S. Tingasi, 9/10/83. 
ce. g. Stat. Gadda, 23/1/84. 

“Tride fusca. Monbuttu name ‘Tibo. Lives in and by water, 
and swims with facility.”—E. 

This rare species has been previously only recorded from West 
Africa, the specimens that I have seen being from Dongila (Buchholz, 
Mus. Berl.), Gaboon (Aubry Le Conte, Mus. Paris and Brit.), and 
Cameroons (Johnston, Mus. Brit.). Dr. Emin’s examples are more 


1888. ] EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 13 


deeply rufous on their flanks and rumps,jand have less strongly 
marked, in fact almost indistinguishable, dorsal stripes, but are 
obviously not specifically separable. 


33. Mus, sp." 
a-e. 5 specimens. ‘Tingasi. 


J, g- Stat. Gadda. 
h. Wadelai. 
“ Monbuttu name ‘ Babili.’ ””—E. 


These specimens all belong to a group of Rats varying considerably 
in size, length of fur, and size of ears, but all agreeing in their 
general proportions, and in the possession of a very large number of 
mammez placed in a continuous series down the sides of the abdomen, 
and varying in actual number from 16 to 24. To this group, 
whether containing several valid species or, as I am inclined to 
suspect, only a single variable and widely spread one, the following 
appear to belong :—Mus coucha, Sm., M. silaceus, Wagn., M. micro- 
don, Peters, M. macroiepis, Sund., and probably several of the other 
earlier described species. In the existing state of confusion in regard 
to these species, I prefer to leave the present series of specimens 
without a definite name. 


34. Mus (LeceapA) MInvuToIDES, Sm. 


a-e. 5 specimens. Wadelai. 

f. Tingasi. 

“ Found in pairs in the gardens and plantations.” —E. 

I have seen specimens referable to this species from almost every 
part of the Ethiopian region, and among others the types of Mus 
musculoides, Temm., and M. minimus, Peters, both of which names 
must therefore give way to that of Smith. Specimen f, from 
Tingasi, is considerably larger than usual, but is not apparently 
specifically separable from the rest. 


35. LopHuromys sIKApus!, Temm. 


a. 3. Stat. Gadda, 25/1/84. 
6. Skeleton. 


This rare species is a purely West-African one, but the genus is 


1 J take this opportunity of clearing up the history of another species of 
Mus, which will, no doubt, be found to occur in Monbuttu, as Herr Bohndorff 
obtained it at N’doruma, in the Niam-niam country, namely Mus alleni, Waterh. 
(P. Z.8. 1837, p.77), of which the type is a very young individual with its 
teeth still uncut. This type is, however, unquestionably specifically identical 
with the Niam-niam specimen, as also with two in spirit from Old Calabar (Dr. 
J. A. Smith), and one skin from Angola (Mr. Monteiro), in the Natural History 
Museum. There are also inthe Berlin Museum several specimens of it obtained 
on the Gold Coast by Drs. Buchholz and Reichenow, and the characters of these 
specimens, and therefore of the adult MJ. alleni, have been pointed out by 
Dr. Peters (MB. Ak. Berl. 1876, p. 479) under the erroneous name of M. ery- 
throleucus, Temm. 


14 MR. O. THOMAS ON MAMMALS FROM [Jan. 17, 


represented in Abyssinia by a second species described in the accom- 
panying footnote’. Dr. Emin’s specimen agrees in every respect 
with typical West-African individuals, and shows no approach to 
the new Eastern form. 


36. GEORYCHUS OCHRACEO-CINEREUS, Heugl. 


a, b. 3. Bellima, Monbuttu, 14/7/83. 

The type specimen of this rare species was obtained by its describer 
in Bongo, only a few degrees north of the present locality, and is 
now in the Stuttgart Museum, where, by the kindness of Dr. Krauss, 
I have had an opportunity of examining it. In the collection worked 
out by Dr. Leche there were also several Georychi, divided by him 
into two species—a larger darker-coloured one, determined as 
G. damarensis, Og., and a smaller sandy one, considered to be 
G. ochraceo-cinereus. The first of these was so named on my 
authority, Dr. Leche having sent me one of the specimens tg compare 
with Ogilby’s type. At that time, however, not having at all inves- 
tigated the subject, I did not know that there were two species 
found in this Central district, and assumed that the specimen sent 
was G. damarensis, to which I still think it is exceedingly closely 
allied. Now, however, Dr. Leche’s descriptions and excellent 
figures show the distinction of the two forms, of which the names 
given by him must certainly be reversed, G. ochraceo-cinereus being 
the larger, and G. damarensis the smaller form, as I have been able 
clearly to make out by measurements taken on the two typical 
skulls as compared with those given by Dr. Leche. I can therefore 
only express my sincere regret to Dr. Leche at having led him 
wrong, and must plead the close relationship of the two forms as my 


1 LopHUROMYS FLAVO-PUNCTATUS, sp. n. 

Size and proportions as in L. sikapust, but differing markedly from that 
species in the character and colour of its fur, which, instead of being long, 
sleek, unicolor, and all of one sort, is short, comparatively coarse, and finely 
freckled all over with orange or yellow, and has a considerable number of 
longer hairs intermingled with it. The individual hairs are brown for the 
greater part of their length, broadly tipped with orange or yellow, the former 
colour along the top of the head and back, the latter on the flanks. Belly dull 
yellowish white, not sharply defined. Hairs round the front of the base of ear 
prominently tipped with bright orange, those behind it pale yellow. Feet 
irregularly patched with white and dark chocolate-brown. ‘Tail closely covered 
with short crisp hairs, brown above, white beneath. 

Skull much as in LZ. sikapusi, but the zygomata more widely expanded 
anteriorly, and the interorbital region narrower and flatter above. The inter- 
parietal also is shorter antero-posteriorly, and the nasals are narrower and 
more pointed behind. 

Dimensions of the type, an adult specimen in skin :—Head and body 129 
millim. ; tail 51; hind foot 21; ear 10. 

Skull—hbasal length 26 millim.; greatest breadth 16; nasals, length 12°6, 
greatest breadth 3; interorbital, breadth 5:6; interparietal, length 3, breadth 
9-8 ; palatal foramen 6°6 ; length of molar series 5, 

Hab. Shoa (Capt. W. C. Harris). 

Two specimens of this species were received from the East-India Company’s 
Museum in 1860, and were no doubt collected by Capt. Harris during his 
mission to Shoa in 1848. 


1888. ] EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 15 


excuse. The present specimens agree in every respect with Dr. 
Leche’s figure and description of “ G. damarensis,” and also, except 
in being a little darker coloured, with the type of G. ochraceo- 
cinereus. 


37. ATHERURA AFRICANA, Gray. 

a-d. 2 3, 9 and young. Monbuttu. 

“Very common. Monbuttu name ‘Kolia.’ Is eaten by the 
natives.” — 

The peculiar fimbriation of the lower sides of the spines in this 
species, previously noticed by Waterhouse’, is unusually well-marked 
in these specimens, the spines being as it were finely feathered on 
their edges and inferior’ surfaces*. This animal is one of the most 
distinctly West-African forms in the whole collection, the genus 
Atherura being, so far as Africa is concerned, entirely confined to 
that district, and only reappearing again in the Malay part of the 
Oriental Region. 


38. DeENDROHYRAX EMINI, sp. u.* (Plate II.) 
a. Yg. sk. Tingasi, 6/7/83. Type. 

“« Tride fusca.”-—E. 

Fur long, extraordinarily soft and fluffy. General colour pale 
yellowish white, wholly different from that of any other species of 
the group, and indeed scarcely to be matched as a general body 
colour in any other mammal; its tint all over the body something 
like that of the centre of the belly of D. arboreus. UHairs of upper 
side dull brown for three fourths of their length, their tips pale 
yellow, whiter on the head, deeper yellow on the rump. Hairs of 
underside and limbs similar, but the brown gradually decreasing in 
extent downwards, those of the chin, chest, and belly wholly pale . 
yellow ; cheeks, a ring round each eye, hands and feet, and hairs on 
ears white ; hairs of the dorsal spot also white. 

This most remarkable species is unfortunately only represented 
by a single young individual, in which the milk-dentition is still in 
position. ‘The only adult dimension that I am able to give is, there- 
fore, that of the first true molar (7°2 millim. long externally, and 5-6 
broad anteriorly above, and 6°6 long below); but comparing the 
specimen with equally young individuals of D. arboreus, it is 
evident that its size when adult would be just about the same as 
in that species. Its actual dimensions are:—Head and body 295 
millim.; hind foot 48; ear (above crown) 13. Skull—basal length 
55; interparietal length 11, breadth 16:2; diastema between in- 
cisors 4°7, behind incisors 5°3; lengths of upper milk-premolars : 
m.pm.” 5, m.pm.? 6°2, m.pm.* 7. 

1 N. H. Mamm. ii. p. 477, 1848. 

2 I. e. posterior, when they are set vertically in the skin. 

3 Prof. Stewart has been kind enough to examine the fringes on these spines 
microscopically for me, and he tells me that ‘‘they are only extensions of the 
cuticular layer of the spines. On the under surface of the spines they are thin 
and scale-like, becoming simple and hair-like at the margins.” 

4 Preliminary diagnosis given, Ann, Mag, N. H. [5] xx. p. 440, Dec. 1, 1887. 


16 ON MAMMALS FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. — [Jan. 17, 


The peculiar pale colour of this Coney is evidently neither due 
to its youth, for young specimens of the other species are, if any- 
thing, darker and not lighter than the adults, nor to albinism, as is 
shown by the brown bases to the hairs; and I am therefore com- 
pelled to look upon it as representing a new species, distinguished 
from all other members of the group by the colour and fluftiness of 
its fur. 

I have very great pleasure in connecting with this interesting 
animal the name of its discoverer, to whom science is indebted for 
so large a contribution to our knowledge of the fauna of Central 
Africa. 


39. Manis TRICUSPIS, Raf. 


a. Kudurma, Makraka, 1/84. 

6. Kabajendi, Makraka, 8/84. 

e. Monbuttu, 5/84. 
‘© Monbuttu, ‘ Nakito.? Sandeh, ‘Kiro.’ ’’—E. 


These specimens all agree in having 21 longitudinal series of body- 
scales. Specimen c, the only one with a perfect tail, has 37 mar- 
ginal, 33 central single, and 6 pairs of terminal caudal scales. 


In considering the geographical relations shown by the present 
collection, it will be advisable at first only to take into consideration 
the species obtained in Monbuttu. These (excluding two unnamed) 
are the following :— 


. Anomalurus pusillus. 24, Lophuromys sikapusi. 


1. Anthropopithecus troglodytes. * 15. Xerus erythropus. t 
2. Galago demidoffi. * 16. Cricetomys gambianus. if 
3. Felis servalina, * 17. Malacomys longipes. * 
4. ,, caligata. i 18. Mus (Isomys) barbarus. i; 
5. Poiana richardsoni. * 19. ,, gueinzii. N 
6. Crossarchus zebra. A | 20. ,, kaiseri. ag 
ie a obscurus. * 21. ,, rufinus. *¥ 
8. Epomophorus monstrosus. * 22. ,, univittatus. * 
9. Z franqueti. x | 23. ,, (Leggada) minutoides. Tt 
10 * 
11. Sciurus stangeri. : 25. Georychus ochraceo-cinereus. } 
12. »  rufobrachiatus. * 26. Atherura africana. * 
13. »»  pyrrhopus. * 27. Dendrohyrax emini. t 
14. »  boehmi. t | 28. Manis tricuspis. * 


Of these 28 species, no less than 16 (marked with a *) are wholly 
West-African, 14 of them having never been hitherto recorded out of 
the West-African region at all, and therefore Dr. Emin has extended 
the known ranges of every one of these 14 by something like a 
thousand or twelve hundred miles. Of the others, 5 (marked with 
a T), although found in other regions, also occur in West Africa ; 
5 ({) are either peculiar or only otherwise known from neighbouring 
Central-African localities ; one only is Abyssinian (A) ; and one is as 
yet elsewhere only known from Natal (N). 

The collection as a whole is therefore distinctly West-African in 
character, and presents no appreciable intermixture of other forms. 


a 


sue ae Peet 


{A + @A38eca 


J.G Keulemans del. et lith Mintern Bros. 


1888. ] ON BIRDS FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 17 


It thus gives final and conclusive evidence that the western forest- 
fauna extends right across the centre of Africa in this direction at 
least as far as 28° east longitude, and slightly further to the north, 
judging by the few specimens from Makraka, as far as 30° E. 
This is, in fact, quite to the extreme limit of the Congo basin, the 
watershed apparently here abruptly dividing the two faunas, the few 
Wadelai and Lado specimens showing no trace whatever of any West- 
African affinity. 

The abruptness with which the change of fauna occurs on the 
watershed is, considering the insignificant nature of the physical 
barriers, very remarkable, and almost unequalled in the distribution 
of the mammals of any part of the world. The reason of the 
change is, however, clear enough, being not the occurrence of such 
barriers to migration as mountains or rivers, but the abrupt ending 
of the great West-African forest, which, as we know from the travels 
of Schweinfurth and others, extends quite into this region, but 
abruptly ceases before the slopes of the Upper Nile basin are 
reached. 

Finally, I may express the hope that this valuable and interesting 
collection may be succeeded by others from the same quarter, and 
that I, or some more competent person, may have the opportunity 
of drawing up a mammal-fauna of the Wadelai district itself, and of 
further adding to our knowledge of the mammals inhabiting the 
rich region tapped by Emin Pasha, whenever he crosses to the west 
of the Congo-Nile watershed. 


2. On a Collection of Birds made by Emin Pasha in Equa- 
torial Africa. By Captain G. E. Sautiey, F.Z.S. 


[Received January 13, 1888.] 
(Plate IIT.) 


It is several months since letters were received from Emin Pasha 
announcing the despatch of some cases of natural-history specimeus 
from Wadelai, and their receipt has been a source of the greatest 
satisfaction to the authorities of the British Museum, knowing the 
troubles which have been going on in Uganda, by which route the 
collections were to be despatched to Zanzibar. No slight appre- 
hensions were entertained as to their detention in that country, and it 
seemed almost hopeless to expect their safe arrival on the coast. That 
they did so arrive is doubtless due to the exertions of the Rev. Mr. 
Mackay, and he will surely receive the thanks of every naturalist for 
the care with which he has managed to send the collection home. 

The birds now sent by Emin Pasha evidently belong to two cate- 
gories. Many of them have been collected about the stations of 
Lado and Wadelai, and most of these species have been described by 
Dr. Hartlaub in one of the papers mentioned below. At the same 

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No, II. 2 


18 CAPT. G. E. SHELLEY ON BIRDS {Jan. 17, 


time there are many examples of species obtained on the Pasha’s last 
expedition to the shores of the Albert Nyanza and the Monbuttu 
country, and these are most interesting. We have no map to show 
the last researches of Emin Pasha in this district, and therefore 
some little time may elapse before all the places mentioned in this 
paper are identified; but the peculiar nature of the avifauna is 
manifest. The collection is of the same character as that of Mr. 
Bohndorff’s from the Niam-niam country, and, as pointed out by 
Mr. Bowdler Sharpe, is Wesé African. 

On the western watershed of the lake-system of Equatorial Africa 
the Abyssinian fauna disappears and is replaced by the purely 
tropical features of the West-African river-system: thus we find in 
Emin Pasha’s collection examples of such genera as Indicator, 
Pyrenestes, and Spermospiza, purely West-African in character. To 
point out the limits of these two diverse zoo-geographical areas will 
be the work of an observer on the spot, and it is to be hoped that 
Emin Pasha may be gifted with health for many years to come to 
finish the work he has so well begun. 

This is the first consignment which the British Museum has 
received from tbe Lado district, and it adds a large number of 
species to the collection, besides the types of the four following new 
species :—Indicator emini, Spermospiza ruficapilla, Ploceus casta- 
nops, and Glareola emini. The further researches of the traveller 
in the region of the Albert Nyanza will be awaited with eagerness. 

In my present notes on this collection I have referred to the fol- 
lowing papers, which deal with the former collections of Emin 
Pasha :— 


1. “Beitrag zur Ornithologie der 6stlich-aiquatorialen Gebiete 
Afrika’s. Von Dr. G. Hartlaub, nach Sendlungen und Noten 
von Dr. Emin Bey in Lado.’ Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 
pp. 83, 128, pl. 5. 

2. ‘Ueber eine Sendung von Végeln aus Central-Afrika. Von 
August von Pelzeln.” Verhandl. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxi. 
pp- 141-156. 


3. In the same volume pp. 605-618, is another article by Herr * 


von Pelzeln entitled “‘ Ueber Dr. Emin Bey’s zweite Sendung 
von Vogeln aus Central- Afrika.” 

4. In the next volume, pp. 499-512, is another article on Emin 
Pasha’s birds :—‘‘ Ueber Dr. Emin Bey’s dritte Sendung von 
Vogeln aus Central-Afrika.”’ 

5. Dr. Hartlaub, in his ‘ Zweiter Beitrag zur Ornithologie der 
dstlich-aiquatorialen Gebiete Afrika’s,’ Abhandl. nat. Ver. 
Brem. vil. 1882, pp. 184, 232, gives an enlarged map of Lado 
and the country for about 100 miles to the south-east. This 
paper includes a list of 276 species as having up to this time 
been procured by Emin Pasha, also many of the collector's ori- 
ginal notes, amongst which are the latitudes and longitudes of 
some 17 of the little-known localities mentioned. I much 
regret that I have not been able to continue this useful portion 


>. 


1888. | FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA, 19 


of the work; but I trust we may not have long to wait before 
an accurate map of the little-known district may be published 
under the auspices of Emin Pasha, who we all hope will soon 
return safely to Europe after the arduous and important duties 
he has so ably performed during many years in the Upper White 
Nile district. 

In my present list I have followed, as closely as I considered ad- 
visable, the order of the species adopted by Dr. Hartlaub, and have 
given references, not only to all the above-mentioned papers, but 
also to Mr. R. B. Sharpe’s ‘‘ Notes on a Collection of Birds made by 
Herr F. Bohndorff in the Bahr el Gazel Province and the Nyam-nyam 
Country in Equatorial Africa,” published in the Linnean Society’s 
Journal (Zool.), xvii. 1884, pp. 419-441. I have also thought it 
advisable to give what I have considered to be the most important 
references for the identification of each species. 

I should like, in conclusion, to state that this collection has been 
entirely worked out in the Bird-room of the Natural History Museum, 
where I have found every convenience for regular study, with the 
finest collection in the world before me, which, owing to Mr. Bowdler 
Sharpe’s untiring energy, is now as accessible for work as any small 
private collection, with this further advantage, that very few species 
are wanting, and generally a good series of specimens is available. I 
trust that these remarks may not lead to an overwhelming influx of 
ornithological students to the bird-room, for Mr. Sharpe’s sake ; but 
even then I believe that his courtesy would be equal to the task, as 
I presume that there is nothing which would please him more than 
to find the British Museum the centre of all ornithological study, as 
it ought to have been years ago, and as it most certainly was not in 
former days. 

Emin Pasha’s consignment consists of two very distinct collections : 
one from what [ shall call the Wadelai district, including Lado, 
Redjaf, Kiri, Tobbo, Wadelai, and Kiberi, comprised within the 
limits of 2° and 5° N. lat., and 31° and 33° E. long; the other 
is from the Tingasi district, including Bellima, Tomaja, and Tingasi, 
extending westward of 31°, and comprising portion of the Monbuttu 
country. 

Comparing these two collections we fiud :— 


Wadelai collection :—114 species, 10 local, 1 W.-African, 27 N.E.- 
African, 6 E.-African. 

Tingasi collection :—43 species, 3 local, 27 W.-African, none N.E.- 
African, none E.-African. 


From the above it is evident that the Wadelai district belongs to 
the great N.E.-African or Abyssinian Region, and the Tingasi dis- 
trict to the W.-African Region ; and on regarding the close proxi- 
mity of these districts, the fact of the fauna of a continent following 
its great watersheds and forests is strikingly exhibited, and the pre- 
sence of an almost impassable barrier is suggested. Thus physical 
geography and ornithology lend each other a friendly hand in the 
elucidation of scientific problems. 

Q* 


20 CAPT. G. E. SHELLEY ON BIRDS [Jan. i7, 


I. PASSERES. 


1. Syzivra HORTENSI!S, Bechst. 
Sylvia hortensis, Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 10; Hartl. 
Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, p. 99. 


No. 23. ¢. Tingasi, Sept. 20, 1883. 
No. 194. ¢. Kibero, Oct. 8, 1886. 


2. Puyiioscorus TROCHILUs (Linn.). 

Phylloscopus trochilus, Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 56. 

Phyllopneuste trochilus, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 
1881, p. 94, 1882, p. 193. 

3g. Lado, Oct. 19, 1885. 

No. 128. Wadelai, Sept. 14, 1885. 

No. 173. ¢. Wadelai, Oct. 18, 1885. 


3. Hypoxats pALLIDA (Hempr. & Ehr.). 

Hypolais pallida, Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 82; Hartt. 
Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 1882, p. 193; Pelz. Verh. Wien, 
xxxii. 1882, p. 502. 

No. 238. ¢. Lado, March 3, 1884. 

No. 915. ¢. Gondokoro, Nov. 16, 1883. 

No. 13. ¢. Wa'elai, Jan. 15, 1886. 

No. 54. 9. Wadelai, Feb. 2, 1886. 

The dates of capture seem to show that this species winters in 
Equatorial Africa. 

4. ACROCEPHALUS PHRAGMITIS (Bechst.). 


Acrocephalus phragmitis, Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 91. 
No. 176. g. Wadelai, Oct. 29, 1885. 


5. Ruticitta PpHa@nicurvs (Linn.). 

Ruticilla phenicurus, Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 336 ; 
Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. ii. 1886, p. 319. 

No. 949. g. Redjaf, Dec. 1, 1883. 

@. Foda, Oct. 21, 1885. 


6. PraTINCOLA RUBETRA (Linn.). 


Pratincola rubetra, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 179; Hartl. 


Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. p. 89. 
No. 177. g. Redjaf, Feb. 2, 1884. 


7. BRADYORNIS PALLIDA (v. Miill.). 


Bradyornis pallida, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 310; Hartl. 


Abbandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vill. 1882, p. 191. 
No. 329. 2. Nov. 20, 1882. 


8. PENTHOL#A CLERICALIS, Hartl. 


Pentholea clericalis, Wartl. J. f. O. 1882, p. 321; id. Abhandl. 


— 


1888. ] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 21 


nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 1882, p. 321; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. 
p. 18; Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. ii. 1886, p. 317, pl. 13. figs. 73, 82. 

Nos. 557, 569. g. Kuterma, May 1885. 

No. 530. 9. Tobbo, May 21, 1883. 

A perfectly distinct species, of which Emin Pasha sends three 
fine adult specimens. 


9. CossyPHA HEUGLINI, Hartl. 


. _Bessornis intermedius, Cab. in V. d. Decken’s Reis. iii. p. 32 
pl. 12 = 
Cossypha heuglini, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 1882, 
p- 187; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 41. 
No. 211. "2. Kibiro, Oct: 11, 1886. 


10. CossypHa verRTICALIs, Hartl. 

Cossypha verticalis, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 45; Hartl. 
Zool. Jahrb. ii. 1886, p. 313. 

No. 822. ¢. Tamaja, Aug. 17, 1883, 

This is probably the most eastern locality known for this West- 
African species. 


11. EryrHRropyera RuFIcAuDA, Sharpe. 

Erythropygia ruficauda, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 78 ; 
Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. ii. 1886, p. 316. 

Nos. 182, 188, 206. g. Kibero, Oct. 1886. 


12. Eminta Leprpa, Hartl. 

Eminia lepida, Hartl. P. Z.S. 1880, p. 625, pl. 60. fig. 1; id. 
Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, p- 91; id. Zool. Jabrb. ii. 
186, p. 334. 

Apalis lepida, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 140. 

No. 95. ¢. Wadelai, Aug. 17, 1885. 

No. 190. @. Kibero, Oct. 8, 1886. 

The sexes are similar in plumage. 


13. DrymocicHia IncANA, Hartl. 

Drymocichla incana, Hartl. P. Z.S. 1880, p. 626, pl. 60. fig. 2 ; 
id. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. p. 91; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. 
vil. p. 149. 

Nos. 88, 89. ¢ 9. Wadelai, Aug. 15, 1885. 

No. 171. Q. Wadelai, Oct. 18, 1885. 

The sexes are similar in plumage. Neither this species nor the 
last have been recorded from north of Wadelai. 


14. PHyLioLais PULCHELLA (Riipp.). 

Phyllolais pulchella, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, 
p- 90; vii. 1882, p. 190; Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxii. 1882, p. 501; 
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 149. 

No. 481. 3g. Lado, Nov. 20, 1884. 


22 CAPT. G. E. SHELLEY ON BIRDS [Jan. 17, 


15. SyLvIELLA microura (Riipp.). 

Oligocercus rufescens, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, 
p- 92. 

Oligura microura, Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, p. 144; XXXIl. 
1882, p. 502. 

Sylviella microura, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 154. 

No. 9388. ¢. Gondokoro, Nov. 15, 1883. 


16. EREMoMELA ELEGANS (Heugl.). 

Tricholuis elegans, Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. pp. 144, 609; Hartl. 
Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 1882, p. 190. 

Eremomela elegans, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 163. 

No. 338. ¢. Lado, April 23, 1884. 

Nos. 345, 356. g. Redjaf, May 1884. 

No. 975. &. Redjaf, Dec. 17, 1885. 

a, d. Wadelai, July 7, 1885. 


17, CAMAROPTERA BREVICAUDATA (Riipp.). 

Camaroptera brevicaudata, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 
1881, p. 90; Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, p. 144; xxxii. 1882, 
p- 502; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 168. 

No. 409. g. Lado, Aug. 30, 1884. 


18. Prints MysTacea, Riipp. 

Cisticola tenella, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, 
p- 89; viii. 1882, p. 189. 

Drymeca mystacea, Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxii. 1882, p. 501. 

Prinia mystacea, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 19]. 

No. 338. Lado, March 28, 1883. 

No. 405. Lado, Aug. 27, 1884. 

No. 85. 9. Wadelai, Aug. 15, 1885. 

No. 21. ¢. Tingasi, July 19, 1583. 


19. BuRNFSIA LEUCOPOGON (Cab.).. 


Burnesia leucopogon, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 207. 


Nos. 704, 797. 6 @. July 1883. 

The sexes are similar in plumage. This species was formerly 
only known from the Congo region in W. Africa, from which 
country there are two specimens in the British Museum. 


20. ORTHOTOMUS ERYTHROPTERUS (Jard.). 

Cisticola iodoptera, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 247. 

Orthotomus erythropterus, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 228. 
No. 16. g. Tingasi, July 17, 1883. 


21. CisticoLa MENTALIs (Fras.). 


Melocichla mentalis, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, 
p- 93; vill. 1882, p. 191. 


1888. ] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 23 


Cisticola mentalis, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 241. 

No. 152. 2. Risuo, Oct. 3, 1882. 

This specimen agrees perfectly with others from the Gold Coast 
in the British Museum. 


22. CisTICOLA CINERASCENS, Heugl. 

Drymeca concolor, Heugl. Ibis, 1869, p. 97, pl. 2. fig. 1. 
Cisticola concolor, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 253. 

Cisticola cinerascens, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 248. 
No. 25. g. Tingasi, July 19, 1883. 


23. CrsTICOLA LATERALIs (Fraser). 

Cisticola lateralis, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 251. 

No. 775. g. Abiambana, July 28, 1883. 

This species appears hitherto to have been met with only on the 
west coast of Africa. 


24. CisticoLa RuFA (Fraser). 

Cisticola hypoxantha, Hartl. P.Z.S. 1880, p. 624 ; id. Abhandl. 
nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, p. 89; id. Zool. Jahrb. ii. 1886, 
p. 332. 

Cisticola rufa, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 252. 

No. 186. ¢. Tobbo, May 19, 1883. 

This specimen agrees perfectly with others in the British Museum 
from the Gold Coast. 


25. CisTICOLA FERRUGINEA, Heugl. 


Cisticola ferruginea, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 265; Sharpe, 
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vil. p. 257. 

No. 28. 2. Wadelai, July 28, 1885. 

Nos. 121, 122, 123. g 2. Wadelai, Sept. 13, 1885. 

No. 55. Q@. Wadelai, Feb. 2, 1886. 

The British Museum here receives for the first time a remarkably 
fine series of this striking little Grass-Warbler. 


26. CisTIcoLA MARGINALIs (Heugl.). 


Cisticola marginalis, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, 
p- 89; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 258. 
Cisticola marginata, Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxii, 1882, p. 501. 


No. 287. ¢. Lado, March 31, 1884. 


27. CISTICOLA CIsTICOLA (Temm.). 

Cisticola cursitans, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 266. 
Cisticola cisticola, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 259. 
No. 113. ¢. Wadelai, June 17, 1886. 


24 CAPT. G. E. SHELLEY ON BIRDS [Jan. 17, 


28. CisTICOLA sTRANGII (Fraser). 


Cisticolu ladoensis, Hartl. op. cit. viii. 1882, p. 189. 

Cisticola strangei et O. natalensis, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vil. 
pp. 276, 278. 

Nos. 54, 101, 102. 6 9. Wadelai, Aug. 1885. 

No. 148. ¢. Wadelai, Oct. 4, 1885. 

Nos. 9, 19. Tingasi, July 1883. 

I have a specimen in my own collection determined by Dr. 
Hartlaub as C. dadoensis ; it is in the plumage of Drymoica curvi- 
rostris, Sundev. For the determination of D. strangei, Fras., 1843, 
and D. natalensis, Smith, 1843, I would refer to the conclusions I 
drew (Ibis, 1875, pp. 380, 381), which I still believe to be correct. 
As the first names for this species were published in the same year, 
1843, I select Fraser’s as being the most applicable. 


29. CisTICOLA LUGUBRIS (Riipp.). 


Cisticola nevia, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1882, 
p. 189; id. Zool. Jahrb. ii. 1886, p. 333. 
Cisticola lugubris, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 280. 


No. 97. g. Wadelai, Aug. 1885. 


30. ARGYA RUBIGINOSA (Riipp.). 
Argya rubiginosa, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, 
p- 93; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 391. 


No. 494. ¢. Lado, Jan. 12, 1884. 
Iris pale yellow. 


31. CRINIGER VERREAUXI, Sharpe. 
Criniger verreauai, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vi. p. 73, pl. 4. 
No. 671. ¢. Bellima, June 22, 1883. 


32. CHLOROCICHLA GRACILIROSTRIS (Strickl.). 


Chlorocichla gracilirostris, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vi. p. 114. 

No. 697. 2. Tiugasi, July 1, 1883. 

This species was formerly only known from the west coast of 
Africa. 


33. PHYLLOSTROPHUS SHARPH, Shelley. 

? Criniger strepitans, Reichen. Orn. Centralbl. 1879, p. 139 
(Malindi). 

Phyllostrephus sharpii, Shelley, Ibis, 1880, p. 334 (Dar-es- 
Salaam); Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 1882, p. 188. 

Phyllostrophus strepitans, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vi. p. 117. 

Nos. 45, 59, 60,96. ¢ 2. Wadelai, Aug. 1885. 

This is certainly my P. sharpii, which Dr. Hartlaub considers to 
be distinct from the P. sérepitans (Reichen.), the type of which 
species neither myself nor Mr. Sharpe have seen. 


1888. | FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 


bo 
on 


34. ANDROPADUS VIRENS, Cass. 

Andropadus virens, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vi. p. 109; id. 
Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. 1884, p. 424. 

No. 18. ¢. Tingasi, July 16, 1883. 

No. 50. ¢o. Tingasi, Aug. 18, 1883. 

This species was first discovered in north-east Equatorial Africa 


by Herr F. Bohndorff, who procured it at Sassa in the Nyam-nyam 
country. 


35. TELEPHONUS SENEGALUs (Linn.). 


? Telephonus erythropterus, Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, p. 147 ; 
xxxil. 1882, p. 500. 


Telephonus senegalus, Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii. p. 124. 
No. 360. 9. Kiri, May 1884. 


36. TELEPHONUS MINUTUS, Hartl. 
Telephonus minutus, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vil. ISS8I, 
p. 94; Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 128. 


No. 30. 2. Wadelai, July 29, 18835. 
No. 17. Ad. Wadelai, March 1881. 


37. Dryoscopus AFFINIs (Gray). 


Dryoscopus affinis, Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viil. p. 141. 
No. 754. 3d. Bellima, July 15, 1883. 


38. LANIARIUS SULFUREIPECTUS (Less.). 

Dryoscopus sulphureipectus, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 464. 
Laniarius sulfureipectus, Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 159. 
No. 27. go. Wadelai, Jan. 19, 1886. 


39. LANIUS GUBERNATOR, Hartl. 

Lanius gubernator, Hartl. J. f. O. 1882, p. 323, pl. 1. fig. 29; 
id. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 1882, p. 194. 
No. 572. Qjuv. Kuterma, May 28, 1882. 
No. 110. Qad. Kuterma, Sept. 18, 1882. 

This is quite a distinct species. 

40. GraucaLus PecroraLtis, Jard. & Selby. 

Graucalus pectoralis, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 29; id. 
Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. 1884, p. 424. 

Ad. Tobbo, May 15, 1883. 

This is the first time Enim Pasha has sent this bird to Europe, 
although in Nyam-nyam, according to Mr. Bohndorff, it is a common 
species. 


41. ALszonax ComiTaTa, Cass. 

Alseonax comitata, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 130. 

No. 753. Bellima, July 15, 1883. 

The specimen agrees accurately with others from the Gold Coast 


26 CAPT. G. E. SHELLEY ON BIRDS [Jan. 17, 


with which I have compared it. It was formerly only known from 
the west coast. 


42. PacHYPRORA SENEGALENSIS (Linn.). 

Batis senegalensis, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 134. 

Platystira senegalensis, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 
1882, p. 197; id. Zool. Jahrb. ii. 1836, p. 336. 

No. 349. g. Kedyjaf, May 10, 1884. 

No. 598. g. Mundi, June 4, 1883. 


43. Arromyt1as FULIGINOSUS, J. & E. Verr. 

Artomyias fuliginosus, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 144, 
fig. 1. 

No. 760. g. Ann Nambiri, July 21, 1883. 

Formerly only known from the Gaboon and Congo districts on 
the west coast. 


44, Puatrystira cyanea (P. L. S. Miill.). 

Platystira cyanea, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 145. 

Platystira senegalensis, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 
1881, p. 97. 

No. 788. 9. Tomaja, Aug. 7, 1883. 


45. Muscicapa GRisoua (Linn.). 


Muscicapa grisola, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 151; Hartl. 
Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. p. 98. 

Butalis grisola, Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, p. 146. 

No. 174. 2. Wadelai, Oct. 10, 1885. 

No. 198. g. Wadelai, Nov. 12, 1885. 

No. 208. ¢. Kabajirdi, Nov. 1, 1882. 


46. Muscicapa INFULATA, Hartl. 


Muscicapa infulata, Hartl. P. Z.S. 1880, p. 626; id. Abhandl. 
nat. Ver. Brem. vii, 1881, p. 98. 

Wadelai, four males and four females shot in June, July, and 
August. 

The type was obtained at Magungo, on the northern extremity of 
Lake Albert Nyanza. 


47. Hytiora FLAVIGASTRA, Swains. 


Hyliota flavigastra, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 248; 
Hartl. J. f.O. 1883, p. 323. 

Hyliota orientalis, Hart]. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 1882, 
p- 198. 

No. 31. ¢. Wadelai, Aug. 1, 1885. 

Nos. 564, 565. g. Kuterma, May 28, 1883. 

Nos. 596, 597. g¢ 2. Hundii, June 4, 1883. 

The specimens agree perfectly with a Senegal specimen in the 
British Museum. 


1888. ] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 27 


48. PaRIsoMA PLUMBEUM (Hartl.). 


Parisoma plumbeum, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 269. 

Stenostira plumbéea, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem, vill. 1882, 
p- 197. 

Qad. Wadelai, July 7, 1885. 


49. TeRPSIPHONE CRISTATA (Gm.). 


Terpsiphone cristata, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 354 ; id. 
Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. p. 425. 

Tchitrea melanogastra, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 
1881, p. 97; viii. 1882, p. 197. 

Terpsiphone melanogastra, Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, p. 146 ; 
xxxii. 1882, p. 504. 

No. 42. gjuv. Tingasi, Aug. 1, 1883. 


50. ExminiA TERESITA, Antin. 


Elminia longicauda minor, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 446. 

Elminia teresita, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 364. 

Ad. Wadelai, Aug. 15, 1885. 

This species differs from E. longicauda only in having the breast, 
abdomen, and under tail-coverts pure white, not shaded with greyish 
blue except on the sides of the chest. The outer pair of tail- 
feathers have a larger amount of white on the margin of the inner 
web; the inner web of the next feather has a small amount of 
white. The blackish colouring in front of the eyes is barely 
perceptible. 

E. teresita: length 6°5 inches, wing 2:7, tail 3:5, tarsus 0°65. 

E. longicauda: length 7:3 inches, wing 2°65, tail 4:3, tarsus 0°65. 


51. MEGABIAS FLAMMULATA, J. & E. Verr. 


Megabias flammulata, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 387. 

No. 22. $. Tingasi, Aug. 1, 1883. 

I have little doubt that this is an immature male of this species, 
as it agrees with an adult female specimen from Fantee in the 
British Museum. 


52. MoTACILuA FLAVA, Linn. 


Budytes flava, Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, pp. 145, 609. 

Motacilla flava, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 516, pl. 6. 
figs. 3—5. 

No. 849. ¢. Lado, Oct. 2, 1883. 


53. ANTHUS PYRRHONOTUS (Vieill.). 


Anthus gouldi, Hartl. Abbandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, p. 99; 
viii. 1882, p. 198; id. Zool. Jahrb. ii. 1886, p. 337. 

? Anthus sordidus, Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, p. 145. 

Anthus pyrrhonotus, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 555. 

No. 164. 2. Redjaf, Jan. 26, 1884. 


28 CAPT. G. E. SHELLEY ON BIRDS [Jan. 17, 


54. Anruus cervinus, Pall. 

Anthus cervinus, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 323 ; Sharpe, Cat. 
B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 585. 

No. 121. @. Redjaf, Jan. 1, 1884. 


55. Macronyx crocevs (Vieill.). 

Macronyx croceus, Hart]. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, 
p- 99; Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, pp. 145, 609; Sharpe, Cat. 
B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 626. 

No. 359. ¢. Wadelai, May 19, 1884. 


56. Mrrarra aprara (Vieill.). 


Megalophonus fischeri, Reichen. J. f. O. 1883, p. 202. 

Mirafra apiata, Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. ii. 1886, p. 329. 

No. 132. 9. Wadelai, Aug. 11, 1886. 

This is the most northern locality yet known for this species, 
which ranges into South Africa and the Congo region. 


57. Mrrarra Bucotica, Hartl. 

Mirafra bucolica, Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. ii. 1886, p. 327. 

3d ad. Tobbo, May 16, 1883. 

In general colouring and size this Lark much resembles the 
S.-African IZ. sabota, but differs in the colouring of the quills, two 
pairs of the outer tail-feathers, and in the character of the feet. 
The following comparison between M. bucolica and M. sabota will best 
point out the characters which appear to me to be of specific value. 

M. bucolica.—Primaries broadly edged with rufous buff, that 
colouring extending to the quill of the first long primary throughout 
the greater portion of its length ; inner webs broadly edged with 
rufous buff of the same shade for about half the length of the 
feathers. Two outer tail-feathers—outer one rufous buff with a 
diagonal dark portion extending from near the end of the inner web 
over the basal portion of the outer one, but not reaching to the 
outer web, and divided near the base of the quill -by the buff colouring, 
next feather with a broad rufous-buff edge to the outer web. Feet 
smaller and buffer, hind claw slightly straighter and longer. 

M. sabota.—Primaries partially and very narrowly edged with 
buffish white, not perceptible on the first long primary ; inner margin of 
primaries whitish but nearly obsolete. Two outer tail-feathers—outer 
one blackish, with only a broad edging of rufous buff over scarcely 
more than half the width of the outer web and round the end of 
the feather; next feather with an almost obsolete pale margin to the 
outer web, widening slightly at the tip. Feet larger and browner, 
hind claw slightly more curved and shorter. 


58. GaLeRITA MopEsTA, Heugl. 

Geocorypha modesta, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 691, pl. 23; 
Haru. Zool. Jahrb. ii. 1886, p. 328. 

No. 150. Q. Redjaf, Jan. 17, 1884. 


1888. ] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 29 


No. 175. go. Redjaf, Feb. 2, 1884. 

No. 926. g. Redjaf, Nov. 23, 1583. 

No. 970. g. Redjaf, Dec. 15, 1883. 

This species is new to the British Museum Collection. It belongs 
apparently to the genus Galerita, being slightly crested, and it has 
the bastard primary short, only just extending beyond the primary- 
coverts, while in plumage it much resembles G. cristata. 


59. PyRRHULAUDA LEUCOTIS (Stanley). 
Coraphites leucotis, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 669. 
No. 973. od. Dec. 16, 1883. 


60. Parus niGER, Bonn. et Vieill. 


Parus leucomelus, Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, pp. 145, 609. 

Parus niger, Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii. 

No. 366. ¢. Kiri, May 22, 1884. 

This is an adult male with no white edges to the tail-feathers ; in 
this character, and indeed in all other respects, it agrees perfectly 
with a Damara specimen in the British Museum, so that I cannot 
admit that there are any constant local races of this species. 


61. AerrHatus parvutus, Heugl. 

Aigithalus parvulus, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, 
p- 99; id. Zool. Jahrb. ii. 1886, p. 347, pl. 12. fig. 3. 

No. 370. ¢. Kiri, May 24, 1884. 

This species has been well figured by Dr. Hartlaub, and is quite 
distinct from 4. capensis, of which it is the northern representative. 


62. AeirHaLus MusCuLUs, Hartl. 

Atgithalus musculus, Hartl. J. f. O. 1882, p. 326 ; id. Abhandl. 
nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 1882, p. 198; id. Zool. Jahrb. ii. 1886, 
p. 347. 

No. 218. @. Lado, Feb. 25, 1884. 

Nos. 252, 283. ¢ 2. Lado, March 1884. 

Like the last, this species is new to the British Museum. It 
comes nearest to 4. caroli, Sharpe, from which it may be readily dis- 
tinguished by its hoary white throat and chest, and the abdomen 
only tinted with rufous buff. The forehead is uniform with the 
upper parts, and the sexes are similar in plumage. 


63. PHiLeT&RUS ARNAUDI (Bp.). 

Nigrita arnaudi, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, 
p- 104; Pelz. Verh. Wien, xuxie9 1881,./ py 1150.5. xxx. 1882, 
p- 207. : 

Phileterus arnaudi, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 308. 

No. 953. 9. Redjaf, Dec. 2, 1883. 

Iris chestnut ; bill black ; legs dusky flesh-colour. 


30 CAPT. G. E. SHELLEY ON BIRDS [Jan. 17, 


64. Amapina FascraTa (Gm.). 


Sporothlastes fasciatus, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 
1881, p. 203; Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxii. 1882, p. 509. 

Amadina fasciata, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 313. 

No. 976. g. Redjaf, Dec. 17, 1882. 


65. PyrENESTES OSTRINUS (Vieill.). 


Pyrenestes ostrinus, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 314. 

No. 717. ¢o. Tingasi, July 4, 1883. 

Iris dusky brown; bill black ; legs yellowish. 

This specimen is small and entirely black and red. Total length 
5 inches, culmen 0°5, wing 2°65, tail 2°15, tarsus 0-7. There isa 
very similar specimen in the British Museum from the Gold Coast. 


66. SpPERMOSPIZA RUFICAPILLA, Sp. 0. 


Entire head, throat, front and sides of the chest uniform scarlet ; 
back of the neck, back, wings and tail when closed, dusky slate- 
colour; upper tail-coverts red, slightly darker than the head; re- 
mainder of the breast black, thickly spotted with white on the chest 
and barred on the abdomen and under tail-coverts. Under surface 
of the wings and tail dusky black, mottled or barred with white on 
the under wing-coverts. Iris dusky brown; bill metallic blue with 
the end carmine, and the cutting-edges shaded with that colour ; 
legs dusky brown. ‘Total length 6-2 inches, culmen 0°65, wing 2°9, 
tail 2°6, tarsus 0.95. 

No. 752. 2. Bellima, July 15, 1883. 

This species is closely allied to S. hematina and S. guttata, but 
may be readily recognized, at least in the female, by its having the 
entire head uniform scarlet. In the colouring of the bill it agrees 
best with S. guttata. 


67. Hypareus monterri (Hartl.). 


Pytelia monteiri, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 1882, 
p- 203. 

Hypargus monteiri, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 318. 

¢g juv. Lado, Nov. 1, 1885. 

No. 59. 3. Tanjimoro, Sept. 23, 1883. 

No. 179. Tanjimoro, Oct. 5, 1886. 

The young bird from Lado differs from the adult in having the 
throat uniform grey, and in there being no white spots on the breast, 
which is chestnut fading into white on the abdomen. The under 
tail-cuverts are broadly barred with chestnut and white. 


68. Pyretia MELBA (Linn.). 

Pytelia melba, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, 
p- 104; Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxii. 1882, p. 509 ; Shelley, Lbis, 
1886, p. 319. 

Pytelia citerior, Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, p. 614. 

No. 208. ¢.-. Kibiro, Oct. 11, 18386. 


1888. | FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 31 


Iris and bill red, culmen blackish ; legs flesh-brown. 

In the British Museum are apparently typical specimens of both 
sexes of P. cinercigula; the female is a female of this species and the 
male is P. afra (Gm.). 


69. PyTELIA PH@:NICOPTERA, Swains. 


Pytelia phenicoptera, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 
1882, p. 203 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 323. 

Zonogustris erythroptera, Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxii. 1882, p. 509. 

No. 385. g¢. Lado, Aug. 16, 1884. 

Iris red; bill black ; legs pale brown. 


70. LAGONOSTICTA SENEGALA (Linn.). 


Lagonosticta minima, Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, p- 606. 
Lagonosticta senegala, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 323. 
No. 182. g. Kibero, Oct. 7, 1886. 


71. Lagonosticra RARA (Antin.). 


Rhodopyga hypomelas, Heugl. J. f. O. 1868, p. ld. ple. 1, 
fig. 4, 
” Habropyga hypomelena, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 611. 
Habropyga enochroa, Hartl. J. f. O. 1882, p. 322; id. Abhandl. 
nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 1882, p. 203. 

Lagonosticta rara, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 323. 

Lagonosticta cnochroa, Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. ii. 1886, p. 322, 
pl. 13. fig. 6. 

Ad. Lado, Oct. 24, 1885. 

No. 15. g. Tingasi, Aug. 9, 1883. 

No. 175. Q. Tingasi, July 3, 1883. 

I have referred this species to Z. rara (Antin.), although I have 
not examined a typical specimen; but it appears to me to be un- 
doubtedly the same as ZL. wnochroa, Hartl., which, under the im- 
pression that it was the type I had examined, I wrongly referred to 
L. rhodopareia (Ibis, 1886, p. 324). L. rara has been badly 
figured by Heuglin under the name of Rhodopyga hypomelus, but 
the sides of the body have been painted black instead of red as 
described, and this appears to be the only character upon which L. 
enochroa, Hartl., has been separated. 

The real characters for this species appear to be :—the pale 
patch on the lower mandible, most strongly marked in specimens 15 
and 175, and the absence of white spots on the sides of the chest 
in adult males. 

To this species should undoubtedly be referred the Z. melano- 
gastra of my paper in ‘ The Ibis,’ 1883, p- 153, from Lukoja on the 
Niger. 


72. EsTRELDA NONNULA, Hartl. 


Astrilda nonnula, Hartl. J. f. O. 1883, p. 425; id. Zool. Jahrb. 
i, 1886, p. 321, pl. 13. fig. 5. 


32 CAPT. G. E. SHELLEY ON BIRDS [Jan. 17, 


Habropyga tenerrima, Reichen. J. f. O. 1887, p. 213, Stanley 
Falls. 

No. 58. ¢. Kubbi, July 1881. 

No. 654. g. Bellima, June 21, 1883. 

36 2. Foda, Oct. 27, 1885. 

The males have the bill black, with a red patch on the sides of 
the culmen and base of the lower mandible, also a patch of scarlet 
on the sides of the body, of much less extent than in 2. africapilla. 
It is the Habropyga tenerrima of Reichenow. 

The female differs in having the entire bill dusky black and no 
red on the sides of the body. This is the Astri/da nonnula, Hartl. 


73. EsTRELDA PALUDICOLA, Heugl. 

Estrelda paludicola, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 331; Hart]. Zool. 
Jahrb. ii. 1886, p. 321. 

No. 706. 9. Tingasi, July 3, 1883. 

New to the British Museum. 


74. EsTRELDA ASTRILD (Linn.). 
. Estrelda astrild, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 322. 


No. 288. 9. Lado, March 30, 1884. 
A variety entirely white, with a red band round the eye. 


75. EsTRELDA RHODOPYGA, Sundev. 

Estrelda rhodopyga, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 333; Hartl. Zool. 
Jahrb. ii. 1886, p. 322. 

Nos. 135, 138. ¢. 136, 139. 9. Wadelai, Sept. 18, 1885. 

No. 154. g. Wadelai, Oct. 6, 1885. 


76. EsTRELDA CINEREA (Vieill.). 

Astrilda cinerea, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, 
p- 103; Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. p. 614; xxxii. 1882, p- 505 ; 
Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 333. 

Nos. 39, 40. ¢ Q. Wadelai, Aug. 3, 1885. 


77. EsTRELDA SUBFLAVA (Vieill.). 

Habropyga subflava, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 609. 

Estrelda subflava, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 334. 

Nos. 235, 236, 243. g. Nos. 234, 242, 248, 253. 9. Lado, 
March 1884. 

78. ORTYGOSPIZA ATRICOLLIS (Vieill.). 


Ortygospiza atricollis, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 598; Shelley, 
Ibis, 1886, p. 338. 


No. 150. g. Redjaf, Jan. 19, 1884. 

Nos. 945, 946. ¢ 2. Redjaf, Nov. 30, 1883. 

79. Vipua PrincrPauis (Linn.). 

Vidua principalis, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, 


1888.] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 33 


p- 102; Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, pp. 151, 613; Sharpe, Journ. 
Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. 1884, p. 426; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 341. 
No. 46. @. Tingasi, Aug. 14, 1883. 


80. CoLtusPASsER MACRURUs (Gm.). 


Penthetria macroura, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 1882, 
p- 202; Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, pp. 606, 613; xxxil. 1882, 
p- 508; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. 1884, p. 426. 

Coliuspasser macrurus, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 348. 

g ad. Tobbo, May 19, 1883. 


81. CoLrUsPASSER AXILLARIS (Smith). 


Urobrachya axillaris, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, 
p- 102; viii. 1882, p. 221; Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, p. 151; 
xxxil. 1882, p. 508. 

Coliuspasser axillaris, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 348. 

Penthetria azillaris, Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. ii. 1886, p. 325. 

No. 285. ¢. Lado, March 31, 1884. 

No. 56. 2. Lado, July 25, 1883. 


82. PyROMELANA FLAMMICEPS (Swains.). 

Pyromelana flammiceps, Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, pp. 150, 
613; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 352. 

Euplectes flammiceps, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 
1882, p. 201. 

Nos. 34, 54,72. g. Tingasi, Aug. 1883. 

No. 45. Kubbi, July 1881. 


83. PyRoMELANA LADOENSIs (Reichen.). 

Euplectes taha, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, p. 103 ; 
viii. 1882, p. 201; Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxii. 1882, p. 506. 

Euplectes ladoensis, Reichen. J. f. O. 1885, p. 218; Hartl. Zool. 
Jahrb. ii. 1886, p. 339. 

Pyromelana sticta, Shelley (nec Heugl.), Ibis, 1886, p. 354. 

No. 408. ¢. Lado, Aug. 30, 1884. 


84. QuEeLEA ERyTHRopPs (Hartl.). 

Hyphantica hematocephala, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 545, 
pl. 19a. 

Quelea erythrops, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 356. 

¢. Kaibiro, June 3, 1886. 


85. QUELEA CARDINALIs (Hartl.). 

Hyphantica cardinalis, Hartl. J. f. O. 1880, p. 325; id. Abhandl. 
Nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, p. 102; viii. 1882, p. 201; J. f. O. 
1881, pl. i. figs. 1, 2; Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxii. 1882, p. 508. 

Quelea cardinalis, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 357. 

Nos. 25, 26, 29. ¢. Lado, July 1885. 

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1883, No. III. 3 


34 CAPT. G. E. SHELLEY ON BIRDS (Jan. 17, 


86. QuELEA QUELEA (Linn.). 

Quelea quelea, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 357. 

3. Kibiro, June 5, 1886. 

Forehead black, flanks and thighs striped. 

The occurrence of the black-fronted Quelea quelea on the shores of 
Lake Albert Nyanza shows, in my opinion, the affinity of the fauna 
of this part of Africa with that of the Congo on the West Coast ; 
but the view may be entertained that Q. quelea and Q. ethiopica are 
not distinct species, but only local and not positively definable forms, 
and this may be supported by the great similarity of their females 
and by the form P. russ?, Finsch, with no black on the head, being 
common to both, as also are the peculiar brown and pink shaded 
varieties. 


87. PLoceus MELANOTIS, Lafr. 

Sycobius melanotis, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, 
p- 101. 

Anaplectes melanotis, Pelz. Ver. Wien, xxxi. 1881, p. 150; 
xxxii. 1882, p. 506; Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. ii. 1886, p. 337. 

Calyphantria erythogenys, Fisch. & Reichen. J. f. O. 1884, 
p- 181. 

Ploceus melanotis, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 18. 

No. 122. g. Redjaf, Jan. 9, 1884. 


88. PLocrus BAGLAFECT, Vieill. 
Hyphantornis guerini, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 562, pl. 11. 
fig. 3. 
” Ploceus baglafect, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 20. 
@. Kibiro, Oct. 8, 1886. 


89. PLroceus nreRrIco.uis (Vieill.). 


Ploceus nigricollis, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 22. 

No. 678. ¢. Wadelai, June 23, 1883. Iris straw-colour; bill 
black ; legs dusky red. 

This species has previously only been recorded from the West 
Coast. 

Its near ally P. melanoxanthus (Cab.) is fairly abundant on the 
East Coast, near Lamu and Mombas. 


00. PLoceus ocuLarius, Smith. 


Hyphantornis crocata, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 
1881. 

Hyphantornis ocvlarius, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 
1882, p. 200. 

Symplectes ocularius, var. crocata, Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. ii. 1886, 
p- 341, pl. 14. fig. 11. 

Ploceus ocularius, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 23. 


Nos. 175, 176. ¢ 2. Tanjimoro, Oct. 5, 1886. 


>. 


1888. ] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 35 


91. PLocEUS CASTANOPS, Sp. n. 


Male.— Head and underparts bright golden yellow, shading into 
chestnut on the forehead ; cheeks, front of the ear-coverts, chin, 
and throat chestnut, shading into black in front of the eyes, and 
with a narrow black edging to the chin; the brown of the throat 
narrow almost to a point towards the lower neck ; back of the neck, 
back, ard scapulars uniform yellowish olive, slightly more yellow on 
the rump; wings brown, with all the feathers broadly edged 
with pale olive-yellow; tail olive-brown, with narrow yellowish 
edges to the feathers; under surface of the wings brown, the 
coverts pale rufous buff, with a golden shade, and the inner 
margins of the quills yellow. Bill black; legs reddish brown. 
Total length 5°6 inches, culmen 0°65, wing 2°8, tail 2, tarsus 0°9. 

Female.—Crown and nape nearly uniform dusky brown; back 
and scapulars more buffish brown, with large dark centres to the 
feathers ; wings, rump, and tail as in the male, but not so bright ; 
underparts brownish buff, paler on the centre of the abdomen. 
Bill dark above, pale beneath. Total length 5:3 inches, culmen 
0°55, wing 2°5, tail 1°8, tarsus 0-9. 

In form and size this new species much resembles P. ocularius, 
but in no stage of plumage can it be confounded with that bird, as 
it has no black stripes through the eye, and the broad pale edges of 
the wing-feathers contrast strongly with the dark portion. From 
P. xanthopterus it differs in its smaller size, in the more olive colour- 
ing of the back and edges of the wing-feathers, and in the brown of 
the forehead. 


92. PLocrevs vITELLINUs (Licht.). 


Hyphantornis vitellinus, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 
1882, p. 200. 
Ploceus vitellinus, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 27. 


No. 156. g. Wadelai, Oct. 7, 1885. Iris bright yellow. 


93. PLocrevus LuTEoLus (Licht.). 


Hyphantornis luteola, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, 
p- 100; vii. 1882, p. 200. 

Sitagra luteola, Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, p. 6125 xxxil. 
1882, p. 506. 

Ploceus luteolus, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 31. 

Nos. 346, 347. 6 Q. Redjaf, May 8, 1884. 

Nos. 358, 367, 368. 9. Kiri, May 1884. 


94. PLOCEUS PELZELNI (Hartl.). 


Icteropsis crocata, Pelz. (nec Hartl.) Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, 
p. 149. 
Sitagra pelzelni, Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. ii. 1886, p. 343, pl. 14. 
figs. 9, 10. 
Four males and five females, from Wadelai (May). 
In the adult of both sexes the bill is black. In the immature 
3% 


36 CAPT. G. E. SHELLEY ON BIRDS [Jan. 17, 


the bill is dusky brown above, pale beneath. In immature specimens, 
two of which are indicated as males, there is no trace of black on the 
head. 

As this species is but little known, I shall describe the male in 
full plumage; the female is well figured by Dr. Hartlaub (J. C.). 
Very similar to P. /uteo/us, but rather larger, and the bill consider- 
ably longer. The black of the head is very similar, only it extends 
slightly further back ; remainder of the head, nape, and sides of the 
neck bright yellow, like the breast, with no olive shade ; remainder 
of the upper parts as in P. luteolus. 

P. pelzelni, 3 ad. Total length 5°25 inches, culmen 0°65, wing 
2°35, tail 1°8, tarsus 0°75. 

P. luteolus, g ad. Total length 4:7 inches, culmen 0:5, wing 
2°35, tail 1°7, tarsus 0°7. 


95. Procevus pimrpratus (Salvad.). 

Hyphantornis dimidiata, Salvad. & Antin, Aun. Mus. Civ. Gen. 
1873, p. 384, pl. 3; Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 1882, 

. 199. 
: Ploceus dimidiatus, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 34. 

Fifteen specimens of both sexes from Wadelai, procured in June, 
July, and August. 

Iris umber-brown. 


96. Procrus asysstnicus (Gm.). 

Hyphantornis habessinica, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vil. 
1881, p. 99. 

Hyphantornis abyssinica, Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, p. 612; 
xxx. 1882, p. 505. 

No. 265. ¢. May 22, 1884. 

No. 38. ¢. Kiri, Sept. 12, 1883. 

The second specimen is recorded as being in the winter plumage ; 


it closely resembles the figure of Textor flavirostris, Riipp. (Syst. 
Uebers. pi. 29). 


97. Passer rurocinctus, Fisch. & Reichen. 

Passer motitensis, Heugl. (nec Smith) Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 634. 
Passer rufocinetus, Fisch. & Reichen. J. f. O. 1884, p. 55. 
No. 30. ¢. Lado, April 9, 1884. 


98. SoRELLA EMINI, Hartl. 

Sorella emini, Hartl. J. f. O. 1880, p. 211; J. f. O. 1881, pl. 1. 
figs. 3,4; Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, p. 104; viii. 
1882, p. 201; Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi, 1881, p. 150; xxxii. 1882, 
p. 507; Fisch. J. f. O. 1885, p. 136; Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. ii. 1586, 
p- 340. 

Passer emini, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 332 (1887). 

No. 881. Lado, Nov. 2, 1883. 

Nos. 204, 205. Lado, Feb. 18, 1884. 

Nos. 120,175. 3g. Redjaf, Jan. 31, 1884. 


1888. ] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 37 


9Y. CRITHAGRA BARBATA, Heugl. 


Crithagra barbata, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 629 ; Hartl. Abhandl. 
nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 1882, p. 204. 


Qad. Tobbo, May 17, 1883. 


100. Frin@ILLARIA ORIENTALIS, Shelley. 

Fringillaria orientalis, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 308 (Mamboio). 

No. 109. 9. Tingasi, Aug. 1, 1883. Iris dusky, bill brown, 
legs pale brown. 

There is a specimen of this species in the British Museum, labelled 
by Dr. Reichenow “ Fringillaria major,” from Leopoldville on 
the Congo. 


101. FrinGILLARIA FORBEs!, Hartl. 


Fringillaria capensis, Swains. (nec Linn.) B. W. Afr. i. p. 211, 
pl. 18. 

Fringillaria forbesi, Hartl. J. f. O. 1882, p. 324; id. Abhandl. 
nat. Ver. Brem. viii. p. 204. 

Ad. Kuterma, May 26, 1883. Iris dusky; bill blackish, paler 
on the lower mandible ; legs greyish horn-colour. 


102. LamprocoLius spLENDIDUs (Vieill.). 


Lamprocolius splendidus, Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool. xvii. 
1884, p. 426. 

No. 135. Tingasi, Sept. 1881. 

This Gaboon species was first met with in Central Africa by Mr. 
Bohndorff in the Niam-niam couutry. 


103. BuPHAGA AFRICANA, Linn. 
Buphaga africana, Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. ii. 1886, p. 311. 
No. 189. 2. Kibiro, Oct. 8, 1886. 


104. SaLporRNIs SALVADORII, Bocage. 


Hylipsornis salvadorii, Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 289, pl. 10. fig. 2. 

Salpornis salvadorii, Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii. p. 339. 

Salpornis emini, Hartl. P. Z. 8. 1884, p. 415, pl. 37; id. Zool. 
Jahrb. ii. 1886, p. 312. 

No. 539. ¢. Tobbo, May 22, 1884. 

This is, no doubt, the S. emini, Hartl., but I can detect no character 
by which it can be separated from 8. salvadorii after comparing it 
with three specimens of the latter, two from Benguela and one from 
Mashoona land. The British Museum, since the? acquisition of Mr. 
Hume’s valuable collection, contains a large series of S. sptlonata, 
from which the present species is barely separable, the Asiatic form 
having the two centre tail-feathers generally much paler, and the 
throat and sides of the head of a rather purer white. 


38 CAPT. G. E. SHELLEY ON BIRDS (Jan. 17, 


105. NecrariniA PULCHELLA (Linn.). 

Nectarinia pulchella, Shelley, Mon. Sun-birds, p. 9, pl. 4; 
Hart]. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, p. 107; Pelz. Verh. 
Wien, xxxi. 1881, p. 609 ; xxxii. 1882, p. 501. 

No. 340. Lado, April 23, 1884. A partially white variety. 


106. Crinnyris cuprea (Shaw). 

Cinnyris cuprea, Shelley, Mon, Sun-birds, p. 191, pl. 58 ; Sharpe, 
Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. 1884, p. 428. 

Nectarinia cuprea, Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, p. 609 ; Hartl. 
Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, p. 168; vill. 1882, p. 205. 

No. 584. ¢. Mundri, June 1, 1883. 


107. CinnyRis SUPERBA (Shaw). 

Cinnyris superba, Shelley, Mon. Sun-birds, p. 197, pl. 60; id. 
Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. 1884, p. 428. 

No.751. S$. Bellima, July 15, 1883. 

This species was only known from the west coast, until it was 
recently procured in the Niam-niam country by Mr. Bohndorff. 


108. CrnNyrRIs ERYTHROCERIA (Heugl.). 


Cinnyris erythrocerius, Shelley, Mon. Sun-birds, p. 209, pl. 64. 
fig. 2. 

Nectarinia erythroceria, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 
1881, p. 108; Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, p. 144. 


No. 68. g. Wadelai, Aug. 9, 1883. 


109. CINNyRISs CHLOROPYGIA (Jard.). 

Cinnyris chloropygius, Shelley, Mon. Sun-birds, p. 257, pl. 79. 
No. 736. gS. Tingasi, July 7, 1883. 

Previously only known from the west coast. 


110. Crnnyris actk (Antin.). 

Cinnyris acik, Shelley, Mon. Sun-birds, p. 295, pl. 82; Sharpe, 
Journ. Linn. Soce., Zool. vii. p. 428. 

Necturinia azic, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, 
p- 108; vii. 1882, p. 206. 

Nectarinia acik, Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, pp. 143, 609. 

No. 14. 9. Tingasi, Aug. 10, 1883. 


111. Crnnyris opscura (Jard.). 

Cinnyris obscurus, Shelley, Mon. Sun-birds, p. 391, pl. 92. 
No. 20, ¢. Tingasi, Oct. 23, 1883. 

Formerly only known from West Africa. 


112. Cynnyris verTicauis (Lath.). 

Cinnyris verticalis, Shelley, Mon. Sun-birds, p. 301, pl. 97. 

Nectarinia cyanocephala, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 
1882, p. 206. 

No. 718. ¢. Tingasi, July 4, 1883. 


1888. ] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 39 


Nos. 79, 808. 2. Tomaja, Aug. 1883. 

2 g. Foda, Nov. 1, 1885. 

The specimens show that Latham described the female as Certhia 
verticalis, Shaw, the male as Certhia cyanocephala. 


113. ANTHREPTES LONGUEMARII (Less.). 


Anthreptes longuemarii, Shelley, Mon. Sun-birds, p. 335, pl. 108. 

Anthreptes orientalis, Hartl. J. f. O. 1880, p. 213 ; id. Abhandl. 
nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, p. 109 ; viii. 1882, p. 205; Pelz. Verh. 
Wien, xxxi. 1881, p. 609; xxxii. 1882, p. 501; Sharpe, Journ. 
Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. 1884, p. 429. 

No. 765. 3. Bongereh, July 22, 1883. 

The British Museum contains eight specimens, which I have 
compared with two of my own from Lado. My adult male has 
the lesser wing-coverts brilliant metallic green, which I cannot at 
all match in any of the other specimens, although a trace of green 
may be observed in all of them, often’ so slight as to be easily over- 
looked. It appears that in my monograph of this family (/.¢.) I 
rightly depicted the adult male and female. The immature male, as 
shown by Emin Pasha’s specimen in this collection, has a rather 
bright yellow abdomen, and has assumed the metallic purple colour- 
ing of the head and back before getting the metallic throat or 
discarding the white eyebrow. This proves, I presume, that Mr. 
Bohndorff’s second specimen from Sassa was a young male, and 
not a female as Mr. Sharpe records it. 

With regard to size, the following measurements of the culmen 
and wings of ten specimens will show that no importance can be 
attached to them :— ' 

Gambia, ¢ 2 : culmen 0°6, 0°65; wing 2°95, 2°6. 

Cassamanse, ¢ 2 2 : culmen 0°65; wing 2°95, 2°65, 2°55. 

Sassa, gad. and probably ¢ juv.: culmen 0°6, 0°65; wing 2°9, 
2°65, 

Bongerch, ¢ juv.: culmen 0°6 ; wing 2°75. 

Lado, 2 3 : culmen 0°6, 0°55; wing 2°6, 2°4. 


114. ANTHREPTES TEPHROLEMA (Jard. & Selby). 

Anthreptes tephrolema, Shelley, Mon. Sun-birds, p- 333, pl. 72. 
fig 2. 

Nos. 24, 27. g. Tingasi, Oct. 1883. 

This is another of the species hitherto only known from the west 
coast. 


115. ANTHREPTES HYPODILA (Fraser). 

Anthreptes hypodila, Shelley, Mon. Sun-birds, p. 345, pl. 111. 
figs. 1, 2. 

No. 272. ¢. Lado, Oct. 23, 1885. 

No. 30. g¢. Tingasi, July 15, 1883. 

These birds agree perfectly with the West-African specimens, and 
have no metallic green on the outer webs of their primaries and 
greater wing-coverts. 


40 CAPT. G. E. SHELLEY ON BIRDS [Jan. 17, 


116. CoTiLe CINCTA. 

Cotile cincta, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 164; Sharpe, Cat. B. 
Brit. Mus. x. p. 101. 

No. 155. 2. Wadelai, Oct. 7, 1885. 

No. 64. 9. Wadelai, Feb. 9, 1886. 


117. Hrrunpo rustica, Linn. 

Hirundo rustica, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, 
p- 109; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 128. 

@. Lado, Oct. 30, 1885. 

No. 145. ¢. Wadelai, Sept. 30, 1885. 


118. Hrrunpo smirut, Leach. 

Hirundo filifera, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 155. 
Hirundo smithi, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 150. 
Nos. 115, 124. Wadelai, Sept. 1885. 


119. Hirunpo SEMIRUFA, Sundev. 

Hirundo semirufa and H. gordoni, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. 
pp- 167, 168. 

2. Wadelai, Oct. 12, 1885. 

Total length 8-2 inches, wing 4°8. H. semirufa from South Africa 
is said to be slightly larger than H. gordoni from West Africa, but 
I believe that the distinctness of these races cannot be maintained. 


120. PsaALIDOPROCNE ALBICEPS, Sclat. 

Psalidoprocne albiceps, Sclat. P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 108, pl. xiv. ; 
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 206. 

d- Wadelai, June 28, 1885. 

@. Wadelai, July 5, 1885. 

No. 116. ¢ juv. Wadelai, Sept. 12, 1885. 

This is only the second time this interesting species has been sent 
home. The former specimen, the type, was received in spirits from 


Uzinza, where it was procured by the expedition of Speke and 
Grant. 


II. PICARI ZA. 


121. CoSMETORNIS VEXILLARIUS (Gould). 


Cosmetornis vewillarius, Sclat. Ibis, 1864, p. 115, pl. 2; Sharpe, 
Journ. Linn. Soce., Zool. vii. 1884, p. 434. 


Nos. 700, 701. 3. Tingasi, July 2, 1883. 


122. DENDROPICUS LAFRESNAYI, Malh. 

Dendropicus lafresnayii, Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 425. 

No. 168. ¢. Tobbo, May 16, 1883. 

This species was previously known only from the west coast. 


1888. ] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 41 


123. CAMPOTHERA NUBICA (Gm.). 

Picus nubicus, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, p. 109 ; 
Pelz. Verh. Wien, 1882, p. 510. 

Campothera nubica, Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 451. 

No. 148. 9juv. Redjaf, Jan. 17, 1884. 


124. CAMPOTHERA MACULOSA (Valenc.). 

Campothera maculosa, Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 475. 

No. 11. 2. Tingasi, July 28, 1883. 

Formerly only known from the west coast. I have compared it 
with Gold-Coast specimens in the British Museum and find that it 
agrees perfectly. 


125. Isprprna picra (Bodd.). 

Ispidina picta, Sharpe, Mon. Aleid. p. 141, pl. 51; Pelz. Verh. 
Wien, xxxi. 1881, p. 143; Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 
1882, p. 207 ; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. 1884, p. 435. 

No. 119. 9. Wadelai, July 16, 1886. 


126. LorpHocerRos FasciIatus (Shaw). 

Tockus fasciatus, Elliot, Mon. Bucerot. pl. 50; Sharpe, Journ. 
Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. p. 435. 

Lophoceros fasciatus, Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 59. 

No.1. 9. Tingasi, Aug. 22, 1883. \ 

Ponttic Ss.) Sephe to, Lood. 

Nov 1t22 9). 5)’ * July 16,1883. 

No. 62. Kubbi, July 1881. 


127. PoGoNoRHYNCHUS BIDENTATUS (Shaw). 

Pogonorhynchus bidentatus, Marshall, Mon. Capit. p. 11, pl. 6; 
Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. 1884, p. 432. 

Pogonias bidentatus, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, 
p- 112. 

Nos. 69,70. ¢ 9. Umparu, Feb. 16, 1885. 


128. PoGoNORHYNCHUS LEUCOCEPHALUs (Defil.). 

Pogonorhynchus leucocephalus, Marshall, Mon. Capit. p. 15, 
pl. 8; Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, p. 151; xxxii. 1882, p. 510; 
Hart]. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 1882, p. 209. 

Pogonias leucocephalus, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 
1881, p. 112. 

No. 352. 9. Redjaf, May 11, 1884. 


129. PogoNORHYNCHUS DIADEMATUS (Heugl.). 

Pogonorhynchus diadematus, Marshall, Mon. Cap. p. 29, pl. 14 ; 
Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi, 1881, p. 615; xxxii. 1882, p. 510. 

Pogonias diadematus, Hart]. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1581, 
p. 112. 

No. 237. $6. Lado, March 3, 1884. 


42 CAPT. G. E. SHELLEY ON BIRDS (Jan. 17, 


130. Pogconoruyncuus LAcRYMosus (Cab.). 

Tricolema lacrymosa, Cab. J. f. O. 1878, pp. 205, 240. 

Nos. 23, 24. g. Wadelai, July 26, 1885. 

Iris orange-yellow ; bill black ; legs slate-colour. 

No. 18. 9. Wadelai, July 22, 1885. 

The sexes are similar in plumage, and the black pearl-shaped 
marks on the sides of the chest are equally well defined in all the 
specimens. 


131. BarpaTuLA cHRysocoma (Temm.). 

Barbatula chrysocoma, Marshall, Mon. Cap. p. 121, pl. 49. 
fig.2; Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, p. 153; Hartl. Abhandl. nat. 
Ver. Brem. vili. 1882, p. 209. 

No. 198. 2. Kibiro, Oct. 1886. 


132. BARBATULA LEUCOL&ZMA, Verr. 

Barbatula leucolema, Marshall, Mon. Cap. p. 129, pl. 51. fig. 2. 
Nos. 702, 809, 810, 811, 813. Tomaja, Aug. 1883. 

Formerly only known from the west coast. 


133. CuctuLus GuLartis, Steph. 

Cuculus gularis, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 583; Hartl. Abhandl. 
nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, p. 113; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. 
xvii. 1884, p. 432. 

No. 305. ¢. Lado, April 10, 1884. 

Iris yellow; bill orange-yellow with the end black ; gape orange ; 
eyelids and feet yellow. 


134. CucuLus cxLamosus, Lath. 

Cuculus clamosus, Sharpe, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 587 ; Hartl. Abhandl. 
nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 1882, p. 210; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. 
xvilil. 1884, p. 432. 

No. 705. Qjuv. Tomaya, Aug. 7, 1883. 


135. Curysococcyx cuprevs (Bodd.). 

Cuculus cupreus, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 581. 

Chalcites cupreus, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, 
p- 113; viii. 1882, p. 221. 

No. 353. ¢. Redjaf, May 11, 1884. 

No. 369. 2. Kiri, May 24, 1884. 


136. Pacuycoccyx vatipus (Fisch. & Reichen.). 

Cuculus validus, Fisch. & Reichen. J. f. O. 1879, p. 341, 
Muniune. 

Pachycoccyx validus, Cab. J. f. O. 1882, p. 230. 

No. 107, 2. Tangasi, Aug. 2, 1883. 

As I only recognized this immature bird by the short note on its 
plumage given by Dr. Cabanis, /.c., it may be useful to take this 
opportunity of describing the interesting specimen before me. 

Above blackish brown with a faint purple gloss; the crown, back 


1888.] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 43 


of the neck, middle of the rump, upper tail-coverts, some of the 
lesser wing-coverts, all of the median and greater coverts and the 
quills broadly tipped with buffish white ; forehead, nape, and sides of 
the head almost white ; the latter washed on the lores, cheeks, and 
ear-coverts with dusky grey. Tail with some five or six obsoletely 
paler bands, the base of the one near the end well defined by trian- 
gular white marks on the sides of the feathers, the other bands 
only indicated by smaller white marks confined to their inner 
webs, base of the tail white. Underparts whitish buff shaded 
with rufous buff on the sides of the body, thighs, and under tail- 
coverts, the latter have two broad black bars across them; under 
surface of the wing-coverts rufous buff ; quills dusky brown, fading 
into white towards the bases of their inner webs, all the quills 
broadly tipped with white. Total length 15°2 inches, culmen 0-9, 
wing 9, tail 8°3, tarsus 1. 

There is a nestling of this species in the British Museum labelled 
«° W. Africa, DuChaillu,’’ from which I conclude that it is a Central- 
African species occasionally extending to the coast both in the east 
and west. 


137. InpicaTor MAsorR, Steph. 


Indicator major, Sharpe, in Dawson Rowley’s Orn. Miscell. i. 
p- 204; Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. ii. 1886, p. 311. 

No. 131. 9. Wadelai, Sept. 15, 1885. 

Iris umber-brown ; bare skin on head leaden grey ; bill black ; 
legs dusky. 


138. INDICATOR EMINI, sp. n. (Plate III.) 


No. 675. g. Wadelai, June 23, 1883. 

Bill slight. Upper parts uniform dusky brown, very slightly 
shaded with olive on the crown and back of the neck, slightly more 
so with deep yellow on the back and scapulars, increasing in amount 
of yellow on the rump, where a few feathers show white ends; wings 
dark brown ; the coverts shading into olive-yellow on their edges, 
the quills edged with deep yellow ; tail, four centre feathers entirely 
brown, remainder white, with the base only of the next pair to the 
four centre feathers dusky brown. Underparts, including the under 
tail-coverts, ashy brown, fading into white on the centre and sides 
of the abdomen behind the thighs. Total length 4°6 inches, culmen 
0°3, wing 2°6, tail 2-1, tarsus 0°5. 

In its slight bill this species approaches nearest to J. major, and 
by that character alone it may be readily distinguished from all the 
other known species of Honey-Guides. It is very distinct from any 
other member of the genus, and I am pleased to be able to name such 
a striking species after its celebrated discoverer. 


139. MusopHaGa ross&, Gould. 

Musophaga rosse, Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. 1884, 
p- 433; Schalow, J. f. O. 1886, p. 14. 

No. 12. 2. Tingasi, Aug. 10, 1883. 


44 CAPT. G. E. SHELLEY ON BIRDS [Jan. 17, 


This appears to be essentially an inland African species, for it has 
been procured by Mr. Bohndorff at Semmi in Niam-niam, and by 
Dr. Béhm in Marungu on the western side of Lake Tanyanika. It 
is also known from the interior of Angola. 


140. Coryruarx LEUCOLOoPHUS, Heugl. 


Corythaix leucolophus, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 703, pl. 24; 
Hart]. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 1882, p. 210; Sharpe, Journ. 
Linn. Soc., Zool. vii. 1884, p. 433; Schalow, J. f. O. 1886, p. 20. 

No. 828. 2. Kabajerdi, Aug. 20, 1883. 

Iris brown ; eyelids pale blood-red; bill yellow, witha greenish 
base ; legs black. 


141. CoryTHeota cristata (Vieill.). 


Turacus giganteus, Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. 1884, 
p- 433. 

Corytheola cristata, Schalow, J. f. O. 1886, p. 55. 

Nos. 144, 145, 146, 147. Ad. Tingasi, Sept. 1881. 

Iris red ; bill, basal half yellow, end half red; feet dusky. The 
red has entirely faded from the bills. 


142. EurysTomus AFer (Lath.). 


Eurystomus afer, Sharpe, Ibis, 1871, p. 274; Hartl. Abhandl. 
nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, p. 110; Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, 
p- 143; xxxil. 1882, p. 500; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. 
1884, p. 434. 

No. 110. 9. ‘Tingasi, July 16, 1883. 


III. PSITTACI. 


143. Psirracus ERITHACUS, Linn. 


Psittacus erithacus, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 1882, 
. 211. 
Psittacus rubrovarius, Rochebrune, Faun. Sénégamb., Ois. p. 84, 
pl. 10. 

No. 158. 9. Mabode Land, June 1884. 

Iris pale yellow; bili black ; bare skin on sides of head pearly 
grey. 

This is a peculiar red mottled variety of the Grey Parrot, probably 
due to some particular food to which the bird becomes partial ; for 
the irregularity of the red marking cannot, I maintain, be of specific 
value. M. Rochebrune regards it as a good species, and applies to it 
Brisson’s very characteristic name of rubrovarius. He also gives a 
good figure, which exactly represents the specimen before me. 

Emin Pasha writes concerning it to the following effect :—<‘ In 
habits it is said not to differ from the grey form. It was given to me 
by one of the chiefs in Monbuttu, where it is known by the name 
‘Curingu,’ and the common grey birds by that of ‘Makue.’’’ He 
also gives some interesting notes on the migrations of the Grey 


1888. ] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 45 


Parrot ; this species, to the east of Lake Albert Nyanza, ranges to 
about 2° N. lat., and to the west of that lake about a degree further 
north, being only met with as a straggler in the northern part of 
Monbuttu. Captain Casati informed him that in Unyoro the Grey 
Parrot passed in flocks eastward from the 24th to the 28th July, 
1886, and repassed westward across the Lake from the 6th to the 
12th of March, 1887. 


144. AGAPORNIS PULLARIA (Linz.). 
Agapornis pullaria, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 1882, 
p. 212. 
Nos. 47, 48. Tingasi, July 30, 1883. 


IV. COLUMB&. 


145. TRERON caLvus (Temm.). 

Treron nudirostris, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 188 Le 
p- 117. 

Treron calvus, Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 267; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. 
Soc., Zool. xvii. 1884, p. 436; Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. ii, 1886, p. 329. 

No. 816. ¢. Tomaya, Aug. 14, 1883. 


146. TurtuR sEMITORQUATUS, Riipp. 


Turtur semitorquatus, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, 
p- 117; Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p- 303. 
One specimen, without label. 


V. ACCIPITRES. 


147. PotyBororpEs Typricus, Smith. 

Polyboroides typicus, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p- 48; id. 
Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool. xvii. 1884, p. 437. 

No. 227. 3. Lado, Feb. 26, 1886. 

Iris dusky brown ; bill horn-blue, with the basal half white; cere 
and feet yellow ; skin round the eyes and the lores rough and yellow. 

This is an immature specimen in pale brown plumage. 


148. Circus #RruGinosus (Linn.). 

Circus eruginosus, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p- 102; Sharpe, Cat. 
B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 69. 

No. 274. 9. Lado, March 19, 1884. 


149. Mexirrax potyzonus (Ripp.). 


Melierax polyzonus, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p- 88; Pelz. 
Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, pp- 143, 607 ; xxxii. 1882, p. 500; Sharpe, 
Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. 1884, p. 437. 


No. 277. 3 juv. Lado, March 23, 1884. 


46 CAPT. G. E, SHELLEY ON BIRDS [Jan. 17, 


150. Meierax niGER (Bonn. et Vieill.). 

Melierax niger, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. 1. p. 91. 

Nisus niger, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, p. 116. 
No. 90. @. Gondokoro, Nov. 15, 1883. 


Iris scarlet; cere, base of mandible, and feet cinnabar-red ; bill 
black. 


151. Crrcatrus cinerascens, Mill. 

Circaetus cinerascens, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 86, pl. 3 ; Sharpe, 
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 285; Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. ii. 1886, p. 306. 

No. 827. 9. Kabajeudi, Aug. 20, 1883. 

Iris pale yellow ; bill bluish yellow; base, cere, and legs yellow. 


152. BurasTuR RUFIPENNIS (Sund.). 

Butastur rufipennis, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 299; id. 
Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. 1884, p. 437. 

Poliornis rufipennis, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vill. 1882, 
p- 213. 

Nos. 269, 270. ¢. 

No. 282. 9. Lado, March 1884. 

No. 118. Redjaf, Jan. 8, 1884. 


153. Mitvus micrans (Bodd.). 

Milvus etolius, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 98. 
Milvus korshun, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 322. 
No. 314. ¢. Lado, April 15, 1884. 


154. Fatco cuviert, Smith. 


Falco cuvieri, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 400. 
No. 337. 2. Lado, April 22, 1884. 


155. Fatco RuFICOLLIs, Swains. 

Falco ruficollis, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 404; Hartl. 
Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, p. 115, vili. 1882, p. 221 ; Pelz. 
Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, p. 606, xxxii. 1882, p. 499 ; Sharpe, Journ. 
Linn. Soe., Zool. xvii. 1884, p. 438. 

No. 266. Qjuv. Lado, March 13, 1884. 


156. TINNUNCULUS TINNUNCULUs (Linn.). 

Cerchneis tinnunculus, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 425; id. 
Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. 1884, p. 438. 

Tinnunculus alaudarius, Pelz. Verh. Wein, xxxi. 1881, pp. 605, 
607, xxxii. 1882, p. 500. 

Nos. 961, 962. ¢ 9. Redjaf, Dec. 12, 1883. 

No. 171. Q. Redjaf, Jan. 29, 1884. 


157. TrInNUNCULUS ALOPEX (Heugl.). 


Falco alopex, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 41 ; Hartl. Abhandl. nat. 
Ver. Brem, vii. 1881, p. 115. 


1888. ] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 47 


Cerchneis alopex, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 432, pl. 14. 
mel, 9: 

No. 952. Redjaf, Dec. 2, 1883. 

No. 167. Redjaf, Jan. 28, 1884. 

The male is slightly darker and more strongly streaked. 


158. DissopEecTEs arRpEsIACus (Bonn. & Vieill.). 

Cerchneis ardesiaca, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 446; id. 
Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. p. 438. 

Faleo ardesiacus, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, 
p- 15; Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, pp. 143, 606. 

No. 290. 2. Lado, April 2, 1884. 


159. BuBo CINERASCENS, Guér. 

Bubo cinerascens, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 32; Hartl. 
Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 1882, p. 215; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. 
Soc., Zool. xvii. 1884, p. 438. 

No. 172. Q. Redjaf, Jan. 30, 1884. 

Iris dusky ; bill blackish ; feet beneath the feathers dusky. 

Compared with the S.-African B. maculosus (Sharpe, Cat. ti. p. 13), 
I do not see much difference in plumage, and do not think much of 
the feathering of the toes; but in B. maculosus the iris is yellow, 
which apparently settles the question of the difference in the two 
species. 


160. Scors carensts, Smith. 


Scops zorca africana, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 117. 

Scops capensis, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 52, pl. 3. fig. 1. 

Nos. 37, 38. Wadelai, Aug. 2, 1885. 

Iris sulphur-yellow ; bill horn-colour ; feet dusky. 

This specimen certainly belongs to the S. capensis as understood 
by Mr. Sharpe, and those collected by Mr. Bohndorff (Sharpe, Journ. 
Linn. Soe., Zool. xvii. 1884, p. 439) in the Niam-niam country to 
S. giv. To say that they are really specifically distinct requires 
more research than I have given to the subject. 


161. Guaucrprum PERLATUM (Vieill.). 

Glaucidium perlatum, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 209; id. 
Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. 1884, p. 439. 

Athene perlata, Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. 1881, p. 143; Hartl. 
Abhandl. nat. Verh. Brem. viii. 1882, p. 215. 

No. 364. g¢. Kuri, May 21, 1884. 

6. 2. [No locality.] March 16, 1883. 


162. Srrix FLAMMEA, Linn. 

Strix flammea, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 291; id. Journ. 
Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. 1884, p. 440. 

No. 63. Tingasi, May 1882. 

Small; wing only 9-4 inches, but of the ordinary typical colouring. 


48 CAPT. G. E. SHELLEY ON BIRDS (Jan. 17, 


VI. PTEROCLETES. 


163. PreRocLEs TRICINCTUS, Swains. 

Pterocles tricinctus, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 1882, 
p- 216. 

Nos. 296, 299, 306. ¢ Qad.; gS juv. Lado, April 1884. 

Skin round the eye and feet yellow. dad., bill orange; ¢juv., 
bill orange, tipped with black; 9, bill dusky black, fading into 
orange at the base. 


VII. GALLINZ. 


164. Numripa priLoruyncaa, Licht. 

Numida ptilorhyncha, Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 102, pl. 29; Hartl. 
Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 1882, p. 116. 

Nos. 114,115. @. ‘Tingasi, Aug. 1883. 


165. FRANCOLINUS ICTERORHYNCHUS, Heugl. 

Francolinus icterornynchus, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 894, pl. 29 ; 
Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, p. 118. 

No. 113. g. Tingasi, Ang. 20, 1883. 

No. 131, 134. 6 @. Tingasi, Sept. 1881. 

Iris and legs yellow; bill yellow, with the culmen black. 


166. FRANCOLINUS GRANTI, Hartl. 

Francolinus granti, Hartl. P. Z. 8S. 1865, p. 665, pl. 39. fig. 1. 

Francolinus shoanus, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 891, pl. 29. fig. 2. 

Francolinus pileatus, Hartl. (nec Smith), Abhandl. nat. Ver. 
Brem. vil. 1881, p. 118. 

Francolinus ochrogaster, Hartl. J. f. O. 1882, p. 327; id. Ab- 
handl. nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 1882, p. 218. 

No. 256. 9. Lado, March 1884. 

Nos. 298, 303. ¢ 9. Lado, April 1884. 

Iris brown ; legs blood-red ; bill blackish. 


VIII. GRALLATORES. 
167. PLATALEA TENUIROSTRIS, Temm. 


Platalea tenuirostris, F. & H. Vig. Ostafr. p. 718; Heugl. 
Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 1126. 


No. 262. gjuv. Lado, March 12, 1884. 


168. Oris MELANoGasTER, Riipp. 
Otis melanogaster, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 951. 
No. 375. 9. Redjaf, June 2, 1884. 


169. GipIcNEMUS SENEGALENSIS, Swains. 


Edicnemus inornatus, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 989 ; Hartl. Ab- 
handl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, p. 120; Pelz. Verh. Wien, xxxi. 
1881, p. 616. 


No. 268. 2. Lado, March 15, 1884. 


1888. ] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 49 


170. G@ipicneMus AFFINIs, Rupp. 
Edicnemus affinis, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 990. 
No. 310. Q. April 14, 1884. 


171. Hoptorrervs sprnosus (Linn.). 

Hoplopterus spinosus, Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. p. 441 ; 
Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. ii. 1886, p. 332. 

No. 852. 9. Lado, Oct. 5, 1883. 


172. ARGIALITIS TRICOLLARIS (Vieill.). 

Charadrius tricollaris, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 1027, pl. 34. 
fig. 5. 

Nos. 174, 182. 6 @. Kibiro, June 1886. 


173. ARGIALITIS MINOR (Meyer & Wolf). 

Charadius fluviatilis, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 1029; Pelz. Verh. 
Wien, 1881, p. 155. 

No. 297. g. Lado, April 8, 1884. 


174. ANGIALITIs PECUARIUS (Temm.). 

Charadrius pecuarius, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 1033, pl. 34. 
fig. 7. 

Nos. 296, 297. ¢ Q. Kibiro, June 1886. 


175. AiGIALiTis As1aTicus (Pall.). 

Charadrius damarensis, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 1018. 
Eudromias asiaticus, Pelz. Verh. Wien, 1881, p. 155. 
Nos. 284, 285. ¢. Lado, March 30, 1884. 


176. GLAREOLA EMINI, Sp, 0. 


@. Lado, Oct. 18, 1884. Iris umber-brown; culmen and end 
of bill black, base of bill and legs vermilion. 

This species is closely allied to G. megapoda, Gray, and G. nuchalis, 
Gray. From the former it differs in having the nuchal collar white 
instead of chestnut-buff, from the latter in being much larger and 
in not having any white on the outer webs of the secondaries. 

G. emini: total length 7-9 inches, wing 61, tail 2-8, tarsus 0-8. 

G. nuchalis: total length 5:6 inches, wing 5°5, tail 2-4, tarsus 0°8. 

I have compared the specimen from Lado with three adults and 
an immature of G. megapoda and with the type of G. nuchalis. 


177. CoRYTHURA CINNAMOMEA (Less.). 


Corythura cinnamomea, Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. 1884, 
p- 441. 

No. 710. Tingasi, July 3, 1883. 
Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1888, No. IV. 4 


50 DR. A. GUNTHER ON REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS [Jan. 17, 


Ix. NATATORES. 


178. PLorus LEVAILLANTI, Licht. 


Plotus levaillanti, Heug]. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 1479 ; Pelz. Verh. 
Wien, xxxi. 1881, pp. 606, 618. 
No. 844. @. Lado, Sept. 29, 1883. 


179. QUERQUEDULA HARTLAUBI, Cass. 


Querquedula hartlaubi, Oust. Bull. N. Arch. Mus. Paris, 1879, 
pl. 6. 

No. 4. ¢. Tingasi, July 20, 1883. 

Iris yellowish brown ; bill black, with a broad subterminal yellow 
band ; legs brown. 


3. Report on a Collection of Reptiles and Batrachians sent 
by Emin Pasha from Monbuttu, Upper Congo. By 
Dr. A. Ginruer, F.R.S. 


[Received January 10, 1888.] 


The specimens, 27 in number, belong to the following species :— 


TORTOISES. 
1. PELOMEDUSA SUBRUFA,, Lac. 


LIZARDS. 


2. Varanus niLoticus, L.—Two young specimens. 
3. HeMIDACTYLUS BROOK, Gray. 
4. LYGoODACTYLUS GUTTURALIS, Bocage. 


5. CHAMALEON SENEGALENSIS, var. LAVIGATA, Gray.—Three 
specimens. Although I adopt Mr. Boulenger’s view that C. /evigatus 
of Gray should not be specifically distinguished from C. senegalensis, 
still the former may be readily recognized by its conspicuously finer 
granulation of the skin, and especially the smaller size of the scutella 
of the side of the head. The type of C. leviyatus came from the 
Soudan ; and the three specimens sent by Emin Pasha agree in the 
characters mentioned with this geographically not very remote form 
of Chameeleon. 


SNAKES. 
6. TypHLops Escuricutu, Schleg.—Three specimens. 


7. TyPHLOPS LIBERIENSIS, Hallow.—Two specimens. 


1888. ] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA, 51 


8. NerusTeropuis arratus, Ptrs. (1877).—This example 
possesses one anteocular only. The species is new to the collection 
of the British Museum. 


9. AHAETULLA EMINI, sp.n.—Ventral shields without keels, 151 ; 
anal bifid ; upper labials 9, the 4th, 5th, and 6th entering the orbit ; 
1 anteocular, 2 postoculars ; 6 of the lower labials are in contact 
with the chin-shields ; loreal not twice as long as broad ; temporal 
shields 1+2; scales smooth, in 15 rows. Head of moderate size, 
not elongate or depressed ; body and tail moderately slender. 
Uniform green ; skin between the scales black, each scale with a 
white spot on the basal half of its outer margin. The specimen 
measures 29 inches, the head being 3, and the tail 10 long. 


10. Dasypettis scasra, L, 
11. Psammopuis sis1Lans, L.—Three specimens, 


b2. ATRACTASPIS IRREGULARIS, Reinh.—This species has invari- 
ably the subcaudals divided into “scutella”—a term which evidently 
has been misunderstood by Peters, who persisted in applying it to 
undivided subcaudal shields, properly ‘scuta,” Peters using the term 
of squame for the former. A renewed study of the species of this 
genus has also shown me that the doubts which Peters cast upon them 
can only have ariven from the incomplete materials at his disposal. 


13. ATRACTASPIS ATERRIMA, Gthr.—The specimen is very much 
shrunk and possesses 299 ventral shields, the type having 274. 


FROGS. 
14. Rana occiprrauis, Gthr. 


15. Rana mAscarRENIENs!Is, D, B.—Two specimens. 
16. Buro reGunaris, Reuss.—Two specimens. 


17, Rappra crncriventris, Cope. 


Of these 17 Reptiles and Frogs, 9 are almost generally distributed 
over the African Region; of the remainder 7 are known from various 
parts of West Africa, whilst not a single species known to be peculiar 
to East Africa is included in this collection. Although it might 
thus appear that the Reptilian Fauna of the Upper Congo is rather 
West-African than East-African in its character, we must not lose 
sight of the fact that many species extend right across from the West 
to the East Coast, and that if in the end the Eastern and Western 
Reptilian Faunas should prove to be sufficiently distinct to call for 
the establishment of two or more separate zoo-geographical districts, 
our knowledge of the Reptiles of the central parts is at present much 
too fragmentary to assist in fixing the boundary line between such 
districts. 


4* 


52 MR. E. A. SMITH ON SHELLS (Jan. 17 


4, On the Shells of the Albert Nyanza, Central Africa, 
obtained by Dr. Emin Pasha. By Enear A. Sirs. 


[Received December 5, 1887.] 


Among the valuable collections of Natural History recently received 
from Dr. Emin Pasha are a few shells which he collected in the 
Albert Nyanza, probably from the eastern side of the Lake. 

They are referable to :— 


1. Melania tuberculata, Miller. 
2. Melania liricincta, n. sp. 

3. Paludina unicolor, var. 

4. Bythinia alberti, n. sp. 

5. Planorbis stanleyi, n. sp. 


It is not surprising that three out of these five species should be 
undescribed, as, with one exception, no collections of shells have ever 
reached this country from this particular region. 

In 1866 Mr. Henry Adams gave a list, in the ‘ Proceedings’ of 
this Society (p. 375), of a collection of shells made in Central Africa 
by Sir Samuel Baker, the discoverer of the lake. I am informed 
by that gentleman that all the shells mentioned by Mr. Adams, 
and which he has presented to the British Museum, came from the 
Albert Nyanza. 

Through the kindness of the Rev. Horace Waller I have had the 
opportunity of examining a series of shells from the same locality, 
which he also received from Dr. Emin. Among them are examples 
of two new species, a Cleopatra and a Bythinia, which are not repre- 
sented in the two other collections. 

Altogether fifteen species are now known from this particular 
lake, and of these seven appear at present to be peculiar to it. The 
remaining eight have all been recorded from different parts of the 
Nile, and one species, Melania tuberculata, is also known from 
three of the other large Central African lakes, namely Nyassa, 
Tanganyika, and Victoria Nyanza. The Planorbis sudanicus also 
occurs in Lake Tanganyika. 

The following is a complete list of the known species from the 
Albert Nyanza. 


1. MELANIA TUBERCULATA, Miiller. 


A large series of this remarkably distributed species has been sent 
by Dr. Emin Pasha. A dark purplish brown or black is the pre- 
vailing tint of most of the specimens, with only slight indications of 
the spotting which is characteristic of the species. Some of the 
examples, however, possess the usual style of colouring, being pale 
olive or dirty white and dotted and spotted with red. 


2. MELANIA LIRICINCTA, N. sp. 


Testa elongata, turrita, sub epidermide nigro-fusca albida ; anfractus 
persistentes 5, parum convewi, interdum inferne leviter tumidi, 


1888.] FROM THE ALBERT NYANZA, 53 


liris spiralibus 2-3 circa partem inferiorem instructi, sutura sub- 
profunda, obliqua sejuncti; ultimus circa medium et basim liris 
paucis cinctus ; apertura pyriformis, intus c@rulescens ; peris- 
toma tenue, marginibus callo tenui junctis. Longit. anfractuum 
quinque 26, diam. 93 millim. ; apertura 92 longa, 53 lata. 


Fig. 1. 


Melania liricineta, 


On removing the thickish epidermis the shell has a dirty whitish 
appearance. ‘The spiral ridges are usually rather strong and vary 
in number to some extent. Two specimens have four round the 
middle part of the body-whorl and four at the base, the two sets 
being separated by a smooth blank space. Two or three of the 
upper series usually revolve up the spire upon the lower portion of 
the upper whorls. 

M. victoria, Dohrn, from the Victoria Falls, Zambesi River, is an 
allied form. 


3. AMPULLARIA WERNEI. 

Amp. wernei, Philippi, Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, p. 19, pl. 5. f. 4, 
pl. 17. f. 2; Martens, Novit. Conch. vol. iv. p. 22, pl. 114. figs. 1-5. 

Lanistes, sp.?, H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p- 376. 

Hab. White Nile (Philippi) ; Gazelle River (v. Martens) ; Albert 
Nyanza (Baker). 

The two young shells referred to the genus Lanistes by Adams 
appear to be the early stages of this species. 


4, PaLUDINA UNICOLOR, var. 

There are in the British Museum twelve specimens from the 
Albert Nyanza, received from the late General Gordon and Sir 
Samuel Baker, which are precisely similar to those just obtained from 
Emin Pasha. They may be regarded as a well-marked variety of 
P. unicolor, Oliver, although differing considerably in outline from the 
typical form. They appear to be smaller and narrower ; the whorls are 
more rounded and without any indication of angulation at the upper 
parts, and exhibit more spiral striation. The colour seems to vary 
considerably : some are entirely of a pale rosy tint; others are nearly 
white ; one or two specimens belonging to Mr. Waller are of a pur- 
plish-brown colour, a few are olive-yellow, and the majority exhibit 
a more or less distinct pale zone at the periphery, which sometimes 
has a dark band below it. 


54 MR. E. A. SMITH ON SHELLS {Jan. 17, 


5. CLEOPATRA EMINI, 0. sp. 


Testa ovato-acuminata, anguste umbilicata, mediocriter tenuis, 
sordide albida, lutea vel purpureo-fusca, interdum rufo bi- vel 
trizonata ; anfractus 7-8, superne decliviter tabulati, angulati, 
carinis duobus instructi, lineis incrementi parum obliquis, distincte 
striati; apertura ovalis, parva, longit. totius 3 haud equans ; 
peristoma tenue, margine columellari leviter expanso et reflexo. 
Longit. 114 millim., diam. 6 ; apertura 5 longa, 3% lata. 


Fe, 2. 


Cleopatra emini. 


This pretty species is remarkable for the angulation and cari- 
nation of the whorls. In five of the specimens at hand there are two 
keels upon the whorls, whereof the upper and rather stronger one is 
at the angle, the other being around the middle of the last volution 
and revolving up the spire just above the sutural line. In one 
example there is a third slight lira or keel upon the upper part of 
the whorl between the suture and the angle; and in another specimen 
the peripherial carina has become obsolete upon the body-whorl and 
is represented by a colour-band. C. bulimoides, Olivier, if keeled 
and angulated, would closely resemble this species. The operculum 
in both species is the same, It is spiral at first with a raised edge, 
and increases afterwards concentrically. 

Three specimens of this species have been liberally presented to 
the Museum by the Rev. H. Waller. 


6. ByTHINIA ALBERTI, N. sp. 


Testa parva, subglobosa, brevis, anguste umbilicata, alba, epidermide 
tenui lutescente induta ; anfractus 4, perconveai, lineis incrementi 
striati, ultimus haud elongatus ; apertura submagna, fere ovalis, 
longit. totius } paulo superans; peristoma continuum, leviter 
incrassatum, margine columellari anguste reflexo. Longit. 4 ; 
diam. maj. fere 4 millim. 

The chief distinguishing features of this little species are its short 
stumpy growth and the narrow umbilicus. Of the known African 
species, B. badiella, received by the British Muscum from Parreyss 
with the locality “ Egypt,” is the nearest ally of the present form. 
It is, however, of a somewhat different shape, has a smaller aperture, 
and is more narrowly perforate. 


7. BYTHINIA WALLERI, 0D. sp. 


Testa parva, albido-pellucida, nitida, perforata; anfractus 43-5, 
perconveai, striis increment tenuissimis sculpti ; apertura rotunde 


1888. | FROM THE ALBERT NYANZA. 55 


ovata, longit. totius } haud equans ; peristoma tenue, conti- 
nuum, marginibus externi et basali levissime expansis. Longit. 5 
millim., diam. 3; apertnra 21 x 2. 


Fig. 3. 


Bythinia walleri. 


This is very different in form from B. alberti, having a much 
higher spire and smaller aperture, The single specimen is at present 
in the possession of the Rev. H. Waller. 


8. PLANoRBIS SUDANICUS. 

Pl. sudanicus, v. Martens, Mal. Blit. 1870, vol. xvii. p- 35; 1874, 
p. 41; Pfeiffer, Novit. Conch. vol. iv. p. 23, pl. 114. f. 6-9 ; Smith, 
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 349. 

Hab. White Nile (Consul Petherick in Brit. Mus.); Gazelle 
River (Bahr-el-Ghasal) (v. Martens) ; Albert Nyanza (Baker and 
Emin) ; Tanganyika (Smith). 

It is interesting to note the distribution of this species as dimly 
indicating a connection between the two lakes, which at present is 
but a matter of conjecture. 


9. PLANORBIS STANLEYI, 2. sp. 


Testa mediocriter depressa, utrinque subequaliter concava, nitida, 
oblique striata, vix semipellucida, cornea, inferne pallida; anfrac- 
tus 4, celeriter accrescentes, rotundati, ultimus magnus, antice 
paulo inflatus, sutura profunda sejunctus ; apertura magna, 
obliqua, plerumque supra anfr. penultimum elevata ; perist. tenue, 
marginibus callo tenui junctis, columellari leviter incrassato et 
refleco. Diam. 9, alt. 43; apertura 42 longa, 3} millim. lata. 

This species is remarkable for the rapid enlargement of the last 

whorl, which ends in a very open aperture and usually is produced 
above the penultimate whorl ; in some specimens, however, it descends 
somewhat. 


10. CorsicuLa Rap1a4Ta, Philippi. 

Cyrena radiata (Parreyss, MS.), Philippi, Abbild. vol. ii. p. 78, 
piy!.f. 8. 

Hab. White Nile (Bahr-el-Abiad) (Philippi); Albert Nyanza 
(Baker and Emin) ; Lake Nyassa (Smith, P. Z. S. 1877 p- 718). 


11, CorgicuLa pustLua, Philippi. 

Cyrena pusilla (Parreyss, MS.), Philippi, Abbild. vol. ii. p- 78, 
Ried t 7. 

Hab. Upper part of the Nile (Philippi) ; Syene or Assouan on the 
Nile (Parreyss in Brit. Mus.). 


56 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTERA (Jan. 17, 


12. Unto aeypriacus, Caillaud. 
Hab. Various parts of the Nile; Albert Nyanza (Baker). 


13. Unio cariuaunt, Férussac. 
Hab. Same as preceding. 


14. UNIO BAKERI. 


Unio bakeri, H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 376. 

Hab. Albert Nyanza (Baker and Emin). 

Only one fresh and two dead valves without the epidermis were 
obtained by Sir Samuel Baker. Five odd valves, which have been 
presented by Mr. Waller to the Museum and are in geod cendition, 
show that this species, like most others of the genus, is very variable 
in form, and that the extent and coarseness of the zigzag wrinkling of 
the surface is very inconstant. A number of so-called species of Unio 
described by Bourguignat ! from the Victoria Nyanza approach very 
closely to U. bakert, and indeed I should be surprised if several of 
them on comparison might not satisfactorily be classed with it. 


15. Unio ACUMINATUS. 


Unio acuminatus, H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 376. 

The two valves collected by Sir S. Baker are all that is known of 
this species. It is of a more slender form than the preceding, and 
has down the posterior dorsal area two subparallel shallow grooves 
or impressed rays with a raised space between them. This feature 
is represented in U. bakeri by two divergent colour-rays in the same 
part, but rather more remote from one another. 


5. On the Lepidoptera received from Dr. Emin Pasha. 
By Artuour G. Burisr, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e. 


[Received December 5, 1887.] 


The Lepidoptera received from Dr. Emin Pasha are referable to 
no less than 156 species, of which thirteen Butterflies and two 
Moths are new to science ; one or two of these are extremely variable 
and, had the extremes only been obtained, might fairly have been 
regarded as distinct species. 

The collection contains a combination of South-western and 
North-eastern forms, by far the greater number, especially of those 
obtained at Wadelai in 1887, being identical with Abyssinian 
species; a few more southerly forms, identical with species from 
Kilma-njaro, crop up here and there, such as Junonia infracta, 
Terucolus aurigineus, and others, 


1 Moll. fluy, du Nyanza Oukéréwé (Victoria Nyanza), Paris, 1883, pp. 3-15. 


1888. ] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA, 57 


RHOPALOCERA. 
NYMPHALID&. 


Eveia@inz. 

1, Limnas CHRySIPPUS. 

Papilio chrysippus, Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 263 (1764). 

3 2. Kangasi, 7th and 20th July; 2. Féda, 26th November, 
1885, Stazione Gadda, 20th February, 1886; ¢ 9. Monbuttu, 
July and August (18867); Wadelai, 12th January, 5th and 11th 
March, 1887. 

From this form to its variety Z. alcippoides there is a perfect tran- 
sitional series commencing with a mere whitening of the median 
branches of the secondaries and gradually increasing to a well-defined 
white patch. 


Var. atcrpporpEs, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1883, p. 238, pl. xxxi. fig. 1. 

3 2. Kangasi, 17th and 25th July and 21st November, 1883 ; 
3. Stazione Gadda, 7th May, 1884; ¢ 2. Féda, 23rd November, 
1885 ; Monbuttu, July and August ; Wadelai, 12th and 13th Jan- 
uary, 1887. 

This is also linked by intermediate steps to L. alcippus: the latter 
therefore, though a good constant species on the West Coast from 
Sierra Leone northwards, can here, as at Aden, be only regarded as 
a variety of L. chrysippus. 

Var. aucrppus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. exxvii. E, F (1779). 

3 2. Tobbo, 21st May; Kangasi, 14th, 17th, 20th, 22nd, 25th, 
and 27th July ; 12th and 17th October; 14th, 18th, and 21st No- 
vember ; Stazione Bauri, September 1883; Stazione Gadda, 26th 
January, 1884; Fdéda, 1st November, 1885; Wadelai, 13th and 
27th January, 1887; Monbuttu in July and August. 


2. LiMNAs KLUGII. 

Limnas klugii, Butler, P. Z.S. 1885, p. 758. n. 2. 

Q. Féda, 17th and 23rd November, 1885. 

Three examples of this species were obtained at Féda; none 
elsewhere. No intermediates tending to link it to L. chrysippus exist 
in the collection, so that probably it does not interbreed with the 
latter in any of the localities visited. 


3. TIRUMALA PETIVERANA. 

Danais limniace, var. petiverana, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. 
Diurn. Lep. p. 93, pl. 12. fig. 1 (1847). 

Stazione Bauri, September 1883 ; Kangasi, 27th July and 14th 
November, 1883 ; Monbuttu, in July and August. 

This is a common South-western torm. 


4, AMAURIS HYALITES. 
Amauris hyalites, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 209 (1874). 
3 2. Kangasi, 17th and 27th July, 1883. 


58 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTERA [Jan. 17, 


Originally described from a specimen taken at Ambriz by the 
late Mr. Monteiro. 


SATYRINE. 
5. GNOPHODES DIVERSA. 


Gnophodes diversa, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. v. 
p- 333 (1880). 

Féda, 28th October and 10th November, 1885. 

Smaller than Natal specimens, but otherwise identical. 


6. MxrLANITIS SOLANDRA, var. 

Papilio solandra, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 500. n. 244 (1775). 

Q. Stazione Bauri, July 1883; ¢. Féda, 23rd October, 1885. 

This is the Congo type of the species ; whether it is distinct from 
the M. helena of Westwood or even from the true M. leda of Linnzeus 
can only be shown by careful breeding ; that it is distinct from my 
M. determinata (the M. leda of Indian authors) may be safely taken 
for granted, since the red-brown, rufous, and russet types do not 
occur in India. 

It is true that in 1867, as Mr. Trimen says, I communicated a 
paper to the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ in which I 
described the whole of the olive-brown and rufous types, all the 
simple-winged and faleated types, all the ocellated and non-ocellated 
types as varieties of M. Jeda; but I must confess that after the 
lapse of 20 years I feel considerable doubt as to the correctness of 
my then untrained opinion ; as a matter of fact, nobody has conclu- 
sively proved the identity or non-identity of the many named types 
which have been associated under the name of MW. leda. This bemg 
the case I prefer, when naming a collection, to quote the description 
or figure which fits the specimens before me, though at the same 
time I abstain from adding to the series of names which may have 
to be abolished. 


7. MYCALESIS INJUSTA. : 

Mycalesis injusta, Wallengren, Lep. Rhop. Caffr. p. 33. n. 1 
(1857). 

Féda, 22nd and 23rd October, 1885; Monbuttu, July and August. 


8. MyYCALESIS EUSIRUS. 

Mycalesis eusirus, Hopffer, Ber. Verh. Ak. Berl. 1855, p. 641. 
Nels 

3. Tobbo, 21st May, 1883. 


9. MycaLEsiIs CAFFRA. 

Mycalesis caffra, Wallengren, Lep. Rhop. Caffr. p. 34. n. 2 
(1857). 

Kangasi, 22nd July, 1883; Fdéda, 26th November, 1885. 

The three preceding forms have been regarded as varieties of one 


1888. ] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 59 


species, but the arguments brought forward in favour of their identity 
are not conclusive. Mr. Trimen regards all three as varieties of 
M. safitza, and adduces the fact that Hopffer himself marked his 
M. eusirus as synonymous with M. safitza, as conclusive evidence ; 
unfortunately naturalists are but human, and it is astonishing what a 
difference abundant material will make in a man’s views as to the 
distinctness of species. 


10. SAMANTA PERSPICUA. 

Mycalesis perspicua, Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soe. Loudon, 1873, 
p- 104, pl. 1. fig. 3. 

Tobbo, 21st May, 1883. 


11. YprHtMA PUPILLARIS, sp. 0. 


Allied to Y. doleta ; smoky brown ; wings above with pale external 
borders bounded internally by a darker stripe and traversed by 
two slender marginal lines ; primaries with a large oval bipupillated 
ocellus, with blue pupils and yellow (dead-golden) iris, beyond the 
cell ; secondaries with a smaller unipupillated ocellus on first median 
interspace and a very small double ocellus near anal angle: Under 
surface apparently similarly coloured but greyer, but actually (when 
seen through a lens) sandy brown, densely striated with dark olive- 
brown, with a stripe towards outer margin and a submarginal line 
dark brown ; a marginal black line ; fringe tipped with dark brown ; 
ocellus of primaries rather brighter than above: secondaries with 
three ocelli, the first subcostal near apex ; the second and third small, 
rounded, answering to those of the upper surface, but more equal in 
size and shape; the subanal ocellus, however, is bipupillated. Ex- 
panse of wings, ¢ 38 millim., 2 36 millim. 

2. On the River Dangu,” 14th June; ¢. “Ganyese Tambu 
(Sandel),” 15th June, 1883. 

The female is a little paler and greyer than the male. 


12. YeTHIMA SIMPLICIA. 

Ypthima simplicia, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 4th ser. vol. 
Xviil. p. 481 (1876). 

Wadelai, 30th July, 1885; 9th April, 1887. 

Originally received from Abyssinia. 


13. YPTHIMA ITONIA. 
Ypthima itonia, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. ii. p. 287. 
n. 11, pl. 18. fig. 13 (1865). 


Kangasi, 17th July ; Stazione Bauri, September 1883. 
Only two much-damaged examples were obtained. 


14. YPrHIMA ALBIDA, sp. n. 


Wings above silvery white; primaries with the base, costa, apical 
area, and external border suffused with smoky greyish brown; a 
partially obscured oval bipupillated subapical ocellus of the ordinary 
type : secondaries with a rather broad brown external border tapering 


60 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTERA [Jan. 17, 


from anal angle to apex; an indication of a small ocellus near the 
outer margin on the first median interspace: under surface dark 
smoky brown, sparsely transversely striated with white ; primaries 
with one and secondaries with three ocelli arranged as in Y. pupillaris. 
Expanse of wings 39 millim. 

3. Fdéda, 20th October, 1885. 

A rather worn male of this remarkable species was obtained ; 
unlike all the other species in the genus, it resembles Euptychia 
ocirrhoé on the upper surface. 


NyYMPHALIN&. 
15, CHARAXES LUCRETIUS. 


Papilio lucretius, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 82. F, G (1779). 
@. Monbuttu, July or August. 


16. CHARAXES POLLUX. 
Papilio pollu, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 37. E, F (1776). 
3. Monbuttu, July or August. 


17. CHARAXES KIRKI. 


2. Charazxes kirkii, Butler, Ent. Month. Mag. xvii. p. 105 
(1881). 

3d. Toro, Féda, 27th October, 1885. 

The male is velvety blue-black ; the primaries with a narrow 
bronze-greenish border, divided by dusky veins; the base shot with 
steel-blue ; a blue spot within the anterior angle of the cell, three 
opaline white spots (only the central one large) at one third the 
distance from discoidal cell to apex, two similarly coloured spots and 
a dot at two thirds: secondaries with a bronze-greenish marginal 
lunulated stripe, followed by a black fringe, the first four divisions 
enclosing dark red curved dashes, the remainder more or less golden ; 
a submarginal series of more or less lunate spots, separated from the 
greenish border by black curved dashes or semicircular spots ; this 
series consists of white-edged spots, all, excepting two confluent 
ones at the anal angle (which are violet), being blue-green; a short 
distance from the submarginal series is a discal lunulate green line ; 
on the under surface the male much resembles the female, differing 
just as the other black males do from their respective females. 


18. PALUA VARANES. 


Papilio varanes, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 160. D, E (1779). 


A fragment of this species was captured at Faro on the 7th 
November, 1885. 


19. HypoLiMNAS MISIPPUS. 


Papilio misippus, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 264 (1764). 

3. Stazione Bauri, September; 3 2. Kangasi, 2nd, 16th, and 
17th October and 21st November, 1883; Monbuttu in July and 
August. 


1888. ] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 61 


20. HypoLIMNAS INARIA. 

Papilio inaria, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 214. A, B (1782). 

Wadelai: ¢ Q. 13th and 27th January; ¢. 29th and 31st 
March; 8th and 9th April, 1887. 

This local form of H. misippus is chiefly distinguishable in the 
female sex, which resembles Limnas klugii; it can hardly be called 
a variety of H. misippus, inasmuch as it replaces it in the same 
localities in which L. Alugii replaces L. chrysippus; yet the males 
of H. misippus and H. inaria seem almost, if not absolutely, iden- 
tical in character. 


21. HypoLtimNnas SALMACIS. 
Papilio salmacis, Drury, Il. Ex. Ent. ii. pl. 8. figs. 1, 2 (1773). 
A worn example was taken at Monbuttu in July or August. 


22. PANOPEA LUCRETIA. 
Papilio lucretia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 45. C, D (1779). 
A good male example. Monbuttu, July or August. 


23. CyMOTHOE CANIS. 
Papilio canis, Drury, Il. Ex. Ent. ii. pl. 19. figs. 1, 2 (1779). 
Kangasi, 13th November, 1883 ; Monbuttu, July and August. 


24. EURYPHENE PLISTONAX. 

Euryphene plistonax, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. v. ur. pl. 9. figs. 38, 
39 (1871). 

@. Kangasi, 11th August, 1883. 

Originally received from Angola. 


25. EuPHEZDRA ELEUS. 
Papilio eleus, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. iii. pl. 12. figs. 1, 2 (1782). 
@. Kangasi, 24th July, 1883. 


26. ATERICA CUPAVIA. 
Papilio cupavia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 183. E, F (1780). 
6. Foéda, 3rd November, 1885. 


27. ATERICA VERONICA, var. 
Papilio veronica, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 325. C, D (1782). 
g. Stazione Bauri, September 1883. 


The single example obtained is of a rich rufous-chocolate colour 
below, but does not differ in markings from the typical form. 


28. HAMANUMIDA DADALUS. 

Papilio dedalus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 482. n. 174 (1775). 

Stazione Bauri, September 1883 ; Foda, 22nd, 23rd, 26th, 28th, 
and 31st October, and 25th November, 1885 ; Wadelai, 16th January, 
1887; Monbuttu in July or August. 


62 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTERA (Jan. 17, 


29. JUNONIA WESTERMANNI. 

Junonia westermanni, Westwood, Ent. Month. Mag. vi. p. 278 
(1870). 

3+ Monbuttu, July or August. 


30. JUNONIA CLELIA, 

Papilio clelia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 21. E, F (1775). 

3 2. Stazione Bauri, September 1883; Fdéda, 20th November, 
1885 ; Monbuttu in July and August; Wadelai, 11th, 13th, 20th, 
27th, and 31st January, 1887. 


31, JUNONIA CEBRENE. 
Junonia cebrene, Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1870, p. 353. 


3. Monbuttu; ¢ 2. Wadelai, 27th January, 5th February, 
1887. 


32. JUNONIA BOOPIS. 
Junonia bodpis, Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1879, p. 331. 


do. Stazione Bauri, September; 9. Kangasi, 18th November, 
1883; Monbuttu. 

Mr. Trimen appears to me to have been unfortunate in defining 
the distinctive characters between this form and J. orithyia; so far 
as I can judge, he must have had either the Malayan J. wallacei or 
the Javan J. ocyale before him when making his comparison. The 
width of the subapical bar on the primaries is very variable ; indeed 
it varies quite one third in the three examples above enumerated : 
the adjacent yellow markings also vary not a little ; the black streak 
intersecting the lower part of the bar between the two ocelli is want- 
ing in J. wallacei, slightly indicated in J. ocyale and J. orithyia, 
rather stronger in the Indian J. swinhoez, still stronger in the Aus- 
tralian J. albicincta, strongest in J. here and J. bodpis, but it is not 
absolutely constant ; the blue of the hind wings is slightly more re- 
stricted than in any of the other forms, and thisis, I think, a reliable 
character, but the tint is variable in all the forms, and therefore is 
valueless as a distinctive character; the colour of the white spots is 
also untrustworthy, but the border of the secondaries in all our 
specimens is greyish, especially in male examples, hardly a trace of 
white appearing between the black lines in specimens of this sex ; 
indeed, the hind marginal striee hardly merit the term ‘ whitish ” 
used in Mr. Trimen’s description. The example figured on his plate 
seems unusually large for a male, and the form of its primaries is 
that of a female; but for Mr. Trimen’s declaration that it is a male, 
I should have suspected it to be hermaphrodite. The colouring of 
the under surface in typical J. ortthyia, from China, is browner 
(more argillaceous, in fact) than in any of the allied forms. I would 
therefore define J. bodpis as differing from J. orithyia in the four 
following characters :— 

1. Subapical white bar of primaries, always in the male aad 


1888. ] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA, 63 


generally in the female, crossed by black veins as in J. here and 
J. albicincta. 

2. Blue area of secondaries in the male more restricted towards 
the costal margin. 

3. Hind marginal pale strie in the male grey instead of pure 
white or bone-white. 

4. Under-surface coloration decidedly paler, almost as pale as in 
J. here and J. swinhoei. 

I have made the above observations because I believe J. bodpis to 
be a good species, and because I feel satisfied that in the present 
instance my usually most reliable friend has failed, from want of 
sufficient material, to indicate its real distinctive characters. 


33. JUNONIA INFRACTA, Sp. 0. 


Allied to J. sophia; the males of the same colours, only slightly 
redder above ; the female before me white instead of fulvous; the 
yellow belt immediately beyond the basal area of primaries unbroken, 
forming a regular curved band, divided by the nervures; in the 
female the basal area is black ; on the under surface the black-edged 
brown oblique band halfway between the cell and apex of primaries 
is considerably narrower than in J. sophia; and the angular band, 
which in that species runs from the inferior angle of the cell to the 
external angle (partly bounding the whitish postmedian patch), is 
absent ; in other respects the two species are almost identical. Ex- 
panse of wings, ¢ 45 millim., 2 50 millim. 

¢. Tobbo, 22nd May, Védada, 16th June, 1883. Q. Forests of 
Tiveta, Kilima-njaro, March 1885 (Bishop Hanningion). 

Speaking of the white variety of the male of J. sophia, which 
looks like a small Panopea lucretia, Mr. Trimen calls attention to 
the fact that whilst M. Oberthiir mentions it, “he does not say 
whether the variety in question obtains in the female as well as in 
the male.” The only female of the allied J. infracta in our pos- 
session being black and white, it is highly probable that a similar 
form of the female occurs in J. sophia; so far as my experience 
goes, melanism is much commoner in the female than in the male sex. 


34. JUNONIA AMESTRIS. 
Papilio amestris, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. iii. pl. 20. figs. 3, 4 (1782). 


Stazione Gadda, 14th and 16th January, 1884. 
Seven examples of this pretty species were obtained, exhibiting 


very little variation in colouring and none in pattern. 
35. JUNONIA CLOANTHA, 
Papilio cloantha, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 338. A, B (1782). 
Wadelai, 5th and 12th March, 1887. 


36. JUNONIA CUAMA. 


Junonia cuama, Wewitson, Exot, Butt. ii. Jun. pl. 1. figs. 4, 5 
(1864). 


Wadelai, 27th January, 1887. 


64 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTERA (Jan. 17, 


37. JUNONIA MICROMERA- 

Junonia micromera, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 4th ser. xviil. p. 482 
(1876). 

3 2. Wadelai, 8th April, 1887. 

Originally described from Abyssinian examples. 


38. JUNONIA PELARGA. 

Papilio pelarga, Fabricius, Syst. Ent, p. 513. n. 296 (1775). 

3d. Kangasi, 21st November, 1883; 2. Wadelai, 27th January, 
1887. 


39. JUNONIA GALAMI. 
Vanessa galami, Boisduval, Faune Ent. de Madag. p. 46 (1833). 
3. Kangasi, 20th November, 1883. 


40. JUNONIA TEREA. | 

Papilio terea, Drury, Il. Exot. Ent. ii. pl. 18. figs. 3, 4 (1773). 

3. Védada, 16th June; Kangasi, 23rd July ; Stazione Bauri, 
September 1883; 2. Féda, 28th October, 1885. 


41. JUNONIA CHORIMENE. 

Vanessa chorimene, Guérin, Icon. Regne Anim., Ins. texte, p. 476 
(1844). 

Q. Féda, 27th October, 1885; ¢ 2. Wadelai, 8th and 9th April, 
1887. 


42. PROTOGONIOMORPHA ANACARDII. 
Papilio anacardii, Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 236 (1764). 
3. Monbuttu, July or August. 


43. ATELLA COLUMBINA. 

Papilio columbina, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iil. pl. 238. A, B (1782). 
¢. Stazione Gadda, 6th January, 1886. 

One headless example. 


44. HyPanis ILITHYIA. 

Papilio ilithyia, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. ii. pl. 17. figs. 1, 2 
(1773). 

6. Wadelai, 24th January, 1887. 


45. Hypanis GOETZIUS. 

Papilio goetzius, Herbst, Natursyst. Schmett. ix. pl. 258. figs. 1-4 
(1798). 

@. Féda, 20th October, 1885; ¢. Wadelai, 8th April, 1887. 

It is difficult to comprehend the reluctance of lepidopterists to 
recognize the species of this genus; they are better defined than any 
of the species of Melita, and therefore far more easy to distinguish. 
The present species is the Western and Eastern form of the more 
Southern H. acheloia. 


1888. ] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 65 


46. NEPpTIS AGATHA. 

Papilio agatha, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 327. A, B (1782). 

Gaynese Tambu (Sandel), 15th June; Kangasi, 17th July, 14th 
and 20th November, 1883; Stazione Gadda, 16th January, 1884 ; 
Féda, 22nd, 27th, and 3lst October, 3rd, 4th, and 26th November, 
1885; Wadelai, 12th and 20th January, and 31st March, 1887. 


47. NEPpTIS MARPESSA. 


Neptis marpessa, Hopffer, in Peters’s Reise n. Mo<samb., Ins. 
p. 383, pl. xxiv. figs. 9, 10 (1862). 

Féda, 20th October, 1883. 

The allied VV. saclava is intermediate between N. marpessa and 
N. nemetes, the figure by Chenu being, however, too inaccurate to 
show this; the larger spots of primaries are wider and whiter, and 

inte united at their opposed angles; the band across the secondaries is 
also slightly wider and of a pure white colour. I cannot find any 
additional markings in N. marpessa such as are described by Hopffer 
and Trimen, all the white spots in N. murpessa from Natal, Angola, 
and Abyssinia being represented in the three examples of NV. saclava 
labelled Madagascar in the Hewitson cabinet; the white spots of 
the zigzag discal series and of the submarginal series are, neverthe- 
less, more prominent in N. marpessa. 


ACRAINA. 
48. TELCHINIA BONASIA. 
Papilio bonasia, Fabricius, Syst. Eut. p. 464. n. 96 (1775). 
Kangasi, 17th July, 1883 ; Monbuttu in July and August. 


49. TELCHINIA VINIDIA. 

Acrea vinidia, Hewitson, Ent. Month. Mag. xi. p. 130 (1874) ; 
Exot. Butt. v. Aer. pl. 7. figs. 45, 46 (1875). 

Kangasi, 17th July, 1883; Ladd, 17th August, 1884; Féda, 
20th November, 1885; Monbuttu, July and August. 


50. TELCHINIA EPONINA. 

Papilio eponina, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 268. A, B (1782). 

Tobbo, 22nd May; Kangasi, 14th, 17th, 20th, and 23rd July, 
1883; Fdéda, 17th and 20th November, 1885; Monbuttu in July 


and August ; Wadelai, 12th, 13th, and 20th January; 16th and 
29th March, 1887. 


51. TELCHINIA LYCIA. 


Papilio lycia, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 464. n. 94 (1775). 

Ladéd, 15th November, 1883, 17th August, 1884; Féda, 3rd and 
14th November, 1885. 

Var. Resembling 7. sganzini, excepting that there is a large dif- 
fused white patch on the secondaries. 

Féda, 23rd October, 1885. we 
Proc. Zoot. Soc.— 1888, No. V. 5 


66 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTERA [Jan. 17, 


Var. T. SGANZINI. 

Acrea sganzini, Boisduval, Faune Madag. p. 34, pl. 6. figs. 6, 7 
(1833). 

Kangasi, 23rd July, 1883; Ladd, 17th August, 1884; Fdda, 
27th and 28th October, 1885 ; Monbuttu. 

Var. Entirely fulvous, without the white subapical band or black 
apex of 7’. sganzini. 

Féda, 27th October and 15th November, 1885. 

One of the examples of the typical white form has the primaries 
suffused with blackish. 


52. TELCHINIA CEPHEUS. 

Papilio cepheus, Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 252 (1764). 

3 2. Kangasi, 17th, 20th, 22nd, 23rd, and 24th July, 1883; 
Monbuttu in July and August. 


53. TELCHINIA STENOBEA, Var. 

Acrea stenobea, Wallengren, Wien. ent. Mon. iv. p. 35. n. 9 
(1860). 

Wadelai, 9th March and 9th April, 1887. 


54. GNESIA MENIPPE. 
Papilio menippe, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. iii, pl. 13. figs. 3, 4 (1782). 
3. Kangasi, 23rd July, 1883; 2. Monbuttu. 


55. GNESIA PERENNA. 

Acrea perenna, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. 
pl. 19. fig. 4 (1848). 

3. Kangasi, 24th July, 1883; Moubuttu. 


56. GNESIA PSEUDEGINA, var. 

Acrea pseudegina, Westwood in Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 551 (1852). 

3. Kangasi, 17th July, 1883; 9. Wadelai, 31st March, 1887. 

The two specimens obtained, and especially that taken in July, 
have the basal three-fifths of primaries suffused with tawny. 


57. ACRHZA NEOBULE. 

Acrea neobule, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen, Diurn. Lep. pl. 19. 
fig. 3 (1848). 

3. Kangasi, 23rd July, 1883. 

58. ACR&A INSIGNIS. 


Acrea insignis, Distant, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 184, pl. xix. fig. 6. 
3. Kangasi, 28th July, 1883. 


59. PLANEMA LYCOA. 
Acrea lycoa, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 239. n. 27 (1819). 
Q. Kangasi, 5th July, 1883. 


1888. | FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 67 


ERYCINIDS. 
60. ABISARA GERONTES. 


Papilio gerontes, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 117. n. 524 (1781). 
Monbuttu, in July or August. 


LYCHNID&. 
61. TINGRA SANGUINEA. 


Pentila acrea, var. sanguinea, Plotz, Stett. ent. Zeit. xli. p. 198 
(1880). 

Liptena sanguinea, Smith & Kirby, Rhop. Exot. i. p. 2, Lipt. 
pl. 1. figs. 1-4 (1887). 

9. Kangasi, 27th July, 1883. 


62. TINGRA ACREA. 


Pentila acrea, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 504. n. 3, pl. 77. 
fig. 6 (avowedly incorrectly figured as a Liptena) *. 


2. Monbuttu, in July or August. 


63. TINGRA MYLOTHRINA, Sp. n. 


Looks like a small Mylothris, but is allied to T. abraxas. White, 
slightly cpaline and tinted with sulphur-yellow; base of wings 
orange ; primaries with the base of costa blackish-speckled ; a broad 
apical patch commencing at external third of costal margin and 
terminating below third median branch, but continued as a tapering 
border by two decreasing oval marginal spots, greyish brown ; fringe 
spotted between all the nervures with white ; secondaries with five 
large and one small marginal brown spots: wings below white, 
orange at base, primaries with nine marginal spots commencing from 
the second subcostal branch ; secondaries with six marginal spots. 
Expanse of wings 39 millim. 

Monbuttu. . 

Only one example of this very distinct species was obtained, its 
body is somewhat injured, but it appears to be normal in colouring. 


64. PENTILA UNDULARIS. 


Pentila undularis, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 504. n. 1 
(avowed type of the genus Pentila). 

Liptena undularis, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. ii. Pent. §& Lipt. fig. 7 
(1866). 

Stazione Bauri, September 1883. 

As elsewhere stated, P. undularis was originally named by Bois- 
duval, entered as Pentila undularis hy Doubleday in his Museum 
List, and was stated to be the type of the genus by Westwood (who 
first characterized Pentila). There can be no doubt whatever that 


1 To give the lettering of a plate more authority than the text which corrects 
it seems to me utterly ridiculous; the lettering of a plate may be tampered 
with by a lithographic writer, and if an author has no power to point out the 
error, he may be quoted as the originator of the most absurd nonsense-name. 

5* 


68 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTERA [Jan. 17, 


the characters ascribed to Pentila were formulated from an examina- 
tion of this species. It follows therefore that to accept Tingra 
tropicalis of Boisduval (a species unknown to Professor Westwood 
when he characterized Pentila) as the type of the latter is a 
proceeding which would render both descriptions of genera and 
indications of their types utterly valueless. 


65. LACHNOCNEMA D’'URBANI. 

Lachnocnema d’urbani, Trimen, South Afr. Butt. ii, p. 236. 
238 (1887). 

Védada, 16th June, 1883. 

66. PoLYoMMATUS BA&TICUS. 

Papilio beticus, Linn, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 789, n. 226 (1767). 

3. Wadelai, 16th January, 1887. 


Nn. 


= 


67. CATOCHRYSOPS ASOPUS. 

Lycena asopus, Hopffer, Ber. Verh. Ak. Berl. 1855, p. 642. n. 22; 
Peters’s Reise, Zool. v. p. 410, pl. 26. figs. 13-15 (1862). 

Stazione Bauri, September 1883 ; Wadelai, 20th January, 19th 
and 27th March, 1887. 


68. CATOCHRYSOPS OSIRIS. 

Lycena osiris, Hopffer, Ber. Verh. Ak. Berl. 1855, p. 642. n. 21 ; 
Peters’s Reise, Zool. v. p. 409, pl. 26. figs. 11, 12 (1862). 

¢. Wadelai, 16th January and 3rd April, 1887. 


69. CaTocHRYSOPS CYCLOPTERIS. 

Lampides cyclopteris, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat Hist. ser. 4, 
vol. xviii. p. 483 (1876). 

2. Nedada, 16th June; ¢$. Tomaja, 6th August, 1883. 

Originally described from Abyssinia. 


70. TARUCUS PULCHER. 

Lycena pulchra, Murray, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 524, pl. 10. 
figs. 7, 8. 

do. Fdda, 1st November, 1885. 

Seasonal form ? 

About a sixth smaller, of a paler (greyish lilac) tint above, the 
female with more white on upper surface; markings below paler. 
(3 males and 1 female.) 

Wadelai, 27th January, 5th February, and 10th March, 1887. 

Though very distinct in general appearance from the typical form, 
the pattern of the under surface corresponds with that of 7’. pulcher, 
of which I think it is probably the early brood. 


71. AZANUS MORIQUA. 


Lycena moriqua, Wallengren, Lep. Rhop. Caffr. p. 39. n. 9 
(1857). 
¢ 2. Wadelai, 16th and 24th January, 1887. 


1888. ] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 69 


72. CASTALIUS IsIs. 

Papilio isis, Drury, Il. Exot. Ent. ii. pl. 3. figs. 4, 5 (1773). 

3. Stazione Bauri, September 1883; Monbuttu, July and 
August. 


73. ZIZERA KNYSNA, var. 

Lycena knysna, Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soe, ser. iii. vol. i. p. 282 
(1862). 

6. Wadelai, 13th January, 1887. 

A worn specimen, differing from the normal type in its grever 
coloration, with silvery-blue scaling on the basal three-fourths, but 
most distinctly towards the base. 


74. LyCHZNESTHES PRINCEPS. 

Lycenesthes princeps, Butler, Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, 
vol. xviii. p. 484 (1876). 

2. Tobbo, 22nd May, 1883. 

Originally described from Abyssinian examples. 


75. Hyrervus LINGEvs. 
Papilio lingeus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 379. F, G (1782). 
3. Stazione Bauri, September 1883. 


76. Hypotyc@na (TaTURA) PACHALICA, sp. n. 

Allied to H. philippus. Wings above deep rufous-brown, glossed 
with purple in male examples ; with a black marginal line ; primaries 
with orange basicostal margin, and with greyish fringe, traversed by 
a darker central line ; secondaries with the usual black spots bounded 
by orange lunules above the tails, the anal spot flecked with pale 
metallic green ; a simple black spot between them, an abbreviated 
submarginal line, aline at the base of the fringe, the fringe, and tips 
of the tails white ; body black, the head varied with tawny scales : 
under surface of wings pale stone-grey ; a short bar at the end of 
each discoidal cell, a band aeross the disk, and a submarginal stripe 
bright reddish orange, edged with black and margined with whitish ; 
a white submarginal line, separated by an orange line from the black 
marginal line ; secondaries with an orange subcostal spot at basal 
third, the discal band elbowed and interrupted at the submedian 
vein, a short orange marginal band above the abdominal sinus; a 
dark grey band (also, less strongly indicated, on the primaries) tinted 
with orange towards costa, between the submarginal and marginal 
stripes ; praecaudal spots nearly as above, but the anal spot flecked 
with metallic leaden scales, the intermediate spot wanting: body 
below white, the legs barred with black. Expanse of wings 23-25 
millim. 

23 & 12. Wadelai, 29th March, 1887. 

A very distinct and pretty little species. 

A worn and broken female example of an apparently new 
Virachola, allied to FV. anta, was obtained at Stazione Bauri in 
September 1883. 


70 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTERA (Jan. 17 


77. ZERITIS HARPAX, Var. 

Papilio harpax, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. App. p. 809 (1775). 

3 2. Wadelai, 9th April, 1887. 

The pair obtained differs from the normal type in its superior 
size, but does not exhibit any other distinctive character. 


78. MyRINA SILENUS. 
Papilio silenus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 531. n. 378 (1775). 
Q. Wadelai, 16th January, 1887. 


PaPILIONIDE. 


PIERINZ. 
79. MyLoTurRIs CHLORIS. 


Papilio chloris, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 473. n. 129 (1775). 
Q. Kangasi, 13th November, 1883; d. Stazione Gadda, 13th 
and 14th January, 1884; Monbuttu, in July or August. 


80. MyLorHRIS CLARISSA, Sp. 0. 


Q. Primaries as in the male of M. chloris, excepting that the 
apical patch is cut rather more obliquely on its inner edge, and 
that the marginal spots are both well-defined; secondaries creamy 
ochreous, with a broad grey-brown external border, considerably 
narrower, however, than in M. chloris, and with nearly rectangular 
inner edge: under surface much like the male of M. chloris, except- 
ing that the border of secondaries has a nearly rectangular inner edge, 
and extends further along the costal margin ; the primaries, however, 
are more widely orange at base, and the subapical area is decidedly 
yellower. Expanse of wings 66 millim. 

Wadelai, 28th March, 1887. 


81. MyLoTuRIs POPPEA. 

Papilio poppea, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 110. D (1779). 
dg. Monbuttu, in July or August. 

Only one very much shattered male was obtained. 


82. NycHITONA SYLVICOLA. 

Leucophasia sylvicola, Boisduval, Faune Ent. de Madag. p. 20 
(1833). 

Féda, 22nd October, 1885. 


83. TERIAS BRIGITTA. 


Papilio brigitta, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 331. B, C (1782). 


3 2. Wadelai, 11th, 13th, and 20th January, 15th and 16th 
March, 1887. 


1888. ] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 71 


84. TeRIAS ZOE. 

Terias zoe, Hopffer, Ber. Verh. Ak. Berl. 1855, p. 640. n. 5; 
Peters’s Reise, Zool. v, p. 369, pl. 23. figs. 10, 11 (1862). 

3. “Stat. Mundi,” Ist June, 1883. 

One fragmentary example only of this species was obtained. 


85. TERIAS REGULARIS. 

Terias regularis, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. Xvill. 
p- 486 (1876). 

Kangasi, 17th July, and October ; Stazione Bauri, September 
1883; Féda, 20th, 22nd, 27th, and 28th October, Ist November, 
1885; Monbuttu, in July and August. 

Originally described from Abyssinian examples. 


86. TrerRIAS SOLIFERA. 

Terias solifera, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xv. 
p- 396. n. 3 (1875). 

3d. Tobbo, 21st May, 1883. 

The type was from the Congo. 


87. TERIAS ORIENTIS, Sp. 0. 

3. Above gamboge-yellow, primaries with black costal margin ; 
outer border black-brown, wide at costa, whence it decreases in 
width to external angle ; in furm it somewhat resembles the border 
of 7’. senegalensis, but it is wider on the costa, and terminates in 
an acute angle as in 7. dentilimbata ; the secondaries have a narrow 
sinuated black-brown outer margin, often broken up into a mere 
marginal series of spots: the under surface is lemon-yellow, the 
ordinary markings ill-defined or wanting. Expanse of wings 42 
millim. 

Q. Pale sulphur-yellow, either spotless below or with the 
ordinary markings badly defined. Expanse of wings 40-49 millim. 
@. Tobbo, 21st May, 1883; 3. Wadelai, 31st March, 1887. 

We have ten examples of this species in the Museum series from 
Upper Egypt, the White Nile, Abyssinia, and the Victoria Nyanza. 


88. TERIAS BISINUATA. 

Terias bisinuata, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. XViil. 
p- 485 (1876). 

Féda, 2 27th October, g¢ 1st November, 1885. 

Originally described from Abyssinia. 


89. TERIAS BOISDUVALIANA. 

Terias boisduvaliana, Mabille in Grandidier’s Hist. Madag. vol. i. 
p- 253. n. 5, pl. xxxii, figs. 4, 4a, & 5. 

gd. Stazione Bauri, September 1883; Monbuttu in July or 
August. 

Two fine specimens and one less perfect were obtained. The 
species most nearly resembles 7’. brenda of Doubleday, but has a 
rather wider border to the primaries above; below it is a little 


12 Mk. A. G. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTERA [Jan. 17, 


clearer in colour and the markings are almost wholly obliterated. 
The figures in M. Grandidier’s work are taken from rather small 
examples; but this form of Terias is very variable in size, our 
smallest male example expands 28 millim. and our largest 55 millim. 

Var. ? The external border of primaries wider and more quadrate 
at apex, narrower or obliterated at external angle. Expanse of 
wings, ¢ and 2 37 millim. 

¢. Stazione Bauri, September 1883; 92. Ladd, 20th Angust, 
1884. 

Now that the text of Monsieur Grandidier’s work has appeared 
I much regret to find that the serious errors, which I pointed out 
in my paper on Lepidoptera from Somali-land (P. Z. 8S. 1885, 
pp- 762, 767, 768, 769), have not only not been corrected, but, on 
the contrary, have been insisted on. Now, whilst no great blame 
attaches to a Lepidopterist who accepts the statement of his collector 
as to the capture of a series of Arabian species in Madagascar, he 
injures his reputation when he persists in associating as male and 
female the males of different species, as M. Mabille has done in the 
case of the males of Charazes antamboulou and C. cowani ; that both 
are males, the fidelity of the illustrations shows at a glance, apart 
from the fact that the sexes of both are in the Museum collection : 
the coloration and pattern of the under surface in these two species 
differs more than in the sexes of any Charazes known to me; in the 
true sexes there is no such difference. 


90. TERACOLUS AURIGINEUS. 

Teracolus aurigineus, Butler, Annu. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, 
vol. xii. p. 103 (1883). 

3 @. Wadelai, 16th, 28th, 29th, and 3lst March, and 8th 
April 1887. 

Originally described from the Victoria Nyanza and subsequently 
received from Kilima-njaro; the examples from the latter locality 
have the veins of the wings blacker and the black bands across the 
wings slightly broader than in the type. 


91. TERACOLUS PROTOMEDIA. 
Pontia protomedia, Klug, Symb. Phys. pl. 8. figs. 13, 14 (1829). 


3 9. Wadelai, 9th, 16th, 19th, and 31st March, 1887. 
Occurs in Upper Egypt, Nubia, Aden, and Somali-land. 


92. TERACOLUS PUNICEUS, sp. n. 


d. Allied to 7. hetera, but smaller, the magenta-coloured apical 
patch triangular, terminating at the third median branch; the 
blackish border narrower ; a minute black dot at end of cell; the 
secondaries immaculate: under surface of primaries white with 
cream-coloured apical patch, of secondaries cream-coloured, crossed 
beyond the middle from costal to third median branch by an oblique 
interrupted narrow brown line, beyond which there is a single spot 
on second median interspace. Expanse of wings 64 millim. 

Wadelai, 8th April, 1887. 


1888. ] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 73 


The female is in the Museum from the Victoria Nyanza, and I 
formerly supposed it to be that sex of T. hetera; it is somewhat like 
a large edition of 7. jobina 9, but has a few scales of magenta-red 
in each of the white spots towards apex of primaries. This species 
should stand between 7’. eunoma and T. hetera. 


93. TERACOLUS PHLEGYAS. 

Anthocharis phlegyas, Butler, P. Z.S. 1865, p. 431. n. 3, pl. 25. 
figs. 3, 3a. 

6. Wadelai, 16th January, 1887. 


94. TERACOLUS BACCHUS, Sp. n. 


3. Size of T. ione or slightly smaller. Wings above white ; 
primaries with narrow black costal margin ; the base sprinkled with 
black scales ; apical area blue-black, with dentate-sinuate inner edge, 
and crossed by a wide belt of brilliant changeable purple (wider and 
bluer than in 7. cone); the spot at end of cell scarcely visible, 
reduced to two or three scales; secondaries white, witu blackish 
veins terminating in minute black spots on the outer margin. Wings 
below white, the apex of primaries and whole of secondaries very 
pale sulphur-yellow, crossed by well-defined black veins terminating 
in small subconfluent black spots on the outer margin; costal 
margin of primaries black; a black dot at the end of the cell: 
secondaries with the basal half of the costal margin yellow ; a black 
transverse dash from costal to subcostal vein, forming the commence- 
ment of an ill-defined oblique stripe, indicated by scattered black 
scales as far as the third median branch. Expanse of wings 
57 millim. 

Q. White above; the base rather broadly irrorated with blackish 
scales ; primaries with the costal margin black ; a broad external 
blackish border crossed by black veins, widest at costa, gradually 
diminishing in width from costa to first median branch, to which 
point it is internally dentate-sinuate and traversed by six white spots 
in an arched series, narrow and internally widely sinuated from first 
median branch to submedian vein; a black spot at the end of the 
cell; a transverse blackish spot at external third of interno-median 
area: secondaries with a marginal series of large subconfiuent 
blackish spots crossed by black veins ; a blackish subapical oblique 
stripe from costa, connected with the macular border by black veins : 
body quite normal. Primaries below white, the costa and apical 
area pale yellow; veins towards outer margin dark brown; a sub- 
apical series of angulated brown dashes; a black spot at the end of 
the cell; two small black spots on interpo-median area and three 
brown triangular spots at end of first median branch, interno-median 
fold, and submedian vein: secondaries pale yellow, base of costal 
margin and a spot at the end of the cell bright yellow; veins, an 
elbowed stripe beyond the middle, and the fringe excepting at the 
extremity of the internervular folds, dark brown: body below white. 
Expanse of wings 55 millim. 

2. Lado, 20th August, 1884; ¢. Wadelai, 27th January, 1887. 


74 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTERA [Jan. 17, 


This species is readily distinguished from all its allies by the well- 
defined dark-coloured veins on the under surtace. 


95. TERACOLUS PHENIUS. 


3. Teracolus phenius, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, 
vol. xviii. p. 488 (1876). 

3 2. Wadelai, 8th December, 1885; 13th and 16th January, 
31st March, and 8th April, 1887. 

The female originally described as belonging to this species proves 
to be the pale form of the female of 7’. anteupompe; the true female 
of ZT. phenius is of a pale sulphur-yellow colour and is much less 
heavily suffused with grey at the base than in T. anteupompe ; the 
veins on the apical area are also much less prominent and the disco- 
cellular spot is smaller; below, the wings are also sulphur-yellow, 
the primaries only being crossed by an oblique white belt; the veins 
towards the outer margin are black, widening towards outer margin 
in the characteristic manner noticeable in the male. 

It is always a mistake to conclude too hastily that Indian and 
African species are identical ; now that the sexes of this species are 
finally determined, it becomes evident that Col. Swinhoe’s decision 
as to the identity of 7. phanius with T. dirus of Sind is incorrect. 
The female, which I at first supposed to be that sex of 7. phenius, 
does indeed bear a considerable superficial resemblance to some of 
the pale females of 7. dirus, just as the many pale females of Colias 
greatly resemble one another; but when we compare the two red- 
tipped females of 7. anteupompe and dirus, we see at a glance that 
they are utterly distinct :—the former has two-fifths of the wing 
red, crossed by black veins and interrupted by an angular series of 
small black spots ; the latter has the red area much more confined, 
usually only forming an oblique band, but occasionally extending a 
short distance beyond the black macular bar; the outer margin is 
also heavily bordered with black. 


96. TERACOLUS PSEUDACASTE. 

Teracolus pseudacaste, Butler, P.Z.S. 1876, p. 156. n. 103, 
pl. 6. fig. 11. 

¢. Wadelai, 16th January and 9th March, 1887. 


97. TERACOLUS ANTEVIPPE. 


Anthocharis antevippe, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 572. n. 18, 
pl. 18. fig. 3 (1836). 


3. Wadelai, 19th March, 1887. 


98. TERACOLUS HELLE. 
Teracolus helle, Butler, P. Z.S. 1876, p. 149. n. 75. 
@. Féda, 5th November, 1885; ¢. Wadelai, 31st March, 1887. 


99. TrRACOLUS EIONE. 
Anthocharis eione, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 578. n. 29 (1836). 
2. Wadelai, 31st March, 1887. 


1888. ] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 75 


100. TERACOLUS EVARNE. 

Pontia evarne, Klug, Symb. Phys. pl. 6. figs. 1-4 (1829). 

3. Wadelai, 13th January ; 2. 28th March, 1887. 

There are evidently large and small forms of this Species, as in the 
allied 7. phillipsii from Somali-land: hitherto we have received male 
examples equal in size to that figured by Klug ; the male now received 
is much smaller and has lost the marginal spots on secondaries; on 
the other hand, the female figured by Klug is small and evidently 
belongs to our small male, whilst the female just received is large 
and heavily marked and belongs to Klug’s male. It is probable 
that the small type is the winter form of the species ; but, after all, 
conjectures are valueless in these questions. 


101. Caropsinia PYRENE. 


Colias pyrene, Swainson, Zool. Ill. i. pl. 51 (1820-1821). 

3 2. Kangasi, 17th, 20th, 23rd, 24th, and 27th July, 2nd 
October ; Stazione Bauri, September 1883; Stazione Gadda, 17th, 
26th, 27th, and 28th January, 10th February and 6th June; Lado, 
20th August, 1884 ; Féda, 27th October, 1885 ; Monbuttu in July 
and August ; Wadelai, 9th March, 1887. 


102. GLUTOPHRISSA CONTRACTA, sp. n. 


Intermediate in some respects between G. saba of West Africa 
and G. malatha of Madagascar. The male differs from both species 
in the slightly narrower black border to the primaries above, the 
ereamy colour of the apical area and secondaries, and total absence 
of all black spots on the under surface ; the female differs from 
both in having the white belt of primaries above contracted to a 
narrow oblique spot at the end of the cell, though from the median 
vein to the inner margin it remains as wide as usual; on the under 
surface the yellow colour at the base is duller and more saffron- 
tinted ; the apex is as white as in the Madagascar form. Expanse 
of wings, ¢ 56-58 millim., 9 49-58 millim. 

Wadelai, ¢ 13th, 16th, 20th, and 27th January ; 2 19th March; 
3 2 8th April, 1887. 

Nine examples were obtained; the male most nearly resembles 
M. Mabille’s figure of G. epaphia $,aform which I have never 
seen from Madagascar. The true G. epaphia is the Pieris matuta 
of Doubleday and is the male of G. saba. The male of G. malatha 
(the Madagascar form) has similar black spots below, but is yellower 
in tint; it does not agree with M. Mabille’s narrow-bordered males. 


103. PinacopreRyYX PIGEA. 
Pieris pigea, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 523. n. 134 (1836). 
3 ¢. Féda, 20th October and 25th November, 1885. 


The female is a singularly beautiful example, the whole of the 
ground-colour being of a bright sulphur-yellow. 


76 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTERA (Jan. 17, 


104. PrnacorpTERYX ORTYGNA. 

Pieris ortygna, Hiibner, Zutr. exot. Schmett. figs. 985, 986 
(1832). 

gd. Féda, 23rd, 28th, and 31st October; 20th and 23rd 
November, 1889. 

The female of this species is unknown to me, but there is no 
doubt that it somewhat resembles the female of Ganoris rape. 
Mr. Doubleday identified this species with the Pieris orbona of 
Boisduval’s ‘ Lepidoptera of Madagascar,’ and thus led me into 
error: the latter is a Glutophrissa. 


105. PurisSURA SYLVIA, Var. 
Papilio sylvia, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 470. n. 115 (1775). 


dé. Kangasi, 20th November, 1883; Stazione Gadda, 31st 
January, 1884 ; Monbuttu in July and August. 


106. BELENOIS INSTABILIS, sp. n. 

A very variable species, allied to B. calypso; much smaller. 
The male above milk-white ; primaries with narrow costal margin 
black excepting at base where it is grey; a black wedge-shaped 
costal dash extending in a thin line along the upper discocellular 
veinlet ; a large black spot on the lower discocellular ; apical area 
and external border black, wider than in B. ca/ypso, but with the 
same white spots upon it: secondaries with a minute- black dash on 
the lower discocellular; an arched series of black spots, the first 
three in an oblique subapical series, the last three submarginal, 
connected by a grey nebulous streak ; a marginal series of six large 
triangular black spots, united externally by a black marginal line ; 
body normal. Primaries below nearly as in B. calypso, but the 
subapical angulated black band more regular, not so much broken 
up, an additional blackish spot on the first median interspace; the 
apical area creamy white divided by black veins, which are less 
widely black-bordered than in B. calypso: secondaries sulphur- 
yellow, with brown veins terminating in triangular marginal spots ; 
a dark brown spot at the end of the cell and seven submarginal 
spots: body below white. Expanse of wings 64 millim. 

@. Darker than the darkest females of B. calypso; resembling, 
in tact, the female of B. elytie, but without the subapical white 
spots, with the basal area heavily suffused with grey, and with the 
oblique bar at the end of the discoidal cell of primaries imperfectly 
separated from the broad blackish external area: on the under 
surface it differs from the darkest females of B. calypso in having 
the macular subapical band of the primaries widened into a broad 
black belt, almost touching the oblique discocellular bar, the lower 
submarginal spots small and the basal area yellower ; the secondaries 
with the veins blackened from the middle outwards, the submarginal 
black spots united into a blackish belt, and the last five yellow 
marginal spots rounded and smaller. Expanse of wings 58 millim. 

3 Q. Foda, 23rd, 27th, and 28th October; 17th and 26th 
November, 1885. 


1888. ] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. ih 


Var. a. 3. Slightly smaller, the black cuneiform costal dash of 
primaries replaced by an oblique black line ; all the black markings 
more sharply defined ; the white apical dashes narrower, the black 
spots of the subapical and submarginal series of secondaries smaller ; 
below the oblique black dash at end of cell of primaries interrupted, 
the apical area of primaries and ground-colour of secondaries clear 
sulphur-yellow ; the veins less distinctly black, the costa, two 
abdominal streaks, and the pale spots of the external border saffron- 
yellow. Expanse of wings 55 millim. 

2. Above with the black external area much narrower (about 
one half the width of the typical form), but the veins blackened 
from the middle ; the black spots better defined, owing to their not 
being obscured by the wide border ; the basal area also less suffused 
with blackish. Primaries below with narrower discocellular bar and 
discal belt ; the veins towards apex and on secondaries less broadly 
black-bordered: secondaries chrome-yellow, the submarginal spots 
smaller and only connected by grey scales ; the marginal spots of 
the ground-colour shaped more nearly as in B. calypso. Expanse 
of wings 55 millim. 

Q. Féda, 20th October, 1885; ¢. Wadelai, 29th March, 1887. 

Var 6. ¢. Above with the black markiugs less strongly defined, 
the oblique discocellular line of primaries sometimes obliterated ; the 
apical area of primaries and the ground-colour of secondaries creamy 
whitish, the saffron-coloured markings replaced by pale yellow; the 
veins only blackened at their outer extremities. Expanse of wings 
57 millim. 

Q. Above white, not obscured at the base; black markings 
nearly as in B. calypso 2, but with grey-bordered white dashes on 
the apical area of primaries, and the marginal spots of secondaries 
obscured, with grey towards anal angle: apical area of primaries 
below creamy white, the veins across it very slenderly black ; the 
subapical black belt narrow; secondaries slightly pearly, the black 
spots small, the other characters as in the male. Expanse of wings 
56 millim. 

3. Kangasi, 18th November, 1883; ¢ 2. Wadelai, 16th 
January, 1887. 

Apart from all less constant characters, the whole of the varieties 
of this species can be at once distinguished from B. calypso by the 
six subapical and submarginal black spots on the upper surface of 
the secondaries, which are perfectly defined in both sexes, by the 
regular and unbroken character of the subapical bar or belt on the 
under surface of the primaries, and by the more or less developed 
black borders to the veins on the under surface of the secondaries. 


107. BeLENots CALYpso, var.? 

Papilio calypso, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. ii. pl. 17. figs. 3, 4 
(1773). 

3. Kangasi, 24th March, 1883. 

One injured male only was obtained: we have a similar male 
from the Congo. It differs from typical B. calypso in the white 


78 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTERA [Jan. 17, 


under surface of the secondaries, the costal border and an interno- 
median streak from the base only being saffron-yellow. Though 
this may perhaps be a distinct species, there is not at present 
sufficient material to warrant its separation on mere colour-characters 
apart from marking. 


108. BELENOIS DENTIGERA, Sp. 0. 


3. Belongs to the B. calypso group ; above white: the primaries 
with blackish costal edge; the subcostal furca widely blackish- 
bordered; five other blackish triangular marginal spots in a de- 
creasing series ; three widely separated greyish dots in an angular 
subapical series ; secondaries with four small black marginal spots ; 
thorax greyish, abdomen white. Wings below white; primaries 
with black costal edge, a black dot on the lower discocellular veinlet ; 
five unequal black spots in an angular subapical series; seven black 
marginal spots at the extremities of the vems: secondaries very 
faintly rose-tinted ; costal border orange on basal and apical thirds ; 
an ill-defined orange basi-abdominal streak ; a black dot at end of 
cell ; a submarginal series of seven unequal black spots and a mar- 
ginal series of six. Expanse of wings 60 millim. 

Stazione Gadda, 10th February, 1884. 

Only one male of this very distinct species was obtained ; it comes 
nearest to an unnamed mele in the Museum collection from Angola. 


109. BELENOIS GIDICA. 
Pieris gidica, Godart, Enc. Méth, ix. p. 131. n. 37 (1819). 
do. Féda, lst November, 1885; 2. Wadelai, 31st March, 1887. 


110. BELENOIS SEVERINA. 
Papilio severina, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 338. G, H (1782). 


111. BreLENoIS INFIDA, sp. n. 


3. Above like B. severina, excepting that it is a little smaller, 
and has a distinct black bar, commencing with a cuneiform black 
costal spot, at the end of the discoidal cell of primaries ; the border 
of secondaries narrower and interrupted by larger white spots. 
Below, the costal border of primaries is not yellowish, the ground- 
colour of the apical area is considerably browner, this border narrows 
abruptly from the second, instead of remaining wide to the first 
median branch ; the secondaries have a whitish abdominal border 
and all the veins and the outer border are widely rufous-brown, the 
latter interrupted by the usual yellow spots. Expanse of wings 46 
millim. 

Q. Extremely variable, the primaries either pinky white or 
chrome-yellow with a black external border oceupying from one third 
to more than half the wing; a broad oblique black bar across the 
end of the cell, connected by black veins with the outer border, or, 
in some examples, perfectly lost in it, a small costal spot of the 
ground-colour alone remaining to show the point of union; three, 


1888.] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 79 


two, or no subapical spots of the ground-colour, when three are 
present they form an oblique series ; secondaries sulphur- or chrome- 
yellow, the external black border broad, sometimes like that of 
B. severina, excepting that it is connected with a discocellular 
triangular spot by black veins (median and radial), but more 
frequently occupying half the wing, so as entirely to obliterate 
the subapical costal spots; fringe spotted with white. Below 
always yellower than in B. severina, the primaries with broad black 
oblique bar at the end of the cell, either connected by black veins 
or confluent with a more or less broad external border as above, this 
border, however, never stops short at first median branch as in 
B. severina, but is continued to the inner margin ; the secondaries 
below always have a wider external border than in B. Severina, 
frequently almost extending to the cell, and the veins are all widely 
bordered with brown. Expanse of wings 50-51 millim. 

3. Wadelai, 16th January; 2. 28th, 29th and 31st March; 8th 
and 9th April, 1887. 

Of this well-marked species thirteen examples were collected ; 
unfortunately, twelve of these are females, and therefore it is impos- 
sible to say whether the extraordinary variability in the width of 
the black border extends to the male sex; of the females no two 
specimens are quite alike. 

This is what I understand by a variable: species ; many Lepi- 
dopterists confound the idea of a variety or sport with that of a 
fixed local form (which I regard as the only species in Lepidoptera), 
and this leads them into such a perplexed condition of mind that 
they have some difficulty in deciding as to whether a new form shall 
be called a new species or a variety. In Mr. Semper’s recently 
published ‘Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen,’ 2nd part, p. 84, 
the difficulty is thus met—“105 a. var. Euripus lucasioides, n. sp.” 


112. BELENOIS AGRIPPINA. 

Pieris agrippina, Felder, Reise der Nov., Lep. ii. p- 173. n. 159 
(1865). 

3 2. Wadelai, 13th and 16th January; 19th and 29th March; 
8th April. 

I doubt very much whether the distinction between this Species 
and B. lordaca can be maintained, the difference (chiefly in size) 
appears to be more and more unsatisfactory as additional Specimens 
are received. 


PAPILIONINZ. 
113. PAaPiLio POLICENES. 
Papilio policenes, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 37. A, B (1776). 
Kangasi, 20th August, 1883; Monbuttu in July or August, 
Only three imperfect specimens were obtained. 


114. Parinio AaNTHEUS. 
Papilio antheus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii, pl. 234. B, C (1782). 
Stazione Gadda, 19th January, 1884. 


80 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTERA (Jan. 17, 


Only one male was obtained ; the species appears to be somewhat 
rare. 


115. PAPILIO PYLADES. 

Papilio pylades, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. $4. n. 100 (1793). 

Tobbo, 22nd May; Kangasi, 27th and 29th July, 6th, 7th, 12th, 
16th October, 16th, 20th, and 22nd November ; Stazione Bauri, in 
September 1883; Stazione Gadda, 17th, 19th, 26th, and 28th 
January, 10th February, 1884; Féda, 31st October and 25th 
November, 1885; Monbuttu in July and August. 


116. ParILio TYNDERZUs. 
Papilio tyndereus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 35. n. 104 
(1793). 


Monbuttu in July and August. 


117. PApPILio LEONIDAS. 
Papilio leonidas, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 35.n. 103 (1793). 
Kangasi, 3rd November, 1883. 


118. PapILIio RIDLEYANUS. 

Papilio ridleyanus, White, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 262 
(1843). 

Kangasi, 20th July, 1883. 


119. ParrLio DEMOLEUS. 

Papilio demoleus, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 214 (1764). 

Stazione Bauri, September; Kangasi, 20th, 24th, 25th, 29th, and 
3lst July, 9th October, 20th and 21st November; Ladd, 20th 
December, 1883 ; Stazione Gadda, 17th and 19th January and lst 
April, 1884; Monbuttu in July or August; Wadelai, 16th January 
and 9th April, 1887. 

A much-worn example of an apparently new species of Papilio 
allied to P. cynorta was obtained at Monbuttu ; it is unfortunately 
not sufficiently perfect to be worth describing. 


120. PapiILio ERINUS. 

Papilio erinus, Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. B. M. i. p. 35. n. 127 
(1865). 

Kangasi, 17th July and 2nd October, 1883 ; Monbuttu, in July 
or August. 


121. ParrLio BROMIvs. 

Papilio bromius, Doubleday, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 176 
(1845). 

Stazione Bauri, September 1883; Stazione Gadda, 6th June, 
1884; Monbuttu in July or August. 


1888. ] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 81 


a 


122. PapPILIo HESPERUS. 
Papilio hesperus, Westwood, Arc. Entom. i. pl. 48 (1843). 


Monbuttu in July or August. 
Ouly one damaged example was taken. 


HESPERIID®. 


123. HESPERIA FORESTAN. 

Papilio forestan, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 391. E, F (1782). 
Monbuttu, in July or August. 

Two fragmentary specimens. 

124. CHAPRA MATHIAS. 

Hesperia mathias, Fabricius, Eut. Syst. Supp. p. 433 (1798). 
Kangasi, 22nd July, 1883; Wadelai, 9th April, 1887. 


125. PARNARA INCONSPICUA. 
Hesperia inconspicua, Bertoloni, Mem. Acc. Bon. 1849, p. 15. 
Wadelai, 3rd and 8th April, 1887. 


126. GoMALIA ELMA. 


Pyrgus elma, Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. i. p. 288 
862). 

Gomelia albofasciata, Moore, P. Z.S. 1879, p. 144. 

Wadelai, 8th April, 1887. 


127. PaRDALEODES EDIPUS. 

Papilio edipus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 366. E, F (1782). 

©. Védada, 16th June, 1883. 

128. THANAOS DJZLELE. 

Pterygospidea djalele, Wallengren, Lep. Rhop. Caffr. p. 54 


(1857). 


@. Wadelai, 29th and 31st March, 8th April, 1887. 
The females show no trace of the ochraceous colouring on the 


under surface which characterizes the male specimens. 


HETEROCERA. 


AGARISTID2&. 
129. EusEMIA EUPHEMIA. 


Phalena euphemia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 345. A (1782). 
Wadelai, 4th January and 31st March, 1887. 


130. ASGocERA TRICOLOR. 
Afgocera tricolor, Druce, Ent. Month. Mag. xx. p. 155 (1883). 
Wadelai, 2, 16th March; dg, 3rd April, 1887. 


Proc. Zoou. Soc.— 1888, No. VI. 6 


82 MR, A. G. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTERA (Jan. 17, 


131. AEGoceRA MAGNA. 
Eyocera magna, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. i. p. 56. n. 3 (1854). 
Kangasi, 29th July, 1883 ; Wadelai, 8th and 28th March, 1887. 


132. ARGOCERA RECTILINEA. 


Aigocera rectilinea, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép.i. pl. 14. fig. 5 
(1830). 
Wadelai, 9th and 11th March and 8th April, 1887. 


ARCTIIDA. 


133. EuCHROMIA FULVIDA. 


Euchromia fulvida, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, pl. iv. fig. 9. 

Euchromia sperchius (part.), Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. i. p. 220. 
n. 24 (1854). 

Kangasi, 27th July, 1883; Monbuttu in July and August. 


134. ALPENUS £QUALIS. 
Alpenus equalis, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. i. p. 686. n. 1 (1855). 
Wadelai, 11th March, 1887. 


135. TmNIOPYGA SYLVINA. 


Phalena-Noctua sylvina, Stoll, Suppl. Cramer, Pap. Exot. pl. 40. 
fig. 4(1791). 
Q. Stazione Gadda, 23rd April, 1884. 


136. PLERETES PACTOLICUS, sp. n. 


Bright orange, with black-bordered steel-blue markings ; primaries 
with two subconfluent spots placed obliquely close to the base (in 
the female they are confluent and form a short oblique bar); three 
nearly straight bands, nearly equidistant on the costal margin, 
crossing the wing to inner margin, the outer edges of these bands 
are slightly convex, and the outermost band tapers (in the male 
especially) towards its inferior extremity ; a short subapical bar or 
blotch, and two large spots, the upper one discal, ovate or pyriform, 
the lower quadrate or triangular and placed at external angle; a 
large apical spot and five or six (in the female) marginal spots ; the 
apical and three first marginal spots confluent in the female: secon- 
daries of male with a small costal spot before the middle; a tolerably 
wide external border, widest at apex, where it is interrupted by an 
externally bisinuated spot of the ground-colour, interrupted on the 
third median branch by a square excavation, near to which is a 
yellow spot on the fringe: secondaries of female with a clavate 
patch commencing in a large costal spot and crossing the cell; a 
narrow curved bar at the end of the cell and a tolerably broad un- 
interrupted external border: face, tips of palpi, antennze, two spots 
on the collar, a large spot on each tegula, a large dorsal spot on the 
female, a second (metathoracic) dorsal spot on both sexes, and in the 
female the anal segment, blue-black ; body below transversely barred 
with black ; legs black. Expanse of wings, ¢ 70 millim., 2 71. 


6” 


= 
b thee ms 


1888. ] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA, 83 


Wadelai, 11th and 12th January, 1887. 

Nearest to P. thelwallii, Druce, but differing from it in the nar- 
rower border to the secondaries, and from all the three described 
species— P. thelwallii, P. bellatrix, and P. digris —in the straigit in- 
stead of angulated bands on the primaries; the orange of the male 
is paler than in the female but is quite uniform; in P. tiyris the 
primaries are decidedly paler than the secondaries, 


LITHOSIID4, 
137. ARGINA CINGULIFERA. 
Deiopeia cingulifera, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. ii, p. 569. n. 7 
(1854). 
2. Wadelai, 18th March, 1887. 


138. DEropeta PULCHELLA. 
Tinea pulchella, Linnzeus, Syst. Ent. i. 2, p- 884. n, 349 (1766). 


Wadelai, 13th and 20th Januar , 8th and 9th February, and | 1th 
March, 1887. 


NYCTEMERID4. 
139. Leprosoma LEUCONOi, var. 


Nyctemera leuconoé, Hopffer in Peters’s Reise, pl. 28. fig. 3. 
Foéda, 3rd and 20th November, 1887. 


LIPARIDS. 
140. CRopPERA TESTACEA. 
Cropera testacea, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. iv. p- 826. n. 1 (1855). 


2. Monbuttu, in July or August. 
Oue much worn example. The species was originally described 
from Natal. 


LASIOCAMPID. 
141. JANA GRACILIS. 
Jana gracilis, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. iv. p. 913. n. 8 (1855). 


Kangasi, 3rd October, 1883. 
One very much-worn male. 


142. JANA STRIGINA. 

Jana strigina, Westwood, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 37. 

2. Stazione Bauri, September 1883. 

The description of this species was taken from an example received 
from Sierra Leone ; it is rather vague, but agrees in so many respects 
with the specimen now obtained that I have no hesitation in identi- 
fying the latter with it; the basal half of the secondaries is not 
strictly speaking black, for the costal third is of a pale brown colour, 
crossed by the white belt before basal third; this belt also is very 
wide in front, so that towards the costa it occupies quite a third of 

6* 


84 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTERA [Jan. 17, 


the basal half; then, again, the whole of the brown stripes on the 
primaries cross these wings from costal vein to inner margin ; but 
the primaries of the type may have been somewhat rubbed, which 
would account for this discrepancy. 


SATURNIID&. 
143. HENUCHA DELEGORGUEI. 
Saturnia delegorguei, Boisduval, Voy. de Deless. ii. p. 601 (1847). 
3 @. Monbuttu. 


One much-worn pair. 


144, ATTACUS BAUHINIA. 

Bombyx (Saturnia) bauhinia, Boisduval in Guérin’s Régne Anim., 
Ins. p. 506, pl. 86. fig. 1. 

¢. “ Vusterma,” 26th May, 1883. 


145. ANTHERAA EMINI, Sp. 0. 


Q. Nearest to A. gueinzii and A. wahlbergii; bright chrome- 
yellow, the central belt across the wings formed as in A. gueinzit ; the 
bands limiting this belt rufous-brown, irrorated with grey and pink 
scales, the centre rather densely irrorated with dull ferruginous scales ; 
the ocellusat the extremity of the discoidal cell of primaries D-shaped, 
its outer edge dark plum-colour, its iris orange, its pupil hyaline- 
white ; the ocellus of the secondaries almost exactly as in A. gueinzi, 
a broad submargiual zigzag rusty brown squamose band, which, how- 
ever, is wanting on the apical half of secondaries ; outer margin 
orange-tinted, fringe brown: antennze and face somewhat rufous ; 
abdomen with ill-defined rust-brownish dorsal region; underside 
with markings less defined than above; the inner band of the central 
belt wanting, the whole basal area of secondaries flesh-tinted, the 
zigzag submarginal band replaced by a series of triangular rufous- 
brown spots. Expanse of wings 148 millim. 

Stazione Gadda, Ist June, 1884. 

This magnificent species is considerably larger than either of the 
allied forms with which I have compared it. 


APAMIID&. 
146. AMYNA UNDULIFERA. 


3. Amyna undulifera, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, 
vol. xvi. p. 403 (1875). 

Q. Wadelai, 8th April, 1887. 

One worn example, apparently referable to this species. 


OPHIDERIDA. 
147. OpHIDERES MATERNA. 
Phalena-Noctua materna, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 840. n. 117 
(1766). 
Q. Wadelai, 15th March, 1887 


1888. ] FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 85 


OMMATOPHORID4. 
148. CyL1IGRAMMA LATONA. 
Phalena-Noctua latona, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 13, B (1779). 


Wadelai, 12th March, 1887. 
We have this species from Western and Eastern Africa; it is 
abundant, and occurs in nearly every African collection received. 


OpHIUSID4. 
149. SpHINGOMORPHA MONTEIRONIS. 
Sphingomorpha monteironis, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 
ser. 4, vol. xvi. p. 406. n. 81 (1875). 
Wadelai, 15th March and 12th April, 1887. 


150. OpHrusa ANGULARIS. 

Ophiusa angularis, Boisduval, Faune Ent. de Madag. pl. 13. fig. 2 
(1833). 

Wadelai, 8th April, 1887. 


151. GRAMMODES GEOMETRICA. 
Phalena- Noctua geometrica, Rossi, Fauna Etr. ii. p. 179. 
Wadelai, 11th March, 1887. 


152. TRIGONODES ACUTATA. 
Trigonodes acutata, Guénée, Noct. iii. p. 283. n. 1728 (1852). 
Wadelai, 15th March, 1887. 


REMIGIID4. 
153. REMIGIA PELLITA. 
Remigia pellita, Guénée, Noct. iii. p. 318. n. 1780 (1852). 
Wadelai, 8th April, 1887. 


PoLYDESMID&. 
154. PoLyDESMA BOARMIOIDES. 
Polydesma boarmioides, Guénée, Noct. ii. p. 442. n. 1315 (182). 
Wadelai, 10th March, 1887. 


MacaRIIpD&. 
155. TEPHRINA DEFECTARIA ? 
Tephrina defectaria, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. xxiii. p. 962. n. 29 
(1862). 
Wadelai, 15th March, 1887. 


FIDONIID4. 
156. STERRHA SACRARIA. 
Phalena-Geometra sacraria, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 863 (1766). 
Wadelai, 27th January and 29th March, 1887. 


$6 ON COLEOPTERA FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. [Jan. 17, 


6. On some Coleoptera from Eastern Equatorial Africa, 
received from Emin Pasha. By Cuartes O. Warzr- 
House, F.E.S. 


[Received January 6, 1888.] 


The small series of Coleoptera received from Emin Pasha is inter- 
esting as containing examples of one species new to science, and of 
six which had previously been received at the British Museum from 
West Afiica only, as indicated in the following list. The localities 
from which the other species have been recorded are also here given, 


1. TerrLus HAacquarp!, Chaudoir. Zanzibar. 
2. TeFFLus Carrnatus, Klug. Mozambique. 
3. CaTHarstus sesostris, Dej. (in litt.). Egypt. 


A single male example which agrees well with one from Egypt 
from Dejean’s collection and labelled by him ‘ sesostris.’ CO. sesostris, 
Dej., according to Gemminger and Harold’s Catalogue of Coleoptera, 
is the same as C. pithecius, Fabr., and has the habitat Tropical 
Africa placed to it. Scarabeus pithecius, Fabr. (Syst. Ent. p. 21), 
however, is an Indian species (as Fabricius correctly states), and the 
type in the British Museum collection is simply an immature spe- 
cimen of Scarabeus sabeus, Fabr. (Spec. Ins. i. p. 23), the type of 
which is also in the British Museum. 

The African species differs from the true saéeus in having the 
sides of the thorax less rounded anteriorly, and the anterior angles 
are punctured all over, whereas in C. sabeus they are impunctate’. 


4, CORYPHOCERA AFRICANA, Drury. W. Africa. 
5. STERNOCERA KLUGII, Thomson. Nubia. 

6. TETRALOBUS SUBSULCaTUS, Gueérin. Abyssinia. 
7. TETRALOBUS DUFOURI, Candéze. Senegal. 


8. TETRALOBUS CRIBRICOLLIs, nN. sp. 

Piceo-niger, parum nitidus, subtiliter griseo-pulescens ; capitis 
Sronte antice modice angustata, medio fovea elongata impressa, 
vertice carina brevi munito; thorace nigro, bene convexo, confertim 
sat fortiter rugoso-punctato ; elytris creberrime subtiliter punc- 
tatis, striis dorsalilus obsoletis, striis duabus abbreviatis prope 
humeros dislinctis. 

Long. 13-164, lat 44-53 lin. 

Allied to 7. rotundifrons, but narrower, less shining, and with the 

thorax rugosely punctured. Frontal plate distinctly uarrowed in 


1 ¢, eribricollis, Walker, placed as a synonym of C. sabeus in Gemminger’s 
Catalogue, differs from that species in being less shining and in having only the 
outer half of the anterior angles of the thorax punctured. 


1888. ] MR. LODER ON THE TUSK OF AN ELEPHANT. 87 


front, closely and coarsely punctured, the front margin scarcely 
reflexed, interrupted in the middle. Lamellz of the antennz not 
very long. Thorax very convex, one-fifth broader than long, with 
a trace of an impression on each side of the disk, rounded anteriorly, 
parallel at the sides in the middle, very slightly constricted before the 
diverging posterior angles. ‘The surface is densely and very coarsely 
punctured and rugulose, except on each side of the base, where it is 
even and much less coarsely punctured. The punctuation of the 
elytra (as compared with allied species) is rather strong and very 
dense at the sides and humeral region. There are no distinct striz 
except at the base, and two short ones at the side, near the shoulder. 
The posterior coxe are concave for about half their length. 
Punctures on the prosternum large and deep, moderately close to- 
gether, but very irregular. 


9. RoyTiponota pLicaTa, Kraatz. Nubia. 

10. ASPIDOSTERNUM METALLICUM, Fabr. W. Africa. 
11. SteRNOTOMIS BOHNDORE!I, Waterhouse. E. Africa. 
12. QurMALANCA REGALIS, Fabr. W. Africa. 
13. CERATITES JASPIDEUS, Serville. W. Africa. 
Has been received from most parts of Africa. 

14. PrerroGnatua Gcicas, Fabr. W. Africa. 
15. DiapROMORPHA TRIFASCIATA, Oliv. Pt. Natal. 


February 7, 1888. 
Prof. Flower, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. 


The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the 
Society’s Menagerie during the month of January 1888 :— 

The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the 
month of January were 64 in number. Of these 38 were acquired 
by presentation, 1 by exchange, and 25 by birth. The total number of 
departures during the same period, by death and removals, was 147. 


Mr. E. G. Loder, F.Z.S., exhibited a tusk of an African Elephant, 
and made the following remarks :— 

The Elephant-tusk exhibited this evening is (as far as I can ascer- 
tain) the heaviest that has ever been seen in this country. 

Its weight is 1 ewt. 2 qrs. 16 lbs. =184 lbs., as will be seen by 
the accompanying “ weight account”? signed by the warehouse- 
keeper of the London and St. Katherine Docks. The length of 
the tusk along the curve is 9 ft. 5 in., the maximum circumference 
221 inches. 

It was shipped from Bombay to London, so that it probably 
came from the east coast of Africa, possibly from Zanzibar. 


88 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE HERPETOLOGY [Feb. 7, 


Mr. A. Thomson exhibited a living specimen of the larval form 
of a Stick-insect from Southern France (Empusa egena), from the 
Society’s Insect-house, and spoke of its manner of catching flies. 


The foliowing papers were read :— 


1. Third Contribution to the Herpetology of the Solomon 
Islands}. By G. A. Boutencsr, F.Z.S. 


[Received January 11, 1888.] 


Mr. C. M. Woodford has brought home a large series of Reptiles 
and Batrachians obtained during his visit to the Islands of Guadal- 
canar and New Georgia. The fact that, in spite of the extent of the 
collection (over 200 specimens) and the special attention paid by the 
collector to this group of animals, only four species are thereby added 
to the herpetological list of the Solomons, shows that our know- 
ledge of this part of the fauna approaches completion. Dendrophis 
calligaster, Gthr., and Cornufer corrugatus, A. Dum., are recorded 
for the first time from the Solomon Islands, and two new snakes are 
described further on. 

The following is a list of the species obtained :— 

Guadaleanar :—Crocodilus porosus, Schn., Gehyra oceanica, Less., 
Varanus indicus, Daud., Lygosoma cyanurum, Less., L. nigrum, H. 
& J., L. albofasciatum, Gthr., Corucia zebrata *, Gray, Enygrus 
ecarinatus, Schn., Dendrophis calligaster, Gthr., Dipsas irregularis, 
Merr., Hoplocephalus melanurus, sp. n., Rana guppyi, Blgr.*, 
R. hrefftii, Blgr., Cornufer solomonis, Blgr., C. corrugatus, A. Dum., 
Ceratobatrachus guentheri, Blgr., and Hyla macrops, Blgr. 

Rubiana, New Georgia :—Lygosoma cyanurum, Less., L. eyano- 
gaster, Less., L. nigrum, H. & J., Enygrus carinatus, Schn., 
Dendrophis solomonis, Gthr. (a variety with uniform green upper 
parts), Dipsas irregularis, Merr., Hoplocephalus woodfordi, sp. n., 
Rana guppyi, Bigr., Cornufer corrugatus, A. Dum., and Cerato- 
batrachus guentheri, Blgr. 


HopLocrePHALUS MELANURUS, Sp. n. 


Body rather stout. H-ad depressed, slightly widened posteriorly ; 
snout short, without canthus rostralis; eye moderate ; no superci- 
liary ridge ; rostral considerably broader than deep, its upper border 
forming a very open angle; internasals half as long as the pre- 
frontals, which are a little shorter than the frontal ; latter shield 


1 P.Z.8. 1887, p. 333. 

2 Mr. Woodford confirms from actual observation the statement made by 
me that the tail is a prehensile organ. ‘This Lizard was seen to suspend 
itself to branches of trees by means of the tail. 

3 The largest female specimen measures 21 centim., from snout to vent, the 
largest male only 10; the male is characterized by the presence of a small 
external vocal sac on each side of the throat. These frogs feed chiefly upon 
large crustaceans (Sesarma lafordii and Cardiosoma carnifex, fide Pocock). 


1888. | OF THE SOLOMON ISLANDS. 89 


pentagonal, only a little longer than broad, and broader than the 
supraocular ; parietals as long as the prefrontals and_ frontal 
together ; nasal forming a short suture with the preocular ; two 
postoculars, lower largest; seven upper labials, third and fourth 
entering the eye, first smallest, sixth largest ; seven lower labials, 
four in contact with the chin-shields, fourth and sixth largest; one 
temporal in the first row, two in the second, three in the third. 
Scales in 15 or 17 rows; ventrals 165 to 171; anal divided; sub- 
caudals single, 38 to 48. Upper surface of tail with a more or less 
complete series of transversely enlarged scales. Head and sides 
usually reddish, dorsal region dark brown ; some or all of the scales 
with a black border; tail black ; some specimens nearly entirely 
black, others with traces of black transverse bands; veutrals yellow, 
on the hind part of the body with dark brown or black margin. 

Numerous specimens; the largest measures one metre, in which 
the tail enters for 14 centim. 


HopLocerHaLus WOODFORDI, Sp. n. 


This species agrees in every respect with the preceding, save that 
the scales are somewhat longer, and the subcaudals (with the 
exception of the first and third) double. Scales 17; ventrals 166; 
anal divided; subcaudals 45. Head dark brown; body brownish 
white, each scale with a blackish-brown border, forming a reticulate 
pattern ; lower parts white, subcaudals with dark brown border. 
Total length 67 centim., in which the tail enters for 10. A single 
specimen. 

Considering that this species, in spite of its divided subcaudals, is 
extremely closely allied to the preceding, as well as to H. par’ and 
Pseudechis porphyriaca, I have not the slightest hesitation in 
referring it to the genus Hoplocephalus. It.is clear to me that, in 
these elapoid forms, the character of divided or single subcaudals 
cannot be employed in defining genera, not more than in the genus 
Bothrops. Nor can I regard the division or non-division of the 
anal as a generic character. 


A complete list of the Reptiles and Batrachians of the Solomon 
Group is appended to this note, with a table showing their distribu- 
tion in the various islands which have been explored, their presence 
being indicated by a*. An asterisk prefixed to the name, signifies that 
a species is, according to present information, restricted to this group 
of islands. The table well shows the considerable difference between 
the fauna of the two extreme islands, viz. Faro and San Christoval, 
the former exhibiting, chiefly in the abundance and variety of 
Batrachian life, a more Papuasian, the latter a more Polynesian 
character. 


1 The statement in my description (Tr. Z. 8. xii. p. 46), that the subcaudals 
are in pairs, is a lapsus; they are all simple. 


90 ON THE HERPEOLOGY OF THE SOLOMON ISLANDS. [Feb. 7, 


gs 
a 
Pb ete bist Sn 
: Ss S >. 
Ele| Pl 2 ge. 
Pai i a ie ef 
Blalal|a| sd jias 
REPTILIA. 
Crocopinta. 
1. Crocodilus porosus, Schn. ...........2+8 Seay ea fe * 
Lacnrrita. 
2. Gymnodactylus pelagicus, Gir.......... x | * 
3. Gehyra oceanica, Less, ......scccecee++ ae tse eer se | has 
*4. Lepidodactylus guppyi, Blgr. ......... * 
*5. woodfordi, Blgr. ......0..s0.seee0s * 
6. Gecko vittatus, Houtt. ........cceccecees ol cea uals * 
7. Gonyocephalus godeffroyi, Pérs. ......) ... | ... | * |... |... * 
8. Varanus indicus, Daud. ..........20.0000 a hi, lal (A ct We * 
*9, Corucia zebrata, Gray. ......s.ceecscovee| os .| * * 
*10. Lygosoma solomonis, Blgr. ............ * 
cAlil WOOGTOrI, UBIQTES denenssennrcrsnsns * 
*12, concinnatum, Blgr. ............4.. % 
13. —— smaragdinum, Less. .............6. pe See He 
*14 ANOlig, WOT Masten seeee soe sce cesses Std le eel ey * 
15. —— cyanurum, Less.............2.000000 * | * | * |  ]-% * 
16. cyanogaster, Less, ......:.....s0s0+ * * | * * 
V7 .. ——= MiP rUMs iS coc ccncadaeawesne ose * x | * | * * 
18. —— albofasciolatum, Gthr. ............ * * 
OpuipiA. 
*19. Typhlops aluensis, Blgr.............0.++ A ia i 
20. Enygrus carinatus, Schn. ............-+ * | «| «x | # | # * 
21 bubromiselhh ‘ea pecascenc, veverwees Seed Ipeee> |\aows” li tease ese * 
22. Dendrophis calligaster, Gthr. ......... sree al eo cts | aoa 
23 solomonis, Gthr.  .........seeeeee es so aS 4 nein | oa ae * 
24, Dipsas irregularis, Merr. ............+.- * | «| x*« | «| # 
*25. Hoplocephalus par, Blg7. ..........0006 * 
*26. melanunrus; igre ass. -dss-n- acres oen| deel i| esa etna ee 
uy WOOULORGI; Bon tenmab one aeobsteenen ae lsh teeyal Bae 
28. Platurus fasciatus, Daud. ..........0+0- 
BATRACHIA. 
*]. Rana bufoniformis, Blgr. ...........2+-. De cae) oe 
. PUPP VIGO sn-ccessceaeetosr essere HW ll econ lessee 
ay opisthodon, Blgr. ..........00+0.00. * | * 
*4, Kereta: BLGT cccagscesusecsos ontsee Freel es «ese opal |i % 
5. Cornufer dorsalis, A. Dum. ............ * 
#6. RUPPYisPBUGh. --cesqasesess esse cee fe eS ie 
7. —— corrugatus, A. Dum. .............:- dict) | areas | coco ts tea oat 
*8. ROIOMOMIS LOT cba scee cae est cee ne * * Be ieee. ||096 
*9. Batrachylodes vertebralis, Blgr. ......| * 
| *10. Ceratobatrachus guentheri, Blgr. ...... Cel ec ie lc Sal hae Vag 
(PATA P EVILS LGT: «\Satcccs sn esdeesrcsotees * 
| *12. -———SMBONOPS, BIG?. ...csscesovsassaneae Pox tll cane]! SOF ciate all ack 
| *13. —— thesaurensis, Pérs................00 Bar| ces Pree 


1888. | ON NEW LEPIDOPTERA FROM KILIMA-NJARO. 91 


2. Descriptions of some new Lepidoptera from Kilima-njaro. 
By Arruur G. Butter, F.L.S., F.Z.8, &e. 


[Received December 14, 1887.] 


Examples of some of the species here described were collected by 
the late Bishop Hannington and of others by Mr. F. J. Jackson ; 
in not a few cases specimens of the same species were obtained by 
both gentlemen. 


RHOPALOCERA. 


NYMPHALID&. 


EUPLOCcINe. 
1, AMAURIS HANNINGTON], Sp. n. 


Primaries black, with pure white markings as in A. egialea, 
excepting that all the larger spots are reduced one third in size ; 
secondaries dark brown, with a sharply defined oblong belt united 
by a short band to costa, from the abdominal margin to a little 
above the cell, sordid white ; seven submarginal white spots, the 
relative sizes of which, reckoning from costa, are 4, 6, 5, 1, 2, 7, 3; 
two or three white dots nearer to the margin; under surface only 
differing from the upper surface as in the allied A. egialea and 
A. hyalites. Expanse of wings 81 millim. 

Two males ; Hills of Terta in April (Hannington). 


ACREINZE. 


The female of Acrea (Planema) johnstoni of Godman was in 
the same collection and is evidently modified in imitation of the 
foregoing Amauris; it is black, with four white spots arranged 
obliquely in pairs and a dull white or yellowish belt across the 
secondaries as in the male; the receipt of this female is most inter- 
esting, as it is a clue to the position of the species, which is clearly 
seen to be allied to A. (P.) lycoa from the west coast ; one example 
was received from the Hills of Terta, another between 3000-8000 
feet on the slopes of Kilima-njaro in March. 


2. PLANEMA MONTANA, Sp. Nn. 


3. Allied to P. aganice, but differing in the bright orange-fulvous 
colour of the bands and in the greater width of the angulated band 
of primaries. Expanse of wings 68 millim. 

Slopes of Kilima-njaro, 3000-5000 feet, in March (Hannington). 


NYMPHALINE. 
3. EURYPHENE VIOLACEA, sp. 0. i 
3 Q. Allied to HL. neophron of Hopffer (a common Zanzibar 
species), but differing in the purple instead of greenish-blue colora- 


uion of the upper surface, the uarrower and duller orange-ochreous 
belt across the black apical half of primaries, and the more prominent 


92 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NEW [Feb. 7, 


longer apical ochreous patch; on the under surface the ground- 
colour is suffused with yellow instead of with lilac, and the white 
markings are washed with yellowish; a distinctly dull yellow 
patch replacing the white spot at apex of primaries. Expanse of 
wings ¢ 70 millim.; 92 87 millim. 

Slopes of Kilima-njaro, 3000-5000 feet, in March (Hannington). 

This appears to be a fairly common species, it was also obtained 
by Mr. Jackson; but, unfortunately, his specimens were all more 
or less damaged by some larger insects, which got loose in the box 
and broke them on the way home. 

Amongst other Mymphaline, Mr. Jackson obtained Hurytela 
dryope and ZZ. ophione and a Neptis allied to N. melicerte (two 
specimens of which from Zanzibar stand in the Hewitson collection 
along with the latter species). 


4, Nepris coocuit, Trimen, var. 


Nearly allied to N. melicerte, but the white discoidal patch of 
primaries reduced to a small spot near the end of the cell; the large 
discal spots wider, those of the upper patch placed less obliquely and 
therefore more compactly together ; the belt of secondaries broader 
avd with more convex inner edge; on the under surface the dis- 
coidal spot is large and fills the cell, but the other differences hold 
good. Expanse of wings 44 millim. 

Kilima-njaro (f. J. Jackson). 

The specimens from Zanzibar are smaller and the discoidal spot 
is a little larger than in the type; they represent the common form 
of the species. 


PAPILIONID®. 
PIERINz. 


Mr. Jackson obtained no less than eleven species ef Teracolus, and 
Bishop Hannington two others, viz :— 


Teracolus mutans. In the forests of Tiveta (Hannington). 
aurigineus. In the forests of Tiveta (Hannington and 
Jackson). 

venustus, sp.n. Kilima-njaro (Jackson). 

chrysonome, 6 2. Kilima-njaro (Hannington) 

calais, 3 Q. Kailima-njaro (Jackson). 

leo, 6 Q. Forests of Tiveta (Hannington and Jackson). 
miles, 6 Q. Slopes of Kilima-njaro (Hannington and 
Jackson). 

pseudacaste, 3. Slopes of Kilima-njaro (Jackson). 
citreus, 6 2. Slopes of Kilima-njaro (Jackson). 

incretus, 6 2. Forests of Tiveta (Hannington and Jackson). 
antevippe, 6. Kilima-njaro (Jackson). 

omphaloides. Kilima-njaro (Jackson). 

comptus, sp. . Kailima-pjaro (Jackson). 


In my monograph of Teracolus (P. Z.S. 1876), I placed T. leo 
as synonymous with 7’. halimede of Klug; my type was a faded and 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA FROM KILIMA-NJARO. 93 


somewhat worn male, received from the White Nile; the fresh 
specimens now in the collection prove me to have been wrong in doing 
so, the characters which distinguish the two forms being well marked 
and constant. In 7. leo the saffron-yellow of the primaries extends 
only from the inner margin upwards to the first median branch, 
whereas in 7’. halimede it spreads to above the third branch; all the 
black markings are smaller and much more prominent in T’. leo, 
but the female has a blackish bar across the cell of primaries, 
limiting the grey basal area ; this sex also has the apex of primaries 
and the whole ground-colour of secondaries of a sandy-buff hue, the 
latter wings having a conspicuous white spot at the end of the celi 
and an unevenly arched series of brown spots across the disc ; some 
females have no saffron-yellow on the upper surface. 

The female of 7. miles proves to be a black-and-white form, not 
unlike the white female of 7’. pseudacaste, but with less black above, 
the veins at apex of primaries below not blackened, and the second- 
aries buff instead of white; there is, however, a red-tipped female 
which, I think, belongs to the same species and which has the apex 
of primaries and ground-colour of the secondaries below sulphur- 
yellow. The female of 7. citreus from Kilima-njaro is, on the upper- 
side, very like that sex of J. topha, but the black markings are 
reduced and more sharply defined ; below it more nearly resembles 
T, xanthevarne 9, the secondaries white with pale yellowish-brown 
markings and olive and black mottling as in 7’. eucharis 2, but with 
a conspicuous brown-edged white discocellular spot. 

The synonymy of YZ. ineretus will, as I suspected, stand as 
follows :— 


TERACOLUS INCRETUS. 

2. TLeracolus incretus, Butler, Ent. Month. Mag. xviii. p. 146 
(1881). 

3. Callosune vulnerata, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. pl. 23. fig. 21 
(1884). 

Both sexes of this, the largest species of the 7. evarne group, 
were obtained both by Bishop Hannington and Mr. Jackson; so 
that there is now no doubt of the correctuess of my expressed opinion 
that C. vulnerata would prove to be the male of my species ; the 
figure by Staudinger is poor, the colouring of the secondaries being 
exaggerated and the black bordering of the primaries incorrectly 
drawn, still it is as good as the majority of the illustrations in this 
book, which (whatever its faults may be) has the merit of being 
cheap. As with other species of the 7. evarne group, a white form 
of the female is by no means uncommon ; it is a little smaller than 
the yellow female and, excepting in its superior size and in the details 
of marking on the under surface, greatly resembles that sex of 
T. topha. 

The male, on the under surface, is extremely variable ; indeed no 
two specimens are alike; the foliowing may be noted :— 

a. Secondaries below whitish sulphur, excepting at the borders, 
which are pure sulphur-yellow; a minute dusky costal spot, dark 


94 MR. A G. BUTLER ON NEW [Feb. 7, 


brown discocellular spot with white pupil, and six minute black 
marginal dots between the veins. 

b. Secondaries below sulphur-yellow throughout, two additional 
brown spots, on the interno-median and second median interspaces. 

c. Secondaries below flesh-pink with yellowish margins, the 
whole surface mottled with indistinct olive spots, a dusky longi- 
tudinal streak through the cell; other markings as in var. a, but 
less distinct. 

d. Secondaries inclining to ferruginous excepting towards apex, 
where the ground-tint is yellow, a yellowish streak above a black- 
mottled dusky longitudinal streak through the cell; the whole 
remaining surface mottled with olive and black ; other markings as 
in var. 4, but larger. 

In addition to the above modifications, the black border on the 
upper surface of the primaries varies both in width and length; but 
its inner edge is always more or less dentate-sinuated. 


5. TERACOLUS VENUSTUS, Sp. n. 


g. Above like asmall specimen of 7. aurigineus, but with narrow 
external black borders to the wings, a smaller spot at the end of 
the discoidal cell of primaries, and the black band of secondaries 
terminating at third median branch ; below it also differs in having 
the apex and outer border of primaries and ground-colour of 
secondaries sandy buff instead of sulphur-yellow. Expanse of wings 
36 millim. 

Kilima-njaro (F. J. Jackson). 

Allied to the preceding is a species of which we have received no 
less than nine specimens from Somali-land, but which, from an 
omission to examine them individually, I confounded with the 
T. chrysonome of Klug; I describe it as follows :— 


TERACOLUS HELVOLUS, sp. n. 


Nearly allied to J. chrysonome, the wings a little shorter and 
smaller; the indication of a band across the secondaries much more 
decided ; the discal zigzag band of primaries below ending in a 
black spot; the apex and outer border of primaries and _ entire 
ground-colour of secondaries on the under surface flesh-pink instead 
of sulphur-yellow. Expanse of wings 33-35 millim. 

T. chrysonome measures 40—44 millim. in expanse ; it is a wider- 
ranging species than 7’. helvolus, which is probably restricted to 
Somali-land. 


6. TERACOLUS COMPTUS, Sp. n. 


Nearly allied to 7’. antigone, which we have in both sexes from 
Accra, but larger, the wings decidedly longer, the black external 
border of primaries narrower ; the black spots of secondaries much 
smaller ; the internal band on the male more or less prominent, 
more so than in our specimen of 7’. antigoue, in both males before 
me; the orange apical patch of the male broader and not so red ; 
the black apical patch in the female connected by a line of black 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA FROM KILIMA-NJARO. 95 


scales with the internal band, which is much darker than in 7. 
untigone ; the cell, however, is not suffused with grey at the base as 
in that species ; costal band much blacker; marginal spots smaller 
towards anal angle. Expanse of wings 38 millim. 

Kilima-njaro (F. J. Jackson). 

Before proceeding to another genus I think it will be useful to 
refer to two species described by Herr Aurivillius in the ‘ Ofversigt 
Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forhandl.’ for 1879, in a memoir on the 
Lepidoptera of Damara-land. 

The first of these is described as Callosune deidamioides and is, 
I believe, only a slight variety of C. eveninus, which varies con- 
siderably in the very characters used for discriminating C. deida- 
mioides. 

The second is named C. damarensis ; it answers perfectly to some 
of the male specimens of my Z. ignifer, var., and I do not doubt its 
identity with that form; it may be a good species, but the points 
which separate it from typical JT. zgnifer are very slight, the 
principal distinction being the pinker tint of the under surface of 
the secondaries. 


7. MYLOTHRIS NARCISSUS, sp. n. 


Nearest to M. trimenia, of the same colours, but the primaries 
quite distinct in pattern, the base being broadly black (to the middle 
of the discoidal cell) in the male and dark brown in the female; the 
costal margin black ; apical black border and marginal spots of male 
fully three times as broad as in M. t¢rimenia; in the female there is 
a broad dark brown external border tapering on the costal margin, 
its inner edge acutely tridentate on the median branches and its 
posterior termination, obtusely pointed, extending one third towards 
the base ; first marginal black spot of secondaries enlarged in both 
sexes, but especially in the male, other spots smaller than in M. 
trimenia: on the under surface the apex of primaries and entire 
surface of secondaries are sulphur-yellow in the male and chrome- 
yellow in the female, not gamboge-yellow as in the S.- African insect ; 
there are also no black marginal spots on the primaries and those of 
the secondaries are smaller. Expanse of wings ¢ 53 millim., 92 
54 millim. 

Forests of Tiveta (Hannington). 

The costal margin of the primaries is noticeably shorter in this 
species than in M. trimenia. 

Mr. Jackson obtained a species of Terias allied to 7. chalcomieta, 
or perhaps that species; it is not absolutely constant in pattern, and 
some examples differ so little from the common type of Aden that 
I am unwilling to separate it. As it has been suggested to me that 
T. chalcomieta is “ only a variety”? of T. hecabe, I may say once 
for all that the phrase is utterly unintelligible to me; there is only 
one Terias (to my knowledge) in Aden, and it is about as unlike 7. 
hecabe as any two species of Jertas can well be. Undoubtedly we 
have the strongest evidence that there once was only one Zerias and 
that all the species now existing are local races or climatic forms of 


96 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NEW [Feb. 7, 


that probably long extinct type; but to associate, as one, all the 
species or half the species now existing, is to hinder the study of 
the genus. Those Lepidopterists who, professing to believe in 
evolution, practically deny its existence, inasmuch as they associate 
nearly all allied forms under one specific name, are constantly 
getting into difficulties ; so much perplexed are they as to whether 
they shall call a new form a “species” or a “variety,” that they 
will even speak of it as “more or less synonymous ”’ with something 
previously described. 


8. HerRpPA&NIA ITERATA, Sp; 0. 


Nearest to H. melanarge of Somali-land, but constantly con- 
siderably larger, the white marginal spots of secondaries larger, the 
subbasal black belt broader. Expanse of wings 55 millim. 

Kilima-njaro (Ff. J. Jackson). 

Although the distinction between this form and H. melanarge is 
chiefly one of size (the latter expanding only 44 millim.) the 
constancy of this character in my opinion constitutes it a separate 
species and entitles it to a name of its own. 

Mr. Jackson obtained Nepheronia argia, the male in every 
respect identical with examples from Sierra Leone, the female 
nearest to the variety named JV. poppea, but differing above as 
follows :—the patch at base of primaries vermilion-red; the outer 
border narrower and enclosing a large white subapical spot ; the 
secondaries with five somewhat diffused marginal dark brown spots. 

I may be deemed inconsistent for not naming the foregoing form ; 
but as only one example has come to hand, and the females of J. 
argia are known to be extremely variable, I do not believe that I 
have anything before me but an individual sport (7. e. a variety). 

Dr. Boisduval, after describing the yellow female under the name 
of Pieris idotea, concludes by saying—‘‘ Nous n’avons pas vu la 
femelle.” 


9. ERONIA DILATATA, Sp. 0. 


Nearly allied to Z. cleodora, the apical area of primaries above 
always matked with two and sometimes with three white spots ; 
secondaries almost invariably with a broader external border, often 
twice the width of that of Z. cleodora; below, the yellow patch on 
the apical area of primaries and the ground-colour of the secondaries 
are paler than in Z. cleodora, Jemon-yellow instead of saffron ; the 
outer border of secondaries is invariably much wider, and the other 
markings are comparatively shorter and broader than in the southern 
form. Expanse of wings 62-71 millim. 

3. Taveta, 2000-3000 feet, in dense forest (H. H. Johnston); ¢, 
©. Forests of Taveta (Bishop Hannington); Kilima-njaro (Ff. J, 
Jackson). 

As will be seen from the above description, the only satisfactory 
distinguishing characters in L. dilatata are the different yellow 
colour and much wider border to secondaries on the under surface ; 


1838.] LEPIDOPTERA FROM KILIMA-NJARO. 97 


but after examination of a good series of specimens I have come to 
the conclusion that these characters are constant. 

Mr. Jackson obtained three species of Papilio,—P. philonoé and 
P. constantinus of Ward and P. ophidicephalus of Oberthiir: the last 
mentioned does not differ from the southern type. 


HESPERIIDS. 


Hesperia keithloa and H. bire were obtained; also Chetocneme 
cerymica, one or two obscure little species which have probably been 
named by Monsieur Mabille or Herr Plétz, and the following :— 


10. PLESIONEURA BISERIATA. 

Nearest to P. galenus, a little larger; primaries with the same 
pattern, but the spot on basal area smaller ; secondaries with two 
distinct sinuous series of orange spots, the inner series consisting of 
seven spots, of which the second is large and diamond-shaped ; the 
third and seventh reduced to mere points ; outer series consisting 
of five decreasing spots, the first and largest bifid and touching 
the outer margin; fringe orange, divided by black lines at the 
extremities of the veins; discoidal spot indistinct ; secondaries below 
paler than above, but similar in pattern ; in other respects this species 
agrees with P. ga/enus. Expanse of wings 43 millim. 

Kilima-njaro (¥. J. Jackson). 


HETEROCERA. 


Aellopus hirundo appears to be the common Hawk-moth; Mr. 
Jackson brought home six or seven specimens, but unfortunately 
these and many others of his moths got more or less broken, owing 
to some beetles getting loose and rattling about amongst them : 
the following, however, fortunately came to hand in splendid 
condition. 

ARCTIIDS. 


CHARIDEINE. 


11. PoMposTOLA SMARAGDINA, sp. n. 

Wings blue-black, the basal fifth and the costal border to the 
end of the cell mottled with brilliant metallic emerald-green spots 
and dashes ; two cuneiform spots, confluent behind, within the cell, 
the inner one metallic green, the outer one hyaline white, richly 
glossed with emerald-green ; a quadrate green-glossed hyaline spot 
immediately beyond the cell; a long oblique tapering green-glossed 
hyaline streak from the median vein just below the double discoidal 
spot almost to the external angle; in some specimens, however, 
this streak is widely interrupted in the middle, leaving only two 
small spots; a subcostal metallic green streak, from the centre of 
which a transverse irregular green-glossed hyaline band runs almost 
to outer margin at about apical fourth; costal border of secondaries 
rufous brown ; a small hyaline white subcostal spot, followed by a 


Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. VII. 


98 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE VISCERAL [Feb. 7, 


metallic emerald-green streak ; an oblique cuneiform trifid green- 
glossed hyaline-white spot across the middle, two large patches 
almost filling the interno-median and the abdominal areoles, and a 
minute spot near outer margin on the second median interspace ; 
thorax blue-black, frons and vertex of head metallic emerald-green ; 
collar above with two large spots of metallic golden green, a tri- 
angular dorsal spot of the same colour; posterior half of patagia 
metallic fiery copper; metathorax and the two basal segments of 
abdomen metallic golden green: the two following segments deep 
brick-red edged with black ; remaining segments blue-black, banded 
in front with metallic emerald-green; primaries below parplish 
towards the base, otherwise nearly as above; secondaries with a 
broad metallic-green costal stripe from base to apex; pectus bronze- 
brown sprinkled with metallic-green scales; legs blackish brown, 
the coxe of the first pair and the tibicze of the other pairs with a 
large white spot ; venter blue-black, with two unequal central white 
spots. Expanse of wings 32-41 millim. 

Slopes of Kilima-njaro (Ff. J. Jackson and Biskop Hannington). 

The examples collected by Bishop Hannington are smaller and 
have the markings on their wings smaller and narrower than in the 
type collected by Mr. Jackson. 


LITHOSIID2. 


12. LepisTa LIMBATA. 

Near to L. pandula, Boisd. (Dyphlebia trimenii, Feld.) ; larger, 
of a deeper orange-ochreous colour: the black border wider, that of 
primaries occupying two fifths instead of less than one third of the 
external area, its inner edge more oblique, that of secondaries about 
one third wider. Expanse of wings 24 millim. 

Kilima-njaro (PF. J. Jackson). 

We have L. pandula from Delagoa Bay. 

Two interesting species of Chalcosiide collected by Mr. Jackson 
have been separately described. Of the Liparide one species, Aroa 
discalis, Walk., is in the collection ; hitherto we have only received 
it from the Cape and Natal. Amongst the Noctuites Hurhipia 
bowkeri and Asymbata roseiventris, or species scarcely distinguishable 
from the latter, were obtained, as also the handsome but common 
Hypopyra capensis, 


3. On certain points in the Visceral Anatomy of the 
Lacertilia, particularly of Monitor. By Frang E. 
Bepparp, M.A., Prosector to the Society, Lecturer on 
Biology at Guy’s Hospital. 


[Received February 7, 1888. ] 


The present paper contains the results of some investigations into 
the visceral anatomy of the Lacertilia; the specimens were in every 


1888. ] ANATOMY OF THE LACERTILIA. 99 


case from the Society’s collection. The points which I have par- 
ticularly studied are two :—(1) the bile-ducts, which are curiously 
complicated in Varanus, (2) the relations of the peritoneum to the 
enclosed viscera. In respect of both these poiuts the Varanidze differ 
very strikingly from all other Lacertilia; but as the number of 
genera which I have been able to investigate is small, I can at present 
only put forward tentatively a suggested emendation in the current 
schemes of classification of the Lacertilia. 


1. Peritoneum. 


In Iguana the body-cavity is a spacious pleuroperitoneal cavity 
lined by peritoneum, which, as in Lacerta, is deeply pigmented 
posteriorly ; this cavity is partially divided into two, right and left, 
halves by the umbilical ligament (fig. 1) ; the heart is surrounded 
by a special serous sac, the pericardium; beyond this there is no 
subdivision of the body-cavity. It is commonly stated that the 
diaphragm is unrepresented in the Lacertilia; the attachment of the 
pericardium to the parietes may, however, as has been suggested, be 
an indication of such a structure. 

In Monitor (fig. 2) there is seme little difference ; when the body- 
walls are cut open and reflected, the alimentary viscera are not exposed 
as they are in Iguana. A loose membrane covers these viscera; the 
membrane locks as if it were simply the lining peritoneum of the 
abdominal cavity which had got separated and detached from the 
abdominal parietes ; this is, however, not the case ; an examination 
by the aid of the microscope showed clearly that a layer of peritoneum 
covers the abdominal musculature, and is quite distinct from the 
horizontal membrane; in Varanus griseus the peritoneal layer was 
particularly distinct, for the reason that it contained numerous 
pigmented corpuscles. For the greater part this membrane is free 
from the ventral parietes; anteriorly it is attached to the median 
ventral line; dorsally it is attached along the spinal column ; here 
and ‘there it is also attached to the lateral parietes by membranous 
bands. It passes over the lobes of the liver and the stomach, and 
shuts off the lungs from the abdominal cavity. The umbilical 
ligament dividing the two liver-lobes is present as in Iguana, and is 
attached to the dorsal side of the horizontal membrane. This 
horizontal membrane also separates the kidneys from the reproduc- 
tive glands ; the latter lie internally to it; the kidneys are placed 
outside it. The ventral surface of this membrane bears a vein of 
some size, the anterior abdominal vein. The fat-body when present 
lies below the membrane, and is therefore shut off from the abdominal 
cavity. 

I found this membrane present, with the general arrangement that 
has been above stated, in 

Monitor gouldi. 
Monitor bengalensis. 
Varanus salvator. 
Varanus niloticus. 
7aranus griseus. 


100 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE VISCERAL [Feb. 7, 


On the other hand a large number of Lacertilia agree, in the 
structural features that have been referred to, with Iguana. 
I have had the opportunity of examining the following genera and 
species :— 
Lacerta. 
Uromastix hardwicki. 
Uromastix spinipes. 
Teius teguexin. 
Cyclodus gigas. 
Iguana tuberculata. 
Cyclura nubila. 
Plestiodon auratus. 
Trachydosaurus rugosus. 


In all of these there is a general agreement with Iguana; the 


Fig. 1. 


\ 
\ 
1 
1 
i] 
f 
' 

U 

' 


Diagrammatic section through body of Lacerta. 


L, Liver; I, intestines; parietal layer of peritoneum and umbilical ligament 
indicated by a dotted line. 


horizontal membrane is absent for the greater part; when the fat- 
body is present it lies in the hinder region of the abdomen, from 
which, however, it is cut off by a membrane; this presumably 
represents the posterior region of the horizontal membrane in 
Varanus and Monitor. Other than this there is no trace of the 
horizontal septum in any of the Lizards whose names are given in 
the second list. 

In Lacerta, Cyclura, Uromastizx, and Teius the umbilical ligament 
is present with the same relations as in Iguana ; it only varies in the 
greater or less extent of its attachment to the ventral median line. 


1888. ] ANATOMY OF THE LACERTILIA. 101 


Diagrammatic section of Monitor. 


P, Peritoneal fold circumscribing abdominal cavity ; other letters as above. 


Fig. 3. 


Diagrammatic section through body of a Orocodile. 


P, Peritoneal fold, continuous with serous sacs enveloping lobes of liver; other 
letters as above. 


102 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE VISCERAL [Feb. 7; 


In Cyclodus gigas, however, there is a curious difference; the 
umbilical ligament is double, two distinct membranes passing between 
the liver and the ventral parietes; these unite anteriorly into a single 
membrane; the right-hand one probably represents the single 
umbilical ligament of other Lizards, since it bears the vein. As I 
found this in two specimens, it may be regarded as characteristic. 

In Plestiodon auratus a fine tendinous line traverses the lower 
surface of the liver, running parallel to the attachment of the 
umbilical ligament ; this is very probably the rudimentary represent- 
ative of the second ligament present in Cyclodus. These two genera 
are commonly assigned to the same family (Scincidz). 

In Trachydosaurus rugosus, another member of the same family, 
the disposition of the umbilical ligaments is identical with that of 
Cyclodus. 

These points of difference between the Scincidz and Lacertide, &e., 
do not seem to me, for reasons which will be brought forward 
presently, so important as the presence or absence of the horizontal 
septum ; the presence of this separates the Varanidz from all other 
Lizards which I have been able to examine. It is, in any case, 
opposed to the association of the Varanidee and Lacertide into a 
suborder Fissilinguia. 

I can find no statement about this structural feature, which 
separates the Varanide from other Lacertilia, in any text-books to 
which I have had access; there is nothing, so far as I can ascertain, 
in the Treatise on the Lacertilia, by Prof. Hoffmann, which occupies 
part of Volume vi. of Bronn’s ‘Thierreichs.’ Prof. Rolleston, in 
his ‘Forms of Animal Life’?, states that “the lungs... . . in the 
Loricata (=Chelonia and Crocodilia) differ from those of other 
Reptiles in not projecting freely into the general cavity of the body, 
dissepimental processes of peritoneal membrane separating them 
from it, and foreshadowing thus, as also by their possession of 
intrinsic muscular fibres, the diaphragm of warm-blooded animals.” 
Hoffmann, in the work referred to*, distinguishes the Crocodilia 
from the remaining Saurians, by virtue of the fact that the latter, 
instead of having the body-cavity divided into numerous compart- 
ments, as in the Crocodilia, “ possess only two sacs, the pericardium 
and the peritonzeum ; from the latter is derived the covering of the 
lungs.” Both these writers, however, quote a paper by Briicke’®, 
which is chiefly devoted to a statement of the fact that in Varanus * 
the mesenteries contain unstriated muscular fibres; in this paper, 
however, Briicke remarks that the muscular fibres of the umbilical 
ligament are continued into a membranous diaphragm (‘‘ haiitige 
Zwergfell’’). Whether this diaphragm represents the horizontal 
septum which I have described in this paper as existing in Varanus, 
I am unable to say, as there is no further description of it. Evidently, 
however, Profs. Rolleston and Hoffmann have not interpreted Bricke’s 


1 Introduction, p. lx. 2 P. 922. 

* Wiener Sitzungsber. vii. (1852), p. 246. 

* Leydig has subsequently shown that this holds good in the case of other 
Lizards. 


ee ee ee ee 


1888. ] ANATOMY OF THE LACERTILUIA. 103 


statements in this way, unless, indeed, the last half of the sentence 
from Hoffmann, quoted above, may be held to imply that the lungs 
are shut off from the abdominal cavity by a membranous partition. 
I should myself consider that these words only refer to the reflected 
layer of peritoneum which covers each lung; this is, of course, quite 
a different thing from the horizontal membrane in Varanus, which 
shuts off both lungs from the abdominal cavity. 

I find, however, in an account of the dissection of a Monitor 
published in the very first volume of the ‘ Proceedings’? of this 
Society, by Dr. Martin, acouple of sentences which in all probability 
do refer to this structure, which, so far as my experience goes, is 
so highly characteristic of the Monitor Lizards and of that group 
only. The author writes: “the chest is divided from the abdomen 
by a partial membranous diaphragm attacked to the parietes of the 
abdomen by numerous strings or filaments... .. the liver lies in 
the abdominal cavity just below the diaphragm.’ There is, however, 
no further remark concerning the structure in question; it is not 
emphasized as a peculiarity of the Monitor nor is it compared in any 
way with what I believe to be an homologous structure in the 
Crocodilia. 

This horizontal septum closely resembles a structure in the Croco- 
dilia (fig. 3) which has been described by Prof. Huxley* as well as by 
others: this consists of a membrane, partly muscular, which is 
attached to the pubis and to the abdominal parietes behind, and in 
the median dorsal line to the backbone ; it entirely envelopes the cvils 
of the intestines, so that they are not visible when the body-wall is 
cut through. Anteriorly this muscular expansion is attached to the 
fibrous compartments in which are lodged the stomach and the two 
lobes of the liver; the lungs are thus shut off from the abdominal 
cavity ; this membrane bears on the ventral surface the anterior 
abdominal veins : there is evidently a close similarity, so far, between 
the Crocodile and the Lizard; furthermore in both animals the 
lateral regions of the membrane are connected with the lateral 
parietes by fibrous bands, and in both the fat-body lies outside of the 
membrane and outside of the abdominal cavity; the reproductive 
glands and the kidneys have a similar reiation to the membrane in 
both types; in the Crocodile as in the Lizard the reproductive 
glands and the kidneys are separated by the membrane ; the former 
lie within, the latter without, the abdominal cavity. The only 
differences are that in the Crocodile the membrane is largely covered 
by muscular tissue, and that instead of simply passing over the liver 
and stomach, it becomes connected with special sheaths enveloping 
these several organs. In these points the Crocodile, as Prof. Huxley 
has pointed out, resembles birds. 

The above considerations point, in my opinion, to an unmistakable 
resemblance between the Monitor Lizards and the higher Sanropsida, 
a resemblance which is, perbaps, a little unexpected. There has 
never, so far as I am aware, been any doubt as to the thoroughly 
Lacertilian nature of the Varanide ; in all the schemes of classifica- 

1 P.Z.8. 1831, p. 138. 2 P. Z.S. 1882, p. 568. 


104 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE VISCERAL [Feb. 7, 


tion of the Lacertilia with which I am acquainted ‘there is no 
tendency to separate the Varanide from other Lizards, although it 
is true that Mr. Boulenger remarks upon them as forming “a 
perfectly isolated group” '. He does not, however, lay weight upon 
this opinion by separating the family in any way; it is, indeed, 
particularly associated in his scheme with the Helodermatide, 
Zonuride, Iguanide, &c. I have not yet had an opportunity of 
studying the structure of Heloderma ; and such papers as have been 
published upon the anatomy of this genus do not touch upon the 
points to which I have directed attention in this communication. I 
cannot, however, agree to such a close association of the Varanidze 
and Iguanide as is proposed by Mr. Boulenger ; and other facts, to 
which I shall direct attention presently, point unmistakably to the 
isolation of the Varanide, and perhaps to affinities with the Crocodiha. 

There is little reason to doubt that the Sauropsida form a group 
which have been derived from a single Reptilian ancestor; this is 
allowed by Cope* except in so far as regards the Icthyosauria. 
Dr. Baur* derives all the Sauropsida from the Carboniferous 
Proganosauria, which, in his opinion, is a group of Reptiles, though 
Cope with some uncertainty assigns this same group to the Amphibia. 
Both these writers concur in the belief that the Rhynchocephalia 
(Hatteria) are the most generalized of all living reptiles, and most 
nearly represent the primitive stock from which all existing as well 
as extinct orders of Reptiles took their origin. 

Dr. Baur is of opinion that the existing Lacertilia (and Ophidia) 
come nearer to this primitive stock than do any other orders of the 
Sauropsida, while Prof. Huxley * thinks that the differences between 
Hatteria and other Lacertilia have been made too much of. The 
visceral anatomy of Hatteria is certainly much nearer to that of 
Lacerta than to any other Sauropsidan, and the Laecertilia as a 
whole are decidedly at a much lower grade of organization, as regards 
the viscera, than are either the Crocodilia and Aves on the one hand, 
or the Testudinata on the other. 

These considerations render the existence of Crocodilian affinities 
in Monitor more intelligible than might at first sight appear ; they 
also point to the conclusion that the difference in structure be- 
tween the Varanide and other Lizards to which attention has 
been here directed must have existed in the ancestral Reptilian 
stock which gave rise to the existing Lacertilia, Crocodilia, and 
Aves; I would argue, in fact, for the extreme age of a Reptilian 
type closely allied to Varanus and Monitor. Can this type be 
Protorosaurus’ It is a Permian Reptile undoubtedly with near 
affinities to the existing Lacertilia, though with thecodont teeth as 
in the Crocodilia ; it has been stated that this Lizard approximates 
closely to the living Monitors °. 


Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xiv. (1884), p. 117. 
American Naturalist, 1885, p. 245. 
3 Journal of Morphology, vol. i. p. 98. * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1887. 
5 See, however, a paper on Protorosaurus by Seeley (Phil. Trans. 1887), who 
does not allow any special Lacertilian affinities. 


1 
2 


1888. ] ANATOMY OF THE LACERTILIA. 105 


Fig. 4. 


Liver, bile-ducts, &e. of Varanus salwator. 


L.L, R.L, Right and left lobes of liver; g.b, gall-bladder; P, portal vein ; 
AJd.d, abdominal vein. 7 


106 ON THE VISCERAL ANATOMY OF THE LACERTILIA. [Feb. 7, 


2. Bile-ducts. 


The accompanying drawing (fig. 4, p. 105) illustrates the very 
remarkable condition of the bile-ducts which characterizes Varanus 
salvator ; the bile-ducts, both cystic and hepatic, form a highly 
complicated network, which is found in many serpents, but not, so 
far as I am aware, in any other Lizard. This fact, however, is not 
new, but has already been recorded’ by Pagenstecher, who, 
however, has not stated what particular species his observations 
referred to. I have therefore thought it worth while again to bring 
this matter forward, as I am able to state the exact species in which 
this structural peculiarity occurs. It is important to notice that it 
is only in Varanus salvator that the cystic and hepatic ducts form a 
network ; in the other species of Varanus and Monitor which I have 
had the opportunity of dissecting the bile-ducts are quite single, as 
in other Lacertilia: I find that Dr. Giinther, who has dissected 
Regenia ocellata®, R. albigularis, and Monitor niloticus*, makes 
no mention of any resemblance to Varanus salvator; I conclude 
therefore that in the former species also the bile-ducts are single. 

In Alligator lucius (Bronn’s ‘ Thierreichs,’ Taf. C. fig. 4) there 
appears to be just a trace of this network of bile-ducts. 

In the same work Hoffmann refers to the similarity which the teeth 
of Monitor show to those of the Crocodilia in their development. Mr. 
Boulenger has kindly directed my attention to a note in the ‘ Zoolo- 
gischer Anzeiger’ (Bd. x.), by Van Bemmelen, upon the structure of 
the vessels of the neck in the Sauropsida. From his results it would 
appear that the Monitors differ greatly from other Lacertilia, and 
are, in fact, more aberrant than even Hatteria. These facts are all 
in harmony with my contention that the Monitors should be widely 
separated from other Lacertilia, and some of them are by no means 
at variance with my belief that the Monitors show Crocodilian 
affinities. 


Summary. 


The principal facts recorded in the present paper and the 
conclusions to which they lead are as follows :— 

(1) The Varanidee differ from other Lacertilia in two important 
particulars :—in (i.) the occasional complication of the cystic and 
hepatic ducts, which form a network, (ii.) the presence of a fold of 
peritoneum, reflected from the lining peritoneum of the abdominal 
cavity, which surrounds the abdominal viscera. 

(2) This fold of peritoneum has its exact counterpart in Croco- 
dilia and Aves, where, however, the subdivision of the coelom into a 
number of separate cavities is carried on still further. 

(3) The Varanide, therefore, alone (?) of existing Lacertilia show 
the first beginnings of the subdivision of the ccelom, which reaches 
its extreme in the higher Sauropsida. ' 


1 Wirzburg Naturwiss. Zeitschr, 1. p. 248. 
2 P. Z.8. 1860, p. 60. 5 P. Z.8. 1861, p. 109. 


1888.] MR. R. B. SHARPE ON A NEW SPECIES OF ELAINEA. — 107 


(4) These facts necessitate the separation of the Varanidz from 
the true Lacertilia into a group equivalent to that of, e. g., Khyncho- 
cephalia. 

(5) Tt is probable, as generally believed, that the Lacertilia more 
nearly represent the primitive Reptilian stock than any other 
Sauropsida. 

(6) The particular resemblance between the Varanidee and the 
Crocodilia renders it probable that some Reptilian type existed in 
early Mesozoic or late Palseozoic times, which in many points, 
especially those enumerated in(1), resembled the existing Varanide. 
From this type originated the Crocodilia, Dinosauria, and Aves. 


4, Ona new Species of Elainea from the Island of Fernando 
Norohna. By R. Bowpier Suarpe, F.LS., F.Z.8., &e. 


[Received January 18, 1888.] 


My colleague Mr. H. N. Ridley, during his recent visit to the 
island of Fernando Norohna, procured several specimens of a Tyrant- 
bird, which is evidently undescribed. I propose therefore to call it 


ELAINEA RIDLEYANA, Sp. 0. 


Adult male. General colour above dusky olive-brown, slightly 
paler brown on the lower back and rump; lesser wing-coverts olive- 
brown, the lower ones edged with white; median and greater coverts 
dark sepia-brown, tipped with white, forming wing-bars; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, the latter edged with whity 
brown, the inner secondaries with white like the greater coverts, broad- 
ening towards the ends of the outer web; upper tail-coverts and 
tail-teathers dark brown; crown of head crested, a little more 
dusky in colour than the back, with a concealed white streak in the 
centre; lores duil ashy; feathers round eve and ear-coverts dark 
olive-brown ; cheeks ashy grey, with an olive tinge; throat ashy 
whitish ; fore neck and chest ashy grey, with an olive tinge ; breast 
and abdomen pale sulphur-yellow ; sides of body and flanks ashy, 
washed with olive ; thighs yellowish, with brown bases ; under tail- 
coverts pale sulphur-yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale 
sulphur-yellow ; quills below dusky, pale ashy olive along the inner 
edge. Total length 6°7 inches, culmen 0°6, wing 3:25, tail 2-9, 
tarsus 0°8. 

Hab. \sland of Fernando Norohna (Ridley). 

This species approaches Llainea pagana (Licht.) in general ap- 
pearance, but isa much darker bird, with dusky brown head and 
ear-coverts, and is at ouce to be recognized by its conspicuously 


longer bill. 


108 MR. D. D. DALY ON THE CAVES CONTAINING [Feb. 7, 


5. On the Caves containing Edible Birds’-nests in British 
North Borneo. By D. D. Daty, Assistant Resident, 
British North Borneo’. 


[Received February 2, 1888.] 


The increasing attention to valuable products of trade in new 
countries has led me to prepare the following notes on the Birds’- 
nest Caves of Northern Borneo gathered during a residence of nearly 
five years in that country. The number of caves that are known to 
be in existence up to date are referred to in the order of their size, 
wealth, value, and importance both as regards the quantity and 
quality of the nests. Many of these mountain-caves have been 
visited by Europeans since the establishment of British North Borneo 
as a Colony under Royal Charter in November, 1881; but there are 
a few that are so inaccessible amid inland mountains and among 
semi-hostile tribes that they have not yet been explored, and are 
only alluded to from native information. 

The edible nests of the Swift (Collocalia fuciphaga) are valued in 
China only ; to the European palate birds’-nest soup has an insipid 
taste. 

Many theories, some of them absurd, have been propounded 
with respect to the mode of formation of the nests ; it may, however, 
be laid down as indisputably proved by experts that the nests are 
made by the Swifts of their own inspissated saliva*. The nests have 
been carefully analyzed by chemical experts, and no traces of vege- 
table matter have been discovered. The thready mucus is worked 
up by the Swift from the salivary glands in its neck. 

The strings of mucus are plainly visible in the nests which I have 
the pleasure of exhibiting at this meeting, and which were brought 


1 In the discussion which followed the reading of this paper, Mr. W. H. 
Treacher (late Governor of British North Borneo) pointed out, in reference to 
Mr. Daly’s explanation of the differences in the colour and value of the nests, 
that Sir Hugh Low, writing on Sarawak about 40 years ago, maintained that, 
two distinct varieties of birds formed the white and the black nests respectively, 
the latter being a smaller dull-coloured bird, generally found in the inland 
caves, and the former a large bird, of livelier colour, with a white belly, and 
found in the caves near the sea-shore ; and that the natives of whom he had 
inquired, corroborated Sir Hugh’s statement; he also pointed out that the 
Sigalong caves yielded almost entirely white nests, while those of Madai, close 
by, were almost all black ones. In the Gomanton series some of the caves 
always yielded black nests, and others always white ones, although the nests in 
all were collected with equal regularity. The Hon. Ralph Abercromby said 
that when he visited the Gomanton caves the natives showed him three 
different-sized eggs, and said the largest was the egg always found in the white 
nests; he added that a German naturalist, who had resided in Palawan, had, 
however, given him an explanation similar to Mr. Daly’s. 

My. Sclater said that only one kind of Swift had been sent to him from 
Borneo for identification, and that that, as determined by Mr. Sharpe (see 
P. Z. 8. 1886, p. 54), was Collocalia fuciphaga ; he suggested that the Company's 
officers might easily settle the question by procuring specimens and sending 
them home for determination, and urged them to adopt this plan. 

2 See Mr. H. Pryer’s paper on this subject, P. Z.S. 1884, p. 532 and the 
accompanying footnote. 


1888.] EDIBLE BIRDS’-NESTS IN BRITISH NORTH BORNEO. 109 


by me last July from North Borneo. They were taken from the 
Tatalahan Caves on the west coast. 

The later geological formation of British North Borneo, superin- 
cumbent'on the granitic and older rocks is a slate composed of sandy 
and muddy sediments with occasional intercalated zones of limestone. 
In the caves found in these limestone deposits the Swifts make their 
homes, and build the nests so much coveted by the Chinese. The 
demand for these ingredients of gelatinous soup is constant among 
the wealthier Chinese, and the supply is extremely limited ; the pro- 
duct is consequently of increasing value as a luxury. There are 
three qualities of these nests :— 

1. The white nests, which are gathered before the bird has com- 
menced to lay any eggs, and which are composed of a clear trans- 
parent mucilaginous matter, with very few feathers mixed with them. 

2. The red or grey nests’ which are partly mixed with feathers, 
in which eggs are sometimes found, and which have to be cleared of 
much extraneous matter. The part of the nest adhering to the 
limestone is sometimes tinged with pink. 

3. The black nests, which are much mixed with feathers. Some- 
times fledglings may be foundtherein. These nests have been over- 
looked at the previous gathering, and have darkened or deteriorated 
from exposure to water and to the atmosphere of the caves. The 
partial decomposition of the mucous matter renders them the least 
valuable. 

The following market-quotations of the birds’-nests are taken 
from the ‘ British North Borneo Herald,’ of 1st December, 1887. 


White birds’-nests, best, per catty $16 to $12 
38 3 2nd quality 5 9 + 7 
» ” red ” 7 ” 5 
= a3 common 5 1°80cts. ,, 2 
Black birds’-nests, best, per picul $80 
a re 2nd quality - 50 
om “3 3rd quality i 40 


The following are the names of the principal mountains contain- 
ing caves to which the Edible Swift resorts for the purpose of 
breeding, so far as they are yet known :— 


No. 1. Gomanton. No. 10. Butong. 

» 2. Madai. »» 11. Bukit Malingai. 

» 3. Sigalong. » 12. Pigton. 

» 4. Baturong. », 13. Bahalla. 

», 9. Batu Timbang. », 14. Ulu Sembakong. 

,, 6. Senobang. » 15. Waleigh-waleigh, Kin- 
», 7. Obang Obang. oram River. 

» 8. Tatalahan. », 16. Mantanani. 

» 9. Bod Narkiow. 


1 When the nests are left untaken for too long a period after they 
have been built, the part or hinge adhering to the limestone first turns red, 
then black, and finally the nest drops to the ground, oftentimes with young 


110 MR. D. D. DALY ON THE CAVES CONTAINING [Feb. 7, 


No. 1. Tur Gomanton Caves, near Sandakan, East Coast, are 
by far the most extensive and rich in quantity and quality of birds’- 
nests. These limestone caves are reached from Sandakan, the 
capital of British North Borneo, by ascending the Sapagaya River, 
which flows into the vast harbour of Sandakan, and from the head 
of the navigation of the Sapagaya by a jungle-track, 77 miles in 
length, to the Gomanton caves. These caves can therefore easily 
be reached in half a day from Sandakan. Marching along the 
narrow track, between green walls of tropical jungle, the traveller at 
times takes breath to notice ferns, lycopodiums, pitcher-plants, 
and orchids that love the shade of valuable hard-wood forest 
trees. The crow of the Argus Pheasant frequently breaks the 
stillness, and the monster ape, the ‘Orang utan” (in Malay 
‘“Mias”) looks down with surprise at the passing wayfarer from 
lofty branches overhead. As the caves‘are approached, half a mile 
off, the air is strongly impregnated with the odour of guano, 
of which there are valuable deposits; then slippery, moss-grown 
limestone boulders are scaled until the entrance, ‘‘Simud Putech ”’ 
(Malay for ‘‘ white entrance’’), is reached. This porch is situated 
at an altitude of 570 feet, by aneroid, above the sea, and being 30 feet 
high by 50 feet wide, presents a noble entrance. Leaving this, a 
further climb of 500 feet brings the traveller to the summit of the 
Gomanton Caves. Peering down a small aperture, a magnificent 
cavern variously estimated at 850 to 900 feet in depth, or upwards of 
twice the height of St. Paul’s, London, is disclosed. The native 
climbers descend from this hole, holding on to a network of rattan 
ladders that spread over the limestone roof of the vaults; as seen 
from the floor of the cave, the collectors appear like flies as they 
clamber about in their perilous work. Here, on the summit, there 
are some cocoa-nut trees, lime trees, and a plateau of grass. A grand 
panoramic view is unfolded, Sandakan harbour and distant cloud- 
capped ranges being prominent. Looking down from the plateau, 
there is a precipitous cliff inviting the weary mind with suicidal 
intent. Let us descend again to the Simud Putech entrance. It is 
very steep and slippery work ; suddenly a vast dome-shaped cham- 
ber is entered. ‘This dome is honeycombed with other domes, all 
of which have their native names, as precise as the nomenclature of 
the leading thoroughfares into Trafalgar Square. The vaulted cor- 
ridors leading to this dome are about 150 feet high. Let no man 
enter these caves without torch or candle, as there are dangerous 
fissures. In this, the Simud Putech cave, looking to the left, a 
dark abyss, known as the Simud Itam (Malay for ‘‘ black entrance’) 
Cave, is pointed out by the guide; its depth is estimated at 400 feet. 
The Simud Putech Cave is coated with a layer of Swifts’ guano from 
5 to 15 feet in depth; it is less valuable than the Bats’ guano in the 
Simud Itam and other caves. 


Swiftletsinthem. These nests having been overlooked or being inaccessible to 
the inexpert climber, are used by the birds for laying their eggs and rearing 
young ones year after year, until they turn black and worthless. 


1888.] EDIBLE BIRDS’-NESTS IN BRITISH NORTH BORNEO. 111 


No. 2. Tue Mapar Caves, Darvel Bay, East Coast. 


In July 1884 I visited these caves in company with Governor 
Treacher. The approach to the shore in a steam-launch was 
intricate work, as many coral patches obstructed the entrance. 
Having anchored at the mouth of the Tucgabuah River, we 
paddled up for about an hour and landed. A three-mile jungle-track, 
much broken up by Elephants, Rhinoceroses, wild Cattle, and 
wild Pigs, brought us to the entrance of the caves, which is on a 
level with the surrounding country. The limestone walls rose 
rugged and precipitous, and glittered in the light of the morning sun. 
As we entered, there were flights of Swifts whizzing and flitting past 
our heads, and we found many of the young birds, tied together by 
the wings, lying on the floor ready to be carried away for food by 
the collectors. These men belong to the Erahan tribe, and we found 
some twenty of them living on stages inside the caves. They 
handed to us torches and bees’-wax tapers, which were most welcome 
as we clambered in the murky darkness over the slippery limestone 
boulders. In the hollows of the floor there were thick layers of 
guano, which was saturated with the rain-water that percolated 
through the limestone ceiling ; the result was that we were fre- 
quently immersed up to our middle in these offensive deposits. 

Unlike Gomanton, which boasts one monster cave, Madai pre- 
sents a series of chambers, about 150 feet in height, connected with 
each other by narrow passages. There are very few Bats, the Swifts 
having taken possession of the most advantageous nest-building sites 
and being evidently too numerous for the unremunerative mammalia 
to lead a peaceable existence. 

As we walked through the six caves, the collectors pointed out 
to us 25 “ lobangs,” as they are called by the natives. These are 
domes or vaults, each one of which is owned by a separate pro- 
prietor. The natives say that 20 of these vaults contain black nests 
only, and that three vaults only hold white nests. 

This would denote, as native information frequently asserts, that 
there are two kinds of Swifts, viz., one that builds black nests and 
the other white nests. In fact some natives maintain that there are 
as many as four different kinds of Swifts. Further investigation is 
required to clear up this question. 

There are three collecting-seasons in one year; the last season 
yields nests of an inferior quality to the other two. The total 
harvests of both black and white nests are valued at $15,000 per 
annum. 


No. 3. Tur S1gatone Caves, Darvel Bay, East Coast, are situated 
about 21 miles S.E. from the Madai Caves, and are approached 
through coral reefs. The chambers are low, and the openings are 
small and difficult to enter for Europeans. 

The native collectors enter some of these limestone caves by loop- 
holes from the summit, which is about 250 feet above the surrounding 
country. There is a preponderance of Bats over Swifts, but the depo- 
sit of guano is not so large as in the Gomanton and Madai Caves. I 


112 MR. D. D. DALY ON THE CAVES CONTAINING [Feb. 7, 


was only able, owing to darkness coming on, to visit a few of these 
caves; the Hrahan collectors said that there were 14 of them, and gave 
us the names of the proprietors and the yield of nests of each cave. 

The Sigalong caves have all white nests, and the harvest is 
valued at $12,500 per annum. 


No. 4. Tue Barurone Caves, near the Madai Caves, Darvel 
Bay, East Coast, were first visited by Mr. F. G. Callaghan, the 
Assistant Resident of Darvel Bay, in July 1887, and the following 
extract from his official report will be of interest :— 

“The next morning we started for Madai, but, only being able to 
get four Ehrans as baggage-carriers, the greater portion of our stores 
was left in the boats. 

«Reaching Madai at about 10 o’clock, I obtained a party of 
fifteen Ehrans, and started for Baturong at 12. The track lies at 
the back of Madai and passes close underneath the high hill called 
Pigtong, and also near another range of the name of Gelass. This 
latter hill used to produce birds’-nests, but for some reason has not 
been worked for thirty seasons (?). The nests were of both kinds, 
black and white. The track lay through flat and rather swampy 
ground with outcropping of limestone in several places. We halted 
for the night at the Kiten River. Sri Rajah, who accompanied us, 
followed as a guide. 

«Leaving the next morning at daybreak, we ascended a gradual 
slope for nearly an hour, the jungle full of durians, langssats, and 
other fruit-trees. For about another hour we continued along this 
range, called Bukit Telang, of about 400 to 500 feet high, direction 
KE. by S. 

«On leaving the hill, we met the following tributaries of the Tinkayu 
River—the Bitaspalino, Natunde-Batas, Segas, and Binnan rivers, all 
of which are of fair size. The Tinkayu is a fine river, but is not navi- 
gable to this point, owing to large rapids and falls. The natives say 
it is about six days’ paddle up from the mouth to the first rapids, 
the noise of which we heard. 

“‘The country is very flat between these rivers, and, owing to the 
heavy rains, a good deal inundated, making travelling very difficult. 

“We reached the Baturong Caves at 2.30 and found the Tedong 
people had all left, probably four or five days before. Baturong is 
a hill about 2000 feet high, nearly perpendicular ; it appears to be 
all of white glistening limestone. It contains fifteen ‘lobangs’ or 
holes, out of which Suggin and Selagas appear to be the most valu- 
able, producing seven and four catties of white nests yearly respec- 
tively. These two holes are worked three times a year, but the 
remainder only once. The estimate in the ‘ Herald,’ of Septem- 
ber 1884, gives the out-turn at one picul yearly, but I do not believe 
that more than twenty catties or so. are gathered. The entrance to 
the cave is about 40 feet from the ground, a large tree growing 
up alongside the rock affording a kind of ladder, and from the 
branches of the tree a kind of suspension-bridge to the cave has 
been made. I did not attempt therefore to enter the caves, which, I 


1888.] EDIBLE BIRDS’-NESTS IN BRITISH NORTH BORNEO. 113 


was informed, are nearly twice as higk as Madai. A stream of 
good water flows just below the cave, 


No. 5. Tae Batu Timpane Caves are situated at the head of 
the Quarmote River, a branch of the Kinabatangan River, East Coast, 
and are almost inaccessible when the Quarmote River is in flood, on 
account of dangerous rapids. During other seasons the journey 
from the Kinabatangan to the caves can be accomplished there and 
back in a fortnight. | When I visited the Quarmote in September 
1884 it was impossible to stem the flood. The chief, Rajah Tuah 
Dorkas, concurred that a road would be a great advantage, inas- 
much as three seasons for gathering the nests would then be avail- 
able, and the nests would all be in good order and of higher value. 
At present there are two seasons—one dry, when the nests are 
picked and in fair order; the other when the rains are on, which, 
percolating the limestone vaults, trickle into and damage the nests. 
When the rainy season lasts an unusually long time and the caves 
cannot be reached, the nests are left on the walls for too long 
a period and become black and nearly worthless. Men are fre- 
quently drowned over the cataracts. There are many vaults in 
these caves, and the chief told me that he had gathered 15 catties 
(= 20 lbs. avoirdupois) of white nests, and one picul (= 1333 lbs.) 
of black nests from one vault alone during the last season. The 
expenses of collecting are considerable. When the collecting-season 
has arrived, a fleet of flat-bottomed boats start from the Kinaba- 
tangan River ; sometimes there are as many as 90 boats, and allowing 
five men to each boat, the force would number 450 men. As there 
is no currency in silver or copper, all these people are paid in birds’- 
nests, which come into the traders’ hands and find their way to 
Sandakan. 

The Batu Timbang Caves had been abandoned for some years 
until the British North-Borneo Company proclaimed the Royal 
Charter in 1881. There are powerful tribes in the interior, the 
principal one being the Tingallans, who are head-hunters, and the 
collectors were decimated year after year. Since the advent of the 
British North-Borneo Company, the people have been able to work 
the caves without molestation. 


No. 6. Tur Senopane Caves are situated on the Upper Penun- 
gah River, a tributary of the Kinabatangan River, East Coast. The 
late much-lamented Mr. Frank Hatton, in 1882, made a gallant 
attempt, in the face of hostility from the 'Tungara tribe, to visit 
them. The savages were conciliated, chiefly by his pluck and tact ; 
but the floods swept away and destroyed some of his boats over the 
rapids, and he was most unwillingly compelled to do that which 
explorers are so loath to do, viz., turn back. 

In October 1884 1 made two attempts to reach these caves, but 
was overpowered by the heavy rains which swelled the river, and 
over a cataract I lost part of my provisions, a rifle, and all my 
cooking-utensils. ‘The time will come when roads laid out by the 

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. VIII. 8 


114 MR. D. D- DALY ON THE CAVES CONTAINING — [Feb. 7, 


British North-Borneo Company will give access to the Batu Tim- 
bang, Senobang, Ulu Sembakong, and Obang Obang Caves, which 
are all situated to the south of the Kinabatangan River, and then 
the real output of the caves will be ascertained, and the harvests of 
birds’-nests, collected, as in Java, under European supervision in 
proper seasons, will be enhanced in value. 


No. 7. Tue OpanG Osane Caves are situated on the Melikop 
River, a tributary of the Kinabatangan River, East Coast, about the 
centre of British North Borneo, and connecting the east and west 
coasts by the palsozoic zone of insular limestone mountains. 

The aneroid, at the mouths of the caves, gave a reading of one 
thousand eight hundred and ten feet above sea-level. The last half 
hour’s walk was over limestone boulders, and the air was strongly 
impregnated with the odour of Bats’ guano. 

The first cave is the most valuable, but it can only be entered by 
experts in climbing. 

The entrance is a small hole, about four feet by four, which is 
closed with a wooden grating, for the purpose of attracting atten- 
tion to the spot. 

Every two months this doorway is opened, and the climbers let 
themselves down into the caves by means of rattans, and gather all 
nests, both large and small. 

The ‘‘take” or collection varies much in different seasons, this 
principal cave yielding from eighty to two hundred and fifty white 
nests, worth $16 a catty, per season. 

One season lasts only two months, making six seasons in the year, 
the same periods of seasons are also observed at the Senobang cavern, 
Ulu Penungah. This is quite different from the duration of the 
seasons at Gomanton, Batu Timbang (river Quarmote), Madai, and 
Sigalong Caves, where there are only two or, at most, three seasons 
in the twelve months. The ‘Tungaras agree that by collecting fre- 
quently they procure white nests in first-rate order, though some 
of the nests fetch a higher price from the Sulu traders than those of 
Batu Timbang. 

I noticed a great scarcity of Swifts; this may be attributed to 
these {requent takings of nests, which prevent the birds from breeding, 
whereas in the other caves of North Borneo where the collections 
are less frequent, an immense number of birds are found. 

On the other hand, where there are only two collections per 
annum, and especially during the rainy season, many of the nests 
are found to be half rotten, particularly that part of the nests that 
adheres to the wall, and full of feathers and containing eggs, from 
having been left too long on the walls before collection. 

The “ Obang Obang” range, which contains the caves of that 
name, runs about north and south and is half a mile in length. 

There are seven entrances (‘‘lobang’”’) from the top of the hill, 
and they are all close together. Five of the caves do not contain 
any nests, no Swifts, but only Bats, inhabiting them. 

The first I have already alluded to, and the last was the only one 


1888.] EDIBLE BIRDS’-NESTS IN BRITISH NORTH BORNEO. 115 


that could be entered. ‘This is a small cave, the chamber itself 
only about fifty feet high, and containing both Bats’ and Swifts’ nests. 

I visited these caves in October 1884 and found that only ten 
Swifts’ nests had been gathered that season. 

The Bats’ nests are similar in form to those of the Swifts, but are 
made of moss only, which the Bats pick off the limestone boulders 
outside. 

I had Malini with me, the man who had successfully scaled the 
interior of the Gomanton Caves; he went down to No. | of these 
Obang caves, but unfortunately could only find a few young nests 
just being formed in the crannies and cracks of the vault, the 
season’s nests having already been gathered. 

The tribes who inhabit this part of Borneo have a certain specified 
law of succession as to the gatherers of the nests, and the honour 
is taken in turn by the chiefs and their several relatives. 

It is probable that, with a little rest and freedom from intrusion, 
the Obang Caves might become very valuable to the colony. I was, 
I must own, somewhat disappointed with these caves after what 
Thad heard about them. I proposed to the people that, inasmuch 
as the Government afforded them protection on the Kinabatangan 
River, which enabled them to trade and live in security, they should 
in return pay a tribute of one third of all birds’-nests taken out of 
the caves. This was cheerfully assented to. 

I found the yield of the month previous to my visiting the district 
had been 150 nests, and of these 50 were at once handed over 
to me. 


No. 8. Tar TaraLanan Caves, onthe Padas River, West Coast, 
are as yet unvisited by Europeans; but I have seen white birds’- 
nests of the best quality brought to Mempakol, the capital of Pro- 
vince Dent. 


No. 9. Bop Narxiow Caves. This paper, relating, as it does, 
chiefly to the edible birds’-nest caves on the Kinabatangan River, will 
show that that river is very rich in caves. Amongst others I may 
briefly allude to those reported at Bod Narkiow. Though I did not 
visit them, there is every reason to suppose they exist. The formation 
of the country is favourable to the supposition, and the folklore of 
the natives alludes to the fact that at Narkiow such eaves are found. 


No. 10. Burone Caves. Much the same kind of obscurity hangs 
over the history of the Butong Hill Caves. Time would not allow 
me to explore the district in their neighbourhood. So I contented 
myself with offering $100 to anyone who would bring me reliable 
information about them. 


No. 11. Buxrr Mazrneat, a sandstone mountain, holds birds’- 
nest caves, but an entrance to them has not yet been discovered. 
There is a strong smell of guano near the summit. 


No. 12. Pieron, a limestone hill, Darvel Bay, is as yet un- 
visited. 
gt 


116 MR. 0. SALVIN ON ORNITHOPTERA VICTORIE.  [Feb. 7, 


No. 13. Bawaxua Isuanp, off Sandakan Harbour, contains both 
black and white nests, the collection of them being farmed out by 
Government. The apertures are in the face of a precipitous sand- 
stone cliff, some 600 feet high, and are entered from the summit, 
the climbers being lowered down from the top by ropes. 


No. 14. Uru Sempaxone Caves. Natives informed me of some 
valuable caves on the Sembakong River, which empties itself into 
Sebuco Bay, East Coast; these could only be visited by going 
through the country with an armed force, as some of the head- 
hunting tribes are hostile. 


No. 15. Some caves at WALEIGH-WALEIGH, Kinoram River, a 
tributary of the Bongon River, a part of the northern Kinabalu 
watershed ; these were visited some years ago by the late Mr. 
Frank Hatton. 


No. 16. Manranant. These caves are situated in a group of 
uninhabited islands of that name, about 20 miles off the north-west 
coast of Borneo. Both white and black nests are taken, the collec- 
tion being in the hands of two Borneo tribes who collect in alternate 
seasons. 


I have now enumerated all those caves that are known at present. 
Doubtless this vast territory contains others perhaps richer than 
these, and in the course of time, when the country is more fully 
explored, we shall be able to fix their position definitely on the map 
of British North Borneo. 


6. A Note on Ornithoptera victoria, Gray. 
By Osserrt Satvin, M.A., F.R.S. 


[Received February 7, 1888. ] 
(Plate IV.) 


At the meeting of the Society held on the 1st of March last I had 
the pleasure of exhibiting a male specimen of an Ornithoptera, from 
the island of Maleita, one of the Solomon group. This specimen 
Mr. Godman and I considered to belong to the male of the long- 
known 0. victoria, the description of which was based upon a female 
example obtained by J. Macgillivray, but of which the locality was 
not recorded. The females, of which specimens were also exhibited, 
from Maleita Island agree with the type, hence our determination 
of the male. The male and the underside of the female have since 
been figured by Mr. Henley G. Smith, on the first plate of his new 
work ‘Rhopalocera Exotica, the male having been described in 
the June number of the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Nat. Hist.’ of last 
year (1887). 

Mr. Woodford, the enterprising naturalist who captured these 
specimens, has since returned to England, bringing with him a large 


Y 


I 


HOLVIA Vea ld LINO 


YI SStAANT Mh 


1888. ] MR. O. SALVIN ON ORNITHOPTERA VICTORI4. 117 


collection from the Solomon Islands, made almost exclusively in the 
island of Guadaleanar. In it are examples of both sexes of an Orni- 
thoptera closely allied to the Maleita insect; but on comparison we 
find that the males differ in several points, so much so that we con- 
sidered it desirable that the Maleita and Guadalcanar forms should 
bear different names. The differences are not great, it is true; but 
that there should be any is only in conformity with what we find in 
a very considerable number of other species of Butterflies, all of 
which go to prove that the productions of Guadalcanar and Maleita 
are, to a large extent, modifications of one another. These differ- 
ences I have pointed out below. 

The females from each island hardly differ appreciably from one 
another, though the submarginal spots of both wings are perhaps 
larger in the Maleita form ; it therefore becomes an important ques- 
tion where the typical female was obtained. Mr. Gray gave us little 
help upon this point, stating that it came from one of the islands of 
the South Pacific, mentioning the Solomon Islands as one of the 
places where it might have been taken. John Maczgillivray was the 
naturalist who sailed in H.M.SS. ‘ Rattlesnake’ and * Herald,’ and it 
was by him that the type was sent to the British Museum. 

The ‘Rattlesnake’ did not visit the Solomon Islands, but the 
‘ Herald,’ commanded by Capt. Denham, was there in 1854-55. 
Through the kindness of Capt. Wharton, the Hydrographer to the 
Admiralty, I have had an opportunity of seeing the chart prepared 
by Capt. Denham on which the route of the ‘ Herald’ is laid down. 
From this it appears that the ship touched at Wanderer Bay on the 
south coast of Guadaleanar, and at Makira on the south coast of 
San Cristoval, and that she never approached Maleita at all. 
Now, so far as we know, no species of Ornithoptera, not even the 
wide-ranging O. urvilliana, occurs on San Cristoval; hence it 
becomes practically certain that Macgillivray obtained the type of 
O. victorie at Wanderer Bay, Guadalcanar. 

It thus follows that the males now brought us from Aola, on the 
north side of this island, are males of the true O. victoria, and that 
the Maleita form is the one requiring another name. 

The two forms may be described as follows :— 


1. ORNITHOPTERA REGINA, sp. n. 

Ornithoptera victoria, Salv. & Godm. P. Z. 8. 1887, p. 190 
(ist March), ¢ ; H.G. Smith, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1887, xix. 
p. 445, d; id. Rhop. Ex. Ornithopt. pl. i. ¢ Q (nec G. R. Gray). 

gd. Wings deep black ; base of the primaries, except the costa, 
with a large patch of golden green, the outer margin of which is irre- 
gular and ill defined and reaches to within a quarter of an inch of the 
end of the cell ; towards the apex is a large subtriangular golden 
patch ; parallel to the inner margin and near the anal angle is an 
elongated stigma similar to that of O. priamus and its allies. The 
secondaries, almost from the costal margin to beyond the cell, are 
rich golden green, the distal part of the cell being black, though the 
nervures closing it are green. There are also three contiguous 


118 MR. 0. SALVIN ON ORNITHOPTERA VicToRI&. [Feb. 7, 


submarginal golden-green spots, whereof the two nearest the anal 
angle have a large central patch of golden yellow. Beneath, the 
wings are shining golden green, with the nervures, margins, a large 
subtriangular patch over the end of the cell of the primaries, a 
series of submarginal spots at the end of each secondary nervure, and 
two lunate spots on either side of the lower radial of the primaries 
black. 

The antenne and prothorax are black ; the abdomen ochraceous 
grey, with a double row of spots on either side and a ventral median 
line black. 

The primaries are narrow, with hardly any perceptible anal angle, 
the outer and inner margins meeting in a continuous regular curve. 
The secondaries are elongated and narrow, and the inner margin 
deeply incised ; the elongated hairs of the inner margin are pale 
yellow. 

2. Like that of O. victoria, the submarginal spots on both wings, 
especially those of the secondaries, being apparently rather larger, 
rounder, and not so lunate. 

Egg: nearly spherical, the surface finely rugose, like that of an 
orange, diam. 4 millim. 

Hab. N.W. Bay, Maleita Island (Woo7ford), Solomon Group. 

Mus. Godman & Salvin; H. Grose Smith. 

The peculiar veurat‘on of the male is described in our former note 
(P. Z.S. 1887, p. 190). 


2. ORNITHOPTERA VICTORIZ. (Plate IV. 3.) 

Ornithoptera victore, G. R. Gray, P.Z.S8. 1856, p. 7, pl. 39 (2 ). 

Similar to O. regine, but the wings of the male broader, the 
subapical spot of the primaries smaller and divided into three parts 
by the nervures, and the green of the base of the wings more 
restricted : the secondaries are almost entirely suffused with green, 
except the inner and outer margins; on the distal half are a few 
black scales, where, in O. regine, the wings are chiefly black: 
beneath, the discal green portion of the primaries is broken up by a 
series of broad black lunules, of which there are only two in 
O. regine, aud there is a black spot between the subcostal and its 
fourth branch. 

Larva (half-grown) dark brown; spies carmine; urticating pro- 
cess pale yellow. The head bears four spines (two long and two 
short) ; the first and second segments eight each, 3—3 six each, 6-11 
four each, 12 two (Mr. Woodtord’s notes). 

Hab. Wanderer Bay (Maegillivray), Aola (Woodford), Guadal- 
canar Island ; Florida Island (Woodford)? : Solomon group. 

Mr. Woodford’s collection contains a female example from Florida 
Island, which, in the absence of the male, I am unable to determine 
with certainty. Judging from the other Butterflies from this island, 
I notice that their affinity to those of Guadaleanar is great, and it 
is most probable that the Ornithoptera found there is the same as 
that of Guadalcanar ; but an examination of the male is necessary to 
determine the point with certainty. The only difference between 


1888.] MR. A. THOMSON’S REPORT ON THE INSECT-HOUSE. 119 


this female and the series of the same sex from Guadaleanar is that 
the submarginal spots are very small. 

Mr. Woodford informs me that both Ornithoptera victorie and 
O. urvilliana are very fond of frequenting the sweet-smelling white 
flowers of Cerbera odollam', a plant common in the Solomon Islands, 
and also in the Fiji islands. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV, 


Fig. 1. Ornithoptera victorie, 3. Imago, upper and under sides. 
! , half-grown larva; from a drawing by Mr. OC. M. Wood- 


ford. 
3. Ornithoptera regine, egg, natural size, and a portion of surface mag- 
nified. 


February 21, 1888. 
Prof. W. H. Flower, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Arthur Thomson exhibited a series of Insects reared in the 
Insect-house in the Society’s Gardens during the past year, and read 
the following Report on the subject :— 


Report on the Insect-house for 1887. 


The following is a list of the Insects exhibited in the Insect-house 
during 1887 :— 


Silk-producing Bombyces and their Allies. 


Indian. 

Attacus atlas. Actias selene. 
pernyi. Antherea mylitta. 
cynthia. Cricula trifenestrata. 

American. 

Samia cecropia. Actias luna. 

Telea polyphemus. Dirphia tarquinia. 

* angulifera. Hypochera io. 
promethea. 
African. 


Antherea cytherea. 


1 Cerbera odollam, Mr. Hemsley tells me, is closely allied to the Oleander, 
and similar in aspect. It is common on the sea-shores of India, Ceylon, Malaya, 
North Australia, and throughout Polynesia, even as far eastwards as Pitcairn 
Island, though it does not reach the American coast. The seeds will bear long 
immersion in the sea without injury, and the plant is one of the early inhabi- 
tants of coral islands. 

* Exhibited for the first time. 


120 MR. A. THOMSON’S REPORT ON THE INSECT-HOUSE. [Feb. 


Diurnal Lepidoptera. 


European. 


Papilio machaon. 
podalirius. 
Thais polyxena. 
Parnassius apollo. 
Euchloé cardamines. 
Vanessa antiopa. 


Vanessa levana. 
Argynnis euphrosyne. 
Limenitis sibylla. 
Melanargia galathea. 
Apatura iris. 

Aporia crategi. 
Lycena corydon. 


10. 
African. 
Papilio porthaon. Papilio nireus. 
policenes. morania. 
American. 
Papilio ajax. Papilio troilus. 
asterias. turnus. 
Nocturni. 
Smerinthus populi. * Philampelus achemon. 
tilie. * Hemaris cynoglossum. 
Sphinx ligustri. * Deiopeia pulchella. 


Callimorpha dominula. 


pinastri. 
Bombyx quercus. 


Deilephila euphorbie. 


gal. Boarmia repandata. 
Cherocampa oldenlandie *Demas coryli. 
(Japan). Notadonta ziczac. 
elpenor. Eacles imperialis. 


*Otus myron. *Composia olympia. 

Of the silk-producing Bombyces, one species, Telea angulifera, 
was exhibited for the first time. I had, altogether, six cocoons of this 
interesting species, three belonging to the Society and three to the 
Hon. Walter Rothschild. All of them produced moths, the Society’s 
producing two fine males and one poor female, and Mr. Rothschild’s 
three fine females. It is curious to note that the males of this species 
so much resemble the females of Telea promethea. 

Whilst speaking of the silk-producing Moths, I wish to say that 
on the 8th of September last I received twelve cocoons of a Silk- 
Moth from Mr. Gerald Dudgeon, of Darjeeling, which he had found 
wild near that place, but of which he did not know the name. These 
cocoons, which are very curious and unlike any other cocoons I have 
seen, I regret to say, have not produced any moths. 

Mr. Dudgeon, in a letter he wrote at the time he sent the cocoons, 
gives a description of the larvee. Of the cocoons (which I now ex- 
hibit) he says, the larva ‘‘about the middle of June constructs a 
eurious hanging-cocoon, with an aperture all along the top. The 
lower extremity of the cocoon is pointed and encloses a well-formed 
drain. This drain consists of a small cell made of hardened silk, 


* Exhibited for the first time. 


1888.] MR. A. THOMSON’S REPORT ON THE INSECT-HOUSE. = 121 


and perforated interiorly with ten or twelve small holes, and having 
a larger hole outside. 

“« The necessity of this drain is evident, for owing to the aperture at 
the top, the rain, which falls very heavily here at times, would be apt 
to fill the cocoon, and thus drown the pupa; therefore the larva con- 
structs for itself a perfect drain, by which the water runs out as fast 
as it comes in.” 

I forwarded two of these cocoons to Mr. F. Moore, asking if he 
knew them. Mr. Moore, in his letter to me, replied :—‘‘ They are, 
for a certainty, those of the Moth named Rhodia newara, described by 
me in the Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 578, from specimens collected in 
Nepal by the late General Ramsay, who also gave me a description of 
the cocoon.” 

The pupz of four species of African Papilios were brought to 
England in September 1886 by Mrs. Monteiro. Some of these 
emerged soon after their arrival, and others continued to emerge up 
to October 15 of that year; the remainder, viz. 13 Papilio porthaon, 
5 P. policenes, | P. nireus, and 29 P. morania, passed the winter in 
the Insect-house, and commenced to emerge again on the 2nd of April 
last year. The first to appear was Papilio porthaon, followed by 
P. morania on the 5th and 7th, P. policenes on the 10th, and 
P. nireus on the 11th. 

I succeeded in getting a pairing of Papilio ajaz, but I am sorry to 
say that the female died without depositing any eggs, although I 
procured the food-plant (Asimina triloba). 

In consequence of the great heat and continued dry weather 
experienced last summer, I was not able to rear many larvee, although 
I had fertile ova of most of the silk-producing Moths. Amongst 
the few that I did rear, it may interest entomolgists to know that I 
reared easily some larvee of Deopeia pulchella upon the common 
Forget-me-not (Myosotis arvensis), of which there is an abundant 
supply growing on the banks of the canal. I wrote to Mr. J. C. 
Warburg in May last, who was at Cannes at the time, asking him if 
he could send me some living specimens of this insect by post; this 
he was good enough to do, and, as I anticipated, a few eggs were laid 
en route, and a few in the case on arrival. These eggs 7 collected, 
and reared about sixteen perfect insects from them, and from these 
T obtained a second brood, and I have the honour to exhibit specimens 
of each brood this evening. Two of the larvze were taken by Lord 
Walsingham (who had not before seen them) to add to the collection 
which he has presented to the Natural History Museum. 

In August last Mrs. Blake, who had just returned from the Ba- 
hamas, sent three pupze of a Moth to the Insect-house. Two Moths 
emerged from these, and proved to be the very beautiful Composia 
olympia. The larva feeds upon Stephanotis. 

Mrs. Blake was also good enough to send at the same time a 
specimen of a Mygale, of which I do not at present know the specific 
name. This specimen I regret to say died in December, and I ex- 
hibit it this evening set in the position which these creatures assume 
if irritated. 


122 PROF. G. B. HOWES ON THE AZYGOS [Feb. 21, 


In June last Major Cassel presented to the Society two Trap-door 
Spiders from Natal. These are still living, but up to Saturday last 
I had not seen either of them out of their cells; on that day I, after 
some trouble, got one out, and, as well as I was able, made a sketch 
of it. 

I wrote to the Rev. O. P. Cambridge respecting these Spiders, 
asking him if he could tell me anything about them; he replied, 
saying, that he ‘“‘confidently expected the S.-African Trap-door 
Spiders would be new to science, as he did not, at that moment, re- 
member anything of the kind of the size I mentioned.” 

These Spiders have fed principally upon Cockroaches, and the one 
I had out on Saturday was in splendid condition. 


The following papers were read :— 


1. Note on the Azygos Veins in the Anurous Amphibia. 
By G. B. Howss, F.Z.S., F.L.S., Assistant Professor of 
Zoology, Normal Sch. of Science and R. Sch. of Mines. 


[Received February 7, 1888.] 


It is customary to regard the presence of the vena cava inferior 
as a special characteristic of the air-breathing Vertebrata, and the 
view most generally accepted and taught holds this vessel to be a 
late development, which replaces the posterior-cardinal veins of fishes. 
Indeed, some authorities would regard its presence and absence as 
distinctive of the air-breathing and water-breathing series respec- 
tively. Balfour wrote of it’:—‘The venous system of Amphibia 
and Amniota always differs from that of fishes in the presence of a 
new vessel, the vena cava inferior, which replaces the posterior car- 
dinal veins, the latter only being present, in their piscine form, 
during embryonic life.”’ 

Chief amongst recent researches into the morphology and develop- 
ment of the venous system are those of Parker’*, Hochstetter*°, 
Meyer®. The work of the second-named author will become little 
short of revolutionary, should his deductions hald good. He claims, 
as the chief result of his investigations, to have shown that the vena 
cava inferior, instead of being throughout its whole extent a primarily 
independent vessel, is a compound structure—the product of a fusion 


1 Comp. Embryology, vol. ii. p. 538. 

2 “On the Venous System of the Skate,” Trans. New-Zealand Instit. vol. xi. 
1880, p. 49. 

3 “On the Blood-vessels of Mustelus antarcticus,” Phil. Trans. vol. 177. 1886, 

. 685. 

, 4 “Beitr. zur vergleichend. Anat. und Entwicklungsgesch. d. Venensyst. der 
Ampbib. und Fische,” Morpholog. Jabrb. vol. xiii. 1887, p. 119. 

5 “Ueb. die Bildung d. hinteren Hohlvene b. d. Saiugethieren,” Anat. Anzeiger, 
vol. ii. 1887, p. 517. 

§ «“Ueb. d. Entwicklung des Herzens und d. grossen Gefassstamme b. d. Sela- 
chiern,” Naples Mittheilungen, vol. vii. 1887, p. 338. 


1888. | VEINS IN THE ANUROUS AMPHIBIA. 123 


between a late-formed hepatic vessel and one or both of the posterior 
cardinal veins. To that portion which is derived from the cardinal 
veins, and which receives the ven renales revehentes, he applies 
the term “ urniere Abschnitte”; it is represented, in the adults of the 
higher forms, by all behind and including the renal veins. He further 
asserts that whereas in Amphibia the two posterior cardinals become 
confluent to form this, in Mammalia’, on the other hand, the 
cardinal vein of the right side also gives origin to it. 

On the completion of the above-named developmental processes 
the anterior or prerenal portions of the posterior cardinal veins either 
become modified, to form the azygos and hemi-azygos veins of human 
anatomy, or, for the most part, disappear. Hochstetter has worked 
out the steps in the development in Bombinator, Pelobates, Rana, 
and Salamandra among Amphibia. So far as Bombinator is concerned, 
he fully confirms the classical researches of Goette, except for the 
fact that that author failed to observe the persistence of the entire 
posterior cardinals in the adult. Hochstetter has shown that in 
Bombinator igneus their anterior portions (morphological azygos 
veins) not only persist for life, but that with their confluence pos- 
teriorly, to form the hinder part of the vena cava inferior, their 
original continuity is not destroyed. There thus result two well- 
defined veins (c.p. of fig.), which pass upwards and forwards, side 
by side with the arches of the aorta, putting, as in some Urodeles, 
the fully formed vena cava inferior into direct communication with 
the veins of the anterior extremities. 

In Rana, according to Hochstetter, the anterior segments of the pos- 
terior cardinals atrophy during metamorphosis. An individual example 
of the Common Frog (R. temporaria, adult 9 ) has, however, recently 
come into my hands’, in which the vessel persisted for its entirety on 
one side (see fig., p. 124)*. Not only so, but its development had con- 
tinued pari passu with that of other related parts—in excess of that 
seen even in Bombinator. The drawing speaks for itself as to detail, 
and it must suffice to point out that, except as concerned the presence 
and relations of this vein, no noteworthy difference could be detected 
between the distribution of even the smaller vessels in this animal 
and those of the ordinary adult. The least normal among the veins 
were the ovarian ones (ov.), which, as will be seen, were strikingly 
asymmetrical. There was not the remotest trace of the correspond- 
ing portion of the right posterior cardinal. 

The persistence of this vein in one of the Ranidee is, in itself, 
deserving of record; but careful comparison with Bombinator has 
revealed an interesting difference between the two. Hochstetter con- 
firms and extends Goette’s discovery that the main trunks of the venze 
renales advehentes are primarily continuous with the posterior car- 
dinals, forming trunks (Jacobson’s veins) the lower ends of which, 
subsequently receiving the iliac veins, become the renal portals 


1 Anat. Anz. vol. ii. 1887, p. 519. 

? Thanks to the diligence of my pupil, Mr. W. F. Hume. 

5 As these sheets were passing through the press I met with the same con- 
dition in a male of Bombinator bombinus. 


124 PROF. G. B. HOWES ON THE AZYGOS [Feb. 21, 


of the adult. In Bombinator, however, despite the persistence of 
both renal portal and azygos veins, this continuity is eventually lost. 
In the specimen of the Common Frog under consideration it persisted, 


Fig. 


The venous system of an adult of Rana temporaria ( 2 ), showing a persistent 
azygos (posterior cardinal) vein. 
Fig. 1. Ventral aspect. 
The vena cava inferior in part removed, and the left kidney turned slightly 
inwards to display its external dorsal border. 
Fig. 2. Lefi kidney, dorsal aspect. Magnified 13 times. 


a.c, Vena cava superior; ¢.p, azygos (posterior cardinal) vein; d./, dorso- 
lumbar vein; 2/, iliac vein; od, oviducal veins; ov, ovarian veins; p.c, cut ends 


of vena cava inferior; 7.a@, vense renales advehentes; s.v, sinus venosus; wr, 
ureter, 


and the anastomosing trunk received (or gave off) renal branches. 
This fact is the more surprising, in that in Pelobates the separation 
takes place before metamorphosis, at a period when the anterior 
segment of the cardinal vein is but feebly developed’. 


1 Hochstetter, iv. p. 162. 


1888. ] VEINS IN THE ANUROUS AMPHIBIA. 125 


Hochstetter has examined Bombinator, Hyla, Rana, and Bufo, 
and in none but the former has he found a persistence of the vessels 
above named. He was not in a position to discuss the morpholo- 
gical significance of the fact, as a guide to affinity. ‘The researches 
of Cope’, Boulenger’, and others point to the conclusion that the 
Discoglosside, rather than the Aglossa, are to be regarded as the 
least modified of all living Anura. Boulenger writes*, “in the 
presence of ribs and opisthoccelian vertebrae the members of this very 
natural family closely approach the higher tailed Batrachians.” The 
retention of the posterior cardinal (azygos) vein in Bombinator 
can only be regarded as a sign of low affinity, and, mindful of the 
well-known osteological and other characters of this family, I have 
been led to examine other genera thereof, with the view of ascer- 
taining if this retention is common to all its members. I tind the 
veins of both sides well developed in two specimens (¢ and 92) of 
Bombinator bombinus. Of five Alytes obstetricans examined (three 3, 
two @ ), four showed no traces; in the fifth, however (a 9 ), both 
veins were fully represented, but small. This was also the case in 
a 6 of Discoglossus pictus. From this it must be assumed that the 
character is fairly distinctive of the Discoglosside. 

Thanks to Prof. Huxley, I have had the opportunity of examining 
adults of Pipa (¢ )and Dactylethra(?). In neither of these could 
I observe a trace of the vessels in question ; the specimens had been 
previously very much dissected, but should subsequent investigation 
upon fresh material (which I hope to carry out) substantiate this, 
the deductions of the afore-named authors as to the lowliness of the 
Discoglosside will receive striking confirmation. 

These facts are, in themselves, sufficient to invest any Anura 
with a fresh interest, whose affinities with the Discoglosside have 
been suggested or called into question. Conspicuous among such 
is Pelodytes ; and for au opportunity of examining this and other 
genera my best thanks are due to Mr. Boulenger, who has, with his 
customary generosity, afforded me unstinted aid. Pelodytes is held 
by Giinther and Mivart* to be allied to the Discoglosside, and by 
others (Cope, Lataste, Boulenger) to the Pelobatide’. As I am 
unable to find any traces of the vein in two adult males of Pelodytes 
and one of Pelobates, I can but give my support to the latter view. 

Finally, Hochstetter, in his earlier paper, describes an anastomosis 
between the hepatic sinus and the posterior cardinal veins in Elas- 
mobranchs*, which he holds to be tantamount to the formation of a 
vena cava inferior. This deduction is far too revolutionary to merit 
immediate adoption; the probability of its accuracy is, however, cer- 


' Nat. Hist. Review, 1865; also Journ. of Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. vi. 
1866, p. 67. 

* Catalogue of Batrachia Salientia, British Museum, 1882. 
Ibid. p. 444. 
P. ZS. 1869, p. 280 ef seq. 
For references, see Cat. Batr. Salientia. 
Cf. Jourdain, Ann. des Sci. Nat. 1859, series 4, vol. xii. Also quoted by 
Parker, of whose papers Hochstetter does not appear to have been cognizant. 
This is to be regretted, as the two differ on joints of considerable interest. 


3 
4 
5 
6 


126 MR. A. Ss WOODWARD ON [Feb. 21, 


tainly not lessened by current advance, for Boas has lately shown 
most conclusively! that the pulmonary artery is homologous through- 
out the vertebrate series. 


2. Paleontological Contributions to Selachian Morphology. 
By A. Smrra Woopwarp, F.G.S., F.Z.S., of the British 
Museum (Natural History). 


[Received January 17, 1888.] 
I. On the Lateral Line of a Cretaceous Species of Scylhide. 


It has long been known that the canal investing the sense-organs 
of the “‘lateral lme’’ in Selachian fishes attais, as a rule, to a 
considerably higher stage of development than in the Chimeroids. 
While in the latter the canal is merely an open groove, supported 
by a series of incomplete ring-like dermal calcifications, in the 
former it assumes a tubular character, opening externally by a row 
of small orifices, either in its own roof, or through short secondarily 
developed diverticula. 

Only two undoubted exceptions to tliis rule appear to have hitherto 
been placed on record. he living Echinorhinus is shown by Solver* 
to have the lateral line in the form of an open groove, thouzh this 
apparently is not supported by any minute calcifications ; and very 
similar is the lateral line of Chlamydoselachus, as described by Gar- 
man*., ‘The supposed Liassic Selachian, Squaloraja, may also be 
assumed to have exhibited a similar condition of this organ, the small 
half-rings originally supporting it being very clearly seen in several 
fossils recently described before this Society *, and agreeing in every 
respect with those met with in Ischyodus and Chimera. Both of the 
first-named genera, however, are of a comparatively primitive cha- 
racter, and Squaloraja shows several other marks of resemblance 
to the Chimeeroids, so that the fact is not unexpected. But I have 
lately observed suggestive traces of a similarly embryonic lateral line 
in a most specialized modern type of Selachian ; and as this appears 
to be an unlooked-for novelty, it may be deemed worthy of a brief 
note. 

The Shark in question is a small fossil species, discovered in the 
Upper Cretaceous strata of Mount Lebanon, Syria, and provisionally 
assigned by Pictet and Humbert’ to the genus Scy/lium, under the 


1 “Ueb. d. Arterien bogen der Wirbelthiere,” Morpholg. Jahrb. vol. xiii. 
1887, p. 115. See also zbid, vol. vii. p. 488, and vol. viil. p. 169. 

2 B. Solger, ‘Neue Untersuchungen zur Anatomie der Seitenorgane der 
Fische,’ Archiv mikr. Anat. vol. xvii. (1880), p. 96. 

3S. Garman, *‘ Chlamydoselachus anguineus, Garm., a living species of Clado- 
dont Shark,” Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. vol. xii. no. 1 (1885), p. 3. 

4 Smith Woodward, ‘Note on the Lateral Line of Squaloraja, P. Z.S. 1887, 
p. 481. 

5 B. J. Pictet et A. Humbert, ‘Nouv. Rech. Poiss. Foss. Mont Liban,’ 
p- 111, pl. xviii. figs. 2-4. 


1888. ] SELACHIAN MORPHOLOGY. 127 


name S. sahel-alme. It is an undoubted member of the Scyl- 
lide ; the vertebral centra are distinctly asterospondylic; the 
body is much depressed, so that all the fossils display either the 
dorsal or ventral aspect ; the tail is very long; the teeth are of the 
ordinary type; and some other distinctive features are shown. In 
one respect, however, it seems to differ from all known Scylliidze. 
It is destitute of dermal shagreen; and on this account the 
peculiarity to be here noted is very conspicuous in the impressions 
upon the limestone. 

On either side of the trunk and tail, at a short distance from the 
vertebral column, there is a delicate longitudinal streak, which, 
upon close examination, is found to consist of a series of minute 
ringlets, in their crushed state overlapping one another. ‘Though in 
some parts obscure, these are very distinctly shown to be incomplete 
half-rings, and they are thus precisely similar to those already 
described by Leydig in Chimera, and by myself in Sgualoraja. 
They occupy the position of the lateral line in the fossil, and they 
are of the usual proportions, so that there can be no doubt as to the 
correctness of their identification. They are especially evident in 
one specimen in the British Museum, numbered 48107 ; but neither 
in this, nor in any other, have I observed an extension of the rings 
upon the cephalic region, a circumstance perhaps indicating that, 
as in Chimera, the groove of the lateral line was partially closed in 
its anterior portion. 

Whatever may be the significance of the facts just detailed, they 
are worthy the attention of biologists having the opportunity of 
examining the anatomy of recent Selachians. It is quite possible 
that the supports of the lateral line of Seyllium sahel-alme ave a 
surviving mark of affinity with the Chimeroids; it is equally 
possible that they may relate only to analogous mechanical contin- 
gencies. Further observations upon the characters of the “ lateral- 
line”’ structures in Selachians with naked skins are much to be 
desired. 


II. On the Pelvic Cartilage of Cyclobatis. 


One of the most remarkable endoskeletal structures presented for 
consideration among extinct Selachians, is the pelvic cartilage of a 
small Sting-Ray (Cyclobatis), from the prolific Cretaceous fish-beds 
of Mount Lebanon. This does not appear to have been hitherto 
correctly interpreted, and as it may eventually prove to have a not 
unimportant bearing upon certain theoretical considerations, a brief 
description and separate figure will doubtless be acceptable to 
biologists. The fish was originally described as a fossil Torpedo by 
Egerton’, but I have lately determined that it is almost certainly 
referable to the Trygonide *. 

As shown in the accompanying woodcut (p. 128) the transverse 


? Sir P. Egerton, “Description of a Fossil Ray from Mount Lebanon 
(Cyclobatis oligodactylus),” Proc. Geol. Soc. vol. iv. pp. 442-446, pl. v. 

* Smith Woodward, “ Note on the Affinities of the so-called ‘Torpedo’ from 
the Cretaceous of Mount Lebanon,” Geol. Mag. [3] vol. iv. 1887, pp. 508-510. 


128 MR. WOODWARD ON SELACHIAN MORPHOLOGY. [ Feb. 21, 


pubic cartilage in its median portion is straight and narrow, but 
becomes slightly broader and is angularly bent backwards at about 
one fourth of its total length from either extremity. From each 
angulation in front there projects forward a very long tapering pre- 
pubic process, rightly interpreted as such by Sir Philip Egerton in 
his original description of the fossil; and immediately in advance of 
the point of attachment of the basal cartilage of the pelvic fin on each 
side another larger process is seen to extend laterally. This is 
almost or quite as broad as the median portion of the pubic cartilage 
itself, and is directed outwards, without apparent tapering, to a 
distance equal to the entire transverse extent of the complete pubic 
element, when it bends backwards almost at right angles, and is half 


Pelvic cartilage of Cyclobatis oligodactylus, from the Chalk of Mount Lebanon, 
Syria. 6p, basal cartilage of pelvie fin; ¢@, iliae process; pb, pubic 
curtilage; p.pb, prepubic process. 


as long again, though rapidly narrowed to a point. This remarkable 
process was described by Egerton as the “ proximal digit” of the 
pelvic fin, while Mr. J. W. Davis has recently* hazarded the 
suggestion that it ‘‘ may have been the basal portion of a clasper.’’ 
As, however, no sutural line can be observed at the origin of the 
cartilage, and as it is sometimes seen to be dorsa/ly placed with 
respect to the other structures, there cannot be much doubt that it 
is the homologue of the well-known process named the iliac. 

‘Yhe enormous proportions of these processes in Cye/obatis appears 
at present inexplicable, the prepubic equalling no less than one 
sixth the entire length of the disk. No known Selachian, so far as 
I am aware, exhibits pelvic-arch processes of equal relative size, and 
in the living Trygon these are comparatively insignificant or absent *. 


1 J. W. Davis, “ Fossil Fishes of Chalk of Mount Lebanon,” Trans. Roy. 
Dublin Soe. [2], vol. iii. 1887, p. 492. 

2 In the figure of the skeleton of Zrygon given by Agassiz (‘ Rech. Poiss. 
Foss.’ vol. iii. pl. nm. fig. 1), a large aseending process is shown connecting the 
pelvic cartilage with the vertebral column. ‘his must be an artist’s error. 


1§88. | ON MAMMALS FROM COZUMEL AND RUATAN. 129 


Professor Howes, however, has suggested to me that the great iliac 
prominences may have supported the metapterygium of the pectoral 
fin in the same manner as the antorbital (post-palatine) cartilage is 
related to the proptervgium. ‘The reflected tapering extremities are 
certainly best explained upon this hypothesis ; and although the 
crushing to which the fossils have been subjected prevents the 
possibility of decisive proof, I venture to adopt this interpretation of 
the structures as at present the most plausible. 


3. List of Mammals obtained by Mr. G. F. Gaumer on 
Cozumel and Ruatan Islands, Gulf of Honduras. By 
Oxuprize_p Tuomas. 


[Received January 26, 1888.] 


Mr. Salvin has asked me to put on record the names of the 
Mammals collected by Mr. G. F. Gaumer, (1) on Cozumel Island, 
situated off the east coast of Yucatan in 20° 30' N. lat.; and (2) on 
the Bay Islands—i .e., Ruatan with its companion Bonaccea, off the 
north coast of Honduras, 16° 25’ N. lat., and 86° 25’ W. long. 
The specimens have been presented to the Natural History Museum 
by Messrs. O. Salvin and F. D. Godman, for whom they were 
collected. 


I. Cozumel Island. 
1. Nasua wasica, L. 


2. Nycrinomus Gracitis, Wagn. 
3. CHILONYCTERIS RUBIGINOSA, Wagn. 
4. ARTIBEUS PERSPICILLATUs, L. 


5. DipeLpuys MARSUPIALTS, L’. 


Il. Ruatan and Bonacca Islands. 


1, SaccorpreRyX BILINEATA, Temm. Ruatan. 
2. Motossus osscurus, Geoffr. Ruatan. 
3. GLossopHaGa soricina, Pall. Ruatan. 
4. ARTIBEUS PERSPICILLaATUS, L. Ruatan. 
5. StI@MODON uisPiIDUs, 8. & O. Bonacca. 
6. Dasyprocta PUNCTATA, Gray. Ruatan. 


A squirrel from the Island of Meco, on the north coast of 
Yucatan, was also obtained, and proves to be referable to Sciwrus 
hypopyrrhus colliei, Rich. 

1 As will be shown elsewhere, I consider this name applicable to all ihe large, 


long-haired Opossums hitherto known as D. virginiana, D. cancrivora, 
D. aurita, &e. 


Proc. Zoor. Soc.— 1888, No. IX. 0) 


130 MR. O. THOMAS ON A NEW GENUS OF MURID&. [Feb. 21, 


4. On a new and interesting Annectant Genus of Muride, 
with Remarks on the Relations of the Old- and New- 
World Members of the Family. By Otprietp Tuomas, 
Natural History Museum. 


[Received February 10, 1888.] 
(Plate V.) 


By the kindness of Prof. Alphonse Milne-Edwards I have been 
entrusted with the description of a specimen which has been in the 
Paris Museum for some years, where it has borne the unpublished 
name of ‘‘ Malacomys ferrugineus,’ a name by which it has been 
incidentally referred to in print, and which therefore, so far as the 
species is concerned, I now retain in order to avoid confusion. 

The genus may be termed 


Dromys’, g. n. 


General external form as in Mus. Pollex with a narrow nail. 
Hind feet elongate. ° 

Infraorbital foramen triangular, not narrowed below, its external 
plate slender, not produced forwards. Upper incisors each with 
two minute, almost microscopic, grooves; lower incisors smooth. 
Anterior upper molars with seven distinct and prominent cusps, 
arranged 2-3-2, the extra one on the middle lamina® placed quite 
internal to the general series. Second molars not placed obliquely ; 
with five cusps ‘arranged 3-2, as in Mus, but the antero-internal cusp 
not pushed forwards in front of the others. Lower molars with the 
cusps biserially arranged as usual. All the cusps above and below 
unusually high and distinct, connected with one another by quite 
low and inconspicuous enamel ridges. 


DEOMYS FERRUGINEUS, Sp. Nn. 


General colour of head and body a clear pale red or reddish fawn- 
colour, thickly grizzled along the centre of the back with black, but 
the reddish colons of the cheeks, shoulders, sides, and hips quite 
clear and unmixed. Face rather duller in general tone; area round 
eyes black, not sharply defined. ars very large, oval, rounded ; 


1 déw, I link. 

2 To avoid the too frequent use of such terms as the “anterior internal” 
cusp, or “central cusp of the middle lamina,” it would be useful to have a 
simple formula for the naming of each cusp. This might be done by calling 
the three laminz of m! A, B, and O, and their respective cusps 1, 2, and 3, 
counting from outside inwards. Thus the cusps just quoted would be A3 and 
B 2 respectively, while one would say of Deomys that the cusp-formula of its 
ml! was A 1,2; B1,2,38; C1, 2, since it is without the A 3 present in Mus, 
and possesses the B 3 absent in the Crice¢i. The same formula is of course 
equally applicable to ™? or any other tooth. The reason for numbering the 
cusps from the outside inwards is that Deomys shows that the third cusp has 
been added on the inner side, and therefore that the two cusps of Cricetus are 
homologous with the two outer cusps of Mus. 


Smit delet lith. Mintern Bros. imp. 
* DEOMYS FERRUGINEUS. 


= 


aii eek 


18s8.] Mk. 0. PHOMAS ON A NEW GENUS OF MURIDA&. 131 


laid forward (in spirit-specimens), they would no doubt reach to or 
beyond the anterior canthus of the eye. Hairs of back nearly white at 
their bases, then slate-coloured, their tips reddish, or, along the centre, 
black. Whole of underside and inner sides of limbs pure sharply 
defined white, the back of the lower leg, however, slaty grey. Hands 
and feet white. Feet long and slender; fifth hind toe (without 
claw) barely reaching to the base of the fourth; hallux reaching 
about to the level of the middle of the fifth. Soles quite naked, 
smooth, the pads small, rounded, prominent, only five in number, the 
postero-external one of the complete Murine set of six absent. Tail 
very long, slender, finely and distinctly scaled, the scales about 12 or 
13 to the centimetre; its proximal half almost naked, with just a few 
minute hairs between the seales; these gradually increase in numbers, 
the terminal half being sufficiently thickly clothed for the scales to be 
nearly or quite hidden ; colour of tail sharply bicolor from base to 


tip, above slaty grey, below white, the hairs and scales both so 


coloured. 

Skull (Plate V. figs. 1-5) very light, slender, and delicate, with a very 
long narrow parallel-sided muzzle. Nasals not tapering backwards, 
but as broad behind as in the middle, their posterior margin directly 
transverse ; frontal process of premaxilla not reaching to the level 
of the back of the nasals. Interorbital space broad, smooth, evenly 
convex, its edges with a slight but distinct beading. Zygomata 
but little expanded, very thin and weak, their two anterior roots, 
upper and lower, about equal both in thickness and length; the 
zygomata, therefore, commencing at a much lower level than in 
Mus, and the lower root entirely without the broad external pro- 
jecting plate so characteristic of the typical Mures. Infraorbital 
foramen large, open, and rounded, not at all narrowed below. 
Palate narrow, its edges square and sharp-edged, continued behind 
the level of the last molar for about two millimetres ; palatal fora- 
mina short, ending some distance in front of m'. Lower jaw un- 
usually low, light, and slender. 

Incisors orange above, yellow below, the upper ones narrow, flat 
in front, not bevelled; with two minute vertical grooves down the 
face of each. Molars with their pattern as already described ; their 
cusps very high, pointed, and sharply defined ; m' as long as m® and 
m* together. 

Dimensions of the type, an adult specimen, stuffed :— 

Head and body 125 millim.; tail 172 (extreme tip imperfect) ; 
hind foot 33°8; ear (dried) 17; heel to tip of hallux 23, of fifth 
toe 25°5 ; to front of last foot-pad 17°8; to point between bases of 
third and fourth toe 26°6. 

Skull :—basal length (c.) 29-0; greatest breadth 16:0; nasals, 
length 14-0, greatest breadth 4:0; interorbital breadth 6°7 ; inter- 
parietal, length (c.) 4°5, breadth 9-2 ; lower anterior zygoma-root, 
diameter 1°8; infra-orbital foramen, height 3-2, breadth (c.) 1°9; 
distance from outer corner of one foramen to that of the other 9:6: 
palate, length 18-5, breadth outside m’ 8°1, inside m' 4-1; diastema, 
length 9°9; palatal foramina, length 5:2; length of whole upper 


132 MR. O. THOMAS ON A NEW GENUS OF MURID&. [Feb. 21, 


molar series 5°6, of m'’ 3°5, of m? 1:9, of m® 1:0; lower jaw, length 
(bone only) 20-0, (to incisor tips) 22°0 ; vertical diameter of ramus 
below m' 3:0, just behind symphysis 1°7; angle to tip of coronoid 
process 8°0; length of lower molar series 5°6. 

Hab. Lower Congo (MM. Petit). 

The very special and unusual interest that this new genus possesses 
lies in the fact that it represents a ‘ missing link ” in the phylogeny 
of the Muridze, as it is intermediate between the two great groups 
of that family, the Mures and Criceti*. The distinction between 
these two groups is, broadly, that the upper molars of the latter 
have their cusps arranged biserially, while in those of the former 
they are triserially placed. (Plate V. figs. 9 and 10.) 

Deomys therefore (Plate V. fig. 7), with its bicuspidate anterior and 
tricuspidate middle lamina of m", shows an intermediate condition 
between the two, and probably represents an early stage in the evo- 
lution of a triserially from a biserially arranged dentition. That it is, 
not a later specialization of the Murine group through the loss of 
the cusp A 3 is shown by the very primitive characters present both 
in ™* and in the formation of the infraorbital foramen. In the 
complete systematic arrangement of the Muride, therefore, we shall 
have to look upon Deomys as forming by itself a special section, the 
Deomyes, intermediate between the Mures and Criceti. 

From the distribution of the two latter groups, and the characters 
of their fossil allies, it has long been recognized by students of the 
subject that the Cviceti, with their comparatively simple teeth, repre- 
sent the original Muridze, once spread over nearly the whole world’, 
but now, owing to the competition of the more highly specialized 
Mures, almost confined to America and Madagascar, in each of 
which places they still form the only Muride. It has frequently 
been stated or assumed that they are entirely confined to these two 
parts of the globe, and on this assumption, without reference to the 
paleontological history of the group, great and altogether dispro- 
portionate stress has been laid upon their distribution as affording 
evidence of the more or less direct connection of the American and 
Madagascar faune®. Asa matter of fact, no instance can better 
support Mr. Wallace’s views‘ on the derivation, and especially on the 
undoubtedly American relationships, of the Madagascar fauna, since 
the three conditions on which his views are based—viz.: (1) the 
lowly nature and therefore considerable antiquity of the Madagascar 
forms, (2) their former wider distribution, and (3) their powerlessness 
to resist the competition of rival forms now paramount in Africa— 
are all conspicuously preseut in the Criceti, the group to which the 


1 This group has been called the ‘‘Sigmodontes” by most English and 
American authors; but that name should give way to “Criceti” for reasons 
shown below. See also Winge, Vid. Medd. 1881, pp. 25 and 54; H Museo 

2 There is as yet no evidence of the former presence of any Cricetine form in 
the Australian region. 

3 Of., for example, Kolbe (SB. Nat. Freund. 1887, p. 147), whose remarks 
are based on Peters’s account of Nesonvys (op. cit. 1870, p. 54). 

* <Tsland Lite, p. 383 ¢e¢ seqg. (1880). 


deep, Hey 


1888.| MR. O. THOMAS ON A NEW GENUS OF MURIDA, 133 


Madagascar Muridz wholly belong. Thus Cricetine Murid, now 
at their highest development in America, were certainly paramount 
at one time in Africa, where the intermediate Deomys now occurs, 
as in other parts of the Old World, and have only recently (since 
the separation of Madagascar) been supplanted by the more highly 
specialized Mures. This supplanting, however, has never been quite 
completed, since in the Old World there still survive several Cri- 
cetine genera, mostly much modified (e. g. Arvicola and its allies), 
but in some cases with scarcely any appreciable changes at all 
(e. g. Mystromys, Cricetus, and, so far as its teeth are concerned, 
Lophiomys). 

And this brings me to the second part of the subject, a part that 
for reasons of nomenclature is much to be regretted, but which ob- 
viously has to be investigated, namely, as to the amount of generic 
distinction actually existing between the Old-World Cricetus and the 
New-World Hesperomys. So far as I know, they have hardly ever 
been properly compared, being always presumed to be distinct in the 
absence of proof to the contrary. On trying to tabulate the dif- 
ferences, however, and keeping in mind at the same time the extent 
of variation found in the American species, I find that one by one 
they vanish into thin air, leaving no distinctive character whatever. 
The large cheek-pouches of Cricetus are commonly looked upon as 
a marked characteristic of the genus, but, although small, they occur, 
distinct and well developed, in many species of Hesperomys, especially 
in those from the extreme north’. The teeth of Cricetus, again, are 
very like those of many of the species of Hesperomys, especially if 
those of a “ Cricetulus”’ (e. g. C. pheus) be compared with those of 
some of the species of ‘* Oryzomys”’*, having similarly six paired 
cusps, while those of “ Vesperimus’’* have only five, the cusp 
A 2 being here obsolete or united with Al. A still closer re-em- 
blance, amounting in fact almost to identity, exists between the 
structure of the teeth in Cricetus and in the Dormouse-like sub- 
genus Rhipidomys*. In the skull the shape of the infraorbital 
foramen, of the supraorbital ridges, and of the palate may be equally 
easily matched among the numerous and widely varying species of 
** Tesperomys.” Finally the peculiar shortness of tail characteristic 
of Cricetus is almost, it not quite, equalled in the North-American 
subgenus Onychomys’. 

The inevitable conclusion is thus forced upon us that the genus 
Hesperomys must be abolished altogether, and the species united 


1 In the widely spread white-footed Field-Mouse of N. America (Cricetus leu- 
copus, as it will now have to be called), northern specimens have deep and 
distinct cheek-pouches, while in southern ones they are, at least in spirit-speci- 
mens, almost inappreciable. See Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. i. p. 229 (1869), 
and Coues, Mon. N. Am. Rod. p. 67 (1877). 

2 KE. g. Cricetus palustris or longicaudatus. 

® Among which are included Cricetus leucopus, californicus, aureolus, taylori, 
ivichiganensis, truet, aztecus, and mexicans. 

* See, for example, the teeth of Cricetus (Rhipidomys) leucodactylus, latimanus, 
swmichrasti, mastacalis, or sclateri. 

*» Of which the species are Cricetus leucogaster and C. torridus. 


134 MR, 0. THOMAS ON A NEW GENUS OF MURIDE. [Feb. 21, 


with the Old-World Hamsters under the name of Cricetus, the latter 
group, however, forming itself a subgenus, equal in rank to those 
now commonly admitted among the American Vesper-Mice. 

This change, large as it is, will be rendered rather less unaccept- 
able by the consideration that the name Hesperomys ' has itself, by 
the strict laws of nomenclature, no possible claim to adoption, being 
antedated not only by Calomys°, Waterh., and the other earlier names 
of the same author, and by Lligmodontia, F, Cuv.*, but also by 
Akodon, Meyen", founded on a now almost unrecognizable specimen 
belonging to Waterhouse’s subgenus ‘‘ Habrothriz.” ‘That this name 
would have been brought up and forced into use may be looked upon 
as certain, and in fact the first step in this direction has been taken 
by the substitution of dkodon for Habrothriz in Trouessart’s list of 
Rodents’. From the point of view of nomenclature, therefore, the 
junction of Cricetus and Hesperomys is uot so wholly a mistortune 
as it otherwise might have been. 

As to changes in specific names, it fortunately happens that those 
used in the two genera have for the most part been different, the 
two species mentioned ia the subjoined footnote" representing ap- 
parently all the necessary alterations. 

Then as to the geographical distribution of the two forms, nothing 
is more natural than that a genus ranging all over America, from 
British Columbia to Cape Horn, should also be found, like the majority 
of the most typical North-American genera, in Siberia, China, and 
the Eastern Palearctic Region generally. 

With regard to the opinions of other authors on the relations of 
Cricetus to Hesperomys, it is interesting to find that in Dr. Winge’s, 
recent careful and elaborate work’ on the Rodents of Lagoa Santa, 
Brazil (a work in which the whole interrelations of the Rodents are 
freshly considered and described), the differences between Cricetus 
and Hesperomys are shown to be almost nil *, and that in the Synopsis 
of the Muride he has had to separate the genera merely into those 
from the Old World and those from the New’. He does not, how- 
ever, notice the necessity for actually uniting Cricetus with Hes- 
peromys, no doubt because of the very different standard of generic 
ravk he adopts. Thus he recognizes the well-known subgenera 
Habrothriz, Oxymycterus, Scapteromys, Calonys, and Rhipidomys 
all as full genera, and therefore naturally admits Cricetus also. I 
Zool. Voy. ‘ Beagle,’ Mamm. p. 75 (1839). 

P. Z.8. 1837, p. 21. 

Aun. Sci. Nat. vi. p. 168 (1837). 

N. Act. Ac. Leop. xvi. p. 600 (1833). 

Bull. Soe. Sci. Anvers, 1880, p. 140. 

Cricetus obscwrus, M.-Edw., nec Hisperomys obscurus, Waterh., may stand 
as C. mongolicus. 

Cricetus longicaudatus, M.-Edw., nee Hesperomys longicaudaius, Benx., as C. 
chinensis. 

Cricetus cinercus, Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. B.M. p. 172 (1862), appears 
never to have been described, and does not therefore invalidate the specific 
name of my Cricetus (Thomasomys) cinereus, P. Z.8. 1882, p. 108. 

7 ® Museo Lundii, vol. iii. 1887. 

5 iacnpe ule PEbycipe lon: 


awk woh eB 


j 
< 
‘ 
é 
« 


7 


5 A. Stone ad nat del. J. Smit hth. 
‘ ~ PENNATULA BELLISSIMA,spn. 
‘“qBae 


Mintern Bi 


1888. ] MR. G. H. FOWLER ON A NEW PENNATULA. 135 


cannot, however, at all agree that these groups are of generic rank, 
and prefer for the present to adopt the generally recognized views 
on the subject. On this point, when critici-ing my own arrangement 
of the Vesper-Mice’, Dr. Winge writes’: ‘‘ It is not right to recognize 
Habrothrix, Oxymycterus, and others as subgenera, and yet at the 
same time to admit genera of such a low grade as Sigmodon and 
Neotoma*, which might almost be united to the Old-World Cricetus, 
or as Rheithrodon and Ochetodon, which do not even deserve sub- 
generic distinction.” 

In answer to this, I can only say that my error, if error it be, in 
allowing genera of such a low grade as these quoted, will not be 
mended by the recognition of more groups, of lower rank still,—groups 
which I and all other previous authors have only looked upon as 
subgenera at most. In fact on this point I feel, with Dr. Coues', 
that the proper way out of the difficulty will be rather by the Jump- 
ing together of many of the present low-grade genera than by the 
recognition of more still less strongly marked generic groups. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. 


Fig.1. Skull of Deomys ferrugineus; natural size. 
2-5. Ditto, upper, lower, side and front views; twice natural size. 
6-7. Left upper molars of ditto; magnified about 7 times. 
8. Right lower molars of ditto. 
9-10. Left upper molars of one of the Cricetinze (Cricetus frumentarius) 
and one of the Murinze (Mus mettada); magnified about 5 and 7 
times respectively. 


5. On a new Pennatula from the Bahamas. By G. Herserr 
Fowter, B.A., Ph.D., Assistant to the Jodrell Professor 
of Zoology, University College, London. 


[Received February 14, 1888.] 
(Plate VI.) 


A fine example of a new Pennatula, sent by Mr. Blake, the late 
Governor of the Bahama Islands, to Prof. E. Ray Lankester, has 
been handed to me for description: I propose for it the name of 


PENNATULA BELLISSIMA, Sp. n. (Plate VI.) 


Pennatula with 25-29 autozooids on a mature leaf, each with 
eight strong marginal spines, arranged in 2-3 rows, and continued on 
to the dorsal surface of the rachis as a single row of immature 


1 P.Z.8. 1884, p. 448. 2 Lic. p. 144. 

3 T do not think that Dr. Winge can have had a specimen of Neotoma before 
him when writing this remark, as of all the groups of American Criceté none is 
so distinct or so absolutely different from the rest as thisis. ‘The form in which 
his disparagement of Sigmodon and Neotoma is put, however, is a singular com- 
ment on the results of the present paper. 

« * Mon. N, Am. Rod, p. 32 (1877). 


136 MR. G. H.. FOWLER ON A NEW PENNATULA. [Feb. 21, 


autozooids, which are devoid of tentacles. Siphonozooids richly set 
all over the ventral surface of the rachis except in the median ventral 
groove, one row running from this surface halfway up the concave 
borders of the leaves, while a second row passes dorsally and 
anteriorly between the leaves to meet with the row of immature 
autozooids on the latero-dorsal surface. Leaves triangular in outline, 
charged with long, fusiform, salmon-pink spicules. 

The colony, as is so frequently the case with Pennatulida, is 
imperfect above, the top presumably having been bitten off and the 
wound scarred over. ‘The dimensions given below are therefore in 
some points unreliable. 

The colour of the greater part of the colony is of a beautiful 
salmon-pink, shading off to a whitish yellow on much of the stalk 
and rachis, and also in the centres of the leaves—parts where the 
spicules, to which the colour is due, are more thinly scattered. 

The stalk, which expands slightly below, is on its upper third 
expanded into the bulbous enlargement so constantly met with in 
the genus, and is here of the same brilliant salmon-pink tint as the 
polyps and leaves. The rachis is marked both dorsally and ventrally 
by a deep groove which is entirely free both from siphonozooids and 
immature autozooids. 

The siphonozooids (fig. 1) are placed mainly on the ventral surface of 
the rachis, where they are roughly arranged in oblique ventro-dorsal 
rows. They are especially massed at the bases of the leaves, from 
which points start two rows of siphonozooids, the one running about 
halfway up the concave (lower) border of the leaf itself; while 


A young leaf showing the triangular shape, the dorsal row of immature auto- 
zocids, and the ventral row of siphonozooids appearing as small spikes. 
Natural size. 


the other passes upwards on the rachis between the leaves, and, 
bending still further upwards, generally meets the line of immature 
autozooids at an acute angle on the latero-dorsal surface of the rachis, 
close to the line of attachment of the leaf next above. The siphono- 
zooids are not separable into two types by size or other character, 
and are indistinguishable from the immature autozooids at the point 


LS ee ee 


— se 


1888. ] MR. G. H. FOWLER ON A NEW PENNATULA, 137 


where the two meet. No lateral stripe of siphonozooids is to be 
found below the lowermost leaves. In transverse section the siphon- 
ozooids agree with that figured by Hickson (Phil. Trans. vol. 174, 
pl. li. fig. 10), and exhibit a strong siphonoglyphe (ciliated groove) 
at the abaxial end of the stomatodzum. 

The /eaves are placed very obliquely on the rachis, the line of 
attachment being dorso-ventral. They are approximately triangular 
in outline, the free sides of the triangle being slightly curved in the 
usual manner. While the lowermost leaves are placed slightly 
opposite to each other, those in the middle alternate, and the upper- 
most are again opposite. There are fourteen pairs of leaves in all, 
in the sole specimen ; of these only the two lowest are rudimentary, 
that on the left side being less advanced in development than the 
corresponding one on the right. All the leaves are much contorted, 
a result probably due to death-struggles. 

The autozooids (fig. 2) are borne on the uppermost (convex) edge, 


Boe 


rs) 
so" 


== 
Wir. Dd 
CX =a“ 


Transverse section through an immature autozooid. ‘The leaf is bounded 
above and below by ectoderm, underneath which lies the thick layer 
of mesogloea (mesoderm), containing spaces filled by spicules previous 
to decalcification. The stomatodawum, suspended by the usual eight 
mesenteries in the ccelenteron, is lined internally by invaginated ecto- 
derm, of which the lower (abaxial) three fifths are formed of long 
columnar cells, bearing stout cilia, and constituting a siphonoglyphe 
(vide p. 188), x 210. 


and in a well-grown leaf are 25-29 in number, arranged in three 
rows, a median and two lateral. In a less mature leaf, such as that 
figured, they are fewer in number and form 1-2 rows only. They are 
47 milliny. in length, richly charged with the characteristic spicules, 
and surmounted by eight strong marginal spines, which may be 2 
millim. long. Along the dorsal end of the convex border of the 
leaf they are continued as a row of immature autozooids of varying 
number, of which the foremost are placed on the rachis, and ma 
even extend to the base of the leaf next above. As has been already 
stated, they generally meet at an acute angle with the row of siphon- 
ae which runs upwards from the ventral surface between the 
eaves. 


Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. X. 10 


138 MR. G. H. FOWLER ON A NEW PENNATULA. [Feb. 21, 


The appearances seen in a transverse section of the immature 
autozooids are of some interest, and bear out the conclusions of 
Hickson (doc. cit.) and of Wilson (* Development of Renilla,” Phil. 
Trans. vol. 174, p. 723). These immature polyps are not as yet 
provided with tentacles, but possess stomatodzea and the usual eight 
mesenteries. Of these latter, the two axial (dorsal) mesenteries, in 
the youngest autozooids, as in the mature siphonozooids, alone 
exhibit mesenterial filaments of the characteristic bilobate shape; 
the cells of which the lobes are constituted contain deeply staining 
nuclei, and histologically agree with the ectoderm of the stomato- 
dzeum from which they are derived. As was shown by Hickson, no 
siphonoglyphe is recognizable in the mature autozooids of Pennatula ; 
but in the youngest autozooids, which are much compressed at right 
angles to the usual direction (7. e., in an axial-abaxial plane), I find 
that the whole of the abaxial side of the stomatodzeum is clothed by 
very long columnar cells, with numerous deeply staining nuclei, and 
bearing long stout cilia, these appearances being entirely character- 
istic of a siphcnoglyphe ; this region is marked off from the remain- 
ing three fifths of the stomatodzeum by a ridge on either side, and 
constitutes indisputably a true siphonoglyphe. ‘The somewhat o!der 
autozooids, which are nevertheless hardly mature, exhibit filaments 
on the lower six, as well as on the axial two, mesenteries ; these 
filaments are of endodermic origin, and consist merely of an aggrega- 
tion of pyriform cells, resembling those figured by Wilson (J. e. 
pl. Ix. figs. 145, 146), but more swollen. Proportionately to their 
age and development, the siphonoglyphe of the autozooids becomes 
less and Jess marked, till in the fully mature polyps no trace of it is 
to be recognized. 

This occurrence of a siphonoglyphe in the ontogeny of the auto- 
zooids is a point of some considerable interest. Knowmg so little as 
we do of the stiniulus that causes a developing ovum to recapitulate 
its ancestral history, we should hardly be justified in asserting that 
such recapitulation might not also occur in asexual reproduction. 
The colonial ancestor of the Octactinie (Alcyonaria) resembled the 
existing Aleyonium in the absence of dimorphism and the possession 
of a siphonogly; he ; morphological differentiation, correlated with 
division of labour, resulted, among such descendants as the Penna- 
tulida, in the production of autczooids (nutritive and sexual polyps, 
devoid of a siphonoglyphe) and of siphonozooids (circulatory or 
respiratory polyps, incapable of generation and of nutrition, but 
previded with a strong siphonoglyphe in order to effect the cireula- 
tion of “chylaqueous fluid” through the colony). If then, as appears 
to me to be the case, the very considerable size and number of the 
siphonozocids contrasted with the paucity of the immature autozooids, 
together with the loss of the siphonoglyphe as maturity is attained, 
point to the functional uselessness of this organ in the young buds, 
we are driven to the conclusion that we have here to deal with a case 
in which asexual ontogeny is repeating phylogeny. 

As was desciibed by Wilson (Mitth. Zool. Sta. Neapel, v.) in the 
buds of Renalla, the two exial mesenterial filaments appear before 


1888. ] MR. G. H. FOWLER ON A NEW PENNATULA. 139 


the remaining six, and supply the young polyp with nutritive fluid 
from below; this possible function of the siphonoglyphe is therefore 
forestalled. Further observations on similar conditions—gemmation, 
fission, reproduction of lost parts, &e.—are much to be desired. 

The spicules in the polyps, leaves, and rachis, are long and fusi- 
form, and apparently triradiate in section (fig. 3a); they are very 
long, measuring from ‘8 to 1°5 millim. Those which colour the 
bulbous swelling on the stalk (fig. 36) are dumbbell-shaped, and 
apparently surmounted by a strung ridge; they measure about 
"14x°01 millim., and are less strongly tinted than those of the 
feather. The avis, which is less hard than is generally the case, is 
triangular in section and bent in a hook below. 

Of Pennatule previously described, the present species comes 


Fig. 3. 


a, Fusiform spicule, distributed over the feather and rachis, x 47; 6, Dumb- 
bell-shaped spicules from the bulbous swelling of the stalk, x 210. 


nearest to P. naresii (Kolliker, ‘ Chall.’ Rep. Zool. vol. i. p. 2, pl. i. 
figs. 1, 2). From this, however, it differs in the number of the 
rudimentary leaves, the absence of wart-like protuberances on the 
concave border of the leaf, the freedom of the mid-dorsal line of the 
rachis, as also in several other points ; wl.ile the row of immature 
zooids is characteristic of both forms. 

At two points easily recognizable on the left-hand side of Plate VI., 
parts of two leaves have apparently been nibbled away, producing a 
marked hypertrophy of the remaining polyps. 

The dimensions are given in tabular form :— 


millim. 
Total Jength: Gncomplete)'/9) 02 2 178 
Benet Greaenis) FNP) 8 FPA eS Le 118 
Diameter of rachis......... FAG), ERAS Cs, SEE RD 9 
Breadth of feather................. 5% PRE 170 


Heart HOP Ste oie) mee oor asa" sie 2 rtan. . 60 
Diameter of:stalk ...... ose Yet) FO SL Be 4 


140 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [ Mar. 6, 


millim. 
Diameter of bulbous swelling .............. 7 
WROTE Loi or: Crogete ierctcaldattn bahia a 45 
Width of leaf at base........ SPAREN, | Ree 


The specimen will be deposited in the British Museum, for pur- 
poses of reference. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI. 


The figure, which is about one sixth larger than the speciinen, is from the 
dorsal aspect, except for an intercalated fragment near the base of the feather, 
which represents a ventral view. For the drawing I am indebted to the skill 
of Miss Stone. 


March 6, 1888. 
Professor Flower, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. 


The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the 
Society’s Menagerie during the month of February 1888 :— 

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena- 
gerie during the month of February was 104. Of these 9 were by 
birth, 74 by presentation, 12 by purchase, 4 by exchange, and 5 were 
received on deposit. The total number of departures during the same 
period, by death and removals, was 117. 

The most noticeable additions during the month were :— 

1. A second specimen of Griffith’s Fox (Canis grifithi), from 
Bussorah, deposited by Mr. H. Hanauer, F.Z.S. 

This specimen is rather smaller than the example from Afghanistan, 
received from Sir O. B. St. John in December last (see supra, p. 1), 
but is otherwise nearly similar. 

2. Four examples of a small and very beautiful Finch (Erythrura 
psittacea) from New Caledonia, purchased February 15th. This 
species is new to the collection, although we have previously had 
examples of an allied form, the Fire-tailed Finch (Zrythrura prasina) 
from Java. 

3. Five examples (two cocks and three hens) of the fine Pheasant 
which I have described and figured in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings ’ 
(1885, p. 322, pl. xxii.) as Phasianus principalis, presented by 
Major W. Peacocke, R.E., of the Afghan Frontier Commission, and 
received February 27. Major Peacocke’s specimens were captured 
at Akcha in Afghan-Turkestan, on the 25th January last, and were 
brought home at the special request of Sir Peter Lumsden, F.Z.S., 
who had called Major Peacocke’s attention to the desirability of 
introducing living examples of this splendid Pheasant into Europe. 


The Secretary exhibited, on behalf of Lt.-Col. H. M. Drummond- 
Hay, a specimen of the Desert Wheatear (Sawicola deserti), killed 
near Arbroath, in Scotland, on the 28th of December, 1887, being 
the third instance of the occurrence of this bird in Great Britain. 


The following papers were read :-— 


P. Z.5 .1888.P1. Vil. 


W liudewood delad nat. Weet, Newman & Co imp. 
Parker & Coward ith. 


- 
Carpus & Tarsus of Aglossa&Discofglossida 2 


sy aff th ie ree 


Pelobates firs cus. 


Ayla arborew. 


20 
WRidewood del. ad nat. 
Parker & Coward lith. 


Carpus & Tarsus of PelobatideHylide, 
& Rufonidss(Pseudophryne) 


Leptodactylus pentadacylus, 


Bufo calamita 


WRidewood delad nat. 
Parker &Coward bth. 


Carpus & Tarsus of Bufonide, Cystignathide, 
& Fing§ystomatide. 


1888.] ON THE CARPUS AND TARSUS OF THE ANURA. 141 


1. On the Carpus and Tarsus of the Anura. By G. B. 
Howss, F.Z.S., F.L.S., Assistant Professor of Zoology, 
Normal School of Science and R. School of Mines, and 
W. Rivewoop. 


[Received March 6, 1888.] 
(Plates VII.-IX.) 


CONTENTS. 
I. Inrropuction. 
a. General, p. 141. 
6, Nomenclature, p. 142. 
ce. Material, p. 142. 
d. Methods, p. 148. 


II. Generar Parr. 
Hind Foot. 


a. Metatarsals and phalanges, p. 144. 

b. Astragalus and calcaneus, p. 144. 

ce, Tarsalia 4 and 5, p. 145. 

d, Tarsalia 2 and 3, p. 146. 

e. Tarsale 1, p. 147. 

f. Nayiculare and pre-hallux tarsal, p. 147. 
g- Pre-hallux (calear), p. 148. 


Fore Foot. 

a. Metacarpals and phalanges, p. 152. 

b. Distal carpal elements (carpalia), p. 153. 

ce. Carpale 1 and pollex, p. 154. 

d. Ulnare (pyramidale), p. 155. 

e. Lunatum, p. 156. 

f. Postaxial centrale, p. 157. 

g- Naviculare, p. 157. 

h. Compound structures resulting from the fusion of two or more 
carpal elements, p. 160. 


TIT. Sprcran Parr. 


Carpus and tarsus in 
A. Aauossa. 
a. Pipide, p. 161. 
6. Dactylethride, p. 163. 
B. PHANEROGLOSSA. 


a. Discoglossidx, p. 164. e. Cystignathide, p. 170. 

, Pelobatide, p. 165. Ff. Engystomatide, p. 172. 
e. Hylide, p. 167. g- Dendrobatidx, p. 173. 

d. Bufonide, p. 169. h. Ranide, p. 173. 


IV. Concuustons, p. 177. 
V. List or Auruoritius REFERRED TO, p. 179. 
VI. Expranarion or Tun Pxarzs, p. 181. 


I. INTRODUCTION. 


a. General.—While, during the last few years, the researches of 
11 


142 PROF. G, B. HOWES AND W. RIDEWOOD ON’ [Mar. 6, 


Wiedersheim and his pupil Kehrer, and of Baur (1), have added 
considerably to our knowledge of the limb-skeleton of the Urodela, 
that of the Anura has received much less attention. The most 
important investigations recorded since the classic of Gegenbaur (18), 
are those of Born (3, 5). Brihl has published (11) figures of a 
somewhat extraordinary character, pertaining to some seven or eight 
genera ; but concerning these we have little to say, except that we 
fully endorse Born’s criticisms and corrections of them (6, pp. 48 
et seq.). 

Born’s latest communication purports to be somewhat revolu- 
tionary, so far at least as the carpus is concerned (5, p. 62). It will 
be seen, however, in the sequel, that we are unable to accept his 
determinations ; and as the discovery of new elements and relation- 
ships has led us to differ from most of our predecessors, in our 
estimate of the morphological value of leading elements of both 
carpus and tarsus, it is binding upon us to preface this paper with 
an account of those observations upon which our dissensions are 
based. In accordance, then, with the exigencies of the case, we shall 
divide the paper into two sections: viz. :—firstly, a general part, in 
which will be given a review of the morphology of the carpal and 
tarsal elements, together with a detailed account of those hitherto 
unrecognized structures, whose discovery has necessitated a redeter- 
mination of the value of any one or more constituents ; and, secondly, 
a special part, in which the leading families will be taken successively, 
the characters of the carpus and tarsus of each being noted in the 
light of the preceding section, and special peculiarities dealt with. 

b. Nomenclature——Our investigations do not profess to be 
exhaustive ; they leave much to be settled, and we have accordingly 
refrained from introducing a nomenclature which might embody a 
premature expression of homological relationships with the limbs of 
other animals. In dealing with elements whose morphological 
_ value remains in the least degree doubtful, we have, for these 
reasons, adopted the nomenclature of Ecker (17) as being the more 
empirical and better suited to our purpose than the alternative one 
of Dugés (16). 

In describing the pre-hallux (calear), we have, in order to 
facilitate comparison with the works of our predecessors, adopted 
the older system of nomenclature, calling the outermost digit the 
fifth, the innermost one the pre-hallux or calear, and that next to it 
the hallux or first digit. 

New terms have been introduced only where unavoidable; and 
some of these are, for reasons already given, purely empirical. 

c. Material.—It will be seen, from the second part of the paper, 
that we have examined the limbs of 37 genera and 60 species— 
adequate representatives of all the leading families as defined by 
Boulenger (7), with the exception of the Dyscophide, Dendrophry- 
niscide, Amphignathodontide, and Hemiphractide. For these 
specimens our grateful acknowledgments are due mainly to Prof. 
Huxley, and to Mr. G. A. Boulenger of the Natural History 
Museum. ‘To the last-named gentleman we are indebted for further 


1888. ] THE CARPUS AND TARSUS OF THE ANURA. 143 


aid and advice always most cheerfully given; while we have to 
tender thanks to Prof. W. K. Parker for useful specimens, to Prof. 
Wiedersheim of Freiburg for the limbs and a larva of Pipa, to Prof. 
W. N. Parker for some exquisitely preserved tadpoles of the 
Common Frog, and to Dr. G. Baur, of New Haven, Conn., for 
suggestions and advice. 

Some of our best results have been obtained from feet in which 
ossification was just commencing (ex. fig. 5). At this stage the 
outlines of the cartilages are more clearly defined than at the earlier 
ones (cf. fig. 9), while there is a total absence of any distortion or 
displacement consequent upon complete ossification (cf. figs. 5 & 6). 
Identification of this stage by external appearances is very difficult ; 
absolute size, moreover, gives no clue to it, for while in a Xenophrys 
measuring 27 millim. from mouth to vent (fig. 14) all expectations 
were realized, in a Brachycephalus of 20 millim. ossification was 
found to be complete. 

d. Methods.—We early discarded the section-cutting method 
employed by Born (3, 6), chiefly because the results finally arrived 
at were less satisfactory than those obtainable from clarified prepara- 
tions. Clarification in potash solution (kindly suggested to us by 
Prof. Wiedersheim) was tried, but relinquished, chiefly on account 
of the difficulties experienced in mounting the preparations. Better 
results were arrived at by clarifying in a mixture of glycerine and 
potash, and mounting permanently in glycerine jelly ; but our best 
results were all obtained by the use of clove oil, which offers 
additional advantages in allowing the preparations to be stained. 
Borax-carmine solution proved most serviceable as a dye; less 
successful preparations were, however, obtained with picro-carmine, 
heematoxylin, and bismarck-brown. 

Our method of procedure was generally as follows :—The limb 
having been carefully skinned, the larger muscles were dissected off, 
in order to facilitate staining. The preparation was next immersed 
for about ten minutes in borax-carmine, and then transferred to 
acid alcohol (75 parts alcohol, 3 parts HNO,, and 22 parts water), 
in order that superfluous stain might be removed; after dehydration 
in absolute alcohol, it was allowed to remain in oil of cloves. The 
final process consisted in carefully picking away the soft parts, little 
by little, with two pairs of small forceps under a simple microscope, 
while the preparation was still immersed in a glass trough of clove 
oil. The smaller preparations were ultimately mounted in Canada 
balsam. 

The above method admits of an examination of all parts in the 
undisturbed state, and consequently of an accurate determination of 
the relationships of apposed surfaces, such as is not possible with any 
other. Moreover, in that ossific centres, lines of fusion, furrows, or 
outstanding processes are rendered equally obvious, it is manifestly 
not open to objections which might conceivably arise out of exclusive 
reliance upon the section-cutter’s art. 


ii 


144 PROF. G. B. HOWES AND W. RIDEWooD ON __[Mar. 6, 


II. GENERAL PART. 


Hinp Foor. 


a. Metatarsals and Phalanges.—Setting the pre-hallux aside, the 
Ist, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th digits bear, in most genera (ef. foot- 
note on p. 178) respectively 2, 2, 3, 4, 3, phalanges, the 4th, or 
outermost digit but one, being the longest. Pipa is alone excep- 
tional, for in it the 3rd exceeds the 4th in length. 

b. Astragalus (a.) and Calcaneus (c.).—These two elements were 
already greatly elongated in the youngest specimens in which their 
presence could be detected. When fully formed, the two bones are 
generally uniform in length ; they are relatively longest in the Tree- 
Frogs, shortest in Pelobates. When of unequal length, the pre- 
axial bone, or astragalus, is the shorter. 

Wiedersheim has shown’, in Rana esculenta, that the arteria 
interossea perforates the membrane passing between these two bones, 
dorso-ventrally, to reach the plantar surface of the foot. Pelodytes 
is alone exceptional, among all the genera which we have examined, 
in the fact that its astragalus and calcaneus have become greatly elon- 
gated subsequent to complete fusion (Plate VIII. fig. 12), ina manner 
strikingly suggestive of the tibia and fibula. The above-named 
artery, however, remains true to its original relationships, a small 
foramen (f.2'., fig. 12) being left for its transmission. In this, as 
in all other genera, neither the astragalus nor calcaneus (however 
much modified) ever undergo any sort of rotation; they lie side by 
side, invariably complanate with the tibia and fibula. 

Wiedersheim has shown further” that in the Urodela (Ranodon, 
Salamandrella, Cryptobranchus) a blood-vessel perforates the 
tarsal region apparently, at first sight, in the manner of the above- 
named artery of the Frog. Baur has more recently recorded the 
same fact for Necturus (1, pl. i. figs. 12 & 17). Hyrtl, describing 
the vascular system of Cryptobranchus, says of the crural artery *:— 
“horum ossium biga, cui nulla articulatio intercedit, et quae potius 
textu fibroso in unum quasi corpus conjungitur, arteriae nostrae 
commodam praebet occasionem, trajecta syndesmosi intertarsea, ad 
dorsalem tarsi regionem emicandi, quo territorio semel potita, illico 
in duas, paullo post in quatuor arterias digitales communes dorsales 
dilabitur, binorum digitorum interstitiis destinatas.’’ There can be 
little doubt but that this description applies to the vessel noted by 
Wiedersheim. In that it passes ventro-dorsally, however, it differs 
in toto from that of the Frog, but in this it agrees just as closely 
with the arteria brachialis of the fore limb of that animal (cf. p. 156). 
These facts tend to show that the perforation in question (foramen 
intertarsi, [auct.|) is probably not homologous with either that of 
the Urodele hind foot, or that of the fore foot in the Frog itself; if 

; bnarioike ¥ des Frosches, Ecker and Wiedersheim, Part II., Brunswick (1881), 
. OV. 

2 «Die altesten Formen des Carpus und Tarsus d. heutigen Amphibien,’’ 
Morph. Jahrb. vol. ii. (1876), pp. 421-435. 

i ee Japonicus, Schediasma anatomicum. Vindobonae, 1865, 
p- . 


1888. ] THE CARPUS AND TARSUS OF THE ANURA. 145 


so, the arteria interossea will not help us in the least in estimating 
the morphological value of the astragalus and calcaneus. 

Wiedersheim asserts (36, p. 211) that in the astragalus we have 
‘‘ein vereinigtes Tibiale und Intermedium.” Gegenbaur (18) and 
Born, on the other hand, are inclined to regard the tibiale as its sole 
representative. Proof of the former statement is not forthcoming ; 
and in spite of the most diligent researching, we have been unable 
to discover, at any stage, the remotest trace of anything at all com- 
parable to a third proximal tarsal. Future research may, perhaps, 
demonstrate its existence; but, mindful of the elongation of the 
earliest rudiments of these elements, we incline to the belief that the 
missing one (? intermedium) has disappeared beyond all recognition, 
even during the embryonic period. 

e. Tarsalia 4 and 5.—In no Anuran foot hitherto described have 
there been recognized more than three distal tarsal elements (tarsalia). 
Examination of the Plates will show that when these remain distinct 
they are directly associated with the hallux and the two next digits 
(ex. Plate VII. figs. 8 and 10). The tarsalia of the two outermost 
digits (4th and 5th) would thus appear to be absent. Gegenbaur 
first drew attention to the existence, in certain genera, of a ligament 
(figs. 10, 17, and 19) which passes between the tarsal of the third 
digit and the head of the fifth metatarsal. He described its relations 
minutely (18, p. 61), and concluded that “‘ er repriisentirt in ligamen- 
tésem Zustande Theile, die unter anderen Verhiiltnissen als Knorpel 
gebildet sind.”” This structure has been recorded in Hyla, Rhino- 
derma (Gegenbaur), Pelobates (Gegenbaur, 18; Bayer, 2), Disco- 
glossus (Wiedersheim, 36, p. 211), and others, and to the list we are 
able to add (cf. Part II.). 

Born says of Phryne (Bufo') vulgaris (3, p. 444) “im Band- 
polster unter der Basis von Metatarsale IV. traf ich einmal einen 
deutlichen Rest von Knorpelgewebe, was die Gegenbaur’sche Deut- 
ung dieses Bandes als Homologon eines Tarsale IV. durchaus 
bestiitigt.” We find that in the adult of Alytes obstetricans this 
ligament (fig. 10) carries a well-marked nodule of cartilage, which 
lies between the applied heads of the 4th and 5th metatarsals. 
That this represents one of the missing tarsals is hardly to be 
doubted from its relationships, but, from its position, it is difficult 
to say which. Gegenbaur goes on to assert (p. 61), “‘ wenn man 
das auf ein blosses Ligament reducirte Tarsusstiick einem der bei den 
iibrigien Amphibien nachgewiesenen Elementarstiicke vergleichen 
will, so kann man in ihm nur nach Massgabe der Betheiligung des 
Metatarsus das Tarsale 4 und 5 erkennen, welches bei den Tritonen 
schon durch ein einziges Stiick dargestellt war.’’ In Bufo, Hylodes, 
and Hyla (Plate VIII. fig. 19) the ligament enters into an extensive 
connection with the head of the fifth metatarsal, like that originally 
figured by Gegenbaur (18, pl. 4. fig. 13) for the first-named genus. 
It fuses (fig. 23) with the postaxial articular border of this bone, and 
the head of the same is seen to be obviously enlarged as the result of its 
attachment”. It becomes a question of considerable interest, therefore, 


' See Boulenger (7, p. 303). 
2 Cf. Xenophrys, Plate VIII. fig. 17. 


146 PROF. G. B. HOWES AND W. RIDEWOOD on ___ [Mar. 6, 


whether this enlargement may or may not represent a coalesced 5th 
tarsal (as, indeed, Gegenbaur was inclined to believe, pp. 64-65). 
We have failed to detect any trace of segmentation of the cartilage at 
this point. In the Hylide, however, a second ligament is present, 
which passes (fig. 19) from the postaxial wall of the capsule of the 
tarso-metatarsal joint, upwards and inwards, for attachment to the 
epiphysial cartilage of the astragalus and caleaneus. This ligament 
carries at its outer end a wedge-shaped cartilage, and that we at first 
took to represent the fifth tarsal. Upon reconsideration, however, 
we are disposed to regard it as an ordinary intra-articular cartilage of 
none but physiological significance (for further details see p. 168). 
Reflection upon these facts has led us to the belief that while the 
ligament which passes between the third tarsal and the head of the 
5th metatarsal is the degraded representative of the 4th and 5th 
tarsalia, the cartilaginous nodule occasionally carried by it is 
exclusively a vestige of the 4th one. Gegenbaur records the 
presence of this ligament in Rana esculenta, in addition to the other 
genera named, and we can confirm his statement. In R. ¢empo- 
raria, however, we find no trace of it in the adult, and but a feeble 
one in the larva. This fact, while lending additional support to 
Gegenbaur’s original deduction, shows how completely the vestige 
is, as it were, disappearing under our eyes. 

d. Tarsalia 2 and 3 (Os cuboideum).—We have already stated that 
three tarsal elements may exist ; on the other hand, the outermost 
two of these may not unfrequently be replaced in a long bone 
(cuboideum), represented in its typical condition at ** in figs. 17, 
24, 27, 29, 31, & 33. It will be observed in all these cases 
that this structure overlies, more or less completely, the metatarsalia 
of the 2nd and 8rd digits ; comparison of the same with those forms 
in which the three tarsalia are found (Bombinator or Alytes, figs. 8 
& 10) leaves little doubt but that the bone represents a confluence 
of the tarsalia of the 2nd and 3rd digits, as asserted by all recent 
authorities, 

In some cases, however, examination of the adult limb would 
appear to render this questionable. For example: in Hyla cerulea 
(fig. 19), in which two tarsalia are alone present, the larger one 
is little, if at all, related to the 2nd metatarsal—the head of which 
is in apposition with the second and smaller element. Com- 
parison of this tarsus with that possessed of the three tarsalia 
(figs. 8 & 10) renders it hard, indeed, to say which two elements 
are represented in the Tree-Frog. Born has already experienced 
this difficulty in dealing (6, p. 443) with the adults of Phryne 
vulgaris and Bufo variabilis, and he admits his inability to settle 
the question, for want of embryological material. 

On turning to the larva of Hyla (fig. 21), we find that the outer 
of the two elements has (unlike that of the adult) more than twice 
the bulk of its fellow, while it agrees in every detail with the cuboi- 
deum in its most typical form (cf. Xenophrys, fig. 17). Examina- 
tion of this element side by side with that of the adult limb (fig. 19) 
shows that its growth is arrested early in development: it shows, 


1888. ] THE CARPUS AND TARSUS OF THE ANURA. 147 


further, that the connection between the innermost tarsal (1) and 
the head of the second digit is purely secondary, and that the first- 
named is really the tarsal of the hallux, displaced, as it were, in 
sympathy with its dwarfed neighbour. 

Ecker speaks (17, p. 61) of the cuboideum in Bufo as consisting 
of two pieces. We find that in that genns, as in Leptodactylus, a 
similar shortening up of this bone takes place (¢f. fig. 23); there 
can be little doubt therefore that Ecker was misled by that, pre- 
cisely in the manner indicated above. 

The cuboideum, then, must be held to represent the confluent 
tarsalia 2 and 8. We have to record its presence in the Ranide, 
Dendrobatide, Engystomatide, Cystignathide, Bufonide, Hylidae, 
Dactylethride, and Pipa. 

e. Zarsale 1 (Hallux tarsal) (1).—This element is of very constant 
occurrence. Its relations in the Discoglosside are exceptional and, 
as will be shown below (figs. 8 & 10), interesting; it lies in them 
under cover of the naviculare (’), interposed between it and the Ist 
metatarsal. Gegenbaur appears, in dealing with Bombinator, to 
have mistaken the naviculare for the first tarsal (18, pl. 6. fig. 11) ; 
but this is not to be wondered at, in consideration of the small size 
of the latter. It is wanting as a distinct element in old specimens 
of Nannophrys and Phryniseus, and we have found that it fuses in 
both genera with the naviculare. Born has described and figured 
it accurately in Rana esculenta. Concerning R. temporaria he says 
(3, p. 441) that it “immer in Laufe der Ontogenese bis auf uner- 
hebliche Spuren schwindet.” Strictly speaking, this is not the case, 
for we are in possession of old examples in which it had persisted 
as a distinct element (woodcut, p. 176, fig. C, J). We are inclined 
moreover to believe that instead of undergoing suppression, as Born 
imagines, it more probably fuses with the naviculare as in the two 
above-named genera. 

f. Naviculare and Pre-hallux tarsal_—Ecker regarded the navi- 
culare of these animals as analogous (17, p. 61) with the element so 
named (centrale) in the tarsi of the higher animals. Gegeubaur, on 
the other hand, who, as before stated, confused it with the hallux- 
tarsal, sums up his conclusions in the words (18, p. 67), “ein 
Centrale fehlt.” Born adopts this view; but he differs from 
Gegenbaur in that he regards the naviculare as the basal segment 
(tarsale) of the pre-hallux. He writes (3, p. 448), ‘‘ von diesen 
[segments of the pre-hallux] liegt der erste in einer Reihe mit 
den Tarsalknorpelu, welche Metatarsustriiger sind, ahmt dieselben in 
Form und Structur nach und ist von den Autoren auch, wie 
erwiibnt, immerals ‘typischer’ Tarsalknorpel aufgefasst worden.” 
Born’s determination has been adopted by all subsequent writers. 
Tt will thus be seen that the two views entertained as to the mor- 
phological value of the naviculare are diametrically opposed, and 
that a settlement of their differences is indispensable to the full 
determination of the value of the distal preaxial elements. We 
have already drawn attention to the fact that the naviculare of the 
Discoglosside (ex. Bombinator, fig. 8, Alytes, fig. 10) is wedged in 


148 PROF. G. B. HOWES AND W. RIDEWoOD ON -___[Mar. 6, 


between the first tarsal and the astragalus, being in fact absolutely 
central and in a position which cannot, by any stretch of imagina- 
tion, be said to be “in einer Reihe mit den Tarsalknorpeln.” It 
would be more correct to say that the 1st metatarsal, Ist tarsal, and 
naviculare are here disposed lineally. 

Examination of the Plates will show that the relative size of the 
naviculare is in no way proportionate to that of the pre-hallux, as 
might be expected were Born’s hypothesis tenable (cf. figs. 3, 10, 12, 
& 17); it is rather the reverse. Choice appears to lie between two 
alternatives: the naviculare has either grown in and displaced the 
hallux tarsal proximally (as the Discoglosside would suggest, figs. 
8 & 10,in which case the condition of the latter would, in this 
family, be secondary) or it has undergone a reduction proportionate 
with an increase in size of the same. Recent observers are agreed 
as to the lowly position of the Discoglosside‘, and it therefore 
becomes a question of first importance as to how far the arrangement 
just described in them is primary. 

In the youngest Discoglosside examined by us (¢/. p. 164), no 
appreciable difference could be detected in the relative proportions 
of the two elements under consideration as compared with the adult ; 
we have here, then, strong reason for regarding the condition exempli- 
fied in them as really primary. The matter, however, presses still 
more closely. Examination of those forms in which the pre-hallux 
is regularly segmented (fig. 19), shows that that segment which 
Born regards as its metatarsal (ph. i.) is generally disposed in a 
line with the naviculare, »! (cf. figs. 13 & 19). In Pelodytes, how- 
ever (fig. 13), and less conspicuously in Alytes (fig. 10) and Hyla, 
the first-named element is intimately connected with the adjacent 
hallux-tarsal (1) by means of a well-defined ligament, which runs 
distally to the naviculare. Comparison of this ligament with that 
previously referred to as the representative of the 4th and Sth 
tarsalia, leaves little room for doubting, if argument from analogy 
is worth anything, that Born’s metatarsal of the pre-hallux is, in 
reality, its tarsal. If this be admitted, there can no longer be any 
doubt of the homology of Ecker’s naviculare (z!) with the os centrale 
tarsi. 

This determination brings the tarsus of the Anura into closer 
harmony with that of the other and, especially, the higher Vertebrata 
than is now generally admitted, while it sets at rest further doubt as 
to the value of the hallux-tarsal. 

Finally, Ecker has shown (17, p. 128) that the tendon of the 
adductor longus digiti primi muscle (m.a./. of woodcut, fig. C, p. 176) 
is inserted into the naviculare. We have found this to be invari- 
ably the case whether the hallux-tarsal is present or absent. It 
follows, therefore, that all possible source of confusion between that 
element and the naviculare is at an end. 

g. Pre-hallux (Calcar).—The skeleton of the pre-hallux was first 
figured by Rosenhof (32); he described it (Pelobates, p. 84) in the 
words “ tandem etiam in sceleto hoc notari meretur singularis quidam 

1 Cf. Cope (12, p. 104) and Boulenger (7, p. 444). 


1888. | THE CARPUS AND TARSUS OF THE ANURA. 149 


spurisque unguis.” It has been likened by some anatomists to a 
single element in the tarsus (ex. entocuneiform, Owen, 31, p. 184); it 
is, however, unnecessary to recapitulate these comparisons in detail. 

All recent writers are agreed as to the variable nature of the pre- 
hallux, but the range of this has not yet been fully recorded. As 
will be seen from an examination of our figures, it is very inconstant 
in size, shape, and detailed characters. For example: in the adult 
Xenophrys (fig. 17), it consists of a single elongated cartilage which 
ossifies very late in life, whereas in Hyla (fig. 19) it attains a much 
greater development, and is segmented into four pieces. Disparity 
in size is by no means confined to members of different families, for 
in Pelobates—the type of the family to which Xenophrys belongs— 
the calcar, while consisting of a single piece, attains enormous pro- 
portions and ossifies very early'. In this burrowing genus the 
calcar supports the well-known horny blade, by means of which the 
animal is enabled to shovel up the earth. his being so, its early 
ossification is distinctly associated with the functional requirements 
of the case. 

Born at first ascribed (3, p. 448) four segments to this structure 
in Rana, Bufo, and others. In his later researches, however, he 
records considerable variation in the same, stating (6, p. 61), 
**wechselt doch die Stiickzahl v. Rana esculeuta, zwischen zwei 
und vier, bei Bufo vuriabilis, zwischen drei und finf.” Our 
figs. 19 & 19a agree very well with his description, while they 
represent the maximum segmentation into lineally disposed elements 
observed in any specimen. We have already shown reason for 
regarding Born’s basal pre-hallux segment as the centrale (navicu- 
clare), whence it follows that in no known Anuran does the calear, 
as defined by us, ever consist of more than four true segments. 
This maximum number is reached in Bufo? (?), Hyla, Hylarana, 
Leptodactylus, Nototrema, and Rana—representatives, that is to say, 
of four distinct families. 

Incident upon the foregoing there arises the question as to 
whether the unsegmented condition of the pre-hallux is the more 
primitive one, or vice versd. If the latter be the case, traces of 
Segmentation ought to be forthcoming in the larve of those forms 
possessed of the single piece. Born accords to Rana esculenta a 
maximum of three pieces. In old Tadpoles of R. temporaria, 
however, we have detected the presence of four distinct segments of 
hyaline cartilage: the terminal one of these early degenerates and 
becomes eventually fibrous, and not until then can that fusion of the 
parts which Born describes ® take place. The facts recorded by this 
author alone for Hyla and Bufo (Phryne) (6, pl. 1. figs. 2 & 3) 
are, in themselves, sufficient to show that the lineally segmented 
condition is most probably the primitive one. 

We are doubtful as to how far the one or two pieces, met with in 


? Born makes the assertion (6, p. 59) that it here bears originally two pha- 
langes: this we cannot confirm. 

* Born (6, p. 61). We have not observed it. 

3 p. 56. We have not observed this. 


150 PROF. G. B. HOWES AND W. RIDEWOOD ON [Mar. 6, 


adults of certain species, may or may not arise by confluence or 
suppression of individual segments (cf. fig. 8) ; future research must 
decide this question. 

There remain two most important questions. 1, If the segmented 
condition be the more primitive, may not the whole pre-hallux repre- 
sent a shortened-up digit? and 2, May not this supposed sixth digit 
represent a lost ray of the ichtbyopterygium ? 

In Nannophrys, Phyllomedusa (fig. 19 a), Rhombophryne, and 
especially in some species of Hyla, the pre-hallux has quite a digiti- 
form aspect, comparing, at first sight, very favourably with the 
reduced pollex of the fore limb, the homology of which with the 
other digits nobody disputes (cf. Plate VIII. figs. 15 a & 20). 

That the pre-hallux may, in a sense, resemble the pollex is clear 
from the preceding; but it must not be forgotten that this resem- 
blance is most marked in the specialized Tree-Frogs. Its segments’ 
are, in the embryo, more digitiform than in the adult ; and taking all 
facts into consideration, we incline to a belief in a preponderance 
of the resemblances over the differences between this structure and 
a normal digit. 

The second difficulty is not easily to be met. That the pre- 
haliux takes on certain of the essential relationships of a digit is 
beyond dispute. That it really represents one is another question. 

The tarsal of the pre-hallux is, in most cases, in definite articu- 
lation with the head of the naviculare (cf. Pelodytes, fig. 13). In 
many forms its second segment is the largest (ex. fig. 27); when 
this is the case, that may be disposed parallel with the metatarsals, 
in a manner strikingly suggestive of a serial homology (cf. Xenopus, 
fig. 3, and Pseudis, fig. 27). In Xenophrys, Hyla (figs. 17 and 
19), and other genera, this supposed metatarsal sends forwards (back- 
wards in situ) a small retral lobe (*); in Ceratophrys (fig. 24) 
this attains a considerable development, and in individuals of this 
genus it may exceed in size the body of the segment from which it 
takes its origin. 

Meckel (29) and Cuvier (15) held, and Born (3), Kehrer (24), 
and others still hold the pre-hallux to bea sixth digit. Leydig 
(25), attacking it from a totally different standpoint, argues to the 
contrary. Gegenbaur at first took a similar view, holding (18) it to 
be a secondary structure peculiar to the Anura, and his words are 
echoed by Hofmann (21); subsequently however to the publication 
of Born’s paper, Gegenbaur accepted that author’s position, con- 
fessing to the same in his well-known text-book. Finally, Born 
asserts, in his latest paper (6, p. 61) ‘* Ubrigens bin ich jetzt geneigt 
in der starken Variabilitit der Gebilde der sechsten Zehe .. . 
nicht bloss mehr eine Higenthiimlichkeit zu sehen, die derselbem 
als rudimentiérem Organ anhaftet, sondern ich sehe in der haufigen 
Verschmelzung ein Bestreben ein immer festeres Skelettstiick als 


1 Van Deen records (34) an instance in which, in Rana esculenta, these lay in 
a line with the hallux and supported the web. His specimen was, unfor- 
tunately, a monstrous one, with four hind legs. 


1888. ] THE CARPUS AND TARSUS OF THE ANURA. 151 


Unterlage fiir den Fersenhécker, der vielfach als Grab-Instrument 
benutzt wird, zu gewinnen.” 

We have already called attention (p. 150) to the development of 
a retral process from that which we regard as the hallux-meta- 
tarsal. In Ayla lichenata this is completely segmented off (* in 
woodcut, fig. A), forming one of a series of marginal elements, 


The pre-hallux of opposite sides in Hyla lichenata. Dorsal aspect. x 6, 


which skirt the outer face of the calcar and are, moreover, 
roughly symmetrical on opposite sides. Comparison of this figure 
with that of the more normal pre-hallux of H. cerulea (Plate 
VIII. fig. 19) renders it tolerably certain that these nodules are 
dismemberments of the main mass. 

It would be superfluous here to recapitulate the well-known specu- 
lations and discussions which turn on the supposed ancestral con- 
dition of the pentadactyle limb’; it is more pertinent to point out 
that the evidence against the supposition that all living Amphibia 
and Amniota have directly inherited a pentadactyle member, is, to 
no inconsiderable extent, based upon the discovery of fragmentary 
cartilages in no way indistinguishable from these now under con- 
sideration. Such fragments have been discovered flanking both pre- 
and postaxial borders of the one member or the other in even Man 
himself *; and in the fertile imaginations of Bardeleben, Kehrer (24), 
and others, we find them exalted to the dignity of lost rays. The 
last-named author writes (p. 14) “so hatten wir also bei der 
Beurtheilung des Hand- und Fuss-skeletes der Wirbelthiere kunf- 
tighin nicht mehr von einer pentadactylen, sondern von einer hepta- 
dactylen Urform auszugehen, und von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus 


1 For details and résumé see Gegenbaur (19), and Wiedersheim (86), pp. 
204-207 and 229-230; also “ Zur Urgesch. d. Gliedmassen d. Wirbelth,” ‘ Hum- 
boldt,’ vol. 5, 1886. 

2 Bardeleben, ‘ Jenaische Zeitschr. fur Naturwiss.’ Bd. 19, N.F. xii. Supplem.- 
Heft 8, 1886. Cf. Wiedersheim, ‘ Lehrbuch,’ p, 224, and ‘ Humboldt,’ cz¢. 


152 PROF. G. B. HOWES AND W. RIDEWOOD ON [Mar. 6, 


betrachtet, werden auch fiirderhin die ‘ tiberzihligen’ Finger und 
Zehen . .. . sondern als atavistische Bildungen angesehen werden 
diirfen.”’ 

Baur is, of all later writers, the one who has done most to combat 
this doctrine. He advances (1, p. 68 e¢ seg.) equally good argu- 
ments for regarding these so-called supernumerary digits as purely 
secondary and adaptive structures, laying, at the same time, great 
stress upon their late appearance, especially in the case of the pre- 
hallux itself. The advocates of the opposite belief’ seek shelter under 
the stronghold of the Enaliosauria, but recent investigation at least 
suggests that the paddles of those beasts were specialized derivatives 
of pentadactyle predecessors *. 

We trust to have already shown satisfactorily that the naviculare 
can no longer be regarded as the hallux-tarsal, as Born supposes ; and 
that admitted, it follows that the pre-hallux conforms to the struc- 
tural requirements of a sixth digit. More than this cannot be said 
at present, and further speculation would be useless until the 
connecting link between the cheiropterygium and its piscine pre- 
decessor shall have been discovered. For this we look to the 
paleontologist. 

Setting aside further discussion as to the exact significance of the 
pre-hallux itself, we cannot refrain from regarding that fragmentary 
dismemberment of its outer free border, above represented, as an 
additional argument for the views of Leydig and Baur. If the con- 
verse one be justifiable, we should have ample ground for pleading 
the cause of an octodactyle “ Urform,” and this would be prima facie 
no advance at all. 

There is a growing tendency to attach too much importance to 
gristly fragments such as those now under consideration, and it is 
binding on those who may yet deal with these supposed vestiges 
(especially as manifested in the higher Vertebrata), that they shall 
determine at the outset, with greater accuracy than has hitherto been 
done, what precise relationships they bear to the soft parts. If not, 
the question bids fair to be reduced ere long to the condition of a 
reductio ad absurdum. 


Fore Foor. 


_a. Metacarpals and Phalanges.—The pollex of the Anura under- 


! Parker writes (P. R. 8. vol. 42 (1887), p. 57), “I have frequently noticed 
that aborted parts, like overshadowed plants, are late to appear, and soon 
wither, or are arrested in their growth.” 

* Baur, “ Bemerkungen iiber Sauropterygia und Ichthyopterygia,” Zool. 
Anzeiger, 1886, pp. 245-252; also “ Die Abstammung d. Amnioten Wirbelth.,” 
Biolog. Centralbl. Bd. 7 (1887), pp. 481-493. See also “‘On the Phylogenetic 
Arrangement of the Sauropsida,” ‘Journal of Morphology, Boston, vol. i. 
no. 1 (1887), pp. 93-104; the discovery by Gadow and Baur (herein recorded) 
of supernumerary phalanges in the manus of Halicore and Manatus is most 
welcome at this juncture. See also Baur, ** Ueber den Ursprung d. Extremi- 
taten der Ichthyopterygia,” Bericht u,d. xx. Versammlung des Oberrheinischen 
Geolog. Vereins, 1887. 


1888. ] THE CARPUS AND TARSUS OF THE ANURA. 153 


goes, as will be shown later, a by no means insignificant range of 
modification. In no case, however, is it ever segmented into more 
than three pieces exclusive of its carpal; it thus never bears more 
than two phalanges. The other four digits bear each, in order of 
succession from within outwards, 2, 2, 3, 3 phalanges, certain Ranidee 
excepted (cf. footnote, p. 178). 

The inner border of the metacarpal of the second digit becomes, 
in the males of certain Anura, as is well known in the case of the 
Common Frog, variously crested or tuberculated in connection with 
the overlying “thumb-pad”’ (2!. fig. 6), or for support of the horny 
clasper as in Leptodactylus (** fig. 25). Leydig has recently 
described these modifications with great accuracy (26), so far as 
they concern the indigenous European forms. 

b. Distal Carpal Elements (Carpalia).—In the more specialized 
forms certain of these unite with each other or with adjacent 
elements (ex. Hyla, fig. 20, Rhombophryne, fig. 32); and for the 
present we shall exclude such from consideration, dealing only with 
those feet in which the elements remain permanently distinct. 

All previous writers are agreed that in such forms five carpalia 
are represented. While we admit that such may be the case, we 
doubt, as the sequel will show, the homology of that element which 
our predecessors, not excluding Born (6). interpret as the carpal of 
the 5th digit. 

Carpale 2 (Trapéze of Dugés; Trapezoides of Ecker).—This 
element ((2) of our figures) is never more than insignificantly 
displaced. Examination of any one drawing will show that it lies 
in a line with the head of the 2nd metacarpal (2') ; and comparison 
of Alytes tadpole (fig. 9) shows this to be its primitive position. 

It is usually of fair size, becoming well ossified. In the Disco- 
glosside it undergoes a slight reduction (figs. 6 & 7), and this reaches 
its maximum, amounting to insignificance in the g of Leptodactylus 
(fig. 25). Comparison of this carpus with the adult Discoglossus 
(fig. 6) and the larval Alytes (fig. 9) is sufficient to show that this 
partial atrophy is to no small extent associated with the specialization 
and enlargement of its metacarpal. 

We have found this element to be free in all but Brackycephalus, 
Pipa, and Rhombophryne. 

Carpalia 3 and 4.—In certain forms these two elements become 
confluent, constituting the nucleus of a large bone (3, 4 4, figs. 
25, 26, 28), called by Ecker (17, p. 53) the “ capitato-hamatum.” 
In the Discoglosside, Pelobatide, and Aglossa, however, carpalia 3 
and 4 are distinct. Considering the general affinities of these three 
families, and that there are combined among them all the lowest 
terms of structural detail met with in the whole Order, this point 
of agreement is the more welcome and suggestive. 

Examination of the figs. which we append will show that in the 
two first-named families there is a tendency towards an increase in 
size of the 4th carpal and consequent displacement of the 3rd one 
(cf. figs. 5, 7, and 18). The two, however, lie, in all, practically 
in a line with the 3rd and 4th metacarpals—absolutely so in the 


154 PROF. G. B. HOWES AND W. RIDEWOOD ON [Mar. 6, 


Aglossa. The representatives of that family retain then, in this 
feature of their organization, a more primitive condition than do any 
other living Anura. Further comment is needless. 

Carpale 5.—All writers have, up to the present, regarded the 
large element marked & as the fifth carpal. In the Discoglosside, 
Pelobatide, and in Xenopus, this is large and distinct; and 
seeing that in the last-named genus the head of the 5th metacarpal 
(5', tig. 4) is especially excavated to receive it, the above-named 
determination would appear to be unassailable, 

In the two first-named families (Discoglosside and Pelobatide) 
this element has no connection with the metacarpal, for in them there 
runs, from the postaxial border of the 4th carpal to the epiphysial 
cartilage of the 5th metacarpal, a ligamentous band (* figs. 5, 7, and 
15). This structure courses ventrally to the distal face of the sup- 
posed 5th carpal (4), excluding that from direct connection with the 
adjacent metacarpal. 

The absolute identity of this band with the ligament in the hind 
foot, admitted by all to represent the missing tarsalia 4 (? 5), is 
irrefutable; and, if argument from analogy is to be trusted, this 
structure may justly be looked upon as a Sth carpal. If so, the 
older determination falls to the ground, and the element & can no 
longer be regarded as distal. We are in a position to substantiate 
this, for the ligament in question carries, in Xenophrys, a well- 
defined nodule of hyaline cartilage which ossifies as age advances 
(5, fig. 16). This ligament is early differentiated, and comparison 
of the higher forms suggests that it represents something which, in 
them, has been lost. 

We trust thus to have shown that the 5th carpal is practically 
absent in the Anura as an order, but that a vestige of it exists in the 
adults of the Discoglosside and Pelobatide (in precisely those forms, 
that is, in which we might have expected to find it), becoming 
ossified and attaining its most full development, so far as is at present 
known, in the genus Xenophrys. 

c. Carpale 1 and Pollex.—The pollex is, in all known Anura, 
relatively small and unimportant. It attains its maximum length 
in certain American Tree-Frogs (cf. Cope, 14, and Boulenger, 7, pp. 
338, 339), and among the Cystignathide (cf. p. 170); in other 
forms, again, it is very short. Born says of it in Bombinator (6, 
p- 62), ‘‘einmal fehlte sie ganz, ein andermal waren sogar zwei 
Phalangen vorhanden;”? Gegenbaur omits it in his well-known figure 
of Bufo (18, pl. i. fig. 11), while Brocchi denies its existence in 
Hemiphractus (10, p. 16). We strongly doubt the assertion of the 
first-named author, and we can only attribute it to the fact that he 
relied exclusively upon microscopical sections. Small the pollex 
may be, but absent rarely, so far as our experience goes. 

In all but some few forms the body of the pollex is in articulation 
with a proximal cartilage, po i. (the “trapezium” of Ecker, 17, p. 53), 
of somewhat variable character. In its predominant shape, this 
element may be fitly compared with the bowl of a very thick spoon. 


1888. ] THE CARPUS AND TARSUS OF THE ANURA. 155 


In Pseudis tadpole and Hyla (figs. 26 & 20), less conspicuously in 
Bufo and others, it is elongated in the manner of a finger-joint. 
With the exception of Dugés, who first regarded it (16) as a meta- 
carpal, all investigators have looked upon it as the carpal of the 
pollex. Examination of its detailed relationships and consideration 
of its embryological condition (Alytes, fig. 9, po. i.) leave no room for 
doubting the accuracy of the latter determination. 

Assume what form it may, the pollex usually ossifies more 
early in the males than in the females. In the Ranide, for 
example, it remains in the females for a considerable time simple and 
unossified (woodcut, fig. B, p. 174). This precocious ossification in 
the male sex is clearly the result of its connection with the well- 
known “‘ thumb-pad,” for it supports that more or less extensively 
in different genera and species. In some forms there is a great 
tendency for it to enter into direct connection with the 2nd meta- 
carpal, either by simple apposition or by fusion with the warted 
crest of the same. In the male Discoglossus, however, the reverse 
is the case, for it there appears (fig. 6) to have undergone an increase 
in breadth directly proportionate to its diminution in length. Ex- 
amination of the living animal shows that this change is an ac- 
companiment of one undergone by the “ thumb-pad ; ” for that is, as 
it were, duplicated, its lesser representative being alone supported 
by the pollex. 

In the youngest individuals examined by us (e.g. Ranide and 
Alytes) the pollex had the form of one elongated unsegmented 
cartilage. It ossifies as a single element in all Ranide, Bufonide, 
and Discoglosside which we have manipulated. On the other 
hand, the like is true only of certain genera in the Cystignathide, 
Pelobatide, and Hylide. 

In all forms examined by us, not cited above, it had become 
more or less thoroughly segmented into two or three pieces (po. ii. to 
po.iv. of figs.). These, in some of the Tree-Frogs especially, take 
on the characters of a metacarpal twice as long as broad and two 
short phalanges. In them and certain other forms it undergoes an 
elongation at the same time; in yet others the reverse is the case. 
It must not, however, be imagined that a converse line of modifi- 
cation is here set up, for Leptodactylus (fig. 25), Pelodytes (fig. 11), 
Ceratophrys, and Callula all show that, while shortened up, it is still 
segmented into distinct joints; and these, moreover, subsequently 
undergo complete and independent ossification. 

When ossification sets in without previous segmentation, it does 
not spread from one or more definite centres, but it is diffuse and 
irregular. 

In the males of Rhombophryne (fig. 32) and Lymnodynastes (fig. 
28) the pollex is quite calcaritorm. The characters of the rest of 
the member are, in both genera, such as to show, beyond doubt, that 
we have here to deal with extremely specialized forms. 

d. Ulnare (Pyramidale).—Wiedersheim has shown’ that in Rana 


«Anat. d, Frosches,’ Abth, ii. p. 79, 


156 PROF. G. B. HOWES AND W. RIDEWOOD ON [ Mar. 6, 


esculenta the arteria brachialis sends up a branch, which perfo- 
rates the carpus ventro-dorsally, for distribution to the integument 
and parts adjacent. In some forms (ex. Discoglossus, figs. 5, 6, fz.) 
the bones of the proximal row become definitely notched at this 
point, enclosing that which we would term’ a foramen intercarpi. 
for passage of the artery. Born has demonstrated the same fact for 
certain Lacertilia (4, pp. 2-3); while Wiedershiem*, Baur (1, 
pl. i. fig. 4), and others have done so, less conspicuously, for the 
Urodela. Examination of the several descriptions and figures shows 
that the perforation invariably takes place between the postaxial 
(ulnare) and central (intermedium) elements of the proximal series. 

In certain Urodeles a confluence takes place between these 
skeletal units ; and when this is the case the ulnare and intermedium 
are invariably those which fuse, and in some of these cases the 
artery in question perforates the confluent mass. Taking this 
fact into consideration it is clear that the ulnare is the only element 
which, under all circumstances, can lie postaxially to the blood- 
vessel. Seeing, moreover, that the artery agrees in all investigated 
cases in every known detail of distribution, it is obvious that, in 
it, we have a convenient landmark by which to estimate the mor- 
phological value of the proximal carpals. This said, further argu- 
ments are unnecessary in order to show that the so called “ pyramidale” 
of Dugés and Ecker is the ulnare, as Gegenbaur showed and as all 
subsequent writers admit. 

e. Lunatum (l.)—The extraordinary position in which the fore 
foot of many living Anura is carried has resulted in a rotation 
of the parts of the same upon the coalesced radius and ulna, of such 
a nature that the distal extremity of the ulna comes to be directed 
towards the palmar surface of the fore foot itself. This rotation is 
most marked in Dactylethra, Hyla, Pelobates, Pseudis, and Rana; 
and it is instructive to find that the tadpoles of these genera do not 
exhibit it. The distortion resulting from it is such, that we often 
found it impossible (ex. Pelobates, fig. 18) to obtain a comprehensive 
view of the carpus without first disarticulating the radius. The 
importance of this observation is by no means slight, for there can 
be little doubt but that we are to seek the clue to the remarkable 
delineations of some authors, to displacement of these parts, conse- 
quent upon their having flattened them out. 

From what we have said (supra) concerning the course of the 
arteria brachialis, it will be clear that the lunatum can only represent 
the radiale or the intermedium—one or both—of the less modified 
forms. Gegenbaur was unable to make up his mind (18, p. 13) as 
to whether this bone represents a confluence of these two elements 
or a persistent radiale—the intermedium having disappeared. He 
further suggested the possibility that the last-named may have been 
absorbed by the radius and ulna during coalescence. 

Born puts forward, in his latest communication (6, p. 62), the 
startling supposition that the lunatum is the intermedium. He bases 


1 Uniformly with the f. ntertarsi of the hind foot (p. 144). 
? Morph, Jahrb, vol. 2. (1876). ; 


1888.] THE CARPUS AND TARSUS OF THE ANURA. 157 


his deduction upon appearances presented to him in sections of two 
*vierbeinigen Alyteslarven.’ On p. 158 will be found a full state- 
ment of our reasons for refusing to accept the main observation upon 
which this view it based; consideration thereof will show that even 
if that be reliable, there are still insufficient grounds for assuming 
e vestigio that the lunatum is the intermedium. 

When, to the above, we add that all attempts to discover at any 
stage, in its proper place, a trace of a third proximal carpal element, 
have failed us, there is nothing left us but to record our belief that 
the lunatum represents the radiale alone, and that all traces of the 
intermedium have vanished from even the ontogenetic record (¢/. 
hind foot, p. 145). 

f. Postazial Centrale (5th carpal of earlier observers.) (4).— 
We have discussed this element sufficiently under the head of 
‘carpal 5”’ (p. 154) to render further details needless. It is present 
as a distinct element only in the lower families ; its great size and 
comparative uniformity are its most striking features. If the mor- 
phological value claimed by us (p. 154) tor that new element which 
we interpret as the 5th carpal be accepted, this one, looked at from 
all possible standpoints, can only represent a centrale. We propose 
therefore to term it, in accordance with its position, the postaxial 
centrale, by way of distinction from the element next to be dealt 
with. 

g. Naviculare (‘ scaphoide ” of Dugés) (n.).—This element 
is by far the most troublesome in the whole carpus, if not in carpus 
and tarsus taken collectively. It may fuse with others in a manner 
to be described later, but in all the lower representatives of the 
Order it is permanently distinct. In position it is extremely variable, 
except for the faet that it is preaxial: in Leptodactylus (fig. 25) 
and Ceratophrys, for example, it lies in the proximal row and arti- 
culates directly upon the radius ; in the Discoglosside and Aglossa, 
on the other hand, it is invariably central, being disposed, in the 
former family, side by side with the postaxial centrale (figs. 4, 5, 
and 7), with which it seems to vie in size. 

Born states (6, p. 62) that in the two “ vierbeinigen Alyteslarven ” 
previously alluded to he found “inmitten des Carpus ein freies, 
wohl abgegrenztes Knorpelchen von halbmondtérmiger Gestalt ;” he 
regards this as the centrale, and adds “ bei zwei anderen Carpen war 
dasselbe mit carpale 5 verwachsen und bildete an demselben einen 
deutlich abgesetzten, zungenférmigen Fortsatz?”’ He relied, as we 
have before remarked, upon the section-cutter’s method alone, and con- 
sidering that he makes this ‘‘ wichtige Fund ”’ the basis of a revolu- 
tionary redetermination of the morphological value of certain 
leading constituents of the carpus (coming to regard the naviculare 
as a displaced radiale, and the lunatum as the intermedium), he 
ought, in justice to himself, to have given drawings of a complete 
series of sections, in place of the solitary and somewhat diagrammatic 
one proffered (pl. 1. fig. 5). 

Born’s figure shows that ossification of the metacarpals had set in, 
and, from the circumstances of the case, it is logical to expect that, if 


Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. XII. 12 


158 PROF. G. B. HOWES AND W. RIDEWOOD ON [ Mar. 6, 


his observation be reliable, this supposed centrale ought to be forth- 
coming in younger specimens as a distinct element. We have 
examined a large series of specimens, many of which were much 
younger than any which passed through Born’s hands, and they 
showed without exception that the position of his “ centrale”? was 
occupied by the preaxial third of that element regarded by us as the 
postaxial centrale (4, fig. 9). We can confidently assert that in no 
carpus under our hands does this show a trace of either segmentation 
into two, chondrification from two centres, or confluence of distinct 
elements '. 

In one specimen we have been able to detect a linear depression on 
the under surface of the cartilage, near the point at which Born’s 
dismemberment appears to have occurred* ; and we are strongly of 
opinion that this groove was present in his specimen, and that the 
section represented * by him passed through it. Indeed, his second 
assertion above cited seems, in itself, to confirm this belief. 

In the adults of certain forms the naviculare may lie, as already 
said, more or less completely in the proximal row, preaxially to the 
lunatum and in more or less definite articulation with the radius 
(ef: figs. 6, 18, 30). In others it may be as fully removed from the 
latter (figs. 1, 5, 7). It therefore becomes a question of vital 
importance as to which of these two conditions is the more primi- 
tive. 

In examining a large series of larvee of the Edible Frog, measuring 
each about 20 mm. from snout to vent, we were not a little surprised to 
find that the naviculare varied greatly in the extent to which it thus 
embraces, as it were, the lunatum. In the adult it comes to lie in 
the proximal row, nearly meeting the radius (m, woodcut fig. B, 
p. 174). In a young Bufo of about 20 mm. it was already in 
direct apposition with this bone. In Pipa(Plate VII. fig. 1), Xenopus 
(Plate VII. fig. 4), and most Hylide (Plate VIII. fig. 20) it is 
strictly central; in one member of the last-named family however 
(Nototrema) it shows a tendency to become proximal in the adult. 

In the adult of Bombinator (Plate VII. fig. 7), and still more so in 
that of Discoglossus (fig. 6), it sends up a spur which approaches 
but does not nearly reach the radius. Appeal to development shows 
(figs. 5 & 9) that this spur is a late growth. 

The condition of the parts in the Pelobatide is deserving of special 
note. It will be seen that in those Anura in which the naviculare 
is most central in position the distal carpals are relatively small and 
reduced ; in Xenophrys (fig. 14) and Pelobaées (fig. 18) these are, on 
the contrary, larger and more nearly uniform in size with the other 
elements of the carpus, so much so in the latter genus that the carpus 
has quite a Salamandrine aspect. Here too the naviculare is proximal 

* Ossification of this element invariably proceeds from one centre. 

* This becomes still more marked in certain forms in which our postaxial 
centrale is confluent with other elements (cf. p. 160). 


° There are other exceptional peculiarities about this carpus, for which we 
find no parallel in our own specimens. 


1888. ] THE CARPUS AND TARSUS OF THE ANURA. 159 


(not strictly so in Pelobates), and, at the first glance, we appear to be 
dealing with the least modified term in the series ; comparison of 
which with the opposite one (ex. fig. 7) would appear to show that 
the naviculare was primarily proximal, and that its central position 
has been assumed as the accompaniment of a reduction of the distal 
carpals. 

The problem is a very perplexing one. If we admit that the 
Pelobatoid fore foot is the more primitive, we are forced to the con- 
clusion that the naviculare belongs to the proximal series; if we 
hold the Discoglossid foot to be the more ancestral, we imply that 
the suppression of the carpalia is not a specialized feature’. In all 
those cases in which we have obtained sufficiently young larve, the 
naviculare is central to begin with and free of the radius, its ascending 
process being of secondary origin (cf. Discoglossus, larva and adult, 
figs. 5 & 6). We regard this as conclusive evidence that the navi- 
culare does not belong morphologically to the proximal series, and 
hold that the condition of the Pelobatoid limb is a modified one, its 
naviculare having become displaced, in all likelihood at a very early 
stage. Nor must the possibility be overlooked that, in those forms 
in which the naviculare is most completely in articulation with the 
radius, it may have been to a large degree displaced as the direct 
result of enlargement of the second metacarpal (Leptodactylus, 
fig. 25), or carried up with the enlarging pollex (Pelodytes, fig. 11) 
(cf. p. 171). These are our reasons for regarding the naviculare 
as a central element, and we propose to term it, in accordance with 
its position, the preazial centrale. 

The carpus of the Anura would appear, from the foregoing, to 
possess two enormous centralia. Duplication or triplication of the 
centrale is well known in many living Urodeles. Wiedersheim* and 
Baur (1) have paid most attention to this question, and the latter 
has adduced weighty arguments (1, pp. 68-69) in support of the 
view that such duplication is purely secondary. The existence of 
but a solitary centrale in the lowest representatives of the Class 
(Amblystoma, Baur, p. 40), the great variation in the characters and 
assumed relationships of the superadded one, the occasional absence 
of the same (Necturus, Cryptobranchus, and others, pp. 20-29), all 
point to the conclusion that in this duplication we have to deal with 
extreme specialization. Turning now to the Anura, we make bold 
to assert that the hind foot of these animals is, except for its great 
elongation and changes incident thereon, if anything, less consider- 
ably modified than the anterior member. What, we ask, could be 
more extraordinary than the position in which the living Xenopus 
carries its fore foot? and may not the appearance of the second 
centrale have been originally associated with some such speciali- 
zation? Taking all facts into consideration, we submit that, as an 


1 It is interesting to observe here that, whereas in Alytes, Bombinator, 
and Discoglossus, the ossification of the naviculare precedes that of the carpalia, 
in Xenophrys ep. 4 is the first to ossify. 

? “Ueber die Vermehrung des Os centrale im Carpus und Tarsus des Axolotls,” 


Morph. Jahrb. vol. vi. (1880) pp. 581-583. For other references see Baur. 
12* 


160 PROF. G. B. HOWES AND W. RIDEWOOD on ___[Mar. 6, 


Order, the Anura would appear to be unique among all living animals 
in that they possess, without exception, a double centrale carpi. 

h. Compound structures resulting from the fusion of two or more 
Carpal elements.— Under this head we have designated certain large 
bones, met with only in the adults of the more specialized families 
and in some few isolated genera. 

There can be little doubt but that the great development of our 
postaxial centrale (4) is associated with the peculiar “ tread” of 
the fore foot of the Anura and with the remarkable distortion which 
the parts of this limb have undergone. In the compound 
structures now to be dealt with, this postaxial centrale forms as it 
were a central nucleus, towards which one or more adjacent elements 
become drawn and with which they amalgamate. The fact that 
the resulting compounds may occur independently in different 
families is sufficient to show that they are, for the most part, of 
nought but physiological significance. 

Capitatum.—We suggest this term’ for the simplest of the above- 
named structures. It occurs in Pelodytes (fig. 11) and Pseudophryne 
(fig. 22) (4 &), being formed, as shown, by the confluence of the 
postaxial centrale and the 4th carpal. 

Capitato-hamatum.—This term was applied by Ecker (see infra) 
to a large bone which, in the Edible Frog (3. 4. &, fig. B, woodcut, 
p- 174), carries the 3rd, 4th, and 5th digits. It is formed by the 
confluence of our capitatum with the third carpal. 

We have observed it in the Ranide, Dendrobatide, Engystomatide, 
Cystignathide, Bufonide, Hylide, and certain others; it is not 
present in either the Discoglosside, Pelobatide, or Aglossa. It often 
sends up, especially in old individuals, a process along the outer 
face of the ulna (ex. Leptodactylus, fig. 25) for muscular attachment. 
This lobe is absent in the tadpole, and, from its function, it need 
hardly be said that it has nothing to do with articulation upon the 
forearm ”. 

There sometimes runs along the under surface of this bone a 
longitudinal groove, which terminates posteriorly, in a line with the 
interspace between metacarpals 3 and 4. In old specimens this 
becomes converted into a tubular perforation, which will admit a 
bristle and transmits the ramus lateralis of the ulnar nerve *, 

On examination of the adult carpus, doubts might be reasonably 
entertained as to whether both third and fourth carpalia were incor- 
porated in this piece. Apart, however, from the fact that in the 
young animal their boundary lines are definable, there is a feature of 
some interest in its mode of attachment. In Hyla c@rulea (fig. 20) 
and Nototrema there still remains that ligament which, in the 
simpler forms, passes between the 4th carpal and the head of the 
5th metacarpal ; true to its relationships, it arises on a level with 
the head of metacarpal 4 (cf. Xenophrys, fig. 14), and it differs from 


* Uniformly with Ecker’s capitato-hamatum (17, p. 53). 

* As might at first be imagined, from Wiedersheim’s fig. of/Bzfo (36, pl. 211. 
fig. 177), in which this feature is grossly exaggerated. 

8 Cf. Ecker and Wiedersheim, ‘ Anat. d. Frosches,’ part ii. p. 40 and fig. 14. 


1888. ] THE CARPUS AND TARSUS OF THE ANURA. 161 


that of this genus only in that it holds the heads of metacp. 4 and 
5 in apposition. 

In its mode of ossification the capitato-hamatum is variable; in 
the Frog it ossifies in a diffuse manner, similarly to the unsegmented 
pollex ; insome Cystignathide ossification proceeds from one definite 
centre. 

In Rhombophryne (fig. 32) a still further fusion had taken place 
in both fore feet of the solitary specimen which we examined. This 
consisted, as will be seen, of a coalescence of all the central and distal 
elements, the two proximal ones alone remaining free. It will be 
shown in the sequel (p. 172) that we have observed in Phryniscus an 
unexpected range of individual variation in the fusion of adjacent 
elements, and we acccrdingly refrain from proposing a distinctive 
mane for this bone in Rhombophryne, one individual only having 
been at our disposal. 

Postaxiale-—We propose to institute this term for an anomalous 
compound observed only in Pipa (fig. 1, pk). Its ascending: pro- 
cess and all detailed relationships show that it can only be the product 
of a fusion between the postaxial centrale and the ulnare. With 
respect to this fusion Pipa stands alone among all known Anura 
whose feet we have examined’. The lunatum (?radiale) (/.) has 
undergone reduction consequent upon it, but we do not know sufficient 
of the habits of the animal to hazard a guess as to its functional 
significance. 


III. SPECIAL PART. 


A. AGLOSSA. 


a, Prem. 
Examined :— 


Pipa americana: large 3 ; feet of a second adult; a young 
specimen 19 mm. from mouth to vent. 


Fore Foot (Plate VII. figs. 1 & 2). 


The radius and ulna are flat with knife-like edges, and the dis- 
position of these bones is exceptional, in that, unlike what is seen in 
nearly all other Anura, the outer edge of the ulnais directed dorsally. 
As the result of this, the radius comes to lie in the plane of the ex- 
_ tended hand, while the ulna lies above it. 

The limb-skeleton of this genus was first described and figured 
by Breyer (9). Later C. Mayer, who confirmed Breyer’s observations, 
working (28, p. 533) with wet specimens, offered certain criticisms 
upon the observations of Meckel (29) and showed (p. 532), with 
perfect accuracy, that there are six elements in the carpus. The 
later researches of A. J. C. Mayer and others have added but little 
to his description. Carpalia 3 and 4 are perfectly distinct, and it is 
impossible to examine these and other elements without being struck 


1 Born figures (6, pl. 1. fig. 5) a similar but incomplete fusion in the larva 
of Alytes. This we have never observed, 


162 PROF. G. B. HOWES AND W. RIDEWOOD ON ___[ Mar. 6, 


with the absence of that definiteness of articulation between them, 
met with in nearly all other Anura. Pipa stands alone, as before 
stated (p. 161), with respect to the fusion of the postaxial carpal 
elements ; the resulting bone (pi) certainly includes the postaxial 
centrale and the ulnare, but we are unable to say whether our 5th 
carpale is or is not embodied. We incline to the belief that it is 
not. Comparison of the young and adult feet (fig. 2, 4) shows that 
this compound undergoes a shortening up during development. Its 
postaxial lobe (* of fig. 1) is of purely physiological significance and 
late in origin. 

Ventrally to the lunatum there is present a large lenticular bone 
(indicated by a dotted line in fig. 1). Baur has shown that, in the 
Urodele hind foot, an element of the tarsus’ may be thus visible 
only on one surface, and hence we have studied with care the rela- 
tionships of this element. It lies wholly out of the plane of the true 
carpal elements and is surrounded by tendinous tissue, while it is 
totalty absent in the young specimen at our disposal. We regard 
this combination of characters as proof that it is a sesamoid. 

The element marked po. i. is somewhat interesting. In the adult 
it is lenticular, and in articulation with both the naviculare (m) and 
the head of the 2nd metacarpal (2'). It might therefore appear, 
from its relationships, to be the carpal of the second digit. In the 
young specimen, however, it is exceedingly small (fig. 2) and wholly 
destitute of connection with the metacarpal; on comparison with 
Xenopus (fig. 4), in which the carpal of the 2nd digit is distinct, it 
is clear that it can only represent the carpal of the pollex *, carpal 2 
having, in all probability, become confluent with the naviculare. 
Examination of the young specimen (fig. 2) renders this doubtful, 
for the head of the 2nd metacarpal. bears an enlargement, such as 
might conceivably have resulted from a confluence with its carpal. 
Upon this point we have been unable to obtain decisive evidence. 


Hind Foot. 


The most complete observations hitherto made upon the tarsus of 
this genus are those of Mayer (28). The hind foot is, like its fellow 
in front, very anomalous. The astragalus and calcaneus are widely 
separated and fused at their ends, leaving an elliptical hole in the 
middle; the compound thus arising is only twice as long as broad. 
The outer edges of the two bones—+. ¢. the preaxial border of the 
astragalus and the postaxial one of the caleaneus—are ridged in such 
a manner that each bone is T-shaped in transverse section. 

The 4th and 5th metatarsals articulate directly upon the epiphy- 
sial end of the calcaneus, while the remaining three are as it were 
shut out from that of the astragalus by thin lamellae of bone. These 
lamellee are seen to be continuations of two out of three bones which 
lie on the ventral side of the tarso-metatarsal joint, and would appear 


1 Centrale 2 of Nectwrus (1, p. 20). 
? The adult limbs at our disposal were skinned before they reached us, hence 
we are unable to make any definite statements concerning the pollex itself. 


1888. ] THE CARPUS AND TARSUS OF THE ANURA. 163 


at first sight to be sesamoids (they were described as such by Mayer 
28). The postaxial one lies altogether free of the tarsus, and it is 
beyond doubt, as Gegenbaur has asserted (18, p- 66), a sesamoid. 
The lamina of bone derivative of the middle one has all the relations 
of a reduced cuboideum of such an animal as the Frog ; and we can 
only interpret the bone which gives origin to it as that structure, 
thrust out of position by the great development of the astralagus and 
calcaneus, probably as an accompaniment of the great elongation of 
the metatarsals. 

The third or preaxial bone of the above-named series is clearly 
the nayiculare. Firstly, it gives insertion to the tendon of the add. 
longus digiti I. muscle, which feature we have shown (p. 148) to be 
characteristic of that element; secondly, it carries a diminutive 
calcar of two short but ossified segments. 

The young specimen examined shows no trace of distinct hallux- 
tarsal, nor have we been able to obtain any clue to its whereabouts. 


6. DacryLeTHRIDA. 
Examined :— 


Xenopus levis: three adults; young tadpole. 
Xenopus calcaratus : hind half of a late tadpole. 


Fore Foot (Plate VII. fig. 4). 


This carpus presents fewer anomalies than that of Pipa. The 
ulnare (p) is quite distinct and in no sort of fusion with the post- 
axial centrale (“). Our fifth carpal is wanting, but those of the 
four remaining digits are large and distinct. The naviculare (n), is 
in its large size and in the possession of a preaxial spur, quite unlike 
that of Pipa. 

As in Pipa, the metacarpals are greatly elongated ; this genus is 
exceptional, however, in the great expansion of the head of the 4th 
one (4’) and the excavation of that of the 5th for the reception of a 
special peg of the postaxial centrale (4). 

The lenticular sesamoid (indicated in a dotted line) lies, in this 
genus, in the line of junction between the radius and ulna, instead of 
being preaxial as in Pipa. 


Hind Foot (Plate VII. fig. 3). 


The astragalus and calcaneus are much more normal than in 
Pipa, their extremities are very broad (fig. 3), and the distal epiphy- 
sial cartilage ossifies from three independent centres (see fig. 3). 

There overlies the head of the second metatarsal a small bone (1) 
which is wedged in between it and the centrale (naviculare n’) ; we 
regard this as the tarsal of the halluz, for reasons already given 
(p- 146) in dealing with the same condition in Bufo and the Tree- 
Frog. The bone marked *? we accordingly hold to represent the 
fused tarsalia of the 2nd and 3rd digits. 

The metatarsals are much elongated and the head of the third one 
(3') is exceptional for its great breadth; seeing that the tarsals are com- 


164 PROF. G. B. HOWES AND W. RIDEWOOD ON [ Mar. 6, 


planate with these and not displaced venirally, it follows that the 
hind foot is here, like its fellow in front, much more normal than 
that of Pipa. 

The calcar consists of three slender elements, the proximal one of 
which can only represent a tarsal. 


B. PHANEROGLOSSA. 


a. DISCOGLOSSID. 
Examined :— 


Discoglossus pictus : adult 3 , a young specimen, and a tadpole. 
Alytes obstetricans : 


‘Bombinator igneus: | large series of adults and tadpoles. 


Fore Foot (figs. 5, 6, 7, 9). 


Born’s latest communication upon the fore foot in Alytes (6) 
would be little short of revolutionary could his deductions be sub- 
stantiated. We have already fully discussed these (p. 157), giving 
our reasons for rejecting them in toto. 

The general plan of the carpus in these three genera is very simi- 
lar ; in all, the largest element of the series is our postaxial centrale 
(x), and it is in this that ossification first commences. Gegenbaur 
has already called attention to the fact that in Bombinator it is “ nicht 
gar schwer ”’ to see in the naviculare (x) the centrale of the Urodela ; 
we have already given our reasons for regarding this element as a 
preaxial centrale (p. 159). 

Gegenbaur says that in Bombinator (18, p. 17) all the carpal 
elements are distinct ; we, however, interpret the 5th carpale of all 
our predecessors as a postaxial centrale (p. 157). Concerning the 
remaining carpalia we are at variance with Born; he figures an indi- 
vidual Alytes larva in which carpale 4 appears to have fused, while 
still cartilaginous, with ep. 5 (our postaxial centrale)—this we have 
never observed. He also states that in Bombinator a similar con- 
fluence may occur between carpalia 2 and 3 while still cartilaginous ; 
and he remarks that these variations ‘‘ auf eine Neigung zum Ueber- 
gang in die fiir Rana, Bufo u.s. f. characteristische Carpiisform 
schliessen lassen.” We have searched most carefully for traces of 
any such fusion, with negative results; carpalia 1, 2, 3, and 4 being 
throughout distinct in all our specimens. These elements remain for a 
long time unossified in Alytes (fig. 9), they ossify in order 1, 4, 3,2; 
in the interval, however, between the ossification of our postaxial 
centrale and these carpalia, the naviculare, ulnare, and lunatum 
ossify in the order named. The following is the formula for the 
whole series :— 


ken pl. 1, 4, 3, 2. 


The carpal of the 5th digit is represented in all three genera by 
the ligamentous band previously described (p. 154); in Alytes this 
carries a tolerably large cartilaginous nodule, which we regard as the 
vestige of the 5th carpale of the Urodela. 


1888.] THE CARPUS AND TARSUS OF THE ANURA. 165 


According to Born (6, p. 62) the rudimentary pollex may, in Bom- 
binator, either bear two phalanges or be wholly absent. In all our 
specimens we find that it bears two segments (po. ii. & iii.), irrespec- 
tive of its carpal (po. i.). In Discoglossus and Alytes there is but 
one segment other than the carpal present; in the male Discoglossus 
this becomes fully ossified and expanded. 

During ossification of the leading elements in Discoglossus, a cen- 
tral deposit takes place in each (J. 2. fig. 5); soon, however, a differ- 
entiation of the ossific centre into a superficial spongy annulus and 
a central denser core takes place (p/, fig. 5), leading up to the 
curious condition of the adult bones (fig. 6) already noted (p. 143). 


Hind Foot (figs. 8 & 10). 


Gegenbaur was in error in asserting (18, p. 60) that in Bombinator 
the separation between the astragalus and calcaneus is complete. 
In even the youngest larva examined by us these two elements had 
already become confluent, bearing a common expanded epiphysial 
cartilage. 

Born clairas for the same genus (6) arange of individual variations 
in the tarsalia far exceeding anything which we have observed. In 
all our specimens the tarsalia of digits 1, 2, & 3 are distinct, that of 
the third being invariably the largest. Tarsalia 4 & 5 are represented 
by a ligament, which in Alytes alone carries a nodule of hyaline 
cartilage (p. 145). 

The naviculare (centrale, n') is, in all, large, and so placed as to 
separate the hallux-tarsal (1) from the astragalus, the epiphysial 
end of which is excavated so receive it. This element is always the 
first to ossify, the calcar follows, tarsalia 1, 2, 3 remaining for a con- 
siderable time unossified. 

The calcar never consists of more than two segments, and is in all 
small. Born, in opposition to Leydig, regards the solitary piece 
present in Alytes (fig. 10, ph.i.) as the metatarsal (our tarsal) + the 
phalanx of the sixth toe. We have been unable to detect the pre- 
sence, at any stage, of a second segment ; we hold, therefore, that the 
element in question is really the hallux-tarsal. 


6. PELOBATID&. 
Examined :— 


Xenophrys monticola: 3 specimens measuring respectively 
70, 40, and 26 mm. 

Pelodytes punctatus: 3 adults and a tadpole. 

Pelobates fuscus: an adult 3 and one very young specimen. 


Fore Foot (figs. 11, 14, 15, 16, 18). 


That which most characterizes the carpus in this family is the 
relatively large size of the four carpalia (cf. p. 158). The 5th 
carpal is represented ina ligament, the detailed relationships of which 
have been already described (p. 154). This, as will be seen in 
fig. 15, becomes suddenly constricted at its point of insertion into 


166 PROF. G. B. HOWES AND W. RIDEWOOD ON [ Mar. 6, 


the head of the outermost metacarpal, especially in Xenophrys, in 
the adult of which it carries a distinct bony element (5, fig. 16), 
regarded by us as a 5th carpal (p. 154). It is worthy of remark 
that in its mode of ossification this element conforms in every 
detail to that observed for the other capalia. 

Born asserts that he found (6, p. 63) in a Pelobates larva a 
centrale carpi, identical with that figured by him in the young of 
Alytes ; and he expresses his doubts as to whether the same does or 
does not regularly fuse with the 5th carpal (our postaxial centrale, /) 
in the adults of both genera. It must suffice to point out that we 
have not here observed the presence of that cartilage which he calls 
the centrale, and the statements already made by us for Alytes 
(p. 158) apply equally to this genus. 

This preaxial centrale (naviculare, 2) may or may not reach the 
radius in individuals of a species. In the Pelobates figured (fig. 18) 
it is represented as nearly touching that bone, but in the other 
carpus it did not extend more than halfway towards it. We have 
already stated (p. 159) our reasons for regarding this ascending 
lobe of the naviculare as purely secondary. 

Extremes of modification of the pollex are met with within the 
limits of this small family. In Pelobates and Xenophrys it consists, 
excluding its carpal (po. i.), of a small styliform structure which is 
quite unsegmented ; in Pelodytes, on the other hand, it is very large 
and swollen (fig. 11, po. 1.—iii.) and definitely segmented. In all three 
genera the rotation of the hand upon the fused radius and ulna is 
very marked; and in Pelodytes this reaches its maximum, having 
gone on through more than a right angle (fig. 11). Comparison 
with the other two genera suggests that the great development of 
the pollex may be in some way associated with this distortion ; and 
we are inclined to ascribe to the same cause a distinct ossification of 
the distal extremity of the ulna here met with (* of fig. 11)". 

In Pelodytes the carpus is exceptional among those of this family, 
owing to the fusion of the postaxial centrale and fourth carpal to 
form one bone, the capitatum (4. 4, fig. 11). 


Hind Foot (figs. 12, 13, 17). 


It is interesting, in the light of the facts concerning the fore foot, 
to note that the extremes of modification undergone by the astragalus 
and calcaneus in the Anura are exemplified in this family. In 
Pelodytes (fig. 12) they are confluent for their whole lengths, much 
elongated and slender in the middle ; in Pelodates they are relatively 
shorter than in any Frog which has come under our notice. Xeno- 
phrys is, in respect to relative length, intermediate between the two. 

The caicar (pre-hallux) attains, as is well known, its maximum 
development in this family. Rosenhof first described and figured 


1 This is not received by the ulnare, as might appear on examination of 
the figure ; it lies, in life, ventrally to the line of junction between that bone 
and the lunatum. It breaks away with great readiness, so much so that we 
originally imagined it to be a distinct element. 


1888. ] THE CARPUS AND TARSUS OF THE ANURA. 167 


its skeleton (32), and Gegenbaur, Born, and Bayer (2) have more 
recently redescribed it. Born states that in the larva of Pelobates 
it possesses two phalanges (6, p. 59)—that is to say, there was 
originally a second segment added to that which we regard as its 
metatarsal. While we have not seen this ourselves we are able to 
record the presence of such a phalanx in Pelodytes (ph. iii. fig. 13), 
attached at right angles to the metatarsal (p.h. ii.). In Xenophrys 
the pre-hallux is relatively small, consisting of a single piece 
(fig. 17, p.h) which ossifies late. 

The calcar of Pelobates is set on at right angles to the plane of 
the foot, and, in displacing it for examination side by side with 
adjacent parts, most observers have hitherto dislodged tarsalia 1 and 
2 from their natural connexions. Born first described the hallux- 
tarsal in this animal (3, p. 446) ; and we have already shown (p. 148) 
that its relationships to the basal segments of the pre-hallux-in 
Pelodytes necessitate a revival of the older view concerning the 
morphology of the naviculare. In Xenophrys the hallux-tarsal is 
very large and lozenge-shaped, being wedged in (fig. 17, 1) between 
the heads of the Ist and 2nd metatarsals. 

With respect to the remaining tarsalia we find, in this family, as 
with the carpalia, an inconstancy. While in Pelodytes and Pelobates 
tarsalia 2 and 3 are quite distinct, in Xenophrys (fig. 17,  *) they 
unite to form the ‘ cuboideum ” so well known in the Common Frog. 
In young specimens this bone is in articulation with the outer half 
of the head of metatarsal 2, but in the adult it becomes shortened 
up in a manmer suggestive of Hyla (p. 146 & fig. 19). 

The ligamentous representative of the 4th and 5th tarsals is well 
marked in all three genera. We are unable to reconcile the descrip- 
tion and figures of this and the third tarsal given by Bayer (2), 
either with each other or with the feet at our disposal. 


c. Hyuip2. 
Examined :— 


Hyla peronii ; H. freycineti; H. lichenata; 2 H. ewingii ; 
5 H. cerulea; H. albopunctata; 5 H. arborea, tadpoles. 

Nototrema marsupiatum. 

Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis: small specimen. 

Phyllomedusa dacnicolor: large specimen. 


Fore Foot (fig. 20). 


The characters of both fore and hind feet are very constant 
throughout this family. The rotation of the fore foot upon the 
fused radius and ulna is, in all, very marked. The naviculare is 
central in position in all but Phyllomedusa and Nototrema, in which 
two genera it sends up a radial spur which we have shown to be 
secondary (p. 159). 

The carpalia 3 and 4 have coalesced with the postaxial centrale to 


168 PROF. G. B. HOWES AND W. RIDEWOOD ON [ Mar. 6, 


form a capitato-hamatum as in the common Frog (3, 4, 4, fig. 20), upon 
which digits 3, 4, and 5 articulate. This family is unique in respect 
to the retention, subsequent to the incorporation of the 4th carpal 
in this bone, of that ligament (* fig. 20) which, in the simple forms, 
represents the 5th carpal (¢f. p. 160). In Xenophrys (fig. 15) it will 
be seen that the fourth carpal is wedge-shaped postero-externally, 
extending over the inner half of the head of the fourth metacarpal ; 
it is from this point that the ligament in question arises in both Xeno- 
phrys and Hyla, aud we hold this as proof conclusive that the 4th 
carpal is, in the latter, represented in the manner described. 

Carpalia 1 and 2 are both distinct, the carpal of the pollex being 
elongated and slightly constricted in the middle (po. i. fig. 20). 

The pollex itself varies in degree of development ; its topo- 
graphical value has been discussed by Cope and others (14, p. 200). 
Structurally it consists essentially of one piece (excluding its carpal) 
which may show traces of differentiation or constriction into two — 
segments (po. ii., fig. 20). In the American Tree-Frogs with “ ex- 
ternal pollex ’ (Hyla albopunctata) the parts differ only in being 
very broad. 


Hind Foot (figs. 19, 21). 


As previously pointed out (p. 146), examination of the adult 
tarsus (fig. 19) would lead to the supposition that the tarsal of the 
hallux is absent, and that the two bones which are nearest related to 
the heads of the metatarsalia 2 and 3 represent their tarsals alone. 
In fact Gegenbaur (18, pl. 6. fig. 9) was led into this belief. Com- 
parison of the larva shows that this is not the case, but that the 
outer of the two elements, when it first appears, has all the characters 
and relationships of the “ cuboideum”’? previously described in the 
Pelobatide. This bone is present in all the Hylide which we have 
examined, and it is characteristic of this and all the succeeding 
families. 

The astragalus and calcaneus are greatly elongated (cf. Hofmann, 
21, pl. 14. fig. 10) in all, and their epiphysial cartilage is generally 
enlarged for special articulation of the 4th metatarsal (cf. fig. 19); 
as the result of this, these bones come to be inclined at a considerable 
angle to the metatarsals. 

The central portion of the epiphysis is ossified near the astragalar 
border (fig. 19) at the point of attachment of a powerful ligament, 
which is inserted at its outer end into the wall of the articular cap- 
sule and carries at its point of insertion a cartilaginous nodule. In 
old specimens this may become ossified, and we believe, for 
reasons previously given (p. 146), that it is an adaptive structure of 
no morphological importance, having nothing whatever to do with 
the missing 5th tarsal. There is no trace of it in the tadpole. 

The naviculare is present as a distinct element in all (w’, figs. 19, 
19a), lying in a line with the pre-hallux tarsal (ph. i.). In 
Phyllomedusa it is unusually small, being barely larger than the 
tarsal of the hallux. 

1 Of, p. 146. 


1888. ] THE CARPUS AND TARSUS OF THE ANURA. 169 


The pre-hallux is present in all specimens examined by us‘, and 
it consists in them of four segments—a proximal larger one or 
tarsal (ph. i.), a smaller metatarsal, and two diminutive phalanges ?. 
The retral process of the second or metatarsal segment (* of fig. 19) 
is absent in Phyllomedusa (fig. 19 a). In an old specimen of Hyla 
lichenata, on the other hand, it was completely segmented off on 
either side, forming (woodcut, fig. A, p. 151) the largest of a series 
of nodules which fringed the free border of the pre-hallux fold. 
We have already discussed the probable significance of these. 


d. BUFONIDZ. 
Examined :— 
Bufo vulgaris. 
Bufo viridis : large specimen. 
Bufo calamita: 8 young. 
Bufo variegatus: young. 
8 Pseudophryne bibronit. 


Fore Foot (fig. 22). 


The limb-skeleton of Bufo has been described by various authors ; 
it was first figured by Brandt and Ratzeburg (8), and subsequently 
by Mayer (27). Gegenbaur, Owen, Born, and Wiedersheim have in 
turn dealt with this skeleton, and upon some of their observations 
we have already commented. 

Pseudophryne (fig. 22) is exceptional among the members of this 
family in the characters of its carpus: in Bufo the naviculare (7) 
articulates directly with the radius, and lies in the proximal row, 
here it is comparatively small and central: in Bufo the 3rd and 
4th carpalia and our postaxial centrale coalesce to form a capitato- 
hamatum, as in the Common Frog. In Pseudophryne there are 
three carpals lying to the inner side of the large capitatum (4 4), 
whence it follows that ep. 3 is distinct as in Pelodytes. The carpus 
of Pseudophryne approximates more nearly towards that of Pelodytes 
than any other genus yet examined; and considering that the 
Bufonide are, with respect to the confluence of their distal and 
postaxial central elements, a stage in advance of the Pelobatide, 
Pseudophryne is to them what Pelobates is to the latter. 


Hind Foot (fig. 23). 

We can confirm Born’s statements concerning the tarsalia in this 
family (3, p. 443) regarding the homology of the element marked 
(2, 3) with the tarsalia of the second and third digits, and we find 
that in old specimens this may become shortened-up in a manner 
suggestive of the Tree-Frogs. We have nothing to add to what we 
have already stated in confirmation of Gegenbaur’s observations con- 
cerning the ligamentous 4th tarsal (cf. p. 145). 

* Leydig states that he was unable to find its cartilages in H. arborea (25, 

181). 


"2 Born has described and figured the details of ossification of these, subsequent 
to fusion, in a very old specimen of H. arborea (6, pl. 1. figs. 1 and 2). 


170 PROF. G. B. HOWES AND W. RIDEWOOD ON -___[Mat. 6, 


Born records (6, p. 55) individual variations in the constitution 
of the pre-hallux; we agree with him only so far as concerns the 
presence of three segments irrespective of our tarsal one (cf. p. 149). 
The terminal one of these is never recognizable in the adult (fig. 23), 
and we have failed to find it in Pseudophryne. 


e. CysTIGNATHID&. 

Examined :— 

5 Limnodynastes tasmaniensis ; L. dorsalis. 

Leptodactylus pentadactylus: 140 mm. 

Leptodactylus albilabris: 23 mm. 

Ceratophrys ornata: 140 mm. 

Ceratophrys americana. 

Chiroleptes australis. 

Crinia varia. 

3 Pseudis paradowa, tadpoles. 

2 Hylodes martinicensis. 

Telmatobius jelskii, tadpole. 

Paludicola bibronii. 

4 Heleioporus albopunctatus. 


Fore Foot (figs. 25, 26, and 28). 

Gegenbaur (18) and Hofmann (21) have alluded casually to the 
limb-skeleton of one or two genera of this family ; but the most 
complete account yet published is that of Mayer (27). 

The skeleton of the fore foot resembles, in its general aspect, that 
of the Frog; and in a family where three of the eight carpal elements 
are invariably fused together (capitato-hamatum, 3, 4k) there is 
little room for modification of any morphological importance. The 
carpus of Limnodynastes (fig. 28) may be conveniently taken as a 
type of the whole family. The naviculare (n) lies well towards the 
radius, being prolonged forwards into a thin edge. The pollex 
carpal is free and little modified, carrying the pollex (po. ii.). This 
consists of a single element which is, in the male, shovel-shaped and 
beset by a horny investment, much inthe manner of the calcar in 
Pelobates or Heleioporus. 

The following are the more important departures from the above 
that we have observed in the genera recorded :— 

Pseudis (fig. 26).—The second digit is remarkable for its slender- 
ness, while it is closely related to the pollex, and, with it, opposable. 
This change is accompanied by a corresponding increase in calibre 
of the head of the 3rd metacarpal (3'). The carpal of the pollex is 
greatly elongated, in excess even of that which is seen in the Hylidae. 

Ceratophrys.—The naviculare here lies in the proximal row, and 
offers a broad surface for articulation with the radius. The carpal 
of the pollex is stouter than that of the second digit, and it bears 
two short, but well-defined and fully ossified, segments *. 

Leptodactylus.—The naviculare is here in full articulation with 


1 This is also the case in Paludicola. 


1888. ] THE CARPUS AND TARSUS OF THE ANURA. 171 


the radius (fig. 25). The pollex consists of two short segments, 
borne upon an equally insignificant carpal (po. i—iii.), the whole 
standing out at a right angle to the long axis of the fore foot. In 
the male the head of the second metacarpal is, as Mayer has shown 
(27), immensely enlarged for support of the horny clasper (** fig. 25). 

It would appear, at first sight, that the displacement of the navi- 
culare might have been the direct outcome of this enlargement ; but 
if so, the reduction of the 2nd carpal to the condition of an abso- 
lutely insignificant nodule (2) becomes unintelligible, for it certainly 
would appear that that must have resulted from the same cause. We 
find, in the young specimen at our disposal, that this is really the 
case, for in the absence of the clasper the 2nd metacarpal is relatively 
larger. It is interesting to note further, that while, in this specimen, 
the naviculare does not quite reach the radius, the pollex is propor- 
tionately much stouter than in the adult. On consideration of these 
facts we incline to the belief that the displacement of the naviculare 
was originally associated with the enlargement of the pollex, in a 
manner similar to what is seen in Pelodytes (fig. 11), and that with 
the reduction of the pollex its connection with the radius became 
lost, only to be resumed again on the great enlargement of the 2nd 
metacarpal. 

In the male of Limnodynastes the preaxial border of the second 
metacarpal bears an irregular bony crest, like that of the Common 
Frog. We find, however, that the pollex neyer here fuses with this, 
as it may do in the last-named genus. 


Hind Foot (figs. 24, 27, and 29). 


The typical condition of the Cystignathid hind foot is exemplified 
in Cystignathus and Limnodynastes (fig. 29), and, as the figure 
shows, it is, in general, Frog-like—i.e. tarsalia 2 and 3 are fused 
to form a single cuboideum (**). In Leptodactylus this splint is 
shortened up, so that the hallux-tarsal nearly equals it in size. 

In Ceratophrys the hallux-tarsal is absent, having either fused 
with the naviculare or disappeared, as believed by Born (3, p. 441) 
for Rane. 

The calcar is, like the pollex, subject to no inconsiderable variation, 
as might indeed be expected of a family whose members lead such 
diverse modes of life. In Ceratophrys (fig. 24), Cystignathus, and 
Limnodynastes (fig. 29), we have only been able to recognize two 
segments, the basal one of which represents the tarsal (pA. i.), while 
in Leptodactylus the full complement of four pieces is reached. 

Pseudis (fig. 27) bridges over the interval between these two 
conditions, in that a small first phalanx is present Cah: ui.).; (In 
this animal the middle or metatarsal segment greatly exceeds the 
basal one in length, and its proximal outer border is enlarged; in 
Limnodynastes this enlargement becomes more obvious, leading up to 
the condition seen in Ceratophrys ornata (fig. 24), where it assumes 
the form of a retral spur}. 


1 This is very feeble in a smaller specimen of C. americana examined. 


172 PROF. G. B. HOWES AND W. RIDEWOOD ON [Mar. 6, 


In Cheiroleptes the proximal segment is by far the stronger ; 
while in Heleioporus the second one is robust and forcibly reminds 
one of the calcar in Pelobates. 


Jj. ENGYSTOMATIDZ. 
Examined :— 


Rhinoderma darwini. 

Phryniscus levis, varians, and cruciger, several. 
Brachycephalus ephippium. 

Callula picta ; C. baleata. 

Microhyla, ? sp., 2. 

Rhombophryne testudo. 


Fore Foot (figs. 30, 32). 


The carpus in this family stands boldly out from that of all other 
Anura, with respect to the extraordinary tendency towards fusion 
of more or fewer of its elements with each other or the adjacent 
metacarpals. 

The naviculare shows a tendency to become proximal in all; in 
Phryniscus (fig. 30) its ascending spur is strongly marked, nearly 
meeting the radius’. This bone is implicated in the simplest 
fusion observed (Microhyla), becoming confluent with the lunatum. 
If our determinations of the morphological value of the carpal 
elements are sound, it follows that in this almost unparalleled feature 
we have the precise converse of the unique phenomenon encountered 
in Pipa (p. 162)—there, our postaxial centrale is in confluence with 
the proximal postaxial element; here, the preaxial one enters into 
similar relationship with the proximal preaxial bone. 

Brachycephalus* stands alone, among all forms examined by us, in 
that carpale 2 early unites with its corresponding metacarpal. 

The above simple cases fade into insignificance beside that of 
Rhombophryne * (fig. 32). Here, all four carpalia and our two 
centralia have become welded into one great mass, interposed, as it 
were, between the lunatum and ulnare and the heads of the meta- 
carpals. The boundary lines of its originally distinct constituents 
may be, for the most part, followed. 

Remarkable indeed is the condition met with in Phryniscus, for 
here the variations are not even generically constant. In the two 
specimens of P. /evis examined, all the parts were free (fig. 30), 
while in P. varians carpale 2 had fused with the naviculare. In P. 
cruciger we found a unique state of affairs, carpals 1 & 2, metacarpals 
1 & 2, and the naviculare all being firmly anchylosed together. It 
will be observed that here, as in Microhyla and less conspicuously 
in Brachycephalus, the whole tendency is towards imparting rigidity 
to the preaxial limb-border ; it is not surprising, therefore, to find the 
naviculare sending up a radial spur, and, in doing this, appearing to 
become proximal. 


* As already pointed out by Gegenbaur (18, p. 17). 
? One specimen only examined. 


1888.] THE CARPUS AND TARSUS OF THE ANURA. 173 


Attention has already been called by one of us’ to the existence 
of unexpected specific and even individual variations in the larynx 
of certain Anura; and we anticipate that a similar range will sooner 
or later be demonstrated for those in the carpus of this family, if of 
none other. 

The pollex consists, in all specimens with which we have dealt, 
of one piece, irrespective of its carpal. In Phryniscus levis this 
structure recalls (po. ii. fig. 30), as does the ‘hand’ generally, the 
condition of the Common Frog. In Rhombophryne (fig. 32) it is 
broad and calcariform. 


Hind Foot (figs. 31 & 33). 


In this we meet with variations little less surprising than 
those of the fore foot. The astragalus and calcaneus are in Phry- 
niscus levis widely separated (a., c., fig. 31); in P. cruciger and 
P. varians they lie close together as in the Tree-Frogs. 

The hallux-tarsal is variable in the extreme in its relationships. 
In Brachycephalus, Microhyla, and Rhombophryne (fig. 33') it is 
distinct and of fair size ; in Phryniscus, eruciger it had fused with the 
naviculare ; while in the solitary specimen of P. varians examined it 
was confluent with the os cuboideum (tarsalia 2 and 3). 

The calear consists, in its simplest condition (Brachycephalus, 
Microhyla, Phryniscus varians, Rhinoderma, Rhombophryne, fig. 33) 
of two elements. In Phryniscus cruciger these had anchylosed, but 
in the young of P. levis figured (fig. 31) four distinct elements were 
discernible. 

It is worthy of remark that the anterior of the two ligaments 
which we record for the Hylide (p. 168, Plate VIII. fig. 19) re- 
appears here with its contained sesamoid cartilage. 


g. DENDROBATID. 


One specimen of Dendrobates tinctorius was examined, but its 
carpus and tarsus correspond so closely with those of the Frog that 
it is needless to describe them separately. 


h. Ranipe&. 
Examined :— 
Rappia marmorata. 
Nannophrys ceylonica. 
Rhacophorus maculatus ; R. eques. 
Ivalus leucorhinus. 
Cornufer vitianus. 
Megalixalus madagascariensis. 
Rana alticola; R. cyanophlyctis; R. arvalis. 
Rana esculenta; R. temporaria: a large series of specimens 
at all stages. 


There is a marked constancy in the carpus and tarsus of this 


2 P,Z.S. 1887, pp. 491-501. 
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. XIII. 13 


174 PROF. G. B. HOWES AND W. RIDEWOOD ON [ Mar. 6, 


family, and with the exception of a broadening of the pollex in 
Cornufer and Rhacophorus, and an increase in size of the proximal 
end of the pre-hallux metatarsal segment in the first-named genus, 
‘we have met with no important departure from what is seen in the 
Common Frog. As this animal is so largely in demand for ordinary 
class use’, we append a somewhat detailed description of its limb- 
skeleton, in the light of our preceding observations. 


Fig. B. 


Rana temporaria, 2, 54 mm. in length. 


Left fore foot, dorsal view, X 12. The coalesced radius and ulna (7. w) are 
represented in the natural position.. For references see p. 182. 


Fore Foot (Rana temporaria). 


In the adult carpus of this animal, six bones may be recognized, 
all of which are in their original positions with the exception of the 
naviculare (n). This has, as already remarked (p. 158), undergone 
elongation and displacement radially. We were not a little sur- 
prised to find that there is considerable variation in the position of 
this element in young Frogs, whose carpus and tarsus were still 
unossified. In a large series of specimens examined, measuring at 


1 The descriptions given in the students’ manuals (Huxley & Martin's 
‘Elem. Biology,’ Marshall’s ‘ Frog, and Mivart’s ‘Common Frog’) are for the 
most part compilations, and we déem it unnecessary to criticise them in detail. 


1888. ] THE CARPUS AND TARSUS OF THE ANURA. 175 


most 18 to 20 mm. in length, it flanked from one-third to three- 
fourths of the preaxial border of the lunatum. In these, as in the 
adult (fig. 2), it is four-cornered as seen from the dorsal aspect ; in 
old Frogs it becomes triangular and it may fuse with the lunatum, in 
the manner already described (p. 172) for Microhyla. 

The lunatum (.) articulates proximally with the epiphysial 
border of the radius, preaxially with the naviculare by a concave 
or flattened surface, and postaxially with the proximal half of the 
inner border of the ulnare (pyramidale)—between it and the distal 
half of this bone the foramen intercarpi is enclosed (cf. p. 156). 

The ulnare (pyramidale) (p.) is in articulation proximally 
with the ulna and distally with the large capitato-hamatum (3, 4 4) 
of the distal row; the hinder half of its preaxial border is free, as 
above stated. The articulations of this element are of a loose order 
with the exception of that associated with the capitato-hamatum ; 
this bears antero-ventrally a projecting socket, which is excavated to 
receive a corresponding and prominent downgrowth of the ulnare. 

Looked at in situ, with the fore foot in the extended position, the 
lunatum is most dorsally extended, and the ulnare most ventrally 
so. Examination of the parts thus shows that, while the rotation 
of the fore foot upon the radius and ulna has affected the articulation 
between these bones and the proximal carpals as a series, it has also 
brought about a less conspicuous rotation of the proximal upon the 
distal carpal elements. 

Capitato-hamatum (3 4 k).—It is needless to recapitulate the 
grounds upon which we have come to regard this as a compound 
of the 3rd and 4th carpalia of previous workers with our postaxial 
centrale. Postaxially it sends up a lobe which embraces the free 
border of the ulnare, much in the manner of the secondary relation- 
ship assumed between the naviculare and lunatum. Proximo-inter- 
nally it articulates with the naviculare, lunatum, and ulnare, distally 
so with the metacarpals 3, 4, and 5, by special condyles. This com- 
pound transmits ventrally, in the adult, the lateral ramus of the 
alnar nerve; the foramen through which that passes is, in young 
animals, represented by an open groove (cf. p. 160). 

Carpal of 2nd digit—This element (*) varies considerably in 
shape, being sometimes rectangular, at others convex on all sides 
and approximately spherical. 

Carpal of the pollex (’).—This is more fully represented than might 
be imagined, on a knowledge of the great reduction of the pollex 
itself. It is strongly convex externally, and concave internally, for 
articulation upon the carpal of the second digit and the naviculare 
respectively. 

Pollew.—This is invariably in a vestigial condition, consisting in the 
adult (see woodcut, fig. B) of a single piece, excluding its carpal, with 
which it is in definite articulation by a facet. Applying arguments 
previously adduced (p. 149), we regard this structure as representative 
of the entire first digit, rather than of its metacarpal alone as is more 
generally and empirically asserted. 

Metacarpals.—In the male the metacarpal of the second digit 

13* 


176 PROF. G. B. HOWES AND W. RIDEWOOD ON [ Mar. 6, 


becomes modified preaxially in connection with the thumb-pad. 
We have nothing to add to Leydig’s account of this feature (26). 
The heads of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th metacarpals are expanded and 
more or less considerably excavated, for articulation upon the carpalia 
and the capitato-hamatum. The head of the 5th metacarpal is, like 
its shaft, comparatively very slender, while it is so modified as to 
embrace the postero-external angle of the capitato-hamatum in the 
manner of a pincers apparatus. 


Hind Foot (Rana temporaria). 


The astragalus and calcaneus (a., c.) are much elongated, confluent 
at their extremities, concave internally, and either circular or elliptical 
in section. Their internal borders bound the limits of origin of the 
adductor longus digiti primi muscle, the tendon of which (m.a./.) 


Fig. C. 


pn. it... 


phaiii- 


Rana temporaria, 2, 54 mm. in length. 


Left hind foot, dorsal view, x 12. m.a./. tendon of the adductor longus 
digiti primi muscle. Other references as at p. 182. 


is inserted into the naviculare (n'). With the full development of this 
there arises from the epiphysial cartilage of the astragalus a 
prominence which overlies the tendon‘, and which ossifies with age ; 
in old individuals there passes between it and the calcaneus an 
annular ligament. 

Tarsalia 4 and 5.—Represented in ligament, which is not recog- 
nizable in adult specimens. 


Tarsalia 2 and 3.—Invariably united to form the splint-like 
* Of. Ecker (17, p. 128, and fig. 91). 


1888. ] THE CARPUS AND TARSUS OF THE ANURA. 177 


*cuboideum”’ (2, 3). This compound is interposed between the 
astragalus and the heads of metatarsals 2 and 3. 

Naviculare (centrale), n', and hallux-tarsal—The former articu- 
lates obliquely upon the epiphysial cartilage of the astragalus ; its 
outer face bears two convexities of nearly equal size, which are 
separated by a shallow groove. The ventral convexity furnishes 
the main articulation for the pre-hallux (see woodcut, fig. C). 

The hallux-tarsal (/) is generally, though not invariably, present ; 
when recognizable as a distinct element it assumes the form of a 
small nodule of cartilage, lying buried up in a confused mass of 
ligamentous tissue, in the interspace between the postaxial hinder 
border of the naviculare, the head of the hallux-metatarsal, and the 
os cuboideum (cf. p. 147). In the Bull Frog (R. pipiens) this 
cartilage ossifies, but we have never observed that to be the case in 
R, temporaria. 

Pre-hallux (calear).—Born admits the existence of from 2 to 4 
pieces in this structure (cf. p. 149), while he records (5, p. 233) the 
presence of three’ such in R. arvalis, in contradistinction to Leydig. 

In young Frogs of 20 millim. in length we find four distinct 
segments of hyaline cartilage. The first or tarsal segment (pd. i.) 
articulates with the naviculare ; the second or metatarsal one is the 
largest, and bears a small retral process ; of the third and fourth 
or phalangeal segments, the latter undergoes degradation and is 
represented only in ligament in the adult. The three persistent seg- 
ments ultimately undergo ossification and usually remain distinct. 


IV. Concuusions. 


Fore Foot. 


1. That the pyramidale represents the uluare, and that there is 
insufficient evidence upon which to base a final determination of the 
morphological value of the lunatum. 

2. That the naviculare is a preaxial centrale, and that its connection 
with the radius is always secondary. 

3. That a vestigial 5th carpal is present in the adults of the 
Discoglosside and Pelobatide. 

4. That that element hitherto regarded as the 5th carpal is a post- 
axial centrale, and that the living Anura are unique, as an Order, 
in the invariable possession of two large centralia carpi. 


Hind Feot. 


5. That no traces of a third proximal tarsal element are forthcoming 
at any stage in development; and that the morphological value of 
the astragalus and calcaneus has yet to be settled. 

6. That while the tarsalia of the 4th and 5th digits are often 
represented in ligament, skeletal vestiges of the fourth one are forth- 
coming in the Discoglosside. 


1 Four actually ; but it will be remembered that he regards our centrale 
(naviculare) as the pre-hallux tarsal. 


178 PROF. G. B. HOWES AND W. RIDEWOOD ON (Mar. 6, 


7. That the naviculare is a centrale and not the basal segment of 
the pre-hallux. 

8. That the pre-hallux never consists of more than four pieces, 
and that it conforms to the structural requirements of a sixth digit. 

0. That the outer free border of the pre-hallux may undergo a 
process of fragmentation, giving rise to insignificant nodules of 
cartilage indistinguishabie from those for which, in certain other 
Vertebrata, the value of lost rays has been claimed; and that the 
grounds upon which this claim is based are unsatisfactory. 

10. That there is a tendency towards loss of independence of the 
hallux-tarsal in the Discoglosside, Pelobatide, and some Ranide, 
that element in them remaining cartilaginous and small, or fusing 
with one of the adjacent elements. 

11. That Pipa is alone exceptional among living forms, in that 
the third digit exceeds the fourth one in length. 

Perusal of the body of this paper will show that in all the higher 
families of Anura there is a general tendency towards confluence of 
three or more of the carpal elements, but consideration of the fact 
that such modifications by fusion may not be even generically 
constant, shakes our faith in them as guides to affinity. The fact 
which stands out most conspicuously is that the least modified 
conditions of both fore and hind feet are most nearly combined in 
the Discoglosside. Uochstetter has recently shown (20) that in 
Bombinator the posterior cardinal veins are retained for life, in a 
slightly modified form, and his observation has been supplemented 
by one of us and extended (22) to Alytes and Discoglossus. Adding 
these facts to those so well known concerning the vertebral and 
other characters of this family, there can no longer be any doubt 
that its members are, by far, the least modified of all living Anura. 

The digital formula of the Anura is ':— 


Fore. Hind. 
Phadnis Phe 2.02 gos Ae oe 


The only other Amphibia of which we have any knowledge whose 
phalanges approach this in order of arrangement are the Stegocephalia 
of the Permian. We unfortunately know nothing of their carpus 
and tarsus. Baur has lately tabulated (1, p. 64) the digital formule 
of all known Urodela, and perusal of his tables will show how 
completely all the members of that order are, in this respect, modified 
as compared with the Anura. Thus it is seen that while the limb- 
skeleton of the Frogs and Toads is specialized in the extreme for 
physiological purposes, there is retained in it a leading morphological 
feature which carries us back to some of the oldest known represen- 
tatives of the class Amphibia ; and we must look to the Stegocephalia 
themselves or to some closely allied forms for the ancestors of these 
familiar creatures. 

? During the passage of these pages through the press, Mr. Boulenger has 
called attention (see below pp. 204-206) to the fact that in certain Ranide a 
supernumerary phalanx is intercalated between the penultimate and terminal 


ones of each digit in both fore and hind feet. The formula of these animals is 
thus: 3,3, 4,4. 3, 3,4, 5,4. 


1888. ] THE CARPUS AND TARSUS OF THE ANURA. 179 


Walterstorff has recently published (37, 38) an exhaustive account 
of certain fossil frogs, and of the Paleeobatrachidz in particular. 
He claims to have discovered a series of connecting-links between 
the Arcifera (Pelobatide) and the Aglossa. He has pointed to the 
equality in length of the 3rd and 4th digits of the hind limb in 
certain of his specimens, and his deductions receive additional 
support from the fact that in some of those the third digit appears 
to have even exceeded the fourth in length, as we have shown to be 
the case in the living Pipa. 


V. List or AUTHORITIES REFERRED TO. 


1. Baur, G.—Beitriige zur Morphogenie des Carpus und Tarsus 
der Veriebraten. 1 Theil. Batrachia. Jena (1888). 

2. Bayer, F.—Ueber das Skelett der Pelobatiden. Abhandl. 
d. kéngl. bohmischen Gesellschaft, vol. xii. (1883-84), pp. 1— 
24, German abstract. 

3. Born, G.—Die sechste Zehe der Anuren. Morph. Jahrb. 
vol. i. (1875) pp. 435-452. 

4. Born, G.—Zum Carpus und Tarsus der Saurier. Ibid. vol. 
ii, (1876) pp. 1-26. 

5. Born, G@.— Ueber des Skelett des Tarsenhéckers v. Rana 
fusca und R, arvalis. Stzb. der naturwiss. Sect. der schle- 
sischen Gesellsch. fiir vaterlind. Kultur (1879) pp. 232-234. 

§. Born, G.—Nachtrage zu “Carpus und Tarsus.” Morph. 
Jahrb. vol. vi. (1880) pp. 49-78. : 

7. BouLencer, G. A.—Catalogue of Batrachia Salientia. British 
Museum (1882). 

8. Branpot & RarzesurG.—Medizinische Zoologie, vol. i. Berlin 
(1829). 

9. Breyer, F. G.—Observationes Anat. circa fabricam Rane 
pipe. Berol (1811). 

10. Broccn1, M.—Recherches sur l’ostéologie d’un Batracien 
Anoure provenant du Brésil (Hemiphractus). Ann. Sci. Nat. 
sér. 6 (1877), art. 7. 

11. Brix, C. B—Zootomie aller Thierklassen. Atlas, pl. 30. 
Wien (1876). 

12. Corr, E. D.—Sketch of the primary groups of Batrachia 
Salientia. Nat. Hist. Review, vol. v. (1865) pp. 97-120. 

13. Corr, E. D.—On the Structure and Distribution of the Arci- 
ferous Anura. Journ. Acad. of Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 
vi. (1866) pp. 67-112. 

14. Corr, E. D.—On the families of the Raniform Anura. Ibid. 
vol. vi. (1867) pp. 189-206. 

15. Cuvier, G.—Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles. 4™° 
édit. Tome x. Paris (1836), pp. 302-309. Atlas, pl. 24. 

16. Dues, A.—Recherches sur l’ostéologie et la myologie des 

Batraciens a leurs différens ages. Paris (1834). 

17. Ecxrer, A.—Die Anatomie des Frosches. Part1. Brunswick 

(1864). 


180 
18. 


19. 


20. 


21. 


aus 


PROF. G. B. HOWES AND W. RIDEWOOD ON [ Mar. 6, 


Grecensaur, C.—Untersuchungen zur vergleichd. Anatomie 

der Wirbelthiere. Erstes Heft. Carpus und Tarsus. Leipzig 
1864). 

eo . C.—Critical remarks on Polydactility as Atavism 
(Translation). Journ. Anat. and Phys. vol. xvi. (1882) 

pp- 615-622. 

Hocastretrer.—Beitr. z. vergleichd. Anat. und Entwick- 

lungsgesch. des Venensystems bei Amphibia und Fische. 
Morph. Jahrb. vol. xiii. (1887) pp. 117-172. 

Hormann, C.K.—Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier- 
Reichs. Bd. vi. Amphibien. (1873-78.) 

Howes, G. B.—Note on the Azygos Veius in the Anurous 

Amphibia. P.Z.S. (1888) pp. 122-126. 


. Huxzey, T. H.—Article “ Amphibia,” Encyclopzedia Britan- 


nica (9th edit.), pp. 750-771. 


. Kenrer, G.—Beitrige zur Kenntniss des Carpus und Tarsus. 


Bericht d. naturforsch. Gesellschaft zu Freiburg, Bd. i. 
Heft 4 (1886). 


. Leypic, F.—Ueber d. Bau des Zehnen bei Batrachiern u. d. 


Bedeutung des Fersenhéckers. Morph. Jahrb. vol. ii. (1876) 
pp- 165-196. 


. Leyp1c, F.—Die Anuren Batrachier der deutsch. Fauna. 


Bonn (1877). 


. Mayer, A. J. C.—Annalecten f. vergleichd. Anatomie. 


Bonn (1835). 

Mayer, C.—Beitriige z. einer auatomisch. Monogr. d. Rana 
pipa. Verhandl. d. Kais. Leop.-Carol. Akad. d. Naturforsch. 
Bonn, Bd. xii. Heft 2 (1825), pp. 527-553. 


. Mecxet, J. F.—System der vergleichend. Anatomie. Ii. 


Theil, I. Abth., Halle (1824), pp. 459-460, 487-490. 


. Mivarr, Sr. Gro.—On the Classification of the Anurous 


Batrachians. P. Z. S. (1869) pp. 280-295. 


. Owen, R.—Anat. of Vertebrates, vol. i. (1866). 
. Rosenuor, A. J. Rorsen von.—Historia Naturalis Ranarum 


nostratium. Niirmberg (1758). 


. Scuutrz, A. W. F.—De sceleto Bufonis palmarum. Berol 


(1832). 


. Van Deen.—Anat. Beschreibung einer monstrésen sechs- 


fiissigen Wasser-Frosches (R. esculenta). Leiden (1838). 


. Wernuanp, D. F.—Ueber den Beutelfrosch (Notodelphys). 


Miiller’s Archiv (1854), pp. 449-477. 


. Wirepersuetm, R.—Lehrbuch d. vergleichd. Anatomie d. 


Wirbelth. Zweite Auflage. Jena (1586), pp. 204-212. 


. Watrerstrorrr, W.—Ueber fossile Frésche insb. d. Genus 


Paleobatrachus. Part 1. Jahrb. d. naturwissensch. Vereins 
zu Magdeburg (1885), pp. 1-81. 


. Wattrersrorrr, W.—lIbid. Part 2. Jahrb. (1886) pp. 


83-159. 


1888. ] THE CARPUS AND TARSUS OF THE ANURA. 181 


VI. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


In order to facilitate comparison, all the figures are drawn in the same re- 
lative position. Each represents the dorsal surface of the left member. 

Unless otherwise stated, all the preparations are represented as transparent 
objects. In drawing them, we have stippled ossified parts and left the cartil- 
lages clear ; the effect thus obtained is more natural than that expressed in the 
more orthodox custom of stippling the latter. 

Ligaments are indicated in black. 


Puats VII. 


Fig. 1. Pipa americana, adult §. Left fore foot, from above. Drawn as an 
opaque object. x 24. 
2. Pipa americana, very young specimen. Left fore foot. Ossification 
has not yet begun. X 30. 
3. Xenopus levis, adult 2. Left hind foot. x 4. 

. Xenopus levis, adult 9. Left fore foot. Elements slightly disarticu- 
lated. x 5. 

. Discoglossus pictus, young specimen. Left fore foot. x 10. 

. Discoglossus pictus, adult $,42 mm. in length. Left fore foot. All 
the elements are completely ossified. The white areas represent 
compact bone, the dark ones spongy bone. x 4. 

7. Bombinator igneus, adult 2, 37 mm. in length. Left fore foot. x 7. 

8. Bombinator igneus, adult 9, 26 mm, in length. Left hind foot. 

9 


ao 


x 7. 
. Alytes obstetricans, tadpole, 24 mm, in length from mouth toyent. Left 
fore foot. x 20. 
10. Alytes obstetricans, adult 9, 40 mm. in length. Left hind foot. The 
astragalus and calcaneus and the metatarsals have alone begun to 
ossify. x 4. 


Prats VIII. 


11. Pelodytes punctatus, length 30 mm. Left fore foot. The hand is 
rotated upon the radius and ulna through more than a right angle ; 
to facilitate comparison with the other figures, the fused radius and 
ee are represented as completely disarticulated and flattened out. 
x 7. 

12. Pelodytes punctatus, length 30mm. Left hind foot. x 8. 

13. Pelodytes punctatus, outline sketch of preaxial portion of the tarsus of 
the above preparation, to show the course of the ligament connecting 
the tarsalia of the hallux and pre-hallux. x 16. 

14, Xenophrys monticola, young specimen, 27 mm. in length. Left fore 
foot. x 5. 

15, Xenophrys monticola, enlarged drawing of the postaxial distal portion 
of fig. 14. The element % has been slightly displaced, in order to show 
more fully the vestigial 5th carpal. x 16. 

16. Xenophrys monticola, adult of 40 mm. length. To show ossification of 
the vestigial 5th carpal. x 18. 

17. Xenophrys monticola, length 27 mm. Left hind foot. x 12. 

18. Pelobates fuscus, adult $,54 mm. in length. Left fore foot. The 
fused radius and ulna have been disarticulated from the hand and 
laid flat ; during life the radius articulates in the concavity seen at 
the proximal an of the lunatum (/.). x 7. 

19. Hyla cerulea, adult 2, 75 mm. in length. Left hind foot. x 84. 

19a, Phyllomedusa dacnicolor. Calcar, showing absence of the proximally 
directed process of its second segment. x 4. 

20. Hyla cerulea, adult ¢, 75 mm. in length. Left fore foot. x 4i. 

21. Hyla arborea, late tadpole. Left hind foot, Ossification has not yet 
begun, xX 14. 

22, Pseudophryne bibronii, ¢, 22 mm. in length. Left fore foot. x 12. 


182 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON NEW [ Mar. 6, 


Puate IX. 
23. Bufo calamita, young specimen, 18 mm. in length. Left hind foot. 
x 12. 
24. Ceratophrys ornata, young 2, 140 mm. in length, Left hind foot. 
Ses 


25. Leptodactylus pentadactylus, large $ specimen, 140 nim. in length. 
Left fore foot. Drawn as an opaque object. Nat. size. 

26. Pseudis paradoxa, tadpole, length of tail 110 mm. Left fore foot. 
Ossification has not yet begun.  X 6. 

27. Pseudis, tadpole. Left hind foot. x 3%. 

28. Limnodynastes tasmaniensis, young $, 88 mm. long. Left fore foot. 


x 6. 
29, Limnodynastes tasmaniensis, young ¢, 38 mm. in length. Left hind 
foot. x 6. 


30. Phryniscus levis, 9,45 mm. in length. Left fore foot. x 5. 

31. Phryniscus levis, 29, 45 mm. in length. Left hind foot. x 5. 

32. Rhombophryne testudo, 3,58 mm. in length. Left fore foot. X 5. 
33. Rhombophryne testudo, $, 88 mm. in length. Left hind foot. x 44. 


Reference Letters. 
References marked * all apply to special allusions in the text. 

Fore roor.—f. 7., foramen intercarpi. 4, postaxial centrale. 7., lunatum 
(radiale). ., naviculare (preaxial centrale). p., ulnare (pyramidale). po. i., 
carpal of pollex. po. ii., metacarpal of pollex. po. iii., yo. iv., phalanges of 
pollex. po. 11., unsegmented element probably representing po. il., po. iil., 
& po.iv. 7, radius. wu. ulna. 2, 3, 4, 5, carpals of second, third, fourth, and 
fifth digits. 2’, 3',4',5', metacarpals. 44, element (capétatwm) formed by the 
fusion of the carpal of the fourth digit with our postaxial centrale. 3, 
4 k, element formed by the fusion of the third and fourth carpals with our 
postaxial centrale (capitato-hamatum of Ecker). nk. 1 to 4, element (carpo- 
centrale) formed by the fusion of the distal and central carpal elements. pf, 
element formed by the fusion of the ulnare with the postaxial centrale. 

Hinp roor.—4a., astragalus (tibiale?). c., calcaneus (fibulare?). 2’., naviculare 
(centrale). ph. i., first segment (tarsal) of pre-hallux. ph. ii., second segment 
(metatarsal) of pre-hallux. pd. iii., ph. iv., third and fourth segments (phalan- 
ges) of pre-hallux. 1, 2, 3, tarsals of the first, second, and third digits. 2, 3, 
cuboideum, formed by fusion of second and third tarsalia. 1’, 2’, 3’, 4’, 5', 
metatarsals of the first, second, third fourth, and fifth digits. 


2. Descriptions of some new Species of Birds from the Island 
of Guadalcanar in the Solomon Archipelago, discovered 
by Mr. C. M. Woodford. By R. Bowpiur Suarps, 


F.L.S. &e. 
[Received January 18, 1888.] 


The Accipitres brought by Mr. Woodford from Guadalcanar are 
extremely interesting, and no less than three new species of Astur 
are represented in his collection. 

I propose to call them :— 


ASTUR HOLOMELAS, sp. n. 


Adult male. Entirely black, with a slaty-grey gloss on the back, 
rump, wings, and tail, and decidedly more slaty on the under sarface 
of the body: ‘* bill slaty black ; cere and orbital skin yellow; iris 


1888. ] BIRDS FROM GUADALCANAR. 183 


red” (C. M. Woodford). Total length 12°5 inches, culmen 0°95, 
wing 8, tail 5°7, tarsus 2°25. 

Hab. Aola, Guadaleanar. 

This might possibly be a melanotic form of Astur woodfordi de- 
scribed below, but I cannot imagine that melanism would remove all 
trace of the vinous half-collar which is seen on the last-named species. 
It can in no case be a melanism of Astur albigularis, of which Mr. 
Woodford procured a male specimen with the wing 11°5 inches. 


ASTUR WOODFORDI, sp. n. 

Adult male. General colour above dark slate-colour, slightly 
darker on the mantle and lesser wing-coverts ; quills and tail-feathers 
blackish, externally dark slate-colour, the latter with numerous 
indistinct dusky bars on the inner web; crown of head, ear-coverts, 
and cheeks blacker than the back, with a wash of slaty-grey, lighter 
on the latter; sides of cheek deep vinous chestnut, extending back- 
wards round the hind neck, which is strongly washed with dark 
slaty grey, so that only a half-collar of chestnut is formed: entire 
under surface of body pure white, the sides of the fore neck 
washed with vinous chestnut ; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
pure white; quills slaty grey below, blacker towards the ends, white 
at the base freckled with grey: “bill black; cere and legs yellow ; 
iris red” (C. M. Woodford). Total length 14 inches, culmen 0°95, 
wing 8°5, tail 5°8, tarsus 2°4. 

Hab. Aola, Guadalcanar. 

It will be noticed that the specimen of A. woodfordi is of about 
the same size as the type of A. holomelas, and if the latter should 
ultimately be proved to be only a melanism of the white-breasted 
Goshawk, I wish the species to be known by the name of its dis- 
coverer. 


ASTUR SHEB&, sp. n. 

Adult male. Similar to Astur dampieri of New Britain, and of 
the same pale pearly-grey colour, but easily distinguished by its 
white under wing-coverts, very pale reddish-white thighs, and white 
under tail-coverts: ‘* bill black : cere and legs yellow; iris brown” 
(Woodford). Total length 12°5 inches, culmen 1, wing 7:3, tail 
5°4, tarsus 2:2. 

Mr. Woodford also sends a female, which is rather larger than the 
male (wing 8°5 inches), but the specimen is not fully adult. 


Fam. Busonip#. 

NINOX GRANTI, sp. n. 

Adult male. General colour above uniform chocolate-brown on 
the mantle and upper back, the upper tail-coverts slightly mottled 
with dull white or rufous-white bars, and again on the upper mantle 
and seapulars ; lesser wing-coverts uniform chocolate-brown ; median 
and greater coverts dusky brown, with a large rounded spot of white 
on the outer web; bastard-wing like the wing-coverts ; primary- 
coverts uniform chocolate-brown ; quills dark brown, externally 


184 MR. SHARPE ON NEW BIRDS FROM GUADALCANAR. [Mar. 6, 


spotted with white, the spots larger on the primaries ; tail-feathers 
dark brown, with seven bars of white or reddish brown; crown of 
head and hind neck dark brown, the former spotted, the latter barred 
with white or reddish white; base of forehead and lores white, the 
latter with black shaft-lines ; ear-coverts brown, barred across with red- 
dish white ; cheeks and throat white; remainder of under surface of 
body white, the fore neck and breast chocolate-brown with reddish- 
white bars ; the sides of the body and flanks’ white, with bars of red- 
dish brown; thighs brown in front, white behind ; under tail-coverts 
white, with spots of reddish brown; under wing-coverts white with 
a rosy tinge, mottled with brown near the edge of the wing ; axillaries 
and lower primary-coverts uniform chocolate-brown ; quills dusky 
brown, barred with white towards the base, which is marked with 
rosy: “bill pale olive; legs yellow ; iris yellow” (C. M. Woodford). 
Total length 10 inches, culmen 0°95, wing 7°2, tail 3°6, tarsus 1:4. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the breast and 
abdomen broadly banded with pale rufous brown. Total length 
10 inches, wing 7°1, tail 3°5, tarsus 1-3. 

This species most nearly resembles Ninow punctulata of Celebes, 
but it has the mantle uniform brown, not spotted, the bars much 
more distinct on the under surface, and the fore part of the thighs 
brown, whereas they are white in the Celebean bird. 


Fam. CAMPOPHAGIDZ. 
GRAUCALUS HOLOPOLIUS, sp. n. 


Adult female. General colour above blue-grey, the head like the 
back ; wing-coverts slightly clearer grey than the back, especially on 
the greater series ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, 
externally ashy grey, lighter on the edges of the inner secondaries, 
which resemble the greater coverts ; tail-feathers black, the centre 
ones ashy grey towards the base ; lores rather duller ashy, with a few 
white spots above the upper margin ; ear-coverts rather darker ashy, 
flecked with small white shaft-streaks ; cheeks and entire under 
surface of body clear blue-grey, with a few indications of whitish 
margins on the feathers of the breast and abdomen; thighs and 
under tail-coverts uniform blue-grey ; under wing-coverts paler blue- 
grey, slightly varied with ashy-whitish cross-bars; quills dusky 
blackish, ashy towards the base, and edged with white along the 
inner web: “ bill and feet black ; iris black” (C. I. Woodford). 
Total length 9 inches, culmen 0°75, wing 4°3, tail 3°6, tarsus 0°85. 

Mr. Woodford has pointed out to me that the iris in this species is 
black, thus showing that it cannot be G. pusillus, with which I 
was inclined to unite it. It is no doubt closely allied to G. pusillus, 
but differs in having no black on the forehead and lores, and also in 
having the ear-coverts streaked minutely with white. 


EDOLIISOMA ERYTHROPYGIUM, Sp. 0. 

Adult male. Similar to the male cf H. remotum, but darker grey : 
‘bill black ; legs black ; iris dark brown” (C. JZ. Woodford). 
Total length 9 inches, culmen 0°95, wing 4°55, tail 3°35, tarsus 0°9. 


Ae 
t 


P.Z.S. 18860 Fie 


W. Hart del et hth Mintern Bros. imp 
1,2. NASITERNA AOLA,¢. 2. 
8. MYZOMELA SHARPEI. 


1888.] ON THE BIRDS OF THE SOLOMON ARCHIPELAGO. 185 


Adult female. Similar to the female of £. remotum, but distin- 
guished by its entirely chestnut tail, the whole of the lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts being light rufous: “bill, legs, and 
iris black” (CM. Woodford). Total length 8 inches, culmen 0°85, 
wing 4°4, tail 3, tarsus 0°9. 

The specific name is founded on the characters of the female, 
which in this genus of Campophagide possesses the most strongly 
marked distinctions. 


Fam. Muscicarip2. 

PoMAREA ERYTHROSTICTA, sp. nl. 

Pomarea castaneiventris (nec Verr.), Grant, P. Z. S. 1887, p- 331. 

Adult female. General colour purplish black ; lesser and median 
wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts, primary-coverts, quills, 
and tail-feathers black, with a slight purplish gloss on the edges of 
the feathers ; sides of head, throat, and chest glossy purplish black 
like the back ; in front of the eye a spot of bright cinnamon ; breast, 
abdomen, sides of body, flanks, and under tail-coverts deep chestnut ; 
thighs chestnut with black bases; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
chestnut, the former with black bases ; edge of wing black ; lower 
primary-coverts ashy ; quills dusky below, ashy along the edge of 
wing towards the base: “ bill grey; legs black ; iris brown” (C. I. 
- Woodford). Total length 5°6 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3°15, 
tail 2°2, tarsus 0°75. 

Hab. Fauro. 

There is no doubt that this species is distinct from P. castanei- 
ventris, the rufous spot in front of the eye distinguishing it at a 
glance. 


3. Second List of the Birds collected by Mr. C. M. Wood- 
ford in the Solomon Archipelago. By W. R. Ocitvie- 
Grant’. 

[Received February 21, 1888.] 


(Plate X.) 


In the Proceedings of this Society, 1887, pp. 328-333, I had the 
pleasure of giving a list, with some notes on the first collection, of 
Birds made by Mr. C. M. Woodford at Fauro, Alu, Shortland Island, 
and other localities in the Solomon Archipelago, which contained 
examples of 35 species, two (Macrocorax woodfordi and Monarcha 
erythrosticta) being new to science. 

The second collection made by the same gentleman, and described 
in the present paper, is much more extensive, and contains represen- 
tatives of 66 species, of which the majority were obtained at Aola and 
Rovatu, in the Island of Guadalcanar, between the months of April 
and July 1887; while a few were got at the little island of Rubiana 
in March of the same year. 


1 See P. Z.S8. 1887, p.328. 


186 MR. W. R. OGILVIE-GRANT ON THE [ Mar. 6, 


Of these 66 species no less than 11 are new to science. Six of these 
have been described ina separate paper by my colleague Mr, Bowdler 
Sharpe, to whom I am much indebted for kind help and advice, 
while full descriptions of the remaining 5 will be found below. 

Besides the new birds, a number of specimens represent rare and 
little-known forms, such as Carpophaga brenchleyi of Gray. 

Mr. Woodford has taken every care in giving notes on the life- 
colours of the “soft parts” of each bird, and all particulars regard- 
ing its sex, locality, and the date when it was obtained: also a list 
of the native names in use on the various islands he visited, whenever 
these could be obtained. 

There is a fine series of specimens of the new Crow (Macrocorax 
woodfordi) previously described, which differ little from one another, 
and all show the striking peculiarities of this species. 

The Flycatcher (Monarcha castaneiventris), from Guadalcanar, is 
an interesting form to which two specimens from Fauro were erro- 
neously referred in my previous paper. These now prove to belong 
to a species very distinct, both from the former and from the smaller 
M. rufo-castanea of Ramsay, from San Christoval. The fact of 
these three neighbouring islands each possessing a distinct species of 
their own clearly shows that these birds do not migrate. 

The first new species is a Pigmy Parrot (Nasiterna aole), and 
probably the smallest representative of that genus. The nearest ally 
is the larger N. finschi, found in San Christoval, from which it may 
be at once distinguished by having the top of the head in both sexes 
washed with azure-blue, and by the adult male having no orange- 
red stripe down the centre of the abdomen. 

The second is a dull olive-yellow Honey-sucker, which I have 
named Myzomela sharpei, in honour of my colleague Mr. Sharpe. 
Only one adult male was obtained, but this is entirely unlike any- 
thing hitherto described. 

The third is a Ground-Pigeon, which I have called Phloganas 
solomonensis. This bird is perhaps hardly entitled to specific rank, 
and might perhaps be more correctly regarded as another insular 
race of Mr. Sclater’s species P. johanne, from New Britain. But it 
is altogether darker than the latter species, and has the upper surface 
washed with purple instead of olive. 

The fourth is a very fine Heron, which I have named Ardeiralla 
woodfordi, after the collector. It appears to stand remote from any- 
thing hitherto known, being only distantly related to A flavicollis. 

The last new species is a Night-Heron (Nyclicoraxr mandibularis), 
which was obtained by Mr. Ramsay from the same locality, but con- 
founded by him with N. manillensis, Vigors. It holds a somewhat 
intermediate position between this species and N. caledonicus, but is 
considerably smaller than either, as the comparative table of measure- 
ments given below will clearly show. Of the two it is most closely 
allied to the latter, but is easily recognized by its dark rufous breast 
and the absence of the white superciliary streak so strongly marked 
in NV. caledonicus. 


1888. ]} BIRDS OF THE SOLOMON ARCHIPELAGO. 187 


At Aola, Guadalcanar. Manu =a bird. Tolua =an egg. 
At Rubiana. Kuru-kuru= _,, Vovoto= ,, 
At Alu, Shortland Isl. Maraka = ,, Enon = « 5, 


The following is a list of the native names for each species as far 
as could be obtained. Mr. Woodford is responsible for the names 
marked * ;— 


In Alu, In Aola, In Rubiana. | 


Shortland Island. | Guadalcanar. 


Haliaétus leucogaster ...... Manua. Polui. | 
Astur pulchellus ....c..0.00: Gehetehemanea. | 
SAS IOGUED Rokinececseacenecs | 27" Seeedsostaas Arokapusaqui. 
PASTA UOGA OF OU ee Metece. 4) © 0) asaareascece Kuwekule. 
Astur albigularis? ......... Ourisiara. 
Baza guadaleanarensis 0.) vecseeeceeee Kiso, 
Pandion leucocephalus ......|Manuellei. Mavu. Manuwai. 
Hatliastur girrenera ......+.. Nena. 
NCTGEE Ta LATER ar eercecceee ora Wotan eo e oe eeeeeE Kuru. 
Cacatua ducorpsi ......1..005 An-a-a, Merako. Kakea. 
Geoffroyius heteroclitus ...\Keaka. Kina. 
Eclectus polychlorus ......... Karo. Kalau. 
DOriUs CRIOTOCECUS: vseleeses| <cvuneeonees Lauru, 
HOS COTUINGUS: ....8.05 sects Oulisili. Kolasiri. 
Trichoglossus massena ......\|Dimoro. Rokovigan. Uilisuru, 
Cacomantis tymbonomus ...)  eececeeeeee Thariande. 
ENGSOGEMUOMINALO® suslens.ccsse:||  _asavwottenee Thenge. 
Rhytidoceros plicatus ...... Popo. Bina. 
Haleyon leucopy gia .........| scseeennveoe Tumbunavua. 
Haleyon saurophaga......... Keo-keo-la-leite. /Thetheutha. 
Haleyon sancta .......4..6.40: Koro-koro-opoulu. |Kitoto. 
Eurystomus erassirostris ...\|Kekewaka. Kerau. 
Macropteryx mystacea...... Siru. Uvekeviu. 
Hirundo tahitica .........244. Kinkina. 
Monarcha rufonotata ...... Sisio. 
Rhipidura tricolor ......... Piriti. Vuvugo. Pitikole, 
Graucalus pusillus ......... Biu-biu. 
Graucalus elegans .......4. Goreala. 
GROUCONS SCIALET Or. «=e tccre|| One eee Kuira. 
Pachycephalus astrolabi ...) oe eececeeees Poisau ? 
Calornis metallica ......... Ouririri. 
Lamprocorax grandis ...... Sikootoo. Tomi. 
IVENO" PREY Ci rkwtee ceecaek eas ve Tigeno. 
Macrocorax woodfordi ......) — cecceeseceee Kau. 
Ptilopus lewist: ..........00+.- Bubueka. Kavuku ? 
Globicera rufigula............ Uru-on. Marui. Baruku. 
Macropygia rufo-castanea ..|Bio ? 
Phlogenas solomonensis ...|  vececeseneee Muluka. 
Colanas nicobarica ......... Kokorako. 
Megapodius brenchleyi...... I-on. Kolao. 
* Gallus domesticus ............ Kokole. Kokoroko. Kokorako. 
*Porphyrio melanopterus ...)  cecccceseeee Bulake. 
Numenius variegatus ......) scccececeeee Vutemila. 
Demiegretta sacra.......2.... So-o. 
Butoroides javanica.......... No-kea. Rou. 
EPAIAS SUPERCULOSC..-<<--.|| seanctasehet Tharanga. 
Sterma longipennis 5......0.| saxeeoeseaee Ndei-ndei. 
*Frigate-bird .............0.06. Poreselst iP amit hae Belama. 


188 MR. W. R. OGILVIE-GRANT ON THE [Mar. 6, 


1. HaLiairus LEUCOGASTER. 

Cuncuma leucogaster (Gm.); Salvad. Orn. Papuasia, i. p. 7. 

a. 3 imm. Aola, Guadaleanar; 21. 6.87. Bill black; legs 
ditty grey; iris brown. Food putrid fish. 

6. 2 imm. Aola, Guadaleanar; 10. 8. 87. Bill slaty blue ; 
legs dirty grey ; iris brown. 

2. AsTUR WOODFORDI. 

Astur woodfordi, Sharpe, supra, p. 183. 


3. ASTUR HOLOMELAS. 
Astur holomelas, Sharpe, supra, p. 182. 


4, AsTUR SHEBZ. 
Astur shebe, Sharpe, supra, p. 183. 


5. ASTUR ALBIGULARIS. 
Astur albigularis (Gray); Sharpe, supra, p. 183. 


5a. BAZA GURNEYI. 
Baza gurney, Salvad. é. c. ii. App. p. 506. 


6. PANDION LEUCOCEPHALUS. 
Pandion leucocephalus, Gould; Salvad. ¢. e. i. p. 11. 


a. Q ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 17. 7. 87. Bill black; legs 
white ; iris yellow. 


7. HALIASTUR GIRRENERA. 

Haliastur girrenera (Vieill.); Salvad. t. c.i. p. 15. 

a. 2 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 20. 4. 87. Bill yellow; legs 
yellow ; iris red-brown. 

b. g ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 14. 5. 87. Bill yellow; legs 
yellow; iris red-brown. 

e. g ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 27. 5. 87. Bill yellow; legs 
yellow; iris brown. Food, Orthoptera. 


&. Nrnox GRANTI. 
Ninoz granti, Sharpe, supra p. 183. 


9. CACATUA DUCORPSI. 


Cacatua ducorpsii, Jacq. & Pucher; Salvad. ¢. c.i. p. 104 ; 
Sharpe, in Gould’s Birds N. Guinea, pt. xix. pl. 

a. 2 ad. Rubiana; 7. 3.87. Bill blue; legs black ; iris red; 
skin round eyes pale blue. 

6. Q ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 21.4. 87. Bill blue; legs grey; 
iris red; skin round eyes pale blue. 

ce. 2 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 30. 4.87. Bill pale blue ; legs 
grey ; iris dark brown, 


1888.] BIRDS OF THE SOLOMON ARCHIPELAGO. 189 


d. g ad. Aola, Guadalcanar ; 1.5.87. Bill pale blue; legs 
grey; iris nearly black. 

Mr. Woodford was of opinion that the red-eyed birds might prove 
different from the black-eyed, but I cannot find any difference what- 
ever. 


10. NAsITERNA AOL, sp.n. (Plate X. figs. 1, 2.) 


a. 2 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 14. 4.87. Bill black ; legs grey ; 

iris red. 
_.6. 3 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar ; 1.6.87. Bill black ; legs grey ; 
iris orange. 
ad ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 5.6.87. Bill black; legs grey ; 
iris orange. 

This bird is at once distinguishable from the larger WN. jfinsehi, 
Ramsay, which it otherwise resembles, by having the top of the 
head in both sexes washed with azure-blue, and by having the whole 
under surface yellowish green, without any stripe of orange-red down 
the centre of the abdomen in the male. As shown by the above 
specimens, the blue feathers round the lower mandible are a cha- 
racter of the male, while the reddish-orange distinguish the female. 
The only specimen of N. finschi in the Natural-History Museum is 
a female :—“Tris dark hazel. Bill and feet ash. San Christoval, 
August 10th, 1880.—G. #. R.” And this has the feathers round 
the mandible reddish orange, and the head uniform green, like the 
back. 


Short 
Total Ist toe hind toe 
length. Culmen. Wing. Tail. ‘Tarsus, (s.u.). (s.u.). 
in. in. in. in, in. in. in. 
(ciphers abe 0°3 225 1°05 0°32 0°5 0°27 
Oia He 0°3 hes) 101 0°33 0°5 0°25 


11. GEOFFROYIUS HETEROCLITUS. 

Geoffroyius heteroclitus (Hombr. & Jacq.) ; Salvad. ¢.c.i. p. 194; 
Sharpe, in Gould’s Birds of New Guinea, pt. viii. pl. 

a. 6 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 22. 4.87. Bill above grey, below 
black ; legs grey ; iris pale yellow. 

6. Q ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 4.7.87. Bill black; legs grey; 
iris pale yellow. 

c. gad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 4.7.87. Bill yellow above, black 
below ; legs grey; iris pale yellow. 

d. 9 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 11. 8. 87. Bill yellow above, 
black below ; legs grey ; iris straw. 


12. EcLectus POLYCHLORUS. 

Eclectus pectoralis (P.L.S. Miill.) ; Salvad, ¢.¢.i. p. 197. 

Lelectus polychlorus (Scop.) ; Sharpe, ¢. c. pt. viii. pl. 

a. Sg ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 9. 4. 87. Bill above yellow, 
below black ; legs black; iris red. Food, fruit. 

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. XIV. 14 


190 MR. W. R. OGILVIE-GRANT ON THE [Mar. 6, 


&. 2 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 14. 4. 87. Bill black; legs 
black ; iris red. Food, fruit. 

e. g ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 30. 5.87. Bill yellow above, 
black below ; legs black ; iris yellow. 

d. gad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 1.6.87. Bill yellow above, black 
below; legs black ; iris red. 

e. 9 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 1.6.87. Bill black; legs black ; 
iris yellow. 


13. Lor1us CHLOROCERCUS. 

Lorius chlorocercus, Gould, Salvad. ¢. ¢. i. p. 239. 

a. 9 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 1. 6. 87. Bill orange; legs 
black ; iris red. 

b. 2 ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 9. 6. 87. Bill orange; legs 
black ; iris red. 

ce. g ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 10. 7. 87. Bill orange; legs 
black ; iris orange. 

d. 2 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 10. 7. 87. Bill orange; le 
black ; iris red. 

e-h. 4 Sad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 14.7. 87. Bill orange; legs 
black ; iris orange. 

i-m. 3 9 ad.,1 2 imm. Aola, Guadalcanar ; 14. 7.87. Bill 
orange ; legs black; iris orange. 

nm. dg ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 17.7. 87. Bill orange; legs 
black ; iris orange. 

o. g ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 25.7. 87. Bill orange; legs 
black ; iris orange. 

The young female has not got the black patch of feathers which 
lie on either side and in front of the yellow crescent on the breast. 
The red on the throat, cheeks, back of the ueck, belly, &c. is mixed 
with yellow, and the yellow zone on the breast is not clearly defined, 
many of the feathers being tipped or broadly edged with red. The 
red on the inner webs of the primaries is suffused with yellow 
towards the extremities. The black on the head is mixed with 
green similar to that on the wing. 


gs 


14, Eos CARDINALIS. 

Fos cardinalis (Gray), Salvad. ¢. c. i. p. 249. 

a. 2 ad. Rubiana; 7.3.87. Bill yellow; legs black ; iris 
red. Food, flower of cocoa. 

b. g ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 15. 5.87. Bill red-orange, black 
on top; skin black, with a yellow band at lower mandible; legs 
black ; iris red. 

c,d. § 2 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 10. 7.87. Bill orange ; 
legs black ; iris red. 

e-g. 23,1 9 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 11.7.87. Bill orange; 
legs black ; iris red. 

h. 9 ad. Aola, Guadaleanar ; 12. 7.87. Bill orange ; legs 
black ; iris red. 


1888.] BIRDS OF THE SOLOMON ARCHIPELAGO. 191 


i. g ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 14. 7.87. Bill orange ; legs 
black ; iris red. 

k-m. 1 3,2 9 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 17. 7. 87. Bill 
orange ; legs black ; iris red. 


15. TRIcHOGLOSSUS MASSENA. 
Trichoglossus massena, Bp., Salvad. ¢. c. p. 288. 


a-c. 2 3,19 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 14.7.87. Billorange ; 
legs grey ; iris orange. 


16. CacoMANTIS TYMBONOMUS. 
Cacomantis tymbonomus (S. Miill.), Salvad. ¢. ¢. i. p. 340. 


a. 2 imm. Aola, Guadalcanar ; 18.4. 87. Bill brown; legs 
yellow, toes black; iris brown. Food, beetles and flies. 


17. LaMPROCcOCCYX BASALIS. 

Lamprococcyx basalis (Horsf.), Salvad. ¢. c. i. p. 349. 

a. 9 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 24. 4. 87. Bill black; legs dark 
grey ; iris brown. Food, beetles. 

b. g ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 3. 5.87. Bill black; legs black ; 
iris brown. 

e. g ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 4. 5. 87. Bill black; legs grey ; 
iris brown. 

d. 9 ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 6.5.87. Bill black ; legs black ; 
iris brown. 


18. EvpyNAMIS CYANOCEPHALA. 
Eudynamis cyanocephala (Lath.), Salvad. ¢. c. i. p. 365. 


a. Q ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 6. 6.87. Bill black above, grey 
below ; legs olive; iris orange-red. 


19, UropYNAMIS TAITIENSIS. 

Urodynamis taitiensis (Sparrm.), Salvad. ¢. ¢. i. p. 370. 

a. d imm. Aola, Guadalcanar; 20. 4.87. Bill brown above, 
yellow below; legs yellowish grey ; iris yellow. 

6. d imm. Aola, Guadaleanar; 20. 5. 87 Bill olive; legs 
olive ; iris yellow. 


20. NESOCENTOR MILO. 


Nesocentor milo (Gould), Salvad, ¢. ¢. i. p. 385. 

a.(d)ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 14. 4.87. Bill black ; legs 
black ; iris red. 

b. Imm. Aola, Guadaleanar; 4. 5. 87. Bill brown ; legs 
bluish grey ; iris brown. Food, beetles and grasshoppers. 

ce. @ ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 6.5.87. Bill brown; legsslate: 
iris dark grey. 

d. 6 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar ; 15. 5. 87. Bill black ; legs 
grey ; iris brown. ee 


192 MR. W. R. OGILVIE-GRANT ON THE [ Mar. 6, 


21. RuyYTIDOCEROS PLICATUS. 


Ethytidoceros plicatus (Penn.), Salvad. ¢. c. i. p. 392. 

a. ¢ ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 14. 4. 87. Bill white, reddish at 
base ; legs black; iris red. Food, fruits and seeds. 

6. 2 ad. Aola, Guadaleanar ; 14.4. 87. Bill white, reddish at 
base; skin of throat chalk-white, round eye blue; legs black ; 
iris red. 

e. ¢ imm. Aola, Guadalcanar; 22. 4. 87. Bill yellowish 
white, base reddish ; throat chalk-white, skin of eye blue; legs 
black ; iris reddish brown. 

d. g ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 26. 4.87. Bill dirty white, red- 
dish at base; throat chalk-white, skin round eye blue; legs black ; 
iris reddish yellow. 

e. ¢ imm. Aola, Guadalcanar ; 27.4.87. Bill white, base red ; 
skin of throat chalk-white, round eye blue ; legs black ; iris reddish 
brown. 

S,g- & ad, gS imm. Aola, Guadaleanar; 30. 4.87. Bill 
white, base red; skin of throat chalk-white, round eye pale blue ; 
legs black ; iris reddish yellow. 

fA. 2 imm. Aola, Guadalcanar; 10. 5. 87. Bill white, base 
red ; skin of throat and eyes white; legs black ; iris dull yellow. 

z 2 imm. Aola, Guadalcanar; 13. 5.87. Bill dirty white, 
base red ; skin of throat and eyes pure white; legs black ; iris dull 
yellow. 

k. g ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 14. 5. 87. Bill dirty white, base 
red; skin of throat white, round eye pale blue; legs black ; iris 
reddish yellow. 

l. 2 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 29. 5. 87. Bill dirty white, base 
red; skin of throat and round eye chalky white; legs black ; iris 
brown. 

This series shows the interesting and curious development with 
age of the horny plates on the upper mandible. The youngest 
specimens have merely a raised lump, while the oldest has no less 
than seven plates, and the bill is longer and stronger than in the 
younger birds. 

The young male (spec. c) has a black spot on the extremity of 
each of the tail-feathers, which is absent in the rest of the series, and 
Mr. Woodford assures me it is the only specimen in which he ever 
observed this peculiarity. 


22. ALCEDO ISPIDOIDES. 


Aleedo ispidoides, Less., Salvad. ¢. c. i. p. 408. 

a. 3 ad. Aola, Guadaleanar ; 20.4. 87. Bill black; legs dark 
red-brown ; iris brown. Food, shrimps. 

b. 2 imm. Rovatu River; 22. 5. 87. Bill black; legs red; 
iris brown. 

e. g ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 1. 7.87. Bill black; legs red; 
iris brown. 


1888. ] BIRDS OF THE SOLOMON ARCHIPELAGO. 193 


23. Cryx sOLITARIA. 

Ceyx solitaria, Temm., Salvad. ¢. c. i. p. 420; Sharpe, in Gould’s 
Birds of New Guinea, pt. iii. pl. 

a. g ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 27. 6.87. Bill red; legs red; 
iris red. 


24. Haucyon LEUCOPYGIA. 

Cyanalcyon leucopygia, Verr., Salvad.i. p. 457. 

Halcyon leucopygia, Sharpe, in Gould’s Birds of New Guinea, 
pt. xviii. pl. 

a. g ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 11. 4. 87. Bill black; legs 
grey; iris brown. Food, lizards and grasshoppers. 

6. Q ad. Rovatu, Guadaleanar; 15. 4. 87. Bill black; legs 
black ; iris brown. Food, beetles &c. 

e. g¢ ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 8. 5. 87. Bill black; legs 
black ; iris dark brown. 

d. ¢ imm. Aola, Guadalcanar; 12. 5.87. Bill black; legs 
black ; iris brown. 

e,f. dQ ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 14. 7.87. Bill black; legs 
black ; iris brown. 

Only the adult males have the white rump; in the young male it 
is purplish and undefined, and the neck and breast are pinkish buff. 


25. HALCYON SAUROPHAGA. 
Sauropatis saurophaga (Gould), Salvad. ¢. c. i. p. 469. 
a. Ad. Rubiana; 4. 3.87. Bill black ; legs black ; iris brown. 


26. HALCYON TRISTRAMI. 

Sauropatis tristrami (Layard), Salvad. ¢. e. ili. App. p. 524. 

Halcyon tristrami, Layard, Sharpe, in Gould’s Birds of New 
Guinea, pt. xix. pl. 

a. Ad. Aola, Guadaleanar ; 8. 5. 87. Bill black, white below; 
legs black ; iris dark brown. 


27. HaLcyon SANCTA. 

Sauropatis sancta (Bodd.), Salvad. ¢. ec. i. p. 470. 

a. Imm. Rubiana; 20. 3. 87. Bill black ; legs black ; iris brown. 

6. ¢ imm. Aola, Guadalcanar; 21. 4.87. Bill black; iegs 
grey ; iris brown. 

ce. 2 imm. Aola, Guadalcanar ; 24. 4.87. Bill black ; legs 
grey; iris brown. 

d. g ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 30.4. 87. Bill black; legs 
grey ; iris brown. 

e. d imm. Aola, Guadalcanar; 14. 5.87. Bill black; legs 
dark grey ; iris brown. 

f. d ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 26. 6. 87. Bill black, white 
below; legs grey ; iris dark brown. 

g. @ ad. Aola, Guadalcanar ; 4. 7.87. Bill black; legs grey ; 
iris brown. 


194 MR. W. R. OGILVIE-GRANT ON THE [ Mar. 6, 


28. EuRYSTOMUS CRASSIROSTRIS. 


Eurystomus crassirostris, Sclater, Salvad. ¢. ¢, i. p. 510. 

a. 6 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 4. 4. 87. Bill red; legs red; 
iris brown. Food, beetles. 

b. g ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 7.4.87. Bill red; legs red ; 
iris brown. Food, beetles. 

ce. 9 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 15. 4.87. Bill red; legs red ; 
iris brown. Food, beetles. 

d. 9 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 30. 5.87. Bill red; legs red ; 
iris red-brown. 

e. g ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 1.6.87. Bill red; legs red; 
iris red-brown. 


29. MACROPTERYX MYSTACEA. 

Macropteryx mystacea (Less.), Salvad. ¢. ¢. 1. p, 537. 

a. gad. Rovatu, Guadalcanar; 20. 5.87. Bill black; legs 
black ; iris black. 


b,c. 6 Q ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 24. 6.87. Bill black; legs 
black ; iris black. 


30. CoLLOCALIA SPODOPYGIA. 
Collocalia spodopygia (Peale), Salvad. ¢. c. i. p. 546. 


a. gad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 2. 5. 87. Bill black; legs 
black ; iris black. 


31. HrrunbDo TAHITICA. 
Hirundo tahitica, Gm., Salvad. t. e. ii. p. 5. 


a. 2 ad. Rovatu River, Guadalcanar; 14. 5.87. Bill black ; 
legs black ; iris black. 


32. MoNARCHA CASTANEIVENTRIS. 


Pomarea castaneiventris (Verr.), Salvad. ¢.c. ii. p. 11 ; Sharpe, 
t.¢. part xviil. pl. 

a. gad. Aola, Guadaleanar ; 12. 4.87. Bill blue; legs blue; 
iris black. 

b. 2 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 22. 4. 87. Bill blue; legs blue; 
iris black. 

ce. Q ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 2. 5.87. Bill slate-blue ; legs 
slate-blue ; iris black. 

d. gad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 20. 5.87. Billslate; legs slate; 
iris black. 

e. 9 ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 7. 7.87. Bill slate; legs slate; 
iris black. 

There is no doubt about the correctness of the above identification, 
as I have Verreaux’s type before me. The Monarcha rufo-castanea of 
Ramsay (see Sharpe, in Gould’s Birds of New Guinea, part xviii. pl.) 
is stated to come from Lango, Guadalcanar ; but the three speci- 
mens in the Natural-History Museum were obtained by Mr. G. 
E. Richards in San Christoval, and I think it almost certain that 
Mr. Ramsay’s type specimens must also have come from that island, 


1888. ] BIRDS OF THE SOLOMON ARCHIPELAGO. 195 


The specimens obtained by Mr. Woodford in Fauro, and doubt- 
fully referred by me in my paper (P. Z. 8. 1887, p. 331) to MW. cas- 
taneiventris, now prove to be a well-marked and distinct species (see 
Sharpe, above, p. 183). I think the following localities will be 
found correct for the three species :— 


Monarcha castaneiventris (Verr.), hab, Guadalcanar. 


rufo-castanea, Ramsay, hab. San Christoval. 
erythrosticta, Sharpe, hab. Fauro. 


33. PrrzoRHYNCHUS BRODIEI. 


Monarcha brodiei, Ramsay, Salvad, t. ce. ii. p. 26. 

Peizorhynchus brodiei, Sharpe, in Gould’s Birds of New Guinea, 
pt. xviii. pl. 

a. 6 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 30. 4. 87. Bill slate-blue; legs 
slate-blue ; iris. black. 

6. gad. Rovatu River, Guadalcanar; 21.5. 87.  Biil slate; 
legs slate ; iris black. 

c. gd ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 3. 7. 87. Bill slate; legs slate ; 
iris black. 

d. 9 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 4. 7. 87. Bill slate; legs slate ; 
iris black. 

e. g ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 6. 7. 87. Bill slate; legs slate ; 
iris black. 

If Mr. Woodford has sexed these birds correctly, the 9 is identical 
with the ¢, and the bird figured by Mr. Sharpe (op. cit.) as the 
adult 2 must be immature. 


34. RHIPIDURA COCKERELLI. 


Sauloprocta cockerelli, Ramsay, Salvad. ¢. c. ii. p. 53. 

Rhipidura cockerelli, Sharpe, in Gould’s Birds of New Guinea, 
pt. xvii. pl. 

a. Ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 20. 4.87. Bill black; legs black ; 
iris black. Food, flies. 

6b. 2 (?)ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 21. 4.87. Bill black; legs 
black ; iris black. 

c. 9 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 30. 4. 87. Bill black; legs 
black ; iris black. 


35. RHIPIDURA RUBROFRONTATA. 
Rhipidura rubrofrontata, Ramsay ; Salvad. t. ¢. ii. p. 68 ; Sharpe, 
jn Gould’s Birds of New Guinea, pt. xxi. pl. 


a. gad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 14. 4. 87. Bill black; le 
grey ; iris black. 


gs 


36. My1AGRA FERROCYANEA. 


Myiagra ferrocyanea, Ramsay, Salvad. ¢. ¢. ii. p. 79; Sharpe, 
in Gould’s Birds of New Guinea, pt. xvii. pl. 

a. 9 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 21. 4. 87. Bill black; legs 
black ; iris black. 


196 MR. W. R. OGILVIE-GRANT ON THE [ Mar. 6, 


b. gd ad. Aola, Guadalecanar; 4. 5. 87. Bill slaty blue; legs 
black ; iris black. 


c. 9 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 4. 7.87. Bill black ; legs slate ; 
iris black. 

The sexing of these specimens shows that Mr. Sharpe is correct 
in regarding M. pallida, Ramsay, as merely the female of the 
black-and-white species MW. ferrocyanea. 


37. GRAUCALUS SCLATERI. 

Graucalus sclateri, Salvad.; Salvad. t. ¢. ii. p. 136. 

a. g ad. Aola, Guadalcanar ; 5. 4.87. Bill black ; legs black ; 
iris black. 

b. 2 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 20. 4.87. Bill black; legs 
black ; iris dark grey, almost black. 


38. GRAUCALUS HOLOPOLIUS. 
Graucalus holopolius, Sharpe, anted, p. 184. 


a. @ ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 21. 4. 87. Bill black; legs 
black ; iris black. 


39. GRAUCALUS PUSILLUS. 

Graucalus pusillus, Ramsay ; Salvad. ¢.c. ti. p. 140; Sharpe, ¢. ec. 
pt. xvii. pl. 

a. Q ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 13. 4.87. Bill black; legs 
black ; iris yellow. 


b. 2 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 30. 4.87. Bill black; legs 
black ; iris yellow. 


40. EpoLiisoOMA ERYTHROPYGON. 
Edoliisoma erythropygium, Sharpe, anted, p. 184. 


41. PACHYCEPHALA ASTROLABI. 

Pachycephala astrolabi, Bp.; Salvad. t. c. ii. p. 215. 

a. dad. Aola; 11.4.87. Billblack ; legs brown ; iris brown. 

b. (go imm.) Aola; 15. 4.87. Bill brown; legs grey; iris 
black, Food, insects. 

c. ¢ juv. Aola: 15.4.87. Bill brown; legs grey ; iris black. 
Food, insects. 

d. 3 juv. Aola; 15.4. 87. Bill brown; legs grey ; iris black. 
Food, insects. 

e. g juv. Aola; 22.4.87. Bill brown; legs grey ; iris black. 

f. 2. Aola; 17. 4. 87. Bill brown; legs grey ; iris black. 

g- dad. Aola; 17.4.87. Bill black ; legs brown ; iris black. 
Food, seeds. 

h. juv. Aola; 2. 5. 87. Bill brown; legs brown; iris dark 
grey. Food, grasshoppers. 

i. ¢ juv. Aola; 2.5.87. Bill pale brown; legs pale brown; 
iris dark grey. 

k. 3 ad. Aola; 3.5.87. Bill black; legs grey; iris dark 
grey. 


1888. ] BIRDS OF THE SOLOMON ARCHIPELAGO. 197 


l. gd ad. Aola; 5.6.87. Bill black; legs grey; iris black. 

m. ¢ ad. Aola; 4.7.87. Billblack; legs grey; iris black. 

n. 9 ad.? Aola; 7.7.87. Bill black; legs grey ; iris brown. 

o. g ad. Aola; 11. 7.87. Bill black; legs light brown ; iris 
black. 

The young male resembles the adult female, but has the yellow 
of the outer axillaries indistinct or absent and the yellow of the 
under tail-coverts and flanks much paler. 

As the young male becomes adult the whitish colour of the throat, 
lower breast, and belly becomes yellow and the pectoral zone becomes 
of a deeper brown and more defined. 


42. CINNYRIS FRENATUS. 
Cyrstostomus frenatus (S. Miill.), Salvad. ¢. ¢. i. p. 265. 


a. gd ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 20.6.87. Bill black; legs 
black ; iris black. 


43. MyZOMELA SHARPEI, sp. n. (Plate X. fig. 3.) 

a. dg ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 4.7.87. Bill black ; legs olive ; 
iris black. 

Forehead dull black ; occiput, neck, and back olive-yellow ; rump 
and upper tail-coverts rufous olive. Wing-coverts, quills, and tail- 
feathers blackish edged with olive-yellow, primaries with the upper 
half of the inner web edged with white. Cheeks and throat dull 
black; neck and upper breast same as back; rest of the under 
surface yellowish buff. Quills below grey edged with white, tail- 
feathers grey. 

This species is quite unlike anything hitherto described, and I 
have named it in honour of my colleague Mr. Bowdler Sharpe. 

Total length 5:1 inches, culmen 0°85, wing 2°5, tail 1°8, tarsus 0°9. 


44. DickuM ZNEUM. 

Diceum eneum, Jacq. & Pucher. ; Salvad. ¢. c. ii. p. 280; Sharpe, 
t. ec. pt. xvil. pl. 

a. g ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 5.7.87. Bill black; legs black ; 
iris black. 


45. ERYTHRURA TRICHROA. 

Erythrura trichroa (Kittl.), Salvad. ¢. e. ii. p. 442. 

a. 6 imm. Aola, Guadalcanar; 9.6.87. Bill black; legs 
pale brown ; iris dark brown. 

b. 2 ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 30. 6.87. Bill black; legs 
light brown ; iris dark brown. 

ce. 6, 2 9 ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 5.7.87. Bill black; 
legs light brown ; iris black. 

f. Q ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 6.7.87. Bill black; legs light 
brown; iris black. 

The adult male differs from the young male and females in 
having the forehead and cheeks brighter azure-blue and the whole 
upper and under surface much brighter green. 


198 MR. W. R. OGILVIE-GRANT ON THE [ Mar. 6, 


46. LAMPROCORAX GRANDIS. 

Lamprocorax grandis, Salvad. ; Salvad. ¢. ¢. il. p. 462. 

a. 3 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 30.5.87. Billblack ; legs black ; 
iris red. 

6. 9 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 14. 7. 87. Bill black; legs 
black; iris red. 

ce. 9 ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 28. 7. 87. Bill black; legs 
black ; iris red. 

L. minor has been accidentally figured by Mr. Sharpe (¢. c.) under 
the name of Lamprocoraz grandis. 


47. Mino KREFFTI. 

Mino kreffti (Sclater) ; Salvad. ¢. ¢. il. p. 469. 

a. ¢ ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 16. 4.87. Bill and skin round 
eye yellow; legs yellow; iris yellow. 

b. Q ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 20. 6.87. Bill and skin round 
eye yellow ; legs yellow; iris yellow. 


48. MacrocoRAx WOODFORDI. 

Macrocorax woodfordi, Grant, P. Z.8. 1887, p. 332. 

a. 9 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 18. 4. 87. Bill white with black 
tip; legs black ; iris greyish brown. 

b. 9 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 19. 4. 87. Bill white with black 
tip ; legs black; iris greyish brown. Food, fruit and seeds. 

c. Ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 3. 5. 87. Bill white with black 
tip; legs black; iris dark grey. Food, fruit and insects. 

d. Q ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 7. 5.87. Bill white with black 
tip ; legs black ; iris dark grey. 

e. g ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 16. 5. 87. Bill white with black 
tip; legs black ; iris dark grey. 

f. 3 ad. Aola, Guadaleanar ; 25. 5. 87. Bill white with black 
tip ; legs black ; iris dark grey. 

g-h. 3 ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 4. 6, 87. Bill white with 
black tip ; legs black ; iris dark grey. 

i. g ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 6.6.87. Bill white with black 
tip; legs black ; iris dark grey. 

k. gad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 17. 7.87. Bill pinkish; legs 
black ; iris dark grey. 

1. @ ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 10. 8.87. Bill white with black 
tip; legs black ; iris grey. 

m. 9 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 12. 8.87. Bill white with black 
tip; legs black; iris grey. 

m. Ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 25. 8.87. Bill white with black 
tip; legs black ; iris grey. 

o. @ ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 31.8. 87. Bill pink with black 
tip; legs black ; iris dark grey. 

All the series agree well with the type and the sexes are entirely 
similar. 


1888. ] BIRDS OF THE SOLOMON ARCHIPELAGO. 199 


49. PrILOPUS SOLOMONENSIS. 

Ptilopus solomonensis, G. R. Gr. ; Salvad. ¢.c. iii. p. 50; Sharpe, 
in Gould’s Birds of New Guinea, pt. xix. pl. 

a. 2 imm. Aola, Guadalcanar; 6. 5.87. Bill black; legs red ; 
iris yellow. 

This bird is almost identical in every particular with Gray’s type, 
which is also an immature female. The general colour is entirely 
green, except parts of the belly, flanks, and under tail-coverts, which 


are yellow, and the tail and primaries, which resemble those of the 
adult. 


50. PriLopus LEWIsI. 

Ptilopus lewisi, Ramsay ; Salvad. t. ec. iii. App. p. 556 ; Sharpe, 
in Gould’s Birds of New Guinea, pt. xvii. pl. 

a. 9 juv. Aola, Guadalcanar; 6. 5. 87. Bill black; legs red; 
iris yellow. 

b. Q ad. Aola, Guadalcanar ; 8. 5.87. Bill yellow; legs red; 
iris yellow. 

e. dg ad. Rovatu, Guadalcanar; 20. 5. 87. Bill yellow; legs 
red ; iris orange. 

d,e. 3 9 ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 30. 5. 87. Bill black; legs 
red ; ivis yellow. 


51. PriLoPpus SUPERBUS. 
Ptilopus superbus (Temm.), Salvad. ¢. ec. iii. p. 6. 


gd ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 4. 6.87. Bill black; legs red; iris 
yellow. 


52. GLOBICERA RUFIGULA. 


Carpophaga rufigula, Salvad.; Salvad. ¢. e. iii. p. 79. 


a. go ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 25. 5.87. Bill black; wattle 
red ; legs red; iris red. 


53. CARPOPHAGA BRENCHLEYI. 


Carpophaga brenchleyi, G. R. Gr. ; Salvad. t.e. iii. p. 90. 

a, Ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 1.6.87. Bill black; legs car- 
mine ; iris carmine. 

A specimen of this little-known species was obtained and agrees 
well with Gray’s type in the Natural-History Museum. Mr. Wood- 
ford says that this is the common species of the island. 


54, TURACG@NA CRASSIROSTRIS. 

Turaceena crassirostris, Gould ; Salvad. ¢. e. iii. p. 131. 

a. Q ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 11. 5.87. Bill and skin round eye 
carmine ; legs bright red; iris bright red. 

6. g ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 30. 5.87. Bill carmine; legs 
carmine ; iris reddish brown. 


200 MR. W. R. OGILVIE-GRANT ON THE [ Mar. 6, 


55. MACROPYGIA RUFOCASTANEA. 


Macropygia rufocastanea, Ramsay ; Salvad. ¢. ¢. iii. p. 149. 

a. 2 ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 5.6.87. Bill black; legs red; 
iris orange. 

6. Qimm. Aola, Guadaleanar; 10. 6. 87. Bill black; legs 
red; iris brown. 

ce. 9 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 24. 6.87, Bill black ; legs dull 
pink; iris reddish brown. 

These specimens agree well with Ramsay’s description of the 
species, the adults exhibiting the curious bifid feathers of the 
upper breast and sides of the neck and reminding one of certain 
species of Péilopus. The young birds do not exhibit this peculiarity, 
and as the black bases of the feathers are hidden, the breast is a 
uniform deep cinnamon-rufous, instead of having the appearance 
of being spotted with black. The male which came in Mr. Wood- 
ford’s first collection (see P. Z.S. 1887, p. 332) is not an adult but 
a young bird. 


56. PHLOG@HNAS SOLOMONENSIS, sp. n. 


a. dg ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 17. 8.87. Bill black; legs car- 
mine ; iris brown. 

Forehead dark ashy grey ; back and sides of the neck ashy black ; 
occiput, middle of the neck (paler), back, ramp, greater wing- and 
tail-coverts, and outer secondary quills dark chocolate washed with 
purple. Lesser and median wing-coverts dark glossy purple. Rest 
of the quills dark brown and tail-feathers dark brown washed with 
chocolate-maroon, except the outer three on each side, which are 
darker and terminated by a light reddish band. Cheeks, throat, 
and breast dull ashy grey, becoming lighter towards the belly and 
succeeded by a zone of iridescent dark brown feathers. Rest of 
the belly and under tail-coverts chalky reddish brown. Axillaries 
and under wing-coverts dark brown, the latter with a few light red 
feathers. Quills and tail-feathers below dark brown; the upper 
edge of the inner web of the primaries and the ends of the tail- 
feathers reddish. 

This species, though nearly allied to P. johanne, Sclater (P. Z. S. 
1877, p. 112, pl. xvi.), is altogether a darker bird, the latter having | 
the breast whitish grey, and the occiput, back, &c. washed with olive 
instead of purple. 

No doubt Mr. Ramsay is correct in his supposition that P. johanna, 
the types of which are before me, comes neither from the Solomon 
Islands nor New Hebrides, but was obtained by the Rev. G. Brown 
in New Britain, whence specimens have since been brought. 


Culmen, Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 


in, in. in, in. 

P. solomonensis Or Zee. 9/5) 4°5 2°4 Heit 
: Pad 68 4°4 2:8 1:0 

P. johanne, types { 3 67 4:35 98 1-0 


1888. ] BIRDS OF THE SOLOMON ARCHIPELAGO. 201 


57. PHLOG@NAS, sp. inc. 
a. 3 juv. Aola, Guadaleanar; 30. 5.87. Bill brown; legs 


brown ; iris brown. 

b. go juv. Aola, Guadaleanar; 30.5. 87. Bill brown; legs 
brown; iris dark brown. 

c 3S juy. Aola, Guadalcanar; 26. 6.87. Bill dark brown; 
legs brown ; iris light brown. 

These young birds probably represent an unknown species nearly 
allied to the P. jobiensis, from the young of which they differ in 
lacking the white superciliary streak. They are evidently of the 
species referred with doubt by Mr. Ramsay (P. L. S. N. S. Wales, i. 
p- ae to Chalcophaps margarithe, D’ Alb., Salvad. 


8. CHALCOPHAPS STEPHANI. 

eas stephani (Pucher. et Jacq.); Salvad. ¢. c. iii. p. 178. 

a. Q ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 6.5.87. Bill yellow; legs 
red ; iris brown. 

6. S ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 31. 5.87. Bill yellow; legs 
red ; iris brownish red. 

c. fg ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 27. 6.87. Bill yellow; legs 
red; iris brown. 

The female differs from the male only in having the frontal half 
of tbe head dark ash-grey instead of white. 


59. MEGAPODIUS BRENCHLEYI. 
’ Megapodius brenchleyi, G. R. Gr.; Salvad. t. ec. iii. p. 240. 

a. 2 ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 9.4.87. Bill yellow; legs 
black ; iris brown. 

b, c. 2 S ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 19. 4.87. Bill yellow ; 
legs black ; iris reddish brown. 

d. Pull. Rovatu, Guadaleanar; 24. 5.87. Bill brown; legs 
brown ; iris brown. 

e. Ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 27. 5. 87. Bill gamboge; legs 
olive-brown ; iris reddish brown. 

f. gb ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 7. 7.87. Bill yellowish brown ; 
legs olive ; iris reddish brown. 


60. EsAcUS MAGNIROSTRIS. 

Orthorhamphus magnirostris (Geoffr.) ; Salvad. ¢. ¢. ili. p. 290. 

a. @ ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 9. 6. 87. Bill black; legs 
yellow ; iris yellow. 


61. NUMENIUS VARIEGATUSE. - 

Numenius variegatus (Scop.), Salvad. ¢. ¢. iii. p. 332. 

a. 3 ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 26.4. 87. Bill black; legs 
grey ; iris dark brown. 

6b. gS ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 14. 5.87. Bill black; legs 
olive ; iris black. 

ce. Q ad. Aola, Guadalcanar; 13. 7.87. Bill black; legs 
pearl-grey ; iris dark brown. 


202 MR. W. R. OGILVIE-GRANT ON THE [Mar. 6, 


62. DEMIEGRETTA SACRA. 

Demiegretta sacra (Gmel.), Salvad. é. ¢. iii. p. 345. 

a. g ad. Rubiana; 10.35.87. Bill grey; legs yellow; iris 
yellow. Food, fish. 

A very fine adult male, with the crest and dorsal plumes long and 
well developed, the latter extending beyond the wings, and the bill 
seems unusually large and strong, the culmen measuring 3°6 ; post- 
femoral powder-down patches largely developed. 


63. BuroriDES JAVANICA. 

Butoroides javanica (Horsf.), Salvad. ¢. c. iii. p. 359. 

a. 3 juv. Aola, Guadalcanar ; 19. 4.87. Bill black and yellow ; 
legs olive; iris yellow. Food, fish. 

6. S$ imm. Aola, Guadalcanar; 6. 5. 87. Bill black and 
yellow; legs grey ; iris yellow. 

64. ARDEIRALLA WOODFORDI, §p. 0. 

a. Q nearly ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 5.7.87. Bill straw- 
colour, with black streak on tip’; legs olive ; iris yellow. 

6. gd imm. Aola, Guadaleanar; 15. 7.87. Bill above black, 
below grey ; legs light brown ; iris yellow. 

ce. 9 ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 30. 8.87. Bill above brown, 
below yellow ; legs grey-brown ; iris yellow. 

Total length. Culmen. Wing. Tail. § Tarsus. 
in. in. i i 


in. in. in. 
TORR; Es 18°4 a 7°4 D7 27 
Oust aes 18°5 oul iso 2°7 2°7 
Oh ae 1874 oll 7°6 2°6 2a) 


Cuar. Adult female (spec. c). Head ashy black, fading gradually 
into the dark chestnut-rufous of the neck, back, and wing-coverts. 
Rump and upper tail-coverts dusky, frmged with cinnamon-rufous. 
Quills and tail-feathers ashy black, like the head. Superciliary 
streak and cheeks chestnut. Throat and neck flecked with dark 
shaft-spots. Whole under surface of the body cinnamon-rufous, 
becoming more cinnamon and less rufous below the breast. 
Axillaries whitish buff, under wing-coverts cinnamon and chestnut. 
Quills below ashy black. The long loose upper wing-coverts exceed 
the length of the wings by one inch. 

Specimen a differs from the above in the following particulars 
only :—Some of the feathers of the head have still light transverse 
margins; the upper wing-coverts are light cinnamon, with dusky 
V-shaped subterminal markings; the quills are still edged with 
buff, and the outer secondaries are light red with a subterminal 
dark brown spot edged with buff. 

Young male (spec. 6). Head ashy black, rest of the upper 
surface dark reddish brown and blackish, all the feathers being 
fringed with pale buff. Basal half of the wing-coverts ashy black, 
each feather terminating with three parallel bars of cinnamon-rufous, 


1888.] BIRDS OF THE SOLOMON ARCHIPELAGO. 203 


dark brown, and pale buff. Rump and upper tail-coverts dark ash, 
fringed with white. Quills and tail-feathers ashy black, with buff 
margins. Cheeks and under surface of the body cinnamon, paling 
into dirty white below. The feathers on the throat and neck 
streaked and spotted with dark brown. Axillaries whitish, under 
wing-coverts dark grey mixed with buff. Quills below ashy black. 

So far as I have been able to ascertain, this species stands remote 
from anything that has hitherto been described, and the most 
nearly allied species appears to be A. flavicollis. The adult male 
probably resembles the female described above, but is of a somewhat 
darker colour on the upper surface. 


65. NycTICORAX MANDIBULARIS, sp. D. 


Nycticorax manillensis, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 
vii. p. 39 (nec Vigors). 

a. Sg imm. Aola, Guadalcanar; 20. 4. 87. Bill above black, 
below yellow ; legs yellowish green ; iris yellow. Food, fish. 

6. g imm. Aola, Guadalcanar; 2.5.87. Bill above black, 
below yellow; legs olive ; iris yellow. 

e. 2 imm. Aola, Guadaleanar; 8. 5.87. Bill above black, 
below yellow; legs olive ; iris yellow. 

d. 9 ad. Aola, Guadaleanar; 25. 5.87. Bill black, base of 
lower mandible and skin of eyes yellow; legs yellow; iris yellow. 

Cuar. Female adult (specimen d). Head and crest black ; rest 
of the upper surface, quills, and tail-feathers dull chestnut. Rump 
and upper tail-coyerts rather brighter. An indistinct chestnut 
superciliary streak, Cheeks, neck, breast, and flanks bright chestnut ; 
throat, belly, and under tail-coverts white. Avxillaries chestnut, 
edged with pale chestnut. Quills and tail-feathers below light 
rufous grey. The crest is as yet unadorned with white feathers 
(see Ramsay’s description). 

Young male (specimen a). Head black, each feather with a 
longitudinal shaft-streak of buff ; rest of the upper surface reddish 
brown, each feather darker towards the extremity and ending in a 
rufous-buff coloured spot. Cheeks, neck, breast, and flanks dirty 
cinnamon ; throat, belly, and under tail-coverts whitish, each feather 
with a dark brown longitudinal band down one or both edges, most 
strongly developed on the throat and upper breast. Quills and tail- 
feathers below light rufous-grey, shading into darker and terminating 
in a dull buff spot. 

This species occupies a somewhat intermediate position between 
N. manillensis and N. caledonicus, being perhaps most nearly allied 
to the latter. It is easily distinguished from both by its smaller 
size and much smaller bill. It resembles the former in having the 
breast and neck chestnut, but differs in having the throat white. 
It is at once distinguished from the latter by the absence of the 
white superciliary streak so strongly developed in N. caledonicus. 
Even the young of these two species may be readily distinguished, 
for the new bird is generally darker and has the shaft-streaks and 


204 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE [Mar. 20, 


spots on the feathers of the upper surface rufous-buff instead of 
whitish yellow. 


Total length. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 


4 in. in. in. in, in. 
: : Ovad: ue LSs5 2°9 0:9 37 3°3 
W./mandibularis | gimm.:. 180 210 97 36 31 
NN. caledonicus, S ad. ...... 19°5 Set ll comes 3°3 
NN. manillensis. <0. Sa. ne cate 21:0 3:60) 26 = 456 3°8 


66. STERNA LONGIPENNIS. 


Sterna longipennis, Nordm.; Salvad. ¢. e. ili. p. 439. 
a. & ad. Rubiana; 4. 3.87. Bill black; legs black; feet 
black. Food, fish. 


March 20, 1888. 
Henry Seebohm, Esq., F.Z.S., in the Chair. 


The following papers were read :— 


1. Note on the Classification of the Ranide. 
By G. A. BouLencEr. 


[Received February 10, 1888.] 


When revising the arrangement of the tailless Batrachians for the 
second edition of the British Museum Catalogue (1882), I had very 
great difficulty in dealing with the subdivision of the large family 
Ranide. J had to abandon the Platy- and Oxydactyle character as 
a generic one, finding that, to say nothing of the complete inter- 
gradation which destroys its usefulness as an artificial character, it 
did not, by itself, express affinity, and that in consequence satisfac- 
tory series could not be formed upon the degree of dilatation or 
acumination of the digits. As an instance, I may refer to Rane 
malabarica, galamensis, macrodactyla, and lateralis, which are 
unquestionably very intimately related to such forms as constitute 
the platydactyle group Hylorana of certain authors (R. erythrea, 
temporalis, chalconota, &c.), and yet are more ‘ oxydactyle’ than 
Rane macrodon, kuhlii, and many others which have by all authors, 
and very justly, been regarded as true Rane. I cannot see that the 
union of all these species, however numerous, under one genus, 
Rana, presents any serious inconvenience. On the contrary, the 
systematist should form well-defined genera, regardless of the 


1888. ] CLASSIFICATION OF THE RANIDA. 205 


number of species they may embrace ; by so doing he firstly facili- 
tates identification, for the student has a right to expect, when using 
a synoptic work, to get at the name of the genus before that of the 
species; and secondly, he more correctly expresses the continuity 
aud breaks in the series of forms as exist in Nature at the present 
period. This mode of treatment has therefore both a practical and 
a philosophical bearing. 

My arrangement has not met with general acceptance. As for 
myself, I have not lost sight of the question during the six years 
that have elapsed since the publication of my classification, and I 
have, on ditferent occasions, taken up the matter again in the hope 
of finding characters upon which to subdivide the genus Rana, 
but without success; and I am now more than ever convinced that 
it is a natural association. This conviction has been confirmed 
by a discovery ‘published by Peters (Reise n. Mossamb. ili. 1852), 
shortly after the issue of the British Museum Catalogue. He found 
that the digits of most of his Po/ypedatine differ from those of the 
Ranine by the presence of a small additional phalanx between the 
ultimate and what is normally the penultimate ; the number of 
phalanges being 3, 3, 4, 4 in the fore limb, and 3, 3, 4, 5, 4 in 
the hind limb, instead of 2, 2, 3, 3 and 2, 2, 3, 4, 3. After testing 
the constancy of this character, I fully endorse Peters’s view as to 
its taxonomic importance ; it affords a far better character for separa- 
ting Rhacophorus from Rana than does the presence of a web 
between the fingers. And I find, with satisfaction, that all the 
species referred by me, from autoptic examination, to the genus 
Rana have the normal phalanges, irrespective of the presence or 
absence or size of the digital expansions. Two species which were 
formerly unknown to me, but of which specimens are now in the 
Museum, viz. Hyla buergeri,Schleg., and Theloderma leprosum, Tsch. 
(= Polypedates leprosus, Gthr.), must, in spite of their free fingers, be 
referred to Rhacophorus. I also find that Cassina, though oxydac- 
tyle, and therefore placed by Peters in his Ranine, has the additional 
phalanx like its clese ally Hylambates ; and that the genus Jalus, 
as hitherto defined, is unnatural, the species opisthorhodus, Gthr., 
silvaticus, Blgr., fuscus, Blgr., savicola, Jerd., and doubtless also 
sarasinorum, F. Miill., all from Southern India and Ceylon, 
standing in the same relation to Rana as the typical Ivali to 
Rhacophorus. For these species, characterized by the normal num- 
ber of phalanges, I propose the generic name Mierivalus. Con- 
sidering the importance of the character discovered by Peters, I 
would suggest the division of the Ranide into two groups, that 
which is characterized by the additional phalanx embracing the 
following genera :— 

Cassina, Gir., Hylambates, A. Dum., Rappia, Gthr., Megalixa- 
lus, Gthr., Rhacophorus, Kuhl, Chiromantis, Ptrs., [valus, Tsch., 
and Nyctixalus, Blgr. 

The following figures show that the character upon which these 
two groups are based is readily ascertainable. 


Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. XV. 15 


206 ON TILE CLASSIFICATION OF THE RANID. [ Mar. 24), 


)4 
Q 
1 | 
Saict 
im 
\| 
2: 
a. db. a‘. (aha 


1. Finger of Rhacophorus maximus. 
2. Finger of Rana afghana. 


a. Upper view. 0. Side view. a', 6’. Skeleton. 


I seize this opportunity to remark that the genus Phyllobates, 
Bibr., isa Ranoid, closely allied to and intermediate between [Hyl- 
iwalus, Espada, and Prostherapis, Cope—differing from the former in 
the free toes, and from the latter in the notched tongue. The 
pectoral girdle of the type specimen of Phyllobates bicolor, Bibr., as 
well as of a specimen of P. melanorhinus, Berth., has been kindly 
examined at my request by Dr. Mocquard. That genus includes 
the following five species :—P. bicolor, Bibr., limbatus, Cope, mel- 
anorhinus, Berth., trinitatis, Garm., and trilineatus, Blgr. 

There probably exists, however, a group of Cystignathoids 
answering to Cope’s definition of Phy/lobates (Journ. Ac. Philad. 
vi. 1866, p. 96)—that is, Hylodes without vomerine teeth, which 
would bear the name Syrrhopus, Cope (Am. Nat. 1875, p. 253), 
and include Malachylodes, Cope, and Hypodictyon, Cope. Not 
having seen examples of any of the following species, I only suggest 
that they may be united provisionally under the term Syrrhopus, 
and with the generic definition given on p. 195 of my Catalogue :— 
S. marnockii, Cope, leprus, Cope, cystignathoides, Cope, verrucipes, 
Cope, guttulatus, Cope, hyleformis, Cope, ridens, Cope, chalceus, 
Ptrs., and verruculatus, Ptrs. 


~ POLS, WSesreaa 


Hanhart imp. 


NEA) SHE Meier. 


1888.}| MR. G. B. SOWERBY ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. 207 


2. Descriptions of sixteen new Species of Shells. 


By G. B. Sownrsy, F.Z.S., F.LS. 
[Received February 6, 1888. ] 
(Plate XI.) 


Lima smiray, sp. uov. (Plate XI. fig. 12.) 

L. testa suboblique ovata, leviter inflata, tenuis, alba ; costis circ. 40, 
rotundatis, mediocriter elevatis, levissime undulatis instructa ; 
area antica mediocriter elongata, leviter excavata, rugoso-plicata ; 
auriculis anticis parvis, declivibus, posticis magnis ; area car- 
dinalis excavata. 

Long. 63, lat. 51 millim. 

Hab. Japan. 

Resembling in form ZL. exeavata, but very decidedly ribbed. The 
auricles, cardinal area, and anterior lunule are much the same as in 
the gigantic Japanese species described by me in the Society’s ‘ Pro- 
ceedings’ for 1883 (L. goliath), but that species is smooth, excepting 
at the sides, and not so inflated. 

The size of the only specimen known of this interesting new species, 
which forms part of cur National Collection, is small as compared 
with LZ. excavata ; but although it has much the look of a full-grown 
shell, it is impossible to say that it might not attain to the size even 
of L. goliath. I have, however, no doubt that it is specifically 
distinct. 


Lima CONCENTRICA, sp. nov. (Plate XI. fig. 20.) 

L. testa rotunde flabelliformis, obliqua, lata, compressa, tenuiuscula, 
subpellucida, ceruleo-alba, concenérice fusco multifasciata, 
epidermide ferruginea induta ; laminis numerosis, concentricis, 
parum elevatis, fusco anguste marginatis, et costis angustis 
circ. 80, confertissimis, complanatis, interruptis, subrugosis, 
partim divaricatis, superne attenuatis, interstitiisque minu- 
tissime crenulatis et puncturatis sculpta; area cardinalis 
angusta, mediocriter excavata ; auriculis purviusculis, fere 
equalibus, anticis plicatis, rotunde inflexis ; payina interna 
nitida, ceruleo-alba, margine externo minute crenulata, tenuiter 
Jusco circumdata. 

Long. 30, maj. lat. 27 millim. 

Hab. Hongkong. 

A very distinct and characteristic species. It is broad and rather 
flat ; the radiating ribs are very narrow and close-set, and the 
interstices towards the umbones peculiarly punctured. The nume- 
rous concentric laminz are but little raised, but they are rendered 
conspicuous by being edged with brown. 

Since the publication of the monograph of the genus Lima in the 
* Conchologia Iconica,’ the following species have been added :— 

L. zealandica, Sowb., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 754. 

L, goliath, Sowb., Proc. Zool. Soe. 1883, p. 30. 


208 MR. G. B. SOWERBY ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. [ Mar. 20, 


L. lata, Smith, Rep. on the Lamellibr. of the ‘ Challenger.’ 

L. tahitensis, Smith, ibid. 

L. torresiana, Smith, ibid. 

L. confusa, Smith, ibid. 

L. laminifera, Smith, ibid. 

L. dunkeri, Smith, =japonica, Dunker, not of A. Adams, Sowerby, 
Conch. Icon. 1872. 


MALLETIA ANGULATA, sp. nov. (Plate XI. fig. 15.) 


M. testa oblonga, compressiuscula, valde inequilatera, epidermide 
cornea, nitida induta ; antice breviuscula, postice elongata. 
Margo dorsi posticus rectus angulatus, auriculatus. Margo 
ventralis antice oblique arcuatus, postice sinuatus. | Umbones 
leviter prominentes, acutiusculi. Cardine rectilineo, angusto, 
dentibus numerosis minutis instructo. Ligamentum longum 
angustissimum, nigro-fuscum. 

Diam. antero-post. 26, umbono-marg. 14 millim. 

Hab. Bay of Bengal, 200 fath. 

Of the few species known of this rare genus, the present is one of 
the most striking. It is distinguished from its congeners chiefly by 
the remarkable sinuosity of the posterior side, forming an angular 
auricle at the dorsal margin, and a broad lobe at the posterior 
extremity. The hinge is the same as in other species of the genus. 


CypRHA HUNGERFORDI, sp. nov. (Plate XI. figs. 1-3.) 


C. testa pyriformi, solida, lata, depressiuscula, politissima, in 
parte dorsali griseo interruptim trifasciata, maculis minutis, 
pallidis, fuscis, confluentibus lentiginosa ; spira immersa, conca- 
viuscula, inconspicua ; lateribus latis, basibusque flavescente 
lacteis, maculis fuscis, numerosis, rotundatis, superne marginatis ; 
basi concaviuscula ; margine columellari 2U, concoloribus, parvis, 
tenuiter productis, basalibus majoribus, obliquis, instructo ; 
margine externo superne incurvo, dentibus 24, brevibus, regu- 
laribus munito. 

Long. 39, diam. 24, alt. 19 millim. 

Hab. Japan? 

This shell (which is in perfect condition) was purchased in Japan 
some years ago by Dep.-Surgeon-General R. Hungerford, but he 
had no guarantee that it was taken in Japanese waters, and, so far as 
I know, no other specimen has been discovered. It is a species not 
likely to be confounded with any other. It is pyriform but rather 
depressed, and quite unlike €. pyriformis ; the greyish bands 
crossing the back give the idea of a young shell that has not got its 
full colouring, but its sides are thickly enamelled, showing it to be 
thoroughly adult. The spots bordering the lateral enamel are 
unusually high towards the back of the shell, leaving the margins and 
base of a plain cream-colour. 


CoLUMBELLA FILBYI, sp. nov. (Plate XI. figs. 8, 9.) 


C. testa fusiformi, fusca; maculis albidis irregulariter aspersa ; 


1888.] MR. G. B. SOWERBY ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. 29 


zona angusta, albida, interrupta, infra medium cincta. Spira 
elata, acuminata; sutura impressa; anfractus 11, leviter con- 
vexi ; primi 23 politi, simplices ; sequentes 4, costis levigatis, 
rotundatis instructi; cateri levigati, subtilissime striati et 
oblique malleati ; ultimus via ventricosus, spiram leviter superans, 
infra medium valde contractus, oblique sulcatus, in caudam brevem 
recurvam desinens, et canalem aperturalem formans. Apertura 
ovato-oblonga, spiram subequans, fauce pallide violacea ; colu- 
mella polita, albida, fusco tincta, superne plica unica, minuta, 
curvatamunita, ad medium angulata; labrum acutum, extus leviter 
incrassatum, intus subobsolete liratum. 

Long. 30, maj. lat. 12 millim. 

Hab. South Sea? 

A fine handsome species, one of the largest of the genus, and 
entirely different from any hitherto known or described. 1 found two 
perfect specimens of this species in the collection of the late Mr. D. 
Filby of Hamburg with a label “South Sea,’’ but even this indefinite 
locality is not to be relied on. The largest of the two, which I 
have taken for the type, forms part of the ‘gift made by Mrs. Filby to 
the Hamburg Museum. The second specimen is about 27 millim. 
in length, and of the same form, proportions, colour, and markings 
as the type. 


CORALLIOPHILA TURRITA, Sp. nov. (Plate XI. fig. 11.) 


C. testa elongata, turrita, albidu, pallide roseo tincta. Spira 
perelata ; anfractus 9, lente accrescentes, convexi, obscure 
angulati, suboblique plicati ( plicis rotundatis, confertiusculis), 
ubique spiraliter dense squamoso-lirati ; anfr. ultimus parvus, 
rotundatus, infra medium contractus, et aliquanto productus. 
Apertura ovata ; columella infra medium acute angulata ; can- 
ali brevissimo ; labrum crenulatum. 

Long. 23, maj. diam. 9, apert. long. 6, lat. 4 millim. 

fab. Mauritius. 

A very narrow turreted species, with a small mouth, long spire, 

and ribbed, scabrous, slightly angular whorls. 


Trocaus (GrBBULA ?) PONSONBYI, sp.nov. (Plate XI. fig. 5.) 


T. testa subglobosa, anguste umbilicata, tenuiuscula, pallida, ad 
basin fusco maculata. Anfractus 5, convexi celeriter accre- 
scentes; primi 2 leves; caeteri anyulati, ad angulum serie 
tuberculorum coronati ; supra angulum spiraliter trisulcati ; 
infra obscure lirati. Anfr. ultimus inflatus, superne serie 
tuberculorum (cire. 12) coronatus; infra corona uniliratus ; 
ad basin convexus, ventricosus, rotundatus, liris (cire. 8) aculius- 
culis instructus. Apertura semilunaris; columella tenuiter 
callosa, superne contracta, infra medium turgidula. 

Alt. 133, diam. 14, apert. long. 9, maj. lat. 7 millim, 

Hab. Port Elizabeth, South Africa. 

In the absence of the operculum it is impossible to say with 

certainty to what genus or section this species belongs, although I 


21:0 MR. G. B. SOWERBY ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELisS. [ Mar. 20, 


have little doubt it will prove a Gibdula. The base is unusually 
convex and ventricose, the spire rather shortly conical, and the 
upper angle coronated with rounded tubercles. ‘The mouth is rather 
wide, and the umbilicus narrow. ‘The spiral ridges on the base are 
rather close, and the upper ones distant. 

I have only seen a single dead specimen of this somewhat remark- 
able shell, which has been lent to me for description by Mr. J. 
Ponsonby. 


Trocuus (ZizipHiNus) EXQUISITUS, sp. nov. (Plate XI. figs. 6, 


T. testa conica, convexiuscula,. profunde. umbilicata, pallide 
aureo-fusca, fusco multilineata. Anfractus 64, declives, levis- 
sime conveai ; cingulis numerosis, fuscis, parum elevatis ubique 
ornati ; sutura distincta, planato impressa ; anfr. ultimus inferne 
obtuse angulatus ; basi conveviuscula. Apertura subquadrata ; 
columella rectiuscula, leviter obliqua. 

Alt. 43, lat. 4 millim. 

A beautiful little species, encircled throughout with numerous 

raised brown ridges. 


ENGINA ANGULATA, sp. nov. (Plate XI. fig. 10.) 


E. testa acuminato-fusiformi, albida, fulvo-fasciata ; spira turrita, 
acutissima ; anfractus 8, acute biangulati, rugoso-plicati et 
spiraliter lirati; ultimus spiraliter valide liratus, irregulariter 
plicatus, varicibus acutis muricatis hic illic irregulariter munitus, 
superne angulatus, supra angulum leviter concavus, infra con- | 
vewiusculus, infra medium valde contractus, in caudam brevius- 
culem desinens, et canalem aperturalem formans. Apertura 
parviuscula, angulata, intus dentato-costata ; columella unipli- 
cata; labrum acutum, crenulatum. 

Long. 22, maj. diam. 123 millim. 

flab. Hongkong. 

Distinguished by its crisply ridged angular whorls, and raised, 

rather sharp longitudinal ribs. 


PLEUROTOMA FULTONI, sp. nov. (Plate XI. fig. 17.) 


P. testa elongata, anguste turrita, pallide grisea, longitudinaliter 
Susco irregulariter sparsim strigata, utrinque nigro-fusco tincta. 
Spira elongatissima, acuta; anfractus 11, planato-declives, 
minutissime cancellati, spiraliter conspicue albo tricarinati, 
interdum lira inconspicua interviente ; sutura viv impressa, linea 
fusca notaia; aufr. ultimus leviter conveaus, 7-8 carinatus, ad 
basin mediocriter attenuatus, et aliquanto productus. Apertura 
elongato-ovata, parva ; labrum huud profunde sinuatum ; canali 
brevissimo. 

Long. 25, maj. diem. 7, «pert. long. 7, lat. 23 millim. 

Hab. Port Elizabeth, South Africa. 

Of this characteristic SHRtcS I received some years ago several 

specimens in very worn condition from the Cape of Good Hope. 


1888.| MR. G. B, SOWERBY ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. 211 


They were too imperfect satisfactorily to describe. Mr. Bairstow 
has now sent me a specimen in very fair condition, which, though not 
absolutely perfect, shows all the essential characters of the species. 


PLEUROTOMA BULOWI, sp. nov. (Plate XI. fig. 16.) 


P. testa elongato-fusiformi, utrinque attenuata, pura alba. 
Anfractus 13, primi 2 rotunde convewi, poliii ; ceteri acute 
carinati, ubique dense spiraliter lirati; spira acutissima. An- 
fractus ultimus leviter convexus, ad basin valde contractus et 
multo productus. Apertura ovata, sinu elongato, angusto emar- 
ginata ; canali gracilt, elongato. 

Dong. 35, maj. diam. 10. 

Hab. China Sea. 

A pure white, keeled, and closely ridged species of the typical 

form of P. babylonica. 


TURRITELLA ROBUSTA, sp. nov. (Plate XI. fig. 18.) 


T. testa curta, solida, albida; anfractus 10, modice accrescentes, 
converi, rotundati, spiraliter regulariter 7 lirati; liris acutis ; 
sutura impressa ; anfr. ultimus subventricosus, rotundatus, liris 
16, ad basin minoribus. Apertura subcircularis ; peristoma 
crenulata ; columella percrassua. 

Long. 29, maj. dium. 13, apert. long. 63, lat. 6 millim. 

Hab.? 

A remarkably short, solid, sharply lirate species. Specimen at 

present unique. 


Cassis CERNICA, sp. nov. (Plate XI. fig. 19.) 


C. testa ovato-oblonga, levis, polita, fulvescente lactea; maculis 
fuscis pallidiusculis, oblongo-quadratis, sex-fasciatim dispositis 
picta. Spira elata, ad apicem acutiuscula, fusca ; sutura 
impressa ; anfractus 6, convexi, rotundati ; ultimus elongatus. 
Apertura oblonga; fauce levi; labrum arcuatum, mediocriter 
incrassatum, antice dentatum ; margine externo leviter reflexo, 
Jusco vivide notato ; columella callosa, polita, basin versus plicata. 

Long. 32, maj. lat. 17 millim. 

Hab. Mauritius. 

Among several specimens of this pretty little species recently 
received frofe Mauritius there is some variation in form, one or two 
of them being stouter than the type. The smallest specimen 1s 
23 millim, in length. There is but little variation in the colouring. 


THevix BOXALLI, sp. nov. (Plate XI. fig. 13.) 


H. testa globoso-depressa, anguste sed profunde umbilicaia, fusca, 
fascia nigra pallido marginata ad peripheriam cincta; spira 
depressa; anfractus 53, primi 23 rotunde convexi, politi ; 
caeteri planato-convexi, granulis minutis, aculeatis, et pilis erectis 
regulariter et dense scabrati; sutura impressa; anfr. ultimus 
subacute angulatus, supra angulum planato-convexus, infra sub- 
inflatus. Apertura latiuscula, subrotundata, via obliqua, intus 


212 MR. G. B. SOWERBY ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. [ Mar. 20, 


violacea, polita, zona externa transmeante et limbum attingente ; 
peristoma expansum ; margine dextro tenue, leviter reflexum ; 
columellari leviter incrassatum, rotunde reflecum, umbilicum 
partim obtigente. 

Diam. 32, alt. 15, apert. long. 15, lat. 13 millim. 

Hab. Mindanao. 

A species of very distinet character. The whole surface (excepting 
that of the nuclear whorls) is covered with prickly granules, sur- 
mounted by short, erect bristly hairs. Otherwise the shell is some- 
what like H. succincta (H. Adams) of the Isle of Formosa, but with 
a more depressed spire and ventricose base. 

A single specimen was brought by Dr. Hungerford from the 
Island of Mindanao. The shell is in perfect condition. 


HeLrx CYCLOSTREMOIDES, sp. nov. (Plate XI. fig. 14.) 


H. testa late et perspective umbilicata, depressa, sordide alba, ubique 
corrugata ; spira concavo-depressa ; anfractus 5, celeriter 
accrescentes ; primi 2 leves, fusco tincti ; cateri concavi, carina 
elevata serrulata marginati ; ultimus acute tricarinatus ; carina 
mediana maxima. Apertura hexagonalis ; peristoma acute tri- 
angulatum. 

Diam. 11, alt. 6 millim. 

Hab. M’tul, between Moroeco and Mazagan. 

A very remarkable little species submitted to me for description by 
Mr. J. Ponsonby, who suggested the name “ cyclostremoides”’ from 
its resemblance to some of the species of the marine genus Cyclos- 
trema. The three keels are very conspicuous, especially the centre 
one. The whole surface of the shell is curiously corrugated. 


CytTurrea (CaryYATIS) HUNGERFORDI, sp. nov. (Plate XI. fig. 4.) 


C. testa cordata, valde inequilateralis, tenuis, leviter inflata, alba, 
antice eoncentrice sulcata, deinde obscure irregulariter rugata. 
Umbones prominentes, incurvati, subspirali. Margo dorsalis 
anticus brevis, leviter arcuatus ; posticus elongatus, declivis, vix 
arcuatus, obtuse angulatus ; ventralis arcuatus. Lunula lata, 
viv impressa. Area postica elongata, leviter concava. Liga- 
mentum anguste elongatum.  Dentes cardinales valv@ sinistre 
duo, inequales ; antico valde prominente, acutiusculo, postico 
lato, lamellari, fossa lata et profunda, subtrigona diviso, fovea 
excavata antice et postice instructo. Cardo in valva dexira, 
dentibus duobus approximatis, acutissimis valde prominentibus, 
antice lamina marginali angulato-elevata, postice lamina obliqua, 
elevata, sinuosa, partim divisa munitus ; profunde interfossatus. 

Diam. antero-post. 20, unbono-marg. 17, erass. 14 millim. 

Hab. Hongkong (Dep.- -Surg.-Gen. Hungerford). 

A single specimen in per fect condition of this interesting species 
was found by Dr. Hungerford at Hongkong, together with two 
perfect specimens of a somewhat similar shell, with tle same Jso- 
cardia-like incurved umboes, which I found to be Arthur Adams’s 
€allocardia guitata (Amn. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1864, ser. 3, xii. 


aha: 


G 


ae 


‘hee ae 


y Pp 


cee 


+ 


S| 
a 
: 
ar 
S 
: 


1888. ] ON A WORM OF THE GENUS ZOLOSOMA. 213 
p-307). Theso-called genus Callocardia, founded upon this species, 
represented hitherto only by a single valve in the British Museum, 
and supposed to belong to the family Isocardiidze, certainly belongs 
to the Veneridee, aud cannot with any propriety be separated from the 
section Oaryatis of the ancient Lamarckian genus Cytherea. This 
being the case it becomes necessary to change the specific name given 
to Mr. Adams’s type, the name Cytherea guttata being preoccupied 
by Rémer. I therefore propose for it the name of 


CyTsaEerea (CARYATIS) ISOCARDIA. 

The shell is described by Mr. Edgar A. Smith in his report of the 
Lamellibranchiata of the ‘Challenger, from the before-mentioned 
single valve. There is little to add to that description. The hinge 
is almost identical with that of OC. hungerfordi, the shell is more 
inflated and the umbones more distant. Of the two specimens, 
one is beautifully painted with squarish light brown markings, and 
the other has only angular markings and spots about the dorsal 
margin. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI. 
Fig. 1-3. Cyprea hungerfordi, p. 208. | Fig. 12. Lima smithi, p. 207. 
4. 


Cytherea (Caryatis) hunger- 13. Helix boxalli, p. 211. 
fordi, p. 212. 14. cyclostremoides, p. 212. 
5. Trochus ponsonbyi, p. 209. 15. Malletia angulata, p. 208. 
6-7 exquisitus (magnified), 16. Pleurotoma bulowi, p. 211. 
p- 210. 17. —— fultoni, p. 210. 
8-9. Columbella filbyi, p. 208. 18. Turritella robusta, p. 211. 
10. Engina angulata, p. 210. 19. Cassis cernica, p. 211. 
11. Coralliophila turrita, p. 209. 20. Lima concentrica, p. 207. 


3. Observations upon an Annelid of the Genus AHolosoma. 
By Franx E. Bepparp, M.A., F.R.S.E., Prosector to 
the Society, Lecturer on Biology at Guy’s Hospital. 


{Received February 15, 1888.] 
(Plate XII.) 


In looking over a sample of water from a small tank belonging to 
Mr. Bartlett, Mr. F. W. Headley noted, and directed my attention 
to, a small worm clinging to a fragment of duckweed. This I 
recognized as an example of the. freshwater Annelid olosoma. 
I obtained further supplies of water from the same tank which was 
found to be swarming with this little worm. The animals, however, 
were only rarely observed swimming freely in the clear water, but a 
large number could be at once brought into view by simply stirring 
up the duckweed with the dipping-tube ; if left to themselves, they 
rapidly made their way up to the surface of the water where the 
duckweed was floating, and disappeared from view. Individuals 


214 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON A [ Mar, 20, 


placed in a drop of water upon a slide moved about with a rapid 
steady motion, resembling, as Vejdovsky has pointed out, that of a 
Planarian. Oceasionally the movements were more sudden, the 
worm rapidly twisting itself to one side or to the other. Examined 
under a lens of moderately high magnifying-power, it was evident 
that the movements of the animal were caused by the contractions 
of the muscular layer of the parietes. 

The muscular pharynx is used by the animal as a sucker ; it 
attaches itself so firmly by this, that a comparatively violent disturb- 
ance of the water is requisite to detach it. When placed upon a 
slide in a drop of water and covered by a cover-glass, the worms 
nearly always attached themselves to the latter; I found it, indeed, 
almest difficult to study the living worm from the dorsal surface. 
This habit is probably due to the fact that the worm crawls about 
on the under surface of the flattened branches of the duckweed. 
As Vejdovsky has pointed out, the oral segment and the procephalic 
lobe are the most contractile portions of the animal’s body, though 
it can shorten itself and increase its length within rather wide limits. 
The individuals were in a state of active division, but I did not 
discover the sexual organs. Such are the most striking faets with 
regard to the habits of the present species of Holosoma that have 
come under my observation. 

Our knowledge of the structure of this genus is summed up in 
Vejdovsky’s recent work upon the Oligocheeta', where there is also 
to be found a critical account of the described species. Since the 
publication of that work, Vejdovsky has added a new species”, 
Aolosoma variegatum, to the three which have been sufficiently 
characterized to admit of an adequate definition (4. quaternarium, 
BE. ehrenbergi, and Ai. tenebrarum) ; the species which I have in- 
vestigated comes nearest to 4. variegatum, but is, I believe, not 
identical with that species. 

The worm agrees with 47. varieyatum in the green colour of the 
oil-globules. Zacharias ° has lately investigated an dolosoma, 
which may be identical with 4. variegatum or with my own species, 
supposing that they are distinct, and has suggested that these green 
bodies may be Alge@; they were observed in course of division. I 
can, however, confirm Vejdovsky’s statement that these bodies are 
coloured black by osmic acid, which is strong evidence of their being 
of a fatty nature ; furthermore, a careful observation of the living 
worm under a high power shows that these green droplets change 
their form, as the animal moves about, quite after the fashion of an 
oil-globule; in the third place, staining with iodine showed no trace 
whatever of the starch reaction. The green oil-globules were of 
different sizes, and showed almost every tint of green from a pale 
yellowish to a dark blue-green; there appeared, however, to be no 
special relation between the size and the colour. They were far 
more abundant than Vejdovsky’s figures show them to be in 


' System und Morphologie der Oligochaeten : Prag, 1884. 
2 Sitzungsb. béhm. Gesellsch. £, Wissenseh, 1885. 
3 Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. 1885. 


1888. | WORM OF THE GENUS ZOLOSOMA. 2135 


4. variegatum. Very frequently the epidermic cells contained masses 
of a yellow substance (Plate XII. fig. 8) which was net blackened by 
osmic acid, and which may, perhaps, be an excretory product of the 
same nature as that which occurs in the cells of the peritoneum which 
clothe the dorsal blood-vessel and the gut. These yellow masses 
appeared to be most frequent upon the prostomium. Vejdovsky has 
suggested’ that Leydig’s 4. niveum may be identical with his 
Ai. variegatum. The former species, however, has colourless oil- 
globules; but, as Leydig * pointed out, d’Udekem * has stated that 
in Ai. quaternarium the red oil-drops are recognizable in the 
embryo, and Maggi’s figures * of a very closely allied, if not identi- 
cal, species show the same thing. Stil! 4. variegatum is so far like 
44. niveum in that it possesses colourless in addition to coloured oil- 
globules, and it agrees in other particulars to be referred to presently. 
In the species described in the present paper I also found colour- 
less oil-bodies. 

The anterior margin of the prostomium is furnished with delicate 
chitinous processes as in AY. variegatum ; and the under surface (Plate 
XII. fig. 2) of the prostomium is ciliated as in that and other species. 

The number of sete in the bundles of 4. variegatum is stated to 
vary’, but the approximate number per bundle tabulated in Vejdov- 
sky’s memoir upon that worm is less than in the present species. 
My species may differ as to the number of setee per bundle; except 
in the last few segments the number ranged from 4-6. Their shape 
is perfectly similar to that of the setee in 4. varieyatum. 

The accompanying drawing (Plate XII. fig. 3) shows the two seta- 
bundles of one side of the body highly magnified; each bundle is 
implanted in a cellular sae which is plainly continuous with the epi- 
dermis, and is no doubt derived from it; the sac is made up of 8-10 
nucleated cells; it is attached to the body-wall by numerous 
unicellular muscular fibres, each with a single nucleus at abont the 
middle of its length. The two seta-bundles are attached to each other 
by a flat band of muscular tissue (sm), which is wider at its attached 
extremities than in the middle; this muscular band is longitudinally 
striate, and js of a totally different appearance from the unicellular 
muscular fibres above mentioned. 

I recognized the nerve-ganglion in the prostomium and the 
ciliated pits, which lie on either side in the furrow which Separates 
the prostomium from the peristomial segment. The ciliation of the 
prostomium extends as far as the ciliated pit. 

The alimentary tract shows but little difference from that of 
other species; observation of the living worm as well as of trans- 
verse sections (fig. 6) show that in my species the whole of the 
intestine is ciliated. 


The vascular system calls for no comment; the contained blood 
' System u. Morph. &e. p. 113, footnote. 

* Miiller’s Arch. 1865. * Bull. Acad. Belg. 1861. 

' Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. 1865. 

* Tam indebted to Prof. Vejdovsky for a German translation of a part of his 
memoir upon AY, variegatun, which isin Bohemian. 


216 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON A [ Mar. 20, 


is colourless as in all the other species except . ehrenbergii, where, 
according to Lankester’, it is of a pinkish colour. 

There are a large number of pairs of nephridia present, while in 
4B. variegatum there are only three pairs, occupying segments 4-6, 
They are very readily visible, and the terminal aperture into the 
ceelom is extremely obvious, lying midway between two successive 
seta-bundles. ‘The coelomic aperture can hardly be termed a 
funnel,” as it is only just perceptibly wider than the rest of the tube. 
The external orifice of the nephridium is placed close to the median 
ventral line. Although the segmentation of A¥olosoma does not 
affect the ccelom, there being no mesenteries present, it is clear that 
the position of the nephridia is such that, were mesenteries to make 
their appearance, each nephridium would be entirely contained in a 
single segment ; the external orifice is in fact in advance of the ccelo- 
mic aperture (fig. 1). This is of some little importance, inasmuch 
as in Ctenodrilus *, undoubtedly a near ally of 4olosoma, the single 
pair of nephridia are entirely contained within the first segment of 
the body. Again, in Polygordius*® the funnels of the nephridia, 
although they come into close contact with the septum which 
divides the segment containing the nephridium from the one in 
front, do not actually perforate it. Polygordius is certainly a very 
primitive Annelid; and since the same conditions obtain in the 
Capitellidee and other Chztopods, there are some reasons for 
believing that the restriction of a nephridium to a single segment is 
primitive. On the other hand, it is almost universally the case 
among the Oligochzeta that the funnel lies in the segment in front 
of that which bears the external aperture of the nephridium. Again, 
the nephridia of olosoma are, as has been pointed out by Vejdoy- 
sky, attached to the parietes by simple unicellular muscle-fibres. 
This is perhaps to be looked upon as a primitive arrangement, since 
the embryonic nephridium of Allolobophora is, according to 
Lehmann, attached in a similar fashion*. The characters of the 
funnel are important ; so far as I can ascertain from a single fortu- 
nate section (fig. 4) it is composed of only two cells; there are at 
any rate only two nuclei present, and one of these is rather in 
advance of the other. It is a fact which favours some views which 
I have put forward elsewhere’, as to the origin of the Annelid from 
the Platyhelminth excretory system, that in this primitive segmented 
worm the nephridial funnel should be, at most, two-celled. As to 
the structure of the nephridia, they consist, as in all Oligochzeta, of 
* drain-pipe cells.” 

The difference in the number of the nephridia between the indi- 
viduals which I have examined and those which Vejdovsky has 


1 Linn. Trans, vol. xxvi. 1869. 
2 The most recent paper known to me on this worm is by Dr. Scharff. 
Q. J. M.S. vol. xxvii. n.s. 

3 Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel, xiv. Monograph of Polygordius, 
by L. J. Fraipont. 

4 Jen. Zeitschr. 1888, pl. xx. fig. 7. 


5 Q. J. Mier. Sci. 1888, pt. i. 


1888. ] WORM OF THE GENUS ZOLOSOMA. 217 


termed 4. variegatum leads me to believe that the individuals 
from the Society’s Gardens belong to a distinct species; the fact 
also that the first nephridium is situated in the first setizerous 
segment, distinguishes my species from 4. variegatum. I may 
fairly lay stress upon this point of difference, as it furnishes a useful 
character in distinguishing the remaining species of the genus. 
Leydig’s observations upon 47. niveum support Vejdovsky’s belief 
that this species may be identical with his 42. variegatum, as in 
both there are no nephridia in the cesophageal region. 

The accompanying drawing (Plate XII. fig. 2) shows all the remain- 
ing points in the structure of Zo/osoma to which I wish to direct 
attention. The cavity of the prostomium is traversed by numerous 
unicellular muscular fibres, which, when seen on a dorsal or ventral 
view of the animal, have the appearance of being frayed out at their 
point of insertion on to the body-wall, forming a star-like figure ‘. 
Besides these, the head-cavity is partly occupied by a network 
formed by the anastomosis of similar fibres, as in Dinophilus 2, &e. ; 
elsewhere the ccelom is only traversed by the unicellular fibres, 
Beneath the epidermis there is a single row of circular muscular 
fibres, which is continued over the pharynx. Beneath the circular 
fibres is a single row of longitudinal fibres of a somewhat greater 
thickness than the last; these do not appear to be continued over 
the pharynx. 

The nerve-ganglion is half cellular and half fibrous (fig. 2, 2); 
it appears to be wholly cellular in other species. 

The number and disposition of the nephridia appear to me sufficient 
to distinguish this species, which I have great pleasure in asso- 
ciating with the name of my friend Mr. F. W. Headley, Assistant 
Master at Haileybury College. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII. 


Fig. 1. Holosoma headleyi, highly magnified, from the ventral aspect. 

2. Longitudinal section through prostomium and first segments. 

3. Section through seta-sae. 

4. Section to show nephridial funnel. 

5, 6. Transverse and longitudinal sections through intestine. 

7. Ciliated cells from intestine, highly magnified, to show striate free 
border, 

8. Granular masses, colourless or yellow, contained in epidermis cells of 
prostomium. 


Reference Letters. 


bl. Blood-space. v.v. Ventral blood-vessel. 2. Nerve-ganglion. m. Longi- 
tudinal muscular fibres. m'. Transverse muscular fibres. ep. Epidermis. ep. 
Nephridia. 0. External orifice of nephridia. f. Funnel of nephridia. ¢. In- 
traceelomic muscular bands. s, Sete. s'. Seta-sac. sm. Band of inuscles 
uniting two seta-bundles. pf. Pharynx. 


' Cf. Vejdovsky, SB. bohm. Gesells, &c. fig. 3. 
* Weldon, Q. J. Mier. Sci. 1886. 


218 ON A NEW GENERIC FORM OF FRINGILLIDE. [ Mar. 20), 


1. On Chloridops, a new Generic Form of Fringillide from 
the Island of Hawaii. By Scorr Barcuarp WIxson. 
(Communicated by Atrrep Newron, V.-P.) 


[Received March 19, 1888.] 


CHLoripops’, gen. nov. 


Bill short and very thick, with eulmen and gonys much arched ; 
maxilla and mandible nearly equal in height, tomia of the former 
doubly sinuated and overhanging those of. the latter, which are in- 
flected. 

Nostrils basal, supernal, nearly covered by the frontal feathers, 
and beset with a few hairs. 

Wings moderate, first primary wanting, fourth slightly longer 
than third and fifth, which again exceed the second anid sixth. 

Tail short, slightly forked, rectrices acuminate. 

Feet moderate. 


CHLORIDOPS KONA, sp. n. (¢ not procured.) 


Q . Bill duli flesh-colour ; lores dusky black. General colour above 
bright olive-green, passing into golden-green on the throat and 
belly ; across the breast a band of olive-green ; abdomen whitish ; 
quill-feathers dusky black, edged outwardly with olive- green. 

Total length 5°75 inches, wing from carpal joint 3°25; tail2; bill 
—from gape to tip ‘8, height from chin to forehead °73; maxilla, 
width at base *52; mandible, width at base °59. 

I obtained this bird, the only one which I have shot, 2lst June, 
1887, at an elevation of 5000 feet in the district of Kona on the 
west coast of Hawaii, in a great tract of forest, consisting princi- 
pally of Koa-trees (Acacia koa) ; but there were also the “Mamané 
(Sophora chrysophylla), the Alii (Dodonea viscosa), the Sandalwood 
(Santalum album), and the Bastard Sandalwood (Myoporum santali- 
num). I think that as Lowioides bailleui teeds only, so far as I 
know, on the seeds of the Sophora, it is most probable that this big 
Finch feeds on them also. During my stay of four weeks I only 
saw three of these birds. The specimen shot wason a tall Myopo- 
rum. The species must be extremely rare, as I have since been 
collecting at almost similar elevations, where there are the same 

species of trees, but I cannot obtain there either of these Finches, 
neither do ie natives know them, whence I conclude they are 
peculiar to the Kona district, as also is Corvus hawaiiensis. 

The general appearance of this bird is that of an exag ggerated 
Greenfinch (Fringilla chloris, Linn.). 


' Chloridis faciem habens. 


PoZ: 8. OBS eP ae, 


W. Purkiss lith. Hanhart imp. 


HETERQCERA FROM FIidJl. 


1888.] ON LEPIDOPTERA HETEROCERA FROM FIJI. 219 


April 17, 1888. 
Dr. St. George Mivart, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the 
Society’s Menagerie during the month of March 1888 :— 

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena- 
gerie during the month of March was 34, of which 14 were by 
presentation, 4 by birth, 9 by purchase, 5 were received in exchange, 
and 2 on deposit. The total number of departures during the same 
period, by death and removals, was 99. 


_ Mr. Charles Stewart exhibited a preparation showing the structure 
and development of the brood-pouch of Nototrema marsupiatum. 


Mr. Boulenger exhibited the type specimen of a new species of 
marsupial Tree-Frog, Nototrema jissipes, Blgr., recently discovered by 
Mr. G. A. Ramage at Iguarasse, Pernambuco. ‘This species agreed 
with VV. oviferum, Weinl., in the dermo-ossification of the skull, but 
differed from all other species in the nearly free toes. The greatest 
interest attached to this specimen was its habitat, all previously known 
marsupial Frogs (Nototrema and Amphiynathodon) being inhabitants 
of the Andes, from Central America to Peru. 


A communication was read from Mr. T. D. A. Cockere!l, con- 
taining some remarks on Atavism, with reference to a paper on the 
same subject read by Mr. J. Bland Sutton at a previous meeting of 
the Society. 


The following papers were read :— 


1. List of the Lepidoptera Heterocera collected by Mr.C. M. 
Woodford at Suva, Viti Levu, Fiji Islands, with the 
Descriptions of some new Species. By Hurserr Druce, 
P.L,S., F.Z.8., &e. 


[Received April 17, 1888.] 
(Plate XIII.) 


Examples of all the species enumerated in the following list were 
taken by Mr. Woodford during the months of February, March, 
and April 1886. This small collection is especially interesting on 
account of the exact localities being carefully noted, as well as for the 
new species it contains. Ninety-four species are represented, eight of 
which I have described as new. The specimens are all in my own 
collection. 


220 MR. H. DRUCE ON LEPIDOPLFERA [Agee iz, 


Fam. SPHINGIDZ. 
1. Hemaris CYNNIRIS. 
Hemaris cynniris, Guérin, Iconographie, p. 495. 
Also in my collection from New Caledonia. 


2. MACROGLOsSA, sp. 


One specimen, in poor condition, not quite the same as any known 
to me; but without more material I think it better not to name it. 


3. CH#ROCAMPA CELERIO. 
Cherocampa celerio, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2. p. 800. 
All the specimens have the silver streaks very heavily marked. 


4, CH#ROCAMPA EROTUS. 


Cherocampa erotus, Cram. Pap. Exot. ii. p. 12, t. 104. f. B. 

Gonathothlibus erotoides, Wallgr. Wien. ent. Monat. iv. p. 43. 

Deilephila eras, Boisd. Voy. de l’Astrolabe, Ent. p. 185; Feist- 
hamel, Voy de la Favorite, Supp. vol. v. p. 19, t. 5. f. 2. 

Cherocampa andamanensis, Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1877, 
p- 242; Waterhouse, Aid, t. 141. f. 1. 

Mr. Woodford has brought a fine series of this species from Suva, 
which shows that all the forms that have been described as distinct 
species are in reality one. ‘Che specimens in my own collection are from 
the following localities :—North Australia; Loyalty Islands; Suva, 
Viti Levu; New Hebrides; Timor; and Andaman Islands. I do 
not see any characters whereby to separate them : the largest specimen 
is that from the New Hebrides with the widest dark margin to the 
secondaries ; but every intermediate form to those from North Aus- 
tralia with the very narrow border to the secondaries is represerted : 
the colour of primaries varies very much, a specimen taken by Mr. 
Woodford is almost green. 


5. PROTOPARCE CONVOLVULI, var. DISTANS. 


Protoparce convolvuli, var. distans, Butl. Lep. New Zealand in 
Voy. ‘ Erebus’ and ‘ Terror,’ p. 30, t. 9. f. 11. 

Also in my collection from New Guinea, New Hebrides, New 
Caledonia, and Western Australia ; this species is always much smaller 
and darker in colour than the typical P. convolvult. 


Fam. CHALcosiIDz. 
6. HrTEROPAN DOLENS, n. sp. (Plate XIII. fig. 1.) 


Primaries uniform slate-colour, secondaries dull glossy blue except 
along the costal and outer margins, which are brownish slate-colour. 
Underside of all the wings pale slate-colour, the costal margin of 
the secondaries shaded with blue. The upperside of the head, 
thorax, and abdomen dull black ; the underside of the head, thorax, 
abdomen, and legs brownish bronze-colour. Expanse ? inch. 

A pretty little species, not nearly allied to any known to me, but 
to some extent resembling Chalcosia appendiculata, Snell. 


bo 
bo 
— 


1888. ] HETEROCERA FROM FIJI. 


Fam. Lirnosiip&. 

7. Hypsa wooprorop1, n. sp. (Plate XIII. fig. 2.) 

Primaries deep purple-brown, creamy white from the base to the 
middle of the costal and inner margins, but not extending so far from 
the base on the inner margin, the outer edge of the creamy white 
colour is formed into a series of half-circles edged with bluish black, 
four bluish-black spots close to the base, two on the costal margin 
and below the last spot on the costal margin, round the spots are 
some bright orange markings extending from the base, a small white 
dot beyond the end of the cell, and a large round cream-coloured 
spot close to the outer margin just above the anal angle. Secondaries 
creamy white, with a large black spot at the apex, a second round 
black spot on the outer margin nearest the anal angle, and a small 
dot close to the anal angle. Underside creamy white, with the dark 
markings as above, but not quite so much marked on the primaries, 
the basal spots being very indistinct. Head, thorax, and the abdomen 
bright orange, a bluish-black spot on each of the tegulz, one at the 
base of the thorax, and a central row on the abdomen all black; the 
underside of the abdomen creamy white, with a row of bluish spots 
on each side; legs white banded with black ; antennee black ; palpi 
bright orange tipped with black. Expanse 23 inches. 

I have much pleasure in naming this very fine species after its 
captor, Mr. C. M. Woodford; it is very distinct from any other 
known to me. 

Fam. LevcaNnip&. 


8. LEUCANIA INFERENS. 
Leucania inferens, Walk. Cat. ix. p. 105. 


Fam. XYLOPHASIDES. 
9. SPODOPTERA NUBES. 
Spodoptera nubes, Guén. Sp. Gén. Lép. v. p. 155; Walk. Cat. 
ix. p. 186. 
10. PRODENIA INFECTA. 
Prodenia infecta, Walk. Cat. ix. p. 196. 
Prodenia insignata, Walk. l. c. ix. p. 197. 


Prodenia permbuda, Walk. 1. ¢. xi. p. 723. 
Laphygma squalida, Walk. 1. c. xxxil. p. 652. 


11. PrRopENIA RETINA. 


Prodenia retina, Guén. Sp. Gén. Lép. v. p. 163. 
The specimens are identical with those from Madeira an¢ Africa. 


Fam. Nocruip. 
12. GRAPHIPHORA COMPTA. 
Graphiphora compta, Walk. Cat. x. p. 404. 


One specimen identical with Walker’s type from New South 
Wales. 


Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. XVI. 16 


222 MR. H. DRUCE ON LEPIDOPTERA [Apr. 17, 


Fam. ACONTIID. 
13. LeocyMa TIBIALIS, Fabr. 


Leocyma diane, Guén. Sp. Gén. Lép. vi. p. 213. 

Chasmina cygnus, Walk. Cat. ix. p. 147. 

Chasmina glabra, Walk. l. e. xxxii. p. 636. 

With a large series of specimens before me I am quite unable to 
separate any of the above-named species as distinct. Indian specimens 
vary very much in size, but in no other respect are they different. 
Mr. Butler informs me that the type of Fabricius’s species is in 
the Banksian Cabinet now in the British Museum. 

14. MresorrRosTa ABYSSA. 


Mesotrosta abyssa, Snell. Tijds. v. Ent. xxiii. p. 56, t. 5. f. 1, La. 


15. ACONTIA RITSEMA. 

Erastria ritseme, Snell. Tijds. v. Ent. xxiii. p. 57, t. 5. f. 2. 

A single specimen of this pretty little species was taken by 
Mr. Woodford. 

16. XANTHODES INTERSEPTA. 


NXanthodes intersepta, Guén. Sp. Gén. Lép. vi. p. 979. 
One specimen identical with those from India, Ceylon, Timor, &c. 


Fam. ERAsTrRip&. 
17. ERASTRIA VERMICULATA. 
Erastria vermiculata, Snell. Tijds. vy. Ent. xxiii. p. 58, t. 5. f. 3. 
Several specimens agreeing well with Snellen’s figure. 


Fam. ANTHOPHILID. 
18. Micra 1nnocens, Butl. 


19. ANTHOPHILA DIVERGENS ? 
Anthophila divergens?, Walk. Cat. xii. p. 803. 
One specimen, very closely resembling Walker’s type, but it is 
in poor condition. 
Fam. Erioprrp2&. 
20. CALLOPISTRIA EXOTICA. 
Callopistria exotica, Guén. Sp. Gén. Lép. vi. p. 294. 
The light markings are whiter than they are in the Ceylon and 
Java specimens. 
Fam. EururipPip#&. 
21. PeENICILLARIA NUGATRIX. 
Penicillaria nugatriz, Guén. Sp. Gén. Lép. vi. p. 303, t. 14. f. 7. 
Two specimens, both of which are females. 


bo 
bo 
oo 


1888. ] HETEROCERA FROM FIJI. 


Fam. PuLusip&. 
22. PLUSIA VERTICILLATA. 
Plusia verticillata, Guén. Sp. Gén. Lép. vi. p. 344. 
Two specimens, identical with those from Java. 


23. PLUSIA OXYGRAMMA. 


Plusia oxygramma, Hiibn. Exot. Schamett. f. 769, 770. 
Identical with North-American specimens in my own collection. 


Fam. Hysiaipa. 
24. HyspLua@a PUERA. 
Hyblea puera, Cram. Pap. Exot. ii. t. 103. f. D, E. 


Fam. GonoprTeripD2&. 

25. CoSMOPHILA XANTHINDYMA. 

Cosmophila xanthindyma, Boisd. Faun. Ent. Madagascar, p. 94 
ten lost. 7, 

26. GONITIS EDITRIX. 

Gonitis editriv, Guén. Sp. Gén. Lép. vi. p. 404, t. 2. f. 5. 

I cannot distinguish the specimens caught by Mr. Woodford from 
those in my own collection from South America. 

27. GONITIS VULPINA. 

Gonitis vulpina, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 408. 


28. GoNITIS XANTHOCHROA. 
Gonitis xanthochroa, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 409. 


Fam. CaTepHip#. 
29. CocyTODES MODESTA. 


Cocytodes modesta, Van der Hoeven, Lép. Nouv. t. 7. f. 8. 


One specimen, identical with those before me from New Caledonia 
and the New Hebrides. 


30. Srerria VARIABILIS. (Plate XIII. figs. 3, 4, vars.) 


Steiria variabilis, Moore, Descrip. Indian Lep. from the Coll. of 
the late Mr. Atkinson, p. 164. 

Mr. Woodford took fifteen specimens of this extremely variable 
insect, no two of them being alike. The specimens vary from pale 
fawn-colour to dark blackish brown, and if they are separated at 
least ten of them would have to be named: this species varies 
much in the same way as Diadema bolina does from the same place. 
I believe it most likely this will prove to be another form of 
Stictoptera cucullioides, Guén. 

16* 


224 MR. H. DRUCE ON LEPIDOPTERA [Apredys 


31. STEIRIA SUBOBLIQUA. 


Steiria subobliqua, Walk. Cat. xiii. p. 1136. 
One specimen, identical with Walker’s type in the National 
Collection. 


Fam. HyprocaLip. 


32. HypocaLa PLUMICORNIS. 

Hypocala plumicornis, Guén. Sp. Gén. Lép. vii. p. 75. 

The black margins of the secondaries are rather wider in the Suva 
specimens than in the typical African form, but in other points are 
identical. 


Fam. OpHIDERID&. 
33. OPHIDERES FULLONICA. 
Ophideres fullonica, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2. p. 812; Clerck, Icon. 
t. 48. f. 1-4. 
Fam. ErREBIDz. 
34, OxYODES CLYTIA. 
Oxyodes clytia, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. p. 238, t. 399. f. G. 


Fam. OMMATOPHORID. 
35. SERICIA ANOPS. 
Sericia anops, Guén. Sp. Gén. Lép. vii. p. 1296. 
The specimens are identical with those from India and Ceylon. 


Fam. Opuiusip#. 


36. LAGOPTERA MINIACEA. 


Lagoptera miniacea, Feld. & Rog. Reise Nov. Lep. t. exvi. f. 8; 
Erkl. de Taf. no. 8. 
One specimen, almost identical with Felder’s figure. 


37. LAGOPTERA MAGICA, 


Lagoptera magica, Hiibn. Sammi. exot. Schmett. f. 535, 536. 
Noctua coronata, Fabr.? 


A very widely distributed and common species. 


38. OpHISMA L&TABILIS. 

Ophisma letabilis, Guén. Sp. Gén. Lép. vii. p. 241. 
Noctua illibata, Fabr. ? 

39. ACH FASCICULIPES. 

Ache fasciculipes, Walk. Cat. xiv. p. 1400. 


The specimens of this fine species are identical with Walker’s 
type in the National Collection from Celebes, also with those in my 
own collection from New Caledonia. 


1888. | HETEROCERA FROM FIJI. 225 


40. ACH& MELICERTE. 
Ache melicerte, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ins. i. t. 23. f. 1. 


This common species ranges over India, China, Java, Borneo, and 
various other islands to North Australia. 


41. OpHrusA MYOPS. 
Ophiusa myops, Guén. Sp. Gén. Lép. vii. p. 265. 
Identical with Javan specimens. 


42. OPHIUSA ARCTOTENIA. 

Ophiusa arctotenia, Guén. Sp. Gén. Lép. vii. 272. 

The specimens are in every way identical with those from 
Darjeeling. 


43. GRAMMODES OCULICOLA. 
Grammodes oculicola, Walk. Cat. xiv. p. 1446. 


44. GRAMMODES ALCYONA, n. sp. (Plate XIII. fig. 5.) 

Primaries dark brown, bordered on the costal and outer margin 
with pale brown; two white lines running from the base to near the 
outer margin, where they are joined by a transverse narrow line forming 
a large triangle; the inner line is much the broadest of the three. 
Secondaries pale mouse-colour, darkest from the apex to the anal 
angle. Underside uniform pale whitish brown ; head, thorax, and 
abdomen pale brown ; antenne and legs brown. Expanse 13 inch. 

This species is allied to Grammodes delta, Boisd., but it is at 
once distinguished from that species by the entirely different shape 
of the triangular mark on the primaries. 


Fam. Euciipip&. 


45. TRIGONODES CEPHISE. 
Trigonodes cephise, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. p. 59, t. 227. f. C. 
One specimen, which is almost identical with Cramer’s figure. 


Fam. RemMIGIDz. 


46. REMIGIA ARCHESIS. 

Remigia archesis, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. t. 273. f. F, G, H. 

Remigia demonstrans, Walk. Cat. xiv. p. 1512. 

Remigia discrepans, Butl. 

With a very large series of specimens before me I am quite unable 
to separate Walker’s and Mr. Butler’s species; on the undersides 
they are all identical except in colour, some being slightly brighter 
than others, but in no locality are they constant in this respect. 


47. REMIGIA CONGREGATA. 

Remigia congregata, Walk. Cat. xv. p. 1847. 

Remigia optatura, Walk, J. ec. p. 1848. 

A very variable species, Walker’s R. optatura is only a female of 
his R. congregata. 


226 MR. H. DRUCE ON LEPIDOPTERA [Apr. 17, 


. REMIGIA FRUGALIS. 


pee 5 Fab. Ent. Syst. iii. 2. p. 138; Walk. Cat. xiv. 
p. 1507. 


Fam. THERMESIDZ. 

49. AZAZIA RUBRICANS. 

Azazia rubricans, Boisd. Faune Lép. Mad. p. 106, t. 16. f. 1. 

The specimens are slightly paler in colour than those from Mada- 
gascar. 

50. SONAGARA SUPERIOR. 

Sonagara superior, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, VoletxIx. 
p- 433. ; 

The specimens obtained by Mr. Woodford are identical with Mr. 
Butler’s type in the National Collection. 


Fam. Hypenip2. 


51. DicHRoMIA DUPLICALIS. 
Dichromia duplicalis, Walk. Cat. xvi. p. 16. 
Two specimens, identical with those from Australia. 


52. Hyamia, sp. 


Very close to the South-American Hyamia palpitatalis, Walker ; 
the specimens are not in good condition. 


Fam. HERMINIDZ&. 


53. BLEPTINA FUNESTALIS. 
Bleptina funestalis, Walk. Cat. xxxiy. p. 1163. 


54. BocANA METISALIS. 


Bocane metisalis, Walk. Cat. xvi. p. 183. 
Bleptina dimissalis, Walk. Ll. c. xxxiv. p. 116. 
Walker described the sexes as distinct species. 


55. Bocana? sypNoIDEs. 
Bocana? sypnoides, But]. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 416. 


This species hardly belongs to the genus Bocana, the males having 
deeply pectinated antennee and long tapering palpi; Mr. Butler’s 
description was taken from a female specimen, 


Fam. BoarMID&. 


56. BoarMIA SAMOANA. 


Boarmia samoana, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 433. 
This species varies considerably in colour; some specimens are 
much paler than others. 


bo 
bho 
“I 


1888. ] HETEROCERA FROM FIJI. 


Fam. GroMETRID. 
57. IopIs CHEROMETA. 
Iodis cherometa, Meyr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 203. 
One specimen of this pretty species. 


58. THALASSODES OPALINA. 


Thalassodes opalina, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vi. 

p- 214; Ill. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. vi. p. 70, t. exvii. f. 9. 
Thalassodes saturata, Snell. Tijds. v. Ent. xxiv. p. 77, t. 8. f. 3. 
This species appears to be very widely distributed. 


59. THALASSODES TIMOCLEA, n. sp. (Plate XIII. figs. 6, d, 
4, 2) 

3. Primaries and secondaries bright green, thickly speckled with 
very fine white lines, two narrow white lines crossing both the pri- 
maries and secondaries from the costal to the inner margin; under- 
side of all the wings greenish white ; the head, thorax, and abdomen 
greenish white. Antenne and legs yellowish. 

Q . The same colour as the male, but with the primaries crossed 
about the middle from the costal to the inner margin by a wide 
creamy white band, and the apical half of the secondaries creamy 
white ; in all other respects it is identical with the male, excepting that 
the antennze are simple and not pectinated as in the male. LExpanse, 
S$ lz inch, 9 1. 

This species is quite distinct from any other known to me. 


Fam. Erpayrip&. 
60. ANISODES SUSPICARIA. 
Anisodes suspicaria, Snell. Tijds. v. Ent. xxiii. p. 802, t. 5.f.6,6a—c. 


Fam. ACIDALID&. 
61. ACIDALIA CERNEA, nD. sp. (Plate XIII. fig. 8, 3.) 
Primaries and secondaries pure white, with three very fine waved 
black lines between the middle and the outer margins of all the 
wings. Underside uniform silky white, slightly yellowish along the 
costal margin of the primaries. The head, thorax, and abdomen 
white. Antenne and legs brown. Male and female alike, exvepting 
that the antenne of the male are rather deeply pectinated, those of 
the female simple. Expanse, ¢ 2, 1 inch. 
A pretty little species ; it is not closely allied to any known to me, 


62. PyrnHopora ruiristis, Meyr. 


My specimens are identical with those so named in Mr. Mathew’s 
collection now in the British Museum. 


Fam. Micronip&. 
63. MicroniA HERMA, ni. sp. (Plate XIII. fig. 9.) 
Primaries and secondaries pure white, the primaries crossed from 


228 MR. H. DRUCE ON LEPIDOPTERA [Apr. 17, 


the costal margin by three narrow pale mouse-coloured bands, a 
narrow line between the first and second, and a series of small 
mouse-coloured streaks extend from the apex along the outer 
margin ; on the costal margin there are a number of small dots. 
Secondaries crossed by two mouse-coloured bands, the first about 
the middle, the second submarginal; the fringe of all the wings 
mouse-coloured. The head, thorax, and abdomen white. Legs 
white; antenne mouse-coloured. The underside of all the wings 
pure white. Expanse 2 inches. 
This species is allied to Micronia hyemalis, Butler. 


64. ErostaA CONCHIFERALIS, Moore. 


65. Erosta, sp. 
Two specimens, in very poor condition. 


Fam. LARENTID. 

66. LARENTIA BosoRA, n. sp. (Plate XIII. fig. 10.) 

Primaries and secondaries,the ground-colour white,thickly speckled 
with reddish-brown and olive-green dots. Two olive-green bands 
crossing the primaries from the costal to the inner margin, a reddish 
spot near the apex on the outer margin and one on the inner margin 
close to the anal angle. Secondaries crossed by one central band 
of reddish brown, and a large patch of reddish brown at the 
anal angle. The underside of all the wings bright reddish brown ; 


the head, thorax, and abdomen greenish. Antenne brown. Expanse 
1 inch. 


67. PASIPHILA CATASTNEPTA. 
Pasiphila catastnepta, Meyr. N. Z. 1. Sci. 1883, p. 527. 


Fam. SICULODID. 
68. StcuLODES ANTICALIS. 
Siculodes anticalis, Walk. Cat. xxxiv. p. 1238. 


The specimens are identical with Walker’s type in the National 
Collection from Mysol. 


Fam. PyrALip&. 
69. DorHTHa MESENTERIALIS. 
Doththa mesenterialis, Walk. Cat. xvii. p. 285. 


Fam. Hyprocampip2. 
70. CATACLYSTA DRUSIALIS. 


Cataclysta drusialis, Walk. Cat. xvii. p. 450; Meyrick, Trans. 
Ent. Soc. Lond. 1885, p. 428, et 1886, p-. 221. 


Fam. Asopiip&. 
71. RrinECURA NIGRESCENS. 


Rinecura nigrescens, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 424. 


1888. ] HETEROCERA FROM FIJI. 229 


72. HyMENIA RECURVALIS. 


Hymenia recurvalis, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 2. p. 237. 
Hymenia fascialis, Stoll, Cram. Pap. Exot. v. p. 163, t. 36. f. 13. 
This common species is found almost everywhere. 


Fam. STENIAD&. 
73. STENIA ORNATALIS. 
Stenia ornatalis, Dup. Lép. viii. 2. p. 207, t. 223. f. 8. 


Fam. MarGaropDipD&. 
74. GLYPHODES STOLALIS. 
Glyphodes stolalis, Guén. Sp. Gén. Lép. viii. p. 293, t. 3. f. 11. 
The specimens are identical with those from India and Java. 


75. MARGARONIA GLAUCULALIS. 


Margaronia glauculalis, Guén. Sp. Gén. Lép. viii. p. 306. 

Margaronia oceanitis, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1886, 
p. 222. 

Mr. Meyrick’s species is identical with Guénée’s. 


Fam. Botyp2. 
76. BoryopESs ASIALIS. 


Botyodes asialis, Guén. Sp. Gén. Lép. viii. p. 321; Lederer, 
Wien. ent. Monatsch. viii. p. 394, t. 13. f. 8. 

Lygropis siriowantha, Meyr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1886, p- 262. 

Mr. Meyrick’s species is identical with Guénée’s. 


77. PLATAMONIA STENOSOMA. 


Platamonia stenosoma, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. t. exxxiv. f. 16; 
Erkl. de Taf. cxxxiv. no. 16. 


One male of this fine species, 


78. DRACHZNURA ASTHENOTA. 
Dracenura asthenota, Meyr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 229. 


79. DRACENURA AGRAMMA. 
Dracenura agramma, Meyr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1886, p- 229. 


80. DrRac&NURA MYOTA. 
Dracenura myota, Meyr. Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. 1886, p. 230. 
Three specimens of this pretty little speeies. 


81. PLEONECTUSA METALEUCALIS. 

Pleonectusa metaleucalis, Walk. Cat. xxxiv. p. 1372; Meyr. 
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 231. 

82. PLEONECTUSA PARALLELA. 

Pleonectusa parallela, Meyr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 231. 


230 ON LEPIDOPTERA HETEROCERA FROM Fist. [Apr. 17, 


83. MARASMIA ERILITALIS. 

Marasmia erilitalis, Feld. Reise der Nov. Lep. t. exxxv. f. 26; 
Erkl. de Taf. exxxv. no. 26. 

84. MARASMIA AUREA, 0. Sp. 


Wings pure white. The costal margin of the primaries golden 
yellow, with three small dots on the inner side, a golden yellow 
waved submarginal line crossing the wing from near the apex to the 
inner margin. Secondaries with a small waved yellow line extending 
from the costal to anal angle. Underside of all the wings pure white. 
The head, thorax, abdomen, legs, and antennze white. Expanse 
} inch. 

This beautiful little species is very distinct from any I have seen. 


85. DoLICHOSTICHA PERINEPHES. 

Dolichosticha perinephes, Meyr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1886, 
p. 236. 

86. SEMIOCEROS DACTYLOPTILA. 


Semioceros dactyloptila, Meyr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1886, 
p. 243. 


Several specimens of this pretty species. 

87. EREBANGELA MELANAUGES. 

Erebangela melanauges, Meyr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1886, 
p. 246. 

Several specimens of this dull-coloured species. 

88. DipLoryLa OoCHROSEMA. 


Diplotyla ochrosema, Meyr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 247. 
Many specimens. 


89. DipLoTYLA CYCLOSPILA. 


Diplotyla cyclospila, Meyr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 248. 


The female is like the male, excepting that it is considerably paler 


in colour, and that the antennee are quite simple. 


= 
=) 


90. STREPSIMELA SIGNIFERALIS. 

Isopteryx signiferalis, Wallgr. Wien. ent. Mon. iv. p. 175. 

? Ceratoclasis barbicornis, Feld. Reise der Nov. Lep. t. exxxvi. 
f. 1; Meyr. Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 250. 

91. Borys aBRUPTALIS. 

Botys abruptalis, Walk. Cat. xvii. p. 371. 

One specimen of this species, agreeing well with specimens from 
Ceylon. 

92. Norarcna, sp. 


Two specimens in very worn condition. 


1888.] ON THE GULAR POUCH OF RHINODERMA DARWINI. 231 


Fam. GALLERID&. 
93. NeruoprTeryx, sp. ? 


94. AURANA, sp. 
Very close to A. actiosella, Walker, from Ceylon. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII. 
Fig. 1. Heteropan dolens, n. sp., p. 220. 

2. Hypsa woodfordi, n. sp., p. 221. 

3, 4. Stetria variabilis, Moore, vars., p. 228. 

5. Grammodes aleyona, n. sp., p. 225. 

6, 3,7, 2. Thalassodes timoclea, n. sp., p. 227. 
8, g. Acidalia cernea, n. sp., p. 227. 

9. Micronia hermea, n. sp., p. 227. 
10. Larentia bosora, n. sp., p. 228. 


2. Notes on the Gular Brood-pouch of Rhinoderma darwini. 
By G.-B. Bows, FiZ5., F.G.8>) Assist. Prof. of 
Zoology, Normal Sch. of Science and R. Sch. of Mines, 
S. Kensington. 


[Received April 17, 1883.] 


The Chilian Batrachian Rhinoderma darwini was among the 
most interesting finds of the voyage of the ‘ Beagle,’ and its special 
interest lay in the fact that it was originally thought by Gay’ to 
have been viviparous. Jiminez de la Espada disproved this in 
1872, and brought to light * the remarkable fact that the gular sac 
of the male becomes greatly enlarged and modified, to form a brood- 
pouch, within which the larval metamorphoses of the young are 
undergone. 

The specimen which furnished the subject-matter for these notes 
came into my hands quite recently *, in the course of an inquiry 
into the skeleton of the Anura*. Finding that I was able to 
supplement the descriptions of Espada, and seeing that his paper 
was published without illustration, I thought it desirable to seize the 
opportunity of putting on record drawings of so rare anobject. The 
specimen itself differs in no important external character from 
those hitherto described. It measures from snout to vent 30 mm., 
that being the length given by Espada ; the length of the outstretched 
hind limb is 62 mm., and the greatest transverse diameter of the 
trunk 18 mm.’ The cutaneous lobes of the fore limb (‘ epaulettes ’) 


1 Compt. Rend. vol. ii. p. 822 (1835). 

* Anales d.l. Soc. Esp. d. hist. nat. Madrid, vol. i. pp. 189-151 (1872). 
German abstract by Spengel, Zeitsch. wiss. Zool. vol. xxix. pp. 495-501 (1877). 

* Among some material generously placed at my disposal by my master, 
Prof. Huxley. 

4 See P. Z. 8. 1888, p. 141. 

° For good fig. see Gay, Hist. de Chile, Atlas, pl. 7, Erpetologia. 


232 PROF. G. B. HOWES ON THE GULAR [Apr. 17, 


are somewhat smaller than usual. There appears to have been an 
exceptional inequality in the deposition of dark pigment on the 
under surface of the body and hind limbs; for with the exception of 
the right member, which was unusually dark, these parts were but 
little coloured (see fig. 1). 


Fig. 1. 


Gular sae of Rhinoderma darwini, adult male, 


Ventral view of the trunk, the right half of the ventral integument having been 
removed to show the underlying gular brood-sac, s.g; multiplied two 
and a half times. 


On slitting up the ventral integument, as shown in fig. 1, the 
immense gular sac was at once exposed for its whole length. It 
occupied, as will be seen, the interspace between the body-wall and 
ventral integument. Anteriorly it was rounded, extending forwards 
to near the mentum, while posteriorly it was prolonged backwards into 
two insignificant cornua. The entire sac was bilaterally symmetrical, 
and it appears to have equalled in capacity that of any specimen 
examined by Espada. 


1888.] BROOD-POUCH OF RHINODERMA DARWINI. 233 


That author says, in describing its attachments (Spengel’s trans- 
lation, p. 499), ‘Sie fand sich stellenweise anliegend, stellenweise 
vollstiindig verwachsen mit der Innenfliche der Haut und mit der 
Aussenfliiche der Brust- und Bauchmuskeln.” In my specimen no 
such confluence with the abdominal muscles was discernible ; such 
attachments, however, as were instituted were of a very definite order. 
Espada states that the sac bears at the shoulders ‘ Zipfeln’ ; and 
this might appear to imply that it is an irregular structure, bearing 
lateral diverticula and accommodating itself, as it were, to its sur- 
roundings. The only fusion with the inner surface of the integu- 


The same as in fig. 1, the ventral integument having been wholly reflected, and 
the gular sac opened up to display its contents. 


ment observable in my specimen is a bilaterally symmetrical one 
(figs. 1 & 2) set up near the angle of the lower jaw. The wall of the 
sac, elsewhere very thin and transparent, is at these points thickened, 
and, consequent upon its adherence to the integument, dragged out 
as it were laterally, to form two prolongations which answer very 


234 PROF. G. B. HOWES ON THE GULAR [Apr. 17, 


satisfactorily to the aforenamed ‘ Zipfeln. It will thus be seen that 
these outgrowths are forcible displacements, due to the mode of 
suspension of the gular sac, rather than casual outgrowths, as might 
be imagined at first sight. 

Espada’s statement concerning the attachment to the ventral 
muscles does not do justice to the facts. The brood-pouch of my 
specimen was found, on being raised, to hang free behind the line of 
attachment, and that was found to follow the anterior border of the 
bony clavicle. This fact is shown in fig. 3, where the greater part of 
the ventral wall of the sac (s.g') had been removed and the small 
portion of its post-clavicular dorsal wall (s.g!') which remained 
turned forwards. Anteriorly to this point of attachment a complete 
confluence is established between the dorsal wall of the sac and the 
overlying floor of the mouth (see dotted line of fig. 5). 

Examination of the parts in situ showed that all attachment is pre- 
clavicular, and that the main portion of the sac hangs free, the 


Fig. 3. 


tL 
A portion of the right half of fig. 2, dissected to show the intestine and liver, , 
together with the mode of attachment of the gular sac. 


co, coracoid ; du, duodenum ; md, angle of mandible; s, xiphisternum. 


whole being suspended as it were from the floor of the mouth and 
adjacent lateral integument, and lying within the great subcutaneous 
lymph-space (l.s., figs. 1, 2, 5). 

Espada mentions the fact that in one of his specimens the hinder 
half of the tongue was ‘‘ kiirzer oder zusammengezogen, wie um die 
Ein- und Ausgangs6ffuungen des Kehlsackes frei zu lassen.” This 
was not the case in my specimen. The tongue is (é, fig. 4) somewhat 


1888. ] BROOD-POUCH OF RHINODERMA DARWINI. 235 


contracted and asymmetrical ; the orifices of the gular pouch are 
less modified than might have been expected (each is 7 mm. long), 
and the whole floor of the mouth differs in no respect from that say 
of a normal Cystignathus. The larynx (J, fig. 4) is situated far 
back, immediately behind a deep fold of the lining membrane of the 
floor of the mouth. Its mucous membrane was slightly swollen 
around the aditus; but there were neither epiglottis nor other 
accessory folds present, as might have been expected '. 

The brood-pouch of my specimen contained 11 larvee, that number 
having been exceeded (12 and 15) by two of the five specimens 
dissected by Espada, These little animals are represented in fig. 2 


\ & 


The floor of the mouth of Rhinoderma darwini, showing the tongue, larynx, 
and the orifices of the gular sac; multiplied two and a half times. 


as they lay in life; and it will be seen that they were, for the most 
part, irregularly disposed. Espada asserts that in one of his 
individuals the larva (7 in number) were “ einigermassen in zwei 
parallelen Reihen angeordnet”; he does not state, however, in 
what way the surfaces of the bodies of these or any of his specimens 
were disposed respecting those of the parent. Examination of fig. 2 
shows that, with the exception of two individuals on the parent’s 
left, all lay with their ventral faces in apposition with that of the 
adult which bore them; and it might appear from this that the 
larvee are carried on their backs. These, it will be seen, were far 
advanced in development and, with two exceptions, disposed with 
their heads towards the neck of the sac, as though making their 
way towards the exterior. From the positions in which they lay 
it is tolerably certain that attempts were made by them to gain the 
latter in their death-struggles ; and I imagine that the parent died 
on its back, and that a stampede ensued, in which two of the unfor- 
tunate 11 prisoners were overpowered before righting themselves. 
The larvee were, as in one of Espada’s examples, unequally advanced 
in development. In all, both fore and hind limbs were free, the 
latter being webbed in three instances. Five of the 11 were caudate ; 
and it is worthy of remark that those whose metamorphosis was 


1 Of. P. Z.S. 1887, p. 499, and Spengel, op. cit. p. 497. 


236 ON THE GULAR POUCH OF RHINODERMA DARWINI. [Apr. 17, 


least advanced lay (as in Espada’s example) at the base of the sac 
(ef. fig. 2). he largest larva measured 8 mm. from snout to 
vent, 5 mm. across the trunk at its widest part. None were young 
enough to show the remotest vestiges of external gills, had such 
existed’, 

Espada found in one instance 15 young in the pouch. ‘These 
were apparently in a somewhat similar condition to those of my own 
specimen ; concerning the parent, he writes (Spengel, p. 499), ‘* Die 
Eingeweide nahmem einen unglaublich kleinen (cnverostmil!) Raum 
ein...... bei genauerer Betrachtung stellte sich das Phinomen 
nicht als eine mechanische Wirkung [of the enlargement of the sac] 
dar, sondern als eine Riickbildung, ein Schrumpfen dieser Eingeweide, 


SS WG Ls 


Longitudinal section of Rhinoderma darwini entire, taken to one side of the 
middle line after removal of the embryos; to show the general relations 
and sectional area of the gular brood-sac (s.q). 


bl, urinary bladder ; 4, heart; Z.s', dorsal subcutaneous lymph-sinus ; 
@, esophagus; sh, shoulder-girdle, 


welche wie abgezehrt erschienen. Das Thier muss ohne Zweifel, so 
lange seine Jungen in dem Brutraume sind, zum grossen Theil seine 
Ernahrungsfunctionen einstellen, wenn auch nicht vollstindig, wie 
bei den Winterschlafern.”” I accordingly examined, with no little 
interest, the condition of the parts in my specimen ; and this with 
unexpected results. The small intestine (7.s, fig. 3) was perfectly 
normal and full of food-material in an assimilable condition, while 
the large intestine (7.7) was fully charged with excreta like that of 
a normal individual. The stomach (st, fig. 5) was much distended 
by small Beetles and Diptera; and, but that the liver (A.p, fig. 3) was 
shrunken and displaced, and that the gall-bladder had collapsed, the 
alimentary viscera were those of a healthy animal in full diet. 

If Espada’s final deduction were correct, we might fairly expect 
to find the fat-body in an insignificant condition”. This was, on 


1 Espada failed to find traces of these in still younger larve. 
* Cf. Knappe, ‘ Das Bidder’sche Organ,” Morph. Jahrb, vol. xi. (1886). 


1888.] MR. 0. THOMAS ON A NEW RAT FROM NEW GUINEA. 237 


the contrary, in my specimen, comparatively large (especially so 
upon the left side, c.a, fig. 5)—relatively larger, in fact, than in the 
healthy individual of the Common Frog prior to hibernation. In 
consideration of all the facts, I think it probable that Espada was 
mistaken, and that this extraurdinary paternal instinct does not lead 
up to that self-abnegation which he supposed. 


3. Description of a new Genus and Species of Rat from 
New Guinea. By Oxprietp Tuomas. 


[Received March 27, 1888.] 


Among the collections recently brought from New Guinea by Mr. 
H. O. Forbes there occurs a specimen of Rat strongly resembling, 
superficially, the common small Papuan Uromys, U. cervinipes, 
Gould, but showing on a closer examination such characters, both 
external and cranial, as to necessitate the formation of a special 
genus for its reception: of these characters by far the most striking 
is its possession of a tail modified for prehension in the same fashion *, 
and almost to the same extent, as in the Phalangers inhabiting the 
same country. Among the other members of the Myomorpha, so 
far as I know, the only ones that have a truly prehensile tail are 
Dendromys and the common Harvest-Mouse (Mus minutus), in each 
of which there isa tendency towards the same modification of the tail 
as in the present animal. Otherwise, among the whole of the 
Rodents, this character is only found in the South-American Porcu- 
pines. It is true that many other Rats and Mice have the power 
of twisting their tails round branches, and so helping themselves in 
climbing, but in none is this so far developed as to cause any 
important modification in the actual structure of the tail, as is the 
case in the animal now described. 

The teeth, again, are remarkably complicated, and show a high 
degree of specialization, far more than is found in any other genus 
at all allied to the present one. This extreme specialization both 
of teeth and tail is especially remarkable in an animal inhabiting 
such a refuge for old and little-modified forms as New Guinea. 

The following is a detailed description of the new form :— 


CHIRUROMYS, g. 1. 


Externally like Mus, but with the terminal portion of the tail above 
without scales, quite naked, transversely wrinkled, and obviously 
prehensile. Scales of rest of tail (fig. 2, c) not, as is usual, square 
and arranged in distinct rings, but more or less pentagonal or lozenge- 
shaped, and set in diagonal slanting series, somewhat like the dorsal 
scales of a snake. 

Skull (fig. 1, p. 238) with the infraorbital foramen typical in shape, 
but with its external wall narrow and not produced forwards as a 
projecting plate. Anterior part of zygomata projecting outwards 


1 Except that the curl is upwards instead of downwards. 


Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. XVII. 17 


238 MR. 0. THOMAS ON A NEW [Apr. 17, 


nearly at right angles to the general line of the skull. Supra- 
orbital edges square and sharp, but not beaded. Palatine foramina 
short and narrow. Bulle small. 

Teeth.—Incisors smooth. Upper molars (fig. 2, A) very compli- 


Skull of Chiruromys forbesi; once and a half the natural size. 


cated, the cusps low and the laminz scarcely marked, so that the 
homologies between their cusps and those found in other genera are 
by no means clear. M* with eleven cusps in all, namely three trans- 
verse sets of three each, and two extra solitary cusps; m* with 10 
cusps; ™° nearly as long as ™°, apparently with seven cusps, but its 


1888. ] RAT FROM NEW GUINEA. 239 


pattern too vague and little defined for exact description. Lower m' 
(fig. 2, B) with three pairs of transversely elongated cusps, an anterior 
and posterior central cusp, and a long extra external ledge running 
the whole length of the tooth; m? with two pairs of similar cusps, 
a single posterior central one, and an external ledge; m® with two 
pairs of cusps and an antero-external ledge. 


CHIRUROMYS FORBESI, Sp. 0. 


Very similar to Uromys cervinipes, Gould, in size and general 
appearance. Colour above a uniform dull rufous grey, below buff, 


Chiruromys forbesi. 


A, left upper, and x. left lower molars, magnified about 10 diameters; c, dorsal 
view of middle, and p, tip of tail to show arrangement of scales. 


the line of demarcation fairly sharply defined; a ring round each 
eye nearly black ; between eye and ear, rather above their level, is a 
prominent white spot; whiskers very numerous, long and coarse, 
shining black, a single bristle also inserted just above each eye. 
Ears rather small, laid forward they reach to just beyond the middle 
of the eye, narrow, not pointed, their anterior edge straight, their 
tips and posterior margins evenly convex; quite naked inside and 
terminally outside. Palate-ridges seven, three anterior undivided and 
four interdental. Hallux rudimentary, with a broad nail; palms 
with five broad smooth pads. Soles quite naked, smooth, with six 
large low pads, the posterior pads elongated ; fifth hind toe reaching 
to the base of the last phalanx of the fourth. Tail (fig. 2, c and p) 
longer than the head and body, scaly, with minute hairs between the 
scales, its terminal inch or inch and a half quite naked and without 
scales above, the tip with a natural curl upwards and thus showing, 
as well as by its structure, the prehensile power it possesses ; scales 
large, averaging rather more than a millimeter in diameter ; arranged, 


240 LIEUT.-COL. GODWIN-AUSTEN ON LAND [Apr. 17, 


as above described. Mammee six, one axillary and two inguinal 
pairs. Skull and teeth as described above. 

Hab. Sogere, S.E. New Guinea ; altitude 1750 feet. 

Dimensions of the type, an adult female, in spirit:—Head and 
body 156 millim.; tail 222; hind foot 30; fore arm and hand 425 ; 
ear (above crown) 17; head 43; muzzle to eye 18°8, to ear 35°5; 
heel to front of Jast foot-pad 15; length of the pad 6:8. 

Skull.—Basal length 34-0, greatest breadth 22°8 ; nasals, length 
12°3; interorbital breadth 5°7; interparietal, length 4°8, breadth 
9:3; infraorbital foramen, height 5:8, length of outer wall 4:0, 
distance from its outer corner to that of its fellow 11:0; palate, 
length 20°0, breadth outside m’ 7-0, inside m’ 4-0 ; palatal foramen, 
length 5:2; diastema, length 11:3; length of molar series 5°5, of 
m! 9-5, of m? 1°7, of m® 1°5; basicranial axis 11-0, basifacial axis 
23°0. Length of lower jaw (bone only) 23-8, (to incisor tips) 27°0. 


4. Onsome Land-Mollusks from Burmah, with Descriptions 
of some new Species. By Lieut.-Col. H. H. Gopwin- 
Austen, F.R.S., F.Z.S8., &c.—Part I. 


[Received March 23, 1888. ] 


The following list comprises the shells which have reached me since 
our late occupation of the above country. The first batch were col- 
lected and sent me by my former assistant in the Survey, Mr. M. Ogle, 
from the districts on the Kyeng-dwen, or Chindwen, east of Munipur. 
The second Ihave lately had placed in my hands by Mr. J. Ponsonby, 
who received them from Captain Spratt, R.A., from Upper Burmah, 
where that officer has been employed during the late military 
expeditions. The shells are not in a good state of preservation, 
and no doubt were collected under very considerable difficulties as 
regards leisure and deficiency of carriage. There are many new 
forms, showing what a rich harvest awaits the naturalists who could 
devote more time and care to the work. We trust that Captain 
Spratt (son of Admiral Spratt, a life-long worker at the Mollusca) 
will yet be able to add still more to our knowledge of the species to 
be found in our newly acquired territory. 

I propose in this communication to describe the shells collected 
by Captain Spratt. Hlindet, where most of them were obtained, is 
situated on a tributary of the Irrawaddy, which, rising in the hills 
south of Mandalay, flows north to join that river at the sharp bend 
below that town. It is through this valley that the new line of 
railway is to run to the capital from Toungoo. 

The late Mr. Francis Fedden, of the Geological Survey, visited 
this part of Burmah and the Salwin valley, in 1864-65, and brought 
back with him a good many specimens of land-shells, which were 
described by Mr. W. Theobald in the Journal of the Asiatic Society 
for 1870. 


1888. ] MOLLUSCA FROM BURMAH. 241 


There will be also included two or three shells in Mr. Theobald’s 
collection from this part of Burmah, 


1. AUSTENIA? KHYOUNGENSIS, 0. sp. 


Locality. Shan Hills. 

Shell globose, tumid, not umbilicated ; sculpture covered with an 
epidermis, smooth ; colour brown, but the specimen with epidermis 
still remaining is weathered, in life it is probably polished ; spire low, 
apex rounded ; suture shallow; whorls 3, the last ample and convex 
on periphery ; aperture nearly circular ; peristome thin, a strong 
callus on the body-whorl extending into the interior of the shell. 

Largest specimen. Size: maj. diam. 20°5, min. 12:0, alt. axis 9-0. 

Second specimen. Size: maj. diam. 18-0, min. 13°75, alt. axis 6°8, 
body-whor! 11:0 mm. 

Animal not seen. It would be an interesting species to obtain 
alive. This is one of those forms which, without an examination of 
the animal, it is quite impossible to assign to its true geueric or sub- 
generic position; it may be Cryptosoma or an Austenia. 


2. AUSTENIA? ERRATICA, 0. sp. 


Locality. Pingoung, Shan Hills. 

Shell depressedly globose, narrowly umbilicated, solid for size; 
sculpture none, surface quite smooth ; colour white, shiny, but both 
specimens are bleached ; it has evidently an epidermis when alive ; 
spire flatly rounded, apex low; suture adpressed; whorls 32; 
aperture ovate, very oblique, very slightly descending at the peri- 
stome, this is thin, sinuate above; columellar margin oblique, 
reflected near the umbilicus. 

Size: maj. diam. 8-2, min. 7°0, alt. axis 4 mm. 

This shell was marked Durgella levicula by Mr. Ponsonby. It is 
not of that species, which has a very thin and glassy shell, is much 
more globose and with higher spire. I put it only provisionally in 
the present genus. The distinct umbilication is quite unlike any shell 
of this type I have seen. It has somewhat the outline of Crypto- 
soma prestans in miniature, but it is not the young of that species, 
with which I have compared it. 


3. Macrocuuamys? consepta, Bs., small var. 


This shell agrees exactly in all its characters and size with speci- 
mens from the Moolé-it range, Tenasserim, described and figured by 
me in ‘ Land and Freshwater Moll. Ind.’ p. 110, the only difference 
being in its raddy-brown colour, the more southern form beiug oliva- 
ceous ochre ; coloration is very variable. 


4. HemipLecta? ZIMMAYENSIS, 0. sp. 


Locality. Zimmé, Siam territory (coll. Godwin- Austen, type). 

Shell globosely turbinate, well umbilicated, solid ; sculpture wavy 
broken longitudinal ribbing, crossed by the transverse lines of growth ; 
colour pale umber-brown, merging into white on the peripbery and 
underside ; spire subconical, apex blunt ; suture impressed ; whorls 


242 LIEUT.-COL. GODWIN-AUSTEN ON LAND [Apr. 17, 


6, convex ; aperture ovate, oblique ; peristome simple ; columellar 
margin suboblique, scarcely reflected. 

Size: maj. diam. 60°5, min. 51°25, alt. axis 29°5, body-whorl 
28°0 mm. 

This fine shell seems to be nearest to H. humphreysiana, Lea. 
Mr. Theobald writes that the largest in his collection is 65'millim. in 
major diam. 


5. Hewrx (TRACHIA) EMENSUS, 0. sp. 


Locality. Hlindet, 1200 teet. 

Shell subdiscoid, widely umbilicated ; sculpture ill-defined irre- 
gular transverse striation ; colour horny or pale ochraceous ; spire 
subconoid, apex blunt ; suture shallow ; whorls 7, regular, flat, closely 
wound, the last descending suddenly, subangulate on periphery ; 
aperture nearly circular, oblique ; peristome much reflected below, 
the margins joined by callus on body-whorl. 

Size: maj. diam. 13°5, min. 11°8, alt. axis 4°8 mm. 

This species belongs to the widely distributed group in this part of 
India represented by H. akontongensis, oldhami, &e. This torm is 
much smaller, and differs sufficiently from all the species I know, 
that I have considered it worthy of naming. 


6. Hexrx (TRACHIA) CLARUS, 0. sp. 


Locality. Flindet. 

Shell subdiscoid, openly umbilicated ; sculpture irregular, close 
transverse striation ; colour white (but both specimens are bleached) ; 
spire depressedly conical, apex rounded ; suture shallow; whorls 5, 
flat, subangulate on periphery, the last slightly descending ; aperture 
oval, very oblique ; peristome thin, slightly reflected. 

Size: maj. diam. 9°5, min, 8°5, alt. axis 4-0 mm. 

This species belongs to the Helix hutioni group of shells, but is 
quite distinct, especially in the shape of the aperture. Only two 
specimens are in the collection. 


7. Hetrx (GENESELLA) HARIOLA, Bs. 


Localities. Khagan on Irrawaddy, and Hlindet, 1200 feet. 
There are two specimens in the collection; one is like the type, 
the other is keeled—var. carinata of W. 'T. Blanford’s collection. 


8. Herx (PLANISPIRA) SCULFTURITA, Benson. 
Locality. Shan Hills. 


9. EUPLECTA PINGOUNGENSIS, N. sp. 


Locality. Pingoung, Shan Hills. 

Shell depressedly conoid, umbilicated, subangulate on periphery ; 
sculpture well-defined and regular curving custulation, disappearing 
on the periphery, thence smooth to the umbilicus ; colour pale horny ; 
spire low, apex flat and rounded; suture moderately impressed ; 
whorls 6, convex, rather closely wound, flatly convex below ; aperture 


1888. ] MOLLUSCA FROM BURMAH. 243 


oblique, semilunate; peristome strong; columellar margin very 
oblique. 

Size: maj. diam. 12°25, min. 11°20, alt. axis 5:0, body-whorl 
6°5 mm. 

This shell belongs to a group common in Arakan &e. (2. pansa, 
helicifera, ataranensis, mammillaris), but is of a more depressed 
form and larger in size, smooth below and well sculptured above ; 
EK. falcata is a large representative of the group in the Khasi Hills. 


10. Hexrx ( PLecropyiis) PONSONBYI. 


Locality. Hlindet, Upper Burmah, 1500 feet. 

Shell sinistral, widely umbilicated, discoid, solid ; sculpture, wavy 
thread-like lines of growth; colour pale brown; spire flat, 22 
whorls at apex slightly raised above the succeeding whorls ; suture 
very shallow; whorls 7, closely wound and flat; aperture very 
oblique, descending, horizontally ovate; peristome thickened, re- 
flected, the margin connected by a well-developed ridge, and with 
slight notches at the inner angles. 

Size: maj. diam. 17°5, min. 14:0, alt. axis 5 mm. 

Palatal teeth 6, the Ist highest, long, thin, like a knife-edge, the 
2nd and 3rd are short and rounded above, the 4th and 5th are 
united ; the 6th, situated on the lower outer side of the body-whorl, is 
short, somewhat thickened and rounded on the free edge. The 
parietal vertical laminze are two in number; the anterior situated 
about 10 millim. from the inner margin of the peristome. The 
anterior one is curved, solid, arched above, with two short buttresses 
above and below on theanterior side. The posterior one is obliquely 
set, is thin, and of nearly even height throughout. 

The horizontal parietal lamina is only present as a short and 
narrow ridge 3 millim. in length, situated just within the aperture, 
but not connected with the apertural ridge of the peristome ; a thread- 
like, free, narrow, horizontal lamina, commencing from below the 
posterior vertical lamina, extends forwards towards the aperture, 
gradually fining out but not extending to it. 

To the ordinary observer the shell would ouly possess the one 
simple short ridge near the peristome, all the other complicated 
structure being out of view so far back within the aperture. 


11. Hexrx (PLectoryuis) perarcta, W. T. Blanford. 


Locality. Hlindet, 1200 feet. 

Size: maj. diam. 10:0, min. 8:0, alt. axis 3°5 mm. 

The type of this species came from near Ava. In this specimen 
the horizontal lamina is continuous to the aperture, in others it is 
sometimes undeveloped for a short distance (vide P. Z. S. 1874, 
pl. Ixxiv. f. 4). 


12. STREPTAXIS THEBAWI, 0. sp. 


Locality. Pingoung, Shan Hills, 2500 feet. 
Shell ovately globose, umbilicated, somewhat solid; sculpture 
finely costulated throughout; colour white; spire conical, apex 


244 LIEUT.-COL. GODWIN-AUSTEN ON LAND [Apr. 17, 


rounded ; suture well defined ; whorls 6, the last two the largest, 
the penultimate swollen and projecting beyond the body-whorls ; 
aperture oblique, semi-oval, with one rather long parietal lamella 
fining out inwards and backwards ; peristome white, sinuate above, 
somewhat thickened, regular throughout, the two margins united 
by a callus; columellar margin oblique. 

Size: maj. diam. 10°0, min. 7°0, alt. axis 6-5 mm. 

Compared with the Burmese species hitherto known this is nearest 
to S. birmanica, but is higher in the spire, and the second whorl is 
more tumid, the lamella is more strongly developed. 


13. Pupa SALWINEANA. 


Pupa salwineana, Theobald, J. A. S. B. 1870, vol. xxxix. pt. 2, 
p- 400; figd. Conch. Ind. pl. ec. f. 9. 

Locality. Pingoung, Shan Hills, 2500 feet. 

Size: maj. diam. 2°50, alt. axis 5-50 mm. 

This is a very beautiful little shell. The only perfect specimen is 
bleached, but a smaller imperfect one shows that it is coyered with a 
brown epidermis. 


14. CuausttiaA (PSEUDONENIA) SHANICA, 0. sp. 


“ Testa breviter rimata, fusiformi-clavata, carneo-grisea solidula ; 
spira concavo-turrita, valde elongata ; apex minutus, acutisstmus. 
Anfr 134, lentissime acerescentes, convexusculi, sutura impressa 
disjuncti, subtiliter striati, ultimus penultimo parum major, 
subtus leviter attenuatus, cervice rotundatus. Apert. parva, 
obliqua, late piriformis; perist. continuum, hreviter solutum, 
expansiusculum. Lamelle modice, compress , approximate ; 
supera marginalis, parum alta, intus humillima, cum spirali ut 
videtur continua ; infera sublimis, subhorizontaliter in -diam 
aperturam prosiliens, antice in denticulum desinens, a basi ntuenti 
valde spiraliter torta ; subcolumellaris subemersa, oblique intuenti 
distinctissima. Plica principalis profunda, lateralis, in apertura 
antice viz conspicua; palatales 2, altera supera, principali 
approximata et parallela, altera infera cum clausilio perspicuo 
lunellam lateralem, magis minusve distinctam, fingente.” 

Alt. 193, diam. 4 mm. ; alt. apert. 33, lat. apert. 2? mm. 

Hab. Shan Hills, near Pingoung, Burma, at a height of about 

2500 feet. (Boettger.) 

This description is somewhat amended by Mr. Ponsonby from one 
by Dr. Boettger, who considered it to be allied to C. affnis of the 
Naga Hills. On comparison it proves to be very different in every 
way. 


15. CyCLOPHORUS CRASSALABELLA, N. sp. 


Locelity. Shan Hills. 

Shell similar in form to C. fulguratus, rather openly umbilicated ; 
coloration, a distinct narrow dark brown band on the periphery, 
sharply defined above, giving off below a regular series of zigzag 
markings, like a fringe hanging from it ; the whorls above are orna- 


18838. | MOLLUSCA FROM BURMAH. 245 


mented with similar zigzag bands at equal intervals, but which do not 
extend to the peripheral band ; spire conical, apex fine ; whorls 5 ; 
aperture subvertical ; peristome of a pale yellowish tint, very much 
thickened to the extent of 4°5 millim. 

Size: maj. diam. 41°5, min. 32:0, alt. axis 18°5 mm. 


16. CycLorHorvs, sp. inc. 

Locality. Shan Hills. 

Size: maj. diam. 31°0, min. 25°5, alt. axis 15-0 mm. 

In form this shell is nearest to C. excellens, Pfr., from Moulmein, 
particularly as regards the umbilicus and height of spire ; its mark- 
ings differ, and the size is much smaller. I hesitate to name this 
single specimen ; a series of examples in fresh condition is required 
for these shells, so variable in colour. 


17. PreROCYCLOS ALBERSI. 
Locality. Hlindet, 1200 feet. 


18. Atycazus (Dior¥x) URNULA, var. 

Locality. Pingoung, Shan Hills, 2500 feet. 

The only difference between this and the Assamese form is the 
greater length of the sutural tube in the Burmese shell. 


19. ALCHUS SPRATTI, n. sp. 


Locality. Ping wg, Shan Hills, 2500 feet. 

Shell pyramidal, closely umbilicated ; sculpture very fine close 
costulation, more distant between the sutural tube and the peristome ; 
colour white, wth pale lemon tinge, or horny; spire high, rapidly 
decreasing to ayex, which is rather pointed ; suture well impressed ; 
whorls 53, convex, the last swollen, slightly constricted at the 
sutura’ tube, which is very short and thick, less than one millini. in 
length; the whorl swells again to the aperture, this is circular, 
oblique; peristome double, slightly reflected ; operculum not seen. 

This species is quite new ; it might be at first taken for a small 
variety of A. pyramidalis, Bs., from the Tenasserim valley, but the 
sutural tube is in that species very thread-like and nearly 3 millim. 
in length ; the aperture is also very different in form, and not so 
simple and circular. 


20. PALUDOMUS ORNATISSIMA, Bs. 
Locality. Between Myingyan and Hlindet. 


21. MELANIA, sp. ine. 
A specimen in bad broken condition. 


22. AMPULLARIA PALUDINOIDES, Phil., var. 

Locality. Khyang-nyat. 

The present example agrees with a specimen in my collection from 
Pegu. 

23. AMPULLARIA OLEA, Reeve. 

Locality. Shan Hills. 
Proc. Zoox. Soc.—1888, No. XVIII. 18 


246 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON SOME f Aor. 17, 


5. Notes on Specimens in the Hume Collection of Birds. 
By R. Bowpter Suareg, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.—No. 6’. 
On some Species of the Genus Digenea. 


[Received April 3, 1888.] 


When arranging the Muscicapide belonging to the Hume Collec- 
tion, I laid aside a specimen belonging to the genus Digenea, which 
appeared to me to be new to science, but which 1 did not like to 
describe from a single skin. In the Tweeddale Collection, however, 
I have found another example, and it is so evidently distinct that 1 
no longer hesitate to give a name to the species. 


DiGENEA LEUCOPS, sp. 0. 


Adult. General colour above light olive-brown, with somewhat of 
an ashy tinge ; wing-coverts like the back, the greater series some- 
_what more ruddy brown externally ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills dusky brown, externally ruddy olive ; upper tail-coverts 
rather more reddish brown than the back ; tail-feathers dusky brown, 
externally reddish brown: crown of head like the back; a white line 
across the base of the forehead, widening into a large supraloral spot ; 
feathers about the eye washed with ashy grey; lores ashy, as also 
the feathers round the eye; ear-coverts and cheeks ashy, washed 
with olive; throat white, the chin and a broad band on each side 
of the throat black, continued downwards and forming a collar on 
the fore neck ; chest and breast pale ashy, with a slight tinge of olive- 
brown; abdomen white; sides of body and flanks olive-brown ; 
thighs olive-brown ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries white; quills below dusky brown, white along the 
inner web: ‘bill slaty brown; feet white, tinged fleshy ; iris bright 
dark brown” (R. G. Wardlaw-Ramsay). Total length 4°3 inches, 
culmen 0°45, wing 2°5, tail 1°75, tarsus 0°8. 

Hab. Shillong (J. Cockburn: mus. A. O. Hume); Karen-nee 
(R. G. Wardlaw-Ramsay: mus. Tweedd.). 

At the time of writing the fourth volume of the ‘ Catalogue of 
Birds,’ I had not seen a specimen of Digenea submoniliger of Hume, 
and I now propose to give a description of this species from the 
series in the Hume Collection. 


DIGENEA SUBMONILIGER. 


Adult. General colour above light olive-brown, a little more ruddy 
brown on the head; wing-coverts like the back, the greater coverts 
with a slight tinge of ruddy brown externally; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, externally olive-brown, 
with a very slight ruddy tinge; upper tail-coverts rufous; tail- 
feathers dark brown, externally rufous; base of forehead, lores, 
eyebrow, and feathers round eye clear tawny buff; ear-coverts and 


' See P. Z. S. 1887, p. 470. 


1858. | SPECIES OF THE GENUS DIGENEA. 247 


cheeks olive-brown, washed with tawny buff, especially on the fore 
part of the latter ; throat entirely white, the sides of it brown like 
the cheeks ; the whole throat encircled by a narrow line of black, 
very indistinct on the sides of the throat, a little plainer on the fore 
neck ; breast light olive-brown, as also the sides of body, flanks, and 
thighs; lower breast and abdomen white; under tail-coverts white ; 
under wing-coverts white ; axillaries olive-brown, edged with white ; 
quills below dusky brown, ashy or buffy whitish along the inner 
edge. Total length 4°7 inches, culmen 0°5, wing 2°45, tail 1-6, 
tarsus 0°75. 

I may at the same time take the opportunity of describing a 
second new species from Perak :— 


DIGENEA MALAYANA, Sp. 0. 


Adult male. Similar to D. moniliger in the rufous appearance of 
the wing, and deep olive-brown on the back like that species. It 
differs from it in having rufous cheeks and ear-coverts, and in the 
forehead, lores, and eyebrow being deep orange-rufous, almost chest- 
nut in tint. Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0°5, wing 2°65, tail 1°85, 
tarsus 0°75. 

Ha6é. Mountains of Larut, Perak. 

From Digenea submoniliger this species differs not only in the 
reddish colour of the wings, but in the rufous on the head and the 
orange of the lores and eyebrow. 


The following is a revised ‘ Key to the species” of Digenea (cf. 
Cat. B. iv. p. 458) :— 


a. Olive-brown above; breast and sides of body olive-brown. 
a'. Base of forehead tawny buff or rufescent. 
a". Outer aspect of quills rufescent. 
a'". Kar-coverts ashy olive-brown; eyebrow tawny buff... moniliger. 
6", Har-coverts rufous brown ; eyebrow and lores orange- 
PUTOUR fe creche seve ay sies aceeeets fo acta ose. tedeedesetodees nes malayana. 
5". Outer aspect of quills olive-brown, scarcely different from 
the back; lores and eyebrow tawny buff; ear-coverts 
brown, with a ruddy tin Pe)... 0ceneceesetcUssescssdaveron see submoniliger, 
b'. Base of forehead and lores white ...............-ecseceecseceecees albifrons. 
b. Rufous-brown above and also on the breast and sides of body ; 
eyebrow and lores deep chestnut ; sides of face also chestnut. solitaria. 


The very peculiar coloration of these birds and their constant 
black necklace on the throat makes me doubt whether they should 
be united to Digenea, in which the mode of colour is so different. 
They might, perhaps, be fairly separated as Anthipes, in which case 
they would have to be called A. moniliger, A. malayana, A. sub- 
moniliger, A. albifrons, and A. solitaria. 


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ah. ai Jair pete ie ay 


bangs "Mepis pit grg 
ron} i“ fidicy) a ott. ‘ye Aes 


\ La 
ao 


et ioe 
fe s vas Fat 


~s are anes i 


S¢ty hires) 


1888. ] MOLLUSCA FROM BURMAB. 245 


mented with similar zigzag bands at equal intervals, but which do not 
extend to the peripheral band ; spire conical, apex fine ; whorls 5 ; 
aperture subvertical ; peristome of a pale yellowish tint, very much 
thickened to the extent of 4°5 millim. 

Size: maj. diam. 41°5, min. 32:0, alt. axis 18°5 mm. 


16, CycLoPHoRvs, sp. ine. 


Locality. Shan Hills. 

Size: maj. diam. 31:0, min. 25°5, alt. axis 15-0 mm. 

In form this shell is nearest to C. excellens, Pfr., from Moulmein, 
particularly as regards the umbilicus and height of spire; its mark- 
ings differ, and the size is much smaller. I hesitate to name this 
single specimen; a series of examples in fresh condition is required 
for these shells, so variable in colour. 


17. PreRocyCLos ALBERSI. 
Locality. Hlindet, 1200 feet. 


18. Atyczus (Dioryx) tURNULA, var. 

Locality. Pingoung, Shan Hills, 2500 feet. 

The only difference between this and the Assamese form is the 
greater length of the sutural tube in the Burmese shell. 


19. ALCHUS SPRATTI, n. sp. 

Locality. Pingoung, Shan Hills, 2500 feet. 

Shell pyramidal, closely umbilicated ; sculpture very fine close 
costulation, more distant between the sutural tube and the peristome ; 
colour white, with pale lemon tinge, or horny; spire high, rapidly 
decreasing to apex, which is rather pointed ; ; suture well impressed ; 
whorls 5, convex, the last swollen, slightly constricted at the 
sutural tube, ta is very short and thick, less than one millim. in 
length; the whorl swells again to the aperture, this is circular, 
oblique; peristome double, slightly reflected ; operculum not seen. 

This species is quite new ; it might be at first taken for a small 
variety of A. pyramidalis, Bs. A fou the Tenasserim valley, but the 
sutural tube is in that species very thread-like and nearly 3 millim, 
in length ; the aperture is also very different in form, and not so 
simple and circular. 


20. PALUDOMUS ORNATISSIMA, Bs. 
Locality. Between Myingyan and Hlindet. 


21. MeLania, sp. inc. 
A specimen in bad broken condition. 


22. AMPULLARIA PALUDINOIDEs, Phil., var. 
Locality. Khyang-nyat. 
The present example agrees with a specimen in my collection from 
Pegu. 
23. AMPULLARIA OLEA, Reeve. 
Locality. Shan Hills. 
Proc. Zooxu. Soc.—1888, No. x 


Ss 
as: 


18 


246 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON SOME [Apr. 17, 


5. Notes on Specimens in the Hume Collection of Birds. 
By R. Bowpter Suarez, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.—No. 6°. 
On some Species of the Genus Digenea. 


[Received April 3, 1888.] 


When arranging the Muscicapide belonging to the Hume Collec- 
tion, I laid aside a specimen belonging to the genus Digenea, which 
appeared to me to be new to science, but which 1 did not like to 
describe from a single skin. In the Tweeddale Collection, however, 
I have found another example, and it is so evidently distinct that 1 
no longer hesitate to give a name to the species. 


DiGENKEA LEUCOPS, sp. n. 


Adult. General colour above light olive-brown, with somewhat of 
an ashy tinge ; wing-coverts like the back, the greater series some- 
what more ruddy brown externally ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills dusky brown, externally ruddy olive ; upper tail-coverts 
rather more reddish brown than the back ; tail-feathers dusky brown, 
externally reddish brown; crown of head like the back; a white line 
across the base of the forehead, widening into a large supraloral spot ; 
feathers about the eye washed with ashy grey ; lores ashy, as also 
the feathers round the eye; ear-coverts and cheeks ashy, washed 
with olive; throat white, the chin and a broad band on each side 
of the throat black, continued downwards and forming a collar on 
the fore neck ; chest and breast pale ashy, with a slight tinge of olive- 
brown; abdomen white; sides of body and flanks olive-brown ; 
thighs olive-brown ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries white; quills below dusky brown, white along the 
inner web: ‘bill slaty brown; feet white, tinged fleshy ; iris bright 
dark brown” (R. G. Wardlaw-Ramsay). Total length 4:3 inches, 
culmen 0°45, wing 2°5, tail 1°75, tarsus 0°8. 

Hab. Shillong (J. Cockburn: mus. A. O. Hume); Karen-nee 
(R. G. Wardlaw-Ramsay: mus. Tweedd.). 

At the time of writing the fourth volume of the ‘Catalogue of 
Birds,’ I had not seen a specimen of Digenea submoniliger of Hume, 
and I now propose to give a description of this species from the 
series in the Hume Collection. 


DIGENEA SUBMONILIGER. 


Adult. General colour above light olive-brown, a little more ruddy 
brown on the head ; wing-coverts like the back, the greater coverts 
with a slight tinge of ruddy brown externally; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, externally olive-brown, 
with a very slight ruddy tinge; upper tail-coverts rufous; tail- 
feathers dark brown, externally rufous; base of forehead, lores, 
eyebrow, and feathers round eye clear tawny buff; ear-coverts and 


* See P. Z. 8. 1887, p. 470. 


1888. ] SPECIES OF THE GENUS DIGENEA. 247 


cheeks olive-brown, washed with tawny buff, especially on the fore 
part of the latter ; throat entirely white, the sides of it brown like 
the cheeks ; the whole throat encircled by a narrow line of black, 
very indistinct on the sides of the throat, a little plainer on the fore 
neck ; breast light olive-brown, as also the sides of body, flanks, and 
thighs; lower breast and abdomen white; under tail-coverts white ; 
under wing-coverts white ; axillaries olive-brown, edged with white ; 
quills below dusky brown, ashy or buffy whitish along the inner 
edge. Total length 4*7 inches, culmen 0°5, wing 2°45, tail 1-6, 
tarsus 0°75. 

I may at the same time take the opportunity of describing a 
second new species from Perak :— 


DIGENEA MALAYANA, sp. n. 


Adult male. Similar to D. moniliger in the rufous appearance of 
the wing, and deep olive-brown on the back like that species. It 
differs from it in having rufous cheeks and ear-coverts, and in the 
forehead, lores, and eyebrow being deep orange-rufous, almost chest- 
nut in tint. Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0°5, wing 2°65, tail 1°85, 
tarsus 0°75. 

Hat. Mountains of Larut, Perak. 

From Digenea submoniliger this species differs not only in the 
reddish colour of the wings, but in the rufous on the head and the 
orange of the lores and eyebrow. 


The following is a revised “ Key to the species” of Digenea (cf. 
Cat. B. iv. p. 458) :— 


a. Olive-brown above; breast and sides of body olive-brown. 
a'. Base of forehead tawny buff or rufescent. 
a''. Outer aspect of quills rufescent. 
a'"'. Ear-coverts ashy olive-brown; eyebrow tawny buff... moniliger. 
6". Har-coverts rufous brown ; eyebrow and lores orange- 
PULOUBUE PL LI aths niddse POSE Rese 2kE Sis tees dee dieecs Sod oedesas malayand. 
6". Outer aspect of quills olive-brown, scarcely different from 
the back; lores and eyebrow tawny buff; ear-coverts 
brown, with a ruddy tinge’ ..........ccceres--ss-re-scdeccscvans submoniliger. 
b'. Base of forehead and lores white ...............cecseceeceeeesseee albifrons. 
6, Rufous-brown above and also on the breast and sides of body ; 
eyebrow and lores deep chestnut ; sides of face also chestnut. solitaria. 


The very peculiar coloration of these birds and their constant 
black necklace on the throat makes me doubt whether they should 
be united to Digenea, in which the mode of colour is so different. 
They might, perhaps, be fairly separated as Anthipes, in which case 
they would have to be called A. moniliger, A. malayana, A, sub- 
moniliger, A. albifrons, and A. solitaria. 


18* 


248 MR. C. M. WOODFORD ON THE [May l, 


May 1, 1888. 
Professor Flower, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. 


Col. Irby, F.Z.S., exhibited, on behalf of Lord Lilford, a specimen ~ 
of Aquila rapax from Southern Spain, being, as he believed, the first 
positively authentic specimen of this species of Eagle obtained 
within the limits of the Peninsula. 


Prof. Flower, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., exhibited and made remarks 
on a specimen of a Japanese Domestic Cock, with enormously elon- 
gated tail-coverts, the longest of which measured nine feet in length. 
The specimen had been presented to the British Museum by Mr. 
F. D. Parker. 


The following papers were read :— 


1. General Remarks on the Zoology of the Solomon Islands, 
and Notes on Brenchley’s Megapode. By C. M. Woop- 


rorD, F.Z.8. 
[Received April 30, 1888.] 


The Solomons are a group of large islands situated about 500 
miles east of New Guinea, and are included by Wallace in his Austro- 
Malayan subdivision of the Australian Region. Zoologically they 
are most interesting, as they form the extreme eastern limit of the 
extension of Marsupials. 

As might be expected, the group is not particularly rich in Mam- 
mals ; but several species of frugivorous and insectivorous Bats occur. 
Many of these are peculiar to the group, my own collections having 
added three new genera and five species to the list, besides three new 
species of M/us. Marsupials are represented by one, and perhaps two, 
species of Cuscus, Cuscus orientalis being common. I was once told 
by a native, who had been to Queensland, and who consequently 
should have known Wallabies when he saw one, that Wallabies are 
to be found in the mountains of Guadalcanar ; but I am inclined to 
doubt the information, and my offer of a very large amount of 
‘“‘trade’’ for the whole or any part of a Wallaby from that island 
met with no response. 

The Birds of the Solomons are extremely interesting. Several 
species of fruit-eating Pigeons and of the smaller Péilopus occur 
commonly. The wide-ranging Nicobar Pigeon (Calenas nicobaricus) 
is frequently met with, and is not afraid to venture considerable 
distances from land. On my last visit to the group one flew on 
board and settled for some seconds, when we were distant forty 
miles to the westward of Renual Island—an outlying island that can 


= 


1888. ] ZOOLOGY OF THE SOLOMON ISLANDS. 249 


be hardly said to belong to the Solomon group at all. I have 
noticed, especially on the island of Malayta, that the Pigeons leave 
the mainland of the large islands and resort at night in thousands to 
roost on the small detached islands off the coast. I can only account 
for this fact by the supposition that they find themselves free from 
the attacks of the large Monitor Lizards, which would not be so 
plentiful there as on the mainland. 

Among Parrots the wide-ranging Helectus polychloros is common, 
and several Lories, the handsome Lorius cardinalis not being found 
elsewhere, while the minute Nasiterna of two or three species is 
occasionally met with. These most interesting little birds creep 
about on the trunks of the large trees like tree-creepers, their tails 
being furnished with pointed feathers for the purpose. It is an 
extremely interesting fact that the Cockatoo peculiar to the Solomons 
(Cacatua ducorpsi) does not extend to the island of San Christoval 
and smaller islands adjacent ; and the same is the case with the Horn- 
bill (Buceros plicatus), the island of Guadaleanar being consequently 
the most eastern limit of the extension of these two genera. 

At a certain time of the year, when the bright red flowers of the 
coral-tree (Hrythrina) are conspicuous among the bright green 
foliage of the forest, the Lories resort to them in large numbers, and 
the natives spreading fine nets near the trees catch them in consider- 
able quantities. I have had as many as fifty of different species 
brought me in one day, the neck being invariably broken by their 
struggles in the net. 

On Guadalcanar I was fortunate enough to discover a new Crow 
(Macrocorax woodfordi), but I believe it to be extremely local, and 
confined to a part only of that island. I did not meet with it or hear 
of it at other places that I visited, nor have other collectors met with 
it. At Aola, on Guadalcanar, where I made my headquarters for six 
months, it was extremely plentiful. 

One of the most interesting birds I met with was the Mega- 
podius brenchleyi—a bird allied to the mound-building Talegalla of 
Australia. This species was first described from a fresh-hatched 
specimen brought home by the late Julius Brenchley, and figured in 
his ‘ Voyage of the Curacoa.’ This bird, although only about the 
size of a large pigeon, lays an egg bigger than that of a duck. It 
is commonly distributed throughout the group, and allied species 
are, I believe, found on the groups to the east and south-east ; but it 
is upon the island of Savo that it is found in the greatest abundance. 
Here the eggs form an important item in the daily food-supply of 
the natives, and I have bought, when calling there, as many as ten 
eges for one stick of tobacco, value about three farthings. The Savo 
natives have a curious legend connected with this bird. They hold 
the Shark in great veneration, and say that their island was made by 
the Shark, who brought the stones together and placed upon them 
aman, a woman, the yam-plant, and the Megapode. Things went 
well for a time, and the people increased, and so did the Megapodes. 
At last the people went to the Shark and complained that the Mega- 
podes made much havoc among the yam-patches by digging holes 


250 ON THE ZOOLOGY OF THE SOLOMON ISLANDS. [May l, 


to lay their eggs; so they asked the Shark to take the Megapodes 
away. This was done; but now the natives missed the Megapodes’ 
eggs, so they asked the Shark to bring the Megapodes back but to 
confine them to one spot. This request was also complied with, and 
the result may now be seen. The Megapodes lay their eggs on two 
large cleared sandy spaces, and nowhere else on the island. Upon 
these no weeds or grass can grow, as the sand is constantly being 
turned over by the birds when digging holes to lay their eggs, and 
by the natives when in search of them. The sandy spaces are fenced 
off into plots which belong to different owners. 

I met with one of these Megapodes’ laying-yards at Aola, on Gua- 
daleanar, and was fortunate enough to be able to photograph it. The 
first photograph gives a general view of the yard, which was nearly 
half a mile in length and about fifty yards wide, with the fences 
dividing it off for different owners. The second photograph shows 
a closer view of a portion of the yard, with the holes scraped in the 
sand by the birds. All over the yard may be noticed the tracks of 
the tails of the large Monitors, as though a stick had been drawn 
along the sand. I expect they take a pretty severe toll of the eggs. 
The eggs, which are buried from a foot to two feet in the warm 
sand, receive no further care from the birds, but the young shift for 
themselves from the time of hatching, and can fly at once, or very 
soon after leaving the egg. The natives are quite indifferent as to 

_the condition of the eggs when they eat them—whether they are 
vewly laid or well advanced towards hatching being all the same to 
them. From experience I can say that they are excellent food. 

The laying-yards are always made where the soil is loose and sandy, 
the birds require no other inducement. An open space being of 
course essential to allow the rays of the sun to warm the ground, it 
would evidently be quite useless for the birds to lay in the thick 
forest, or under the shade of trees. It is easy to imagine that before 
the natives constructed and cleared these laying-yards for the birds, 
they would be likely to lay in the yam-patches and garden clearings, 
and where they were plentiful would prove a serious inconvenience, 
as alleged in the Savo legend. 

The birds do not build a mound, but, as will be seen from the 
second photograph, make a hole from a foot to two feet deep. The 
sand afterwards falls in and covers the egg. ‘The ground is con- 
sequently full of depressions, reminding one forcibly of the pitfalls 
of the ant-lion on a large scale. 

Among the Butterflies this group of islands appears to be the 
limit of range of the genus Ornithoptera, which, curiously enough, as 
in the case of Cockatoos and Hornbills, does not extend to San 
Christoval. Two species occur—the somewhat wide-ranging O. du- 
villiana and the remarkable and local O. victoria. This latter is, so 
far as I know, confined to the islands of Guadalcanar, Florida, and 
part of Malayta. 


SIIVHUONAAL SNAONOH 


chur soug Vara qQUny YT 12 8p Yuug s9jag 


1888.] ON A NEW LAND-TORTOISE FROM SOUTH AFRICA. 251 


2. Description of a new Land-Tortoise from South Africa, 
from a Specimen living in the Society’s Gardens. By 
G. A. Boutencesr, F.Z.S. 


[Received April 6, 1888.] 
(Plate XIV.) 


The following is a description of a new species of the genus 
Homopus, three (female) specimens of which have been presented 
to the Society by the Rev. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S. They were 
obtained at Cradock. In a letter to the Secretary and in one to me, 
Mr. Fisk drew attention to differences shown by these specimens as 
compared to those of the neighbourhood of the Cape. These 
differences indicate unquestionably a distinct species, which I propose 
to name 


Homopvus FEMORALIS, sp. nov. (Plate XIV.) 


Shell more than twice as long as deep, flat on the vertebral region, 
posterior margin reverted and serrated. Dorsal shields not swollen, 
concentrically striated, separated by deep grooves; areole not or 
but feebly impressed; vertebral shields as broad as or a little 
narrower than the costals; nuchal small, longer than broad. Plastron 
and plastral shields as in H. areolatus. A pair of large prefrontal 
shields, followed by a large frontal; beak feebly hooked ; lower jaw 
narrower than in H. areolatus. Fore limb anteriorly covered with 
very large, imbricate, pointed tubercles, one of which, on the inner 
side near the elbow, is movable at right angles to the others; a very 
large conical tubercle on the hinder side of the thigh. Pale brown 
above, each shield narrowly edged with black in front and on the 
sides; plastral shields yellow, brown anteriorly. Shielded or 
tuberculate soft parts pale brownish, naked parts orange. 

Length of shell 13 centim. 

This Tortoise differs from both H. areolatus and H. signatus in 
the larger size and the feebly hooked upper jaw: from the former in 
the serrated posterior margin of the carapace and in the spur-like 
tubercle on the back of the thigh; and from the latter by the small 
inguinal shield, which is widely separated from the femoral shield, 
the presence of large preefrontal and frontal shields, and the absence 
of the fifth claw in the hand. 

For my knowledge of the animal of H. signatus, only the shell 
of which was kuown, I am indebted to Mr. Peringuey, who has 
recently brought to the British Museum two specimens ubtained by 
him in Damaraland. Although provided with 5-4 claws, H. signatus 
must none the less be referred to the genus Homopus, on account of 
the absence of a median alveolar ridge in the upper jaw. T'estudo 
horsfieldi, on the other hand, is, in spite of its 4-4 claws, a true 
Testudo. 


252 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE [May 1, 


3. Notes on the Visceral Anatomy of Birds.—No. II. On the 
Respiratory Organs in certain Diving Birds. By Franx 
E. Bepparp, M.A., F.R.S.E., Prosector to the Society. 


[Received May 1, 1888.] 


This note is based on the examination of some Puffins (Fratercula 
arctica) and of examples of two species of Penguins (Eudyptula 
minor and Spheniscus demersus), all of which have come into my 
hands for dissection at the Society’s Gardens. 

The most noticeable peculiarity about the respiratory apparatus 
of Fratercula, indeed the only one that I observed, concerns the 
structure of the oblique septum (‘‘ diaphragm thoraco-abdominale,” 
Sappey) ; the general relations of this fibrous septum, which shuts off 
the lungs and the ‘ intermediate ’ air-sacs from the abdominal cavity, 
have been already described in the ‘Proceedings’ of this Society * 
by Prof. Huxley ; as that description applies perfectly to the three 
birds treated of in the present note, I merely refer to it. I may 
mention, however, that the best figure known to me illustrating the 
general disposition of the thoracic and abdominal viscera of a bird 
is to be found in Wiedersheim’s ‘ Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Ana- 
tomie der Wirbelthiere’*. The oblique septum of Fratercula is remark- 
able for the fact that it is covered for a considerable area with a layer 
of muscular fibres. This layer of muscular fibres arises (fig. 1, p. 253) 
from the pubis—from the proximal and larger half of this bone ; it is 
abundantly furnished with blood-vessels and nerves. The direction 
of the muscle is oblique; it covers the hinder region of the oblique 
septum, ending abruptly some little way in front of the posterior 
attachment of the latter; the oblique septum, as in other birds, arises 
partly from the pubis, but the posterior limit of its attachment to 
this bone is considerably further forward than that of the sheet of 
muscle. This sheet of muscle, besides ending abruptly upon the 
oblique septum in front, is attached below to the upper surface of 
the sternum, and to the abdominal parietes along the last sternal rib. 
On the left side of the body the sheet of muscles is attached to 
the sternum along a line much closer to the attachment of the 
umbilical ligament than on the right side. The muscular fibres 
which make up the sheet of muscle are arranged in a parallel series 
of comparatively thick bundles with transparent (? fibrous) inter- 
spaces. 

! The presence of this muscular layer is not, however, peculiar to 
the Puffin. 

Prof. Huxley, in the paper already quoted, states that in the Duck 
the oblique septum ‘ contains, on each side, a layer of unstriped 
muscular fibres.’ Judging from Prof. Huxley’s figure (op. cit. 
p. 565, fig. 2, m), the layer of muscular fibres in the Duck is by no 
means so extensive as in the Puffin. Prof. Huxley particularly 
states that he has been unable to discover any such fibres in Apieryx. 


1 P.Z.8. 1882, p. 560. 2 Ste Aufl., Jena, 1886, p. 654. 


1888.} VISCERAL ANATOMY OF BIRDS. 253 


In the very complete description of the respiratory apparatus of 
birds which Prof. Wiedersheim gives in his ‘ Lehrbuch der ver- 
gleichenden Anatomie’ there is no mention of any other bird in 
which muscular fibres cover the oblique septum ; Prof. Huxley’s 
statement about the Duck is referred to in a footnote’. 

I have found that an identica] structure occurs in two species of 
Penguin, viz. Eudyptula minor and Spheniscus demersus ; in both of 
these birds the oblique septum is covered posteriorly by a layer of 
muscular fibres which rise from the pubis and are attached ventrally 
to the sternum. 

After referring to the late Prof. Morrison Watson’s elaborate 


Fig. 1. 


QS» 


Dissection of Fratercula arctica, to illustrate disposition of oblique septum. 


a, oblique septum ; J, coils of intestine; Pb, pubis. 


and well-illustrated Report upon the Penguins collected by the 
‘Challenger’ *, and finding there no mention of this muscular layer, 
I believed that this particular resemblance between the Puffin and 
the Penguins would be recorded for the first time in the present 
paper. Quite recently I have become acquainted with the contents 
of a short paper *® by M. Filhol, in which he describes this muscular 
layer in the Penguin, though in another species. The following 


1 P. 665, note 2. ? Zool. Chall. Exp. vol. vii. 
3 “Sur la constitution du diaphragme des Ludyptes,” Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) 
t. vi. p. 235. 


254 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE [May 1, 


quotation from his paper will show that he probably refers to a 
structure identical with that described in the present note (doc. cié. 
p- 236) :— 

“Indépendamment de ces deux faisceaux musculaires que lon 
retrouve avec la méme disposition chez tous les oiseaux, j'ai observé 
chez les Eudyptes au niveau de l’ongle formé en dehors par le 
diaphragme thoraco-abdominale et la portion inférieure du diaphragme 
thoracique, un faisceau musculaire 4 fibres pales et divergentes. 
Ces fibres sont dirigées suivant le contour qu’affecte en leur point 
d’existence la cavité abdominale. Elles sont assez courtes et se 
terminent toutes par un sommet aponeurotique. Je désignerai ce 
muscle par l’appellation de muscle diaphragmatique transverse.” 

It appears therefore that the Puffins as well as the Penguins and 
Ducks are to be distinguished from many other birds by the fact that 
the oblique septum is partially covered by a layer of muscular fibres. 
But this layer of muscular fibres is by no means equally developed 
inallthe three groups cf birds. It is best developed in the Puffin and 
in the Penguins; it appears to be very feebly developed in the Duck. 
Prof. Huxley gives no particular description of it in the Duck, but 
his figure ' shows that the layer of muscular fibres is very limited in 
extent and does not reach nearly as far as the sternum. It is 
attached to the dorsal middle line of the body and only covers the 
oblique septum for a very short way. I have found in the Toucan 
(Rhamphastos ariel) a perfectly similar patch of muscle occupying 
an identical position; the muscular fibres in this case also were 
obviously unstriated. 

There is another important difference between the muscular layer 
of the oblique septum in the Duck and that in the Puffin. Zhe 
fibres are in the Duck (according to Prof. Huxley) and in the 
Toucan unstriated; in the Puffin they are distinctly striated: I 
unfortunately neglected to observe whether this was also the case 
in the Penguins, and Filhol makes no mention of the point. 

It does not, however, as it appears to me, affect the question of 
the homology of the muscular layer covering the oblique septum in 
these three types to learn that the fibres are striate in the one and 
unstriate in the other. 

The muscular fibres of the alimentary tract are commonly said to 
be striated in the Tench, while they are unstriated in other fish. 
It is unnecessary to insist upon the homology of the muscular layer 
in the two cases. 

Mr. C. F. Marshall, in a paper upon the histelogy of muscle *, 
points out that striation in the fibres of muscle-bundles appears to be 
associated with greater activity on the part of the muscle. The 
muscles, for example, of an Echinus are for the most part unstriated ; 
those muscles which move the valves of the pedicellariz are striated, 
as was shown by Mr. Geddes and myself, and more recently by 
Hamann. The pedicellarie are undoubtedly the most actively 
moving organs of the Zchinus; and the nature of their muscles 
(striate) supports the views of Mr. Marshall. 

1 Loc, cit. p. 565, fig. 2, m. 2 Quart. Journ. Micr, Sci., Aug. 1887. 


1888.] VISCERAL ANATOMY OF BIRDS. 255 


It is possible then, as it appears to me, that the feebly developed 
muscular layer which extends for a short way over the dorsal 
attachment of the oblique septum in the Duck and in the Toucan 
may be the degenerate rudiment of the powerful muscle which 
extends over so large a portion of the oblique septum in the Penguin 
and inthe Puffin. There is nothing, moreover, in the facts, so far as 
they have been stated, to disprove the truth of the converse to the 
above, viz. that the powerfully developed muscular layer of the 
Penguin and the Puffin is a.further development of the feeble 
musculature of the oblique septum in the Duck. 

To decide which of these two alternatives is the more probable, it 
is necessary to go into the question of the nature and homologies of 
the muscular layer in question. 

I have at present been unable to discover any bird in which the 
oblique septum showed characters which would serve to throw any 
light upon the question. 

No doubt the structure of the viscera of the extinct Dinosauria 
would solve the problem at once ; but, failing these, itis clear that 
the Crocodilia more than any existing group of Reptiles approach 
birds in their structure. 

Prof. Huxley has in his paper, so frequently referred to, indicated 
many striking resemblances between the respiratory organs of Birds 
and those of Crocodiles. 

It had already been noted by Sir R. Owen’ and by Dr. Martin? 
that the abdominal cavity of Crocodiles is remarkable for the great 
development of special serous sacs enveloping the various viscera, 
its cavity being thus greatly subdivided. In this arrangement 
there is a very close similarity to Birds, as Prof. Huxley pointed 
out. ‘A fibrous expansion extends from the vertebral column 
over the anterior face of the stomach, the liver, and the dorsal and 
front aspect of the pericardium, to the sternum and the parietes of 
the thorax, separating the thoraco-abdominal space into a respiratory 
and a cardio-abdominal cavity, and representing the oblique septum 
of the bird”? (Huxley, loc. cit. p. 568). This supposed homologue 
of the oblique septum in the Crocodile is not, however, simply made 
up of a layer of fibrous tissue ; Prof. Huxley goes on to say in the 
same paper and on the same page :—“ A broad, thin muscle arises, 
on each side, from the anterior margin of the pubis; and its fibres 
pass forwards, diverging as they go, to be inserted into the ventral 
face of the posterior part of the pericardium and into the ventral and 
lateral parts of the fibrous capsule of the stomach, passing between 
that organ and the adherent posterior face of the liver, and being 
inserted into the fibrous aponeurosis which covers the anterior 
surface of the stomach, and represents the oblique septum.’’ 

If the homologies instituted by Prof. Huxley be allowed, then this 
muscle is clearly the equivalent of the muscle which I have described 
in this paper in the Puffin and which M. Filhol has described in 
the Penguin ; in every case the muscle arises from the pubis and 
extends as far as the region of the stomach; in the two birds, 

1 P,Z.8. 1881, p. 139. 2 P.Z.8. 1835, p. 129. 


256 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE [May I, 


however, the muscle is attached to the sternum and its fibres are 
striated (? Penguin); as to the Crocodile, Prof. Huxley does not 
state whether the muscles are striated or not. Judging from the 
analogy of other reptiles (Lacertilia), where muscular fibres also 
extend into the mesenteries’, they are not; but the homology is 
not, in my opinion, already stated, affected by this question”. 

The rudimentary muscles which clothe a limited area of the 
oblique septum in the Duck and Toucan are probably to be derived 
from the same muscle in the Crocodile, or else they may be directly 
traceable to a bird ancestor in which the same muscles were present 
in the same hypertrophied condition that they now are in the 
Penguin and Puffin. 

The muscle in question is in fact more highly developed in the 
Puttin and Penguin than in the Crocodile; but the habits of the 
birds suggest an explanation not only of the retention of the muscle 
but also of its great development and the appearance of an attach- 
ment to the ventral parietes. 

Both these birds are diving birds, and it seems therefore reasonable 
to suppose that any organ which would facilitate vigorous inspirations 
and expirations would be highly advantageous. Now the respiratory 
movements in birds are largely brought about by the abdominal 
muscles, which depress the sternum and the parietes, and so drive the 
air from the air-sacs through the lungs to the exterior. But the 
sternum in the Puffin &c. is long and the muscular abdominal parietes 
are therefore shorter than usual. The muscular force available is as 
a consequence not so great as in many other birds (e.g. the Emu) ; 
this deficiency is made up for by the muscle covering the oblique 
septum, and moreover the relations of this muscle are such that it is 
particularly available for its presumed function. 

In the first of the present series of ‘‘ Notes upon the Visceral 
Anatomy of Birds” * I have called attention to the resemblance 
between the so-called ‘‘ omentum”? of Birds and the “horizontal 
septum”? of the Crocodile, which is directly continuous with the 
oblique septa of the same reptile, and is apparently not distinguished 
from it by Prof. Huxley. It seems to me that the entire fibrous 
expansion which arises from the vertebral column and extends over 
the anterior face of the stomach, liver, Sc. in the Crocodile represents 
both the oblique septa and the omentum in the bird. 

The middle part of the fibrous expansion in the Crocodile bears 
the two anterior abdominal veins, or at least they pass between it 
and the ventral parietes. In the bird there are a number of small 
veins upon the omentum which join the portal system, and are 
probably collectively the equivalents of the anterior abdominal system 
in the Crocodile. This appears to me to be an argument in favour 
of identifying the median portion of the fibrous expansion in the 
Crocodile with the omentum of the bird. 


1 Rathke, Wiener Sitzungsb. 1852. 

2 Prof. G. B. Howes tells me that the muscle in question is composed of 
lain fibres in the Crocodile. 

8 P.Z. 8. 1885, p. 836. 


1888. ] VISCERAL ANATOMY OF BIRDS. 257 


A difficulty in the way of this comparison is the relation of the 
omentum to the oblique septa in many birds ; the oblique septa pass 
from the hinder part of the abdominal cavity arising from, or near, 
the pubis ; they are attached to the parietes ventrally and dorsally, 
and completely shut off a triangular segment of the ccelom from that 
portion of the ccelom which contains the intestines; the omentum 
comes into contact with the oblique septum and even fuses with it, 
but it is quite distinct from it, in the direction of its fibres, &c. It 


Diagrammatic transyerse section through abdominal region of Emu, to 
illustrate the oblique septum. 


a, oblique septum ; 4, umbilical ligament. 


might appear therefore at first sight as if the omentum was a structure 
peculiar to birds and that the whole of the ‘fibrous expansion” of 
the Crocodile represented the oblique septa, the only difference being 
that in the birds the two halves had shrunk away from each other 
towards the lateral parietes. 

The relation of the oblique septa to the omentum in the Emu 
is rather different from that of many birds and enables this 
difficulty to be surmounted. The oblique septa pass back to the 
extremity of the abdominal cavity, but posteriorly they are not 
attached to the ventral parietes ; the oblique septum has thus a free 
ventral edge for a considerable length ; the omentum is attached to 
it apparently as in other birds, but on stretching the oblique septum 
the free edge is seen to be double and really to be produced by an 
upward fold ; at this point the strong interlacing tendinous fibres of 
the oblique septum disappear and the membrane passes without any 
break into the omentum. If this membrane is sufficiently stretched 


258 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF INDIA. [May I, 


the intestines of the Emu are seen to be covered by a horizontal 
septum, which resembles that of the Crocodiles except that it does 
riot arise from the dorsal median line but along two lines placed 
nearer to the lateral parietes ; the relations of the posterior region 
of the oblique septum to the omentum are represented diagramma- 
tically in the accompanying drawing (fig. 2, p. 257). These facts, 
then, support my contention that the omentum as well as the oblique 
septa of birds are to be derived from the fibrous expansion which 
covers over the viscera in the Crocodilia. 

They also suggest that the oblique septum of birds has been 
produced by a vertical fold of this fibrous expansion which became 
attached to the ventral parietes and ultimately lost all traces in most 
birds (?) of its primitively double nature, and not by a separation 
of part of it. 


4. Observations on the Fishes of India.—Part I. 
By Francts Day, C.LE., F.Z.8. 


[Received April 18, 1888. ] 


During the ten years that have elapsed since the completion of 
my work upon the ‘ Fishes of India,’ several new piscine forms have 
been obtained, both from the seas and fresh waters of that part of 
Asia. Extended observations among specimens preserved in the 
Museums of Europe have likewise convinced me that some species 
which I formerly considered to be undescribed have no title to that 
designation, while several of my new ones have been redescribed as 
novelties by others. The foregomg reasons would scarcely have in- 
duced me to recur again to this interesting fish-fauna had it not 
been that it is proposed to re-issue my work in a more portable size, 
better suited to the requirements of travellers and collectors. As 
the subject of the geographical distribution of these fishes will have 
to be considered, I am obliged to point out not only such forms as 
I have erroneously described to be new, but likewise to advert to 
those of other describers which I believe would come under this head. 


CROMILEPTES ALTIVELIS. 


Serranus altivelis, Cuv. & Val. 

? Serranus striolatus, Playfair, Fish. Zanzibar, p. 11, pl. ui. f. 2. 

? Serranus gibbosus, Boulenger, P. Z. 8. 1887, p. 654. 

The figure of Serranus altivelis in Cuv. & Val. ii. pl. xxxv. shows 
the spines of the dorsal fin increasing in length to the last, which 
is delineated nearly twice as long as the second. Cantor, in his 
‘Malayan Fishes,’ remarked that these spines from the third were 
of nearly equal length; Bleeker shows them slightly, but gradually 
augmenting to the last, which is figured as one fifth longer than the 
third: I have observed them more nearly corresponding with Cantor’s 
description. The foregoing shows that differences do exist as to the 
length of these spines, and that a gradual augmentation from the 


1888. ] MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF INDIA. 259 


third to the last is not carried out in a similar manner in all speci- 
mens. 

The specimen of S. s¢riolatus is stuffed, and the ends of the 3rd, 
4th, and 10th dorsal spines are broken; the 3rd and 4th are said to 
be the longest and one third the length of the head, thus differing 
from S. altivelis: the last dorsal spine is rather more than half the 


length of the longest ray G)- The soft portions of the dorsal and 


anal fins are similar to S. altivelis and S. gibbosus; the pectoral is 
shorter than in S. gibbosus, which is nearly as long as in S. alfivelis. 

The specimen of Serranus gibbosus is of very similar form to the 
foregoing, which may be owing to having been preserved in strong 
spirit instead of being a skin; its third dorsal spine is nearly as long 
as the longest ray, but its last spine is broken. ‘The length of its 
head (from the end of the snout to the end of the opercular spines) 
is 47 in that of the total length. The colours are between the two 
others ; its spots are larger in size than in S. striolatus, but having a 
similar tendency to form about 15 irregular rows along either side of 
the body. 

I think the Zanzibar and Muscat fishes are merely separated from 
one another by their colours, and that their form differs from C. al¢i- 
velis in the shorter lengths of their dorsal spines. This fish does 
not appear to extend to the Red Sea; consequently if S. striolatus 
and S. gibbosus are varieties of S. altivelis, they are found in the 
extreme limits at which this species extends to the west. Without, 
therefore, absolutely holding them to be identical, I think that 
when a larger number of specimens have been obtained they will 
probably only be ranked as varieties. 


SERRANUS DIACANTHUS, Cuv. & Val. 
Epinephelus retouti, Bleeker, Fish. Madagascar, p. 21, pl. xii. f. 1. 


SERRANUS LATIFASCIATUS, Schlegel. 
Serranus grammicus, Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 700. 


Since my description of this fish was published, I have seen 
Schlegel’s types in the Leyden Museum, and they undoubtedly 
belong to this species. 


SERRANUS MORRHUA, Cuy. & Val. 


Serranus preopercularis, Boulenger, l. c. p. 654. 

As I have already given an account of the colours of this fish, I 
will merely remark that the young have sinuous white bands, but as 
the fish becomes older it assumes a brown eolour, with narrow black 
lines, which were the original borders of the white bands. In the 
Paris Museum is a young specimen having dark spots along the lines 
which bound the white bands. In Klunzinger’s figure (Fisch. Roth. 
Meeres., t. i. f. 2), three brown lines radiate from the eye and become 
four curved ones on the body, the first going to the 8th dorsal spine, 
the second to the 5th ray, while between these are blotches, spots, or 
markings of the same colour. The fifth dorsal spine is shown the 
longest. 


260 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF INDIA. [May 1, 


In S. preopercularis the colour differs, the lines being more or 
less broken up into spots; but if the smaller of the two specimens 
(12 inches in length) is examined, it has the distinct remains of the 
black lines which edge the bands on the head, as shown in my 
‘Fishes of India,’ while the opercular spines are similarly placed to 
those in S. morrhua. 

As regards colours, it is by no means unusual that vertical bands 
in these fishes have a tendency to disappear, and horizontal lines to 
break up into spots, and even entirely fade away. 


Grammistes punctatus, Cuyv. & Val. 
Sent by Dr. Bidie from Madras in 1833. 


LuTIANUS ARGENTIMACULATUS, Forsk. 
Mesoprion garretti, Giinther, Fische d. Siidsee, p. 15, t. xiii. f. B. 


ApoGon ELLIOTI, Day. 

Apogon arafure, Ginther, ‘ Challenger’ Shore-fishes, 1880, p. 38, 
pl. xvi. f.C. 

SYNAGRIS TENIOPTERUS, Cuv. & Val. 

Synagris notatus, Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 684. 


GERRES SETIFER, Ham.- Buch. 
Gerres altispinis, Giinther, Intr. Study of Fishes, with a figure. 


PEMPHERIS MALABARICA, Cuv. & Val. 
Pempheris mangula, Day, Fish. India, p. 175. 


PEMPHERIS RUSSELLI. 
Pempheris molucca, Day, Fish. India, p. 175. 


This species is identical with Russell’s fish, plate xiv., but not with 
P. mangula, Cuv. & Val., a form figured in Giinther’s Fische d. 
Siidsee, t. lix. f. B, whereas Klunzinger’s P. mangula differs again 
from both species. 


Umprna sinvuata, Day. 
OUmbrina striata, Boulenger, P. Z.S. 1887, p. 660. 


TRACHYNOTUS RUSSELLI, Cuv. & Val. 

Trachynotus coppingeri, Giinther, Fish. Alert Exp. 1881-82, 
p- 29, pl. i. f. A. 

PsENnEs JAVANICUS, Cuv. & Val. 


Psenes guamensis, Giinther, Fische d. Siidsee, ii. p. 145, t. xci. 
f. 100. 


PERCIS CYLINDRICA, sp. Nov. 
Bovin DD. oy2. Po 15. Ve 1/5.) Avlz—18.. C0. Tose i ioe 
L. tr. 23/9. 
Length of head 4, of caudal fin 53, height of body 53 in the total 


1888. | MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF INDIA. 261 


length. Zyes: diameter 3} in the length of the head, 1 diameter from 
the end of the snout, and + of a diameter apart. The greatest width 
of the head equals its length excluding the snout. Cleft of mouth 
very slightly oblique ; lower jaw a little the longer; the posterior 
extremity of the maxilla reaches to beneath the first third of the 
orbit. The greatest depth of the preorbital equals one third of the 
diameter of the eye. All the opercles entire ; a well-marked spine 
on the opercle, and another on the subopercle; no shoulder-spine. 
Teeth : two enlarged ones on either side above the symphysis of the 
lower jaw; fine ones on the vomer. Fins: second dorsal spine the 
longest, equalling three fourths of the diameter of the eye. Pectoral 
nearly as long as the head. Ventral one fourth longer than the 
head, reaching the base of the seventh anal ray. Caudal slightly 
rounded. Colours: reddish brown, with five wide and dark vertical 
bands, extending from the back to the lower surface, these bands 
being darkest at their edges and disappearing about the middle of the 
body, where there are also some dark spots; a brown ocellus at the 
upper part of the base of the caudal fin, which has some brown 
spots on it. Numerous brown spots on the snout and upper surface 
of the head and cheeks, some on the upper edge of the eye, where 
there are two dark narrow bands. Ventrals white; first dorsal fin 
nearly black between the spines ; soft dorsal and anal with fine dots 
between the rays. 
Hab. Two small specimens from the Andaman Islands. 


GoBIUS LITTOREUS, Sp. Nov. 


B. y., D.6/il.. P. 15. V.1/5._A. 10.7 C14, L. 1. 22. 
Ligtt. Os 

Length of head 43, of caudal fin 43, height of body 5} in the 
total length. yes: diameter 3 in the length of the head, 5 a dia- 
meter from the end of the snout, and placed close together. The 
greatest width of the head equals 4 of its length, while its height 
equals its length excluding the snout. Anterior profile of the head 
somewhat obtuse; cleft of mouth oblique, lower jaw slightly the 
longer; the posterior extremity of the maxilla reaches to beneath 
the first third of the eye. Preopercle spineless, and no warts on the 
head. Teeth in villiform rows, none enlarged. ins: dorsal 
spines of moderate strength, the longest nearly half the length of the 
head ; pectorai as long as the head, some of its rays fine and silk- 
like; caudal pointed. Scales ctenoid, none on the head; eleven 
rows between the occiput and front edge of the dorsal fin. Colours: 
yellowish, with a few dark spots on the body and a dark band from 
the eye to the snout, also a dark mark on the opercle. Upper half 
of eye black. Dorsal, anal, and candal fins with a grey outer 
edging ; ventra!s white. 

Hab. A small species from Madras. 


ELEOTRIS MACROLEPIDOTA, Bloch. 


This fish is not Eleotris hoedtii of Bleeker, as stated in Giinther’s 
Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1888, No. XIX. 19 


262 MR. F, DAY ON THE FISHES OF INDIA. [May 1, 


Fische Siidsee,’ ii. p. 185, as the type at Berlin (No. 2155) has 
D. 7/3, A. zy (the last ray in both being almost double, and there- 
fore counted as two by Bloch), L. |. 30, L. tr. 13-14, and from 
27 to 28 scales between the snout and the first dorsal fin. 


ELEOTRIs ELLIOTI, sp. nov. 


Cul nachooli, Tamil. 

moves Do hl2n Postar Vole Ae kos O. lot Tia 

fy, tre VG. 

Length of head 43, of caudal fin 43, height of body 53 in the 
total length. Hyes high up, diameter 34 in the length of the head, 
1 diameter from the end of the snout. Height of head two thirds 
of its length ; interorbital space narrow. Cleft of mouth somewhat 
oblique, the maxilla extends posteriorly to beneath the middle of the 
eye. Teeth rather large, in a single row in the upper jaw, with two 
small lateral canines, in two or three rows in the centre of the lower 
jaw, separated from the single lateral row by two large, recurved, 
canines. ins: dorsal spines thin, flexible, and equal in height to 
the body below them; second dorsal and anal of similar height and 
one third lower than the first dorsal. Pectoral nearly as long as the 
head. Caudal rounded, with its central rays somewhat the longest. 
Scales: ctenoid in the posterior portion of the body, where they are 
larger than anteriorly, small on the surface of the head; none on 
the cheeks. Co/ours: whitish, with fine wide and light-coloured 
chestnut bands descending from the back, each of which has a black 
outer edge; another over the nape is without dark edges. Caudal 
fin brown, with a broad, yellowish, black-bordered vertical band 
down its centre. A dark horizontal band running along the cheeks 
below the eye. Dorsal fins light brown, with light outer edges, a 
large black white-edged blotch on the posterior half of the first dorsal 
fin, and a second but smaller one at the termination of the second 
dorsal, which last fin is white at its base. 

Hab. Madras. 

A skin from Sir W, Elliot’s collection is 3°2 inches in length, 
but is in bad condition; a coloured drawing was made from the 
fish when captured. 


PETROSCRITES STRIATUS, Sp. NOV. 
Bevis DO. 40. Polo, Vic oe Ae ose Woone 


Length of head 43, of caudal fin 62, height of body 6 in the total 
length. yes: diameter 23 in the length of the head, 7 of a dia- 
meter from the end of the snout, and the same distance apart. The 
greatest width of the head equals half its length; the maxilla reaches 
to beneath the first third of the orbit. Snout somewhat broad and 
rounded in front, the upper jaw a little the longer. No tentacles on 
the head. Teeth: an exceedingly large recurved canine on either 
side of the lower jaw, while about 14 teeth are present between the 
canines, Fins: dorsal commences midway between the eye and 
the hind edge of the opercles, and does not extend quite so far as 


1888. ] MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF INDIA. 263 


the caudal fin; the height of its longest ray equals two thirds of that 
of the body, and is rather more than those in the anal fin, which 
latter is not united to the caudal. Colours: with about ten broad 
vertical bands, extending from the base of the dorsal to the anal 
fins, separated from one another by a very narrow white line. Dor- 
sal and anal fins externally black-edged, and the membranes studded 
with fine brown spots. Caudal light-coloured. 
Hab. Ceylon. 


SALARIAS SINDENSIS, sp. nov. 


B. vi. D. 13/20. P.14. V.2. A. 23. C. 12. 

Length of head 5, height of body 5 in the total length. yes 
situated high up near the dorsal profile, diameter } of the length of 
the head. Body strongly compressed, profile from above the orbit 
to the end of the snout oblique. The height of the head equals its 
length excluding the snout. The posterior extremity of the maxilla 
reaches to beneath the front edge of the eye. No tentacles or crest 
on the head. Teeth well developed large posterior canines. ns: 
dorsal not notched, but highest posteriorly, where the longest rays 
equal half the height of the body, anal not quite so high as the soft 
dorsal ; dorsal, anal, and caudal rays unbranched. ‘The dorsal and 
anal fins not quite connected to the caudal. Colours: olivaceous ; 
four wide brown bands on the head, the three anterior of which en- 
circle it ; about twelve vertical bands on the body more or less distinct, 
but more marked at the base of the dorsal fin. Dorsal fin with a 
dark mark along its anterior two thirds ; anal black-edged, each ray 
tipped with pure white. In one there appear to be marks of some 
el horizontal bands having existed along the front half of the 

ody. 

Hab. Three specimens from Kurrachee in Sind. 


SALARIAS NEILLI, Sp. nov. 


Bem Veg) 6. 1s, Va Zon al, CoO, 

Length of head 43, height of body 43 in the total length. yes 
situated high up, near the dorsal profile, 4 diameters in the length 
of the head, 1 diameter from the end of the snout, and 3 a diameter 
apart. Frontal profile very steep, the head as high as it is long, 
the maxilla reaches to beneath the last third of the eye. A fringed 
supraorbital tentacle about twice as long as the eye; a small fringed 
one at the nostril; no crest on the head. Teeth: a very large 
curved canine posteriorly in the lower jaw, and a smaller curved one 
in the upper. ins: spinous portion of dorsal fin lower than the 
rayed part, the notch between the two parts of the fin well marked ; 
the longest dorsal rays are equal to half the height of the body of 
the fish; neither the dorsal nor the anal fin are attached to the 
caudal, which latter is somewhat wedge-shaped, and its rays are 
branched. Colours: olive, with seven or eight short dark bands 
descending from the dorsal fin down the first third of the body ; 
some dark bands radiate from the eye; a large black blotch below 

hg 


264 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES OF INDIA. [May 1, 


and somewhat behind the orbit. Two semicircular brown bands 
across the lower surface of the mandibles. Fins darker than the 
body. 
se named this fish after A. Brisbane Neill, Esq., to whom I 
am under great obligations for the valuable assistance he has given 
me in my ichthyological publications. 

Hab. Ten examples from Kurrachee in Sind. 


SALARIAS BREVIS, Kner, 1868. 
Salarias leopardus, Day, P.Z.S. 1869, p. 518. 


ACANTHOCLINUS INDICUS, sp. nov. 


Be vice Do 21/4, SP. TGs We doe he LO) 14. | oa ee 
L. Il: 40). L. tr. 14. 

Length of head 4, of caudal fin 5, height of body 3 in the total 
length. Zyes: diameter + of the length of the head, 1 diameter 
from the end of the snout, and ¢ of a diameter apart. Cleft of 
mouth somewhat oblique, the maxilla reaching posteriorly to beneath 
the hind third of the orbit. Two strong opercular spines. Teeth 
in jaws, vomer, and palate. ins: dorsal spines strong, the fin 
not united to the caudal; pectorals rounded; ventrals long and 
inserted slightly in front of the base of the pectoral ; caudal rounded. 
Scales cycloid. Lateral line absent. Colours: brownish black, 
with a milk-white band commencing on the front end of the dorsal 
fin, and extending to the snout; a white band over the free portion 
of the tail; a white spot on the base of the pectoral fin, one on 
either side of the base of the mandibles, one on the isthmus. The 
posterior half of the ventral fin, and also a ring round the vent, 
white, as well as the tip of the caudal fin. 

Hab. Madras. <A small species. 


MUGIL KLUNZINGERI, sp. nov. 
Mugil carinatus, Day, Fishes of India, p. 349, not C. & V., as 
was pointed out by Klunzinger. 


PLATYGLOSSUS ROSEUS, Sp. nov. 
Bovir’ DeA2. “Pildy V5 AV o/1e) MOT 4. ae eee 
L. tr. = 

Length of head 43, of caudal fin 63, height of body 33 in the 
total length. yes: diameter 7 of the length of the head, 1} dia- 
meter from the end of the snout, and one apart. The greatest 
width of the head equals half its length. Teeth: a posterior canine. 
Fins: caudal slightly rounded; the length of the pectoral equals 
that of the head behind the middle of the eye; outer ventral ray 
somewhat elongated. Scales: noue on the head, those on the chest 
smaller than those on the body. Colours: in a spirit-specimen 
rosy, with a large black spot behind the middle of the eye, and a 
small one between the first two dorsal spines; two narrow light 
bands pass from the eye to the snout; a broad orange band along the 


1888.] THESECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 265 


suborbital ring of bones; body with dark and narrow horizontal 
bands in its anterior half, while seven dark and wide bands pass 
from the back down the sides. A narrow light band goes from the 
eye to the middle of the base of the caudal fin. Basal third of 
caudal fin somewhat dark, its outer edge light. 

Hab. Kurrachee in Sind. 


FIERASFER HOMEI, Richardson. 
An example nearly five inches long, from Madras. 


Ex0C@TUS ALTIPINNIS, Cuv. & Val. 


Exocetus katopron, Bleeker, Atl. Ich. vi. p. 72. 
Two specimens up to 114 inches in length, received from Bombay. 


May 15, 1888. 
Dr. A. Giinther, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


The Secretary read the following report on the additions made to 
the Society’s Menagerie during the month of April 1888 :— 

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena- 
gerie during the month of April was 63. Of these 11 were by 
birth, 32 by presentation, 11 by purchase, 2 by exchange, and 7 
were received on deposit. The total number of departures during 
the same period, by death and removals, was 125. 

The most noticeable additions during the month were :— 

1. Two Penguins frem the Auckland Islands, presented by Capt. 
Sutcliff, R.M.S.S. ‘ Aorangi,’ April 19th. One of them is in adult 
plumage, the other is young. They are referable certainly to one 
of the geographical subspecies of Hudyptes chrysocome, but on 
comparing the adult with the example of the Penguin from New 
Zealand, received March 3lst, it will be observed that there are 
several differences between the two specimens. The Auckland 
Island bird is larger and not so blue on the back, and has a distinct 
white line on the lower mandible above the feathering, as will be 
seen by the drawings now exhibited. Moreover the yellow eyebrow 
commences much further back, on the lores. 

2. Two Indian Hill-Foxes, presented by Col. Alex. A. A. Kinloch, 
C.M.Z.S., and received April 20th. These Foxes, which, Col. Kin- 
loch informs me, were obtained at Thandiani, a small station on the 
hills between the Hazara and Jhelum valleys, a few miles from 
Abbottabad, at an elevation of about 8000 feet, form an acceptable 
addition to the series of Canidz in the Society’s Collection. They 
appear to be immature specimens of Canis montanus. 

3. A fine example of the Spotted Hawk-Eagle (Spizaétus nipalen- 
sis) of Northern India, also presented by Col. Kinloch, and new to 
the Society’s Collection. 


266 MR. BOULENGER ON AZEMIOPS FER. [May 15, 


A communication was read from Sir John Lubbock, containing 
a letter addressed to him by Mr. George A. Treadwell, concerning 
a fatal case of poisoning by the bite of Heloderma suspectum. Mr. 
Treadwell gave the following extracts from the ‘Cochise Record’ of 
May 2nd, 1884 :— 

“ Sunday evening Dr. Matthews was summoned, by telegram, to 
Fairbanks (a railway-station near Tombstone, Arizona Territory, 
U.S.A.), to attend Colonel Yearger, who was reported seriously ill. 
Owing to a delay in the telegram, the doctor did not reach the patient 
until several hours after his death, which had been very sudden. 

“Tt appears that Yearger had been fooling with a Gila Monster, 
and in attempting to open the creature’s mouth, was bitten on the 
right thumb. Instantly the poison took effect, and although every 
convenient remedy was applied, he lived but a few hours. An 
inquest was subsequently held, and a verdict returned in accordance 
with the above facts. 

‘*‘ As this is the third or fourth death which has occurred in the 
Territory from bites of this reptile, it should set at rest, at once and 
for ever, the theory so prevalent that their bite is not poisonous.” 


Mr. Boulenger exhibited the type specimen of a new genus of 
Snakes, Azemiops fee, recently discovered by M. Fea, of the Genoa 
Civic Museum, in the Kakhien Hills, Upper Burma. This dis- 
covery was considered the most striking that had been made in 
Indian Ophiology within the present century. The new Snake 
combined the external characters of a Lycodontoid Colubrine with 
the poison-apparatus of a Viper. The loreal shield, which was 
present in Azemiops, had hithertc been regarded by Indian Ophi- 
ologists as indicating the innocuous nature of a Snake ; and it was 
therefore useful to emphasize on the inefficiency of such a criterion 
in the hopeless task of distinguishing poisonous from harmless Snakes 
otherwise than by examination of the dentition. 

The specimen exhibited was unique, and had been entrusted to 
Mr. Boulenger by the Marquis G. Doria. The description would 
shortly appear in the ‘ Annals of the Genoa Museum.’ 


The following letter, addressed to the Secretary by Mr. E. E. 
Cotes, Entomological Department, Indian Museum, Calcutta, was 
read :— 

**Tndian Museum, Calcutta. 
28rd April, 1888. 

“ My DEAR Sir, 

«I venture to ask for your assistance in the following matter. 
The question of economic entomology is being taken up by the 
Trustees of the Indian Museum, and an endeavour is being made to 
collect specimens of the various Indian insect-pests, and to record all 
that can be learnt about them, both from practical men, who have 
actual experience of them out here, and also from entomologists in 
various parts of the world. The idea is, that when the life- 
histories of the insects have been accurately learnt, methods of dealing 


1888.] MR. H. SEEBOHM ON PHEASANTS FROM MONGOLIA. 267 


with them may in many cases be devised, as has already been the 
case to a considerable extent in America and Europe. 

“For this purpose it is of the first importance to get the insects 
accurately named, both in order to establish their identity beyond 
doubt, and also to enable them to be compared with allied species 
which have often been minutely studied elsewhere. 

“In the Indian Museum are considerable collections of insects, 
which have been roughly arranged, and, to a certain extent, named, 
but which are generally insufficient for the purpose of accurately de- 
termining the insects which are now being constantly sent to the 
Museum as damaging crops in various parts of India. 

“‘T am therefore anxious to call the attention of entomologists of 
your Society, who may be interested in special groups of insects, to 
the fact that their assistance in determining the insect-pests will be 
gratefully received, and that I shall be most happy to correspond 
with any one on the subject, and to give all the help I can. 

“* Besides the actual insect-pests, which it is chiefly important to 
have determined, there are large collections in the Museum of Insects 
from all parts of India, besides Burma, the Andaman Islands, the 
Nicobar Islands, and Ceylon, which it is desirable to have worked 
out—help being specially needed with the groups Hymenoptera 
(except Formicidee), Coleoptera (except Cerambycidee, Buprestidee, 
and Elateride), Neuroptera, Diptera, and Orthoptera (except 
Mantide). 

_ Enclosed are some circulars which show the lines on which the 
investigation of the insect-pests is being conducted. 

“Yours faithfully, 
E. E. Cores, 
Entomological Department, 


“To the Secretary of the Indian Museum.” 
Zoological Society of London.” 


Mr. Henry Seebohm exhibited a series of Pheasants from Mon- 
golia, Thibet, and China, including examples of the two species 
discovered by Colonel Prjevalski, Phasianus vlangali and P. strauchi. 
The former was from Tsidam, west of Koko-Nor, and the latter 
from Kansu. The range of P. strauchi appeared to extend as far 
south as Moupin, whence examples, which had hitherto been re- 
ferred to P. decollatus, were brought by Abbé David, and were 
now in the Paris Museum. 


Prof. Bell, F.Z.S., exhibited and made remarks upon three speci- 
mens of a large Pennatulid, Puniculina quadrangularis, collected by 
Mr. John Murray on the west coast of Scotland, which showed very 
clearly the difference between examples of this species of different 
ages. 


The following papers were read :— 


268 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON [May 15, 


1. List of a Collection of Birds made by Mr. L. Wray in 
the Main Range of Mountains of the Malay Peninsula, 
Perak. By R.-Bowpier Suarre, F.LS., F.Z.8., &e., 
Zoological Department, British Museum. 


“ [Received April 24, 1888.] 
(Plate XV.) 


From the collections previously sent by Mr. Wray (cf. P.Z.S. 
1886, p. 350, and 1887, p. 431) it was so easy to prophesy that his 
future explorations would bring to light the existence of more 
Himalayan genera in the high mountains of the Malayan Peninsula, 
that I can take little credit for my prognostications ; but the fore- 
shadowing of Mr. Wray’s accomplishments does not impair the 
credit of that explorer’s success in his last expedition into the 
mountain-ranges of the interior of the Peninsula. 

He states that the mountains on which he has lived for six months 
*‘contain really very few more birds than the Larut range, though 
they are so much more extensive,” and he collected up to an altitude 
of 7000 feet. 

By the present collection several interesting forms have been 
revealed, representatives of allied species in Tenasserim, and the 
ranges of several birds are extended southwards. The genera hitherto 
unrecorded from the mountains of Malacca are Anthipes, Brachyp- 
teryx, Gampsorhynchus, and Cutia—all Himalayan and Tenasserim 
forms, of which, so far as we know, only Brachypteryzx has occurred 
in Sumatra. The Avifauna of the latter island is further linked to 
that of the mountain-ranges of the Malay Peninsula by the discovery 
of a Black Babbling Thrush, representing the Melanocichla bicolor 
of Sumatra. 

The unexampled success which has attended Mr. Wray’s efforts 
so far will, we hope, encourage him to still further investigations of 
the interesting region in which he is domiciled. 

The references in the present paper are chiefly to “Mr. Oates’ 
‘Handbook of the Birds of British Burmah,’ which includes an 
allusion to the paper on the Birds of Tenasserim by Messrs. Hume 
and Davison. I have also referred to Count Salvadori’s essay on 
Dr. Beceari’s collections from high Sumatra (Ann. Mus. Civic. 
Genov. xiv. p. 169), whenever there occurs any affinity in the Avi- 
fauna of that island with the collection under discussion. 

Mr. Wray’s original remarks, by far the most important part of 
the present paper, are placed in inverted commas. 


Fam. Fatconip. 
NrEopus MALAYENSIs (Temm.). 


Neopus malayensis, Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1887, p.433 ; Hume, Str. F. 
1879, p. 44. 


“No. 18. 2 ad. Mountains of Perak (Gunong Batu Putch). 


Mintern Bros . imp 


GKeulemans delet hth 


PERICROCOTUS WRAY'1 


1888. ] BIRDS COLLECTED IN PERAK. 269 


“Trides brown; feet yellow; cere yellow. Expanse 5 ft. 10 in., 
length 2 ft. 5 in. 

‘* The stomach contained the remains of a rat, a bird’s egg, and a 
snake’s egg. The plumage of this specimen was far darker than 
that of the two I obtained last year on the Larut Hills.” 


Fam. Corvip2&. 
PLATYLOPHUS ARDESIACUS (Blyth). 


Platylophus ardesiacus, Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. iii. p. 317 ; 
Hume and Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 380; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. 
p- 410; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 66. 

“No. 117. Q ad. Batang Padang (mountains of Perak). 

“« Trides dark brown ; bill black ; feet and legs black. It frequents 
the undergrowth of the forest.” 


Fam. CAMPOPHAGID. 
PERICROCOTUS WRAY], sp. n. (Plate XV.) 


*°No. 53. P.igneus, 5 2 ad. Batang Padang mountains, Perak.” 

I can hardly believe that this is the species I identified and returned 
to Mr. Wray as Pericrocotus igneus (P. Z.S. 1887, p. 435). If 
such be the case I was greatly in error, for the pair of birds now 
sent are decidedly distinct from that species. P. wrayi has the quill- 
lining red, instead of yellow, and also the under wing-coverts, and it 
has the throat slaty grey and the ear-coverts slaty black, instead of 
glossy black like the head. ‘Total length 6°3 inches, culmen 0°5, 
wing 3°1, tail 3-2, tarsus 0°55. The female of P. igneus differs very 
much from the female of P. wrayi in being entirely bright yellow 
below and in having a scarlet rump. The nearest ally of P. wrayi 
as regards the female plumage is that of P. brevirostris, but P. wrayi 
is of a darker slate-grey, has a brighter yellow lower back and rump, 
no vellow on the forehead, and the chin white. 

The males of P. neglectus and P. érevirostris differ in their glossy 
black throat and fiery crimson, not scarlet, under surface. 

While on the subject of the genus Pericrocotus, I may mention 
that Count Salvadori very kindly sent me over the types of his 
new species from Tenasserim, and I am able to state with certainty 
that P. rubrolimbatus, Salvad. (Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) v. 
p- 582), is =P. solaris, and P. pulcherrimus, Salvad. t. c. p. 580, is 
=P. neglectus of Hume. 


PERICROCOTUS CROCEUS, sp. 0. 


“No. 107. ¢ ad. Gunong Batu Putch (4300 feet). 

“« Trides dark brown; legs and feet black.” 

This is a beautiful bird, but I feel grave doubts whether it is any 
thing more than a yellow variety of P. wrayi, the red parts in P. 
wrayt being golden yellow in P. croceus, and the throat is darker, 
being black like the cheeks and sides of face. Total length 61 
inches, culmen 0°45, wing 3°4, tail 2°95, tarsus 0°55. 


270 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON [May 15, 


Fam. MuscicaPip&. 

MuscicaPuLA HYPERYTHRA (Blyth). 

Muscicapula hyperythra, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 206; 
Salvad. ¢. c. p. 203. 

“No. 93. g ad. Ulu Batang Padang (4200 feet). 

‘Trides dark brown; legs and feet flesh-colour. Frequents the 
undergrowth in the forests.” 

This little Flycatcher is now recorded from the Malayan Peninsula 
for the first time. Its presence was, however, to be suspected, as 
the species occurs in the Eastern Himalayas and again in Java and 
Sumatra. 


MuscicaPULA WESTERMANN, Sp. n. 

“No. 115. ¢ ad. Gunong Ulu Batang Padang (4200 feet). 

“* Trides light brown.” 

Adult male. General colour above blue-grey, with a slight brown 
wash on the scapulars and lower back ; rump ochreous brown ; 
upper tail-coverts a little more rufescent ; wing-coverts dusky, edged 
with ochreous brown; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
blackish, fringed with olive-brown, the secondaries rather more 
rufescent on the base of the outer web; tail-feathers brown, exter- 
nally rufous-brown; head blue-grey like the back, a little more 
hoary on the forehead; lores and eyelid white; ear-coverts and 
sides of face blue-grey, with a few whitish lines on the former ; 
throat white, with a slight ashy tinge; remainder of under surface 
of body white, the sides of the breast ashy grey; sides of body also 
washed with ashy grey; under tail-coverts white; thighs ashy ; 
axillaries and under wing-coverts white, the edge of the wing 
blackish ; quills dusky below, white along the edge of the inner web. 
Total length 3-7 inches, culmen 0°45, wing 2-2, tail 1°35, 
tarsus 0°55. 

This is a very curious form, recalling the characters of several 
of the other Muscicapule. It may not be the fully adult of its 
species, but I believe it to be so. ‘The reddish upper tail-coverts 
and tail remind one of the female of IZ. maculata, but the blue- 
grey upper surface distinguishes it at a glance. The female and 
young male of M. superciliaris have generally an ochreous tinge on 
the throat which distinguish them ; but one specimen from Sikhim is 
white below like M. westermanni, while the upper surface is brown 
and the shade of blue which is seen on it (it is apparently a young 
male) is not slaty blue, but bright blue as in the adults, 


TERPSIPHONE AFFINIS (Blyth). 

Terpsiphone affinis, Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 261. 

Muscipeta affinis, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 58. 

“No. 118. g¢ ad. Batang Padang Mountains, Perak. 

*« Trides dark brown ; bill black; legs and feet same. This species 
occurs in Penang, Province Wellesley, and the Batang Padang Dis- 
trict of Perak, but in Larut it is replaced by a slightly larger and 
whiter species.” 


1888. ] BIRDS COLLECTED IN PERAK. 271 


PHILENTOMA VELATUM (Temm.). 


Philentoma velatum, Oates, t. c. p. 263; Hume, Str. F. 1879, 
p- 58. 

“No. 128. ¢ ad. Batang Padang Mountains, Perak. 

“ Trides crimson; bill black; feet and legs black.” 


PHILENTOMA PYRRHOPTERUM (Temm.). 


Philentoma pyrrhopterum, Oates, ¢. c. p. 264; Hume, Str. F. 
1879, p. 58. 

“No. 127. ¢ ad. Batang Padang Mountains, Perak. 

“‘ Trides red; bill black.” 

Identical with males from other parts of the peninsula and from 
Tenasserim. I have re-examined the type of P. intermedium of Hume 
from Johore, and I cannot see how it differs from P. pyrrhopterum. 


CuLICICAPA CEYLONENSIS (Sw.). 


Culicicapa ceylonensis, Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. iv. p. 369 ; 
Oates, ¢. c. p. 274; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 59. 

“No. 111. ¢ ad. Gunong Batu Putch (5400 feet). 

* Trides reddish brown ; feet and legs warm brown, soles of feet red ; 
bill black.” 


CRYPTOLOPHA DAVISON], sp. 0. 


“No. 96. ¢ ad. Gunong Ulu Batang Padang (4200 feet). 

“‘Trides dark brown; bill above brown, beneath yellow ; legs and 
feet flesh-colour.” 

This is a Malayan representative of C. montis of Kina Balu, from 
which it differs in its larger size and intensified colouring, being dark 
grass-green instead of yellowish green, having all the rufous parts of 
the head deep chestnut instead of ferruginous, and in being much 
brighter yellow below. ‘Total length 3°8 inches, culmen 0°4, wing 
2°15, tail 1°55, tarsus 0°7. 


CrYPTOLOPHA TRIVIRGATA (Strickl.). 

Cryptolopha trivirgata, Sharpe, P. Z. 8. 1887, p. 435; Saivad. 
tee. p. 204. 

“No 97. 2 ad. Gunong Batu Putch (4300 feet). 

‘* Trides dark brown.” 


STOPAROLA THALASSINOIDES (Cab.). 

Stoparola thalassinoides, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 432 ; 
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 59. 

“No. 136. ¢ ad. Larut. 

“ Trides light brown.” 

A truly Malayan species, represented by the ordinary S. mela- 
nops 2 Tenasserim, to which province the present bird does not 
extend. 


272 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON [May 15, 


ANTHIPES MALAYANA, Sharpe, anted, p. 247. 

“No. 94. g¢ ad. Gunong Batu Putch (4300 feet). 

‘Trides dark brown ; legs and feet white; bill nearly black. 

Lives apparently on the ground.” 

A young bird, mottled all over after the manner of Flycatchers, is 
sent by Mr. Wray from the same locality. ‘No. 98. Irides deep 
brown; legs and feet pale flesh-colour. Hops about among the 
undergrowth, searching for insects, making a nearly continual chirp- 
ing.” Although the Hume Collection does not contain any young 
Anthipes for comparison, I think that the present specimen must 
belong to a species of that subgenus. 


NILTAVA GRANDIS, Hodgs. 
Niltava grandis, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 251. 
“No. 11. 9 ad. Batang Padang Mountains, Perak.” 


Nitrava LEuvcopRocrTa (Tweedd.). 

Niltava leucoprocta, Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 298. 

“No. 103. ¢ ad. Gunong Batu Putch (3400 feet). 

*« Trides light brown; bill black ; legs and feet light grey, soles of 
feet flesh-colour.” 

I have compared the adult male now sent with others from Tenas- 
serim, and find it to be identical. The extension of the range of the 
species is interesting. 


Fam. PycNonoTip&. 

CRINIGER GUTTURALIs (Bp.). 

Criniyer gutturalis, Oates, t.c. p. 185; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 61. 

“No. 104, 105. g ad. Gunong Batu Putch (3400 feet). 

“‘Trides red-brown. A noisy harsh-voiced bird; flies in small 
parties, rather high up in the trees.” 

Mr. Wray sends one Criniger (no. 105), which, after much _hesi- 
tation and careful comparison with the series of skins in the Hume 
Collection, I have decided to be only the young of C. gutturalis. 
Its much lighter bill and rufous wings and tail, at first sight, make 
it look very different. 


RvuBIGULA CYANIVENTRIS (Blyth). 

Rubigula cyaniventris, Oates, ¢. c. p. 200. 

Ividia cyaniventris, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 63; Salvad. ¢. c¢. 
p- 220. 

“No. 131. 2 ad. Larut. 

“ Trides light brown.” 


TRACHYCOMUS OCHROCEPHALUS (Gm.). 
Trachycomus ochrocephalus, Oates, t. c. p. 188; Hume, Str. F. 
1879, p. 61; Salvad. t. c. p. 218. 


“No. 121. g¢ ad. Batang Padang Mountains, Perak. 
“¢ Trides brown ; bill black. 


1888. | BIRDS COLLECTED IN PERAK. 273 


“This is the Stlharoh or Upih Bidau of the Malays. It is very 
plentiful among the bushes which fringe the river-banks, but it is 
so shy that it is hardly ever seen, though its prolonged, loud, musical, 
and very involved song is one of the most noticeable riverside sounds 
in the country.” 


Fam. TROGLODYTID&. 


PNoEpyGA PUSILLA, Hodgs. 
Pnoépyga pusilla, Hume and Davison, ¢. c. p. 234 ; Salvad. ¢. c. 
p- 226. 
“No. 95. 2 ad. Gunong Batu Putch (4300 feet). 
*Trides dark brown ; feet and legs pale brown; bill black, whitish 
beneath and at angle. Ground bird.” 
Identical with a specimen collected in Karennee by Captain 
Wardlaw Ramsay. It has also occurred on Mooleyit. 


Fam. TIMELIIDE. 
' BRACHYPTERYX NIPALENSIS (Hodgs.). 

Brachypteryx nipalensis, Hume and Davison, f. c. p. 236 ; Oates, 
t.c. p. 19. 

“No. 89. ¢ ad. Gunong Batu Putch (4300 feet). 

* Trides brown ; bill black; feet and legs ash-colour. Lives on 
the ground in the forest.” 

An adult male, rather darker than the generality of Himalayan 
and Tenasserim specimens, though some of the latter equal it in 
intensity of colouring. 


PHYLLERGATES CUCULLATUS (Temm.). 

Phyllergates cucullatus, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 440. 

“No. 112. 2 ad. Gunong Batu Putch (3400 feet). 

*‘Trides dark brown; bill black above, yellowish beneath ; legs 
and feet pale brown. Also met with on Gunong Ulu Batang 
Padang at about the same altitude.” 


GAMPSORHYNCHUS SATURATIOR, Sp. 0. 


“No. 101. Q ad. Gunong Batu Putch (3400 feet). 

“Trides bright yellow; legs and feet bluish ash, with tintings of 
flesh-colour in places ; claws flesh-colour ; soles of feet dull yellow ; 
bill pale flesh-colour, dusky on the ridge below the nostrils. The 
fold of skin in which the rictal bristles are inserted is very prominent, 
and evidently when alive the bird can move the bristles as a whole 
backwards and forwards with great freedom. 

“Length 104 inches, expanse 12 inches. The stomach contained 
one large hairy caterpillar and the partly digested remains of various 
insects, and the egg of one of the Phasmidz. 

“This bird gave me a great deal of trouble, for every night and 
early each morning a small party of them used to pass the camp, 
sometimes on one side and sometimes on the other. They made a 
loud shrill ery something like the cry of the Krekah monkey, and 


274 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON [May 15, 


flew quickly from tree to tree. Day after day we went out into the 
jungle to watch for them, but as there was no certainty which side 
of the camp they would take, and as they always passed when it 
was so dark in the forest that neither they nor the sight of the 
gun could be distinguished, we were never successful, until nearly 
the last day of our stay at that camp, in shooting one. The strange 
thing was that we never saw these birds in the daytime. They 
passed up the hill to roost at nightfall and down again at dawn. 
Their note is so loud and distinctive, and they are so noisy, that they 
could not easily be overlooked or mistaken for any other bird. 

“‘ They are evidently rare, as only this one small party was seen.” 

This new species is very closely allied to G. torquatus, Hume, 
from Tenasserim, but is altogether of a much darker colour, the 
upper surface being more rufous-brown. It is evidently a southern 
race of the Tenasserim form. 


SIBIA SIMILLIMA, Salvad. 


Sibia simillima, Sharpe, P. Z. 8. 1886, p. 352. 
Heterophusia simillima, Salvad. t. c. p. 232. 


“No. 13. ¢ ad. Batang Padang Mountains, Perak.” 


PoOMATORHINUS BORNEENSIS, Cab. 


Pomatorhinus borneensis, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p- 411; 
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 61. 

* No. 100. ¢ ad. Gunong Batu Putch (3400 feet). 

“Trides very light brown; bill white, with black on the top of the 
ridge, reaching about halfway to the point; legs and feet bluish 
ash ; soles of feet yellowish brown. 

‘‘Only one pair of these birds were seen, they were in company 
with a number of other birds.” 


MELANOCICHLA PENINSULARIS, Sp. 0. 


“No. 84. g ad. Gunong Batu Putch (3400 feet). 

“Trides bluish grey ; bare skin round eye and also the skin of 
the head and neck under the feathers dark purplish blue ; bill bright 
reddish orange. Legs grey, edges of scales yellowish ; feet same, but 
more yellow, soles of feet yellow. Stomach contained a quantity of 
reddish-coloured ants. It is a shy and uncommon bird, frequents 
dense jungle, in pairs or small parties of three or four, is noisy and 
harsh-voiced. I saw it also at nearly 5000 feet on Gunong Ulu 
Batang Padang.” 

This species is an interesting representative of MZ. lugubris of 
Sumatra, but is slaty grey, instead of brown or blackish, both above 
and below. ‘Total length 10 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 4°8, tail 4-6, 
tarsus 1°45. 


RuINocicHLaA miTrRata (S. Miill.), 


Rhinocichla mitrata, Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1886, p. 352. 
Leiothrix mitrata, Salvad. t. c. p. 230. 


“No. 12. Q ad. Batang Padang Mountains, Perak.” 


1888. ] BIRDS COLLECTED IN PERAK. 275 


STACHYRIS NIGRICEPS, Hodgs. 

Stachyris nigriceps, Sharpe, P. Z.8. 1887, p. 440. 

“No. 84. 2 ad. Gunong Batu Putch and Gunong Ulu Batang 
Padang (4000 to 5000 feet). 

“Trides light brown; bill black, greyish beneath; feet, legs, and 
claws ash-colour, slightly tinted with green. Soles of feet light 
brown. Stomach contained insects. This bird is usually in company 
with other small birds.” 


STACHYRIS NIGRICOLLIS (Temm.). 

Stachyris nigricollis, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vil. p. 535. 

Timelia nigricollis, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 60. 

“No. 125. ¢ 2 ad. Batang Padang Mountains, Perak. 

*‘Irides red; bill above black, lower mandible pale straw-colour, 
tipped dusky.”’ 


TURDINUS SEPIARIUS (Horsf.). 

Turdinus sepiarius, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 544. 

“No. 132, 2 ad. Kainta, Perak Mountains. 

“Apparently not to be separated from Javan and Bornean 
specimens. The flanks are perhaps a trifle more rufous-brown.” 


DRYMOCATAPHUS NIGRICAPITATUS (Eyton). 
Drymocataphus nigricapitatus, Oates, t. c. p. 63. 


«No. 135. g ad. Larut, Perak Mountains. 
* Trides red.” 


Mrxornis euraris (Rafil.). 
Miwornis gularis, Oates, ¢. c. p. 51; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 60; 
Salvad. ¢. c. p. 223. 


“No. 134. ¢ ad. Larut, Perak Mountains. 
‘© Trides dark brown.” 


Macronwus ptitosus, J. & 8S: 

Macronus ptilosus, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vil. p. 583; Hume, 
Str. F. 1879, p.60; Salvad. ¢.c. p. 224. 

“No. 124. g¢ ad. Batang Padang Mountains, Perak. 

“‘Trides dark brown; bill black; skin of head and neck and 
round eyes cobalt-blue.”’ 


Hervornis XANTHOLEUCA, Hodgs. 

Herpornis xantholeuca, Oates, t. c. p. 151. 

“No. 109. g ad. Gunong Batu Putch (3400 feet). 

* Trides dark brown; feet and legs flesh-colour ; bill black above, 
fleshy beneath and at angle,” 


SIVA CASTANEICAUDA, Hume. 


Siva castaneicauda, Hume & Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 371; 
Oates, ¢. c. p. 145. 


“No. 102. g ad, Gunong Batu Putch. 


276 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON [May 15, 


*Trides dark brown ; feet and legs bluish grey; bill brown, pale 
beneath. This bird seems to have the same habits as Mesia 
argentauris. I saw it on the summits of Gunong Batu Putch and 
Gunong Brumbrin at between 6000 and 7000 feet altitude. The 
only other birds I noticed were Athopyga wrayi, Sharpe, and a 
large light greyish-brown-coloured Eagle; but this latter was far 
out of range.” 

Identical with the types from Tenasserim in the Hume Collection. 


SIVA SORDIDIOR, sp. n. 

Siva sordida, Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1887, p. 488 (nec Hume). 

“No. 33. ¢ ad. Batang Padang Mountains, Perak.” 

In my first paper I ventured to doubt the identity of a specimen 
sent by Mr. Wray with Siva sordida of Hume from Tenasserim ; 
but as the specimen was not adult, I refrained from describing it. 
Now that two more adult birds have been procured by Mr. Wray, 
there is no longer any doubt that the Perak bird is distinct, differing 
in its still duller coloration, the absence of blue on the head, which 
is like the back, and also in the absence of the ochreous-brown 
colour of the lower back and rump. Total length 6 inches, culmen 
0:55, wing 2°55, tail 2°6, tarsus 0°85. 


MeEsIA ARGENTAURIS, Hodgs. 


Mesia argentauris, Sharpe, P. Z.8. 1886, p. 352. 
“No. 10. ¢ ad. Batang Padang Mountains, Perak.” 


CuTIA CERVINICRISSA, Sp. 0. 


“No. 85. ¢ 2 ad. Gunong Batu Putch.” 

“Trides light brown; legs and feet bright chrome-yellow, claws 
white; bill black above, grey beneath and at angle. It is a rare 
bird, and I did not see it lower than 4000 feet. It frequents the 
higher trees, in small parties of three or four, and has a loud whistling 
double note, repeated several times in succession.” 

This is a race of C. nipalensis, a bird unknown in Tenasserim, 
from which the Perak form differs in its fulvescent under surface, 
and tawny-coloured lower abdomen and under tail-coverts. These 
characters, though slight, are well established when the pair sent 
by Mr. Wray are compared with our large series in the British 
Museum, all of which are white below. The measurements are as 
follows :— 

Total length. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 

3 ad. Perak (Wray). 70 0°38 3°60" “25! + al 

Q ad. a - 6:4 0°85 = 333 25 OF 


Fam. LAND. 


PTERYTHRIUS HZRALATUS, Tickell. 


Pterythrius eralatus, Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1887, p. 440. 
“No. 34. 2 ad. Batang Padang Mountains, Perak.” 
Count Salvadori has recently (Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) v. 


1888. ] BIRDS COLLECTED IN PERAK. 277 


p. 600) expressed his non-concurrence in the views of Capt. Ward- 
law Ramsay and myself that Péterythrius cameranot of Sumatra is 
identical with P. @ralatus of Tickell. The male of P. cameranoi is 
said by him to want the rosy tinge on the flanks which is present in 
Tenasserim specimens, which are also larger; while the female of 
P. cameranoi differs from that of P. eralatus in the grey of the head 
being less pure, the back more olivaceous, and in the rufous colour 
of the underparts being brighter and more extended towards the 
throat. I therefore once more compared our series of these two 
birds in the British Museum, including the specimens in the Tweed- 
dale Collection. I agree with Count Salvadori that the females are 
rather different, as described by him, and the female from Perak is 
grey-headed like the Tenasserim bird ; but the male agrees with the 
Sumatran P. cameranoi better than with the true P. e@ralatus. 
There is a slight difference in the gloss of the head in the males from 
Tenasserim and Sumatra, the latter having a blue-black gloss, and 
the Tenasserim birds being rather greenish black on the head. The 
Sumatran birds have decidedly more pink on the flanks. 


Fam. PArip&. 


MELANOCHLORA SULTANEA (Hodgs.). 

Melanochlora sultanea, Hume & Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 378 ; 
Oates, ¢. c. p. 129; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 65. 

“No. 90. ¢ ad. Gunong Batu Putch. 

“Trides brown ; bill dark grey; feet and legs blue-grey. This 
‘Sultan Tit’ I have seen, as high as 4500 feet, both on the Larut 
Hills and also on the main mountain-chain.”’ 


Fam. NECTARINIID. 


JETHOPYGA WRAYI. 


Aithopyga wrayi, Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1887, p. 440. 
“No. 108. © ad. Gunong Batu Putch (3400 feet). 
“Trides black; legs and feet brown; Dill black, yellowish at 


angle.” 
Not distinguishable from the female of 4. sanguinipectus. 


Fam. Dica1p2. 


PRIONOCHILUS IGNICAPILLUS, Eyton. 

Prionochilus ignicapillus, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 65. 

“No. 110. ¢ ad. Gunong Batu Putch (3400 feet). 

“‘Trides brown; bill black above, yellow beneath with dusky 
tip ; legs and feet nearly black.” 

A young bird, without any of the fine colouring of the adult, being 
almost entirely olive-green. 

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. XX. 20 


278 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON [May 15, 


Fam. MoraciLuip&. 
LimonipRomus 1npD1cus (Gm.). 


Limonidromus indicus, Oates, t. c. pe 164; Hume, Str. F. 1879, 
p- 65. 

“No. 133. @ ad. Larut, Perak Mountains. 

“ Trides light.” 


Fam. EvryL2MIDz&. 
CoryDON SUMATRANUS (Raffl.). 


Corydon sumatranus, Hume & Davison, ¢. ec. p. 97; Oates, ¢. c. 
. 430; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 50; Salvad. ¢. c. p. 200. 

““No. 92. 9 ad. Gunong Batu Putch (3400 feet). 

* Trides light brown ; bill above reddish, on ridge lighter, white at 
tip, beneath pale flesh-colour; bare skin round eye flesh-red ; feet 
and legs black ; soles of feet light brown. | 

“*Male has the bill black above, tinted with red. The patch 
under the neck is also paler than in the female. 

«<The bird I send from the low country (No. 116) differs in several 
respects from the hill form, but possibly the differences are not 
sufficient to separate the two specifically. Iris brown; bill fleshy 
red.” 

The differences in plumage noticed by Mr. Wray consist principally 
in the darker coloration of one of the specimens, but it is not 
sufficient to separate them. 


— 
~ 


Fam. CAPRIMULGIDZ. 
LyNcorNIS TEMMINCKI, Gould. 
Lyncornis temmincki, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 48; Salvad. ¢. ¢. 
p- 195. 


“No. 129. g ad. Batang Padang Mountains, Perak. 
*‘Trides dark brown.” 


Fam. CypsELip&. 

Macroptreryx comatus (Temm.). 

Macropteryx comatus, Hume & Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 51; 
Salvad. ¢. c. p. 196. 

Dendrochelidon comata, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 47. 

“No. 120. g¢ 2. Batang Padang Mountains, Perak. 

“Trides dark brown. This bird sits on the upper branches of a 
tall tree and flies off, like a Flycatcher, after insects, returning again 
to its perch. I have seen it on the hills as high as 1000 feet.” 


MacrorrerRyX LONGIPENNIS (Rafin.). 
Macropteryx longipennis, Hume & Davison, t. e. p. 52. 
Dendrochelidon longipennis, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 47. 


“No. 130. g ad. Larut, Perak Mountains. 
**Trides dark brown.” 


1888. ] BIRDS COLLECTED IN PERAK. 279 


Fam. Picip2. 


MicuypTes TUKKI (Less.). 

Meiglyptes tukki, Oates, l.c. vol. i. p. 61; Hume, Str. F. 1879, 
p. 52; Hargitt, Ibis, 1884, p. 193. 

“No. 123. g ad. Batang Padang Mountains, Perak. 

“ Trides brown ; bill black above, pale horny beneath.” 


LeprocesTEs PyrRHOTIS (Hodgs.). 

Venilia pyrrhotis, Hume & Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 142; Oates, 
6. p: 39: 

‘“No, 99. g ad. Gunong. 

“Trides warm light brown; bill pale yellow; feet and legs dull 
blackish brown. Seems to be rare, as I only saw this single 
specimen.” 


LEPOCESTES PORPHYROMELAS (Boie). 

Lepocestes porphyromelas, Salvad. t. c. p. 181. 

Venilia porphyromelas, Hume & Davison, ¢. c. p. 143; Oates, 
t.c. p. 40; Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1887, p. 443. 

Blythipicus porphyromelas, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 52. 

“No. 91. g ad. Gunong Batu Putch (3400 feet). 

“Trides red; bill bright yellow; feet and legs dark blackish 
brown.” 


Grcrinus punrceus (Horsf.). 

Gecinus puniceus, Hargitt, Ibis, 1888, p. 176. 
Chrysophlegma puniceus, Oates, t. c. p. 44. 
Collolophus puniceus, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 52. 
“No. 113. Q ad. Gunong Batu Putch (3400 feet). 
* Trides red-brown ; bill black above, yellow beneath.” 


MicropreRNUS BRACHYURUS (V.). 

Micropternus brachyurus, Oates, t. c. p. 58; Hume, Str. F. 1879, 
p- 52; Hargitt, Ibis, 1885, p. 10. 

“No. 122. ¢ ad. Batang Padang Mountains, Perak. 

“Trides dark brown ; bill black.” 


Sasra ABNoRMIs (T.). 

Sasia abnormis, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 53; Hargitt, Ibis, 1881, 
p. 235. 

“No. 126. ¢ ad. Batang Padang Mountains, Perak. 

“Trides white, skin round eye fleshy red; bill above black, 
beneath yellow ; legs and feet flesh-colour ; claws pale yellow.” 


CHRYSOPHLEGMA WRAYI, Sp. 0. 


*“No. 87. 2 ad. Gunong Batu Putch (from 3400 to 4000 feet). 
“‘Irides red-brown ; feet and legs ashi-colour; bill black above, 
20* 


280 MR. SHARPE ON BIRDS COLLECTED IN PERAK. May 1d, 


grey beneath and at angle. The irides in one specimen were dark 
brown. No males were collected.” 

A very interesting race of CO. flavinucha of Tenasserim, with a 
large series of which I have compared it. I showed the specimen to 
my friend Mr. Hargitt, and we examined it together, so that I have 
the best possible confirmation of the distinctness of the species. It 
differs from C. flavinucha in having the feathers of the throat pure 
black, narrowly margined, except at the tip, with white, the black 
expanding about midway. The bill is black, yellowish at the angle 
of the lower mandible; the rufous bars on the wings are about equal 
in width to the black interspaces. 

The size is considerably less, and the general coloration is darker, 
especially on the face, which is deep olive. Total length 10-5 inches, 
culmen 1°28, wing 5:6, tail 4, tarsus 0°93. 

The immature female of C. flavinucha, which the Perak bird most 
resembles, has the feathers of the throat of an olive-black, edged 
with white, the black contracted about midway. The adult of the 
same species has the base of the feathers entirely white, the apex 
only being olive-black. 


Fam. TROGONID. 
HarpacTEs ERYTHROCEPHALUS (Gould). 


Harpactes erythrocephalus, Oates, t. ¢. p. 99. 

Harpactes hodgsoni, Gould, Hume & Davison, ¢. c. p. 66. 

“No. 86. ¢ @ ad. Gunong Batu Putch (3400 feet). 

«“ Trides light red; feet pale flesh-colour, with bluish-white bloom ; 
bill cobalt-blue, black on ridge and at points; bare skin round eye 
purple. The female has the irides light brown, at least in the single 
specimen I met with. It keeps usually in the undergrowth and 
lower trees of the forest, and has the same habits as Harpactes 
kasumba.” 

Compared with Himalayan specimens, and apparently quite 
identical. 


Harpacres OREsKIUvs (T.). 


Harpactes oreskius, Oates, t. c. p. 100. 


“No. 114. ¢ 2 ad. Gunong Batu Putch (3400 feet). 
“Trides light brown, the female pale grey; bill black, shading 
into cobalt-blue at angle; legs and feet ash.” 


Fam. CapITONID&. 
MEGALZMA VERSICOLOR (Rafil.). 


Megalema versicolor, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 53. 


“No. 119. Q@ ad. Batang Padang Mountains, Perak. 

«Trides dark brown, bill black. 

«‘ This is a rare bird, which I have only met with on two occasions, 
both times in heavy jungle.”’ 


i. ‘ 


- 


1888. FLX 
y 


/ 


ron 


Mintern Bros. 


Berjeau & Highley del. et lith 


NEW OPHIUROIDEA 


1888.] | PROF. BELL ON NEW SPECIES OF OPHIURIDS. 281 


CaLorHAMPHuS HAyIt (Gray). 


Calorhamphus hayii, Oates, t. c. p. 138; Hume, Str. F. 1879, 
p- 53. 

“No. 106. g ad. Gunong Batu Putch (3400 feet). 

**Trides red-brown; legs and feet orange.”’ 


2. Descriptions of Four new Species of Ophiurids. 
By Prof. F. Jerrrey Breit, M.A., Sec. R.M.S. 


Received April 26, 1888. 
Pp 
(Plate XVI.) 


The descriptions of the Ophiurids that follow will, I think, be of 
interest to workers at the systematic zoology of the group—one 
to which, without doubt, we have still to add many interesting and 
important forms. 


1, PECTINURA RAMSAYI, Sp. noy. (Plate XVI. figs. 1, 2.) 


Beneath the superficial granulation of the disk are fine scutes ; 
there are pores between the first and second arm-joints only ; the 
radial shields are naked; there are eight arm-spines and two ten- 
tacle-scales. 

This is so obviously a distinct species that I have no hesitation in 
describing it from a single example. 

The disk is not puffed or swollen, and has a diameter about one 
sixth the length of the arms ; these taper gradually, and the joints 
are laterally compressed. There are seven mouth-papille, of which 
the penultimate is quite twice as large as any of the rest ; the mouth- 
shield is in the form of an irregular pentagon, the two outer being 
shorter than the two inner or adoral sides; the accessory mouth- 
shield is semicircular. The upper arm-plates are quite twice as long 
as broad, and have fairly straight sides; the side-plates generally 
carry eight subequal arm-spines ; the first lower arm-plate is lenti- 
cular; the rest are wider than long, widely separated from one 
another on either side owing to the encroachment of the side-plate ; 
the adoral and aboral edges are straight. The radiai shields are 
small, irregularly oval, the proximal pole being narrower than the 
distal; the granulation on the lower is rather coarser than that on 
the upper surface of the disk. 

The general colour of the specimen is greenish above, but the 
radial shields are pink, and there are, at intervals, patches of pink 
on the arms, about every fifth dorsal plate being pink; below, the 
creature is lighter in colour, with darker bands on the arms. 

Diam. of disk 17 mm. ; length of arm 68 (ca.) mm. 

Hab. Port Jackson ; in coll. B.M. 

The only other known species in which there is a fine scutellation 
with pores between first and second arm-joints only is P. maculata, 


282 PROF. BELL ON NEW SPECIES OF OPHTURIDS. [May 15 


where the arms are proportionately longer, the disk swollen, and the 
accessory mouth-shield double or triple, and the colour is very differ- 
ent; but it may be of some significance to observe that that species 
is from the not distant shores of New Zealand. 


2. PECTINURA CAPENSIS, sp.nov. (Plate XVI. figs. 3, 4.) 


Beneath the superficial granulation of the disk are well-marked, 
somewhat swollen plates; there are no pores between the arm-joints ; 
the radial shields are naked; there are ordinarily five short arm-spines 
and two tentacle-scales. 

There are two representatives of this well-marked species, but, 
unfortunately, none of the arms are complete. 

The disk does not appear to be puffed or swollen, and its diameter 
is probably about one fifth the length of the arms ; there is a slight 
ridge to the arms. There are seven or eight mouth-papille ; the outer- 
most is very small, the penultimate very large ; the mouth-shields 
are triangularly cordiform, the sides faintly notched, the accessory 
mouth-shields small and sometimes divided. 

The upper arm-plates are encroached upon by the side-plates in 
such a way that their lateral margins are acutely angulated, and the 
plates are wider in their middle than along either the proximal or 
distal edge ; the side arm-plates are a little swollen and projecting, 
and ordinarily carry five short spines ; the under arm-plates have 
the distal edge, which is concave adorally, nearly twice as long as the 
proximal; the sides are excavated by the two tentacle-scales, the 
inner of which is obscured by lying behind the lowest spine. 

The naked radial shields are rather small, irregularly pyriform. 
There is very little difference between the rather coarse granulation 
of the upper and lower surfaces of the disk. 

The dried specimens are yellowish in colour; darker bands ex- 
tending over four or five joints of the arm are separated from one 
another by about five more lightly coloured joints. 

Diam. of disk 10 mm. 

Hab. Cape of Good Hope ; in coll. B.M. 

According to the arrangement of Mr. Lyman (‘ Challenger Report,’ 
p. 14), this new species stands between Pectinura infernalis, in which 
there are nine, and P. heros, in which there are three arm-spines. 


3. OPHIOPEZA ASSIMILIs, sp. nov. (Plate XVI. fig. 5.) 


A species very closely allied to, but apparently distinct from, O. con- 
jungens, Bell; thus the arms are not carinated, are more, not less, 
than four times the diameter of the disk, the granulation of the disk 
is coarser, the radial arm-shields are less prominent, the mouth-shield 
is of a somewhat different contour, and the arm-spines are subequal. 

I must confess that had this specimen come from Torres Straits 
instead of Port Jackson, I should have greater hesitation in regarding 
it as representative of a distinct species—great as the hesitation has 
been. But the differences between the fauna of Port Jackson and 
Torres Straits are, as we are now beginning to recognize generally, so 
considerable that the difference in habitat together with the number of 


1888.] PROF. BELL ON NEW SPECIES OF OPHIURIDS. 283 


distinctive characteristics—minute though some of them may appear 
to be—seem to justify the formation of a new species for this form. 

The description is drawn up from a single dried specimen. 

Disk distinctly, but not sharply, pentagonal ; arms about four and 
a half times its diameter ; they are not carinated at their base, nor, 
on the other hand, markedly flattened; they taper gradually. 
Granulation of disk rather coarse, about nine granules toa millimetre ; 
the radial shields not marked by special depressions. Mouth-shields 
not divided, irregularly lenticular, the more convex edge being adoral ; 
side mouth-shields quite small ; the granulation between the mouth- 
shield and the edge of the jaw is very coarse. Mouth-papillze seven, 
the penultimate quite twice the size of its neighbours. 

The upper arm-plates have pretty straight edges, and are about 
twice and a half as long as broad; the under arm-plates are not 
quite so much encroached upon by the side- -plates as in QO. conjun- 
gens, and are rather more regularly hexagonal; an aboral notch 
frequently found in the allied species is not to be seen in the one 
now under description. The side arm-plates carry ten subequal 
spines’, none of which are as long as the plate that bears them ; there 
are two tentacular scales near the base of the arm and one further 

out ; there are two pores between the first and second arm-plates. 

' It would be unsafe to form a judgment as to the colour of this 
species either when alive or as preserved in alcohol; but it is pro- 
bably paler than O. conjungens, and not so much mottled ; there 
are signs of sets of three joints at a distance of from seven to ten 
joints from one another being darker than the rest ; this would give 
a banded appearance to the arms; the mouth-shields are probably 
darker than the rest of the ora! surface. 

Diam. of disk 100 (ca.) mm; length of arms 24 mm. 

Hab. Port Jackson ; in coll. B.M. 


4. OPHIOGLYPHA AMPHITRITES, sp. noy. (Plate XVI. fig. 6.) 


This species appears to belong to Mr. Lyman’s first division of 
the genus, or those in which the disk is flat and is ‘‘ covered with 
imbricated scales. Under arm-plates small, widely separated ; much 
wider than long beyond the second plate, and thereafter constantly 
diminishing in size. Arm-comb of more or less needle-like papille. 
Arm slightly flattened, with spines about as long as a joint. Ten- 
tacle-scales few, beyond the second pair of pores.” But it does not 
appear to be referable to any form yet described. 

Arms three to four times the diameter of the disk. | Mouth-papillee 
five at the outer mouth-angle, separated by a bare space from the five 
(two on each side, and one larger central one) which lie just below the 
teeth, and have almost the appearance of teeth-papillee. Mouth- 
shield longer than broad, a little constricted in the middle, distal 
edge rounded, proximal forming an acute angle ; side mouth-shields 
long and narrow, meeting within. 

First under arm-plate broader distally than proximally, the second 


1 OQ. conjungens may bear nine or ten arm-spines near the base of the arms. 


284 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE VISCERAL [May 15, 


and succeeding shorter, triangular in shape, with the apex proximal. 
All the side arm-plates meet their fellows below, the line of suture 
deep ; above the insertion of the spines they appear to form a scale 
on the side of the arm. Upper arm-plates broader than long, very 
regularly oblong, though the proximal edge is encroached upon by 
the scale-like portions of the side arm-plates; a good deal arched 
near the disk. 

Disk bulging a little between the arms, flat, covered with plates of 
various sizes, among which the five primary and the central are very 
distinct ; a not very regular row of plates extends along the middle 
of each interbrachial space as far as the edge of the disk. Just 
below this there is one very large plate. Radial shields rather long, 
broader without than within, where they are pointed; separated 
from one another. The scales on the actinal surface diminish in 
size and increase in numbers from without inwards. Papille along 
edge of genital scale small, numerous, closely set ; about twelve may 
be seen from above, of which the uppermost are smaller than those just 
beyond them. Arm-spines three or four, of which the uppermost is 
longest, and longer than an arm-joint. Three tentacle-scales as far 
as the sixth or seventh arm-joint; a rudimentary third may persist 
for some further distance ; after a time the second scale disappears 
and only one persists. 

Hab. Ecuador ; from the Haslar coll. (J. O. Goodridge, Surgeon 
R.N.). Coloration creamy yellow, in alcohol, after perhaps thirty 
years’ preservation. 

Measurements.— Diam. of disk 19; 16mm. Length of arms 74; 
54. Breadth of arms at base 5; 3°5. Length of radial shields 4 ; 
3°3. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI. 


Fig. 1. Pectinura ramsay?, from above, to show the general form of the body. 
2. Mouth-angle of P. ramsayi, x 2. 
3. P. capensis, from above, Xx 2. 
4. Mouth-angle of P. capensis, X 4. 
5. Mouth-angle of Ophiopeza assimilis, x 2. 
6. Mouth-angle of Ophioglypha amphitrites, x 4. 


3. On certain Points in the Visceral Anatony of Baleniceps 
rex, bearing upon its Affinities. By Frank E. Bepparp, 
M.A., Prosector to the Society, Lecturer on Biology at 
Guy’s Hospital. 


[Received May 9, 1888. ] 


I have been able lately, through the kindness of Mr. Charles 
Stewart, to examine the viscera of a specimen of Baleniceps rex 
preserved in the stores of the College of Surgeons. The specimen 
was purchased from this Society some 25 years ago; it was one of 
those brought back by Mr. Petherick in 1860. 

So far as [am aware there has been no description of the viscera of 


1888. ] ANATOMY OF BALENICEPS REX. 285 


Baleniceps rex ; the osteology, however, and some of the more impor- 
tant external characters (i. e. the presence of powder-down patches) 
have been described by Prof. Parker* and by Mr. A. D. Bartlett °* 
in the publications of this Society. The memoirs of these two natur- 
alists and their views as to the affinities of Baleniceps will be further 
referred to in the course of the present notes. 

With regard to the viscera, I am not able to give anything like a 
complete account; only the alimentary tract with the kidneys and 
the trachea and bronchi were preserved in the College of Surgeons ; 
an attempt had been made to inject the intestinal arterial system, 
but the injection had not been successful. 


Alimentary Tract. 


The tongue is short and broad, forming an approximately exact 
equilateral triangle ; the smallness of the tongue has been already 
noticed by Prof. Parker®. The tongue of Baleniceps, in fact, agrees 
with that of Scopus umbretta*. 

In the liver the right lobe is very much larger than the left; and, 
as in all Herodiones, there is a gall-bladder present. With regard 
to the proportions of the lobes of the liver there is not much to say 
concerning the affinities of the bird. On the whole the Storks are 
characterized by having an equilobed liver; the Herons (including 
Scopus) are on the whole to be distinguished from the Storks by the 
fact that the right lobe of the liver is larger than the left. There 
are, however, numerous exceptions which prevent our defining the 
Ardeidze as Herodione in which the right lobe of the liver is larger 
than the left lobe. It is to be noted that these exceptions appear to 
be entirely among the Herons. In the Storks the lobes of the liver 
are invariably subequal, while among the Herons they are rarely so. 

There is therefore, in my opinion, some reason to regard the 
structure of the liver in) Baleniceps as indicating its Ardeine affinities, 
and there is no reason against uniting it particularly with Scopus. 

In the intestines I could not discover any traces of ceca at all; I 
believe that the single caecum which characterizes the Ardeide (there 
are two in the Ciconiz) may be extremely minute, and might 
therefore easily escape recognition in the spirit-preserved alimentary 
tract’. 


Syrinz. 


The most characteristic organ of Baleniceps from the point of 
view of the affinities of the bird is unquestionably the syrinx. This 


1 See P. Z.S. 1860, p. 243; “On the Osteology of Baleniceps rex,’ Trans. 
Zool. Soe. vol. iv. p. 269. 

“On the Affinities of Baleniceps,” P.Z.S. 1861, p. 131 (reprinted in 
Nitzsch’s ‘Pterylographie,’ Ray Soe. edition, p. 155). 

* Abstract of Notes on the Osteology of Laleniceps rex. P.Z. 8. 1860, p. 830 
note ii). 
. 4 Beddard, “A Contribution to the Anatomy of Scopus wmbretta,” P. Z. 8. 
1884, p. 543. 

° Mr. W. A. Forbes (Collected Papers, p. 333 note) has noted a single cecum 
in a specimen mounted in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, 


286 MR. F. E. BEDRARD ON THE VISCERAL [May 15, 


Syrinx of Baleniceps rex. Front view. 0, free margin of bronchidesmus. 


mii 
ay <<< 


as 


Syrinx of Baleniceps rew, Posterior surface. 4, as in fig. 1. 


1888.] ANATOMY OF BAL ENICEPS REX. 287 


organ is represented in the accompanying drawings (woodcuts, figs. 1, 
2, 3, -1), which illustrate its different aspects. 


Syrinx of Baleniceps rex. Lateral view. m, ligamentous rudiment of intrinsic 
syringeal muscle. 


ty 


Ly 
i! 


Syrinx of Baleniceps rex. The two bronchi are bent upwards backwards to 
display the pessulus and membrana tympaniformis. 4, as in fig. 1. 


Before studying the syrinx itself it is interesting to note that the 
membrane termed by Garrod the bronehidesmus, which binds together 
the two bronchi, is incomplete above, as shown in figs. 1, 2, 4. This 


288 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE VISCERAL [May 15 


character recalls the Ardeine syrinx’ ; in the Storks the bronchidesmus 
appears to be invariably complete—that is to say, it extends right up 
to the point of bifurcation of the bronchi. The syrinx itself is almost 
completely Ardeine; the rings are entirely cartilaginous; there 
appear to be no traces of ossification anywhere; there is a well- 
marked pessulus (fig. 4); the bronchial rings are only semirings, and 
there is therefore a well-developed membrana tympaniformis externa ; 
the free extremities of each of the bronchial semirings begin to ap- 
proach each other some little way before the entrance of the bronchi 
into the lungs, but they do not become whole rings. In all the cha- 
racters mentioned the syrinx of Baleniceps is distinctively Ardeine, 
and as clearly unlike any Stork. The only true Stork which is at all 
markedly abnormal in the structure of the syrinx is Addimia’*; in 
this genus, and to a much less extent in Xenorhynchus, the first 
bronchial rings are semirings, and there is therefore a membrana 
tympaniformis ; but in these two genera the lowermost rings of the 
trachea are modified in the typically Ciconiine fashion °. 

The only point, in fact, in which the syrinx of Baleniceps rex is 
not thoroughly Ardeine is in the absence of a pair of intrinsic muscles ; 
so far as I am aware, all the Ardeidze, and also Scopus, are charac- 
terized by the presence of a single pair of muscles. 

A careful examination of the syrinx of Baleniceps, however, does, 
in my opinion, show traces of a syringeal muscle. On each side of 
the syrinx, and rather nearer to its posterior than to its anterior 
border, is a delicate ligament (which is shown rather exaggerated 
in the drawing, fig. 3, p. 287), running from the first bronchial 
semiring to one of the last tracheal rings. The occasional degene- 
ration of muscles into tendons leads me to think that this fibrous 
band is really a degraded rudiment of the syringeal muscles. 

The facts recorded in the present paper are conclusively in favour 
of regarding Baleniceps as a Heron and not a Stork. It now 
remains to be seen how far they are in accord with other observa- 
tions upon the structure of this remarkable bird. The important 
discovery by Mr. Bartlett* of powder-down patches on Baleniceps 
is evidently in favour of the Ardeine as opposed to the Ciconiine affini- 
ties of the bird. The value of the evidence must of course be dis- 
counted by the very irregular distribution of powder-down patches 
among birds; but in the present case the evidence is of more weight, 
because it is associated with other characters, all of which point the 
same way. 

A very detailed study of the osteology of the Baleniceps has led 
Prof. Parker to the opinion that “‘its nearest relations are the South- 
American Boatbill (Cancroma cochlearia) and the little South- 
African Umbre (Scopus umbretta).” 

’ IT have figured the bronchidesmus in the syrinx of Scopus (P. Z. 8. 1884, 
p. 544); in Laleniceps the anterior (free) margin is further away trom tne bifur- 
cation of the bronchi than in Scopus. 

* See F. E. Beddard, “On the Trachea in certain Storks,” P. Z. S. 1886, p. 321. 

’ Weldon, ‘“‘On some points in the Anatomy of Phenicopterus and its allies,” 
P. Z.S. 1883, p. 689. 

4 Loc, cit. 


1888. | ANATOMY OF BALANICEPS REX. 289 


In a postscript added to his paper Prof. Parker again dwells upon 
the Ardeine affinities of Baleniceps, quoting the discovery of powder- 
down patches by Mr. Bartlett. 

Prof. Reinhardt 1, while admitting that Baleniceps comes nearer 
to Cancroma than to the Pelicans (to which group it was referred by 
Mr. Gould), is disposed to think that the resemblances in the beak 
to the former bird are merely superficial, and that as the middle 
claw is not pectinated Baleniceps cannot be referred to the Herons. 
Prof. Reinhardt would associate Baleniceps particularly with 
Scopus. 

After reviewing the general structural characters of the birds in 
question, I cannot agree with Prof. Reinhardt’s conclusion any more 
than could Mr. Bartlett. 

Baleniceps agrees with Scopus in many osteological characters, 
through apparently not more closely than it agrees with Cancroma 
&c. The syrinx also is somewhat like that of Scopus, but differs in 
certain particulars, such as the absence of the syringeal muscles. 
The syrinx of Baleniceps, however, agrees equally with other 
Ardeidze in all these particulars. 

Baleniceps differs from Scopus in having powder-down patches, 
and only one czecum to the intestine. 

The differences seem to me to be more striking than the resem- 
blances. I should regard Baleniceps, in fact, as a rather aberrant 
Heron, having no near affinities to the Storks nor to Seopus. The 
following diagram expresses the conclusion with respect to the 
mutual affinities of the Herodiones to which our present knowledge 
of the structure of the group appears to me to point :— 


Fig. 4. 
Abdimia. 


Baleniceps. Ardeidz. Ciconia. 


=~ x 
ON Scopus, 


Diagram of the Herodiones. 


Scopus, which combines in so many ways the structural charac- 
teristics of Herons and Storks, probably comes near to the ancestral 
form of both groups. 


* “On the Affinities of Baleniceps,” P. Z. S. 1860, p. 377. 


290 MR. G. B. SOWERBY ON A NEW ASPERGILLUM. [May 15, 


The Ciconiine stem gave off Abdimia before the Ciconiine charac- 
ters were fully acquired. Baleniceps appears to me to be a further 
specialization of the Ardeide, and not to stand nearer to the form 
which gave rise to the Ardeide. I believe this because Bale- 
niceps is decidedly a Heron in respect of its alimentary tract, powder- 
down patches, and syrinx; the loss of the syringeal muscles is a 
further specialization, and evidently a recent one (from the fact of 
their degenerate equivalent being present). The form of the syrinx 
in the Herodiones was originally that which is now seen in Scopus 
and the Ardeide ; that this is so, seems to be shown by the fact that 
the Ardeine form of syrinx is found in so many other groups of birds, 
while the Ciconiine form is peculiar to the Cicomie. In Abdimia 
(and to a less extent in Xenorhynchus) the syrinx has not quite 
acquired the typical Ciconiine form—the membrana tympaniformis 
is, to a considerable extent, left ; that is to say, the bronchial semi- 
rings have not yet united to obliterate the membrana tympaniformis, 
as is the case with the typical Storks. For this reason I regard 
Abdimia as having branched off from the main stem a little before 
the development of the typical Storks. 


4. Description of a Gigantic new Species of Aspergillum 
from Japan. By G. B. Sowersy, F.Z.S., F.L.S. 


[Received May 3, 1888.] 


ASPERGILLUM GIGANTEUM, N. Sp. 

Asp. testa valvis magnis, subtrapezoideis, concentrice rugosis 
irregulariter striatis; antice paulum attenuatis, rotundatis ; 
postice latioribus oblique truncatis. Vagina maxima, elongata, 
solidiuscula, subrecta, calculos et arenulas agglutinante ; limbo 
conspicue irregulariter 6—7-fariam foliato ; disco irregulariter 
convexo, calculos et conchas agglutinante, tubulis numerosis 
parviusculis rotundatis armato. 

Hab. Japonia. 

A species of extraordinary magnitude, the specimen being over 
13 inches (823 centim.) in length and about 13 inches (4 centim.) 
in diameter, in the widest part. The sheath is of the form of 
A. vaginiferum ; but the valves are much larger in proportion and of 

uite a different form, which, apart from the unusual dimensions, 
would be sufficient to constitute it a distinct species. The valves are 
25 millim. long and 15 broad. 

A second specimen (somewhat smaller, but in better conditiun) of 
this species is in the Museum of the Zoological Society (‘‘ Natura 
Artis Magistra”’) of Amsterdam, placed there by Mr. Oltmans, the 
late Curator, with the name of Aspergillum japonicum, confirming 
the locality. So far as is at present known, Aspergillum vaginiferum 
inhabits exclusively the Red Sea. 


1888.] | MR. DRESSER ON A NEW SPECIES OF SHRIKE. 291 


June 5, 1888. 
Prof. Flower, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. 


The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the 
month of May were 144 in number. Of these 55 were acquired by 
presentation, 37 by purchase, 2 by exchange, 30 on deposit, and 20 
by birth. The total number of departures during the same period, 
by death and removals, was 113. 


Mr. H. E. Dresser exhibited an example of a new species of 
Shrike from the Transcaspian district, and made the following 
remarks :— 

“Dr. Gustaf Radde has lately sent to me for examination and 
comparison a small but interesting collection of birds made by 
him during his late trip in the Transcaspian district; and amongst 
other rarities I find a Shrike which is certainly new, and which I 
propose to name Lanius raddei, after its discoverer. It belongs to 
the group of small Shrikes which have been separated by Bonaparte 
under the generic title of Otomela, but differs from all of them in 
approaching Lanius excubitor and its allies in general tone of colour. 
General colour above bluish grey, much lighter and clearer on the 
crown and forehead, the lower portion of the mantle washed with 
pale brownish buff; wings dull blackish, the secondaries narrowly 
margined with dull white ; alar patch very small ; central tail-feathers 
black, the outermost rectrix on each side white, but with a black line 
along the shaft which broadens considerably towards the tip, the next 
two with much more black towards the tip ; a narrow line over the 
forehead and a broad streak extending through the eye and over the 
ear-coverts deep black, bordered above with white; chin, throat, and 
entire underparts, with the under wing-coverts, pure white ; bill and 
feet black. Total length about 6°75 inches, culmen 0°6, wing 3°53, 
tail 3°2, tarsus 0-9. 

“ Although differing so much in coloration from Lanius vittatus, 
for it lacks the broad black frontal band, the maroon on the mantle, 
and the rufous flanks, yet in many respects L. raddei approaches 
nearest to that species, of which it may be called a pale grey form. 
The specimen in question was obtained at Kulkulais, on the 24th 
August, 1886 (old style), and is a male, and apparently an old one.” 


Mr. Sclater, on the part of Mr. F. M. Campbell, F.Z.S., exhi- 
bited a pair of Pallas’s Sand-Grouse (Syrrhaptes paradoxus), shot 
at Gepps Farm, between Hoddesden and Hertford, at 6 p.m. on May 
20th, 1888, and made remarks on the numerous recent occurrences 
of this species in Western Europe. Mr. Sclater also stated that a 
living specimen of this bird had just been received by the Society, 
presented by H. Hewat Crane, Esq., of West Foulden, Berwick-on- 
Tweed, having been captured at that place on May 28th. 


The Secretary exhibited, on behalf of Prof. R. Collett, C.M.Z.S., 


292 MR. W. WARREN ON LEPIDOVTERA [June 5, 


a nest, eggs, and two young ones in down of the Ivory Gull (Larus 
eburnea), belonging to the Tromso Museum. These specimens had 
been obtained in August, 1887, by Capt. J. Harrison, on a small 
island lying about sixteen miles to the east of Cape Smith, in Spitz- 
bergen. 


The following papers were read :— 


1. On Lepidoptera collected by Major Yerbury in Western 
India in 1886 and 1887. By W. Warren, M.A., F.E.S. 
[Received May 8, 1888.] 


The insects which form the subject-matter of this paper were 
collected by Major Yerbury in the summer of 1886 and the follow- 
ing spring, through pretty nearly the same range of localities as those 
previously forwarded by him, and treated of by Mr. A. G. Butler 
in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society for 1886, pp. 355-395. For 
the account of these localities it will be sufficient to refer to that 
paper. Both collections are in the possession of the British Museum. 
The present one contains 544 specimens, distributed among 206 
species (not reckoning about 12 which from their condition are 
beyond positive identification or description). Of these about 50, 
so far as I have been able to ascertain, are either new or undescribed, 
while 3 require to be placed in genera by themselves. Several, as 
was to be expected, are the same as those of the previous consignment. 

I must not forget to record my indebtedness to Mr. A. G. Butler 
and Mr. W. F. Kirby for useful suggestions and kind assistance 
rendered in various ways. 

By way of preface, in some sort, to the reading of the accompany- 
ing paper, I wish to draw attention to one or two points in which I 
have felt myself honestly compelled to differ from authorities of far 
greater experience, in general, than I can lay claim to, and thereby 
to acquit myself of any intention to depreciate their labours. 

There would seem to have arisen a tendency to exaggerate slight 
external modifications, due to varying conditions of place and develop- 
ment, into specific differences, aud that, too, often from the examin- 
ation of a very limited number of examples. Now as “in the 
multitude of counsellors there is safety,” so, from the consideration 
of a larger number of examples, from different localities, subject to 
different conditious, I think we shall arrive at the conclusion that 
the number of species is not infinite. 

(i.) In the necessity of reducing Leucania bistrigata, Moore, and 
Leucania penicillata, Moore, to synonyms of Leucania l-album, I 
ain glad to say that Mr. Butler himself coincides. 

(ii.) Amyna stricta, Walker, 1 regard as of general distribution 
throughout the tropical zone, and look forward confidently to the 
time when a larger number of examples of the so-called species, 
A. undulifera, Butler, A. stellata, Butler, and A. stigmatula, Snellen, 
will prove them to be merely local forms. In this opinion, however, 
Mr. Butler, naturally enough, does not yet agree. Nor, in making 


1888. ] FROM WESTERN INDIA. 293 


Scotomera tristis, Butler, a synonym of Actenia gnidusalis, Walker, 
do L intend to cast the slightest slur on Mr. Butler’s acumen. The 
specimens he had to describe were in so poor a condition that the 
only wonder is that he was able to describe them at all. 

I wish also to draw attention to two species in particular, both 
occurring in the collection, each of which varies in precisely the same 
respect from its nearest allies, viz. Oxira ochracea, Walker, and 

Euplexia (2?) pectinata, sp.n. Both these species have the an- 
tennze of the male strongly pectinated. In all other respects, alike 
in markings and in structure, they agree, the former with the group 
of Graphiphora, of which G. dahlii ef Europe is the type, the latter 
with Euplexia albovittata, Moore. The question at once arises, 
whether this structural exaggeration of a single organ (which obtains, 
it would seem, more especially in the equatorial regions) is sufficient, 
if unattended by any further departure from the type, to warrant 
the erection of a separate genus; or is not rather to be regarded as 
an instance of what may be termed “specific aberration from a 
generic type.” 

Family SPHINGIDZ. 

1. NEPHELE HESPERA. (No. 39.) 

Sphinx hespera, F. 8. E. p. 546. 

Sphine morpheus, Cram. Pap. Exot. ii. p. 84, pl. 149. fig. D. 


One female from Campbellpore, June 8, 1886, with the two 
central white spots strongly marked. 


2. PROTOPARCE ORIENTALIS. (No. 4.) 

Protoparce orientalis, Butler, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 609, 
pl. 91. figs. 16, 17. 

One specimen of each sex from Campbellpore, dated June and 
July, 1886, with the remark added, ‘‘ Common, both dark and light 
forms,” that is both sexes. 


3. AcHERONTIA sTyx. (No. 73.) 
Acherontia styx, Westw. Cab. Or. Ent. p. 88, pl. 42. fig. 3. 


A single male from Campbellpore, June 20, 1886. ‘The only 
specimen taken.” 


4. Hippotion cezerio. (No. 5.) 

Hippotion celerio, Hb. Verz. p. 135. 

Sphinz celerio, L. 8. N.i. 2, p. 800. 

One male from Campbellpore, July 29, 1886, with the remark 
“ Common: larva on vine.” 


5. DremLepHina Livornica. (Nos. 5&6.) 

Sphinx livornica, Esper, Ausl. Schm. ii. pp. 87, 176, pl. 8. 
fig. 4. 

Two specimens—one, a female, taken July 29, 1886; the other a 
male, May 31, at Campbellpore. 

Proc. Zoox. Soc.—1888, No. XXI. 21 


294 MR. W. WARREN ON LEPIDOPTERA [June 5, 


The male is a dwarf, barely more than half the size of the female, 
and smaller than any example in the Brit. Mus. collection. 


6. Hemaris sAunDERsII. (No. 77.) 

Sesia saundersii, Wlk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. viii. p. 83. 

Macroglossa saundersii, Boisd. MSS. 

One female, taken May 3, 1887, at Thundiani. 

The specimen was numbered the same as the next following 
species, Cephonodes hylas, from which it is distinguished by the 
broader dark border of the fore wing, and the green scaling of the 
same wing reaching as far as the median vein. 


7. CepHONODES HYLAS. (No. 77. 
Sphing hylas, L. Mant. i. p. 539. 


Two specimens, both females, from Campbellpore and Hassan 
Abdal, June and July, 1886. “ Rare.” 


Family AGARISTIDE. 
8. AicocerA veNuLIA. (No. 47.) 
Phalena venulia, Cram. Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 16. fig. D. 


One female, May 21, and one male, July 19, 1886, from Campbell- 
pore. “A few in May.” 


Family ZyG&Nrip&. 

9, SyNTOMIS MINOR, sp. n. (No. 177.) 

Two males and two females from Kala Pani, taken August 30, 
and September 1, 1886. The specimens are all more or less 
damaged as to the head, palpi, and antenne. They belong to the 
group which has the abdomen marked with two yellow rings, and 
come nearest to S. georgina, Butler, but are much smaller, none of 
the four exceeding ~ of an inch. 

Purplish brown: fore wing with five whitish hyaline spots :—1, 
small, near the base; 2, small, at the end of the cell; 3, large, of 
varying shape, below 2; 4, small, subcostal, halfway between 2 and 
the apex; 5, large, and always geminated, obliquely below 4, and 
nearer the hind margin than in the allied species, so that the distance 
between 3 and 5 is greater. ' 

Hind wing with one, largish, basal, and another, smaller, hyaline 
spot beyond it. As far as can be made out from the condition of 
the insects, none of the four ever had a yellow collar, but the face 
and two abdominal bands are distinctly yellow. 

In the Brit. Mus. collection there is a single unnamed specimen, 
also damaged, from Abyssinia, which accords well, both in size and 
disposition of the spots, with these four from India. 

‘*Common between Kala Pani and Abbotabad.” 


10. ZyGH@NA CASCHMIRENSIS. (No. 46.) 
Zygena caschmirensis, Kollar, Kasch. iv. p. 459, pl. 19. fig. 6. 
Five specimens, three females and two males, from Thundiani and 


1888. ] FROM WESTERN INDIA. 295 


Chittar, caught in July and September 1886, and marked “very 
common.” 

The crimson abdominal band occupies two segments in the female, 
and three in the male, leaving the last segment only in the latter, 
but the last two in the former, dark. 


Family Cua.cosiipz. 


11. AGALore BaAsALis. (No. 89.) 

Agalope basalis, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. ii. p. 438. 

Three examples from Thundiani, two females taken in August, 
the male in October 1886. ‘Common at Thundiani and Murree, 
August and September.” 


12. Sorrr1aA PULCHELLA. (No. 186.) 

Chalcosia pulchella, Kollar, Kaschmir, iv. p. 461. 

Eterusia pulchella, 2, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. ii. p. 431. 

Eterusia triliturata, 3, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxi. p. 119. 

One female from Thundiani, September 15, 1886. 

The specimens in the Brit. Mus. collection are from Nepaul and 
Mussourie. Major Yerbury notes that only two specimens were 
taken ; but that it was reported to be common at Nandar in Septem- 
ber, though he himself did not see any. 


Family Lirnosip2. 
13. Lacipes Ficus. (No. 101.) 
Noctua jicus, F. E. 8. iii. p. 27. 
One male, in good condition, Campbellpore, July 30, 1886. 


14. DigaMa HEARSEYANA. (No. 61.) 
Digama hearseyana, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. ii. p. 298, pl. 7. 


Three females and two males from Campbellpore and Khairabad, 
all taken between the end of May and middle of June. 


15. PENTACITROTUS VULNERATUS. (No. 206.) 

Pentacitrotus vulneratus, Butler, Ill. Lep. Het. v. p. 35, pl. 86. 
fig. 5. 

One female from Thundiani, taken October 10, 1886. Two 
specimens only were seen. 

This new genus, containing the single species here named, is placed 
in the Brit. Mus. collection by Mr. Butler between Padenia, Moore, 
and Tigrioides, Wik. The species itself is there represented by a 
single example, a male, from Darjiling, of which the ground-colour 
is coppery-orange. The markings consist of two quadrate black 
blotches standing on the inner margin, embracing between them a 
perfect arch of the ground-colour: from the top inner angle of the 
first and from the top outer angle of the second proceed two narrower 
black arms; the first joins a costal blotch towards the base; the 
second is abbreviated and rounded off before reaching the apex. In 
the middle of the costa is another quadrate black marking, united 

Z1* 


296 MR. W. WARREN ON LEPIDOPTERA [June 5, 


by two narrower arms to those on the inner margin, and capping 
the arch of ground-colour before mentioned; the last quarter of the 
costa is narrowly black, which shade is continued round into the 
hind margin; the apical fringes are whitish ; a narrow black line 
runs from the base along the inner margin to the first quadrate spot ; 
all the black markings are finely edged with lustrous coppery scales. 
Hind wing with a broad black border and coppery fringes. 

The specimen in Major Yerbury’s consignment from Thundiani 
is also single, but a female, and though differing considerably, as 
will be seen, from the male above described, is almost certainly the 
female of the same species. The ground-colour, especially of the 
hind wing, is paler, more orange; the first quadrate spot on the 
inner margin is present, but with both edges curved, not perpen- 
dicular; united also, as in the male, with the two black costal spots ; 
the second quadrate spot on the inner margin is reduced to a flat 
rectangle, while the narrow arm, which should connect it with the 
middle costal blotch, is replaced, in the left wing, by a nearly 
confluent black spot, and, in the right, by a round isolated one ; 
while in both wings the outer process towards the apex is repre- 
sented only by a small round spot. The black apical margin, and 
the black basal streak along the inner margin are both present. 
Hind wing bright orange, having, in place of the broad black border 
of the male, two large separate round black spots, one at the 
apex, the other on the hind margin, and an elongated black mark 
along the inner margin from the base. 

In both sexes the abdominal segments are ringed above with 
orange-yellow, but with white on the sides and underneath. The 
single female is considerably larger than the male, but this difference 
in size, as well as that in the constitution of the marginal band in 
the hind wing, is observable in several allied insects ; as, for example, 
in Nepita conferta, W\k., from Ceylon, and Nepzta anila, Moore, 
from Bengal. In Hubaphe brevicornis, Wik., E. guniaria, Grote, 
and in two other unnamed species of the same genus from N. 
America, of which only a female example in each case is represented 
in the Brit. Mus. collection, this breaking up of the band of the 
hind wing still more closely approaches that which occurs in P. 
vulneratus. 

Family ARcTIIDA. 


16. Spruosoma sanGaica. (No. 7.) 

Spilosoma sangaica, Wlk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxi. p. 294. 

A single female from Murree, dated 13th August, 1885, in very 
bad condition, having been apparently under water, is, as far as can 
be made out, identical with, or closely related to, this species. 

Walker’s types are from Shanghai. 


Family, Liparips. 
17. CHARNIDAS AURANTIACA, Sp. n. 


One male from Attock, April 16, 1887. 
Fore wing unicolorous dull brown, with a darker spot at the end of 


1888. ] FROM WESTERN INDIA. 297 


the cell ; cilia dull orange. Hind wings dull fuscous orange, with the 
cilia rather brighter : abdomen coloured like the hind wing ; thorax 
apparently concolorous with the fore wings. Expanse of wings 
30mm. The species bears a superficial resemblance to Orgyia simplex. 


18. PorrHesiA XANTHORRHG@A. (No. 1.) 

Liparis xanthorrhea, Kollar, Kaschmir, p. 470. 

One female and three males from Campbellpore and Khairabad, 
taken in April, May, and June, and a male from Abbotabad, taken 
as late as October, 1886. 

The specimens in the Brit. Mus. collection are from the Punjaub, 
Ceylon, and the Kangra district. 


19. TaHyrGoRINA sprLosomaTa. (No. 214.) 
Thyrgorina spilosomata, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxi. p. 318. 
One female, Dumtanar, near Abbotabad, September 29, 1886. 


20. ARTAXA PUSILLA. (No. 14.) 

Artaxa pusilla, Moore, Ceylon, ii. p. 86, pl. 112. fig. 4, 3. 

Euproctis pygmeéa, Moore, Desc. Lep. Coll. Atkinson, p. 48. 

Three specimens, a female and two males, taken at the end of 
May and beginning of June 1886, at Campbellpore. 


21. ARTAXA FRATERNA. (No. 211.) 

Artaxa fraterna, Moore, Ceylon, ii. p. 85. 

Artava guttata, var. 6, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. iv. p. 795. 

Artaxa guttata, var. 3, male only, W1k. ibidem. 

One male from Hurripur, Oct. 13, 1886. ‘ At sugar; the only 
specimen.” 

Walker, in his description of A. guttata, iv. p. 795, confounds 
three species; in vol. xxxii. p. 329, he sinks his A. guttata as a 
synonym of A. digramma, Boisd., but fails apparently to see that 
under his varieties two other species are denoted. His description 
of the type form of A. guttata assigns two black subapical dots only 
to the male, none to the female ; his var. y of the male also has no 
spots. It follows that his typical male alone was digramma, Boisd., 
his typical female and male var. y being one of the spotless species ; 
while his var. 6 ¢ 9 and his var.  ¢ are evidently the species 
which Mr. Moore has now named A. fraterna. 


22. CHILENA SIMILIS. 

Chilena similis, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. v. p. 1071. 

Lasiocampa strigula, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxii. p. 563. 

A single female, in beautiful condition, but without date or locality. 

Walker describes the male as being sometimes whitish, at others 
brown ; but it seems that really the females only are white, the males 
eats ae brown. (Cf. also Moore, Ceylon, iii. p. 543, pl. 212. 

3d. 


298 MR. W. WARREN ON LEPIDOPTERA {June 5, 


23. LyMANTRIA SUPERANS. 
Lymantria superans, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. iv. p. 876. 


One female only from Dumtanar, near Abbotabad. 
Also recorded from Darjiling and Sikkim. 


24. DipHTHeRa PALLIDA. (No. 170.) 

Diphthera pallida, Moore, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 46, pl. vi. fig. 6. 

One female, from Thundiani, Aug. 24, 1886. ‘‘Two specimens 
only, at sugar.” 

Family LastocaMpip&. 

25. TRABALA visHNu. (No. 192.) 

Gastropacha vishnu, Lefebvre, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 207, 2. 

One fine male taken in the Berham Gully, September 25, 1886. 

“A few cocoons found towards Kala Pani early in September; a 
pair in coitu at Berham Gully, September 25. Not common at 
Thundiani, but at Murree 18 cocoons were found in one day ; these 
are covered with the short hairs of the caterpillar, which irritate the 
skin considerably.” 


26. TARAGAMA veNUstTUM. (No. 26.) 
Megasoma venustum, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B.M. vi. p. 1449. 


One female taken May 31, 1886, at Campbellpore. 
Also recorded from Ceylon and the Philippine Islands. 


Family Uraniip2. 

27. ACTIAS SELENE. (No. 226.) 

Actias selene, Leach, Zool. Mise. pl. 70. 

One female from Dumtanar, which emerged on the last day of 
March 1887 from a cocoon found on the 11th of the preceding 
October. 

Family DrepanuLip2. 
28. OrETa optusa. (No. 178.) 
Oreta obtusa, Wk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. v. p. 1167. 


A single much-worn female from Kala Pani, taken on the Ist of 
September 1886, much smaller than average-sized specimens. 


29. SomaTina ANTHOPHILATA. (No. 215.) 
Somatina anthophilata, Gu. Phal. ii. 907, pl. 18. fig. 2. 


Two females, very much worn, from Campbellpore and Dumtanar, 
September 24 aud November 10, 1886. 


30. PRrosiepsis cinerEA. (No. 9.) 
Argyris cinerea, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1886, p. 387, pl. xxxv. fig. 3. 
One male, caught 6th of June, 1886, at Campbellpore. 


Mr. Butler’s type, in the Brit. Mus. collection, is also from 
Campbellpore. 


1888. ] FROM WESTERN INDIA. 299 


Family Psycuipm. 
31. Psycur Lonercauna, sp.n. (No. 223.) 


Wings dull fuscous; the costa of the fore wing more thickly 
scaled, and so appearing darker ; the rest of the wings semidiapha- 
nous. Thorax and abdomen clothed with long shaggy fuscous hair ; 
the latter ending in a prolonged tuft of smoky-black hairs ; antennz 
of the same smoky-black hue. LExpanse 30 millim. 

One male, bred November 8, 1886, from Campbellpore, accom- 
panied with the remark “that the larva makes a faggot of straws.” 
These cases are an inch and half long ; the inner part composed of 
grey silk into which apparently the empty seed-cases of a grass have 
been spun ; this is covered externally with small lengths of shining 
yellow flower-stems of the grass; those at the base closely packed 
and shorter, about + inch long; those on the sides longer and 
projecting beyond the apex. 


Family Notopontip2. 
32. Moma cuampa. (No. 156.) 


Moma champa, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 483, pl. 33. fig. 2. 

A pair from Thundiani, taken in August 1886. 

Recorded also from the Cameroons and the Congo. Mr. Moore’s 
types were from the N.W. Himalayas. 


Family CymarorHorip2®. 
33. Tayatrra cognata. (No. 104.) 


Thyatira cognata, Moore, MS. 

One female from Kala Pani, dated August 9, 1886, somewhat 
wasted. 

Allied to Z. vicina, Gn., from Java, but the fore wing has only 
four peach-coloured patches, that on the inner margin being filled 
up with the fuscous-olive ground-colour, and only visible in outline. 
As in vicina, the basal blotch is prominently produced in the centre, 
but the two subapical blotches are not confluent. 

A comparison of a more extensive series of specimens of this form, 
in the Hocking Collection in the British Museum, in which there 
occurs considerable variation in the distinctness of the blotch on the 
inner margin, has led Mr. Butler to consider this a mere variety 
of 7’. batis, and not a distinct species. In this he is, I have no 
doubt, right ; but it must still be considered a merely local form, 
and not a variety of general occurrence. 


34. Potyprtoca atsrpisca, Moore, MS. 


Fore wing greyish white, with a greenish tinge; extreme base 
blackish, with a tuft of raised white scales; followed by a pale grey 
sinuous band, indistinctly traversed by a darker central line; then a 
dark-edged darker sinuous fascia, also traversed by an indistinctly 
darker line; the external angle of this fascia below the costa is 
marked by a short vertical black dash of raised scales, representing 


300 MR. W. WARREN ON LEPIDOPTERA [June 5, 


the orbicular stigma, followed by a similar, but longer, black dash, 
slightly inclined to the former, representing the reniform stigma ; 
each of these black dashes is also edged with pale erect scales ; 
beyond the second dash are two or three angulated, and one sinuous 
dark line, following an indistinct central pale fascia, which is whitish 
on the inner margin; midway between the sinuous dark line and the 
hind margin is a pale denticulated submarginal line, preceded by an 
irregular dark grey fascia. Extreme bind margin with a series of 
black lunules; a straight black dash from the apex to the sub- 
marginal line. Hind wing dull grey; head and thorax mottled 
light and dark grey; cilia grey, with a darker line along their centre 
and apex, and a dark dash at the end of each nervure. 

Expanse of wings 34 millim. 

One female from the Berham Gully, September 1886. 

Although the markings are so different, I think it not improbable 
that a longer series of the species will show that this insect, and 
another, which I describe as P. dudia, are one and the same. 

There is one example, also a female, in the Hocking Collection. 


35. PoLyPLoca puBIA, sp. n. (No. 216.) 


Fore wing grey, with a greenish tinge; base silvery grey, edged 
by a black line running obliquely from near the base of the costa 
halfway across the wing ; an indistinctly darker central fascia is edged 
internally by an angulated dark line, and externally by a sinuous 
dark one, which approach each other on the inner margin, and 
traversed by a central dark line which touches the orbicular stigma ; 
this is obliquely placed, edged with darker, and contains raised 
scales, the reniform stigma is represented by a long curved black 
line of raised scales ; apical area paler grey, traversed by an indistinct 
pale submarginal line, preceded by a darker fascia. An oblique 
curved black dash from the apex ; hind margin with a row of black 
lunules. Hind wing dull fuscous. 


Expanse of wings 34 millim. 
One female from Handar, September 1886; “the only specimen.” 


36. ASPHALIA CINEREA, sp. n. (No. 185.) 


Fore wing dull grey, with slight pink tinge ; rather sparsely scaled ; 
two or three short black dashes from the base. Before and beyond 
the middle a double black transverse line; the former forms on the 
median vein an angle pointing towards the base of the wing; the 
latter an angle pointing outwards ; the part above the angle forming 
a single curve, concave outwards; that below the angle a double 
curve ; an indistinct pale submarginal line; the veins varied with 


black and white. Hind wings pale dull grey with rounded margin. 
Head, thorax, and abdomen all dull grey. 


Expanse of wings 40 millim. 


Four females and one male from Thundiani, August, September, 
and October 1886. 


An inconspicuous-looking insect; but the specimens are none in 
fine condition. Fairly common, at light and sugar.” 


1888. ] FROM WESTERN INDIA. 301 


Family BryoraiLip&. 
37. BRYOPHILA NIGRIVITTATA, Sp.n. (No. 68.) 


Fore wing chalk-white, dusted with pinkish grey towards the hind 
margin ; a broad velvety-black central fascia, narrowed towards the 
inner margin, the inner edge of which is slightly concave, the outer 
sinuous, forming in the centre a decided projection ; a small black 
spot before the analangle. Hind wing whitish, with a grey suffusion 
and with the darker outline of a band like that on the fore wing 
just perceptible. Head, face, thorax, and abdomen white; palpi 
black. Legs white, tarsi black with white joints. Underside 
whitish, darker in the fore wing. 

Expanse of wings 22-24 millim. 


A pair from Campbellpore, taken in May and June 1886. 


Family Levcanup2. 
38. Leuvcania unipunctTA. (No. 53.) 
Leucania unipuncta, Haw, Lép. Brit. p. 174. 
Leucania extranea, Gn. Noct. i. p. 77. 


Two specimens, one female, one male, from Campbellpore; the 
latter taken in May, the former in August 1886. 


39. Leucantia LorEYI. (No. 59.) 
Leucania loreyi, Dup. iv. p. 81, pl. 105. fig. 7. 


Three specimens of this widely distributed species from Campbell- 
pore, May and June 1886. 


40. Leucanta L-ALBUM. (No. 148.) 


Phalena-Noctua l-album, Gmel. 8S. N. i. 5, p. 2540. 154. 

Leucania bistrigata, Moore, P. Z.S. 1881, p. 334, pl. 37. fig. 18. 

Leucania penicillata, Moore, P. Z.S. 1881, p. 335. 

One female and two males from Thundiani, August and Sep- 
tember 1886. ‘Uncommon; a few specimens oniy at sugar.” 

I cannot find sufficient grounds for considering Mr. Moore’s 
bistrigata and penicillata to be distinct species. On the underside 
of the hind wings the band is more continuous and distinct. 


Family XyLopHasiipz? 

41. RutzoGRAMMA INEXxTRICATA. (No. 141.) 

Rhizogramma ineatricata, Moore, P.Z.S. 1881, p. 342. 

Three females and two males from Thundiani, all taken in August, 
and a single female from Dumtanar, in October 1886. ‘* Common 
at sugar in August ; found off and on till October.” 

Also from Dalhousie, N.W. Himalayas, Solun in the Punjaub, 
and the Neilgherries. 

From additional knowledge gained since working through the 
collection, I find myself compelled to make the following alteration. 
Relying on Mr. Moore’s authority, I made R. inextricata, as well as 


302 MR. W. WARREN ON LEPIDOPTERA [June 5, 


R. indica, to belong to the genus Rhizogramma ; whereas, in fact, if 
we examine the palpi, R. inextricata is very widely separated from 
R. indica. It comes, indeed, very much nearer Amphipyra. Mr. 
Butler thinks it will form the type of a distinct genus of the 
Cucullide. 


42. RatzocramMa inpica. (No. 131.) 

Xylophasia indica, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxii. p. 647. 

One female, taken “ at sallow-bloom,” Thundiani, May 2, 1887. 

The fact of a female being taken at sallow-bloom in spring would 
rather betoken relationship to the Xylinide than to the Xylopha- 
side. 

The specimen is accompanied by the remark “one of the 
commonest moths at sugar.” In all probability this remark refers 
to R, inextricata. 


Family APAMEID. 
43. Mamestra BrRassic®. (Nos. 134 & 168.) 
Phalena-Noctua brassica, L. 8. N. i. p. 576. 


Two females, four males, from Thundiani, August and October 
1886. 


44, MaMEsTRA STOLICZKE. (No. 168.) 


Mumestra stoliczhe, Feld. Reis. Nov. pl. 109. fig. 32; Moore, 
P. Z. 8. 1881, p. 347. 

Four specimens, all males, from Thundiani, August and Sep- 
tember 1886. 

Mr. Moore says it is nearest to serratilinea (!), and quotes as 
other localities, Dalhousie, N.W. Himalayas, and the Sind valley, 
Kaschmir. 


45. MAMESTRA NIGERRIMA, sp.n. (No. 113.) 


Fore wings deep blackish brown, with all the markings very 
obscure ; the margins of the orbicular and claviform stigmata just 
visibly darker, the latter also sometimes filled up with black ; the 
reniform stigma contains two minute white dots at its lower end, and 
one ochreous one at its upper end; a faint pale submarginal line, 
and three or four pale costal dots before the apex. Hind wings 
dark fuscous, slightly paler in the male; head, face, and thorax 
black-brown, as are the tips of the abdominal tufts; the abdomen 
itself fuscous. Underside dull ochreous, speckled with dark grey ; 
the fore wing has a pale straw-coloured or ochreous patch near the 
base of the inner margin; both wings with a narrow, curved, darker 
band; hind wing with a central spot besides. 

Expanse of wings 48-50 millim. 

Two females and four males, August 1886, from Thundiani. 

Allied to M. chalybeata, Moore, but much blacker; also resembling 
M. dolorosa, Wik., but the white dots are confined to the costa. 


1888.] FROM WESTERN INDIA. 303 


Family CARADRINID&. 
46. CaARADRINA SABULOSA. (No. 8.) 


Caradrina sabulosa, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 516, pl. 47. fig. 6. 

Four females and one male from Campbellpore, May, June, and 
July 1886. 

First taken at Kurrachee, May 1879, and described by Col. 
Swinhoe. 


47. CARADRINA EXTERNA. 

Orthosia externa, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxiii. p. 715. 

Fore wings silky, mouse-colour ; a dark subdentate line near the 
base, and a curved, strongly denticulate discal line, followed by a darker 
band before the paler submarginal line ; stigmata indistinct, generally 
rather darker than the ground-colour ; a narrow angulated central 
shade, touching the inside of the reniform stigma ; at the base of the 
wing, between and on each side of the two stigmata and broadly 
below them, are paler patches. Hind wings silky fuscous in both 
sexes. Head, thorax, and abdomen mouse-colour. 

Four specimens, one female and three males, taken at the end of 
August and beginning of September 1886, at Kala Pani. 

Akin to our C. morpheus, but smaller, and with darker hind 
wings. 

After the above description was made, from the insects from Kala 
Pani, two of which are in perfect condition, I discovered that 
Walker’s Orthosia externa, described from an inferior specimen, in 
the British Museum collection, and wrongly placed among the 
Orthosidze, was identical. I have, however, left the redescription 
standing, as it may serve to supplement Walker’s necessarily some- 
what imperfect and misleading account. 

A specimen from Col. Swinhoe, locality not given, is mentioned 
by Mr. Butler, P. Z. 8. 1883, p. 161. 


48. Amyna stricta. (No. 66.) 


Poaphila stricta, Wk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xiv. p. 1476. 

Llattia cephusalis, W1k. ibid. xvi. p. 209. 

Miana inornata, Wik. ibid. xxxii. p. 677. 

Perigea leucospila, W1k. ibid. xxxil. p. 683, female. 

Amyna cephusalis, Butler, P. Z.S. 1881, p. 617. 

?Amyna stigmatula, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent. xv. p. 35, pl. iv. fig. 15. 

? Amyna stellata, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1873, i. p. 162. 

?Amyna undulifera, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1875, ii. 
p- 403. 

Two females and three males from Campbellpore, the last week 
in July. 

The two specimens of Poaphila stricta, Wlk., from Honduras 
and Santarem, still in the British Museum collection, are certainly 
identical with those of Amyna (Ilattia, Wk.) cephusalis in the same 
collection, which latter come from such diverse localities as the 


304 MR. W. WARREN ON LEPIDOPTERA [June 5, 


Andaman Islands, Shanghai, Kutch, Solun, and Rockhampton, and 
must therefore belong to a species of very general distribution. 

Of the five examples now sent from Campbellpore, two have the 
lower half of the reniform stigma filled up with pale ochreous, which, 
in one example, certainly és placed more obliquely, as in A. stiymatula, 
Snellen. 

Now, of the four examples in the British Museum collection of 
A. stigmatula, Suellen (the characteristic of which is that the reni- 
form stigma is oblique and filled up with ochreous, instead of white), 
one is from Kurrachee, two from Aden, and one from the Congo ; 
while Snellen’s own types come from Lower Guinea. 

Of A. stellata, Butler (in which species the reniform stigma is filled 
up with pure white, and is said to be less oblique), there are speci- 
mens from Tokio, and one from Kutch, from the Indian Museum, 
set low, and evidently from the same lot as the five from the same 
source placed under Amyna stricta (cephusalis), one of which also is 
from Kutch. 

Of a third species, A. undulifera, Butler, from Natal, the single 
type in the British Museum collection is indistinguishable from one 
of A. cephusalis trom the Andaman Islands, in both of which the red 
tints predominate. Ina single example from Shanghai, of a dark 
reddish-brown tint, this colour has entirely swamped the usually 
pale outlines of the transverse lines and stigmata. 

Taking all these facts into consideration, I cannot help coming to 

the conclusion that A. stigmatula, Snellen, A. stellata, Butler, A. un- 
dulifera, Butler, and the unnamed reddish form from Shanghai, are all 
merely local forms of one widely spread and variable species, A. stricta, 
Wik. 
Mr. Moore (Ceylon, ili. p. 27) implies that the specimens with 
the reniform stigma filled up with grey are males, those filled up with 
ochreous or white, females; but, in fact, both variations in the 
stigma occur in each sex. 


49, Lapuyema exicua. (Nos. 51, 54, 64.) 


Noctua exigua, Ub. Eur. Schmet. fig. 362. 

Five females and four males from Campbellpore, and one female 
from Rawal Pindi, taken from April to July, with the remark ap- 
pended, ‘‘ very common.” 


50. AGROTIS ARISTIFERA. (No. 72.) 

Agrotis aristifera, Gu. Noct. i. p. 266. 

Agrotis munda, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. x. p. 348. 

One female, worn. from Rawal Pindi, March 28th, 1887 ; and one 
male, small, taken at Campbellpore. This latter, in the shortness of 
the claviform stigma and the absence of the black dagger-shaped 
marks before the submarginal line, resembles the Australian form, 
munda. Col. Swinhoe (P. Z. 8. 1884, p. 516) records the species 
from Kurrachee as common, and, like this example of the female, 
taken early in the year, viz. February. 


1888. ] FROM WESTERN INDIA. 305 


51. Acroris surrusa. (No. 147.) 

Phalena-Noctua suffusa, Gmel. 8. N. i. 5. p. 2541. 

One female and two males from Thundiani and Rawal Pindi; the 
pair from the former locality, August, 1886; but the male from 
Rawul Pindi is dated March 3rd, 1887. ‘‘ At sugar, very common, 
August.” 


52. AGROTIS SEGETUM. (No. 147.) 
Noctua segetum, W. V. 81. 12, pl. 1. fig. 3 a, 6. 
Four females and six males, with the usual variations in depth of 


colouring, from Thundiani, Rawal Pindi. ‘‘ Very common at sugar 
in August.” 


53. AGRoTiIs CorTicEA. (No. 166.) 

Noctua corticea, W. V. 81. 13. 

? Agrotis ingrata, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1878, i. p. 162 ; 
Ill. Lep. Het. B. M. ii. p. 27, pl. xxix. fig. 9. 

Agrotis fraterna, Moore, Desc. Ind. Lep. Atk. 11. p. 116. 

One female and four males from Thundiani, August ]886. 

A rather small and strongly-marked form, like the examples from 
Dhamsala in the Hocking Collection, with the costa of the fore wing, 
the face, and palpi, conspicuously darker. In A. ingrata, Butler, 
the females are larger and stouter, with the claviform stigma, as a 
rule, longer, but the male seems identical. 


54. AGrotis 1nTracTA. (No. 163.) 

Agrotis intracta, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. x. p. 346. 

One male from Thundiani, October 8th, 1886. 

Walker’s description was made from the single male from Nepaul, 
in the British Museum collection. Mr. Moore, I believe, as now 
two females. The species belongs to the group in which the hind 
wings of the male as well as of the female are dark. 


55. AGrotis quapRisigNaA. (No. 132?) 

Agrotis quadrisigna, Moore, P. Z.S. 1881, p. 350. 

Chersotis quadrisigna, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1881, p. 617. 

One female, taken in May ; one male at the end of September, in 
the Berham Gully ; both much damaged. 

Mr. Moore makes it allied to A. labyrinthica, Staud., and to 
A, placida. Mr. Butler, on the other hand, says it is related to 
Chersotis rectangula, which, however, in the male has strongly pecti- 
nated antennee. 

In his description Mr. Moore has omitted to mention one charac- 
teristic marking, viz. that the centre of the outer margin of the reni- 
form stigma is filled up with brick-red. 


56. GRAPHIPHORA VALIDA. (Nos. 20, 154 ?, 1637?) 
Graphiphora valida, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxiii. p. 711. 


Seven specimens, all females, from Thundiani, August to October, 
1886 


306 MR, W. WARREN ON LEPIDOPTERA [June 5, 


Walker’s types are from Shanghai. 
The species appears peculiarly liable to grease. It is a narrower- 
winged insect than the European G. ravida. 


57. GrapuipHora CANESCENS. (Nos. 154 & 163.) 


Graphiphora canescens, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1878, 1. 
p- 165. 

Cerastis subdolens, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, pt. ii. p. 181. 

Two females and six males from Thundiani, August, September, 
and October, 1886. 

Very closely allied to, if not identical with, G. dahlii of Europe. 
Asin that species, the females are usually much darker than the 
males, though dark males are occasionally to be seen. 


58. Oxrra ocuracea. (Nos. 132 & 154.) 
Oxira ochracea, W\k. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxii. p. 657. 


Seven males and six females from Thundiani, Handar, and 
Rawal Pindi, August, September, and October, 1886; a single 
female from Rawal Pindi, March 31, 1887. ‘“*‘ Very common at 
sugar.” 

Smaller and of more slender build than G. canescens, Butler, the 
male with pectinated antenne. As in that species, the fore wing of 
the female is dull brown or brownish red, of the male more 
reddish ochreous, though in this case also some specimens of the 
male are as dark as the females. The markings are similar. A 
geminated sinuous black basal and subbasal line, a curved denticu- 
lated discal line, often immediately followed by a narrow paler fascia ; 
a pale submarginal line, preceded on the costa by a brownish shade ; 
orbicular stigma of the ground-colour, merely edged with darker ; 
reniform variable, often pale-margined only, or with the upper part 
filled up with ochreous grey, the lower with dark fuscous, often 
more conspicuously paler in the female. In each sex they are 
sometimes preceded by a black spot; that before the orbicular being 
triangular or wedge-shaped; that before the reniform subquadrate ; 
the claviform stigma is represented, as in all the allied species, by a 
small dark dot ; an angulated central dark streak crosses the wing 
just before the reniform stigma; cilia of the ground-colour, with a 
paler basal line, preceded by a series of dark lunules. Hind wing 
dull fuscous, with reddish fringes in both sexes. Head and thorax 
concolorous with the fore wings; abdomen fuscous (darker in the 
female), with the anal tuft reddish; antenne of the male pecti- 
nated. 

Underside somewhat iridescent, pinkish ochreous, more pink 
along the costa and hind margin of the fore wing ; hind wing with 
a central dark spot and narrow curved band. 

After the above description (of a supposed new Graphiphora) was 
written, made from the fourteen specimens above recorded, I dis- 
covered that the type of Walker’s Ozira ochracea, a male from 
Ceylon, was identical. In all points, except the pectinated antenne, 
the species agrees well with Graphiphora canescens, Butler, the 


1888. | FROM WESTERN INDIA. 307 


Indian type of G. dahlii. Walker described his insect from the 
single male still extant, and by reason of the pectinated antennz 
placed it next after Heliophobus. This is manifestly not its proper 
place, but if the pectination of the male antennz is held to be suffi- 
cient reason for the erection of a new genus, that genus must stand 
in immediate proximity to Graphiphora. 


59. OCHROPLEURA DENTICULATA, sp. n. (No. 144.) 


Fore wing duli dark brown with a reddish tinge, blackish towards 
the base of the inner margin ; the costa broadly, but not strikingly, 
paler from the base to beyond the middle, never with so decided a 
streak as in O. triangularis ; a pale sinuous subbasal line, bordered 
on either side with darker ; a curved and strongly sérrated pale line 
beyond the middle, also dark-bordered ; this latter starts obliquely, 
and somewhat indistinctly, from the costa, then turns‘and runs paral- 
lel to the hind margin, forming four very prominent teeth (of which 
the first is curved and blunt, the other three very acute), and attains 
the inner margin with three short curves ; beyond this line is a dark 
brown fascia, with an irregular outer edge; orbicular stigma pale, 
oblique, its upper end merged in the pale costal streak ; reniform 
stigma filled up with dark, and with a paler margin; the space 
between the stigmata dark brown, as is also the claviform stigma, 
fringes dark brown with a fine pale basal line, preceded by a series 
of black curves. Hind wings entirely dark fuscous, with white 
fringes ; head, face, and thorax reddish brown ; abdomen fuscous. 
Underside glossy ochreous grey, with a reddish tinge along the costa 
of the fore wing ; all the veins strongly marked ; each wing with a 
central spot and a narrow dark band, the hind wing also broadly 
darker before the hind margin. 

Expanse of wings 58 millim. 

Three males from Thundiani, August 1886. ‘Taken at sugar.” 


60. OcHROPLEURA FLAMMATRA. 


Phalena-Noctua flammatra, Gmel. 8. N.i. 5. p. 2543. 
Two males, taken at sugar. Rawal Pindi, March 31, 1887. 


61. OcCHROPLEURA TRIANGULARIS. 


Ochropleura triangularis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 55. 
One female in good condition, at sallow-bloom. Thundiani, 


May 1, 1887. 
62. OcHROPLEURA coGNATA. (No. 167.) 


Graphiphora cognata, Moore, Desc. Lep. Col. Atkinson, ii. p. 119. 
One male, Thundiani, August 6, 1886. 
“ Not uncommon at sugar in August.” 


63. OCHROPLEURA C-NIGRUM. 
Phalena-Noctua c-nigrum, L. F. 8. p. 1193. 
One female, Campbellpore, March 20, 1886, 


308 MR. W. WARREN ON LEPIDOPTERA [June 5, 


Family HADENIDA. 
64. Euvrors virens. (No. 143.) 
Eurois virens, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1878, i. p. 194; 
Butler, Ill. Lep. Het. B. M. pt. il. pl. 45. fig. 5. 
One male, caught August 23, 1886, at Thundiani. 
“«< Only two specimens were captured.” 


65. EuvrLexiA pecTINAaTA, sp. n. (No. 131.) 


Two females and two males, from Thundiani, 21st August, 1886. 

“One of the commonest moths at sugar, in August.” 

Resembling greatly, but in reality quite distinct from, E. attic 
tata, Moore. The tints of the fore wing are dull dark olive, never 
passing into pinky brown ; the subbasal white band is narrower, not 
so attenuated towards the costa; the second white band is much 
narrower on the inner margin, being largely suffused with olive, and 
varied towards the costa with small dull olive dots, but never showing 
the large brownish costal blotch of albovittata. Hind margin dark 
olive-brown, traversed by a fine undulating white line, before which 
it is darker. Thorax dark olive, with only a small pinkish-white 
tuft behind; abdomen dull fuscous, without a white base ; palpi 
wholly dark, not white-tipped ; antennze in the female annulated 
black and hits at the base; in the male decidedly pectinated. 
Hind wings in the female wholly dark grey, in the male more whitish 
towards the base ; with, two curved whitish lines at the interior 
angle, the inner one being composed of two subcontiguous white 
curves. 

Underside dull grey ; the darker central band and base of fore 
wings showing through ; the hind wing with a distinct central dark 
spot, and less distinct narrow band. In albovittata the underside 
of the fore wings shows a distinct large whitish spot. 

Expanse of wings 34 millim. 


66. TRACHEA AURTPLENA. (Nos. 161 & 210.) 
Eurois auriplena, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xi. p. 557. 


One female from 'Thundiani, August 20, and another from Hurri- 
pur, October 13, with the remark, “rare, at sugar.” 


67. HapeNA cHENOPODII. (No. 55.) 

Phalena-Noctua chenopodii, Gmel. 8. N. i. 5. p. 2543. 1036. 

One male from Campbellpore, taken May 22, 1886. 

The only difference between this specimen and ordinary H. cheno- 
podii is a more noticeable pale oblique blotch beneath the reniform 
stigma. 


68. HapENna apguncTa. (No. 134 2) 


Hadena adjuncta, Moore, P. Z.S8. 1881, p. 357. 


Five females and three males, all considerably worn, August 1886. 
Thundiani. 
Allied to H. thalassina. 


1888. ] FROM WESTERN INDIA. 309 


69. Powia scorocatora. (No. 120.) 
Polia scotochlora, Kollar, Kaschmir, p. 482. 


Two females and one male from Thundiani, August 1886. “A 
few only.” 
Hitherto unrepresented in the Brit. Mus. collection. 


70. Hecarera mopesta. (No. 117.) 

Hecatera modesta, Moore, Desc. Het. Lep. Coll. Atk. pt. ii. 
p- 125. 

One female from Thundiani, taken September 5, 1886. ‘* Two 
or three only were taken.” 


Family Cosmirp&. 
70a. Cosm1a , sp.n. (No. 132?) 


Two females from Dumtanar, October 11, 1886, both much worn: 
Sent along with Ovira ochracea, and confused with it, till a series of 
Specimens in good condition in the Hocking Collection enabled them 
to be separated. Mr. Butler has determined it to be a Cosmia, at 
present unnamed. 


Family HeviorHips. 

71. HeLIOTHIS ARMIGERA. (Nos. 12 & 21.) 

Noctua armigera, Hb. Noct. pl. 79. fig. 370. 

Four males, all from Campbellpore, and four females from that 
place and from Hassan Abdal and Akhor, in April, May, and June, 
1886. 

All the males are the small brown form; all the females the 
larger greyer one. 


72. HELIOTHIS PELTIGERA. (No. 12.) 
Noctua peltigera (W. V. 89. 2), Hb. Noct. pl. 63. fig. 310. 
One male taken the end of July, at Khairabad. 


Family AconTup&. 
73. ACONTIA LucIDA. (No. 46.) 


Phalena-Noctua lucida, Hufn. Berl. M. iii. p- 302. 424. 
Acontia solaris, Tr. Schm. Eur. v. Abh. 3, p. 244. 6. 


One female from Chittar Pahar, two males from Campbellpore 
and Khairabad; all taken in April, 1886. 


74. THALPOCHARES TRIANGULARIS, sp.n. (No. 49.) 


Fore wing very pale olive tinged with pink; a sharply bordered 
basal patch, an equally sharply bordered, but smaller, costal triangle, 
and a narrow marginal line together with the fringes dark olive- 
brown ; immediately beyond the basal patch and the costal triangle 
are two delicate pink fascize, glossy in certain lights. Hind wing 
with the cilia dull fuscous. Head, face, and thorax dark olive- 


Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. XXII. D2, 


310 MR. W. WARREN ON LEPIDOPTERA {June 5, 


brown ; palpi paler ; abdomen fuscous. Underside pinkish ochreous, 
with the dark markings of the fore wing slightly visible. 

Expanse of wings 16 millim. 

One female from Campbellpore, May 21, 1886. 

In the Hocking Collection, and likewise in Mr. Moore’s, there is a 
species closely allied to the present one, which Mr. Moore has re- 
ferred to the genus Xanthoptera. But all the species of that genus, 
as at present known, have quite a different facies and ground-colour, 
and are all natives of America only. For the present, therefore, I 
have thought it better to locate the species in T'halpochares, a genus 
which, as our knowledge increases, will no doubt demand a further 
subdivision. 


75. XANTHODES INNOCENS. 
Xanthodes innocens, Wk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xv. p. 1752. 


One worn male from Campbellpore, July 23, 1886. 
Also taken at Aden and Kurrachee. 


76. CuRUBASA CRUENTATA. (No. 108.) 

Curubasa cruentata, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1881, p. 367. 

One male from Kala Pani, August 7, 1886. Hardly recognizable. 

Mr. Moore’s specimens are from N.W. India and Noashera, 
Cashmir. 

77. DoriKA SANGUINOLENTA. 

Dorika sanguinolenta, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1881, p. 363. 


One male, dreadfully worn, from Abbotabad, August 31, 1886. 
Mr. Moore gives Bombay as a locality. 


78. ADISURA MARGINALIS. 


Adisura marginalis, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1881, p. 368. 

Anthophila marginalis, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xii. p. 830. 

One female, dated July 27, from Campbellpore. 

A. marginalis has no pink flush on the hind margin and the costa is 
narrowly pale. A. delicia, Felder, pl. 108. fig. 40, has yellow fringes. 
A, dulcis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 368, pl. 37. fig. 20, should have 
the hind margin, according to the description, pink, but the figure 
does not so represent it. 


Family Tuyripip2. 
THYRIDIPHORA, gen. nov. 


Fore wings triangular ; costa thickened, with a strong fold on its 
under surface for four fifths of its length ; convex at the base, then 
incurved beyond the middle, and again convex before the apex, 
which is prominently produced ; hind margin curved, convex, with 
a slight prominence halfway down, and a strongly expressed anal 
angle ; the inner margin is also slightly curved outwards. Costal 
vein hidden under the fold ; cell long, reaching to four fifths of the 
wing ; first subcostal branch starting at four fifths, the second half- 


1888. ] FROM WESTERN INDIA. 311 


way between the first and the end of the cell; here the subcostal 
divides and forms an oval additional cell, devoid of scales, from the 
upper end of which the third and fourth subcostal branches start, 
and the fifth from the lower end; discocellular regularly curved ; 
the radial from the centre; upper median from a little above the 
lower end of the cell; middle median from its end; lower at four 
fifths ; submedian straight to a little above the anal angle ; interno- 
median fold parallel to it; internal vein curved basewards. Hind 
wings triangular, but with both angles rounded ; the subcostal much 
thickened at the base, having apparently absorbed the costal ; the 
cell broad, reaching to four fifths of the wing; discocellular strongly 
angulated basewards in the centre, its upper half obsolete ; two sub- 
costal branches from the upper end, from the upper one of which a 
shord third branch is emitted, representing the end of the costal; a 
recurrent vein through the angle of the discocellular ; radial and two 
upper medians all close together from the lower end of the cell ; 
lower median at four fifths; three internal veins. Head, thorax, 
and abdomen stout, as are the legs and palpi; the latter thickly 
scaled, as long as the head, ascending, the third joint curved down- 
wards ; antennze laminated, very thick in the male; eyes large. 


79. THYRIDIPHORA FENESTRATA, Sp. n. 

Fore wing greyish ochreous with two faintly darker lines, which 
show slight traces of serration ; one leaving the inner margin in the 
middle and curving into the costa, the other starting a little way 
beyond the first and running obliquely towards the apex, but deflexed 
before reaching it on to the costa, which it reaches above the oval, 
sealeless eyelet-hole, which stands beyond the apex of the cell; 
fringes slightly darker. Hind wing paler, but with darker hind 
margin. Underside dull ochreous, with patches of darker scales 
along the course of the lines. Head, thorax, and abdomen all pale 
ochreous. Expanse of wings 14 millim. 

One female, Campbellpore, July 3, 1886. 

This peculiar little species is like a Bombyx mori in miniature. 
It appears much subject to grease. Two examples from Col. 
Swinhoe, unnamed, in the Brit. Mus. collection, are almost trans- 
parent from this cause. Although so much smaller in expanse, the 
neuration of the wings and the structure of the autenne indicate an 
affinity with the Thyrididz. 


Family Piusirpz. 

80. Puusta nx. (No. 43.) 

Noctua ni, Hb. Noct. pl. 58. fig. 284. 

? Plusia extrahens, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xii. p. 929. 

? Plusia significans, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xii. p. 930. 

One male and one female from Campbellpore, taken early in June, 
1886. 

The only difference discernible in P. extrahens, Wlk., = P. signi- 
ficans, W)k., is that the males have the underside of the anal tuft 
blackish. 

22* 


312 MR. W. WARREN ON LEPIDOPTERA [June 5 


81. Prusta niGRrisiGNa. (No. 43.) 

Plusia nigrisigna, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xii. p. 928. 

Two males from Campbellpore, March 3, 1886. ‘* Not uncom- 
mon.” 

Walker’s types were from N. India. 


82. Puusta or1cHALCEA. (No. 44.) 
Noctua orichalcea, Fabr. Sp. Ins. ii. 237. 


Six examples, all males, from Thundiani. ‘Common in April 
and May ; two specimens in October.” 


Family AMPHIPYRID2. 
83. Ampuipyra MAGNA. (No, 45.) 
Amphipyra magna, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxiii. p. 868. 


Three females and two males, Thundiani, August 1886. ‘ The 
commonest moth at sugar.” 


84. AMPHIPYRA MONOLITHA. (No. 45.) 
Amphipyra monolitha, Gn. Noct. ii. p. 414. 


Two males from Dumtanar and Nandar, dated September 25, and 
October 11, 1886. Sent as supposed females of 4. magna. 
Also from N. China and Silhet. 


85. AMPHIPYRA FLAVICAUDATA, sp. n. (No 203.) 

Fore wings pale fawn-colour, with a slight olive tint; crossed by 
a succession of slightly darker lines and shades, the most conspi- 
cuous of which are a straight, diffuse, central, and a curved, distinctly 
margined, submarginal fascia. The basal area is hardly perceptibly 
darker, but contains a short, transverse costal line, and is bordered 
by a diffuse undulating line; in the paler interval between this and 
the central fascia a slender sinuous line is visible, and in the pale 
space between the central fascia and the submarginal a curved, 
slender, denticulated line ; the inner edge of the submarginal fascia 
is evenly curved, the outer edge is jagged; orbicular stigma very 
indistinct, the margins only faintly expressed ; reniform stigma largish, 
and filled up with darker; both are contiguous to the central fascia ; 
on the costa before the apex are four or five minute light dots ; veins 
towards the hind margin varied with dark and light scales ; fringes 
concolorous, preceded by a series of thin fuscous lunules. Hind 
wings fuscous with the veins darker; the fringes and the costa 
broadly ochreous yellow. Head, thorax, abdomen, and legs conco- 
lorous with the fore wings, the thorax slightly the darkest; anal 
tuft orange. Underside straw-colour ; each wing with a narrow dark 
band, the hind wing with a central dark spot. 

Expanse of wings 54-60 millim. 

Eight females from Thundiani, all but one taken in October, and 
stated to be “ very common at sugar in that month, but not seen 
before ;”’ the eighth, which is in much worse condition than the 
rest, was taken in August, and was accompanied with the note “ not 


1888. ] FROM WESTERN INDIA. 313 


uncommon in August.” The species is, in appearance, unlike all 
other dmphipyre. 


Family Homorprerip&. 
86. Homoptera vitis. (No. 78.) 
Homoptera vilis, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxiil. p. 889. 


Five females and seven males from Campbellpore, Khairabad, and 
Hassan Abdal, July 1886. 


87. PANpesMA QuéNAvapI. (Nos. 52 & 66.) 

Pandesma quénavadi, Gn. Noct. il. p. 438. 

Two females and four males, May, June, and July, 1886, Camp- 
bellpore. 

Very variable, both in size and markings ; widely distributed. 


88. PANDESMA BENENOTATA, SP. 0. 

Fore wing grey ; a dark, blackish-brown, broken line before the 
middle, which runs at first obliquely outward from the costa and 
then vertically to the inner margin, becoming most conspicuous in 
the centre of the wing; a sinuous brown line beyond the middle, 
followed by a diffuse fuscous shade; a tortuous pale submarginal 
line, with a darker fuscous shade on either side, and preceded 
towards the costa by two or three still darker patches ; cilia grey, 
with a darker basal line. Hind wing fuscous, diffusely darker 
towards the hind margin; cilia whitish. Head, face, thorax, and 
abdomen grey. Underside whitish ochreous ; in the fore wing with 
a dark patch before the hind margin, and a faint central spot ; hind 
wing without markings; both wings are faintly, but sparsely dusted 
with darker scales. Antenne of the male ciliated. 

One male, Rawal Pindi, March 31,1887. Expanse of wings 
22 millim. 


89. ALAMIS UMBRINA. (Nos. 2 2 & 48.) 
Alamis umbrina, Gu. Noct. iii. p. 4. 
Two females and four males, Campbellpore, May and June, I886. 


90, PLecorreRA REFLEXA. (Nos. 64, 71, 75.) 

Plecoptera reflexa, Gn. Noct. ii. p. 431. 

Poaphila? simplex, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xv. p. 1840. 

TPrigonodes gammoides, W\k. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xv. p. 1833. 

Five females and six males from Khairabad and Campbellpore, 
Saly 25 and 30, 1886. 

A very variable species. 


Family CarocaLip®. 
91. CarocaLa AFGHANA. (No. 199.) 
4 Catocala afghana, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885, p. 352, pl. ix. 
g. 8. 
Two males from Dumtanar, near Abbotabad, Oct. 11, 1886. 
** Not uncommon.” 
Swinhoe gives Gwal (in June) and Quetta as other localities. 


314 MR. W. WARREN ON LEPIDOPTERA [June 5, 


92. CarocaLa Nivea. (No. 160.) 


Catocala nivea, Butler, Cist. Ent. ii. p. 241.2; Ill. Lep. Het. 
B. M. pt. ii. pl. 33. fig. 4 

One male, August 20, 1886, from Thundiani, differing from Mr. 
Butler’s type from Japan only in the black band of the hind wing 
not quite reaching the costa 

**'Two specimens at sugar.’ 


93. CATOCALA PERSIMILIS, sp. n. (No. 146.) 


One female, Thundiani, August 17, 1886. 

Resembles C. dotata, Wlk., very closely, but differs in the follow- 
ing points:—in the fore wings the basal area is not filled up with dark, 
bub is bordered by a dark line ; the serratures of the transverse line 
beyond the middle are much less acute and prominent, except that 
above the inner margin, which is decidedly larger. On the costa 
beyond the line is a distinct blackish bloteh, and before the hind 
margin a dark plain fascia, which in C. dotata is a black serrated line : 
in the hind wing the yellow space between the central and marginal 
dark bands is much _ampler, and broadly interrupts the marginal 
band. Expanse of wings 56 millim. 


94. Carocata paTaLaA. (No. 207.) 


Catocala patala, Feld. Reise Nov. pl. 112. fig. 23. 

One male, from Thundiani, October 8, 1886. 

Akin to C. jonasei, Butler, from Japan, but slightly larger, and 
distinguished at once by the bluish tinge and the dark basal area, 
which in jonasez is merely pale grey with a darker bordering line. 

Felder’s types also were from North Hindostan. 

As the species has never been described, but is only figured by 
Felder, I insert the following description :— 

Fore wing pale grey, with a slight bluish tinge ; basal area 
brownish grey, witha short black transverse line near the base, and 

_bordered by a distinct oblique blackish line, which is sharply angu- 
lated basewards on the submedian nervure ; this darker tint of the 
basal area is continued beyond it along the inner margin as far as the 
next line ; central area pale ochreous grey, containing a brownish 
patch on the costa, between two black spots, and embracing the 
reniform stigma, which has beyond it and obliquely below it a large 
patch of bluish grey ; external area fuscous grey, bounded inter- 
nally by a strongly marked serrated black line, which emits a black 
dash basewards along the submedian nervure ; beyond this line can be 
traced a zigzag light and dark fascia; a row of black, white-centred 
lunules along the hind margin. Hind wing luteous, clouded with 
darker at the base along each margin; with a black central fascia, 

-which forms a strong right angle externally, nearly meeting a pro- 
jection of the marginal” border ; this latter is broad, black, and 

_ uninterrupted, with a broad, roundish, luteous spot at the apex. 
Underside fuscous, varied with paler, both wings with a broad black 
central fascia, which in the fore wing is preceded by a pale luteous, 


1888. ] FROM WESTERN INDIA. 315 


and followed by a whitish fascia; the hind wing has the entire base 
luteous, and a luteous fascia before the marginal border. 

Head and thorax pale grey, mottled with darker grey and fuscous ; 
abdomen dull fuscous above, pale ochreous grey, almost whitish, 
beneath; palpi fuscous, with the apex of the second joint and the 
underneath parts pale grey. Expanse of wings 70 millim. 

In this case also, from a comparison of six good specimens in the 
Hocking Collection, Mr. Butler has come to the conclusion that the 
Species is distinct both from C. patala, Felder, and C. jonasei, 
Butler. 

Family OmMaAToPHORID&. 

95. Nyctrpao aLBocincta. (No. 176.) 


Nyctipao albicincta, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xiv. p. 1304. 
Erebus albicinctus, Kollar, Kaschmir, iv. p. 474, pl. 22. 


One male from Abbotabad, August 31, 1886. 


Family Eresiip2. 
96. Sypna PuncTosa. (No. 213.) 
Sypna punctosa, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxiii. p. 939. 
One female from Abbotabad, August 31, 1886. 


97. ParuLa macrors. (No. 176.) 


Patula macrops, Gn. Noct. iii. p. 177. 
Phalena-Attacus macrops, L. 8. N. iii. p- 225. 


One female taken at Abbotabad, August 31, 1886. 


Family Hypopyripz. 


98. SprrAMA COHZRENS. (No. 212.) 


Spirama coherens, Moore, Ceylon, iii. p. 149, pl. 165. figs. 8, 3a" 
Spiramia coherens, W\k. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xv. p. 1321. 


One male from Hurripur, October 13, 1886.  * Fairly common.” 


99. Hypopyra EXTRICANS. 
Hypopyra extricans, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xiv. 1328. 


One female, taken October 13, at Hurripur. 
Walker’s types were from North China. 


Family Dysconnp 2, 
100. ACHH&A MELICERTE. (No. 33.) 
Phalena-Noctua melicerte, Drury, Ins. i. p. 46, pl. 23. fig. 1. 
One male, three females, Campbellpore, July 19, 1886. 


101. Remiera arcuesta. (No. 180.) 


Phalena-Noctua archesia, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. p. 145, pl. 273. 
figs. F, G. 


316 MR. W. WARREN ON LEPIDOPTERA [June 5, 


Remigia bifasciata, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxiii. p. 1014. 

Remigia gregalis, Gu. Noct. iii. p. 320. 

Remigia pellita, Gn. Noct. iii. p. 318. 

One female, from Kala Pani, September 1, 1886. 

A widely distributed species. ‘The females are more reddish, the 
males greyer, with the two fasciz more pronounced. The latter 
very frequently, 4ué not invariably, have a black spot near the inner 
margin before the first fascia. 

Mr. Moore (Ceylon, iii. 191) erects this species into a genus by 
itself, under the name Cawninda; but the characteristics given 
appear to be merely relative. 


102. Lacoprera ELEGANS. (No. 200.) 


Ophiusa elegans, Van der Hoeven, Lep. Nov. pl. 5. fig. 6a, 6. 
One female, Dumtanar, September 29, 1886. 


103. DysGonta LaTreasciA, sp. n. (No. 17.) 


Fore wing olive-brown ; the usual central fascia whitish, with a 
lilac tinge, wider at each extremity than in the middle; the olive- 
brown space beyond it quite as wide as the basal space, narrowly 
white-bordered throughout from costa to inner margin ; this border 
is not angulated nor indented, as in other species ; it runs at first 
obliquely outward from the costa for about one third of the wing, 
then, without forming an angle, vertically for a short distance, not 
concave inwards, and finally obliquely inwards, slightly sinuous, but 
without any distinct indentation. Apex with a triangular olive- 
brown spot, faintly white-bordered internally, and a smaller confluent 
one below it ; hind margin pale lilac-grey, preceded by a dull fuscous 
shade ; a row of very minute dark submarginal dots. Cilia pale 
ochreous. Hind wing dull olive-brown, with a rather ill-defined 
bluish-white central band; fringes nearly white; the anal angle 
narrowly greyish. Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous-olive. 

Expanse of wings 48 millim. 

-One male from Campbellpore, July 20, 1886. 

This agrees precisely with a very perfect specimen from Solun in 
the British Museum collection, which had been inadvertently placed 
among D. arctotenia. It may be distinguished at once from all allied 
species by the much greater width of the discal band, which ap- 
proaches that of D. conficiens. 


104. Dysconta oLtyMpiA. (No. 17.) 


Ophiusa olympia, Swinhoe, P.Z.S. 1885, p. 466. 

One male from Campbellpore, June 3, 1886. 

In this specimen the white band is not only thinner than in the 
female, but also differs in shape, being much narrower on the inner 
margin than at the costa, as in D. analis. 

The comparison of a numerous series in the Hocking Collection 
proves this to be only a variety of D. albivitta, 


1888. ] FROM WESTERN INDIA. 317 


105. Homa@a ciatHrum. (No. 78.) 
Homeea clathrum, Gn. Noct. iii. p. 207. 
One female, July 18, 1886, from Hassan Abdal. 


106. GramMopEs stotipa. (No. 29.) 
Noctua stolida, Fabr. Sp. Ins. ii. 218. 54. 


One female and three:males from Campbellpore and Chittar Pahar ; 
dated June 2 and April 28 respectively. 


Family THEeRMEsIIDz. 

107. CapnopeEs TRiFasciaTa. (No. 100.) 

Capnodes trifasciata, Moore, P. Z.S. 1877, p. 612. 

One female from Campbellpore, July 30, 1886. In fresh spe- 
cimens, like this one, the three dark fascize are scarcely visible, while 
the white dots are more distinct. C. stellata, Moore, a larger, redder 
insect, with the costal white dots still more pronounced, is probably 
only a local, insular form. 


108. MaGuLaBA MQ@STALIS. 


Magulaba mestalis, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxiv. p. 1127. 
Lgnasia erebina, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1879, iv. p. 450. 
One female from Campbellpore, July 27, 1886. 

Walker gives 9 lines as the expanse of the wings; his type in 
the British Museum collection, which is from Sierra Leone, only 
measures 6 lines, as does the other specimen from Aden. The 
present one from Campbellpore expands 8 lines. Mr. Butler’s type 
of erebina measures 11 lines: this is from Japan. 


Family Hypenipa. 
109. HypreNna LACERATALIS. 
Hypena laceratalis, W\k. Cat. Lep. Het. xvi. p. 60 ; Moore, Ceylon, 
ii. p. 224, pl. 176. figs. 5, 5a. 
Two dilapidated specimens from Campbellpore, July 30, 1886. 


110. Hyprena aNGUSTALIS, sp. n. 


One female only, from Dumtanar, October 11, 1886. 

The single specimen sent is much rubbed towards the base of the 
fore wings ; but it evidently belongs to the group containing H. abdu- 
ealis, W1k., from the Punjaub, HZ. curviferalis, Wlk., from Java, and 
H. columbaris, Butler, from Japan, which all have a single long curved 
streak running from the apex to near the base of the inner margin, 
It most closely resembles H. abducalis ; but the fore wing is narrower 
and longer, with a trace of a row of dark submarginal spots. Ex- 
panse of wings 34 millim. 


111, Hormisa cramBorpes. (No. 112.) 
Hormisa cramboides, Butler, Ill. Lep. Het. iii. p. 62, pl. 56. fig. 6. 
Six specimens, two females and four males, from Thundiani and 


315 MR. W. WARREN ON LEPIDOPTERA [June 5, 


Kala Pani, taken in July and August, 1886, and April 1887. 
* Common in August.” 

The three specimens in the British Museum collection, from Japan, 
are all males ; the female is paler and clearer. 


112. HypriLLopDEs ERYTHUSALIS. 

Bocana erythusalis, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xvi. p. 177. 

One female, much damaged, from Dumtanar, July 29. “ Taken 
at ivy.” 

Occurs also at Sarawak, Borneo. 


GEOMETRINA. 


Family UrarreryGip&. 
113. URAPTERYX PLURISTRIGATA, sp.n. (No. 109.) 


Ground-colour pure white ; fore wings with two, hind wings with 
one, rather broad transverse grey lines ; those on the fore wing almost 
parallel, and containing between them a short, thin, grey transverse 
line, which does not touch the costa; the basal, central, aud marginal 
areas all thickly shot with fine grey transverse streaks ; fringes grey. 
Hind wing also thickly covered with similar streaks, and bearing at 
the base of the tail two black submarginal spots, the upper one 
linear, twice as long as the lower, with some brick-red scales at its 
lower end; fringes brick-red. Head, thorax, and abdomen pure 
white ; palpi and antenne brownish. Expanse of wings 42-45 
millim. 

Three males from Thundiani, August 1886. 

This is closely allied to an unnamed species from Japan, in the 
British Museum collection; but the Japanese insect has blunter 
fore wings, with the two transverse lines evidently approximating on 
the inner margin, and only the marginal area streaked with grey ; in 
the hind wings the upper of the two tail-spots is round, with a red 
centre. 

Family ENNomIDz. 


114. Rumia mimuuina. (No. 114.) 
Rumia mimulina, Butler, P. Z.S. 1886, p. 388. 
Three males from Thundiani, August 15, 1886. 


Family Oxypiip2. 
115. Hyperyrura Lures. (No. 79.) 
Phalena- Geometra lutea, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. p. 157, pl. 370. 
figs. C, D. 
” Hyperythra luteata, Moore, P. Z.S. 1867, p. 619. 
Hyperythra limbolaria, Gn. Phal. i. p. 101, pl. 3. fig. 34. 
Hyperythra penicillaria, Gn. Phal. i. p. 101. 
Aspilates susceptaria, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxv. p. 1664. 
Two males and one female from Khairabad and Campbellpore, 
dated July 23 and 27, 1886. All three much worn. 


1888.] FROM WESTERN INDIA. 319 


116. PyrintaA pH@NICcO-TH£NIATA. (No. 107.) 


Aspilates phenico-teniata, Kollar, Kaschmir, p. 487. 

Heterolocha pheenico-teniata, Feld. Reise Nov. pl. 133. figs. 6, 6a. 

One female and two males, from Kala Pani and Thundiani, August 
and September, 1886. 

The specimen in the Brit. Mus. collection is from Murree. 


117. ANGERONA STRAMINEATA, sp.n. (Nos. 122 & 187.) 


Fore wing yellowish straw-colour, thickly sprinkled with fulvous 
dots, especially over the basal and marginal areas, and above the 
anal angle; with two fulvous transverse lines and a fulvous central 
spot; the first line near the base is curved, and bluntly angulated 
below the costa; the second runs parallel to the hind margin. Hind 
wing with two curved fulvous lines, one in the centre, the other sub- 
marginal, approximating on the inner margin, where the fulvous dots 
are densest. Head, face, thorax, abdomen, and antenne all alike, 
straw-coloured. Underside paler, only sparsely sprinkled with dots, 
but with the two lines, and the central spot of the fore wing, and the 
two lines of the hind wing strongly marked. 

Expause of wings 38-42 millim. 

Four males from Thundiani, September 1886. 


118. Psyra DEBILIS, sp. n. (No. 122.) 


? Semiothisa diplotata, Feld. Reise Nov. pl. 128. fig. 16. 

Fore wings pale straw-colour, sparsely dusted with transverse 
fulvous or dark brown flecks, more thickly towards the base of the 
costa, and crossed by three sinuous fulvous or brown lines, which all 
start from black-brown costal blotches—the first at one third from the 
base, the second in the middle, the third submarginal: this last contains 
two small black subcostal dots, with a larger double blotch obliquely 
beneath them, and again two smaller ones at the inner margin: 
between the second and third lines a still fainter one can be traced, 
consisting sometimes only of a series of isolated fulvous dots, start- 
ing also like the rest from a brown-black costal blotch ; a faint ful- 
vous central dot; hind margin with a row of black dots; fringes 
short, straw-colour. Hind wings straw-colour, with a central brown 
band and central spot touching it, followed by a narrower one, and 
with traces of a third, submarginal, with a brown spot in its centre ; 
the transverse flecks brown; hind margin with a row of black dots. 
Head, thorax, and abdomen straw-colour. Underside with all the 
markings much darker ; the base of the costa in the fore wing brown. 

Expanse of wings 38-40 millim. 

Three males from Thundiani, August 16 and 19, September 5, 
1886, with the remark “ fairly common in August.” 

A much more fragile and delicately-built insect than either P. 
cuneata, Wlk., or P. angulifera, Wik., without the striking angular 
dark blotches which form so prominent a feature in them. 

Semiothisa diplotata, Feld. Reise Nov. pl. 128. fig. 16, from 
Bengal, may represent a smail strongly-coloured male of this species. 


320 MR. W. WARREN ON LEPIDOPTERA [June 5, 


Family GEnocHROMIID. 
119. NrpHonissa antpA. (No. 227.) 
Niphonissa arida, Butler, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1878, i. p. 394. 


One female from Thundiani, caught April 30,1887, agreeing 
perfectly with Mr. Butler’s type from Japan. 


Family Boarmup2. 
120. Menopura suspLaciaTa. (No. 125.) 
Hemerophila subplagiata, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxi. p. 319. 


One female and three males, from Thundiani and Murree; one 
male dated September 1885, two males August 1886, and the female 
April 30, 1887. ‘ Uncommon.” 


121. Avcis rrerata. (No. 184.) 
Boarmia iterata, Butler, P. Z.S. 1886, p. 389. 


Three females from Thundiani, August and September 1886, and 
one female from Murree, September 1885. 

In two of the females the ground-colour is suffused with dark 
fuscous, leaving only two pale blotches, one subcostal, and another in 
the middle of the hind margin: in the other two, the entire wing 
is dull dirty fuscous, with the lines very obscure. 

Underside: fore wing dull ochreous, with a dark grey marginal 
band of uniform width, containing a paler patch in the middle ; 
another paler patch is in the centre of the costa. 


122. Aucis rR1KoTaRIA. (No. 115.) 


Boarmia trikotaria, Feld. Reise Nov. pl. 126. fig. 10. 

? Boarmia picata, Butler, Trans. E. 8. 1881, p. 408. 

Two females, seven males, from Thundiani, August 16, 1886. 

Like so many others of the genus, this species varies considerably 
in depth of colour and disposition of shades. The two females have 
the central band much paler and clearer, very much like Alcis picata, 
Butler, from Japan. Sometimes the space between the first and 
second lines is filled up with dark, so as to form a curved blackish 
fascia. 

It occurs also in the Himalayas, and in Afghanistan. 

The underside of this species is rather bright straw-colour: the 
fore wing with a broad black hind margin, especially at the apex, and 
with a black projection from it in the centre towards the inner line, 
which is itself sometimes blackish ; in the middle of the marginal 
black band is a straw-coloured patch: hind wing with dark hind 
margin, two undulating dark lines, and central spot dark. 

“Very common in August.” 


123. ALcis NuDIPENNIS, sp.n. (No. 115.) 


Fore wing pale grey, without any darker suffusion ; a curved black 
line at one third, and another beyond it, about the centre, are both 
more distinctly marked on the costa, and approach one another on 


1888.] FROM WESTERN INDIA. 321 


the inner margin; the space between them is sometimes filled up 
with blackish ; at one third from the apex another line, also blackest 
towards the costa, starts, forming in its course two blunt angulations 
and three curves, and reaches the inner margin at an equal distance 
from the central line as that line is from the first; beyond this 
third line the wing is slightly darker. Hind wing pale grey, with 
two strong dark lines, the first, nearest the base, straight, the second 
curving ; hind margin darker grey, with traces of paler undulating 
lines. 

Underside: fore wing pale ochreous, with the base of the costa, 
the starting-points of the lines, and the third line itself black ; beyond 
the third line fuscous. Hind wing pale ochreous, with two lines and 
central spot dark. Expanse of wings 38 millim. 

Two males from Thundiani, August and September, 1886. 

It is possible that these may prove to be only pale forms of Alcis 
iterata, Butler. 


124. GnNoruos oprecTaRiA. (No. 153.) 


Gnophos obtectaria, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxv. p. 1597. 


Three females and three males, from Thundiani and Abbotabad, 
August 1886. 


125. GNopHos pERLITA. (No. 179.) 
Gnophos perlita, Butler, P. Z.S. 1886, p. 389. 


Two males, from Abbotabad—one taken August 31, 1886, the 
other May 7, 1887. 


126. GNopHos pispuNcTATA. (No. 103.) 


Gnophos dispunctata, Wk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxi. p. 469. 
One female, two males, from Thundiani, August 19, 1886. 
‘*Common in August and September.” 


127. GNopHoOs IsoMETRA, sp. n. (No. 153.) 


Fore wing grey, finely dusted with darker ; the markings very in- 
distinct ; a round central spot ; a dark spot on the inner margin, 
apparently marking the termination of the first line; a denticulated 
blackish line forming the edge of a very slightly darker central 
fascia; a series of dull fuscous lunules before the fringes; hind 
wing the same. Head, thorax, abdomen, and fringes grey. Under- 
side pale, without dusting or markings. Expanse of wings 25 millim. 

One male, from Akhor, April 22, 1886. 

A small species, about the size of G. mucidaria of Europe, and 
bearing a superficial resemblance to Tephrosia vagaria from 
Australia. 


Family Iba. 
128. AsTHENA OCHRACEA, Sp. n. 


Dull ochreous yellow. Fore wing presents a succession of sinuous 
ochreous-yellow bands, separated from one another by paler and 
narrower ones; the basal area is a little suffused with grey, and 


322 MR. W. WARREN ON LEPIDOPTERA [June 5, 


traversed by a narrow pale band; the hind margin is yellowish, 
preceded by a more distinct submarginal pale band, which is slightly 
interrupted above the anal angle, and terminates in a wider spot on 
the inner margin. In one example this submarginal band consists 
of a series of pale spots separated from one another by the yellow 
veins, and the pale band before it is paler and wider. Hind wings 
with the hind margin yellowish, and the rest of the wing traversed 
by a series of undulating greyish-ochreous bands, separated, like 
those of the fore wing, by paler ones. Head, thorax, and abdomen 
pale ochreous tinged with darker. 

Expanse of wings 22 millim. 

Two females, from Thundiani, August 17, 1886, in poor condition. 


129. IpHA MUTANDA. 


Acidalia inductata, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxiii. p. 792, non 
Gn. Phal. i. p. 494, WIk. xxii. p. 721. 

One male from Campbellpore, May 21, 1886. 

Walker’s description of his A. inductata is very good, but his 
name must be altered as there was already an A. inductuta, Gu., 
from N. America. 


130. Ipaa PALLIDA, sp. n. 


Fore wing silky white tinged with ochreous; with five sinuous 
ochreous lines ; a series of minute black marginal dots, and a larger 
central one: hind wing the same, but with only four ochreous bands. 
Head, thorax, and abdomen white. Expanse of wings 28 millim. 

One male, from Thundiani, August 1, 1886. 

An unnamed specimen from Murree, in the Brit. Mus. collection, 
appears identical. 


131. LycAUGES RELICTATA. 


Acidalia relictata, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxv. p. 1629. 

Lycauges demissus, Swinhoe, P. Z. 8. 1886, p. 456. 

One example, male, without the abdomen, Campbellpore, July 
14, 1886. 

Col. Swinhoe records it as common at Mhow from February to 
June. In his description, which is fuller than Walker’s, he does 
not remark that the oblique line on the fore wings is, like that on the 
hind wings, reflexed towards the costa before the apex ; indeed, the 
markings on both wings are identical. In other species of the genus 
the line on the fore wing runs into the apex, and the markings of 
the two wings are not alike. 

Walker described the species from a male in the Saunders collec- 
tion ; the male appears to be darker and smaller than the female. 


132. CRASPEDIA PERSIMILIS. 
Craspedia persimilis, Moore, Desc. Lep. Coll. Atk. pt. iil. p. 254. 
One male, May 6, 1887, from Kala Pani. 


1888. ] FROM WESTERN INDIA. 323 


Family Caperipz. 
133. CoRYCIA MYTYLATA. 
Corycia mytylata, Gn. Phal. ii. p. 58. 
One female, from Thundiani, dated 4th of May, 1887, is so much 


worn that identification is difficult, but it appears to answer the de- 
scription ; there is no example in the Brit. Mus. collection. 


Family Macariip&. 


134. GoNODELA FUSCOMARGINATA, Sp. N. 

Fore wing ochreous, dusted with grey; basal patch slightly 
darker ; central line very faint except towards the costa; beyond 
the sinuous submarginal line the outer margin is dull purplish 
fuscous, slightly paler at the extreme hind margin and before the 
apex. Hind wing the same; both wings have a very distinct black 
central spot, preceded in the hind wing by a faint cross line. 
Fringes rather paler, but with darker bases. 

Expanse of wings 26 millim. 

One female from Campbellpore, July 19, 1886. 

This species is closely allied to G. sinicaria from China, and may 
turn out to be merely a dark form of it. 


135. GONODELA STRENIATARIA. (No. 95.) 
Macaria streniataria, W\k. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxvi, p. 1646. 
One female from Campbellpore, July 30, 1886. 


Family Frponii&. 


136. Eptrrponia signata. (No. 111.) 

Epifidonia signata, Butler, P. Z.S. 1886, p. 392, pl. 35. fig. 9. 

One male from Thundiani, August 15, 1886. 

Mr. Butler’s types are from Murree. ‘* Common at Murree, rare 
at Thundiani.” 


137. PHYLETIS PELLONIARIA. (No. 182.) 

Phyletis pelloniaria, Gn. Phal. ii. p. 169. 

One female and two males from Thundiani, the latter in September 
1886, the females in April 1887. The species will therefore be 
probably double-brooded. 

“Not uncommon in September.” 


138. PuyLetis 1nconspicua. (Nos. 137, 182.) 

Phyletis inconspicua, Butler, P. Z.S. 1886, p. 391. 

One female and two males, from Thundiari and Kala Pani, Septem- 
ber and October, 1886. 

“Not uncommon in August and September.’ Mr. Butler’s were 
from Murree. 


324 MR. W. WARREN ON LEPIDOPTERA [June 5, 


139. AspILATES OBLIQUARIA. (No. 228.) 
Aspilates obliquaria, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 649. 
Four females, in good condition, May and June 1886 and 1887, 


two males worn in August, allfrom Thundiani. The females are all 
larger than the males. 


140. SrerrRHA SACRARIA. (No. 19.) 


Phalena-Geometra sacraria, LL. 8.N. ii. p. 863. 
Sterrha labda, Cram. Pap. Exot. ii. 129, pl. 181. fig. D. 
One male, July 1886, from Campbellpore. 


S. labda appears to be only a form of sacraria with the stripe 
broader. 


PsEUDOSTERRHA, gen. nov. 


Resembling Sterrha, but with the following differences :—In the 
hind wing the upper half of the discocellular, which in Sterrha is 
obsolete, is clearly present, and marked by a slightly darker spot ; 
the scaling is decidedly coarser ; the antennze of the male are more 
coarsely plumose ; and the hind wings, instead of being white, are of 
the same ochreous tint asthe fore wings. 


141. PsruposTeRRHA OCHREA, sp.n. (No. 62.) 


Fore wings pale ochreous, tinged with reddish, without markings 
except a dark, indistinctly expressed line running obliquely from the 
middle of the inner margin towards the apex, before which it is re- 
flexed on to the costa. Hind wings and fringes of both wings 
ochreous. Underside reddish ochreous, the hind wing also showing 
traces of a central band. Antenne of the male strongly plumose. 
Expanse of wings, female 18, male 16 millim. 

One male and one female from Campbellpore, July 16, 1886. 
“*Common in June.” 


Family ZERENIDE. 
142. Apraxas Fuscescens. (No. 152.) 


Abrazas fuscescens, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1886, p. 392, pl. 35. fig. 10. 

One female and two males from Thundiani, September 1886. 
“Not uncommon in August.” 

Mr. Butler’s specimens were from Kala-Bagh. 


143, ABRAXAS INTERMEDIA, sp. n. (No. 149.) 


Fore wing white, with a small basal patch of mixed fuscous and 
tawny scales, followed by a clear white fasciaform space ; in the middle 
of the wing are the remains of a curved central fascia, consisting 
of a leaden-grey spot on the costa, fulvous at its costal edge, 
immediately followed by two small leaden-grey spots, one touching 
the costa, and the other beneath it, and of two or three leaden-grey 
variable spots near the inner margin; a submarginal curved row of 


1888. ] FROM WESTERN INDIA. 325 


flattened oval grey spots is preceded on the costa by a single larger 
one, and terminates on the inner margin in a large irregular blotch 
of fulvous and bluish grey; hind margin with a series of grey 
lunules, preceded by a few scattered grey dots, which sometimes 
coalesce a little below the centre into a small marginal blotch. 
Hind wings white, with grey marginal lunules ; a fulvous and grey 
blotch at the anal angle, like that on the fore wing, and a sub- 
marginal row of small grey dots, one on each vein; sometimes there 
is a faint central fascia, most pronounced on either margin. Head, 
thorax, and abdomen yellow, spotted with black. 

Expanse of wings 38-40 millim. 

A pair from Thundiani and Kala Pani, March and April, 1887. 

The species is intermediate between A. wlmata and A. pusilla, 
Butler, from Japan; smaller than uw/mata, and paler than both. 


- 144, Apraxas DIveRSIcOLoR, sp.n. (Nos, 119, 123.) 


Fore wings grey, with a faint ochreous tinge in certain lights, 

thickly dusted with fine black atoms, the costa itself with fine black 
streaks ; a blackish curved line before the middle, and a black ser- 
rated, and slightly curved line beyond the middle, both darkest at 
their extremities ; a dark spot on the costa between them appears to 
be the commencement of a faint ochreous central line, which ap- 
proaches the outer line on the inner margin; a black linear central 
spot ; submarginal line edged internally with dark, and externally 
with whitish ; towards the costa with four blackish blotches inter- 
nally and a white border externally ; a series of marginal black dots ; 
fringes paler. Hind wings pale fuscous, with faint indications of two 
curved lines, one in the centre, the other submarginal: the latter edged 
with paler, and containing three darker patches, one at each angle 
and one in the middle ; fringes whitish. Head, thorax, and abdomen 
grey. 
Underside: fore wing dull smoky fuscous, darker towards the hind 
margin; the costa dotted black and ochreous ; the central line show- 
ing dark, and the submarginal ochreous: hind wing ochreous, 
speckled with darker, with the central band distinct, and the sub- 
marginal scarcely visible. 

Expanse of wings 38 millim. 

One male and two females, from Thundiani, August 15, 1886. 

Unlike any other Adrazas, but agreeing both in neuration and the 
structure of the palpi and antenne. 


145. Liep1a coctara. (No. 58.) 

Ligdia coctata, Gn. Phal. ii. p. 210. 

Melanippe restituta, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxv. p. 1297. 

One female and one male, from Kali Pani and Campbellpore; the 
latter caught July 16, 1886, the former April 28, 1887. 

Doubtfully distinct from the European L. adustata. Guénée says, 
‘fore wings more elongated, and produced at the apex, the outer 
margin straight, the fascia less marbled ; hind wings with the onter 
margin less bent, and the fascia more evenly dentate.” 

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. XXIII. 23 


326 MR. W. WARREN ON LEPIDOPTERA [June 5, 


Family LARENTIID. 
146. THERA CONSIMILIS, sp. n. 


Fore wings dull greyish fuscous; the curved outer edge of the 
basal patch and the black-bordered central fascia darker ; the costal 
portion of this latter is much broader than the lower, running 
obliquely outward, and containing an oblique black dash on the end 
of the cell; the outer edge forming in its lower half a succession of 
small curves. The space between the basal patch and central 
fascia, and another fascia beyond this are somewhat fuscous ; hind 
margin greyish white, traversed by an undulating paler submarginal 
line ; veins beyond the middle blackish; a black thrice-augulated 
line runs obliquely from the apex to the central fascia. Hind 
wing dark grey, with a curved pale submarginal fascia. Abdomen 
fuscous. Antenne of the male pectinated. Underside dull 
whitish, without distinct markings. 

Expanse of wings 31-33 millim. 

Five males and one female from Thundiani and Nandar, August, 
September, and October 1886 ; the female, May 2nd, 1887, at sallow- 
bloom. 

This species is allied to the European 7. juniperata, but is larger 
and duller. The British Museum collection contains a single female, 
unnamed, from Afghanistan. 


147. YpstpeTes UNDULATA, sp. n. (No. 158.) 


Fore wing grey, with a tinge of ochreous or pink, and thickly 
sprinkled with grey atoms; basal patch dark grey, bordered by a 
double blackish line; the pale fascia following, narrow on the costa, 
and broader on the inner margin; central fascia dark grey, broad on 
the costa, and narrowed on the inner margin, edged on each side by a 
geminated blackish line ; the inner two merely sinuous, the two outer 
running at first obliquely outwards from the costa, and then inclining 
inwards, and forming a series of small curves ; a fuscous fascia follows, 
and is succeeded by a much undulating pale submarginal line, 
beyond which the hind margin itself is dark grey. An oblique 
dark grey dash from the apex, above which the costa is paler; the 
base of the central fascia and of the outer edge of the basal patch, 
on the inner margin, velvety black ; cilia grey, preceded by a strong 
black basal line. Hind wing pale fuscous with a reddish tinge, 
dark grey at the base of the cilia, and slightly paler before the hind 
margin. Underside: fore wing with the basal two thirds dark ; the 
extreme costa and marginal one third ochreous; hind wing ochreous, 
with a darker central band and spot. 

Expanse of wings 32 millim. 

One female, three males, from Thundiani, August and September, 
1886 ; “not uncommon.” A single example of an unnamed, but 
allied species, from Sumatra, is in the British Museum collection. 

In the sparseness of the scaling, and the long, narrow shape of 
he scales, the species approaches more nearly the genus Thera. 


1888. ] FROM WESTERN INDIA. 327 


148. Scorosia expansa. (No. 157.) 

Scotosia expansa, Moore, Desc. Lep. Coll. Atk. iii, p. 274. 

Scotosia venimaculata?, Butler, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 393. 

One female and five males from Thundiani, August and September, 
1886 ; “‘ very common.” 

Mr. Moore gives Darjiling and the Himalayas as other localities. 


149. Scorosta puBrosaTa. (No. 121.) 
Scotosia dubiosata, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxv. p. 1352. 
One female from Thundiani, August 19, 1886. 


150. Scorosta conTurBATA. (No. 195.) 

Larentia conturbata, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M, xxvi. p. 1703. 

Three females and five males from Thundiani, August 19, 1886. 

Two of the males have the fore wings suffused with dull ochreous, 
which forms a fascia on either side of the central dark band. 


151. Scorosta NIGRALBATA, sp. n. (No. 102.) 


Fore wing sooty black; brownish black, when worn; the usual 
lines marked by a series of snow-white dots on the viens, two of 
which, in the submarginal line, are larger and conspicuous, as is one 
on the costa before the apex ; a broad white blotch runs obliquely 
from the costa to the middle of the hind margin, and across it two 
undulating dark lines are visible ; fringes mottled black and white. 
Hind wing sooty, with the apical fringes white. Head, thorax, and 
abdomen sooty. Underside dull sooty; with the white patch, the 
spot at the anal angle, and the costal spot also white. 

Expanse of wings 44—48 millim. 

Two females and three males from Thundiani, August 1886. 
There are also two specimens from Sikkim in the British Museum 
collection, taken by Major Elwes. “ Fairly common in August.” 


152. PHIBALAPTERYX NIGROVITTATA, sp. n. (No. 133.) 


Fore wings wood-coloured, almost wholly suffused with dark 
brownish black, the pale ground-colour being confined to a diffuse 
streak along the costa, and two oblique lines on the inner margin, 
bordering the dark central fascia ; the whole wing is traversed by a 
succession of dark brown and light brown wavy oblique lines, which 
are all obscurely reflexed towards the costa; the base on the inner 
margin, a broad oblique central band, which below the apex is 
diverted into the hind margin, and the hind margin itself all dark 
brown ; submarginal line wavy, distinct, preceded first by a narrow 
pale fascia, and then by a broader one; veins dusted black and 
white ; fringes dark brown, with a basal row of short, thick, black 
dashes. Hind wings grey-brown, occupied by a succession of dark 
and light grey wavy lines, towards the costa paler and without 
distinct markings ; head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown. Under- 
side dull grey, speckled with darker, with the veins and central spot 
dark. 

Expanse of wings 56 millim. 

23* 


328 MR. W. WARREN ON LEPIDOPTERA [June 5, 


Two females, Thundiani, dated August 17, 1886, and April 4, 
1887. ‘Fairly common in August.” This remark applies also to 
P. nigripunctata, as the two species were confounded and num- 
bered alike. 


153. PHIBALAPTERYX NIGRIPUNCTATA, sp.n. (No. 133.) 


Fore wing dull grey-brown, varied with oblique darker lines, dis- 
tinct only on the inner margiu; a dark subapical blotch on the 
hind margin, a smaller one obliquely beneath it, and another, 
more diffuse, above the anal angle; veins speckled, black and 
white ; a distinct black central spot ; fringes brown, preceded 
by a series of thick, short, black dashes. Hind wing greyer, 
likewise with the veins speckled dark and light; marked by a 
succession of darker and paler sinuous lines or narrow fascize, most 
conspicuously towards the hind margin ; central spot distinct, 
black ; fringes as in the fore wing. Underside pale grey, with the 
central spots distinct ; head, thorax, and abdomen dull fuscous. 

Expanse of wings 32 millim. 

One male August 10, two females August 10 and 26, 1886. 
Thundiani. 

All three specimens are more or less worn, so that the markings 
are not exactly made out. It appears to be related to the common 
Kuropean P. tersata. 


PHOTOSCOTOSIA, gen. nov. 


Not differing in neuration from Scofosia, but separable at once 
by the very short globose palpi, the terminal joint of which is 
invisible, and by the possession of a long tuft of hairs on the under- 
side of the fore wings in the male. These hairs are pale ochreous at 
their base, and velvety back at their apex, and extend from the base 
of the wing to near the hind margin, occupying the whole space 
between the median and submedian veins; towards the hind margin 
also the under surface of the wing beneath the hairs has deep black 
scales. Wings shaped like Scotosia, but with the hind margins 
plain, not scalloped; in the male the hind wing has the costa more 
or less broadly pale, whitish or ochreous; antennz of male 
faintly ciliated. Besides the two species here meutioned, there is a 
third, lucicolens (Butler), also from Hindostan. 


‘154. Puoroscorosta AMpLicaTa. (No. 162.) 
Cidaria amplicata, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxv. p. 1404. 


A single male from Thundiani, August 20, 1886; ‘ rare.” 
Also from Darjiling. 


155. PuHoroscotrosta MInrosaTA. (No. 183.) 
Scotosia miniosata, Wlk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxv. p. 1354. 


One female and one male from Nandar and Thundiani, September 
1587. ‘* Uncommon, a few in September.” 
Occurs also in Bhootan and in N. Hindostan. 


1888. ] FROM WESTERN INDIA. 329 


156. MELANIPPE FLAVISTRIGATA, sp. nD. 


Fore wing white, much suffused with dark grey ; a basal patch, 
a sinuous central fascia, broader at the costa, and a subapical costal 
spot, blackish; from the subapical spot an undulating dark line 
runs to the anal angle, followed by a similar pale submarginal one; 
the usually pale fascia between the basal patch and the central fascia 
is filled up with dark grey, but has a horizontal yellowish dash 
running across it in the centre, which colour also appears beyond 
the central fascia ; a grey patch on the hind margin below the apex. 
Hind wing grey, with paler curved fascia. Head, face, thorax, and 
abdomen blackish; legs also blackish. Underside greyish white, 
with the darker markings showing through; all the wings with a 
dark central spot. 

Expanse of wings 22 millim. 

One male trom Kala Pani, September 1, 1886. 

This insect somewhat resembles a small dark M. fluctuata. 


157. Coremta tivipa. (No. 60.) 


Coremia livida, Butler, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1878, i. p. 449. 
One female, Campbellpore, May 31, 1886. 
Mr. Butler’s type is from Japan. 


158. CrpaRIA SUBRUBESCENS, sp. n. 


Fore wing dull fuscous, tinged with reddish ; basal patch small, 
blackish ; central fascia blackish, its imner edge coneaye, with a 
small angulation below the costa; the outer edge forms two small 
curves below the costa, then a small sharp angulation and a larger 
curve to the inner margin; rest of the wing reddish fuseous, with 
faint traces of undulating lines towards the costa. Hind wing dark 
fuscous, with a well-defined central spot ; a distinct sinuous central 
line, and several alternately light and dark lines beyond it. Head, 
thorax, and abdomen fuscous ; base of the latter with a reddish-grey 
ring. Underside pinkish ochreous, glossy; both wings with a 
strongly marked dark sinuous central line and dark spot. 

Expanse of wings 22 millim. 

One male from Berham Gully, September 24, 1886. 


159. CrpARIA THOMASATA, sp. n. 


Very closely allied to C. jameza, Butler, from Japan. The only 
difference is that the external shoulder of the brown central band, 
instead of consisting of two broad blunt, rounded teeth, forms 
a single, more angulated, projection, and the indentation beneath 

_the shoulder is more deeply inserted. 

Expanse of wings 30 millim. 

Two males from Thundiani, August and September, 1886. 

In the British Museum collection is a single worn specimen from 
Murree, which Mr. Butler doubtfully referred to his Japanese 
species, yameza, P. Z. 8. 1886, p. 393. 


330 MR. W. WARREN ON LEPIDOPTERA [June 5, 


160. Crparta rostriFeRA, sp.n. (Nos. 169 & 127.) 


Fore wing pinky grey; without markings except the central 
fascia, which is dark velvety brown, deepest on either margin, and 
containing on the costa a paler patch with a dark central dot. The 
fascia is twice as broad on the costa as on the inner margin; its 
inner edge is simply sinuous, but the outer is twice angulated, the 
upper angulation being especially acute and conspicuous ; between 
the two is a deep concavity, and above and below each respectively 
is a shallower one; both margins are narrowly edged with pale 
ochreous. Hind wing like the fore wing, with a faintly darker 
central sinuous line. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey. Underside 
pinky ochreous, thickly sprinkled in the hind wing with transverse 
greyish streaks ; each wing with a distinct black central spot. 

Expanse of wings 28 millim. 

One male from the Berham Gully, dated September 24, 1885, 
and one female from Thundiani, September 15, 1886. ‘‘ Uncommon.” 
Neither specimen is in very good condition, and in both the palpi 
and antenne are absent. 


161. CrpaRta BREVIFASCIATA, Sp. nl. 


Fore wing dark brown ; basal patch traversed by a fine straight 
white line, and followed by a slightly oblique white fascia, with a 
single brown line running down its centre; central fascia abruptly 
cut off below the middle of the wing, with a narrow white subcostal 
projection into its inner edge, and a prominent angle on its outer 
edge, followed by a broad angulated white fascia, also traversed by 
a single brown line; the two pale fascia meet on the inner margin, 
and contain between them a brown wedge-shaped mark, the rem- 
nant of the central fascia; hind margin brown, interrupted by a 
white patch in the middle, and traversed by a fine white line. Hind 
wing whitish grey, with slightly darker hind margin and fascia, and 
the basal area greyer, with a small central dot. Head, thorax, and 
abdomen dark fuscous ; the latter paler beneath, like the wings. 

Expanse of wings 28 millim. 

One male from Thundiani, August 19, 1886. 


162. Stamnopes PAMPHILATA. (No. 126.) 


Cidaria pamphilata, Feld. Reis. Nov. pl. 132. fig. 34. 


Six specimens, including one female from Thundiani, August 1886. 
Marked “common in August.” 


163. Doctrava zQuitiIngeaTA. (No. 151.) 


Docirava equilineata, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxvi. p. 1635. 
One female from Dumtanar, near Abbotabad, September 29, 1886. 


164. Docrrava uvaRiaA. (No. 137.) 


Aspilates uvaria, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxvi. p. 1681. 
Anaitis vastata, Wlk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxv. p. 1700. 


Two females, one from Thundiani, August 18, the other from 


1888. ] FROM WESTERN INDIA. 331 


the Berham Gully, September 24, 1886 ‘Fairly common in 
August.” 


Also recorded from Darjiling. 


165. EvuprradeciA QUADRIPUNCTATA, sp. Ne 


Fore wing silky grey, semidiaphanous, without any markings 
except a large spot of raised black scales on the cell; three dark 
costal spots above it, and a very faint pale undulating submarginal 
line; fringes grey, with a thin black basal line. Hind wing still 
more sparsely scaled, with a dark central spot. Head, thorax, and 
abdomen dark grey ; the incisions of the segments whitish. [Expanse 
of wings 28 millim. 

One female from Thundiani, April 30, 1887, at sallow-bloom. 

The species resembles EF. trisignata, but has longer, more pointed 
fore wings, with thinner scaling. 


166. EvpirHecta, sp. 


One female, taken September 24 in the Berham Gully, is in too 
poor a condition to admit of identification. The fore wings are 
pointed, dull fuscous, with a linear black central spot, and traces of 
transverse lines. Hind wing more greyish, with traces of a paler 
band. Expanse of wings 20 millim. 


Family EvBotip. 
167. KuBouia NASIFERA, sp. n. (No. 151.) 


Fore wing whitish grey, tinged towards the base with fuscous ; 
basal patch small, inconspicuous, its curved outer edge only visible, 
the usually pale fascia beyond it being of the same shade; central 
fascia with its margins velvety brown, and a pale pinkish-grey space 
between them, in which, at the end of the cell, isa short linear dash. 
The inner edge of the central fascia forms two short curves; the 
outer forms a strong angulation in the middle, below which it is 
deeply concave ; it is followed immediately by two or three pinkish- 
grey lines; in the grey hind margin isa pale submarginal line; a 
dark dash obliquely from the apex, and a dark grey shade on the 
costa before the apex. Hind wing pale fuscous, with a faint trace of 
a darker band and a paler submarginal fascia. Fringes of both 
wings grey. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark grey. Antenne of 
male pectinated. Underside grey, with the dark markings of the 
fore wing showing through. 

Expanse of wings 32 millim. 

One male, in fine condition, Thundiani, August 19, 1886. 


168. Anaitis ErrorMAtTA. (Nos. 110, 185.) 


Anaitis efformata, Gn. Phal. ii. p. 500. 


Two females, five males, from Thundiani and Nandar, August, 
September, and October. 

Guénée gives Syria as the locality for the species, and says it is 
closely related to A. plagiata, L., but smaller, fore wings paler, 


332 MR. W. WARREN ON LEPIDOPTERA [June 5, 


the fascize formed by lines less marked and not darkened; denti- 
culations blunter, the second fascia curved, not sinuated; the 
apical dash pale ferruginous. The present examples seem to answer 
his description, but it is doubtful if they are a distinct species. 


PYRALIDINA. 


Family PyraLipip&. 
169. PyrALis BRACTIATELLA. (No. 65.) 


Myelois bractiatella, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. Xxvil. p. 36; 
Moore, Ceylon, iii. p. 262, pl. 178. fig. 5, 9. 

Two females and one male from Campbellpore, May and June 
1886, July 1885. 


170. Pyrauis pLATyMitTRis. (No. 65.) 

Pyralis platymitris, Butler, P. Z.S8. 1882, p. 166. 

One male, taken August 9 at Kala Pani. 

Darjiling and Solun are other localities. 

The species very much resembles P. elachia, Butler, Ill. Lep. 
Het. iii. p. 70, pl. 58. fig. 3. 

171. Pyrauis XYLINALIS. 

Pyralis xylinalis, Swinhoe, P. Z.S. 1885, p. 865, pl. 57. fig. 17. 


A single female from Campbellpore, somewhat worn, but recog- 
nizable, July 20, 1886. 


172. SuRATTHA ALBIPENNIS. (No. 23.) 
Surattha albipennis, Butler, P. Z.S. 1886, p. 383. 
Two males and two females from Campbellpore, dated July 1886. 


173. ACTENIA GNipUSALIS. (No. 88.) 


Aglossa gnidusalis, W\k. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xvii. p. 278. 

? Scotomera tristis, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1881, p. 623. 

? Cledeobia infumatalis, Erschoff, Fedtschenko Reise, Lep. p. 73, 
pl. v. fig. 79, 2. 

One male, Campbellpore, July 25, 1886, in perfect condition. 

Walker’s description, made from insects in the collection of Mr. E. 
L. Layard, is very exact ; but he omits to notice that the head and 
face are pale ochreous. 

Three other species which Walker assigns with a? to the genus 
Aglossa—harpialis, xvii. p. 276, rufiflualis, xxxiv. p. 1249, basalis, 
xxxiv. p. 1250, and A. laminalis, Gn. Delt. & Pyr. 129. 27,—alike from 
the structure of the palpi and antennze, and from the character of 
the markings, appear to belong rather to this genus. 

The two specimens from which Mr. Butler described Scotomera 
tristis, 1. ¢., are bothconsiderably worn and without fringes ; besides 
which, being both females, the fore wings are naturally narrower 
than those of the male; the whiteness of the face and of the under 
surface, which he notices in describing them, are of course to be 


1888. ] FROM WESTERN INDIA. 333 


expected in wasted specimens ; in all essential points they agree well 
with Walker’s description. These were from Kurrachee ; and there 
is another specimen, equally worn, among some insects from 
Col. Swinhoe, who in the P. Z. S. 1884, p. 526, speaks of taking it 
at Kurrachee in March, and on the Hubb river in November. 

Erschoff’s figure of Cl. infumatalis 2 seems to represent the same 
insect, with the hind wing possessing a paler fascia. This was from 
Turkestan. 


Family ENNycHiIp2. 
174. Pyrausta sttHeratis. (No, 150 or 32.) 


Pyrausta silhetalis, Gn. Delt. & Pyr. p. 166. 

Botys pangialis, Feld. Reise Nov. pl. 134. fig. 25. 

One male from Thundiani, taken August 28, 1886. 

A very pretty and distinct species, with wholly dark fore wings, 
and bright orange hind wings with a broad black border. ‘There is 
no example in the British Museum collection. 

Guénée’s type was from Silhet. Felder’s from Pangi, in the 
Himalayas. In the present example from Thundiani the fringes of 
the hind wings are dark throughout, only slightly tinged with orange 
at their apices. 


Family Asor1ip&. 
175. Hymenta REcuRVALIS. (No. 84.) 


Phalena recurvalis, F.S.E. p. 407. 

Phalena angustalis, F. Mant. p. 309. 

Phalena-Pyralis fascialis, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. p. 236, pl. 398. 
fig. O. 

One female and one male from Campbellpore, and a female from 
Hassan Abdal, July 1886; all considerably worn. ‘‘ Common in 
July.” 


176. Samra (?) BIPUNCTALIS, sp. n. (No. 116.) 


Fore wing dull fuscous, with two obscure darker transverse bands— 
one straight near the base, the other near the hind margin, very 
sinuous, deeply concave in the centre ; the two stigmata conspicuously 
dark fuscous ; before the orbicular is a short, wedge-shaped, straw- 
coloured spot ; a larger, subquadrate one between the stigmata, and 
a large pale costal blotch of the same colour before the second 
transverse line, reaching more than half across the wing, and filling up 
the concavity in the line ; on the costa beyond the line stands another 
smaller pale spot. Hind wings very pale straw-colour; with a 
central spot, a sinuous submarginal band, shaped like that of the 
fore wing, and a broadish marginal band, all dull fuscous, as are the 
thorax, abdomen, and fringes. 

Two males and one female from Thundiani, August 15, 1886. 
“Common in August.” 

The species is of the same size as S. magna and S. yerburii, but is 
decidedly different from either. 


334 MR. W. WARREN ON LEPIDOPTERA [June 5, 


177. Samea(?) GRACILIs. 
Samea gracilis, Butler, Ill. Lep. Het. iii. p. 74, pl. 59. fig. 4. 


One male, Thundiani, September 11, 1886, very much worn, but 
apparently identical with the above. 


Family Hercyni1p®. 
178. APORODES MELEAGRISALIS. 
Herbula meleagrisalis, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xvii. p. 324. 


Four males and two females, Campbellpore, May and June, 1886. 
Swinhoe gives Quetta and Candahar besides. 


179. HeRBULA CESPITALIS. 
Pyralis cespitalis, W. V. p. 123. 32. 
Two males, Abbotabad, September 20, 1886. 


Family HyprocamMPip&. 

180. Paraponyx VaAGALIS. 

Oligostigma vagalis, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxiv. p. 1530. 

One male, Hassan Abdal, July 18, 1886. 

The type in the British Museum collection is a female, much larger 
and browner than the male. Together with three other unnamed 
species in the same collection, this species has the exterior margin of 
the fore wings strongly elbowed in the middle, its upper half being 
nearly vertical; the markings of the fore wing also are peculiar. 
Lederer in his treatise on the Pyralidina, W. e. M. 1863, pp. 451, 
452, makes no reference to this difference; but his descriptions of 
P. fregmentalis and gangeticalis and of Hydrocampa tortalis indicate 
members of this group. 


Family MarGARoNuD&. 
181. PyGospita TyRES. (No. 83.) 
Phalena-Pyralis tyres, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. p. 124, pl. 263. 
fig. C. 
Pygospila tyresalis, Gn. Delt. & Pyr. p. 312. 340. 
One female, Campbellpore, July 29, 1886. 


182. MARGARONIA TRANSVISALIS. 
Margaronia transvisalis, Gn. Delt. & Pyr. p. 304. 320. 
One female, taken at Rawal Pindi, March 31, 1887. 


Family Borypipz. 


183, Ravanoa creonatis. (No. 97.) 

Botys crecnalis, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xviii. p. 579. 
Botys neoclesalis, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xviii. p. 635. 
Botys suspicalis, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xviii. p. 667. 
Botys convectalis, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxiv. p. 1411. 
One male from Campbellpore, July 30, 1886. 


1888. ] FROM WESTERN INDIA. 335 


The types of Walker’s different species come respectively from San 
Domingo, the Cape, Ceylon, and S. Hindustan. 

The genus Ravanoa was formed for’ the reception of this species 
and Zebronia bilineolalis, Wlk., by Mr. Moore, Ceylon, iii. p. 284. 


184. Borys NUBILALIs. 

Botys nubilalis, Hb. Eur. Schmett. fig. 94. 
Botys lupulinalis, Gn. Delt. & Pyral. p. 331. 
? Phalena lupulina, Clerck, Icon. pl. 9. fig. 4. 
A pair from Kala Pani, April 28, 1887. 


185. Borys CARNEALIS. 

Botys carnealis, Dup. Hist. Nat. Lep. viii. p. 322, pl. 232. fig. 4 
(non Tr.). 

Botys diffusalis, Gn. Delt. & Pyr.. p. 340. 

Botys tenuialis, Mann, W.e. M. vi. p. 387, pl. 3. fig. 5. 

? Botys corticalis, Hb. Eur. Schmett. Pyral. fig. 137. 

One male and one female from Campbellpore, taken in May and 
September, 1886. 

Hitherto only a European species. 


186. Scopuna vincrauis. (No. 18.) 

Scopula vinctalis, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxiv. p. 1476. 

One female, Campbellpore, May 21, 1886. 

Has occurred also at Aden; in S. Hindustan and Australia. 

The species seems entirely out of place either as a Scopula or 
among the Scopariide. In facies it approaches more nearly the 
species of Hydrillodes, Gu. 


Family Scoparip&. 


187. NOMOPHILA NOCTUELLA. 

Nomophila noctueila, Ld. Pyr. W. e. M. vil. p. 379. 

Tinea noctuella, W. V. p. 136. 

Stenopteryx hybridalis, Gn. Delt. & Pyr. p. 414. 

Six specimens, from Campbellpore, Abbotabad, and Chittar Pahar, 
April and May, 1886. 


188. HELLULA UNDALIS. 
Phalena undalis, F. E. §. iii. p. 226. 
Scoparia? alconalis, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xix. p. 827. 
Scoparia optatusalis, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xix. p. 1018. 
Leucinodes? exemptalis, Wilk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxiv. 
. 1313. 
; ? Scopula criasusalis, W\k. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xix. p. 1016. 
? Pyralis subtrigonalis, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxiv. 
p. 1244. 
Two males from Campbellpore, May and June, 1886. 
Walker’s criasusalis appear to be merely larger specimens with 
more prominent dark grey markings. 


336 MR. W. WARREN ON LEPIDOPTERA {June 5, 


Family Puycirip. 
189. AnERAsTIA, ? sp. 


Two examples, probably distinct, from Campbellpore, 26 and 30 
May, 1886, both terribly worn, and without palpi. 


190. ACROBASIS NIGRESCENS, Sp. N. 

Fore wings blackish grey, with two transverse pale lines; the first 
distinct, white, oblique and slightly curved before the middle ; 
immediately beyond this line the costa is broadly darker, and the 
inner margin before it; the second line is grey, submarginal, and 
bordered on each side with darker; fringes grey, with a row of 
black dots at their base ; in the centre of the costa is a paler space 
with two grey wedge-shaped marks below it, each mark containing 
an arrow-headed black spot. Hind wing and fringes dark grey, 
somewhat diaphanous. Head, thorax, and abdomen blackish. 

Expanse of wings 20 millim. 

One female from Kala Pani, September 1, 1886. 


191. SpeERMATOPHTHORA (?) PULVERULENTA, Sp. n. 

Fore wing grey, powdered with darker, mealy-looking, with no 
traces whatever of spots or markings. Hind wing white, with veins 
and hind margin fuscous; head and thorax like the fore wing ; 
abdomen paler. Expanse of wings 18 millim. 

One female, July 23, 1886, Campbellpore. 


192. Myenots (?) CARNEA, sp. n. 


Fore wing smooth, dull salmon-colour, with the costa broadly, 
and the hind margin narrowly, greyish white, intermixed with 
darker atoms; a fine pale transverse line before the middle, only 
distinct on the inner margin; with a fine black dot on its outer 
edge above the inner margin; a similar, but sinuous, submarginal 
line, with a black dot before it near the costa ; fringes salmon-colour. 
Hind wings white, with the veins and hind margin fuscous; cilia 
whitish ; face and palpi pinkish grey ; thorax and (probably) the 
abdomen salmon-coloured. 

Expanse of wings 18 millim. 

One female, Campbellpore, June 8, 1886. 

The only example sent being a female, it is impossible to state 
positively to which genus it belongs. 

Myelois convergens, Erschoff, Fedtschenko, Reise, Lep. p. 86, 
pl. vi. fig. 98, and Myelois urbicella, id. fig. 99, both from Turke- 
stan, appear nearly related to the present species. 


193. CANTHELIA LUCIDA, sp. n. 


Fore wings pale yellowish olive, with the basal patch, a central 
streak, another beyond the end of the cell, and the extreme hind 
margin lucid pink. Hind wings yellowish white, with pinkish hind 
margin. Head, thorax, and abdomen yellowish olive. Expanse of 
wings 14 millim. 

One female only, from Campbellpore, May 26, 1886. 

Possibly only a variety of C. egnusalis. 


1888. ] FROM WESTERN INDIA. 337 


Family CramBIDz&. 
194. ErRoMENE oceLLEA. (No. 50.) 
Eromene ocellea, Haw. Lep. Brit. p. 486. 
Four males, two females, taken May 26, 1886, at Campbellpore. 


195. CRaAMBUS LUTEELLUS. 

Crambus luteellus, W. V. p. 134. 

Two femaies from Campbellpore, June and July, 1886, both 
much worn, and decidedly smaller than the specimens from Japan 
in the Brit. Mus. collection. This plain-looking and widely-spread 
insect in appearance more nearly resembles a Chilo than a Crambus. 


196. ANCYLOLOMIA CHRYSOGRAPHELLA. (No. 87.) 

Jartheza chrysographella, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxvii. 
p- 184. 

Chilo chrysographella, Kollar, Kaschmir, p. 494. 


One female, Campbellpore, July 23, 1886. 


TORTRICINA. 
Family Torrricipz. 

197. CacascrA SIMULANA. 

Godana simulana, Wlk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxv. p. 1801. 

One female, April 27, 1887, Abbotabad. 

The example is smaller than Walker’s type, but otherwise identical. 
The genus Godana must, I think, be allowed to sink, as not essen- 
tially different from Cacecia, Hub. 


Family CocuyLip. 

198. XANTHOSETIA INNOTATANA, Sp. 0. 

Fore wing pale straw-yellow, with faint traces of deep colour; 
otherwise without markings of any kind ; decidedly deflexed beyond 
the cell. Hind wings yellowish grey. Head, thorax, and abdomen 
yellowish. Expanse of wings 24 millim. 

One female, May 6, 1887, Kala Pani. 


TINEINA. 


Family Hysizip&. 
199. PHycoprs HIRUDINIcCORNIS. (No. 27.) 
Phycodes hirudinicornis, Gn. Noct. ii. p. 389. 
Phycodes hirundinicornis, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1881, p. 377. 
Tegna hybleella, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxv. p. 1810. 
Two specimens from Hassan Abdal, dated July 18th, and another 
from Khairabad, dated 25th. 


200. PuycopEs MINOR. 
Phycodes minor, Moore, P. Z.S. 1881, p. 378. 
One male from Campbellpore, July 19, 1886. 


338 ON LEPIDOPTERA FROM WESTERN INDIA. [June 5, 


This genus was wrongly assigned by Guénée a place amongst the 
Noctuze. The larva spins a cocoon between leaves, somewhat 
flattened, and of glutinous silk, from the end of which the empty 
pupa-case remains sticking out after the emergence of the imago. 
Superficially the species have a certain amount of resemblance to 
the Tortrix, Carpocapsa pomonella, but the absence of the fork at 
the base of the submedian nervure of the fore wing prevents its 
admission among the Tortricina. Its more appropriate place would 
seem to be near the beginning of the Tineina, in the neighbourhood 
of the genus Atychia and its allies. 


Family Trnerp2. 
201. HapsiFERA SECLUSELLA. (No. 67.) 
Cimitra seclusella, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxix. p. 780. 
One male, Campbellpore, June 12, 1886. 


Walker’s type in the Brit. Mus. collection is a female, and there- 
fore considerably larger than the present specimen. 


202. ALAVONA BARBARELLA. (No. 81.) 


Alavona barbarella, Wik. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxviii. p. 575. 
One male, July 5, 1886, Campbellpore. 


Family PLUTELLID&. 
203. AZINIS ASSAMENSIS. 


Hyponomeuta assamensis, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1879, p. 6. 
One male from Kala Pani, April 28, 1887. 
Mr. Butler’s type is from Cachar. 


204. HypoNOMEUTA MILLEPUNCTATELLUS, sp. 0. (No. 105.) 


Fore wing bluish white, with five complete rows of very small, 
black dots, and several intermediate incomplete rows ; costa narrowly 
black at the base; head, thorax, and abdomen like the fore wings ; 
thorax with six or eight black dots. Hind wings dark grey, rather 
transparent ; fringes paler grev. Expanse of wings 22 millim. 

Two females, August 9, 1886, Kala Pani. 

Akin to H. padi, but easily distinguished by the intermediate half 
rows of dots. 


205. ADELA LATIFASCIELLA, sp.n. (No. 130.) 
One male, August 24, 1886, Thundiani, much worn. 
The fore wings violaceous purple towards the apex, apparently 


paler towards the base, with a broad oblique yellowish-white fascia 
beyond the middle. 


Family CryproLecaup2. 
206. GELECHIA, sp. 


One male, September 26, 1886, Berham Gully. 
Fore wings pointed ; base of the costa and two blotches, one before, 


1888. ] ON NEW PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 339 


the other beyond, the middle, blackish. The example is so much 
rubbed that it is impossible to say what the ground-colour of the 
fore wings may have been; the head and thorax appear to have been 
whitish. 


2. Descriptions of new Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera 
from Kiukiang (China). By Martin Jacosy, F.E.S. 


[Received May 17, 1888.] 


The specimens now described have for the most part been received 
by Mr. J. H. Leech, from Kiukiang in China, unless otherwise 
stated, and are contained in that gentleman’s collection and in my 
own. 


SAGRA LEECHI, 0. sp.’ 


Dark blue; thorax remotely punctured, the anterior angles 
prominent; elytra metallic golden cupreous, depressed below the 
shoulders, finely geminate-punctate-striate, the lateral margins 
violaceous blue. 

Var. Elytra entirely metallic blue. 

3. The posterior femora slightly extending beyond the elytra, 
their upper margin in shape of an acute ridge, their inner surface 
with a large fulvous tomentose patch, the apex with a larger and 
a smaller tooth ; the posterior tibize curved at the base, their outer 
margin furnished with a long tooth below the middle, the inner 
margin with a smaller one at the same place, the extreme apex also 
produced into an acute point. 

Q. The posterior femora not extending beyond the elytra, their 
lower edge provided with a short denticulate ridge, their tibize simple, 
strongly curved through their entire length. 

Length 3-6 lines. 

Head with a few deep but distantly placed punctures, the space 
between the antennz divided by deep grooves which cross each other 
obliquely ; the clypeus depressed, impunctate. Antenne half the 
length of the body, dark violaceous, the lower 7 joints shining, the 
rest opaque, terminal joint very long. Thorax subquadrate, scarcely 
longer than broad, the sides slightly concave, the anterior angles 
obliquely thickened and produced outwards, the disk irregularly 
impressed with scattered punctures ; scutellum blue. Elytra broadly 
ovate, deeply depressed within the shoulders, and to a less extent 
below the base and at the sides, the basal margin raised; each - 
elytron with 5 or 6 double rews of punctures, more distinctly visible 
anteriorly than below the middle, the interstices finely aciculate 
near the apex. Below shining, without punctures or pubescence. 

This species, one of the most beautiful of the genus, is allied 
to S. petelii and S. jansoni, Baly, but differs from either in the very 


' Tt is possible that this species is identical with S. fulgida, Weber, also from 
China. 


340 MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW [June 5, 


prominent anterior angles of the thorax, the more sparingly punc- 
tured surface of the latter, and other particulars pointed out above. 
From S. petelii the present insect differs further in the possession of 
another tooth at the inner margin of the posterior tibize and in 
the less transversely wrinkled surface of the elytra. The size of the 
species is often reduced to half the general length. A great many 
specimens were obtained of either colour, but differing in no other 
way. 


CRIOCERIS CHINENSIS, 0. sp. 


Black ; thorax obscure fulvous, strongly and irregularly punc- 
tured; elytra very deeply and closely punctate-striate, the interstices 
costate and wrinkled near the apex ; femora stained with rufous. 

Length 33-4 lines. 

Head black, the neck fulvous; the space surrounding the eyes 
covered with yellow pubescence ; eyes very deeply notched; clypeus 
punctured and pubescent. Antennz extending slightly beyond the 
thorax, black, the third and fourth joints equal, short, slightly 
longer than the second joint, the terminal joints thickened, but not 
broader than long. Thorax subquadrate, widened at the base and to 
a less extent at the apex, the sides moderately constricted, the sur- 
face irregularly impressed with larger and smaller punctures, leaving 
a narrow central space generally smooth and impunctate, fulvous or 
rufous ; scutellum fulvous. Elytra without basal depression, deeply 
and closely punctured, especially at the sides, where tie interstices 
are costate and transversely raised. Underside and legs black, spar- 
ingly covered with grey pubescence ; the femora more or less rufous 
at the base. 

C. chinensis is closely allied to C. rugata, Baly, from Japan, from 
which it differs in the anteriorly more widened thorax and in the 
much finer punctuation of the latter; in C. rugata the anterior 
portion of the thorax is rounded and not produced, and the disk is 
very deeply, almost rugosely punctate ; the sculpture of the elytra, 
however, is exactly the same in both insects, but the femora are 
entirely black in C. rugata. 


CRIOCERIS TRIPLAGIATA, 0. sp. 


Black ; head deeply constricted behind ; thorax longer than broad, 
nearly impunctate ; elytra flavous or fulvous, remotely punctate- 
striate, a large ovate spot extending to the middle on each elytron, 
and the apex broadly, black. 

Length 4 lines. 

Head very deeply constricted behind the eyes; the vertex raised 
into two large tubercles; eyes very prominent, deeply notched. 
Antennz half the length of the body, the four lower joints shining, 
the rest opaque, slightly thickened towards the apex, the joints longer 
than broad. Thorax about one half longer than broad, the sides con- 
cave at the middle, the surface without basal sulcation, black, very 
shining, with a few very fine punctures near the anterior margin ; 
scutellum black. Elytra with a very faint depression before the 


1888.] PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 341 


middle, the shoulders rounded, not grooved within; the punctures 
distinct, but only visible at the base near the suture and at the sides, 
the middle of the disk as well as the apex nearly impunctate; the 
lateral margin thickened and accompanied by a row of deep punc- 
tures. Underside and legs black, finely pubescent. 

This handsome species will be easily recognized by the pattern of 
the elytra, the large ovate black spot occupying the middle of the 
disk anteriorly, but not extending to either margin; the apical third 
portion is entirely black, this colour forming a broad transverse sub- 
triangular band, the anterior margin of which does not quite extend 
to the sides. 


CRYPTOCEPHALUS CHINENSIS, 0. Sp. 


Reddish fulvous; the antennze, tibiz, and tarsi black; thorax 
with three impressions ; elytra flavous, strongly punctate-striate, the 
margins, a spot on the shoulder, and a narrow transverse band 
below the middle, black. 

Length 2 lines. 

Head fulvous, with a few very fine, remotely placed punctures, 
the clypeus and the space near the inner margin of the eyes flavous. 
Antenne two thirds the length of the body, black, the three basal 
joints more or less flavous below, the third joint one half shorter than 
the fourth ; thorax nearly three times broader than long, narrowed 
in front, the sides rounded and narrowly margined, the surface 
entirely impunctate, with a distinct oblique depression at each side 
and a very indistinct one at the base, reddish fulvous, very shining, 
the posterior margin very narrowly flavous; scutellum fulvous, 
margined with brown, strongly raised. Elytra subeylindrical, parallel, 
bright flavous, regularly punctate-striate on the disk, irregularly 
punctured at the sides, narrowly margined with black, the shoulders 
with a small black spot, and a similarly coloured narrow transverse 
band placed below the middle and extending to either margin ; the 
elytral epipleurze black, distinctly punctured. Below fulvous, finely 
punctured, the outer margin of the tibiz and the tarsi black. 

Of this species, of which I cannot find any published description, 
two specimens are before me, which only differ very slightly in the 
elytral black band being more deeply black and extending across the 
suture in one specimen, while in the other this band is slightly inter- 
rupted near the suture. C. chinensis, on account of its coloration, 
seems somewhat allied to C. crucipennis, Suffr. 


CoprocEPHALA BIFASCIATA, N. Sp. 


Black ; the basal joints of the antennz and the base of the tibize 
fulvous ; thorax transverse, fulvous, impunctate; scutellum fulvous ; 
elytra very finely semipunctate-striate, fulvous ; a broad transverse 
band at the base, and another, variable in size, slightly oblique, below 
the middle, black. 

Length 25-3 lines. 

3+. Head swollen at the vertex, entirely impunctate, black, very 
shining, the space between the eyes irregularly depressed; the 

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. XXIV. 24 


342 MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW [June 5, 


anterior margin of the epistome triangularly emarginate ; jaws large 
and prominent. Antenne black, the three lower joints fulvous, the 
third joint very small, half the size of the second. Thorax three 
times broader than long, the sides nearly straight, the posterior 
margin rounded and produced in the middle, perfectly straight at 
the sides, the anterior margin narrowly raised at the sides ; scutellum 
with a raised central ridge. Elytra very finely and rather closely 
punctured, the punctures arranged in irregular rows near the suture, 
fulvous, the base with a transverse black band extending to the 
suture but not quite to the lateral margin, its posterior edge rather 
deeply indented at the middle, another band, not quite extending to 
either margin and slightly oblique, is placed immediately below the 
middle. Underside and legs black, clothed with yellow pubescence, 
the base of the tibee fulvous. 

CO. bifasciata, although very closely allied to several almost simi-- 
larly coloured species (C. nair, Lac., C. kiusteri, Kraatz), seems yet 
sufficiently to differ to justify its separation; the first elytral band 
extends quite to the basal and sutural margin, although not quite to 
the sides, and the second band is placed immediately below the 
middle, not so close to the apex as in several allied species; the 
fulvous base of the tibize, the rest of the underside being black, will 
also help to distinguish C. bifasciata ; the female has, as is usual, a 
much smaller head. Many specimens were obtained. 


ACROTHINIUM CUPRICOLLE, 0. sp. 


Metallic blue or green; antenne and legs black; head, thorax, 
and scutellum reddish cupreous, finely pubescent, closely punctured ; 
elytra closely punctate-striate, violaceous blue, the suture greenish, 
the lateral margin bright cupreous. 

Length 3 lines. 

Head deeply and closely punctured, strigose on the vertex, the 
latter piceous at the base, the other portion bright cupreous; labrum 
and jaws black ; antennz more than half the length of the body, the 
terminal joints slightly thickened and short, the basal two joints 
more or less fulvous below. Thorax about one half broader than 
long, subeylindrical, the sides nearly straight, slightly narrowed to- 
wards the base, the surface sparingly covered with fulvous pubescence, 
bright metallic cupreous, strongly and closely. punctured ; scutellum 
metallic greenish cupreous, pubescent. Elytra with a distinct oblique 
basal depression and a longitudinal groove within the shoulders, 
closely and rather strongly punctured, the punctures arranged in 
closely approached semiregular rows, dark metallic violaceous, the 
suture narrowly metallic green or blue, the lateral margin bright 
reddish cupreous ; the surface sparingly clothed with stiff blackish 
hairs. Underside dark blue or greenish, strongly punctured and 
sparingly pubescent ; legs with a slight bluish gloss; the femora 
with a very small tooth; the anterior margin of the thoracic epi- 
sternum convex. 

This beautiful species, of which a great many specimens were 
received from Kiukiang, may be at once known from the only other 


1888. ] PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA, 343 


species of the genus, 4. gaschkevitchi, by the colour of the thorax and 
that of the elytra. 


CoLAsroIDES CHINENSIS, 0. sp. 


Piceous ; above metallic green ; antenne, labrum, and legs flavous ; 
head finely rugose ; thorax remotely punctured ; elytra deeply punc- 
tate, the interstices at the sides rugose and wrinkled. 

Length 24 lines. 

Head with a longitudinal groove on the vertex, closely punctured 
and slightly rugose at the vertex; clypeus finely punctured, its 
anterior margin nearly straight; labrum fulvous. Antennee two thirds 
the length of the body, very slender, pale fulvous, the terminal joint 
fuscous at its apex; thorax nearly three times broader than long, 
narrowed in front, the sides evenly but not strongly rounded, the 
surface impressed with some fine punctures which disappear entirely 
at the sides and near the base; scutellum impunctate. Elytra witha 
searcely visible depression below the shoulders, the latter prominent, 
smooth; the disk impressed with rather deep and closely arranged 
punctures, which form very irregular rows, the interstices at the sides 
and at the apex rather strongly transversely wrinkled and rugose ; 
legs entirely fulvous or flavous. Underside nearly black. 

Many specimens, allied to C. martini, Lefev., and differing in the 
colour of the underside, the differently coloured thorax, and the 
want of the tooth at the femora; C. femoralis, Lefev., has a strongly 
punctured thorax and differently coloured antenne and tibiz. 


COLASPOIDES OPACA, 0. Sp. 


Piceous; the labrum and the five lower joints of the antenne 
fulvous ; head and thorax metallic green or cupreous ; elytra blackish, 
opaque, the suture and lateral margin narrowly metallic. 

Length 23 lines. 

Head with a longitudinal groove at the middle, finely and rather 
closely punctured, metallic cupreous or green, the clypeus not sepa- 
rated from the face; labrum fulvous ; palpi testaceous. Antenne two 
thirds the length of the body, black, the basal five joints testaceous. 
Thorax transverse, the sides rounded, narrowed in front, the anterior 
angles thickened and acute, the posterior margin oblique at the sides 
and slightly sinuate, the surface very finely and closely punctured, 
and covered throughout with fine longitudinal strigee ; seutellum 
obseure cupreous. Elytra finely and closely semiregularly punctate- 
striate, the shoulders acute, the base without any depressions, nearly 
black with a very slight metallic tint, the margins very narrowly 
metallic green and cupreous. Underside and legs black, the breast 
tinged with metallic green. 

C’. opaca may be at once known from any other species of Colas- 
poides by the finely strigose surface of the thorax and the nearly 
black and opaque colour of the elytra. 


CoLasPpoiDEs SPINIPES, N. Sp. 


Black ; the basal joints of the antenne, the labrum, and the femora 
24* 


344 MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW [June 5, 


and tibice fulvous ; thorax and elytra metallic greenish cupreous or 
blue ; thorax very finely punctured, elytra closely and more strongly 
punctate. 

3g. The anterior tarsi dilated; the posterior femora with a long 
and strong spine. 

Length 3 lines. 

Head with a longitudinal depression at the middle, finely and 
closely punctured; eyes slightly sinuate, the epistome separated 
from the face by a transverse groove; labrum fulvous ; antenne 
filiform, two thirds the length of the body, the first five joints fulvous, 
the rest black. Thorax rather long, less than twice as broad as long, 
narrowed in front, the sides rounded, the anterior angles acute, the 
lateral margin narrowly reflexed, the surface finely and not very 
closely punctured, the punctures scarcely stronger at the sides than 
at the middle. Elytra narrowed towards the apex, without basal 
depression ; the shoulders narrowly raised and smooth; the disk 
much more strongly punctured than the thorax, the punctures here 
and there arranged in lines; the interstices slightly rugose at the 
sides near the base. Underside black ; the sides of the breast metallic 
green ; femora rather thickened, fulvous, the posterior ones triangu- 
larly dilated at the middle and ending in a long spine ; posterior 
tibize curved at the middle; tarsi black, the anterior and intermediate 
ones widened and elongate. 

Of this very distinct species, greatly distinguished by the long 
femoral spine, there are two male specimens before me, which do not 
differ from each other except in the greenish cupreous or metallic 
dark blue colour of the upperside ; a smaller specimen, evidently a 
female, has a more transverse thorax and nearly black and simple 
legs, but does not seem to differ in any other way. 


NoposTOMA LEECHI, 0. sp. 


Black ; above metallic dark violaceous blue; head and thorax 
strongly punctured, sides of the latter angulate at the middle ; elytra 
with the basal portion strongly swollen, moderately strongly punctate- 
striate. 

Length 2 lines. 

Head deeply punctured, strigose on the vertex, the epistome not 
separated from the face; labrum and palpi piceous; jaws black. 
Antenne two thirds the length of the body, the three lower joints - 
obscure fulvous, the others black. Thorax twice as broad as long, the 
sides angulate at the middle, the surface transversely convex, im- 
pressed with deep but not very closely arranged punctures, the 
interstices somewhat raised; in front of the anterior margin is a 
narrow transverse groove; scutellum subpentagonal, impunctate. 
Elytra subquadrate, the base very strongly swollen, bounded by a 
semicircular depression, the shoulders also strongly raised and deeply 
longitudinally depressed within, the punctures rather deep within 
these depressions, fine and arranged in strize on the lower portion of 
the surface ; legs black, the posterior femora with a small tooth. 

Foochan, also Kiukiang. 


1888. ] PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 345 


Very closely allied to N. modestum, Jac., from Japan, but differ- 
ing in the more deeply punctured thorax, the narrow transverse 
groove near the anterior margin, in the less distinctly angulate sides 
of the thorax, and in the much more strongly raised base of the 
elytra, which forms a rounded tubercle, distinctly visible to the naked 
eye ; there is also a distinct lateral depression visible at the disk of 
the thorax in N. modestum which in N. leechi is absent. About a 
dozen specimens were obtained. 


HETeERASPIS NITIDISSIMA, N. Sp. 


Metallic green or cupreous, clothed with whitish pubescence and 
black erect hairs ; antenne black, the base fulvous ; head and thorax 
strongly and closely punctured. 

Length 3-43 lines. 

Head closely punctured at the vertex, the latter convex, the epi- 
stome more remotely and strongly punctate, its separation from the 
face indicated by a small more or less distinct tubercle, its anterior 
margin deeply emarginate at the middle and at the sides ; labrum 
smooth, impunctate, cupreous ; jaws black. Antenne slender, half 
the length of the body, the lower three joints fulvous, the rest black. 
Thorax subcylindrical, the sides strongly deflexed, the anterior angles 
with a smooth tubercle ; the posterior margin straight at the sides, 
rounded and produced at the middle, the surface impressed with 
deep and closely placed punctures, clothed like the head with white 
and bjack erect hairs ; scutellum finely rugose. Elytra with a faint 
transverse depression below the base, the shoulders acute and promi- 
nent, the surface very closely punctured, the punctures smaller than 
those at the thorax, but intermixed with larger ones, the apex very 
finely punctate. Below closely punctured and pubescent. 

H. nitidissima is very closely allied to H. vestita, Baly, but differs 
in the bright metallic green or cupreous general colour ; the latter 
in H. vestita is obscure neous; there are besides this some other 
differences to be found, the present species having a tubercle placed 
at the middle of the face. There seem to be only females in the 
present collection amongst more than 12 specimens, and I am not 
able to say anything in regard to the two teeth to be found on the 
epistome in the male of H. vestita ; it is, however, possible that the 
insect described here is a variety of the last-named species. 


HetTERAsPIs IMPERIALIS, Baly. 


All the specimens. obtained at Kiukiang, which I must refer to Mr. 
Baly’s species, differ from the type in the more strongly punctured 
elytra, which have the interstices more finely punctured, so that the 
punctuation consists of larger and smaller punctures crowded together. 


CuRYSOMELA JAPANA, Baly. 


Of this species Mr. Leech obtained a great many specimens, which 
prove great variability in regard to the sculpture and also shape of 
the thorax ; the latter has the sides sometimes greatly widened before 
the middle, much less so in other specimens, and the punctuation of 


346 MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW [June 5, 


the disk is often close, at other times remote and very irregular. 
Most of the specimens in the present collection were obtained at 
Hakodate and are with few exceptions females, which may be recog- 
nized at once by the very curious appendage of the last abdominal 
segment, unique amongst the numerous species of this genus with 
which I am acquainted; this structure consists in a triangular 
acutely pointed kind of sheath, hollowed at its base and placed upon 
the middle of the last abdominal segment ; the pygidium ends in a 
blunt protuberance and seems capable of closing the posterior opening 
of the sheath ; I find no reference to any similar structure in this 
or any other species. The males are much smaller, and the penis is a 
slender curved tube, narrowed and blunt at its apex. The colour of 
the thorax and elytra varies from purplish to blue or green, and the 
latter have two or three more or less distinct longitudinal smooth 
spaces; wings are absent. 


CHRYSOMELA VIRGATA, Motsch. 
Obtained in numerous specimens at Gensan in Corea. 


CHRYSOMELA OBSCUROFASCIATA, Jac. 


This species, described by myself in the Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, 
seems to be only a variety of the preceding species, with which 
it entirely agrees in size, shape, and sculpture; the entire insect is, 
however, dark purplish-blue in colour with an elytral still darker 
band, the latter in C. virgata is reddish cupreous. 


MELASOMA OCTODECIMPUNCTATA, 0. sp. 


Metallic greenish, the six basal joints of the antennee, the sides of 
the thorax, and the legs fulvous; elytra very closely punctured, 
fulvous or testaceous, each elytron with nine rounded black spots 
(1, 3, 2, 2, 1). 

Length 2-32 lines. 

Head finely and closely punctured, greenish eneous ; antenne 
scarcely extending to the base of the thorax, black, the basal six 
joints fulvous. Thorax three times broader than long, the sides 
broadly flattened, fulvous, the disk metallic green, very finely punc- 
tured, bounded at the sides by a deep longitudinal groove, which is 
impressed with deep punctures ; scutellum metallic green. Elytra 
very closely punctured, with traces of longitudinal striz, fulvous or 
flavous ; the suture, a spot at the shoulder, three, placed triangularly 
at the base, two slightly larger ones placed transversely at the middle, 
two below the latter, and another transversely shaped spot near the 
apex, blackish ; legs entirely fulvous. Underside metallic greenish. 

At first sight this species seems identical with the well-known M, 
20-punctata, but the insect is quite distinct from the last-named ; 
the sides of the thorax in M. 18-punctata are much more broadly 
fulvous, and the green colour does not encroach on it except by a 
small spot at each side (as in M. 20-punctata): but the principal 
difference is to be found in the number, shape, and position of the 
elytral spots; these latter are not elongate but rounded; the six 


1888. | PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 347 


anterior spots are placed exactly as in M. 20-punctata, but of those 
placed below the middle the intermediate spot is wanting, so that 
only two remain, and the last or apical spot is transverse, not elon- 
gate as in the allied form ; the elytra are also more closely punctured 
in the present species, and the legs are entirely fulvous. There are 
more than twenty specimens before me, which all show the same 
differences, as pointed out, and can be separated easily from M. 20- 
punctata. 


PHYTODECTA FLAVIPENNIS, 0. sp. 


Broadly ovate, pale fulvous ; the terminal joints of the antenne 
and the legs black ; thorax very minutely punctured on the disk, 
strongly on the sides; elytra finely punctate-striate, the interstices 
scarcely visibly punctured. 

Length 23 lines. 

Head distinctly but irregularly punctured ; antennze extending to 
the base of the thorax, the terminal joints transversely shaped, black, 
the lower four joints fulvous; thorax three times wider than long, 
narrowed in front, very minutely punctured, the sides deeply punc- 
tate ; scutellum fulvous ; elytra broad, subquadrate, the punctures 
moderately deep, the interstices extremely finely punctured. 

The present species seems to differ from any other described Phy- 
todecta in several particulars: from most of them P. flavipennis differs 
in the fulvous upper and underside ; P. rufa, Kraatz, which also bas 
the underside red, is larger and the legs are described as red with the 
exception of the knees. There are two specimens before me, which 
show no difference, except that the colour in one is paler, and that 
the upper and lower margins of the breast are black, the latter is 
deeply rugose-punctate. 


PHYTODECTA TREDECIMMACULATA, 0. Sp. 


Broadly subquadrate, fulvous ; thorax with three black spots ; 
scutellum black ; elytra strongly and closely punctured, the punctu- 
ation irregular, each elytron with six black spots ; breast piceous. 

Length 3 lines. 

Head rather closely punctured on the vertex and on the clypeus. 
Antennz entirely fulvous, extending to the base of the elytra. 
Thorax three times broader than long, the sides evenly rounded, the 
anterior margin broadly concave; the disk finely and remotely, the 
sides strongly and closely, punctured ; a large black spot is placed at 
the middle, but does not extend to the base, a smaller one is situated 
at each side; scutellum black, very broad. Etytra subquadrate, 
convex and short, very closely and distinctly punctured, the punctu- 
ation not arranged in lines ; of the black spots, which are large, 
one of oblique shape occupies the middle of the base, two, placed 
transversely at, and two others, of which the inner one is sutural, 
below the middle; another sutural spot is placed at the extreme 
apex. Below and the legs strongly punctured, the breast more or 
less piceous. 

Foochan. 


348 MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW [June 5, 


In this species the elytral punctuation, instead of being arranged 
as in most of the allied forms, is irregular and the pattern differs 
from any with which I am acquainted ; of the elytral spots, two are 
common to both and placed across the suture below the middle. 


PAROPsIDES NIGROFASCIATUS, Nl. Sp. 


Fulvous ; head and thorax with two black markings ; elytra finely 
and irregularly punctured, each with two large subsutural spots, 
placed longitudinally, and a sublateral band, abbreviated behind, 
black. 

Var. a. The posterior subsutural spot wanting. 

Var. b. This spot present only. 

Var. c. Entirely fulvous, the thorax with some small piceous spots ; 
elytra with a small black humeral spot. 

Length 5-6 lines. 

Head finely punctured, with a central impressed groove, fulvous, 
the base with two large black spots, the anterior margin of the 
clypeus and the apex of the jaws also black. Antenne short, entirely 
fulvous, the apical joint thickened. Thorax three times broader than 
long, the anterior margin deeply emarginate at the middle, the 
anterior angles strongly produced in front, the sides rounded, narrowed 
towards the apex, the surface minutely and not very closely punc- 
tured on the disk, more strongly at the sides; the disk fulvous, with 
two large subquadrate black spots touching the base and leaving a 
narrow line of the ground-colour between them ; scutellum fulvous. 
Elytra convex, widened towards the middle, impressed with rather 
small punctures, partly arranged in lines, the interspaces also very 
finely punctured, the lateral margin accompanied by several rows of 
deeper punctures, each elytron with two large elongate spots, placed 
longitudinally near the suture and a longitudinal band (often narrowed 
or interrupted at the middle) extending from the shoulder to below 
the middle near the lateral margin. Underside and legs fulvous, 
the abdomen often spotted with black; claws appendiculate, the 
inner division very long. 


PAROPSIDES HIEROGLYPHICA, Gebl. 


Parorsiprs 12-macuxara, Gebl. 


Both these species were obtained at Foochow, and I am very 
much inclined to believe that one is only a variety of the other, since 
I cannot find any differences except that of colour; in P. hierogly- 
phica the elytra have three rows of black spots, if these are connected 
in a certain way the pattern peculiar to P. 12-maculata is produced, 
in the same way as in many species of Cryptocephali; the underside 
in one species (P. hieroglyphica) is fulvous, in the other black. 


EvusTETHA THORACICA, 0. sp. 


Fulvous ; the antenne (the three basal joints excepted), the breast, 
and legs black; head with one, thorax with four, black spots ; elytra 
dark violaceous blue, closely and strongly punctured. 


1888. ] PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 349 


Var. Elytra obscure fulvous. 

Length 35 lines. 

Head impunctate, fulvous, the vertex with a black spot; labrum 
black ; palpi fulvous, the penultimate joint incrassate. Antennse only 
extending to the base of the elytra, black, the lower three joints 
fulvous, piceous above, shining, the others opaque, pubescent, the 
second and third joints short, equal. Thorax three times broader 
than long, the sides slightly rounded at the middle, narrowly mar- 
gined, the anterior angles thickened, the surface impunctate, fulvous, 
with four black spots placed transversely ; scutellum black. Elytra 
ovate-oblong, metallic dark blue or violaceous, covered throughout 
with distinct punctures of variable size, arranged here and there in 
indistinct lines, of which a short one more deeply impressed is placed 
within the shoulders, and another row accompanies the sutural 
margin ; legs and breast black, the tibize closely pubescent ; abdomen 
fulvous ; mesosternum swollen and tuberculate. 

E. thoracica may be distinguished from E. flaviventris, Baly, by 
the want of the thoracic impressions and the colour and markings of 
the same part. 


Puy.uosroTica (?) ORNATA, 0. sp. 


Fulvous ; antennze, the upper edge of the femora, tibize and tarsi, 
black ; thorax bifoveolate ; elytra finely punctured, black, an ovate 
patch at the side and another near the apex, flavous; epipleurz 
extremely small. 

Var. Head black at the vertex, elytra entirely fulvous. 

Length 3 lines. 

Head dark fulvous, impunctate, the frontal tubercles transverse ; 
clypeus in shape of atriangular ridge. Antenne slender, filiform, the 
second joint short, the third and following joints nearly equal, the 
three lower ones more or less fulvous below, the rest black. Thorax 
about one half broader than long, the sides straight, slightly concave, 
the posterior angles acute, obliquely cut, the surface with a few minute 
punctures near the base, the latter depressed, with a deep fovea at 
each side; scutellum broad, its apex broadly rounded, flavous. 
Elytra finely and closely punctured, somewhat depressed anteriorly 
along the suture, the black portion interrupted at the sides by a 
large ovate flavous spot which, commencing a little below the base, 
extends to the middle, but not to the sutural or lateral margin ; 
a somewhat similar-shaped spot is placed near the apex, which it 
does not quite reach, being surrounded by a narrow margin of the 
ground-colour. The underside and the legs fulvous, the femora above 
and the outer edge of the tibiee with a black streak ; tibiae unarmed ; 
the first joint of the posterior tarsi as long as the three following 
joints together ; claws appendiculate. 

Hab. Foochan. 

Although this species has the general appearance of Phyllobrotica 
and its structural characters, it differs somewhat in having extremely 
small elytral epipleuree and a longer metatarsus of the posterior legs. 
In the absence of other similarly constructed species I have placed 


350 ON NEW PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. [June 5, 


the present insect in Phyllobrotica; it will not be difficult to recog- 
nize by the elytral pattern. A single specimen of the variety was 
obtained, which differs only in colour. 


CNEORANE FEMORALIS, D. sp. 


Metallic blue; the head, thorax, and the anterior legs fulvous ; 
antenne fuscous ; elytra greenish blue, closely semirugose-punctate ; 
below pubescent ; posterior femora obscure blackish blue. 

Length 4—43 lines. 

This species, obtained by Mr. Leech at Foochan, although very 
closely allied to C. fulvicollis, Baly, seems to differ sufficiently to 
be considered distinct from that species: the present insect is less 
widened posteriorly, the antennz are entirely black, the basal joints 
only are fulvous below; the thorax is rather less transverse and 
Jonger, and has often three small foveze placed triangularly on the 
disk, the latter being entirely impunctate; the punctuation of the 
elytra is close and distinct, the interspaces being somewhat rugose 
with traces of longitudinal ridges; the colour of the upper part of 
the breast as well as of the four anterior femora is fulvous ; the poste- 
rior femora and the tibize are obscure dark blue ; the rest of the under- 
side is metallic lighter blue, clothed with long yellowish pubescence. 
There seems to be no difference in regard to the structure of the 
antennze in both sexes, but the anterior tibize in the male are curved 
at the apex and their first tarsal joint is dilated and flattened. Mr. 
Baly gives the colour of the underside in C. fulvicollis as piceous ; 
in a specimen kindly given to me, the abdomen is dark metallic blue, 
as in the present species, but this colour does not extend to the 
breast as in C. femoralis ; the posterior femora in C. fulvicollis are 
fulvous instead of dark blue. All the specimens agree in the above 
details: C. elegans from Japan is much smaller, bright metallic 
green, and the punctuation of the elytra is much finer: the latter 
in C. femoralis are of a rather dull bluish colour. 


LUPERODES NIGRIPENNIS, Motsch. 


Two specimens obtained at Gensan I refer to Motschulsky’s species, 
with the description of which they agree perfectly ; the head in the 
specimens I have for examination is fulvous with the space immedi- 
ately behind the eyes black (of this the author’s description says 
nothing) ; the labrum and the antennz are also black, with the excep- 
tion of the first two joints of the latter, which are fulvous ; they are 
nearly two thirds the length of the body ; the thorax is twice as broad 
as long, fulvous, the surface impunctate without depressions; the 
elytra are black and very finely and closely punctured, with their 
epipleur extending below the middle; the abdomen is flavous; the 
legs are black, the apex of the femora and the base of the anterior 
tibize are stained with fulvous. The structural characters of Lupe- 
rodes are all present. In the almost useless figure given by Mot- 
schulsky the abdomen is made to protrude largely beyond the elytra ; 
whether this is characteristic of all the females of this species I am 
unable to say. 


1888. ] ON THE REPRODUCED TAIL OF LIZARDS. 351 


LapuRis EMARGINATA, Baly. 


Of this species there are a few examples contained in the present 
collection, amongst which is a male, which differs considerably in the 
shape of the antenne from the female sex ; these organs are longer 
and their intermediate joints are strongly flattened and triangularly 
dilated, although of the same elongate shape; the broad, black or 
piceous band of the elytra is occasionally of nearly equal width 
instead of being deeply emarginate at its middle as in the type. 


Nores. 


In my catalogue of Japanese Phytophaga (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, 
p. 752) several mistakes and omissions have been made, which I 
will here rectify, thus :— 

Lema melanopa is left out, the species is, I believe, found in Japan. 

Adimonia multicostata, Jac. (p. 755), is identical with Galerucella 
punctatostriata, Motsch.; the species belongs, however, to Adimonia. 

Monolepta flaviventris, Motsch. (p. 755), should have been placed 
in Malacosoma. 

According to M. Fairmaire the following species described by him 
from China (1876) are synonyms :— 

Paralina impressiuscula, Fairm., = P. fallaciosa, Stal. 

Lina ignitincta, Fairm., = Galeruca fulminans, Mén. 

Anthraxantha davidis, F., = Mimastra cyanura, Hope. 


3. On the Scaling of the Reproduced Tail in Lizards. 
By G. A. BouLenceEr. 


[Received June 5, 1888.] 


It is a well-known fact that in such Reptiles as have the power of 
reproducing the tail, the scaling of the renewed portion often differs 
considerably from that of the normal organ. It is generally held 
that the difference consists merely in the irregularity of the scaling, 
or in the absence of certain tubercles or enlarged scutes which are 
characteristic of the species. Such a view is erroneous. I have 
convinced myself that, in some cases, the aberrant scaling of the re- 
produced tail is a reversion to an ancestral form. 

That a tail with heterogeneous lepidosis may be reproduced as such, 
is shown by Hatteria ; the dorsal series of compressed tubercles, so 
strikingly similar to that of Chelydra, is present on the reproduced 
portion, which differs only in the scales not being verticillate. 

That a tail with uniform scaling may be reproduced with diver- 
sified scales is exemplified by a large number of Scincoids and some 
Geckoids, which, having a tail covered with subequal scales, develop 
on the new portion a ventral, or both a ventral and a dorsal, series 
of large transverse scutes, such as exist normally in other species of 
the same or of allied genera. 

All Lacertidee, Gerrhosauride, and Scink-like Anguidee, so far as 
I am aware, reproduce a caudal scaling true to their type. 


352 ON THE REPRODUCED TAIL OF LIZARDS. {June 5, 


A very striking example of reversion is exhibited by the Teioid 
genus Gymnophthalmus. It is necessary first to say that this genus, 
though agreeing with the Chalcidine Teiide in general structure, 
presents the scaling, and a most deceptive appearance, of a Scincoid, 
and has therefore been placed in the latter group, to which it 


Tails of (A) Gymnophthalmus quadrilineatus and (B) Ophisaurus gracilis, 
with reproduced terminal portion. 


bears, however, not the slightest affinity. Now, the character of 
the reproduced tail, with which I was not acquainted when I 
arrived at my conclusions respecting the affinities of this genus 


1888.] ON THE STERNAL GLAND OF DIDELPHYS DIMIDIATA. 353 


with Heéerodactylus, affords a striking confirmation of the correct- 
ness of these conclusions. As may be seen from the drawing 
(fig. A, p. 352), the scaling of the reproduced tail of Gymnoph- 
thalmus is that of a Heterodactylus or Cercosaurine Teioid. 

Another example (see fig. B, p. 352) is afforded by the tail of 
Ophisaurus (Pseudopus), a genus which I have, following Cope, placed 
in the same family as the Slow-worm (Anguis). Here we have a 
Lizard with verticillate scales, the tail of which, when reproduced, 
assumes the cycloid scaling of its Diploglossine and, no doubt 
ancestral, allies. 

According to the taxonomic arrangement of all the older and of 
many modern authors, such tails as are represented in the above 
figures exhibit, on the same individual, a ‘ chassé-croisé’ of the 
characters of two primary divisions, viz. the “ Cyclosaura”’ (normal 
tail of Ophisaurus and reproduced tail of Gymnophthalmus) and the 
“ Geissosaura’’ (normal tail of Gymnophthalmus and reproduced 
tail of Ophisaurus). 

It will be useful in future to pay greater attention to the scaling 
of the renewed tails of Lizards, as it may, in some cases, afford a 
clue to the affinities of genera or species to one another. 


4. Note on the Sternal Gland of Didelphys . dimidiata. 
By Franx E. Bepparp, M.A., Prosector to the Society. 


[Received June 5, 1888.] 


At a recent meeting of this Society (see P. Z.S. 1887, p. 527) 
I described the external appearance and the minute structure of a 
peculiar gland in Myrmecodius, situated just above the anterior end of 
the sternum. 

I have now to record the presence of a gland occupying a similar 
position in another Marsupial, viz. Didelphys dimidiata (Wagner). 
Mr. Thomas has directed my attention to the presence of this gland 
and requested me to report upon its minute structure. 

One of the drawings which I now exhibit (fig. 1, p. 354) 
represents the head and anterior region of Didelphys dimidiata and 
shows the position of the sternal gland. 

The second drawing (fig. 2) represents the gland magnified more 
highly. 

The integument in this region appears to the naked eye to be 
entirely devoid of hairs, and the skin is furrowed in various directions. 
The latter figure may be compared with fig. 2 of my paper upon the 
sternal gland of Myrmecobius (P. Z.S. 1887, p. 528). The orifices 
of the glands upon the exterior are by no means so plain as in Myrme- 
cobius. It is of course possible that the appearance of the glandular 
patch in Didelphys owes its difference from the appearance of the 
corresponding structure in Didelphys to the state of contraction of 
the skin—caused by the alcohol in which the animal was preserved. 

In Myrmecobius the glandular patch upon the integument had a 


354  .THE STERNAL GLAND OF DIDELPHYS DIMIDIATA. [June 5, 


smooth appearance and the mouths of the glands were widely 
dilated. 


In Didelphys the skin in this region. of the body was much 


“all 


PANN 


WN 
WA NN 
in iN 


Yi NN 
AWN PNW 
i val 


Didelphys dimidiata. 
Ventral view of head and neck, to show the sternal gland. 


Didelphys dimidiata. 
Sternal gland, more highly magnified. 


wrinkled, and the mouths of the glands were not apparent. This looks 
very much as if the difference were merely due to the more contracted 


1888.] MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON A NEW GREGARINE. 355 


condition of the integument in Didelphys; and I cannot find any 
reasons for believing that the integumental glands, which will shortly 
be described, are any smaller in Didelphys than in Myrmecobius. 

Apart, however, from the question as to whether the external 
appearance of the glandular patch in Myrmecobius is really different 
from that of Didelphys dimidiata, there is a close agreement between 
the two species in the microscopic structure of the gland. The 
sternal gland of Myrmecobdius is acomplex structure. The epidermis 
in this region is greatly thickened and contains numerous sudoriferous 
glands grouped together into oval masses. Beneath the dermis is a 
large compound gland the structure of which resembles the sudori- 
parous glands. 

In Didelphys dimidiata the elements entering into the formation 
of the glandular patch are precisely the same as in Myrmecobius. 
As in that species, there are a few hairs scattered over the surface of 
the gland which are too small and too few to be recognized by the 
naked eye. The same groups of modified sudoriparous glands as those 
which I termed sudoriparous follicles in Myrmecobius occur in Didelphys 
dimidiata. And, finally, underneath the dermis isacompound tubular 
gland which, however, appears to be relatively smaller than in 
Myrmecobius. 

To describe these various glandular structures more in detail is 
unnecessary, as such a description would be a mere repetition of the 
greater part of my paper upon Myrmecobius. 

It is interesting to find that there exists in both these genera, 
which are not in other respects very nearly related, a glandalar 
apparatus having the same anatomical relations and the same 
minute structure ’*. 


5. Note on a new Gregarine. 
By Frank E. Bepparp, M.A., Prosector to the Society. 


[Received June 5, 1888.] 


The Gregarine described in the present note was found in a 
Pericheta which has recently been sent to me from New Zealand by 
Mr. W. W. Smith. This species occurred in the vesicule seminales 
and in the body-cavity, and is a large Gregarine, reaching a length of 
13-2 millim. I observed three stages in the development of this 
parasite, which I cannot identify with any described form. 

The smallest examples that I observed were about the same size 
as the common Monocystis lumbrici, but of a different form, which 
is illustrated in the accompanying woodcut. The body is globular, 
and furnished with one or two slender processes usually of greater 
length ; they are placed (if there are two) one at each end of the 
body, so that the Gregarine has the appearance of a bead strung 
upon a thread. I only observed individuals of this stage in the 
vesiculee seminales. The body-cavity of the Pericheta was crowded 


1 P. Z. 8. 1887, p. 527. 


356 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON A NEW GREGARINE. [June 5, 


with individuals of the next stage ; this is characterized by its larger 
size and rather more complicated structure. The general form of 
the body is, however, the same. The drawing (p. 397) illustrates 
this stage, as well as the encysted condition to be presently described. 
The upper part of the figure represents an individual of the second 
stage; the lower part illustrates the encysted condition, in which 
the whole Gregarine is enclosed by a cyst which is limited in the 
figure to the lower process. 

In the second stage the vody is limited externally by a clear mem- 
brane of some thickness, which is probably the cuticle ; the coarse 
granules which fill the interior of the parasite are sometimes restricted 
to the globular part of the body, aud are sometimes also found in 
one or both of the slender processes. These differences are, however, 
probably due to movements in the protoplasm of the living Gregarine, 
which has been arrested at various intervals. The surface of the 
two processes, and probably of the whole body, is covered with deli- 
cate fibres, which generally run obliquely to the long axis of the 
process, as is shown in the diagram (6). Careful focusing shows 
these fibres to be quite superficial, and they are therefore probably 
cuticular. During this stage, and also in the earlier stages, the 
Gregarine multiplies by transverse fission—a process rare among the 
Gregarinida *. 

The extremity of one of the processes becomes swollen and filled 
with the granules of the entoplasm. This swelling increases in size 
until it equals the body of the parent; a process grows out from the 
end opposite to that by which it is attached to the parent ; these two 
then probably separate. 

In the third stage the body of the parasite is covered externally 
with a remarkable cyst. Individuals in the encysted condition were 
only met with in the substance of the vesiculz seminales of the 
Pericheta. 

The structure of the cyst-membrane is illustrated in the lower half 
of the drawing (c). It is of great thickness upon the one or two 
processes into which the body of the Gregarine is prolonged ; it is, 
however, much thinner upon the spherical region of the body. The 
main mass of the cyst has a fibrous appearance, and imbedded in it 
are numerous bodies which I cannot but regard as nuclei; these 
latter were evident in transverse sections, as well as in glycerine pre- 
parations of the entire parasite. The presence of nuclei in the cyst 
leads me to infer that the latter is not (at any rate entirely) formed 

. by the parasite; the fibrous portion of the cyst, on the other hand, 
looks as if it were an hypertrophied condition of the fibroid invest- 
ment found in the free living parasites of the ecelom described above 
as stage 2. 

In some of the encysted parasites there was a single large nucleus 
(a); in others a large number of smaller nuclei ; this condition is no 
doubt preliminary to sporulation. Karyokinetic figures were observed 
in the dividing nuclei. 

! Figured by Ruschhaupt (Jen. Zeitschr. 1885, Taf. xxii. fig. 18) in Mono- 
cystis porrecta. 


357 


x 
= 


eA 


~ 


c= 


—S 


SS 


= 


BS 


= 
= 


MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON A NEW GREGARINE, 
=, 


= 
rs 


LEE 


</ 


(is 


1888.] 


cavity of Pericheta nove-zelandie. 


Gregarine from body 


a, nucleus ; 4, process of body 


showing oblique striation of cuticle ; ¢, posterior 
; the lower process that 


resent a free (unencysted) individual 


of an encysted individual. 
Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1888, No. XXV. 


p 


process of body to show the outer cyst-membrane enclosing nuclei. 
process re 


The drawing is a compound one; the middle part of the body and the upper 


358 "MR. E. L. LAYARD ON THE GENUS STENOGYRA. [June 19, 


I regret to have no further stages in the life-history of this Grega- 
rine; I have not yet seen any evidence of sporulation, except in the 
division of the nucleus. JI propose, however, to publish a fuller 
description later, when I may perhaps have succeeded in discovering 
the formation of spores. 

I think it is clear that this organism is a Sporozoon, and that it 
belongs to the Gregarinide ; [ refer it to the true Gregarines on 
account of its general form, the nature of the granules in the pro- 
toplasm, &c. But the cyst is quite unlike anything that has been 
recorded in a Gregarine'. On the other hand, in the Myxosporidia 
cysts are met with which are nucleated, and probably therefore 
formed pathologically by the tissues in which the parasite lives. 


June 19, 1888. 
Prof. Flower, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. 


A letter was read addressed to the President by Dr. Emin Pasha, 
dated Tunguru Island (Lake Albert), October 31st, 1887, announcing 
the despatch of further collections of natural-history objects, and 
promising for the Society some notes on European migratory birds 
observed in that country. 


The following extract from a letter addressed by Mr. E. L. Layard, 
F.Z.S., H.B.M. Consul at Nouméa, New Caledonia, to Mr. J. 
Ponsonby, F.Z.S., concerning the distribution of some Land-shells 
of the genus Stenogyra, was read :-— 

** Mr. Garrett’s remarks (P. Z. S. 1887, p. 185) on the distribution 
of Stenogyra tuckeri remind me to tell you that he wished me to 
communicate to the Zoological Society the fact that the West-Indian 
species, S. octona, has suddenly turned up here in thousands ; how 
introduced none can tell. They are on a coffee-estate at Kanala on 
the East Coast, about halfway to the north end of the island. I 
have made inquiries, and cannot learn that Mons. Evain (presumably 
the planter) ever had any seed coffee from the West Indies. All he 
planted came from Bourbon, and it would be interesting to find out 
whether the species has appeared there also. Mons. Evain’s nephew, 
who collects shells, found it here, and gave it to meas a fine example 
of S. sowverbiei, our native species. I recognized it at once; but he 
was much astonished on being shown what it was. He says it is in 
thousands. Garrett said that this fact might throw light on the 
distribution of the other species. I have always maintained that 
there was no difference between S. souverbiei, S. artenois, S. tuckert, 


1 ‘Waldenburg (Arch. Path. Anat. 1862) speaks of a nucleated cyst-membrane in 
certain Gregarines of the Earthworm. Biutschli, however (Bronn’s ‘ Thierreich, 
Protozoa, p. 536, note) is disinclined to believe in Waldenburg’s statement. It 
may be that Waldenburg has found cysts in Lwmbricus like those of Pericheta 
described here, 


\N 


WN Pdel adnat. 
Parker& Coward lith 


"oS 


P Z.S 1888. Pl. XVII. 


West Newman &Co.amp. 


a 


Poison-organs of Trachinus. 


.. 


1888. ] ON THE POISON-ORGANS OF TRACHINUS. 359 


and the Ceylon species. I suppose S. octona will soon get down 
here ; I am on the watch for it.” 


Prof. Bell exhibited and made remarks on a specimen of Cerian- 
thus membranaceus in its tube ; this fine example had been obtained 
by Mr. John Murray at a depth of 71 fathoms in Loch Etive. 


Mr. Tegetmeier exhibited and made remarks on the feet of an 
Australian Rabbit, supposed to have acquired arboreal habits, and 
made some observations on the change of habits of this Rodent 
since its introduction into Australia. 


Mr. J.B. Sutton, F.Z.S., read a paper on some abnormalities 
occurring among animals recently living in the Society’s Gardens. 


The following papers were read :— 


1. On the Poison-Organs of Trachinus. By W. Newton 
Parker, F.Z.S., Professor of Biology in the University 
College of S. Wales and Monmouthshire. 


[Received June 2, 1888.] 
(Plate XVII.) 


Although it is well recognized that the British Weevers (Trachinus 
draco and T’ vipera) are poisonous, most ichthyologists express doubt 
as to the existence of any specific glands in connexion with the 
stinging-apparatus, some even denying altogether the presence of 
such glands. 

Before passing on to a description of my own observations, I will 
briefly refer to those of former investigators whose works I have had 
an opportunity of consulting. It must, however, be noted first that 
in both species of Weever the anterior dorsal fin is provided with 
five or six strong and grooved spines, the second and third of which 
are the longest ; and a still larger spine is present upon the opercular 
bone, extending backwards, and projecting freely for a short distance 
posteriorly. All these spines are enclosed in a sheath of connective 
tissue, and their apices are sharply pointed; in transverse section 
they have somewhat the form of the letter T, the base of the T 
being anterior in the case of the dorsal, external in the case of the 
opercular spines. 

In 1841, Allman (1)? accurately described and figured the oper- 
cular spine of 7. vipera. But he could detect no gland, “only a 
small pulpy mass in each of the conical cavities,” at the base of the 
spine, which he thought might possibly be of a glandular nature, 


1 The numbers in brackets refer to the list of works at the end of this paper. 
25* 


360 PROF, W. N. PARKER ON THE [June 19, 


and he simply conjectures that the seat of the virus is in “‘ the pulpy 
sheath of the spine.” 

The most important observations on the subject which have been 
made by any English naturalist are undoubtedly those of Byerley (3), 
which appeared in 1849, but which have not been credited by many 
subsequent authors. 

Byerley correctly describes and figures transverse sections of the 
opercular and dorsal spines, as well as the position of the glands in 
connexion with them. In examining the microscopic structure of 
the glands, he simply scraped a portion out of its groove with a 
needle and mounted it in water, so that it is not to be wondered at 
that in this respect his conclusions are far from accurate ; the ‘‘ tubes,” 
** sacculi,”’ and “ follicles’ which he describes are quite imaginary. 
He was unable to make out any duct, and mentions that the integu- 
ment completely covers even the points of the spines in a normal 
condition, but that they ‘are rarely seen thus, as they usually 
protrude for some distance from their loose sheaths. His explana- 
tion of the manner in which the secretion is injected into the wound 
is that when the spine is driven some distance forcibly into the 
flesh, the integument which covers it yields to the pressure of the 
wounded parts, and is thus thrust downwards towards the base 
of the spine. In this way the gland must be squeezed with some 
violence, and its contents pass along the grooves of the spine into 
the wound. This unsatisfactory account of the structure of the 
glands led Giinther (13) to doubt the accuracy of Byerley’s con- 
clusions, and to consider that the substance which he took for a 
gland was simply ‘the poisonous fluid itself, coagulated or hardened 
by the action of the spirits in which the specimen had been pre- 
served.’ Giinther, moreover, states elsewhere (11) that ‘no special 
poison-organ has been found in these fishes, but there is no doubt that 
the mucous secretion in the vicinity of the spines has poisonous pro- 
perties.’ (Comp. also 12.) 

Day (9) also states that nothing certain is known, either as to the 
seat of the poison or the manner of its ejection, and mentions that 
‘*it has been surmised that the virus is a secretion or excretion from 
the mucous surface of the loose skin which covers the spines.” 

Couch (5) describes ‘‘the skill and precision with which the for- 
midable spine of the neck (of 7. draco) is directed to an object of 
fear,”’ and, without mentioning Byerley at all, states that “the spines 
of the dorsal fin have also been an object of dread ; but in these cases 
the wound is only accidental, and the fish does not employ them for 
any purpose of injury or defence.’ He also states that ‘it is certain 
that no exudation or discharge of a poisonous fluid proceeds from 
this projecting (opercular) spine.” 

Yarrell (22) quotes Couch, and mentions that the Weever “ strikes 
with great force either upwards or sideways. Pennant states that 
he i seen it direct its blows with as much judgment as a fighting 
cock.” 

Macalister (16) simply states that the Weever “is commonly 
thought to inflict poisonous wounds ;” and Seeley (18) speaks of the 


1888. ] POISON-ORGANS OF TRACHINUS. 361 


opercular spine as ‘an offensive weapon,” while Saville Kent (15) 
makes similar statements to those of Giinther and Day. 

Turning now to observers in other countries, I find that Cuvier 
(6, 7, & 8) and Bleeker (2; quoted by Dr. Giinther, 13) not 
only deny the existence of a gland, but even state that itis a mis- 
take to suppose that the Weevers are poisonous at all. Cuvier, 
moreover, mentions the dorsal spines only. And as recently as 
1886, Tybring (19) has made the following statement :—“ In the 
Norwegian waters there are no poisonous fishes, but it is well known 
that the sting-bull [a local name for the Greater Weever, see Day, 
9], may be dangerous if one happens to run the pointed dorsal fin 
into the finger, or any other part of the body.” 

Canestrini (4) gives a brief reference to Byerley’s paper, and 
acknowledges his conclusions. 

In Wiedersheim’s ‘ Lehrbuch d. vergl. Anatomie ’(20) the following 
passage occurs in the chapter on the integument (p. 20) :—‘‘ Weiter 
gebort dahin die unter der Stacheln der Riickenflosse von Trachinus 
liegende Giftdriise. Sie ruht jederseits auf dem Grund vom sack- 
artigen Haut-Einstiilpungen, wihrend ihre Ausfiihrunsginge im 
Bereich der Stacheln liegen.”’ (See also 21.) Iam unable to state on 
whose authority this statement is made, as Professor Wiedersheim can- 
not at present lay his hands on the paper from which the passage was 
abstracted. But it will be noticed that no mention is made of the 
opercular poison-organ ; and that the description of the glands of the 
dorsal spines differs considerably from my own observations. 

Before sending in the present paper for publication, a reference 
was given me by Professor Hubrecht to a work by Gressin (14), 
and I much regret that I have been unable to obtain a copy, especi- 
ally as from its title it is probably an important contribution to the 
subject. But as apparently this work is not known to most English 
ichthyologists, I have been advised to publish my own observations 
independently. 


STRUCTURE OF THE PoIsoN-APPARATUS. 


Opercular Organs.—The form of the opercular spine and its rela- 
tion to the bony operculum are shown in the accompanying drawing 
(fig. 1, p. 362). A deep groove (gv) runs along both upper and under 
surfaces right to the apex ; and where the base of the spine joins the 
operculum the grooves are continued forwards for a short distance 
into small conical cavities (z), entirely surrounded by bone. Fig. 2 
represents the third dorsal spine, which is slightly stouter than the 
others ; the grooves here also extend from base to apex. 

Both figs. 1 and 2 are taken from 7’. draco’, the other figures 
(Plate XVII.) refer to 7. vipera. I find there is no important 
difference between the two species as regards the structure of the 
apparatus, and have chosen the smaller species for histological exami- 
nation, as it requires less decalcification and is more convenient for 
preparation. 


* I am indebted to Mr. J. J. Neale of Cardiff for a fresh specimen of this fish, 


362 PROF. W. N. PARKER ON THE [June 19, 


In both species distinct glands are present in the grooves of the 
opercular and dorsal spines, and in the former they are very large, 
extending a considerable distance both above and below the spine, 
along the greater part of its length. The glands consist of rela- 
tively enormous granular nucleated cells, the structure of which is 
apparently similar in both species. : 

Plate XVII. fig. 1, taken from a transparent preparation, shows the 
general form and relations of the opercular glands. Anteriorly both 
dorsal and ventral portions project into the bony cavities already de- 
scribed as being present at the junction of spine and bony operculum. 
From this region each gland broadens out to form a large anterior 


Fig. 1. Fig. 2. 


Z 


SSS 


Trachinus draco. 


Fig. 1. External view of the left opercular bone and its spine. 
Fig. 2. Side view of the third dorsal spine. 
ar. Articulation of opercular bone with hyomandibular. gr. Groove in spine, 


op. Opercular bone. op.s. Opercular spine. 2. Conical cavities in 
opercular bone, continuous with the grooves of the spine. 


lobe, which in its widest part consists roughly of about nine or ten 
irregular rows of cells. About halfway along the spine the anterior 
lobe gradually narrows, and ends a short distance from the pro- 
jecting apex of the spine. 

In Plate XVII. fig. 2 a surface view of the apex of the spine is 
shown, indicating the manner in which it usually projects from its 


1888. ] POISON-ORGANS OF TRACHINUS, 363 


sheath, and the two points («, «) at which the glands are connected 
with the epidermis. It will thus be seen that the end of the spine 
somewhat resembles in its arrangement a hypodermic syringe. 

In order to make out the more detailed structure of the various 
parts, serial sections were taken of both opercular and dorsal organs 
in various planes. The specimens were decalcified, stained with 
borax-carmine, imbedded and mounted in the usual way. 

A transverse section through the line a-6 in fig. 1 is represented 
in fig. 4. The spine (op.s.) in this region broadens out on both 
sides of the grooves, which are thus narrower here than they are 
more posteriorly ; the dorsal and ventral glands (g/.), enclosed in 
their thin membranous capsules (cp.), are seen projecting into them. 
The capsule proper is surrounded by a mass of dermal connective- 
tissue (¢.t.), except where it projects into the groove of the spine: the 
epidermis (ep.) is seen covering the connective-tissue layer externally. 
No special muscles are present in connexion with the glands: the 
fibres shown in fig. 6, inserted into a slight ridge of the spine, be- 
long to one of the opercular muscles. 

The glands, which contain no lumen, consist of a number of 
very large rounded or irregular cells; their contents are granular 
and in most of them one or more distinct nuclei can be seen, many 
of which show indications of recent division. Around the edges of 
the glands smaller—probably immature—cells are present here 
and there in transverse sections through this region. The cell- 
boundaries cannot everywhere be clearly made out, and I am inclined 
to think that in the discharge of their secretion the cells simply burst, 
their contents passing along the grooves amongst the other cells to the 
exterior. 

With the exception of the smaller number of cells and the differ- 
ent form of the spine, the structure of the posterior narrower part of 
the organ shows no important difference from the anterior enlarged 
part. Towards the narrow termination of the gland, however, 
shortly in front of the apex of the spine, in which region the cells 
are smaller, the connective-tissue lying between the gland and the 
epidermis thins out, and the cells of the epidermis and gland become 
continuous with one another (comp. figs. 3, 5, 6, 7, ep., ¢.t., 2%). 
Owing to the toughness of the decalcified spine and to the looseness 
of its connective-tissue sheath, it is exceedingly difficult to obtain 
Satisfactory unbroken sections in this region, and I have not yet 
Succeeded in ascertaining with certainty the manner in which the 
Secretion passes to the exterior, but am inclined to accept Byerley’s 
explanation. There can, however, be little doubt that the gland is 
developed as an epidermic involution, the whole of which gives rise 
to secretory cells, so that there is no marked differentiation into 
gland and duct. 

Dorsal Organs.—The arrangement here is precisely similar to that 
seen in the posterior narrow part of the opercular organ. There is an 
expanded part of the gland, which extends along both grooves of 
each dorsal spine, showing not more than three or four cells ina 
single transverse section through the broadest part. A connexion 


364 PROF. W. N. PARKER ON THE [June 19, 


with the epidermis a short distance below the apex can here also be 
made out. 

Fig. 8 represents a transverse section through the first, and 
second dorsal spines. The first being shorter than the second, it is 
cut through at a relatively different level. 


So far as I am aware, there is only a single other case in which 
the presence of an integumentary gland which gives rise to a definite 
secretion has been distinctly proved amongst fishes: I refer to the 
gland of the clasper (g/andula pterygopodii) of male Elasmobranchs'. 
But from the similarity in many points between the general arrange- 
ment of the poison-organs in Z'rachinus with those of Thalasso- 
phryne® and Synanceia*, as described by Dr. Giinther, I cannot help 
thinking that a careful histological examination of the “ poison- 
bags” of these fishes might prove the existence of gland-cells in 
them also. A number of other fishes, which are said to be poisonous, 
might likewise repay further examination. 


It would be exceedingly interesting to ascertain the nature of the 
poison ef Trachinus and to obtain more facts as to its effects. An 
account of an experiment which Prof. Allman made upon himself 
is given in the paper already quoted (1). He stung himself in the 
thumb with the opercular spine of a 7. vipera, and found that it 
caused most excruciating pain which lasted about an hour and a 
half, as well as swelling and inflammation of the thumb and hand. 
The swelling lasted for some days, but the pain on pressure continued 
for more than a week. Sir William Jardine (10) quotes a Dr. 
Parnell as saying that the sting gives rise to a “ painful wound, 
which causes the parts to swell and almost immediately to assume a 
dark-brown appearance which remains for 4 to 6 hours.” Couch 
(5) mentions that ‘ there are instances where, within a few minutes, 
the pain has extended from the hand as high as the shoulder ;” and 
states that the danger is not wholly removed after the fish is dead: 
on this account it is provided by law in some places that the spines 
shall be removed before the fish is offered for sale in the market. 
Allman, however, found that inoculation from a fish about 24 hours 
dead only caused a slight smarting. Byerley (3) describes the 
erection of the dorsal spines and operculum, and with regard to the 
effects of the poison gives the following details :—The acute pain 
caused by the punctures is stated to last usually four or five hours, 
and to leave the parts in a numb and tender state for some time 
afterwards. In some cases acute inflammation follows, causing 
sloughing or mortifying of the parts around the puncture, and’ even 

* See Petri, Zeitschrift f. wiss. Zoologie, Bd. xxx. Brock has described 
some gland-like cells in the curious dendritic appendage which is situated 
behind the urinogenital papilla of Plotosus anguillaris (Zeitschrift f. wiss. 
Zoologie, Bd. xlv., 1887, p. 532). Comp. also R. von Lendenfeld, on the lumi- 
nous organs of Fishes, ‘Challenger’ Reports, vol. xxii. Appendix B. Saville Kent 
(15) states that Uranoscopus and its allies are provided with poison-glands, but 
does not give his authority for this statement. 


? Trans. Zool. Soe. vi. p. 437. 3 Fische d. Siidsee, i. p. 84, 


1888. | POISON-ORGANS OF TRACHINUS. 365 


giving rise to permanent stiffening of the part. In other cases, 
instead of a slough of this kind being produced, intense inflam- 
mation of the finger, hand, and even forearm may follow, the lym- 
phatic vessels becoming inflamed up to the arm-pit, the glands of 
which become enlarged and painful. Purulent matter is also often 
formed amongst the tissues, and the effects of the poison will some- 
times be felt for from three to five months in severe cases. 

Day (9) states that the swelling usually subsides in about 12 hours, 
but mentions one case in which a sailor was incapacitated from work 
for many weeks, and refers to Schmidt (17) as giving further details 
concerning the effects of the virus. 

Mention is also made of the physiological aspect of the question 
in the paragraph already referred to by Wiedersheim (20), where it is 
stated that ‘‘ Die Wirkung des Giftes, selbst auf griéssere Thiere, ist 
eine starke. Es afficirt das centrale Nervensystem und das Herz 
(Convulsionen, Starrkrampf, Paralyse).” 

Additional evidence as to the effects produced by the sting of the 
Weever is given in many of the works already quoted, but much 
of this, like the accounts one hears from fishermen themselves, is 
not sufficiently authenticated to be of much value. Dr. Day states 
(9) that “surgeons have found that olive-oil, to which a little opium 
has been added, is most efficacious as a cure.” 

T. vipera is said to be much more venomous than 7’. draco ; but 
this can probably be explained by the fact that the former has had 
more attention directed to it, owing to its habit of burying itself in 
the sand, when it is liable to be trodden upon by bathers ; whereas 
in the case of the Greater Weever the cases of poisoning are mostly 
confined to fishermen who have incautiously handled the fish when 
it has been brought up in the trawl. 


List or WORKS REFERRED TO. 


1, Atuman, G. J. On the Stinging-properties of the Lesser 
Weever (Zrachinus vipera). Aunals of Nat. Hist. vol. vi. 
1841, p. 161. 

2. Burexer. Atlas Ichthyol. ii. Silur. 

3. Byeruey. Proc. Literary and Philosoph. Soc. of Liverpool, 

No. 5, 1849, p. 156. 
. Canesrrini. Compendio di Zool. ed Anat. Comp. i. 1869, 
. 307. 

eioes, British Fishes. Vol. ii. London, 1877, p. 45. 

. Cuvier. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. iii. p. 184. 

. Cuvier. Reégne Animal. Paris, 1877. 

. Cuvier. Animal Kingdom (transl. by Carpenter and West- 

wood, London, 1854). 
- Day, F. The Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland. London, 
1880-1884, vol. i. pp. 78-82. 

10. Jarpine, Sir Wm. Naturalist’s Library. Vol. xxxvi. British 

Fishes, part i. p. 137. 


DN oO a 


=} 


366 
11. 
12. 
13. 


14, 


15. 
16. 
ize 
18. 
19. 


20. 
21. 


22. 


ON THE POISON-ORGANS OF TRACHINUS. [June 19, 


Ginruer, A. The Study of Fishes. Edinburgh, 1880, 
p. 464. 

Ginruer, A. Article “Ichthyology ” in Encycl. Brit. vol. xii. 
1881, p. 666, 

Gintuer, A. Ona Poison-organ in a Genus of Batrachoid 
Fishes. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 155. 

Gresstn, Lion. Contributions 4 étude de lappareil a 
vénin chez les poissons du genre “‘ Vive” (Trachinus). These 
de Paris, 4to. 1884. 

Kent, W. Savitie. British Marine and Freshwater Fishes. 
Fisheries Exhibition Handbook, London, 1883, p. 29. 

Macauister, A. An Introduction to the Systematic Zoology 
and Morphology of Vertebrate Animals. Dublin and London, 
1878. 

Scumipr. Nord. Med. Arch. vi. no. ii. 1875. 

Sre.try, H.G. Cassell’s Natural History. Vol. v. London, 
1884, p. 92. 

Typrinc, Oscar. Poisonous Fish (translated from the 
Danish by Hermann Jacobson). Bulletin of the United States 
Fish Commission, vol. vi. 1886, p. 148. 

WiepersHem, R. Lehrbuch d. vergl. Anat. Jena, 1886, 
p. 20. 

Wiepersuem, R. Comp. Anat. of Vertebrates (translated 
by W. N. Parker). London, 1886, p. 18. 

Yarrewy. British Fishes. Vol. ii. pp. 3, 8. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII. 


All the figures refer to Trachinus vipera. 


The whole of the opercular apparatus, drawn from a transparent prepa- 
ration mounted entire in Canada balsam. 


Fig. 2. The apex of the opercular spine, showing the manner in which it pro- 


jects beyond its sheath. 


. A slightly oblique longitudinal section, taken about through the line 


c-d in fig. 2. The epidermis has broken away, but the point at which 
the cells of the gland were continuous with it is shown at «. 


Fig. 4. Transverse section through the opercular apparatus taken through the 


line a—0 in fig. 1 


Fig. 5. Transverse section through the narrower part of the apparatus, near the 


apex of the spine. 


Fig. 6. The 20th section posterior to (that is, nearer the apex of the spine than) 


the last, passing through the region at which the involution of 
the epidermis occurs («) ; the section is slightly oblique, and thus passes 
through the involution at different levels on either side. 


Fig. 7. The 6th section posterior to the last, also passing through the epidermic 


involution. 


Fig. 8. Transverse section through the first and second dorsal spines and 


The 


ar. 


glands. The first spine being shorter than the second, the section 
cuts it nearer the apex, through its narrower portion. 
sections were all drawn with the camera lucida to the same scale. 
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. 
Articulation of opercular bone with hyomandibular. 4.v, Blood-vessel. 


1888.] MR. H.W. BATES ON COLEOPTERA FROM KOREA. 367 


ep. Capsule of gland. c.¢. Connective tissue. df. Dorsal fin. d,s. Dorsal 
Spine. ep. Epidermis. g/. Poison-gland. gr. Groove in spine. m. Opercular 
muscles, op. Opercular bone. op.m. Opercular membrane. op.s.. Opercular 
spine. pg. Pigment-layer of skin. 7. Outer ridge of opercular spine. sh, 
Sheath of opercular spine. .. Region at which the cells of the epidermis 
are continuous with those of the gland. y. Space between the opercular spine 
and its sheath. 


2. On a Collection of Coleoptera from Korea (Tribes Geo- 
dephaga, Lamellicornia, and Longicornia), made by 
Mr.’J.. H. Leech, F.Z.S. By H. W. Bares, F.R.S., 
F.Z.8., &c. 


[Received June 5, 1888.] 


During his recent entomological exploration of Japan and the 
neighbouring coasts of Eastern Asia, Mr. J. H. Leech paid a visit of 
six weeks’ duration (May—June 1886) to the eastern side of the 
Korean peninsula, and was enabled, though his attention was chiefly 
occupied with Lepidoptera, to obtain a considerable collection of 
Coleopterous insects. His excursions were limited to the hilly 
country in the neighbourhood of Gensan, a district which appears 
never before to have been visited by an entomologist. Our know- 
ledge of the products of Korea in this branch was previously con- 
fined to the western side of the country, where asmall collection was 
made in 1883 and 1884 by Dr. C. Gottsche, and another, somewhat 
more extensive, a little later, by Herr Otto Henz. The former was 
catalogued and described by Herr Kolbe in Wiegmann’s ‘ Archiv 
fiir Naturgesch.’ in 1886; the latter by Ganglbauer in ‘ Hore Soc. 
Entom. Rossicee,’ vol. xx. (1886), and by Von Heyden in the same 
periodical, vol. xxi. (1887). To the number of species thus recorded, 
viz. 286, Mr. Leech, in the three groups here catalogued, has added 
about 60, making a total of 346, which is, of course, but a small 
fraction of the Coleopterous fauna of the country. It is welcome, 
however, as affording us for the first time a glimpse of the nature 
of the fauna and of its relations to those of Japan and the regions 
of continental Asia to the north and south. So far as it goes 
it points to an essential unity of the Coleopterous fauna with 
those of the Amur and Northern China, and at the same time a 
decided difference between the faunas of Korea and Japan, in the 
same Order of Insects. ‘The difference is twofold—it consists, first, 
in a large proportion’ of continental Palearctic genera and species 
being found in Korea but not in Japan ; and, secondly, in the mix- 
ture of tropical forms, which is so well known a feature of temperate 
latitudes in Eastern Asia, being of a different nature in the two 
countries, for the proportion of these forms is decidedly less in Korea 
than in Japan, and consists of different genera as well as species. 


1 Of the 100 Korean species here catalogued, no fewer than 42 appear not to 
be found in Japan, Four of the 42 are tropical, not properly Palearctic, 
forms. 


368 MR. H. W. BATES ON [June 19, 


This seems to show that the source and perhaps the epoch of immi- 
gration of tropical forms have been different for the two countries. 
It is, however, too soon to generalize with confidence on these points, 
seeing that we at present know scarcely a tenth of the species of 
Coleoptera almost certainly existing in Korea. I put forward these 
considerations, suggested by the examination of a large portion of 
Mr. Leech’s acquisitions, chiefly to show that interesting problems 
lie before us in the fauna of this country, and that an attractive 
field lies open for future travellers and residents. 


Fam. CicINDELIDZ. 


CicINDELA CHINENSIS, De Geer, Ins, 4, t. 17. f. 23. 


Two examples, closely resembling the richly-coloured form pre- 
valent in Japan. 


CIcINDELA GEMMATA, Faldermann, Mém. Acad. Petrop. ii. 
(1835), p. 14, t. 3. f. 1; Kolbe, Archiv f. Naturgesch. Berlin, 
1886, p. 164, t. xi. f. 21. 

Taken abundantly at Gensan, and found also by Dr. Gottsche 
between Séul and Fusan. On the Amur it reoccurs as a rather 
well-marked variety. Faldermann described it from Mongolian 
specimens taken by Bung more than half a century ago. To Herr 
Kolbe belongs the credit of resuscitating this species, which had been 
by most authors suppressed as a synonym of C. sylvatica, from which 
it is very distinct. 

CIcINDELA RADDEI, Morawitz, Bull. Acad. Petrop. iv. p. 188 
(1862). 

Three examples, agreeing well with the above-cited description. 


CICINDELA JAPANENSIS, Chaudoir, Bull. Mosc. 1863, i. p. 202. 


Many examples taken at Gensan. Common in Japan and on 
the Asiatic mainland as far south as the Yang-tsze. 


Fam. CARABIDE. 


CARABUS VAN-VOLXEMI, Putzeys, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xviii. 
p. 2. 

Gensan. One example only, differing from Japanese specimens 
in the fainter granulations of the interstices, and possibly indicating 
a distinct local variety. 

CaRABUS TUBERCULOSUS, Dejean, Sp. Gen. Col. v. p. 549. 

Gensan, one example. 


CARABUS BILBERGI, Mannerheim, Hummel’s Ess. vi. p. 25. 
One example, apparently an elongate variety of this species. 


CoproLABRUS SMARAGDINUS, Fischer, Ent. Russ. ii. p. 103. 
Two examples of a rich uniform golden-coppery colour, the apex 


1888. ] COLEOPTERA FROM KOREA. 369 


of the elytra sharply bidentate. It agrees in colour with the var. 
pyroclopus, Kraatz, but seems to differ from it and from all other 
varieties of the species by the distinct but short and fine tooth or 
spine near the sutural apex of each elytron. 


CorTroLABRUS LEECHI. 


C. gehinii (Fairmaire) quoad formam similis, sed valde differt 
elytris utrinque triseriatim breviter nigro-tuberculatis tuberculis- 
que (fere sicut in C. schrenckii, Motsch.) inter se annulo tenui 
ovato concatenatis. Long. 37 millim. 2. 

Gensan ; one female example. 

This magnificent species in general form resembles a Damaster, 
with the exception that the elytra are more ovate and convex, and 
quite simple at the apex. The colour of the upper surface is rich 
golden coppery, more brilliant (owing to the sparser sculpture) on 
the head and thorax than on the elytra, which latter are very closely 
rugulose-punctate, or more properly coarsely shagreened, the three 
rows of rather short oblong tubercles, and a row of much smaller 
ones between each pair and along the suture, being shining black. 
The head, with the neck, is long and narrow, the labrum strongly 
sinuated in the middle, the mandibles much elongated, and the 
surface somewhat faintly punctulate and rugulose. The thorax is 
narrow, at the apex not wider than the neck, moderately rounded in 
the middle, and constricted before the base, the hind angles being 
produced, but obtuse at their apices; the surface is faintly and irregu- 
larly transverse rugulose. The underside is violet-black and smooth ; 
the underside of the head and prothorax, sides of breast and abdomen, 


and the elytral epipleuree coppery violet. The legs, antennz, and 
palpi are black. 


SCARITES SULCATUS, Olivier, Ent. iii. 36, p. 7, t. i. f. 11; Chau- 
doir, Monogr. Scaritides (1880), p. 80. 
One example, taken at Gensan, of this well-known Indian species. 


CHLANIUs CosTIGER, Chaudoir, Bull. Mose. 1856, iii. p. 258. 

Distributed throughout Eastern China, from north to south ; Japan 
and Formosa. 

CHLENIUS VIRGULIFER, Chaudoir, Monogr. des Chiéniens, p. 61. 

Also found throughout Eastern China. 

CHLEZENIUS NZVIGER, Morawitz, Beitr. zur Kiferfaun. Ins. Jesso, 
p. 33, tei. f. 16. 

North China and Japan. 


Cuiznivs HospEs, Morawitz, J. c. p. 82, t. i. f. 15. 
North China and Japan. 
ANISODACTYLUS SIGNATUS, Illiger, Kiif. Preuss. i. 174. 


Found throughout Europe and Siberia and in Japan. It appears - 
to be a common insect at Gensan. 


370 MR. H. W. BATES ON [June 19, 


ANISODACTYLUS TRICUSPIDATUS, Morawitz, Beitr. Kaferf. Ins. 
Jesso, p. 66. 


Gensan, several examples. Also found in Japan. 


Harpauus Grisevus, Panzer ; Dej. Sp. Gen. Col. iv. p. 251. 
A generally distributed species throughout Europe, Northern 
Asia, and Japan. 


HaArpALus ruGICcOLLIs, Motschulsky, Etud. Ent. 1860, p. 5. 
Found also in Japan. 

HaARrPaALus, sp. inc. 

Gensan, one example. Species doubtful. 


HARPALUS CHALCENTUS, Bates, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1873, p. 263. 
North-eastern China to the Yang-tsze; Japan. 


Hanrpauus crates, Bates, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1883, p. 239, note. 
One example. Found throughout Eastern China. 


Harpatus TARDUS, Panzer, Faun. Germ. Heft 37. f. 24. 


A common Palearctic species, recorded as occurring throughout 
Europe and Asia as far east as Kulja. 
Two examples, not distinguishable from European specimens. 


CyRTONOTUS NITENS, Putzeys, Etud. s. les Amara, p. 234. 

Gensan ; apparently abundant. A widely distributed insect 
throughout Northern China and Japan. 

BRADYTUS BREVIPENNIS, Chaudoir, Bull. Mose. 1844, iii. p. 446. 

Found also in Eastern Siberia. 

TRIPLOGENIUS INGENS, Morawitz, Beitr. Kiiferf. Ins. Jesso, 
p. 54. 

Throughout Northern China and Japan. 

LaGARUS ABERRANS, Morawitz, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. 1863, 
p. 251. 

Also recorded from the Amur and Japan. 

Lacarus suuciTarsis, Morawitz, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. 1863, 
p- 250. 

Found also in Manchuria and Japan. 

LaGarus nimBATUS, Morawitz, Bull. Acad. St. Pétersb. 1863, 
p: 235. 

Also Japan. 

OMASEUS ROTUNDANGULUS, Morawitz, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. 
1863, p. 252. 

Also Japan and Eastern Siberia. 


1888. ] COLEOPTERA FROM KORFA. 371 


Omasevs rortis, Morawitz, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. 1863, p. 252. 


Also coast of Manchuria and Japan. 
Gensan ; three examples, agreeing with the Japanese form, but 
somewhat smaller in size. 


Doxicuvus FLAVICORNIS, Fabr. 


Taken in plenty at Gensan. A well-known South-European 
species, extending through Turkestan to Eastern Asia and Japan. 


ANCHOMENUs (LimoprRomus) MAGNus, Bates, Trans. Ent. Soc. 
1873, p. 278. 

Found also throughout Eastern China to the Yang-tsze, and in 
Japan. 

Pueroprsopuus JESSOENSIS, Morawitz, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. 
1863, p. 322. 

Gengan ; many examples, closely resembling the Japanese form. 


DrypTa DENTATA, Rossi. 


Gensan; a single example, differing from West-European and 
British specimens only in the slightly finer punctuation of the elytra 
and the stronger dorsal furrow of the thorax. I do not find the 
species mentioned in Von Heyden’s Catalogue of the Coleoptera of 
Siberia (1881). 

Fam. Coprip2. 

ScARABZUS SACER, Linn., var. PEREGRINUS, Kolbe, Archiv f. 

Naturgeschichte, 1886, p. 184, t. xi. f. 26. 


Mr. Leech obtained two examples of this insect, in this eastern 
extremity of its wide range. The Korean variety differs from the 
typical Mediterranean form chiefly in the dark-brown hair-fringes 
of the hind tibiz. The species has not hitherto been found in Japan. 


Coprris ocuus, Motschulsky, Etud. Entom. 1860, p. 13. 
A common insect in Japan. 


Copris TRIPARTITA, Waterhouse, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1875, p. 74. 

Found also in Japan. 

ONnTHOPHAGUS RUGULOSUS, Von Heyden, Deutsch. ent. Zeits. 
1886, p. 289. 

Described from examples from the neighbourhood of Peking. 
Mr. Leech obtained a fair series of both sexes at Gensan. 

ONTHOPHAGUS LENzII, Harold, Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, iv. 
1875, p. 290. 

Also found in Japan. 

ONTHOPHAGUS FODIENS, Waterhouse, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1875, 
p- 79. 

Also a Japanese insect. 


372 MR. H. W. BATES ON [June 19, 


ONTHOPHAGUS soLIvAGuS, Von Heyden, Deutsch. ent. Zeits. 
1886, p. 290. 

Von Heyden described the male only, from Peking. Mr. Leech’s 
two examples, females, agrée very well with the description, but they 
are smaller (82 millim., Von Heyden gives 10 millim.) ; the head has 
two sharply raised and slightly arecuated carine; in the male the 
occiput has a short horn. 


OnrHoPrHAGus ——? 
A single example ; indeterminable. 


ONITICELLUS PHANZOIDES, Westwood, in Royle’s Himalaya, 
Entom. p. 55, t. 9. f. 3. 

The Korean differs from the Japanese form in the transverse 
posterior ridge of the thorax, in fully-developed males, being de- 
pressed and crossed by a groove. In this feature they approach the 
North-Indian type-form more nearly than does the Japanese 


variety, in which the elevation described is triangularly elevated in 
the middle. 


Fam. APHODIIDZ. 
ApHopivs APIcaLts, Harold, Berl. ent. Zeits. 1861, p. 96. 
Found also, widely distributed, in Japan. 


Apuopivus sorpipvus, Fabr. Syst. Ent. i. p. 16. 


A species distributed throughout the entire Palzearctic region from 
Western Europe (including Britain) to Manchuria and North-eastern 
China, and extending to Japan, according to Waterhouse, in the 
variety 4-punctutus. Korean examples do not differ from West- 
European specimens with which I have compared them. 


ApHopius vrosticma, Harold, Berl. ent. Zeits. 1862, p. 170 ; 
id. Mittheil. Minch. 1880, p. 156. 


Found also in Java, Ceylon, and Annam. From the last-named 
locality M. Fleutiaux has sent me a series of specimens under the 
name of A. pallidicornis (Walker), but they agree better with 
A. urostigma as defined by Von Harold. The pygidium is un- 
covered and clothed with hairs, a peculiarity not noticed by the 
describer. 


Fam. MELOLONTHID. 


Hoptia rvurires, Motschulsky, in Schrenck’s Reise, p. 133, t. 9. 
f. 4; Kraatz, Deutsch. ent. Zeits. 1879, p. 232. 

A large series of examples taken at Gensan, nearly all obscure 
and uniform in the colour of the scales of the upper surface. The 


species occurs also on the Amur, and I have examples from the coast 
of Manchuria. 


Serica HERZI, V. Heyden, Hor. Soc. Ent. Rossicze, xxi. (1887), 
p- 264. 
Two examples taken at Fusan. 


1858. ] COLEOPTERA FROM KOREA. 373 


APoGONIA CuUPREOVIRIDIS, Kolbe, Archiv f. Naturgesch. 1866, 
p- 193. 

Gensan ; four examples. 

The species (if I have determined it aright) differs from A. splen- 
dida (Boh.) of Japan and China in the more arcuated outline of the 
clypeus, which describes the segment of a circle, not flattened as in 
A. splendida, and in the sides of the elytra at their widest part 
having only two instead of four smooth interstices. 


LacHNOSTERNA DIOMPHALIA. 
L. parallelae (Motsch.) affinis et simillima, sed differt pyyidio 3 


valde convexo, ante apicem bicalloso. Long. 2U millim. 

Fusan ; two examples, 3. 

Similar to the common Japanese and Chinese Z. parallela 
(Motsch.) ; of similar elongate oblong form, shining black colour, and 
strong but separated punctuation of the head and thorax. The 
males, however, differ greatly: in Z. parallela the pygidium is 
simply and moderately convex, and the apical ventral segment 
transversely convex ; in LZ. diomphalia the pygidium is bigibbous a 
little before the apex, with a strong marginal groove, and the apical 
ventral segment is large and transversely tumid. 


LacHNOSTERNA MOROSA, Waterhouse, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1875, 
p- 104. 


Three examples, one black and two piceo-castaneous. 


LacHNOSTERNA ——? 
A single example; undeterminable. 


HopriosTernvs saponicus, Harold, Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, 
iv. 1875, p. 291. 

One example only, a 92, having a longer sternal spine than 
Japanese specimens ; but as the latter vary considerably in the length 
of the spine, it is open to doubt whether the Korean insect is speci- 
fically distinct. 


Fam. RuTevip2. 


PHYLLOPERTHA CONSPURCATA, Harold, Deutsch. ent. Zeitschr. 
"875, p. 71: 


Taken abundantly at Gensan. Also found in Japan. 


ANOMALA RUFOCUPREA, Motschulsky, Etud. Entom. 1860, p. 14 ; 
Harold, Deutsch. ent. Zeitsch. 1877, p. 350. 


All the very numerous examples taken by Mr. Leech differ from 
Japanese specimens in the rather stronger and closer punctuation of 
the upper surface of the body, the punctures on the elytra tending 
to coalesce into transverse rugee. The wide range of colour-vari- 
ation is similar in both forms, viz.—1 (typical and the least 
numerous), coppery red; 2, brassy-green in different shades; 3, 

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No, XXVI1. 26 


374 MR. H. W. BATES ON [June 19, 


brassy-green with tawny-red elytra glossed with green; 4, cop- 
pery, with coppery-brown elytra; 5, violet-brown ; and 6, nearly 
black. 


ANOMALA stEeveRs!I, V. Heyden, Hore Soc. Ent. Rossice, xxi. 
(1887), p. 266. 

Gensan and Fusan. Abundant also at Kiukiang on the Yang-tsze. 
A species resembling much in colour and pilosity the Japanese 
Phyllopertha octocostata, Burm., which, according to Von Heyden, 
was taken by Herz also in Korea. 


ANOMALA TESTACEIPES, Motschulsky, Etud. Entom. 1860, p. 14; 
Harold, Deutsch. ent. Zeitsch. 1877, p. 356. 


One example only, of brassy-testaceous colour, taken at Gensan ; 
with elytral interstices much less opaque than in the Japanese form. 


ANOMALA ORIENTALIS, Waterhouse, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1875, 
p- 108. 


A good series of examples from Gensau, nearly all with uni- 
colorous elytra, one only dark coppery brown; in other respects 
they do not differ from the Japanese form. 


ANnomALA puBiIA, Ballion, Bull. Moscou, 1870, iv. p. 344. 


I refer with some hesitation a species, of which Mr. Leech took 
several examples at Gensan, tothe above. They agree with the very 
insufficient description, if we may suppose that it was drawn up from 
an immature example in which the elytra are “ testaceis, eeneo- 
micantibus.”’ ‘The normal colour of the whole upper surface is rich 
metallic green, in some examples having a more zeneous or golden- 
green tint. It is an oblong densely-sculptured species, and is closely 
allied to the Chinese 4. aulaz (Wiedm.), from which, in fact, it 
scarcely differs except in its smaller size (12—14 millim.), in the 
underside being wholly dark metallic, and in the absence of any 
traces of pale borders to the thorax and elytra. 


ANOMALA (Eucutora?’) moneouica, Faldermann, Mém. Acad. 
Pétrop. ii. 1835, p. 379. 

Many examples taken at Gensan. Found also in Mongolia, on 
the Amur, and in Japan. The species is placed by all later authors 
in the genus or subgenus Huchlora; but I can discover no single 
point of structure to distinguish it from the typical Anomale (A. 
Jritschii and allies), with which it agrees in the angularly dilated 
lower branch of the larger anterior tarsal claw in the male—a cha- 
racter which separates the typical Anomale from Euchlora viridis 
and its immediate relatives. 


ANOMALA (PARASPILOTA) IMPICTA. 


Elongato-ovata, glabra, flavo-testacea, supra (maculis thoracis 
vagis fuscis exceptis) impicta antice auro-tincta, subtus corpore 
medio, pedibus antennisque plus minusve nigris ; clypeo lato et 
brevi, antice late truncato medio subsinuato, marginibus alte 


1888. ] COLEOPTERA FROM KOREA. 375 


reflexis ; capite toto disperse punctulato ; thorace transverso, 
a basi usque ad apicem subrotundatim angustato disperse punc- 
tulato, lateribus vage multi-impresso, marginibus reflevis medio 
basi immarginato plano, angulis posticis valde obtusis ; elytris 
punctato-striatis viv costatis, interstitio 2do lato confuse 
punctato ; pygidio fere levi; pectore breviter sparsim pubes- 
centi. Spina sternalis gracilis, elongata, acuta. Ungwis ex- 
teriore tarsorum 4 anticorum sat gracilis, fissus, 3 2. Anten- 
narum clava utroque sexu elongata (in Q viv brevior). 

3. Pygidium versus apicem convecum; segmentum ventrale apt- 

cale breve, 

Q. Pygidium equaliter modice converum; segmentum ventrale 

apicale elongatum. 

Long. 14-17 millim. 

Gensan ; many examples. 

Agrees with the section Spilota (sensu Dejean) in most of its 
characters, but peculiar in the form of its labrum, which is broader 
in the middle and pointed. This character may not prove of the 
importance it seems when the labrum in all the Anomale is more 
closely examined than it has hitherto been. Authors seem to have 
followed Erichson in giving it as inflexed and emarginated. Such 
species as I have dissected prove not to be emarginated, but to be 
rather produced and rounded in the middle of the anterior margin. 
The inflexion which commences nearly from the base is increased 
near the apex, giving the false appearance of emargination when viewed 
from above. 


MIMELA SPLENDENS, Gyll. in Schénh. Syn. Ins. i. 3, App. 
p- 110; Burm. Handb. d. Ent. iv. 2, p. 506. 

Mimela gaschkevitschi, Motschulsky, Etud. Ent. i857, p. 32. 

Mimela simplex, Bates, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 345. 

A common insect in Japan and Northern Formosa. Mr. Leech 
obtained many examples at Gensan. 


MIMELA FUSANIA. 

M. chinensi (Kirby) proxime affinis ; aureo- vel eneo-viridis apud 
latera testaceo-translucens, subtus (cum pedibus) testaceo- 
ened, fusco-cuprea vel lete cuprea, fere nuda; clypeo rugoso- 
punctulato, fronte et thorace disperse punctulatis hoe crebre 
minutissime punctulato, linea dorsali lateribusque vage impressis 
margine integro; elytris sat grosse passim punctatis, costis 
ordinariis distinctis levibus interstitio 2do lato ; pygidio sculp- 
turis curvatis discretis medio leviore. Long. 14-15 millim. 

Fusan ; many examples. 

Exactly similar in form and sculpture to the form of WZ. chinensis 
(Kir.) met with abundantly on the Lower Yang-tsze Kiang ; but 
differmg constantly in its darker colour, the Chinese species being 
yellow-testaceous tinged with brassy. It cannot be Wimela lutei- 
pennis, Motsch., Peking, as that species is described as ‘‘ abdomine 
testaceo-villoso ” 

26* 


376 MR. H. W. BATES ON [June 19, 


PopiLia INDIGONACEA, Motschulsky, Etud. Entom. 1853, p. 47. 


A few examples only were taken, at Gensan. Kolbe records it 
as found commonly by Dr. Gottsche on the western side of Korea. 
Originally described from examples taken near Peking. It is scarcely 
more than a local var. of P. eyanea, Hope. 


Porras ATROCZRULEA, 0. Sp. 


P. indigonacee similis, sed convewior, elytris basi angustioribus 
pygidioque albo- bifusciculato. Carulescenti-nigra, polita, 
thorace toto (disco posteriore subtilius) punctato ; elytris utrin- 
que prope basin haud profunde rugoso-foveatis, interstitio 2do 
basi confuse multipunctato et rugoso, versus apicem punctis 
multo paucioribus, deinde usque ad callum humeralem striis 
punctulatis 4 mediocriter impressis ; pygidio transversim (disco 
posteriore sparsius) punctulato-rugoso; processu sternali breviore 
et obtusiore ; corpore subtus nigro, nitido. Long. 11-13 millim. 

Var. Elytris utrinque macula magna triangulart (versus apicem plus 
minusve extensa) fulvo-castanea. 

Gensan and Fusan ; a very large number of examples. 

The white pubescent spots of the pygidium distinguish this species 
from P. indigonacea and cyanea, more conspicuously than the nar- 
rower base and more convex surface of the elytra. P. cerulea 
(Bohem.) of Hong Kong (recurring in Formosa in numerous colour- 
varieties) is a much smaller insect (104 millim.), and distinguished 
by the very deep foveze near the base of the elytra, the much deeper 
striee, and the short and almost uniseriate puncture-row of the second 
interstice. 

Of the variety there are several examples (from Fusan) in Mr. 
Leech’s collection ; others, with the castaneous spot clearer and larger, 
were taken by A. Adams, either in Korea or on the coast of Man- 
churia a little farther north. 

Von Heyden records 2. adamas, Newm., from Korea; but this is 
an Indian species, widely different from the above, having white 
pubescence, partly lying in a broad groove, on the sides of the thorax. 


Porii1a BoGDANOWY!, Ballion, Bull. Moscou, 1870, iv. p. 345. 


A small species (9-103 millim.), taken at Gensan ; agrees very 
well with the above-cited description. It is closely allied and similar 
to the Javan P. biguttata (Wiedm.), and like that species destitute 
of foveze near the base of the elytra. 


ADORETUS TENUIMACULATUS, Waterhouse, Trans. Ent. Soc. 
1875, p. 112. 
Gensan. Common in Japan. 


Fam. CreTONIIp&. 
GLYCYPHANA CUPREOLA, Kraatz, Deutsch. ent. Zeitschr. 1879, 
p. 245 ef seq. 
A series of examples from Gensan, differing little amongst them- 
selves in form, colour, or sculpture, though considerably in pubescence, 


1888. ] COLEOPTERA FROM KOREA. 377 


agree very closely with two male examples from the Amur, which 
I identify with G. viridiopaca var. cupreola of Kraatz described 
from the same locality. They all differ, in both sexes, from G. 
viridiopaca, G. bensoni, and G. pilifera very strikingly in the shallow 
emargination of the thorax adjoining the scutellum. In colour they 
differ also from those species in being coppery with more or less of 
an eeneous tinge, more or less subopaque above and brilliant beneath ; 
the tarsi, and sometimes the tibiee, dark brassy green. An example 
from Fusan differs from those above described in being dark coppery 
brown above and densely hairy, the hairs short and erect on the 
thorax, longer and looser on the elytra. 


GiycyPHana PILiIFeRA, Motschulsky, Etud. Entom. 1860, p. 15. 


Fusan. Common throughout Japan. 

The single Fusan specimen resembles the Yezo form in the dark 
colour of the four anterior tarsi; in all specimens from the southern 
islands of Japan which I have examined the tarsi of all the legs are 
rich coppery like the under surface of the body. 


GLYCYPHANA suCUNDA, Faldermann, Mém. Acad. Pétrop. i. 
p- 386. 


The numerous examples are in a discoloured condition, and it is 
not possible to ascertain whether they belong to the North-China 
type-form or to the Japanese variety (G. jucunda var. argyrosticta). 


GLYCYPHANA KUPERI, Schaum, Trans. Ent. Soc. (3 ser.) v. 
p. 69, t:.83 £.:6. 


Gensan ; two examples. Found also on the Lower Yang-tsze. 


GtycypHaNA FULvistemMA, Motschulsky, Schrenck’s Reise, 
Ins. p. 135. 


Gensan. Spread over Eastern Siberia, Northern China (to the 
Yang-tsze), and Japan. 


CreTONIA SEULENSIS, Kolbe, Archiv f. Naturgesch. 1886, p. 194, 
t. xi. f. 29. 


Gensan ; many examples of both sexes. The strong sinuation of 
the side of the thorax preceding a prominent hind angle, on which 
Herr Kolbe lays stress, is variable. I find scarcely anything, except 
the denser sculpture, to distinguish the species from C. drevitarsis, 
Lewis, and both so closely resemble the Europzeo-Siberian C. mar- 
morata that they can scarcely be considered more than slight geo- 
graphical varieties of that species. The sides of the clypeus are, 
as in C. marmorata, scarcely elevated (not carinated as in C. floricola, 
Hbst., and its subspecies). The pygidium is extremely closely rugu- 
lose and not convex in either sex; the abdomen is longitudinally 
concave in the male. 


CrETONIA SUBMARMOREA, Burm. Handb. d. Ent. iii. p. 460. 
Gensan ; two examples. Common in Japan. 


378 MR. H. W. BATES ON [June 19, 


Tricuius succinctus, Pallas, Ic. Ins. p. 18, t. A. f. 19; Bur- 
meister, Handb. d. Ent. iil. p. 758. 


A species of wide distribution in Eastern Siberia and extending 
to Japan. 


Fam. Prionip#. 


Prionvus 1nsuuaris, Motschulsky, Etud. Entom. 1857, p. 36, 
1861, p. 21. 


A common species in North China and Japan. 


JEcosoma sinicum, White, Cat. Long. Col. Brit. Mus. p, 30. 
Also found in Japan and North China. 


Fam. CERAMBYCID. 

SPONDYLIS BUPRESTOIDES, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 2, p. 621. 

A widely distributed and well-known Palzearctic insect, from 
Western Europe to North China and Japan. 

AsEMUM PUNCTULATUM, Blessig, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. ix. p. 182. 

Two examples from Gensan, closely agreeing with a specimen with 
which I have compared them from the Amur, whence Blessig ob- 
tained the species. It appears to be peculiar to this part of Asia, 
but, like the other species of the genus, it is scarcely more than a 
local variety of the European A. striatum. 

CriocEPHALUs RUSTICUS, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 2, p. 634. 

Has a range precisely similar to that of Spondylis buprestoides. 

Disrenta JAPONICA, Bates, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xii. p. 155. 

Apheles gracilis, Blessig, l. e. 

Extends to the Amur and Japan. 

Leprura (PrpontA) GIBBICOLLIs, Blessig, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. 
ix. p.258. 

Found also on the Amur and the coast of Manchuria. — 

Leprura sUCCEDANEA, Lewis, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. 
p- 464. 

Found also in Japan. 


Lerrura cincra, Fab. Syst. El. i. p. 356. 


Ranges from Western Europe through Siberia to Korea, but 
apparently not extending to Japan. 


Lerrura atraA, Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 197. 
Range similar to that of LZ. cincta. 


Lerrura (STenuRA) ArcuaTA, Panzer, Faun. Germ. 8. 12. 
Range same as the two preceding. 


1888. ] COLEOPTERA FROM KOREA. 379 


CALLICHROMA BUNGI, Falderm. Mém. Ac. Pétrop. 1835, ii. 
p. 433, t. 5. f. 5. 

A species, in its typical form with red thorax, confined to Northern 
China, Mongolia, and countries to the north andeast. It has not been 
recorded from Japan. In Southern China a local var., entirely black, 
is found. 


Potyzonus Fasciatus, Fabr. Sp. Ins. i. p. 282. 
Nearly the same range as the preceding. 


Criytus capra, Germar, Ins. Sp. Nov. p. 518. 


Spread throughout the Palearctic region from Western Europe 
through Siberia, but apparently not extending to Japan. 


CLYTANTHUS PLEBESJUS, Fabr. Sp. Ins. i. p. 243. 
Same range as the preceding. 


Fam. LamMiip2. 


Lamiomimus GortscHet, Kolbe, Archiv f. Naturgesch. 1886, 
p. 224, t. xi. fig. 39. 

A genus, so far as at present known, peculiar to Korea. Judging 
from the description Lamia adelpha, Ganglbauer (Hor. Soc. Ent. 
Ross. xx.), published about the same time as Kolbe’s, is probably 
the female. 


Lamia TExToR, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 392. 


Found from Western Europe through Siberia to the Pacific ; but 
not yet recorded from Japan. 


ANOPLOPHORA (MELANAUSTER) CHINENSIS, Forster, Nov. Spec. 
Ins. 1771, p. 39. 


A common and well-known Chinese species, found also in Japan. 

The genus Melanauster agrees with Anoplophora in all essential 
points of structure and the style of markings is fundamentally the 
same ; the only difference is the distinctly-formed tubercular pro- 
minence on the mesosternum in Melanauster, which in Anoplophora 
exists only in a rudimentary state as a slight elevation. 


Mesosa myops, Dalm. in Schonh. Syn. Ins, i. 3, App. p. 168. 


A widely distributed Palearctic species, ranging from Finland 
through Siberia to the Pacific coast. It appears to be represented 
in Japan by M. japonica (Bates), and the single Korean example 
seems by its tawny yellow markings to be in some degree intermediate 
between the two. 


Mesosa urrsuTa, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xviii. p. 244. 


A very distinct species, known at present only from Japan and 
Korea. 


380 MR. H. W. BATES ON [June 19, 


Macuortypa FuLiIGINosA, Kolbe, Archiv f. Naturgesch. 1886, 
p: 221, t. xi. f. 38. 


A northern representative of a tropical genus common to the Indian 
and African regions. It is possibly the Tylophorus wulffussii of Blessig 
(Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. ix. p. 245, t. vii. f. 3), but the description 
does not fit in essential points. 


AGAPANTHIA AMURENSIS, Kraatz, Deutsch. ent. Zeitschr. 1876, 
ps bl. 


Found also on the Amur. 


SAPERDA GEBLERI, Falderm. Mém. Acad. Pétrop. ii. (1835) 
p. 434, t. 5. f. 6. 


Northern China and Korea. 


OsereEA vitratTa, Blessig, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. ix. p. 255. 


Amur valley and Eastern Manchuria, according to Blessig. Mr. 
Leech met with male examples only at Gensan. 


OBEREA MARGINELLA, Bates, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xii. 
(1873) p. 390. 


Found also in Japan. 


3. On some new Species of Coleoptera from Kiu-Kiang, 
China. By H. W. Bares, F.R.S. 


[Received June 9, 1888.] 


The following are descriptions of the new species of Cicindelide 
and Carabide contained in the first arrivals from Mr. Leech’s 
collector (Mr. Pratt), who is now exploring, entomologically, the 
valley of the Yang-tsze-Kiang. 


CicINDELA LOBIPENNIS. 


C. ovipenni (Bates) affinis: differt, inter alia, elytrorum humeris 
latius rotundatis, apice utrinque lobato-productis. Fusco-cuprea, 
opaca, labro virgulaque transversa elytrorum discoidali flavis, 
labro medio quadratim producto unidentato lateribus parum 
sinuato: capite thorace latiore inter oculos concavo longi- 
tudinaliter striato, occipite vermiculato-rugoso: thorace fere 
plano, quadrato, carina laterali verticaliter arcuata, toto 
vermiculato-strigoso : elytris elongato-ovatis, lateribus acute 
carinatis, epipleuris latis intus obliquatis paullo ante apicem 
terminatis ibique margine subito depresso, apice ipso producto, 
quasi lobato: palpis antennisque basi viridi-eneis. Prothoracis 
episterna undique undulato-rugosa. Corpus subtus obscure viridi- 


1888. ] NEW COLEOPTERA FROM CHINA. 381 


@neum ; pedes rufo-cuprei, tarsis viridi-eneis. Metasterni 
episterna brevissima. Long. 18 millim. 
Kiu-Kiang, one female example only. 


Carasus (CopTroLaBRUS) AUGUSTUS. 


C. lafossei longior ef minus convexus, thorace (violaceo) et elytris 
(obscure viridibus) splendidissime late igneo-cupreo margindiis. 
Caput angustum, nigrum, postice parum rugulosum, viridi-aura- 
tum ; thorace elongato, medio rotundato-dilatato nec angulato, 
postice sicut in C. lafossei sinuatim angustato, disco violaceo 
opaco subtiliter transversim undulato-striato: elytris valde 
elongato-ovatis, dimidio basali vie convexis, apice bimucronatis, 
utrinque triseriatim tuberculatis, tuberculis magis ovatis nigris, 
interspattis subtilissime alutaceis, opacis et sparsim minute tuber- 
culatis, tuberculisque paullo majoribus in seriebus flexuosis 
quatuor ordinatis. Subtus, antenne, palpi et pedes chalybeo- 
nigra. 6. Tarsi antici articulis tribus mediocriter dilatatis, 
subtus spongiosis. Long. 43-46 millim. 

Kiu-Kiang. Many examples. 


Var. C. 1¢nrMITELLA.—Paullo magis converus, thorace antice et 
postice magis angustato (omnino igneo-cupreo cincto) elytrisque 
nigris aurescenti-viridi marginatis, tuberculis angustioribus et 
convexioribus. Long. 40 millim. 

Fu-chau. Two examples. 

The very minute sculpture and opacity of the depressed parts of 
the elytra cause the shining black tubercles to stand out in more 
conspicuous relief than in ZL. lafossei and its var. cclestis, the 
minute irregular tubercles as well as the waved row (down each 
interstice between suture and lateral border) of rather longer tuber- 
cles being quite distinct from the ground-sculpture. The fiery 
metallic border of the thorax is furrowed with transverse Tugee 
coarser than those of the opaque violet-ccloured disk. 


CARABUS KIUKIANGENSIS. 


C. fiduciario (Thoms.) proxime affinis, elytris similiter punctato- 
striatis et utringue tricatenatis, thoraceque ruguloso-punctulato, 
sed differt striarum interstitiis crassioribus catenarumque tuber- 
culis multo latioribus plerumque ovatis ; differt autem antennis 
3 multo longioribus (media elytra attingentibus) articulisque 
quinto et sexto apice infra valde nodosis. Niger vix enescens, 
parum nitidus, thorace quadrato-cordato, ante medium valde 
rotundato et postice fortiter sinuato, angulis posticis sicut in 
C. fiduciario obtuse productis ; tibiis anticis $ Q intus simpli- 
cibus. Long. 32-33 millim. 

Kiu-Kiang, Yang-tsze. 


LEBIA C@LESTIS. 
Lata, mediocriter convexa, flavo-testacea, elytris subviolaceo- 


382 ON NEW COLEOPTERA FROM CHINA. [June 19, 


azureis, capite supra (cum labro mandibulis et palpis), antennis 
(articulo basali flavo excepto), abdomine apice, genubus, tibiis 
apice et tarsis nigris: capite sparsissime punctulato, fronte 
utrinque vage rugato: thorace latissimo lateribus late explanatis 
et rotundatis, loboque basali distincte producto, vix perspicue 
sparsissime punctulato: elytris quadrato-ovatis, apice sinuato- 
truncatis, angulis exterioribus valde rotundatis, subtiliter punc- 
tulato-striatis, interstitiis fere planis subtilissime sparsim 
punctulatis. Long. 10-13 millim. S$ Q. 

Kiu- Kiang. Many examples. The lobes of the mentum are 
furnished with narrow epilobes; the species would therefore belong 
to Chaudoir’s group Lampriades, but the very broad and strongly 
pectinated tarsal claws and all other characters are those of the 
typical Lebie. ‘The penultimate tarsal joint is bilobed or, at least, 
very deeply emarginated. 


LEBIA CHRYSOMYIA. 


Oblongo-ovata, rufo-testacea, elytris aurescenti-viridibus : capite et 
thorace vagissime sparse punctulato-rugosis: thorace transverso, 
lateribus late explanato-reflexis rotundatis, postice paullo 
angustato, lobo basali breviter producto: elytris sat profunde 
punctulato-striatis, interstitiis convexis subtilissime sparsim 
punclulatis, apice sinuatim truncatis extus rotundatis. Tarsi 
articulo quarto longe bilobato, unguibus mediocriter lutis, denti- 
culis sat longis 5-6. Subtus sparsim  pilifero-punctulata. 
Long. 9 millim. 

Kiu-Kiang. Much resembles certain Mexican species of Loxvopeza, 

a genus founded chiefly on the oblique position of the anterior tarsal 
joints of the male. The examples of ZL. chrysomyia appear to be 
females. 


LEBIA CALIGATA. 

Oblongo-ovata, nigra, antennis, partibus oris, tibiis, tarsis ventreque 
medio wpiceo-rufis, femoribus flavis apice nigris: capite et 
thorace sat crebre punctatis hoc disco leviore et vage ruguloso : 
thorace mediocriter lato, luteribus minus explanatis, rotundatis, 
postice rectis, angulis posticis rectis, lobo basali angustiore et 
longius producto: elytris profunde striatis, striis vix perspicue 
crenulato-punctulatis, interstitiis convexis sparse punciulatis. 
Tarsi articulo quarto breviter bilobato, unguibus dilatatis, denti- 
culis parum elongatis 5-6. Subtus pilifero-punctata, Long. 9 
millim. 

Kiu-Kiang. Allied, and similar, to the Japanese L. fusca and 

L. duplex, but differing essentially from both in sculpture, colour of 
the legs, and form of the thorax. 


LEBIA XANTHOPHANA. 


Magna, fulvo-testacea, thorace disco infuscato, cupite supra et infra 
prosternoque medio nigris, antennis et partibus oris rufo- 


1858.] | ON ECHINODERMS FROM TUTICORIN, MADRAS. 383 


testaceis ; capite sparse vage strigoso et punctulato: thorace 
minus transverso, subrotundato, antice magis quam antice angus- 
tato, angulis posticis rectis sed apice obtusis, lateribus late 
explanato-reflexis ; dorso undulatim haud acute striguloso : 
elytris elongato-oblongis, postice paullo latioribus, apice arcu- 
atim truncatis, angulis acutis, subproductis, acute et profunde 
subpunctulato-striatis, interstitiis parum convexis sparsissime 
punctulatis, tertio punctis setiferis quatuor, octavo postice valde 
dilatato et in dilutatione bistriato. Tarsi articulo quarto 
valde bilobato, unguibus latis 10-11 pectinatis. Venter setifero- 
punctulatus. Long. 14 millim. 2. 
Kiu-Kiang. One example. 


COLPODES SUPERLITA. 


C. ameenze (Chaud.) simillima, sed differt elytris apice prope 
suturam rotundatis anguloque suturali haud dentato, Long. 
11 miliim. 

Kiu-Kiang. Of similar elongated subdepressed form to the 
widely-distributed Asiatic C. amena, Chaud. (splendens, Moraw.), but 
differmg in the form of the sublobular apex of the elytron, which in 
the latter is truncated near the suture, with dentate sutural angle, 
and, in C. superlita, simply rounded. The whole insect in both 
species is ruddy testaceous, with the surface of the elytra (7. e. ex- 
cluding basal folds and epipleurz) brassy green. 


4. Report on a Collection of Echinoderms made at Tuticorin, 
Madras, by Mr. Edgar Thurston, C.M.Z.S., Superin- 
tendent, Government Central Museum, Madras. By 
Professor F. Jerrrey Britt, M.A., Sec. R.M.S. 


[Received June 5, 1888.] 


As the Society did me, last year, the honour to publish a report 
on a collection of Echinoderms from the Andaman Islands’, I hope 
they will accept a notice of a collection from the opposite, or western, 
side of the Sea of Bengal. The specimens were collected in the 
course of last year by my friend Mr. Edgar Thurston, C.M.Z.S., 
who has presented a large number of ther to the British Museum. 

Before proceeding to give a list of this well-prepared series of 
specimens, 1 may be allowed to remind the student of the recent 
appearance of a memoir on the Echinoderm fauna of the Island 
of Ceylon’, from which it is to be gathered that fifty-four species 
of Echinoderms are known from Ceylon. Shortly after the distri- 
bution of that memoir, my respected correspondent, M. de Loriol, 
was kind enough to write and tell me of four other species of 


1 P Z.8. 1887, p. 139. 
* Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society (2), iii. p. 643 e¢ seq. 


384 PROF. F. J. BELL ON ECHINODERMS [June 19, 


Echinoids, all of which had been collected at Aripo by M. Alois 
Humbert. Of these four (Phyllacanthus annulifera, Temnopleurus 
reynaudi, Clypeaster humilis, and Laganum depressum), C. humilis 
has been found by Mr. Thurston. 

Of the Echinoderms collected by Dr. John Anderson, F.R.S., in 
the Mergui Archipelago, reports on the Ophiuroids by Prof. Martin 
Duncan, F.R.S., and on the Holothurians by myself have alone 
appeared as yet'; these, as well as the forthcoming reports by 
Dr. H. Carpenter and Mr. Sladen, should be consulted by the’ 
student who desires to make himself acquainted with the Echino- 
derm fauna of the Indian Ocean. 

I shall probably best serve the cause of brevity and clearness if I 
follow the arrangement of the Andaman Report, and give first a list 
of the species collected, and then some notes and descriptions of the 
new species. With regard to some of the Temnopluroid forms and 
a new Ophiuroid, apparently allied to Hemieuryale, I reserve an 
account till I can deal with them in monographical detail. As 
usual, there are a few Holothurians which cannot be at present 
satisfactorily determined. 


I. CrinoImpEA. 


1. Antedon palmata, Mil. 3. Actinometra parvicirra, Mill. 
2. reynaudi, Mill. 


IJ. AsTEROIDEA. 


4. Echinaster purpureus, Gray. 10. Asterina cepheus, W/. 77. 
5. Linckia leevigata, Gmelin. 11. Luidia hardwickii, Gray. 
6. Antherea pentagonula, Lamk. 12. maculata, M. Tr. 
7. Oreaster lincki, De Bl. 13. sp. (young). 
8. superbus, Mobius. 14. Astropecten hemprichii, M. Tr. 
9. —— thurstoni, sp. n. 15. sp. (young). 

III. OpuivroipEa. 
16. Pectinura gorgonia, M. Tr. 20. Ophiothrix nereidina, Lamk. 
17. —— intermedia, sp. nov. 21. Ophiomaza cacaotica, Lyman. 
18. Ophiocoma erinaceus, M. Tr. 22. Hemieuryalid. 


19, Ophiothrix longipeda, WZ, Tr. 


IV. EcuinoipEa. 


23. Temnopleurus toreumaticus, 30. Clypeaster humilis, Leske. 
Leske. 31. Lagamnum decagonale, Less. 

24, Temnopleuroid. 32. Eehinodiscus biforis, Gi. 

25. Salmacis bicolor, Ag. 83. Echinolampas oviformis, Gm. 

26. dussumieri, 4g. 34. Lovenia elongata, Aud. 

27. suleata, Ag. 35. Rhinobrissus pyramidalis, A, Ag. 

28. Stomopneustes variolaris, Lamk. 36. Brissus unicolor, Leske. 

29. Echinometra lucunter, Leske. 37. Metalia sternalis, Lamk. 


? Journal of the Linnean Society, Zool., vol. xxi. pp. 25 and 85. 


1888. ] FROM TUTICORIN, MADRAS. 385 


V. HoLorHurRoiIpDEA. 


88. Haplodactyla australis, Semp. 41. Holothuria monacaria, Lesson. 
39. Holothuria atra, Jager. 42. vagabunda, Selenka. 
40. marmorata, Jager. 


Notes anp DEscRIPTIONS. 


OREASTER THURSTONI. 


A triplacanthid form, with the spines, except the five apicals, as 
a rule poorly developed. 

R=2'7 r. Disk moderately elevated; lophial spines only just 
indicated ; a spinous tubercle on both supero- and infero-marginal 
plates, very rarely more than one; no spines on the ventral plates. 
The arms rather short, wide at their base; marginals about twenty, 
both above and below; angles between the superomarginals, into 
which the pores extend. The spinous tubercles are very slight, and 
present no indication of becoming spines. 

Adambulacral spinulation triplacanthid ; spines of innermost row 
eight in number, diverging very gracefully, not very slender; in the 
middle and outer rows there are two or three spines in each cluster, 
and these are, as usual, much stouter; but the middle row is much 
more prominent than the outer. The granulation of the lower 
surface tends to take on a regular pattern, owing to the aggregation 
of the granules into tufts, in the centre of which is a spiniform 
tubercle. There is a plentiful supply of sessile bivalved pedicellariz. 
The pore-areas of the dorsal surface are very distinctly marked on 
and near the disk, but are rather vaguer near the sides of the arms ; 
there is no central apical spine; the five spines which end the 
lophial line are large and prominent, and have a marked tendency to 
double ; the other spines of the lophial line are very inconspicuous. 
Along either side of that line there runs a row of small tubercles ; 
outside these there is another row which does not extend beyond the 
disk ; the constituents of these rows are quite small and incon- 
spicuous. Madreporic tubercle large, just outside apical region, 
irregularly quadrate. Colour creamy yellow. R=130, r=47 
millim. 

Of the five specimens which I refer to this species three have the 
characters just enumerated; the two other examples differ to a 
somewhat remarkable extent from what appears to be the more 
typical form of the species. In one the apical spines are much less 
prominent than in the form already described, while the tubercles 
on either side are much more distinctly spinose, and many of the 
infero-marginal plates have several spinous tubercles in a tuft. In 
the other specimen the apical spines remain large, while the 
tubercles on either side become quite prominent, and the whole 
appearance of the form is thereby quite altered. 

By many zoologists these three forms would be regarded as three 
distinct species ; but I do not think that anybody who knows how 
Echinoderms vary will regard them as anything else than varieties 
of one and the same species. However, there are, in this instance, 


386 PROF. F. J. BELL ON ECHINODERMS [June 19, 


a number of intermediate stages wanting, which Mr. Thurston will, 
I hope, be some day able to fill up. 

This species is quite distinct from any of the triplacanthid 
Oreasters known to me. 


PECTINURA INTERMEDIA. 


This species stands with P. gorgonia, P. marmorata, and P. stel- 
lata! of Mr. Lyman’s arrangement; for it has the disk covered 
under its granulation with coarse scales, and there are pores between 
the first and second arm-plates; but the disk is flat, with the arm 
compressed from side to side and keeled superiorly, while there are 
eight arm-spines. 

Radial shields naked, of moderate size, rather irregularly elliptical 
in form ; the rest of the disk covered superiorly by a coarse granu- 
lation, beneath which are plates of fair size. The arms widest at 
their insertion, distinctly carinated ; accessory mouth-shields of fair 
size; pores between first and second arm-plates only ; near the base 
of the arms eight spines; upper arm-plates not broken. Eighteen 
mouth-papillze, the outermost on either side small; its neighbour 
the largest of the series; four teeth. Mouth-shields irregularly 
hexagonal, the adoral edge the shortest; accessory mouth-shields 
irregularly semicircular in form; side mouth-shields tend to the 
form of an equilateral triangle; granulated space between mouth- 
papille and mouth-shield well-marked. 

Lower arm-plates at first wider than long; further out they 
become unequally hexagonal, owing to the encroachment of the side- 
plates on the adoral edge; the upper arm-plates, near the edge of 
the disk, are quite three times as wide as they are long; further out 
their adoral edge becomes encroached on by the side-plates ;_ the cari- 
nation is best marked on the proximal half of the arm ; while there 
are eight arm-spines near the base, there are only six some way out ; 
the spines are always delicate and short ; the two lowest are a little 
longer than the rest, but they are never so long as the side arm- 
plate. Two tentacle-scales. 

The disk is, above, of a brownish hue, with yellowish patches and 
black dots ; the radial shields are lighter, as is also the oral surface. 
The arms are banded lighter and darker, in sets of four or five ; 
in the case of the darker bands the most proximal and the most 
distal plates are a good deal darker than the intermediate three. 

Diameter of disc 18, 16 millim.; length of arm about 75 from 
the edge of the disk ; width of arm at disk 4, 3°5 ; height of same 
3°5, 3°5. 


RHINOBRISSUS PYRAMIDALIS. 


1 should have less diffidence in assigning two specimens to this 
species had I been fortunate enough to have been enabled to com- 
pare with them the examples in the Liverpool Museum, on which 


1 This is the Ophiopinas stellatus of the ‘ Alert’ Report (p. 136). 


1888. ] FROM TUTICORIN, MADRAS. 387 


Prof. Alex. Agassiz based his description. I give the more impor- 
tant measurements of the larger of the two specimens, from which 
it will be seen that the proportions are very similar to those of the 
type :=— 


millim. 
Longest diameter .......... arr 0): ee oa 38°5 
Crreatest Hreatty ore Uhl A 2 aco ae welt agate 33 
UCU Ds. ete cons hati cin wm. ci X prGie bites eel <2 ee mers aon Se 21 
Distance of apical system from anterior edge .... 21 
Length of anterior petals, ...... .2..-0seseeeus 9 15 
Length of posterior petals ..........0. 002. 0005 16 
Width of interporiferous space ..............+-- 4 
Witt OF BetMOStOMe,’. 4 25). acc 5m og yt aan =. « 9°5 


HAPLODACTYLA AUSTRALIS. 
I think that Prof. Ludwig (SB. Ak. Berl. 1887, p. 1218) is right 


in regarding H. andamanensis, Bell, as a synonym of Semper’s 
species ; but I may point out that the figure of the spicules given 
by Selenka differs somewhat from the representation drawn by Prof. 
Ludwig ; the resemblance between the latter and my figures of the 
spicules of H, andamunensis is very close. 


HoLoTHuRIA VAGABUNDA. 


With regard to this species I have to observe that, noting in one 
the great muscularity of the walls of the cloaca, I concluded it must 
have extensible Cuvierian organs; I therefore opened another speci- 
men, and found the cavity of the cloaca occupied by a mass of tubes, 
just as I figured it in the case of H. nigra (P. Z.S. 1884, p. 374) ; 
the third specimen had the tubes projecting from the vent, but still 
in organic connexion with the mass inside. 


In concluding this paper it may be convenient to give, in a sum~ 
mary form, an account of the present state of our knowledge of 
the Echinoderm-fauna of the Sea of Bengal, taking as southern 
boundaries Ceylon on the west, and the Nicobars on the east’. This 
is a region which has not been touched by any recent explorations, 
such as the ‘ Challenger,’ ‘ Alert,’ or ‘ Gazelle.’ 


I. CrinorpeEa. 


1. Antedon carinata, Leach. 5. Actinometra cumingii, Miil/. 
2. adeons, Lamk. 6. fimbriata, Mill. 

3: reynaudi, Mii/I. he parvicirra, Mil. 

4. —— palmata, Will. 


1 In addition to the papers already cited, the list given by Dr. Liitken (Vid. 
Med. 1871, p. 272) has been used in the preparation of this summary. Infor- 
mation as to the Ophiurids collected by the ‘Novara’ at the Nicobars is to be 
found in Herr Marktanner-Turneretscher’s paper in the ‘ Annalen des k. k. 
Naturh. Mus.’ ii. p. 291 e¢ seg. 


388 


PROF. F. J. BELL ON ECHINODERMS. 


[June J9, 


II. AsrrRompera. 


8. Acanthaster echinites, Z. & S. 
9. Echinaster purpureus, Gray. 
. Fromia indica, Perrier. 

. —— milleporella, Lamk. 
tumida, Bell. 

. Linckia levigata, Gm. 


. Oreaster thurstoni, Bell. 


westermanni, Lith. 


. Culcita grex, M. Tr. 


nove-guiner, M. Tr. 
schmideliana, Retz. 


. Asterina burtoni, Gray. 


cepheus, Val. 


. Luidia hardwickii, Gray. 


maculata, M. Tr. 


. Astropecten hemprichii, M. Tr. 


polyacanthus, M. Tr, 
euryacanthus, Lk. 


. Archaster typicus. 


III. Ornruro1ipeEa. 


14. pacifica, Gray. 

15. Scytaster egyptiacus, Gray. 
16. galathex, Ltk. 

17. variolatus, Retz. 

18. Oreaster lincki, de Bl. 

19: superbus, Mobius. 

20. reinhardti, Ltk. 

34. Pectinura gorgonia, M. Tr. 
35, ——- intermedia, Bell. 

36. Ophiolepis annulosa, M. T’r. 


. — cincta, M. Tr. 

. —— nodosa, Dune. 

. Ophioplocus imbricatus, M. 77. 
. Ophiactis savignii, Avdowin. 

. Ophiophragmus affinis, Dune. 
difficilis, Dune. 
Ophiocnida sexradia, Dune. 

. Ophiocoma seolopendrina, Lamk. 
zthiops, Lamk. 

. —— brevipes, Lamkh. 

. Ophiomastix annulosa, M. Tr. 

. Ophiarachna incrassata, M. Tr. 
. Ophiothrix longipeda, Lamk. 

. —— nereidina, Lamk. 


51. Ophiothrix martensi, Jyman. 
o2. punctolimbata, Martens. 
52a. galatexe, Ltk. 
526. —— hirsuta, M. Tr. 
52c. comata, M. Tr. 
538. andersoni, Dune. 
54, —— merguiensis, Dune. 
55. variegata, Dune. 
56. yariabilis, Dune. 
57. Ophiocampsis pellicula, Dune. 
58. Ophiocnemis marmorata, Lamk. 
59. Ophiomaza cacaotica, Lym. 
60. Ophiothela holdsworthi, Smzth. 
60a. Ophiolophus noyaree, Markt, 


Gla. 


62 


. Hemieuryalid. 
Trichaster elegans, Ludw. 
. Astrophyton clavatum, Lym. 


IV. Ecurno1pEa. 


. Phyllacanthus annulifera, Lams. 

imperialis, Lamk. 

verticillata, Lamhk. 

. Diadema setosum, Gray. 

. Echinothrix calamaria, Pall. 

. Astropyga radiata, Leske. 

freudenbergi, Sarass. 

. Asthenosoma urens, Sarass. 

. Echinus angulosus, Leske. 

. Toxopneustes pileolus, Lamk. 

. Tripneustes gratilla, L.? 

. Temnopleurus toreumaticus, 
Leske. 

reynaudi, 4g. 

. Temnopleurid. 

. Salmacis bicolor, Ag. 

dussumieri, Ag. 

rarispina, dg. © 


. Salmacis suleata, 4g. 
. Stomopneustes variolaris, Lamk. 
2. Echinometra lucunter, Leske. 


oblonga, de Bl. 


. Colobocentrotus atratus, D. 
5. Clypeaster humilis, Leske. 
. Laganum decagonale, Less. 


depressum, 4g. 


. Arachnoides placenta, LZ. 

. Echinodiscus biforis, Gm. 

. Echinoneus cyclostomus, Leske. 

. Echinolampas oviformis, Gm. 

2. Loyenia elongata, Aud, 

. Maretia alta, A. Aq. 

. Rhinobrissus pyramidalis, 4, Ag. 
. Brissus unicolor, Leske. 

. Metalia sternalis, Lamk. 

. Moira stygia, A. Ag. 


1 “ Randasia granulata” may be the young of one of these species of Culcita 
or of an unknown species; it has been taken at the Andamans. 

2 See Prof. Lovén's valuable memoir, just published, on the Linnean species 
of Echinus (Bih. Syensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl. Bd. 13. Afd. iv. no. 5, p. 77). 


1888. ] FROM TUTICORIN, MADRAS. 389 


V. HoLotTHuRIoIDEA'. 


98. Synapta beselii, Jager. 115. Holothuria argus, Jéager. 
99. grisea, Semp. 116. atra, Jdger. 
100. recta, Semp. alive cadelli, Bell*. 
101. Chirodota rufescens, Brdt. 118. cesarea, Ludwig. 
102. Haplodactyla australis, Semp. 119. fusco-cinerea, Jéger. 
103. Cucumaria assimilis, Bell. 120. —— imitans, Ludwig. 
104, forbesi, Bell. 121. impatiens, Forsh, 
105. Colochirus armatus, Marenz. 122. -— maculata, Brdt. 
106. Ocnus javanicus, Slwzter. 125. —— marmorata, Jédger. 
107. typicus, Théel. 124. —— monacaria, Less. 
108. Thyone sacellus, Se/. 125. ondaatjei, Bell. 
109. Pseudocucumis acicula, Semp. 126. papillata, Bell. 
110. Actinopyga echinites, Jager. 127. —— pardalis, Sel.* 
111. lecanora, Jéger. 128. spinifera, Thée/. 
112. —— mauritiana, Q. § G. 129. vagabunda, Se/. 
113. —— miliaria, Q. g G. 130. Stichopus chloronotus, Brd¢, 
114. Holothuria albida, Bel? ?. 131. variegatus, Semper. 


If we bear in mind that our knowledge of the Echinodermata of 
the Indian Ocean is still in a comparatively unsatisfactory condition, 
or, in other words, remember that some of the species, such as 
Fromia tumida, Pectinura intermedia, Holothuria ondaatjei, which 
are as yet known only from the Bengal Sea, may be found else- 
where when a search is made for them, we can at present only con- 
clude that we have here to do with representatives of the inter- 
tropical fauna which extends across the Indo-Pacific area, and whose 
limits appear to be marked by thermal lines’. 


1 Prof. Ludwig has lately published a list of the species of Holothurians 
collected at Ceylon by Dr. P. and Dr. F. Sarasin (SB. Akad. Berlin, 1887, 
pp. 1217-29). 

2 Prof. Ludwig considers this to be a synonym of H. edulis, Lesson. 

3 =H. scabra, Jager, teste Ludwig. 

4 =H. insignis, Ludw., H. lineata, Ludw., H. peregrina, Ludw., teste Lud- 
wig (/.¢.). 

P See ‘ Alert Report, p. 174. 

Since this paper was read Dr. Herbert Carpenter and Mr. Sladen have read 
to the Linnean Society an account of the Crinoids, Asterids, and Echinoids 
collected at Mergui by Dr. Anderson. 

Dr, Carpenter informs me that the Crinoids were :— 

Antedon elegans, andersoni (sp. n.), milberti, conjungens (‘ Challenger’), 
spicata. 
Actinometra notata (sp. n.). 
Mr. Sladen tells me that the Asterids were :— 
Archaster typicus. 
Astropecten andersoni (sp. n.), hemprichii, notograptus, sp. n. 
Inidia forficifer (Sladen, ‘ Challenger’), maculata. 
Goniodiscus articulatus. 
Nepanthia suffarcinata, sp. n. 
Asterina cepheus, — 
And the Echinoids :— 
Temnopleurus toreumaticus. 
Salmacis suleata, dusswmiert, bicolor. 
Laganwm depressum. 
Arachnoides placenta. 

T am greatly indebted to my friends for these lists, which bring up the total 

of Echinoderms now known from the Sea of Bengal to 147 species. 


Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. XXVII. 27 


390 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW LEPIDOPTERA [June 19, 


5. Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Lepidoptera 
Heterocera, collected by Rev. J. H. Hocking, chiefly. in 
the Kangra District, N.W. Himalaya. By F. Moorg, 


F.Z.8. 
[Received June 12, 1888.] 


Fam. SPHINGIDA. 
PoLyPTYCHUS TRILINEATUS, hi. sp. 


Allied to P. dentatus and P. timesius. Upperside of a paler 
brownish-ochreous colour than P. dentatus ; fore wing crossed by a 
slightly waved oblique antemedial brown line, a less distinct medial 
inwardly-oblique line which touches the end of the cell in crossing, 
and a waved postmedial line ; the medial and apical area clouded with 
darker brown: hind wing with an indistinct greyish transverse discal 
narrow fascia. 

Expanse 3 inches. 

Hab. Dharmsala. In coll. British Museum. 


AMBULYX PLACIDA, 0. Sp. 


Upperside—fore wing pale purplish lilacine greyish-brown ; crossed 
by an indistinct single antemedial zigzag slender brown line, an 
oblique outwardly-curved postmedial line followed by three less 
distinct wavy discal lines, and a prominent outer marginal inwardly- 
curved olivaceous-bordered line, the latter also bent inward below 
the apex and then curving upward to the costa; the area between 
the postmedial line and outer margin being darker than the basal 
area; a small blackish-brown pale-bordered round spot at basal end 
of the cell; a large spot below the submedian near the base, and a 
less perfectly formed rounded spot on the costal edge above the 
latter, a less distinct smaller spot also at the lower end of the disco- 
cellular vemlet: hind wing dull yellowish-ochreous, with an oblique 
transverse medial avd a marginal lilacine-blackish band with two 
interdiscal oblique series of similar coloured spots. Body pale 
purplish lilacine greyish-brown; a broad blackish-brown frontal 
band, and a similar broad hindwardly-confluent band down each side 
of the thorax; abdomen with pale ochreous segmental bands and 
anal tuft. 

Expanse 43 inches. 

Hab. N.W. Himalaya. In coll. British Museum. 

Nearest allied to A. sertcetpennis, Butler, P. Z.8. 1875, p. 251. 
A male specimen collected at Solun, N. Punjab, by Capt. R. B. Reed, 
is also in Mr. Moore’s collection. 


Dauira, 0. g. 


Fore wing elongated, narrow ; costa arched towards the end, apex 
produced ; exterior margin very oblique, slightly concave below the 
apex, even; first subcostal branch emitted at one fourth, second at 


1888. } FROM THE HIMALAYAS. 391 


two thirds between the base of second and end of the cell, third at 
a short distance beyond the ceil, fourth and fifth at one third beyond 
the cell; discocellulars inwardly-oblique, slightly concave, upper 
longest, radial from near the lower end; middle median at one-sixth 
and lower at one half before end of the cell; submedian much 
recurved from the base. Hind wing short; cell extending to less 
than half length of the wing; two subcostals from end of the cell, 
the upper curving slightly upward from the end; discocellulars 
outwardly-oblique, recurved, radial from the middle; the middle 
median vein at one eighth and lower at one third before end of the 
cell ; submedian and internal slightly recurved. Body long. 
Allied to Pergesa. 


 Daurra RUBIGINOSA, 2. sp. 


Male. Fore wing dark reddish olivaceous-brown ; crossed by three 
indistinct outwardly-oblique darker waved lines, three or four discal 
inwardly-oblique lines, and a curved line from the apex, the latter 
white-speckled ; a blackish discocellular spot ; cilia black, minutely 
spotted with white: hind wing red, the abdominal area and extreme 
outer margin brownish; cilia white. Body dark reddish-brown 
above, yellow beneath, with dull greyish-white dorsal segmental 
bands. Wings beneath duli paler red; both wings crossed by 
indistinct discal darker waved lines ; legs greyish-white above. 

Expanse 23 inches. 

Hab. Mundi, N.W. Himalaya. In coll. British Museum. 

“Taken at Mundi (a native state), in March; at sugar.” 
(Hocking). 


AMPELOPHAGA FASCIOSA, 0. sp. 


Male and Female. Fore wing pinkish olivaceous-brown ; crossed 
by two outwardly-curved oblique indistinctly darker brown narrow 
subbasal fascia, a broader medial fascia, and two slender discal lunular 
fascize, beyond which a streak ascends to the apex, the outer border 
of the wing being much paler; an indistinct spot at end of the cell: 
hind wing dusky purplish ochreous-brown, with an indistinctly paler 
pinkish discal fascia, and cilia. Body darker ochreous olive-brown, 
pinkish beneath, with an ochraceous-white dorsal line, and a lateral 
line on thorax. 

Expanse 37 inches. 

Hab. Dharmsala. In coll. British Museum. 

Taken at sugar only, by Mr. Hocking. Specimens taken at 
Umballa by Capt. R. B. Reed are also in Mr. Moore’s collection. 


HEMARIS SIMILLIMA, 0. sp. 


Nearest allied to H. fuciformis. Fore wing with a vinous-black 
costal, outer, and posterior marginal band, the outer band somewhat 
narrower than in H. fuctformis, the posterior band sparsely covered 
with olive-green scales: hind wing with cupreous-red marginal band, 
the abdominal border prominently white-speckled. Head, thorax, 
and base of abdomen pale dull ochraceous olive-brown, the two red 

27° 


392 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW LEPIDOPTERA [June 19, 


bands of a dull chestnut tint, basal segments yellowish-ochreous, 
anal lateral tuft black. 

Expanse 1,5, inch. 

Hab. Kangra Valley. In coll. British Museum. 


Fam. AGERIDz. 

MELITTIA KULLUANA, 0. sp. 

Nearest M. nepcha (Moore, Lep. Coll. Atkinson, p. 10). Wings 
comparatively shorter; apical area of fore wing traversed by four 
veins; a short black vein projecting within the cell from middle of 
the discocellular streak. Thorax, head, palpi, pectus, and femora 
beneath olivaceous-yellow ; abdomen above purple-black, with narrow 
pale bluish segmental bands ; abdomen beneath bluish-white ; palpi 
slightly black-fringed ; mid legs black, fringed with golden-yellow 
hairs ; hind legs densely clothed with long black hairs, hind femora 
and tibize above with interspersed dull chestnut-red and yellow hairs. 

Expanse 1+, inch. 

Hab. Kullu. In coll. British Museum. 

From M. indica, Butler, this may be distinguished by its much 
broader transparent apical area. 


Fam. CALLIDULID. 

PTERODECTA ANCHORA, N. sp. 

Upperside olive-brown. Fore wing with a large orange-red anchor- 
shaped transverse discal mark. Underside brownish-ochreous : fore 
wing with the orange-yellow band black-bordered; a white spot at 
end of the cell and two smaller spots in the middle; hind wing 
tessellated more or less with yellow and black strigze, which form 
transverse fascize ; a yellow spot at end of the cell. 

Expanse 13 inch. 

Hab. Dharmsala. 


Fam. LirHosiip#. 
SETINA CALAMARIA, D. sp. 


Fore wing ochreous-yellow, with a prominent black triangular 
discocellular spot, asmaller spot at base of the cell, and another spot 
on base of the costal margin: hind wing paler yellow, a black spot 
on each tegula, and two on the middle of thorax ; tip of fore tibia, 
and of all tarsi fuliginous-black. 

Expanse 14 inch. 

Hab. Palampore. In coll. British Museum. 


AEMENE SAGITTIFERA, 0. Sp. 


Male and Female. Creamy-white: fore wing with five large spots 
on, the costal border, a sagittate spot within the cell near base, a tri- 
augular spot at end of the cell, two smaller linear spots on the sub- 
costal vein, two on each of its branches, two on the median, and 
four on the submedian, these spots forming four transverse series ; 
the fifth costal spot having a few blackish speckles only below it ; 
on the costal margin is also a row of regularly-disposed small black 


1888. ] FROM THE HIMALAYAS, 393 


spots: hind wing cinereous-white. Thorax black-spotted; palpi 
brown ; legs with blackish bands. 

Expanse, ¢ +8, 2 3%; inch. 

Hab. Dharmsala (Hocking); N.W. India (Leitner). In coll. 
British Museum and F. Moore. 

Taken at sugar. 


ARMENE INCONSTANS, 0. sp. 

Male. Fore wing very pale brownish-ochreous, crossed by an 
antemedial and a postmedial very indistinct dusky sinuous line, both 
lines with two medially-disposed black spots, the upper spot at end 
of the cell on the latter being the largest ; on the costal margin are 
three or four indistinct spots, and on the outer margin is a row of 
regularly-disposed small linear spots; a dusky zigzag fascia crosses 
the disk: hind wing ochreous-white. Thorax pale brownish-ochreous ; 
palpi and abdomen pale ochreous ; legs brownish-ochreous. 

Expanse ,%; inch. 

Hab. Dharmsala. In coll. British Museum. 


RaSELIA SCRIPTA, 0. Sp. 

Male. Allied to R. confusalis: fore wing pinkish-grey, basal area 
slightly brown-speckled ; crossed by two contiguous inwardly-oblique 
antemedial black lines, and two recurved postmedial lines, followed 
by a submarginal series of black spots, of which the upper and lower 
spot is large, the others small and dentate; the area between the 
medial lines traversed by a zigzag black line: hind wing and abdomen 
pale pinkish-cinereous. Thorax, palpi, and legs above, and antennze 
greyish-brown. 

Expanse, 3 +; inch. 

Hab. Dharmsala. In coll. British Museum. 


R@SELIA FRATERNA, 0. sp. 

Female. Near to R. cuculatella: fore wing comparatively narrower ; 
the antemedial blackish-speckled transverse line more angular and 
broader at the costal end, the postmedial line also more irregularly 
sinuous : hind wing cinereous-white, underside much paler. Thorax 
grey ; palpi and legs brownish above ; tarsi with pale bands. 

Expanse 55, inch. 

flab. Kullu. In coll. British Museum. 


R@SELIA ANGULATA, 0. sp. 

Near #. cristulalis: fore wing greyish-white, sparsely brown- 
speckled ; crossed by a prominent blackish antemedial curved 
outwardly-angulated band, a postmedial pale-bordered sinuous line, 
and a similar submarginal line, the postmedial line preceded by a 
broad costal patch: hind wing and abdomen cinereous-grey. Thorax 
white, crossed by a blackish band; palpi and legs brownish; tarsi 
with pale bands. 

Expanse, ¢ 35, 2 3% inch. 

Hab. Dharmsala (Hocking) ; N.W. India (Leitner). In coll. 
British Museum and F. Moore. 


394 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW LEPIDOPTERA [June 19, 


Fam. ARCTIIDZ. 


SPILARCTIA DALBERGIA, 0. sp. 

Allied to S. stigmata (Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 809). Fore wing of 
a pale ochreous creamy tint; with a very obliquely-disposed discal 
series of small slender black spots, a spot ‘towards base of submedian, 
and a submarginal medial series of smaller spots; a small dentate 
spot more or less distinct at the upper end of cell: hind wing paler ; 
with a large black spot at upper end of the cell; two duplex sub- 
anal spots, one also between the radial and subcostal vein, and in 
the female another before the apex. Thorax with a black streak 
down the middle; abdomen orange-yellow, with a dorsal and 
lateral row of black spots. 

Expanse, ¢ 13, 2 2 inches. 

Hab. Dharmsala. In coll. British Museum. 

Larva pale purple-brown, mottled and minutely spotted with 
yellow. Second, third, and fourth segments with a small yellow 
lateral spot ; other segments with an oblique yellow lateral streak ; 
each segment with tufts of long purple-brown radiating hairs ; 
head black, shining ; legs black. 

‘Feeds on Sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo). May, 4000 feet.” (Hock- 
ing.) 

SPILARCTIA SAGITTIFERA, 0. Sp. 

Male and Female. Paler and of a uniformly yellower tint than 
S. casignata. Fore wing with similar markings, the transverse discal 
series of spots more oblique, touching the lower angle of the cell and 
terminating in larger spots on middle of posterior margin; one or 
two spots also within the ceil near the base ; hind wing paler yellow 
throughout, spots larger than in S. casignata. Abdomen crimson, 
with more or less prominent black dorsal and lateral spots ; a small 
black sagittate streak on middle of thorax. Underside paler, not 
washed with crimson, markings more distinct. 

Expanse, ¢ 18, 2 2% inches. 

Hab. Dharmsala. In coll. British Museum. 


ICAMBOSIDA DORSALIS, 0. sp. 


White ; fore wing with an indistinct blackish-grey discal oblique 
transverse narrow macular band, which in the male stops below the 
radial vein, audin the female eben to the apex by a series of short 
linear streaks, the female also having some less distinct submarginal 
streaks situated between the radial and middle median veins; a 
similar coloured spot at upper end of the cell, anda less defined 
spot sometimes on middle of subcostal: hind wing with an 
indistinct spot at upper end of the cell, and a less distinct sub- 
anal spot situated between the lower median and submedian, the 
female sometimes showing a spot also below the apex and another 
above it on the costa. Sides of thorax in front and pectus crimson ; 
palpi black above, crimson beneath ; legs white ; fore femur crimson 
above ; femora tipt with black ; faré aia anata tibise and tarsi and 
hind tarsi black above ; abdomen i in male crimson above, with black 


1888. ] FROM THE HIMALAYAS. 395 


lateral spots, and in female with dorsal spots; anal segments in 
female white. 

Expanse, ¢ 153,, 2 145 to 1,4 inch. 

Hab. Dharmsala. In coll. British Museum. 

This has much the appearance of Spilosoma rubidorsa (Moore, 
P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 808), but differs in the narrower and more elongated 
form of fore wing. 

Larva pale yellowish cream-colour, with a broad dorsal purple- 
brown band; each segment laterally witb finely-speckled purple- 
brown oblique streaks, the segments also with sparse dorsal tufts 
of fine brown and grey hairs and lateral tufts of grey hairs, the 
dorsal tufts springing from glossy purple-black tubercles ; dorsal 
band with a central row of linear yellowish spots and slender trans- 
verse segmental streaks; head red ; legs yellow. 

“Feeds on cherry; July 14; gregarious whilst young ; many 
hundreds together in a web; afterwards spreading over the tree 
and devouring all before them. Pupa, July 28; imago, August 16.” 


CHALLA QUADRIMACULATA, 0. sp. 


Allied to C. bimaculata. Ochreous-yellow ; fore wing compara- 
tively broader and more regularly triangular in form; with a prominent 
black spot at upper end of the cell, anda less distinct similarly 
dispused spot on the hind wing. Palpi black-tipped ; legs blackish 
above. 

Expanse 1} inch. 

Hab. Palampore. In coll. British Museum. 


Fam. Psycu1p. 
AKESINA, 0. g. 


Wings somewhat elongated, oval; semitransparent ; sparsely 
clothed with very short slender hairy scales. Fore wing very convex 
at the apex; costal vein extending to near the apex; cell long, 
extending beyond two thirds the wing; first subcostal emitted at 
one eighth before end of the cell, bent upward and anastomosing with 
the costal for a short distance and terminating before the apex; 
second and third branches on a footstalk beyond end of the cell ; 
discocellular twice-angled, the angles at equal distances, upper angle 
directed slightly outward, lower angle directed very obliquely inward, 
radial from upper angle ; a discoidal veinlet emitted within the cell 
from lower angle and extending to base of cell; two upper median 
veins from angles at end of the cell, middle median from one third 
and lower median from one half before end of the cell; submedian 
nearly straight and apparently looped at the base. Hind wing very 
convex externally; subcostal vein running very close along the 
margin, arched at the base and thence straight to apex, the branch 
emitted closely before end of the cell; discocellular, radial, and 
discoidal veinlet as in fore wing; two upper median veins at wider 
angles from end of the cell, middle median at one third and lower 
at one half before end of the cell; submedian and internal vein 


396 MR. F, MOORE ON NEW LEPIDOPTERA [June 19, 


slightly recurved. Body short, slightly pilose; legs almost naked ; 
antennee short, broadly bipectinated, the pectinations plumose ; palpi 
very minute. 


AKESINA BASALIS, 0, Sp. 


Wings semitransparent, pale fuliginous ; the lower basal area of 
fore wing and entire basal area of hind wing pale ferruginous-red : 
body and legs ferruginous-red ; antenne brown. 

Expanse 1, inch. 


Hab. Dharmsala. In coll.-British Museum. 


BaRANDRA, 0. g. 


Wings short, broad, nearly naked. Fore wing somewhat obovate ; 
costa slightly arched near the end, apex very convex ; exterior mar- 
gin oblique and slightly rounded, posterior angle convex ; costal vein 
nearly straight ; subcostal angled close to end of the cell, four- 
branched, first branch arising at half length and second at angle 
before end of the cell, third bifid at one third beyond the cell ; cell 
very broad ; discocellulars angled inward, upper bent slightly out- 
ward, the radial branch starting from its angle; a single discoidal 
veinlet emitted within the cell from middle of discocellulars ; median 
vein four-branched, curved hindward to lower branch and angled at 
each branch, the branches short, wide apart, and nearly equidistant ; 
submedian slightly angled near its end, emitting a short lower spur 
from the angle. Hind wing oval; exterior margin very convex; 
costal vein extending to apex ; subcostal vein extending from base 
to below the apex, and joined to the costal by a short cross branch 
about one third from its base; cell broad; discocellulars outwardly 
oblique and slightly angled at the middle, the discoidal veinlet being 
emitted within the cell from the angle; radial vein four-branched, 
angled at the branches; a submedian vein. Body small, slender ; 
abdomen not extending beyond anal angle of hind wing, slightly and 
finely pilose; head nearly naked ; legs long, very slender, naked ; 
palpi minute, pilose; antennz bipectinate, the pectinations wide 
and delicately plumose. 


BaRANDRA FUMATA, 0. sp. 

Wings nearly naked, pale fuliginous-grey ; body yellowish, sparsely 
pilose, hairs grey ; thorax above in front and behind black ; antennze 
pale brown, shaft yellow ; legs yellow. 

Expanse +4 inch. 

Hab. Dharmsala. In coll. British Museum. 

‘© A case-bearing larva; on rocks, June 7, 8000 feet. Moth 
emerged July 11.” (Hocking.) 


DasarATHA, 0. g. 

Wings broad, short, sparsely clothed with short fine hairy scales. 
Fore wing trigonal ; costa slightly arched near the end, apex convex ; 
exterior margin very oblique, slightly concave in middle ; posterior 
margin slightly convex at the base; costal vein extending to two 


1888. ] FROM THE HIMALAYAS. 397 


thirds the margin ; subcostal five-branched, first and second branches 
arising before end of the cell, third trifurcate beyond the cell ; disco- 
cellulars inwardly-oblique; cell shortest hindward; radial starting 
from middle of discoceilulars; two discoidal veinlets emitted from 
lower discocellular, coalescing in the middle and extending to base of 
the cell; median vein four-branched, the two upper branches on a 
footstalk beyond end of the cell, lower branches wide apart ; sub- 
median vein with an inner branch to the base, from below which 
starts a short, outwardly-oblique spur. Hind wing bluntly ovate ; 
exterior margin slightly convex; subcostal vein two-branched, first 
branch before end of the cell; cell short and broad ; discocellulars 
angled in the middle; radial from their angle ; two discoidal veinlets 
within the cell, as in fore wing; median vein four-branched, the two 
upper branches from end of the cell; a submedian and two internal 
veins. Body small; abdomen short, slender; antenne bipectinate, 
finely plumose; legs nearly naked, fore tibize with a long parallel 
spur. 


DasARATHA HIMALAYANA, 0. Sp. 


Wings sparsely clothed with short fuliginous-brown delicate hairy 
scales: body fuliginous-brown ; thorax blackish above; antennze 
brown ; legs yellow. 

Expanse 5% inch. 

Hab. Dharmsala. In coll. British Museum. 

“* A case-bearing larva; on oak (Q. alba), May, 6200 feet. Moth 
emerged June 16.” (Hocking.) 


MaHASENA HOCKINGII, 0. sp. 


Male. Wings dark fuliginous-brown ; hind wing blackish pos- 
teriorly ; thorax fuliginous-black in front, the lower part slightly 
ochreous-brown; abdomen and anal tuft clothed with longish 
laterally-divergent black hairs. Fore wing beneath ochreous-grey 
broadly along posterior border. Antenne fuliginous-brown, shatt 
ochreous ; femora and tibize clothed with brown hairs. 

Expanse 15°; inch. 

Hab. Dharmsala. In coll. British Museum. 

* July, 4000 feet. On Toon tree (Credela toona). When the larva 
changed, the pupa had the power of moving up and down the silky 
passage in which it had lived. When the moth was coming out, it 
projected the tail-end of the pupa and let itself down by a silken 
thread, in the chrysalis, from which it then emerged and to which 
it clung with two pairs of legs until the wings expanded and dried, 
whilst the first pair of legs held on to the silken thread by which it 
hung from the leafy case.’ (Hocking.) 


Fam. Liparip&. 


LacHana, n. g. 


Male. Fore wing elongate, narrow; costal vein extending two 
thirds the margin ; first subcostal emitted at one half and second at 
one fifth before end of the cell, second trifurcate ; third starting at a 


398 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW LEPIDOPTERA {June 19, 


short distance from above its base and terminating at the apex, 
fourth at two thirds from base of the third; fifth from end of the 
cell, curving upward and touching third near its base ; cell broad, 
extending nearly two thirds the wing ; discocellular concave ; radial 
and upper median from lower end of the cell, middle median from 
angle close to end of the cell, lower median at one third before the 
end; submedian at a wide distance from the median. Hind wing 
short, triangularly-ovate ; apex and exterior margin convex; 
abdominal margin short; costal vein looped to subcostal near its 
base ; subcostal bent upward to costal at one third from its base, 
two subcostal branches on a footstalk one third beyond end of the 
cell ; discocellular oblique, radial from slight angle near its lower end ; 
cell broad; two upper medians from immediately beyond end of 
the cell; lower median at one fourth before the end; submedian 
and internal vein straight. Body short, densely pilose; antenne 
bipectinated ; palpi laxly pilose; legs thick, slightly pilose. 


LACHANA LADAKENSIS, 0. sp- 


Male. Brownish-ochreous ; fore wing numerously covered with 
dark sepia-brown scales, which are most thickly disposed on the 
basal and external area, across which extends a darker subbasal and 
a discal zigzag fascia ; a distinct dark-brown lunular spot at end of 
the cell: hind wing sepia-brown, darkest externally and indistinctly 
forming a darker marginal band ; cilia brownish-ochreous. Body 
umber-brown, hairs brownish-grey; frontal tuft and palpi grey; 
antennz reddish-brown, shaft greyish; fore and middle tibie and 
tarsi reddish-brown. 

Expanse 1 inch. 

Hab. Ladak. In coll. British Museum. 


PROCODECA UMBRINA, N. sp. 


Male, Fore wing reddish umber-brown, with a curved discal series 
of six small black spots: hind wing and abdomen dull sepia-brown ; 
thorax reddish umber-brown; palpi, fore legs above, and tarsi 
brownish-ochreous. Underside dull umber-brown. 


2 


Expanse 1,4, inch. 

Hab. Kullu. In coll. British Museum. 

Larva violet-grey, each segment tufted with similar coloured hair, 
except the dorsal tufts on fourth to eighth segments, on which the 
hairs are blackish at the base and pale ferruginous at the tip; head 
shining black. 

“Found under stones, March.”’ (Hocking.) 


EvpROCcTIS ABDOMINALIS, Ni. sp. 


Male and Female. Cream-white ; abdomen blackish ; anal tuft 
ochreous ; legs white. 

Expanse, ¢ 154, 2 1,5, inch. 

Hab. Dharmsala. In coll. British Museum. 

Allied to 2. postica, Wings comparatively longer and narrower, 


1888. ] FROM THE HIMALAYAS. 399 


ARTAXA SULPHURESCENS, Nl. Sp. 


Allied to A. ¢rifasciata (Moore, Desc. Lep. Coll. Atkinson, 
p: 51): fore wing comparatively longer and narrower. Wings dull 
sulphurescent-yellow ; hind wings palest, and in female almost white ; 
fore wing with a few brownish scales above middle of the posterior 
margin. Anal segments and tuft ochreous-yellow; anal segments 
beneath black ; second joint of palpi blackish at the side. 

Expanse, ¢ 1595, 2 14% inch. 

Hab. Dharmsala. In coll. British Museum and F. Moore. 


DasyCHIRA DALBERGIA, 0. sp. 


Allied to D. inclusa, Male differs in having the fore wing longer 
and narrower, of a darker tint and greyer-speckled, transverse 
markings similar, excepting that the discal sinuous line is more 
oblique in position : hind wing pale cinereous brown. Female also 
differs in the shape of the fore wing, which is also darker and greyer- 
speckled ; the hind wing also being paler. 

Expanse, ¢ 12, 9 22 inches. 

Hab. Dharmsala (Hocking), Masuri (Zang). In coll. British 
Museum and F. Moore. 

Larva mottled with pale and dark brown; two white oblique 
dorsal streaks on hind part of fourth segment, and a small white 
dorsal spot on tenth and eleventh segments ; each segment thickly 
tufted with brown radiating hairs, those on the second segment 
longest and projected over the head; on the fifth to eighth 
segments the dorsal tuft is ferruginous and more dense. Cocoon 
brown. : 

‘* Feeds on the Sissoo (Dalbergia sissov); May 5 to June 7, 3000 
feet.” (Hocking.) 


LyMANTRIA CARNECOLOR, 0. sp. 


Allied to L. concolor. Male and female of a vinaceous-white 
tint: fore wing with similarly disposed but more slender and less 
distinct markings : hind wing whitish, with a very slight pale dusky 
interrupted sinuous submarginal fascia, and marginal and cilial spots. 
Abdomen yellow above. 

Expanse, ¢ 2, 2 32 inches. 

Hab. Dharmsala. In coll. British Museum and F. Moore. 


LYMANTRIA NIGRA, 0. sp. 


Allied to L. marginata and L. pusilla. Male: fore wing with deep 
black transverse sinuous bands and spots, their interspaces dark vina- 
ceous umber-brown: hind wing entirely black. Head and thorax 
slightly spotted with ochreous ; abdomen ochreous, with black dorsal 
bands, lateral spots, and anal tuft. Female: fore wing with broad 
deep black confluent sinuous bands, their interspaces white: hind wing 
white, with a broad black marginal band, and a more or less distinct 
angular discocellular streak ; cilia alternated with white. Thorax 
white above, with black collar and central spots; head white in 


400 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW LEPIDOPTERA [June 19, 


front; vertex ochreous ; abdomen ochreous, with black dorsal band 
and lateral spots. 

Expanse, ¢ 155,, 9 24 inches. 

Hab. Kangra Valley. In coll. British Museum. 

‘Taken in copuld, on the bark of a mango-tree.” (Hocking.) 


Fam. NoToDONTID&. 
HeETEROCAMPA BASISTRIGA, 0. Sp. 


Male and Female. Fore wing ochreous-grey, black-speckled ; 
crossed by a subbasal zigzag grey-speckled duplex black line, from 
which an oblique black streak extends below the cell. to base of 
wing; an oblique discal zigzag grey-speckled black fascia, a sub- 
marginal row of similar dentate spots, and a marginal row of larger 
quadrate spots; a lunule also at end of the cell: hind wing 
cinereous-white in male, darker in female, costal border brownish. 
Thorax, head, palpi, and legs hoary ; abdomen cinereous-brown ; 
tarsi with pale bands. 

Expanse, ¢ 13, 9 23 inches. 

Hab. Dharmsala. In coll. British Museum. Taken at sugar. 
Rare. 


STAUROPUS BERBERISA4, N. Sp. 


Dark grey: fore wing with a subbasal-outwardly oblique zigzag 
duplex black line traversed by pale grey; a pale grey-speckled black 
discocellular lunule, a small spot within the cell, and a spot below it, 
a submarginal zigzag series of black dentate spots, and a marginal 
row of similar spots, both series with inner grey-speckled borders : 
hind wing pale grey on posterior half, the anterior half dark grey 
traversed by black sinuous marks ; a marginal row of pale-bordered 
darker lunules. Female darker grey; markings as in male. Body 
dark grey. 

Expanse, ¢ 1,5, 2 24); inches. 

Hab. Dharmsala (6200 feet, Hocking), Umballa district (Reed). 
In coll. British Museum and F. Moore. 

This is a darker insect than S. alternus, the markings of which 
differ in being reddish-brown, It is also distinct from S. indicus. 

Larva brownish-ochreous, minutely spotted with dark brown, 
forming a darker band along the back, which is traversed by a 
central pale yellow slender line, and bordered by a lateral line ; and 
on the side are two dark bands angulated downwards towards the 
claspers; sides of head dark brown; penultimate swollen segment 
edged with black spines; fore legs black banded ; some larve are 
entirely dark brown. 

“July 16, 6200 feet. Larva on wild barberry, Khaint and 
Kusmul, the wild pear. Other larve on August 3rd. Remained in 
pupa 18 days.” (Hocking.) 


CERURA HIMALAYANA, 0. Sp. 


Allied to C. vinula. Differs in being of a slightly darker grey 
tint: fore wing with the transverse subbasal series of black spots 


1888.] FROM THE HIMALAYAS. 401 


nearer the base, the antemedial duplex sinuose macular line 
nearer the middle of the wing, and the discal acutely sinuous marks 
being composed of a discal line only, whereas in both C. vinula and 
C. erminea these marks are composed of three lines ; a marginal row 
of spots on each wing in both sexes. Body darker grey; the black 
thoracic spots and abdominal bands less prominent. 

Expanse, ¢ 23, 9 4 inches. 

Hab. Dharmsala. In coll. British Museum. 

“Larva on willow. Very like that of Cerura vinula.” (Hocking.) 


PHEOSA FASCIATA, 0. sp. 


Pale whitish-ochreous : fore wing with an oblique antemedial and 
a postmedial suffused greyish-ochreous and chestnut-brown shade, 
the former traversed by two transverse blackish irregular sinuous 
lines, and the latter by a curved discal less distinct but acutely 
sinuous line, the points of which are more prominently seen on the 
veins ; asimilar-coloured zigzag basal transverse streak, and an oblique 
apical costal streak; cilia alternated with ochreous-brown: hind 
wing paler ; the costal and marginal border slightly suffused with 
ochreous-brown, and a darker patch at anal angle; cilia alternated 
with brewn. Body hoary, thorax fringed with chestnut-brown ; 
tarsi banded with chestnut-brown. 

Expanse, ¢ 14, @ 2 inches. 

Hab. Dharmsala (6200 feet). In coll. British Museum. 

Larva green; an elongated dorsal protuberance on fifth segrnent ; 
fifth to anal segment with oblique lateral red slender streaks and 
dots ; a dorsal red-streaked band from head to anal segment ; head 
and legs pale red. 

‘* Feeds on cherry, June 20. Imago out July 16.” (Hocking.) 


Fam. DREPANULID. 
DREPANA HYALINA, N. sp. 


Male and Female. Creamy-white; semitransparent: fore wing 
with five more or less indistinct greyish-brown sinuous transverse 
lines, two of which are subbasal, two discal, and the other sub- 
marginal ; the three middle lines sometimes slightly suffused inwardly 
with greyish-brown ; a greyish-black spot at lower end of the cell : 
hind wing with similar but less distinct sinuous lines, which are 
visible only towards the abdominal margin. Palpi and legs yellowish ; 
pectinations of antennz brownish. 

Expanse 14 to 13 inch. 

Hab. Dharmsala. In coll. British Museum. 


DREPANA LILACINA, 0. Sp. 

Male and Female. Lilacine-grey : both wings crossed by an ante- 
medial and a postmedial straight, slender, ochreous-brown line; the 
antemedial line on fore wing slightly dilated at the costal end, 
beyond which is a small brown costal spot between the two bands ; 
both wings with two or three small indistinct black submarginal 
spots on middle of the exterior border. Extreme edge of the costa 


402 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW LEPIDOPTERA [June 19, 


on fore wing, a slender collar in front of thorax, and palpi, pale 
ochreous; front of head and legs dusky grey; shaft of antennz 
steel-blue. 

Expanse, ¢ 15%;, 2 14% inch. 

Hab. Dharmsala. In coll. British Museum. 

“Taken at sugar in September.” (Hocking.) 


DREPANA SIMILLIMA, 0. sp. 


Closely allied to D. lilacina. Male and female of same shape: 
pale brownish-ochreous:; both wings crossed by a similar antemedial 
and a postmedial line, but both these lines are of a paler tint than 
the ground-colour of the wings, and they are also more irregular ; 
the costal spots are larger, and there is a small spot at lower end of 
the cell, as well as those on the outer margin of both wings. 

Expanse, ¢ 14, 2 1,8; inch. 

Hab. Dharmsala. In coll. British Museum. 


Fam. SaATuRNIID&. 
SATURNIA HOCKINGII, 0. sp. 


Intermediate between S. lindia and S. grotei. From S. lindia it 
differs in its much darker greyish-brown colour. On the fore wing 
the transverse subbasal band is more acutely angulated outward on 
the median vein, the ocellus is larger and more oval in shape, the 
transverse zigzag lines are nearer the ocellus, thus giving a broader 
brown outer border, the submarginal border of which is more waved 
in the male and straighter in the female. On the hind wing the 
ocellus is larger and rounder, the transverse discal lines both uni- 
formly waved and nearer the ocellus, the submarginal line being also 
waved. 

From S. grotei it is at once distinguished by its difference of 
colour, S. grotei being ochraceous, larger ocelli and more acutely 
zigzag discal lines. 

Expanse, g 33, 2 4 inches. 

Hab. Kullu. In coll. British Museum. 

“Cocoon under stones. Cocoon pyriform, dark brown, hard, 
pointed, and lax at upper end.” 


ANTHERHA FRATERNA, 0. sp. 


Male. Dull deep ochreous; yellowish below costal border and on 
basal areas, and brownish ochreous on discal areas, with darker discal 
lunular fascia; subbasal bands distinct ; submarginal red band 
broad, prominently white-bordered; ocelli oval, talcose centre small. 

Female greyish ochreous, palest on outer borders, slightly yel- 
lowish on apical area; discal area dusky; discal lunular fascia 
brownish ochreous; ocelli larger, oval, subbasal and submarginal 
bands as in male. 

ixpanse, ¢ 43, Q 52 inches. 

Hab. N.W. Himalaya (iype, Kussowlee); Kangra. In coll. 
F. Moore and British Museum. 

A comparatively smaller insect than A, sivalica, and distinguish- 


1888. ] FROM THE HIMALAYAS. 403 


able from it by the discal fascia being distinctly lunular and tra- 
versing the wings across the inner half of the ocelli; the submarginal 
transverse red band is much nearer the ocelli on both wings, the 
interspace being only half the distance of that.in A. sivalica. 


Fam, Limacopip&. 
MIRESA SUFFUSA, 0. sp. 


Male. Very pale brownish-ochreous : fore wing with a transverse 
submarginal slender brown slightly curved line; the basal area to 
the line suffused with pale reddish-echreous. Thorax, head, palpi, 
and legs above pale reddish-ochreous. 

Expanse ? inch. 

Hab. Dharmsala. In coll. British Museum. 


MIRESA QUADRINOTATA, 0. Sp. 


Pale greyish-ochreous: fore wing sparsely speckled with brown 
scales; apical area suffused with pale brownish-ochreous ; a small 
black-speckled spot at end of the cell, and another spot within the 
cell: hind wing and body greyish-ochreous. 

Expanse ? inch, 


fab. Kangra; Kullu. In coll. British Museum. 


PaRASA HOCKINGIHI, 0. sp. 


Wings brown: fore wing with a broad, medial, erect, excurved, 
transverse, green band. Thorax and front green. 
Expanse 14 inch. 


Hab. Kangra Valley (3000 feet). Larva, November, on Toon 
( Cedrela toona). 

Larva limaciform, pale green, wrinkled at the sides; above the 
spiracles two lateral rows of very small tubercular tufts of fine short 
yellowish bairs, the anterior and posterior tufts being a little larger ; 
four subdorsal anterior and four posterior larger tubercular tufts of 
rigid black hairs; a dorsal blue-bordered crimson band with black 


angular lateral marks; a subdorsal and two lateral slender blue 
lines. Length 3 inch. 


APHENDALA FASCIATA, 0. Sp. 


Male. Umber-brown: fore wing very sparsely black speckied ; 
with a transverse subbasal, a medial, and a marginal lilacine-grey 
silky fascia ; a minute black spot at end of the cell. Cilia lilacine- 
grey. 

Expanse 1,2; inch. 

Hab. Dharmsaia. In coll. British Museum. 


Fam. LAsIocAMPID&. 
Buma, 0. g. 

Wings semitransparent towards the outer border in male, less so 
in female ; basal area hairy : fore wing narrow, elongated, triangu- 
lar ; costa slightly depressed in the middle, almost pointed at the 
apex ; exterior. margin very oblique and slightly cenvex ; posterior 


404 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW LEPIDOPTERA [June 19, 


margin short; costal vein extending to two thirds the margin ; cell 
extending to nearly one half the wing ; first subcostal emitted at 
one fourth before end of the cell; second trifid, emitted immediately 
before the end, third at one half and fourth at one fourth beyond 
base of the second, the third terminating at the apex; fifth and 
sixth (or upper radial) on a footstalk beyond end of the cell ; disco- 
cellular inwardly oblique, lower radial from slight angle above end of 
the cell; middle median at one third, and lower median at two thirds 
before end of the cell ; submedian slightly depressed in the middle. 
Hind wing very short obovate; costa lobate at the base ; lower end 
of the cell extending to one half the wing; costal vein deeply 
recurved, its base very convex, extending to only half the margin, 
furnished with two short ascending bifid spurs, the first (or pre- 
costal vein) starting straight upwards from its base, the second spur 
ascending obliquely from above middle of the basal arch; first sub- 
costal emitted at one half the upper length of the cell and anasto- 
mosing with the concave portion of the costal for a short distance 
and then proceeding to the apex; discocellular oblique; two upper 
median veins from end of the cell, middle at one sixth and lower at 
one third before end of the cell; submedian and internal vein 
recurved. Body densely clothed with hair, abdomen extending half 
beyond hind wing in male, anal tuft very dense in female; head 
small, hairy in front; palpi short, pointed at tip, densely, but 
compactly clothed; legs densely hairy above ; antennz bipectinated, 
the pectinations plumose, and longest at the base in male. 
Type, B. undulosa. 
Allied to genus Taragama (Megasoma, Boisd.). 


BHIMA UNDULOSA. 


9. Pecilocampa undulosa, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. vi. 
p- 1477 (1855). 

Male. Semitransparent. Wings fuliginous-black externally, fuligi- 
nous-bronze basally: fore wing crossed by two contiguous inwardly- 
oblique waved antemedial, and two lunular discal fuliginous-grey 
lines, and a submarginal zigzag black-bordered grey fascia; a grey 
lunule at end of the cell: hind wing with two indistinct grey discal 
fasciz. Body fuliginous-brown; front of head ochreous ; antennze 
and legs black. 

Female. Less semitransparent. Wings fuliginous ochreous- 
brown ; the transverse markings ochreous-grey. Body and front of 
head ochreous-brown; anal tuft ochreous. 

Expanse, ¢ 14, Q 32 inches. 

Hab. Darjiling (Atkinson), Cherra Pinyi (Austen), Dharmsala 
(Hocking). 

‘*Reared from a curious moss-like larva.” (Hocking.) 

Cocoon of pale rusty-brown silk, intermixed with short sharp 
spiny black hairs. 


TARAGAMA CASTANOPTERA, 0. Sp. 
Female. Differs from T. ganesa in its larger size. Both wings of 


1888.] FROM THE HIMALAYAS. 405 


a dark chestnut vinaceous-red, with ochreous-white ciliz: fore wing 
with similar, but more prominent ochreous-white transverse bands, 
the outer band being uniformly undulated, not angulated, and not 
showing the discal spot seen in 7’. ganesa; exterior border slightly 
greyish speckled : hind wing with a distinct ochreous-white trans- 
verse discal narrow fascia. Head, palpi above, front and top of 
thorax ochreous-white ; tegulee and abdomen dark chestuut-red, the 
latter with very slight greyish segmental fringe. 

Expanse, 2 34 inches. 

Hab. Kangra Valley. In coll. British Museum. 

* Reared from pupa, spun in fern.” (Hocking.) 


VARMINA, 0. g. 


Fore wing elongated, triangular ; costa almost straight, slightly 
arched at the end, apex somewhat acute; exterior margin oblique 
and slightly convex; posterior margin convex towards the base ; 
costal vein straight, extending to two thirds the margin; cell long 
and broad, extending to two thirds the wing ; first subcostal emitted 
at one half before end of cell; second at one fifth, third thrown off 
at a little beyond one half from its base and terminating before the 
apex ; fourth from end of the cell, curving upward and anastomosing 
with third for a short distance and thence recurved upward and ter- 
minating before the apex ; fifth from below fourth at a little beyond 
one half between its base and juncture with third; discocellular 
angled close to each end, concave in the middle, radials from the 
angles; middle median from angle close to end of the cell, lower 
median at nearly one third before end of the cell; submedian 
straight. Hind wing short ; costa arched, apex and exterior margin 
convex ; cell broad, extending to two thirds the wing ; two subcostals 
from end of the cell; discocellular concave, radial from below its 
middle; two upper medians from lower end of the cell; lower 
median at nearly one third before the end ; submedian and internal 
vein slightly recurved. Body clothed with long, lax, silky hair, 
anal tuft somewhat long in male, thick in female; thorax stout ; 
antennze minutely pectinated in male; palpi laxly pilose ; femora, 
tibize, and tarsi laxly pilose. 


VARMINA INDICA. 


Gluphisia indica, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. v. p. 1039 
(1855). 

Male and Female. Fuliginous-grey: fore wing with five trans- 
verse oblique zigzag dusky-black fasciz, the first, third, and filth 
most distinct ; the interspaces from base of wing to the fifth fascia 
numerously covered with minute orange-yellow spots, the outer 
border being bare: a grey-bordered black lunule at end of the cell, 
a spot in middle of the cell, and a submarginal row of short longi- 
tudinal linear grey-bordered black spots: hind wing uniformly fuligi- 
nous-grey, with an indistinct black lunule at end of the cell. Thorax 
greyish-white in male, pure white in female, with two transverse 


Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. XXVIII. 28 


406 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW LEPIDOPTERA [June 19 


rows of black spots; abdomen covered with blackish silky hair, anal 
tuft greyish ; head, palpi, and legs covered with silky grey hair. 

Expanse, ¢ 152;, 2 14; inch. 

Hab. Dharmsala (Hocking); Umballa District (Capt. Reed). In 
coll. British Museum and F. Moore. 

Larva purple-black, sparsely spotted with minute ferruginous- 
white dots; a lateral row of more distinct spots, white spiracles, 
and contiguous ferruginous speckles ; the segments sparsely tufted 
with long hair, the lower and subdorsal rows from sixth to last seg- 
ment whitish, the others pale ferruginous, each tuft arising from a 
bright ferruginous turbercle; two black dorsal longer and denser 
tufts on the fifth and one on the twelfth segment, also a long slender 
black tuft on each side of second segment projecting in front of the 
head ; head black, face yellow. 

** Larva on plum, April; pupa April 28; imago May 14.” 


Eurrerote FRATERNA, Nl. Sp. 


Male. Clear reddish-brown ; fore wing crossed by a distinct 
blackish medial sinuous line and three indistinct more slender discal 
sinuous lines, each line being bent inward at the costal end; these 
are followed by two parallel outer discal straight but slightly recurved 
lines, and a submarginal indistinct zigzag line, the latter terminating 
in two greyish-speckled spots at the apex ; between the medial line 
and base of wing are some scarcely distinguishable sinuous lines : 
hind wing crossed by three inner discal very indistinct slender sinuous 
lines, two parallel recurved distinct lines, and a submarginal, less 
distinct zigzag line. Underside slightly paler, the medial and the 
two parallel discal lines only being indistinctly visible. 

Expanse 33 inches. 

Hab. Dharmsala. In coll. British Museum, 

Allied to E. invalida, Butler (Types Lep. Het. B. M. v. pl. 96. 
f. 3). Distinguished from it by all the sinuous lines on fore wing 
being bent inward towards the costal end. 


Fam. CyMaTOPHORID2. 
THYATIRA COGNATA, 0. Sp. 


Differs from TJ. éatis in the fore wing being comparatively 
narrower and longer, the ground-colour greyish brown, the peach- 
coloured patches are duller but of a darker tint, and the medial 
patch on the posterior border is absent, the basal patch is more 
angular, being almost pointed below the cell, the transverse black 
sinuous lines between the patches are mostly with greyish-white 
borders. Hind wing and abdomen also greyer brown. 

Expanse 1,3, to 1,5 inch. 

Hab, Kangra. In coll. British Museum. 


HaBROSYNE FRATERNA, Li. Sp. 


Paler than H. derasa. Differs on the fore wing in the outwardly- 
oblique subbasal white band being more curved towards the base of 


1888. ] FROM THE HIMALAYAS. 407 


the costal margin at its upper end, the white costal area being there 
also broader, the bordering ferruginous sinuous lines are narrower in 
extent, and the complex sinuous lines extending up the discal area 
are more distinctly defined, the white submarginal fascia is also 
somewhat more curved, and the marginal ferruginous lunules broader ; 
both the orbicular and reniform spots are more constricted in their 
middle. 

Expanse 1,3, to 1,8, inch. 

Hab. Kangra. In coll. British Musenm. 

This is quite distinct from H. indica, being distinguished from 
that species by its smaller size, wider space between the base of fore 
wing and the outwardly oblique transverse line, the space within the 
base of the cell being pure white instead of ferruginous, as in 7. 
indica. 


Fam. BomBycorp#. 


Genus Karana, Moore. 


KARANA SIMILIS, n. sp. 


Differs from the Darjiling K. decorata in its smaller size. Fore 
wing black, grey-speckled, with similar silvery-white markings, the 
subbasal comparatively narrower and more zigzag, the antemedial 
transverse band more erect, narrower, and with the two contiguous 
spots nearer the band, the reniform mark is narrower and more 
obliquely disposed, the discal transverse sinuous black line is more 
distinct and has grey-speckled borders, the submarginal black 
dentate points less conspicuous. Hind wing pale cinereous-white 
basally and pale cinereous-brown externally; cilia alternately 
cinereous-white and brown. Palpi and legs white-speckled. 

Expanse 1,5; inch. 

Hab. Kangra. In coll. British Museum. 


PALIMPSESTIS RENALIS, 0. sp. 


Purplish brownish-grey. Fore wing with a slender, black, erect, 
sinuous, antemedial line, and an outwardly-angulated postmedial line; 
contiguous to the latter are two or three less distinct lines, followed by 
a more distinct submarginal denticulated line and a marginal row 
of short linear spots; between the medial bands the area is grey, the 
orbicular and reniform spot is pinkish, and both are bordered pos- 
teriorly by a raised tuft of brown scales. Hind wing dusky brown. 
Legs with indistinct brownish bands. 

Expanse 1,§, to 1,58, inch. 

Hab. Kangra. In coll. British Museum. 


PALIMPSESTIS ORBICULARIS, Nl. Sp. 


Male and Female. Dusky brownish-grey. Fore wing with a 
slender, distinct, black, transverse antemedial anda postmedial waved 
line ; orbicular and reniform spot black-lined, the former with a 
whitish centre; between the antemedial line and the base are four 
or five transverse, indistinct, pale-bordered, blackish sinuous lines, and 


408 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW LEPIDOPTERA {June 19, 


beyond the postmedial line are two similar but wider-separated discal 
lines, the outer lines being most distinct and ending at the apex; a 
less distinct line also contiguous to the postmedial line; along the 
extreme outer margin is a fine black lunular line. Hind wing grey- 
ish-brown, indistinctly paler across the middle ; cilia cinereous. 
Thorax, head, palpi, and legs, above, greyish-brown ; legs with black 
bands. 

Expanse, ¢ 15%, 2 1 58 inch. 

Hab. Kangra. In coll. British Museum. 


PALIMPSESTIS ALBIDISCA, Ni. Sp. 


Fore wing greyish olive-brown, the posterior base and dise 
slightly suffused with pink, crossed by a medial, waved, sinuous, 
distinct black line, followed by five or six paler sinuous lines, each of 
which are angulated outward at the upper median vein; beyond 
these is a more distinct but less sinuous line, which is blackest at 
the apical end; marginal line also black ; between the medial line 
and the base are three indistinct waved black lines with slight 
whitish-speckled borders, and at the base is a short longitudinal 
black-crested streak with white lower edge; the area between the 
medial line and the third discal line is white below the cell. Hind 
wing pale greyish brown. Thorax, head, and palpi olivaceous 
hoary ; legs with black bands. 

Expanse 1,8; inch. 

Hab. Kangra. In coll. British Museum. 


DirHTERA FASCIATA, 0. Sp. 


Fore wing pale green; with a black basal costal streak, a basal 
posterior streak which is bent upward below the cell, two small 
costal streaks, followed by a broad costal streak which is continued 
across end of the cell, beyond this are two smaller costal streaks and 
a larger dentate spot, from the latter extends a dark green waved 
fascia, which has a slender, black, sinuous, inner-bordered line, the 
exterior border being sparsely speckled with minute black scales ; 
cilia with an alternate white and black sinuous border. Hind wing 
bluish-white. Body pale green; palpi and legs greenish-white with 
black bands. 9 

Expanse 1,6, inch. 

Hab, Kangra. In coll. British Museum. 


Genus Trina. 


TRIZNA DENTICULATA, D. Sp. 


Male. Fore wing brownish-grey ; crossed by slender, sinuous, in- 
distinct blackish lines with grey-speckled borders, of which the basal 
is acute and the discal lines are most apparent ; a marginal row of 
black points ; orbicular mark oblique, with greyish-white centre ; 
from the base below the cell extends a longitudinal black streak to the 
antemedial line, and a similar streak from the postmedial line to the 
exterior margin. Hind wing white; veins dusky-brown; with a 


1888. ] FROM THE HIMALAYAS. 409 


marginal row of brown lunules, which also extend across the cilia. 
Thorax, head, palpi, and legs brownish-grey ; abdomen paler. 
Female. Fore wing greyer than in male, the transverse lines slightly 
more distinct, the longitudinal black streak continued from the base 
to exterior margin. 

Expanse 14 inch. 

Hab. Kangra. In coll. British Museum. 


Genus Hysoma, Hubner. 
HyBoMa DIVISA, 0. sp. 


Allied to the European H. strigosa, much larger in size. Fore 
wing dark grey, with a slight violaceous tint; the transverse ante- 
medial black double line less sinuous, the postmedial sinuous double 
line blacker, the intermedial area being outwardly crossed by a zigzag, 
blackish, fasciated band, the longitudinal blackish streak below the 
cell is in a continuous line from the base to outer margin. Hind 
wing greyish-brown. Thorax, head and palpi, and legs above, dark 
hoary-grey ; palpi and legs with black bands; abdomen greyish- 
brown. 

Expanse, 3 13, 2 14 inch. 

Hab. Kangra. In coll. British Museum. 


Fam. LEvCANIID2. 
Genus TympanitstEs, Moore. 
TYMPANISTES RUBIDORSALIS, 0. sp. 


Fore wing pale pinkish whitish-ochreous, densely but indistinctly 
irrorated with minute brown scales ; reniform mark small, with brown- 
speckled border ; a marginal row of minute black dots. Hind wing 
pinkish-white, the abdominal border suffused with pale pink. Thorax, 
head, palpi, and legs above very pale brownish-ochreous ; abdomen 
white beneath, pinkish-red above. 

Expanse 17 inch. 

Hab. Kangra. In coll. British Museum. 


Genus Axytia, Hiibner. 
AXYLIA TRISERIATA, 0. Sp. 


Fore wing greyer in tint of colour than in A. putris; the costal 
border and markings darker, the transverse subbasal zigzag lines less 
acutely angled, the two transverse discal rows of dots situated nearer 
towards the outer margin; between the inner rows of dots and the 
reniform mark is a distinct third row of very similar dots, the marginal 
row of dentate points are also less distinct. Hind wing pale purplish 
cinereous-brown. 

Expanse 1,4; inch. 

Hab. Kangra. In coll. British Museum. 


LEUCANIA IRRORATA, N. Sp. 


Fore wing pale greyish-ochreous, sparsely irrorated with minute 


410 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW LEPIDOPTERA {June 19, 


black scales, some of which are clustered somewhat linearly below 
base of the cell and beyond its end; a black spot at lower end of 
the cell, and a marginal row of minute black dots. Hind wing pale 
cinereous-brown ; cilia white. Body greyish-ochreous ; palpi and 
legs above darker; tip of abdomen cinereous-brown. 

Expanse 1,4; inch. 

Hab. Kangra. In coll. British Museum. 


LEUCANIA PERCISA, Nl. Sp. 


Fore wing greyish pinkish-ochreous, with a conspicuous white 
line extending along the median vein from base to exterior margin, 
the line bordered on both sides by purplish-black, most strongly 
beneath at the base, the black also extending upward to the apex; a 
black spot at lower end of the cell, and a discal and marginal row 
of less distinct minute black dots. Hind wing cinereous-white, with 
pale cinereous-brown outer border; cilia white. Body greyish- 
ochreous ; a blackish collar across the thorax ; head ochreous-brown ; 
palpi and legs dusky-brown. 

Expanse, ¢ 13, 2 14 inch. 

Hab. Kangra. In coll. British Museum. 


LEUCANIA BIFASCIATA, N. Sp. 


Fore wing pale purplish-red, with a pale yellowish fascia along 
base of the costa and another along the posterior margin; median 
and outer veins to the margin whitish, the former with a slightly 
black border, and the latter with an indistinct intermediate black 
streak ascending to the apex; an indistinct discal row of minute 
black dots. Hind wing pale cinereous-brown, suffused with red on 
the margin and cilia. Body pale yellow, tip of abdomen ochreous ; 
thoracic crest tipped with red; palpi and legs purplish-red. 

Expanse 1;%y inch. 

Hab. Kangra. In coll. British Museum. 

Allied to Z. griseifasciata. 


ALETIA FRATERNA, Ni. Sp. 


Allied to A. albicosta, both the fore and hind wing and the 
body being of a dark purplish reddish-ochreous colour. Fore wing 
with paler short transverse strigze ; median veins and discoidal streak 
greyish ; the orbicular and reniform spot obsolete. Underside of 
both wings and body also much darker coloured. 

Expanse, ¢ 1? inch. 

Hab. Kangra. In coll. British Museum. 


ALETIA EXANTHEMATA, 0. Sp. 


Fore wing yellowish-ochreous, speckled with purplish ochreous, 
the speckles beimg more or less confluent along the costal border ; 
across the wing is a curved antemedial and a waved postmedial 
blackish-speckled line, followed by a similar speckled discal line and 
_a marginal row of dots ; between the latter is a dusky submarginal 


1888. | FROM THE HIMALAYAS. 411 


waved line ; orbicular and reniform spot almost free from the darker 
speckles. Hind wing pale yellow, with a suffused dusky-brown 
margin ; cilia pale yellow. Thorax and head yellowish-ochreous ; 
palpi and legs purplish-ochreous. 

Expanse 1,°; to 1,4; inch. 

Hab. Kangra. In coll. British Museum. 


ALETIA RUDIS, 0. sp. 


Allied to A. obscura. Fore wing brownish-ferruginous, very 
sparsely irrorated with minute blackish scales and with indistinctly 
darker brownish-ferruginous short transverse strigze, which are most 
apparent in the female ; veins greyish ; a small whitish spot at lower 
end of the cell, at base of upper medians, the spot with black-speckled 
border ; a very indistinct pale reniform spot, which in the female 
is slightly bordered with black scales; a very indistinct, transverse, 
discal, black-speckled line, the points only of which are seen in the 
male. Hind wings ferruginous-brown, palest at the base. 

Expanse, ¢ 154, 2 155; inch. 

Hab. Kangra. In coll. British Museum. 


Fam. CARADRINIDZ. 
CARADRINA FARINACEA, 0. 8p. 


Fore wing minutely white-speckled ; crossed by a very indistinct 
basal, subbasal, medial, and a discal, smuous, slender, blackish line, 
followed by a submarginal lunular line ; the orbicular spot indistinct ; 
reniform spot with black-speckled border and central dots. Hind 
wing greyish-white, with a slight greyish-brown border ; cilia white. 
Body and legs grey ; tarsi with brown bands. 

Expanse 17 inch. 

Hab. Kangra. In coll. British Museum. 


Fam. HeviorHip. 


Genus Prapatra, Moore. 
PRADATTA BIMACULATA, N. sp. 


Male. Fore wing pale straw-yellow, the veins indistinctly lined 
with ochreous-red ; a minute, black, discocellular dot at upper end 
of the cell: hind wing white. Body-pale straw-yellow ; thorax 
in front and palpi brighter ; fore legs above ochreous-brown, tibial 
claws black. 

Expanse 4 inch 

Hab. Dharmsala. In coll. British Museum. 


Genus Masatia, Moore. 
MasAaLia TOSTA, Nn. sp. 


Female. Fore wing ochreous-red, with a slight pale yellow streak 
extending through end of the cell to near the outer margin ; costal 
edge also pale yellow ; cilia slightly edged with white. Hind wing 


412 ON NEW LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE HIMALAYAS. [June 19, 


pale straw-yellow ; veins and outer border slightly speckled with 
minute red scales; cilia with a pale red inner border. Underside 
pale ochreous-yellow ; veins of fore wing and costal border of hind 
wing ochreous-red. Thorax, front of head, palpi, and legs above 
ochreous ; fore tibial claws black ; abdomen pale straw-yellow. 
Expanse 1} inch. 
Hab. Dharmsala. In coll. British Museum. 


Fam. ANTHOPHILID. 


Genus Meracurostis, Hibner. 
(Syn. Leptosia, Guénée.) 
METACHROSTIS CONTINGENS, 0. sp. 


Dark grey. Fore wing with a basal and three equidistant trans- 
verse more or less interrupted brown waved bands ; the third band 
broadest at end of the cell and there forming a reniform spot ; before 
which is an orbicular spot ; a submarginal sinuous pale line. Hind 
wing cinereous-grey, with short, posterior, sinuous, brown-speckled 
bands ; a marginal black lunular line to both wings. Body, palpi, 
and tarsal bands dark grey ; legs cinereous. 

Expanse 5%; inch, 

Hab. Dharmsala. In coll. British Museum. 


Fam. ACONTIIDE. 
Genus Canna, Walker. 


CANNA SPLENDENS, 0. sp. 


Male. Upperside: fore wing with a large, broad, waved-bordered, 
pale emerald-green patch, which terminates in a small lower spot on 
hind margin near the base, both with dark brown speckled margins ; 
outer area of wing pale green, crossed by a white lunular discal line ; 
a white-centred brown anterior spot and a white posterior spot on 
exterior margin; two minute spots also on costa before the apex ; 
cilia green, alternated with brown; hind wing pale pinkish-brown ; 
margin palest. Body pale brown: front of thorax and vertex 
emerald-green, hind part of thorax and dorsal tuft on middle of 
abdomen black-fringed. 

Expanse 12 inch. 

Hab. Dharmsala, 6200 feet; August. In coll. British Museum. 


1888. ] PROF. J. B. STEERE ON THE “ TAMARON.” 413 


November 20, 1888. 
Prof, Flower, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. 


The Secretary read the following reports on the additions made 
to the Society’s Menagerie during the months of June, July, August, 
September, and October, 1888 :— 

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena- 
gerie during the month of June was 107, of which 9 were by birth, 
29 by presentation, 6 by purchase, 3 by exchange, and 60 were 
received on deposit. The total number of departures during the 
same period by death and removals was 85. 

The most noticeable additions during the month were :— 

Three specimens of Pallas’s Sand-Grouse (Syrrhaptes paradoxus), 
captured out of the many flocks of this Asiatic bird that have lately 
visited the British Islands. One of these (received June 2nd) was 
taken near Berwick-on-I'weed, and presented by Mr. Howat Crane, 
the two others were obtained on the Island of Tiree, Argyllshire, 
and presented (June 16th) by Lieut.-Col. Irby and Capt. Saville 
Reid. 

The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the 
month of July were 148 in number ; of these 64 were acquired by 
presentation, 18 by purchase, 3 by exchange, 37 by birth, and 26 
were received on deposit. The total number of departures during 
the same period by death and removals was 122. 

The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the 
month of August were 145; of these 80 were acquired by presen- 
tation, 12 by purchase, 20 by birth, 6 by exchange, and 27 were 
received on deposit. The total number of departures during the 
same period by death and removals was 106. 

The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the 
month of September were 81; of these 54 were acquired by presen- 
tation, 9 by purchase, 3 by exchange, 9 were bred in the Gardens, 
and 6 were received on deposit. The total number of departures 
during the same period by death and removals was 92. 

The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the 
month of October were 93, of which 12 were by birth, 43 by pre- 
sentation, 8 by purchase, 3 by exchange, and 27 were received on 
deposit. The total number of departures during the same period by 
death and removals was 144. 


The following extracts were read from a letter addressed to the 
Secretary by Prof. J. B. Steere, C.M.Z.S., dated Manilla, Philip- 
pines, June 25th, 1888 :— 

“© Since the receipt of your letter I have been in the interior of the 
little-known island of Mindoro, and havehad the satisfaction of 
procuring specimens of a strange animal there, which, though 
generally talked of throughout the Philippines, is little known to 


Proc. Zooxu. Soc.—1888, <XIX. 29 
<\stt M > 
Sp 2 HS 


Z D 


\e 


) NA ° a e 
< rato 


414 PROF. J. B. STEERE ON THE “TAMARON.”  [Nov. 20, 


scientific men’. This is the ‘Tamaron.” From the native reports 
I could make out nothing but that it was a large fierce beast 
with sharp horns, which attacked all who came near it. While 
in this city last July I saw a professed example mounted in the 
Dominican College of Santo Tomas. From what I could make 
out of it at that time I thought the head was that of a calf of the 
species, and that the skin of a young Buffalo had been used for the 
remainder of the specimen. I now know that the first part of my 
impression was correct. I am not now so certain of the second 
part, as to the skin of a young Buffalo having been used, and shall 
examine the specimen again. 

“In Mindoro I procnred three full-grown individuals (two males 
and one female) of the Tamaron, and have preserved the skins and 
skeletons. 

“The following is my description, as taken from the animals when 
first killed :— 

“¢ General colour of skin and hair black, hair short and rather fine. 
A greyish-white stripe running from near the inner corner of the 
eye towards the base of the horn (this stripe three inches long by 
one inch wide), a greyish-white spot above each hoof on all feet, 
and a greyish-white patch on inuer side of lower fore leg ; skin and 
hair of groin white ; bare skin of nose and lips black ; horns and hoofs 
black ; tips of horns pointed and polished ; horns triangular, with a 
tendency in the bulls towards thickening and flattening at the base ; 
lower part of the horns with deep irregular pits ; several of the last 
vertebre of the tail aborted. Size of No. 1, an old bull :—length from 
point of nose to tip of tail eight feet one inch ; length of tail one foot 
five inches; Jength of tassel of hairs at end of tail two and a half 
inches; height at shoulder three feet six inches; from breast-bone 
to sole of fore foot one foot eight inches ; length of horns one foot 
two inches ; circumference of horns at base thirteen inches ; horns, 
distance apart at base one and a half inch, at points ten inches; 
length of head, before skinning, one foot four inches. 

“*No. 2, an old cow, differed but little in measurements, being 
eight feet in length ; height at shoulder three feet five inches; the 
horns were weaker and rounder at the base. 

“No. 3, a full-grown young bull, was eight feet two inches long ; 
height at shoulder three feet five inches, at hip three feet six inches ; 
horns little worn and one foot five inches long. 

“The body of the Tamaron is very round and muscular, as are the 
legs. 

«The horns run downwards and backwards until they reach the line 
of the eye and upper edge of the nose, and then pass nearly straight 
backwards, turning towards each other moderately at the points. 

«The animals are Buffalo-like in habits ; they come out upon the 
sandy reaches of the rivers at night to fight and to escape the insects, 


1 See communications from Mr. A. B. Everett, Dr. A. B. Meyer, and Mr, 
Bartlett on this subject, P. Z. 8. 1878, pp. 792, 881,882; also Dr. Meyer's letter, 
‘Nature, xxxix. p. 9 (1888); and Dr. Hoffmann’s article in Abh. k, Zool. Mus. 
zu Dresden, 1886-87, no 3, p. 27: 


1888. ] MR. H. SEEBOHM ON PHASIANUS SHAWI. 415 


and gather together in bands of some size. They separate by day 
going two or three together, or solitarily, into the low bottoms at the 
back of the streams, feeding on the wild cane and making their way 
to the little forest-streams and pools, in which they bathe in the 
water and mud like the Buffaloes. 

“The domestic Buffalo ( Bubalus indicus), the only beast of burden 
here, has escaped from its owners in the island of Mindoro in 
large numbers, and is now found wild, and is called ‘ Cimmarone.’ 
The Tamaron and these come in frequent conflict, the Tamaron 
being said to attack it at first sight, and, though much smaller, being 
quicker and stronger, to drive the Buffaloes back. The ‘ Tamaron,. 
from all I can make out, is nearest to the Anoa of Celebes, and 
raises a new problem in distribution. If Mr Wallace’s generic name 
stand it might be called Anoa mindorensis, if not already named, or if 
that of Reichert is adopted, Probubalus mindorensis.” 


Mr. Edgar Thurston, C.M.Z.S., exhibited and made remarks upon 
a fine series of Corals and other marine animals which he had 
collected on islands in the Gulf of Manar, Indian Ocean. 


Mr. Henry Seebohm, F.Z.S., exhibited examples of Phasianus 
shawi collected by General Prejevalski in the upper valley of the 
Tarim River, and an example of a new species of Phasianus from 
the shores of Lob-Nor, respecting which he communicated the fol- 
lowing note by Herr Theodore Pleske :— 

«Amongst the collection of bird-skins which General Prejevalski 
brought from Lob-Nor is a fine series of a species of Pheasant which 
he provisionally determined as Phasianus shawi (Prejevalski, “ Von 
Kuldscha iiber der Tian-Schan an der Lob-Noor,” Isvest. Imp. Russ. 
Geogr. Obsch. xiii. p. 275, 1877). He afterwards described it as a 
new species under the name of P. é¢arimensis (Prejevalski, Dritte 
Reise in Central Asien, aus Saissan iiber Chami nach Thibet und 
an die Quellen des Gelbe Flusses, p. 95. A review of this work, 
which was published in 1883, will be found in the ‘ Journal fiir 
Ornithologie,’ 1886, p. 524.) 

“* Phasianus tarimensis is very closely allied to P. shawi, but differs 
from it in two important particulars : 

“qa, The wing-coverts are yellowish brown instead of ashy grey ; 

«6, The margins of the feathers of the rump and of the upper 
tail-coverts are green and buff instead of copper-red. 

“‘Tt ranges from Karaschar, in the lower valley of the Tarim River, 
and the valley of the Tschertsche Darya to the shores of Lob-Nor.” 

Mr. Seebohm added the following remarks :— 

** General Prejevalski obtained examples of P. shawi in the valleys 
of the Aksu-Darya and the Khoten-Darya near their confluence with 
the middle stream of the Tarim River, and in the oasis of Sa-tschen, 
which do not differ from those obtained by Dr. Scully near the 
city of Kashgar. They were originally described by him as P. sat- 
chenensis, a name subsequently withdrawn in favour of P. insignis, 
both names being synonyms of P. shawi. 

29* 


416 MR. H. SEEBOHM ON VANELLUS GREGARIUS. [Nov. 20, 


“The green and buff upper tail-coverts of P. tarimensis distinguish 
it both from P. colchicus and its allied races, in which the upper 
tail-coverts are copper-red, in some examples alternating with green 
in certain lights; and from P. torquatus and its allied races, in which 
they are green and slate-grey. Both in its geographical range and 
in its coloration it is intermediate between these two groups; but 
on the whole its affinities seem to be with the latter if we attach 
importance to the characters of the tail-feathers, which are narrowly 
barred with dark brown between buff rather than olive spaces.”’ 


Mr. Henry Seebohm, F.Z.S., exhibited a specimen of the Sociable 
Lapwing (Vanellus gregarius) which had been shot in Lancashire 
about twenty-five years ago, and was the only example of this species 
which had been known to have occurred in the British Islands. 
Mr. Seebohm made the following remarks:—“The specimen now 
exhibited was shot by a farmer named John Jackson out of a flock 
of Peewits in autumn, and was preserved by a gamekeeper of the 
name of John Isles, who placed it in a case of stuffed birds belonging 
to another gamekeeper of the name of Joseph Frankland. It re- 
mained for many years in this case, which contained about sixty 
other birds, and was taken care of by a farmer of the name of 
William Frankland, a brother of the gamekeeper, who lived at 
Holcombe, near Bury. 

‘Whilst it was in Frankland’s possession it was erroneously identi- 
fied as a Cream-coloured Courser, and was recorded as such (Mitchell, 
‘ Birds of Lancashire, p. 175). It is now in the possession of Mr. 
W. H. Doeg, of Manchester, who has kindly sent it up for exhibition. 

‘*The bird was shot some time between the years 1860 and 1866, at 
Whitehall, about two miles from St. Michael’s on Wyre, and nearly 
ten miles south-east of Fleetwood, not far from the celebrated Pilling 
Moss, where the Black-headed Gulls used to breed. 

“The pedigree of the specimen appears to be perfectly satisfactory, 
and the appearance in this country of a species which breeds in 
South-west Siberia only adds another case to many similar accidental 
occurrences. It is in immature plumage, probably about a year old. 
There are no signs of the dark streaks on the breast nor of the buff 
streaks on the back so characteristic of young in first plumage; but 
the black on the crown and on the belly and the chestnut on the 
thighs are only beginning to appear. Its shortest primaries are 
black on the outer webs and white on the inner webs, a character 
which separates the species at all ages from its thirteen allies. It 
has a small hind toe; the outer tail-feather on each side is entirely 
white; the other tail-feathers are crossed by a dark band, and the 
secondaries are entirely white. The combination of the four last- 
mentioned characters is also diagnostic of the species.” 


The following papers were read :— 


ig Me ee ee 


PP. Z.S.1888. Pl 


by 


Smit lith 


FOSSIL CROCODILTIA . 


P. Z.S.1888 .Pl XIX, 


J. Smit lith 


FOSSIL CROCODEIA 


1888.] ON THE SKELETAL ANATOMY OF THE MESOSUCHIA. 417 


1. Contribution to the Skeletal Anatomy of the Mesosuchia 
based on Fossil Remains from the Clays near Peter- 
borough in the Collection of A. Leeds, Esq. By J. W. 
Hutxg, F.Z.S. 


[Received July 14, 1888.] 
(Plates XVIII. & XIX.) 


The primary divisions of the Order Crocodilia laid down by 
Cuvier (1), and extended by R. Owen (2) and by T. Huxley (3), 
are so true to nature that they have been substantially adopted by 
all subsequent writers. and have proved insusceptible of material 
modification. However, within these great divisions the classifi- 
cation of the Crocodilia has, as Strauch truly remarks with reference 
to its extant members, ever constituted one of the more difficult 
tasks of the systematic herpetologist (4). This he rightly attributes 
principally to the small amount of material available for an exhaustive 
study of the entire skeleton of the several Crocodilian species 
preserved in our Museums, and in some measure to the mutable 
nature of those parts from which the systematic herpetologist has 
mainly taken the distinctive characters he employs, viz—the skull, 
in which the proportions of the proper cranial and the facial region 
notably alter with the age of the individual in all species; and the 
integument, the scutes of which exhibit, within limits, differences ag 
regards their shape and their arrangement in the same species. 
Even now, after an interval of more than twenty years since the 
publication of Strauch’s admirable synopsis (5), no public osteo- 
logical collection in this metropolis, so far as I can ascertain, 
possesses a series illustrating the changes of form which the Croco- 
dilian skeleton undergoes in its growth from the young to the 
mature individual in any one species. Indeed as regards one— 
Gavialis, and this not the least important, I find that neither the 
British Museum nor that of the Royal College of Surgeons contains 
a single entire skeleton. The latter, however, possesses a few 
detached bones of this genus (crania are well represented in both 
collections). Exact and comprehensive anatomical knowledge not 
limited to external features, but extended to the whole skeleton and 
to the soft parts, must form the only safe basis of any enduring classifi- 
caticn. As regards the extinct members of the Order, the difficulties 
are for very obvious reasons greatly increased. Highly instructive 
as are the magnificent skeletons bedded in slabs of rock that adorn our 
galleries, these often fail to afford information respecting forms and 
structural details which yet may be of first-rate importance. Ob- 
viously many such details can only be apprehended by the study of 
detached bones that can be separately handled, and be viewed in turn 
from every side. It is the facility for such study that gives a high 
value to a large collection of Crocodilian remains from pits opened in 


418 MR. J. W. HULKE ON THE SKELETAL [Nov. 20, 


the Oxford Clay}, near Peterborough, obtained by A. Leeds, Esq., 
to whom I tender my warm thanks for most courteously affording 
me an opportunity of studying them at leisure during the past 
winter. They are easily freed from the clay by washing, after 
which many of the bones, except for some crushing by earth-pressure, 
are nearly as complete as freshly macerated osteological specimens. 
The mode of their occurrence in the rock, their facies, and their 
relative proportions concur in affording a high degree of probability 
to Mr. A. Leeds’s conviction that each of his series represents one 
individual, and is not derived from several skeletons. An im- 
pression that they help to clear up some points in the skeletal 
structure of the earlier Crocodilians hitherto obscure and requiring 
confirmation is my apology for offering an account of these remains. 
Mr. Leeds’s collection contains remains referable to both the 
primary groups into which Messrs. E. and E. EK. Deslongchamps in 
their classical ‘Memoirs’ (6) divide the family Teleosauria ; their 
genus Teleosaurus is exemplified by a member of the subgenus 
Steneosaurus, and their genus Metriorhynchus by probably tore 
than one species. Mr. Leeds tells me that Steneosawrian remains 
occur sparingly and they are restricted to the upper beds, whereas 
those of Metriorhynchus are plentiful, and they are distributed 
throughout the whole series of the beds, from the uppermost to the 
lowest exposed in the pits. 

The cranial characters distinctive of the two genera laid down by 
Messrs. Deslongchamps (7) are plainly recognizable in the skulls in 
Mr. Leeds’s collection. As, however, these are much crushed and 
otherwise imperfect, I do not offer any description of them. 


MertTRIORHYNCHUS. 


Vertebre.—All, except the first two and the two sacral, have both 
terminal surfaces of the centrum more or less concave, the character 
which stamps the Protosuchii of R. Owen (8), the Mesosuchia of 
T. Huxley (9), and distinguishes these from all the more recent 
Crocodilians, including those of Tertiary age and also the extant 
members which together compose Huxley’s suborder Husuchia (10). 

Atlas.—This vertebra (Plate XVIII. fig. 1) is composed of the 
same elements as in extant Crocodiles, viz—of an azygos ventral 
piece (“basilar Stiick,”’ Stannius) (11); of a pair of lateral pieces 
which, in conjunction with the basilar piece, constitute an incomplete 
ring; of a pars odontoidea ; and of an upper piece (“ piéce supé- 
rieure,” Cuvier; oberes Schlussstiick of German zootomists). The 
existence of this last element may not be doubted, although it is not 
preserved in any atlas in the collection, since its presence has been 
demonstrated in the earlier Crocodilians of the Lias (12), in those 
of contemporary rocks in Normandy (13), in those of Tertiary 
rocks (notwithstanding Ludwig’s opinion that it is absent from the 
Crocodilians of the Mayence basin (14)—an idea founded on a mis- 
apprehension), as it is also in all extant Crocodilians. 


1 Through misapprehension of information given me respecting these pits, T 
was formerly under the impression that they were in the Kimmeridge Clay. 


888. ] ANATOMY OF THE MESOSUCHIA. 419 


In immature individuals all the component elements of the atlas 
are distinct, but in mature individuals they are often synostosed, as 
are also the atlas and epistropheus. 

Basilar piece (Stannius).—In its form and its connections this 
part agrees closely with that of extant Crocodilians. Its anterior or 
cranial surface contributes nearly the lower or ventral half of the 
articular cup for the reception of the occipital condyle. Its inferior 
surface is convex transversely ; whilst its superior is slightly concave 
in this direction, and it is adapted to the corresponding surface of the 
pars odontoidea. Its supero-lateral margins unite with the “ lateral 
pieces.” Its posterior margin, thin, has at its junction with the 
lateral margin, on each side, a large articular facet for the first pair 
of ribs. 

“ Lateral pieces.” —These are composed of a thin, compressed, 
upper part which forms the side-wall of the neural canal, and of a 
stouter lower half. The division between these two parts is 
indicated on the median surface by a slight horizontal ridge which 
marks the former attachment of the “transverse ligament.’ The 
anterior border of the stouter lower part is so wide that it deserves 
the term surface. Smooth, articular, formimg a small segment of a 
circle, it contributes the upper lateral border of the occipital cup. 
The inferior border of the lateral piece unites with the supero- 
lateral border of the “basilar piece.’ The posterior border, and the 
upper border of the upper part of the lateral piece, that part which 
bounds the neural canal, are thin; and at their junction they are 
produced backwards, and they form a rudimentary post-zygapophysis 
which articulates with a similarly dwarfed pree-zygapophysis on the 
epistropheus. ‘The outer surface of the “lateral piece” is traversed . 
obliquely by a ridge, which, starting from the angle formed by the 
junction of the anterior and superior margins of that part of the bone 
which bounds the neural canal, descends in a backward direction 
towards the postero-inferior angle, where it ends in asmall projection 
or tubercle situated in the level of the diapophysis on the epistro- 
pheus. For reasons presently stated this little tubercle should rank 
as an upper atlantal transverse process or diapophysis. The median 
aspect of the stouter, lower part of the lateral piece rests on the 
pars odontoidea. 

Pars odontoidea.—This has a slightly skewed cubic or pyramidal 
form, its inferior or ventral part being slightly smaller than the 
upper. The posterior surface, plane, is marked by horizontal 
ridges and furrows indicative of synchondrosis with the cranial, 
terminal surface of the centrum of the epistropheus. In aged 
individuals it is frequently synostosed with this. The outline of this 
(posterior) surface of the pars odontoidea is an inequilateral four- 
sided figure, in which the upper is longer than the lower side 
Upon its upper surface may be discerned (1) a relatively wide. 
smooth, median tract—the floor of the neural canal ; this is slightly 
encroached upon laterally by (2) a rough synchondrosial impression, 
marking the attachment of the neurapophysis, which also descends 
upon the lateral surface. The postero-lateral angles of the upper 


420 MR. J. W. HULKE ON THE SKELETAL [Nov. 20, 


surface of the pars are truncated by the abutments of the most 
anterior part of the neurapophysis of the epistropheus. Upon the 
anterior or cranial surface of the pars are discernible :—(1) a smooth 
upper tract of rhomboidal outline, of which the upper angle is 
truncated by the neural canal; this area contributes the upper, 
central, and deepest part of the occipital condylar cup; and (2) 
a lower, larger tract looking downwards and forwards, stamped by 
wrinkling denoting synchondrosial union with the “basilar piece.” 

Epistropheus (Axis).—This bone (Plate XVIII. fig. 1) differs 
from all the vertebra posterior to it, (1) in the great antero-posterior 
extent of its spinous process and of its neurapophysis, which latter, 
prolonged in advance of its proper centrum, abuts slightly upon the 
pars; and (2) in the flatness of the anterior terminal surface of its 
centrum, which in immature individuals bears the stamp of synchon- 
drosis, and in aged individuals is often synostosed with the pars. 
The posterior terminal surface of the centrum is concave. In the 
level of the neurocentral suture, not quite equidistant from the two 
ends of the centrum, but rather nearer to the cranial, is a stout, 
upper, downward slanting, transverse process (diapophysis) ; its cross 
section is oval in outline, the major axis horizontal ; and at the lower, 
anterior angle of the lateral surface, where this joins the under sur- 
face of the centrum, is an inconspicuous facet (parapophysis) for the 
capitulum coste. Below the neural suture the middle of the 
centrum is compressed, and its sides here inclining inwards meet 
ventrally in a narrow edge or keel. 

The morphology of some of the component parts of the atlas has 
been much discussed, nor have the last words been spoken. The 
correspondence of the pars odontoidea to the odontoid process of 
the epistropheus in higher Vertebrates was recognized by Cuvier 
(15). Ifthe body of a vertebra be defined as that part of it which 
is traversed by the notochord, then, beyond doubt, embryology 
demonstrates that the pars odontoidea is a vertebral centrum, and 
also that it belongs to the atlas, since in an early embryonic stage 
the notochord may be seen piercing it, and it evidently, together 
with the pair of ‘‘lateral pieces’’ and the basilar piece, forms one 
undifferentiated “‘continuum.” These views of the morphology of 
the pars have been held by nearly all writers. E. Deslongchamps 
alone, I think, regarded the pars as representing the centrum, not 
of the atlas, but of a vertebra once ancestrally present between the 
atlas and the epistropheus, but now reduced to a rudiment. He 
appears to have been led to form this opinion by the occurrence of 
a notch m the free border of the spinous process of the epistropheus, 
and by the great antero-posterior extent of the neurapophysis of 
this latter. These facts appeared to him to hint that the neural 
arch of the epistropheus comprises two parts originally distinct,— 
one posterior, the proper arch of the epistropheus, the other anterior, 
the neural arch of a vertebra immediately anterior to the epistro- 
pheus which, its own centrum being reduced to a rudiment, has 
coalesced with that of the epistropheus (16). This conception of 
the pars is untenable. 


ay 


1888. ] ANATOMY OF THE MESOSUCHIA. 421 


That the pair of “lateral pieces’’ which, above, form the side- 
walls of the neural canal, below join the basilar piece, in front 
contribute to the supero-lateral part of the cup for the occipital 
condyle, which internally rest on the upper part of the antero-lateral 
aspect of the pars, encroaching slightly on the upper surface of this 
latter, are the morphological equivalents of the neurapophyses of 
other vertebre is universally accepted. It is probable that they 
also comprise that part which in Mammalia, under the guise of the 
expanded root of the neurapophysis, contributes the dorso-antero- 
lateral portion of the body of the vertebra which P. Albrecht has 
named hemi-centroid (17). This part of the atlas retains its 
individuality throughout the vertebral column in some early reptiles, 
of which dctinodon is an example. Gaudry, who has given ex- 
cellent figures of the vertebree of this Saurian in his admirable 
‘Enchainements,’ very appropriately named this part pleuro- 
centrum (18) ; and this term has been adopted by E. D. Cope, who 
originally had designated the same part cenérum in his accounts of 
Trimerorhachidians from homotaxic rocks in N. America (19). 

No part of the atlas has been the subject of more discussion than 
the azygos “ basilar piece”? which inferiorly completes the ring. 
Cuvier regarded this as the body of the atlas (20). R. Owen 
considered it to be ‘‘ the inferior part of the centrum of the atlas” 
(21). He also regarded it as homologous with the ventral spur or 
carina present in the cervical and in the foremost thoracic vertebra 
in extant Crocodiles, from which it differs, he remarked, in being 
autogenous. Further, this author identified it with the foremost of 
the ‘‘subvertebral wedge-bones”’ which in Jchthyosaurus supple- 
ments inferiorly the atlantal cup for the occipital condyle (22). 
To the ‘subvertebral wedge-bones,” to the ventral spur of the 
cervical vertebre of extant Crocodilians, and to the Crocodilian 
atlantal basilar piece, R. Owen applies, alike to all, the term 
hypapophysis. But are all these morphologically equivalent 
structures, and is this term properly applicable to all? Apparently 
R. Owen himself has not invariably used the term hypapophysis in 
the same sense, since he evidently has applied it to a part which in 
one instance is a downward extension of the centrum, and in 
another instance he has connected it with a part having an auto- 
genous origin distinct from the centrum. Now in embryos of 
extant Crocodilians it is easily demonstrabie that the ventral spur of 
the cervical vertebre is a downward production of the centrum, with 
the tissues of which it is always continuous (23). To this the term 
hypapophysis strictly applies. The cervical vertebrze in many extant 
lizards have a ventral spur of identic origin, but together with this 
there is frequently present another element, intercalated ventrally 
between the vertebral centra, originating independently of these, 
though later it, not unusually coalesces with the genuine hypa- 
pophysis, commonly of the posterior of the pair of vertebrae between 
which the primitively separate piece lies. Instances of such inter- 
calated pieces are common. ‘They are shown in the two annexed 
sketches of cervical vertebre of Jguana sp. and Trachyosaurus 


422 MR. J. W. HULKE ON THE SKELETAL [Nov. 20, 


rugosus. In the former the ‘intercalary’ or intercentrum only is 
present ; in the latter lizard it coexists with a genuine hypapophysis. 
In any comparison of the Crocodilian atlantal basilar piece with the 
foremost of the ‘“ subvertebral wedge-bones” of Ichthyosaurus, the 

morphological significance of the pair of long, slender hypaxonic — 
styles attached to the former may not be ignored. These styliform 
bones were regarded by Cuvier as ‘‘ apophyses transverses” (24). 
Their separate ossification is unfavourable to this view, which is not 
now maintained by anyone. Their inferior position might seem to 
suggest their being a form of chevron. Is this a tenable sup- 
position? The individual distinctness of each style, the absence of 
union of their ventral ends, is not sufficient, of itself, to refute this 
idea, since Ichthyosaurus and Plesiosaurus furnish familiar examples 
of the complete separateness of the two styles constituting their 
caudal chevrons. It is scarcely necessary to state that the reptilian 
caudal chevron originates in a downward extension of an inter- 
centrum. This, as Dr. G. Baur has mentioned, is plainly demon- 
strable in Sphenodon (25). The development of the intercalated 
part seems often to be inversely proportioned to that of the freely 
ventrally dependent part that forms the chevron. The former may 
be reduced to a mere rudiment, or it may even disappear, whilst the 
latter may persist in its perfect form. I do not call to mind an 
example of the concurrence of an intercentrum and of a chevron, 
each being distinct, and both not forming a continuum. The pair 
of styles dependent from the posterior border of the basilar pieces 
do not, then, lend any support to the identification of the basilar 
piece of the Crocodilian atlas with an (Ichthyosaurian) intercentrum. 

The obvious formal resemblance of the atlantal styles to the 
next posteriorly situated pair of similarly-shaped pieces, by all 
writers regarded as riblets, is a valid reason for regarding the styles 
also as riblets. 

The chief and almost only difference is the simple form of their 
vertebral end, and their consequently single vertebral articulation. 
In estimating the value of this it should be borne in mind that the 
division of the vertebral end of the rib, which is so marked a feature 
in those of the other cervical vertebree behind the epistropheus, is 
in Eusuchia usually indicated only by a shallow notch in the ribs of 
the vertebra just named. The ventral angle of the notch, which 
represents the capifulum coste, is borne directly on a parapophysial 
facet or tubercle ; whilst the upper angle of the notch, answering to 
the tuberculum coste, is commonly only connected by ligament with 
the diapophysis. From the rudimentary condition of the costal 
tubercle in the second pair of riblets, it is easy to conceive that a 
slight further reduction of it might cause its complete suppression in 
the first pair, and this appears actually to have occurred as regards 
the atlantal styles in the Husuchia. Mesosuchia, however, retain a 
trace of a costal tubercular articulation in the little process which 
projects from the outer surface of the atlantal neurapophysis (cf 
Plate XVIII. fig. 1, d). The position of this little process in serial 
line with the upper transverse processes of the other cervical verte- 


1888. ] ANATOMY OF THE MESOSUCHIA. 423 


bre speaks distinctly in favourof its diapophysial character. The 
common acceptance of the pair of atlantal styles as riblets seems, 
then, well founded. 

The origin of the ribs in connection with the myocommata, their 
primitive independence of the permanent vertebrae, and their inter- 
vertebral position as regards the latter suggest the inquiry whether 
instances of ribs being borne on intercentra are known. 

It has been thought that an affirmative answer to this is to be 
found in the vertebral column of Rhachitomide (E. D. Cope). In 
support of this Dr. G. Baur (26) cites Prof. E. D. Cope, who describes 
the capitellum of the fureate rib of a Pelycosaurian—Embolophorus 
fritillus—as being borne on an ‘‘intercentrum” (27). But the 
significance of this turns on the true morphology of the part here 
termed ‘“‘intercentrum” by Cope. Now in stating the generic 
characters of Trimerorhachis this author writes :—‘‘ The centrum is 
represented by three cortical ossifications of the chorda sheath, a 
median inferior, and two lateral. The lateral pieces are quite dis- 
tinct from one another, and are in contact with the neurapophyses 
above, and the posterior border of the median segment in front. 
The neural arch joins chiefly the lateral elements, but is in slight 
contact with the lateral summits of the inferior element.” ‘“ The 
median element I call intercentrum” (27). Again, referring to 
Rhachitomus valens, this author states: “ Each vertebra consists of 
two segments, an znéercentrum and aneural arch. The true centrum 
is wanting in the specimens at my disposal, and the intercentram 
supports portions of two adjacent neural arches. With these it 
shares the intervertebral articular face usually borne by the centrum ” 
(28). It is evident from these passages that Cope’s ‘‘ intercentrum” 
(as is mentioned in an earlier part of his paper) is Gaudry’s “ hypo- 
centrum.” Again, in E. D. Cope’s definition of the Ganocephala 
the following statement occurs :—“ Vertebree consisting of centra 
and intercentra, the former not extending to the base of the vertebra, 
the latter not rising to the neural canal. The centrum consisting of 
two parts distinct from the superior neural arch, viz. a lateral piece 
on each side” (29). Here centrum is used not as equivalent to 
body, for this latter term in its general application comprises also 
the inferior piece. It would appear that Cope’s application of the 
term centrum to the inferior piece was consequent on his interpre- 
tation of the pair of lateral pieces (Gaudry’s pleurocentra) as com- 
posing the centrum. [ do not gather from any of his writings that 
Prof. Cope has, in any of the Ganocephala described by him, found 
intercalary pieces concurrently with vertebral bodies of the con- 
struction just mentioned, and the argument based on his obser- 
vations in relation to this subject, viz. Gaudry’s hypocentrum is an 
intercentrum, is not, I submit, conclusive; and, this being so, the 
inference drawn from the supposed costal articulation with the 
intercentrum in Trimerorhachis, viz. that the atlantal basilar piece 
is really an intercentrum, appears to me to want confirmation. Lower 
in the vertebrate scale instances are known, of which Spatularia is 
an example, where, together with vertebre consisting of a neural 


424 MR. J. W. HULKE ON THE SKELETAL [Nov. 20, 


arch (the expanded root of which, descending laterally on the noto- 
chordal sheath, represents a pleurocentrum), and of an inferior or 
ventral ossicle lying vertically beneath it, and so representing 
Gaudry’s hypocentrum, there are also present distinct inferior ossicles 
in the notochordal sheath, intercalated one between each pair of com- 
posite vertebral bodies, and thus intruded between the hypocentra. 
Similarly superior intercalaries occur between the neural arches. To 
such inferior “ intercalaria ” the term intercentra is strictly pertinent. 

In the Ganoid Amia calva the cartilaginous tips of the trans- 
verse processes are structures having some correspondence to ribs. 
Now Dr. G. Baur mentions that in Amia calva the lateral (or trans- 
verse) process (Basalstumpf, Gotte) at a certain point in the vertebral 
column, near the end of the body-cavity, passes from the centrum 
of a vertebra to the intercentrum next immediately following (30). 
In the only skeleton of Amia calva accessible to me (one prepared 
by Hyrtl preserved in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons), 
I find that behind the 6th vertebra following the body-cavity arch- 
less and arch-bearing centra alternate regularly ; and, except for a 
slight difference of size, these two kinds of centra are barely distin- 
guishable. The lateral or transverse process, which in that part of 
the vertebral column which corresponds to the body-cavity is borne 
by the arched centra, alone present there, is not, in this skeleton, in 
the region behind the body-cavity transferred from the arch-bearing 
to the here intercalated archless centra (or intercentra) ; but the 
transverse process continues to occur only on the arch-bearing centra, 
until at the caudal end of the column, through reduction of bulk 
and through crowding, the distinctness of the component pieces of 
the column is lost. 

Ascending in the vertebrate scale, Hatteria, as shown by Dr. G. 
Baur, furnishes in its anterior vertebra an example of the connection 
of a rib with a true intercentrum Here the capitulum of the 
furcate rib, mostly represented by ligament, is ligamentously con- 
nected with the intercentrum, whilst the tuberculum rests on the 
centrum. I find this arrangement present in the three anterior 
pairs of ribs in two skeletons of Hatteria now before me. The 
secondary connection of the ribs with the permanent vertebra, and 
the arrangement in Hatteria demonstrating the connection of the 
capitulum coste and the intercentrum, would seem to favour the 
idea that the Crocodilian basilar piece is morphologically an inter- 
centrum. The body of evidence, however, is I think, unfavourable 
to this conception ; and this, together with the fact that in the early 
embryo the basilar piece is continuous with the pars odontoidea and 
with the neurapophysis (including the hemicentroids, Albrecht), 
gives very great probability to the hypothesis that the basilar piece 
is really that which R. Owen termed it—the inferior part of the 
centrum of the atlas. This is also C. K. Hoffmann’s view of it (31). 

The morphological equivalence of the Crocodilian basilar piece to 
the foremost of the subvertebral wedge-hones in Ichthyosaurus does 
not seem to me proven, but rather the contrary. Probably in the 
Enaliosaur the “body” of the atlas is the equivalent of the Croco- 


1888. ] ANATOMY OF THE MESOSUCHIA. 425 


dilian basilar piece + the two pleurocentra + the pars odontoidea. 
As bearing on this it is not without significance that the lateral 
surface of the atlas in Ichthyosaurus is impressed by a diapophysial 
and a parapophysial pit, for the double costal articulation, as occurs 
in the axis and the other vertebre behind it. 

There remains for discussion the inverted V-like piece that caps 
and superiorly closes the neural arch. As already said, this is 
missing in Mr. Leeds’s specimens, but of its former presence no doubt 
may be entertained. What is its morphological import? Cuvier’s 
view that it represents the proc. spinosus of other vertebrae was the 
doctrine generally accepted until about 10 years ago, when P. Albrecht 
advanced reasons for regarding it as a vestige of a vertebra ances- 
trally present between the atlas and the skull, but since suppressed. 
To this he attached the name proatlas. Albrecht’s principal 
ground for this conception of the nature of the “ piéce supérieure” 
appears to be the emergence of the first spinal nerve in front of the 
neural arch of the atlas, for which reason it is by some named sub- 
occipital nerve, whereas all the other spinal nerves escape from the 
neural canal behind or through the neurapophysis of the vertebra to 
which they serially correspond. An approximately vertical plane 
laid through the point of emergence of a spinal nerve will divide the 
neurapophysis into an anterior part bearing the prezygapophysis, 
and a posterior portion supporting the postzygapophysis and the 
Spinous process. ‘The neurapophysis appears to have two roots, of 
which the posterior may be ligamentous, and the nerve passing out 
between these leaves the neural canal not, Albrecht says, interver- 
tebrally as commonly taught, but vertebrally by piercing through 
the neurapophysis, which point of exit is morphologically interver- 
~ tebrally situated. Now the vertebral complex called the atlas lies 
behind the first spinal nerve, and since the serial correspondence of 
the spinal nerves and vertebra expressed in numerical order is not as 
2:2 or 3:3, but as 2: (2—1), or 3:(3—1); or, to express the 
same circumstance another way, since the secand and third spinal 
nerves correspond respectively to the vertebree next in front of them, 
it follows that the first spinal or suboccipital nerve does not corre- 
spond to the atlas, but to a vertebra serially in advance of this. A 
vestige of such an anterior vertebra Albrecht discovers in Cuvier’s 
piece supérieure. This he regards as representing the neural arch 
of the ancestrally present, now suppressed, vertebra once interposed 
between the atlas and the occiput (31 a). This superior element was 
subsequently discovered by Albrecht in Hatteria (32). Dr. G. Baur 
has found it present in Chameleo, sp. (33). Prof. O.C. Marsh has ob- 
served its presence in Morosaurus and Brontosaurus (34). L. Dollo 
also has noticed it in Iguanodon (35). Its presence seems always 
associated with incomplete coalescence and synostosis of the two 
sides of the neural arch, and with the absence of a normal spinous 
process; and this is not without siynificance, for it hints that after 
all Cuvier’s view respecting it may express the truth. The develop- 
went of the ‘‘ piéce supérieure” in two halves and its discontinuity 
from the atlantal neurapophyses are not irreconcilable with such 


426 MR. J. W. HULKE ON THE SKELETAL [Nov. 20, 


supposition, since instances of such plan of structure are common. 
Thus in Fish the spinous processes are built up by the appositioa of 
a pair of flat styles primitively distinct, and this composite process is 
segmentally separate from the summit of the neural arch to which 
it is attached by the medium of soft tissue. 

The Crocodilian atlas is not to be regarded as a degraded vertebra, 
but as one retaining the plan of construction common in the earliest 
reptiles and their progenitors. Actinodon needs but the addition of 
an internal ossification enclosing the axial part of the notochord to 
furnish a close parallel. 

Remaining Cervical Vertebre (Plate XVIII. fig. 2).—All behind 
the two foremost possess an upper and a lower transverse process, 
the former borne upon the arch, the latter upon the centrum. The 
former (diapophysis) is always longer than the lower, and projected 
outwards and downwards. Its root is in or slightly above the level 
of the neuro-central suture, and it is nearly equidistant from both 
ends of the centrum. The parapophyses, shorter and _ stouter, 
approach closely the anterior terminal surface of the centrum. In 
vertebree closely following the epistropheus, the parapophyses occur 
at the junction of the lateral with the inferior surface of the centrum, 
thus augmenting the breadth of this. Between the parapophyses, 
anteriorly, the ventral surface is depressed, whilst posteriorly, in the 
same direction (transversely), the surface presents a low keel. Both 
terminal surfaces of the centrum have a roughly circular outline ; 
the anterior is nearly plane, and the posterior is distinctly concave. 
As the trunk is approached the parapophysis ascends on the side of 
the centrum, and the diapophysis rises on the neural arch. The 
antero-posterior extent of the sutural attachment of the neurapo- 
physis to the centrum nearly equals that of the latter. The spinous 
process is compressed, its outline square. The zygapophyses spread 
considerably, and the articular surfaces of the anterior have an 
upward slant. 

Trunk Vertebre (Plate XVIII. fig. 3).—In the front of the 
thoracic region of the vertebral column the parapophysis leaves the 
centrum, and the capitular costal facet appears on the anterior 
border of the upper transverse process, just external to the preezy- 
gapophysis, as in now living Crocodiles. The transverse process is 
long, it is directed nearly horizontally outwards, and it bears at its 
free extremity the costal tubercular joint. The figure of the centrum 
is cylindroid, its middle is constricted. Towards the loins the para- 
pophysial or, as it may be preferably named, the capitular costal 
articulation moves outwards towards the free end of the transverse 
process, where it finally coalesces with the tubercular facet, both 
forming there one single costal articulation. 

Sacrum (Plate XVIII. fig. 4)—There are two sacral vertebra. 
These may be distinguished from all others by their greater massive- 
ness, also by the stoutness and length of their transverse processes. 
These latter are composed (1) chiefly of an inferior element which 
ossifies independently of the centrum (with which it is united by a 
suture that long continues distinct), and in virtue of this claims to 


1888. ] ANATOMY OF THE MESOSUCHIA, 427 


rank as a rib; and (2) of a much smaller component which, de- 
scending from the neural arch upon the upper surface of the sacral 
rib, thins out on this, and ends at a short distance from the base of 
this. The long sacral ribs have a strong downward slant. Their 
distal end is dilated, thus increasing the extent of the iliac articu- 
lation. In a cross section through the middle of a sacral rib, the 
vertical exceeds the horizontal diameter. The rib of the first sacral 
vertebra is attached by a large base to the lateral surface of the 
centrum close to its anterior end, but it does not contribute any 
portion to the anterior, terminal, articular surface of the centrum. 
The neurapophysis encroaches slightly on this surface. The anterior 
terminal surface of the first and the posterior terminal surface of the 
second sacral vertebra are distinctly concave. Their dimensions 
exceed those of the applied surfaces of the vertebrae, which are nearly 
plane, with a slight central depression. The rib of the second sacral 
vertebra is attached to the side of the centrum nearly equidistantly 
between the two ends, and no part of the costal suture approaches 
either terminal surface of the centrum. The spinous processes are 
tall, their antero-posterior extent is less than in the thoracic ver- 
tebre. 

Caudal Vertebre (Plate XVIII. fig. 5).—Their centrum is laterally 
compressed. ‘the lower border of the posterior terminal surface is 
truncated by a double chevron facet. Their transverse process, 
present in the front part of the tail, ossifies independently of the 
centrum with which it is suturally connected, and thus is morpho- 
logically a rib. 


Pectoral Girdle. 


The series of remains bearing the Cat. No. 30 comprises both 
eoracoids and the right humerus. Both scapule are preserved 
in series No. 31. Unfortunately no series contains both the coracoid 
and the scapula. 

Scapula (fig. 1, p. 428).—Of the right only the ventral half is 
preserved. The left comprises the whole bone, but both its ends are 
defective. ‘Together they give the form of the entire bone. This is 
broader, shorter, stouter, and flatter than the scapula in extant 
Crocodiles. The shaft is short and contracted. Above this narrow 
part the antero-posterior dimension rapidly augments, chiefly by the 
backward inclination of the posterior border. The outline of the dorsal 
extremity is an arc of a large circle. The ventral end is deeply 
. indented by a notch which separates off a stout posterior part (g c) 
from a thin flattened process (ps), which in the articulated skeleton 
appears to have been directed downwards and forwards. This 
latter appears to correspond to the process termed acromial on the 
anterior border of the scapula in some Anomodonts, and it suggests 
the presence of a precoracoid element in these Mesosuchia, of which 
the Eusuchia do not retain any trace. The stout process (gc) is 
subdivided into :—(g) a posterior subcircular, smooth, hollowed 
portion, obviously the scapular component of the glenoid fossa; and 


428 MR. J. W. HULKE ON THE SKELETAL [Nov. 20, 


e 
Scapula of Metriorhynchus. 
g, glenoid articulation ; ¢, coracoid border ; ps, prescapular process. 


N.B.—The dotted outline is copied from the other scapula of the same 
individual. 


Fig. 2 


Coracoid of Metriorhynchus. 
g, glenoid portion ; s, scapular border. 


1888. ] ANATOMY OF THE MESOSUCHIA. 429 


(ec) an anterior compressed portion, of which the edge is rough 
and suggestive of synchondrosial junction with the coracoid. This 
is separated by the notch from the preescapular or acromial process. 

Coracoid (fig. 2, p. 428).—This is a flattened bone with a con- 
tracted middle and expanded crescent-shaped ends. The sternal end 
is undivided ; its outline is an arc the chord of which is 40 mm. in the 
right and 42 mm. in the left scapula. The dorsal or scapular 
extremity exhibits posteriorly a stout subtrihedral articular portion, 
the glenoid complement (g) ; and anteriorly a thin rough margin for 
union with the scapula (s).. Opposite the junction of these two 
parts, the coracoid is perforated by a large submarginal foramen. 
The anterior and posterior borders of the coracoid are deeply concave, 
the former most so. 

Humerus (Cat. No. 30).—The right humerus, although flattened 
and fractured by compression subsequently to death, shows very 
well the form of this bone. The proximal end bears a long oval 
articular surface, situated almost entirely behind the long axis of the 
shaft, convex in both directions from the dorsal or extensor to the 
ventral or flexor aspect, and also from the radial to the ulnar border. 
The radial border inclines forwards for a space of 22-5 mm., and 
beyond this it curves slightly inwards towards the axis of the bone, 
thus, by change of direction, forming a salient (deltoid?) crest ; 
beyond this it passes in a nearly straight line nearly parallel to the 
posterior border to the distal end of the bone. The posterior or 
ulnar border is first concave near the proximal end, and thence 
nearly straight to the distal end. On the dorsal surface in its 
proximal half is a rough axial swelling, from which the surface 
declines towards the radial and ulnar borders. The ventral or under 
surface is sinuous, being gently convex in the direction of its long 
axis and concave in the preaxial portion, corresponding to the deltoid 
crest. The distal end shows the usual condylar division. 


Dimensions. millim. 

Length 3 poxcsai tol’ ae RAs dic cee 3202 
Proximal articular surface, long axis .......... 16 

3 F $3 SHOKLEAXIS, Soi. 328 7 
From proximal end to deltoid angle ........ tae 
Breadth at deltoid angle..................0- 21 
Breadth midway between angle and distal end .. 13 
Breadth-at distal endess. ve .isa esas se's/ceeccw 14 


Pelvic Girdle (the sacrum is already described). 


Ilium (Plate XIX. figs. 1, 2).—This is a flat roughly quadrilateral 
bone. The acetabular hollow (a) is shallow ; its upper limit is indis- 
tinct. Its lower border presents two synchondrosial surfaces separated 
by alow prominence. Of these, the posterior (p.z) is stout and trihe- 
dral; it projects at the junction of the inferior and the posterior 
border. The anterior of the two synchondrosial surfaces (a.i) is 
compressed and of oblong figure. Both articulated with the ischium, 
the posterior directly, the anterior doubtless by the interposition of 


Proc, Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. XXX. 30 


430 MR. J. W. HULKE ON THE SKELETAL [Nov. 20, 


a cartilaginous band, as in extant Crocodilians. The posterior border 
0: the dium is short, and it is slightly encroached upon by the sutural 
pit for the attachment of the second sacral rib. The upper border 
widens anteriorly, and it ends in a short spur (pa) directed forwards. 
This overhangs the anterior border, which is long and straight. The 
median surface is indented, above, by two rough pits (s) for the attach- 
ment of the sacral ribs. The upper limits of these are slightly overhung 
by the inner lip of the upper border. Below these sutural impressions 
is a larger trihedral, relatively smooth area, corresponding to the 
acetabular hollow in the outer surface. No portion of the median 
surface lies above the level of the sacral articulations, a feature which 
sharply distinguishes the ilium of Metriorhynchus from that of 
Steneosaurus, and also from those of Husuchia. 

Ischium.—This is a large, flat, triangular bone. The median 
border (m), which met that of the other side as a_ ventral 
symphysis, and the posterior border are almost straight. The 
anterior border (a), shorter, has a concave outline. The anterior 
median angle is acute, the posterior is rounded off. The outer angle, 
bearing the coxal articulation, is the stoutest part. It is subdivided 
by a notch into (1) a wide oval posterior portion, and (2) a narrow 
anterior salient process, corresponding to the two divisions of the 
iliac component of the joint. 

Os Pubis (Plate XX. fig. 6).—This bone is long, flat, spatulate or 
paddle-shaped, being very similar in form to that in extant Cro- 
codiles. 

The acetabulum in these Mesosuchia was composed, as in Ensuchia, 
by the clam and ischium alone, to the exclusion of the os pubis, 
which presumably was connected only with the ischiatic process and 
the cartilage intercalated between this and the ilium. 

The morphology of these three components of the pelvic girdle 
has occasioned almost as much discussion as that of the component 
parts of the atlas. 

As an excellent summary of it has lately appeared in Bronn’s 
Klassen, Rept. 8. 53 u. f., by C. K. Hoffmann, and as now there 
is a general agreement that the ilium and the ischium in Crocodilia 
are respectively simply the equivalents of the bones so named in 
higher Vertebrates, it is unnecessary here to review the opinions 
which different writers have formerly expressed of the essential 
nature of these two bones. But the morphology of the part here 
named pubis requires consideration because very recently proof has 
been offered by Prof. H. G. Seeley that it cannot properly be identified 
with the os pubis of higher Vertebrata, and that it must be regarded 
as ‘a distinct element of the skeleton, which is connected with the 
pubic portion of what I (Prof. H.G. 8.) term ischio-pubic’ bone 
and is in the position of the pre-pubic bone’’ (37). Here Prof. H. G. 
Seeley apparently adopts Fiirbringer’s views respecting the dual com- 
position of the bone, by most writers considered to be the ischium 
only. He also, in the paper from which the above quotation is taken, 
cites with approval Hoffmann’s (earlier) interpretation of the pubis 

1 Ttalics are mine.—J. W. H. 


1888.] ANATOMY OF THE MESOSUCHIA. 431 


as preepubis. Further, Prof. H. G. Seeley homologizes this pra- 
pubis with a bone having similar relations to the other elements 
of the pelvic girdle thought to be present in Ornithosauria. But 
C. K. Hoffmann has abandoned his earlier interpretation of the bone, 
and he, in a more recent publication, says that he now considers 
as pubis the bone which once he regarded as prepubis (36). Prof. 
H. G. Seeley finds that the bone commonly accepted as the Croco- 
dilian pubis is much more slender, and it is much less expanded at 
the anterior end in all the species from the Lias and Lower Oolite 
rocks; and he refers to “some undescribed types in the collection 
of A. Leeds, Esq., in which it is reduced to a mere bony style 
withcut expansion at either end, comparable in form and substance 
to a lucifer match” (37). 

It is manifest that the bone here described by Prof. H. G. Seeley 
in the above quotation cannot be identified with that bone which, 
from its constant association with the other pelvic bones, and from 
its close resemblance to the Eusuchian pubis, I have described and 
figured as the os pubis of these Peterborough Mesosuchians, Al- 
though I have some knowledge of Mr. Leeds’s collection, I have not 
seen in it such pubic (predubic, 8.) bones with undilated ends ; and 
Mr. Leeds assures me that he has not any such as those to which 
Prof. Seeley refers. The only bones in the collection at all corre- 
sponding to Prof. Seeley’s description, I have ventured to interpret 
as the detached styliform atlantal riblets. R. Owen, referring to a 
Liassic Teleosaur preserved in the Whitby Museum, writes, ‘‘ Both 
ischium and pubis are relatively more expanded than in the Gavial ” 
(38). 

“ the Liassic Crocodilians, so far as these are known to me, the 
ossa pubis are similar in form, they have similar connections, and 
they are essentially identical with the ossa pubis of the Eusuchia, 
As regards the pelvic element in Ornithosauria, by some authors 
termed prepubis, with which Prof. H. G. Seeley (in this matter 
following Quenstedt) homologizes this Crocodilian bone, I have for 
some time had doubts of its existence as a separate, distinct element. 
In illustration of the view he adopts concerning it, Prof. Seeley 
reproduces Quenstedt’s representation of the bones in question, as 
displayed in Quenstedt’s plate of Pterodactylus (Cycnorhamphus) sue- 
vicus (39). But these parts are, I suggest, susceptible of another 
reading ; the paddle- or fan-like bone as H. v. Meyer described it, 
with narrow short shaft and expanded opposite end, is not, I submit, 
a bone complete in itself, but merely the ventral symphysial portion 
of an os pubis constructed and associated with the other pelvic ele- 
ments after the common Lacertilian plan. Quenstedt’s figure repre- 
sents the two paddle-like pieces detached from their connections, 
flatly extended, as he conceived their natural position beneath the 
abdomen, in advance of the acetabulum (43). My first suspicions 
of the inaccuracy of this arrangement were aroused by observing 
that in those figures of Pterodactyles given by H. v. Meyer in his 
‘Rept. a. d. lith. Schiefer,’ in which both ossa pubis (prepubis) 
are displayed in side or oblique view, the right or left bone (as the case 

30* 


432 MR. J. W. HULKE ON THE SKELETAL [Nov. 20, 


may be) lies in a deeper plane in the slab of rock, it is more distant 
from the observer, as would naturally occur were the surfaces, and 
not the median edges only, inclined towards each other. Taf. i. 
fig. 2., Taf. iv. fig. 5 show this point. This hint receives confirma- 
tion from Zittel’s very instructive plate of a specimen of Pterodac- 
tylus suevicus from Nusplingen (42). In this is displayed the left 
half of the pelvic girdle (seen in side view), showing the three pelvic 
bones still maintaining their normal relations, all contributing to form 
the acetabulum. The ilium and ischium are apparently entire, but 
the os pubis, in form of a narrow bar, ends abruptly, as if by fracture, 
at a short distance below the acetabulum. In front of the pubic 
piece is seen a paddle-like or fan-like piece, which is obviously the 
part regarded by some authors as prepubis. ‘The close proximity 
of this to the part denoted to be pubis by its relation to the aceta- 
bulum and the correspondence of its stalk-like end to the apparently 
fractured end of this suggest that the paddle-like piece originally 
formed part of the pubic bone. The probability of this view finds 
strong confirmation in H. v. Meyer’s figure of Pterodactylus micronyx 
(op. cit. Taf. iv. fig. 5), in which the two portions of the os 
pubis, as I incline to regard them, are shown in their normal con- 
nection, a slight apparent break of continuity in the pubic bar 
marking the point where the paddle-like portion usually becomes 
detached. Why should the separation of the two parts of the os 
pubis so commonly occur at this point? The form of the pubis in 
Rhamphorhynchus may elucidate this. ‘The os pubis in this genus 
has the form of a flattened bar bent angularly near its middle; one 
limb of it passes from the acetabulum downwards and forwards in an 
approximately vertical plane, roughly parallel to that laid through 
the median axial plane of the pelvis; whilst the other limb, passing 
transversely to this axis, meets the corresponding limb of the os pubis 
of the other side, and unites with it in a median symphysis (42). 
It is manifest that such an angular bend in the direction of its long 
axis would be a weak point in the construction of the pubic bar, and 
would favour its fracture at this point, under stresses acting in any 
other direction than perpendicular to the plane which contains both 
the limbs. 

In Dimorphodon, another genus, the evidence as yet available is 
not opposed to the idea that its pubis is constructed on a similar 
plan to that of Rkamphorhynchus, only the large foramen present 
in this latter between the pubis and the ischium is in Dimorphodon 
reduced to a narrow cleft. The larger of the two bones, marked 64 
in R. Owen’s figure of Dimorphodon, and identified by him as pubis 
(preepubis), may with probability be regarded as the right pubis de- 
tached from its normal connections and displaced, the left pubis 
lying in advance of the ischium, from which it is separated by 
a very narrow interval. 

If, then, in Ornithosauria the bone frequently termed the prae- 
pubis is not such but only a detached part of a pubis of a common 
Lacertilian plan, no corroboration can be found in it that the Croco- 
dilian bone in question is a preepubis. 


1888. ] ANATOMY OF THE MESOSUCHIA. 433 


The principal stumbling-block to the acceptance of the anterior 
of the two ventral bars in the Crocodilian pelvis as os pubis would 
seem to be its exclusion from the acetabuluin. Should this con- 
stitute an insuperable difficulty? The os pubis is notably the more 
variable of the three components of the pelvic girdle. Its ossifica- 
tion is a later phylitic event than that of the ilium and ischium. 
Not to refer to Labyrinthodonts, in which fuller information about 
the pelvic girdle is still wanting, it is well known that in some 
extant Amphibia—for instance, in Cryptobranchus japonicus and in 
Salamandra maculata—the ischium is well ossified, whilst the pubis is 
still cartilaginous. This is so too in Rana esculenta ; and in Daty- 
lethra capensis the osseous pubis is a small disk surrounded by 
cartilage, whereas the ischium is perfectly ossified. Even in higher 
Vertebrates differences in the degree of development of the os pubis 
occur, and this in nearly allied forms. Thus in the genus Lepus, 
in L. timidus the pubis enters into the formation of the acetabulum ; 
but not in L. cuniculus, in which, by dominant growth of the ilium 
and ischium, the pubis is excluded from the acetabular cavity. Its 
exclusion from this may also result from the great development of 
a distinct ossicle (‘‘ os acetabulare’’), which may become so large as 
not to leave space for the pubis in the acetabulum. Of this, T'alpa 
europea supplies an instance. Even in Homo an approach to this is 
exceptionally to be found. Thus, in the Osteological section of the 
Museum of the Royal Cellege of Surgeons there is a skeleton of a 
youth (Cat. No. 54a, Ost. Series) in which both acetabula contain, 
each, a large distinct ossicle of this kind, by which the area normally 
occupied by the os pubis is much reduced, the areas contributed by 
the ilium and ischium being much less encroached upon. Here we, 
as it were, seize the pubis in process of being excluded. Does its 
exclusion vitiate its claim to pubis? I submit that it has not this 
force; and, further, that the corresponding bone in Crocodilia, not- 
withstanding that it has no share in the acetabulum, is also pubis ; 
and this identification is in harmony with the fact that in the 
embryo it forms with the ilium and ischium one continuous piece 
of cartilage. 


STENEOSAURUS. 


Vertebral Column.—The plan of this in Steneosaurus being the 
same as in Metriorhynchus, those details only will be noticed at 
length in which they differ. 

Atlas ——The same elements similarly combined and without 
evident formal differences are present. In aged individuals they 
synostose, and the pars odontoidea synostoses with the epistropheus. 

Epistropheus (Plate XVIII. fig. 6).— Reduction of its diapophysis, 
the flatness of the lateral and the inferior surface of its centrum, 
and the absence from this latter of the low keel or ridge, are the 
most obvious differences. 

In vertebra referable to the front of the neck behind the epistro- 
pheus (fig. 3, p. 434), in which the parapophysis is placed very low, 
the figure of the centrum nearly resembles that of the epistropheus. 


434 MR. J. W. HULKE ON THE SKELETAL [Noy. 20, 


With the ascent of the parapophysis on the lateral surface of the cen-. 
trum, the ventral surface of this becomes narrowed and a low keel 
arises here at its middle. The terminal surfaces of the centrum have a 
subcircular outline. In vertebre referred to the anterior region of the 
thorax, the centrum assumes a cylindroid form. In a few, in which 
the parapophysis is passing off the centrum on to the neural arch, 
the antero-posterior dimension of the centrum is slightly less than in 
the neck, and in the succeeding vertebre in the posterior part of the 
trunk. In these last the centrum is nearly cylindric, contracted at 


Cervical vertebrae of Stenecosaurus. 


its middle, and dilated at both its ends (fig. 4, p..435). In the anterior 
caudal vertebree the centrum is laterally slightly compressed, its ven- 
tral aspect cylindroid. The transverse process in these vertebra is 
suturally attached in the level of the neuro-central suture, the 
sutural impression being shared by the centrum and the neurapo- 
physis. In vertebrae deemed by their smaller size to be situated 
posteriorly te the above, the centrum is much more compressed later- 
ally, which, with the flatness of the under surface, gives the centrum a 
parallelopipedal figure (fig. 5, p. 435). In these vertebree the 


1888. ] ANATOMY OF THE MESOSUCHIA. 435 


Fig. 4. 


Anterior view of first sacral vertebra of Steneosaurus, 


436 MR. J. W. HULKE ON THE SKELETAL [Nov. 20, 


transverse processes are dwarfing, and they are borne wholly on 
the neurapophysis distinctly above the neural suture; no trace of 
sutural attachment of the transverse process is here discernible, and 
the process appears to be an outgrowth from the arch. Vertebree 
posterior to the above are devoid of the transverse process ; their 
centrum retains the flattened angular form, their spinous process 
is more compressed, and its antero-posterior dimension is relatively 
greater than in the corresponding vertebrze of Metriorhynchus. 

Sacrum.—The two sacral vertebree differ so much from those of 
Metriorhynchus that they require detailed notice. 

Ist Sacral (fig. 6, p.435). The centrum has a subcylindric shape. 
In its anterior half the transverse horizontal dimension is enlarged 
by the attachment of the transverse process. The anterior terminal 
surface has an obtusely elliptic outline, of which the longer diameter is 
horizontal. Its surface is distinctly concave in the horizontal and 
nearly plane in the vertical direction. The lateral lip and the 
adjoining part of this surface is contributed by the roct of the stout 
transverse process, and between the upper limit of this and that part 
of the circumference which bounds the neural canal the lip of this 
surface is formed by the neurapophysis. The transverse process 
consists (1) of a large, stout piece of rudely trihedral, slightly fluted 
cross section, directed nearly horizontally outwards. This is 
suturally attached to the entire height of the side of the centrum in 
the anterior half of this latter. Upon the upper surface of this part 
of the process there descends from the neurapophysis a minor, thin, 
splint-like part which ends witha serrated margin at a little distance 
from the arch. The posterior surface of the centrum is nearly 
circular in outline and nearly plane. 

2nd Sacral vertebra. Its sacrum is cylindroid. The anterior 
face is nearly plane, its outline circular. The posterior face is larger ; 
its outline is less elliptic and more nearly circular than is the anterior 
face of the Ist sacral vertebra. It is nearly plane in the vertical and 
distinctly concave in the horizontal direction. Its transverse process 
is suturally attached to the whole vertical extent of the lateral sur- 
face of the centrum. This attachment is separated by an interval 
from both ends of the latter, the terminal surfaces being formed of 
centrum only. The structuial. plane of the transverse process 
resembles that of the Ist sacral vertebra. Thus the sacral transverse 
processes rank in respect of their chief component element as ribs, so 
agreeing with those of Metriorhynchus ; and this remark applies also 
to the transverse processes of the anterior caudal vertebra. 

Compared with that of Metriorhynchus, the sacrum in Steneo- 
saurus differs notably in the more nearly horizontal direction of 
the transverse processes, which are also stouter and relatively shorter 
The concavity of the anterior face of the first, and that of the pos- 
terior face of the centrum of the second, sacral vertebra is less than 
that of the same faces in Metriorhynchus, and the composition of 
* these faces is also different. 

(No part of the pectoral girdle or fore limb has been yet procured 
by Mr. Leeds.) 


1388. ] ANATOMY OF THE MESOSUCHIA. 437 


Pelvic Girdle. 


Ilium (Plate XIX. figs. 3, 4).—A flat, rudely rhombic bone, the 
longer diameter of which is directed obliquely upwards and back- 
wards. The acute antero-inferior angle is truncated by an oblong 
surface (a.i), to which was attached the cartilage that connected it 
with the anterior ischiatic process. The supero-anterior angle projects 
forwards asa sharpspur(pa). The anterior border is stout, the pos- 
terior thin. The upper border is rough and narrow, it widens as 
the spur is neared. The acetabulum (a) is wide and shallow, its 
postero-inferior angle (p.i) is the stoutest part of the whole bone. 
The median surface is strongly impressed by the sutural attachments 
of the ends of the sacral ribs (s,s). These impressions do not, as in 
Metriorhynchus, rise to the level of the upper border, but they are 
separated from this by a relatively wide, smooth surface comprising 
an area of nearly + of the whole extent of this surface. 

Ischium (Plate XIX. fig. 5).—This resembles very closely that 
of Metriorhynchus, from which it differs slightly by the rather 
greater excess of its antero-posterior over its transverse dimension. 

Os Pubis (Plate XIX. fig. 6).—A paddle-like bone having a long, 
slender, cylindroid shaft, and a flat dilated ventral extremity. The 
anterior border is slightly concave, the posterior or inner border still 
more so. The anterior, abdominal end is thin, and its outline curves 
outwards and backwards. The pubis is more slender in general form 
than that of Metriorhynchus. 


Dimensions. 
Ilium (left). (No. 2 Leeds’s Cat.) 
millim 
Length, upper border ..............0-5. 51 
% include ape yi. 54 uit ae 2). 78 
BS anterior border’ .......2..0...0- 53 
53 posterior border sascrii..'54 ae es 57 
* inferior border ..........+-e0-- 57 
Monger diameter) 1208. se esutS sats eras ais 87 
Ischium. (No. 2 Leeds’s Cat.) 
millim 
Length of median border ............-++- 102 
Chord of anterior border ..............+. 70 
yn mOtMeXternals DOES poss sraid/dcocesensiaysueie 100 
Longer diameter of acetabular hollow .... 27 
Os Pubis. 
millim 
SEMEN ere cies sere ce ete petekece ele ae ste ares. Evie 
Breadth of ischiatic end ................ 20 
Maximum thickness of ischiatic end ...... 75 


Appropriate breadth ofabdominal end .... 40 
Femur (right).—This presents the usual f-curve of the Crocodilian 


438 MR. J. W. HULKE ON THE SKELETAL [Nov. 20, 


plan. Its length, measured in a straight line, is 248 millim. The 
proximal articular surface is convex, subtrigonal, borne directly 
without neck on the proximal end of the bone. The base of the 
trigone is dorsad, the apex ventrad. The antero-posterior chord is 
41 millim., the dorso-ventrad chord is 271 millim., the sagitta is 
about 2°5 millim. The tuberculum majus and t. minor are more 
feebly developed. A low, indistinct trochanter is situated on the 
ventral surface, at about 60 millim. from the proximal end. The 
distal end presents the usual condylar form. 

Tibia (right).—Its length is 113 millim. The proximal end is 
stout. It is obscurely divided into two areas—(1) a narrower, cor- 
responding to the inner femoral condyle, and (2) a wider, outer or 
posterior area, answering to the outer femoral condyle, the outer 
border of which is slightly emarginate, as if for the fibula. The 
distal end is set obliquely on the shaft, so that its postero-external 
angle is in a lower level than the antero-internal angle. Its articular 
surface is narrow, of rhomboidal outline, with shallow trochlear 
groove. The lengths of the tibia and femur are as 113: 248, so 
that the tibia relatively to the femur is much shorter than in 
Eusuchia. 


INTEGUMENTAL ARMOUR. 


The collection does not contain, I believe, any scutes which, by 
associated interment, can claim to belong to Metriorhynchus ; but it 
includes some fine examples which were found buried with bones of 
Steneosaurus. The largest and best preserved of these scutes are of 
oblong figure, with rounded-off angles. A low keel divides their 
outer surface into two unequal areas, of which the wider is 44 millim., 
the narrower 18 millim. across. In a second specimen, these 
dimensions are 42 millim. and 17 millim. The larger area is quadri- 
lateral. It is indented with a pattern of lines and long pits which 
radiate from the highest point of the keel, diminish as they recede 
from this, and cease near the border of the scute. The anterior 
border is thin, and a submarginal tract of the surface within it is 
smooth, unornamented, and plainly articular, being, where in undis- 
turbed natural position, overlaid by the posterior border of the 
scute next in front of it. The lesser one is crescentic, quite smooth, 
and it was doubtless overlaid by the applied border of the adjoining 
scute. The smooth submarginal band of the larger area and the 
crescentic lesser area meet in a tongue-like projection, in which the keel 
runs out anteriorly. This tongue, when the scutes are articulated, 
is received in a corresponding hollow in the deep surface of the 
scute next in front. The whole of the deep surface is smooth, its 
grain radiates from a point beneath the highest part of the keel, 
where the scute is thickest. 

In their form and in their plan these scutes correspond so closely 
to those placed in single series along each side of the dorsal middle 
line of the trunk in D’ Alton and Burmeister’s figure of the ‘ Gavial 
of Boll,’ that there cannot be any doubt of their having also occupied 


1888. ] ANATOMY OF THE MESOSUCHIA. 439 


this position, and formed a buckler covering the back from the neck 
to the tail, as in T'eleosaurus temporalis, with which E. E. Deslong- 
champs identifies the above-mentioned ‘Gavial.’ Whilst their 
imbricated arrangement permitted some gliding of the scutes on one 
another, and thus gave some degree of flexibility to the trunk, the 
tongue-like processes must have imparted great security when the 
limits of this mobility were approached. In their form and in the 
position of their tongue these scutes differ from those of the Purbeck 
Wealden Goniopholis. From those of the Wealden Bernissartia 
they differ in having one and not a double keel, and in having a 
tongue, which the scutes of Bernissartia want. 

The skeletons of these Peterborough Mesosuchians, so far as their 
plan is illustrated by their remains in the Leeds Collection, differ 
from those of the Eusuchia (1) in the amphiccelous character of all 
their vertebree except the two foremost and the two sacral ; 
(2) in the absence of the largely developed carina which so 
strongly characterizes the cervical vertebrae in Eusuchia; (3) 
their atlas differs in possessing a diapophysis placed on its pleur- 
apophysis; (4) their epistropheus differs in having a_ well- 
developed diapophysis in the level of its neuro-central suture, and a 
parapophysis on its centrum. 

In Gavialis ganyeticus I find the capitular and the tubercular 
costal articulations both placed wholly on the pars odontoidea and 
the second cervical riblet to articulate exclusively with this. In 
G. gangeticus, Crocodilus niloticus, and in Alligator mississippiensis 

_I do not find any trace of a diapophysis on the atlantal neurapophysis. 
In C. niloticus the capitulum of the second rib rests wholly on the 
pars odont.; and the tuberculum costz is borne chiefly on this, but 
to a very small extent also on the centrum of the epistropheus. In 
another example of this Crocodile the capit. and the tuberc. cost 
are both wholly borne on the pars odont. In C. americanus the 
second rib articulates wholly with the pars odont. In Alligator 
lucius I find the capit. coste resting on the pars odont., and the 
tuberc. coste articulating with a rudimentary diapophysis situated 
on the neural arch of the epistropheus just above the neuro-central 
suture. The plan of the articulation of the second rib is plainly 
subject to variation in individuals of the same genus and even 
species. Dr. G. Baur, in anexample of Gavialis gangeticus examined 
by him, found the capitulum only of the second rib articulating with 
the pars odont.; and a minute diapophysis on the neural arch of the 
epistropheus, with which the tubercle of the rib was probably con- 
nected by ligament. Dr. Baur also found in Alligator mississip- 
ptensis the capit. coste articulating chiefly with the pars odont. and 
by a minute facet with the true centrum of the epistropheus. In 
Croc. americanus, Schneid., Baur also found the capit. coste arti- 
culating with the pars odont.; and the tubere. coste touching the 
neurapophysis of the epistropheus, but without articular facet on 
this latter (43). These discrepancies and those observed by Koken 
(44) make it very desirable that these details should be examined in 
larger numbers of individuals of the same apecies. So far as the 


440 MR. J. W. HULKE ON THE SKELETAL [Nov. 20, 


limited material accessible to me shows, the plan of connection of 
the second rib in Allig. /ucius approaches that in these Mesosuchia 
more closely than does that in Crocodilus and Gavialis. This I had 
not expected, and, in association with it, it should be remarked that 
in Alligator, as was noticed by D’Alton and Burmeister (45), the 
division of the vertebral end of the rib is better marked than it is 
in Crocodilus and Gavialis. 

The structural differences of the sacral vertebre in the two 
Mesosuchian genera which form the subject of this paper have been 
already described ; it remains to compare their plan with that occurring 
in the Eusuchia. In Steneosaurus, as also in Gavialis, Crocodilus, 
and Alligator, the anterior terminal surface of the first sacral 
vertebra, whilst principally composed of the true centrum, receives a 
considerable lateral accession from the root of the sacral rib, and a 
smaller complement from the neurapophysis. In Gavialis, Cro- 
codilus, and Alligator, the posterior terminal surface of the second 
sacral vertebra also receives a large lateral accession from the root of 
the second rib, and in dlligator also a small complement from the 
neurapophysis; but in Steneosaurus and in Metriorhynchus (as 
illustrated by these remains) no part of the posterior surface of the 
second sacral vertebra is contributed by the rib. In Metriorhynchus 
the rib does not contribute any part of the anterior terminal surface 
of the first sacral vertebra ; and the accession to this surface from 
the neurapophysis is minute and inconstant. In Steneosaurus the 
accession to the posterior terminal surface from the neurapophysis is 
also a vanishing quantity. 

Thus in the plan of the sacral vertebra there is a close agree- 
ment between that in Stencosaurus and in the Lusuchia mentioned 
which is not observed in Metriorhynchus. In Steneosaurus the 
plan of the sacral ribs also is very similar to that in Husuchia, 
whilst in Metriorhynchus there are obvious differences, notably their 
greater length and slenderness, and their pronounced downward 
bend. 

The near resemblance in several skeletal details between these 
Mesosuchia and Alligator, to which attention has been called, and 
the very near resemblance of the dermal armour to that of Jacare is 
interesting as suggesting that the Alligatoride may not have descended 
through the Gavials and Crocodiles; that these three genera may not 
represent successive phases of evolution, but rather three distinct 
lines of descent. This is not the generally accepted view, and it 
appears not to accord with the supposed first appearance of the 
three genera in time. 


List of Authors quoted. 


1. Cuvier, G.—Recherches sur les Ossemens Fossiles. 8vo ed. 
t. ix. p. 58. Paris, 1836. 

2. Owen, R.—Hist. of Brit. Foss. Rept. vol. iii. p. 129. London, 
1849-34. 

3. Huxuey, T.—Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond. vol. xxxi. p. 427. 
London, 1875. 


1888.] ANATOMY OF THE MESOSUCHIA. 441 


4. Srraucn, A.—Synopsis der gegenwiirtig lebenden Crocodi- 
liden. St. Petersburg, 1866. 

5. Id. ibid. 

6. Destonccuamps, E.—Le Jura Normand. Mém. de la Soc. 


30. 


31. 


Linn. de Normand. t. xiii. pp. 75 e¢ seg. Caen, 1864. 


. Id. ibid., and Notes Paléontologiques. 1863, 1369. 

. Owen, A.—Op..s. cit. 

. Huxtey, T.—Op. s. cit. p. 427. 

. Id. ibid. p. 428. 

. Srannius.—Zootomie, ii. p. 26. Berlin, 1856. 

. Bronn v. Kaup.—Abhandlungen ii. d. Gavialartigen Rept. 


Stuttgart, 1842. 


. Destonecuanmpes, E. and E. E.—Op. s. cit. 
. Lupwie, R.—Foss. Croc. Paleeontogr. Supp. iii. Lief. iv. & v. 


Cassel, 1877. 


. Cuvier, G.—Op. s. cit. p. 193. 
. Destoneccuames, E.—Op. s. cit. p. 46. 
. AtBrecut, P.—Comptes rendus Internat. Kongress. Kopen- 


hagen, 1884. 
Id. Sep. Abdruck, S. 1 u. f. 


. Gaupry, A.—Enchainements du Monde animal. Foss. Perm. 


p- 263. Paris, 1883. 


. Core, E. D.— Pal. Bull. xxix. pp. 524-526. 

. Cuvier, G.—Op. s. cit. p. 193. 

. Owen, R.—Op. s. cit. 

. Id. ibid. 

. Horrmann, C. K.—Reptilien. Bronn’s Klassen. 

. Cuvier, G.—Op. s. cit. 

. Baur, Dr. G—On the Morphology of Ribs. Amer. Nat. 


p. 942, Oct. 1887. 


. Baur, Dr. G.—The Ribs of Sphenodon (Hatteria). Amer. 


Nat. Extra, Nov. 1886, p. 979. 


. Corr, E. D.—Description of Extinct Batrachia and Reptilia 


from the Permian Formations of Texas. Pal. Bull. no. 29, 
p- 518. Amer. Philos. Soc., April 5, 1878. 

Corr, E. D.—The Relations between the Theromorphous Rep- 
tiles and the Monotreme Mammalia. Proc. Amer. Assoc. 
Advance. Sc. vol. xxxiii. Phil. Meeting, Sept. 1884. 


. Corz, E. D.—Op. cit. p. 526. 
. Corr, E. D.—Pal. Bull. No. 32. Second Contrib. to Hist. of 


Perm. Vert. of Texas. Amer. Philos. Soc. May 7, 1880, 
p. 14. 

Baur, Dr. G.—On the Morphology of Ribs. Amer. Nat. 
Oct. 1887, p. 942. 

Horrmann, C. K.—Reptilien in Bronn’s Klassen. 


3la. AtBrecut, P.—Ueber den Proatlas. Zool. Anz. 1880, p. 475. 


32. 


33. 


Ausrecut, A.—Sur la presence d’un rudiment de Proatlas 
sur un exemple de Hatteria. Bull. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belg. 
t. li. 1883, p. 190, 

Baur, Dr. G.— 


442 ON THE SKELETAL ANATOMY OF THE MESosucHIA. [Noy. 20, 


o4. 


43. 
44. 


45. 


Since writing the above, my attention was lately most kindly 


Marsu, O. C.—Principal char. Amer. Dinos. Part vi. Am. 
J. Se. vol. xxvi., Aug. 1863, pp. 82-83. 


. Dotto, L.—Cinquiéme note. Bull. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. 


Belg. t. iii., 1884, pp. 129-135. 


. Horrmann.—Reptilien. Bronn’s Klassen. 
, Srevey, H. G.—On the Bone in Crocodilia which is commonly 


regarded as the Os Pubis. Proc. R. Soc. vol. xlii. no. 261, 
p- 235, Dec. 1887. 


. Owen, R.—Brit. Foss. Rept. 

. SeeLrey, H. G.—Loe. cit. p. 

. QuenstepT.—Sonst und Jetzt. 1856. 

. Fravus.—-Paleontogr. Bd. xxv. oder iii. Folge Bd. 1. Lief. 4, 


1878. 


. Zrvre,.—Ramph. Germ. Paleontogr. Bd. xxix. iii. F. v. 


Taf. xii. fig. 2. 

Baur, Dr. G. Amer. Nat., 1887. 

Koxen.—Die Rept. d. N. Deutsch. Kreider. Z. d. deutsch. 
geol. Gessell., 1883. 

D’ ALTon and BurmetsTer.—Foss. Gav. v. Boll. 


called to some remains of G'eosaurus in the Nat. Hist. Mus., Crom- 
well Road, by Mr. Lydekker, who at the same time pointed out to 
me such close structural correspondences between these and certain 
Metriorhynchian remains from the Oxford Clay, collected by 
Mr. Leeds, identical with those here described, as are suggestive of 
a very near affinity between these Saurians. 

Oct. 27, 1888. ‘ 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
Prate XVIII. 
Metriorhynchus. 


Fig. 1. Side view of synostosed atlas and epistropheus (axis). d', diapo- 


physis of axis; d, diapophysis of atlas. 

. Anterior view of a cervical vertebra. d, diapophysis; p, parapo- 
physis; pre, prezyapophysis ; psz, postzygapopbysis. 

. Anterior view of trunk vertebra. 

. Posterior view of second sacral vertebre. 

. Caudal vertebra. 


Ore co bo 


Steneosaurus. 
6. Side view of epistropheus. 


Prats XTX. 
Metriorhynchus. 


Fie. 1. Tlium; left, outer view. pa, preacetabular process; @.2, anterior 


ischiatic process ; p.2, posterior ischiatie process ; 8, s, sacral impres- 
sions ; w, upper border ; @, acetabular hollow. 
. Inner view of same bone. 


to 


Stenecosaurus. 
. Ilium; left, outer view. Lettering as in figs. 1 and 2. 
. Inner view of same bone. 
. Ischium. a, anterior border; 7, mesial symphysial border. 
. Os pubis. 


Or oo 


for) 


1§88.] MR. 0, THOMAS ON SMALL MAMMALS FROM TEXAS. 443 


2. On the Small Mammals of Duval County, South Texas. 
By Ouprretp Tuomas. 


[Received July 25, 1888. | 


Mr. William Taylor, a resident of San Diego’, the capital of Duval 
County, South Texas, has for many years past occupied himself in 
the useful task of studying and collecting the small mammals of that 
county, transmitting the specimens obtained to the British Museum, 
and at the same time making many valuable observations on the habits 
of the different species. These observations are embodied in the notes 
attached to the names of the several species below, and distinguished 
by having Mr. Taylor’s initials appended to them. 

Considering our ignorance of the variation and exact distribution 
of most small mammals, the value of such work as Mr. Taylor’s 
cannot be exaggerated, and it is to be hoped that he will continue 
his observations, and, perhaps, extend his area of research into 
neighbouring counties, and even into North-western Mexico, where 
he has already made some preliminary expeditions. Mr. Taylor 
has been successful in discovering one new species, a diminutive 
Vesper-Mouse, besides adding no less than six species to our 
National Collection of Mammalia, a result for which Mammalogists 
in this country have every reason to be grateful. In all, of Insectivora, 
Chiroptera, and Rodentia, Mr. Taylor has obtained examples of 
seventeen species within the limits of Duval County, a number that 
would no doubt have been largely augmented had not his attention 
been mainly concentrated on the most difficult, and therefore the 
most important, group of all, that of the rats, mice, and other Myo- 
morpha. 


INSECTIVORA. 


1. ScaLops aquaticus, L. 


a. 2, 4/86. 

Head and body 107 millim., tail 29, hind foot 14:5, head 40, tip of 
muzzle to eye 17°6. 

“Is common throughout the county. Although blind it is very 
cunning, and it is the only animal I have had in confinement that 


found out the way to lift the fastening of the cage-door and escape.” — 
W. T. 


2. Sorex (Sorex) peRsonatus, Geoffr. (7). 

a. G- 

Head and body 49 millim., tail 36, hind foot 10°5, ear 3:1. 

I am not fully satisfied as to the determination of this specimen, 
but the dimensions agree so closely with those of S. personatus that 
I hesitate to distinguish it without seeing a larger series. 


1 About 98° 25' W. and 27° 50' N. 


444 MR. 0. THOMAS ON SMALL [Nov. 20, 


3. Sorex (NoTIOSOREX) CRAWFORDI, Baird; Coues, Bull. U.S. 
Geol. Surv. iii. p. 651 (1877). 

a-e. Inal., ¢ Q. 

f. Skin and skull. 


Head and 
body. Tail. Hind foot. Har. 
Ge, incite ie 59 28 9-9 4:0 
65) A Oiycieeane see OD) 26°5 10°0 4:4 
ce; Immyeyeeeiee 50 30 10:0 4°0 


‘© Lives rather an exposed life and is generally found in heaps of 
rubbish and old piles of firewood.” —W. T. 


4, Buarina (SoriciscuUs) BERLANDIERI, Baird, Mamm. N. A. 
p. 53 (1859). 


a-c. In al. 
Head and 
body. Tail. Hind foot. 
tt heh 8 20 10-0 
Be sGl ceca | On 16 10-0 
eS opiecnomae 59 20 10°1 


CHIROPTERA. 
5. VESPERUGO GEORGIANUS, F. Cuv. 


a. 6. Forearm 33 millim. 
‘‘ Rare ; only occasionally found, and then in pairs.’—W. T. 


6. ATALAPHA NOVEBORACENSIS, Erxl. 

a. &. Forearm 38 millim. 

«Fairly common. Lives mostly in and about trees.” —W. T. 
7. NyYcTINOMUS BRASILIENSIs, Geoffr. 


a. &. Forearm 43 millim. 
‘“* Infests the houses.”,—W. T. 


RovDENTIA. 
8. SPERMOPHILUS SPILOSOMA, Benn. 


"ee 
Head and body 155 millim., tail 69, hind foot 30, forearm and 
hand 42, head 42°5, ear 3. Mamuine 10. 


9. NEOTOMA FLORIDANA, Ord. 

a. eval: 

“Is the largest of the Cricetine here. They are called ‘house 
builders’ by the Mexicans. Their houses are large holes in the 
ground covered over with a heap of dry sticks, cactus-leaves, pieces 
of bark, &c. Their underground rooms are extensive, and have 
rude grass nests in the corners of them. The species varies a good 


1888. ] MAMMALS FROM TEXAS. 445 


deal in colour, especially in the underparts not being very white at 
times and the line of demarcation being very indistinct. They are 
sometimes ten inches long, and weigh one pound.” —W. T. 


10. Stemopon uispipus, Say & Ord. 


“ A family.” 
a-c. 3 2 and yg,, 4/86. 


Head and Forearm 
body. Tail. Hind foot. and hand. Har. 
hag ee a 128 111 28°8 34 14 
OT cadence 132 m2 28°5 36 16 


Mamme 2—2=8. 

“This species is very common here, and one may see their rude 
nests at the foot of bushes everywhere. Besides these nests they 
make a good many burrows. They are sometimes gregarious, as I 
have seen fourteen killed at one place. They often have five young. 
They are very fierce and bite severely.” —W. T. 


11. Cricerus' (OnycHoMys) LEUCOGASTER, Wied. 
a. dad., 4/86. 


b. Qsk. 
e. fo skull: 
Head and Forearm 
body. Tail. Hind foot. and hand. Har. 
GES Cie. 2 114 54 23'8 315 13°5 


The present is the most southerly locality that has been yet recorded 
for this species. The specimens differ from the ordinary northern 
ones in their slender feet and less densely pilous soles, but do not 
appear to be specifically or even varietally separable. 


12. Cricetus (VESPERIMUS) LEUCOPUS, Raf. 
a-e. 3 2, 12/85 and 4/86. 


Head and Forearm Heel to front 

body. Tail. Hind foot. and hand. Lar, of last foot-pad. 
Oe SL 08 19°3 23°4 13°3 8°8 
Bei his ARO la, 9 98 O 21 29°3 — 13°4 9°9 
EE RR pes i 25°5 14 10°4 
OP his SUOLU LAd, 20°5 248 13 10°0 


“ This species is abundant in the neighbourhood. It varies greatly 
in colour, from whitish grey to the colour of old mahogany ; but 
the colours of the underparts and feet are constant. The lightest 
specimens I have seen were caught in December. Its weight is 
about three times that of C. taylori.’”—W. T. 


1 My reasons for using this name instead of’ “Hesperomys” have been fully 
explained, P. Z.S. 1888, p. 133. 
Proc. Zooxu. Soc.—1888, No. XXXI. 31 


446 MR. O. THOMAS ON SMALL [Nov. 20, 


13. Cricetus (VespeRIMus) TaYLORI, Thos. Ann. Mag. N. H. 
(5) xix. p. 66 (1887). 

a. Skin and skull, 3, 24/11/86. Type. 

6. Skin and skull, 2, 2/87. 

e-n. Inal., ¢ 9. 


Head and Hind Forearm Heel to front of 
body. Tail. foot. and hand. Ear. Head. last foot-pad. 
CAG 2) 00) AD 12°8 Lorde 7 OSG Sseie 2070 575 
636..60 — 13°0 15°38 8°3:X8:3" 20 5°6 
Coe ee Og Aare 13°4 170 §6©80x82 21 5°8 
AD, O68 is 13°2 LOD Mend XO Ona 5°4 


Skull (2 ):—Basal length 15:7 millim., greatest breadth 10°3; 
nasals, length 7:1; interorbital breadth 3-5; interparietal, length 
2'1, breadth 4:8; palate, length 9°2, breath outside m.” 4:0, inside 
m.' 2°3; anterior palatine foramen, length 3-7; upper molar series, 
length 3:1. 

Since my original description of this species was published, Mr. 
Taylor has sent home many well-preserved specimens of it in spirit, 
and I am therefore able to draw up a more complete description of 
this diminutive Vesper-Mouse. 

Size very small; general appearance very like that of Mus mus- 
culus. Whole of upper surface grizzled brownish grey, exactly of 
the tone of the common house-mouse. Ears small, evenly rounded, 
about as broad as long; laid forward (in spirit-specimens) they 
reach to the posterior canthus of the eye; their anterior margin 
without any marked central projection; their surface very thinly 
clothed with minute greyish hairs. Chin white; throat, chest, and 
sides of belly greyish white, the hairs slaty grey basally, white ter- 
minally ; centre of belly, in all the fourteen specimens examined, 
with a narrow pure white patch running from the sternum to the 
anus. Arms and legs like body; hands and feet white or greyish, 
thinly haired ; palms and soles naked, the former with five, the 
latter with six small but prominent pads; fifth hind toe, without 
claw, reaching to the middle of the first phalanx of the fourth. Tail 
short, barely as long as the body without the head, thinly haired, 
brown above and white below ; its scales very fine, the rings averaging 
from 25 to 30 to the centimetre. Mamme 0—2=4. 

Skull in its general shape and proportions curiously similar to that 
ofa miniature Mus musculus, especially as its interorbital region has 
precisely the smooth upper surface and evenly divergent, square, 
but unbeaded, supraorbital edges so characteristic of that species. 
Interparietal very small. Outer wall of infraorbital foramen without 
an anterior projecting plate. Anterior palatine foramen extending 
nearly to the level of the middle of m.1 

Teeth as usual in the subgenus Vesperimus. 

No detailed comparison is needed of this little mouse with its 
nearest allies, as it is at once distinguished from all by its diminutive 
size, its Mus musculus-like colour and shape of skull, and its small 
number of mamme. 


1888. } MAMMALS FROM TEXAS. 447 


“These mice live in single families in well-sheltered places in 
woods and fields. They build neat nests of fine curly grass, corn, 
silk, or any soft substance they can find. They also build little 
houses of refuge away from the main dwelling. Their nests are 
firm and elastic, very unlike the rude nests of Sigmodon hispidus. 
If other mice live in the same place, they watch till the others dis- 
appear, then suddenly steal part of the other nest and run to their 
own with it. They again return slowly and repeat the same quick 
theft. They are somewhat like shrews in their movements. They 
creep under anything that is in their way, instead of bounding over 
it like Cricetus leucopus and Ochetodon meaxicanus. ‘They are very 
industrious, making many streets and alleys, and clearing off any 
obstructions that may get on to them. They do not like to eat in 
exposed places. They hardly ever try to bite when handled, and 
can hardly draw blood when they do bite, their jaws are so weak. 
The female has generally two, but sometimes three young at a time. 
This is remarkable, as many of the allied species have often five 
young ones at a time. 

“ Besides the females with young that I caught in different loca- 
lities, I had three sets born in confinement, in a small box. They 
are bluish black before the hair begins to grow, which takes place at 
about five days after birth, and then they are sooty black. When 
danger is near the mother runs off carrying one in her mouth, like 
a cat, and not only the mother, but the male also takes one in his 
mouth, though somewhat awkwardly, and carries it to a safe place. 
When eight days old they have a fair covering of hair and take 
notice of what is going on. When twelve days old one of them 
ran away to protect itself, and commenced to wash its face like the 
old ones when perplexed. After the first week of their life, when 
danger is near, the mother gives them a sign to catch on to the teats, 
which they do, then she runs off, even jumps, with them both dang- 
ling behind her like the tender of a locomotive, and I never saw one 
fall off. When twenty days old each weighs 45 grains, they begin 
to eat, and assume the appearance of the grown ones except that they 
are much darker in colour. When one month old they are weaned, 
pearly half-grown, and foraging for themselves. In twenty days after 
the same female had another set of young. Full-grown C. taylori 
weighs 150 grains, about one third of an ounce. ‘Their voice is a 
sharp squeak, very different from the yelping noise of Cricetodipus 
flavus.’—W. T. 


14. OcHETODON MEXICANUS, De Sauss. 
a-g. 3 2, 3/86. 


Head and Forearm 
body. Tail. Hind foot. and hand, Ear. 
GMs ces 8s 66 90 19°2 22 10°5 
If, 46h OO CROCE 66 92 19°1 21°3 11:0 
PM Gas icici a oa OF 90 18:7 21 10°5 
EO) hb fh). 62 97 18°1 21 10°7 


Mamme 1—2=6. 
31* 


448 MR. O. THOMAS ON SMALL [Nov. 20, 


“ This species is rare in Duval County, and I have not seen more 
than one pair in one place ; they build very comfortable nests of grass 
lined with feathers, cotton, or wool; these nests are very firmly put 
together, and look like those of some birds except that they have two 
openings; they are easily seen placed high on the top of some prickly 
cactus, or on a branch of some smooth tree or bush, where skunks 
and weasels seldom try to climb. I had a few of them in confine- 
ment, but they did not breed. They are the most active animals I 
ever saw—monkeys are slow compared with them; they can jump 
from the wires on one side of the cage, turning as they spring, and 
catch on the other side again and again, as fast as one can count. 
They vary greatly in colour, independently of season or locality, 
being sometimes as bright as Cricetodipus flavus and sometimes as 


fo] 
sombre as Mus museulus.”—W. T. 


15. Dipopomys AGILIs compactus, True’. 


a Ad, a. O% 
6. Skull and dried foot. 


Head and Forearm 
body. Tail. Hind foot. and hand. Kar. 
DO. VTL 98 122 33° 27 10:1 


Mamme 1—2=6. 


Skull—Basal length 26 miilim ; greatest length from tip of nasals 
to back of buliz 36°4; greatest breadth (across bulle) 22-1; nasals, 
length 13°5; interorbital breadth 13; interparietal, length 3:0, 
breadth 2°6; greatest diameter (oblique) of bulle 14:4; paiate, 
length 16; diastema 8°5. 

These specimens appear to representa race of D. agilis so deeidedly 
smaller than the typical form as to merit subspecific distinction, 
especially as the reduction in size is correlated with a decided differ- 
ence in the relative development of the bulla. 

As to the difference in size, Mr. True* has given a table of the 
measurements of all the alcoholic specimens of Dipodomys preserved 
in the United States National Museum. In this table only one of 
the eleven five-toed specimens has a hind foot measuring less than 
39 millim., and this one, No. 2621, comes from Coahuila, Mexico, 
and therefore probably belongs to the present subspecies. All the 
other specimens have hind feet ranging from 39 to 45 millim. in 
length, including the claws. 


1 The above account was in type when I received Mr. F. W. True’s “ De- 
scription of Dipodomys compactus, a new species of Rodent from Padre Island, 
Texas” (P. U.S. Nat. Mus. xi. p. 159, 1888). The form described by Mr. True 
and that obtained by Mr. Taylor are, no doubt, the same, although no mention 
of the skull-characters is made by the former. 

* With claw, 35. The dried foot of specimen 4 measures 31 millim. without 
and 33 with its longest claw. 

5 P. U.S. Nat, Mus. ix. p. 411 (1886). In this admirable paper the distinction 
in the number of toes between D. phillipst and D. agilisis first pointed out, and 
useful series of measurements and localities are given for both forms. 


1888. ] MAMMALS FROM TEXAS. 449 


In the skull the most marked difference, apart from its smaller 
size, is in the lesser development of the bulle, and the consequent 
increase of the space between them, as specially marked by the much 
greater breadth of the interparietal bones. These latter are very 
nearly as broad as long, while in all the specimens of D, agilis that 
I have seen their length is at least double and is often three times 
their breadth. The muzzle also is rather shorter and slenderer, the 
front edge of the anterior zygoma-root starts out from it at a sharper 
angle, and the supraorbital margins are much more nearly paraliel to 
one another, and less divergent posteriorly, than they are in D. agilis. 

In all these characters, both cranial and external, D. agilis compactus 
seems to stand on one side of D. agilis typicus exactly where D. 
deserti, Stephens ', does on the other, for just as D. compactus is dis- 
tinguished by its smaller size, smaller bullee, and broader interparietal, 
so is D. deserti distinguished by its larger size, larger bull, and 
narrower interparietal ; the three forms apparently therefore repre- 
sent three stages in one single series of development. 


16. PeRoGNATHUS FASCIATUS, Wied. 
aj. 3 Q, 12/85 and 4/86. 


Head and Forearm 

body. Tail. Hind foot. and hand. Ear, 
Gace oe 96 98 22°2 26°5 6°3 
ORS te ia 99 97 23 26°5 70 
Breve evi is 90 90 22°7 26°6 6°1 
Tey ROS A amor: 107 104 24:4 29 6°6 
OPES te 99 99 22°9 27 6°5 
gre SONS Ol 99 23°5 27 6°5 


Mamme 1—2=6. 


“These pocket-mice are found all over the county, but indi- 
viduals are scarce. They remain in their burrows during winter, 
but live a rather exposed life when grass and weeds cover the ground. 
They arestrong and active, and the ones I had caged were very silent, 
but made a considerable fuss filling and emptying their pockets. I 
placed a heap of corn near their nest to see how fast they would 
remove it; I think a pair could move a peck one yard in six or seven 
hours. They appear to fight a good deal, as I often find them with 
scars and broken tails.’—W. T. 


17. CriceTopipus FLAvus, Bd. 
a-e. b 9, 12/85 and 3 & 4/86. 


Head and Forearm and 
body. Tail. Hind foot. hand. Ear. 
PR il: Bess ie 50 13°5 16°0 4:7 
BM ph OL 48 14:2 16°3 52 
Oe ee te DS 52 14°] Ff 4°4 
BB Sin aia eres 51°5 om 13:7, 16°4 4°5 


1 Am. Nat. xxi. p. 42 (1887). The author unfortunately does not state 
whether his species has fou or five hind toes. 


450 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON [Nov. 20, 


Head and Forearm and 

body. Tail. Hind foot. hand. Ear. 
BO den sk 49 52 13°3 16 4:6 
Of Qresae 53 49 14:2 16°6 40 
To eae 52 51 14-0 16°7 4°5 
lie ON eee 50 49 14 16°5 4-1 
Op ASE 49 48 13-0 16 4-0 
Pe 6g Se cts 50 46 15345) 16°7 4-0 


Mamme 1—2=6. 

Besides the measurements of this species recorded in Dr. Coues’s 
Monograph (p. 518), a set of those of the allied C. parvus, Bd., have 
been given by Mr. True’, who has pointed out the distinguishing 
characters of the two species. 

“‘ These pigmy pocket-mice are found in all parts of the county, 
although they are scarce. They build their little nests in holes in 
the ground, or among old cactus-leaves. They have often seeds in 
their pockets when caught. I have had single ones in confinement, 
but never a pair, so I do not know if they readily breed ; they have 
seldom more than two young at atime. ‘Thisis the smallest mouse 
here, weighing only one quarter of an ounce.” —W. T. 


3. Liste supplémentaire des Oiseaux recueillis en Corée 
par M. Jean Kalinowski*. Par M. L. Taczanowsx1, 


C.M.Z.S. 
[Received August 22, 1888.] 


Notre voyageur a continué encore ses travaux en Corée depuis la 
moitié de mars 1887 jusqu’a la fin de jauvier 1888 ; puis le 5 février 
il se mit en route de retour 4 pieds vers la Mantchourie russe, chas- 
sant et collectionnant tant qu’il lui était possible pendant cette traver- 
sée pénible et dangereuse, qu’il a accompli dans deux mois jusqu’A 
la frontiére russe. 

Le point le plus méridional qu’il a visité dans ce pays est éloigné 
de 60 kilométres au sud de la capitale; mais comme il y a trouvé 
la contrée plus pauvre encore en végétation et en gibier que dans les 
environs de Séoul il a résigné 4 s’avancer plus loin dans cette direc- 
tion. Toute la contrée septentrionale du pays jusqu’a la frontiére 
est également non boisée, et habitée partout par une population dense, 
méme dans les montagnes au sommet des quelles il y a aussi des habi- 
tations. Les plus grands bois quil a vus et qui ne sont pas 
nombreux dans ce pays, ne dépassent pas une dizaine d’hectares ; 
tous les renseignements qu'il a pu recueillir s’accordent quil n’y a 
point de plus grandes férets nulle part dans le fond du pays. De tout 
ce qu'il a yus la meilleur contrée pour la chasse aux mammiferes et 
aux oiseaux est située entre Séoul et Ginzan dans les environs 
d’Ara-Sambo, ot il y a des sangliers, des cerfs, des chevreuils, le 


1 P.U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 475 (1882). 
* See P. ZS. 1887, p. 596. 


1888. ] THE BIRDS OF COREA. 451 


muse, |’ Antilope crispa, la zibeline, l’écureuil et autres, ainsi que 
plus d’oiseaux qu’ailleurs. 

La pauvreté en oiseaux qu’on rencontre en général dans toute la 
Corée est aménée principalement par la population trés nombreuse 
pour un territoire aussi restreint. Les Coréens mangent tous les ois- 
eaux sans exception; dans les marchés du gibier on trouve presque 
toutes les espéces grandes et petites, les outardes et les faisans en 
compagnie de cigognes, de hérons, de grand-dues, des corbeaux et 
autres, mais qui tous sont aussi maltraités qu’on ne peut pas méme 
s’en servir pour la collection. Le petit nombre d’oiseaux qui reste 
pour vicher dans le pays est également persécuté que les autres, et 
c’est la raison pour laquelle on y trouve trés rarement des nids avec 
des ceufs. 

Je commence cette liste supplémentaire par I’énumération des 
espéces du dernier transport qui n’ont pas été fournies dans Penvoi 
précédent. 


108. HALIAETUS BRANICKII, Sp. 1. 


H. brunneo-niger ; plumis colli striga mediana longissima pallida, 
rectricibus tectricibusque caude superioribus et inferioribus pure 
albis ; rostro, cera pedibusque aurantiaco-flavis ; iridibus lutes- 
centt-albidis. 

Q@ ad. Plumage général de tout le corps est noir brunatre, tirant 
légérement au schiste dans les plumes fraiches du manteau et des 
ailes, tandis que dans les plumes de la robe précédente la nuance est 
brunatre ; la couleur du dessous du corps est plus brunatre et uni- 
forme sur toute la poitrine et ’abdomen; la plus noiratre elle est sur 
les pantalons, sur tout le dos inférieur et le croupion, sur la partie 
emplumée des cétés de la téte et sur la gorge; tandis que sur tout 
le sommet de la téte et sur tout le cou toutes les plumes sont tra- 
versées dans toute leur longueur par une raie grise fine prolongée 
jusqu’ au bout de ces plumes, sur celles du front ces raies médianes 
sont trés peu distinctes; les rectrices avec les tectrices supérieures et 
les inférieures de la queue sont d’un blane pur. Bee, cire, peau nue 
des cdtés de la téte et les pieds sont d’un jaune orangé vif; ongles 
cornés ; iris blanc tirant lég¢rement au jaunatre. 

Longueur totale 980, vol 2260, aile 600, queue 340, bec depuis 
la commissure 96, bec depuis la cire en courbe jusqu’au bout 80, de 
la cire depuis les plumes frontales 31, hauteur du bec prise a la base 
des narines 55, tour de la mandibule supérieure a la base des narines 
entre les deux tranchants 95, longueur du tarse 87, doigt médian 
90, ongle en courbe 42, ongle du doigt interne également en courbe 
54, ongle du doigt externe 35, ongle du pouce 56, queue dépassant 
le bout des ailes de 115 millim. 

Cet aigle ressemble complétement au H. pelagicus (Pall.), par son 
habitus, sa taille, par la forme du bec, la forme de la queue, par ia 
formule alaire et par la longueur relative des ailes 4 la queue, mais en 
outre de la coloration il s’en distingue par plusieurs détails caractéris- 
tiques, comme :—le bec distinctement plus élevé et plus épais, tour de 


452 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON [Nov. 20, 


la mandibule supérieure & la base des narines pris entre les deux tran- 
chants est beaucoup plus long (95 millim. tandis que celui du péla- 
gique n’a que 87); l’extrémité de cette mandibule moins prolongée et 
moins courbée en arricre ; la nudité latérale de la face plus prolongée 
jusqu’au milieu des yeux, tandis que chez l’oiseau cité elle dépasse 
peu le bord antérieur de l’ceil, et est beaucoup plus faiblement garnie 
de poils moins développés, de sorte que la peau nue conserve sa 
couleur naturelle et parait étre parfaitement nue 4 une petite dis- 
tance ; les ongles sont moins longs; les seutelles cornées au dos des 
doigts non partagées sont moins nombreuses, il n’y a que quatre ter- 
minales sur le doigt médian, tandis que chez le H.pelagicus il y a au 
moins 7, quelquefois jusqu’a 14, les plumes de la région interscapulaire 
plus acuminées, etc. 

L’unique exemplaire qui sert a cette description fut tué par M. 
Kalinowski a Tsiempion, le 28 février 1888, pendent son retour de 
Séoul 4 Wladiwostok. Puis le voyageur a vu encore 6 ou 7 individus, 
qui tous étaient aussi noirs que le précédent, sans rien de blanc ex- 
cepté la queue, et qui frappaient de loin par le jaune orangé de leur 
bec et des pieds; il a vu aussi un jeune A queue foncée. Précédem- 
ment il a observé aussi deux oiseaux qui tournoyaient dans une grande 
hauteur aux environs de la capitale, et a vu aussi deux peaux sus- 


Téte de Haliaetus branickhii. 


pendues chez les indigénes, mutilées, sans ailes, sans queue et sans 
bec, auxquelles il n’a pas fait attention. Aprés son arrivée 4 Wladi- 
wostok, lorsque le voyageur a montré son exemplaire 4 M. Jankow- 
ski, cet explorateur de la Mantchourie russe a assuré qu’il a déja vu 
deux pareils 4 Sidemi, dont la couleur toute foncée sans rien de blane, 
sauf la queue, l’a frappée au premier coup d’ceil. M. Godlewski, 
ancien compagnon du Dr. Dybowski, aprés l’examen de cet aigle 
Coréen prétend qu’il a vu aussi deux pareil posés sur le sable au bord de 
?Onon en Daourie, quil’ont frappés par leur couleur générale foncée, 
la queue blanche et le jaune intense du bec et des pieds, mais qui se 
sont envolés de loin devant lui. M. Kalinowski assure que pendant 


1888. ] THE BIRDS OF COREA. 453 


tout le temps de son séjour en Corée il n’a pas vu le H. pelagicus 
typique. 

Notre voyageur prétend que cet oiseau remarquable habite la con- 
trée septentrionale de la Corée, au voisiuage des riviéres trés poisson- 
neuses, d’oti les indigénes transportent tous les ans dans les contrées 
plus méridionales de la péninsule une grande quantité du poisson 
séché. 

Cet aigle qu’on pourrait prendre pour une variété négre de laigle 
pélagique me parait constituer une forme locale constante, peu nom- 
breuse et confinée dans un territoire assez restreint dans le sud méme 
de la vaste région habitée par l’aigle pélagique. En outre de la diffé- 
rence dans la coloration et dans les autres caractéres plastiques, que 
je viens d’indiquer, peut servir de preuve la circonstance qu’entre 
beaucoup d’aigles pélagiques observés et recueillis 4 Kamtschatka 


Téte de Haliaetus pelagicus. 


par MM. Dybowski et Kalinowski tous étaient en plumage normal, et 
qu’entre beaucoup d’individus qui ont été recueillis et observés par 
les autres voyageurs au Kamtschatka et partout ailleurs on n’a rien 
trouvé de pareil. 

Je dédie se remarquable oiseau & M.le Comte Xavier Branicki, 
qui a hérité de son pére l’amour de |’Histoire Naturelle et l’amitié 
des Naturalistes. Il commence jeune sa carriére, je lui souhaite 
done de tout mon cceur que les résultats de son entreprise solent 
correspondants & l’empressement avec lequel il s'est pris & l’ceuvre. 
Ce sera le meilleur hommage rendu & la mémoire de son pére, qui 
désirait ardemment que son fils continue a s’intéresser de la science. 


109. Haxtartus avpicruta (L.). 


Deux jeunes oiseaux tués 4 Séoul et au nord de Ginzan. 

Nulle part M. Kalinowski n’a pas rencontré ce pygargue aussi nom- 
breux quil l’est dans les contrées septentrionales de la Corée pendant 
la migration de printemps. Au voisinage de la frontiére de la Mant- 
chourie russe notre voyageur a vu sur un lac convert de glace une 


centaine de ces rapaces qui se reposaient sur la glace et sur le 
rivage. 


454 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON [Nov. 20, 


110. ARCHIBUTEO HEMILASTUs (Temm. et Schl.). 


Une femelle ad. tuée 4 Séoul le 15 janvier 1888, semblable en tout 
a celle que le Musée de Varsovie posscde de Tsourouchaitoui en 
Daourie, mais qui a la téte toute blanche avec une grande tache cer- 
vicale brun pale, des stries brunes trés fines au front et sur le vertex, 
ainsi que sur Ja gorge, une moustache brune malaire. Cet exemplaire 
a les tarses parfaitement dénues dans le tiers inférieur, sauf une fine 
bande emplumée sur le devant méme d’un de ces tarses. Longueur 
totale 676, vol 1612, queue dépassant le bout des ailes de 25 millim. 
Iris blanc sale, avec une légére teinte jaunatre, 4 moitié inférieure 
parsemée de points roux. 

L’espéce n’y est pas commune. 


111. Scores saPponicus, Temm. et Schl. 


Une femelle du 27 octokre 1887. Iris jaune orangé. Longueur 
totale 203, vol 530, le bout des ailes atteignant l’extrémité de la 
queue. Deux exemplaires ont été rencontrés aux environs de Séoul. 


112. Astro accrpirrinus (Pall.). 


Deux males tués aux environs de Séoul, en janvier, un d’eux le 
29 de ce mois lorsque la terre fut couverte de neige ; en général on 
ne le voit qu’en petit nombre en hiver. 


113. Cory.e sinensis (Gr. et Hardw.). 


Une femelle adulte du 21 septembre et un jeune oiseau de la méme 
date des environs de Séoul, 4 dimensions semblables 4 celles des oiseaux 
de Sidemi. On rencontre cette hirondelle aux deux passages. 


114. Hatcyon coromanovs (Lath.), 


Un male tué le 28 aoit 1887 aux environs de Séoul, et c’est le 
seul gui a été vu pendant tout le séjour de deux ans et demi dans le 
pays. Longueur totale 289, vol 460, aile 122, queue 68, bec depuis 
la commissure 66, tarse 15, doigt médian 28 avec l’ongle, queue 
dépassant le bout des ailes de 40 millim. 


115. Upupa repoprs, L. 


Une femelle tuée & Séoul le 30 juin. La huppe est rare en Corée, 
mais elle niche dans Je pays, et quitte la contrée en hiver. 


116. Turpus osscurus, Gm. 


Une paire de Séoul, tuée le 21 mai; oiseau de passage aux deux 
migrations. 


117. TurpDuUS PALLIDUS, Gm. 


Une femelle de Séoul, tuée au printemps; on ne la voit qu’aux 
époques des deux migrations. 


1888. ] THE BIRDS OF COREA. 455 


118. PHYLLOPNEUSTE SCHWARZI, Radde. 


Un mile tué 4 Séoul le 11 mai 1887; iris brun foneé. Cet indi- 
vidu ressemble en tout a la pluralité des oiseaux en robe de noces de la 
Daourie et du Baical méridional; mais il se distingue de tous ceux avec 
lesquels je l’ai comparé par le blanc plus répandu sur les parties infé- 
rieures du corps, qui n’est interrompu sur le milieu de la poitrine que 
par une teinte fauve tres légére ; l’ocreux des souscaudales trés pale ; 
il se distingue aussi de tous ceux avec lesquels il a été comparé par 
des macules fauve blanchatres terminales dans les tectrices alaires 
moyennes et les grandes secondaires. Longueur totale 130, vol 195, 
aile 59, queue 46 millim. On le trouve en été mais en petit nombre. 


119. LocusTELLa FasciouaTa (Gr.). 


Trois males tués le 15 juillet 4 Chimulpo sur des petits il6ts, 
éloignés d’un kilométre de la céte, couverts de buissons et d’herbe 
élevée, ot. il niche; au reflux ces iléts sont réunis au continent 
Yoiseau quitte le pays en hiver. Le voyageur a entendu aussi I’ oiseau 
chantant au bord de la riviére Séoul, mais n’a pas pu le retrouver. 

Dimensions :—Longueur totale 180, vol 223, aile 72, queue 65, 
bec 22, tarse 24, queue dépassant le bout des ailes de 52 millim. 

Dans un autre exemplaire longueur totale 181, vol 227, aile 71, 
queue 65, bec 22, tarse 26, queue dépassant le bout des ailes de 50 
millim. 


120. LARVIVORA SIBILANS, Swinh. 


Un mile ad. de Séoul tué le 11 mai 1887, semblable en tout 4 
ceux de Sidemi il de la Daourie ; iris brun fonceé. L/’oiseau est rare 
et de passage. 


121. ReGuuus saPonicus, Temm. 


Deux males et deux femelles tués le 27 et le 30 octobre 1887 
aux environs de Séoul; dans cette saison ils ont moins de nuance 
cendrée sur les cétés de la téte et au cou que les oiseaux d’avril, 
cette couleur est remplacée par une nuance olivatre. Trés commun 
en automne et pendant tout Phiver dans les foréts de pin. 


122, Parus ATer, L. 


Une femelle de Séoul du 13 octobre 1887. Mésange trés commune 
dans les foréts de coniféres pendant tout ’automne, en hiver et au 
printemps; rare en été. 


123. Prpastes aeiiis, Blyth. 


Une femelle ad. en robe fraiche d’automne complete, tuée 4 Séoul 
le 11 octobre 1887; cet individu a une nuance rousse forte sur la 
gorge et la poitrine. Cet oiseau est assez rare dans les époques des 
migrations ; peu nombreux en été. 


124. EmBerizA RvusTICA, Pall. 


Une paire tuée le 27 octobre 1887 ; l’espéce hiverne en grand 
nombre, reste en petit nombre en été. 


456 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON [Nov. 20; 


125. Euspiza rutita, Pall. 


Deux males adultes, tués A Séoul le 11 mai 1887. On ne le voit 
point en été et en hiver. 


126. EopHoNA MELANURA (Gm.). 


Un jeune male tué le 26 aoit 1887 aux environs de Séoul. En 
automne on voit longtemps ce gros-bec. 


127. Orts pyBowsk11, Tacz. 


Une femelle adulte tuée au nord de Ginzan le 27 février 1887, 
et un jeune male des environs de Séoul. L’outarde est commune 
pendant tout Vhiver depuis Séoul jusqu’a la frontiére de la Mant- 
chourie Russe, dans les environs de la eapitale on peut voir quelque- 
fois des troupes composées jusqu’A une centaine d’exemplaires; au 
sud de Séoul elle est plus rare, en été on ne la voit point. 

Comme la femelle de cette outarde orientale, qui jusqu’a nos jours 
est confondue avec l’espéce européenne, n’est pas encore décrite, je 
donne done sa description. 

La femelle est beaucoup plus petite que le male, 4 manteau également 
foncé mais 4 dessin roux moins régulier; la téte et le cou sont d’un 
cendré bleuatre assez intense, en laissant la gorge largement d’un 
blane pur, sommet de la téte plus obscur parsemé de macules fauves, 
milieu du cervix noir maculé de fauve ; le cendré collaire se termine 
en arriére dans la moitié de la hauteur du cou, tandis que sur le 
devant il descend jusqu’au bas de la région jugulaire; tectrices 
supérieures des ailes rousses rayées de noir dans la moitié 
supérieure de l’aile pliée, dans la moitié inférieure de Vaile elles sont 
d’un gris cendré mélangé avec du roux rayé de noir, toutes terminées 
par une grosse tache blanche, ce qui forme une grosse maculature de 
cette derniére coleur sur la partie postérieure de Vaile, tandis que ces 
macules sont beaucoup moins grandes dispersées sur un fond cendré 
du devant du bas de V’aile ; grandes tectrices alaires noires terminées 
par une grande tache blanche, ainsi que les rémiges primaires ; 
rémiges secondaires postérieures rayées de brun, de roux et en partie 
de blanc; le blanc des rectrices externes fort coloré de roux, dans la 
moitié ter rninale, & 2 ou 3 bandes transversales noires ; les médianes 
semblables a celles du mile. 

Longueur totale 795, vol 1700, aile 475, queue 195, bee 80, tarse 
120, doigt médian 45, ongle 15 millim. 


128. CHARADRIUS FULVUS, Gm. 


Un jeune male tué a Séoul le 25 septembre 1887 ; assez commun 
dans les temps des migrations. 


129, AiGrsLiTIs MONGOLA (Pall.). 
Deux males tués 4 Chimulpo le 2 juin 1887 ; rare au printemps. 


130. SQUATAROLA HELVETICA (Linn.). 


Jeune oiseau tué a Séoul le 27 septembre 1887; on Vobserve en 
petit nombre aux époques des deux migrations. 


1888. ] THE BIRDS OF COREA. 457 


131. LoBIvANELLUS INORNATUS, Temm. et Schl. 

Une femelle tuée entre Séoul et Chimulpo le 27 septembre 1887. 
Iris et bee d’un jaune orangé, extrémité du bee noir; pieds d’un 
jaune pale. En été peu nombreux, absent en hiver. 

132. TrinGa suBmMinuTA, Midd. 


Une femelle tuée 4 Séoul en septembre ; bécasseau assez commun 
dans les deux migrations. 


133. TRINGA ACUMINATA, Horsf. 


Deux males tués & Chimulpo en mai; c’est les seuls qui ont été 
rencontres sur la cOte pendant tout le temps de l’exploration de notre 
voyageur. Dimensions :— 


Longueur totale 235, vol 464, aile 143, queue 63, bec 28, bout des 
ailes atteignant l’extrémité de la queue. 


Longueur totale 232, vol 456, aile 140, queue 63, bec 28, bout des 
ailes atteignant l’extrémité de la queue. 

134, HrTEROSCELES INCANUS (Gm.). 

Un male en robe de Vhiver tué aux environs de Séoul le 27 
septembre ; peu nombreux en automne. 

135. AcriTis HYPOLEUCOs (L.). 

Une paire tuée a Séoul en septembre. Peu nombreux en été, 
niche dans les environs de Séoul, commun partout en automne, 
absent en hiver. 

136. Toranus Guottis (Lath.). 

On male de Chimulpo du 3 mai, deux femelles de Séoul tuées en 
septembre, Ce chevalier ainsi que les suivants communs au passage 
d’automne, rares au printemps dans les champs de riz. 

137. Toranus cauipris (L.). 


Un male en plnmage d’hiver tud 4 Séoul le 19 septembre. 


138. Toranus ocuropus (L.). 


Un male et deux femelles pris 4 Séoul en septembre et en octobre 
de 1887. 


139. Toranus GLAREOLA (L.). 


Un mile et une femelle tués 4 Séoul en septembre et en octobre. 


140. Limosa LAPPONICA BAUERI (Naum.). 

Une femelle en robe d’hiver de Séoul, tuée le 22 octobre; trés 
rare en automne dans les rizicres. 

141. NUMENIUS PHZOPUS VARIEGATUS (Scop.). 


Une femelle tuée 4 Chimulpo le 3 mai 1887. Commun au passage 
de printemps sur la cote et partout dans les montagnes. 


458 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON [Nov. 20, 


142. Ruyncu@a sinensis, Swinh. 

Une jeune femelle commengant 4 changer le plumage tuée aux 
uvirons de Séoul le 6 septembre, et c’est le seul exemplaire trouvé 
dans une rizitre. Iris verdatre sale, pieds gris avec une teinte 
verdatre. Longueur totale 278, vol 510, aile 136, queue 45, bec 53, 
tarse 47, doigt médian 35, ongle 4, queue dépassant le bout des ailes 
de 18 millim. 


143. PorZANA PUSILLA (Pall.). 
Une femelle tuée 4 Chimulpo le 29 mai 1887 ; iris orangé. 


144. ARDETTA SINENSIS (Gm.). 
Une femelle tuée 4 Chimulpo le 29 mai. 


145. Larus CACHINNANS, Pall. 


Un mile de Ginzan du 16 février. Ivis gris clair; pieds carné 
pale. Longueur totale 675, vol 1590 millim. 


146. CHROICOCEPHALUS SAUNDERSI, Swinh. 


Une femelle de Ginzan du 16 février, il y avait une quinzaine 
au bord de la mer, puis le voyageur a rencontré plusieurs 4 ’ embou- 
chure des petites riviéres. Iris brun foncé; bec noir; pieds d’un 
rouge sale. Longueur totale 340, vol 910, aile 285, queue 110, 
bec 30, culmen 26, tarse 40, doigt médian 27, ongle 7 millim. 


147. Cygnus oLor (Gm.). 


Jeune femelle tuée 4 Ginzan le 27 février. Longueur totale 1287, 
vol 2140 millim. Le voyageur n’a vu dans cette contrée que des 
jeunes en hiver ; les adultes vont plus loin au sud, mais reviennent 
vers le 20 février. 


148. ANAS ZONORHYNCHA, Swinh. 


Un mile adulte tué a Chimulpo le 3 mai 1887. Iris brun foncé ; 
longueur totale 617, vol 990, aile 296, queue 104 millim. Peunom- 
breux en général, au printemps et en automne, le plus souvent on le 
rencontre par paires; au printemps ce canard apparait avant les 
autres espéces. 


149. ANAS FALCATA, Pall. 
Un mile adulte de Ginzan, on le trouve aussi 4 Séoul en passage. 


1888.] THE BIRDS OF COREA. 459 


Liste des espéces non recueillies mais que le voyageur a eu en 
main, ou gw il a vu pour sir. 


150. PANDION HALIAETUS (L.). 

On ne le voit qu’en exemplaires solitaires, au printemps et rare- 
ment en automne. 

151. Pernis aprvorvus (L.) ? 

Depuis le mois d’aotit jusqu’en automne dans les environs de 
Séoul. 

152. Fatco communis (Gm.). 

Sédentaire, plus commun en hiver. 


153. Fatco suBBUTEO, L. 

Rencontré rarement au printemps et en automue entre Séoul et 
Chimulpo. 

154. AstuR pALUMBARIUS (L.). 

Rencontré dans les contreés septentrionales du pays. 


155. Surnia nyctTea (L.). 

Rencontrée 4 la fin de février dans les environs de Ginzan. 

156. AcanTHy is caupacutTa (Lath.). 

Rare aux passages. 

157. BomMBYCILLA GARRULA (L.). 

Observée en février 4 Siongno 4 100 kilometres au nord de Séoul. 
158. Corvus ORIENTALIS, Eversm. 

Observé au passage de printemps, ne reste pas pour nicher. 

159. PLECTROPHANES NIVALIs (L.). 


Rencontré en février aux environs de Ginzan. 


160. Hamatorus oscuLaAns, Swinh. 
Rare au printemps dans les environs de Séoul. 


161. Numentus cyanopus, Vieill. 
Rencontré dans toutes les saisons, rare en hiver. 


162. ScoLtopax rusTIcULA, L. 
Une seule rencontrée en automne. 


163. GALLINAGO HYEMALIs (Eversm.). 
Rare en hiver au nord de Ginzan. 


164. RALLINA MANDARINA, Swinh. 
Rare en hiver dans les riziéres. 


460 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON [Nov. 20, 


165. ANSER SEGETUM (Gm.). 
Observée aux passages. 


166. CyGNopsis CyGNOIDEs (Pall.). 
Observée aux passages. 


167. Cyenus musicus, Bechst. 
Le plus commun en hiver. 


168. Arx GALERICULATA (L.). 
Observée aux deux passages. 


169. Anas BoscuHas, L. 
Niche en petit nombre et hiverne. 


170. Anas crecca, L. 
Hiverne. 


171. ANAs Formosa, Georgi. 
Observée aux deux passages. 


172. Dariza acuta (L.). 
Observée aux deux passages. 


173. Sparuna ciypPeata (L.). 
Observée aux deux passages. 


174. Mareca PENELOPE (L.). 
Observée aux deux passages. 


175. Furr runieuta (L.). 
Rare en hiver, manque en été. 


176. Furrx marta (L.). 
Observée aux deux passages. 


177. MERGUS MERGANSER, L. 
Hiverne. 


178. Mereus seRRATOR, L. 
Hiverne. 


179. MeRGuS ALBELLUs, L. 


Hiverne. 


1888. ] THE BIRDS OF COREA. 461 


Additions aux espéces de la liste précédente. 
Minvus MELANOTIS. 
Trés commun dans toutes les saisons de l’année. 


BurTeEeo PLUMIPES. 
Ne se trouve qu’en hiver. 


ASTUR CUCULOIDES. 


Assez rare, niche et quitte le pays pour Phiver. Il se nourrit 
principalement de gros coléoptéres et surtout de longicornes qu'il 
prend au vol ou sur les branches. 


ACCIPITER NISUS. 
Sédentaire et assez commun dans toutes les saisons. 


FALCO HENDERSONI. 


Sédentaire mais rare; sa rareté est certainement amenée par les 
indigénes qui s’en servent pour la chasse, ce qui s’applique aussi au 
Faucon Commun et a |’ Autour. 


FALco SUBBUTEO. 
Rare dans les temps des migrations. 


DENDROFALCO SALON, 
Rare et observé seulement en hiver. 


TINNUNCULUS JAPONICUS. 
Sédentaire, le plus commun des rapaces diurnes. 


CIRCUS CYANEUS. 
Sédentaire, assez commun. 


NINOX JAPONICUS. 
Assez commun en été, absent en hiver. 


Scors SEMITORQUES. 
Rare en hiver, absent en été. 


Buso 1GNAVUS. 


Sédentaire, assez commun; on le voit souvent en vente au marché 
entre le gibier. Dans le dernier transport d’oiseaux ily a une 
paire de grand-ducs, recueillis dans les environs de Séoul. La femelle 
est semblable en tout A celle de l’envoi précédent et au mile de 
Sidemi ; elles ont la méme nuance du fond abdominal et presque la 
méme grosseur des stries noires centrales dans les plumes, et les raies 
transversales semblables. Le mile tué le 4 novembre 1887 a le 
fond des parties supérieures du corps, des cotés du cou et de toutes 
les parties supérieures du corps d’un roux aussi intense et méme plus 
fort que dans la pluralité des oiseaux européens, les flamméches 
pectorales et les stries abdominales noires aussi grosses que dans les 


Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. XXXII. 32 


462 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON [Nov. 20, 


femelles ; Je dessin noir sur le fond du manteau plus délicat que dans 
les femelles. Iris jaune orangé. 

Tous ces exemplaires présentent entre eux une grande différence 
dans la rayure foncée de laqueue; la femelle de ce dernier transport 
a sur la page inférieure de toutes les rectrices, sauf les médianes et 
les submédianes, les raies noires transversales fines, et trés peu de 
petites taches au voisinage de l’extrémité des pennes ; chez le male 
les raies transversales sont encore beaucoup plus fines, la maculature 
subterminale subtile; la femelle de l’envoi précédent a les bandes 
larges, la maculature dense, plus grossiére et plus prolongée vers la 
base des pennes. Dimensions de ces deux exemplaires :-— 

3. Longueur totale 615, vol 1583, aile 430, queue 250, queue 
dépassant le bout des ailes de 80 millim. 

@. Longueur totale 615, vol 1583, aile 480, queue 276, queue 
dépassant le bout des ailes de 80 millim. 


SYRNIUM NIVICOLUM. 
Sédentaire et rare. 


CAPRIMULGUS JOTAKA. 
Rare en été. 


CECROPIS DAURICA. 


Rare en été, elle nichait en 1886, tandis que dans l’année suivante 
on ne la voyait point. 


HirUNDO GUTTURALIS. 
Commune en été, niche et quitte le pays pour Vhiver. 


EURYSTOMUS ORIENTALIS. 
Assez commun en été, niche et quitte le pays pour l’hiver. 


HALCYON PILEATUS. 


Assez commun en été, niche et quitte le pays pour lhiver. 

L’unique nid de ce martin-chasseur, trouvé par M. Kalinowski, fut 
pratiqué dans une parois sablonneuse verticale d’un ravin, 4 4 métres 
au dessus du fond de ce ravin. Le trou fut semblable a celui du 
martin-pécheur de l'Europe, également régulier, 4 ouverture externe 
également elliptique, mais aussi large qu’on a pu facilement introduire 
la main; le canal d’un métre de profondeur, presque horizontal et 
courbé, élargi et aprofondi dans le fond, était tapissé d’une épaisse 
couche d’os de grenouilles et de lézards, mélangés avec des débris 
des gros insectes, qui sont certainement de la provenance semblable 
que les boules composées d’os et d’écailles de petits poissons, avec les- 
quelles les martin-pécheurs garnissent leur nid. D’apres examen 
des matériaux du tapis on peut supposer que l’oiseau se servait de 
ce canal depuis plusieurs années. Les ceufs au nombre de six furent 
déposés sur cette couche. 

Les ceufs sont un peu plus oblongs que ceux de |’ Alcedo ispida, a 
surface de la coque moins glabre et moins luisante, méme ondulée 


1888.] THE BIRDS OF COREA. 463 


assez fortement dans certaine endroits ; couleur superficielle blanche 
pure et blanche en transparence. Dimensions: 33°2 x 28°3; 33°2 x 
28°'8; 33°6 x 28°4; 33x 29°2; 34x 282; 35x 28°5 millim. 


CERYLE LUGUBRIS. 

Rencontrée seulement en hiver aux environs de Ginzan; le long 
d’un ruisseau il y en avait quatre: tous furent tirés et blessés, mais 
un seul retrouvé ; puis on ne les voyait plus. 


IsPIDA BENGALENSIS. 
Commune, il niche, mais on ne le voit point en hiver. 


CERTHIA FAMILIARIS. 
Commune en hiver. 


SITTA AMURENSIS. 
On ne le rencontre qu’en hiver. 


TROGLODYTES FUMIGATUS DAURICUS. 
Commun et sédentaire. 


CINCLUS PALLASI. 


Commun en hiver, mais on ne le commence a rencontrer qu’a 60 
kilometres au nord de Séoul, d’oui on le trouve partout jusqu’a la 
fronticre russe. 


ACCENTOR MONTANELiUS. 
Commun en hiver, rare en ¢té. 


TURDUS FUSCATUS. 
Observé aux passages. 


TURDUS NAUMANNI. 
Commun dans les temps des migrations. 


OREOCINCLA VARIA. 
On n’a rencontrée qu’une paire au printemps. 


MonTICOLA SOLITARIA. 
Commune et niche, quitte le pays pour l’hiver. 


RvTICILLA AUROREA. 
Sédentaire et assez commune. 


PHYLLOPNEUSTE BOREALIS. 
Commune au printemps et en automne, rare en été. 


PHYLLOPNEUSTE CORONATA. 
Comme la précédente. 


PHYLLOPNEUSTE SUPERCILIOSA. 


Comme les précédents. 
32* 


464 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON [Nov. 20, 


MICROSCELIS AMAUROTIS. 


En hiver de 1866 sur 7 il fut commun aux environs de Séoul et se 


tenait et nourrissait principalement sur les genévriers, I’ hiver suivant 
il manquait complétement. 


MoTACILLA LEUCOPSIS. 


Rare en été et niche en petit nombre; commune et nombreuse en 
automne; quitte le pays pour lhiver. 


MoraciILLa OCULARIS. 


Commune en automne, rare en hiver. 


CALOBATES MELANOPE. 


Commun, niche, non trouvé en hiver. 
LIMONIDROMUS INDICUS. 

Commun, niche, quitte le pays pour hiver. 
ALAUDA ARVENSIS. 

Commune toute l’année. 

GALERIDA CRISTATA COREENSIS. 


Sédentaire mais peu nombreuse dans la partie méridionale du pays, 
elle manque au nord de Séoul. 


PARUS VARIUS. 
Commun toute l’année. 
PARUS MINOR. 


La plus commune des mésanges, mais rare en été. 


PacILIA PALUSTRIS CRASSIROSTRIS. 
Sédentaire, rare en été. 


MECISTURA TRIVIRGATA. 
Sédentaire, la plus commune aux environs de Ginzan. 


SuTHORA WEBBIANA. 
Sédentaire et commune. 


ORIOLUS DIFFUSUS. 

Observé dans les époques des migrations. 
LANIUS SPHENOCERCUS. 

Sédentaire, plus nombreux en hiver quen été. 
PHONEUS BUCEPHALUS. 

Assez commun en été, niche, absent en hiver. 
OTOMELA LUCIONENSIS. 


Plus commune en été que le précédext, manque en hiver. 


1888. } THE BIRDS OF COREA. 465 


BuTALIs LATIROSTRIS. 
Commune aux passages de printemps et d’automne. 


ERYTHROSTERNA LUTEOLA. 
Comme la précédente. 


XANTHOPYGIA TRICOLOR. 
Commune en été, niche, absente en hiver. 


CYANOPTILA CYANOMELENA. 
Une seule fernelle rencontrée au printemps. 


PERICROCOTUS CINEREUS. 
Niche en petit nombre, absent en hiver. 


CYANOPOLIUS CYANUS. 
Sédentaire et commun; rare au sud de Séoul. 


GARRULUS BRANDTI. 
Commun en bhiver, rare en été. 


PICA CAUDATA JAPONICA. 
Sédentaire et commune; gibier favori des Coréens. 


MoneEDULA DAURICA. 
Trés commune aux deux passages, manque en hiver et en été. 


Corvus JAPONENSIS. 
Commun et sédentaire ; gibier favori des Coréens comme beaucoup 
d’autres oiseaux qu’on ne mange pas ailleurs. 


FRUGILEGUS PASTINATOR. 
Trés nombreux au printemps, rare en automne, manque en été et 
en hiver. 


NvucIFRAGA CARYOCATACTES. 
Deux fois rencontré solitaire en automne. 


STURNUS CINERACEUS. 
Commun mais assez rare, niche, absent en hiver. 


EMBERIZA FUCATA. 
Commune au printemps, niche en petit nombre, absente en hiver. 


EMBERIZA CASTANEICEPS, Moore. 


Commune en hiver, niche en petit nombre. Les deux paires qui 
sont fournies de Séou!l appartiennent a cette forme, peu distincte, mais, 
comme il parait, constamment de la forme sibérienne. Probablement 
entre les nombreux oiseaux qui viennent hiverner en Corée on trouvera 
aussi les oiseaux de la grande race, comme cela a lieu dans le sud de 


la Mantchourie russe. 


466 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON [Nov. 20, 


EMBERIZA SPODOCEPHALA. 
Assez commune au printemps, nicheen petit nombre, absent en hiver. 


SCHG@NICOLA POLARIS. 
Niche en nombre médiocre, hiverne en plus grand nombre. 


PassER MONTANUS. 
Trés commun et trés nombreux dans toutes les saisons. 


FRINGILLA MONTIFRINGILLA. 

Hiverne dans les foréts de coniféres, absente en été; en hiver elle 
est fort abondante et se nourrit principalement de semence de pin. 

CHLOROSPIZA SINICA. 

Sédentaire et commune. 


CHRYSOMITRIS SPINUS. 
Commune au printemps, rare en été. 


CoccoTHRAUSTES VULGARIS JAPONICUS. 
Rare. 


PROPASSER ROSEUS. 
Commun en hiver, non recontré en été. 


URaGuS SANGUINOLENTUS. 
Rare. Probablement les trois femelles de l’envoi précédent appar- 
tiennent 4 1’U. lepidus, David et Oust., et non au U. sangutnolentus. 


LoxIA CURVIROSTRA ALBIVENTRIS. 
Commune en automne et en hiver, absente en été. 


PyYRRHULA ORIENTALIS. 
Rare en hiver. 


CucuULUS CANORUS TELEPHONUS. 


Commun en été. Notre voyageur a constamment entendu le 
chant du male semblable 4 celui du coucou de |’Europe, et jamais 
celui du Cuculus indicus. 


GECINUS CANUS. 
Sédentaire et commun. 


Picus MAJOR. 
Sédentaire et rare. 


Picus LEUCONOTUS. 
Sédentaire et rare. 


IyNGIPICUS DORRIESI. 
Sédentaire et rare. 


1888. ] THE BIRDS OF COREA. 467 


IYNGIPICUS SEEBOHMI. 
Sédentaire, le plus commun des pics. 


THRIPONAX KALINOWSKII. 
Rare. 


CoLUMBA RUPESTRIS. 


Sédentaire et commune, habite en grand nombre dans la résidence 
royale. 


TURTUR RUPICOLA. 
Sédentaire et commun. 


TURTUR TORQUATA. 
Sddentaire et commun. 


BonasIA BETULINA. 


Sédentaire et’assez commune entre Séoul et Ginzan, non rencontrée 
plus au nord de cette derniére localité; manque dans le sud de la 
péninsule. 


CoTuRNIX VULGARIS JAPONICA, Temm. et Schl. 


Trés abondante en hiver entre Séoul et Ginzan, plus rare plus au 
nord. Les cing exemplaires, dont 3¢ et 29, fournis par notre 
voyageur dans son envoi précédent, et que j’ai indiqué dans la pre- 
micre liste sous le nom de C. communis, ne sont pas faciles 4 déterminer. 
Ils sont tous en plumage d’hiver et ne présentent pas de caractéres 
différentiels entre ces deux formes. Comme M. Kalinowski n’a pas 
jamais entendu en Corée le chant caractéristique de la caille d’Europe, 
mais toujours la voix sourde, propre aux cailles de la Daourie et de 
la Mantchourie russe, qu’il connaissait parfaitement, on peut supposer 
que toutes les cailles qui hivernent en Corée appartiennent a cette 
forme, qui est en été trés abondante dans les plaines herbeuses et 
humides des bords du lac Chanka et de la Soungatscha, ainsi que 
dans les autres contrées de la Mantchourie russe. Dans les derniers 
temps le Prof. Bogdanoff fut d’avis que cette caille continentale est 
différente de la race japonaise et l’a distinguée sous le nom de 
C. ussurianus, dans son fascicule du ‘ Conspectus Avium Imp. Rossici.’ 
Mais comme cette caille ne se distingue de la description et de la 
figure de la ‘ Fauna Japonica’ que par la couleur de la bande sourciliére, 
et comme la coloration de la téte est fort variable dans les différents 
détails chez les males des steppes de la Daourie et de la Mantchourie 
russe, je ne crois pas que l’opinion de Bogdanoff soit décisive. 


PHASIANUS TORQUATUS. 

Abondant depuis Séoul jusqu’en Mantchourie, mais en nombre 
inégal dans les différentes contrées; rare au sud de Séoul. 

ZEGIALITIS MINOR. 

Assez commune en été, absent en hiver. 


468 M. TACZANOWSKI ON THE BIRDS OF CoREA. [Nov. 20, 


ARGIALITIS PLACIDA. 

Commune en automne et au printemps, rare en hiver, manque en 
été. 

VANELLUS CRISTATUS. 

Rare dans les temps des deux migrations. 


TRINGA CINCLUS. 
Rare au passage d’automne. 


TRINGA MINUTA. 
Commune aux deux migrations. 


GALLINAGO SCOLOPACINA. 


Trés commune en automne dans les rizi¢res, rare au printemps, 
manque ern été et en hiver. Toutes ces bécassines adultes de la 
collection de notre voyageur se distinguent des européennes par les 
bandes claires du dessus du corps considérablement plus larges, ce qui 
est particulier 4 toutes les bécassines de la Sibérie orientale. 


GALLINAGO STENURA. 

Presque aussi commune que la précédente en automne dans les 
riziéres. 

GRUS VIRIDIROSTRIS. 


Commune en hiver depuis la frontiére russe jusqu’é Séoul, plus 
rare plus au sud ; en été non rencontrée nulle part. 


GRUS LEUCAUCHEN. 


Moins nombreuse que la précédente, mais se trouve partout en 
hiver. 


IBIS NIPPON. 


On commence 4 le rencontrez en hiver et au printemps a 50 kilo- 
métres aunord de Séoul, le plus commune dans les environs de Ginzan, 
on y voit souvent des troupes d’une cinquantaine d’exemplaires ; 
rare plus au nord de Ginzan. 


IB1s NIPPON SINENSIS. 

Au printemps on le trouve 4 Séoul et ailleurs jusqu’a la frontiére 
russe ; en été on ne le voit pas en Corée. 

CICONIA BOYCIANA. 

Se trouve, mais peu nombreuse, dans toute la Corée, niche, plus 
rare en hiver. 

ARDEA CINEREA, 

Assez rare, niche dans les colonies des hérons blancs, en février 
une a été rencontrée. 

ARDEA ALBA MODESTA. 

Commune en été, quitte la contrée pour Vhiver. 


1888.] MR.SAUNDERS ON QUERQUEDULA CAROLINENSIS. 469 


GALLICREX CINEREA. 

Niche en nombre médiocre dans les riziéres, quitte le pays pour 
Vhiver. Un mile adulte tué 4 Oricoul 4 20 kilométres de Séoul, a 
eu l’iris blane avec un léger reflet jaune roussitre; bec jaune verdatre 
a base carnée: scutelle frontale rouge sale, 4 sommet du tubercule 
carné tirant au bleudtre; pieds gris verdatre obscur. Longueur 
totale 413, vol 716, aile 210, queue 85, bec 39, tarse 73, doigt médian 
73, ongle 14 millim. 


STERNULA SINENSIS. 
Commune au printemps, rare en été, manque en hiver. 


CAIRINA RUTILA. 

Peu nombreuse en hiver, au printemps et eu automne, manque en 
été; trés nombreuse au printemps dans les rizi¢res de la Corée 
septentrionale. 


CLANGULA GLAUCION. 


Assez commune au printemps et en hiver, sur la mer, moins sur 
les riviéres. 


OIDEMIA AMERICANA. 
Ne trouvée qu’en hiver sur la mer aux epvirons de Ginzan’. 


December 4, 1888. 
Prof. Flower, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Howard Saunders, F.Z.S., exhibited an adult male specimen 
of the American Green-winged Teal, Querquedula carolinensis, the 
property of Mr. H. Nicholls, of Kingsbridge, South Devon, shot out 
of a flock (perhaps of Common Teal) at the mouth of the Dart, on 
December 23rd or 24th, 1879. The white crescentic band in front of 
each wing (the principal specific characteristic) was fully defined. A 
letter from Dr. Edmund Elliot, giving full details of the occurrence, was 
read. This, he observed, was the only British-killed example which 
had been submitted to public examination ; but a male of this species 
had been recorded as having been shot near Scarborough in November 
1851 (Zoologist, p. 3472), and it had been stated that another was 
killed in Hampshire nearly fifty years ago. It was worthy of notice 
that up to the present time this species was not known to have been 
introduced on any ornamental waters in Great Britain or on the 
Continent. 


Dans la premiére liste imprimée dans les ‘ Proceedings’ du 1887 au lieu de 
Gouran il faut lire partout Gznzan sur les pages 611 et 596, 


470 MR. 0. THOMAS ON THE MAMMALS [Dec. 4, 


The following papers were read :— 


1. The Mammals of the Solomon Islands, based on the Col- 
lections made by Mr. C. M. Woodford during his 
Second Expedition to the Archipelago. By Oxprre.p 
Tuomas, Natural History Museum. 


[Received July 25, 1888.] 
(Plates XX.—X XII.) 


In the Proceedings of the Society for last year’ I had the pleasure 
of describing a collection of Bats which Mr. C. M. Woodford had 
formed at Shortland and Fauro Islands, at the western end of the 
Solomon Archipelago, and the present paper gives an account of a 
second collection made by the same gentleman in the eastern islands 
of the group. This second collection is larger and more important 
than the first, for, apart from the considerable number of duplicates, 
the set acquired by the British Museum consists of 42 specimens 
belenging to 19 species. Two species only of the ten previously 
found are not represented in it, and by the inclusion of these and of 
a Rat described by Mr. E. P. Ramsay from Florida Island, the 
present paper is made a complete list of the Mammals known to 
occur in the group. 

Of the specimens now described a few were collected at Rubiana, 
New Georgia, but the great mass of them, and all the new species, 
were obtained at Aola, on the north-east coast of Guadalcanar, 
where Mr. Woodford resided for several months’. 

The total number of mammals now known from the Solomons is 
brought up by the present collection from 13 to 22, and of these no 
less than 8 have been discovered by Mr. Woodford, the previous 
collection having contained 2 and the present one 6 new species. 
There are also two new genera of Bats to add to the one previously 
described. 

All the specimens are beautifully preserved in spirit, and Mr. 
Woodford is to be congratulated on the fact that the care and 
trouble he must have expended on the collection have been rewarded 
by the addition of so large a number of new and interesting species 
to the Mammalian fauna of the Australian region. 


CHIROPTERA. 
1. Prerorus Grannis, Thos. 


Pteropus grandis, Thos. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 320, pl. xxv. 

a. d. Rubiana, New Georgia. 

Forearm 163 millim. 

This fine species was one of Mr. Woodford’s previous discoveries, 
the original specimens having been obtained by him at Alu, 

1 P. Z. 8. 1887, p. 320. 


* Mr. Woodford has given an account of his wanderings and personal 
experiences in the Solomon Islands in Proc. R. Geogr. Soc. 1888, p. 351. 


Pf, Ogee) ee 


-H Fisher del. et ith. Mintern Bros. ump. 
Ete ROPUS WOODFORD. Zo ob Le ROPUS CORONATUS: 
4-7. PTERALOPEX ATRATA. 


oo . 1888.) Fl. Ae 


ne eal ap 


MH. Fisher del.et hth Mintern Bros. imp. 
1.ANTHOPS ORNATUS. 2,3.MUS IMPERATOR. 
4,5.M.REX. 6.M.PRETOR. 


1888. ] OF THE SOLOMON ISLANDS. 471 


Shortland Island. The present individual agrees in every respect 
with the type. 


2. Preropus’ HYPOMELANUS, Temm. 


No further specimens of this species were obtained, and Short- 
land Island remains therefore its ouly known locality within the 


group. 


1 The following new species of Pteropus from the Duke of York Archipelago 
may also be conveniently described here : — 


Prerorus coronatus, sp.n. (Plate XX. fig. 2, Plate XXI. figs. 2, 3.) 


Ears of medium length, naked, projecting much beyond the rather short fur ; 
their anterior edges far less convex than their posterior, their tips bluntly 
pointed. Wings arising on the back only about half an inch apart. Inter- 
femoral membrane narrow, concealed in the centre by the fur. 

Whole of head and neck very pale buff, nearly white on the crown between 
the ears and above the eyes. Face ornamented with a prominent brown T- 
shaped mark, of which the cross-line runs transyersely across the forehead 
halfway between the eye and ear, and the upright runs down the centre 
of the face between the prominent white supraorbital patches, and extends 
forwards about one third of an inch in front of the anterior canthus of 
the eye. Eyelids and muzzle nearly naked, brown. Cheeks and chin dark 
blackish brown. Front of neck, chest, and centre of belly very pale brown, 
scarcely darker than the nape. Sides of belly and pubic region darker brown. 
Posterior back blackish brown, mixed with dull yellowish; the fur closely 
acpressed, and only about one inch broad at the narrowest part. Fore limbs 
and membranes nearly naked above, a few hairs only extending along the upper 
side of the humerus and forearm; upper and posterior sides of the thighs 
thickly furry ; lower leg naked. Below the fur covers the antebrachial mem- 
brane, the humerus, femur, and the wing-membrane internal to them, and also 
passes along the outer side of the forearms in a band about one inch wide. 

Teeth (Plate XXT. figs. 2, 3) unusually strong and heavy, smoothly rounded, 
without basal cusps. Canines very long and sharp, their basal ledges obsolete. 
Anterior upper premolar very minute, but still persistent in the type. Other 
premolars very short horizontally, their breadth almost equal to their length. 
Last molars, both above and below, comparatively large, above about one 
fourth and below about one third of the penultimate molars. Anterior lower 
premolar about half the size of the last molar, separated from the canine and 
next premolar by diastemata each about equal toits own diameter. 

Dimensions of the type, an adult male in spirit :—Head and body 243 millim. ; 
head 77; tip of muzzle to eye 29; ear 24x16; forearm 167 (=6°6 in.) ; 
thumb without claw 66; lower leg 76; calcaneum 26; foot 56°5. 

Skull :—Basal length 69; greatest breadth 38:3; interorbital breadth 9:9; 
palate, length 43, breadth outside m.? 21:3, inside m.? 12:5; basi-cranial 
axis 22°2; basi-facial axis 49. 

Teeth :—Combined breadth of upper incisors 7-7 ; vertical length of upper 
canine, from cingulum to tip behind 106; horizontal length of large anterior 
premolar 5:0, of posterior premolar 5:0, of first molar 6:5, of second molar 3°8. 

Hab. Mioko Island, Duke of York group (Dr. O. Finsch), 13/3/85. 

This very handsome species has a certain superficial resemblance to Pt. ocularis. 
Peters *, of which I have examined the type, an old male, in the Berlin Museum. 
That animal, however, is distinguished by having a forearm only 137 millim. 
long, by its much smaller teeth t, and by many detailed differences in coloration, 
among which may be specially mentioned its wholly black underside, the black 
extending all over the front of the neck. 

* MB. Ak. Berl. 1867, p. 326. 

t Combined breadth of four upper incisors 5-7 millim.; length of upper 
canine 6°9, of last upper premolar 3°6. 


472 MR. O. THOMAS ON THE MAMMALS [Dec. 4, 


3. PreRoPUS RAYNERI, Gray. 


a-c. 26,192. Aola, Guadaleanar. [2!.] 
Forearms 138, 132, and 120 millim. 


4, Preropus wooprorpt, Thos. (Plate XX. fig. 1, Plate XXI. 
fig. 1.) 

Piteropus woodfordi, Thos. Ann. Mag. N. H. (6) i. p. 156 (1888). 

a-d. 2g and2Q. Aola. [3.] 

Size small. Fur soft and woolly, not adpressed on the back. 
Ears small, hairy, scarcely projecting beyond the fur of the head. 
Wings arising about half an inch apart on the back; the fur rather 
more than an inch wide on this part. Hind limbs below knees 
entirely naked. Interfemoral membrane narrow, almost obsolete in 
the centre, concealed by the fur. Face and chin brown or black, 
becoming in old specimens quite grey. Collar dull rufous or 
yellow, markedly different in colour both from the head and back. 
Tufts on shoulder-glands deep orange, not dissimilar in colour to the 
rest of the neck. Back and belly deep brown, mixed with a few 
shining grey hairs, which markedly increase in number in old age. 

Skull (Plate XXI. fig. 1) as in Pt. molossinus. 

Teeth small and light ; canines long and slender. Upper anterior 
premolar persistent, about equal in cross section both to the last 
lower molars, outer lower and all the upper incisors. Last upper 
molar and anterior lower premolar about equal, and double the size 
of the last-named set of teeth; p3 with an antero-internal basal 
cusp. 

Timcanitiie of a male and female, the first being the type, a very 
old specimen with a grey head and back:— 


3 2 

millim. wmillim. 
Head and bodly: 0...) 0.2 10a - «ae, (c.)150 (c.) 145 
Muzzle: toceye: Swan siexss rcles Ss 16 16 
Har See Ses PA. Sk 11°5 115 
WiGreuiitnee 2 ee ote es eae wee 99 98 
TAS Bites ecg 2 bio sre, yo 3 gd wsao= 34 33 
Lower lee dated Pe tis oie wae 48 46 
Depth of interfemoral behind knee 15 13 


Forearms of two additional specimens, ¢ 96; 992. 

Skull, 9 :—Basal length 36; greatest breadth 24-2; supraorbital 
foramen to tip of nasals 17°8 ; interorbital breadth 6°6 ; intertem- 
poral breadth 9 ; palate, length 20°6. Teeth :—Combined breadth 
of upper incisors 4°1 ; vertical length of canine, from cingulum to tip 
behind 4°6; greatest antero-posterior diameter of canine 2°4 ; hori- 
zontal length of p-2 2°5, of p-4 2°2, of m.' 2:5. Height of lower 
canine 3:4 ; horizontal length of ps 2°8; of p# 2°3. 

This species is most nearly allied to Pt. molossinus, Temm., of the 
Caroline Islands, with which, alone among the smaller woolly-haired 

1 The figures placed in brackets show the number of specimens obtained by 
Mr. Woodford additional to those retained for the Museum series, these latter 
being represented by the letters a, 4, c, Ke. 


1888. } OF THE SOLOMON ISLANDS. 473 


members of the genus, it agrees in the entire nakedness of the upper 
surface of its legs. From that animal, however, it is readily distin- 
guishable by having a bright-coloured collar, by its hairier and 
less sharply pointed ears, and by its much more delicate teeth, the 
canine especially being far slenderer and lighter. 


PrEeRALOPEX, Thos. 


Pteralopex, Thos. Ann. Mag. N. H. (6) i. p. 155 (1888). 


External characters as in Péeropus. Lars short, hairy. Wings 
arising from the centre line of the back. 

Skull (Plate X XI. fig. 4) with a peculiarly short muzzle and flattened 
frontal region; planes of the orbits much more nearly parallel to 
each other, and directed more upwards and less forwards, than in 
Pteropus. Orbits completed behind by bone (as previously recorded 
in Pteropus leucopterus alone of Chiroptera’). Sagittal crest more 
developed than in any Péeropus. 

Teeth (Plate XXI. figs. 5, 6) remarkable for their extraordinary 
cuspidate character. Upper incisors with broad posterior ledges. 
Upper canines (fig. 7) short vertically, enormously thick antero- 
posteriorly, each with one stout secondary cusp halfway up its posterior 
edge, and two smaller postero-internal basal cusps. Premolars and 
molars short and broad, their anterior and posterior basal ledges so 
developed and their main cusps so conical as to destroy all the appear- 
ance of longitudinal grooving characteristic of the genus Pteropus. 
- Lower incisors extremely disproportionate in size, the outer not less 
than about twenty times the bulk of the inner. Canines very short 
vertically, with a simple posterior basal ledge. Cheek-teeth markedly 
cuspidate, the general longitudinal grooving quite obliterated. 
Posterior premolar and first molar each with three high anterior 
cusps, and a low posterior basal ledge, a form of tooth strikingly 
similar to that called ‘ tuberculo-sectorial”’ by Prof. Cope, and 
found in the primitive members of several of the orders of Mammalia, 
and, notably, in the Insectivora. 

This remarkable genus is decidedly the most interesting of Mr. 
Woodtord’s Mammalian discoveries, both on account of its very 
striking dental characters, and especially for the fact that it seems to 
form an important link in the phylogeny of the Chiroptera. At 
first sight it might appear to be merely a highly specialized offshoot 
of Péeropus, but a careful comparison of the other members of the 
family has convinced me that this is not the case, and that it is more 
probably an isolated survivor from the time when the ancestors of 
the modern Pteropodidee still possessed cuspidate teeth—such teeth, 
which are still characteristic of nearly all the Microchiroptera, 
having been inherited from the Insectivora by the Paleochiroptera’, 
or common ancestors of all the living Bats. 

1 Since the above was written, the British Museum has received, asa donation 
from the Genoa Museum, a specimen of Pt. nicobaricus, from Pulo Nias, with 
the orbits complete behind. Other specimens obtained at the same island, 
however, haye their orbits incomplete, as usual, and the completed orbits of the 
first-named specimen are evidently due to its extreme age. 

* @f. Dobson, Mon. Asiatic Chiropt. pp. 7 to 10, and diagram (1876). 


474 MR. 0. THOMAS ON THE MAMMALS [Dec. 4, 


To this view I have come chiefly by finding that such rudiments of 
the distinguishing characteristics of Pteralopez as are present in other 
Pteropodide are not confined to one or two species of Pteropus, but 
are found scattered about in the different genera of the family, as 
though they had been independently inherited from common ancestors. 
Thus, while Pteropus leucopterus, in addition to its completed orbit, 
resembles Pteralopex in having basal ledges on the posterior sides of its 
incisors, and Pteropus aneiteanus in having its cheek-teeth so grooved 
transversely as well as longitudinally as to recall those of the new 
genus, yet Cynopterus has frequently bicuspid upper canines; and, 
above all, the nearest and most significant resemblance is presented 
by the otherwise very different genus Harpyia. There, not only do 
the upper canines have a distinet postero-external secondary cusp of 
the same relative development as that found in Pteralopex, but the 
three chief lower cheek-teeth, i.e. the two posterior premolars and 
the anterior molars, have absolutely the same primitive “ tuberculo- 
sectorial”’ form as those of Pteralopew, the individual cusps homo- 
logizing perfectly with those of that animal. In addition, the upper 
cheek-teeth of Harpyia present something of the same primitive 
character; and therefore, judging merely by dentition, that genus 
should be looked upon as being in a still more generalized state than 
even Pteralopez. 

Should this view of the origin of the dental characters of Pteralopex 
be even approximately correct, it is clear that the reputed relationship 
of the Macroglossi with the Glossophage must have no real founda- 
tion in fact, since the common ancestors of the Macro- and Micro- 
chiroptera having had cuspidate teeth, and, no doubt, insectivorous 
habits, these groups, whose likeness lies in their small non-cuspidate 
teeth and frugivorous habits, cannot be little modified descendants of 
the Palzochiroptera, but must be independent and comparatively 
recent offshoots from the two great groups to which they respectively 
belong. 

I imagine, then, the history of the evolution of the present groups 
of Chiroptera to have been somewhat as follows’. The earliest Bats, 
or Palzochiroptera, would have been cuspidate-toothed and insecti- 
vorous like their ancestors the terrestrial Insectivora. Among them 
there would presently have arisen a form like Harpyia’, fruit-eating, 
but still with cuspidate teeth and no doubt markedly ‘ tuberculo- 
sectorial” premolars and molars. Then, while the modern Harpyia 
would have arisen in one direction by the reduction of the incisors, 
in another there would have followed some form like Péeralopex, 
still retaining to a certain extent cuspidate teeth. Then the cusps 
would have more and more tended to disappear, the result being 
Pteropus and its allied genus, of which some few species (e.g. Péeropus 


1 Compare also Prof. W. Leche’s learned and philosophical remarks on the 
phylogeny of Galeopithecus, an animal which, according to him, is a much 
modified representative of the ancestors of the Chiroptera at a time when they 
were, so to speak, just learning to fly. (K. Vet. Ak. Handl. xi. no. 11, 1886.) 

? Of course this ancestral Harpyia would have had well-developed incisors 
above and below, as in the majority of Pteropodide. 


1888. | OF THE SOLOMON ISLANDS. 475 


aneiteanus and leucopterus, and Cynopterus) retain remnants of the 
ancient cuspidate structure, while others (e. g. Pteropus coronatus, 
Plate XXI. figs. 2, 3) have lost all trace of molar-cusps. Finally, as 
the most specialized of all would have arisen the genera with 
rudimentary cuspless molars, forming the group Macroglossi. 

On the other hand, in the Insectivorous line the Paleochiroptera 
would have divided themselves into the Vespertilionine and Embal- 
lonurine alliances as described by Dr. Dobson’, the latter again 
independently giving rise in South America to a small-toothed fruit- 
eating group, the Glossophage, which take in that region the place 
occupied by the Macroglossi in the Old World. 


5. PreRaLOpEx ATRATA, Thos. (Plate XX. fig. 3, Plate XXI. 
figs. 4—7.) 

a,b. 3. Aola. 

Besides the characters already mentioned, this species may be 
readily recognized by the deep black colour of its fur and membranes, 
only relieved by white mottlings on the under surface of the wing- 
membranes, by its thick and clumsy-looking muzzle and its short 
furry ears. The measurements of one of the two fine male specimens 
collected by Mr. Woodford are as follows :— 

Head and body 240 millim. ; head 78; tip of nostril to eye 26; 
ear, above crown, 15; forearm 143 (=5°65 in.); thumb, without 
claw, 48; second finger 100; third finger—metacarpus 97 first 
phalanx 67, second phalanx 110; fifth finger—metacarpus 100, first 
phalanx 41, second phalanx 40; lower leg 62; foot 41; caleaneum 
15; greatest depth of interfemoral behind knee 24. 

Skull :—Basal length 62°3, greatest breadth 38°5 ; tip of nasals to 
supraorbital foramen 26°5 ; interorbital breadth 9-0; intertemporal 
breadth 5°7; palate—length 36°5, breadth between outer sides of 
canines 17, inside canines 9:0, outside p-* 19°8, inside P-* 11°0; basi- 
cranial axis 21:2, basi-facial axis 42°4. 

Teeth :—Combined breadth of upper incisors 9°6; vertical length 
of canine 80, horizontal length 5:5 ; horizontal length of p.* 5:1, of 
p.* 5°1, of m.1 4-5, of m2 30. Lower teeth—breadth of i.7 3°2; height 
of canine (from basal ledge behind) 4°6 ; horizontal length of anterior 
premolar 3°0, of p.2 4°5, of pt 4°6, of m.1 4°1, of m2 3°6, of m3 2°8. 

The second specimen is slightly larger than the type, having a 
forearm 146 millim. in length. 

It is unfortunate that Mr. Woodford is unable to give any informa- 
tion about the habits and food of this interesting Bat, as both specimens 
were brought to him dead by his native collectors. The semi-fluid 
contents of the stomach and intestines, however, do not appear on a 
microscopic examination to be essentially different from those of 
Pteropus woodfordi. 


6. CYNONYCTERIS BRACHYOTIS, Dobs. 
No further specimens obtained. See previous paper, p. 323. 


Ee: 


476 MR. 0. THOMAS ON THE MAMMALS [Dec. 4, 


7. Harpyia magor, Dobs. 


a. 9. Aola. 
Forearm 80 millim. 


8. CEPHALOTES PERONII, Geoff. 


a,b. & and separate head. Rubiana, New Georgia. 
Forearm 103 millim. 


9. MACROGLOSSUS AUSTRALIS, Peters. 


Macroglossus minimus, var. australis, Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1867, 
p- 13 (footnote). 

Macroglossu australis, id. t. c. p. 871. 

a,b. 8 2. Aola. 

Forearms 38 and 39 millim respectively. 

This form appears in be undoubtedly distinct from M. minimus, 
although Dr. Dobson has only recognized a single species of the 
genus in his Catalogue. It was distinguished by Dr. Peters merely 
on account of its smaller size, and neither he nor Dr. Dobson appear 
to have observed that’ its rhinarium is deeply and distinctly grooved 
to the upper lip, in marked contrast to the typical species, in which 
the slight groove between the nostrils does not pass down to the 
upper lip. The whole face also in M. australis is decidedly shorter 
than in M. minimus, and the forward projection of the upper lip 
with the corresponding prominence of the premaxillary bones of the 
skull, so characteristic of the latter, is much reduced in the former. 
The difference in size is also considerable, the forearm in the ten 
specimens of the southern species before me ranging from 38 to 43 
millim., while in five Javan individuals it varies from 45 to 48 millim. 

As to the respective ranges of the two forms I have no material 
to enable me to determine which of them inhabits the Malay Peninsula ; 
but M. australis certainly extends as far westward as the Philippines, 
whence the Museum possesses several specimens collected by Mr. 
Hugh Cuming and Mr. Alfred Everett. A skin obtained by Mr. 
Wallace in Mysol and several examples found by the Rev. G. Brown 
in the Duke of York Group also belong to M. australis. 


10. NESONYCTERIS WOODFORDI, Thos. 

Nesonycteris woodfordi, Thos. P. Z. 8. 1887, p. 324, pl. xxvi. 

a. Ad.g. Aola. 

The specimens of this beautiful and interesting species previously 

obtained having been dried skins, it may be useful to give the full 
dimensions of the present individual, which is properly preserved in 
spirit. 
ci and body 95 millim.; head 34; ear, above crown, 10; 
forearm 53; thumb, without claw, 18°5; second finger 39; third 
finger—metacarpus 41, first phalanx 29, second phalanx 42; lower 
leg 23°7 ; foot 17; caleaneum 4°3 ; depth of interfemoral membrane 
behind knee 5. 


1 As was pointed out to me by Mr. Blanford. 


1888. ] OF THE SOLOMON ISLANDS. 477 


Antuoprs, Thos. 


Anthops, Thos. t. c. p. 156 (1888). 

Like Hipposiderus, but with the tail rudimentary, consisting 
merely of three or four vertebrae hidden in the base of the inter- 
femoral membrane and not reaching halfway towards its posterior 
margin. Nose-leaf (Plate XXII. fig. 1) very complicated, its upright 
transverse portion emarginate above, the projections, however, not 
thickened and pointed as in Asellia, but rounded and hollowed out 
behind and their substance quite thin. Premolars 2. 


11. Anruors ornatus, Thos. /.c. (Plate XXII. fig. 1.) 
af. SQ. Aola. 


Posterior nose-leaf tridentate, the projections each forming a little 
spherical cup, opening backwards ; front surface of the leaf divided 
into four compartments by three very distinct vertical ridges, each 
running up to the lower side of one of the cups above. Sella with 
a blunt projecting central point. Horizontal horseshoe-leaf narrow, 
not emarginate anteriorly ; sides of the muzzle with two secondary 
leaves, the upper very short, the lower long, extending backwards to 
join the outer corners of the posterior erect leaf. Centre of upper 
lip notched below. Supraorbital projection distinct. Frontal gland 
transverse, very small and almost rudimentary; a peculiar fleshy 
point, about 2 millim. long, projecting upwards from its centre. Ears 
large, laid forward they reach quite to the end of the muzzle, their 
inner edge evenly convex, their tip sharply pointed, their outer edge 
slightly concave above, strongly convex below. Limbs and mem- 
branes naked. Wings from the ankles. 

Fur long, soft, and silky. Colour, so far as can be judged from 
specimens in spirit, greyish buff, the bases of the hairs slaty grey, 
their terminal halves buff, their extreme tips brown. 

Dimensions of a pair, male and female, of which the female was 
the one originally selected as the type :— 


bib este 
HPCAC ALM DOUY |. £005 sraterstsis aiars as weyers = 6 6 53 51 
Blea oslcs dtsems. clegia «es sieamerdetic se Gasser, (22 21 
MaAle AG OVO) a: oor EE ed SAYA eS 7 6°8 
rer ADOVe CLOWI- eat. fa) = «cine avi ocr ae! sist eres 16: 5d 7, 
Pe RRGATIA AN: «ior bre ayersinlS @c)a,oooe, wie eae 50 ol 
MAPA ARE OR 3c re lardvtuntn e'nfcann eich owe 41 40 
hired: finger, ametacarpus.)s 200 fe. iss hes 37 37 
ag a Mehip balan sie .jarwea nest 42 18 18 
2 peed cond plialanx os 652 sass See 19 18 
Preamer lets ysdw he tale Bo spies ain was haya s ry gee 22°5 
BOO GH Fan We hetavs eitetersssMeheyatave sists ofa vare' scone sre sane 9°3 9°5 
alCanenna es ays sass aoe d tes ese Bes SO See 
Interfemoral membrane, depth in centre.... 20 20 


The forearms of the other four specimens are 48°0, 48°5, 49°0, and 
49°4 millim. respectively. 
Skull (¢):—Basal length 15-1, greatest length 19°7; greatest 


Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. XX XIII. 33 


478 MR. O. THOMAS ON THE MAMMALS [ Dec. 4, 


breadth 9°8; intertemporal constriction, breadth 2°0; front of upper 
canine to back of m.’ 6°8. 

This Bat is evidently more nearly allied to Hipposiderus than to 
either T'rienops, Rhinonycteris, or Ccelops, although the last-named 
is the only one of the subfamily that agrees with it in the radimen- 
tary state of the tail. To no particular member or group of Hip- 
posiderus, however, does it show any special affinity, since its agree- 
ment with Asellia in the emarginate state of the posterior nose-leaf 
is probably no evidence of genetic relationship, the differences between 
it and that subgenus in the essential structure of the nose-leaf and in 
the reduction of the tail being quite as marked as in the case of the 
other members of the genus Hipposiderus. 

The presence of a peculiar insectivorous Bat in Guadalcanar is a 
most interesting and unexpected fact, since, as a general rule, oceanic 
islands are characterized by the large proportion and great specialty of 
their frugivorous as compared with their insectivorous Bats, a general 
rule otherwise well exemplified in the Solomon Islands, as shown 
below in the table, p. 483. 


12. Hirposiprervus TRicUsPIDATUS, Temm. 


dthsted. a) Adlas: Wil Oe] 
Forearms 37 and 40 millim. respectively. 


13. HrpposipERUS DIADEMA, Geoffr. 

a,b. @. Aola. 

ce. 6. Rubiana. 

These specimens differ in size to a remarkable extent, the forearm 
in both a and 4 being 79 millim. long, while in ¢ it is no less than 
96. Other specimens in the Museum collection, however, connect 
these two extremes, and show that the difference in size cannot be 
looked upon as a specific character. ‘Thus a Cinghalese female has a 
forearm 94 millim. long; several specimens have them about 86 or 
88; a male from the Philippines one 82 long, while a female from the 
same locality has one only 76, this latter being the least observed in 
adult animals. 


14. HipposipEervus cervinus, Gould. 
© . Aolas’)[5.] 
Forearm 44 millim. 


15. VESPERUGO ABRAMUs, Temm., 
Gs. 2 Ala sible) 


Forearm 33 millim. 


16. MrnropTeRus SCHREIBERSI, Kuhl. 

a,b. 8 2. Aola. 

These specimens belong to one of the small races of this widely- 
spread species, their forearms measuring only between 40 and 41 
millim., exactly as in the forms called “ W/. schreibersi, var. pusillus,” 
and ‘ M. australis” by Dobson’. Their characters are on the whole 


? Cat. Chir, B. M. p. 351 (1878). 


1888. ] OF THE SOLOMON ISLANDS. 479 


confirmatory of Prof. Leche’s opinion ' that the specific distinction of 
the latter is very doubtful, since they combine the small size and 
the southern habitat of M. australis with the nearly naked inter- 
femoral membrane of the true IV. schreibersi. 


17. EMBALLONURA NIGRESCENS, Gr. 

o--Aola., [35.] 

Forearm 35 millim. 

Judging by the large number of specimens contained in each of 
Mr. Woodford’s and in Dr. Guppy’s collections, this is evidently the 
commonest insectivorous Bat of the Solomons. 


RODENTIA. 


18. Mus rmperator, Thos. (Plate XXII. figs. 2, 3.) 

Mus imperator, Thos. ¢. c. p. 157 (1888). 

R01 | 3 Aola. 

Size very large, exceeding that of any other true Mus. Fur 
rather short and woolly. General colour uniform grizzled ashy grey 
above, dirty white below: the longer hairs of the back black, the 
shorter softer hairs grey, with shining ashy tips; no elongated piles 
on the posterior back ; whiskers very long, from three to four inches in 
length. Lars thick, short, and rounded ; laid forward they do not 
nearly reach to the eye, falling short of the posterior canthus by about 
one third of an inch. Mamme 4 only, all inguinal. Feet (Plate 
XXII. fig. 3) broad and stout ; palms and soles naked, the pads large, 
but far smaller than in the next species ; posterior pad elongate. Fifth 
hind toe, without claw, reaching just to the end of the first phalanx of 
the fourth. Tail decidedly shorter than the head and body, naked, 
scaly, the scales averaging from 9 to 11 to the centimetre, unusually 
smooth and litt!e prominent ; tip of tail almost scaleless. 

Skull (Plate XXII. fig. 2) stout and heavily built. Frontal pro- 
cesses of premaxillze projecting backwards some way beyond the 
posterior edge of the nasals. Interorbital space flat, parallel-sided, 
its edges square but not beaded or ridged. Interparietal propor- 
tionally small. Outer plate of infraorbital foramen but little deve- 
loped, its anterior edge convex forwards above, slightly concave below. 
Palatal foramina short, their posterior end about 5 millim. in front 
of the level of m.' Bulle small and low, scarcely inflated. 

Incisors very deep antero-posteriorly, narrow transversely, their 
enamel deep orange above, dull pale yellow below; the lower pair 
each with a very indistinct shallow groove down its anterior surface. 
Pattern of molars as usual. 

Dimensions (in spirit) :— 

Heeltofront Last 
Head and Tail. Hind foot. Ear. Forearm of last foot-pad, 


body. and hand. foot-pad, length. 
6) coed 350 = =258 66 19 83 35 13 
2 (type) 340 250 64 20 83 34 12°5 


Skull ( 2 ):—Basal length 60 millim., greatest breadth 35 ; nasals, 


1 P.Z.8, 1884, p. 53. 
33* 


480 MR, O. THOMAS ON THE MAMMALS [ Dec. 4, 


length 24, greatest breadth 8:2; interorbital breadth 11-1; inter- 
parietal, length 6°8, breadth 12°5; depth of anterior zygoma-rovt 
7°8; palate, length 36:3, breadth outside m.! 13:1, inside mons: Gls 
length of palatal foramina 7°0; length of upper molar series 12°0. 

The most remarkable thing about this Rat is its gigantic size, 
there being only two Rodents at all allied to it, viz. Nesokia bandicota 
and Cricetomys gambianus, which equal it in this respect. Its 
relations to its only really close ally, Mus rez, are noted below. 

Its habits, according to Mr. Woodford, are entirely terrestrial. 


19. Mus rex, Thos. (Plate XXII. figs. 4, 5.) 

Mus rex, Thos. 1. ¢. 

a-d. 26 and2 9. [7.] 

Size very large, although markedly less than in the last species. 
Colour, character of fur, lengths of ears, proportions of toes, and 
number of mamme all quite as in that species. Sole-pads (Plate XXII. 
fig. 5), however, much larger and broader, less sharply defined. Tail 
exceedingly long, longer than the head and body combined, naked, 
scaly, the scales not overlapping, but forming prominent projections, 
which give to the whole tail an extraordinary roughened rasp-like 
character, most marked, however, on the underside, and gradually 
fading off towards the tip. These projecting scales are arranged in 
rings, which average from 7 to 9 to the centimetre. The base of 
the tail is hairy like the body for about one inch. 

Skull (Plate XXII. fig. 4) strong and stout, the zygomata propor- 
tionally more expanded than in MV. imperator. Tips of nasals not 
projecting in front beyond the level of the front of the incisors. 
Frontal processes of premaxillze scarcely extending backwards beyond 
the nasals. Supraorbital edges square and sharp, not beaded. Inter- 
parietal bone absolutely, as well as relatively, larger than in M. impe- 
rator. Outer plate of anterior zygoma-root markedly projecting 
forwards. Palatal foramina and bullee as in the last species. 

Teeth as in Mus imperator, but the last upper molar rather larger 
in proportion. 

Dimensions (in spirit) :— 

, Heeltofront Last 
Head and Tail. Hind foot. Ear. Forearm of last foot-pad, 


body. and hand. foot-pad. length. 
3 (type) 290 296 55 18 76 30°2 16°3 
Gane -kie 280 =300 57 16 76 30°5 16°5 
OR. See 270 386.285 54 16 73 29°5 15 
rad he 259. 277 54 14 73 30 16 


Skull (¢ ):—Basal length 54 millim.; greatest breadth 33; nasals, 
length 20, greatest breadth 6°8; interorbital breadth 9; interparietal, 
length 7:0, breadth 13°2; depth of anterior zygoma-root 770 ; 
palate, length 33, breadth outside m.* 11-3, inside m.' 5°0 ; length of 
palatal foramen 6°8 ; length of upper molar-series 11-1. 

Habits entirely arboreal ( fide Woodford). 

I am quite unable to say to which of the known species of Mus these 
two large Rats are most nearly allied. While clearly differing from 


1888. ] OF THE SOLOMON ISLANDS. 481 


each other specifically, they have a great many characters in common, 
as for example their considerable size, the general forms of their 
skulls and teeth, and, notably, their very unusual mammary formula, 
0—2=4, a formula only found, so far as I know, in two other 
members of the genus, uamely Mus trivirgatus, Temm., and M. 
delicatulus, Gould, both quite small species, and the latter nearly, if 
not quite, the most diminutive member of the genus. 

It is, however, in their relation to each other that their chief 
interest lies, for they seem to be clearly the slightly modified descen- 
dants of one single species that, once introduced, has been isolated in 
Guadalcanar for some considerable time, while it has apparently died 
out elsewhere. Of this original species some individuals would 
have adopted a terrestrial, and others an arboreal life, and their 
respective descendants would have been modified accordingly. In 
this way I would explain the fact that at the present time we have 
in Guadalcanar two genuine species, agreeing with each other in 
their essential structure, and yet separated by a considerable number 
of characters all having a more or less direct relation to a climbing 
or non-climbing habit of life. Of these, of course by far the most 
striking are the broad foot-pads and the long, rasp-like, probably 
semi-prehensile tail of Jus rex, as compared to the smaller pads 
and short smooth tail of Mus imperator. 


20. Mus saALamontis, Rams. 

Mus salamonis, Rams. P. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. vii. p. 43 (1882). 

I know nothing more of this species than is contained in the 
original description. Its hind foot is stated to be 44 millim. in 
length, and its locality is Florida Island. The length of its hind 
foot, curiously enough, exactly fills in the gap between that of M. rea 
and of the next species, so that the four Solomon Island Rats have the 
lengths of their hind feet just in the progressive series 34, 44, 54, 
and 64 millim. 


21. Mus praetor, Thos. (Plate XXII. fig. 6.) 

Mus pretor, Thos. t. ce. p. 158. 

a,b. 6. Aola. 

Size about that of Mus rattus. Fur short, mixed with numerous 
spines, and with a few much longer piles on the posterior back. 
General colour coarsely grizzled grey, the longer piles and the spines 
black-tipped, the ordinary fur with yellow tips; the bases of all 
pale slaty grey. Underside dirty white, in old specimens yellow ; 
the hairs all grey at base. Ears rounded, rather short, laid forward 
they just reach to the posterior canthus of the eye. Mammee 
2—2=8. Hands and feet greyish white, a darker patch on the 
terminal part of the metatarsus. Hind feet (Plate XXII. fig. 6) 
rather short in proportion to the size of the animal ; fifth toe reach- 
ing to the middle of the first phalanx of the fourth; soles naked, 
the pads rounded, rather sinall. Tail shert, not so long as the body 
without the head, thinly haired and coarsely scaled, the rings of scales 
averaging about 10 to the centimetre; its colour wholly deep black. 


482 MR. O. THOMAS ON THE MAMMALS [ Dec. 4, 


Supraorbital edges of skull finely ridged, the ridges prolonged 
backwards to the outer corners of the interparietal. Outer plate of 
anterior zygoma-root well developed, projecting forwards. _ Palatine 
foramina long, rather longer than the molar series, ending behind 
just on a level with the front of m.’ Bulle low and small, 
comparatively rough and opaque. 

Teeth as usual; molars rather broad and rounded. 


Dimensions :— 
Heeltofront Last 
Head and Tail. Hind foot. Ear. Forearm of last  foot-pad, 


body. and hand, foot-pad. length. 
Go atene 188 134 39°06 Now 47 19°0 6 
Q (type) 168 118 S510 eg Le) Oj Ae eo 5 


Of this species, in addition to the pair brought by Mr. Woodford 
from Guadalcanar, there is a skin in the Museum from Kabahadai, 
New Britain, collected by the Rev. G. Brown, and agreeing with 
Mr. Woodford’s specimens in every respect. 

Mus pretor has a strong superficial resemblance to I. terre 
regine, Alst., from which, however, it may be readily distinguished 
by its shorter ears, shorter and darker-coloured feet, much shorter 
and wholly black tail, and, especially, by its possession of two pairs 
of pectoral mammee instead of only one. 


MARSUPIALIA. 
22. PHALANGER ORIENTALIS BREVICEPS, Thos. 


Phalanger orientalis breviceps, Thos. Cat. Mars. B. M. p. 204 
(1888). 

a, 6. Skins, Aola. ec. In spirit, Rubiana, New Georgia. 

As I have elsewhere (/. ¢.) pointed out, the Solomon Island 
Cuscus proves, in common with the Duke of York form, to be refer- 
able to a distinct subspecies of the ordinary Papuan Grey Cuscus, 
distinguishable by its smaller size, and, especially, by its much 
smaller last premolar (p.'). Of the three specimens obtained, two 
(6 and c) belong to a much darker-coloured race, believed by Mr. 
Woodford to be a distinct species, but they appear to me to be quite 
inseparable from the greyer form. 

Concerning this animal, Mr. Woodford writes to me as follows :— 
« At Alu, Shortland Island, only the grey variety is found, and the 
same at Fauro, but the natives told me of a dark-coloured Cuscus 
being found on Bougainville. I first met with the dark variety at 
Rubiana, where one specimen was brought off to the ship with some 
others of the grey variety. I again met with it in Guadalcanar 
during one of my expeditions up the Kobua River, where we caught 
one, which the natives ate. ‘They assured me it was not uncow- 
mon at Aola, and by offering a good price 1 secured five alive, 
and three of the grey variety, all of which I took away with me to 
pring to Sydney, and if possible, home. I never met with anything 


1 P, Z. 8. 1879, p. 646 (= Acanthomys leucopus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 598). 


1888. } OF THE SOLOMON ISLANDS. 483 


intermediate in colour between the grey and brown varieties. The 
grey is far the commoner of the two.” 

Cuscuses seem to be common on all the islands of both the Duke 
of York and Solomon groups, and extend in the latter to San Chris- 
toval, whence several specimens were sent to the British Museum by 
Dr. F. M. Rayner, and Mr. W. Macgillivray, of H.M.S. ‘ Herald,’ 
who visited that island in December 1854. 


The following table gives a complete list with localities so far as 
is known of all the land mammals of the Solomon Islands, and 
may be usefully compared with that given previously (P. Z. S. 1887, 
p- 327) in connection with the further range of these mammals into 
the Duke of York group of islands. The names of those peculiar 
to the group are printed in heavy type. 


Remarks, or other | 
localities. 


Shortland and 
Fauro Islands. 
New Georgia. 
| Guadaleanar. 
| San Christoval. 


CHIROPTERA. | 
MEGACHIROPTERA. 


1. Pteropus grandis ......... * | x 
2. ——  hypomelanus ............ % 
Oo ——_ LAYNCTI ree scccaseactenses fed) || aoc 
4. ——woodfordi ............ nee | eee ae 
5. Pteralopex atrata ......... Ara | eee | es 
6. Cynonycteris brachyotis ...... * at 
7 
8 
Q) 
0 


* 
* 


[Celebes. | 
Duke of York and 


* 
a: 
2k 


. Harpyia major 
. Cephalotes peronii ............ * | « |... | « | Ugi- 
. Macroglossus australis ......... sae, Geen || es 
. Nesonycteris wocdfordi| x 


* 


MIcrRocHIROPTERA. 


11. Anthops ornatus............ 
12. Hipposiderus tricuspidatus ...] ... | .. 
disdemiay “<2.-sssctes eoesees x | x 
COEVINUS: .ossemecescarsese- * 
15. Vesperugo abramus ............ * 
16. Miniopterus scbrebersi......... re 
17. Emballonura nigrescens ...... * 


RODENTIA. 


18. Mus imperator ............ Pol te 
NQF —— TOS sawp tas snsenssncadeas Sern [bccaeal lade 


* OK KK * KK 


Ugi. 


*K 


... | Florida Island. 
... | Also Duke of York. | 


MARSUPIALIA. | | 
22. Phalanger orientalis breviceps}; x | x | * | * | Duke of York group. | 


484 ON THE MAMMALS OF THE SOLOMON ISLANDS. [Dec. 4, 


For the sake of comparison it may also be useful to give a revised 
list of the Mammals as yet known from the Duke of York group, by 
way of which the Solomon Islands must have at one time or another 
received all their mammalian immigrants. 

The species are :— 


15. Kerivoula hardwickei, Gr. 


CHIROPTERA. 16. Miniopterus schrebersi * , Natt. 
1. Pteropus melanopogon, Schleg. 17. Emballonura nigrescens, Gr. 
hypomelanus * , Zemm. 
. —— coronatus, Thos. RODENTIA. 
capistratus, Peters. 
. Cynonycteris prachyotis, Dobs. “ AY lea ee 


ae re 20. Uromys cervinipes, Gould. 
. Cephalotes peronii, Geoff ’ BES: 


: 

4 

5. 

6. Harpyia major, Dobs. 

ff 

8. Macroglossus australis, Peters. 
9 


. Melonycteris melanops, MARSUPIALIA. 
Dobs. 21. Macropus browni, Rams. 
10. Hipposiderus diadema * , Geoff: 22. Petaurus  breviceps papuanus, 
11. —— tricuspidatus, Zemm. Thos. 
12 cervinus, Gould. 23. Phalanger orientalis breviceps, 
13. Vesperugo abramus* , Temm. Thos. 
14. angulatus, Peters. 24, Perameles cockerelli, Rams. 


Of the 22 Mammals inhabiting the Solomon Islands there are 
therefore no less than 9 peculiar species, while in the Dake of York 
group, with a total of 24, there are only five. Twelve are common 
to both groups, of which two only, Mus pretor and Phalanger 
orientalis breviceps, are peculiar to the two groups combined. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


PuatE XX. 


Fig. 1. Head of Pteropus woodfordi, p. 472. 
2. Head of Pteropus coronatus, p. 471. 
3. Head of Pteralopex atrata, p. 475. 


Puate XXI, 


Fig. 1. Skull of Pteropus woodfordi, p. 472. 
2, 3. Upper and lower teeth of Péeropus coronatus, p. 471. 
4. Skull of Pteralopex atrata, p. 475. 
5, 6. Upper and lower teeth of do, 
7. Canine of do., inner aspect. 


Pirate XXIT. 


1. Nose-leaf of Anthops ornatus (x 4), p. 477. 

2, 5. Skull and hind foot of Mus imperator, p. 479. 
4.5, Skull and hind foot of Mus rex, p. 480. 

6, Hind feot of Mus pretor, p. 481. 


* These four species have not as yet been actually recorded from the group, 


but as they occur in the islands on both sides of it, their presence there is 
assumed. 


P.Z.S. 1889, Pl. 


SUB 99 SOAR AN Araaab] BEREAN AT O19 
Ta eee 


gees 


FE Beddard del 


AGhuAHOlMVnN== OF iG Eiip es ieiOr 


1888.] MR. BEDDARD ON THE STRUCTURE OF CLITELLIO. 485 


2. Oncertain Points in the Structure of Clitellio (Claparéde). 
By Frank E. Bepparp, M.A., Prosector to the Society '. 


[Received September 5, 1888.] 
(Plate XXIII.) 


The sandy mud upon the shores of the Sound at Plymouth was 
invariably found to contain large numbers of a small slender 
Oligochete of a dark greenish-grey colour. The worm appears to 
be identical with Claparéde’s Clite/lio ater”; the same mud also very 
frequently contained examples of another species of Clitellio, which 
is probably C. arenarius *. The obvious difference between these two 
species was the absence, in the latter, of the peculiar dark papillze 
which cover the surface of the body in C. ater, and which appear 
to be characteristic of that species. I never found these worms in 
any other situation, and they were invariably absent from the coarser 
sands, which were exclusively occupied (as regards Oligocheeta) by 
certain species of Pachydrilus, upon which I hope to offer some 
notes to the Society later. 

Although Claparéde has given a tolerably full account of the 
structure of Clitellio, especially of Clitellio arenarius, 1 am able to 
add some few facts to our knowledge of the worm; my remarks 
partly deal with C. ater, and partly with the transparent species 
which I shall call C. arenarius *. 

Clitellio ater is, as Claparéde remarks, characterized by the dark 
colour of the integument, which, however, is not developed (fig. A, 
p- 486) upon the anterior extremity of the body, upon the last few 
segments, and upon the clitellam. The colour is due to innumerable 
papillze the shape and structure of which do not appear to me to be 
well illustrated in Claparéde’s drawing’; on the other hand, the general 
appearance of the body due to these peculiar structures is very well 
shown in Claparéde’s figure®. They are somewhat leaf-shaped with 
a pointed apex, the base being attached to the cuticle; the interior 
of each papilla is filled with greyish-green granules. 

Claparéde’s description of the sete is, so far as my observations 
enable me to state, incorrect ; he states that the sete are arranged in 
two double rows, and are alike in both rows, being bifid at the 
extremity or terminating ina simple point. This character is, in fact, 


1 From observations made at the Plymouth station of the Marine Biological 
Association. 

* Ed. Claparéde, ‘‘ Recherches anatomiques sur les Oligochétes,” Mém. Soe. 
Phys. Geneve, t. xvi. (1862), p. 253. 

3 Ed. Claparéde, “ Etudes anatomiques sur les Annélides &c.,” ¢om. cit. p. 102. 

* Several other species of C7Zitellio have been described, for a list of which 
see Vejdovsky’s ‘System u. Morph. d. Oligochaeten,’ Prag, 1874, p. 45; the 
majority of these have been described by Ozerniavsky (Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. 
Moscou, t. ly. pt. ii. (1880), p. 824, &.). Iam notable at present to determine 
what are the points of difference between these species and C. arenarius. 

° Recherches, &e., loc. cit. pl. iv. fig. 10. 

® Loc. cit. pl. iv. fig. 9. 


[ Dec. 4, 


MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE 


486 


Anterior segments of Hemitubifex ater ( Clitellio ater, Clap.). 


cl, clitellar segments. 


1888.] STRUCTURE OF CLITELLIO. 487 


the principal one which differentiates the genus from Tudifex, and is 
recapitulated by Vejdovsky in the systematic part of his great work 
upon the Oligocheta’. I find that in Clitellio ater the sete of 
the dorsal pair are sometimes of two kinds—(1) bifid setze, (2) long 
slender setee (Haarborsten). On the other hand, the ventral setz 
belong only to the bifid form. This, however, is not always the 
case ; individuals of C. ater are frequently met with which possess 
only the bifid setze ; these individuals were indistinguishable in any 
other character from those in which hair-setz were also present. 
The character of the setze must therefore be regarded as variable. 
As to the number of setz per bundle, I find that there are usually 
two, though sometimes more. 


§ 1. Remarks on some other Marine Species of Tubificide. 


Besides these two species, a considerable number of marine 
Tubificidee have been described from the Western European coasts. 
These are :— 


Tubifex benedii, d’Udekem, “Nouv. Class. Annélides Sétigéres 
Abranches,” Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg. t. xxii. (1855), p. 544. 


T. hyalinus, id. ibid. 

T. papillosus, Claparéde, Beobachtungen tiber Anat. und Entwick. 
wirbellos. Thiere an der Kiiste von Normandie angestellt. 
Leipsic, 1863. 

T. lineatus, Miller, Zoologia Danica. 


T. bilineata, Montagu, MS.; Parfitt, ‘‘ Catalogue of Annelids 
of Devon,” Trans. Devon. Assoc. 1867, ii. 


P. pellucidus, Montagu, MS. ; id. ibid. 
Peloryctes inquilina, Zenger, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, xliii. 
pt. 1 (1870), p. 221. 


The first two species are considered by Tauber * to belong to the 
genus Limnodrilus, for the reason that they only possess bifid setee, 
a fact noted by d’Udekem in his brief description of the species. I 
believe him to be wrong in this identification ; there is nothing in 
d’Udekem’s description to prevent both these species from being 
included in the genus Olitellio, which, and I can confirm Claparéde, 
is also characterized by the absence of hair-sete. Furthermore 
Clitellio and Limnodrilus also agree in the possession of two pairs 
of “hearts,” situated in segments 7 and 8 respectively. Claparéde only 
observed one pair in C. arenarius, whose position he was unable to fix 
with accuracy. I have, however, seen two in living specimens, where 
they are very distinct. The presence of two pairs of specially dilated 
vascular arches has been described in the European species of Limno- 
drilus, and I have had the opportunity of verifying this character of the 
genus in a New-Zealand species, which may or may not be identical 
with one or other of the European species. The two genera can only 


* System u. Morphologie der Oligochaeten, p. 45. 
2 «Annulata Danica,’ p. 71. 


488 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE [ Dec. 4» 


in fact be distinguished by the characters of the reproductive organs 
(seep. 490). These points are evidently appreciated by Vejdovsky ’, 
who suggests that Tubifer benedii may be a synonym of Clitellio 
arenarius. This is probably an error in printing ; there can be little 
doubt that Vejdovsky meant to place T. benedii as a synonym of 
Clitellio ater, an identity which has been pointed out by Vaillant *. 

D’ Udekem gives a woodcut illustrating the papille of his Tudzfex 
benedii, and there is no doubt in my mind about the identity of this 
species with Claparéde’s Olitellio ater, which, however, as will be 
pointed out later, is not a Clitellio at all. 

The remaining species—Tubifex hyalinus—is very probably the 
same as Clitellio arenarius. There is at any rate nothing to be 
said against this identification ; and it is more probable that the 
species is a Clitellio than a Limnodrilus, for the reason that the 
latter genus is, so far as is certainly known, an inhabitant of fresh 
water *. 

The preliminary list of the marine fauna of Plymouth, published 
in the second number of the ‘ Journal of the Marine Biological 
Association,’ contains a single Oligochete, Tubifex lineatus. This 
species, if it be identical with that described in Johnston’s ‘ Catalogue 
of British Non-parasitical Worms’ (p. 66), is certainly not a Tudbifea, 
since the setee are there stated to be entirely /-shaped, but not bifid ; 
this may be due to wear, and the species is perhaps a Clitellio, 
possibly the same as Clitellio arenarius. This species, however, as 
well as Tubifex bilineata and T. pellucidus, all of which are recorded 
from Devon in Parfitt’s ‘Catalogue of the Annelids of Devon,’ 
require investigation. Parfitt mentions the occurrence of Clitellio 
arenarius *. 

Peloryctes inquilina has been described somewhat fully by 
N. Zenger’; the species is not referred to by Vejdovsky in his account 
of the Tubificidee, though the paper is quoted in his list of literature. 
Having been at some trouble to translate certain portions of Zenger’s 
paper from the Russian, I can offer the following remarks upon 
its systematic position. 

The species occurs in the “ Kieler Bucht” at a depth of 12 
fathoms, either living freely in the mud or sand or upon the shell of 
Mytilus edulis. Prof. Mobius, who first found the worm, considered 
it to be identical with Claparéde’s Clitellio ater. It is of adark red 
colour, owing to its red blood and the dark papillz on the surface. 
Zenger considers that the papille distinguish this species from 
Clitellio ater, both in their distribution and in their structure. In 
C. ater “ the first head-segment is never covered by papillz, and half _ 
the second segment as far as the setz is also free from papillze ; 
papillee are in addition absent from the space extending from the 
10th to the 12th segment, which is occupied by the clitellum .... ; 

1 Syst. u. Morph. d. Oligochaeten, p. 45. 

2 Essai de Classification des Annélides Lombriciens,” Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zoo- 
logie), t. x. (1868), p. 251. 

3 Forel (Bull. Soc. Vaud. xiii.), however, describes a C/iellio from the Lake 
of Geneva (cf. footnote to p. 494). 


4 Trans. Devon. Assoc. 1867, vol. ii. 
5 Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, 1870. 


1888. ] STRUCTURE OF CLITELLIO. 489 


in Peloryctes inquilina the extent of the clitellum and the distribu- 
tion of papillz is variable. I had fully developed sexual individuals 
in which there was not a trace of clitellum ; all the area of segments 
10-12 was covered with papillee like the rest of the surface of the skin ; 
in others, on the contrary, either segments 9 and 10 or 10 and 11 were 
devoid of papillze. In the anterior part of the body all the first three 
segments were sometimes devoid of papillae, sometimes only the head. 
Finally the last 10 or 11 segments were often without papilla.” 

It does not appear to me that these facts are necessarily opposed 
to the view that Peloryctes inquilina is synonymous with Clitellio 
ater. It is a well-established fact that the clitellum is variable in 
its appearance ; and I have myself observed specimens of Clitellio 
ater in which the clitellum was fully developed and without papille, 
or not developed and with papille. The hinder end of the body in 
my specimens was generally, if not always, devoid of papilla. 
Claparéde does not apparently mention this fact, but his description 
of the species is very brief and incomplete. With regard to the 
absence of the papillz on some of the anterior segments, I may 
state that in my specimens the papille commenced rather gradually 
and that those upon the anterior segment were, at least in some 
individuals, considerably smaller than the papillz of the following 
segments; this may perhaps account for the discrepancies between 
Zenger’s observations and those of Claparéde. There may be 
something in the structural differences between the papille of 
Peloryctes inquilina and those of C. ater; the papille of the 
former species are stated by Zenger to resemble very closely those 
of Pachydrilus verrucosus. The sete of Peloryctes inquilina are all 
bifid, but they are alleged to differ from those of Clitellio ater in 
the number per bundle—a character which I cannot admit to be 
valid, as I have found great differences in this respect between 
individuals of C. ater, and indeed of other species of Oligocheta ; 
it is, I think, recognized that in those forms with a large number of 
setee in the bundle the number is variable. 

Another point which Zenger raises is the characters of some of 
the transverse branches which unite the dorsal and ventral trunks 
in some of the anterior segments. In the 7th, 8th, and 9th 
segments of Peloryctes inquilina these trunks are specially dilated, 
and this difference from other Tubificide is regarded, in con- 
junction with the other points of difference, as sufficient to necessitate 
the establishment of a new genus. The generic name is Leuckart’s, 
and was originally applied to Clitellio arenarius until the latter was 
shown to be identical with Savigny’s Clitellio arenarius; Zenger 
therefore, and this proceeding of his will not be admired by those 
who regard zoological nomenclature as a serious subject, resuscitates 
the name Peloryctes to apply it to his species. 

In the examples of Clitellio ater which I studied I found it to 
be by no means so easy as in Limnodrilus to distinguish any of the 
vascular arches of the anterior segments as specially enlarged ; in some 
specimens, however, the vascular arch of the 8th segment, as in 
Tubifex, was decidedly stouter than the rest ; in other specimens this 
difference was not so striking, and then the arches of 6, 7, and 8 


490 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE [Dec. 4, 


appeared to be equal and stouter than the more anteriorly situated 
trunks. The description which Zenger gives of the reproductive 
organs is, as he himself admits, imperfect. The most important 
point which he mentions is the presence of spermatophores, which 
were little known at the time when he wrote. There is nothing 
in his description of the reproductive organs to distinguish Peloryetes 
inguilina from Clitellio ater. 

On the whole the identity or non-identity of Peloryctes inquilina 
with Clitellio ater must be for the present regarded as an open 
question, though I am disposed to think that they are identical. 


§ 2. Anatomy of Clitellio. 


Generative Organs.—Claparéde’s account of the reproductive 
organs of Clitellio is by no means complete. 

‘He has confounded, as so many writers have daa the ¢estes 
with the vesicule seminales ; the former organs are not described 
by Claparéde. I find that the testes differ in no important particular 
from those of Tubifer; they lie (see Plate XXIII. fig. 1), as in 
that genus, in the 10th segment, into which open the funnels of the 
vasa deferentia ; each organ is long and narrow, somewhat swollen 
at the base of attachment to the body-wall. The vesicule seminales 
(testes of Claparéde) were not, judging from Claparéde’s description, 
fully developed in any of the specimens studied by me. The 10th 
segment in one specimen contained a mass of developing spermatozoa 
about equal in size to a similar mass occupying a large portion of 
segment 11. In the latter case, however (Plate XXIII. fig. 3), 
the mass of developing spermatozoa was enclosed in a thin-walled sae 
abundantly furnished with blood-vessels which was confined to this 
segment, and did not extend back through several segments. 

The generative system of a young example of C. arenarius is 
depicted in Plate XXIII. fig. 1; it will be seen that the funnels of the 
vasa deferentia open into the 10th segment, but the cells of which they 
are composed are not ciliated. The vasa deferentia pass in a 
slightly smuous course to the atrium, which opens externally, not 
far from the posterior border of the 11th segment. The atrium in 
the undeveloped condition is lined by a simple non-glandular columnar 
epithelium; it is invested externally by a thin coat of muscles, 
outside of which is a tolerably thick layer of glandular peritoneal 
cells. The spermathece lie in the 10th segment, and at this stage 
are simple pyriform vesicles. Upon the anterior face of the septum 
which separates the 11th from the 12th segment, and corresponding 
exactly in position to the funnel of the vasa deferentia, is a disk- 
shaped layer of columnar cells, which is evidently the oviduct; the 
cells at this stage are, like the cells of the vasa deferentia funnels, not 
ciliated. In the sexually mature animal the oviduct-funnels are 
extremely conspicuous (fig. B & Plate XXIII. fig. 2) cup-shaped 
organs, with abundant cilia. At the time that I made this observa- 
tion, I was not acquainted with any observations upon the structure 
of the Tubificide later than those of Vejdovsky’; I concluded 


1 System u. Morph. d. Oligochaeten. Prag, 1884. 


1888. ] STRUCTURE OF CLITELLIO. 491 


therefore that I should have the pleasure of recording for the first 
time the presence of oviducts in the Tubificide, and finally exploding 
the very improbable hypothesis that in these worms the penis-sheath 
is the homologue of an oviduct. I find, however, that Dr. Stolé has 
already ' demonstrated these organs in I/yodrilus and Psammoryctes ; 


Fig. B. 


Genital segments of Clitellio arenarius. The atrium of the right side and the 
left spermatheca have been removed. 7, testes; J, vas deferens funnel ; 
d, male genital orifice ; a, ovary; 0c, oviduct; ef, spermatheca, containing 
spermatophores; 0, ripe ova in egg-sacs. 
my own discovery of the oviducts occupying an identical position 
in Clitellio and in Hemitubifex ater (=Clitellio ater, see below 
p- 494) lends further support to Dr. Stolé’s contention that these 
organs will be found to be invariably present in the Tubificide. 
The ovaries are situated in the 11th segment on the anterior 
mesentery, close to where this is perforated by the vas deferens. 


1 Zool, Anzeig. Bd, viii. v. 660. 


492 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE (Dec. 4, 


The sexual organs of the mature worm, with a fully developed 
clitellum, differ to a certain extent in the two species which I have 
studied. 

In C. ater there is a distinct and large prostate gland (Plate 
XXIII. fig. 7), which opens into the distal extremity of the glandular 
part of the atrium. In C. arenarius I have been unable to find sucha 
gland, and Claparéde states that it is absent in that species ; he makes 
no remark about the prostate gland of C. ater, but, as he prefixes to 
his brief account of this species a generic definition of Clitellio, the 
gland evidently, if present, escaped his notice. Furthermore, in 
C. ater the glandular part of the atrium, although exhibiting the 
same structure, is relatively smaller than that of C. arenarius; it is 
entirely contained within the 11th ségment, and is not curved upon 
itself. The vas deferens is very long and much coiled ; it opens into 
a rounded chamber at the extremity of the atrium, the cells of 
which (Plate XXIII. fig. 7) are different from those of the atrium 
and more like those of the vas deferens. In C. arenarius the vas 
deferens is much shorter and wider (cf. Plate XXIII. figs. 5, 6), while 
the atrium is much larger; on one side of the body, in the single mature 
example of this species which I investigated by sections, the atrium 
was bent upon itself and entirely contained in the 11th segment; on the 
other side of the body the atrium extended back beyond this segment. 

The funnels of the vasa deferentia in both species are cup-shaped 
and furnished with abundant long cilia. 

As in the Tubificidze generally the mature ova are of very large size 
(half the diameter of the body), and loaded with yolk-spherules: I 
found them in C. arenarius so tar back as segments 13-15 ; in the first 
and last of these segments was a single ovum, in the middle one two ; 
the ova were not freely floating in the body-cavity, but were enclosed in 
distinct sacs (Plate XXIII. fig. 4), furnished with blood-vessels ; 
these sacs were perfectly independent of each other, there was no com- 
munication that I could trace between the ovisacs of adjacent segments. 

In C. ater there appeared to be a similar arrangement. The 
spermathece of the sexually mature worms offer a valuable differential 
character ; they are most complicated in C. arenarius. Claparéde, 
in his figure of the spermatheca of this species’, has correctly 
indicated the division of the spermatheca into two parts by a 
median constriction; in the part which communicates with the 
exterior only are found the spermatophores. The distal pouch in 
my specimen contained a liquid deeply stained by the colouring 
reagent ; its walls, moreover, were lined by an epithelium of a different 
character to that found in the proximal part of the spermatheca. 
In TZubifex rivulorum *there is a corresponding specialization 
of the lining epithelium, but here there is no constriction developed 
between the different regions of the pouch. 

In Claparéde’s figure this constriction is not sufficiently marked ; 
in my specimen (cee fig. B, p. 491) the two halves of the spermatheca 
are joined by an extremely narrow neck. 


1 Etudes, &e., loc. cit. pl. iii. fig. 4. 
2 Vejdovsky, loc, cit. pl. ix. fig. 17. 


1888. ] STRUCTURE OF CLITELLIO. 493 


The spermatheca extends beyond the 10th segment, in the sexually 
mature individual it reaches back as far as the 13th segment ; 
where it traverses the boundary-line between the 11th and 12th 
segments, the next septum, 7. e. that which divides segments 12 and 
13,comes into close relations with the septum dividing segments 11, 12 
(see p. 491, fig. B); at this point the two septa almost fuse and the 
spermatheca passes directly from segment 11 into segment 13; 
where it traverses the two mesenteries there is another constriction, 
but the epithelium does not change in character. In Spirosperma, 
according to Eisen’, the spermatheca occupies in the same way 
several segments. 

In C. ater the spermatheca is not differentiated into two regions 
and it only occupies one segment (the 11th). 


§ 3. Systematic Position and Affinities of the Genus Clitellio. 


In the remaining part of this paper I propose to discuss the 
affinities and systematic position of Clitellio. 

In the first place, it is perfectly clear that these worms have been 
rightly assigned by Claparéde and Vejdovsky to the Tubificide. 
Vejdovsky’s definition of the family, translated into English, is as 
follows :—‘‘ Normally segmented Annelids of red colour, with a 
large number of sete which are disposed in four bundles. The 
seta-bundles consist of 3-10 bifid sete, and occasionally, in the 
dorsal bundles, of hair-like setz ; the lateral vascular trunks com- 
municate directly with the ventral vessel. Testes in the 9th, 
ovaries in the 10th segment. Vasa deferentia, one pair opening on 
to the 10th segment. Spermathece, one pair opening on to the 
9th segment. Ova probably escaping between the 9th and 10th 
segments. Spermatophores present in the spermathecee. Aquatic.” 
In all these particulars Clited/io resembles the other Tubificidz, and 
there are no structural peculiarities that I have been able to discover 
by which the genus can be said to be allied to any other family. 

The genus Clitellio itself is briefly defined by Vejdovsky, his 
definition being compiled from the account of the genus given by 
Claparéde in the two papers which I have already so frequently 
had occasion to quote. 

The two facts upon which Vejdovsky lays stress in his generic 
definition of Clitellio are the characters of the sete and the absence 
of a prostate gland. 

So far as the first of these characters is concerned, Clitellio ater 
agrees with Hisen’s genus Hemitubifex*, and it has a prostate gland. 
It is, in fact, clear that the two species which I have investigated differ 
in so many particulars, that they cannot, as the family is at present 
divided, belong to the same genus. 

The principal characters of the two species are as follows :— 


1G, Eisen, ‘“ Oligochzetological Researches,’ Report of Commissioner for 
Fish and Fisheries for 1883 (Washington, 1885), p. 922. 

2 G. Eisen, loc. cit. p. 889. 

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. XXXIV. 34 


494 MR. BEDDARD ON THE STRUCTURE OF CLITELLIO. [ Dec. 4, 


C. arenarius. C. ater. 
1. Set@.............-...  Bifid setze only pre- Bifid and hair-like sete in 
sent. the dorsal bundle; only 


bifid setee in the ventral 
bundle. Sometimes no 


hair-setee. 
2. Vas deferens ...... Short and wide. Long and slender and much 
coiled, 
3. ALTIUM .e.seree-oee Long and bent upon Shortand straight, confined to 
? itself, or extending the 11th segment. Extre- 
through several seg- mity of vas deferens dilated 
ments. into a special chamber. 
AM EMOSUALE Secanscstess Absent. Present. 
5. Spermatheca ...... Specialized into two Not specialized; confined to 
regions; extending one segment. 
through several seg- 
ments. 


Clitellio ater agrees in Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 with Hemitubifex, and the 
spermathecse only differ in being without the glandular appendices 
which Eisen figures in Hemitubifex insignis. This latter point is 
one which I should regard as being only of specific value. It is 
ouly by the occasional absence of the hair-setz in the dorsal rows, 
and the dilatation of the vas deferens, that this species differs from 
Tubifer. I have not mentioned in the Table the fact that the 
penis is chitinous, because this character does not differentiate the 
two species which are compared in that Table; it does, however, 
distinguish Hemitubifex from Tubifex. 

Eisen met with H. insignis in Sweden, in fresh water, so that its 
habitat is rather different from that of Clitellio ater’. 

Clitellio arenarius agrees with Ilyodrilus in having a short thick 
efferent duct, but it does not appear to resemble that genus in much 
else except perhaps in the absence (?) of prostate glands. Stolé 
was unable to find these glands in Jlyodrilus coccineus; Kisen, 
however, figures them in several species, though apparently their 
presence is not referred to in the text of this paper. On the 
whole it seems advisable to retain the generic name Clitellio for 
C. arenarius, and it may be thus characterized :— 


Cuirexuio, Claparcde. 


Clitellio, Claparéde, ** Etudes anatomiques, &c.,’’ Mém., Soc. Phys. 
Geneve, t. xvi. 1862, p. 102. 


Marine Tubificide of an elongate slender form. Bifid setze only. 
Vas deferens wide and short ; atrium very long ; no vesicula seminalis ; 
no prostate glands; penis with a chitinous covering. Oviduet 
present in 1 1th segment. Egg-sacs in segments 13, 14, 15. Sper- 
mathecze very large, occupying several segments, differentiated into 
two regions, separated by a constriction. ‘Spermatophores elongate. 

This genus will only contain C. erenarius *. 

Clitellio ater must, I think, be included in Eisen’s genus Hemitu- 
bifex. 

1 Tt should be mentioned that the effect of the two rivers which enter the 
Sound at Plymouth, and the breakwater which extends across its mouth, is to 
render the water somewhat brackish. 


eae The other species of the genus must be regarded with Vejdovsky as “ incerte 
sedis,’ 


+ 
R 
eR 


H 
| 
{ 
| 


anat 


} 94} 
"OLarth . 


Javies &M.PParker de. a 


6 
© 
x 

7 

iS 

bere 
= 8 
4 Oy 
‘ 


desmosesi 


yi 
2 


Ss 
s 


+ 


rary phalanx & 


Supernume 


AS 


7 ee} 


AM Dawies& MEParker del.ad nat., 
* Parkeré& Coward lith. 


“Supernumerary phalanx & syndesmoses im. 


. e , 


1888.] 


Fig. 1. 


MORPHOLOGY OF SUPERNUMERARY PHALANGES, 495 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII. 


Longitudinal section through the generative segments of an immature 
example of Clitellio arenarius. ep, spermatheca ; ¢, testis ; 7, funnel 
of vas deferens; v.d, vas deferens; 0, ovary; az, atrium; ov, funnel 
of oviduct. 


. Longitudinal section through the oviducal funnel of a mature CZi- 


tellio arenarius. od, oviducal funnel, above is the body-wall; the 
epiderm in this (the clitellar) region consists of tall cells closely 
packed with granules. 


. Portion of a seminal sac of the same species. 4, wall of the vescicle ; 


b/, blood-vessel ; s, developing spermatozoa. 


. An egg-sac of the same worm, containing a single ovum ; 2/, blood- 


vessel in wall of sac; the smaller black dots are nuclei of the con- 
nective or muscular tissue which forms the wall of the sac; the 
ovum is matureand full of yolk-spherules. 


. Transyerse section through vas deferens of Clitellio arenarius ; this 


figure is drawn to the same scale as the following, with which it 
may be compared. 


. Transverse and longitudinal sections through vas deferens of Hem- 


tubifex benedii. Drawn to the same scale as fig. 5. 


. Hemitubifex benedii, section to illustrate structure of atrium, &e. 


at, atrium ; v.d, vas deferens dilated above, near to its junction with 
atrium ; p7, prostate. 


. Section through penis and penis-sheath of Hemitubifex benedit. 


p, penis with chitinous covering. 


. Section through penis and penis-sheath of the same species at a point 


further removed from the external orifice; the penis (p) is seen to 
be independent of the penis-sheath, which lies to the left-hand side. 


3. Observations upon the Morphology and Genesis of 
Supernumerary Phalanges, with especial reference to 
those of the Amphibia. By G. B. Howss, F.Z.S., 
F.L.S., Assist. Prof. of Zoology, Normal School of 
Science and R. School of Mines, S. Kensington, and 


2. @ 


There 


M. Daviess, Assoc. N.S.S. 
[Received December 4, 1888.] 
(Plates XXIV. & XXV.) 
CONTENTS. 


. Iyrropuctory, p. 495. 

. GENERAL AND ANATOMICAL, p. 496. 

. HisronoeicaAn AND DrvELopMENTAL, p. 499. 
. InpryipuaL Anp Cxassiricatory, p. 501. 


A. Phaneroglossa. 
B. Aglossa. 
C. Urodela. 


. GeneRAL ConsipErations, p. 506. 
VI. 
VII. 
VIII. 


Concuusions, p. 509. 
List or Memoirs AND PAPERS REFERRED 70, p. 510. 
EXPLANATION OF THE Pures, p. 511. 


I. INTRODUCTORY. 
appeared in the second part of this volume a short paper 


(2) by Boulenger, in which the author verified and extended an earlier 


34* 


496 PROF. HOWES AND MR. A. M. DAVIES ON THE [‘Dec. 4, 


observation of Peters’s (16), as to the existence of ‘a small additional 
phalanx between the ultimate and what is normally the penultimate ” 
one in his Polypedatine. Peters’s description was very meagre, and 
it is to Boulenger that credit is due for having placed the matter on a 
sound footing. The conclusions arrived at by the two authors differ 
in important respects, and these we shall duly consider. Both deal 
exclusively with the Ranide. The presence of a structure in the 
Hylide which at once suggests that in question had been previously 
noted by one of us, while engaged upon an allied investigation (7), 
and as we had, in pursuit of the same, accumulated material sufficient 
for a fuller elucidation of the problem, we decided to work it out. 

We give in Section IV. a complete list of the animals examined. 
Our sincere thanks are due to Dr. Giinther, F.R.S., for certain of 
these, and to Mr. Boulenger for others and for ever generous 
assistance and advice. 

Method.—The digits were, if necessary, first decalcified in 3 p.c. 
chromic-acid solution, with a few drops of nitric acid. When soft 
they were transferred to an aqueous solution of NaHCO, until the 
acid was for the most part removed. They were then dehydrated 
with alcoholic solutions of increasing strengths and stained in borax- 
carmine, the excess of stain being subsequently removed by 75 p. c. 
alcohol, to which a few drops of HNO, were added. ‘They were then 
finally dehydrated in absolute alcohol and transferred, vid turpen- 
tine, to paraffin, and cut with the Rocking Microtome. 

Staining was, in many instances, resorted to without dehydration. 
We found that a couple of hours sufficed in most cases for decalci- 
fication in chromic and nitric acids. The preparations were re- 
moved from this as soon as possible, for it was found that if allowed 
a prolonged immersion therein the chances of successful staining 
became reduced. 

In deciding upon the above method we found Whitman’s 
‘Methods of Research’ of great service, and we gladly acknow- 
ledge the help afforded us ky that work. 


II. GENERAL AND ANATOMICAL. 


The supernumerary phalanx was, as seen by both Peters and 
Boulenger, ossified, and in stich a condition that, had it been found 
fossil, would have left no doubt of its value as such, except perhaps 
for its small size. It will be shown later on that the structure is 
subject to a wide range of modification anatomically and_histo- 
logically ; and its fundamental relationships may best be studied in 
detail in such a form as the tree-frog (Hyla arborea, Plate XXIV. 
fig. 1). Neither Peters nor Boulenger were aware of its existence in 
this family ; and we find that our own discovery of the same was 
anticipated by Leydig in 1876. He writes (14. p. 166), “ von 
Andern und mir wurde bei Hyla arborea ein sich zwischen die 
letzte und vorletzte Phalanx einschiebender Knorpel erwihnt.” 
This author, then, has a long priority of claim to the first discovery. 

The supernumerary phalanx is, in the adults of most forms in which 


1888.] MORPHOLOGY OF SUPERNUMERARY PHALANGES. 497 


it attains an adequate development as such, disposed ventrally (ef. Hyla 
Sreycineti, p.s, Plate XXIV. fig. 3), and there is a constancy of rela- 
tionship between it and the adjacent head of the terminal phalanx (p.¢, of 
fig. 3), the two generally coming to underlie, more or less completely, 
the distal epiphysis of the penultimate phalanx. This is, moreover, 
generally enlarged and invested in a fold of skin which projects freely 
forwards in the manner of a prominent lip, the whole giving to the an- 
tero-dorsal extremity of the digit a very characteristic aspect, to which 
Boulenger’s fig. 1 does full justice. On comparison with Nototrema 
(fig. 7, *), in which the supernumerary phalanx attains but a small 
development, it is seen that this fold (*, fig. 7) is wholly related to the 
enlargement in question’; and it will be found, in all cases, that 
the parts are so disposed as to allow of an upward rotation of the 
terminal phalanx. When the latter is fully displaced its long axis 
is seen to lie at right angles to that of the penultimate phalanx. It 
will be found on manipulation that the degree of ventral dis- 
placement of the supernumerary phalanx is here proportionate to 
that of the upward rotation of the terminal one, and that when the 
extremity of the digit is in contact with an applied surface, these 
two phalanges lie in the same plane, the former receiving, together 
with the base of the latter, the more direct thrust under the weight 
of the falling body. Such an arrangement would manifestly result 
in a distinct functional advantage, especially in the platydactyle forms, 
and the terminal phalanx would be the better able to support, 
undisturbed, the adhesive integument. 

When examined microscopically, the supernumerary phalanx is 
seen, in its fully differentiated condition, to consist in most cases of true 
hyaline cartilage (ex. Hyla arborea, fig. 1, and Rhacophorus, fig. 2), 
differing in no respect from that forming the epiphysial extremities 
of the adjacent phalanges. It remains in this condition long after 
the other phalanges, including the terminal one, have become 
ossified (cf. Rhacophorus). It invariably ossifies quite late; and 
among the large series of specimens examined we have met with it 
in the bony condition only in Hyla freycineti and Rhacophorus 
mazimus. In the former instance it is seen (fig. 3) to be replaced 
in a true endostosis. 

It might appear from the foregoing that its first development 
takes place subsequently to that of the other phalanges, and that its 
ossification sets in at a period relatively proportionate to that of the 
same. Examination of the tadpole of Hy/a arborea (fig. 1) shows 
that this is not the case, for it is there as fully differentiated as with 
the adult, and that at a stage in which the periosteal growth of the 
adjacent elements is dawning. Nor must it be imagined that its 
conversion into bene isin any way determined by its relative size, for 
in Rhacophorus eques (fig. 2, p.s.) it is, while still unossified, relatively 
larger than in any species with which we have dealt. 

On passing from the ossified type to that of the other extreme of 
the series (to those forms, that is, in the adults of which anything 


1 Tn the larva the conditions are otherwise, cf. Hy/a, fig. 1. 


498 PROF. HOWES AND MR. A.M. DAVIES ON THE [ Dec. 4, 


like a conspicuous structure is interposed between the terminal and 
penultimate phalanges) we meet (¢x. the common Frog, Plate XXV. 
fic. 16) with a pad of loose fibrous tissue, which is closely bound down 
to the applied epiphysial surfaces, such as would appear to have 
nothing to do with the undoubted phalanx under consideration. In 
Nototrema, however (fig. 7), the pad, while never truly hyaline, has 
all the fundamental relations described for the phalanx in the culmi- 
nating term of the series ; and in Hyla peronit (fig. 13), while histo- 
logically identical with that of Nototrema, it has the proportions, 
detailed shape, and relationships seen in H. arborea. Hyla cerulea 
bridges over the gap histologically between Nototrema and Hyla ar- 
dorea ; and when to this it is added that, in those Ranide the adults 
of which bear the supernumerary phalanx, the same early becomes 
hyaline as in Hyla arborea, it is clear that all stages between the two 
extremes afore described are forthcoming. 

Minor modifications are met with, but these may, together with 
the consideration of lesser detail, preferably be dealt with later. 

Seeing that, upon a purely structural analysis, the fibrous pad of 
the Common Frog must be looked upon as the homologue of the 
skeletal supernumerary phalanx of the higher Ranide and Hylide, 
we are next led to inquire what, if any, structural community the 
two may possess inthe embryo. On examination of the larvee of Hyla 
arboreaand Rana temporaria, at a stage at which the hind limbs are 
becoming differentiated, it is found that the places of the phalanx of 
the former, and of the pad in the latter, are alike occupied by a 
fibrous mass which is largely cellular and loosely interposed between 
the applied epiphysial extremities. It is well known that, in most 
Urodeles, there are interposed between the corresponding parts of the 
limb-skeleton fibrous masses which take the place of the synovial 
capsules of the higher Vertebrata; and these are found, on examina- 
tion, to be indistinguishablefrom those above described. They have 
long been termed by Hyrtl (8) “ syndesmoses.” 

The foregoing is not all. Hyrtl, in describing the manus of 
Salamandra maculosa, writes (p. 61): “ phalanges inter se, et cum 
ossibus metacarpi, textu fibroso conjunguntur.’ We find that these 
syndosmoses are structurally identical with the supernumerary 
phalanx of the Anura in its least modified condition (cf. figs. 11, 12), 
and, seeing that in many Anura similar pads are interposed between 
the proximal phalanges themselves, it follows that the structures in 
question in them are not in any sense to be regarded as peculiar to 
the terminal segments of the digits, and that the supernumerary 
phalanx would appear to be a specialized counterpart of the inter- 
phalangeal syndesmosis. In other words, may not the community 
of structure between the developing supernumerary phalanx and the 
syndesmosial pad be indicative of a community of origin? Should 
this be the case, there would open up a new and promising departure 
for the reconsideration of the questions of origin and morphology of 
supernumerary phalanges in general. To these we shall return. 


1888.] MORPHOLOGY OF SUPERNUMERARY PHALANGES. 499 


IlI. HISTOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL. 


Dixey, in a paper on the ossification of the terminal phalanges (3), 
incidentally describes and figures the syndesmosis in Proteus. He 
deals with that interposed between the penultimate and terminal 
phalanges—with that, that is to say, which would appear to represent 
the supernumerary phalanx of the Anura. He writes (p. 68): 
“another instance of arrested development in the digit of Proteus is 
afforded by the inter-phalangeal joint ... . the cartilage, with a 
slight alteration in the size and relative number of its cells, is seen to 
be quite continuous between the heads of the two phalanges, nor 
does it exhibit the least sign of an articular cavity.” He believes 
his specimen to have been “ fully adult ” (p. 70) ; but in this he was 
mistaken, for in the larger of our specimens of the same (cf. p. 504) 
ossification had proceeded much further than in his. 

Microscopic examination of this syndesmosis with its associated 
parts in Proteus reveals, under the treatment which we have adopted 
(p. 496), the following facts. The matrix of the epiphysial cartilages 
of the phalanges stains uniformly and feebly, while that of the less 
resistant syndesmosis takes the dye much more readily, becoming 
thereby sharply differentiated (cf. Plate XXV. fig. 12). The latter 
shows traces of a fibrillar structure, but it is for the most part 
homogeneous. The cells which are present are well defined, and 
their peculiarities in structure, disposition, and size are common to 
both epiphysis and syndesmosis. Lach is irregular in contour, and 
carries a large nucleus, while it is seen to lie within a spacious 
lacuna, the boundary of which is smooth and well defined ; and such 
differences as are met with between the corpuscles of the epiphyses 
and of the syndesmosis are seen to be entirely due to pressure 
under apposition of the first named. The cells of the syndesmosis 
are more numerous and more closely aggregated than those of the 
hyaline epiphyses, and the intensity of colour of the former under 
the action of reagents is, to a large extent, due to this crowding. 
The details of histological structure here described hold good, with 
but slight modifications, for all conditions in which the super- 
numerary phalanx and its homologue remain non-hyaline (cf. Proteus, 
fig. 12, and Hyla peronii, fig.14). Its cells are cartilage corpuscles, 
and the tissue to which they give rise is, in its most elementary 
form, a nascent cartilage. 

The whole digital skeleton is invested in a continuous and well- 
differentiated fibrous tunic, and in Proteus this is, at any rate 
ventrally, incompletely marked off from the syndesmodial pad. 
There lie buried up in the former at this point (sh., fig. 12) cells 
which closely resemble those of the syndesmosis in size and struc- 
ture; the question, therefore, naturally arises as to whether some of 
these might not have migrated into the inter-phalangeal region, there 
to give rise to the pad in question, or that that might conceivably 
have been an ingrowth of the tunic itself. It will be seen, how- 
ever, that the corpuscles of the tunic lie buried in a coarsely fibrous 
matrix, in which there is a total absence of the lacune so charac- 


500 PROF. HOWES AND MR. A.M. DAVIESON THE [ Dec. 4, 


teristic of the syndesmosis. Apart, however, from this important 
structural difference between the two things, there are certain other 
considerations which point to the conclusion that the syndesmodial 
pad is not, as might appear, a late infolding of the investing 
membrane. In many instances, especially in its phalangeal condition, 
it enters into that which is, at best, a loose connection with the same 
at all points (p.s.4., Hyla arborea, fig. 1), and there are developed 
true synovial surfaces at its points of contact with the penultimate 
and terminal phalanges. All this being so, the question next in need 
of solution is that of the primary origin of the syndesmodial pad— 
Is it, as its histological structure in the larvee of Hyla and Rana 
would suggest, related to the phalanges ?—or is it, as its condition 
in Proteus would seem to indicate, a derivative of the investing 
tunic? 

The base of the terminal phalanx is, in some Anura, greatly en- 
larged and swollen, giving rise (ex. Hylodes) to an immense tubercle 
which underlies the distal extremity of the penultimate one. In 
certain others the opposite ends of the phalanges are sever- 
ally expanded, in a somewhat similar fashion ; and, when first our 
attention was drawn to the subject, it appeared not unlikely that the 
supernumerary phalanx might represent the dismembered tubercle 
of either the penultimate or terminal one—more probably that of 
the latter. The coexistence of the two things in Nototrema and other 
Hylids is, in itself, fatal to this supposition ; while it shows the struc- 
ture in question to be of independent origin. Choice seemed then to 
lie between two alternatives ; it appeared to be either an intercalary 
structure of comparatively late origin, or a sesamoid. We have al- 
ready given reasons (supra) for doubting the former hypothesis. Our 
chief reason for supposing it to be a sesamoid lay in the assumption of 
a similarity of relationship with the proximal end of the terminal pha- 
lanx to that so common among the higher Vertebrata. This, however, 
is inconstant, for in many instances (ex. Rhacophorus eques, fig. 2) 
the structure is disposed lineally with the penultimate phalanx. 
Appeal to the details of muscular insertion proved fruitless, as the 
tendons become, for the most part, merged into the investing tissues 
proximally to the structure under consideration. 

The youngest stages examined by us were those of Rana tempor- 
aria and Hyla arborea. In the former, at a period at which the tail 
is almost absorbed, the condition of the joints recalls that of Proteus ; 
this is especially the case with the most distal joint (sy., sy.', fig. 10), 
which is strictly similar to that of the Urodele, except for the pos- 
session of a triangular projection from one side of the outer mem- 
brane. A similar condition is met with in Hyla arborea. 
Examination of our youngest specimen of this species shows, however, 
that, at a stage at which the parts in general are first becoming 
differentiated (fig. 9), the syndesmodial pad is centrally histologically 
identical, to minute detail, with the adjacent incipient phalanges ; 
while, peripherally, it graduates off into the surrounding indifferent 
tissue. Thus it is seen that the phalanges and syndesmoses are, 
together with their investing sheath, differentiations of a continuous 


1888.] MORPHOLOGY OF SUPERNUMERARY PHALANGES. 501 


and common blastema!; and that the syndesmoses, while intimately 
related to the sheath, are formed, not as ingrowths of the same, but 
as differentiations of that mass from which the phalanges are derived, 
and that they differ from these, initially, only in degree of elongation. 

A mode of origin similar to the foregoing has long since been 
recorded for the parts of the joints in the Mammalia, including Man. 
KGlliker, quoting Henke and Reyher (6), to whom we owe the obser- 
vation, likens? the changes undergone, not inappropriately, to those 
realized in the differentiation of the vertebral and intervertebral 
bodies. 

These facts, when viewed in conjunction with those adduced in 
the foregoing section, show that the supernumerary phalanx, the 
normal phalanges, and the syndesmoses are all on a developmental 
equality. The last named must then be looked upon as structures 
which, despite secondary changes, would be liable to take on, more 
or less completely, the condition of a phalanx. Indications of this 
are not wanting; for Leydig, in describing the supernumerary 
phalanx (his ‘ Zwischengelenkknorpel’) in Hyla arborea asserts (14. 
p- 166): ‘Er fehlt selbst bei Reptilien nicht, wo ich denselben friiher 
iibersehen hatte: gegenwiirtig kenne ich ihn bei Lacerta (L. muralis) * 
und Platydactylus mauritanicus.”’ 


IV. INDIVIDUAL AND CLASSIFICATORY. 


In the course of our work we have met with certain variations 
and departures from the predominant types afore described. for 
sake of clearness, we deferred consideration of these while dealing 
with questions of general morphology ; and we now describe them 
in detail, discussing the structures in hand in their bearing upon 
classification. We deal with the several families in that order 
most convenient to the circumstances of the case. The list given 
at the head of each family refers only to specimens examined in 
detail. ‘The measurements include the tail in tadpoles and in the 
Urodeles, in the older Anura they denote the length of the body 
from mouth to vent. 


A. PHANEROGLOSSA. 


a. HYLip&. 
Examined :— 
Hyla arborea (tadpoles), 40-45 millim. 
Hi. cerulea, 30, 73 millim. 
HI. freycineti, 25 millim. 
Hi. lichenata. 
HH, peronti, 42°5 millim. 
Nototrema marsupiatum, 40 millim. 
me For other details concerning this generally cf Strasser (18) and Jordan 
: J Entwicklungsgesch. des Menschen, Zweite Aufl. p. 493. “So wie dann aber 
diese Hartegebilde deutlich zu werden beginnen, fangen auch die Zwischen- 
glieder an einen bestimmten Charakter anzunehmen in ahnlicher Weise, wie 
bei der Differenzirung der knorpeligen Wirbel und der Lig. intervertebralia.” 
3 We are unable to detect any trace of such a structure in this species. 


502 PROF. HOWES AND MR. A. M. DAVIES ON THE _[ Dec. 4, 


The supernumerary phalanx reaches an altogether special deve- 
lopment in this family, and all stages in its histological structure are 
represented (ef. ante). In H. peronii it attains the maximum bulk 
observed in the entire Anuran order, the total length of its ventral 
border (fig. 13) exceeding that of the terminal phalanx. It is very 
surprising that, in spite of this, it does not even become hyaline in 
this species. 

The remaining joints exbibit minor structural differences, but they 
are all modifications of a condition fully exemplified in Nototrema 
(figs. 5, 6). The place of the syndesmodial pad is occupied by a 
powerful annulus which, although generally dense and fibrous, never 
becomes converted into hyaline cartilage. Looked at in tangential 
sections this is seen (fig. 6) to be well defined and in close connection 
with the synovial capsule; it furnishes articular surfaces for the 
dorso-lateral portions of the apposed phalanges, and, as seen from 
this aspect, it bears an astonishing resemblance to the supernumerary 
phalanx of the same genus (p.s., fig. 7) as viewed in median section. 
In median longitudinal section it is found to be perforated (fig. 5), 
mainly for transmission of a strand of elastic tissue (inter-articular 
ligament, l.), the fibres of which pass, in a somewhat complicated 
manner, between the ventral borders of the adjacent epiphysial 
cartilages. When analyzed in detail, this ligament is seen to be 
largely cellular, and in a condition which admits of little doubt 
that it represents the modified central portion of the original syn- 
desmosis. 


b. Buronip2. 

Examined :— 

Pseudophryne bibronii, 23 millim. 

In the genus above named the syndesmodial pad is met with in 
the distal jomts alone. Structurally it is little modified, but it 
gives the appearance of being subdivided medially into two 
strands which are completely confluent ventro-laterally with the 
adjacent epiphysial cartilages and pass ventrally downwards, con- 
verging, for attachment to the investing tunic. None but feeble 
traces of the pads are met with in the other joints, and these may 
be either converted into comparatively unimportant ligaments or 
reduced to an absolutely vestigial condition. 

Kolliker, in describing the development of the Mammalia, writes !, 
on the authority of Henke and Reyher (6), ‘ wandeln sich die 
Gelenkstellen in ihren dusseren Theilen je linger um so deutlicher 
in Fasergewebe um, worauf dann in einem gewissen Stadium auch 
die Gelenkhohle in Form einer engen Spalte erscheint.”” Henke and 
Reyher’s ‘ Zwischenscheiben,” in which these changes go on, is 
identical in the main with our syndesmosis; and in view of these 
facts it becomes exceedingly probable that the splitting above re- 
corded in the Bufonid may represent a persistence, in a slightly 
modified form, of the initial stage in formation of the typical 


synovial capsule, 
‘ Entwicklungsgesch. p. 498. 


1888.] MORPHOLOGY OF SUPERNUMERARY PHALANGES. 503 


ce. CysTIGNATHID#. 
Examined :— 
Hylodes martinicensis, 24 millim. 
Lymnodynastes tasmaniensis, 40 millim. 


Hylodes is especially interesting in the fact that, while possessed 
of expanded digital extremities, it shows no trace of a distinct 
supernumerary phalanx. 

This combination lends additional support to Boulenger’s deduc- 
tion, that the phalanx in question bears no definite relation to the 
platydactyle type. 


d. RANID&. 
Examined :— 
Ivalus schmardanus (juv.), 11 millim. 
Megalixalus madagascarensis, 32 millim. 
Rana arvalis (juv.), 27 millim. 
Rana mazimus, 90 millim. 
Rana temporaria, adult, and 14 millim. (tail just gone). 
Rappia marmorata, 27 millim. 
Rhacophorus eques, 42 millim. 


We have already dwelt in sufficient detail (p. 500) upon the super- 
numerary phalanx in this family; all stages are represented, from 
the completely ossified one (Peters and Boulenger, Jl. cc.) to that of a 
degraded syndesmosis (Rana temporaria, Plate XXV. fig. 16). 

The syndesmoses of the remaining joints are, in the adults of all 
species examined by us, with the exception of Rana arvalis, modified 
to form, more or less efficiently, the ligament and annulus apparatus 
of the Hylide. R. arvalis would appear to be less conspicuously 
modified than the other members of this family, in that the ordinary 
syndesmosis is retained for both the terminal and penultimate joints. 
We have, however, only examined a young specimen. 


e. DiscoGLossip&. 
Examined :— 
Alytes obstetricans, 30 millim. 
Bombinator bombinus, 41 millim. 
Discoglossus pictus, 62 millim. 


In all three genera the phalanges are united, in both fore and hind 
limbs, by syndesmoses. Those of the terminal joints are in no 
way in excess of at least that of the penultimate one. 

These syndesmoses are (cf. fig. 11), for the most part, closely 
bound down to the faces of the apposed epiphysial cartilages. In 
the hind limb of Bombinutor there is a suggestion of a loss of direct 
connection between the two, with the development of a shallow 
articular cavity, while, in the proximal joint of the same, the syn- 
desmosis is in a loose and somewhat degenerate condition. These 
modifications are, however, exceedingly feeble and unimportant, and, 
making all due allowance for them, the Discoglosside are seen to 


504 PROF. HOWES AND MR. A.M. DAVIESON THE [Dec. 4, 


stand alone among Anura in the life-long retention of the inter- 
phalangeal syndesmoses. 


f. PELOBATIDE. 
Examined :— 
Pelodytes punctatus, 39 millim. 
Xenophrys monticola, 48°5 millim. 


In Xenophrys the syndesmoses are feebly represented. That of 
the terminal joint is complete and ventrally enlarged, but reduced 
and feebly ligamentous in its middle. The fibres of the latter por- 
tion (/., fig. 8) pass from the distal face of the penultimate phalanx 
obliquely upwards and forwards, to be inserted into the proximal 
face of the terminal one. It will be obvious that there is here an 
approximation towards the condition of the inter-articular ligament 
of the Runide and Hylide ; and this species is particularly interest- 
ing as showing that there is no leading modification undergone by 
the proximal syndesmoses for which a counterpart cannot be found 
in the terminal one. 

The syndesmoses of the proximal joints are annular and largely 
absorbed, exhibiting traces of the inter-articular ligament of the 
above-named families. 

Pelodytes, the affinities of which witb this family have been 
called into question’, while most nearly Pelobatoid, shows, with 
respect to its proximal syndesmoses, a tendency towards a condition 
intermediate between the Pelobatide and Discoglosside ; for these, 
while more independant of the apposed surfaces of the phalanges 
than in the Discoglossidee, are still imperforate. 


B. AGLOSSA. 
Examined :— 
Pipa americana, adult 3. 
Xenopus levis, adult 2. 


The terminal joint of the hind limb was alone examined in each 
case. It was found to consist, in both genera, of a coarsely fibrous 
syndesmosis, showing no trace of special differentiation and most 
nearly suggestive of the condition seen in Pelodytes. 


C. URODELA. 
Examined :— 
Molge cristata, 135 millim. 
M. palmata (larve), 25 millim. 
M. waltlii, 175 millim. 
Proteus anguinus, 135 and 220 millim. 
Salamandra atra, 130 millim. 
S. maculosa, 140 millim. 
Spelerpes fusca, 130 millim. 
In this Order the syndesmoses are throughout uniform in structure ; 


1 Cf. this vol. p. 125. 


1888.] MORPHOLOGY OF SUPERNUMERARY PHALANGES. 505 


and, except for a slight thickening of the distal one (most marked 
in Proteus), there is nothing demanding general consideration beyond 
that already given (ante). 

Spelerpes is particularly instructive in the fact that while its 
digits terminate in well-marked and cup-shaped disks, its distal 
syndesmoses are normal and comparatively thin, and in no way in 
excess of the proximal ones (sy.’, fig. 15). 

There are one or two matters concerning this Order, in respect to 
which our results are not in harmony with those of our predecessors. 
Hyrtl, in dealing (8. p. 70) with the pes of Salamandra maculosa 
writes: ‘Cartilago primae seriei, cum illa secundae, fibrosis vinculis 
cohaeret, quod etiam de metatarsi primi cum cartilagine secundae 
seriei conjunctione valet. Omnes reliquae articulationes normales.” 
The last statement we cannot confirm; some of our sections show a 
slit in the syndesmosis in question, but that is, almost to a certainty, 
artificial. Leydig, in his short description of our supernumerary 
phalanx (his ‘‘ Zwischengelenkknorpel”’), writes (14. p. 166) :— 
** Endlich sei an dieser Stelle bemerkt, dass auch bei Salamandra in 
der bindegewebigen Substanz der Sehnen des Zehenbeugers langges- 
treckte Nester von Knorpelzellen vorhanden sind, wie solches von 
ungeschwanzten Batrachiern seit langem bekannt ist.” Our speci- 
mens show nothing of the kind, and the syndesmoses are, in them, 
throughout, uniform and simple. The figure which Leydig publishes 
(J. c. pl. xi. fig. 26) in illustration of this statement greatly excited 
our curiosity—for, did it hold good, it would follow that S. atra 
would be, in respect to its joints, in advance of the Discoglosside. 
The fig. more nearly recalls the condition of the parts in a Hylid; 
and if it delineates that which it purports to do, it must be either a 
bad drawing of a crushed or ill-preserved specimen or that of an 
abnormal one. 


Peters undoubtedly regarded the supernumerary phalanx as a 
correlation of the platydactyle condition. He did not actually 
state this, but it is to be inferred from his classification. Boulenger 
shows that his (Peters’s) Polypedatine was an unnatural group and 
(2. p. 205) that ‘‘Cassina, though oxydactyle, and therefore placed by 
Peters in his Ranine, has the additional phalanx.” This investigator’s 
demonstration that (/. c.) all the species of his genus Rana “ have the 
normal phalanges, irrespective of the presence or absence or size of 
the digital expansions,”’ goes far towards disproving a supposed con- 
nection between the supernumerary phalanx and the expanded digit. 
Our own researches reveal the presence of a fully developed super- 
numerary phalanx in families other than the Ranide, and they fully 
bear out Boulenger’s deduction ; while the discovery that the syndes- 
mosis does not become converted into a true phalanx in the platy- 
dactyle Hylodes, Nototrema, and Dendrobates, amounts to a sub- 
stantiation of the same. 

The condition of the parts in Spelerpes is especially interesting in 
both its morphological and physiological aspects. ‘The expansions 


506 PROF. HOWES AND MR. A.M. DAVIES ON THE [Dec. 4, 


of the digits in this animal are more markedly sucker-like than are 
those of other Amphibians. Each terminates in a well-differentiated 
cup-shaped extremity ; but notwithstanding this, there is, as before 
said, no supernumerary phalanx. Looked at at first sight, each of 
the afore-named expansions, with its circular contour, would appear 
to differ from that of the typically platydactyle Anura in being 
uniformly developed around the free border of the phalanx. When 
examined in section such is seen not to be the case(Plate XXV. fig. 15), 
for the disk, while truly circular and sucker-like, differs in no impor- 
tant relationship from that of the Anura. Spelerpes is a crawling 
animal, inhabiting the walls and recesses of a cave, while the Anura in 
question are saltatorial and arboreal. We have shown (p. 497) reason 
for believing the supernumerary phalanx of the latter to be functional 
in receiving a direct thrust in saltation, and the discovery of the 
absence of that structure in Spelerpes is as welcome as it is intelligible, 
on this view. 

Attention has been drawn (p. 503) to the degraded condition of 
the syndesmodial pads in Rana temporaria (fig. 16), and such is 
especially the case with that representing the supernumerary phalanx. 
The same exceeds the more proximal ones in thickness and bulk, 
despite its degenerate condition ; and it might therefore appear to 
represent a degraded vestige of the fully formed supernumerary 
phalanx, rather than of the simple syndesmosis, The facts 
of development do not support this idea, for the terminal pad in 
this species is, to begin with, a true syndesmosis (indistinguishable 
from that of the lower forms) which, in its subsequent transformation, 
exhibits no sign of a phalanx-hke stage. 

The condition of the parts in the Discoglosside substantiates, 
more forcibly than anything hitherto recorded for them, their lowly 
affinities’. They are, in respect to all structures yet investigated 
which are of service in unravelling their pedigree, by far the least 
modified of living Anura. The unmodified condition of the syndes- 
moses, which, in them, persists for life, is, among the higher forms 
examined, most nearly realized in Pseudophryne bibronit and Rana 
arvalis. 


V. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 

The observations herein recorded have an important bearing on 
questions of general morphology of parts of the appendicular skeleton. 
On reviewing the literature of the subject, it is impossible to avoid 
the conclusion that while, of late, too much importance has been 
attached to sundry gristly fragments in their supposed relationships 
to variation in structure and to the delusive ‘‘ archipterygium,”’ there 
has been a lamentable neglect of the study of those leading facts of 
development, by which these would-be relationships must, in the end, 
stand or fall. 

A new interest has been recently awakened in the question by the 
discoveries of Leboucg (12) and Baur and Gadow (1). The former 


1 Cf. this vol. p. 178. 


1888.] MORPHOLOGY OF SUPERNUMERARY PHALANGES, 507 


shows that the phalanges of the foetal Cetacean manus exceed in 
number those of the adult’; while the latter record the appearance 
of a supernumerary phalanx in that of the Sirenia. All subsequent 
investigation has confirmed Leboucq’s observation, but it is at 
present uncertain how far the process of abbreviation may be the 
result of absorption or of concrescence. It is most interesting to 
recall, in view of this, Gétte’s observations upon the limbs of 
Molge (his Triton). He shows (5. p. 12):—‘ Es wurde schon her- 
vorgehoben, dass diese Endphalangen, namentlich an den Larven von 
T. cristatus, durch ihre Liinge auffallen; anfangs iibertreffen sie 
darin nicht selten die andern Glieder desselben Fingers, Metacarpus 
und Phalangen zusammengenommen. In der spiateren Sommerzeit 
wachsen sie weniger schnell, sogar langsamer als die anderen Glieder, 
behalten aber ein lang und spitz ausgezogenes Ende, welches auch 
der ganzen Fingerspitze die gleiche Form verleiht. Sie erhalten auch 
wie die iibrigen langen Knorpel eine aiussere Knochenhiille, welche 
aber den dickeren proximalen Teil des Gliedes nicht tiberschreitet, 
so dass die gréssere Hilfte des Knorpelfadens daraus frei hervor- 
hingt.’” He further shows that these filamentous terminal pha- 
langes become abbreviated by atrophy (? absorption)*. Leboucgq, 
commenting on this, writes (13. p. 533): ‘diese Angaben glaube ich 
mit den von mir bei Cetaceen nachgewiesenen Thatsachen paral- 
lelisieren zu diirfen’’; but all subsequent observation does not 
fully bear this out, for Kiikenthal has more recently shown (10. 
p. 639) that adjacent proximal segments may coalesce*. These 
important observations indicate, when viewed in conjunction with 
our own, a general shuffling (if the comparison may be admitted) 
among the terminal phalanges, and their interest increases when it 
is said that Peters records (16. p. 6) a reduction in number, by 
concrescence, of the phalanges in the Chelonian Pelomedusa. 

Significant as are the above-cited discoveries, they do not help us 
towards an understanding of the primary origin of the supernumerary 
phalanges themselves. They deal only with metamorphoses and 
not with original development. 

It is well known that while, in the Odontocetes, the phalanges 
bear terminal epiphyses which articulate by means of imperfect 
synovial joints, inthe Whalebone Whales they are less differentiated 
and united by fibrous tracts *. The only serious attempt yet made 
to grapple with the question of primary origin of these parts is that 
of Ryder (17); he concludes (p. 1015) ‘that it has been through 
a Seal-like ancestry, with prolonged integuments to the manus, in 
which the nails were not terminal but dorsal, beyond which the 
ungual phalanges were extended as bars of cartilage, which gave 

1 Max Weber has denied this (19) on examination of Globiocephalus, but 
Kiikenthal has shown more recently (10. p. 643), upon examination of more 
extensive material, that he was in error. 

* Mr. Boulenger informs us that he has observed a similar phenomenon 
in certain other Amphibia. 

% His discovery that a similar fusion may go on between elements of the 


earpus not hitherto recognized is no less striking than Leboucq’s. 
+ Cf. Flower, 4. p. 272. 


508 PROF. HOWES AND MR, A.M. DAVIESON THE [Dec 4, 


rise, by transverse segmentation and subsequent ossification, to extra 
terminal distal segments as found in existing Cetacea.” His chief 
ground for this belief is the assertion that (p. 1014) in Glodio- 
cephalus, ‘while the metacarpal elements and first three or four 
phalangeal segments of the second and third digits ossify simul- 
taneously, the four to six extra distal segments ossify in succession 
towards the distal periphery, the terminal elements of the digits 
being the last in which ossific centres appear.’ It must suffice to 
state here that all recent advance is opposed to this extravagant 
hypothesis, and that it finds no support in fact (cf. Leboucq and 
Kikenthal). Baur, in criticising Leboucq’s deduction (12. p. 208) 
that ‘la main des cétacés a conservé des caractéres tout 4 fait 
primitifs, et ne peut étre dérivée par adaptation de celle d’aucun 
mammifére actuel,” naively remarks (1. p. 493): “wenn also die 
Embryonen verschiedener Cetaceen mehr Phalangen besitzen als 
das erwachsene Tier, so beweist dies nur, dass die nichsten Ahnen 
der Cetaceen, welche aber schon wahre Cetaceen waren, mebr 
Phalangen besessen haben.” Here is, in other words, the refrain of 
our own contention, and we regard Leboucy’s retort (13. p. 534) 
that it “‘ versetzte einfach die Frage, ohne dieselbe zu lésen ”’ as based 
ou a misinterpretation of its meaning’. 

Supernumerary phalanges have been supposed to represent the 
products of subdivision, on elongation, of shorter predecessors, and 
this conceived mode of origin would find a close parallel in the paired 
ossification, under lateral expansion, of the supra-occipital and inter- 
parietal in the Cetacea themselves if not in the occasional replace- 
ment of greatly expanded bones in Wormian elements. Dixey, 
describing the ossification of the terminal phalanges in the Mammalia, 
furnishes some reason for believing that (3. p. 65) “the distal 
extremity of the ungual phalanx corresponds morphologically with 
the centre of the diaphysis in other long bones;”’ and this deduction 
might conceivably lend support to the above-named supposition. 
We are not of this opinion. We hold such differences as exist 
between the terminal and penultimate phalanges to be purely 
adaptive. 

Our researches record, for the first time, the initial stages in the 
actual primary development of a supernumerary phalanx, and it is 
deserving of note that the most complete differentiation undergone 
by such is realized in the animals with which we deal. That it 
arises as an intercalary structure and is a direct derivative of the 
syndesmosis, is irrefutable. In seeking to apply these facts to the 
Cetacea, we quite agree that the ‘‘ Hyperphalangie”’ is “an adaptive 
phalanx-like segmentation” (Kiikenthal, 10. p. 641); but we 
would be inclined to substitute for the words “of an elongated 
cartilaginous ray borne upon the third phalanx”—of a blastema 
productive of both phalanges and inter-phalanges, and that argument 
from analogy to the only known facts of development would lead us 

* A knowledge of the early condition of the digits in Platanista is much to 


be desired, for specimens in my teaching collection and one in the Museum of 
Natural History show conspicuous traces of a fourth bony phalanx.—G. B, H. 


1888.] MORPHOLOGY OF SUPERNUMERARY PHALANGES. 509 


to regard the supernumerary elements as primarily intercalary, and in 
all probability derivative of the inter-phalanges (inter-articular 
syndesmoses—the ‘‘ Zwischenscheibene”’ of Henke and Reyher, 6). 
We accordingly accept, so far as it might bear upon primary differ- 
entiation of the parts, Leboucq’s declaration (13. p. 532) that 
“alle Phalangen [in the Cetacea] wie gross ihre Zahl sein mége, 
denselben morphologischen Wert haben.” 


The condition of the limbs in the living Sirenia referred to (ante, 
p- 507) suggests that the numerical increase of the phalanges may 
have been associated with the loss of the ungues, and it is interesting 
to reflect here that elongation by regular segmentation of the 
cartilaginous rays of the paired fins of the Batoidei would, as com- 
pared with those of the Selachii, appear to have been somewhat 
similarly associated with the suppression of the horny fin-rays. The 
condition of the parts in Squatina and Zygena would seem to be 
transitional in this respect. We put this forward as a mere sug- 
gestion, deduced by argument from structural analogy. 

It would be exceedingly instructive, in the light of the preceding, 
to ascertain if the syndesmosis-like pads of the toothed whales pass 
through a synovial stage during development. Henke and Reyher’s 
observations already cited (p. 502) show that in their ‘ Zwischenschei- 
ben’ we have to deal with a derivative of the syndesmosis. Our atten- 
tion was early arrested by the general similarity between the proximal 
syndesmoses in the Hylids and Ranids and the knee-joint in the 
higher Vertebrata. Comparison of the parts in the latter with those 
of the former as represented by Nototrema (p. 502) reveals a striking 
uniformity between the two; and, should it be found that the semi- 
lunar cartilages are, with their ligaments, differentiations of a 
syndesmosis, a complete reconsideration of the morphological value 
of the former will be imperative. We have examined some 
Mammalian embryos in respect to this, but we withhold, for the 
present, further comment thereon. It is pertinent to recall here 
Parker’s assertion (15. p. 487) that in dves (Apteryzx) the rudiment 
of the mesotarsal semilunar pad bears in its centre “‘a rounded 
nodule of hyaline cartilage,” which he takes to be “the represen- 
tative of the centrale tarsi, an element not hitherto recognized in 
birds.” 


VI. CONCLUSIONS. 


1. That the supernumerary phalanx of the Anwra is a true phalanx, 
and, at the same time, structurally identical with the inter-phalangeal 
syndesmosis of these and the other Amphibia, all transitions be- 
tween the two being represented in adults of the living forms. 

2. That the syndesmoses and phalanges are differentiations of a 
common blastema. 

3. That the supernumerary phalanx of the Anura is probably 


Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. XXXV. 35 


510 PROF. HOWES AND MR. A. M. DAVIES ON THE [ Dec. 4, 


functional as an accessory to saltation, receiving the direct thrust 
under the weight of the falling body ; and that the structural vari- 
ations met with throughout the Amphibia are in complete harmony 
with this view. 

4, That the Discoglosside are exceptional among the Anura, in 
the retention for life of the undifferentiated inter-articular syndes- 
moses ; and that herein is afforded additional proof of their lowly 
affinities. 

5. That the facts of development herein recorded indicate a 
possible intercalary origin, from inter-articular syndesmoses, for 
supernumerary phalanges in general. 

6. That the numerical increase of the phalanges in the Cetacea 
may have been associated with the loss of the ungues, in a manner 
similar to that in which elongation, by regular segmentation, of 
the cartilaginous rays in the paired fins of the Batoidei would appear 
to have been connected with the disappearance of horny fin-rays. 

7. That, in view of the facts of structural identity between the 
modified syndesmoses of certain Anura and the apparatus of the 
knee-joint of the higher Vertebrata, a reconsideration of the morpho- 
logical value of the latter is demanded. 


VII. List or Memoirs AND PAPERS REFERRED TO. 


1. Baur, G.—Ueber die Abstammung der amnioten Wirbel- 
thiere. Biol. Centralbl. Bd. vii. pp. 481-493 (1887). 

2. Boutencer, G. A.—Note on the Classification of the Ranide. 
P. Z. 8. 1888, pp. 204-206. 

3. Dixy, F. A.—On the Ossification of the Terminal Phalanges 
of the Digits. P. R.S. vol. xxxi. pp. 63-71 (1880). 

4. Fuower, W. H.—Osteology of the Mammalia. Second 
edition. 1876. 

5. Gortre, A.—Ueber Entwickl. und Regeneration des Gliedmass- 
enskelets der Molche. Leipzig, 1879. 
6. Henxer, W., and Reywer, C.—Studien iiber die Entwickl. 
der Extremitiiten des Menschen, insbesond. der Gelenkflachen. 
Sitzungsb. Wien. Akad. Bd. lxx. Abth. 3, pp. 217-273 
(1874). 
. Howes, G. B., and Rip—Ewoop, W.—On the Carpus and 
Tarsus of the Anura. P. Z. 8. 1888, pp. 141-182. 
. Hyrrt, J.—Cryptobranchus Japonicus. Vindobonae, 1865. 
. JORDAN, P.—Die Entwickl. der vorderen Extremitat der anuren 
Batrachier. Inaug. Diss. Leipzig, 1888. 
10. Kuxentoat, W.—Uber die Hand der Cetaceen. Anat. 
Anz. Bd. iii. pp. 638-646 (1888). 

11. KixentHat, W.—Uber die Hand der Cetaceen. (Zweite 
Mittheilung.) Ibid. pp. 912-916. 

12. Lesouce, H.—La nageoire pectorale des cétacés au point 
de vue phylogénique. Ibid. Bd. ii. pp. 202-208 (1887). 

13. Lesovuce, H.—Uber das Fingerskelett der Pinnipedier und 
der Cetaceen. Ibid. Bd. iii. pp. 530-534 (1888). 


“NI 


oRe 6) 


1888.] MORPHOLOGY OF SUPERNUMERARY PHALANGES. 511 


14, Lreyprie, F.—Ueber den Bau der Zehnen bei Batrachiern und 
die Bedeutung des Fersenhockers. Morph. Jahrb. Bd. ii. 
pp. 165-196 (1876). 

15. Parker, T. J.—Second preliminary note on the Develop- 
ment of Apterye. P. R. S. vol. xliii. pp. 482-487 (1888). 

16. Perers, W. C. H.—Reise nach Mossambique. Zool. iil. 
Amphib. (1882). 

17. Ryper, J. A—On the Genesis of the extra-terminal phalanges 
in the Cetacea. Amer. Nat. 1885, pp. 1013-1015. 

18. SrrasserR, H.—Zur Entwicklung der Extremitatenknorpel 
bei Salamandra und Tritonen. Morph. Jahrb. Bd. v. 
pp- 240-312 (1879). 

19. Wrezsrer, Max.—Anatomisches tiber Cetaceen. Ibid. Bd. xiii. 
pp- 616-653 (1888). 


VIII. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, 


The figures are mostly drawn from tracings of photographs made for us 
by Mr. R. Chapman, and to him our thanks are due for the care bestowed upon 
their production. 

All the figures represent digits of the hind foot. Unless otherwise stated, 
they represent median longitudinal sections, as seen under a low power. 


Prats XXIV, 


Hyla arborea, late tadpole. 

Rhacophorus eques, adult. 

. Hyla freycineti, adult. 

. Ayla cerulea, not fully grown. 

. Nototrema marsupiatum, adult ; penultimate joint, to show its ligament 
and annulus apparatus. 

. The same; lateral section. 

The same animal; to show distal joint, 

. Xenophrys monticola, adult. 


Prats XXV. 


Fig. 9. Hyla arborea, tadpole; to show the primary differentiation of the parts 
of the digital skeleton. Zeiss D, Oc. 2. 
10. Rana temporaria, larva; to show syndesmosis of terminal joint. Zeiss 


Fig. 


OID Pw 


,» UC. 2. 
11. Bombinator bombinus, adult. 
12. Proteus anguinus, syndesmosis of terminal phalanx. Zeiss D, Oc. 2. 
13. Hyla peronii, adult. 
14. Portion of the supernumerary phalanx in the same, more highly mag~ 
nified. . Zeiss F, Oc. 3. 
15. Spelerpes fuscus, adult. 
16. Rana temporaria, adult. 


Reference Letters. 


an, Annulus. cp. Cartilage corpuscle. /. Inter-articular ligament, Jc, La- 
cuna. ne. Nucleus. p.p. Penultimate phalanx. y.s. Supernumerary phalanx. 
p.t. Terminal phalanx. sh. Fibrous tunic of digital skeleton. sy'. Syndesmosis 
of terminal joint. sy". Syndesmosis of penultimate joint. 7% Extensor tendon. 


512 MR. J. J. LISTER ON THE NATURAL [Dee. 4, 


4. On the Natural History of Christmas Island, in the 
Indian Ocean. By J. J. Lister, M.A., F.Z.S. 


| Received October 15, 1888.] 
(Plates XX VI. & XXVII.) 


I. Introduction, p. 512. 
II. Physical Features, p. 518. VII. Reptiles, p. 529. 
TIL. Geological History, p. 515. VIII. Crustaceans, p. 529. 
IV. Vegetation, p. 515, | IX. Conclusion, p. 530. 

V. Mammals, p. 516. 


VI. Birds, p. 517. 


I. INTRODUCTION. 


Hi.M. Surveying-vessel ‘ Egeria’ left Batavia early on the morning 
of the 27th September, 1887, to carry a line of deep soundings across 
the Indian Ocean to Mauritius and to visit Christmas Island on the 
way. 

In January of the same year a short visit had been paid to the 
island by H.M. Surveying-vessel ‘Flying-Fish.’ The collections 
which were made on that occasion exhibited a remarkable degree of 
peculiarity in the animal inhabitants’ and showed that a longer visit 
to the island would probably yield some interesting results. 

I was appointed by the Lords of the Admiralty to join the ‘ Egeria’ 
as naturalist during this part of her cruise, and went out from England 
to Colombo, where I found that she had already arrived. 

On the way to Batavia we crossed the Bay of Bengal and passed 
along the Straits of Malacca to Singapore, and hehe through the 
narrow channel between Banca and Sumatra to Batavia. 

Leaving Batavia we entered the Straits of Sunda. To the east 
the Javan hills sloped steeply to the sea, scored with many valleys 
and ridges, and the rich red volcanic earth brightly variegated with 
green crops. At their feet was the town of Anjer and the line of 
coast which suffered so terribly from the explosion of Krakatao in 
1883, while above the first of the great conical mountains of Java 
now and then loomed out from the clouds. To the westward and 
more distant a high volcanic peak on Sumatra rose above the nearer 
islands, and later in the day Krakatoa itself was seen, a simple 
conical mass with a white cloud drifting away from the top, appearing 
and disappearing at intervals. 

The next day we had left the smooth, shallow, green seas through 
which we had passed ever since rounding Acheen Head at the N.W. 
end of Sumatra and were bouncing about in deep blue water as the 
‘Egeria’ steamed slowly south against the wind, ‘That day a sound- 
ing was made and bottom reached at 1400 odd fathoms. 

At daylight on Friday, September 30th, Christmas Island was in 
sight. In the distance it appeared as a long dark strip against the 
sky with the sides rising moderately steeply, a shallow saddle in the 


1 A Report on the collections made on that occasion, including Captai 
Maclear’s Report, appeared in the Proceedings of this Society for 1887 (p. 507 


P. 2.5. 1600, FL XAMI 


We 
\ v 


y ASN y I 
a mins 
0) al mn HIS 


Di 
ne 
slant 


. » yn 
Gi ies 


bere irl 


CHRISTMAS ISLAND 
From sketches made in H.M. Ships “Flying Fish” &'Egeria” 
1887. 


N.B._ The inland cliffs are not represented 


Seale of Sea Miles 


F.S Weller F.R.G.S. 


J. Smit del. et lth Mintern Bros. imp 


ZOSTEROPS NATALIS. 


vty 


Pe ad 


es 


v 


1888. ] HISTORY OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 513 


middle, and two low rounded elevations, the highest part near the 
western end. On nearer approach the whole island was seen to be 
uniformly covered with bush, except where a line of inland cliffs. 
showed a bare grey face in places. 


II. PHYSICAL FEATURES. 


The general physical features of the island are treated of in Captain 
Aldrich’s Report ' and in a paper by Captain Wharton, R.N., read 
before the Royal Geographical Society in June, 1888. I may here 
recapitulate some of the more important details. 

Christmas Island, as will be seen by the map exhibited (Plate 
XXVI.), is of an irregularly quadrilateral shape, the angles being 
produced into more or less projecting promontories which point 
roughly to N.N.E., S.S.E., W.S.W., and N.W. The western side 
is much the shortest, the other sides being of nearly equal length. 
The northern shore forms a long sweeping curve from N.W. Poimt 
on the west to Rocky Point on the east. Just to the west of Rocky 
Point there is a small sheltered bay, called “ Flying-Fish Cove,” in 
which the ‘Egeria’ remained, made fast to the bottom and to a tree 
on shore, until she made the tour of the island previous to her 
departure. 

The greatest length measured from Steep Point on the east side 
to Egeria Point on the west is about 12 statute miles, or half the 
length of the Isle of Wight. The island rises from deep sea; 
soundings of over 1000 fathoms were obtained at five points round 
it, all within four miles of shore. 

The island is proved to be of voleanic origin by the presence of 
stones, found at the fvot of a cliff in Flying-Fish Cove, pronounced 
by Mr. John Murray to be “ compact olivine basalt, and of a bed of 
altered stones near the summit’’*. No volcanic rock was, however, 
found in situ. Over every part of the island visited, except on the 
patch of small volcanic stones near the top, the surface rock is a 
hard limestone. This forms the summit, 1195 feet above the sea, 
and covers the sides, broadening out at successive elevations into 
terraces which rise one above another engirdling the island. These 
terraces have level tops and end to seaward in a rough steep descent, 
which in some places amounts to a cliff. The rock is traversed by 
innumerable broad and deep fissures, which run in all directions, 
isolating tall pinnacles, which may reach 12 or 20 feet in height. The 
surface is grey and weathered into minute irregular hollows and 
sharp projecting points and ridges. 

On the way up to the summit from the landing-place, near the 
western end of the northern bay, three terraces are met with; the 
first is nearly a quarter of a mile from the shore and terminates in a 
vertical cliff about 85 feet high, the upper ones in steep slopes of 
less elevation. 


1 Report on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean), H.MLS. ‘ Egeria,’ 1887. 
2 See Report on Christmas Island, pp. 14-15. 


514 MR. J. J. LISTER ON THE NATURAL [ Dec. 4, 


I believe that these terraces, though in a general way continuous 
round the island, except at the headlands, do not correspond at 
different places terrace for terrace. 

It was not easy to settle this question, as the slopes were all covered 
with trees, and travelling over the sides of the island was most 
difficult. 

I once, however, had a good opportunity of forming an opinion 
on the matter, on an occasion I shall long remember. I had started 
about sunrise from the ship in Flying-Fish Cove to go to the western 
landing. It was a deliciously fresh morning, and as we sped along 
over the blue water a school of porpoises came plunging alongside 
of us, while overhead a flock of Frigate-birds, Gannets, and Boobies 
kept us company, the last often flying so near that the men hit 
at them with boathooks. As the sun rose over the island the light 
struck obliquely along the northern side, lighting up the trees on 
the terraces while the steep slopes were still in shadow. I then saw 
that the lines of shadow, though in the main horizontal, frequently 
broke up and joined with one another, showing, as I believe, that the 
individual terraces are not continuous at the same level on the sides 
of the island. 

At the headlands the higher part of the island generally terminates 
in a sheer cliff, from the foot of which a gradual slope extends to the 
sea. This inland cliff and the slope below it are repeated again and 
again in the contours of the projecting headlands as they are seen 
looking along the shore. The low foot of rock extends almost all 
round the island and ends in a shore-cliff, which varies in height from 
15 to nearly 60 feet. It has an abrupt vertical face and is much 
underworn by the waves and traversed by fissures which penetrate 
far into the rock and in some places give rise to blowholes from which 
columns of spray shoot up at intervals from among the green bushes 
which cover the surface. 

This shore-cliff is obviously made of coral, but the structure has 
begun to be obliterated by the deposit of lime in the interstices. 
This was most clearly seen in one place where some large oval boulders 
of coral, one of which measured 7 ft. 3 in. in transverse circum- 
ference, had been tossed up to the top of the shore-cliff (here about 
15 feet from the mean sea-level) and had worn out hollows in the 
rock. The contrast between the clearly defived structure of the 
boulders and the partly obliterated characters of the coral which 
formed the cliffs shows that the change is here in progress which 
has converted the reefs of the upper terraces into a compact hard 
rock in which very little sign of their origin is visible. 

In many places deep water extends up to the cliffs. At the western 
landing-place and at Flying-Fish Cove was a beach of rolled fragments 
and shells, then a narrow flat strip of dead coral strewn with lumps 
carried by the waves, beyond this a narrow line of growing coral- 
reef sloping down rapidly to deep water, on which as we approached 
the shore the beds of living coral could be seen, separated by tracts 
of white sand. 


1888. ] HISTORY OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 515 


III. GEOLOGICAL HISTORY. 


The geological history of the island appears to be as follows :— 
The summit of the submarine volcanic mass has been slowly elevated 
above the sea to a height of nearly 1200 feet, and as it passed through 
the zone of lime-forming organisms in shallow water these have in- 
vested it with a cap of limestone. The upheaval has been arrested 
at intervals and allowed the formation of reefs which have since been 
elevated and form the terraces at the sides. At the projecting head- 
land, where the chief stress of the ocean-currents fell, the reefs have 
grown less than in the intervals between them; and since their ele- 
vation the action of the waves has been greatest at these points; 
hence we find that at the headlands the terraced slopes are replaced 
by a single abrupt descent. At the head of Flying-Fish Cove, how- 
ever, there is a single high cliff replacing the terraces, though it is 
protected by a spur sent down on either side, which end in Rocky 
Point to the east and Smith’s Point on the west. This is, perhaps, 
due to the conformation of the volcanic basis which underlies the 
limestone. 

Captain Wharton points out (op. cit.) that the raised reefs forming 
the summit of Christmas Island are the highest that are known in 
the world. 

I have already said that the island is covered with dense bush. It 
extends often from the edge of the shore-cliff, where the branches 
reach out over the sea, to the summit. Hence, it is impossible to 
obtain any general view over the island, even from the top, and several 
interesting points as to its inland conformation remain at present 
undecided. 

There was no sign of standing water or of stream-beds. All the 
rain that falls, and from the fresh greenness of the vegetation there 
is evidently an abundant rainfall, soaks at once into the porous 
limestone-rock and finds its way to the sea below the surface. There 
is, however, a patch of rounded pebbles near the summit which are 
described by Mr. Murray as “‘ very much altered volcanic stones, many 
of them coated on the outside by peroxide of manganese ;” they 
have no earth about them and cover an ill-defined oval area about 
38 yards in length, and 10 yards in width, the long axis in the 
direction of the gentle slope of the surface at this part. It is 
covered with a bed of tall ferns (Nephrolepis acuta). It occurred to 
me that after heavy rains there may be a spring at the upper part 
of this area, the water reaching the surface here but sinking in again 
beyond it. 


IV. VEGETATION. 


The shores are fringed with widely-spread littoral plants: — Hibiscus 
tileaceus, with its beautiful crimson-edged yellow flowers; Tourne- 
fortia argentea, a large silvery-green shrub with racemes of closely 
crowded small white flowers; while on the shore-cliff grew Scevola 
keenigit in bright green rhododendron-like masses, with white flowers, 
the favourite haunt ofa brown and white Butterfly, Vadebra macleari, 


516 MR. J.J. LISTER ON THE NATURAL [Dec. 4, 


which is peculiar to the island. Almost impenetrable thickets of 
a species of screw-pine grow on the shore-cliff in many places, and 
beds of another species with long arching leaves, more than six feet 
in length, often occur in the higher part. 

Within the line of shore-plants the high bush begins and extends 
to the summit. Many of the trees are of great size, frequently, I 
believe, attaining 200 feet in beight. Several of them send out 
buttresses at the base, which often stretch far out from the tree along 
the ground. This was particularly noticed in one of the tallest trees, 
which always went by the name of “the buttress-tree.” We only 
found it in fruit and young bud, but Prof. Oliver tells me that it 
belongs to the Order Myrtaceze, and is a species peculiar to the 
island. Another Myrtaceous tree, Barringtonia racemosa, was con- 
spicuous with its beautiful hanging racemes of white flowers. Hry- 
thrina indica, a Leguminous tree with fine clusters of large crimson 
flowers, also occurred, and a Rubiaceous shrub, Randia densiflora, 
with small whitish fragrant flowers, was common. Many kinds of 
epiphytal and climbing plants were abundant, among which a new 
species of Hoya (the wax-flower of greenhouses) was one of the most 
conspicuous, festooning the trees and rocks with its shining fleshy 
leaves and hanging umbels of crimson and pink flowers, and its 
tough though slender stems formed one of the commonest obstacles 
to our progress through the bush. 

The great Birds’ Nest Fern (Asplenium nidus), with its fine crown 
of long arching fronds, was one of the greatest ornaments of the 
woods, growing on a fallen tree or high aloft on a branch. 

Altogether some 50 species of flowering plants were obtained. 
These have been examined at Kew, and several appear to belong to 
new species. Sixteen kinds of ferns were collected, and two of them, 
an Acrostichum and an Asplenium, are peculiar to the island. 

In concluding this brief account of the plants of Christmas Island, 
I may mention a minute myxomycetous fungus which was growing 
on a damp log. When I brought it home and showed it to my 
father, he pronounced it to be Dictydium cernuum, a specimen of 
which, as it happened, he had obtained two days before in a wood 
near London, a remarkable instance of the wide range of these minute 
spored organisms. 


V. MAMMALS. 


Preropus natauis, Thomas, P. Z.8. 1887, p. 511, pl. xli. 

Specimens of this fruit-eating Bat were obtained during the visit 
of the ‘ Flying-Fish,’ and so named by Mr. Oldfield Thomas, who 
found it to be a new species, most closely allied to one from Lombock. 
There was a tree in Flying-Fish Cove where they used to hang up 
during the day, but some were often seen flying over the tree-tops 
in bright sunlight, and then they appeared of a rich brown colour, 
owing to the semitransparency of the wings. 


A small insectivorous Bat also exists on the island (seen by Dr. 
Dunlop, R.N., and myself), but no specimens were obtained. 


~~. 


1888. ] HISTORY OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 517 


CROCIDURA FULIGINOSA, var. TRICHURA, Dobs.} 


This small Shrew-Mouse was very abundant in the woods, and 
their short shrill squeak was often heard all round as one stood quiet 
among the trees. I caught two in a pitfall at the top of the island, 
and another near the shore in a trap. 


Mus macueart, Thomas. 


This Rat abounds all over the island. From dusk till daylight 
they swarmed about the tents on shore, and Captain Aldrich, who, 
with his party, spent a night on the high part of the island, found 
them equally abundant there. ‘They generally keep to the ground, 
but are able to climb trees. 

In the mouth of one of those that I shot I found a small green 
fruit held between the teeth. 


Mus nativiratis, Thomas. 


This second kind of Rat was rather less abundant, and I only 
obtained two specimens. These were shot on the shore among the 
others, which they seemed to resemble in habits. 


VI. BIRDS. 


Only seven kinds of land-birds were found on the island. The 
seventh was added to the list on the fifth day of our visit, and the 
remaining five days brought no new ones ; hence it seems likely that 
there are not many species remaining to be discovered. 

All these seven species are peculiar to the island, though some 
approach their allies in the archipelago very closely. 


MERULA ERYTH ROPLEURA. 


Turdus erythropleurus, Sharpe, P. Z. 8. 1887, p. 515. 

This bird was common all through the bush. As one was exa- 
mining rotten wood for Beetles, &c., they would often come close 
and watch our operations with a bright curious eye, and Captain 
Aldrich has described how one picked a grub from within a foot of 
his hand. It is a handsome bird, with fine ruddy flanks and brown 
back. The male has an ashy grey breast and a bright yellow bill. 

I heard nothing that could be called a song. They often give a 
shrill sibilant note as they fly off, which may be followed by a chuck- 
chuck-chuck, and they often repeat a short chick six or seven times, 
quickening at the finish. 

An old nest was found built in the angle ofa number of ascending 
branches of a sapling. It is made of decayed wood and leaf-mould, 
caked together into a tenacious mass, covered on the outside with a 
beautiful green moss-like Hepatica, which is common on the tree- 
trunks, and lined with the black hair-like palm-fibres made use of 
by the Zosterops for the same purposes. 


* The mammals are described in Mr. Thomas's paper, infra, p. 532. 


518 MR. J. J. LISTER ON THE NATURAL [Dec. 4, 


Unfortunately no birds in young plumage were obtained, though 
one with a mottled breast was seen. 

A partially immature female of this bird was obtained during the 
visit of the ‘ Flying-Fish’ to the island, and described in the Report 
on that collection by Mr. Sharpe’. We obtained adult birds of both 
sexes, and from these it is evident that the species must be referred 
to the genus Merula. ; 

The closest ally of the Christmas-Island Thrush is not very easy 
to determine. Merula javanensis is the nearest species geogra- 
phically, but its uniform dark brown head and breast are very dif- 
ferent from the white chin, grey breast, and crown uniform with the 
‘‘ ashy olive brown” back of our bird. M. chrysolaus from China, 
which in winter is said to range as far south as Luzon (the 
most northerly of the Philippines)—seems to be more closely allied, 
but the male of this species has a black throat. The bird that most 
closely resembles it is M. vitiensis, from the Fiji Islands, which, 
indeed, only differs in having the white below the head limited to 
the chin, not extending as far as the breast. 

No member of this group of Thrushes has been hitherto found in 
the Austro-Malay region or in Australia. 


ZOSTEROPS NATALIS, sp. n. (Plate XXVII.) 


Supra olivaceo-viridis, ad rostri basin flavescens; tergo vix 
Juscescentiore ; annulo circum-oculari conspicuo ; loris nigrican- 
tibus, supra pallidiore limbatis ; regione parotica cinerescente ; 
subtus albescens, lateribus fuscescentibus ; subcaudalibus dilute 
sulphureis ; rostro nigro ad mandibuli inferioris basin plumbeo ; 
pedibus plumbeis. 

Bill black, except the base of the lower mandible, which is slate ; 
crown and nape yellow-olive, yellower towards the bill; eye-ring 
distinct, interrupted at the anterior canthus by the lore; lore black, 
the black feathers being coutinued below the eye-ring as far as the 
middle of the pupil. A short pale yellow band extends along the 
upper edge of the lores from the bill to the eye-ring; ear-coverts 
grey, shading into black in front, and into the green nape behind ; 
mantle a slightly browner shade of olive than the crown, passing 
into the rather yellower rump and upper tail-coverts ; throat and 
middle line of under surface white, shading into pale buff at the 
sides of the chest, pale cinnamon-brown on the flanks; legs slate ; 
lower tail-coverts pale yellow; tail brown above, yellowish olive on 
the outer edges of the rectrices, pale brown below; wings above, 
upper coverts, and outer borders of the quills, except the first, olive- 
green; the rest of the quills dark brown; shafts black, the inner 
ones brown. Below: lower wing-coverts white, tinged with green ; 
quills brown, with a pale inner border; shafts white; edge of wing 
dark brown, nearly black. The feathers on the upper and lower 
surfaces of the body are dark slaty grey at the base. 


 P.Z.8. 1887, p. 507.“ Report on Oollections made by H.M.S. ‘ Flying- 
Fish’ at Christmas Island.” 


1888.] HISTORY OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 519 


The plumage of a young bird is similar to that of the adult. 
Length of bill (from the front of the crown) .. 11°5 mm. 


ase OF DIL To trp Ol CAEL. (oe cs. gece eye os «2 = 47 in. 
gas Re ek eet amend nite 5 oe -- fin. 
ABs tS .n « ei erate ke rie elt ah Beha 5 23 in. 


This Zosterops is, I suppose, the commonest bird on the island. 
The first note I heard on penetrating through the line of Hibiscus 
trees into the higher bush at Flying-Fish Cove was a short chirping 
proceeding from a party of them busy among the leaves and twigs 
above my head. I soon held one in my hand, and saw by the 
white ring round the eye that it wasa species of Zosterops. I never 
heard any other note than this. The parties of them included 
young birds at the time of our visit, so perhaps it was the silent 
time with them, as some species have quite a melodious song. Two 
of their nests were found supported on the sides by horizontal 
branches, to which they were attached by vegetable fibres and the 
strong yellow web of a large Spider which is common in the bush. 
They are built of fibres and leaf-skeletons, fastened together with 
the same yellow material and with the white web of another kind ot 
Spider, and lined with the black hair-like fringes of the leaf-sheaths 
of a palm (Didymosperma porphyrocarpa) *. 

The bird is olive-green above, with grey ear-coverts, and white 
below, the flanks being pale cinnamon. 

The genus Zosterops contains over 90 known species, and almost 
every year adds new ones to the list. These are distributed over a 
wide area, from Senegal and the Bight of Benin on the west to the 
Friendly Islands on the east, and from North China to New Zea- 
land, Victoria, and Western Australia. <A large number of the 
islands between these limits have their peculiar species, the Malay 
Archipelago being richest, while the continental areas, Africa, India, 
the eastern part of the Palearctic Region and Australia are inhabited 
by a few wide-ranging forms. 

The great majority of the species have the breast alone, or the 
breast and belly, bright yellow. 

The closest ally of our bird is Z. mysoriensis, Meyer, from the 
Island of Mysori in Geelvink Bay, New Guinea. From this, how- 
ever, it differs in the following points :— 

1. ‘The crown becomes paler towards the base of the tail. 

2. The eye-ring is distinct *. 

3. The lore is black and bordered above with a light streak, while 
Z. mysoriensis has the lore obscure and not so bordered. 

4. The breast is white in the middle, not grey. 

5. The flanks are brown, not grey. 


1 Gf. the account of the nest of Z. palpebrosa in Legge’s ‘Birds of Ceylon, 
, 584. 

2 The only specimen of Z. mysoriensis that I have seen (in Canon Tristram’s 
collection) appears (but the plumage is rather worn) to have no ring of white 
feathers round the eye. Salvadori makes no mention of the ring, though 
especially alluding to it in the allied species Z. fuscifrons and Z, hypoleuca. 


520 MR. J. J. LISTER ON THE NATURAL [Dec. 4, 


6. The ear-coverts are grey, not olive-brown. 

7. The edge of the wing is nearly black, not pale. 

8. The general colour above is a brighter olive. 

9. The bill is longer and more slender. 

Z. atriceps, Gray, Z. fuscifrons, Salvad., Z. hypoleuca, Salvad., 
which, along with Z. mysoriensis, form a small group in the neigh- 
bourhood of New Guinea and the Moluccas, have the dark colora- 
tion on the crown of the head more strongly marked than the 
present species, a character which distinguishes them from the rest 
of the genus. Z. albigularis, Gould, from Noriolk Island, is very 
similar in colouring to our bird, and is, I believe, the only other 
species which has grey ear-coverts. The olive-brown on the head, 
and the cinnamon flanks are, however, much more strongly marked 
than in the Christmas-Island form. 


CoLLOCALIA NATALIS, sp. 0. 


C. neglectze (Gray) similis, sed plumis uropygit limbo albido sub- 
latiore ; gula obscurius fuliginosa ; areolis albidis subcaudalium 
minoribus. 

This small Swift was frequently seen hawking along the line of 
shore-bushes at dusk, or among the tops of the high trees on the 
summit of the island. No nests of it were seen. 

It belongs to the same group as that which builds the edible 
nests in Java and elsewhere. 

This bird is only separable from C. neglecta, Gray’, from Timor, 
by the following rather small differences :— 

1. There is less white mingled with the dark metallic green on 
the lower tail-coverts. 

2. The white spots at bases of the outer rectrices are less sharply 
defined. 

3. The fuliginous colour of the throat is darker. 

4. There is rather broader white edging to the rump-feathers. 

In the first and third characters it is nearer C. esculenta (Limn.), 
but in the duller and browner metallic green of the upper surface it 
exactly resembles C. neglecta, and is quite distinct from that more 
brightly coloured species. 


CARPOPHAGA WHARTONI, Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1887, p. 515, pl. xliii. 


Mr. Sharpe’s description of this bird was drawn up from a 
specimen which had been sent home in spirits of wine and which 
had lost much of the fine metallic gloss which is present in skins 
which have not been so treated. 

The back and wing-coverts are rich dark bronze and bronzy 
green, slate when the back is viewed from behind, and held away 
from the light, and the whole upper aspect of the tail is dark glossy 
bronze-green, its under aspect being dark brown, with the lateral 
rectrices pale brown. There are 14 rectrices, as usual in this genus ; 
the crown is slate, varied with iridescent lights, behind shading into 


1 G. R. Gray, “On the Genus Collocalia,” Ann, Nat. Hist. xvii. 3rd series. 


1888. ] HISTORY OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. ° 521 


the fine bronze-green of the nape, and in front becoming paler 
towards the base of the bill, the most anterior feathers being 
almost white. The nostrils are oval and point upwards and out- 
wards. 

Carpophaga whartoni is a very abundant bird on the island, and 
as it was excellent eating and very tame, a large number were shot. 
It is about the size of the Wood-Pigeon (Columba livia). The 
general colour is dark, with rich metallic green and bronze lights on 
the back, dark purplish slate below, and conspicuous chestnut under 
tail-coverts. 

A young bird which was shot resembled the adult in plumage. 

They give a long croo-eroo-croo, rather low. There is another 
note which we very frequently heard in the woods, and which I do 
not doubt was made by these birds, though I never succeeded in 
seeing one make the noise. It was a deep sound, like the distant 
lowing of cattle, do-o-0-0-0-0, aud sometimes dooooo—too-dooo—too- 
doo—too-doo. 

During the day the birds would often sit motionless for a long 
time among the high leafy branches, occasionally uttering the low 
notes. ‘Towards sunset they congregated on the trees that were in 
fruit to feed. The stomachs (which are thin-walled) contained 
various fruits. 

The oil-gland is bare of feathers. The gizzard is thin-walled, and 
the lateral opposing surfaces are covered with thin horny scales’. 
The intestine is capacious (the duodenum is J inch in diameter 
when flattened out) ; it is 273 inches in length, and the ceca are 
absent. The ambiens muscle, though present, is rudimentary, being 
reduced to a slender band of muscle, less than 2 millim. in breadth, 
which arises by a tendinous origin from the pelvis immediately below 
the acetabulum, and ends in a delicate tendon which traverses the 
extensor tendon of the knee in the usual manner. 

This is a quite distinct species from the others making up the 
large genus Curpophaga. Its closest ally appears to be C. vanwychi, 
Cass., a wide-ranging Pacificform apparently, as it is recorded in Gray’s 
‘ Hand-list’ from New Island (S.W. of the Society Islands), while a 
specimen in Canon Tristram’s collection is from Duke of York Island 
(north of the Samoa group). With this it agrees in the shape of 
the bill and nostrils and the colour and arrangement of the feathers 
at the base of the bill, in the fine texture of the feathers on the neck, 
the absence of an abrupt change of colour between the neck and 
back, and, though this is a common feature, in the chestnut under 
tail-coverts. C. whartoni differs from C. vanwycki, however, in the 
following characters :— 

1. The much darker colour of the head, nape, and underparts, 
which are in C. vanwychi delicate pale grey. 


1 Mr. Thiselton Dyer, who has very kindly undertaken the examination of 
the seeds contained in the gizzard of this Pigeon and of the Chalcophaps, tells me 
that they consist, in this bird, of the fruits of the high “ buttressed tree” 
(Eugenia), of a sapotaceous plant, possibly Siderowylon, and of an araliaceous 
plant not contained in the collection. 


522 MR. J. J. LISTER ON THE NATURAL [Dec. 4, 


2. The dark metallic colours of the back are not washed with 
rey. 

: 3. It is a larger bird, the wing measuring 10 inches (against 92). 

C. vanwychi is included in Gray’s ‘ Hand-list’ in the section of the 
genus named Globicera, but there is no sign of the tumidity at the 
base of the bill in it or in C. whartoni. This section includes some 
ten species which, with the exception of C. myristicivora, which 
ranges over the whole Indian Archipelago, are confined to the 
Austro-Malay and the Pacific Islands. 


CHALCOPHAPS NATALIS, sp. 0. 


Inter C. indicam et C. stephani media; C. indice similis, sed 
rostro fortiore, macula pallida ale minore, femine uropygio, 
supra- et subcaudalibus fuscis, haud nigris. A C. stephani 
differt maris fronte albida, et tergo et alis eneo-viridibus. 

This is also an abundant species ; until the last day of our stay in 
Flying-Fish Cove I had supposed that this was, unlike the others, a 
shy bird, as we had only come across it now and then, moving rest- 
lessly among the trees. I expect, however, we had really overlooked it. 
On that morning I had gone ashore to shoot good specimens of the 
Merula and Zosterops for skinning. On one occasion I stood in one 
place for about an hour, and during that time I saw three or four 
pairs of this Pigeon. They were picking up fallen fruits from among 
the brown and green leaves which were strewn beneath the trees ; 
and here, where their brown and bronze-green plumage rendered them 
inconspicuous, they were so tame that the only difficulty I had in 
shooting them was to get far enough off and yet not lose sight of 
them among the crowded stems by the trees. Thus their habits 
appear to be strikingly in accordance with their protective colouring. 
In the trees, where their colour renders them conspicuous, they are 
restless and easily alarmed ; while they appear to regard the ground 
as a place of safety. 

Their note is, I believe, a cooo-coo-cooo, with hardly any roll of 
an 7 sound in it. 

This appears to be an intermediate form between C. indica (Linn.) 
and ©. stephani (Homb. & Jacq.). 

Without giving a full account of it, 1 may point out that it 
resembles C. indica’, except in the following points :— 

1. The bill is stouter. 

2. The white and pale slate streak on the shoulder is smaller. 

3. The rump, upper and under tail-coverts of the female are 
brown, not black. 

In the last character it agrees with C. stephani, but differs from it 
in the following points :— 

1. The crown of the male is white, not uniform with the rest of 
the head. 

2. The metallic green upper surfaces of the wings are united by 
a broad band of green across the back. 

Chalcophaps indica ranges from Ceylon and India as far north as 


1 Vide Legge’s ‘ Birds of Ceylon,’ p. 714. 


1888. ] HISTORY OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 523 


Formosa and through Borneo and Celebes to Lombok aud Flores. 
C. stephani is found in Celebes, New Guinea, Waigiou, and Mysol. 


UrospiziAs NATALIS, sp. 0." 


Ad. Supra plumbeo nigricans, cervice rufo-brunnea excepta ; alis 
caudaque fusco adumbratis ; remigum pogoniis internis et rec- 
tricibus obscurius fasciatis ; regione malari plumbeo-cinerascente ; 
mento pallido ; pectore rufo-brunneo plumbeo transverse striato ; 
abdomine pectore pallidiore, albido conspicue anguste transverse 
striato ; subcaudalibus fasciis albidis latioribus. 

Jr. Supra obscure fuscus, tergo rectricibusque alarum rufescenti- 
brunneo maculatis ; cervice albida maculosa ; remigibus et rectrici- 
bus obscurius fusco fusciatis; gula albida, in longitudinem 
obscure fusco striata; pectore, abdomine, lateribus subcaudali- 
busque albidis, rufo-brunneo transverse fasciatis, fasciis obscure 
Susco limbatis ; cruribus fulvescentibus albido fasciatis. 

Adult. Crown dark slate; nape rufous brown; back, scapulars, 
upper wing-coverts, and upper tail-coverts dark brownish slate, paler 
on the tips and inner webs of the quills. The inner webs of the pri- 
maries and secondaries are obscurely barred with a darker shade. 
Towards the bases of the outer primaries and inner secondaries the 
interspaces between the bars are white or freckled with white. Tail, 
above, dark slaty brown, all but the two central feathers slightly paler 
on the inner webs and obscurely barred with a darker shade towards 
the bases of the outer rectrices, the intervals between the bars are, as in 
the wing, white or freckled with white ; below, the two central feathers 
are uniform pale ashy brown. The side feathers are paler and rather 
obscurely barred with a darker shade, the bars being most distinct near 
the shafts and towards the ends of the feathers. The outer ones are 
obscurely freckled with white at the bases of the inner webs. Ear- 
coverts slate-grey ; chin, general effect pale rufous grey, paler in the 
male ; the shafts are black, the webs irregularly barred with slate 
and pale rufous. Breast fine rufous brown barred with slate; belly 
paler brown, with narrow pale bars of white more or less freckled 
with slate; under tail-coverts like the belly, but the white bars 
breader; flanks and legs like the belly, but the pale bars less 
distinctly marked, sometimes absent, but the feathers are always 
tipped with white. Wings, primaries dark grey-brown, pale grey 
towards the base; secondaries grey, darker towards the tips, and 
barred and mottled with dark and white in correspondence with the 
colour on the dorsal aspect ; lower wing-coverts white, barred and 


1 Anatomically the species agrees with its allies in the characters mentioned 
by Garrod. There is a nude oil-gland and 12 rectrices are present. The gall- 
bladder is absent. ‘The gizzard is very muscular and the lining is raised on the 
opposing surfaces, which are sharply defined, into nine well-marked regular 
ridges with their planes in the direction of the axis of the gullet. It contained 
the hard albuminous seeds of some monocotyledonous plant, partly broken up. 
The intestine is 20 inches in length and is not provided with cxca. 

An ambiens muscle is present, though of extreme tenuity ; a small muscular 
belly not more than 1 millim. in breadth is interposed between the tendinous 
origin and the long slender tendon which passes over the knee. 


524 MR. J.J. LISTER ON THE NATURAL [ Dec. 4, 


mottled with pale rufous and slate; edge of the wing white, little 
mottled in the oldest specimens. 

Young. Crown dark brown in the middle, the feathers of the sides, 
in a line extending from the cere back to the ear-coverts, and of the 
ear-coverts dark brown in the centres, pale yellow at the sides; 
nape, at the upper part mottled dark brown and white (produced by 
dark brown tips and shaft-streaks to white feathers), at the lower 
mottled brown and pale yellow; back and upper wing-coverts dark 
brown, mottled with rufous brown ; shoulders rich burnt sienna 
mottled with dark brown. Quills, the outer webs and the ends are 
dark brown, the inner web shading from brown through pale reddish 
brown to pale yellow, the tips of all and the outer margins of the 
secondaries pale brown, the whole barred with dark brown, the bars 
fading away before reaching the inner margins of the webs; upper 
tail-coverts brown, becoming darker towards the ends, tips pale rufous 
brown. ‘Tail above brown, the outer feathers resemble the wing- 
quills in the fact that the inner webs and the tips shade off to pale 
reddish brown; the whole barred with brown; the barring is least 
on the inner feathers, which have five bars limited to the terminal half 
of the feathers; on the outer feathers the bars are continued to the 
base of the web and are closer, amounting to 15-17 in number ; below 
rufous grey, barred with dark as above, two central rectrices greyer. 
Chin and throat—the feathers are white, yellower towards the tips, 
with shaft-streaks of dark brown, linear, becoming lanceolate at the 
lower part of the throat. Breast, belly, lower tail-coverts, and flanks 
white, boldly barred with rufous brown, the bars are margined with 
darker brown, and are continued towards the tip of the feathers into 
an angular process extending a short distance along the shaft. Legs, 
feathers white or pale yellow, barred with tawny brown. Lower 
wing-coverts pale yellow, barred with tawny brown. Quills pale 
reddish brown, barred with brown as on the upper surface ; primaries 
pale brown towards the ends. 


Measurements. 
d. = 
in. in, 
From base of bill to tail-tip ...... 1355 163 
ge eT ee eer ore hi eae coc” week 855 
WERE eee ne tes oe seer se sek ee 855 105; 


Urospizias natalis is a common bird on the island. As we made 
our way through the bush one would often fly up to a branch or the 
top of a pinnacle of coral-rock and sit there ignorant of danger, as 
though inquiring the cause of this unusual disturbance in the woods. 
If there were two together and one was shot, the other would remain 
motionless or fly to another branch close at hand. One was knocked 
over with a stick and captured. It appeared to be little injured, and 
I kept it alive for some months, but unfortunately it died in fits 
before my return to England. The stomachs of those that were shot 
contained feathers of the Zosterops and the remains of lizards and 
large grasshoppers. 


1888. | HISTORY OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 525 


The adult birds are dark slate on the upper parts except for a 
band of rufous brown at the back of the neck. Below they are of a 
fine rufous brown, barred with white on the belly. 

The bird belongs to the genus Urospizias* (the amended form of 
Urospiza, the name which Kaup applied to this group of Goshawks), 
which contains some 20 species. They are most numerous in the 
Austro-Malay region—where the Moluccas and Lombok mark the 
western limit of the range. Elsewhere species are found in the 
Marianne Islands, the Fijis, New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, and in 
Australia and Tasmania. There are several of these species to which 
the Christmas Island bird is closely related, though it differs from 
them as much as they differ from one another. 

The nearest relation appears to be U. griseigularis from the 
Moluccas, from which it differs in adult plumage in possessing the 
erown of the head not paler than the back, the slate tinge on the 
upper breast, and the brown bars on the lower part of the belly and 
lower tail-coverts, sharply defined and edged with slate, not obscure 
and plain brown. The difference between the young birds is more 
marked. The Moluccan bird has the back almost uniform, not 
mottled, the throat with a median and two lateral lines of longitudinal 
streaks, the breast longitudinally streaked with brown and the belly 
with distant transverse bars which are uniform brown, not rufous, 
in the centre. 

In the collection of the British Museum are two skins which, by 
the slaty tinge on the back and the indications of the rufous nape- 
band; are evidently acquiring the adult plumage. Among the worn 
longitudinally streaked feathers at the sides of the breast are new 
close-webbed ones which are white with brown pale-centred bars 
very like those on the breast of the immature Christmas Island 
bird. This appears to be an indication that the transverse barring 
of the underparts, which is found in the young plumage of several 
members of the group, is a later acquired character which many 
species never assume. The longitudinal streaking, on the other hand, 
which occurs widely in this family of birds, must on this view be 
regarded as the more primitive character. In our bird this stage 
appears to be passed over altogether. 


NINOX NATALIS, sp. nov. 


Supra rufo-fulvescens, cervicis lateribus et supracaudalibus sparse 
pallide maculatis ; fronte, loris et mento pallidis ; alis fuscis 
pallidius fasciatis, et fascia albida obliqua; tectricibus secon- 
dariis in pogoniis externis albido fasciatis ; rectricibus fuscis, 
fasciis pallidioribus circa decem ; subtus alba, rufo-fuscescente 
Sasciata, fasciis interfasctisque equalibus ; subalaribus subrufo- 
Suscescentibus, obscurius maculatis ; metatarso omnino plumis 
vestito. 

Adult male. Crown, nape, back, upper tail-coverts, and lesser 

upper wing-coverts uniform red tawny brown, with here and there an 


1 Cf. J. H. Gurney, ‘ List of the Diurnal Birds of Prey,’ 1884. 
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. XXXVI. 36 


526 MR. J. J. LISTER ON THE NATURAL [ Dec. 4, 


obscure paler spot on the lateral parts of the nape and upper tail- 
coverts ; the hidden bars of the feathers are slaty grey. The fore 
part of crown and lores clothed with long sparsely barbed white 
feathers with black shafts, except a narrow line of pale tawny 
feathers in the middle line, reaching to the base of the bill; ear- 
coverts duller brown than the nape, with white bases to the barbs ; 
chin-feathers like those of the lores, but pale tawny and with white 
shafts. Greater secondary coverts same colour as the back, barred 
chiefly on the outer web with white, the white bars are bounded by 
darker brown; primary-coverts dark brown, obscurely barred with 
paler brown; edge of wing pale ochre; primaries dark brown, barred 
with lighter brown and with paler outer edges ; the second to the 
sixth primaries have one or two interspaces conspicuously paler than 
the rest—these are so arranged as to form an interrupted line 
traversing the extended wing from before outwards and backwards. 
Tail dark brown, barred with ten rufous bands ; in the outer feathers 
the contrast between the colours of bands and interspaces becomes 
more couspicuous. Throat pale rufous. Breast, belly, and flanks 
white, barred with scarcely blurred bands of the same tawny brown 
as the back; the feathers have a narrow shaft-streak of brown; the 
bars and interspaces are about equal in breadth ; vent-feathers long 
and white. Under tail-coverts like the breast, but paler brown. 
Legs rufous ochre, mottled with rufous brown; they are clothed with 
feathers to the end of the metacarpus; toes sparsely covered with 
pale horn-coloured bristles. Under wing-coverts uniform tawny 
brown, paler than the back, becoming mottled towards the edge of 
the wing ; the larger coverts are pale brown, changing to white at 
the tips of the feathers barred with ashy brown. Quills below brown 
barred with pale brown, the bars obscure towards the tips of the 
primaries. Cere tumid; the nostrils look forwards and outwards. 


Measurements. 
In. 
Crownito tipiof dail .!. seat. wali sai aPee 1055 
Dai C ett e. ote iad Pe autios ced 5 
DU ay BE: 1k oie eeede as Mais Sint 7 
Mietitarsus tc cr acct. ee eae Oe ree 1,5 
Third digit to: base of claw .... \ss.ts sees ly 


Only one specimen of Minox natalis was obtained. 

It is of a fine tawny brown colour on the back, and bars of the 
same colour alternate with white on the breast. It measures about 
11 inches in length. The stomach contained feathers and bones. 

A cry up among the woods (ow-ow-ow), like the distant barking 
of a dog, sometimes broke the stillness of the night, as we lay in 
Flying-Fish Cove. It was probably made by this bird. 

This Owl belongs to group C of Mr. Sharpe’s arrangement of the 
genus in the British-Museum Catalogue—a group characterized by 
the breast being spotted or transversely barred, not longitudinally 
streaked with brown nor uniform. The group contains 13 species, 


1888. ] HISTORY OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 527 


which with one exception are confined to the Austro-Malay sub- 
region and Northern Australia. The exception is N. superciliaris 
(Vieill.) from Madagascar, a species which neither in appearance nor 
geographical distribution seems to be quite at home among the 
others. 

The Christmas Island bird is closely allied to N. forbesi, Sclater, 
from Timor Laut. It differs from it in the following characters :— 

1. The shade of the general brown colour of the plumage is a red 
tawny brown, as distinguished from the yellower duller colour of 
that bird. 

2. The absence of the dusky shade on the crown. 

3. The ground-colour of the upper breast is white, not tawny 
yellow. 

4, The breadth of the bars below is equal to that of the inter- 
space, not half their breadth. 

NN. hypogramma (Gray), from the Moluccas, is another near though 
more distant ally, the obvious difference being on the upper surface, 
which is dull brown, becoming ashy brown on the crown. WN. hantu, 
from Bouru, and N. sqguamipila (Bp. Consp), from Ceram, are also 
allied, but sharply separated by the almost barbless bristles on their 
tarsi, as well as by other characters. N. variegatus (Quoy and 
Gaim.) is the only other species placed in this section of the genus 
(with crown of head uniform, not spotted). It is readily distin- 
guished by its dull brown colour and spotted back, and by the 
presence of spots on the forehead. 

Of these the first five species form a group which is charac- 
terized by similarity of size (10-12 inches in length), the uniform 
coloration of the crown of the head, and by greater length of the 
tail. With regard to this last point, if the length of the tail is 
compared with that of the wing the figures are as foliows :— 


Length of Length of 


tail. wing. 

in. in. per cent 
Ninox hypogramma .. 5°5 9°0 61°] 
N. squamipila........ 53 8°25 60°6 
ING GUE acs one xs ao 5°8 8°3 69°8 
ONES RURDERE Fone. Sts 53 | 68°8 
Ninatalis- 2.6 ike.) 5:0 f2 69°7 


all over 60°/,. Whereas among the smaller species with spotted 
crowns the figures are :— 
Length of Length of 
pe wing. 


in. per cent. 
N. punctulata (Quoy & Gaim.) 3 “0 6°8 44°] 
N. granti, Sharpe.......... 4°1 70 58°5 
SV ABER ie ends winds ose 3°8 6°8 55°8 


all below 60°/,. While for WV. variegata, with its spotted forehead, 
they are 4°6, 7°9, 58°2. It therefore appears to hold an intermediate 
position. 

36* 


528 MR, J.J. LISTER ON THE NATURAL [ Dec. 4, 


ARDEA JUGULARIS, Forster. 


Several of these birds were seen, flying along by the shore-cliff, or 
on the beach following the retreating waves on the look-out for food 
in the pools on the dead coral; their stomachs contained crabs and 
small fish. Two skins were brought home, one of a male in white 
plumage, the other of a female in slaty dress. 


CHARADRIUS GEOFFROYI, Wagler. 


A pair of these Plovers (females) were shot on the shore-cliff. 
The bird has a wide range in winter ', from South Africa along the 
shores to India and Australia. 


TRINGOIDES HYPOLEUCUS (Linn.). 
A specimen of this very wide-ranging species was obtained. 


PHAETHON FLAVriRosTRIs, Brandt. 


These Boatswain birds in fine golden pink plumage were very beauti- 
ful objects, flying among the tree-tops by the shore, or high up, 
yellow specks against the blue, performing their evolutions with 
exquisite grace. The two long tail-feathers yielding to the resis- 
tance of the air add greatly to the beauty of their flight. 

They apparently had nests in the high trees?. At Flying-Fish 
Cove a pair of them were frequently seen flying backwards and 
forwards to and from one particular tree. 

Three were shot and preserved. Both sexes were coloured to the 
same degree. The stomachs contained the remains of fish and 
Cephalopods. 

In Professor Brandt’s Monograph of the genus Phaéthon® he 
says (writing in Latin) in the general account of the genus (pp. 5 
and 6) :—*‘In recently killed adult animals, however, the glistening 
white colour is (perhaps always) more or less tinged with rose or 
vermilion or red-gold ;”’ and again, “ This same colour, however, very 
quickly vanishes in specimens exposed in Museums.” 

In the plates the adult birds of P. phenicurus, Gm., and of 
P. flaviventris, Brandt, are represented of the same rosy tinge. The 
intensity of the colour in these plates is about the same as in the 
Christmas Island birds. 

The suggestion that the adult plumage is always of this colour is 
not, however, correct, as I happen to know from my own experience ; 
for I obtained a perfectly white specimen of P. flavirostris from the 
Seychelles Islands, from a nest which contained a nearly fledged 
young bird. 


‘ «The Geographical Distribution of the Charadriidi,’ H. Seebohm, p- 147. 

* In the Seychelles Islands this species builds in the hollow trunks of the 
rite bee trees as well as in the clefts of the granite rocks on some of the 
islands. 

* Tentamen Monographie Zoologice Generis Phaéthon. J. F. Brandt. 
E commentariis Acad. Scientiarum Petropolitane Mémoires, 6° série. Scienc. 
mathém., phys. et nat. t. v. 2nd part. Se. Nat. 


1888. ] HISTORY OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 529 


PHAETHON PHENICURUS, Gm. 
This species was also seen in white plumage. 


FreGATA AGuita (L.). 


A specimen of this Frigate-bird was sent home from the ‘ Flying- 
Fish’ Expedition. As has been stated, Frigate-birds were very com- 
mon on the islanas. 


SULA, spp. 


Gannets and Boobies were very abundant along the shore and up 
among the trees, where their loud harsh notes constantly broke the 
stillness of the woods, and the air was often tainted by their drop- 
pings, which whitened the ground and trunks. 

A young Gannet covered with white down was found on the bare 
stones at the upper part of the beach at Flying-Fish Cove. 


VII. REPTILES. 


Four kinds of Lizards are known to inhabit the island. 

Two of these were very abundant—Lygosoma nativitatis, Blgr., and 
Ablepharus egeria, Blgr., both peculiar. 

Gymnodactylus marmoratus, Kuhl, was found in a semitorpid 
condition under logs of wood during the day, and one of them with 
some ants were the only visitors which came to some trees which I 
had sugared for moths. It is therefore probably nocturnal in its habits, 
and its large eyes with their vertical slit-like pupils appear to be in 
keeping with this idea. Whether it had come to feed on the ants 
or was attracted by the rum and sugar I cannot say. 

It is interesting that the other species, a Gecko peculiar to the 
island, finds its nearest ally on Murray Island in Torres Straits. 

The ‘Iguana’ reported to have been seen during the visit of the 
* Flying-Fish’ was not observed. 

The only snake (Typhlops exoceti, Blgr.) known to exist on the 
island belongs to the Typhlopide, small non-venomous burrowing 
animals. A single specimen was found beneath a log. 

A large smooth-backed Turtle (Chelonia virgata?) was seen making 
its way down the beach on the last morning of our visit. The men 
did their best to turn it over, but it succeeded in reaching the sea 
before they could get hold of it. The footprints led up to a hollow 
in the shingle, but no eggs were found on digging ; apparently it 
had been disturbed at the commencement of its operations. 

No Amphibians were met with. 


VIII. CRUSTACEANS. 


The most conspicuous Invertebrate animal is the large land-crab 
Birgus latro. These crabs are abundant all over the island. As we 
sat at lunch in the bush, three or four of them would come towards 
us from different directions with cautious advance, with their long 
stalked eyes erect and their curiously bent antennz sawing the air. 


530 MR. J. J. LISTER ON THE NATURAL [Dec. 4, 


If they were approached, they brandished their second pair of legs in 
a threatening manner as though accustomed to be masters of the situ- 
ation. They were, of course, perfectly harmless. I watched one of 
them at a tide-pool on the shore apparently replenishing the store 
of water in the branchial cavities. The movement was similar to 
that of eating. The end of one of the large chelee was dipped in 
the water and lifted towards the mouth, where it was touched by 
one of the palps and the moisture passed on, whilst the chela de- 
scended for a further supply. 


IX. CONCLUSION. 


The collections from Christmas Island are necessarily very in- 
complete. The visit of the ‘ Egeria’ only lasted ten days, and owing 
to the thickness of the bush and the difficult nature of the ground 
on the sides of the island, a comparatively small part of it was 
traversed. Among the Invertebrate animals and the plants, espe- 
cially, many species remain to be discovered. 

Incomplete as the collections are, however, there can be no doubt 
that the island is very poor in species. Thus five kinds of Mammals, 
seven of Land-birds, four of Lizards, and one Snake, make up the 
list of Vertebrate animals of the existence of which evidence was 
obtained. 

The most striking feature is the peculiarity of the fauna. Of the 
mammals, three out of the four which were collected are peculiar 
species, the other a peculiar variety of a species which extends from 
the Himalayas to Java. 

All the land-birds are peculiar to the island, though some, as has 
been pointed out, approach their allies in the Archipelago very 
closely. 

Four out of the five reptiles are peculiar. 

Turning to the Invertebrate groups, the same proportion of new 
forms is met with, though here many families have not been 
sufficiently studied in the Archipelago to justify the conclusion that 
a new form is a peculiar one. 

Of the land-shells five out of eleven species are new, as are six out 
of ten of the Lepidoptera. Sixteen of the Beetles have been re- 
ferred to their genera, and six to species, of which six five are new 
and one constitutes anew genus. Of the other insects, seventeen out 
of twenty species which have been worked out are new. One of three 
species of Chilopoda is new, as are both the species of Diplopoda 
(Millipedes), one belonging to anew genus. Three kinds of Spiders 
belong to known species, while a small land-crab is new. 

The affinities of the Christmas Island fauna and flora are of great 
interest in relation to the sharp line of separation between the Indo- 
Malay and Austro-Malay subregions, which, especially as regards 
their mammals and birds, divides the islands of the Malay Archi- 
pelago. The presence of three terrestrial placental mammals appears 
at first sight to connect the island with the Indian region, and the 
Shrew-Mouse, a variety, as Mr. Dobson points out, of a species 


1§88.] HISTORY OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 531 


ranging from the Himalayas to Java, is strong evidence in favour of 
this view. It may be noted, however, that two species of Shrew- 
Mouse occur in the Austro-Malay region, viz. Sorex myosurus, 
found in the Molucean Islands as well as in Sumatra, Borneo, and 
Java’, and Sorew tenuis, supposed to be peculiar to the island of 
Timor ’. 

The genus Mus, to which the two other species belong, is widely 
spread over the Archipelago. 

It is interesting to notice that the fruit-eating Bat has its nearest 
ally in the island of Lombok. 

Turning to the Birds, we find evidence that they have been de- 
rived, not from the Indo-Malay region, but trom the islands on the 
Australian side of the separation line, some ten degrees to the east. 
Thus we have a representative of the genus Urospizias, which is 
limited on the west side of its range by the Moluccas and Lombok. 
The group of the genus Minox, to which the Christmas Island 
bird belongs, is confined to the Austro-Malay subregion and Northern 
Australia. The Thrush has no near ally in the neighbourhood. 
The Zosterops and Oollocalia belong to widely distributed genera, 
but the nearest ally of both is found in the Austro-Malay subregion, 
one in the island of Mysori, north of New Guinea, the other in 
Timor Laut. The Chalcophaps has allies in both the Indian and 
Australian regions, while the Carpophaga belongs to the section of 
the genus extending from the Malay Archipelago eastward among 
the Pacific Islands. 

It appears probable that Christmas Island has received immigrants 
from both the Indo-Malay and Austro-Malay subregions ; but so far 
as the birds are concerned, the influence of the latter is much more 
distinctly marked. 

In conclusion, I wish to express my thanks to Capt. Aldrich, R.N., 
for the manner in which he forwarded my plans in every way during 
our visit to the island ; and to the officers and men of H.MLS. ‘ Egeria,’ 
who assisted in making collections. Many of the most interesting 
specimens that were found were obtained by them. I was most 
fortunate in obtaining the services of Fuller—the blue-jacket whom 
Capt. Aldrich chose to help me, and who proved a most diligent and 
able assistant in skinning and in other ways. 

At home, I wish to express my thanks to Mr. R. B. Sharpe, for 
the readiness with which he facilitated my work at the British 
Museum ; to Canon Tristram for the very kind way in which he 
allowed me access to his collection ; and to Mr. Henry Seebohm for 
assistance given me in many ways. 


1 Wallace, Malay Archipelago, yoi. ii. p. 141. 
2 Op. cit. vol. i. p. 326. 


532 MR. O. THOMAS ON THE (Dec. 4, 


5. On the Mammals of Christmas Island. 
By Oxprizitp Txomas, Natural History Museum. 


[Received October 15, 1888.] 


Mr. J. J. Lister has most kindly submitted to me for examination 
the Mammals he obtained on Christmas Island during the visit of 
H.MLS. ‘ Egeria’ to that place. 

The Collection contains a series of both the Mammals discovered 
by Capt. Maclear in the previous year, namely, Pteropus natalis and 
Mus macleari, the extra specimens supplying considerable additional 
information about the species. There are also two specimens of 
another large Rat, representing a second new species, and of a 
Shrew, which Dr. Dobson considers to be a distinct geographical 
variety of Crocidura fuliginosa, Blyth, a species that extends from 
the Himalayas through Burma to Java. 


1. CRocIDURA FULIGINOSA TRICHURA, Dobs.’, var. nov. 


4 specimens. 

a (type). Head and body 70 millim., tail 80, hind foot 16°6, 
lower leg 20-5, forearm and hand 21. 

*‘ This variety differs from the typical form in the much greater 
length of the tail, which also, unlike most specimens of that species, 
is beset with long fine hairs ; it has also a longer hind foot. 

‘““In the shape of the skull and teeth and in all other characters 
it so closely resembles typical examples of C. fuliginosa that I hesi- 
tate to consider it more than a local variety of that species.’”-— 
G. E. D. 


2. PreRoPus NATALIS, Thos. 
Pteropus natalis, Thos. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 511, pl. xli. 


9 specimens. 

Forearms of four of them: ¢, 135, 124; 92, 128, 126 millim. 

This species was originally described from female specimens only, 
and when describing it I expressed the doubt there was as to 
whether the males would have a yellow tippet or not. This doubt 
Mr. Lister has fortunately dispelled by obtaining several adult 
male specimens, which turn out to be precisely like the females, 
their necks being as absolutely black as are those of the other sex. 


3. Mus macueaRI, Thos. 


Mus macleari, Thos. ¢. c. p. 513, pl. xlii. 

7 specimens. 

The following are the chief measurements of some of the addi- 
tional specimens of this fine species obtained by Mr. Lister :— 


1 Dr. Dobson is the author of this description, and should be looked upon 
as wholly responsible for the distinction of the variety. 


1888.] MAMMALS OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 533 


‘ Heel to front 
Head and - Hind Forearm ; 
body. Tail. foot. and hand, Ear. fa me ie 

millim. millim. millim. millim. millim. millim. 
hs (Gi. ay LOO 246 50 67 17°5 25 
ikea PRE. 253 50 67 17 woeh 
On Oe 2a) 257 49 66 Wine 25 
ad.) D2. 222 267 50 70 16°7 26 


Mr. Lister’s numerous specimens of this species agree very 
closely with one another and with the type, the only point in which 
they vary being in the degree in which the under surface is white 
or brown. All the females have the mammary formula 1—1=4. 


4. MUs NATIVITATIS, sp. 0. 


2 specimens. 
Heel to front 


Head and “he Hind Forearm of last 

body. a foot. and hand. a foot-pad. 

millim. millim. millim. millim. millim. millim. 
a. 3(type) 254 176 54 66 20 X17 26°6 
Gat ence a OA 175 34 65 LSix<l7 2d 


Skull.—Basal length 46°8, greatest breadth 24°8 ; nasals, length 
20°5; interorbital breadth 8°7 ; mterparietal, length 7'1, breadth 12°5; 
infraorbital foramina—length of outer wall 4°1, breadth from outer 
corner of one to that of the other, 13-4; palate—length 26-7, 
breadth outside m.' 9-0, inside m.’ 4°5; diastema 15°5 ; length of - 
anterior palatine foramina 9°3; length of upper molar series 7°6. 
Lower jaw—length (bone only) 30, (to incisor-tips) 34°6, greatest 
height, obliquely, from coronoid to angle, 15. 

Size large ; form thick and clumsy, the limbs and tail stout and 
heavy, but the head peculiarly small, slender and delicate. General 
colour dark umber-brown all over, the belly not, or scarcely, lighter 
than the back. Ears small, laid forward they barely reach to the 
posterior canthus of the eye. Fur of back long, thick, and coarse, 
but without the extremely long piles so characteristic of M. maclearz, 
the longest hairs being about 40 or 45 millim. in length. Hands 
and feet very thick and heavy ; the claws, especially on the fore feet, 
enormously broad and strong, not compressed, more than twice the 
size of those of IM. macleari, and evidently modified for burrowing. 
Palms and soles naked, smooth ; the pads broad, low, and rounded, 
unusually little prominent; last hind foot-pad elongate, Tail 
shorter than the body without the head, very thick, evenly tapering, 
nearly or quite naked; its scales triangular, very large, the rings 
averaging about 7 or 8 to the centimetre’; its colour uniform blackish 
brown throughout, above and below, the white skin, however, 
showing to a certain extent between the scales. 

Skull disproportionally small, light and delicate; compared with that 
of M. macleari it is slightly shorter and very considerably narrower. 


1 10 to 12 in M, macleari. 


534 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE [Dee. 4, 


Supraorbital edges evenly divergent, slightly beaded, but without 
any marked postorbital thickening. Outer plate of anterior zygoma- 
root short and weak, scarcely projected forwards. Anterior palatine 
foramina long, reaching backwards just to the level of the front of 
m.! Bulle rather larger than in M. macleari, but far smaller than 
in M. everetti. Lower jaw very thin and slender, contrasting very 
markedly with MW. macleari in this respect. 

Teeth small and weak, their structure as usual. Front of incisors 
orange above, yellow below. 

This fine Rat cannot possibly be confounded with any other 
known species of the genus’. Its size, peculiarly small and delicate 
head, short unicolor tail, large hands and feet, and powerful 
digging claws, separate it at once from any of its congeners. In 
some respects it agrees with the description given long ago by Her- 
mann of his Mus javanus*, but its brown underside and naked tail 
prove that it is not really the same, and it is probable that Hermann’s 
description was merely founded on an unusually large specimen of 
Mus decumanus. 

The presence of a second large Rat in such a small island as 
Christmas Island is a very noteworthy fact, and recalls the state of 
things existing in Guadaleanar, Solomon Islands, where two still 
larger Rats, Mus imperator and M. rez, one terrestrial and fossorial, 
and the other arboreal, live side by side in the same locality *. 

Mr. Lister is to be congratulated on his discovery of this, the 
largest member of the indigenous Mammalian fauna of Christmas 
Island. It is unfortunate that he did not succeed in obtaining a 
female specimen of it, as its mammary formula, perhaps the most 
important character within the restricted genus Mus, therefore 
remains still unknown. 


6. On the Reptiles of Christmas Island. 
By G. A. BouLencer. 


[Received October 15, 1888.] 


In addition to the three kinds of Reptiles * found on the island by 
the ‘ Flying-Fish’ Expedition, examples of which were also obtained 
by Mr. Lister, we have to record two new Lizards, viz. a Gecko, and 
a Scink closely allied to the widely-distributed Ablepharus boutont. 
Thus, of the five species of Reptiles now known to inhabit Christmas 
Island, four appear to be endemic, whilst the fifth, Gymnodactylus 


1 Mus infraluteus, a species from Mount Kina Balu, North Borneo, described 
by the present author (Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) ii. p. 409) since the above was 
written, has a considerable superficial resemblance to M. nativitatis. Its tail, 
however, is longer, and its skull is large and heavy, in due proportion to the 
size of the body. 

2 Obs. Zool. p. 63 (1804), 

3 See supra, pp. 479-81. 

4 Gymnodactylus marmoratus, Kubl; Lygosoma nativitatis, Blgr.; and 
Typhlops exoceti, Blgr. See P. Z. 8. 1887, p. 516. 


1888. ] REPTILES OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 535 


marmoratus, is distributed over the greater part of the Malay 
Archipelago. 


GECKO LISTERT, sp. 1. 

Head moderate, snout once and one third the diameter of the 
orbit, which equals its distance from the very small, round ear- 
opening; forehead scarcely concave. Head covered with small 
granules, which are considerably larger on the snout ; rostral quad- 
rangular, more than twice as broad as deep, without cleft ; nostril 
pierced between the rostral, the first labial, and three nasals ; twelve 
upper and ten lower labials ; three transverse rows of small hexa- 
gonal chin-shields. Dorsal scales uniform, minutely granular ; 
ventrals much larger, roundish hexagonal, subimbricate. Digits 
with a very slight rudiment of web ; seven or eight angularly 
curved lamellee under the median toes. A short angular series of 
twelve pranal pores. Tail cylindrical, covered with uniform small 
flat scales, which are largest inferiorly. Pale grey-brown above, 
with a few rather indistinct brown spots and scattered white dots ; 
a brown streak from the nostril to the eye ; lower parts white, with 
small brown spots. 


millim. millim. 
Total length ...... 79 Fore limb ids. in oes) 12 
Head sh Saree 12 Hand limb: 25 wes. tl 
Width of head......  8°5 ANA eg Homie oo oe 38 
BOGg 6: ataicne Riek giee 29 


This small species, of which a single male specimen was ob- 
tained, is closely allied to G. pumilus, Blgr., from Murray Island, 
Torres Straits, but at once distmguished by its nearly free toes. 


ABLEPHARUS EGERIA, Sp. 0. 

Snout pointed, rostral not projecting. Eye entirely surrounded 
with granules; upper eyelid represented by three or four larger 
scales. Rostral largely in contact with the frontonasal ; preefrontals 
forming a long suture ; frontal small, in contact with the first and 
second supraoculars ; five supraoculars, second largest, fifth smallest ; 
seven supraciliaries ; interparietal distinct from the very large, single 
frontoparietal ; a pair of large nuchals. Ear-opening rather small, 
oval. Scales smouth or feebly striated, two vertebral rows largest ; 
26 or 28 scales round the middle of the body. Limbs well deve- 
loped, pentadactyle ; the hind limb reaches the axilla in the male, 
the elbow in the female; digits long and slender, smooth inferiorly. 
Tail once and a half the length of head and body. Bronzy above, 
with blackish and pale greenish spots; a light, dark-edged dorso- 
lateral band; end of tail blue; lower parts greenish white. 


millim, millim 
Total length...... 113 Fore limb ......-. 17 
Head.......- ape. 1) Etind: lim Danie > sree 21 
Width of head .... 6 igs RM Sram: Pac ote 3 


Body.....-++--:- 35 


536 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE TERRESTRIAL [Dec. 4, 


Several specimens. Closely allied to A. boutoni, Desj., from 
which it differs in the distinct interparietal shield. 
LyGosoma NATIVITATIS, Bler. 


This species was established upon a single tailless specimen. 
Eight specimens were secured by Mr. Lister. The tail, when 
intact, is two thirds of the total length. Young with the dorsal 
scales strongly quinquecarinate. 


7. On the Terrestrial Mollusks of Christmas Island. 
By Enear A. Suita, F.Z.S. 


[Received October 15, 1888.] 


The only species of Land-shells at present recorded from Christmas 
Island are the two Succinee and the two forms of Melampus obtained 
by the officers of H.M.S. ‘ Flying-Fish,’ and recorded in the ‘ Pro- 
ceedings’ of this Society, 1887, pp. 517-518". 

Only one of these, Succinea solidula, Pfr., was obtained by Mr. 
Lister; who, however, succeeded in discovering seven additional 
species, four of which appear to be new to science. 

The following is a list of all the known species :— 


1. ArntopHanta (MICROCYSTIS) NORMANI, sp. 0. 

. ArropuHanta (MIcrocysTIS) MABEL, sp. 0. 

. ARtopHANTA (MricrocysTIS) MILDREDA, Sp. 0. 
. SUCCINEA sOLIDULA, Pfeiffer. 

fs%, 5. Succrinea soxirarta, Smith. 
. SUCCINEA LISTERI, sp. 0. 


. Pyruara scaraBazus, Linn. 


MELAMPUS LUTEUS, Quoy & Gaimard. 


wont A & KR WH WD 


. Merampus rasciatus, Deshayes. 


= 


TRUNCATELLA VALIDA, Pfeiffer. 


11. Lepropoma movuHoTI, Pfeiffer, var. 


The Pythia, the two Melampi, and the Truncatella are all 
widely ranging species, occurring in the Malay Archipelago and 
Polynesia. The Leptopoma, if I am right in its identification, occurs 
also in Camboja; and the remaining species, although at present 
known only from Christmas Island, may also have a wide distribution, 
as allied forms exist in the Philippines, Moluccas, &c. 

1 T take this opportunity of altering the name of the new species of Littorina 


described P. Z.S. 1887, p. 519. Reeve having already employed the name 
grano-costata, T propose to call the species from Christmas Island LZ, cnsularis. 


1888. ] MOLLUSKS OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 537 


Descriptions of the new Species. 


ARIOPHANTA (MICROCYSTIS) NORMANI. 


Testa depressa, parva, anguste perforata, tenuissima, nitida, sub- 
pellucida, olivaceo-corneu ; spira leviter conica, parum elevata ; 
anfractus 5-6, convewiusculi, lente crescentes, sutura marginata 
sejuncti, utrinque obsolete microscopice spiraliter striati, ultimus 
ad peripheriam curvatus aut vie angulatus ; apertura parva, 
oblique semilunata ; peristoma tenue, margine columellari breviter 
dilatato. Diam. maj. 63 millim., min. 6, alt. 43. 

The form of this species seems to be somewhat variable, some 
specimens being considerably more elevated than others. The spiral 
striation is only visible under the microscope, and even then appears 
very slight. 

A. perpolita, Mousson, from Tongatabu, 4. myops, Dohrn, a 
Philippine form, and A. cicercula, Gould, from the Sandwich Islands, 
are allied forms, but differ in various respects. 


ARIOPHANTA (Microcystis) MABEL&. 


Testa A. normani simillima, sed magis complanata, anfractibus 
Jere planis, distinetius striatis, ultimo ad peripheriam angulato. 
Diam. maj. 6 millim., min. 54, alt. 34. 

This species, if the specimens at hand be adult, seems to be a 
little smaller than the preceding. It is similarly perforated, of the 
same texture and glossy appearance, but is more depressed, has 
flatter whorls, which are a trifle more perceptibly spirally striated ; 
the body-whorl is quite angular, and consequently the form of the 
mouth is rather different. 


ARIOPHANTA (MICROCYSTIS) MILDRED. 


Testa A. normani similis, sed minor, latius perforata, anfractibus 
magis convexis, utrinque distincte spiraliter striatis. Diam. 
maj. 5 millim., min. 43, alt. 3. 

This species is considerably smaller, but more widely perforated 
than either of the preceding species, and is also more strongly striated, 
the strize being visible under a simple lens. ‘The suture is deeper 
than in either of the others and the whorls more convex, the last 
being well rounded at the periphery. All these three species are 
thin, semipellucid, and brownish or olivaceous horn-colour. 


2.9, SUCCINEA LISTERI. 


” Testa elongato-ovata, superne acuminata, tenuis, cornea, rubescens ; 
anfractus tres, rapide crescentes, ultimus permagnus, incrementi 
lineis tenuibus striatus ; apertura elongata, ovata, superne acu- 
minata; peristoma tenue, marginibus callo tenuissimo junctis. 
Long. 135 millim., diam. maj. 8 ; apertura 104 longa, 7 lata. 

This species differs in form, sculpture, and colour trom both the 
other species of the island. It is smoother, suffused with a reddish 
vinous tint, and has a shorter spire aud a longer body-whorl. 


538 MR. C. J. GAHAN ON THE [ Dec. 4, 


LEPTOPOMA MOUHOTI, var. 


Testa conica, tenuis, semipellucida, umbilicata, alba, interdum infra 
peripheriam fusco tincta, epidermide tenui lutescente induta ; 
spira conica, mediocriter elevata; anfractus 5, convewi, liris 
spiralibus filiformibus (in anfr. penultimo circiter 6) instructi, 
striisque inter liras sculpti, incrementi lineis obliquis ornati ; 
ultimus liris 12 (mediana ad peripheriam ceteris paulo majore) 
succinctus ; apertura fere circularis, longit. totius 4 paulo supe- 
rans ; peristoma anguste expansum, marginibus callo tenuijunctis. 
Long. 103 millim., diam. maj. 104. 

Hab. Found on mossy trunks of trees in the upper part of the 

island (J. J. Lister). 

In sculpture the specimens from Christmas Island agree exactly 
with L. mouhoti, Pfeiffer, from Camboja. They differ in being 
broader and in having the spire a trifle less elevated. The peri- 
stome also is slightly narrower. Until I have an opportunity of 
examining a larger series of the two forms, I think it best not to 
separate them specifically. 


8. On the Coleoptera of Christmas Island. 
By C. J. Ganan, M.A. 


[Received October 15, 1888.] 


The Coleoptera in Mr. Lister’s collection consist of about 70 speci- 
mens belonging to 20 different species, and to almost as many distinct 
genera. ‘The genera mostly, and in some cases also the species, are 
of wide distribution. One genus is new ; this, while closely allied to 
an Indo-Malayan genus, is related also to a distinct Australian genus. 

In the following list I have indicated the genera and, as far as 
possible, the species, but the latter, I have found it impossible in 
many cases to determine without the expenditure of considerable 
time. Those which I believe to be new are described below. 


Monrio ORIENTALIS, Dejean. 
HoLouepta, sp. 

PA&DERUS, Sp. 

PAaRZGUS LISTERI, 0. g. et n. sp. 
LePraULAx, sp. 

CHRYSODEMA SIMPLEX, C. Waterh. 
STIGMATIUM, Sp. 

MNEPHILUS, sp. 

HopaTruM, sp. 


SESSINIA, sp. 


1888. ] COLEOPTERA OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 539 


SESSINIA, Sp. 

CERESIUM NIGRUM, N. Sp. 
MoNOHAMMUS NATIVITATIS, 0. Sp. 
PRAONETHA PERPLEXA, N. Sp. 
MicRACANTHA, Sp. 


EPILACHNA, sp. 


A small Curculionid, and three small Elateridz, belonging to three 
distinct species. 


PAREGUS, 0. g. 


Allied to igus, from which it differs by the form of the mandibles. 
These, in the male, are sharply bent inwards and are at the same 
time directed forwards and upwards, so that their apices, when they 
meet in the middle line, are on a level with the vertex of the head. 
In the fully developed male each mandibleis armed with a tubercular 
tooth on its upper (or, in this case, posterior) internal border at a 
short distance from the apex. The form of its mandibles brings this 
genus into relation with the Australian genus Lissotes ; its remaining 
characters are those of digus. 


PARZGUS LISTERI, 0. sp. 


3. Piceo-brunneus, nitidus, mandibulis prope apicem unidentatis; 
capite supra in medio minute et sparse punctulato, ad latera 
pone oculos grosse punctato ; prothorace supra sparse punctu- 
lato, lateribus parallelis ; elytris 12-striatis cum intervallis 
punctulatis. 

Long. corporis 17 millim. ; long. mandibuli 4 millim. 

The mandibles are provided each with a process on its inner lower 
side at the base; these processes meet in the middle line when the 
mandibles are closed, and their posterior border is then concealed 
beneath the clypeus. The tubercular tooth which each mandible 
bears near its apex is distinct only in the fully developed males. 
The head above is minutely and sparsely punctured in the middle, 
more grossly at the sides, especially behind the eyes. The latter are 
completely divided by the ocular canthus. The prothorax is sparsely 
punctured above. The elytra have each six striz, the outermost of 
which are feebly marked and consist of rows of closely approximated 
punctures ; the intervals between the striz as wellas the sides of the 
elytra are punctured. The anterior tibie are armed along their 
outer border with four or five spines ; the intermediate and posterior 
tibie have each a single spine below the middle. Six male specimens. 
The measurements given above are those of the largest. 

In the collection of H.MLS. ‘ Flying-Fish,’ from Christmas Island, 
which was presented to the British Museum, there occurs a single 
female, which was placed in the genus Agus; it is probably the 
female of the present species. The mandibles have each a single 


540 MR. C. J. GAHAN ON THE [ Dec. 4 


tooth at about the middle of their length; the head is strongly 
punctured above, excepting a smooth space posteriorly, the prothorax 
is rather strongly but somewhat sparsely punctured above, and its 
sides are somewhat rounded; the elytra have each about 5 or 6 
striz, but not more than 4 on each are apparent to the naked eye, 
and even these are not very distinct ; the whole surface of the elytra 
is closely enough punctured. 


LEPTAULAX, sp. 


This is probably a local variety of ZL. timoriensis, Perch. It 
differs from that species only, so far as I can find, in the almost 
entire absence of punctures from the sides of the pronotum. The 
punctures are restricted to two or three close to the anterior margin, 
and to a single or double row of small punctures along the lateral 
margin. The single shallow, rounded depression on each side to- 
wards the posterior angle bears in some specimens two or three 
punctures, in others it is quite plain. The labrum and the surface of 
the head present the same characters as in L. timoriensis ; the middle 
tooth on the margin of the clypeus is a little less distinct, otherwise 
the margin of the clypeus is similarly toothed. 


CERESIUM NIGRUM, 0D. sp. 


Nigrum, subnitidum, antennis, palpis pedibusque ferrugineo-tes- 
taceis ; prothorace in medio disci et lateribus sparse punctatis, 
his fulvo-maculatis ; scutello fulvo ; elytris punctatis, punctis 
evanescentibus versus medium. 

Long. 11-16 millim. 

Black and shiny, with scattered pale grey hairs on the middle 
of the thorax above and on the elytra. The underside of the hody 
and the legs with a faint greyish pubescence not thick enough to 
conceal the colour of the derm beneath. The fulvous spots form an 
irregular vitta on each side of the prothorax, similar in pattern to 
that on C. simplex, Gyllh. A feeble tubercle is to be found on each 
side close to the anterior margin of the thorax. The punctures on 
the basal half of the elytra are somewhat seriately arranged and are 
not very close. The last character essentially distinguishes the 
species from simplex, with which otherwise it seems to be closely 
allied. The colour of the derm is also very distinct. 


MonouaMMUS NATIVITATIS, 0. Sp. 

M. mixto, Hope, similis, sed differt apicibus elytrorum sinuato- 

truncatis nec spinosis. 

Long. 21 millim. 

The single male example of this species closely resembles small 
males of I. mixtus ; but differs in the absence of spines or teeth 
from the apices of the elytra, in the presence of some scattered 
punctures on the middle basal part of the front oft he head, and in 
the proportionately somewhat slenderer third, fourth, and fifth 
antennal joints. As in M. miztus, the cicatrice of the scape has an 
almost complete bordering rim, the front of the head is rather narrow, 


1888.] COLEOPTERA OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 541 


the prothorax is somewhat uneven and sparsely punctured on the 
disk, and the elytra are punctate and have a brownish-grey pubes- 
cence dotted with numerous glabrous spots. 


PRAONETHA PERPLEXA, 0. Sp. 


Pube brunneo-grisea tecta; prothorace punctato, elytris postice 
gradatim declivibus, dense punctatis, nec cristatis, singulo 
tenuiter bicarinato, apicibus subrotundatis. 

Long. 9-14 millim. 

Head covered with a brownish or fulvous-grey pubescence, which 
is distinctly fulvous on the cheeks and in spots on the front, especially 
near the base. The pubescence almost conceals the punctures, which 
are somewhat sparse on the front, cheeks, and vertex. Prothorax 
with a close brownish-grey pubescence, with its sides apparently 
feebly rugose, the punctures on the disk scarcely visible beneath the 
pubescence. 

The elytra are distinctly and rather strongly punctured, espe- 
cially towards the sides, and have a mixed pubescence of brownish 
grey, fulvous grey, and ashy grey on the anterior two thirds, and a 
fulvous-grey pubescence on the apical declivous portion. There is 
also a small distinctly fulvous spot on each side of the rather broad 
scutellum, the latter is brownish pubescent. The two ridges on each 
elytron begin at about a third of the length from the base, and end 
on the posterior declivous part at some distance from the apex, the 
outer ridge extending back a little farther than the inner. Just 
in front of the anterior termination of the inner ridge there is on 
the disk of each elytron a broad and somewhat rounded shallow de- 
pression, and in front of this again a broad and feebly raised hump, 
but no crest. 

The underside of the body is covered with a brownish or fulvous- 
grey pubescence, and each of the first four abdominal segments has 
a distinctly tawny fringe on the posterior margin. The legs have a 
somewhat mottled appearance, greyish sprinkled with dark brown. 

Antenne a little shorter than the body, with the basal joint dark 
brown and sparsely fulvous pubescent, the remaining joints fulvous 
grey, with their tips somewhat fuscous ; the fourth joint is about 
as long as the second and third together, the fifth about half as long 
as the fourth, the following joints gradually decreasing in length. 

The present species does not agree with any of the descriptions of 
the numerous species of the genus ; but as many of these descriptions 
are short and inadequate it is impossible to determine it with 


certainty. 


Micracantaa, sp. ? 

A single slightly rubbed specimen, belonging to a species appa- 
rently closely allied to, if not identical with, M. abdominalis, White. 
The latter is a widely distributed species; it ranges from N. Aus- 
tralia (Port Essington) to Sumatra, and one specimen in the British 
Museum Collection (the Coptops modica of Dejean’s Catalogue) is 
from the Philippine Islands. 

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. XX XVII. 37 


542 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE [ Dec. 4, 


9. On the Lepidoptera of Christmas Island. 
By A. G. Buri. 


[Received October 15, 1888.] 


The Lepidoptera obtained by Mr. Lister are represented by forty- 
five specimens referable to ten species: unfortunately some of these 
are more or less injured ; but, with one exception, all the species are 
perfect enough for identification and description: they are equally 
divided between the Rhopalocera and Heterocera, though the former 
are more numerous in individuals. 

The types are Indo-Malayan in character, but the species are 
hardly numerous enough to enable one to assert that the fauna more 
nearly approaches that of one island than another. 


RHOPALOCERA. 


NYMPHALIDA4. 
EurLa@iné. 
1. VADEBRA MACLEARI. 
Vadebra macleari, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 522, fig. 4. 
Sixteen male specimens obtained on the beach in Flying-Fish Cove 
and on the shore-reef, on October Ist and 3rd. 


In all probability the female is on the wing a week later than the 
male, and consequently was not seen. 


NYMPHALIN&. 
2. HyPOLIMNAS LISTERI, 0. sp. 


3. Rather smaller and with comparatively longer costa to the 
primaries than the male of H. alemene of Java; the fringes of the 
wings less prominently white; on the under surface the basal area 
of the primaries is bright orange tawny, there is an oblique abbre- 
viated white band beyond the cell as in ZZ. nerina of Queensland ; the 
fourth and fifth whitish spots of the externo-discal series are absent, 
the submarginal lunulated spots on all the wings and the discal series 
of bluish spots on the secondaries are much less prominent, and the 
white band connecting the costal and anal spots is almost entirely 
obliterated ; the apical area of the primaries and basal area of the 
secondaries are paler. Expanse of wings 75-87 millim. 

2 . Most like the female of D. nerina ; the abbreviated white band 
on the primaries being equally prominent and the tawny patch 
rather more so; the discal series, however, consists of a few minute 
bluish points; the secondaries show no trace of the large white 
patch of D, nerina, but occasionally there is a small central squa- 
mose blue spot on these wings; the submarginal and marginal blue 
Spots are present though indistinct. The under surface agrees with 
that of the male excepting that the orange basal area of the pri- 
maries is more extensive ; the externo-discal series of spots complete 


1888. | LEPIDOPTERA OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 543 


though composed of smaller spots than in HT. alemene ; the secon- 
daries paler, redder towards the outer border, and with larger white 
marginal and submarginal spots. Expanse of wings 92-99 millim. 

Three males and five females, obtained on the 3rd and 4th October. 
One of the specimens is labelled as having been taken at an elevation 
of ** 700 feet on yellow creepers of jungle ” and another “ caught east 
of Lunch tree, October 4, 1887.” 

The perfect constancy of this species interests me, inasmuch as I 
have recently been accused of making far too many species in this 
genus :— 

At a meeting of the Entomological Society of London (held Nov. 
4th, 1885) Mr. Gervase F. Mathew exhibited a number of specimens 
of this genus of Butterflies from Fiji and other islands of the Western 
Pacific, and stated that the males varied in no way whatever, but of 
the females, of which forty-eight were exhibited, scarcely two were 
alike ; he concluded therefore that several species described as new 
were referable to a single species, and assured the members present 
that from one brood he had bred individuals agreeing with varieties 
from the Gilbert, Ellice, and Marshall Islands, the New Hebrides, 
New Guinea, Tonga, Samoa, &e. Unfortunately the series exhibited 
to the meeting consisted of females from various localities, corre- 
sponding with the forms usually received from those localities, and 
therefore in no way supporting Mr. Mathew’s statement ; it would 
have been interesting if the polymorphic brood described by him 
could have been exhibited, but the series before the meeting rather 
tended to prove the constancy of the various island-forms than the 
reverse. 

In a paper read before the same Society on the 7th December, 
1887, and published in this year’s ‘Transactions,’ Mr. Mathew 
associates all the local forms under the name of Hypolimnas bolina' 
and observes :—‘ This butterfly is occasionally to be seen in the 
vicinity of Sydney, but I never met with it there myself. I have 
taken it at Brisbane, Cooktown, Claremont Islands, Thursday Island, 
Fiji, New Caledonia, Friendly Islands, New Hebrides, Rotumah 
Island, Solomon Islands, Gilbert Islands, Samoa, Pelew Islands, 
New Guinea, New Britain, and have received it from Norfolk Island.” 
He adds :—*“ On account of the extraordinary manner in which the 
females vary, it being extremely difficult to cbtain two exactly alike 
from the same brood of larve, a number of new species have been 
described, among which I may mention naresii, mosleyi, pallescens, 
pulchra, and montrouzieri of Butler, and otaheite, Felder.’ 

Ai a meeting of the same Society, held on the 4th April of the 
present year, Mr. Salvin exhibited about sixty specimens, no two of 
which were alike, of a species of Hypolimnas caught by Mr. Wood- 
ford near Suva, Viti Levu, Fiji, on one patch of Zinnias. This ex- 
hibition, though interesting, really added nothing to our knowledge 
of the genus, since the varieties shown were those connecting 
H. pallescens with an extremely dark representative of H. antigone, 
which in the Museum: collection have been associated since the year 


' H. bolina is an Indian type never yet received from the Australian Region. 
37* 


544 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE [Dec. 4, 


1884, when I published an account of a collection of Butterflies made 
by Mr. Woodford in the Fiji Islands. At p. 345 of the ‘Annals 
and Magazine of Natural History’ (5th series, vol. xiii.), under 
Hypolimnas pallescens, 1 state:—‘‘The series collected by Mr. 
Woodford shows a series of gradations, commencing with the ex- 
tremely pale form figured in Brenchley’s ‘ Voyage,’ through a series 
of gradually darkening forms near to H. antigone of Batavia, to a 
smoky brown form in which the markings, excepting the discal series 
of white spots on the primaries, are much obscured; the general 
character of H. pallescens, apart from the ground-tint, is never- 
theless retained throughout the series.” 

The fact that the males differ as well as the females has been 
overlooked, and this can only be accounted for on the supposition that 
Mr. Mathew did not examine the under surface of the wings, where 
in many nearly alllied species the best characters are frequently to 
be discovered ; as will be seen, he states that the males vary “in no 
way whatever,” whereas I have never found any difficulty in assigning 
the males to their proper females, by looking to the pattern and 
colouring of the under surface. 

That two or three forms, differing in both sexes and each showing 
some slight degree of variation, exist together in each locality is a 
truth which cannot be questioned, and that these two or three forms 
may be seasonal types of one species in each locality is possible ; but 
to associate thirty or forty distinct forms from an area extending 
from Northern India to Southern Australia (because some of the 
forms from neighbouring islands are nearly allied), as one extremely 
variable species, is at once to regard ‘‘genus” and “species” as 
synonymous terms. 

It is at any rate pretty clear that only one form, and that distinct 
from any of those previously received, occurs on Christmas Island. 


LYCHZNID4. 


LycHzNINZ&. 
3. NACADUBA ALUTA. 
Cupido aluta, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 349. n. 16, pl. 
32. fig. 8. 
Three male examples, taken in the bush, October Ist. This 
species was described from Bornean specimens : the Museum collec- 
tion contains a series from Malacca. 


PAPILIONIDS. 
PIERINZE. 

4. TERIAS AMPLEXA. 

Terias amplexa, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 523, fig. 5. 

$. Flying-Fish Cove, October Ist ; 3 ¢ ¢, west end of Christmas 
Island, October 3rd. 

The specimens correspond in every respect with the type previously 
received. 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 545 


5. TERIAS PATRUELIS. 

3. Terias patruelis, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xxii. 
p. 46, pl. iv. fig. 5. 

2. Slightly paler above than the male; the inner edges of the 
black-brown border of primaries slightly diffused ; expanse of wings 
38 millim. 

©. Christmas Island, October 1st. 

Dr. Anderson collected males on Elphinstone and Pataw Islands, 
Mergui Archipelago; the species, however, seems to be widely dis- 
tributed, as we have received it (only differing in being a little smaller) 
from Bombay and Mhow. 


HETEROCERA. 
LIPARIDA. 


6. PorTHESIA IRRORATA ? 


2. Euproctis irrorata, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. Comp. ii. p. 347 
(1858-9). 

3d. Christmas Island, 2nd October. 

Only one worn specimen was obtained ; it is probably the male 
of Moore’s species: the primaries are irrorated beyond the middle 
with brown (not with black) scales. For a Porthesia it has unusually 
large antenne and rather more prominent eyes. 


HERMINIID4. 

7. HyDRILLODES, sp. n. 

Probably a new species, with palpi as in H. gravatalis (Bocana 
gravatalis, Walk.) of Borneo; the example is very badly rubbed, but 
enough colour remains to show that the basai half of the secondaries 
below is ochreous, that these wings also have only one band across 
the disk, and that all the wings have a blackish discccellular spot. 

No exact locality given. 


EupDRAGANA, gen. nov. 


Nearer to Dragana than to anything known to me; but differing 
in its narrower smoother palpi, which are directed obliquely upward 
and have a pointed terminal joint ; the thorax flatter ; the head not 
crested in front, the antennze longer; neuration similar. 


8. EupRAGANA LIMBATA, sp. n. 


Q. General coloration of Dragana pansalis, rather less ochraceous ; 
primaries whity brown, slightly inclining to yellowish, with an in- 
ternally irregularly trisinuated greyish external border edged with 
black ; a marginal series of black dots; orbicular spot punctiform, 
black, interrupting a zigzag grey line which limits the basal area ; 
reniform spot represented by a black annulus, interrupting a central 
zigzag band formed by two approximated greyish stripes; fringe 
shining whity brown ; secondaries shining pale whity brown, with 
a broad internally diffused grey outer border ; fringe yellowish as in 


546 MR. W. F. KIRBY ON THE [ Dec. 4, 


the primaries: body whity brown, slightly yellowish; palpi except- 
ing the terminal joint dark grey at the sides; under surface pale 
whity brown ; the wings slightly suffused with grey. LExpanse of 
wings 24 millim. 

No exact locality given. 

It is unfortunate that the male was not obtained; for, although 
no genus corresponding with this moth appears to have been described 
either as a Noctuid or a Deltoid, the characters of the male would 
indicate the affinities of the genus with greater certainty than those 
of the female. 

PYRALIDZ. 

9. PyRALIS LISTERI, sp. 0. 

Allied to P. gerontesalis of Ceylon, but decidedly smaller, the outer 
black-edged white line of the primaries much less irregular and 
considerably nearer to the outer margin, and those of the secondaries 
ill-defined and partly obsolete. Expanse of wings 13 millim, 

Seven examples, five of which, however, are rubbed clear of scales ; 
without exact locality. 

BoaRMIID2#. 

10. BoaRMIA COMPACTARIA. 

Boarmia compactaria, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. xxvi. p. 1538 
(1862). 

Evidently a variable species; three males were obtained, one on 
a tree-trunk in Flying-Fish Cove on September 30th, the others on 
the 3rd and 4th October. 

The type of B. compactaria was received from Penang. 


10. On the Insects (exclusive of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera) 
of Christmas Island. By W. F. Kirsy, Assistant in 
the Zoological Department, British Museum. 


[Received October 15, 1888.] 


Tt is unnecessary for me to preface my paper with remarks on the 
general affinities of the insects collected by Mr. Lister. Most of 
the species that he obtained prove to be new, and the greater part 
even of these exhibit no very great affinity to any already con- 
tained in the British Museum. A few species obtained (chiefly 
small Orthoptera, several of which are immature) are not noticed, 
as He do not yet possess enough material for descriptions to be 
useful. 


ORTHOPTERA. 
ForFICULIDE. 
LABIDURA NIGRICORNIS, sp. n. 


Long. corp. 18-20 millim. 
Black ; head smooth, not much raised, broad behind, and narrowed 


1888.] INSECTS OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND, 547 


and produced in front; lower mouth-paits sometimes testaceous ; 
anternee 17-jointed, sometimes inclining to pitchy beneath, but with 
none of the joints white or yellow; pronotum smooth in front 
and very finely reticulate behind, nearly quadrate, the hinder edge 
rounded ; a central groove on the front half, on each side of which is 
a slight elevation ; tegmina nearly smooth, broader than the thorax, 
and 14 times as long as broad ;_ projecting portion of the wings rather 
narrow, sparingly punctate, about 4 as long as the tegmina, and 
very slightly tipped with pale testaceous ; femora slightly thickened ; 
tarsi, and sometimes the extreme tips of the tibize, ferruginous ; 
abdomen thickly and finely punctured, the hinder margins of the 
segments appearing as if milled. Under surface more inclining to 
pitchy. Forceps nearly as long as the abdomen, moderately broad, 
more or less punctured, and incurved at the extremity; in the male 
with a tooth at the base, and another, preceded by two or three 
small denticulations, at two thirds of the length. 

Several specimens obtained (October 3, 1887). This appears to 
be the common Earwig of the island ; it has considerable external 
resemblance to Chelisoches morio, Fabr., from which the structure 
of its legs and its unicolorous antennz will at once distinguish it. 


BuatTrip&. 
Buatra LtivipA, Fabr. 


Blatta livida, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. p. 10. n. 23 (1793). 
A cosmopolitan species. No record attached to the specimen. 


PANESTHIA JAVANICA, Serv. 
Panesthia javanica, Serv. Ann. Sci. Nat. xxii. p. 38 (1831). 
«‘ These insects abound under rotten wood and in large holes in it, 


which they seem to make. In various stages of development. West 
End, Christmas Island, October 1, 4, 5, 1887.” 


PHASMID. 


CLITUMNUS STILPNOIDES, sp. 0. 

Long. corp. 100 millim. 

Male. Uniform brown ; head and pronotum somewhat more grey ; 
antennze about two thirds as long as the mesonotum ; pronotum 
hardly longer than the head; mesonotum one fourth longer than 
the metanotum ; two small horns between the eyes; legs long, 
slender, unarmed, clothed with very fine oblique bristles; outer anal 
appendages longer and less incurved than in C. stilpnus. 

Taken October 6, 1887. Also two immature specimens, appa- 
rently belonging to the same species. Closely allied to C. sti/puus, 
Westw. 

GRYLLID. 

PHISIS LISTERI, Sp. 0. 

Long. corp. 15 millim. 

Male. Pale green; head and pronotum darker, with two conspi- 
cuous yellow lines, slightly convergent, running from the back of the 


548 MR. W. F. KIRBY ON THE [ Dec. 4, 


eyes to the base of the pronotum; suture of the tegmina yellowish’ 
and the antennee, legs, and under surface of body likewise inclining 
to yellow; four front femora and tibiee armed with long slender 
spines ; bind femora considerably thickened before the middle; hind 
femora and tibize with very numerous short spines. 

Three specimens, two immature. The adult specimen above 
described shows only three spines on the intermediate femora ; but 
one of the others has four, showing that this is not a constant 
character. 

One of the immature specimens bears a label ‘‘ Christmas Island, 
October 3. Colour grass-green.”” The colour is now much varied 
with yellow. 

Allied to P. pectinata, Guér., but considerably smaller than any 
of our specimens of that species. 


PHYLLOPTERIDE. 

GRYLLACRIS RUFOVARIA. 

Long. corp. 32 millim.; ovipositor 2 12 millim.; exp. al. 65 
millim.; long. antennarum cirea 110 millim. 

Yellowish brown ; the head, especially the face, red ; the vertex, 
the neighbourhood of the eyes and of the antennz, the space between 
the latter, the lower mouth-parts, and the palpi more or less varied 
with yellowish; prothorax and sides of abdomen beneath varied 
with red; spines of the hind legs tipped with black; tegmina 
yellowish, with yellowish veins. Wings ample, pale grey; the longi- 
tudinal nervures yellowish brown; the cross-nervures blackish, 
bordered with dusky on each side, except the two or three outer 
rows, the outermost of all being varied with yellowish. 

Moderately stout, smooth and shining; face with a few shallow 
punctures; head and thorax of equal breadth; antennee, legs, and 
anal appendages (except ovipositor) sparingly clothed with fine short 
woolly hairs; hind femora with from nine to eleven short spines, 
hardly arranged in pairs, on each side; hind tibize with six irregular 
pairs, without counting the apical ones. In the male the last seg- 
ment of the abdomen terminates in two short stout conical pro- 
jections ; the upper anal appendages are long, tapering, divergent 
in the middle, and slightly incurved at the tips; the lower appen- 
dages are only half the length of the upper ones, and are simply 
divergent. In the female the upper appendages are stouter at the 
base and more incurved at the tips than in the male, but are of 
nearly equal length. 

Belongs to the same group as Gryllacris tessellata, Drury, but 
readily distinguished by the total absence of black markings on the 
head and thorax, and by the colour of the tegmina and wings. It 
is probably more closely allied to G. variabilis, Brunner (Verh. 
zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxviil. p. 353, f. 40), than to any other 
described species. 

Appears to be a common species on Christmas Island, as one male 
and four females were obtained. 

Taken on leaves ou a tall tree-top, October 9. 


1888. | INSECTS OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 549 


Locustipz&. 
PriMniA (?) ORIENTALIS. 


Exp. al. 44 millim.; long. corp. 26 millim. 

Grass-green ; antennz about twice as long as the head and prono- 
tum, yellowish (faded?), the tips brownish; tips of mandibles and palpi 
dark green ; vertex with four dusky lines approximating in front, 
the inner ones much nearer together than the space between these 
and the others ; the transverse greoves on the pronotum black, the 
first shorter than the others, and ending in a dusky spot on each 
side, behind which is another dusky spot (between the second and 
third grooves); the second groove is angulated forwards at its extre- 
mities, ending in blackish spots; before the first groove runs a 
transverse reddish line, only distinct on the sides. Abdomen blackish 
above, green on the sides and beneath; a large dark green spot 
beneath, towards the extremity of the 8th segment. Elytra green, 
with many of the longitudinal nervures yellowish; the intermediate 
spaces inclining to hyaline beyond the middle. Wings smoky hyaline, 
with brown nervures ; costal nervure yellow, and the nervures at the 
base and along the inner margin grass-green. Spines short, tipped 
with black, as well as the claws. 

I refer this insect to Primnia, Stal (the type of which is from St. 
Helena), with some doubt. 

‘* Flew into light in tent, October 9th.” 


CyRTACANTHACRIS FUSILINEA, Walk. (?). 


Cyrtacanthacris fusilinea, Walk. Cat. Derm. Salt. iii. p. 564. 
n. 30 (1870). 

I am not quite certain that the specimen from Christmas Island 
is identical with Walker’s species from Ceylon; but it closely 
approaches it, and as there is only a single specimen from the 
former locality, and that not in very good preservation, I have been 
unwilling to describe it as new. 


CyRTACANTHACRIS DISPARILIS, Sp. nl. 


Exp. al. 3 90 lin., 2 115 lin.; long. corp. ¢ 54 lin., 2 80 lin. 


Male. Head and body yellow, inclining to reddish above; antennee 
with the first two joints yellow, the remainder black above, beneath 
pitchy or yellowish ; tegmina longer than the abdomen, yellow; the 
longitudinal veins darker; towards the tip the membrane becomes 
nearly hyaline, and many of the nervures are brown. Wings smoky 
hyaline, the nervures towards the base and costa yellow, the 
remainder brown; the nervures immediately at the base incline to 
reddish. Legs yellow, darker above ; tarsi inclining to reddish; the 
joints sometimes marked with green; claws black at the tips; hind 
femora with three carine above, with short and distant serrations ; 
these and the lower lateral carina are irregularly marked with black ; 
the intermediate space above is slightly reddish, more so at two 
points than in others, which gives the appearance of two interrupted 
bands. Sutures of the knee-joint black. Hind tibie with a green 


550 MR. W. F. KIRBY ON TUE [Dec. 4, 


spot at the base above, otherwise dull-green; the under surface 
yellow. Spines yellow, tipped with black ; hind tarsi yellowish or 
reddish. ; 

Female. Reddish brown, inclining to black on the upper part of 
the head and thorax ; antennz black (including the two basal joints), 
and pitchy towards the extremity; face reddish. The frontal 
concavity is black on the sides, but is filled up with yellow, which 
forms the front of a broad yellow stripe which runs to the extremity 
of the prothorax, of which the borders, and especially the lower 
hinder angles, are more or less yellow; the borders of this streak 
above, the facial carinze, and a stripe under each eye are darker 
than the surrounding parts. Four front legs dirty green, varied 
with yellow; the arolia reddish ; middle femora with a double row 
of yellow spots on the outside. Hind femora brown above and 
reddish beneath, with two blackish transverse bands above; the 
space between the lateral carinz with oblique or oval whitish or pale 
yellow marks, and a continuous yellow stripe on the under surface. 
Hind tibize black above, with a yellow spot at the base, and brownish 
yellow beneath; spines yellow, tipped with black. Hind tarsi 
reddish, with a black carina above; tegmina brown, the interspaces 
more hyaline towards the tips. Wings as in the male. 

Allied to C. melanocerus, Serv. (nigricorne, Burm.), from Java 
and Malacca. 

I should not have ventured to place these insects together but for 
a memorandum which accompanied them, stating that they were 
found in coité by Lieut. Richardson near the shore of Christmas 
Island on October 1, 1887. Another specimen of the male was met 
with on October 2 at Flying-Fish Cove. 


EPACROMIA RUFOSTRIATA, sp. 0. 


Exp. al. ¢ 43 lin., 2 40 lin.; long. corp. ¢ 20 lin., 2 22 lin. 

Male. Testaceous, speckled with reddish and black; a small 
black spot beneath each eye; a black stripe (bordered above by 
a pale line and suffused below) runs behind each eye to the extremity 
of the pronotum ; it is intersected at the third groove of the pro- 
notum by the pale line which runs below instead of above the hinder 
part of the black stripe, which is conical and more sharply defined 
than the rest ; hind femora on the inside black for half their length, 
followed by a long black spot; the inside sutures of the knees are 
also black ; hind tibize beneath black at the base and for the last 
three quarters of their length ; spines whitish, tipped with black. 
Tegula testaceous, subhyaline beyond the middle, with reddish ner- 
vures ; the basal half of the principal nervure black ; wings clear 
hyaline, with pale neryures; several of the longitudinal nervures 
before the middle of the wing black for at least part of their length. 

Female similar to the male, but much redder, and hardly speckled ; 
edges of the frontal concavity blackish, and from this run two 
slightly diverging blackish lines between the eyes and as far as the 
occiput. Markings of the head and pronotum nearly as in the 
male ; sides of pronotum varied with yellowish. Hind femora red 


1888. ] INSECTS OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 551 


(very bright red beneath), and marked as in the male; hind tibie 
black at the base on the inside and beneath; the basal third other- 
wise yellow, the middle third black, and the apical third red. Spines 
white, tipped with black ; extreme tip of hind tibice, ineluding the 
base of the terminal spines, and hind tarsi, yellow. Tegule and 
wings nearly as in the male; but the tegule, and especially most of 
the longitudinal nervures, darker ; many of the cross nervules, a short 
stripe before the middle above the principal nervure, and most of the 
nervures on the inner marginal region are red. 

In both sexes the costa is moderately arched at one fourth of its 
length. 

Not very closely related to any species previously represented in 
the British Museum. 

Captured October 1. 


HYMENOPTERA. 
P ForMICID&. 
CAMPONOTUS MELICHLOROS, sp. 2. 


Long. corp. 7-8 lin. 

Worker. Structure nearly of C. ligniperda. Thoracic sutures 
fairly well defined ; node of petiole forming a rounded plate. Smooth 
and shining, sparingly clothed with erect white hairs; thorax honey- 
yellow; head and tarsi reddish; flagellum paler; abdomen black, 
with pale sutures ; eyes and extreme tips of mandibles black, the 
latter sexdentate. 

The following label was attached to the bottle :—‘‘ Two forms from 
same nest in rotten wood. Flying-Pish Cove, October 2.” The 
specimens differ little, except that some are rather smaller and paler 
than others, and with conspicuously smaller head. 


PONERID. 
LoBOPELTA DIMINUTA. 


Ponera diminuta, Smith, Cat. Hym. B.M. vi. p. 89. n. 23 (1850). 
Four workers from a nest; found near the summit of Christmas 
Island, October 4. Originally described from Sarawak. 


EUMENID. 
ODYNERUS POLYPHEMUS, sp. 0. 


Long. corp. 10 millim.; exp. al. 17 millim. 

Black, thickly and closely punctured ; head with a yellow spot 
between the antennz ; the orbits opposite the antennz very narrowly 
edged with yellow; a yellow streak on each side of the base of the 
clypeus, just below the antenne, and a yellow streak behind each 
eye, above the middle. Prothorax edged in front with a broad 
yellow stripe, tapering and interrupted in the middle, and cut 
squarely off on each side. Tegule pitchy, with a very small yellow 
dot in the middle, a triangular yellow spot above, and another, sub- 
rotund, on the mesopleura. Scutellum with a broad longitudinal 


552 MR. W. F. KIRBY ON THE [ Dec. 4, 


yellow stripe on each side ; postscutellum yellow; metathorax with 
a broad curved yellow stripe on each side. Abdomen with the first 
segment yellow above, except in front, a black line interrupted 
behind on the median line above; second segment yellow above 
except at the base, and on a wide conical space which extends to 
three quarters of its length; on the hinder edge of the segment the 
yellow colour is continued on the lower surface, but does not form 
a complete ring, being widely interrupted in the middle; the third 
segment bordered with yellow behind on the upper surface. Wings 
dirty hyaline, smoky along the costa and in the radial cell. 

Allied to O. confluentus, Smith, from Sumatra, but differing much 
in colour from any described species. 

No particulars of capture. 


VESPIDE. 
PoLiIsTES BALDER, sp. 1. 


Exp. al. 28 millim.; long. corp. 13 millim. 

Ochreous yellow, with linear black markings. Head with a black 
line just above the antenne, the ends of which run upwards on each 
side and slightly diverge; below the antenne the clypeal suture is 
black, and this curve is sometimes connected with the upper one by 
a black line on each side within the antennz ; a black line crosses 
the head just behind the ocelli, over which extends a continuous 
black spot; the tips of the mandibles are also black, as well as the 
basal parts of the head and prothorax. Thorax with all the sutures 
more or less black, sometimes not continuously ; the central black 
line is frequently incomplete behind. Pectus and pleura black, the 
latter marked with four or five large and small yellow spots. Scu- 
tellum, postscutellum, and metathorax yellow; the sutures rather 
broadly black; groove of the metathorax black. Legs almost 
entirely yellow or reddish yellow ; the trochanters and the extreme 
tips of the coxee and bases of the femora black. Abdomen inclining 
to reddish yellow, but with no distinct markings, except a black 
spot above at the base of the Ist segment and the suture between 
the Ist and 2nd segments, which is generally black. Wings smoky 
hyaline, with brown nervures; costal nervure and costal region 
yellowish. 

Allied to P. hebreus, but smaller and differently coloured. The 
first segment of the abdomen, too, appears to be a little longer and 
more gradually widened. 

Two nests accompanied these Wasps. They are round, and the 
smaller one is considerably raised in the middle. The upper surface 
is grey; the outer portion is inky black towards the base, and 
whitish on the sides above. 

One of the Wasps was taken on October 1 at Flying-Fish Cove ; 
a nest, with eggs, larvae, and cocoons, was found on the underside 
of a branch at the same place on October 2; and another nest, with 
Wasps flying round it, on October 5. 


1888. ] INSECTS OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 553 


HEMIPTERA. 
LyG2Ip&. 
LyGUS SUBRUFESCENS, Sp. 0. 


Long. corp. 11-13 millim. 

Pitchy brown above ; the head, pronotum, and base of the elytra 
bordered with dull red; the ocelli and the space between each eye 
brighter red ; autennee and legs pitchy brown above and below; head 
and body dull red beneath (in the female the abdomen is shaded 
with brown on the sides and towards the extremity, and the legs are 
of a redder brown beneath than above). Proboscis pitchy, extending 
to the middle of the third segment of the abdomen. 

Allied to Z. longiusculus, Walk., from Celebes. 

The female was taken at Flying-Fish Cove on October 2. 


HOMOPTERA. 
CIcADID. 
OXxyYPLEURA CALYPSO, sp. n. 


Male. Black, with testaceous markings. Head black; front of 
vertex with a wide testaceous stripe on each side, extending from the 
inside of the eye to the striated portion of the face. Longitudinal 
suleation broad, rather deep, black, surmounted by a trapeziform 
ochreous spot; the transverse striations, except the upper ones, are 
marked with ochreous, ending in a continuous ochreous stripe, not 
striated, on each side of the extremity of the longitudinal sulcation. 
Sides of face clothed with thick yellowish-grey hair; labrum with a 
longitudinal testaceous stripe, expanded above and below; proboscis 
testaceous, black towards the extremity, and reaching as far as the 
hinder trochanters; antennze black. Pronotum testaceous, entirely 
so behind ; a dumbbell-shaped black mark in front of this, extending 
to the front edge, and the central sutures blackish ; sides not greatly 
expanded, with irregular black markings, and clothed with grey hair ; 
mesonotum black, with two short thick tawny stripes on each side, 
not reaching the front edge, and a spear-headed tawny mark, filled 
with black in the middle, directed forwards; scutellum with the 
hinder half and lateral ridges testaceous. Abdomen black; sutures 
narrowly edged with testaceous, especially on the sides; segment 7 
with two testaceons dots in the middle and a larger spot on each 
side. Sternum mostly black, clothed with greyish hair; legs testa- 
ceous ; coxe, four front femora, and tarsi streaked with black above ; 
opercula testaceous, extending nearly to the end of the first segment 
of the abdomen. Abdomen beneath testaceous ; basal segment entirely 
black, the following segments triangularly blackish on each side at 
the base, the last two lateral lobes spotted with black. Tegulee and 
wings hyaline, with brown nervures ; costal nervures and inner mar- 
ginal nervures testaceous. 

Allied to 0. bufo and O. polita, Walk., but differently marked. 

An extremely hairy pupa, marked “ Dug up, earth, October 8,” 


554 MR. W. F. KIRBY ON THE [Dee. 4, 


accompanied the specimen, besides an empty pupa-skin, both pro- 
bably belonging to the same species. 


FULGORID. 

RICANIA FLAVICOSTALIS, Sp. n. 

Exp. al. 20 millim.; long. corp. 7 millim. 

Male. Head yellow, with four keels; vertex depressed, brown, 
except at the sides and on the median line; front quadricarinate, the 
angles of the outer carinz very prominent, the middle ones hardly 
projecting on the frontal edge; all the carine black, and with a short 
dark line on the clypeus between them, the middle ones rather wide 
apart, and meeting in a point at the extremity of the clypeus. 
Thorax and abdomen blackish brown above, the thorax tricarinate, 
varied with ferruginous on the sides and along the ‘outer edges of the 
two outer carine; abdomen with the second segment greenish, and 
the base of the three following segments ferruginous. Under surface 
of the body and legs yellowish ; the four front tibize brownish above ; 
abdominal segments edged behind with a green line; the last two 
segments reddish brown. Wings hyaline; fore wings with the 
costal space yellow as far as the black stigma, beyond which is a 
hyaline space; hind margin broadly purplish brown, intersected by 
a curved line nearly parallel to the hind margin; within the middle 
of this runs a narrow vitreous stripe covering the outer half of seven 
cells; one or two very irregular series of transverse cells beyoud the 
middle of the wing, not even uniform on both sides; inner marginal 
region tinged with yellow, but less strongly than the costa; costal 
cross-nervures not forked, but most of the apical nervures beyond the 
stigma and on the hind margin are forked. Hind wings hyaline, 
brown along the hind margin, the first six or seven marginal nervures 
from the tip furcate or bifurcate. 

The neuration of this and the two following species somewhat 
resembles that of R. panorpeformis, Spin. No dates of capture are 
attached to any of the specimens. 


RICANIA AFFINIS, Sp. n. 

Exp. al. 22 lin. ; long. corp. 9 lin. 

Male. Very similar to the last species, but darker above, the 
brown bands on the clypeus beyond the inner carinze darker; under 
surface of body yellow, with irregular black markings beneath the 
wings, and a large spot on the pectus between the first two pairs of 
legs; abdomen not banded with green above, but with a row of 
yellow spots on the sides. Wings hyaline, not tinged with yellow on 
the costa or inner margin, but with a yellow spot on the costa (like- 
wise edged with black within) before the black stigma; below the 
stigma are some small brown blotches along the line of the inner row 
of transverse cells ; there are also two small brown spots nearer the 
base on the lower half of the wing; hind margin brown for about 
one sixth of the width of the wing, and marked with two irregular 
hyaline spaces, each covering several cells ; close to the hind margin 
runs an interrupted row of small hyaline dots. Hind wings hyaline, 


1888. ] INSECTS OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 555 


edged with brown, except towards the anal angle. Neuration nearly 
as in the last species, but the outer row of transverse cells less 
numerous. 


RICANIA HYALINA, Sp. N. 


Exp. al. 15 willim.; long. corp. 5 millim. 

Male. Head yellowish ; the carinz black, the clypeus marked with 
brown lines between them; the middle carinz not projecting on the 
vertex, which is deeply and triangularly depressed in the middle ; 
thorax reddish above, the middle carinz yellow; abdomen brown 
above, the sides marked with yellow, and the segments bordered 
with green behind. Under surface of the body yellow, the femora, 
the extremities of the first five segments of the abdomen, and a large 
spot at each side at its extremity green; the base of the first five 
abdominal segments rich cream-colour. 

Allied to 2. pellucida, Spin., and R. panorpeformis, Germ. 


DIPTERA. 


ASILID. 

LAPHRIA NIGROCERULEA, Sp. 0. 

Exp. al. 28 lin. ; long. corp. 14 lin. 

Head black ; the hairs on each side in front within the eyes silvery 
white; beard and proboscis black; hairs at the back of the eyes 
slightly greyish. Thorax above inky black, hardly shining; the 
front, sides, and sutures clothed with white hair, inclining to silvery. 
Legs inky black, more shining than the thorax, clothed with white 
hair; pulvilli brown. Abdomen deep purple, shading into green at 
the extreme ends of the segments, and with three spots formed of 
white hairs on each side of the first three incisions. The first seg- 
ment of the abdomen is slightly expanded; the remainder are of 
nearly equal width to the extremity, the last segment being slightly 
narrowed and subtruncated. Wings hyaline brown, with a very 
slight purplish iridescence, and, towards the base, more transparent ; 
halteres of a conspicuous orange-brown. 

Allied to LZ. aurifacies, Walk., from Borneo, and to several other 
species from the Malay Archipelago. 


Muscip&. 

STILBOMYIA JUCUNDA, Sp. n. 

Long. corp. 73-10 lin. 

Head black; middle of face, antenne, &c. hoary or lead-colour ; 
sides white ; mouth-parts reddish; hinder orbits narrowly white. 
Thorax and abdomen green, strongly punctured; front of prothorax 
edged with hoary ; abdominal segments narrowly edged behind with 
blue-black; thorax beneath, in the middle and hinder portion, as 
well as the legs, black; sides of front part of thorax green; wings 
hyaline (?) (discoloured in all the specimens) ; halteres white ; spines 
on the body and legs black. 

Several specimens, without date of capture. 

Allied to S. decrescens, Walk., from Morty Island. 


556 MR. R. I. POCOCK ON THE ARACHNIDA, [Dec. 4, 


11. On the Arachnida, Myriopoda, and Land-Crustacea of 
Christmas Island. By R. I. Pocock, Assistant Nat. 
Hist. Museum. 


[Received October 15, 1888.] 


Although not extensive in numbers either of species or indi- 
viduals, Mr. Lister’s collection of the above-mentioned groups of 
animals presents some features of no little interest. No Chilopod 
has ere this been recorded from the island, and amongst the speci- 
mens obtained are examples of two species of Cryptops, a genus which 
has never before been reported from any part of the Oriental Region. 
As might have been expected, one of these is new; while, curiously 
enough, the other is inseparable from the common C. hortensis 
(Leach), which is tolerably abundant in the neighbourhood of 
London. 

Such wide-spread and well-known Chilopoda as Scolopendra 
morsitans (Linn.) and S. subspinipes (Leach) are conspicuous for 
their absence. The two species of Diplopoda taken are new ; one, in 
addition, constituting a new genus; but this fact, considering the 
scantiness of our knowledge of the Diplopod fauna of the neigh- 
bouring lands, is not surprising. With the exception of one world- 
wide form the Arachnida belong to species that have been described 
only from Australia; and it may perhaps be worth while in this 
connection to call attention to the fact that Capt. Maclear brought 
back in 1887 one specimen of Liocheles australasie (Fabr.), a 
Scorpion that ranges from the Corea to the Fijis (see Proc. Zool. 
Soc. 1887, p. 520). One species of a land-crab was taken. This, 
in addition to its being a new species, is of interest inasmuch as it 
renders justifiable the view that the genus Limnocarcinus (De Man) 
should be regarded as a synonym of Hyl@ocarcinus (Wood-Mason). 


CHILOPODA. 


ScOLOPENDRIDE. 
CryYPToPsS HORTENSIS (Leach). 


For synonyms and an excellent description of this well-known 
European species and for references to the literature which treats of 
it, see Latzel, ‘Die Myriopoden der Oster.~Ungar.-Monarchie,’ i. 
p- 153 (Alfred Holder, Vienna, 1880). 

One specimen under a stone in Flying-Fish Cove. Although I 
have subjected this specimen to a most careful examination, I can 
find no reasonable grounds for separating it from the common 
European form. 


Cryprops INERMIPES, Sp. nl. 


Colour ochraceous, cephalic and anal segments darker. Antenne 
long, slender, imperfect, being composed of but sixteen segments ; 
segments cylindrical, the proximal short and thick, and sparsely 


1888. | MYRIOPODA, ETC. OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 557 


hirsute, the distal much more slender and densely pubescent. Head- 
plate cordate, hirsute, without sulci; basal plate not visible. Mazil- 
lary sternite wide, simple, with toothless but bristly anterior margin ; 
maxillary feet bristly, inner margin not furnished with teeth; claw 
long and gently curved. 

Tergites scantily hairy and sparsely punctured; first without 
sulci and slightly overlapping the head-plate in front; second with 
two shallow sulci; the rest, with the exception of the last, bearing four 
sulci, two median, parallel, complete, and on each side one which, 
starting anteriorly near the median sulcus of its side, curves out- 
wards and terminates on the surface of the tergite in the anterior 
region of the body, but reaches, or nearly reaches, the hinder margin 
of the plate in the posterior region of the body ; lateral margins not 


Fig. i. 


Cryptops inermipes. 


raised. Sternites: each, the first excepted, furnished with a median 
longitudinal sulcus, and most of them with a median transverse 
sulcus, which cutting the other at right angles makes the form of a 
cross. The distinctness of this latter suleus is variable, and it 
almost disappears in the posterior region of the body. Anal segment : 
tergite with parallel lateral margins and angularly produced poste- 
rior margin ; anterior portion of pleurite furnished with large, not 
close-set pores ; posterior portion without pores; posterior margins 
slightly convex and bristly, obtuse below; sternite with a median 
anterior abbreviated sulcus, slightly curved lateral margins and 
convex posterior margin. Legs (all that remain) remarkably hirsute, 
but none of the segments spiny or denticulated. 

Length about 27, of antennee 53 millim. 

One specimen beneath a stone in Flying-Fish Cove. 


Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. XXXVIII. 38 


558 MR. R. I. POCOCK ON THE ARACHNIDA, [ Dee. 4, 


This species may be recognized inter alia by its cylindrical an- 
tennal segments, and by the absence of denticles upon the under 
surface of the tibial and proximal tarsal segments of the anal legs. 


GEOPHILIDA. 
MECISTOCEPHALUS CASTANEICEPS (Haase). 


Mecistocephalus castaneiceps, Haase, Die Indisch-Australischen 
Myriopoden, pt. i. Chilopoden, p. 102, pl. vi. fig. 109. 

Six specimens were taken under stones in Flying-Fish Cove. 

This species bas hitherto only been recorded from Pulo Edam, an 
island on the north coast of Java. 


DIPLOPODA. 


POLYDESMID&. 
CYLINDRODESMUS, gen. nov. 

Genus generi Strongylosoma affine ; eo discrepans quod foramina 
repugnatoria, absentibus carinis lateralibus, in segmentorum 
superficie situm habent ; labro ad speciem ferme quadrate 
lamine ex anteriore capitis margine prominentis conformato. 

For other characters see under the specific diagnosis. 


CYLINDRODESMUS HIRSUTUS, sp. n. (Fig. 2, p. 559.) 


Colour ochraceous or testaceous. Head-plate remarkably convex 
in its upper portion and cleft by a longitudinal median sulcus, which 
terminates before reaching the interantennal space. This space 
very narrow. Externally to the point of insertion of each antenna 
the head-plate is somewhat deeply excavated, to form a groove, which 
is bounded on the inner side just above the proximal joint of the 
antenna by a rounded prominence, and on the outer side by a con- 
spicuous ridge which, sharply defined above, merges insensibly with 
the rest of the head-plate below, and is continuous with the external 
margin. Beneath the interantennal space the head-plate presents 
a shallow transverse constriction. The labrum is remarkably promi- 
nent and projects as a somewhat quadrate prolongation from the 
lower portion of the head-plate, its lateral margins cutting the lateral 
margins of the head-plate at about an angle of 135°. Its anterior 
margin is almost straight and feebly toothed in the middle, and its 
antero-lateral angles rounded. Head-piate thickly clothed with 
short hairs and closely but obscurely punctured. 

Antenne short and hairy; segments 2, 3, 4, 5, proximally nar- 
rowed, about equal in length and somewhat cup-shaped; sixth 
sezment much larger and more cylindrical than those that precede 
it ; seventh segment cylindrical, small, but conspicuous. 

Tergites not shining, dull, rugulose, thickly clothed with short 
hairs and sparsely with longer hairs: first with simple margins 
and rounded lateral angles ; second widened inferiorly on each side ; 
hinder half of each of the other somites above evenly arched from 


1388.] MYRIOPODA, ETC. OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 559 


side to side; the inferior surface less arched, with its plane meeting 
the plane of the lateral surface almost at right angles. On the 
under surface, near the point of junction of the two surfaces, there is 
a shallow constriction which gives each somite the appearance of 
being furnished below on each side with a rounded keel-like promi- 
nence. These prominences form a continuous series extending from 
the lateral margin of the first tergite to the posterior end of the body, 
a series which corresponds with the series of inferior keels found in 
some (? all) species of Strongylosoma. 

Foramina repugnatoria small, circular, with slightly raised mar- 
gins, situated in the middle of the sides of the same somites, as in 
Strongylosoma, but not supported upon even a trace of a keel ; those 
in the anterior region of the body situated in the anterior portion of 


Cylindrodesmus hirsutus. 


the posterior half of each somite, those in the posterior region of the 
body in the posterior portion of the posterior half of each somite. 
Anal tergite produced behind into a short rounded prominence which 
slightly overlaps the anal valves; margins of valves not raised ; 
subanal plate somewhat quadrate, with slightly concave and con- 
verging lateral margins, and slightly concave posterior margin, at 
each end of which is a prominent tooth. 

Legs hairy. Copulatory foot of the male consisting of two 
segments; proximal segment, half of which is inside the body, 
slender and cylindrical above, stout below, and membranous on the 
inner surface, where it comes into contact with its fellow on the 
opposite side ; from its distal extremity on the inner surface springs, 
at right angles to it, the distal segment, which projects forwards 
parallel to the long axis of the body ; this segment has the form of 
a slightly waving rod which is sharply upturned foqan the distal 


’ 


560 MR. R. I. POCOCK ON THE ARACHNIDA, [Dec. 4, 


extremity, where it is bifid; proximally it is furnished with a few 
longer and shorter hairs. 

Total length about 7 millim. 

Five males and six females were taken under stones in Flying- 
Fish Cove. 


JULIDZ. 


Sprrosrreptus (NoporyGe) EXOCE@TI, sp. n. 


Species belonging to the immucronate homomorphous group. 

Number of somites 54 or 55. Total length about 22 millim. 

Head-plate convex from above downwards and from side to side, 
marked above with a short median sulcus; eyes small, consisting of 
about sixteen or seventeen ocelli; front sparsely punctured and 
hirsute ; labial margin slightly concave and furnished with five 
small teeth. 

Somites. Anterior and posterior margins of the first tergite 
converging gradually and meeting at an angle of about 50°; apex 
of angle rounded, with raised margin; antero-lateral margin as far 
as the region of the eyes raised; running from the anterior margin 
of the tergite, from a point on a level with the ocular area back- 
wards and downwards to the posterior margin, is a single sulcus, 
above the posterior extremity of which there may be a few short 
sulci. Infero-lateral portions of the hinder half of each somite 
longitudinally striated, the strice being somewhat widely separated ; 
foramina repugnatoria small, round, situated in the middle of the 
plate above the striated portion ; upper surface of somites bearing a 
few setiferous punctures, the hinder half of each divided by a 
complete sulcus. 

Anal tergite hirsute, not posteriorly produced into a process 
which overhangs the anal valves; anal valves hirsute, not prominent, 
with margins not compressed; subanal plate evenly rounded. 

Colour shining black ; hind margins of segments and labial regions 
lighter ; legs testaceous. One specimen, which has in all probability 
lately undergone a moult, is pale-coloured. 

Five specimens (one ¢) taken under stones in Flying-Fish Cove. 


ARACHNIDA. 
EPEIRIDz. 


NeEpHILa nieritarsis (L. Koch). 

Nephila nigritarsis, L. Koch, Die Arachniden Australiens, &c., 
i. p. 152, pl. xii. fig. 4. 

Seven adult female specimens from the lower slope above Flying- 
Fish Cove. 

This Australian species was described by Dr. Koch from speci- 
mens obtained from Rockhampton and Port Mackay. 

Received with the above were four immature specimens of Nephila 
which I cannot with certainty identify. Probably they are the 


1888. ] MYRIOPODA, ETC. OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 561 


young of NV. nigritarsis. A note by Mr. Lister refers to them as 
“ spiders forming vertical geometrical webs close together in parallel 
planes with cross-lines between them.” 


ATTIDZ. 


Homa.attvus auratus (L. Koch). 


Homalattus auratus, L. Koch, op, cit. ii. p. 1087, pl. xev. figs. 
4, 5. 

Two specimens. 

This species was recorded by Dr. Koch from the following 
localities in Australia—Rockhampton, Gayndah, Peak Downs, and 
Cape York. 


SPARASSID, 
HETEROPODA VENATORIA (Linn.). 


For synonyms of this Spider see Keyserling, ‘ Die Spinnen Ame- 
rikas,’ Laterigrada, p. 337. 

This species is found in all tropical countries. 

An adult female, with egg-bag, and several immature individuals 
were taken in Flying-Fish Cove. Mr. Lister describes the egg-bag 
as having been found suspended amongst the irregularly crossing 
threads of the web. 


CRUSTACEA. 


GEOCARCINID. 


Hyizocarcinus (Wood-Mason). 


Hyleocarcinus, Wood-Mason, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xhi. pt. 2, 
p- 258, pls. xv., xvi. (1878). 

Limnocarcinus, De Man, Notes from the Leyden Museum, i. 
p- 65 (1879). 

For my reasons for considering Limnocarcinus synonymous with 
Hyleocarcinus see below. 


HYLZOCARCINUS NATALIS, sp. nD. 


Carapace thickly and finely punctured above; posterior two 
thirds nearly flat, anterior third sloping convexly forwards ; cardiac 
region with a low elevation on each side in front, wrinkled behind ; 
branchio-cardiac grooves indistinctly defined; gastric region sharply 
marked off behind from the cardiac and branchial regions by a 
groove which curving forwards on each side passes into the hinder- 
most of the three smooth pale spots, termed by Wood-Mason the 
“tell-tale marks of descent ” ; running obliquely forwards from each 
of these spots is the conspicuous cervical groove, which in the 
middle of its course dilates into the second pale spot and terminates 
in the third at the external margin of the orbit ; epibranchial region 
separated from the mesobranchial by a groove, which anteriorly 
breaks up and falls short of the superior margin of the carapace ; 


562 MR, R. I. POCOCK ON THE ARACHNIDA, [ Dec. 4, 


protogastric and branchial regions in front marked with squamiform 
tubercles, which, running into definite series, are continued on to the 
inferior lateral surface of the carapace; these tubercles become 
finer as they approach the bases of the legs, and disappear entirely 
towards the facial region; there is no distinct line, either of 
tubercles or denticulations, separating the superior from the inflected 
regions of the carapace, although close to the external margin of the 
orbit there is a conspicuous tooth, and separated from this by the 
distance of one millim. another smaller tooth; these teeth together 
with the external suborbital lobe constitute the upper margin of an 
almost smooth area, which is bounded below by a finely serrate 
transverse ridge, running outwards from the margin of the epistoma, 
Anterior half of the gastric region marked with a conspicuous 
median longitudinal groove, which terminates in front between the 
slightly prominent epigastric lobes; front vertical, narrow, with 
raised margin and feebly convex anterior border ; orbits a little wider 
than long, with superior border externally finely serrate, internally _ 
smooth ; external suborbital lobe obsoletely dentate and separated 
from the internal suborbital lobe by a space which is about half as 
great as the space separating the internal lobe from the front. 

Ext. mazillipedes. Inner margins scantily hairy; exopodite 
shorter than the second (ischial) segment and concealed behind it ; 
ischial segment nearly as wide as it is long; the third (meral) 
segment depressed in the middle of its surface, thickly clothed with 
hair externally, and with its anterior margin excised; the small 
apical segments densely hairy and not concealed behind the meral 
segment. 

Chelipedes externally beset with squamiform tubercles and 
scantily clothed with short black hairs; equal in size and identical 
in shape; merus triangular; anterior border slightly concave ; 
posterior border convex, inferior border flat ; antero-inferior angle 
denticulate, postero-inferior angle and superior angle spinous ; 
carpus posteriorly (externally) convex, above anteriorly (internally) 
armed with three sharp teeth; propodus convex laterally, with 
superior and inferior borders slightly convex from before backwards ; 
dactylus gently curved, when closed its teeth are almost in contact 
with those of the dactylar prolongation of the propodus. 

Legs beset with squamiform tubercles and distally somewhat 
thickly clothed with black hairs disposed in longitudinal series ; 
superior angle of the meral segments slightly spinous distally ; pro- 
podal and dactylar segments furnished above and below with two 
ee of coarse spines. Sternum and postabdomen closely punc- 
tured. 

Measurements (in millimetres) :—Carapace—width 19, length 154; 
width of front 4, of orbit 34, length of orbit 23 ; width of posterior 
margin of carapace 8 ; width of sternum 143, length 11 (measured 
from its anterior apex to the base of the abdomen) ; length of abdo- 
men 97; length of chelipede— merus 63, carpus 5, propodus (above) 
3}, dactylus 6 ; second leg—length of merus 112, carpus 6; pro- 
podus 63, dactylus 8. 


1888. ] MYRIOPODA, ETC. OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 563 


Two male (probably young) specimens taken under a log in the 
higher part of the island, about two hundred feet from the summit. 


In 1873 Prof. James Wood-Mason described a species of Land- 
Crab which he raised to the rank of a new genus, Hyleocarcinus, 
on the strength of the separation of the front from the internal sub- 
orbital lobe, two skeletal pieces which in Geocarcinus and Pelocar- 
cinus are confluent. An additional differential character is the 
partial concealment of the apical segments of the external maxillipede 
behind the inner angle of the merus of that appendage, these apical 
segments being concealed in Geocarcinus, visible in Pelocarcinus. 

Six years later Dr. De Man established a fresh genus, Limnocar- 
cinus, upon a specimen of a Land-Crab which differs mainly from 
Hyleocarcinus in the entire visibility of the apical segments of the 
external maxillipede and in the smaller space between the front and 
the internal suborbital lobe. These, at all events, are the characters 
upon which the genus was founded. 

Now there is a two-fold reason for regarding Hyleocarcinus humii 
and Limnocarcinus intermedius as referable to one genus. Firstly, 
the degree of concealment of the distal segments of the external 
maxillipede is a character which, in the allied genus Geocarcinus, is 
subject to a considerable amount of variation, and therefore by 
analogy is of no great value in the case of the species under discus- 
sion. Secondly, Hyl@ocarcinus humii is in one particular intermediate 
between Limnocarcinus intermedius and the species described above ; 
a species which, on account of the-freedom of the apical segments of 
the external maxillipede, is undoubtedly referable to the genus Lim- 
nocarcinus as defined by De Man. The above-mentioned particular 
is found in the relations inter se of the front and the two suborbital 
lobes. For in L. intermedius the distance between the front and the 
inner lobe is said to be equal to half the distance between the 
inner lobe and the outer lobe ; in A. humii the two distances are about 
equal ; in H. natalis the distance between the front and the inner lobe 
is about twice as great as the distance between the inner lobe and 
the outer lobe. 

Now these facial features present in Geocarcinus an arrangement 
which is at least as constant as the degree of concealment of the 
apical segments of the external maxillipede. It is clear, therefore, 
that the one character is of not less value as a sign of affinity than 
the other. 

It is certainly true that, so far as the external maxillipede is con- 
cerned, the relationship between LZ. intermedius and H. natalis is 
greater than the relationship between L. intermedius and H. humii 
or between H. natalis and H. humii. But the fact that in the other 
character mentioned H. humii is intermediate between H. natalis and 
L. intermedius appears to me to make it desirable either to consider 
the three forms to be referable to but one genus, or to keep the names 
Hyleocarcinus and Limnocarcinus for their respective species, humii 
and intermedius, and to constitute yet a third genus for H. natalis. 
But of the two courses it is assuredly more expedient to adopt the 


564 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [ Dec. 18, 


former; and if this be done the genus must, in accordance with the 
laws of priority, be named Hy/eocarcinus. 


The three species of this genus may be separated as follows :— 


a. Terminal segments of ext. maxillipedes partially visible ; distance 
between front and inner suborbital lobe equal to the distance 
between the inner and outer lobes. 

HH. humii (Wood-Mason), Nicobar Islands. 


b. Terminal segments of ext. maxillipedes almost wholly visible. 


ce’. Distance between front and inner suborbital lobe twice as great 
as distance between inner and outer lobes. 
H, natalis, sp. n., Christmas Island. 


6’. Distance between front and inner lobe half as great as dis- 
tance between inner and outer lobes. 
HI. intermedius (De Man), Celebes. 


December 18, 1888. 
Prof. Flower, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. 


The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the 
Society’s Menagerie during the month of November 1888 :— 

The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the 
month of November 1888 were 53 in number. Of these, 34 were 
acquired by presentation, 9 by purchase, and 10 on deposit. The 
total number of departures during the same period, by death and 
removals, was 95. 

The most noticeable additions during the month were :— 

1. A specimen of the Small-clawed Otter (Lutra leptonyx) of India, 
presented by W. L. Sclater, Esq., F.Z.S., Deputy Superintendent, 
Indian Museum, Calcutta,new to the Society’s Collection. 

2. A Monkey of the genus Cercopithecus, from South Africa, 
apparently referable to the Samango Monkey (Cercopithecus sa- 
mango), new to the Society’s Collection. 


The following papers were read :— 


ver 


88.Pl. XXVIII. 


8 


1 


acne 


Hanhart imp 


SHELLS 


NEW 


1888. | ON NEW SHELLS FROM CHINA, JAPAN, ETC. 565 


1. Descriptions of fourteen new Species of Shells from 
China, Japan, and the Andaman Islands, chiefly col- 
lected by Deputy Surgeon-Gen. R. Hungerford. By 
G. B. Sowrrsy, F.Z.S., F.L.S. 


[Received October 23, 1888.] 
(Plate XXVIII.) 


Murex SUPERBUS, n. sp. (Plate XXVIII. figs. 10, 11.) 

Testa fusiformis, solidula, albida, profuse fusco variegata ; spira 
mediocriter elongata; anfractus 9, convexi, subrotundati, em- 
bryonales 13, leaves, sequentes longitudinaliter nodoso-plicati, 
varicibus 3, subangulatis squamosis hic illic spinosis muniti, 
liris transversis numerosis undulatis granulatis eximie fusco al- 
boque articulatis cincti ; ultimus spiram superans, superne sub- 
inflatus, basin versus attenuatus, in caudam oblique recurvam 
desinens, varicibus 3, subrotundatis, mediocriter elevatis, eximie 
squamosis, infra medium egregie laminato-frondosis instructus ; 
apertura rotunde ovata, parviuscula, in canalem fere clausum 
desinens, intus cerulea ;. peristoma album, margine collumellari 
albo, levi, externo ad limbum crenato. Operculum typicum. 

Long. 70, maj. diam. 32 mill. ; apertura 18 millim. longa, 15 lata. 

Hab. Hongkong. 

A very beautiful shell, bearing no very close resemblance to any 
hitherto described species. In form it is, perhaps, most nearly repre- 
sented by M. senegalensis. The canal, or rostrum, is directed ob- 
liquely and curved upwards. The surface of the shell is exquisitely 
ornamented with fine beaded ridges, articulated with brown and 
white, and the varices are fringed with short vaulted scales, which 
become longer and frondose towards the base. 

A single specimen in perfect condition, brought by Dr. Hungerford 
from Hongkong, is the only one at present known. Now in the 
collection of Mr. J. J. MacAndrew. 


Mirra ExQUISITA, n. sp. (Plate XXVIII. fig. 7.) 


Testa elongata, subcylindraceo-fusiformis, multicostata, carneo- 
albida, fulvo fuscoque interruptim fasciata ; spira turrita, acumi- 
nata, subgradata, ad apicem acuta ; anfractus 10, superne ro- 
tunde aungulati, deinde levissime conveai ; costis 13-16, conspicuis 
leviter planulatis muniti, spiraliter inter costas sulcati ; anfr. 
ultimus oblongus, spiram aliquanto superans, fasciis 2-3, fulvo 
Suscoque balteatus, et linea interrupta supra medium cinctus, 
basin versus attenuatus, leviter recurvatus, oblique sulcatus ; 
apertura angusta, intus purpureo-fusco tincta, lirata; labrum 
subacutum, politum, haud crenulatum ; columella inequaliter 4—5- 
plicata. 

Long. 23, maj. diam, 7 ; apert. long. 11, maj. lat. 13 millim. 

Hab. Port Blair, Andaman Island. 

A pretty little species of the Turricula section. Of the four 


566 MR. G. B. SOWERBY ON NEW SHELLS FROM [Dec. 18, 


specimens brought by Dr. Hungerford, one is less closely ribbed 
than the others, and is a trifle larger than the type, of which the 
dimensions are given above; while the two others are considerably 
smaller. The spiral sulci on the upper whorls, and on the upper 
part of the last whorl, are interrupted by the longitudinal ribs, while 
those towards the base cross them obliquely. The painting consists 
principally of three broad bands of yellowish buff and brown, and 
the two larger specimens exhibit a line of the lighter colour inter- 
rupted by the ribs, situated a little above the middle of the body- 
whorl. 


Mirra BRION#Z, n. sp. (Plate XXVIII. figs. 3, 4.) 


Testa fusiformis, solidiuscula ; spira acuminata, turrita, ad apicem 
acuta; anfractus 9, convexiusculi, longitudinaliter costati, sulcis 
haud profundis superne sculpti, primi 4—5 nigro-fusco suffusi, 
sequentes fulvo-fusci, albo unifasciati, interdum fusco bilineati ; 
costis (in anfr. ult., penult. et antepenult.) superne angulatis ; 
anfr. ultimus mediocriter elongatus, zona lata viridescenti-fusca 
cinctus, angulatus, supra angulum levissime concavus, basin 
versus leviter attenuatus, vix recurvatus, oblique sulcatus ; costis 
ad angulum latis conspicuis, deinde evanidis ; apertura medio- 
eriter lata, intus lirata; labrum leviter incrassatum, politum, 
nigro-fuscum ; columella inequaliter quadriplicata. 

Long. 37, maj. diam. 13; apert. longa 20, maj. lat. 4 millim. 

Hab. Port Blair, Andaman Island. 

A pretty species of the ‘“Turricula”’ section, and allied to M. vul- 
pecula and M. corrugata, but evidently distinct. The three speci- 
mens collected by Dr. Hungerford are all characterized by a brown 
belt with a greenish tinge, surmounted by a narrow white band. 


Mirra MILLEPUNCTATA, n. sp. (Plate XXVIII. figs. 5, 6.) 


Testa oblongo-ovata, utrinque acuminata ; spira parviuscula, acuta; 
sutura impressa; anfractus 7-8, conveat ; iris numerosis sub- 
nodulosis, lira minore intercurrente spiraliter sculpti, longitudi- 
naliter inconspicue sulcati, maculis minutis fuscis, multiseriatim 
dispositis ornali ; anfractus ultimus subventricosus, fulvo bifas- 
ciatus, basin versus leviter contractus, haud recurvatus ; apertura 
mediocriter lata, labrum crenulatum, columella inequaliter sex- 
plicata. 

Long. 24, maj. diam. 9 ; apert. longa 15, maj. lat. 34 millim. 

Hab. Port Blair, Andaman Island. 

An exquisite little species of the “‘Scabricula”’ section, with a 
shorter spire than others of the group; the spiral ridges are 
numerous and very slightly nodulous, with a very fine (in some 
cases duplicate) ridge running between. The painting consists of 
numerous minute brown spots and two rather faint buff bands. 


PLEeuUROTOMA NoraTA, n. sp. (Plate XXVIII. fig. 17.) 
Testa elongato-fusiformis, albida, fulvo fuscoque fasciata, strigata 


1888. ] CHINA, JAPAN, AND THE ANDAMAN ISLANDS, 567 


et notata; spira elongata, acuminata; anfractus 14, planato-con- 
vexi, superiores angulati, infra suturam eacavati, liris numerosis 
parum elevatis, fusco minute notatis, lira minore intercurrente 
spiraliter sculpti ; sutura anguste canaliculata ; anfractus ultimus 
subrotundatus, ad basin valde contractus, et mediocriter produc- 
tus ; apertura ovata, fauce albida ; columella rectiuscula, glabra, 
labro arcuato, sinu profundiusculo emarginato, cunali breviusculo. 
Long. 55, maj. diam. 17 millim. 
Hab. Hongkong. 
A Pleurotoma belonging to the section “ Turris,” and allied to P. 
cingulifera; transversely finely ridged throughout, the ridges being 
articulated with minute brown dots. 


Pievrotoma (BELA) LACEY, n. sp. (Plate XXVIII. fig. 15.) 


Testa fusiformis, utrinque acuminata, sordide alba ; spira elongata, 
acuminata ; anfractus rotunde conveui, longitudinaliter oblique 
multiplicati, spiraliter liris numerosis angustis confertis rotun- 
datis sculpti ; anfractus ultimus superne rotundatus, inferne at- 
tenuatus, paulo productus ; apertura elongato-ovata, columella 
leviter contorta, labro leviter arcuato, sinu latiusculo haud pro- 
Sundo emarginato ; canali brevi. 

Long. 16, maj. diam. 5 millim. 

Hab. Hongkong. 

A species resembling in form Bela pyramidalis (Strom), closely 

sculptured with spiral ridges and longitudinal ribs. 


Pievrotoma (BELA) HONKONGENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XXVIII. 
fig. 16.) 


Testa abbreviaia, alba; spira abbreviato-turrita; anfractus 6, 
primi 2 leves, rotundati, sequentes angulati, valde clathrati ; 
sutura impressa; anfractus ultimus pyriformis, superne angulatus, 
supra angulum leviter concavus, infra angulum convecus, undique 
liris spiralibus elevatis (circ. 10) et laminis longitudinalibus magis 
numerosis clathratus ; apertura oblonga, columella leviter sinu- 
ata, labro via emarginato. 

Tong. 6, maj. diam. 3 millim. 

Hab. Hongkong. 

A small white species of the typical form of the Arctic Bele, very 

strongly and beautifully latticed throughout. 


ONISCIA MACANDREWI, n. sp. (Plate XXVIII. figs. 1, 2.) 


Testa subovata, solidiuscula, albida, fusco fasciata, et irregulariter 
Sulvo fuscoque maculata; spira acuta, gradata; anfractus 7, 
primi 2-3 leaves, rotundati, sequentes 2 spiraliter sulcati, in- 
conspicue longitudinaliter plicati, deinde angulati et cancellati ; 
anfr. ultimus longitudinaliter dense lamellosus, costis circ. 11 
rotundatis ubique nodulosis transversim instructus, superne an- 
gulatus, supra angulum concavus, infra angulum convecus, turgi- 
dulus, basin versus leviter contractus, ad canalem levissime re- 


568 MR. G. B. SOWERBY ON NEW SHELLS FROM [Dec.,18, 


curvus ; columella late expansa, irregulariter pustulata et plicata ; 
labrum incrassatum, reflexum, liris brevibus dentifermibus mu- 
nitum. 

Long. 45, maj. diam. 23; apert. long. 29, maj. lat. 5 millim. 

Hab. Japan. 

An interesting new species, intermediate in form between O. can- 
cellata (Sowb.) and O. ponderosa (Hanley). The former is common 
at Hongkong, and the latter, quoted in the Paetel catalogue as inhabit- 
ing Japanese waters, is extremely rare. Compared with O. cancel- 
lata, the new species is much more gibbous and pyriform, and the 
transverse ridges are not raised into prickly scales on the ribs; the 
colouring is also different, consisting principally of angular blotches 
of light and dark brown. Compared with O. ponderosa it is much 
higher in the spire, and the nodules are much smaller and less 
prominent. Two specimens found by Dr. Hungerford, the most 
perfect of which is now in the collection of Mr. James J. MacAndrew. 


CANCELLARIA FUSCA, n. sp. (Plate XXVIII. fig. 12.) 


Testa elongata, utrinque acuminata, solidiuscula, fusca, spira tur- 
rita, gradata ; anfractus 7, sutura excavata divisi, primi 2 (em- 
bryonales) leves, sequentes leviter convewi, spiraliter filo striati, 
longitudinaliter costati, costis rotundatis, subcrenulatis, superne 
angulato-productis ; anfractus ultimus superne angulatus, ad 
angulum fascia pallida obscure cincta, supra angulum excavatus, 
infra angulum mediocriter convexus, costis longitudinalibus cire. 
8 munitus, basin versus attenuatus, anguste umbilicatus ; aper- 
tura elongato-subtrigona, fauce fusca, obscure lirata; columella 
leviter depressa, polita, oblique triplicata ; labrum arcuatum, 
politum. 

Long. 14, maj. diam. 7; apert. long. 7, maj. lat. 3 millim. 

Var. minor. Testa brevior, magis inflata. 

Long. 8, maj. diam. 5 millim. 

Hab. Hongkong. 

This species is allied to C. costifera (Sowb.), of an almost uniform 
brown colour, with an elevated spire and an excavated suture. The 
longitudinal ribs are slightly nodulous or crenulated. Of the four 
specimens in the Hungerford collection three are of the variety 
minor. 


CALLIOSTOMA HUNGERFORDI, n. sp. (Plate XXVIII. fig. 14.) 


Testa conica, imperforata, grisea, ceruleo-tincta, fusco sparsim 
maculata, ad apicem nigro-fusca, ad basin fusco triseriatim punc- 
tata ; spira acutiuscula; anfractus 7, sutura impressa divisi, 
convezi, obtuse angulati, striati, spiraliter irregulariter lirati, 
liris supremis minutissime granulatis; anfr. ultimus obscure 
biangulatus, ad basin convexus, dense spiraliter liratus, et decus- 
satim striatus ; apertura oblique subquadrata ; columella leviter 
obliqua, margaritacea. Operculum tenue, corneum, multispirale, 
extus concavum. 

Alt, 24, maj. diam. 25 millim. 


1888. ] CHINA, JAPAN, AND THE ANDAMAN ISLANDS. 569 


Var. 3. Testa fulva, albo fuscoque obscure strigata. 

Alt. 29, diam. 28 millim. 

Hab. Japan. 

Allied to Trochilus unicus(Dunker) and Zrochilus consors (Lischke), 
but differing from both in form and sculpture. The species, like 
T. unicus, seems to vary considerably in colour. Only one specimen 
of each of the two varieties is at present known. 


Mrnonta CHINENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XXVIII. fig. 13.) 


Testa conica, mediocriter umbilicata, grisea, sirigis albidis angustis, 
undulatis (ad basin magis conspicuis) undique ornata, nitida ; spira 
acutiuscula, mediocriter elevata, gradata ; anfractus 7, sutura im- 
pressa divisi, striis obliquis tenuissimis sculpti, superne bicarinatt ; 
anfractus ultimus infra obtuse angulatus, ad angulum carinatus, 
ad basin convexus, plus minusve spiraliter sulcatus ; umbilicus 
rotundus, profundus, liratus ; apertura oblique subquadrata. 
Operculum corneum, tenue, multispirale, extus concavum. 

Alt. 10, maj. diam. 11 millim. 

Hab. Hongkong. 

In form like Minolia biangulata (Angas), but much larger, obliquely 

striated, and without the beaded ridge bordering the umbilicus. ‘The 
interior of the umbilicus is spirally grooved. 


TURCICA CHINENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XXVIII. figs. 8, 9.) 

Testa trochiformis, alba; spira elata, acuta; anfractus 9, sutura 
canaliculata divisi, primi 2-3 leves, ceteri concavo-declives, ob- 
lique obscure striati, superne concavo-depressi, plicis numerosis 
rugosis coronati, inferne carina rotundata corrugata spiraliter 
marginati, infra carinam profunde canaliculati et foveolati ; basi 
convexa, costis 6 confertiusculis, rugoso transversim plicatis, 
interstitiis foveolatis sculpta ; apertura subrotunda, fauce mar- 
garitacea, lirata ; columella rectiuscula, margaritacea, obscure 
unituberculata. 

Alt. 20, maj. diam. 19 millim. 

Hab. Hongkong. 

Compared with Turcica elise (A. Adams), the body-whorl is larger 
in proportion to the spire, the keel more prominent, and the suture 
more deeply excavated. The whorls have two rounded nodulous 
keels, the space between which is smooth excepting for the fine 
oblique strize. The base is strongly corded and deeply pitted. Of 
the only two specimens known, one is in the National Collection at 
South Kensington, and the other in that of Mr. MacAndrew. 


DENTALIUM COMPRESSUM, 0. sp. (Plate XXVIII. fig. 18.) 


Testa latiuscula, fere recta, acuta, inequaliter compressa, versus 
apicem leviter inclinata ; fulva, fusco irregulariter fasciata ; cos- 
tellis inequalibus numerosissimis plano-convexis sculpla, struisque 
via conspicuis transversis cancelliata; fissura longa, angusta ; 
apertura subovalis. 

Long. 72, maj. diam. 12 millim. 

Hab. Hongkong. 


570 MR. H. DRUCE ON LEPIDOPTERA [ Dec. 18, 


A very distinct and remarkable species, more highly coloured than 
its congeners ; but it is chiefly distinguished by its curiously com- 
pressed form. A second specimen, brought by Dr, Hungerford, is 
only 62 millimetres in length, and rather wider in proportion. It 
is rather lighter in colour, but presents all the same characters, con- 
firming the specific importance of the chief characteristic, which 
might otherwise have been thought accidental. 


PECTUNCULUS YESSOENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XXVIII. fig. 19.) 


Testa suborbicularis, compressa, solida, sordide alba, zonis maculis- 
que rufo-fuscis angulatis picta, striis minimis decussatim sculpta ; 
umbones acutiusculi, approximati ; area ligamenti parva et an- 
gusta; margo dorsalis anticus longiusculus declivis, posticus 
elongatus valde declivis, obtuse angulatus ; margo ventralis an- 
ticus valde arcuatus, posticus obscure angulatus ; epidermis 
Jusca, holoserica ; pagina interna alba ; crene in margine ventris 
longiuscule, crasse. 

Diam. antero-post. 48, umbono-marg. 45 millim. 

Hab. Yesso, Japan. 

In painting and sculpture this species is not very unlike some 

varieties of P. glycimeris of our seas, but may at once be recognized 
by its sloping dorsal margins and posterior angle. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIII. 
Fig. 1, 2. Oniscia macandrewi, p. 567. 
3, 4. Mitra brione, p. 566. 
5, 6. millepunctata, p. 566. 
7. —— exquisita, p. 565. 
8,9. Turcica chinensis, p. 569. 
10, 11. Murex superbus, p. 565. 
12. Cancellaria fusca, p. 568. 
13. Minolia chinensis, p. 569. 
14. Calliostoma hungerfordi, p. 568. 
15. Plewrotoma (Bela) laceyi, p. 567. 
16. —— ( ) hongkongensis, p. 567. 
notata, p. 566. 
18. Dentalium compressum, p. 569. 
19. Pectunculus yessoensis, p. 570. 


2. List of the Lepidoptera Heterocera, with Descriptions of 
the new Species, collected by Mr. C. M. Woodford 
at Aola, Guadalcanar Island, Solomon Islands. By 
Hersert Druvce, F.L.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S8., &e. 


[Received November 18, 1888.] 
(Plate XXIX.) 


The collection of which this paper gives an account formed part — 
of the second series of insects brought to this country by Mr. Wood- 
ford. It was made at Aola on Guadalcanar Island, and contains 
examples of a considerable number of species that were not in the 


Hanhart imp 


NEW LEPIDOPTERA HETEROCERA . 


1888. ] HETEROCERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS. 571 


first collection. All the specimens are in my possession. Of fifty- 
three species represented in the present collection, I have described 
eighteen as new to science, two being not good enough for determi- 
nation. 


Fam. SPHINGID. 
Subfam. MacroGLossIn&. 
1. MACROGLOSSA FULVICAUDATA. 
Macroglossa fulvicaudata, Butl. Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, 
x. p. 155. 
The specimens are identical with those in my collection from the 
New Hebrides and New Britain. 


Subfam. SPHINGIN 2. 
2. DiLuDIA NEBULOSA. 
Diludia nebulosa, Butl. Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 615. 


The specimen agrees with the type in the National Collection from 
Cape York. 


Fam. AGARISTIDE. 

3. EuseMIA STRIELLA, nu. sp. (Plate XXIX. fig. 1.) 

6 and 9 alike. 

Primaries black, with four pure white spots, the first close to the 
base on the inner margin, the second small and square-shaped in the 
middle of the cell, the third below near the inner margin, the fourth 
larger, placed beyond the cell and nearer the apex ; secondaries black, 
with a large central round white spot. The underside of all the 
wings the same as above. The head, antenne, palpi, thorax, and 
legs black ; the abdomen pale yellow. Expanse, ¢ 2 inches, 2 23 
inches. 

Hab. Aola, Guadalcanar Island, Solomon Islands (C. M. Wood- 
ford). 

This species is allied to Husemia woodfordii, Butl., from Shortland 
Island, but it is at once distinguished from that species in having 
four white spots on the primaries instead of five. 


4. OPHTHALMIS LINCEA. 

Ophthalmis lincea, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. p. 61, t. 228. f. B. 

The specimens are identical with those in my collection from 
Amboyna. 

The species of this genus seem to vary to a considerable extent 
in the size of the apical orange spot on the primaries. I have 
specimens of O. lincea from New Guinea in which the orange apical 
patch is almost gone, and others from the same place in which it is 
of quite the normal form. 


Subfam. EucHRoMIINS. 
5. EucHROMIA GANYMEDE. 


Euchromia ganymede, Doub}. Lort’s Disc. App. t. 3; Butl. Journ. 
Linn. Soc. xii. p. 365; Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 111. | 


572 MR. H. DRUCE ON LEPIDOPTERA [ Dee. 18, 


Fam. ARCTIID#. 
6. PeELOCHYTA ASTRA. 


Pelochyta astrea, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ins. ii. t. 28. f. 4; Walk. 
Cat. iii. p. 725. 

One specimen in poor condition, agreeing well with specimens of 
this species in my collection from New Guinea, excepting it is con- 
siderably larger. 


Fam. Hypsinz. 
7. Hypsa SEMIFUSCA. 
Hypsa semifusca, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xix. 
p. 220. 


The specimens from Aola are identical with those from Alu, 
Shortland Island. 


8. Hypsa DIANA. 


Hypsa diana, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xix, 
p- 220. 

The large crescent-shaped spot on the primaries varies considerably 
in size, in some specimens it is much larger than in others. The 
specimens before me from Aola are identical with those in the 
National Collection from Shortland Island. 


9. CLEIS BIPLAGIATA. 


Cleis biplagiata, Butl. Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xix. 
p. 221. 


The Aola specimen is identical with the type from Ulaua. 


10. CLEIS HYPOLEUCA. 


Cleis hypoleuca, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xix. 
p. 222. 


Two specimens identical with those from Shortiand Island. 


11. Cuets nentA, sp.n. (Plate XXIX. fig. 2.) 


3 Q. Primaries and secondaries uniform purplish brown.  Pri- 
maries crossed beyond the middle from the costal margin to 
near the anal angle with a wide reddish-orange band, which is almost 
lobe-shaped, being narrow on the costal margin. Underside: pri- 
maries reddish brown, the orange band as above, but brighter in 
colour ; a silver-grey marginal line extending from the apex to the 
anal angle, the fringe black ; secondaries uniform dark brown, with 
a silver-grey marginal line extending from the apex to the anal 
angle. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown. Antenne, palpi, 
and legs reddish orange. Expanse, ¢ 1j inches, 2 13 inches. 

Hab. Aola, Guadalcanar Island, Solomon Islands. 

This species is allied to C. nigrescens, Butl., from Shortland 
Island, from which it is at once distinguished by the band on the 
primaries being narrower and by the entire absence of colour on the 
underside of the secondaries. 


1888.] HETEROCERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS. 573 


Fam. NycTeMERID&. 


12. NyYCTEMERA ALUENSIS. 


Nyctemera aluensis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, xix. 
p- 222. 

The male and female specimens from Aola are identical with those 
in the National Collection from Alu Island. 


13. NyCTEMERA HORITES, Sp. Nn. 


Primaries black. A large elongated white spot at the end of the 
cell, below which are four oval-shaped white spots, the third from 
the cell being considerably larger than the others. Secondaries pure 
white, broadly bordered with black; the fringe of both primaries 
and secondaries white. The underside the same as above. ‘The head, 
thorax, and abdomen black, banded with white, the anus orange. 
Antenne and legs black. Expanse 23 inches. 

Hab. Aola. 

This species is allied to Nyctemera extendens, Walk. 


14. LEPTOSOMA AOLAENSIS, sp. n. 


Primaries black, with a large triangular white spot close to the 
base, and a crescent-shaped white spot close to the costal margin, 
near the apex, below which nearest the anal angle is an almost round 
white spot. Secondaries pure white, broadly bordered from the 
apex to the anal angle with black. The underside asabove. Head, 
thorax, abdomen, and antenne black, the abdomen banded with 
orange-yellow, the legs black. Expanse 12 inch. 

Hab. Aola. 

This species is allied to Leptosoma sexmaculatum, Butl., from 
Alu, but quite distinct. 


15. DEILEMERA ALBIPUNCTA, Sp. n. 


Primaries black, a minute dot at the base, a round spot on the inner 
margin beyond white; a large oval-shaped white spot crosses the 
wing from near the costal margin to the inner margin; two white 
spots close to the apex, the upper one considerably the largest; a 
round spot on the middle of the outer margin, and a small dot close 
to the anal angle, both white. Secondaries white, very broadly 
bordered with black ; on the black border nearest the apex are 
two round white spots, the upper one being the largest. The under- 
side of all the wings as above. The head and thorax black, the 
thorax spotted with white on the front and at the base. The 
abdomen black, banded with white on both sides, a white spot in 
the middle above the anus. Antenne and legs black. Expanse 
12 inch. 

* Hab. Aola, Guadalcanar Island (C. M. Woodford). 

The white spots on the primaries vary considerably in size, some 
specimens being much more spotted than others. 

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. XXXIX. 39 


574 MR. H. DRUCE ON LEPIDOPTERA [Dec. 18, 


Fam. DrepanuLip2. 
16. CALLIDREPANA ARGENTIFERA, sp. n. (Plate XXIX. fig. 3.) 


od. Primaries and secondaries pale cream-colour, a silver streak 
from the base along the costal margin to the apex, then forming a 
submarginal band to the anal angle, a dark brownish spot at the 
end of the cell irrorated with metallic scales. Secondaries with a 
silvery streak crossing the wing below the middle, from near the 
apex to the inner margin. Underside of all the wings dark yellowish 
cream-colour, with a submarginal slate-coloured line to each wing. 
Head, thorax, and abdomen dark cream-colour. Antenne and legs 
yellowish. 

2. Considerably larger than the male and altogether paler in 
colour, and without the dark submarginal lines on the underside of 
the wings. 

Expanse, ¢ 13 inch, 2 13 inch. 

Hab. Aola, Guadalcanar Island (C. M. Woodford). 

This pretty species is allied to C. scintillata, Walk. 


Fam. NotopontTIp. 
17. PHALERA PERUDA, sp.n. (Plate XXIX. fig. 4.) 


3. Primaries silvery grey, shading to pale brown along the costal 
margin ; the apical buff spot very like that of P. javana, Moore, but 
much rounder on the inner side and in colour more like that of P. 
bucephala, Linn. Secondaries very pale silvery brown, slightly 
darker along the inner margin. The underside of all the wings 
almost white. The head and front of the thorax greyish. The 
thorax and abdomen dark blackish brown ; the anus and each seg- 
ment banded with grey. Antenne and legs greyish brown. The 
underside of the abdomen silvery grey. Expanse 3 inches. 

Hab. Aola, Guadaleanar Island (C. M. Woodford). 

This species is allied to P. javana, Moore, from which it is at once 
distinguished by the paler and different-shaped apical spot on the 
primaries. 


NOcTUITES. 
Fam. Leucanip&. 
18. Leucania, sp. ? 
One specimen from Aola in very bad condition. 


Fam. CARADRINID&. 

19. AMYNA STELLATA ? 

Amyna stellata, ? Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, i. p. 162 ; 
Illust. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 26, t. xxix. f. 6. 

The specimens from Aola are almost identical with those in my 
collection from Japan excepting that the white spot on the primaries 
is considerably larger ; they may prove to belong to a distinct species, 
but at present I have not sufficient specimens to determine this point. 


1888. ] HETEROCERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS. 9795 


Fam. ToxocaMPiIp&. 

20. ToxocAMPA LUNIFERA, sp. 0. 

Primaries pale mouse-colour, crossed beyond the middle by three 
indistinct pale lines, a spot at the end of the cell and a lunular- 
shaped mark on the costal margin close to the apex, both dark 
brown. Secondaries darker in colour than the primaries, but slightly 
paler at the base. The underside of all the wings uniform pale 
mouse-colour. Head, collar, and front of the thorax dark brown. 
The thorax, abdomen, and legs mouse-colour. Expanse 13 inch, 

Hab. Aola, Guadalcanar Island (C. M. Woodford). 

This species is quite distinct from any known to me. 


Fam. PHYLLODIDz. 

21. PHyYLLODES IMPERIALIS. 

Phyllodes imperialis, Druce, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. 
ii. p. 241. 

This grand insect is quite distinct from all the species of Phyllodes 
known to me. 

Fam. OMMATOPHORID. 

22. PaTULA MACROPS. 

Patula macrops, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 225; Walk. Cat. xiv. p. 1300. 

Two specimens ; they are almost intermediate between the Indian 
and Australian form of this species. 

23. ARGIVA PURPURATA, Sp. 0. 


Primaries and secondaries uniform dark blackish brown, palest at 
the apex of the primaries. Al! the wings shot with dark glossy blue. 
The underside dark brown with a cream-coloured spot near the apex 
of the primaries. The head, thorax and abdomen, antenne and legs 
dark brown. Expanse 33 inches. 


Hab. Aola, Guadalcanar Island (C. M. Woodford). 
A fine distinct species, not closely allied to any known to me. 
24, NycTIPAO VARIEGATA, 


Nyctipao variegata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, xix. 
p. 432. 


The specimens from Aola are identical with the type from Alu. 


25. NYCTIPAO CALIGINEA. 
Nyctipao caliginea, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, xix. p.433. 


This species varies to some extent, the white bands are much wider 
in some specimens than others. 


Fam. Benpip&. 
26. HuLODES CARANEA. 
Hulodes caranea, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. p. 140, t. 269. f. E, F; 
Walk. Cat. xiv. p. 1335. 


One specimen, identical with those in my collection from Perak 
and Java. 


39* 


576 MR. H. DRUCE ON LEPIDOPTERA [ Dec. 18, 


Fam. REMIGIDZ. 
27. REMIGIA FRUGALIS. 
Remigia frugalis, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 2, p. 138 ; Walk. Cat. xiv. 
p- 1507. 
Fam. THERMESIID. 


28. SONAGARA SUPERIOR. 
Sonagara superior, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, xix. p. 433. 


Fam. Hypenip&. 
29. HypEeNA SEMICLUSALIS. 
Hypena semiclusalis, Walk. Cat. xxxiv. p. 1511. 


The Aloa specimens are identical with the type in the National 
Collection from Java. 


GEOMETRITES. 
Fam. EvuscHEMID. 
30. SaTaRA wWoopForDI, sp.n. (Plate XXIX. fig. 6.) 


Primaries black, with two large yellow spots, the first almost oval 
and nearest the base, the second beyond, nearer the apex, extending 
from the costal margin almost to the inner margin near the anal 
angle. Secondaries bright yellow, crossed in the middle from the 
costal margin to the anal angle by a wide straight black band; the 
outer margin broadly bordered with black from the apex to the anal 
angle, where it joins the black band crossing the middle of the wing. 
The underside of all the wings the same as above, but not quite so 
bright in colour. The head, collar, and thorax black; the tegule 
bright yellow ; the abdomen dusky yellow ; antenne and legs black. 
Expanse 2 inches. 

Hab. Aola, Guadaleanar Island (C. 1. Woodford). 

I have much pleasure in naming this species after Mr. Woodford. 
It reminds one at first of Pheochlena solilucis, a South-American 
Insect. 


31. Boctraza VACUNA, sp.n. (Plate XXIX. fig. 7.) 

Primaries and secondaries deep glossy black ; the primaries crossed 
beyond the middle from the costal to the inner margin close to the 
anal angle with a wide orange-red band which is narrower near the 
inner margin. The underside of all the wings as above. The head, 
thorax, abdomen, legs, and antennz all deep black. Expanse 3 


inches. 
Hab. Aola, Guadalcanar {sland (C. M. Woodford). 
This species is allied to B. seprata from New Guinea. 


32. EuscHEMA PILOSA. 
Euschema pilosa, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, xx. p. 240. 


Hab. Aola, Guadalcanar Island. 
The specimens from Aola are very much darker in colour and are 


1888.] HETEROCERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS. 577 


almost without the orange snbmarginal band on the secondaries, thus 
differing from the typical form from Shortland Island. 


Fam. URANIIDz. 
33. ALCIDES LATONA. (Plate XXIX. fig. 5.) 
Alcides latona, Druce, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol.ii. p. 241. 
This beautiful species is allied to A. aurora, Salvin. 


34. LyssipDIA MUTATA. 

Lyssidia mutata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, xx. p. 241. 

Very close to Z. patroclus, but with a more purple shade on the 
wings. 

Fam. URAPTERYD. 

35. LaGyRA MYCITERNA, Sp. 0. 

Primaries dark glossy brown, crossed by two wide slate-coloured 
bands edged with dark brown, extending from the costal to the 
inner margin. Secondaries glossy brownish slate-colour, crossed 
about the middle from the costal margin close to the apex to the 
inner margin by a wide dark brown band. The underside of all the 
wings as above. The head, thorax, abdomen, antennz, and legs 
dark brown. Expanse 27 inches. 

Hab. Aola (C. M. Woodford). 

In form this species closely resembles Z. talaca, but it is very 
different in colour. 


Fam. GEOMETRIDZ. 


36. IopIs MINUTATA, Sp. n. 


Female. Primaries and secondaries pale pea-green, edged from the 
base along the costal margin to the apex, from the apex to the 
anal angle, and halfway up the inner margin, with reddish fawn- 
colour, on the inner side of which is a narrow silvery line dentated 
on the costal margin and at the anal angle. Secondaries with the 
same margin as the primaries, extending from the apex to the anal 
angle. The underside of all the wings silky white. The head, 
thorax, and abdomen pale fawn-colour. Antennz greenish ; legs 
fawn-colour. Expanse 1 inch. 

Hab. Aola (C. M. Woodford). 

A beautiful little species, resembling to some extent I. checometa, 
Meyr., but very distinct. 


37. THALASSODES OPALINA. 


Thalassodes opalina, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vi. 
p- 214; Druce, P. Z. 8. 1888, p. 227. 


38. THALASSODES PATARA, Sp. nN. 


Male. Primaries and secondaries silvery green, both wings crossed 
by two dentated waved brownish bands ; the fringes brownish. The 
underside of all the wings uniform yellowish green. Antenne 


578 MR. H. DRUCE ON LEPIDOPTERA [Dec. 18, 


brown. The thorax and abdomen greenish ; the legs yellow. Ex- 
panse 13 inch. 

Hab. Aola (C. M. Woodford). ] 

Two specimens of this distinct species are in the collection, but 
neither of them are in good condition, being much marked with 
damp, and doubtless fresh specimens would be of a much brighter 
green colour. 

Fam. PaLyap&. 

39. EUMELIA ROSALIA. 

Eumelia rosalia, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. p. 152, t. 368. f. F. ; Walk. 
Cat. xxii. p. 609. 

A common species, found over a very extended range; it varies 
considerably both in colour and markings. 


Fam. DesMoBATHRIDZ. 
40. DEsMOBATHRA NIPHOPLACA. 
Desmobathra niphoplaca, Meyr. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1886, p. 199. 
The specimens are identical with those in Mr. Mathew’s collection. 


Fam. Macronupz. 
41. SrRoPHIDIA COSTALIs. 
Strophidia costalis, But]. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xx. 
p- 246. 
Several specimens identical with those from Shortland Island. 


42. STROPHIDIA HYEMALIS. 

Strophidia hyemalis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xx. 
p. 247. 

One specimen identical with the type in the National Collection, 
from Shortland Island. 


43. STROPHIDIA BIGTHANA, Sp. n. 

Male and female silky white, the underside of the male dusky. 
The primaries crossed from the costal to the inner margin by three 
wide, pale fawn-coloured bands ; the secondaries crossed by two pale 
fawn-coloured bands, the first about the middle, the second beyond, 
nearer the outer margin. The outer margin of the secondaries nar- 
rowly edged with black. The head, thorax, abdomen, and legs 
dusky white. The antenne black, whitish at the base. Expanse, 
S 2inches, 2 22 inches. 

Hab. Aola (C. M. Woodford). 

A very distinct species from any known to me. 


Fam. SPILOMELIDA. 
44, ZEBRONIA JAGUARALIS. 
Spilomela jaguaralis, Guén. Sp. Gén. Lép. viii. p. 283. 
Zebronia jaguaralis, Walk. Cat. xvii. p. 486. 
One specimen, agreeing with specimens before me from Darjeeling, 
but considerably larger. 


1888. ] HETEROCERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS. 579 


Fam. MarGaropip&. 

45, GLYPHODES EXCELSALIS. 

Glyphodes excelsalis, Walk. Cat. xxxiv. p. 1360. 

One specimen, identical with the type in the National Collection 
from Swan River. 

46. MARGARONIA ATLITALIS. 

Margaronia atlitalis, Walk. Cat. xviii. p. 533. 

The specimen is identical with those in my collection from Borneo, 
Java, and the Philippine Islands. 

47. MaRvca AQuvaTILIS. 

Hydrocampa aquatilis, Boisd., Guér. Icon. Régn. Anim., Ins. t. 90. 
f..9. 


Maruca aquatilis, Walk. Cat. xviii. p. 540. 


The specimens are identical with those before me from New 
Guinea and Darjeeling. 


Fam. Borypipz. 
48, PLEONECTUSA MODESTALIS. 


Erilita modestalis, Ld. Wien. ent. Mon. vii. p. 426, t. 16. f. 3. 
Pleonectusa chalinota, Meyr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 233. 
Pleonectusa modestalis,Meyr. l. c. 1887, p. 216. 


One specimen, identical with those before me from New Guinea. 
49. SPILOBOTYS ARCTIOIDES. 


Spilobotys arctioides, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, xx. 
p- 123. 


One specimen of this very distinct species. 


50. AsTURA PUNCTIFERALIS. 


Astura punctiferalis, Guén. Sp. Gén. Lép. viii. p. 320; Walk. 
Cat. xviii. p. 548. 

The specimens agree well with those in the National Collection 
from North China. 


51. Borys, sp. ? 
One specimen in very bad condition. 


Fam. Tine1pz. 
52. SIPPHARARA WOODFORDI, sp. n. (Plate XXIX. fig. 8.) 


Primaries black ; a coppery red curved band from the base ex- 
tending for about two thirds the length of the wing along the costal 
margin, then crossing the wing to near the anal angle, but not 
reaching it, the red band being streaked from the base with silver. 
The apex and part of the outer margin narrowly bordered with 
coppery red. Secondaries glossy brownish black, broadly bordered 


580 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18 


at the apex with orange-red. The head, thorax, abdomen, antenne, 
and legs black. Expanse 14 inch. 
Hab. Aola. 
A beautiful species, allied to S. ewchromiella, Walk., but very 
distinct. 
Fam. HyPoNoMEUTID. 


53. CoRINEA MATHEWI. 


Corinea mathewi, Batl. Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, xx. p. 414. 


Two specimens, identical with those in the British Museum from 
Malaya. 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX, 
Fig. 1. Husemia siriella, 3 ,n.sp., p. 571. 
2. Cleis nenia, 2, n. sp., p. 572. 
8. Callidrepana argentifera, 3, un. sp., p. 574. 
4. Phalera peruda, 3, u. sp., p. 574. 
5, Alcides latona, 3, p. 577. 
6. Satara woodfordi, 3, u. sp., p. 576. 
7. Bociraza vacuna, n. sp., p. 576. 
8. Sippharara woodfordi, n. sp., p. 579. 


3. On the Lepidoptera of Japan and Corea.—Part II. 
Heterocera, Sect. I.' By J. H. Lrezcu, B.A., F.R.G.S., 
F.LS., F.Z.8., F.E.S., &c. 


[Received November 26, 1888.] 
(Plates XXX.-XXXII.) 


I must apologize for the tardy appearance of the second part of 
this paper, which has been delayed in order to make it as complete 
as possible by acquiring more material. Since leaving Japan, in 
1886, I have received many valuable consignments of Lepidoptera, 
both from natives in my employ and also from Europeans interested 
in Entomology, especially from the Rev. F. Andrews of Hakodate 
and Mr. Manley of Yokohama. 

Last April we received the news of the death of that most inde- 
fatigable entomologist, Mr. Henry Pryer, who had long resided in 
Japan and devoted all his leisure to natural history. To Mr. 
Pryer we are indebted for the discovery of the majority of the 
Lepidoptera peculiar to Japan*. Although his conclusions, owing 
to his complete isolation from libraries and museums, were frequently 
erroneous, yet his work was characterized by that common sense 
which is to be found in the work of so many practical field-natu- 
ralists. I was fortunate enough to procure the whole of Mr. Pryer’s 
entomological collections, with the exception of part of the Deltoids 
and Pyrales, by purchase, and they form an important part of 
the material for the present paper. Out of 38 species which I now 

For Part I. see P)Z.S. 1887, p. 898. 

* A list of Japanese Lepidoptera, referred to in this paper as ‘ Pryer’s 


Catalogue,’ will be found in the Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, 
vols. xi. and xii. 


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4 LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN & COREA. 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 581 


describe as new to science, 20 are from Mr. Pryer’s collection and 
the remaining 18 were discovered by myself during the summer of 
1886. Considering that in a single season I succeeded in taking 
80 per cent. of the species of the groups referred to in this paper as 
occurring in Japan, but that, although collecting for the greater part 
of the time in localities never before visited by an entomologist, I only 
succeeded in capturing 18 new species, we may conclude that the 
Lepidopterous fauna of Japan is fairly well known. It is satisfactory 
to note that of the 352 species included in this paper over 200 were 
described in this country, principally by Mr. Butler, Mr. Moore, and 
Mr. Walker ; many, however, as will be seen from the synonymy, 
have been subsequently redescribed on the continent from specimens 
received from N.E. Asia, by entomologists unacquainted with the 
types in our National Collection. 


1. CEPHONODES HYLAS. 


Sphina hylas, Linn. Mant. i. p. 539. 

Sphinx picus, Cram. Pap. Exot. ii. p. 83, pl. 148. fig. B. 

Sesia hylas, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ti. 1, p. 379. 3; Walk. Cat. Lep. 
Het. viii. p. 84. 

Cephonodes hylas, Hibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 131. 1402. 

Hemaris hylas, Saalm. Lep. Madag. i. p. 117, pl. 3. fig. 40. 

Several specimens from Satsuma in May aud Nagasaki in May 
and June, and there were six examples in Pryer’s collection. 

Satsuma and Nagasaki (Leech); Yokohama (Pryer) ; and generally 
distributed throughout the warmer portions of the Old World. 


2. HeMaARIS RADIANS. 


Sesia radians, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. viii. p. 84 (1856). 

Hemaris radians, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 1, pl. xxi. 
fig. 2 (1878). 

Hemaris mandarina, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 239. 

The fuscous band on the outer margin of the primaries is variable as 
regards width, and the radiations emanating therefrom towards centre 
-of wing are often conspicuous, but in some examples these are entirely 
absent. These latter agree exactly with description and figure of 
H. mandarina, Butl., from Shanghai. Appears to be the Oriental 
representative of H. bombyliformis as H. alternata is of H. fuciformis. 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Oiwake (Pryer); Nagasaki, Fushiki, 


Gensan (Leech); Shanghai (Fortune); Kiukiang (Pratt); Corea 
(Herz). 


3. HEMARIS ALTERNATA. 


Sesia alternata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xiv. p. 366 
(1874). 

Hemaris alternata, Butl. lll. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 1, pl. xxi. 
fig. 2 (1878). 

The inward radiation is sometimes so pronounced as to give au 
appearance of opacity to the disk of the wing. 


582 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18, 


Examples of this species in Pryer’s collection bear the same number 
(30) as specimens of H. radians; it is therefore not possible to say 
which insect he refers to in his catalogue, where he remarks ‘‘Common 
at Yokohama. I have bred it from larva found feeding on the 
Weglia.” 

Yokohama (Pryer and Jonas); Hakodate (Whitely); Oiwake 
(Pryer); Gensan (Leech). 


4, Hemaris AFFINIS. 


Macroglossa affinis, Brem. Bull. de l’Acad. tom. iii. 1863; Lep. 
Ost-Sib. p. 35, tab. iii. fig. 13. 

? Hemaris alternata,Butl. teste Fixsen, Rom. Mém. sur Lép. iii. p. 323. 
Recorded from Corea (Herz). 


5. HEMARIS SIEBOLDI. 


Macroglossa sieboldi, Boisd., de ?Orza, Lép. Jap. p. 35 (1869). 

Sesia whitelyi, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xiv. p. 367 
(1874). 

Two examples, Hakodate, and there were four specimens in coll. 
Pryer. Said by Pryer to be common at Yokohama. 

Gifu (Pryer) ; Hakodate (Leech). 


6. MacroGLossa BOMBYLANS. 

Macroglossa bombylans, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 334 (1875). 

Several specimens in Satsuma in May and at Nikko in September 
and Oiwake in October. Exhibits considerable variation in the 
character of yellow marking of secondaries. 

Yokohama (Pryer) ; Satsuma, Nikko, Oiwake (Leech); Kiukiang 
(Pratt). 


7. MACROGLOSSA PYRRHOSTICTA. 


Macroglossa pyrrhosticta, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 242, 
pl. xxxvi. fig. 8. 

Macroglossa saga, Butl. Ent. Mo. Mag. xiv. p. 206 (1878); Ill. 
' Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 1, pl. xxi. fig. 1 (1878). 

One example at Nagahama and one at Gensan in July. Several 
specimens coll. Pryer. 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer) ; Nagahama and Gensan (Leech) ; 
Kiukiang (Pratt); Shanghai. 


8. MAcROGLOSSA STELLATARUM. 


Sphing stellatarum, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 493; Hiibn. Sphing. 
p- 94, pl. ix. fig. 57. 

Macroglossa stellatarum, Steph. 1). Brit. Ent. Haust.i. p. 133, 1. 

I met with this species at several places in Japan, and Pryer notes 
it common at Yokohama. The specimens are very typical. 

Yokohama (Pryer); Oiwake (Pryer and Leech); Nagahama, 
Nikko, Hakodate, Nemoro, Foochau (Leech); North China. 
Teneriffe ; Europe. 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 583 


9. LoPHURA SANGAICA. 


Lophura sangaica, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 621. 

Occurred in Satsuma in May, at Nagasaki in June, Fushiki and 
Shimonoseki in July, and Gensan in August. Pryer in his catalogue 
notes it as common at Yokohama; but there were only five examples 
in his collection. : 

Satsuma, Nagasaki, Shimonoseki, Fushiki (Leech) ; Gensan (Nat. 
Coll.). 


10. AMPHELOPHAGA RUBIGINOSA. 


Amphelophaga rubiginosa, Brem. & Grey, Beitr. zur Schmett.- 
Faun. Nord. China’s, p. 52. 

Deilephila rubiginosa, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. viii. p. 173. 

Deilephila romanovi, Staud., Rom. Mém. sur Lép. iii. pl. ix. fig. 1. 

Three specimens from Yokohama. Except that the olivaceous 
markings on primaries and abdomen are of a rather browner tint, 
these Japanese representatives of the species agree exactly with 
Kiukiang examples. 

There was one example of this species in Pryer’s collection labelled 
Oiwake. It is no. 20 of his catalogue, where he remarks “ Also 
about Yokohama, but not so common as the preceding species” 
(No. 19. Clamis bilineata). 

Yokohama (Manley and Pryer); Oiwake (Pryer); N. China 
(Bremer) ; Kiukiang (Pratt); Corea (Herz). 


11. PERGESA MONGOLIANA. 


Pergesa mongoliana, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 622. 

A common species at Yokohama. 

Some of the specimens in Pryer’s collection and one I received 
from Manley have a luteous submarginal band on primaries; this 
has its external edge much indented, but its internal edge is ill-defined. 
In the same specimens there is a distinct luteous oblique streak at 
anal angle of secondaries. 

I am disposed to consider P. mongoliana, Butl., a local form of 
P. velata, Walk. 

Yokohama (Pryer and Manley); Kiukiang (Pratt). 


12. DeILePHILa GALII. 

Sphinz galii, Fabr. Sp. Ins. ii. p. 147. 33; Hiibn. Sphing. p. 96, 
pl. xii. fig. 64. 

Deilephila galii, Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 125, pl. xii. 
fig. 2. 

Two examples in Pryer’s collection, neither are localized ; but in 
his catalogue Pryer says, ‘I took one specimen at Fujisan in June. 
The yellow bed-straw (Galium verum) is a common plant there.” 
One specimen came under my notice at Tsuruga in July. It was 
hovering over flowers on the side of a mountain in the neighbourhood 
of that town. 

Fujisan (Pryer). North America; Europe. 


584 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18, 


13. CHHZROCAMPA CLOTHO. 
Sphinx clotho, Drury, Exot. Ins. ii. p. 48, pl. 28. fig. 1. 
Cherocampa clotho, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. viii. p. 141 (1856). 


I took a specimen in Satsuma in May. 
Satsuma (Leech). Silhet, North India, Ceylon, Java. 


14, CH#ROCAMPA JAPONICA. 

Cherocampa japonica, Boisd. Ins. Lép. Hét. i. p. 241. 

In his catalogue Pryer observes of this species that it is common 
about Yokohama. I took it in Satsuma in May, and at Nagasaki in 
June, and Hakodate in August. 

Yokohama (Pryer); Satsuma, Nagasaki, Hakodate (Leech); 
Corea (Herz). 


15. CH#ROCAMPA OLDENLANDIZ. 

Sphinx oldenlandia, Fabr. Sp. Ins. ii. p. 148. 37. 

Xylophanes gortys, Hiibn. Zeit. Samml. exot. Schmett. p. 28. 513, 
514; Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. viii. p. 142. 

A long series of this species, including several specimens bred at 
this Society’s Gardens, from larvee which I brought from Yoko- 
hama, where the larvee are common, feeding on taro and balsam. 

Yokohama (Pryer and Leech). North India, Java, Australia, 
Sydney. . 

16. CH#ROCAMPA NESSUS. 

Sphinx nessus, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ins. ii. p. 46, pl. xxvii. fig. 1 
(1773). 

Theretra equestris, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 135 (1816). 

Cherocampa nessus, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. viii. p. 140 (1856). 

This appears to be a common species at Yokohama. Nine speci- 
mens in Pryer’s collection are fairly constant in coloration. 

Yokohama (Pryer). North India, Silhet, Ceylon, Hong Kong, 
Java, Kanara. 


17. CHZROCAMPA ELPENOR. 

Sphinz elpenor, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 492 ; Hibn. Sphing. p. 96, 
pl. x. fig. 61. 

Cherocampa elpenor, Westw, & Humph. Brit. Moths, i. p. 22, 
pl. 51. figs. 7-8. 

3. Cherocampa macromera, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 7 ; 
Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. v. pl. Ixxix. fig, 3. 

@. Cherocampa fraterna, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 247 ; 
Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. v. pl. Ixxix. fig. 4; teste Fixsen, Rom. Mém. 
sur Lép. ili. p. 321. 

Cherocampa lewisii, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 247. 

Except that some examples are more rosy than the type, the 
specimens from Oiwake, in Pryer’s collection, and others I took at 
Shimonoseki and Gensan in July, are not separable from C. elpenor. 

Oiwake (Pryer); Shimonoseki, Gensan (Leech) ; Kiukiang (Pratt) ; 
Hakodate. 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 585 


18. CINOGON ASKOLDENSIS. 

Smerinthus askoldensis, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. v. p. 251, pl. i. 
fig. 3 (1880). 

Cinogon cingulatum, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 2. 

Two specimens in Pryer’s collection, one of which is labelled 
Oiwake. These agree well with Oberthiir’s figure of S. askoldensis 
and also with Butler’s description of C. cingulatum. 

Oiwake, Japan (Pryer); Askold, Hakodate (Andrews). 


19. ACOSMERYX ANCEUS. 

Sphinx anceus, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. p. 124, pl. 355. f. A. 

Enyo anceus, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 132. 1423; Walk. Cat. 
Lep. Het. viii. p. 119. 

Acosmeryx anceus, Butl. Trans. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 544, pl. 90. 
figs. 11 & 12 (larva and pupa). 

Acosmeryx metanaga, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. 
p- 350 (1879). 

Pryer says that this species is common at Yokohama, in which 
locality the eight examples in his collection were probably obtained. 
In some specimens there is no trace of yellow in the discal spot ; but 
as this spot is really a small tuft of raised yellow scales surrounded 
with a more or less distinct fuscous ring, absence of the yellow may 
be due to condition of the specimens. 

Yokohama (Pryer); Kiukiang (Pratt); Amboina. 


20. AMBULYX SCHAUFFELBERGERI. 


Ambulyx schauffelbergeri, Brem. & Grey, Beitr. zur. Schmett. 
Nord. China’s, p. 53. 

I got a specimen at Nagasaki in June; three coll. Pryer and two 
from Mr. Manley. This is probably a local form of A. substrigilis, 
Westw., as possibly are also 4. maculifera and A. consanguis, Butl. 
The Japanese insects agree very well with the last-named, but the 
transverse lines are not clearly defined. 

Nagasaki (Leech); Yokohama (Pryer and Manley) ; North China. 


21. TRIPTOGON SPERCHIUS. 


Smerinthus sperchius, Mén. Enum. Lep. Mus. Petrop. p. 137, 
pl. 13. fig. 5 (1857). 

Triptogon piceipennis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. 
p- 393 (1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 2, pl. xxi. fig. 4 
(1878). 

Triptogon gigas, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 253; Ill. Typ. 
Lep. Het. pt. v. p. 12, pl. Ixxx. fig. 5 (1881). 

Pryer records the larvee as feeding on chestnut in the neighbour- 
hood of Yokohama.) 

In tone of colour, curvature, angulation, and distance apart of the 
transverse linear markings this species exhibits much aberration. 
With the exception of an example I took at Tsuruga in July, and 
one sent me by Manley from Yokohama, all my specimens are from 


586 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [ Dec. 18, 


Pryer’s collection. These are without locality labels, but bear his 
catalogue number (8), and are most probably from Yokohama. In 
the entire series there are examples agreeing with S. sperchius, Mén., 
others with 7’. piceipennis, Butl., and others again with 7’. gigas, Butl., 
whilst in a few the tint of colour, shape, and direction of lines, &c. 
are not quite identical with either. As I do not feel justified in 
describing these as distinct, I am obliged to consider them and also 
the three aberrations named and described as forms of one species. 


22. TRIPTOGON COMPLACENS. 


3. Smerinthus complacens, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. i. p. 40 
(1864). : 

Q. Smerinthus dyras, var. 3, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. viii. p. 251 
(1856) ; Bull. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. iii. p. 2, pl. xli. fig. 4. 

Triptogon roseipennis, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 257; 
Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 588, pl. xci. fig. 6, transformations (1876) ; 
Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. iii. p. 2, pl. xli. fig. 3 (1879). 

? Smerinthus gaschkewitschii, Brem. Beitr. Schm. N. China, p. 13. 

A fine series showing considerable variation in colour. 

Yokohama (Pryer and Manley) ; Nagasaki (Leech) ; Hakodate. 


23. SMERINTHUS DISSIMILIs. 

Triptogon dissimilis, Brem. Bull, de l’Acad. Sci. St. Pétersb. 
1864, tom. ill. 

Smerinthus dissimilis, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 35, pl. iii. fig. 12 
(1864). 

This is no. 5 of Pryer’s catalogue, and there were three examples 
in his collection, two of which were from Tokio and one with aborted 
hind wings, probably a bred specimen, from Oiwake. In colour all 
three differ from a specimen I have from Kiukiang, but the 
markings are exactly alike in all four. Japanese examples agree 
better with Amur specimens in colour. 

Tokio, Oiwake (Pryer) ; Kiukiang (Pratt); Ussuri (Bremer). 


24. SMERINTHUS CHRISTOPHI. 

Smerinthus christophi, Staud., Rom. Mém. sur Lép. iii. p. 162, 
pl. ix. fig. 3 a, 6, & pl. xi. fig. 1 (1887). 

This species appears to be closely allied to S. ¢ilie, Linn. 

Fujisan, Yesso (Pryer); Amur. 


25. SMERINTHUS TATARINOVII. 

Smerinthus tatarinovii, Bremer, Motsch. Etud. Ent. 1852, p. 62. 

Smerinthus eversmanni, Popoff, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mose. 1854, 
ii. p. 182, pl. 1. fig. 5. 

Pryer says this species is not uncommon about Yokohama, but 
there were only four examples in his collection ; of these one has the 
primaries suffused with pink and the central band and apical patch 
are russet-brown. Six other specimens in his series are from Yesso, 
and are much smaller and paler in colour. 

Yokohama (Pryer and Manley) ; Yesso (Pryer). 


1888. | LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 587 


26. SMERINTHUS OCELLATUS. 


Sphinz ocellata, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 489. 

Sphinz salicis, Hibn. Sphing. p. 73. 

Smerinthus ocellatus, God. Hist. Nat. Lép. Fr. iii. p. 20, 2. 

Smerinthus planus, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. viii. p. 254 (1856). 

Smerinthus argus, Mén. Enum. Lep. Mus. Petrop. no. 1561, 
p- 136, tab. xiii. fig. 3 (1857). 

There is nothing whatever in the Asiatic form (i. e. planus, 
Walk.) of S. ocellatus to separate it from that species. As we find 
variation in colour and markings in any good series of European 
S. ocellatus, so also do we find this to be the case where a number of 
Japanese specimens of the species are brought together. These 
last are exactly like Kiukiang and Gensan examples, and there is 
not a specimen in my Asiatic series for which I cannot find an exact 
counterpart among my European series. Pryer says of S. planus, 
“The larva is green with a green horn instead of sky-blue as in 
S. ocellatus.” As no other point of difference is referred to, it is to 
be assumed that none existed, and I cannot think that any value can 
possibly attach to such an unimportant character. 

Yokohama (Pryer); Gensan (Leech) ; Kiukiang (Pratt). Europe. 


27. DAPHNUSA COLLIGATA. 


Daphnusa colligata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. viii. p. 238 (1856). 

Metagastes bieti, Oberth, Etud. d’Entom. xi. p. 29, pl. i. fig. 2 
(1886). 

One example, without locality, in coll. Pryer. 

Japan (Pryer) ; Kiukiang (Pratt); North and Western China. 


28. CLANIS BILINEATA. 


Basiana bilineata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. v. p. 1857 (1866); 
Butl. Il. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. v. p. 14, pl. Ixxxi. fig. 4 (1881). 

Clanis deucalion, Butl. J. ¢. fig. 5. 

This is Pryer’s no. 19, of which he observes in his catalogue 
“common about Yokohama,” but of which it appears he did not 
keep a long series, as there were only three examples in his collection. 
One of these specimens ( ¢ ) agrees well with examples of C. bilineata 
from Kiukiang, whilst the other two (2 2) are the deucalion of 
Butler. I cannot find any trustworthy character by which the last- 
named form can be specifically separated from C. d7lineata. 

Yokohama (Pryer); Kiukiang (Pratt) ; Darjeeling (Russell and 
Tiddesdale) ; North India (Mauger) ; Corea (Herz). 


29. ACHERONTIA ATROPOS. 

Sphinz atropos, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 490; Hiibn. Sphing. p. 68. 

Acherontia atropos, Ochs. Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 139. 1494. 

Acherontia styx, Westw. Cab. Orient. Ent. p. 88, pl. 42. fig. 3. 

Var. Acherontia medusa, Butl. Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 597 (1876) ; 
Ill, Typ. Lep. Het. pt. iii. p. 3, pl. xli. fig. 5. 

Neither Chinese nor Japanese representatives are to be separated 


588 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18, 


with certainty from A. atropos. However, the more slender ab- 
dominal belts and transverse stripe, together with the darker “ skull- 
mark ” on thorax, of most of the specimens from China and Japan 
afford fairly good varietal characters ; and as these seem to be pretty 
constant, it will perhaps be well that this form be known as var. 
medusa. I should note that among my European specimens of A. 
atropos are individuals with the “ skull-mark ” quite as dark as in 
any Japanese or Chinese example. 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Oiwake, Nikko, Hakone, and 
Gensan (Leech) ; Nagasaki (Lewis) ; Hong Kong (Bowring). North 
India, Philippine Isles, Sierra Leone, Turkey in Asia, Africa, 
Europe. 


30. PRoTOPARCE CONVOLVULI. 

Sphinx convolvuli, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 490; Hiibn. Sphing. 
p- 70; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Comp. i. p. 267, pl. ix. figs. 3, 
3a, larva and pupa (1857). 

Protoparce orientalis, Butl. Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 609, pl. 91. 
figs. 16, 17, larva and pupa (1876). 

A very typical series, including four specimens from Pryer’s 
collection. Having regard to the great variability and extensive 
geographical range of this species, I am at a loss to understand how 
any one can attempt to claim specific rank for representatives of 
P. convolvuli coming from any part of the Old World. 

Yokohama (Pryer); Fushiki, Hakodate (Leech). North India, 
Scinde?, Ceylon, Java, New Zealand, New South Wales, Port 
Natal, Africa, Europe, East Indies, Hong Kong. 


31. PsruDOSPHINX INEXACTA. 

Macrosila inexacta, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. viii. p. 208 (1856). 

Pseudosphinx inexacta, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. v. p. 16, 
pl. Ixxxi. fig. 8 (1881). 

Japanese examples agree well with Butler’s figure, only the 
markings at anal angle of secondaries are not so distinct. This is 
Pryer’s no. 15, and appears to occur among yew trees. I took 
some fine specimens at Hakodate in August. Amurland specimens 
are grey, without the olivaceous tint found in the type and Japanese 
examples. 

Yokohama, Yesso (Pryer) ; Hakodate (Zeech). North India 
(Hume); Amur; Corea (Herz). 


32. ANCERYX PINASTRI. 

Sphine pinastri, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p.492 ; Hibn. Sphing. p. 67. 

Hyloicus pinastri, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 139. 1483. 

Anceryx pinastri, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. viii. p. 223 (1856). 

Hyloicus caligineus, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 393 
(1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 2, pl. xxi. fig. 6 (1878). 

Common in Japan, especially at Yokohama. 

In his differentiation of the dark Japanese form of A. pinastri, 
Butler refers to the absence of ‘‘ white markings on the body ” and 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 589 


“ lateral black spots on the abdomen.” In my series of A. pinastri 
from Japan, I find that almost every specimen has the body paler 
where the white markings should be, and dark patches along the 
sides are distinctly visible. The dark form is most frequent in 
Japan ; but in Pryer’s collection there is one example of A, pinastri 
which has a pale grey ground-colour clouded with darker, and with 
strong and sharply defined markings. This is one of three examples 
labelled no. 16, and noted as occurring newly emerged on stems of 
yew trees; the other two are referable to A. davidis, Oberth. 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Nagahama, Tsuruga, Fushiki, 
Ningpo (Leech). North India; Europe. 


33. ANCERYX INCRETA. 

Anceryz increta, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. i. p. 36 (1864). 

Diludia increta, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. iii. p. 4, pl. xli. 
fig. 7 (1879). 

An extensive series showing considerable variation in tone of 
colour and intensity of marking. 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Nagahama, Sendai, Shimonoseki, 
Fushiki (Leech) ; Kiukiang (Pratt); Shanghai; North China 
(Fortune). 


34, ANCERYX DAVIDIS. 

Sphine davidis, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. v. p. 27, pl. vil. fig. 9 
(Oct. 1880). 

Sphinex streckeri, Staud. Ent. Nachr. vi. p. 252 (1880). 

Hyloicus davidis, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 2. 


Two fine examples in Pryer’s collection. These, as previously 
adverted to, are two of the three insects (no. 16) found on stems of 
yew at Yokohama. In one the central area of primaries between 
the transverse lines is pale grey like the rest of the wing, but in 
the other it is clouded with fuscous, and as a consequence the wing 
appears to have a broad fuscous transverse fascia. Neither of these 
specimens agree exactly with Oberthiir’s figure of A. davidis, but there 
can be no doubt they are forms of that insect, as also is Sphinz 
streckeri, Staud., from Vladivostok. Amurland specimens of A. 
davidis in my collection are rather darker than my Japanese examples, 
and seem to fit in between these last and specimens of 8. streckeri 
from the Amur. 

Yokohama (Pryer); Tokio (Fenton); Nikko (Maries); Vladi- 
vostok ; Amur. 


35. SPHINX LIGUSTRI. 

Sphinz ligustri, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 287. 1087 ; Hiibn. Sphing. 
pl. xiv. fig. 69. 

Sphine constricta, Butl. Cistula Ent. vol. iii. p. 113 (1885). 

One example, taken at Hakodate by my native collector in June, 
does not differ sufficiently from European examples to deserve 
specific rank. 

Hakodate; Kashiwage (Lewis). 

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. XL. 40 


590 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18, 


36. THyYRIS FENESTRELLA} 


Thyris fenestrella, Scop. Ent. Carn. p. 217 (1763). 


Three specimens at Gensan in June and July. 
Gensan (July). 


37. THYRIS USITATA. 


Thyris usitata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 367 
(1879). 

I took four specimens in Satsuma in May. A very fine series 
coll. Pryer. 


Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Oiwake (Pryer); Satsuma 
(Leech). 


38. MELITriA BOMBYLIFORMIS. 

Sphinx bombiliformis, Cram. Pap. Ex. iv. p. 241, pl. 400. fig. C. 
(1782). 

Melittia anthredoniformis, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 128 (1816). 

Trochilium phorcus, West. Cab. Orient. Ent. p. 62, pl. 30. fig. 7. 


A specimen from Japan in the National Collection. 
India, N. and E. 


39. MELITrIA EURYTION. 


Trochilium eurytion, Westw. Cab. Or. But. p. 62, pl. 30. fig. 5 
(1848). 
Melittia eurytion, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. viii. p. 70 (1856). 


Two specimens at Tsuruga in June. Five examples coll. Pryer 
(no. 42). 


Yesso, Nikko, Yokohama (Pryer); Tsuruga (Leech); North 
India, Silhet. 


40. MELITrIA CHALCIFORMIS. 


Sphinx chalciformis, Fabr. Ent. Syst. tom. iii. pt. 1, p. 382. 
Melitiva indica, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xiv. p. 411 
(1874). 


One example in Satsuma in May. 
Satsuma (Leech). 


41. SPHECIA RHYNCHIOIDES. 


Sphecia rhynchioides, Butl. Trans. Eut. Soc. 1881, p. 589. 
Six specimens in coll. Pryer, Yokohama. 
Pryer says that the larva ‘‘ feeds on oak.”’ 


42. SPHECIA CONTAMINATA. 

Sphecia contaminata, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 59, pl. xl. 
fig. 2. 

Four specimens, coll. Pryer. 

Yokohama (Jonas) ; Yesso (Pryer). 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 591 


43. SpHECIA ROMANOV], sp. n. (Plate XXX. fig. 1.) 

3. Primaries hyaline, brownish, thickly clothed with dark brown 
scales along the costa, inner margin, and median nerve ; secondaries 
hyaline, outer half brownish, sprinkled with a few darkish scales ; 
fringes yellowish brown. Body brownish orange, with 7 black belts. 
Thorax black, front portion brilliant orange ; collar reddish ; head and 
palpi bright orange marked with reddish ; antennz pectinated, lower 
half reddish, remainder black. Prolegs orange, marked with reddish ; 
remaining legs dark brown, marked with orange and reddish. 

Q. Like the male, but primaries more densely clothed with scales ; 
antenne simple. 

Expanse 46 millim. 

Four specimens of this fine insect in coll. Pryer, Yokohama. 


44, Spuecia? FIXSENI, sp. n. (Plate XXX. fig. 2.) 

Primaries partly hyaline, thickly clothed along the nerves as far 
as the end of cell with reddish-brown scales; apex of wing and 
broad outer margin deep buff; secondaries hyaline, with deep dark 
brown fringes. Head black ; palpi yellow; a narrow yellow collar. 
Thorax marked on each side with yellow. Body blackish, with four 
orange-yellow bands and reddish-orange anal tuft. Antennze blackish 
above, reddish below; all the legs yellow marked with reddish 
orange. Underside of primaries yellow along the nerves and towards 
apex ; secondaries sprinkled with yellow along the outer margin. 

Expanse 42 millim. 

Sexes do not differ. 

Five specimens in coll. Pryer from Nikko and Oiwake (June and 
July, 1887). 


45. SCIAPTERON CRABRONIFORME. 

Sciapteron crabroniforme, Hiibn., Rom. Mém. sur les Lép. vol. iii. 
p- 323. 

Corea (Herz). 


46. SCIAPTERON FERALE, sp.n. (Plate XXX. fig. 3.) 

Primaries brown, sprinkled with orange scales, with a purplish 
reflection, hyaline from base to a little beyond centre; secondaries 
hyaline with an opalescent reflection. Head black ; palpi yellow in 
front ; collar yellow. Thorax and body black, the latter broadly 
belted just beyond the middle with sulphur; legs blackish; hind 
tarsi yellow. Under surface of all wings iridescent. 

This species is much larger and differently belted to the other 
two Japanese species in the genus. 

Expanse 43 millim. 

One male, coll. Pryer, taken in Yesso in 1882. 


47. SCIAPTERON REGALE. 
Sciapteron regale, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 60, pl. xl. 
fig. 3 (1878). 
Satsuma in May; Nagasaki in May and June; and Shimonoseki 
in July. Six examples, coll. Pryer. 
40* 


592 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18, 


There is no difference between Japanese and Kiukiang specimens 
of this species. 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Shimonoseki, Nagasaki, Satsuma 
(Leech); Kiukiang (Pratt). 


48. ScIAPTERON BICINCTA. 

Aigeria bicincta, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. i. p. 12 (1864). 

Several specimens at Nagasaki in June, and Tsuruga and Shim- 
onoseki in July. Two examples, coll. Pryer. 

Nagasaki, Tsuruga, Shimonoseki (Leech) ; Yokohama, Oiwaki 
(Pryer); N. China (Fortune). 


49. AKGERIA HECTOR. 

Aigeria hector, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 60, pl. xl. fig. 4 
(1878). 

A number of specimens, coll. Pryer. 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Oiwake (Pryer). 


50. ASGERIA MONTIS, sp. n. (Plate XXX. fig. 4.) 

Primaries deeply bordered with black; the central hyaline area 
divided by a broad black bar just beyond the middle of the wing ; 
secondaries hyaline, bordered with black, broadly on their outer and 
narrowly on their inner margins. Body black, belted with yellow 
near the anal extremity, and again towards the middle. Head, 
thorax, legs, antennee, and under surface black; under surface of 
primaries dashed with yellow along the costa and inner margin. 

Allied to 4. stelidiformis (Freyer), but differing in the belts. 

Expanse 25 millim. 

A single male in coll. Pryer, taken at Oiwake, June 1887. 


50 a. AUSGERIA TENUIS. 

4igeria tenuis, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 60, pl. xl. fig. 8 
(1878). 

Three specimens, coll. Pryer. 

Oiwake (Pryer). 

51. SEsIA VELOX. 

Sesia velox, Fixsen, Rom. Mém. sur Lép. vol. iii. p. 323. 

Corea (Herz). 


52. BEMBECIA ODYNERIPENNIS. 

Aigeria odyneripennis, Walk. Cet. Lep. Het. viii. p. 42 (1856). 
I took one specimen of this insect near Hakodate in August. 
Nova Scotia. 


53. BEMBECIA PERNIX, sp.n. (Plate XXX. fig. 5.) 

Primaries reddish fuscous, paler and somewhat subhyaline about 
the disk and base of wings; secondaries hyaline, with dark outer 
border and fringes. Head black; palpi and collar pale yellow. 
Thorax and abdomen black, the latter with two narrow pale yellow 
rings near the anal tuft and two wider rings, one about the centre 


1888. LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 593 


and one towards the base of the body ; anal tuft tipped with white. 
Antenne black, tipped with reddish. Underside of primaries paler 
than upper surface. Legs black, with faint pale markings. 

I took one specimen of this species at Shimonoseki in July 1886, 
and there is one in coll. Pryer, Oiwake, June 1887. 


54. TINTHIA CONSTRICTA. 


Tinthia constricta, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 61, pl. xl. 
fig. 10 (1878). 

I got one specimen at Nagasaki in June. 

Yokohama (Jonas); Nagasaki (Leech). 


55. TINTHIA EDITHA. 
Tinthia editha, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 61, pl. xl. fig. 9. 
Yokohama (Jonas). 


56. SYNTOMIS EREBINA. 

Syntomis erebina, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 5. 
“ Allied to S. phegea of Europe.” —Butler. 

Tokio (Fenton). 


57. SYNTOMIS THELEBUS. 

Zygena thelebus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 1, p. 391. 

Syntomis mandarinia, Butl. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xii. p. 349. 

? = germana, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 37. 

I got a nice series of this species in Japan and Corea, showing con- 
siderable variation in size and number of hyaline spots ; but in Pryer’s 
collection there was a series which had evidently been made up of 
specimens selected to show something of the entire range of maclar 
aberration in Japanese S. thelebus. At one end of this series is a peci- 
men minus the apical spot, and the other spots on primaries are very 
small, whilst at the other end is an example which has exceedingly 
large spots, and in consequence might be said to have hyaline primaries 
with black transverse and longitudinal band-like markings ; between 
these two are all the intermediate gradations, some of which have the 
basal spots of all the wings thinly clothed with yellowish scales. In 
the series I obtained are specimens with an extra hyaline spot above 
or below the usual apical one, and others which have both these 
additional spots. 

Expanse 30-40 millim. 

Oiwake, Ohoyama, Fujisan, Kanosan (Pryer); Nagahama, Na- 
gasaki, Tsuruga, Gensan (Leech) ; Ningpo, Corea(Herz); Kiukiang 
(Pratt); Amur. 


58. SYNTOMIS FORTUNEI. 

S. fortunei, De Y Orza, Lep. Jap. p. 38. 

S. zelleri, Ersch. 

Syntomis annetta, Butl. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xii. p.347 (1876); 
Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. iii. pl. xlii. fig. 5. 

I took a number of specimens in Japan and the Corea during July 


594 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18, 


1886, and my native collector obtained it at Hakodate in June and 
July 1887. 

In expanse this species ranges from 28 to 40 millim. 

Oiwake, Yokohama (Pryer); Tsuruga, Nagahama, Shimonoseki, 
Hakone, Gensan (Leech) ; Corea; Hakodate. 


59. PRYERIA SINICA. 


Pryeria sinica, Moore, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 86 
(1877). 

A fine series, including two females, in Pryer’s collection. I did 
not meet with this species in Japan or Corea. 

Mr. Moore’s description appears to apply to the male only, as 
the female has rather broader wings and the last abdominal segments 
have lateral tufts of short black and long golden-brown hairs ; these 
last meet over the back and prcject beyond the anal segment, The 
antennee of the female are filiform to beyond the middle, then thick- 
ened towards the pointed apex. 

Pryer says that it feeds on the Masaki. 

Yokohama (Pryer) ; Shanghai (type). 


60. BALAT#A OCTOMACULATA. 


Euchromia octomaculata, Brem. Bull. de l’Acad. Pétersb. 1861, 
tom. iii.; Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 36, pl. iv. fig. 1 (1864). 

Balatea egerisides, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. i. p. 110 (1864); 
Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. iii. p. 4, pl. xbi. fig. 2 (1879). 

I only met with this species at Gensan, where I took four males in 
June 1886. One example (@) in coll. Pryer, and Fixsen also 
records it from Corea. 

Ohoyama (Pryer) ; Gensan (Leech); North China. 


61. BINTHA GRACILIs. 

Bintha gracilis, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. i. p. 127 (1864) ; 
Butl. Il. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. iii. p. 5, pl. xlii. fig. 3 (1879). 

I tock two Q specimens at Nagahama and one at Gensan in 
July 1886, and there were six examples in Pryer’s collection (2 d, 
4 2 ye 
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Nagahama, Gensan (Leech). 


62. PRocRIS BUDENSIS. 
Procris budensis, Spey. Geogr. Verbr. i. p. 466 (1862). 


Jinchuen, W. Corea, Amur, Hungary, Sarepta, Armenia. 
Motschulsky records this species from Japan. 


63. PRocris TRISTIS. 

Procris tristis, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 97, tab. viii. fig. 4 (1864). 

Procris esmeralda, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 394° 
(1877) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 4, pl. xxi. fig. 8 (1878). 

I have about forty examples of this Procris from Japan and the 
Corea. The only difference I can see between P. tristis, Brem., and 


1888.] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 595 


P. esmeralda, Butl., is one of colour, the former being blackish 
grey, and the last named green of various shades. Separating the 
specimens in the series by their colour, eight are referable to P. 
esmeralda, and seventeen to P. tristis; but the remainder do not 
agree exactly with either in the matter of colour. Pryer in his 
Catalogue has “68. Illibris? sp. Fujisan” and “ 69. Illibris trista, 
Brem., or sinensis, Walker.” The first he says is blue, and the 
second green. In his collection, however, his series no. 68 comprises 
7 “blue,” 1 blackish-grey Qs, and 3 blackish-grey ds, one of 
which has “blue” borders. Series no. 69 consists of 10 specimens, 
all males and mostly blackish grey in colour, but some have the 
primaries sprinkled with green or bluish-green scales. The Gensan 
specimens are blackish grey, sometimes with blue or green scales 
over disk of wing. 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer) ; Ohoyama, Kanosan, Oiwake 
(Pryer); Gensan (Leech) ; Corea (Herz). 


64. Procris Fusca, sp.n. (Plate XXX. fig. 6.) 

All the wings bronzy brown. Antenne brown above, paler 
beneath, moderately long and slightly pectinated. 

Expanse 15-23 millim. 

One small ¢, Gensan, July ; and five examples, coll. Pryer. 


65. PRocRIs NIGRA, sp. De (Plate XXX. fig. 7.) 

9. All the wings fuliginous semitransparent. Antennz simple. 
Head, thorax, and abdomen black ; legs bluish black. Expanse 
29 millim. 

One example, coll. Pryer. 

Ohoyama (Pryer). 


66. PRocris CHINENSIS. 
Ino chinensis, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 31. 
Procris chinensis, Walk. Cap. Lep. Het. Suppl. v. p. 1862. 


Several examples at Nagasaki in June, and there were two spe- 
cimens in Pryer’s collection. It is said to have been common at 
Yokohama, the larva feeding on Masaki. 

Nagasaki (Leech) ; Yokohama (Pryer), Corea’; China. 


67. PRocRIs FUNERALIs. 

Procris funeralis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 351 
(1879). 

Four examples in coll. Pryer. 

Yokohama (Pryer). 


68. NorruiA SINENSIS. 


Illiberis sinensis, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. i. p. 281 (1854). 
(Neuration of primaries, Plate XXX. fig. 20. ) 


One specimen at Hakodate (August) and several at Gensan (June 


596 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18, 


and July). This is Pryer’s no. 77; there were only two examples 
in his collection, and were taken, I believe, at Yokohama. 

? Yokohama (Pryer); Hakodate, Gensan (Leech); Kiukiang 
(Pratt) ; Foochau (April, Leech) ; Isle of Askold ; N. China. 


69. NoRTHIA PSYCHINA. 

Procris psychina, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. pt. v. p. 28, pl. vii. fig. 6. 

Allied to N. sinensis, but the wings, which are shorter and rounder, 
are thickly clothed with brownish scales. There were two examples 
in Pryer’s collection, and I took an example at Hakodate in August. 

Yokohama (Pryer); Hakodate (Leech). 


70. NorTHiIA TENUIS. 


Northia tenuis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 394 
(1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 4, pl. xxi. fig. 7 (1878). 

(Neuration of primaries, Plate XXX. fig. 19.) 

I met with several specimens in Satsuma and at Nagasaki in May 
1886 and one at Hakodate in August of the same year. My native 
collector obtained it in the last-named place, in June and July. 
Eleven examples in Pryer’s collection, two of which are somewhat 
faded and are the no. 75 of his catalogue. The larva is said to feed 
on spindle. 

In his paper on Lepidoptera from the Corea, Dr. Fixsen notes 
the occurrence of this insect, but not of N. sinensis. On my visit to 
the Corea I obtained the last named, but not WN. fenuzs. 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Oiwake (Pryer); Nagasaki, 
Satsuma, Hakodate (Leech); Hong-Kong. 


71. NoRTHIA DIRCE, sp.n. (Plate XXX. fig. 8.) 


Q. Hyaline, primaries clouded with black at base, third of costa, 
and broadly along inner margin; apex broadly, and outer margin 
narrowly bordered with black. Secondaries black along the costa. 
Antenne, head, thorax, abdomen, and legs black. 

Expanse 30 millim. 

Allied to M. tenuis, Butl., but can at once be separated therefrom 
by the black apex of primaries and also by its longer and narrower 
wings, and different shape of discal cell. 

One example taken by myself at Gensanin July. There are four 


specimens from N. China in the National Collection at South 
Kensington. 


72. NORTHIA CYBELE, sp. n. (Plate XXX. fig. 9.) 


@. Hyaline, clouded with blackish at the base, along the costa 
nearly to the middle, and on inner margin of primaries; there are 
also a few black scales along outer margin. Secondaries thickly 
dotted with black along the costal area. Fringes black. Antenne 


slightly pectinated, brilliant metallic green ; body black with metallic 
green reflections. 


Expanse 30 millim. 
Closely allied to N. sinensis, Walk., from which, however, it may 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 597 


be separated by the colour of antenne, greater width of thorax, 
narrowness of wing, and density of black scales. The neuration at 
end of cell is also of a different character. 

One example taken by myself at Gensan in July. 


73. ZYGENA NIPHONA. 


Zygena niphona, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 393 
(1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 4, pl. xxi. fig. 9 (1878). 

Zygena christophi, Staud., Rom. Mém. sur Lép. p. 173 (1887). 

A fine series in Pryer’s collection. I took two specimens at 
Hakodate in August 1886. 

This species may have either five or six spots on the upper surface 
of primaries, but below the sixth spot is always to be seen though 
sometimes only faintly. Confluency of the spots appears to be 
rather the exception than the rule. There are one or two examples 
in my series which agree very well with Butler’s figure ; but in the 
majority the five or six spots, although contiguous, are quite in- 
dependent of each other, except perhaps as regards the upper spots 
of the central and outer pairs, which are often united by a thin line of 
their own colour. 

Yokohama (Jonas) ; Oiwake (Pryer); Hakodate (Leech). 


74. AMURIA CYCLOPS. 


Amuria cyclops, Staud., Rom. Mém. sur Lép. p. 172, pl. 8. fig. 6 
(1887). 


I have no example of this species, but it seems from the de- 
scription and figure to come between Procris funeralis and P. fusca. 

Vladivostok, Askold, Sidemi, Corea. 

75. PsycHE VICIELLA. 

Psyche viciella, Schiff. S. V. p. 133. 

Var. stetinensis, Hering, Stett. ent. Zeit. 1846, p. 227. 

One specimen of var. s¢e¢inensis in coll. Pryer without locality. 


76. PsycHE UNICOLOR. 
Psyche unicolor, Hufn. Berl. Mag. ii. p. 418 (1766). 
Psyche graminella, Schiff. S. V. p. 133. 291 (1776). 


Several specimens in coll. Pryer, which I believe are referable to 
this species. 


Yokohama, Yesso (Pryer). 

77. PLATEUMETA AUREA. 

Plateumeta aurea, Butl, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 22. 
Yokohama (Pryer). 

78. GOVIRANA BIPARS. 


Perina bipars, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. ii. p. 406. 
One specimen in coll. Pryer. 
Japan, N. India. 


598 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18, 


79. KUMETA MINUSCULA. 
Eumeta minuscula, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 22. 


I bred an example of this species at Nagasaki in May. 
Yokohama (Pryer) ; Nagasaki (Leech). 


80. Eumeta prYERI, Moore, MS. 


Nearly allied to EZ. wardii from South India, but has a broader 
fore wing and less produced apex to the hind wing; it is also of a 
more uniforn ly darker cupreous brown colour than any of the other 
species. 

Expanse 14 inch. 

Shanghai (Pryer). In coll. W. B. Pryer and F. Moore. 

The description has been kindly communicated by Mr. Moore. 
There were two examples in H. Pryer’s collection. 


81. SysTROPHA NIVOSA. 


Systropha nivosa, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 353 
(1879). 
Five specimens in coll. Pryer, and one example taken by myself 


at Gensan in July. 
Yokohama (Pryer) ; Gensan (Leech). 


82. AGRISIUS JAPONICUS, sp. n. (Plate XXX. fig. 10.) 


Allied to A. guttivitta, Walk., from India, but of an obscure 
greyish colour, and without the central series of spots of that species. 
Near the base there are twelve black spots arranged in four oblique 
rows, the last two extending only from the costa to the median 
nerve; then comes a clear space bounded by a curved series of black 
dots, which divide the wing into two equal portions, the outer 
portion has black nervulee. Abdomen grey, with a dorsal and 
lateral series of round black spots. 

Expanse 52 millim. 


83. CEonISTIS NIGRICOSTA, sp. n. (Plate XXX. fig. 11.) 

3 . Primaries grey; basal, inner and outer marginal areas yellowish; 
costa with a bluish-black streak from base tapering to apex: 
secondaries pale buff, slightly darker towards margins, and with a 
short, longitudinal, black bar just above the centre of wing. Under 
surface yellowish ; primaries clouded with fuscous towards costa and 
outer angle, and rather darker in discal cell ; secondaries with some 
fuscous scales along anterior margin. Head black. Thorax orange. 
Abdomen dull orange. 

Expanse 36 millim. 

Allied to @. quadra, but the black costal streak on primaries and 
black bar on secondaries separate it at once from that species. 

One example, coll. Pryer. 


84. CEonIsTIs QUADRA. 
Phal.-Noctua quadra, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 840; Walk. 
Cat, Lep. Het. ii. p. 496. 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 599 


Conistis dives, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 398 
(1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. pl. xxii. fig. 11 (1878). 
Japanese specimens are not separable from European examples 


of Gi. quadra by any character whatever. 
Yokohama (Pryer); Gensan (Leech). 


85. LiTHOSIA CRIBRATA. 

Lithosia cribrata, Staud., Rom. Mém. sur Lép. p. 189, pl.x. fig. 11 
(1887). 

One example, coll. Pryer (no. 114). 

Nikko (Pryer) ; Askold. 


86. LirHosia MUSCERDA. 

Phalena muscerda, Hufn.; Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. ii. p. 504. 

Lithosia muscerda, Ochs. Schmett. iii. p. 143. 11. 

Several specimens, coll. Pryer. I took an example at Ningpo in 
April. 

Nikko, Yesso, Oiwake (Pryer); Corea (Herz); Ningpo (Leech). 


87. LITHOSIA GRISEOLA. 

Bombyz griseola, Hiibn. Bomb. p. 126, pl. 23. fig. 97; Walk. 
Cat. ii. p. 497. . 

Lithosia adaucta, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 398 
(1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 6, pl. xxiii. fig. 6 (1878). 

Lithosia egrota, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 397. 

Collita egrota, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. iii. pl. xlii. fig. 13. 

Among English representatives of LZ. griseola there are several 
specimens in my collection with secondaries of a ‘‘ creamy strami- 
neous” colour, whilst among the Japanese examples of adaucta, Butl., 
are one or two individuals with dark grey secondaries. As regards 
size, some of my English L. griseola measure 1 inch 7 lines, whereas 
there are four specimens of LZ. adaucta which do not exceed 1 inch 
3 lines. I cannot separate L. adaucta or L. egrota, Butl., from 
L. griseola, Hiibn. 

Nikko, Yesso, Oiwake (Pryer); Hakodate, Tsuruga, Gensan 
(Leech) ; Corea (Herz). 


88. LiTHOsSIA UNITA. 

Bombyz unita, Hiibn. 

Var. arideola, Herr.-Sch., Rom. Mém. sur Lép. p. 331. 
Recorded by Dr. Fixsen as occurring in Corea. 

89. LiTHOSIA APRICA. 

Katha aprica, Butl. Cist. Ent. iii. p. 115. 

Superficially allied to Z. sororcula, Hufn. 

Ohoyama, Yesso (Pryer). 

90. LirHosIA DEBILIS. 

Lithosia debilis, Staud., Rom. Mém. sur Lép. p. 190, pl. x. fig. 12. 
Fixsen gives Corea as a locality for this insect (op. cié. p. 331). 


600 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18, 


91. Lirosta saponica, sp.n. (Plate XXX. fig. 12.) 


Smoky grey, secondaries slightly paler; primaries with a pale 
yellowish streak from base to middle of costa. Under surface 
of all wings smoky ; costal streak on primaries extending to apex. 
Head yellowish. ‘Thorax and abdomen fuscous. 

Expanse, ¢ 26 millim., 2 30 millim. 

Two examples, coll. Pryer. 


92. Lirwosta IMMACULATA. 
Inthosia immaculata, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 671. 
I obtained two examples at Nagasaki in June, and there were two 


specimens in Pryer’s collection. 
Nagasaki (Leech). 


93. LirHOsIA AFFINEOLA. 


Lithosia affineola, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 97, pl. viii. fig. 5 
(1864). 

One example, Gensan, July, and one, Hakodate, August. 

Gensan, Hakodate (Leech). 


94. Lirnosta coREANA, sp.n. (Plate XXX. fig. 13.) 

3. Primaries yellowish grey, costal streak pale yellow, running 
through to the fringe ; secondaries also yellowish grey, shading into 
yellow towards the inner margin. Under surface—primaries same as 
above, but slightly darker; secondaries yellow; costal area darker 
fuscous, edged with pale yellowish. Head yellow; thorax grey; 
abdomen and legs brownish. 

Expanse 27 millim. 

Allied to L. afineola, Brem. 

I took one example at Gensan in June. 


95. LirHosta VETUSTA. 

Lithosia vetusta, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. iii. p. 508 (1854). 

One example taken by myself at Gensan in July, and another 
by Mr. Smith at Hakone, August. 

Hakone (Smith) ; Gensan (Leech). 


96. LirHosIA DEPLANA. 


Noctua deplana, Esp. Schmetterl. iv. p. 97, t. 93. figs. 16,29. 
_ Noctua depressa, Esp. iv. t. 93. fig. 3 2. 

Lithosia helveola, Ochs. Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 133. 

Bombyx ochreola, Hiibn. Bomb. pl. xxiii. fig. 96. 

Lithosia pavescens, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p- 398 
(1877) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 7, pl. xxiii. fig. 5 (1878). 

Lithosia levis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 393; IIL. 
Typ. Lep. Het. pl. xxii. fig. 12. 

I obtained this species at Hakodate in August. Several 
examples, coll. Pryer. 

Hakodate (Leech); Oiwake, Nikko (Pryer). 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 601 


97. GHORIA COLLITOIDES. 

Ghoria collitoides, But]. Cist. Ent. vol. iii. p. 115. 

A series in coll. Pryer. 

This insect is near to Lithosia gigantea, Oberth., from Isle of 
Askold, but it has a black head, and the costal streak is not con- 


tinued to apex of primaries. 
Nikko, Oiwake (Pryer). 


98. STIGMATOPHORA FLAVA. 


Setina flava, Brem. & Grey, Schmett. Nord. China’s, p. 14 (1853); 
Lep. Ost-Sib. pl. viii. fig. 6. 

Setina ochracea, Lederer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ver. Wien, 1855, 
p- 105, t. i. fig. 4 (Sibir.). 

Setina sinensis, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. ii. p. 520. 

I took this species in two localities in Japan, and there wer 
several specimens in Pryer’s collection. 

Hakodate, Sakata, Gensan (Leech); Ningpo, N. China, Amur. 


99. STIGMATOPHORA MICANS. 
Setina micans, Brem. & Grey, Schmett. N. China’s, p. 9 (1853). 


I took a good series at Gensan in July, and one at Fusanin June. 
Corea (Herz); Fusan, Gensan (Leech); N. China. 


100. MELANZMA VENATA. 


Melanema venata, Butl. A. M. N. H. (4) xx. p. 397 (1877); 
Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 6, pl. xxii. fig. 5 (1878). 

Appears to be fairly constant in colour and markings. 

Yokohama (Jones, Pryer, and Manley); Oiwake (Pryer). 


101. Minrocsrisra PULCHRA. 


2 . Miltochrista pulchra, Butl. A. M. N. H. (4) xx. p. 396 (1877); 
Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 5, pl. xxii. fig. 6. 

3. Miltochrista mactans, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1877, p. 340 ; 
Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. v. p. 39, pl. Ixxxv. fig. 13 (1881). 

Butler’s MZ. pulchra and his M. mactans are not two species, but 
sexes of the same species. 

In the description of M. pulchra reference is made to four series of 
black dots; the first and third series are said to be well defined and 
arched, and the fourth composed of small linear dashes. No direct 
mention, however, is made of the second series; neither is there any 
indication of four series of black dots in the figure of thisinsect. On 
the other hand, three distinct lines of black spots are found across 
the discal area of the figure representing JZ, mactans, and in the 
description of that insect reference is made to a series of longitudinal 
streaks exterior to the third line. These streaks of M. mactans and the 
small linear dashes occupying a similar positionin M. pulchra, forming 
the fourth series of dots in that insect, are simply modifications of a 
marking which in its entirety is a character sometimes found in one 
sex, and when interrupted or broken up an occasional feature of the 


602 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18, 


other sex of a species which, as it is the prior name, should be known 
as M. pulchra.. In my series of this Miltochrista from Japanand the 
Corea are specimens showing every gradation in the length of the 
longitudinal streaks. The second line or series of black dots is 
clearly defined in all the examples of both sexes, and, with but few 
exceptions, this runs in a straight line from costa to inner margin. 

Yesso, Yokohama (Pryer) ; Gensan (Leech) ; Ningpo, Hakodate ; 
Corea (Herz). 


102. MiLTrocuRISsTA STRIATA. 


Lithosia striata, Brem. & Grey, Beitr. zur Schmett. Nord. China’s, 
p. 14. 

An extensive series from Japan and Corea showing considerable 
variation, especially in the character of the transverse marking 
nearest outer margin of male primaries ; often this is simply a series 
of grey linear spots, but in some examples the spots are elongated 
into dashes or streaks, and in other specimens again these are con- 
fluent, and form a broad transverse grey band slightly interrupted 
here and there by rose-coloured streaks. In some female examples 
there are but the faintest traces of rose-coloured streaks, and the 
grey spots and streaks are very indistinct. 

Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer); Gensan (Leech); Hakodate; 
Ningpo, North China. 


103. MiLtTrocuRISTA MINIATA. 


Geometra miniata, Forst. Nov. Spec. Ins. p. 75 (1771). 

Bombyz rosea, Fabr. 8. E. p. 587 (1775); Esp. 77, 1-3. 

Noctua rubicunda, Schiff. S. V. p. 68 (1776); Hiibn. Bombyces, 
pl. xxvi. fig. 111. 

Miltochrista rosaria, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. 
p- 397 (1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 6, pl. xxii. fig. 8 (1878). 

A specimen in Satsuma in May, one at Nagasaki in June, another 
at Nagahama in July, and two at Gensan in the same month. 
There was a long series in coll. Pryer. 

Comparing these specimens with others from Europe, I cannot 
find any trustworthy point of difference between them. 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer) ; Yesso, Oiwake (Pryer) ; Satsuma, 
Nagasaki, Nagahama, Gensan (Leech); Hakone (Smith). 


104. MintrocurisTa INSCRIPTA. 

Q. Sesapa inscripta, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. ii. p. 547 (1854). 

Miltochrista inseripta, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. iii. p. 7, 
pl. xlii. fig. 11 (1879). 

One example from Gensan. It is also recorded from Corea by 


Dr. Fixsen in the paper previously referred to. 
Gensan (Native Coll.) ; Foochau (Leech). 


105. MiLrocuRisTA RHODOPHILA. 
Barsine rhodophila, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. i. p. 254 (1864). 


1888.] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 603 


Miltochrista rhodophila, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. iii. p. 8, 
pl. xlii. fig. 12 (1879). 

Miltochrista torrens, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 353. 

I took specimens at Gensan (July), Fusan (June), and Shimonoseki 
(July). 

Mekdtemns, Yesso (Pryer); Fusan, Gensan, Shimonoseki (Leech) ; 
Shanghai, Mongolia. 


106. MitrocHrRisTa ABERRANS. 

Miltochrista aberrans, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. 
p- 397 (1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 5, pl. xxii. fig. 7. 

Miltochrista bivittata, Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. iii. p. 116. 

Though superficially resembling M. miniata, this species is at 
once separated therefrom by the very different angulation of the 
blackish discal line. 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer). 


107. MrLrocurIsTa CALAMINA. 

Miltochrista calamina, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. 
p- 396 (1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 6, pl. xxii. fig. 10 
(1878). 

Taken at Nagasaki in June, Nagahama and Fushiki in July, 
and Hakodate in August. Several specimens, coll. Pryer. 

In colour this species is very similar to the yellow form of IZ. 
miniata, which I believe is not uncommon in Germany and some other 
parts of Europe, but the angulation of the discal line is different. 
With the exception of the discal spot, the female is almost without 
marking. 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Oiwake (Pryer); Nagahama, 
Fushiki, Hakodate, Nagasaki (Leech). 


108. MiirocurisTa BUTLERI, sp. n. (Plate XXX. fig. 14.) 


3. Primaries buff-yellow, with a black discal spot and two series 
of black dots arranged in irregular lines, one towards the base and 
the other before outer margin. Secondaries pale yellowish grey. 
Head and thorax buff-yellow, abdomen pale brown. Under surface : 
central area of primaries pale fuscous bordered with darker ; apices and 
outer margin buff-yellow ; secondaries pale yellow. similar to the 
3, but the markings of underside less distinct. 

Expanse, ¢ 24 millim., 2 26 millim. 

I took a specimen of each sex at Nagasaki in June, and there was 
a male example in Pryer’s collection, but this was not localized. 

Nagasaki (Leech) ; Japan (Pryer). 


109. MitTocuRISTA PALLIDA. 


Calligenia pallida, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 97, pl. viii. fig. 7. 

I took examples at Fusan and Gensan in July, also at Ningpo and 
Foochau in April. 

Fusan and Gensan (Leech); Corea (Herz); Ningpo, Foochau 
(Leech). 


604 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18, 


110. MiLTocuHRIsTA ARTAXIDIA. 

Miltochrista artaxidia, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 8. 

Nudaria nubilosa, Staud., Rom. Mém. sur Lép. p. 186, pl. x. fig. 
10 (1887). 

I took two specimens at Gensan in July. WV. nudilosa, Staud., from 
Vladivostok, is exactly identical with M. artazidia, Butl., with which 
Dr. Staudinger was evidently unacquainted, or he would have at least 
referred to it. 

Tokio (Fenton); Ohoyama (Pryer); Gensan (Leech); Vladi- 
vostok. 


111, Brzonr HAMATA. 

Bizone hamata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. ii. p. 549 (1854). 

Bizone puella, Drury, teste Fixsen in Rom. Mém. sur Lép. 
p. 332. , 

Several specimens in coll. Pryer. There appears to be considerable 
variation, one of the examples has orange transverse lines and two 
others have the secondaries white instead of pink. 

B. puella, Drury, is recorded from Nepaul and Java. 

Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer); Satsuma (Leech); Kiukiang 
(Pratt); North China. 


112. CyANE DECIPIENS. 

Cyane decipiens, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser 5, vol. iv. 
p- 352 (1879). 

Japan (Pryer). 

113. Parpa OBTRITA. 


Paida obtrita, Staud., Rom. Mém. sur Lép. iii. p. 183, pl. x. fig. 8. 

Nine specimens, coll. Pryer (no. 99). 

Japanese examples are darker than the Amur specimens figured by 
Staudinger, and both appear to be referable to P. obtusa, H.-S. 

Yokohama (Pryer); Amur (Herz). 


114. Eveoa? opscura, sp. n. (Plate XXX. fig. 15.) 


Primaries greyish white, with four transverse waved brownish lines, 
a brownish cloud in central area and a smaller one at base of 
inner margin ; the basal line has its lower half bordered with blackish, 
and this is crossed with a longitudinal blackish streak, thus giving a 
T-shaped mark ; a black dot precedes the submarginal line. Second- 
aries fuscous. Head, thorax, and abdomen greyish. Under surface : 
primaries fuscous, secondaries paler. 

Expanse 20 millim. 

One example, coll. Pryer. 


115. Eveoa GRisea. 

Eugoa grisea, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 399 
(1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 8, pl. xxiii. fig. 1 (1878). 

I took a specimen at Gensan in July. 

Yokohama (Jonas, Manley) ; Gensan (Leech). 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 605 


116. AAMENE MINUTA. 
Aimene minuta, But]. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 595. 
Pryer says “‘ found on fig-tree leaves ’’: there were four examples 


in his collection, but these were without locality labels. 
Yokohama (Pryer). 


117. AUMENE FASCIATA. 

Aimene fasciata, Butl. Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 399 
(1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 7, pl. xxii. fig. 9 (1878). 

I took an example in August at Hakodate. 

Yokohama (Jonas); Nikko, Oiwake (Pryer) ; Hakodate (Leech). 


118. ASMENE TENIATA. 

Aimene teniata, Fixsen, Rom. Mém. sur Lép. iii. p. 307, pl. xv. 
fig. 6. 

Corea (Herz). 


119. Sicc1a MACULATA, sp. n. (Plate XXX. fig. 16.) 


Primaries pale olive-brown, with nine black spots, three of which 
are placed at regular intervals on the costa, three on the outer border, 
two towards inner margin, and one in the central area ; secondaries 
greyish brown, semitransparent towards base. Head, thorax, abdo- 
men, and legs olivaceous. Under surface—primaries fuscous grey, 
with the spots of upper surface faintly reproduced; secondaries 
pale grey, with a fuscous spot on central area. 

Expanse 20 millim. 

Aliied to but easily distinguished from S. caffra, Wallengren. 

One example taken by myself in Satsuma in May. 

Satsuma, Japan (Leech). 


120. NupARIA SENEX. 

Bombyx senex, Hubn. Bomb. pl. 55. figs. 236-7. 

?=Nudaria muscula, Staud., Rom. Mém. s. Lép. iii. p. 185, pl. x. 
fig. 9 (1887). 

Four ¢ and three 2 specimens in coll. Pryer. I cannot see any 
differences between Japanese and British examples of NV. senew. 

Oiwake (Pryer). 

121. NUDARIA MUNDANA. 

Tortrix mundana, Linn. F. 8. p. 349. 

Bombyz nuda, Hiibn. Bomb. pl. 17. figs. 63, 64; hemercbia, Hiibn. 
l.c. fig. 65. 


Two examples, coll. Pryer. 

Gifu, Yesso (Pryer). 

122, EarRrAS CHROMATARIA. 

Earias? chromataria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxvii. p. 204 (1863). 
Earias limbana, Snellen, Tijdschr. Ent. xxii. p. 97, pl. viii. fig. 2. 


A specimen I took at Gensan has the reddish discal markings very 
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. XLI, 41 


606 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18, 


inconspicuous, but agrees in all other respects with examples from 
Yokohama in Pryer’s collection. This is Snellen’s imbaria. 

Yokohama (Pryer) ; Gensan (Leech); N. Ceylon, India ; 
Shanghai, 


123. EARIAS ROSEIFERA. 

Earias roseifera, Butl, Trans. Ent. Soc, 1881, p. 18. 

Several specimens, coll. Pryer (nos. 62 and 63). 

Varies in the intensity of pinkish suffusion on disk of primaries ; 
this, in one example, occupies the whole central area, in other speci- 
mens it is represented by a mere spot, whilst in others again it is 
quite absent. 

Tokio (Fenton) ; Yokohama, Gifu (Pryer). 

124. Earras PUDICANA. 

Earias pudicana, Staud.. Rom. Mém. Lép. iii. p. 174, pl. viii. 
fig. 10 (1887). 

One example at Tsurugain July. Two specimens, coll. Pryer. 

The fringes of primaries are reddish brown, and the basal half of 
costal border is sometimes pinkish, but in other respects this species 
is very suggestive of H. chlorana, Linn. 

Yokohama (Pryer) ; Tsuruga, Ningpo (Leech); Amur. 


125. CHIONOMERA ARGENTEA. 

Chionomera argentea, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 18. 
‘‘ Nearly allied to C. superba.” 

One specimen from the isle of Kiushiu (Nat. Coll.). 
Yokohama (Pryer) ; Tokio (Fenton); Fusiyama (Maries). 


126. GELASTOCERA EXUSTA. 

Gelastocera exusta, Butl. Il. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. i. p. 13, pl. 
xxiv. fig. 2 (1878). 

Earias ochroleucana, Staud., Rom. Mém. Lép. iii. p. 176, pl. viii. 
fig. 11 (1887). 

Three examples at Gensan, June and July. There were five 
specimens in Pryer’s collection, two of which were labelled no. 746 
(Miana? sp.); these would be from Yokohama, and there is one from 
Oiwake, but the others are not localized. 

The Gensan specimens are much paler than those from Japan, 
but have more pink in the colour of primaries than the Amur 
example figured by Staudinger ; the characters of marking are iden- 
tical in all the specimens, and the difference is one of tint only. 

Oiwake, Yokohama (Pryer); Hakodate (Whitely); Gensan 
(Leech); Amur. 


127. HyLopHiLa PRASINANA. 

Tortriz prasinana, Linn. Faun. Sv. p. 342 (1761). 

Hylophila sylpha, Buti. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. iii. p. 10, pl. xliii. 
fig. 10 (1879). 

In Eurovean, even British, examples of H. prasinena it is no un- 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 607 


common thing for the costa and inner margin to be sulphur-yellow, 
and specimens with red-spotted white fringes are of not unfrequent 
occurrence to the collector of British Lepidoptera; whilst among 
my series of Japanese prasinana are specimens with the costa, inner 
margin, and fringes as rosy as in any European example I have yet 
seen. H. sylpha, Butl., cannot stand except perhaps as a varietal 
name. 


Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Oiwake (Pryer). 


128. SARROTHRIPA UNDULANA. 

Tortrix undulana, Hiibn. Tortr. fig. 7 (1796). 

Penthina revayana, Tr. Schmetterl. viii. p. 22. 

Var. russiana, Dup. Cat. p. 284. 

Four specimens in Pryer’s collection, all of the ashy-grey form 


known as russiana, Dup. 
Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer). 


129. NoLAa MICROPHASMA. 
Nola microphasma, Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. ii. p. 117. 


Two specimens, coll. Pryer (no. 86). 
Yokohama (Pryer). 


130. Noa MINUTALIS, sp. n. (Plate XXX. fig. 17.) 


Primaries white, with curved basal, angulated central and sub- 
marginal brownish-grey lines; the outer margin is pale chocolate- 
brown, and is traversed throughout its length by a white wavy line. 
Secondaries pale greyish brown with a faint discal spot. Head, 
thorax, and abdomen white, the latter tinged with brownish. Under 
surface of primaries fuscous ; secondaries whitish, with distinct black 
discal spot. 

Expanse 15 millim. 

Closely allied to P. chlamitulalis, Hiibn., but in that species there 
is no white wavy line in hind marginal border. 

An example of each sex in Pryer’s collection ; the female is not 
quite equal in condition to the male; but there does not appear to 
be any difference in the markings. 


131. Nowa canDIDA. 

Nola candida, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. iii. p. 9, pl. xliil. fig. 3 
(1879). 

A good series, coll. Pryer. 

Yokohama (Jonas); Fujisan (Pryer); Ningpo in April (Leech). 


132. NoLa CENTONALIs. 


Pyralis centonalis, Hiibn. Pyral. pl. 3. fig. 15. 

Glaphyra atomosa, Brem. Bull. de? Acad. Pétersb. 1861, tom. iii. ; 
Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 55, tab. v. fig. 16. 

A number of specimens, several of which were taken by myself 
in the Corea in June, and one at Hakodate in August; others are 
from coll. Pryer. With the exception of the Hakodate example, 

41* 


608 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18, 


which has the central area of primaries dark, all are of the pale 
form with ochreous-brown lines, not infrequent among English 
specimens of this species. 

Fujisan, Oiwake (Pryer); Hakodate, Fusan, Gensan (Leech). 


133. NOLA ALBULALIS. 

Pyralis albulalis, Hibn. Pyral. pl. 3. fig. 14. 

One example in Satsuma in May and one at Gensan in June. 
There was but one specimen in Pryer’s collection ; this is from Oiwake, 
and has more brown on the primaries than either of the other two 
specimens. 

A form of this species occurring in Corea has been named mand- 
schurica, Oberth. (Rom. Mém. sur Lép. iii. p. 327). 

Oiwake (Pryer); Satsuma, Gensan (Leech). 


134. NOLA CONFUSALIS. 


Roeselia confusalis, Herr.-Schaff. ii. p. 164. 

Roeselia cristulalis, Dup. Hist. Nat. Lep. viii. p.227. 6, 7. 

This is no. 94 of Pryer’s catalogue, and there were two examples 
in his collection. These are typical NV. confusalis. 

Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer). 


135. Nowa COSTIMACULA. 


Nola costimacula, Staud., Rom. Mém. Lép. iii. p. 182, pl. x. fig. 6 
(1887). 

One example in Pryer’s collection without locality. 

Japan, Amur. 


136. NoLa FUMOSA. 


Nola fumosa, Butl. Ul. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. iii. p. 9, pl. xliii. fig. 2 
(1879). 

Nola strigulosa, Staud., Rom. Mém. Lép. iii. p. 180, pl. x. fig. 4 
(1887). 

After seeing Pryer’s series of JV. fumosa, I have no doubt that 
strigulosa, Staud., is referable to this species, as in the series referred 
to there are examples which agree exactly with the figure of strigulosa, 
others with the type of fumosa, Butl., in the National Collection, 
whilst other examples link the two together. 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Fushiki (Leech) ; Corea, Amur. 


137. Nowa @iGas. 

Nola gigas, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xiii. p. 274. 
Four examples, coll. Pryer. 

Yesso (Pryer). 

138. Noa TRIANGULALIS, sp.n. (Plate XXXI. fig. 12.) 


¢. Primaries ashy grey, brownish along the costa; the centre of 
the wing is occupied by a triangular brownish patch, the outer portion 
of which is traversed by a serrated blackish line and bounded by 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 609 


another blackish line elbowed in the middle ; submarginal line black- 
‘ish and much indented. Secondaries fuscous-grey. Head chocolate ; 
thorax and abdomen dark brown; tegule brown, tipped with white. 
Under surface—primaries chocolate ; secondaries whitish with a black 
discal spot and thickly sprinkled with blackish scales. 

Expanse 28 millim. 

Allied to 1. gigas, Butl., but may at once be distinguished there- 
from by the different character of marking. 

One specimen, which I took in Satsuma in May. 


139. NoLA LEODURA. 

Nola leodura, Staud., Rom. Mém. Lép. iii. p. 178, pl. x. fig.2(1887). 

Five specimens in Pryer’s collection agreeing exactly with Staud- 
inger’s figure of this species. 

Oiwake (Pryer); Amur. 


140. NoLA MANDSCHURIANA, 


Erastria mandschuriana, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. v. p. 83, pl. ii. 
fig. 9 (1880). 

Two specimens, coll. Pryer. These are identical with an example 
in the National Collection at South Kensington, labelled Mimerastria 


mandschuriana. 
Japan (Pryer); isle of Askold. 


141. HeTeEROGENEA UNCULA. 


Heterogenea uncula, Staud., Rom. Mém. Leép. iii. p. 197, pl. xi. 
fig. 9 (1887). 

Five examples, coll. Pryer (nos. 66, 67). 

Yokohama, Oiwake, Yesso (Pryer); Amur. 


142, HETEROGENEA FULGENS, sp.n. (Plate XXX. fig. 18.) 


3. Densely scaled, giving the insect a very silky appearance. 
Pale straw-colour, whitish towards costa, with some irregular pale 
sienna-coloured markings on disk, and a row of minute black dots 
on outer margin of primaries; fringes of all the wings shining. 
Under surface—primaries pale orange, narrowly bordered with silvery 
white ; central area of secondaries whitish, with a greenish reflection ; 
margins and fringes silvery white. 

Expanse, ¢ 20 millim., 2 22 millim. 

Two specimens (@ ) taken by myself at Gensan in July, anda g 
taken by my native collector at Ningpo also in July. 

Gensan (Leech) ; Ningpo. 


143, PHRIXOLEPIA SERICEA. 

Phrixolepia sericea, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 476 
(1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. iii. p. 11, pl. xliii. fig. 6 (1879). 

Limacodes castaneus, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. v. p. 41, pl. i. fig. 11 
(1880). 

One example at Nagasakiin June. Several specimens, coll. Pryer. 


610 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18, 


The species seems to be fairly constant in colour and marking ; but 
ranges from 22 millim. to 30 millim. in expanse. ; 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer) ; Oiwake, Yesso (Pryer); Nagasaki 
(Leech). 


144, MicROLEON LONGIPALPIS. 

Microleon longipalpis, Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. iii. p. 121 (1885). 

Three specimens, Satsuma, May, and several coll. Pryer. This is 
Pryer’s no. 60, and was considered by him to differ only from 
Phrizolepia sericea, Butl., in being smaller; it is, however, not 
closely allied to that species, and the only point of resemblance 
between the two insects is a somewhat similar coloration. 

Yokohama (Pryer); Satsuma, Fusan (Leech). 


145. APHENDALA SERICEA. 
Aphendala sericea, But]. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 595. 
Hakodate (Andrews) ; Tokio (Fenton). 


146. PaRASA HILARIS. 


Limacodes hilaris, Westw. Cab. Orient. Ent. p. 50, pl. xxiv. fig. 3 
(1848). 

Ponsa sinica, Moore, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 93 (1877). 

Heterogenea hilarula, Staud., Rom. Mém. Lép. iii. p. 197 (1887). 

Heterogenea hilarata, Staud. l. c. p. 198. 

One female example, Hakodate, August, and two males and one 
female, Gensan, July. Several specimens, coll. Pryer. 

Yokohama (Pryer); Hakodate, Gensan (Leech) ; Corea. 


147. PARASA CONSOCIA. 


Parasa consocia, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. ii. p. 484 (1865). 

Heterogenea princeps, Staud., Rom. Mém. Lép. iii. p. 199 (1887). 

Neaera princeps, Staud. 0. c. pl. xv. fig. 7. 

Two specimens at Gensan in July. These agree with figure of 
N. princeps, Staud., from Amur. 

Gensan (Leech); Corea, Ussuri. 


148. MONEMA FLAVESCENS. 


Monema flavescens, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. v. p. 1112 (1855); 
Butl. Til. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 14, pl. xxv. fig. 5 (1878). 

My native collector took a fine series of this species at Hakodate 
in June and July, and I took three specimens at Gensan in July. 
Four specimens, coll. Pryer. 

Pryer, in his catalogue, says of this species :—‘*‘ Feeds on the Celtis 
and elm ; forms an oval, very hard and smooth cocoon, mottled with 
white and brown, very much resembling a bird’s egg; the larva spins 
a re autumn, but does not change to pupa until the spring”’ 

p. 41). 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Gensan (Leech); Hakodate, 

N. China, Corea, Amur. 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 611 


149. Mrrersa INORNATA. 


Q. Miresa inornata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. v. p. 1125 (1855) ; 
3, Cist. Ent. vol. iii. p. 120. 

Heterogenea flavidorsalis, Staud., Rom. Mém. Lép. iii. p. 195, 
pl. xi. fig. 7 (1887). 

Heterogenea flavidorsalis, var. fuscicostalis, Fixsen, op. cit. p. 337, 
pl. xv. fig. 10. 

Two examples, coll. Pryer, and one taken by native collector at 
Hakodate in June or July. The two in Pryer’s collection are labelled 
* 56. Limacodes? sp.,” as also was another specimen with them, but 
this last is not of the same species. Pryer says that the larva feeds 
on pear. 

Fixsen records variety fuscicostalis from Corea. 

_ Yokohama, Yamato (Pryer); Corea, Bengal. 


150. Mirresa CONJUNCTA. 


Limacodes? conjuncta, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. v. p. 1150 (1885). 

Heterogenea conjuncta, Walk., Rom. Mém. Lép. iii. p. 338, 
pl. xv. fig. 9 (1887). 

Two specimens, Gensan, July. 

This insect is very closely allied to M. dentatus, Oberth. 

North China; Gensan (Leech). 


151. ANZABE SINENSIS. 


Anzabe sinensis, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. v. p. 1093 (1855). 
One specimen at Gensan in July. 
Gensan ; Hongkong. 


152. ScopELODES URSINA. 


Scopelodes ursina, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. vi. p. 3, pl. ci. figs. 
7 & 8 (1886). 

I took a male example of this species at Tsuruga in July. 

Darjeeling, Silhet ; Tsuruga. 


153. SETORA SINENSIS. 
Tadema sinensis, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. vii. p. 1759 (1856). 


Pryer says that the larva feeds on pear. 
Yokohama, Yamato (Pryer). 


154. EpIcopEra SIMULANS, sp. n. (Plate XXXI. fig. 1.) 


Both sexes: all the wings smoky black ; secondaries with a broad 
short tail, about the centre of the outer margin is a crimson spot ; 
there are also four crimson spots between the tail and anal angle ; 
head, thorax, and abdomen black, the latter with a crimson streak 
along each side; legs black, with the exception of femora of anterior 
pair, which are crimson; under surface as above, but primaries 
paler towards the outer margins. 

Expanse, ¢ 2 78 millim. 

Hakodate (Nat. Coll., June & July 1887); Hakone (Pryer). 


612 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE © [Dec. 18, 


Allied to Epicopeia mencia, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 578, pl. Ixvii. 
fig. 8, from which it differs in having only one row of crimson spots 
on secondaries, no crimson marks on thorax, and less crimson on 
the abdomen ; it has also differently shaped secondaries, shorter tails, 
and is a much smaller insect. 


155. ELcysMA TRANSLUCIDA. 

Eleysma translucida, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 4. 

Three examples coll. Pryer, and one taken by a native collector 
at Gensan in August. 

Chalcosia caudata, Brem., is very closelly allied, but appears to 
have shorter tails and the neuration is somewhat different. 

Yokohama, Yoshino (Pryer) ; Gensan (Wat. Coll.), Aug. 


156. PsycHOSTROPHIA MELANARGIA. 


Psychostrophia melanargia, But]. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 
xx. p. 401 (1877) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 9, pl. xxiii. fig. 7 
(1878). 

I took examples in July at Tsuruga. Pryer says that the species 
is an active day-flier. 


Yokohama (Jonas) ; Nikko, Fujisan (Pryer) ; Tsuruga (Leech). 


157. PrERODECTA GLORIOSA. 


Pterodecta gloriosa, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 399 
(1877); Ul. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 8, pl. xxiii. fig. 4 (1878). 

Of frequent occurrence in mountainous districts in July. 

Bremer’s figure of Callidula felderi (Lep. Ost-Sib. tab. iv. fig. 3) 
agrees well with my Japanese specimens of P. gloriosa, but in the 
description of his insect Bremer says that it has an ochreous yellow 
fascia, whereas in P. gloriosa the fascia is, according to Butler, 
“brilliant scarlet.” It may be that Bremer’s type was a faded 
specimen. 


Yokohama (Jonas); Fujisan, Yamato (Pryer); Nagahama, 
Tsuruga (Leech). 


158. SCHISTOMITRA FUNERALIs. 

Schistomitra funeralis, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 4. 

A nice series in Pryer’s collection. The broad cream-coloured 
band on disk of primaries is sometimes completely divided by the 
black ground-colour into two spots, the smaller one nearest the costa 
being nearly round, and the larger one cuneiform. The initial spot 
of submarginal series is sometimes absent altogether. 

Fusiyama, Nikko (Maries) ; Fujisan (Pryer). 


159. LAURION REMOTA. 


Eterusia remota, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. ii. p. 43] (1854). 

Laurion remota, Butl. Il. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 9, pl. xxiii. 
fig. 10 (1878). 

A long series, most of the specimens taken by myself at Gensan, 
July 1884. Mr. Butler gives the measurement of this species as 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 613 


2 in. 2 lines, this is about equal to 55 mm. _I find the males range 
from 48 mm. to 59 mm. in expanse ; females from 56 mm. to 65 mm. : 
average 37 mm. 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Tokio, Nikko (Pryer — Fushiki, 
Tsuruga, Gensan (Leech) ; Corea (Herz). 


160. PrpoRus GLAUCOPIS. 

Callimorpha’ glaucopis, Drury, Ilustr. Exot. Entom. ii. p. 14, 
pl. 6. fig. 4 (1837). 

Pidorus atratus, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 401 
(1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 9, pl. xxiii. fig. 9 (1878). 

Several specimens, coll. Pryer. Larva said to feed on “ the Uria.” 

This species is extremely variable in size, and the width and outline 
of white fascia is also subject to much variation. 

Hakodate, Yokohama ( Whitely and Jonas) ; Tsuruga, Shimonoseki 
(Leech) ; Hakone, Gensan. 


161. MimevsEMIA PERSIMILIs. 

Mimeusemia persimilis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xv. 
p- 397 (1875) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. it. p. 3, pl. xxii. fig. 2. 

Several examples, coll. Pryer. 

Hakodate (Whitely) ; Yesso, Oiwake (Pryer) ; Gensan (Leech); 
Corea (Herz). 

162. ErERUSIA EUCHROMOIDES. 

Eterusia euchromoides, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Supp. i. p. 120 
(1864). 

Three specimens of this beautiful insect taken at Gensan by my 
native collector in July 1887. 

N. China (Fortune) ; Gensan (Nat. Coll.). 


163. EuseMIA JAPANA. 


Chelonomorpha japana, Motsch. Et. Ent. p. 30 (1860). 

Eusemia villicordes, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 141, 
pl. xiii. fig. 2 (1875). 

This insect was common at Hakodate in June and July. It 
seems to be pretty constant in markings. 

Nikko, Yesso, Nambu (Pryer) ; Hakodate (Andrews). 

164, SEUDYRA NOCTUINA. 

Seudyra noctuina, Butl. Ent. Mo. Mag. xiv. p. 206 (1878) ; Ill. 
Typ. Lep. Het. pt il. p. 3, pl. xxii. fig. 1. 

Mr. Pryer in his catalogue says that this species ‘‘has a habit of 


buzzing about sugar.” He seems to have considered it a Noctuid, 
and placed it among the Calpidee. 


Nikko, Oiwake, Yesso (Pryer) ; Hakodate (Whitely and Leech). 
165. SEUDYRA SUBFLAVA. 
Seudyra subflava, Moore, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 85. 


I have a good series from Japan and one specimen from Corea.. 
This last is somewhat darker in coloration. 


614 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18, 


Yokohama (Pryer and Manley); Gensan (Leech); Kiukiang 
(Pratt); Chekiang. 


166. SrupyRA VENUSTA, sp.n. (Plate XXXI. fig. 2.) 


3. Primaries whitish, much sprinkled with dark grey scales; 
reniform and orbicular spots dark grey; a broad parti-coloured 
patch along the inner margin, commencing near the base, this patch 
is deep chestnut-brown followed by a transverse band of grey 
bordered internally with white, and one of dark brown divided by a 
white line preceding a band of leaden grey edged with chestnut- 
brown. A large dark chestnut patch occupies the apical third, this 
has a round dark grey spot bordered externally with bluish grey 
nearly in its centre, and is bounded internally by a greyish dark- 
edged band, which starting from the costa curves gently towards 
the outer margin, then turning inwards until it reaches the internal 
patch through which it passes to the inner margin in a slightly 
oblique direction. Fringes grey, chequered with chocolate-brown 
towards apex. Secondaries yellow, with a well-defined black discal 
spot and a broad black marginal band indented on its internal edge 
and interrupted before the anal angle, where the isolated portion 
forms a large round spot. Fringes pale grey. Thorax grey. 
Abdomen slightly darker than secondaries, with some dark grey. 
dorsal marks. Under surface of primaries whitish, broadly dashed 
with black along the inner margin, the white interrupting at anal 
angle; submarginal band black, its internal edge undulating and well 
defined, the discal spots of upper surface reproduced in black ; 
secondaries yellow, fuscous along outer margin ; blackish discal and 
anal spots. Fringes of all the wings pale grey. 

Expanse 42 millim. 

Allied to S. longipennis, Walk., from N. India, from which species 
it may be distinguished by its smaller size, whitish ground-colour 
of primaries, and different ornamentation of secondaries. 


167. ViITHORA STRATONICE. 


Phalena stratonice, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. p. 234, pl. 398. fig. K. 

Cystidia stratonice, Hiibn, Verz. Schmett. p. 174 (1800). 

Vithora agrionides, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xv. p. 137 
(1875); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 3, pl. xxii. fig. 3 (1878). 

I met with this species at several places in Japan during the 
months of May, June, and July, also at Gensan in June. 

There is some variation in the character of the black markings. 

Hakodate (Whitely) ; Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Nagahama, 
Nagasaki, Satsuma, Gensan (Leech). 


168. GAMPOLA NOCTIS. 


. Gampola noctis, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 8. 
Tokio (Fenton). 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 615 


169. De1opE1A PULCHELLA, Linn. 


Four specimens in coll. Pryer. I did not meet with this species 
in Japan or the Corea. 
Yokohama (Pryer). 


170. SINNA EXTREMA. 


Sinna extrema, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. ii. p. 573. 

Teinopyga reticularis, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. iv. pl. evi. fig. 18. 

Sinna fentoni, Buti. Trans. Ent. Soe. 1881, p. 8. 

Sinna clara, Butl. 1. ¢. 

Five specimens at Hakodate in August, and several examples in 
Pryer’s collection. 

The entire series, comprising some fourteen specimens, exhibit a 
considerable degree of variation. There are forms identical with 
clara and fentoni, Butl., and others differing from those named forms 
and also from the type. There cannot be the least doubt but that 
all these forms are referable to one variable species. 

Shanghai, N. China; Hakodate (Leech). 


171. CaAMPTOLOMA INTERIORATA. 

Numenes interiorata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. i. p. 290 (1864), 

Pryer says the larva is gregarious, “ living under a tough silk web 
made on the bark of chestnut-trees, on the leaves of which it feeds” 
(Cat. Jap. Lep. p. 47). 

Yokobama (Pryer) ; Shanghai. 


172. NEMEOPHILA PLANTAGINIS. 


Phalena-Bombyx plantaginis, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 2, p. 820, 
n. 42. 

Nemeophila macromera, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 5. 

Var. leucomera, Butl. 1. c.=hospita, Schiff. 


A series of nine specimens (7¢, 29). Four of the males are 
the form hospita, Schiff., and type and variety agree with Amur 
specimens. Var. melanomera, Butl., corresponds with var. matro- 
nalis, Freyer, but I did not take this form in Japan or Corea. 

Tokio (Fenton) ; Oiwake (Pryer); Altai; Amur; Europe. 


173. Diacrisia IRENE. 

Diacrisia irene, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 6. 

There is one example from Tokio in the National Collection at 
South Kensington, which appears to differ from D. russula only in 
the absence of markings on the wings. Perhaps this is only an 
uncommon form of D. russula? 


Tokio (Fenton). 


174. Dracrisia RUSSULA. 
9. Phalena-Bombyx russula, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 510. 


616 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18, 


3. Phalena-Bombyz sannio, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 506. 
Bombyx russula, Hiibn. Bomb. pl. 29. figs. 124-5. 
Examples of both sexes in Pryer’s collection, and I took one at 


Gensan in July. 
Nikko, Fujisan, Oiwake (Pryer) ; Gensan (Leech) ; Corea (Herz). 


175. NEMEOPHILA METALKANA. 

Nemeophila metalkana, Led. Wien. Monats. 1861, p. 152, t. 3.12. 

Chelonia flavida, Brem. Bull. de ’ Acad. tom. iii. p. 861; Lep. 
Ost-Sib. p. 39, t. iv. fig. 4. 

Several examples, coll. Pryer. I took a specimen at Gensan in 
June. 

Three of the specimens in Pryer’s series of this species were 
labelled subvaria, but this was most certainly anerror. D. sudvaria 
does not appear to occur in Japan. 

Yesso (Pryer); Gensan (Leech) ; Corea (Herz). 


176. RuyPpARIOIDES SUBVARIA. 

Diacrisia subvaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. iii. p. 637 (1855) ; 
Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 5, pl. xxiii. fig. 3 (1878). 

Walker’s type of this species was from N. China. There were no 
specimens of this species in Pryer’s collection, neither did I meet 
with it in any part of Japan. Specimens labelled sudvaria were in 
Pryer’s collection, but these are metalkana, Led. I received a 
fine series of 2. subvaria from a native collector at Ningpo, which 
agree perfectly with Mr. Butler’s figure and description of that 
species. 
there are no examples of this species from Japan in the National 
Collection, South Kensington. 

? Hakodate ( Whitely); ? Yokohama (Jonas); Ningpo, N. China, 
Hongkong. 


177. RHYPARIOIDES RUBESCENS. 

Spilosoma rubescens, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. iii. p. 677 (1855). 

Chelonia rubescens, var. amurensis, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 39, 
tab. iii. fig. 16 (1864). 

Rhyparioides nebulosa, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. 
p. 396 (1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 5, pl. xxiii. fig. 2 (1878). 

An exceedingly variable species occurring throughout Japan. I 
am not satisfied that R. simplicior, Butl. (Trans. Ent. Soe. 1881, 
p- 6), is anything more than a var. of this species. 

Hakodate ( Whitely); Yokohama (Jonas, Pryer); Hakone, Hako- 
date, Gensan (Leech); Tokio. 


178. RHYPARIA PURPUREA. 

Phalena-Bombyx purpurea, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. p. 828. 
Bombyx purpurea, Hiibn. Bomb. pl. 33. fig. 142. 

Only two examples of this species, one of which I bred from a 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 617 


larva obtained at Gensan, and the other was in a series of R. amur- 
ensis in Pryer’s collection. 
Oiwake (Pryer); Gensan (Leech) ; Amur ; Europe. 


179. EuPREPIA CAIA. 


Phalena-Bombyx caja, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 500. 

Euprepia pheosoma, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. 
p- 395. n.8 (1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. iii. p. 7, pl. xlii. fig. 10 
(1879). 

Huprepia pheosoma, var. auripennis, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, 
p- 7 

Six examples in Pryer’s collection under the name of A. caia. I 
took a specimen in September 1886, at Sendai. 

There appears to be no constant difference between these Japanese 
insects and more or less typical examples of A. caia from any part 
of Europe; but, curiously enough, not one of them agrees exactly 
with Butler’s description of #. pheosoma, although I have specimens 
among my European series of d. caia, to which that description 
applies in every particular. 

‘The number and also the size and shape of spots on secondaries 
are most unstable characters, and no more value attaches to them 
than to the excentricities of the mazy cream-coloured pattern on 
primaries. 

Oiwake, Yesso (Pryer); Yokohama (Jonas); Nikko, Tokio 
(B. M.); Sendai (Leech) ; Corea (Herz). 


180. HyPERCOMPA HISTRIO. 


Hypercompa histrio, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. iii. p. 654 (1855) ; 
Rom. Mém. Lép. t. iii. p. 333, pl. xv. fig. 2. 

Two specimens I took at Gensan in July 1886 agree with an 
example I obtained at Ningpo in April of the same year. 

Ningpo, Gensan (Leech) ; Shanghai. 


181. ALPENUS FLAMMEOLUS. 


Alpenus flummeolus, Moore, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. 
p- 88. 

Of this species, which has not been previously recorded from 
Japan, I took three specimens at Nagasaki in June, and one at 
Shimonoseki in July. There was also one example in Pryer’s 
collection. All these are males; the only females | have are trom 
China. 

Nagasaki, Shimonoseki (Leech) ; Ningpo, Kiukiang. 


182. THANATARCTIA INFERNALIS. 


Thanatarctia infernalis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. 
p- 895 (1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. iii. p. 7, pl. xlii. fig. 9 (1879). 
Four males: two coll. Pryer, one I took myself at Hakodate in 


August, and one I received from a native collector. 
Nikko and Oiwake (Pryer); Hakodate. 


618 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [ Dec. 18, 


183. SpILOSOMA FULIGINOSA. 


Phalena-Bombyz fuliginosa, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 2, p. 836. 
Two examples, coll. Pryer. 
Japan (Pryer). 


184. SpILOSOMA LUCTIFERA. 


Bombyz luctifera, Esp. Schmett. iii. pl. 43. figs. 1-5. 

Atolmis japonica, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. i. p. 223 (1864). 

Estigmene merens, Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. iii. p. 114 (1885). 

I took an example at Nagasaki in June, and there were three 
specimens in Pryer’s collection. 

Yokohama, Nikko, Oiwake (Pryer); Nagasaki (Leech). 


185. SPILOSOMA MENTHASTRI. 


Bombyx menthastri, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ili. p. 452. 140. 

Estigmene menthastri, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 184. 

Spilosoma punctarum, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. p. 233, pl. 398. 
fig. D. 

”Spilosoma sangaica, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. i. p. 294. 

An abundant species in Japan and Corea, varying greatly in the 
number and size of spots on the wings, also in colour of body, which 
ranges from pale yellow to vermilion. Further the ground-colour 
of primaries and thorax is buff instead of the normal white, agree‘ng 
in this respect with examples from the north of England. 

Nagasaki, Tsuruga, Hakodate, Hakone (Zeech); Yokohama 
(Pryer) ; Gensan, Ningpo, Shanghai; Amur; Europe. 


186. SprLosoMA SERIATOPUNCTATA. 


Arctia seriatopunctata, Motsch. Et. Ent. 1860, p. 31. 

? Arctia punctigera, Motsch. J. c. 

Spilarctia ione, Butl. Cist. Ent. ii. p. 41 (1875); Ill. Typ. Lep. 
Het. pt. iii. pl. xlil. fig. 6. 

Arctia rosacea, Butl. Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 352 

1879). 
: an basilimbata, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 6. 

A very long series from various localities in Japan, the majority 
of the specimens from Hakodate. These were taken in June, July, 
and August. This appears to be a most variable species ; some 
examples are hardly, if at all, different from S. ludricepeda of 
Europe, others agree with rosacea, Butl., others, again, are identical 
with dasilimbata, Butl., and intermediates connect these forms one 
with the other. 

Tokio (Fenton); Hakodate, Gensan (Leech) ; Yokohama (Pryer 
and Manley) ; Oiwake (Pryer). 


187. SprLosoMA BISECTA, sp.n. (Plate XXXI. fig. 3.) 


Q. Primaries buff-coloured, traversed by an interrupted line of 
spots from centre of inner margin to apex of wing ; secondaries pale 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 619 


buff, with a black discal spot and one or two smaller black spots 
near the outer margin and towards the anal angle. Thorax buff, 
bisected by a black line ; bedy brilliant scarlet, except anal and basal 
extremities, which are buff; a row of black dorsal spots, and another 
along the sides. Under surface of wings as above, but markings on 
primaries more distinct, and a rosy flush about the disco-costal area. 
Antenne slightly pectinated ; pectus brown ; femora of fore legs rosy. 

Expanse 47 millim, 

I took two male specimens of this insect, which may be com- 
pared with seriato-punctata, Motsch., but from which it may be 
readily separated by the black thoracic streak. 

Hongkong (March) ; Nagasaki (May). 

There is an unnamed specimen of this species in Dr. Staudinger’s 
collection. 


188. SprLOSOMA SUBCARNEA. 

2. Spilosoma subcarnea, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. ili. p. 675 (1855). 

2. Aloa bifrons, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. iii. p. 705 (1855). 

Aloa leucothorax, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 36. 

Spilarctia subcarnea, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. pl. xl. 
fig. 8 (1879). 

Hongkong, North China, Ningpo, Yokohama (Manley and Pryer). 


189. SprLosOMA LUBRICEPEDA. 

Bombyx lubricepeda, Esp. Schmett. iii. pl. 66. figs. 1-5. 
I took two specimens at Gensan in July. 

Gensan (Leech) ; Amur; Europe. 


190. SprLosoMA MOLLICULA. 


Q. Spilarctia mollicula, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. 
p. 395 (1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. iii. p. 6, pl. xlii. fig. 7 (1879). 
I did not meet with this species in Japan, and there were no 


specimens of it in Pryer’s collection. 
Hakodate (Whitely). 


191. SprLOoSOMA INZQUALIS. 


Spilarctia inequalis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) iv. 
p- 351 (1879). 

A fine series in Pryer’s collection, varying greatly not only in 
colour, which ranges in tint from almost pure white to a rich buff- 
yellow, but also in the intensity of the black markings. 

Ohoyama, Fujisan (Pryer) ; Hakone (Leech). 


192. SpPILARCTIA BIFASCIATA. 

Spilaretia bifasciata, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 7. 

Four examples, in one of which the inner row of black dots form- 
ing the basal fascia is represented by a small spot on the costa and 


one just above inner margin. 
Tokio (Fenton) ; Nikko (Pryer) ; Yokohama (Manley). 


620 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18, 


193. SPILARCTIA IMPARILIS. 


Spilarctia imparilis, Butl. ¢, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. 
p. 394 (1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 4, pl. xxii. fig. 4 (1878) ; 
2, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 351 (1879). 

Several examples, coll. Pryer. 

The markings of the male are fairly constant, but the maculation 
of the female is subject to considerable modification, and in some 
examples of this sex almost entirely absent. 

Yokohama (Jonas) ; Yesso (Pryer) ; Hakone (Smith). 


194. SeRIARCTIA LEWISII. 


Seriarctia lewisit, Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. iii. p. 115 (1885) 

Eight specimens, coll. Pryer. 

The marking of primaries is very constant, but on the secondaries 
the maculation is subject to variation. 

Nikko, Oiwake (Pryer). 


195. ALOA LACTINEA. 


Phalena lactinea, Cram. Pap. Exot. ii. p. 58, pl. 133. fig. D. 

Bombyx sanguinolenta, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 473. 206. 

Estigmene lactinea, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 184. 1894. 

Aloa lactinea, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. iii. p. 702. 

Nine specimens, coll. Pryer. 

Varies considerably, the number of black spots ranging from but 
a slight trace of a single spot to five distinct large spots. 

Yokohama (Pryer, Manley); North China, North India, Nepaul, 
Ceylon, East Indies, Australia. 


196. DionyCHOPIUS NIVEUS. 


Dionychopius niveus, Mén. Bull. Phys. Pétersb. iii. p. 108; 
Bull. de Acad. t. xvii. p. 218; Schr. Amur Reisen, p. 52, tab. iv. 
fig. 6. 

cae in the intensity of red lateral spots on abdomen. Normally 
the female has six of these spots and the male five, but a male from 
Gensan has only two distinct, and three faint red spots on side of 
body. The usual dorsal series of black spots may also be absent. 
There is further some modification in the character of the discal spot 
on secondaries ; in some specimens this is conspicuous, whilst in 
others it is scarcely discernible. 

Oiwake, Yokohama (Pryer); Hakodate, Sendai, Hakone, and 
Gensan (Leach) ; Amur. 


197. BrreTa pLuMosA, sp.n. (Plate XXXI. fig. 4.) 


¢. Primaries yellowish buff, darker along the inner margin, 
clouded about the disk and towards the apex with purplish brown. 
Secondaries silky white with a faint yellowish tinge. Thorax and 
abdomen buff; antennee plumose. Underside uniform yellowish 
white, silky. 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 621 

Q. Resembles male, but primaries clouded with ochreous ; 
antennee simple. 

Closely allied to B. straminea, but secondaries of both sexes paler, 
and antenne of male plumose and not simply pectinated. 

Two specimens, coll. Pryer, ¢ 2. Ohoyama. 

Expanse, ¢ 53 millim., 2 51 millim. No. 48 Pryer’s Cat. As. 
Soc. Jap., May 1883. 


198. BrrETA STRAMINEA. 
Ceira straminea, Moore, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 91 
(1877). 


I took this species at Gensan in July, and there were several 


examples in coll. Pryer. 
Yokohama (Pryer and Manley) ; Gensan (Leech). 


199. BrRETA PALLIDA. 

Bireta pallida, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 473 
(1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 12, pl. xxv. figs 10, 11 
(1878). 

A few examples in a long series of Bireta, composed principally 
of specimens of B. straminea, in Pryer’s collection. 

Yokohama (Jonas, Pryer, and Manley). 


200. L2LIA GIGANTEA. 

Lelia gigantea, Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. iii. p. 117. 
One male and six females in coll. Pryer. 
Oiwake (Pryer). 


201. Lanta c@nosa. 

Bombyz ceenosa, Hiibn. Bomb. pl. 51. fig. 218. 

Bombyx sangaica, Moore, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 92 
(1877). 

Leucoma brevicornis, Walk. 1. c. vii. p. 1729 (1856). 

?=Lelia sinensis, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. iv. p. 829 (1855); 
Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. iii. p. 9, pl. xliii. fig. 8 (1879). 

Eleven ¢ and 2 2, coll. Pryer. A little darker as a rule, but 
otherwise Japanese examples do not differ from European specimens 
of LZ. cenosa. Some of the specimens, however, agree with L. 
sinensis, Walk., the type of which came from Hong-Kong; Dr. 
Fixsen records a specimen of the last-named from Corea. 

Yokohama (Pryer) ; Hakodate, Gensan, and Ningpo (Leech). 


202. LevcoMA SUBVITREA. 

Leucoma subvitrea, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. ii. p. 344. 

?=Aroa alba, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 41, tab. iii. fig. 18 (1864). 

I obtained this species at Gensan in July 1886, and an example 
of each sex at Fusan in June 1886. Five specimens in Pryer’s 
collection are not localized, but in his Catalogue he gives Nikko. 

Nikko (Pryer) ; Fusan, Gensan (Leech); Hindustan. ? Amur. 
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. XLII. 42 


622 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [ Dec. 18, 


203. LrUCOMA AURIPES. 


Leucoma auripes, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 402 
(1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 9, pl. xxiv. fig. 1 (1878). 

I did not meet with this species in Japan, but there were four 
males and three females in Pryer’s collection. Three of the former 
and one of the latter are labelled Yesso, 1882. In the same col- 
lection three small specimens of L. auripes, also from Yesso, were 
set apart and are the no. 161 of Pryer’s Catalogue. These small 
specimens agree with a series I obtained at Gensan in 1886. The 
smallest ¢ in this series measures only 40 millim., and the largest 3 
49 millim.; the smallest 9 44 millim., and the largest 2 58 millim. ; 
whereas the measurements of typical examples are, 58 millim. for gd, 
and 68 millim. for 9. 

Common at Gensan, flying among fir-trees in the daytime. 

The primaries of 2 have no black costal edging as in the ¢. 

Yokohama (Jonas) ; Yesso (Pryer) ; Gensan (Leech). 


204. LARIA L-NIGRUM. 


Phalena-Bombyzx l-nigrum, Mueller, Faun. Fr. p. 40 (1764). 

Bombyax v-nigrum, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 577 (1775). 

Four males and one female, coll. Pryer. The male from Japan, 
like the same sex of this species from Ningpo and Kiukiang, has a 
round black spot at end of discal cell instead of the usual L or V. 
The female, on the other band, has a well-developed V-like mark. 

Ohoyama, Nikko (Pryer); Ningpo (Leech); Corea (Herz). 
Europe. 


205. STILPNOTIA SALICIS. 

Phalena-Bombyz salicis, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 502. 

Several examples in coll. Pryer. Perhaps a little more densely 
scaled, but otherwise Japanese specimens agree very well with the 


European type. 
Tokio, Yesso (Pryer) ; Corea (Herz). 


906. PoRTHESIA CHRYSORRHGA. 


Phalena-Bombyx chrysorrhea, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 502. 
Bombyx chrysorrhea, Hiibn. pl. 18. fig. 67, pl. 58. figs. 248-9. 
A @ example at Nagahama, July. 


207. PoRTHESIA AURIFLUA. 


Bombyx auriflua, Fabr. Mant. p. 125 (1717). 

Bombyz auriflua, Hiibn. Bomb. pl. 18. figs. 68, 69. 

Bombyx chrysorrhea, Esp. Schmett. iii. pl. 39. figs. 1, 2, 7. 

Among Japanese and Corean examples of this species there is 
much variation in the markings of primaries. In typical ¢ spe- 
cimens of P. auriflua there is a brownish-black spot on the inner 
margin near anal angle, and such specimens there are in my series 
from Japan and Gensan ; but others have an additional spot towards 
the base of the inner margin, and other examples again have a third 


1888. | LEPIDO!TERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 623 


spot placed near the costa and directly above that last referred to ; 
one has a fourth spot towards apex. On the other hand, there are 
specimens with but the slightest trace of a spot at anal angle. Asa 
rule the female is without markings, but sometimes a brownish spot 
appears at anal angle, and one example of this sex in Pryer’s col- 
lection has the basal spot also well developed. 

There is considerable difference in size, as will be seen by the 
following measurements :— 


Smallest ¢ 24 millim. Largest ¢ 36 millim. 
” 2 33 millim. » 2 46 millim. 


Thus it will be seen that the largest Q is almost twice the size of 
the smallest ¢ in wing expanse, whilst this last is one third less in 
expanse than the largest 3. 

Yokohama, Oiwake, Yesso (Pryer) ; Fushiki, Gensan (Leech) ; 
Ningpo; Armenia, Altai, Amur, Europe. 


208. PorRTHESIA RADDEI. 


Porthesia raddei, Staud.. Rom. Mém. sur Lép. vol. ii. pp. 207, 
343, pl. xvii. f. 3. 
Corea (Herz). 


209. ARTAXA SUBFLAVA. 

Aroa subflava, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 41, tab. ili. fig. 19 
(1864). 

Leucoma subflava, var. piperita, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. v. p. 35. 

Of the type of this species, which Bremer says is very like 
helladia, Cram., I have no specimen, but there were two examples of 
var. piperita in Pryer’s collection taken at Oiwake. These very 
closely resemble Porthesia snelleni, Staud., Rom. Mém. sur Lép. 
iii. p. 207, pl. xii. fig. 3. 

Oiwake (Pryer). 


210. ARTAXA INTENSA. 


Artaza intensa, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 402 
(1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 10, pl. xxiii. fig. 12 (1878). 

A long series from various parts of Japan and Corea. Some of 
the specimens have two distinct black spots near apex of primaries, 
others have only one, whilst some other examples again have not a 
trace of any such marking. Further, there are two specimens which 
appear to me to be varieties of this species ; one of these is identical 
with flavinata, Walk., and the other with conspersa, Butl. Without 
a longer series it is not possible to form an opinion as to the legiti- 
mate rank of these two last. 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer) ; Oiwake (Pryer); Tsuruga, Fusan, 
Gevsan, Ningpo (Leech). 


211. ARTAXA PULVEREA, sp. nu. (Plate XXXI. fig. 5.) 


Allied to A. subflava var. piperita but smaller, the primaries are 
of a deeper yellow sparingly sprinkled from the base nearly to the 
42* 


624 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [ Dec. 18, 


outer margin with brown scales; these form a sort of cloak, the 
external edge of which is bordered with some silvery spots. Secon- 
daries and under surface of all the wings buff without spot or marking. 

Expanse, ¢ 24-32 millim., 2 37 millim. 

I took this species in Satsuma in May, Nagasaki in June, and 
Gensan in July. The ¢ coll. Pryer. 

Japan (Pryer); Satsuma, Nagasaki, Gensan (Leech). 


212. ARTAXA SCINTILLANS. 


Somena scintillans, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. vii. p. 1734 (1856). 

Artaxa scintillans, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. v. p. 52, pl. xe. 
fig. 1 (1881). 

Artaxa limbata, Butl. l. e. p. 53, pl. xe. fig. 3. 

Two examples. 

Gensan, Ningpo, Darjeeling, North India. 


213. ARTAXA CONSPERSA. 


Artava conspersa, But). Cist. Ent. vol. iii. p. 117 (1885). 

A long series in Pryer’s collection. 

The males are mostly of a dark chocolate colour, but the females 
are pale yellow; some of the males, however, are quite of the female 
coloration and others are intermediate. 

Yokohama (Pryer). 


214. Cua@ROTRICHE STAUDINGER], sp.n. (Plate XXXI. fig. 6.) 


Deep buff-yellow ; primaries with a purple-brown basal patch and 
a curved central fascia, the latter is contracted just below the costa : 
discal spot black, round and well defined; secondaries without spot. 
Antennz broadly pectinated. Head and thorax orange. Abdomen 
velvety black, base and anal tuft orange. Under surface buff-yellow ; 
central area of primaries slightly darker. 

Expanse, ¢ 36-44 millim., 2 48-60 millim. 

An example of this species is represented in the National Collection 
at South Kensington by two wings. 

Yokohama (Pryer and Leech). 


215. CH@ROTRICHE NIPHONIS. 


3. Cherotriche niphonis, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 9. 

Q. Cherotriche squamosa, Butl. 1. c. 

Porthesia raddei, Staud., Rom. Mém. sur Lép. iii. p. 207, pl. xvii. 
d, fig. 3 (1887). 

There can be little doubt that Butler’s C. sguamosa is the female 
of his C. niphonis. I took an example of each sex at Gensan and 
in Pryer’s collection there were seven males in splendid condition, 
and two females not quite so fine. Six of the former are labelled 
Oiwake and one of the last Yesso. In the male specimens there is 
considerable variation in the coloration of primaries. Three ex- 
amples have the buff costal border represented by a buff edging to the 
costa itself and a streak of the same colour along the costal nerve as 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 625 


far as black spot at end of discal cell. In the female all the wings 
are buff with the dark colour of the male showing only as a broad 
patch along the inner half of the wing, but not touching either the 
base or the outer margin; there are, however, distinct traces of a 
narrow stripe of the dark colour extending from the top posterior 
edge of the patch right through to the costa near the apex. Only 
that the male has dark secondaries, the Gensan specimens are almost 
alike in markings.” 

On the under surface the males are just as variable as above. In 
one example all the wings are dark smoky brown with buff fringes 
and a very slender buff costal edging, and in another specimen the 
smoky-brown primaries are broadly bordered on the costa and outer 
margin with buff, whilst the secondaries are buff tinged with smoky 
brown between the discal cell and outer margin. This example has 
a distinct black spot at the end of the cell on each wing, but similar 
spots are to be traced, more or less clearly, in all the specimens. 
In his descriptions of niphonis and squamosa, Mr. Butler makes no 
reference to these spots in the first-named, but he gives them as a 
character of squamosa. 

Tokio (Fenton); Yokohama, Oiwake, Yesso (Pryer) ; Gensan 
(Leech). 


216. Paci1LocAMPA SUBPURPUREA. 
Pecilocampa suhpurpurea, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 18. 


Tokio (Fenton). 


217. ANDRACA GRACILIS. 
Andraca gracilis, Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. iii. p. 125 (1885). 


Two examples, coll. Pryer. 
Nikko (Pryer). 


218. ORGYIA THYELLINA. 

3. Orgyia thyellina, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 10. 

A fine series, coll. Pryer, including four female specimens with well- 
developed wings, and three examples of the same sex, in which the 
wings are dwarfed, but with the markings reproduced in miniature. 
As the female has not been previously noticed a description is 
appended. 

2. Primaries whitish, with an ill-defined dark discal spot and 
ferruginous markings, the most conspicuous of which are a large 
roundish patch at base between median nervure and inner margin, 
a cloud on outer third towards apex, from the lower edge of which 
a curved stripe, bordered externally with the whitish ground-colour, 
runs to inner margin, and two angulated transverse lines on disk, 
between which is an indistinct ferruginous shade; near the costa 
and towards apex is an elongated blackish spot and at external angle 
tapering towards middle of outer margin is a purplish-grey patch 
enclosing three blackish lunules bordered internally with whitish. 
Secondaries pale whity brown, with a small brown patch near anal 
angle, and an indistinct brownish submarginal band. Under surface 


626 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [ Dec. 18, 


pale whity brown; primaries with discal and apical spots as above ; 
there are also two small brownish spots at outer angle; on secondaries 
are a discal spot and a linear dash near anal angle brownish. 

Expanse 44-48 millim. (Plate XXXI. figs. 7, 7a.) 

Although very different in coloration, the markings of the female 
are exactly of the same character as those of the male. In reference 
to the females with ill-developed wings it should be said that these 
organs are very similar in appearance to the wings of a moth on its 
first emerging from the pupa and gives one the idea of arrested 
development. Instances of this nature are not unknown to the 
breeder of Lepidoptera, although the cause is not understood. 
There is nothing to show whether Pryer’s specimens of this species 
were captured or bred; but as the semiapterous form is nearer to 
typical female Orgyia we may reasonably suppose that such forms 
as that figured are usual with O. thyellina. 

Tokio (Fenton); Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer). 


219. OrGYIA GONOSTIGMA. 


Bombyx gonostigma, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 585 (1775); Hiibn. Bomb. 
pl. xx. fig. 78. 

Orgyia approximans, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 10. 

One example in Pryer’s collection from Oiwake. 

The tone of colour and number of white apical spots are such 
variable characters in O. gonostigma that it is certainly an unnecessary 
addition to synonymy to endeavour to establish a species on such 
slight differences as those upon which Mr. Butler has relied in his 
differentiation of O. approximans. 

Oiwake (Pryer). 

220. PRISMOSTICTA HYALINATA. 

Prismosticta hyalinata, Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. ii. p. 125. 

This is no. 163 of Pryer’s Catalogue, and there were several 


specimens in his collection chiefly from Oiwake. 
Oiwake, Nikko (Pryer). 


221. BomBYX MORI. 
Phalena mori, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 817. 33 (1767). 


Several specimens, coll. Pryer. 
Yokohama (Pryer). 


222. BOMBYX MANDARINUS. 


Theophila mandarina, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 576, 
pl. xxxiii. fig. 5. 

A fine series in coll. Pryer. I took two males at Gensan in July. 

This species is probably the wild form of the silkworm of commerce, 
B. mori. It is much darker in colour and has very distinct markings ; 
the female is much larger than the same sex of B. mori. Compared 
with that of the cultivated silkworm the cocoon of B. mandarinus is 
very flimsy. 

Yokohama (Pryer); Hakodate (Andrews) ; Gensan (Leech). 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 627 


223. BomByx NEUSTRIA. 

Phalena neustria, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 500. 

? Clisiocampa testacea, Motsch. Et. Ent. 1860, p. 32. 

I took specimens at Nagasaki in June and Gensan in July ; these 
with a number from Pryer’s collection make up a good series, ex- 
hibiting much variation, but nothing calling for special notice. 

Nagahama, Nagasaki, Gensan (Leech); Yokohama, Oiwake 
(Pryer); Kiukiang (Pratt); Corea. 


224. APHA TYCHOONA. 

Apha tychoona, Butl. Ent. Mo. Mag. xiv. p. 207 (1878); Ill. 
Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 18, pl. xxvii. fig. 5. 

A nice series from Japan, showing some variation in colour. 

Yokohama (Pryer); Hakodate (Leech). 


225. LASIOCAMPA FASCIATELLA. 

Bombyx fasciatella, Mén. Bull. de l Acad. t. xvii. p. 218. no. 25; 
Schrenck’s Amur Reisen, p. 55, tab. iv. fig.8; Rom. Mém. sur Lép. 
vol. iil. p. 344. 

Corea (Herz). 


226. LastIocAMPA PRUNI. 

Phalena-Bombyx pruni, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 498, xii. p. 813. 
Bombyx pruni, Hiibn. Bomb. pl. 42. fig. 186. 

Three males in Pryer’s collection. 

Hakodate (Leech); Yokohama, Nikko (Pryer); Europe. 


227. CHROSTOGASTRIA BREVIVENIS. 
Chrostogastria brevivenis, Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. iii. p. 119 (1885). 
Three male examples. No. 185 of Pryer’s Catalogue is referable 


to this species. 
Nikko (Pryer) ; Hakodate (Leech). 


228. EuTRICHA EXCELLENS. 

Odonestis excellens, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 481 
(1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 19, pl. xxvi. figs. 4, 5 (1878). 

Var. unicolor, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. v. p. 38 (1880). 

A fine series, varying in size and markings. 

Yokohama (Pryer and Manley). 


229. EvTRICHA PINI. 

Phalena-Bombyz pini, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 498. 

Odonestis superans, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 19. pl. xxvii. 
fig. 4. 

Tussle Anak Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 17. 

Eutricha zonata, Butl. 7. ¢. 

3. Eutricha dolosa, Butl. /. c. p. 16. 

This is a very variable species, both in Japan and Europe. 

Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer) ; Hakodate (Leech); Tokio; Corea, 
Europe (Herz). 


628 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18, 


230. EuTRICHA REMOTA. 


Lasiocampa remota, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. vi. p. 1459. 

? Lebeda hebes, Walk. op. cit. p. 1462. 

ona segregata, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 20, pl. xxvi. 
figs. 6 & 7. 

ona spectabilis, Butl. op. cit. p. 19, pl. xxvii. fig. 3. 

I took this species in all kinds of forms at Nagasaki and Shimo- 
noseki. Q Cona dolosa, Butl., in national collection at South 
Kensington, is referable to this species. 

Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer); Tokio, Shanghai, North China. 


231. ODONESTIS L&TA. 
Amydona leta, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. vi. p. 1416 (1855). 
One specimen at Tsuruga, July 1886, which I believe to be the 


only one from Japan. 
Tsuruga (Leech); Corea (Herz). 


232. ODONESTIS POTATORIA. 


Phalena-Bombyx potatoria, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. p. 813. 

Odonestis albomaculata, Brem. Bull. del’ Acad. Pét. 1861, tom. i1.; 
Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 42, tab. iv. 6 ¢, t. li, 20 9. 

Var. askoldensis, Oberth. Et. Ent. v. p. 38. 

In the series of this species from Japan there are specimens 
which agree exactly with typical potatoria, Linn., and others which 
are most certainly identical with O. albomaculata, Brem., whilst be- 
tween these two forms are aberrations, including a dark one near 
the variety askoldensis of Oberthir, which cannot be satisfactorily 
referred to either form; these serve as connecting-links and f think 
prove the identity of O. potatoria and O. albomaculata. 

Yokohama (Pryer); Hakone, Gensan (Leech); Corea (Herz). 


233. TRABALA CRISTATA. 


Trabala cristata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 480 
(1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 18, pl. xxvii. fig. 1 (1878). 

Seven specimens, including five from coli. Pryer. 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Nagahama (Leeeh). 


234. GASTROPACHA ILICIFOLIA. 


Phalena-Bombyz ilicifolia, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 293; Syst. Nat. 
xii. p. 813. 

Var. JAPONICA. 

One male and two females, coll. Pryer. 

The Japanese form of G. ilicifolia differs from the European type 
in size and colour. It expands 56 millim. and is pale reddish brown, 
with all the violet-tinged white markings well defined; there is, 
however, no character by which it may be specifically separated from 


G. ilicifolia, therefore I propose for it the varietal name japenica. 
Yesso (Pryer). 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 629 


235. GASTROPACHA QUERCIFOLIA. 


Phalena-Bombyx quercifolia, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p.497; (Bomby) 
Hiibn. Bomb. pl. xliii. figs. 187, 188. 

Gastropacha quercifolia, Ochs. Schmett. Eur, iii. p. 247. 

Japanese specimens are rich in colour and most nearly approach 
the form alnifolia, Ochs. Pryer says in his Catalogue that larvee of 
this species are abundant at Fujisan. 

A specimen which I bred from a larva found at Gensan is much 
paler than either Japanese or European examples in my collection. 

Yokohama (Pryer) ; Corea (Leech). Europe. 


236. GASTROPACHA POPULIFOLIA. 


Bombyx populifolia, Esp. Schmett. iii. pl. 6. figs. 3, 4. 

Gastropacha populifolia, Ochs. Schmett. Eur. ili. p. 45. 3. 

Two males, one from Pryer’s coll. and the other I took at 
Hakodate in August. 


Yokohama (Pryer); Hakodate (Leech); Corea (Herz). Europe. 
237. NUMENES DISPARILIS. 


Numenes disparilis, Staud., Rom. Mém. sur Lép. iii. p. 200, 
pl. xi. figs. 2a, 26. 

Two female specimens in Pryer’s collection ; these are referable to 
no. 136 of his Catalogue, and the locality there given is Asamayama ; 
but whether this applies to both examples it is not possible to say, 
as there are no locality tickets attached to the iusects. They agree 
exactly with specimens from Kiukiang. 

Asamayama (Pryer); Vladivostok, Askold. 


238. LYMANTRIA ALBOFASCIA, sp.n. (Plate XXXI. fig. 8.) 


3. Brownish black ; primaries with an oblique broad white fascia 
from costa towards apex to outer angle. Head, thorax, and legs 
chestnut-brown. Abdomen yellowish brown beneath. Under surface 
of primaries as above, but apical third yellowish white, with some 
orange scales along costa and outer margin. 

Expanse 56 millim. 

One example of this remarkable species in Pryer’s collection. 

Ohoyama (Pryer). 


239. LyMANTRIA AURORA. 


2. Lymantria aurora, Butl. Ann. & May. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. 
p. 403 (1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 11, pl. xxiv. fig. 5 (1878). 
Var. FUSCA. 


This species varies greatly in the matter of size. The male also 
exhibits considerable differences in the depth of colour. The example 
figured Plate XXXL. fig. 9 is one of four specimens of the darkest 
form; these were taken at Nagahama in July. I propose that 
this form should be known as var. fusca. 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Kurile Islands, Yesso, Oiwake 
(Pryer); Nagahama, Tsuruga, Sendai, Gensan (Leech). 


620 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18, 


240. LYMANTRIA DISPAR. 


Phalena dispar, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 501. 

Var. japonica, Motsch. Etud. Ent. 1860, p. 31. 
Porthetria umbrosa, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 10. 
Porthetria hadina, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soe. 1881, p. 11. 


Except that they are somewhat larger male examples of L. japonica, 
Motsch., and hadina, Butl., are not separable from European males 
of L. dispar in my possession ; whilst between LZ. umbrosa, Butl., 
and other males of Z. dispar from Europe, also in my collection, 
there is not even a difference of size, consequently I cannot regard 
these insects as anything but forms of ZL. dispar. 

If such forms as those referred to were admitted to specific rank 
there are some other forms of Z. dispar occurring in Japan which are, 
apparently, as distinct from those already named as they are from 
typical dispar ; these therefore would have to be raised to the dignity 
of species. Such a course is, however, opposed to the exact demands 
of science, which requires that we should acquaint ourselves with the 
geographical range of a species and ascertain all we can touching 
the variability of such species throughout such range rather than to 
allow locality to be the determinating factor when considering the 
claim of an insect to specific rank. 

In colour (3) LZ. dispar varies from whitish or pale whity brown 
through greyish brown up to a dark smoky brown, and in all forms 
the transverse lines and shades as also the discal spots of primaries 
may be either well-defined or more or less obliterated. The colour 
of females ranges from white to a pale fuscous and the markings are 
of different degrees of intensity. 

This colour aberration in LZ. dispar is only equalled by its varia- 
bility in size. The smallest male in my series from Japan and Corea 
expands only 37 millim., whilst the largest female in same series 
measures 114 millim. The following comparative table of measure- 
ments of specimens in my possession may not be without interest. 


Japan and Corea. Europe. 


Tnrpest® if) cae. 71 54 
et. Ode 114 93 
Smallest $ ...... 37 32 
bs ere oe ate 48 42 


It will be seen that the difference in measurement between the 
smallest and largest males is 39 millim., and between the smallest 
and largest females 72 millim., whilst the smallest male is 82 millim. 
less in expanse than the largest female. 

Yokohama, Yesso (Pryer); Fushiki, Nagahama, Gensan (Leech) ; 
Corea (Herz); Tokio (Fenton) ; Hakodate (Whitely). 


241. LyMANTRIA FUMIDA. 


Q. Lymantria fumida, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. 
p- 402 (1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 10, pl. xxix. fig. 4 (1878). 
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer). 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 631 


242. LYMANTRIA MONACHA. 
Phalena-Bombyz monacha, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 501. 


A series of typical specimens, coll. Pryer. 
Oiwake, Yesso (Pryer). 


243. OcnerIA FuRVA, sp.n. (Plate XXXI. fig. 10.) 


3. Brownish black, from the base nearly to outer angle, just 
above and parallel with the inner margin, is a series of black dots and 
streaks, around which are numerous pale scales, giving to this part of 
the wing a whitish appearance. There are also afew subapical black 
dashes. 

Q. Paler, and markings more distinct ; a distinct basal band, be- 
yend which is a darkish cloud from the costa to the centre of wing. 

Expanse, ¢ 26-35, 2 30-40 millim. 

Allied to O. terebynthi, Freyer, from which, however, it is easily 
separated. There was a long series in Pryer’s collection; it is 
no. 178 of his Catalogne. 

Oiwake (Pryer). 


244. DAsyCHIRA LUNULATA. 


3. Dasychira lunulata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. 
p- 403 (1877) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 11, pl. xxiv. fig. 8 
(1878). 

Dasychira acronycta, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. v. p. 35, pl. v. 3, 
fig. 7 (1880). 

Q@. Dasychira solitaria, Staud. Rom. Mém. s. Lép. iii. pl. xii. 
fig. 1 (1887). 

Three ¢ and three 9, coll. Pryer. One 2 from Manley, 
Yokohama. 

Yokohama (Jonas, Pryer, and Manley) ; Oiwake (Pryer) ; Askold ; 
Amur. 


245. CALLITEARA PUDIBUNDA. 


Phalena pudibunda, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 303. 

Var. Dasychira pryeri, Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. iii. p. 119 (1885). 

Var. Dasychira pudica, Staud., Rom. Mém. sur Lép. iii. p. 204 
(1887). 

Var. ? Orgyia punctatella, Motsch. Et. Ent. 1860, p. 32. 

A nice series, coll. Pryer. Staudinger does not figure his D. pudica 
in the work referred to, but his description of that insect applies 
exactly to D. pryeri, Butl., and this last I consider to be a local form 
of C. pudibunda. I should mention that I took a specimen of C. pudi- 
bunda var. concolor, Staud., at Ningpoin April 1886, and this fact 
goes far, I think, to confirm my opinion. 

Yokohama (Pryer) ; Hakodate, Hakone, and Gensan (Leech). 


246. CALLITEARA ABIETIS. 


Bombyzx abietis, Schiff. 8. V. p. 56; Esp. Schmett. p. 82. 1; 
Hiibn. Bomb. pl. xxi. figs. 82, 83. 
Dasychira abietis, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. iv. p. 864. 


632 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18, 


Dasychira argentata, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 12. 

Calliteara pseudabietis, Butl. Cist. Ent. iii. p. 118. 

Though certainly somewhat darker in colour, argentata is in no 
other respect separable from C. abietis, Schiff. I am therefore 
disposed to consider it as well as pseudadietis forms of that species. 

Nikko (Pryer); Yokohama. 


247. CIFUNA LOCUPLES. 


Cifuna locuples, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. v. p. 1173 (1855); Butl. 
lll. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 18, pl. xxvii. fig. 6 (1878). 

Artaxia confusa, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 42, t. iv. fig. 5 (1864). 

A fine series from Japan varying much in colour and intensity of 
markings ; some of the examples agree exactly with Amur specimens. 

Oiwake, Yokohama (Pryer); Hakodate, Gensan (Leech and 
Andrews); Corea (Herz) ; Amur. 


248. PoRTHETRIA LUCESCENS. 

Porthetria lucescens, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 11. 

Two specimens in Pryer’s collection labelled no. 177, Oiwake, 
July and August 1877; but in his Catalogue the locality given for 
the species is Ohoyama. 

Tokio (Fenton). 


249. PoRTHETRIA EURYDICE. 

3. Porthetria eurydice, Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. iii. p. 118 (1885). 

Q. Dasychira amata, Stgr., Rom. Mém. Lép. vol. iii. p. 206, 
pl. xii. fig 2 (1887). 

One example of each sex in coll. Pryer. 

Ohoyama (Pryer). 


250. AGLIA TAU. 


Phalena tau, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 497. 
Bombyx tau, Hiibn. Bomb. pl. 13. figs. 51, 52. 


Var. JAPONICA. 

Two specimens, coll. Pryer, Hakodate. In Japanese examples of 
A, tau the submarginal line of all the wings is further from the mar- 
gin, and less strongly defined on the primaries than in European 
specimens ; the black spot of primaries is also rather smaller, and in 
the male there is a whitish patch at apices as in female; also the 
ocellus on secondaries is larger than in European specimens, whilst 
that on primaries is much smaller. The female is darker than 
typical specimens of same sex, with the costa, outer third of 
primaries and costa, and abdominal fold of secondaries thickly 
sprinkled with black dots and powdered with black scales. 

Expanse, ¢ 80, 2 108 millim. 

These differences are, however, too insignificant to be considered 
of specific value, so I venture to propose that it be known as dglia 
tau, Var. japonica. 

Yesso (Pryer); Hakodate; Amur; Europe. 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 633 


251. RuoptIA FUGAX. 


Rhodia fugax, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 480 
(1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 17, pl. xxvi. fig. 1 (1878). 

Seven males and three females in coll. Pryer. The males range 
from 82 to 103 millim., but the females are more uniform, the 
smallest being 122 millim. and the largest 126 millim in expanse. 
According to Pryer, the larva, which he says is “ bright green and 
resembles a butterfly larva,” feeds on cherry and other trees, and 
the imago appears in November and December; the cocoon, which is 
bright green and resembles a pendent leaf, bas ‘‘a slit on the top, 
opening by pressure.” 

Yokohama (Pryer). 


252. CALIGULA JONASI. 


Caligula jonasvi, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 479 
(1877) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 16, pl. xxv. fig. 2 (1878). 

Seven examples, coll. Pryer (3 males, 4 females). I took two males 
at Nikko in September, and a female at Oiwake also in Sep- 
tember. 

According to Pryer, the larva is hairy and resembles a small larva 
of Caligula japonica. 

Yokohama. 


253. CALIGULA JAPONICA. 


Caligula japonica, (pupa-case) Moore, Trans. Ent. Soe. (3) i. 
p- 322 (1862); (imago) Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. 
p- 479 (1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 16, pl. xxvi. fig. 2 
(1878). 

Several specimens from various parts of Japan, exhibiting much 
variation. 

Pryer remarks in his Catalogue p. 52 :—‘ Commonly called the 
wire-cartridge moth, from the resemblance of the cocoon to the wire- 
net in a cartridge ; last year it was found feeding on poplars newly 
introduced into this country. The natives make a strong coarse silk 
from the cocoon, and a fine gut from the intestines of the larva. The 
imago appears in October. The larva hairy.” 

Yokohama (Jonas, Pryer); Nikko (Leech) ; Hakodate. 


254. ANTHERZA PERNYI. 


Saturnia pernyi, Guérin, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1855, p. 6. 297, 
pig. sel: 

Aitherca hazina, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 13. 

Antherea fentoni, Butl. 1. e. 

Antherea calida, Butl. op. cit. p. 14. 

Antherea morosa, Butl. 1. ec. 


My Japanese examples of this Antherea vary in colour from a 
pale brown, through pale reddish brown to “rusty orange” on the 
one hand, and to olivaceous and fuliginous brown on the other. 
The markings are subject to modifications within certain limits, but 


634 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [ Dec. 18, 


in no case is the aberration sufficient to justify separation of the 
specimen or specimens exhibiting it from A. pernyi. There are ex- 
amples showing the particular characters claimed for the several 
named forms well defined ! and also others which do not agree exactly 
with these named forms or with the type, although they serve 
admirably to link together the various forms, and to connect one 
or other of such forms with the type. These prove most clearly the 
specific identity of all. 

Yokohama (Jonas, Pryer, and Manley); Tokio (Fenton) ; Kiu- 
kiang (Pratt) ; Amur. 


255. ATTACUS CYNTHIA. 


Phalena (Attacus) cynthia, Drury, ii. p. 91; Cram. Pap. Exot. 
i. p- 62, pl. 39. fig. A. 

Attacus pryeri, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 397; Ill. Typ. 
Lep. Het. pt. iii. p. 11, pl. xlit. fig. 4 (1879). 

Attacus vesta, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. ii. p. 525 (nom. cat.). 

Attacus walkeri, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 34. 

A beautiful series, coll. Pryer. 

The only difference between the representatives of this species 
from Japan (A. pryeri) and those from Kiukiang (A. walkeri) lies 
in the tint of ground-colour ; this in the former is brownish olive, 
but in the latter greenish olive, or, in other words, there is more 
brown in the composition of the colour of A. pryeri than in that of 
A. cynthia or A. walkeri. There is, however, one specimen among 
Pryer’s series which is not so brown as the other examples from 
Japan, and less green than Kiukiang specimens. 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Kiukiang (Pratt); N. China, 
Ningpo. 


256. ACTIAS SELENE. 


Tropea selene, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 152. 1588. 

Actias selene, Macleay ; Leech, Zool. Misc. ii. pl. 70. 

Actias ningpoana, Feld. ; 

Saturnia artemis, Brem. Etud. Entom. Motsch. 1852, p. 64; Bull. 
Acad. Pétersb. 1861, tom. iii.; Lep. Ost-Sib. tab. ii. figs. 6 3, 
iQ 

Tropea gnoma, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 480 
(1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p.17, pl. xxv. fig. 1 (1878). 

Tropea aliena, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 355 
(1879). 

Tropea dulcina, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 14. 

In size and in tint of coloration this is a most variable species. 
Among the Japanese specimens in my collection (19 in number) 
there are green, whitish-green, yellowish-green, and bluish-green 
examples, ranging from 108 to 150 millim. in expanse. The costal 


1 Asin other instances where slight aberrant forms haye been elevated to 
specific rank. 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 635 


stripe of primaries varies in width as it also does in tint, being some- 
times rosy and sometimes dark purple, always bounded internally 
with black, and often though not invariably edged externally 
with white. The ocellus of primaries is as inconstant in shape as 
in size, and in some examples small and round, in others linear, 
and in others again large and oval, whilst the black outline, which is 
usually only distinct on the inner edge of these ocelli, is in some few 
examples entire and conspicuous. The submarginal and basal lines 
are in the different specimens either sharply defined, faint, or quite 
absent. 

Yokohama (Jonas, Pryer, and Manley) ; Akita, Gensan (Leech) ; 
Kiukiang (Pratt). 


257. BRAHM2XA JAPONICA. 


Brahmea japonica, Butl. Ent. Month. Mag. x. p. 56 (1873); Ill. 
Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 17, pl. xxvi. fig. 3. 

*=Brahmea mniszechi, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. iv. pl. xciii. figs. 
4, 5 (1864-5). 

A fine series, coll. Pryer. 

This is a variable species both as regards ground-colour and mark- 
ings. Thus the former may be white or grey, and sometimes tinged 
with green; then the number of ocelli in central band and “ rounded 
internal spot”? is not the same in any two individuals comprised 
in my series of 15 specimens. The spot referred to sometimes has 
three ocelli across its centre on one wing, but its companion on the 
other wing has four. In all cases the number of ocelli, both in the 
spot and central band, is greater on one side than the other. Again, 
the shape of the central band is subject to modification, and stages 
in the formation of the rounded internal spot from the lower portion 
of this band are exhibited in the specimens in my Japanese series ; 
thus between an example in which the band is entire from costa to 
inner margin, and but slightly contracted below the middle, and a 
specimen with the rounded spot completely formed and quite indepen- 
dent, there are all the intermediate stages. 

Yokohama (Pryer). 


258. BRAHM#A CERTHIA. 


Bombyz certhia, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iti. 1, p. 412. 16. 

Bombyx wallichii, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 39. 

Brahmea carpenteri, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) p. 114 

1883). 

bene lunulata, Motsch. Etud. Entom. 1852, p. 64; Men. 
Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 55 (1859); Rom. Mém. sur Lep. ili. p. 345. 

Saturnia undulata, Brem, & Grey, Schmett. Nord. China’s, p. 16, 
tab. v. fig. 3 (1853); (Brahmea) Rom. Mém. sur Lép. iii. p. 345. 

Brahmea carpenteri, Butl., is the only form of B. certhia recorded 
from the region under consideration. But this at best can only rank 
as a variety of certhia. 


636 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18, 


259. RuaMNosA? ANGULATA. 

Rhamnosa? angulata, Fixsen, Rom. Mém. sur Lép. vol. iii. p. 339, 
pl. 15. fig. 1. 

Corea (Herz). 


260. CLosTeRA ANASTOMOSIS. 

Bombyz anastomosis, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 506. 

Clostera anastomosis, var. orientalis, Fixsen, Rom. Mém. sur Lép. 
ili. p. 350. 

Five examples, coll. Pryer. Japanese specimens agree well with 
European. 

Yesso (Pryer) ; Corea; Europe. 


261. CLosTERA ANACHORETA. 

Bombyx anachoreta, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 120; Hiibn. Bomb. 
pl. 22. fig. 88. 

Bombyze curtula, Esp. Schmett. iii. pl. 51. figs. 1-4. 

Olostera anachoreta, Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 13. 

I took one example at Hakodate in August, and there was a nice 
series in Pryer’s collection. The specimens are very typical. 

Yokohama (Pryer); Hakodate (Leech) ; Europe. 


262. GONOCLOSTERA TIMONIDES. 

Pygera timonides, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 45 (1864). 

Pygera timoniorum, Brem. op. cit. pl. v. fig. 3. 

Gonoclostera latipennis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. 
p. 476 (1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 13, pl. xxvii. fig. 2 
(1878). 

Eight examples, coll. Pryer, and one taken by myself at Hakodate 


in August. 
Yokohama, Nikko (Pryer); Hakodate (Leech); Amur. 


263. DaTANOIDES FASCIATA. 

Datanoides fasciata, Butl. Ent. Month. Mag. xiv. p. 207 (1878) ; 
Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. iii. p. 2, pl. xh. fig. 4 (1879). 

Several specimens in Pryer’s collection, including two examples 
which were separated from the rest and labelled ‘‘ No. 237. Datan- 
oides ? sp.” 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer). 


264. DATANOIDES APPROXIMANS, sp. n. (Plate XXXII. fig. 4.) 

3. Primaries chocolate-brown, with purplish reflections on basal 
patch and outer margin ; central fascia dull brown, bounded on each 
side by a yellowish line; discal spot black. Fringes chequered. 
Secondaries fuscous. Head, thorax, abdomen, and legs brown, 
tarsi whitish ; antennee pectinated nearly to apex. Under surface 
fuscous, outer border of all the wings brownish, inclining to chest- 
nut at apex of primaries. 

@ . Similar to the ¢, but paler. 

Expanse, ¢ 27 millim., 9 34-40 millim. 


1888. | LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 637 


This species is allied to D. fasciata, but the different coloration 
and the shape of central fascia, which in D. approximans is much 
attenuated towards inner margin, and has its outer edge twice 
indented, readily separates the two species. The secondaries in both 
sexes are also much darker than in D. fasciata. 

Several specimens, coll. Pryer (No. 238). 

Yokohama (Pryer). 


265. RosAMA PLUSIOIDES. 


Rosama plusioides, Moore, Dese. Ind. Lep. Atk. i. p. 62 (1879). 

Ptilodontis ornata, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. x. p. 15, pl. ii. fig. 5 
(1884). 

Two examples in Pryer’s collection, placed with the Liparidee and 
labelled “167. Orgyia? sp.” 

Japan (Pryer); Darjeeling ; Sidemi. 


266. Rosama cINNAMoMEA, sp.n. (Plate XXXI. fig. 11.) 


¢. Primaries cinnamon-brown, streaked with darker from apex 
to centre of wing, and with ill-defined darker basal and discal lines. 
Apical and discal spots blackish. Secondaries fuscous brown. 
Head, palpi, and thorax dark brown; abdomen fuscous. Under 
surface of primaries brown with paler margins ; secondaries and 
abdomen yellowish grey. 

Expanse. 33-35 millim. 

I took an example at Nagasaki in June, and there was one in 
Pryer’s collection. 

Nagasaki (Leech) ; Ohoyama (Pryer). 


267. RosAMA MACRODONTA. 


Rosama macrodonta, Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. iii. p. 127 (1885). 
One example, coll. Pryer. 
Japan (Pryer). 


268. PriLODONTIS PLUSIOTIS. 


Ptilodontis plusiotis, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. y. p. 65, pl. vii. 
fig. 3 (1880). 

A female example at Gensan in July ; two males, coll. Pryer. 

The three specimens agree well each with the other, but neither 
of them are quite like Oberthiir's figure of his P. plusiotis ; however, 
as my insect has been identified by Herr Banghaas as that species, 
I am content to let it stand as such, especially as I have not seen 
Oberthiir’s type. 

Nikko, Oiwake (Pryer). 


269. PLATYCHASMA VIRGO. 


Platychasma virgo, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 596. 

Four examples, three of which are from coll. Pryer, and one taken 
by myself at Gensan in July. 

Nikko (Pryer) ; Tokio (Fenton) ; Gensan (Leech). 
Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1888, No. XLIII. 43 


638 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18, 


270. PTILOPHORA PLUMIGERA. 

Bombyx plumigera, Esp. Schmett. iii. p. 50. pl. 50. figs. 6, 7 
(1785); Hiibn. Bomb. pl. 58. fig. 250. 

A single example (2) in Pryer’s collection; this is no. 236 of 
his catalogue. 

Yokohama (January, Pryer); Europe. 


271. PTEROSTOMA PALPINA. 

Bombyx palpina, Linn. F. 8. p. 305; Syst. Nat. xil. p. 828; 
Hiibn. Bomb. pl. 4. fig. 16. 

Ptilodontis grisea, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 45, pl. v. fig. 2 (1864). 

A very fine series in Pryer’s collection, varying much in the tone 
of ground-colour. I took two specimens at Nagasaki in June. 

In Japanese examples of this species the fringe of the tooth-like 
projection on inner margin is but little, if any, darker than the 
ground-colour of primaries, and the specimens are, on the whole, 
much larger than European examples: thus, one female expands 72 
millim. and a male 58 millim., whilst the smallest of Pryer’s 
measures 52 millim. No. 222, Pryer’s Catalogue, is referable to this 
species. 

Wok ghana Oiwake (Pryer); Hakodate, Nagasaki (Leech). 


272. MicrRopONTA BICOLORA. 

Bombyx bicoloria, Schiff. 8. V. p. 49; Esp. Schmett. iii. pl. 41. 
fig. 7. 

" Bambi bicolora, Hiibn. Bomb. pl. 5. fig. 18. 

Microdonta bicolora, Duponch. Cat. Lep. p. 93. 

Two examples (¢ 2) in Pryer’s collection. Referring to these 
in his catalogue, Pryer says: ‘‘ Two specimens only ; one taken by 
my collector in my presence, on the 18th June, 1876, at Fujisan, at 
rest in an alder, at an elevation of 5000 feet ; the other I myself 
took, at light, on the 19th June, 1881, at Nikko.” 

Fujisan, Nikko (Pryer) ; Europe. 

273. NERICE BIPARTITA. 

Nerice bipartita, Butl. Cist. Ent. ii. p. 119 (1885). 

Two examples, coll. Pryer. ‘210. Clostera? sp.” of catalogue. 

Nikko, Yesso (Pryer); Sapporo (Lewis). 

274. NERICE BIDENTATA. 


Nerice bidentcta, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. v. p. 1076 (1855). 

Nerice davidi, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. vi. p. 17, pl. ix. fig. 2 
(1881). 

I took two examples of this North-American species at Hakodate 
in August. 

Hakodate (Leech) ; North China (David); North America. 


275. EDEMA NIVILINEA, sp.n. (Plate XXXII. fig. 1.) 


Primaries olive, traversed by a longitudinal white streak from the 
base to just beyond the middle of wing, where it terminates in a 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 639 


bluish-grey spot; at apex is an irregular shaped whitish patch 
enclosing some leaden-coloured spots and dashes, the inner margin 
broadly suffused with leaden grey. Secondaries dark brown, paler 
towards the base. Head and collar olive, thorax leaden grey. 
Abdomen fuscous grey. Under surface pale yellowish grey, with 
discal spots and dash on costa before the apex of primaries whitish ; 
outer margins of primaries and secondaries fuscous, the latter has a 
central line also fuscous. 

Expanse, ¢ 31 millim., 2 33 millim. 

Two examples, coll. Pryer (no. 658). 

Oiwake, June and July (Pryer). 


276. NoTODONTA METICULODINA. 

Notodonta meticulodina, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. x. p. 16, pl. i. 
fig. 3 (1884). 

One example, coll. Pryer. 

Sidemi (Jankowski); Yesso (Pryer). 

277. NoToDONTA LINEATA, 

Notodonta lineata, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. v. p. 61, pl. ii. fig. 7 
(1880). 

One example, coll. Pryer. 

Japan (Pryer) ; Askold. 

278. NoTODONTA MONETARIA. 

Notodonta monetaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. v. p. 62, pl. ii. 
fig. 6. 

This is no. 220 of Pryer’s Catalogue, and there were three speci- 


mens in his collection. I took an example at Nagahama, in July. 
Yokohama (Pryer) ; Nagahama (Leech) ; Askold. 


279. HupoponTa CORTICALIS. 

Hupodonta corticalis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. 
p. 475 (1877). 

Yokohama (Jonas). 


280. DryMonIA CHAONIA. 
Bombyx chaonia, Hiibn. Bomb. pl. 3. figs. 10, 11. 


Four specimens, coll. Pryer. 
Gifu, Yokohama (Pryer). 


281. DRYMONIA MANLEYI, sp. n. (Plate XXXII. fig. 2.) 

¢. Primaries ashy white, with an almost straight dark chocolate 
transverse band edged internally with a narrow line of the ground- 
colour, and enclosing a dark chocolate basal patch, distinct only 
between the median nerve and inner margin; beyond the middle is 
another chocolate-brown band elbowed just below the costa, and 
then running parallel with outer margin to the inner margin, beyond 
this the wing is pale olive-brown, through which the nervules show 
up darker. Secondaries brown, with central band darker. Head 
chocolate. Thorax greyish, with chocolate-coloured collar. Abdo- 

43* 


640 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [ Dec. 18, 


men olive-brown. Under surface pale olive-brown, darker towards 
base and costa of primaries; a central darker band on all the wings. 
Femora of anterior legs chocolate. 

Q. Paler, and the wings longer, giving the markings a more 
elongate appearance. 

Expanse, ¢ 47 millim., 2 51 millim. 

This species has a superficial resemblance to D. chaonia, but is 
abundantly distinct from that insect. 

A fine series in Pryer’s collection. 

Yokohama (Pryer). 


282. DryMONIA DELIA, n. sp. (Plate XXXII. fig. 3.) 

d. Silvery grey, primaries with two pairs of parallel lines near 
the base, the area enclosed being pale greyish brown in colour, 
clouded along the costa from middle to near apex with brownish ; 
submarginal line double, dark brown, much indented; a small 
brown discal dot followed by a reniform spot, outlined in black, and 
filled in with reddish brown; a series of black-margined lunules. 
Secondaries olive-brown. Head and thorax greyish brown. Abdo- 
men olive-brown. Under surface pale brown, central area of 
primaries darker. 

Expanse 44 millim. 

Also allied to D. chaonia. 

One example, coll. Pryer. 

Oiwake (Pryer). 


283. DryMONIA TRIMACULA. 

Bombyx trimacula, Esp. Schmett. iii. p. 46. t. 46. figs. 1. 2 (1785). 

Bombyx dodonea, Hiibn. Bomb. pl. 3. fig. 8. 

One example in Pryer’s collection, without locality label. 

Japan (Pryer) ; Europe. 

284. LopHorpTERYX CAMELINA, L. 

Bombyx camelina, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 507. 

I took two male specimens at Gensan in June 1889, and a female 
at Hakodate in August of same year ; there were several specimens in 
Pryer’s collection, some of these are no. 231 and others no. 232 
of his Catalogue. Of the last he observes very like N. camelina. 
Although there is some variation in size and colour, there is nothing 
outside the usual range of aberration, and there is not a single speci- 
men I cannot exactly match with an example of L. camelina from my 
European series of the species. 

Nikko, Fujisan, Oiwake (Pryer); Hakodate, Gensan (Leech) ; 
Amur ; Europe. 


235. LopHOPTERYX LADISLAI. 

Lophoptery« ladislai, Oberthiir, Diagn. Lép. Ask. p. 13; Etud. 
d’Entom. v. p. 66, pl. ii. fig. 3. 

One male example in Pryer’s coll. taken at Nikko. This species 


appears to be very closely allied to LZ. cuculla, Esp. 
Nikko (Pryer) ; isle of Askold. 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 641 


286. LopHoprerRyX PRYERI. 
Lophopteryx pryeri, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 355. 


A long series in Pryer’s collection varying much in character of 
markings ; the extremes between which the specimens vary are a pale 
grey example with dark brown central band and hind marginal 
streaks and clouds on the one hand, and an almost unicolorous fuscous 
brown example on the other. A specimen of the last form referred to 
was separated from the series and numbered 228, whilst other 
examples of the same form still remained in the series of no. 229. 

Yokohama, Yesso, Oiwake (Pryer). 


287. LOPHOCOSMA ATRIPLAGA. 


Notodonta (Lophocosma) atriplaga, Staud., Rom. Mém. s. Lép. 
iii. p. 220, pl. xii. fig. 8. 

One 2 example, coll. Pryer. 

My specimen has a short black dash on the costa near the base ; 
this in Staudinger’s figure of the male is represented by a small 
black spot. 

Japan (Pryer); Vladivostok; Askold. 


288. HyBocaAMPA MILHAUSERI. 

Bombyx milhauseri, Fabr. 8. E. p. 577 (1775). 

Bombyz terrifica, Schiff. 8. V. p. 63 (1776) ; Hiibn. Bomb. pl. 8. 
figs. 32, 33. 

Three specimens, somewhat darker than European examples. 

Ohoyama (Pryer) ; Yokohama (Manley); Europe. 


289. PHALERA FUSCESCENS. 


Phalera fuscescens, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soe. 1881, p. 597. 

I took an example at Gensan in July. Two specimens, coll. 
Pryer. 

Oiwake, Fujisan (Pryer) ; Gensan (Leech). 


290. PHALERA TENEBROSA. 
Phalera tenebrosa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 815. 


One example, coll. Pryer (no. 226). 
Yokohama (Pryer) ; Darjeeling. 


291. PHALERA SIGMATA. 


Phalera sigmata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 473 
(1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 11, pl. xxiv. fig. 9 (1878). 

I have thirteen specimens, nine of which were in Pryer’s collection ; 
all are greyer in colour than Mr. Butler’s figure, and in some of the 
examples the indented transverse line posterior to the patch of raised 
black and white scales is ochraceous and in others blackish. The 
antennee of the males are not so strongly pectinated. 

Yokohama (Jonas, Pryer, and Manley); 92, Hakodate ( Whitely). 


642 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [ Dec. 18, 


292. PHALERA FLAVESCENS. 


Phalera flavescens, Brem. Lep. Nord. China’s, p. 14 (1853). 

Trisula andreas, Oberth. Etud. d’Ent. v. p. 38, pl. v. fig. 4. 

Yesso (Pryer); Yokohama (Pryer, Manley, and Leech); Hako- 
date, Gensan. 


293. MicROPHALERA GRISEA. 


Microphalera grisea, Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. iii, p. 120 (1885). 


Ten specimens in coll. Pryer, and several collected by myself. 
Yesso (Pryer); Hakodate (Leech). 


294, SoMERA ACRONYCTA. 


Dasychira acronycta, Oberth. Etud. d’Ent. v. p. 35, pl. v. fig. 8 
(1880). 

Three examples (236, 12), coll. Pryer. 

The insect figured by Oberthiir as the ¢ of this species (fig. 7) 
is D. lunulata. 

Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer). 


295. SoMERA CYANEA, sp. n. (Plate XXXII. fig. 5.) 


3. Primaries pale purplish brown, with some green and grey 
scales towards the base along the costa and on the outer margin, 
indistinct basal and submarginal lines fuscous. Secondaries smoky 
brown; costal margin darker. Antennze broadly pectinated. Head 
and thorax grey. Abdomen smoky brown. Under surface fuscous ; 
nerves at base of primaries thickly clothed with long hairs. 

9. Similar to male, but primaries greenish grey, and antenne 
more narrowly pectinated. Under surface, the hairs at base of pri- 
maries as in male. 

Expanse, ¢ 44 millim., 9 54 millim. 

Allied to S. lichenia, Butl., from Borneo. 


296. CNETHODONTA GRISESCENS. 


Cnethodonta grisescens, Staud., Rom. Mém. sur Lép. vol. iii. p.214, 
pl. 12. fig. 11. 

A single male in coll. Pryer, taken at Oiwake, 1885. 

Dr. Staudinger records this species from Vladivostok, Askold, 
Ussuri, and Suifun. 


297. PERIDEA CINEREA. 


Peridea cinerea, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 353 
(1878). 

Some very fine examples in Pryer’s collection; I took specimens 
at Yokohama, in October. 

Yokohama (Pryer and Leech); Gifu (Pryer). 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 643 


298. PERIDEA GIGANTEA. 


Peridea gigantea, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 474 
(1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 12, pl. xxiv. fig. 6 (1878). 

One specimen in Pryer’s collection, not labelled with locality, but 
probably from Yokohaina. 

Yokohama (Jonas, ? Pryer). 


299. STAUROPUS FAGI. 


Bombyx fagi, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 508; Hiibn. Bomb. pl. 8. fig. 31. 

Stauropus persimilis, But]. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 353 
(1879). 

A nice series in coll. Pryer, ranging in expanse from 52 millim. 
3 to 78 millim. 2. 

Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer). 


300. SrauROPUS TACZANOWSKII. 


Harpyia taczanowskii, Oberth. Et. Ent. v. p. 59, pl. 2. fig. 5 
(1880). 

Six specimens in Pryer’s collection (no. 200 of his catalogue) 
are referable to this species. I have also an example which I took 
at Fushiki in July. 

Yokohama (Pryer); Fushiki, Aug., Foochau, April (Leech). 


301. DRyMONIA CIRCUMSCRIPTA. 
Drymonia circumscripta, Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. iii. p. 125 (1885). 
This species, of which there were two examples in his collection, 


is no. 211 of Pryer’s Catalogue. 
Nikko (Pryer). 


302. DRYMONIA PERMAGNA. 


Drymonia permagna, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 21. 

Three specimens from Japan. 

Tokio (Fenton) ; Yokohama (Pryer and Manley); Hakodate 
(Leech). 


303. DicRANURA VINULA. 


Bombyx vinula, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 499; Hiibn. Bomb. pl. 9, 
fig. 34. 

Dicranura felina, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 474 
(1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 12, pl. xxiv. fig. 3 (1878). 

Several specimens in coll. Pryer. I bred a male, April 1887, 
from larva found at Gensan, June 1886. Mr, Butler says that his 
D. felina “differs from both the European species in the more 
deeply waved discal lines, and from D. vinula in its white secondaries ;” 
but I cannot see that my Japanese specimens, which are identical 
with felina, Butl., differ in any character whatever from D. vinula. 
Pryer states in his Catalogue that the larva of D. felina, Butl., feeds 
on willow, and that in all its stages it agrees with D. vinula. 

Yokohama (Pryer); Gensan (Leech) ; Europe. 


644 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [ Dec. 18, 


304. DicRANURA ERMINEA. 

Bombyx erminea, Esp. Schmett. p..19. 1,2 (1783) ; Hiibn. Bomb. 
pl. 9. fig. 35. 

Cerura menciana, Moore, Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 89 
(1877). ; 

One female specimen taken by my native collector at Hakodate 
in June. Agrees well with examples from Europe. 

Hakodate ; Shanghai, Foochau (Leech) ; Europe. 


305. CERURA FURCULA. 

Bombyx furcula, Linn. F. 8. p. 298 ; Hiibn. Bomb. pl. 10. fig. 39. 

Cerura lanigera, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 474 
(1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 10, pl. xliii. fig. 11 (1879). 

The specimens in coll. Pryer and one 1 took at Gensan agree 
exactly with European examples of C. furcula in my collection, and 
also with C. lanigera, Butl. 

Hakodate (Whitely); Yokohama (Pryer); Gensan (Leech) ; 
Corea (Herz) ; Europe. 


306. CERURA BIFIDA. 

Bombyx bifida, Hiibn. Bomb. pl. 10. fig. 38. 

One example in Pryer’s collection with C. furcula. 
Yokohama (Pryer); Europe. 


307. DESTOLMIA INSIGNIs. 


Destolmia insignis, But]. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 19. 
Tokio (Fenton). 
308. FENTONIA OCYPETE. 
Harpyia ocypete, Brem. Bull. Acad. Pétersb. 1861, tom. iii. ; 
Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 44, tab. v, fig. 1. 
‘entonia levis, But]. Cist. Ent. vol. iii. p. 129 (1885). 


Several examples, coll. Pryer. 

Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer). 

309. PHRAGMATGCIA CASTANEA. 

Phalena-Bombyx castanea, Hiibn. Beitr. ii. Theil, p. 9 (1780) ; 
Esp. Schmett. p. 94. 1, 2. 

Bombyx arundinis, Hiibn. Bomb. pl. 47. figs. 200-1 (1803). 

I captured a specimen at Hakodate in August, and my native 
collector took one at the same place in June or July. ‘There were 
two Yokohama examples in coll. Pryer, and I have another taken 
by Mr. Andrews at Hakodate, making a total of five, all males. 
There is not the least difference between Japanese and British 
specimens. 


Yokohama, Hakodate; Europe. 


310. TaRSOLEPIS REMICAUDA. 
Tarsolepis remicauda, Butl. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) x. p. 125. 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 645 


? =Crinodes sommeri, Hiibn., cf. Ritsema & Butler, op. cit. pp. 
228, 274, 446. 

A battered example of this remarkable species in coll. Pryer. This 
has no date or locality ticket attached. 

Darjeeling, Borneo, Java. 


311. GorGoPIS NIPHONICA. 


Gorgopis niphonica, But]. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 357 
(1879). 

Two examples in Pryer’s collection taken at the foot of Ohoyama, 
near Yokohama, and one taken by myself at Tsuruga in July. | 

Yokohama (Pryer) ; Tsuruga (Leech). 


312. HEplaALUS HECTUS. 


Phalena hecta, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. App. 822; Hibn. Bomb. 
pl. 49. figs. 2083, 2099. 

Hepialus hectus, Ochs. Schmetterl. Eur. iii. 116. 

Two examples, coll. Pryer. These are identical with some 


British specimens of H. hectus in my possession. 
Yesso (Pryer). 


313. HEePIaALuS EXCRESCENS. 


Hepialus excrescens, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 482 
(1877) ; Ul. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 20, pl. xxvii. fig. 7 (1878). 

Hepialus emulus, Butl. A. M. N. H. (4) xx. p. 482; Ill. Typ. 
Lep. Het. pl. xxvii. fig. 8. 

Several specimens in Pryer’s collection, among which are both 
the forms described by Mr. Butler. I have examined these most 
carefully, and endeavoured to find some trustworthy character that 
would give specific distinction ; but. have failed to discover anything 
of the kind. Intermediates between the two forms are represented 
in the series before me, and the range of variation is not nearly so 
extensive as in some well-known species of the genus found in 
Europe, H. velleda for example. 

Mr. Pryer, who appears-to have had excellent opportunities of 
deciding, was of opinion that H. emulus and H. excrescens were 
identical. In his Catalogue there is a note on the economy of the 
species, which it may be interesting to give in extenso :— 

“Yokohama, very abundant; it emerges late in the autumn; 
large specimens measuring 43 to 5 inches in expanse; it is very 
destructive, particularly to imported fruit-trees, in the stem of which 
it burrows two years; it is extremely prolific, the body of a full- 
sized female is two inches long, filled with minute eggs, which it 
scatters loosely about the tree it feeds on; I have found it in almost 
all trees except conifers; it often attacks vines, and prefers to 
burrow in the stem of a tree to which a wisteria or other climber is 
attached. The ichneumon that preys upon this insect is a most 
extraordinary one; the ‘body is short and oval and measures } an 
inch, but the ovipositor is 9 inches long. Expanse of wings 13 inch.” 


646 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18, 


H. excrescens is closely allied to the Indian H, pauperatus of 
Walker; some of the Japanese specimens of the former have the 
** small black-edged white spots ”’ and other characters of the latter. 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer) ; Yesso (Pryer) ; Hakodate (Pryer). 


314. PHassuUS SIGNIFER. 


Phassus signifer, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. vii. p. 1568 (1856) ; 
Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. vi. p. 30, pl. cix. fig. 2 (1886). 

Phassus sinensis, Moore, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 94 

1877). 
Phassus herzi, Fixsen, Rom. Mém. sur Lép. iii. p. 335, pl. xv. 
fig. 3. 

A most variable species both as regards colour and ornamentation 
as well as size. In my series from Japan and Corea (which com- 
prises three examples from Satsuma, taken in May, three from 
Gensan, June, one Shimonoseki, July, and six coll. Pryer) there are 
specimens only 46 millim. in expanse, whilst others attain a wing 
expansion of 110 millim. Butler gives 150 millim. as the measurement 
of Walker’s type of P. signifer from Silhet. The oblique silver 
dash at end of cell is present in three examples ; but this character 
is subject to considerable modification, and although never entirely 
absent is in two examples reduced almost to vanishing point. In 
other specimens this mark is of large size, and there is another 
round or linear spot just beyond it. The silver spot nearer the 
base of primaries is also inconstant in form, and sometimes very 
indistinct. Occasionally there are other silver spots on the disk and 
at apex of primaries. 

Pryer says that at Yokohama the species emerges in the summer, 
and is rather scarce. 

Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer); Satsuma, Shimonoseki, Gensan 
(Leech) ; Corea (Herz); Silhet. 


315. ZEUZERA PYRINA. 

Phalena-Noctua pyrina, Linn. F. 8. p. 306. 

Phalena-Noctua esculi, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. p. 833. 

Bombyz esculi, Hiibn. Bomb. pl. 47. fig. 202. 

I got a specimen at Gensan in July, and there were four examples 
(3d, 12) in Pryer’s collection, one of which was taken at Fujisan 
by Mr. Maries. 

Gensan (Leech) ; Yokokama (Pryer) ; Fujisan (Maries). 


316. Cossus vicaRIus. 

Cossus vicarius, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. p. 584 (1865). 

I took a male example at Gensan in July, and a female bred from 
a larva found in the same month at Fushiki. There were also three 
specimens in Pryer’s collection, which must have been obtained after 
the publication of his Catalogue, as he says, p. 40 :—‘‘ I have seen 
the larva of a Cossus here, but have not taken the perfect insect ; 
the larvze were small, but exactly like C. ligniperda.’’ My observa- 
tions of the larva coincide exactly with Pryer’s remarks thereon. 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 647 


C. cossus is recorded by Fixsen as taken in Corea by Herz, but 
this is possibly an error in identification. 
Shanghai; Fushiki, Gensan (Leech) ; Yokohama (Pryer). 


317. RopontTiIA LURIDA. 


Rodontia lurida, Fixsen, Rom. Mém. sur les Lép. vol. iii. p- 346, 
pl. xv. fig. 8. 
Corea (Herz). 


318. AROA JONASI. 


Aroa jonasii, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 402 
(1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 10, pl. xxiii. fig. 11 (1878). 

A fine series in Pryer’s collection. I got specimens in Satsuma 
in May, Nagasaki in June, Gensan in July, and at Hakone in August. 
There is some variation in the size of the brownish discal spot; this 
is sometimes little more than a dot, and at others quite a round 
patch. ‘The apical spot is also subject to modification, and in some 
examples assumes the form of a short stripe. In some specimens 
there are brownish spots and dots over the whole of the disk. 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Oiwake (Pryer); Hakone, Satsuma, 
Nagasaki, Gensan (Leech). 


319. ARGYRIS PLAGIATA. 
Argyris plagiata, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 22. 
Tokio (Fenton). 


320. ARGYRIS SUPERBA. 


Argyris superba, Buti. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 52, pl. xxxvii. 
fig. 2 (1878). 

An extensive series, the majority of the specimens taken by myself 
at Hakodate. 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Oiwake(Pryer); Hakodate(Leech). 


321. ARGYRIS SUPERANS. 


Argyris superans, Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. iii, p. 122 (1885). 

Problepsis discophora, Fixsen, Rom. Mém. Lép. iii. p. 348, pl. xv. 
fig. 4 (1887). 

A female example in coll. Pryer. I took a male at Satsuma in 
May, and a female at Gensan in July ; this last is remarkable for 
its large size, as it expands 58 millim. The largest Specimen of the 
same sex I have from either Ningpo or Kiukiang measures only 40 
millim. in expanse. 

Yesso (Pryer); Satsuma, Gensan (Leech) ; Kiukiang (Pratt) ; 
Ningpo. 


322, ARGyRIS Mala, sp.n. (Plate XXXII. fig. 6.) 


White. Primaries with a large pear-shaped leaden-grey blotch in 
centre of wing, but not reaching the costa, this is outlined in ferru- 
ginous, speckled with silvery-blue scales, and has a projection from 


648 | MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18, 


its inner edge about the middle, and one on its external edge 
above the middle; the lower half is bordered on each side by a 
black line and at the inner marginal extremity is a bright red spot. 
Secondaries with some irregular silver outlined ferruginous markings 
along the abdominal margin and outer half of wing. Antenne 
pectinated. Head white ; thorax and abdomen white, marked with 
ferruginous and grey. Under surface white, with a blackish central 
band and apical spot, the former not reaching the costa, and the 
latter elongated, some blackish marks along outer margin of secon- 
daries. 

Expanse 48 millim. — 

_A single specimen taken at Gensan in July by myself. 


323. CALLICILIX ABRAXATA. 
Callicilix abraxata, Butl. Cist. Ent. iii. p. 124 (1885). 
Yesso, Nikko (Pryer). 


324. DREPANA SCABIOSA. 


Drepana scabiosa, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 478 
(1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 15, pl. xxv. fig. 9 (1878). 

A nice series, coll. Pryer. I caught one specimen at Shimonoseki 
in May. This species is very closely allied to D. harpagula, Esp. 
(=sicula, Hibn.); but the apices are much less produced and 
there is no black angulated line internal to the grey submarginal 
stripe. The discal spots of D. scabiosa are, moreover, of a different 
character. 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Oiwake (Pryer) ; Shimonoseki 
(Leech) ; Corea (Herz). 


325. DREPANA PATRANA. 
Drepana patrana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 816. 
This is no. 245 of Pryer’s catalogue, and there were three examples 


in his collection. 
Fujisan, Nikko, Oiwake (Pryer); Darjeeling. 


326. DREPANA PALLEOLUS. 


Drepanulides? palleolus, Motsch. Bull. de la Soc. Imp. Nat. 
Mose. t. xxxix. p. 193 (1866). 

I took a large number of this species at Hakodate in August, and 
my native collector got a few in June and July at the same place, 
I have also one example from Hakone, and there were nine in coll. 
Pryer. 

Hakodate (Leech) ; Hakone (Smith) ; Oiwake, Fujisan, Ohoyama, 
and Yesso (Pryer). 


327. DRrEPANA JAPONICA. 


Drepana japonica, Moore, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. 
p. 94. 


Several specimens, coll, Pryer. I took an example at Nagasaki in 


1888. | LEPIDOPTERA GF JAPAN AND COREA. 649 


June. The outer line terminates on the inner margin, just beyond 
the middle, and the inner line does not always reach the costa. 
Most of the specimens have a small spot at end of cell on primaries, 
but in only two specimens is there any trace of such spot on secon- 
daries. 

Expanse 30 to 40 millim. 

Japan (W. B. Pryer); Yokohama, Gifu (Pryer); Nagasaki 
(Leech). 


328. DREPANA CURVATULA. 


Bombyx curvatula, Bork. Eur. Schmett. ii. p. 460. 

Bombyx harpagula, Hiibn. Bomb. pl. xi. figs. 42, 43 (non Esp.). 

Drepana acuta, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 596. 

One example taken at Gensan in June and one coll. Pryer, no. 
243; these agree exactly with my European specimens of D. 
curvatula. Another specimen in Pryer’s collection and two from 
Hakodate are very pale in colour and bear a superficial resemblance 
to D. falcataria, but the characters of marking show them to be more 
properly referable to D. curvatula. 

Ohoyama (Pryer) ; Hakodate (Leech). 


329. DrePANA CROCEA, sp. n. (Plate XXXII. fig. 7.) 


do. Yellow. Primaries suffused with reddish; dentated basal, 
angulated central, and wavy submarginal lines purplish brown, two 
paler discal spots; below the apex, which is much curved and 
produced, are two conspicuous black spots placed on the inner edge 
of a dark patch ; a line of blackish crescents traverses the wing, near 
to and parallel with outer margin, three of these lunules in the dark 
apical patch are edged externally with white. Secondaries yellow, 
an 8-shaped mark outlined in purplish brown, filled in with whitish, 
from this to the inner margin are some smaller brown spots ; basal 
and submarginal lines slender and purplish brown, a series of black 
linear spots parallel with outer margin. Under surface yellow, with 
black discal and marginal spots. 

Expanse 50 millim. 

Allied to D. flava, Moore. 

One example, coll. Pryer. 


330. ORETA TURPIS. 

Oreta turpis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xx. 
p- 477 (1877); Butl. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. part il. p. 14, pl. xxv. 
fig. 8. 

I did not meet with this species in Japan or Corea, neither is it 
in coll. Pryer. 

Yokohama (Jonas). 


331. ORETA CALIDA. 


Oreta calida, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 477 
(1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 14, pl. xxv. fig. 6 (1878). 
A fine series, coll. Pryer.. 


650 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18, 


The brown coloration varies in tint from greyish to laky brown; 
both sexes have a discal series of black dots on primaries. 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Oiwake, Yesso (Pryer); Hako- 
date (Whitely). 


332. ORETA PULCHRIPES. 


Oreta pulchripes, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 477 
(1877). 

An extensive series, coll. Pryer. 

There is much variation in tone of colour and definition of 
markings in this species. Some examples are dark reddish brown 
with a lilacine suffusion, others are pale yellowish brown, tinged 
with rosy lilacine, especially along the costa of primaries. Then as 
regards the linear markings, these in the darker-coloured examples 
are not very distinct; but in pale specimens they are conspicuous. 
Often the area enclosed by the transverse lines is darker than rest 
of wing, thus giving a band-like character. The costal black spots 
as well as that at external angle are not always clearly defined and 
are often quite absent, whilst two examples have a colon-like spot 
at external angle. When the outer grey line of primaries is well 
defined, it can be traced from the outer costal spot, from whence it 
runs for a short distance towards external margin, then turning 
sharply inwards continues its course to near the middle of the wing, 
when it curves gently and terminates on the inner margin; the costal 
extremity of yellow border of this line is sometimes placed in a pale 
apical patch. 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Oiwake (Pryer). 


333. ORETA CALCEOLARIA. 


Oreta calceolaria, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 478 
(1877). 

A fine series, coll. Pryer. 

In this species the reddish-brown colour of wing-markings is a 
variable quantity. Sometimes the entire areas representing the basal 
two thirds of primaries and basal third of secondaries are reddish 
brown. The sulphur colour on the outer portion of all the wings is 
often sprinkled with dark grey dots, and sometimes a larger spot or 
two occurs at external edge of primaries. All the characters, both 
structural and ornamental, of this species are identical with those 


found in O. pulchripes, and the only difference I can see between the 
two insects is one of colour. 
Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer). 


334. HypsoMADIUS INSIGNIS. 


Hypsomadius insignis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, 
vol. xx. p. 479 (1877). 


Yokohama (Jonas). 


335. GONOPHORA DERASA. 
Phalena-Noctua derasa, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. p. 851. 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 651 


Gonophora derasa, var. intermedia, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 46. 

Gonophora derasvides, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 77 
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep, Het. pt. iii. p. 12, pl. xliv. fig. 1 (1879). 

Coll. Pryer. 

Japanese examples of G. derasa do not differ so much from the 
type as do some European specimens in my collection. 

Hakodate (Whitely) ; Fujisan (Pryer) ; Corea (Herz); Amur ; 
Europe. 

336. THYATIRA BATIS. 

Thyatira batis, Treit. Schmett. Eur. Bd. v. Abth. 2. p. 162; 
Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. ix. p. 7. 

One example at Hakodate in August. Several very fine specimens 
in Pryer’s collection. All are quite typical. 

Yokohama, Oiwake, Yesso (Pryer); Europe. 


337. THYATIRA FLAVIDA. 
Thyatira flavida, Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. iii. p. 151 (1885). 
Hakodate, Aug. 28 (Lewis), 


338. THYATIRA TRIMACULATA. 

Thyatira trimaculata, Brem. Bull. de l Acad. tom. iii. 1861; Lep. 
Ost-Sib. p. 47, tab. v. fig. 5. 

Corea (Herz) ; Kiukiang (Pratt); Amur. 


339. THYATIRA VIOLACEA. 

Thyatira violacea, Fixsen, Rom. Mém. sur les Lép. vol. iii. p. 343, 
pl. xv. fig. 11 (1887). 

Corea (Herz). 


340. THYATIRA PRYERI. 
Thyatira pryeri, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 172. 
One example, coll. Pryer. 


Butler says this species is closely allied to 7. pudens of N. 
America. 


Japan (Pryer). 


341. THYATIRA AURORINA. 


Thyatira aurorina, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 171. 

Thyatira méllendorfi, Fixsen, Rom. Mém. s. Lép. iii. p. 351, pl. 
xv. fig. 12 (1887). 

Nearly allied to 7. batis, but a very distinct species, also allied to 
G. scrupta of North America. 

Yokohama (Pryer) ; Nikko, Fujisan (Pryer); Corea (Herz). 

342. CyMATOPHORA MIRABILIS. 

AXylina mirabilis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vol. iv. 
p- 365 (1879). 

Several specimens, coll. Pryer. 

Yokohama (Pryer). 


652 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Dec. 18, 


343. CyMATOPHORA TRISTIS, sp. n. (Plate XXXII. fig. 8.) 


Q@. Pale brownish grey, sprinkled with darker scales ; two 
darker transverse lines on primaries, the outer one sharply angulated 
and deeply serrated towards costa; a dark spot on disk of secon- 
daries. 

Expanse 41: millim. 

One specimen in Pryer’s collection without data. 

Japan (Pryer). 


344. CyMATOPHORA ALBICOSTATA. 


Cymatophora albicostata, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 47, tab. v. 
fig. 6. 

One example, coll. Pryer. 

Oiwake (Pryer); Corea (Herz); Amur. 


345. CYMATOPHORA PLUMBEA. 


Cymatophora plumbea, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. 
p- 357, (1879). pat. 

Cymatophora argenteopicta, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. v. p. 67, 
pl. iii. fig. 2 (1880). 

My native collector took two specimens at Hakodate in June or 
July. There was a good series in Pryer’s collection. 

Yokohama (Leech and Pryer) ; Oiwake (Pryer) ; Hakodate ; Corea 
(Herz). 


346. CyMATOPHORA AMPLIATA. 


Cymatophora ampliata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist..(5) i. 
p- 78 (1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 21, pl. xxviii. fig. 1 
(1879) ; Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. v. p. 67, pl. ili. fig. 2 (1880). 

I took one example of this species at Gensan in June. A fine 
series, coll. Pryer. ‘ 

Although the majority of the Japanese examples of OC. ampliata 
in my collection are larger than European specimens of C. or, there are 
individuals of the former which are exactly the same size as most of the 
latter. In colour and markings of the wings the Japanese C. ampliata 
and European C. or agree in every particular but one, and this is 
the colour of head and collar. 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer) ; Oiwake (Pryer); Corea (Herz) ; 
Amur, Europe. 


347. CYMATOPHORA ANGUSTATA. 


Cymatophora octogesima, Butl. (non Hiibn.), Ann. & Mag. Nat. 
Hist. (5) i. p. 78 (1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. ii. p. 21, 
pl. xxviii. fig. 2 (1879). 

Cymatophora angustata, Staud., Rom. Mém. s. Lép. iii. p. 231, 
pl. xvii. fig. 6. 

One example, coll. Pryer. 

Hiibner’s name of octogesima is the earlier one for the species fre- 
quently referred to as C. ocularis, Guen. Mr. Butler’s name therefore, 


1888. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 653 


for the Japanese species, must give place to that of Staudinger. 
Cymatophora octogesima, Hiibn., is, according to Fixsen (Rom. Mém. 
ser. Lep. iii. p. 354), represented in the Corea. 

Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Corea (Herz); Ussuri, Askold. 


348. CyMATOPHORA DUPLARIS. 


Phalena-Pyralis duplaris, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 352; Syst. Nat. 
xii. p. 883. 

Cymatophora duplaris, Guén. Hist. Nat. Noct. i. p. 17.10; Walk. 
Cat. Lep. Het. ix. p. 12. 

One example, coll. Pryer (no. 655). 

Japan (Pryer) ; Europe. 


349. CyMATOPHORA ARCTIPENNIS. 


Xylina arctipennis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 198 
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. iii. p. 17, pl. xlv. fig. 3 (1879). 

I obtained this species at Nagasaki in June. A fine series in 
Pryer’s collection. 

Yokohama (Pryer) ; Nagasaki (Leech). 


350. CyMATOPHORA PUNCTIGERA. 


Cymatophora punctigera, Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. iii. p. 131 (1885). 

Five specimens, coll. Pryer (no. 651). 

This species is nearly allied to C. ruficollis of Europe, but, although 
the primaries are longer, it may only be a form of that species. 

Yokohama (Pryer). 


351. Cymaropuora (7) MAXIMA, sp. n. (Plate XXXII. fig. 9.) 


Greyish brown tinged with violet, base and oblique dash at apex of 
primaries whitish, the former marked externally with yellow; an in- 
distinct denticulated pale submarginal line ; on the disk two tufts of 
raised whitish scales represent reniform and orbicular stigmata, there 
are also two series of indistinct blackish dots seated on the nervules. 
Secondaries yellowish grey, with a faint central band. Antennze 
yellow-brown ; head and collar dark brown, the latter edged with 
black, thorax whitish grey ; abdomen fuscous. Under surface 
uniform whity brown. 

Expanse, ¢ 66, 2 72 millim. 

An example of each sex, coll. Pryer. 

Oiwake (June or July); Fujisan (Pryer). 


352. Ponypioca orNaTA, sp.n. (Plate XXXII fig. 10.) 


Primaries: ground-colour greyish brown, browner along the base 
and costa; a series of dark wavy lines forming a broad band, the in- 
ternal border of which is curved and sharply serrated, and the outer 
elbowed below the subcostal nervure, and indented above the inner 
margin ; central fascia greyish white towards the inner margin, 
bordered externally by a blackish double line deeply angulated to- 
wards the outer margin, followed by a dark serrated line, and a 

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1888, No. XLIV. 44 


654 ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND CorREA. [Dee. 18, 


fainter submarginal dentated line curving from the apex of wings to 
the outer margin; a series of black linear marks along the outer 
margin; three tufts of raised black scales, one forming a basal dash, 
the second representing the orbicular stigma, and the third, which is 
edged with whitish, the reniform stigma. Secondaries fuscous brown, 
darker towards the margins. Head and palpi greyish brown, collar 
and antenne light brown, thorax greyish brown, abdomen fuscous 
brown. Under surface pale fuscous grey, darker towards the margins, 
fringes checkered with darker, four black dots along the costa 
towards the apex of primaries. 
Expanse 38 millim. 


Var. unrcoLor. (Plate XXXII. fig. 10 a.) 


Darker than the type and without any trace of the central fascia, 
the only markings noticeable being the basal dash and the sub- 
marginal bands. 

The type may be compared with P. albidisca, Moore (P. Z. 8. 
1888, p. 299), from which it differs in the absence of any greenish 
tinge, different angulations of transverse lines, and larger size. 

A long series in coll. Pryer witout locality. 


LirgsostaA aFFINEOLA, Brem. 
NOTODONTA TREPIDA. 


CNETHOCAMPA PROCESSIONEA, L. 


These species are recorded from Japan by Motschulsky, but have 
not been subsequently received from there. 


Bompsyx FiAveo.a, Motsch. 
Bomeyx ruscata, Motsch. 


Drepanutipes? ruruuus, Motsch. 


I have been unable to identify these species; they may possibly 
have been redescribed subsequently. 


DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. 
Prats XXX. 


Fig. 1. Sphecia romanovi, p. 591. 

2 Jfixseni, p. 591, 

3. Sciapteron ferale, p. 591. 

4. Aigeria montis, p. 592. 

d. Bembecia pernix, p. 592. 

6. Procris fusca, p. 595. 

6a. Neuration of fore wing of ditto, 
7. Procris nigra, p. 595. 

7a. Neuration of fore wing of ditto, 
8. Northia dirce, p. 596. 

cybele, p. 596. 

10. Agrisius japonicus, p. 598. 

Ll. (Honistis nigricosta, p. 598. 

12. Lithosia japonica, p. 600. 
coreana, p. 600. 


1888. ] DR. H. GADOW ON THE REMIGES OF BIRDS. 655 


Fig. 14. Miltochrista butleri, p. 608. 

15. Eugoa? obscura, p. 604. 

16. Stecia maculata, p. 605. 

17. Nola minutalis, p. 607. 

18. Heterogenea fulgens, p. 609. 

19. Northia tenuis, Butl., neuration of primary, p. 596. 
sinensis, Walk., neuration of primary, p. 595. 


Piate XXXTI. 


1. Epicopeia simulans, p. 611. 

2. Seudyra venusta, p. 614. 

3. Spilosoma bisecta, p. 618. 

4. Bireta plumosa, p. 620. 

5. Artaxa pulverea, p. 623. 

6. Cherotriche staudingeri, p. 624. 

7. Orgyia thyelino, Butl., 9 ; 7 a, semiapterous 2, p. 626. 
8. Limantria albofascia, p. 629. 

) 


f aurora, var. fusca, p. 629. 
10. Ocneria furva, p. 631. 

11. Rosama cinnamomea, p. 637. 
12. Nola triangulalis, p. 608. 


Prats XXXTI. 


. Edema nivilinea, p. 638. 

. Drymonia manleyi, p. 639. 

delia, p. 640. 

Datanoides approximans, p. 636. 

Somera cyanea, p. 642, 

Argyris maia, p. 647. 

Drepana erocea, p. 649. 

. Cymatophora tristis, p. 652. 

maxima, p. 653. 

. Polyploca ornata, p. 653; 10 a, var. wnicolor, p. 654. 


D $0 90 IS or Go bo ps 


— 


4, Remarks on the Numbers and on the Phylogenetic 
Development of the Remiges of Birds. By Hans 
Gapvow, Ph.D., M.A., F.Z.S., Strickland Curator and 
Lecturer on the Advanced Morphology of Vertebrata 
in the University of Cambridge. 

[Received November 30, 1888.] 


Parr I. 


The number and size of the primaries or metacarpo-digital quills 
have been examined by various ornithologists (Coues, Gerbe, Jeffries, 
Wallace'), and have often been used as taxonomic characters, 


1 Principal Literature referred to in this Paper. 


Nirzscn, C. L, System der Pterylographie. Halle, 1840. 

Sunpevat, O. J. “On the Wings of Birds.” Ibis, 1886, pp. 889-457. Trans- 
lated from the Swedish original in Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akad. Handlingar, 
1843. 

Wattacn, A. R. “On the Arrangement of the Families constituting the order 


Passeres.” Ibis, 1874, pp. 406-416. 
44* 


§56 DR. H. GADOW ON THE REMIGES OF BIRDs. [Dec 18, 


especially in the Order of Passeres. The statements hitherto pub- 
lished are, however, not always in harmony with each other, and 
moreover are not free from mistakes. 

Considering that the results yielded by a renewed and more 
comprehensive examination of the points in question may possibly 
influence the systematic position of some genera or even subfamilies, 
I submit the following tables (pp. 658-664) for the acceptance of 
the Zoological Society of London. They contain the results of some 
investigations which I have recently made. Many of the specimens 
examined were fresh or had been preserved in spirits. Of many 
species several specimens have been examined, in order to exclude 
doubt, which occasionally arises, in the cases of moulting or imper- 
fect or very small birds. 

The remarks which I have to offer are scanty, not only because 
the whole matter is rather dry, but because I have abstained from 
testing the taxonomic value of the arrangement of the terminal 
primaries by correlating their features with other known characters. 
At any rate the following tables show such considerable variations 
of the terminal quills within the limits of avowedly closely allied 
genera and subfamilies, that we ought to refrain from generalizations. 
The same remark applies to the presence or absence of the fifth cubital 
quill. Although this character was discovered by Gerbe in 1877, 
and has lately been rediscovered by Wray, it remains still unex- 
plained, young birds not throwing any light upon the question. The 
presence of this fifth quill is indicated by a +, its absence by a — 
io the accompanying tables. The other columns contain the total 
number of primaries, and the way in which this number is composed 
of metacarpal and the various digital quills. 

The most important result is evidence of the gradual reduction in 
number of the functional quills. With the exception of Struthio 
and the Spheniscidee, the number of primaries or metacarpo-digital 
quills varies between 12 and 10. Amongst the birds which possess 
12 primaries, the Podicipedide, many Pelargi, and Rhea possess 7 
metacarpal and 5 digital quills, whilst Apteryz has 8 metacarpal and 
only 4 digital quills. In all other birds the reduction from 12 to 11 
is due to the reduction from 7 to 6 of the metacarpal quills. Addimia 
stands alone with 7 metacarpals, and only one quill carried by the 
second phalanx of the second digit. The 11th or terminal quill is 
never fully developed and hardly functional ; it is invariably much 
shortened, and is hidden between its upper and lower covert ; not 


Cours, E. ‘On the Number of the Primaries in Oscines.” Bull. Nuttall 
Ornith. Club, i. (1876), pp. 60-63. 

Gerse, Z. “Sur les plumes du vol et leur mue.” Bull. Soe. Zool. Franee, ii. 
(1877). pp. 289-290. 

Jerrrtrs, J. A. “On the Number of Primaries in Birds.’ Bull. Nuttall 
Ornith. Club, vi. (1881), pp. 6-11. 

Waray, R. 8. “On some Points in the Morphology of the Wings of Birds.” 
Proc. Zool. Soe. 1887, pp. 343-357. 

Furrsrincer, M,. Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Systematik der Vogel. 
Amsterdam, 4°, 1888. 

Batrp. Review of North-American Birds. 


1858. ] DR. H. GADOW ON THE REMIGES OF BIRDS. 657 


unfrequently it is shorter and weaker than its upper, often very 
stiff covert. In some birds, e.g. in certain Fulicaria and in the 
Passeres, the 11th quill is very tiny indeed, or it is altogether absent. 
In this case, however, the upper covert is present as an apparently 
supernumerary feather, provided that the 10th quill is not likewise 
much reduced. The 10th primary shows every intermediate stage 
between the largest possible development, as in Larus and Cypselus, 
and a very degenerate condition, as in many of the so-called Oscines 
novempennate. In the latter birds it was first properly recog- 
nized as a true primary by Baird, in his ‘ Review of American 
Birds.’ In all cases the reduction from 11 to 10 primaries is 
brought about by the reduction at the terminal end of the wing. 

The reduced terminal quill occasionally assumes the shape and 
coloration of its lower covert, and does not agree with the other 
primaries nor with its upper covert, as oue might be predisposed to 
think would be the case. In Neophron percnopterus, for instance, the 
11th quill is more than 4 centim. long and quite white like the lower 
wing-coverts, not black like the upper coverts and the other prima- 
ries. The same is the case with Grus leucogeranus. ‘The terminal 
or 11th quill of Oriolus is very small, and yellow like the lower wing- 
coverts. In Rupicola it is very tiny, reddish like the lower coverts, 
and hidden by a very stiff upper covert of 4 centim. in length. ‘This 
is one of many cases in which the 11th upper covert is longer and 
much stronger than its primary quill, so that it even acts as a sub- 
stitute for the latter. 


Passeres. 


It is hardly necessary to mention that there are numerous transi- 
tional stages which connect the four groups A, B, C, D into which 
Wallace has divided the Passeres. There can be no doubt about 
the fact that the reduction of the 9th and 10th primaries has taken 
place in the various families independently ; identical conditions of 
the terminal quills do not therefore necessarily indicate relationship. 
Some Alaudide belong to Group D according to the state of their 
primaries ; Lanius minor differs strikingly from all the other Laniinz. 
The Vireoninee are probably now in an unsettled state, to judge from 
the variable relative size of their terminal quills. Heteralocha does 
not agree with the Sturnidee. 

The gradual diminution of the 10th primary can well be studied 
in Group D. 

In some cases there might be some doubt whether the little terminal 
feather in question is in reality a primary, but this can easily be 
settled by the presence of the corresponding upper covert. Moreover 
there are many cases in which this primey is still longer than its 
covert. When the 10th or 11th guill is much shortened, the 
corresponding lower covert is absent in the Passeres. The Alaudide 
prove that the 10th quill is capable of being shifted dorsalwards, so 
that it becomes enclosed between the outer vane of the 9th primary 
and the 10th upper covert, instead of being situated freely visible 
below and in front of the 9th primary; when seen from below, it is 


[Dec i8, 


GADOW ON THE REMIGES OF BIRDS. 


DR. H. 


658 


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DR. H. GADOW ON THE REMIGES OF BIRDS. 659 


1888.] 


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660 


DR. H. GADOW ON THE REMIGES OF BIRDS. 


[Dec. 18, 


hidden by the outer vane of the 9th primary. This shifting explains 
the conditions which are the rule amongst the birds of Group D. 
The 11th primary undergoes a similar dislocation in a more marked 


degree. 


Group A—With 10 long primaries. The 10th quill is, with few 
exceptions (e. g. Hylactes), very little shortened, and partakes 
of the formation of the tip of the wing. The 11th quill is 


frequently present, although small and hidden. 


When it is 


absent, at least its upper covert is present as a stiff and well- 
developed little feather. 


To this group belong all the Passeres non-oscines. 


XIth quill. 


I, Psruposcinres 
II. Desmopacry1i... 


III. Oxuitgomyonr ... 


IV. Tracnrornon® 


..-| Menura 


Atrichia .....escec 
Eurylemus ......... 
Calyptomena......... 


Ditters ccrcsvonscseaste. 
Philepitta 
Xenicus 
IPUpLensewtcosassessseeres 
Rupicola (1) 
Tityra (2) 
Metopia 
Queriilayeesrcteeeeesree 
Xipholena 
Cotinga 


Pyroderus ............ 
Hadrostomus......... 
Lipaugus 
Ampelion 
Phibalura ............ 
Pheenicocercus (3)... 
Phytotoma............ 
i yraAnnUBe geeeeeece 
WibU gE Aaeeanosnenee 
PitAMPUSsens senso sees cs 
Formicariide......... 
Furnariidz ......... 
Pteroptochide (4)... 
Dendrocolaptidz ... 
Conopophagide...... 


15 cm. long. 
Very small. 


shat 
Le 
| 
y 
| 
be 
| 
) 


quill and its upper covert are 


Wings rounded off; the 11th 
soft and broad. 


(1) Rupicola, g. The 10th pri- 
mary is somewhat shortened 
and suddenly narrowed near 
its end. 

(2) Tityra, 8. The 9th primary 
is much narrowed, and con- 
siderably shorter than either 
the 10th or 8th. In TZ. brasi- 
liensis it is only half the length 
of the neighbouring quills. 

Young males and females have 
their quills regularly developed. 


(3) Phenicocercus, 3. The 7th 
primary is suddenly narrowed 
at its distal portion, and con- 
siderably shorter than the 
neighbouring quills, 


(4) Hylactes differs from the 
Pteroptochidz in its rounded- 
off wings; the 10th primary 
is short, the 11th is absent, 
but its upper covert is still 
present. 


1888.] 


Group B.—With 10 distinct, functional primaries, 


DR. H. GADOW ON THE REMIGES OF BIRDS. 


661 


The 10th is 


always considerably shortened and, as a rule, hardly reaches to 
one third towards the tip of the wing, rarely halfway towards 
the tip, as in the Corvide. 


A small 11th quill is frequently present, but almost invariably 
hidden between its upper covert and the 10th primary. Where 


the 11th quill is absent, its covert is not always present. 


This 


indicates a further reduction of the quills in comparison with 
the wing of the non-oscinine Passeres. 


To this group belongs the majority of the so-called Oscines decem- 
pennate, which correspond with Wallace’s series of Typical or 
Turdoid Passeres. 


XIth 


prim. 


Corvidse ......cccesee. 


Oriolide............... 


Dicruride ............ 
Prionopidx ......... 
Campophagide ...... 
Mlardidse. 23.2, 0-024. 


Muscicapidee ......... 
Vimeliidse ...........- 


irepilsie....ccccssesee 
Monedula 
(OLAS: araoeranoatocor 
Gymnorhina ......... 
Strepera..............- 


Cracticus ............ 
Manucodia............ 
Garrulusy fte.c.secce- 
Cyanocitta............ 
Oniolud ssc. coe -scoshs 
Sphecotheres......... 
IMI 68 So ssceccs acest 
Collyriocincla 

Huryceros ...,........ 
Graucalus ............ 


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Hypsipetes.. ......... 
Pyenonotus ......... 
Pomatorhinus ...... 
Malacocercus......... 
Phyllornis............ 
Crateropus..........++ 
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Xth 


upper 
covert. 


++ 


+ 


1:7 em. long. 


Size of the terminal 
primary. 


About 1:2 em. long. 


In Strepera 1:2 em. long, and) 
somewhat shorter than its 
upper covert. 

In Cracticus and Gymnorhina) 
very small and occult. 


Very tiny, shorter than its) 
upper covert, | 


In P. layardi 1 cm., in other 
species often short. 
In Pomatorhinus and Malaco-| 
cercus more than 1 em. in) 
length. 


Upper 11th covert extremely 
small. 


662 


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DR. H. GADOW ON THE REMIGES OF BIRDS. 


Group B (continued). 


[ Dec. 18, 


IP AMUIB sac, ones «case's ue 


Aigithalus ............ 


Ohameea.... 60. desc BS 


Parisoma 
Certhiparus 
Orthonyxie--scses- 2: | 

Vireonine. 
Cyclorhis 
WireOrecscescrncrss a. P| 
Vireosylvia 


Pachycephaline. 
Pachycephala 
Faleunculus 


Laniine. 
Lanius 
Urolestes 
Laniarius 


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Certhia 
Climacteris 
Sitta 


Meliphagide. 
Prosthemadera ...... 
Acanthochera 
Tropidorhynchus ... 
Xanthomyza ......... 
Ptilotis 


See eeeeeeeeeens 


XIth 


prim. 


Xth 
upper 


covert. 


Il Se 


Size of the terminal 
primary. 


10th primary of Chamea more 


than 3 em, in length. 


The size of the 10th primary 


varies very much. In 
Cyclorhis it is reduced to 
only one half of the length 
ofthe 9th; in Vireo solitaria 
it is hardly 2 em. long, 
whilst in Véreosylvia it is 
frequently reduced to a 
small, pointed feather of 
1 cm. in length. 


Eopsaltria seems occasionally 


to possess an upper 11th 
covert. 


The llth primary is very 


distinct ; only in L. minor 
it is absent, but its upper 
covert is present. In 
L. minor alone the 10th 
primary is much short- 
ened, and the tip of the 
wing is formed by the 9th. 
All the other Laniinz 
have rounded-off wings, 
and the 10th primary is 
4-3 the length of the 9th. 


Including Promerops. 
The 11th primary is generally 


very small, its upper covert 
is perhaps occasionally 
absent. 


1888.] 


DR. H. GADOW ON THE REMIGES OF BIRDS. 


663 


Group C.—Transitional group from B to D, comprising the Stur- 
The numerous and considerable 
exceptions destroy the validity of this group. General characters 
are:—10 distinct primaries; the 9th is long and helps to 


noid Passeres of Wallace. 


form the tip of the wing. 


The 10th primary is considerably 


shortened. The ]1th primary is lost completely, but its upper 
covert is still present ; the latter is, as a rule, very small, except 


‘in Heteralocha, where it reaches a length of 1°5 centim. 


Length of 
10th primary 
in em 


Ploceidie 


Sturnide ... 


Artamide ... 


Alaudide ... 


.| Textor 


Alauda arvensis 
calandra 


Mhieraveen seco cn shas woke eneresee 


Otocorys alpestris.......... anne 
bilophia.tsirssdeaceacscce 
Certhilauda bifasciata ........ 
Pyrinmlands:<:,...c2-s-pesneer 
MVITRANT A cocis ese seesaainavcsn: sso: 


Calandrella brachydactyla ... 


be BIBS A 
De Gy 


wero 
ies) 


8 
bo 


Oo SCAWATHO TH SMOOTH 


S BHVooHS 


The 10th primary in Ayphantornis 
is 3 times longer than its upper 
covert. Traces of the 10th pri- 
mary are present besides a distinct 
11th covert. 

P. manyar, \\th primary twice the 
length of its covert. 


Wings much rounded ; tips formed 
by the 5th and 6th quills. 


its covert. 
Occult, between its covert and the 
outer vane of the 9th primary. 


Quite visible, not hidden. 


With broad and soft vanes, and con- 
siderably longer than its covert. 

Smaller than its covert; shifted 
dorsally and hidden by the outer 
yane of the 9th primary. 


ae and not occult, smaller than 


664 


DR. H. GADOW ON THE REMIGES OF BIRDS. 


[Dec. 18, 


Group D.—With only 9 functional primaries. The 9th quill always 
partakes of the formation of the tip of the wing, and is fre- 
The 10th quill is, as a rule, reduced 


quently the largest of all. 


to a tiny feather, which is hidden between the 10th covert and 


outer vane of the 9th quill. 


This hidden portion is always 


assumed by the 10th quill, even when it is still tolerably well 
developed, as in the Hirundinide and in the Icteride, i. e. 
in birds in which it is stated to be absent by most ornitholo- 


gists. 


The 11th upper covert is frequently present. 


To this group belong the so-called ‘*Oscines novem-pennatz,” 
corresponding with the Tanagroid Passeres of Wallace, and 
with the section Fringilliformes of the Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 


Diceide ... 
Hirundinide 
Ampelidee 


Mniotiltidz 


Motacillidze 


Ceerebidze 


Tanagridx 


Icteridee 


Length of 
10th primary 
in cm. 
See oc DiC ceeee cose s coeesee Il 
Pardalotvsses.s:cssersecc nen Sa 
éce| EUR OF Fetes oe cles 1-1'°3 
PROPNOM Aas: icncoeeosnas 1s 
soca Ampelis...cccs-c-ct-==05 0'8 
Phainopepla nitens} ... 
weetet Mntotiltiay mescccc-escees. 
Mend roreaip on, ee 22-2 ase | 
Parulaagsersstc ss sa0cs 10 
PORIPLOSEA pra... seoenee 
Seturus se..<c.cceeresenies j 
eae Motgoillaee ccs cece see ig 
PATILEIB ee eeeeee essa | Oea10 
lene bapweacicestoarece | 2-4-0! 
EMICUNUS Teenie: teens sat 
aptnas QOcereba is iensses<ces cee 
Diglossaisseis.coss.esccees | 0:8-1:0 
DTC ANISM: cyseeadeens. aes 
Le See as | 0-8-1-0 
WW TANTS stsseehee sees tohe | 
ae iene. ees aecinnee \ 13 
BRSIGUS ots emateseceche 
Quiscalus major ...... 3:0 
etd Fringilla celebs ...... 10 
Coccothraustes ...,..... 1:0 
PAaNuNlseeseveceeeee 12 


| 
| 
| 
| 


Ampelis with 11th upper covert. 

Phainopepla; 10th primary almost 
+ the length of the 9th; 10th 
upper covert absent. 


10th primary very fine and 
pointed, of about the same, 
lengthasits covert. Tip ofwing! 
formed by the 9th primary. | 
10th primary quite free and! 
functional ; tips of wing formed 

l by 8th-6th ; 11th upper covert; 
present. 


10th primary very fine and occult. 


10th primary stiff and narrow. 


1888. ] DR. H. GADOW ON THE REMIGES OF BIRDS. 665 


Part II. 


A few Remarks on the Phylogenetic Development of the Remiges. 


Mr. Wray has shown that the one or two rows of greater under 
wing-coverts, Sundevall’s “ tectrices averse,” were originally situ- 
ated on the dorsal side of the wing, like the remiges themselves, and 
that the two hinder series of feathers gradually, during the growth of 
the embryo, are pushed into the ventral side of the wing. This is 
probably due to the greater development of the remiges proper, and 
to the formation of the fascia tendinea, which connects the basal 
portions of all the remiges with each other. 

Since this interesting discovery has been made, it is easier to un- 
derstand the relations between the remiges and greater under wing- 
coverts in the Ratite and Spheniscide, and moreover to arrive ata 
possible explanation of the phylogenesis of the remiges from a general 
point of view. 

Struthio possesses 20-23 cubital and 16 metacarpo-digital remiges. 
Of the primaries, 8 are carried by the metacarpal bones, one by the 
remnant of the third finger, 4 by the first, and 3 by the second 
phalanx of the second finger. There is only one series or row of 
greater under wing-coverts. 

Rhea has only 12 primaries, like certain Carinate birds. The total 
absence of greater under wing-coverts is probably due to their de- 
generation. 

Spheniscide.—Firbringer draws attention to the fact that in the 
Spheniscide there are more than 30 rows of little scale-like feathers 
on the dorsal and on the ventral aspect of the wing, 7. ¢. a greater 
number of rows than there are present in any other bird, even all 
the median, lesser and marginal coverts included. The largest of 
these feathers are not, like in other birds, the most ulnar genus but 
the last but one fe on the hand, and the second and third last 
dorsal rows of the forearm. Each of these rows contains 25-27 
feathers on the arm, and 35-36 on the hand. Fiirbringer rightly 
hints at two possible explanations of this exceptional condition. 
Either that the Spheniscidee have lost all their true primaries, which 
they possibly originally possessed, and that this row of 36 feathers 
does not represent primaries at all; or perhaps that only every third 
feather represents a primary, although now degenerated, whilst the 
other 24 feathers are modified down-feathers. However, neither of 
these two assumptions is supported by facts. ‘That the number of 
feathers in one row amounts to 36, 7. e. three times the number of 
primaries of certain other Carinate birds, is most probably an acci- 
dental coincidence ; otherwise one might assume that of every three 
feathers of the Penguins, one had become a primary and the other 
two had been transformed into tectrices avers. 

I find that in a large specimen of Aptenodytes pennanti there 
are no tectrices averse, all the feathers of the ventral aspect of the 
wing looking ventralwards with their convex surfaces. This cireum- 
stance suggests the assumption that in the Penguins no rows of 


666 DR. H. GADOW ON THE REMIGES OF BIRDS. [ Dec. 18, 


feathers have been turned ventralwards around the posterior or ulnar 
margin of the wing, and that these birds have retained a primitive 
condition. If we mark the last dorsal posterior series of the Pen- 
guin’s potential primaries with A, then A will in Struthio represent 
the only existing series of greater under coverts, whilst the primaries 
of Struthio have to be marked B. ‘This series B has overgrown the 
series A, as is already indicated by the fact that in the Penguins the 
last but one series, viz. B, contains somewhat larger feathers. Lastly, 
in the majority of Carinate A and B represent the larger under 
coverts, and the series C, 7. e. the third last of the Penguins, has been 
developed into the series of primaries, whilst series D forms the upper 
larger wing-coverts. 

This would mean of course that the Penguins retain a condition 
which in other birds is referred to their embryonic life, whilst Struthio 
represents an intermediate stage, provided, however, that in Struthio 
no secondary reduction from several to one series of under wing-coverts 
has taken place. Such a reduction I assumein Rhea, and likewise in 
the Oscines, which possess only one row of larger under wing-coverts. 
However, Mr. Wray has shown that Stru¢hio shows various conditions 
which in the Carinatz are repeated during their embryonic growth 
only. 

Unfortunately, about the embryonic development of the Penguin’s 
wing we know nothing; we cannot explain either the enormous 
number of series of the wing-feathers nor the number of the feathers 
in each series; we have to look upon them as the result of special 
modifications, There is no reason why the skin of the wing should 
not develop any number of feathers. Concerning the cubital quills, 
we know that their number increases with the length of the fore- 
arm, the additional increase in number taking place in the region of 
the elbow. 

Archeopteryx does not throw much light upon the question. It 
possessed 6—7 primaries, most of which were carried by the third me- 
tacarpal and by the third finger. The number of cubitals was 10. 

The first Reptile-like Birds probably possessed a rather uniform 
covering of feathers on their wings. ‘The feathers of the under 
surface were soft, more downy, those of the upper surface stronger and 
smoother. The first feathers which grew out stronger and larger 
were those on the upper hinder margin of the forearm ; this resulted 
in a protection of the sides of the body, and in the possibility of 
these feathers being occasionally used as a parachute. Natural selec- 
tion preserved and improved these advantageous acquisitions, in a 
similar way as the scales on the hinder margin of the “ fins’ of 
Turtles are elongated and flattened out. Later on the elongation 
and strengthening of the posterior marginal feathers extended over 
the metacarpus and over the fingers, which at this stage were still 
free and not anchylosed with each other. If these ancestral birds 
possessed a cutaneous patagium, this was gradually restricted to the 
proximal region between arm and trunk, where no remiges are 
developed. Such a structure might have interfered with the folding- 
up of the wing. 


1888. ] DR. H. GADOW ON THE REMIGES OF BIRDS. 667 


The first finger had already inherited from the Reptiles a tendency 
towards shortening ; it remained therefore outside the series of the 
other fingers, and partook of the formation of the wing to a small 
extent only. ‘The next two metacarpal bones and those of the second 
finger became elongated and thus anchylosed, because of their contem- 
porary and one-sided use. The other bones of the middle hand and 
other fingers were reduced in size and number, since the newly gained 
and much strengthened axis necessitated their presence no longer ; 
moreover a fully developed third, fourth, and fifth finger would have 
much interfered with the folding of the wing, which is effected by a 
strong abduction towards the ulnar side. Purely mechanical reasons 
caused the primaries to grow into quills stronger and larger than the 
secondaries. Inthe embryos of many birds the remiges of the fore- 
arm appear earlier and for some time grow more rapidly than those 
of the hand, until they are overtaken by the primaries ; thus they 
still repeat their phylogenetic development. 

After the reduction and partial anchylosis of the skeleton of the 
hand has once taken place it is impossible to redevelop the lost fingers 
and to free or separate the anchylosed metacarpals again. The wing 
of the Ratitze does in no way differ from that of the typical Carinate. 
Furbringer concludes therefore rightly that the present Ratite are 
the descendants of birds which once possessed the power of flight. 
Now their remiges are soft, or, as in Casuarius, have partly lost their 
vanes, but such soft quills could never have caused the anchylosis of 
the hand-skeleton. The relatively very considerable size of the 
whole anterior extremity of Ostrich embryos is an additional support 
to this view. In asimilar way the length of the humerus of the 
Eocene Paleeudyptes is a weighty reason against the separation of 
the Penguins from the other Carinate. 


LIST 


Jan. 


18. 


APPENDIX. 


OF ADDITIONS TO THE SOCIETY’S MENAGERIE 
DURING THE YEAR 


1888. 


. 1 Vulpine Phalanger (Phalangista vulpina), 9. Born in the 


Menagerie. 
1 Naked-footed Owlet (Athene noctua). Presented by the Rev. 
Basil Wilberforce, F 


. 1 Water-Rail (Rallus aquaticus). Presented by Mr. G. J. 


Payne. 


. 1 Egyptian Vulture (Neophron perenopterus). Received in 


Exchange. 


. 1 Mexican Deer (Cariacus mexicanus), 2. Presented by George 


Anderson, Esq. 


. 2 Common Peafow] (Pavo eristatus),22. Presented by Richard 


Hunter, Esq. 


. 2 Black-headed Gulls (Larus ridibundus), Presented by Thomas 


A. Cotton, Esq. 


. 2 Viscachas (Lagostomus trichodactylus). Born in the Me- 


nagerie. 

2 Snow-Finches (Montifringilla nivalis). Presented by Lord 
Lilford, F.Z.S. 

2 Cockateels (Culopsitta nove-hollandie). Presented by the 
Hon. Stormont Finch-Hatton. 

2 Pale-headed Parrakeets (Platycercus pallidiceps). Presented 
by the Hon. Stormont Finch-Hatton. 

4 Barbary Turtle-Doves (Turtur risorius). Presented by John 
Biehl, Esq. 

1 Moorish Gecko (Zarentola mauritanica). Presented by J. C. 
Warburg, Esq. 


. 2 Herring-Gulls (Larus argentatus). Presented by Thomas A. 


Cotton, Esq. 


20. 1 African Buzzard (Buteo desertorum). Presented by Sydney 


H. Carr, Esq. 


. 1 Common Barn-Owl (Strix flammea). Presented by Hugh 


Bromley, Esq. 


. 1 Vulpine Phalanger (Phalangista vulpina), $. Born in the 


Menagerie. 


25, 3 Egyptian Cobras (Nata haje). Presented by Capt. W. G. 


Buwrrows. 


ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 669 


Jan. 25, 3 Cerastes Vipers (Vipera cerastes). Presented by Capt. W.G. 

Burrows. 2 

2 Hissing Sand-Snakes: (Psammophis sibilans). Presented by 
Capt. W. G. Burrows. 

1 Clifford’s Snake (Zamenis cliffordi). Presented by Capt. W. 
G. Burrows. 

1 Egyptian Eryx (Zryx jaculus). Presented by Capt. W. G. 
Burrows. 

1 Blunt-nosed Snake (Dipsas obtusa). Presented by Capt. W. 
G. Burrows. 

21 Horrid Rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus). Born in the Me- 
nagerie. 

26. 2 Poé Honey-eaters (Prosthemadera nove-zealandie). Presented. 
by Capt. Brabazon J. Barlow, s.s. ‘Tanui.’ 

27. 1 Brazilian Hangnest (Icterus jamaicai). Presented by George 
D. Morce, Esq. 

28. 1 White-headed Sea-Eagle (Haliaetus leucocephalus, jr.). Pre- 
pes by George M. Johnston, Esq. From Newfound- 
and. 

29. 1 Pike (Lsox lucius). Presented by F. Godden, Esq., F.Z.S. 


Feb. 2. 1 Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis). Presented by H. M. Upcher, 
Ksq., F.Z.S. From the coast of Norfolk. 
LJ eee Parrot (Peocephalus gulielmi). Received in Ex- 
change 
4,1 Red-winged Parrakeet (Aprosmictus erythropterus). Pre- 
sented by the Hon. Stormont Finch-Hatton. 
8 Peaceful Doves (Geopelia tranquilla). Presented by the Hon. 
Stormont Finch-Hatton. 
6. 2 Cockateels (Calopsitta nove-hollandie). Deposited. 
1 Pluto Monkey (Cercopithecus pluto). Received in Exchange. 
1 Antarctic Skua (Stercorarius antarcticus). Received in Ex- 
change. 
7. 1 Indian Desert Fox (Canis leucopus), 2. Deposited. See P. 
Z.S. 1888, p. 140. From Bussorah. 
10. 1 Common Boa (Boa constrictor), Presented by Leopold Field, 


Esq. 
1 Hoya Python (Python regius). Presented by Leopold Field, 


Esq. 
1 Indian Python (Python molurus). Presented by Leopold 
Field, Esq. 
2 West-African Pythons (Python sebe). Presented by Leopold 
Field, Esq. 
13. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus sinicus), 2. Presented by H. 
Austin Clow, Esq., F.Z.S. 
2 Rhesus Monkeys (Macacus rhesus), 2 9. Presented by H 
Austin Clow, Esq., F.Z.S. 
1 Alpine Marmot (Arctomys marmotia), 2. Presented by H. 
Austin Clow, Esq., F.Z.S. 
1 Vulpine Phalanger (Phalangista vulpina), 3. Presented by 
H. Austin Clow, Esq., F.Z.8. 
14. 2 Common Gulls (Larus canus). Purchased. 
1 Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus). Purchased. 
_ 15. 3 Esquimaux Dogs (Canis familiaris}. Presented by W. T. 
Tournay, Esq., F.Z.S. 
4 Parrot Finches (Zrythrura psittacea). Purchased. See 
P.Z. 8. 1888, p. 140. 


Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1888, No. XLV. 45 


670 


Feb. 


Mar. 


15. 
16, 


APPENDIX. 


4 Alpine Accentors (Accentor alpinus). Presented by the Lord 
Lilford, F.Z.S. 

3 Derbian Wallabies (Halmaturus derbianus). Presented by 
Lieut. C. M. Hepworth, R.N.R 

4 Cereopsis Geese (Cereopsis nove-zealandic). Bred in the Me- 
nagerie. 


. 4 Lion Marmosets (Midas rosalia). Purchased. 


1 Eyra (Felis eyra). Purchased. 


. 1 Cardinal Grosbeak (Cardinalis virginianus). Presented by 


Mr. Ayerst. 


. 1 Common Wolf (Canis lupus), 2. Received in Exchange. 


2 Suricates (Suricata tetradactyla). Born in the Menagerie. 

1 Red Kangaroo (Macropus rufus). Born in the Menagerie. 

3 Barred Doves (Geopelia striata). Presented by Mrs. G. A. 
Thomson. 


24, 1 Red Kangaroo (Macropus rufus),?2. Born in the Menagerie. 


i 


25. 1 African Civet Cat (Viverra cwvetta). Presented by Capt. 


Webster, R.M.S. ‘ Hawarden Castle.’ 

1 Cape Crowned Crane (Balearica chrysopelargus). Presented 
by Sir Donald Currie, M.P., K.C.M.G. 

1 Gold Pheasant ( Thawnalea picta). Deposited. 


. 5 Prince of Wales’ Pheasants (Phastanus kee al Gyo. 


Presented by Major Peacock, R.E. See P. Z. 8. 1888, 
. 140. From Afghan Turkestan. 

1 Spotted Eagle-Owl (Bubo maculosus). Presented by the Rev. 
G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S. 

5 Angulated Tortoises (Chersina angulata). Presented by the 
Rey. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.8. See P.Z.S. 1888, p. 251, 
l, xiv. 

3 Tuberculated Tortoises (Homopus femoralis). Presented by 
the Rey. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S. 

1 Galeated Pentonyx (Pentonyz galeata). Presented by the 
Rey. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S 

1 Infernal ee (Boodon at nallis). Presented by the Rey. 
G. H. R. Fisk, C.M 

1 Rufous Snake (Ailes tery Presented by the Rey. G. 
H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z 

1 Rufescent Snake (Leptaia Ra arg * Presented by the 
Rey. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S 

1 Spotted Slow-worm (Acontias meleagr is). Presented by the 
Rev. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z 

5 Round-throated Frogs lima Juscigula). Presented by the 
Rey. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z 

1 Narrow-headed Toad (Bufo “ihyactls Presented by the 
Rey. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S 

1 Natal Sternothere (Ster notherus castaneus), Presented by 
Lieut.-Col. J. H. Bowker, F.Z.8. 


. 1 Yellow-footed Rock-Kangaroo (Petrogale xanthopus). Born 


in the Menagerie. 
12 Black-headed Gulls (Larus ridibundus). Presented by J. G. 
Baxter, Esq. 


1 Common Gull (Larus canus). Presented by J. G. Baxter, 
sq. 


1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus rhesus Presented by Capt. 
R. F. Hibbert. ¢ Kini ss 
2 Cirl Buntings (Emberiza cirlus). Purchased. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


10 


ilile 


ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIK. 671 


. 1 Indian Civet (Viverricula malaccensis), Presented by Perey 
Montgomery, Esq. From Ichang, China. 
1 Hog Deer (Cervus porcinus). Born in the Menagerie. 
1 Common Raccoon (Procyon lotor). Presented by C. J. Urqu- 
hart, Esq. 


. 1 Eland (Oreas canna), 2. Born in the Menagerie. 


2 Laughing Kingfishers (Dacelo gigantea). Presented by Mrs. 
Maas Buckley. 


. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 9. Presented by 


Mrs. A. Ballard. 


. 4 Cape Colies (Colius capensis). Received in Exchange. 


1 Common Quail (Coturnix communis), Presented by Capt. 
Christian. 
1 Brazilian Tortoise (Testudo tabulata). Deposited. 


. 1 Binturong (Aretictis binturong). Presented by J. P. Rodger, 


Esq. From Selangore, Malay Peninsula. 


. 1 White-fronted Capuchin (Cebus albifrons), g. Presented by 


Mrs. E. A. Lediard. 


. 1 Gayal (Bibos frontalis). Born in the Menagerie. 


2 Stock-Doves (Columba enas). Presented by Lieut.-Col. W. 
G. Dawkins, F.Z.S. 


. 1 White-fronted Lemur (Lem albifrons). Born in the Mena- 


gerie. 


. 2 Banded Grass-Finches (Poéphila cincta). Purchased. 


2 Bicheno’s Finches (Zstrelda bichenovii). Purchased. 


. | Shining Parrakeet (Pyrrhulopsis splendens). Purchased. 


2 Mandarin Ducks (4x galericulata), 2 $. Purchased. 


. 1 Common Swan (Cygnus olor), §. Deposited. 
. 1 Gannet (Sula bassana). Presented by Mrs. Richards. 


1 Greater Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus). Presented by 
Mrs. Richards. 


. 1 Rock-hopper Penguin (Zudyptes chrysocome). Received in 


Exchange. 
1 Hawfinch (Coccothraustes vulgaris). Presented by Mr, Chas. 
Faulkner. 


2. 1 Central-American Agouti (Dasyprocta isthmica). Purchased. 


1 Moorish Gecko (Tarentola mauritanica). Presented by J. C, 
Warburg, Esq. 


. 1 Ortolan Bunting (Emberiza hortulana). Presented by W. H. 


St. Quintin, Esq., F.Z.S. 
2 Poiret’s Newts (Molge poireti), 6 9. Presented by G. A. 
Boulenger, Esq., F.Z.S. 


. 2 Striped Hyzenas (Hyena striata). Presented by Capt. E. B. 


Pusey, R.N. From Algeria. 


. 1 Greater Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita). De- 


posited. 


. 2 Collared Fruit-Bats (Cynonycteris collaris). Born in the 


Menagerie. 
2 White-necked Crows (Corvus scapulatus). Presented by 
Capt. Henry F. Hoste, s.s. ‘Trogan.’ 
2 Spotted Eagle-Owls (Bubo maculosa). Presented by Capt. 
Henry F. Hoste, s.s. ‘Trogan.’ 
. 1 Asp Viper (Vipera aspis). Deposited. 
1 Muscovy Duck (Catrina moschata), 3. Presented by W. 
Shuter, Esq. 
1 Greater Vasa Parrot (Coracopsis vasa). Deposited. 
45* 


672 


Apr. 12, 


21. 


30, 


May 1. 


to 


APPENDIX. 


1 Blue-eyed Cockatoo (Cacatua ophthalmica). Deposited. 

1 Goffin’s Cockatoo (Cacatua goffini). Deposited. 

4 Half-collared Doves (Turtur semitorquatus). Presented by 
Mrs, Wisely. 

1 Slow-worm (Anguis fragilis). Presented by Mr. F. W. Pilk- 
ington. 

1 Nicobar Pigeon (Calenas nicobarica). Received in Exchange. 


. 1 Arabian Baboon (Cynocephalus hamadryas), 2. Presented by 


D. Wilson-Barker, Esq., R.N.R., F.Z.S. 
2 Indian Swine (Sus cristatus),2 ¢. Deposited. 


. 4 European Pond-Tortoises (Zmys ewropea). Purchased. 
. 1 Striped Hyena (Hyena striata), Presented by Herbert E. 


White, Esq. From Morocco. 


. 1 Collared Fruit-Bat (Cynonycteris collaris). Born in the Mena- 


gerie, 

2 Selater’s Penguins (EZudyptes sclateri). Presented by Capt. 
Sutcliff, R.M.S.S. ‘Aorangi.’ From the Auckland Islands. 
See P.Z.S. 1888, p. 265, and P. Z.S. 1889, March 6. 


. 1 Common Marmoset (Hapale jacchus). Presented by Mrs. 


Leighton. 

1 Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera). Born in the Menagerie. 

1 Barbary Wild Sheep (Ovis trayelaphus), G. Born in the 
Menagerie. 

1 Indian Wolf (Canis pallipes), §. Presented by Col. Alex. A. 
A. Kinloch, C.M.Z.S. 

2 Indian Desert Foxes (Canis leucopus). Presented by Col. Alex. 
A. A. Kinloch, C.M.Z.S. See P. Z.S. 1888, p. 265. 

1 Spotted Hawk-Eagle (Spizaétus nipalensis). Presented by 
Col. Alex. A. A. Kinloch,C.M.Z.S. See P. Z.S. 1888, p. 265. 

1 Gannet (Sula bassana). Presented by Miss Serrell. 

3 Common Swans (Cygnus olor). Purchased. 


. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus sinicus), 9. Presented by Lionel 


H. Hanbury, Esq., F.Z.S. 
1 Scarlet Ibis (EZudocimus ruber). Presented by Chas. Booth, 


Esq. 
1 Roseate Spoonbill (Platalea ajaja). Presented by Chas. Booth, 
E 


sq. 
. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), $. Presented by 


Mrs. G. E. Buchanan. 


. 1 Hoffmann’s Sloth (Cholopus hoffmanni). Received in Ex- 


change. 
3 Lined Finches (Spermophilalineola), 13,292. Purchased. 


. 2 Chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera). Born in the Menagerie. 
28, 1 Common Kestrel (Tinnunewlus alaudarius). Presented by H. 


Weetman, Esq., F.Z.S 


29. 2 Persian Gazelles ( Gazella subgutturosa), 6 2. Born in the 


Menagerie. 
2 Black Lemurs (Lemur macaco). Born in the Menagerie. 
1 Asp Viper (Vipera aspis). Presented by Messrs. Paul & Co. 


1 Spotted Cavy (Celogenys paca). Born in the Menagerie. 

2 Japanese Deer (Cervus stka),2¢. Purchased. 

2 Burrowing Owls (Speotyto cunicularia). Presented by J. 
Clarke Hawkshaw, Esq. 

2 Burrowing Owls (Speotyto cunicularia). Deposited. 


. 1 Common Viper ( Vipera berus). Presented by F. M. Oldham, 


Esq. 


May 3. 


9. 


12. 
14. 


16. 


23, 


ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 673 


1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 3. Deposited. 

2 Long-eared Bats (Plecotus auritus), Presented by F, A. 
Allchin, Esq. 

1 Blue-and-Yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna). Presented by 
Mrs. Yarrow. 


. 2 Crested Ducks (Anas cristata), Presented by F, E. Cobb, 


Esq., C.M.Z.S. From the Falkland Islands. 
1 Vulpine Phalanger (Phalungista vulpina), 3. Deposited. 


. 1 Common Roe (Capreolus caprea), 2. Presented by F. 


Harston Eagles, EKsq. From Port Lazaref, S.E. coast of 
Corea, 


- 1 Blue-and-Yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna). Presented by 


Mrs. Warrand. 


. 2 Long-fronted Gerbilles (Gerbillus longifrons). Born in the 


Menagerie. 

1 Hog Deer (Cervus porcinus), $. Born in the Menagerie. 

1 Puma (Fels concolor), Born in the Menagerie. 

2 Black-backed Geese (Sarcidiornis melanonota), 62. Pur- 
chased. 

] Sambur Deer (Cervus aristotelis), §. Born in the Menagerie. 

2 White Ibises (Eudocimus albus). Purchased. 

2 Peregrine Faleons (Falco peregrinns). Presented by J. 
Davison, Esq., C.S. 

1 Three-toed Chalcis (Chalcides tridactylus), Presented by J. 
C. Warburg, Esq. 

7 Suricates (Suricata tetradactyla). Born in the Menagerie, 

1 Great Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), g. Born in the 
Menagerie. 

1 Indian Python (Python molurus). Received in Exchange. 


- 1 American Bison (2son americanus). Born in the Menagerie, 


1 Elliot’s Pheasant (Phastanus elliot’), 2. Purchased. 


. 3 Cape Crowned Cranes (Balearica chrysopelargus). Deposited. 
. 1 Gannet (Sula bassana). Presented by Mr. Slowly. 

. 2 Caracals (Felis caracal, jr.). Deposited. 

. 1 Brazilian Tree-Porcupine (Sphingurus prehensilis). Presented 


by C. J. Bateman, Esq. 

1 Barbary Wild Sheep (Ovis tragelaphus), 2. Presented by 
EK. H. Forwood, Esq. 

1 Black-backed Piping Crow (Gymnorhina tibicen). Deposited. 

1 Laughing Kingfisher (Dacelo gigantea). Deposited. 

1 Greater Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita). De- 

osited. 

1 hewn Monkey (Macacus rhesus), 2. Presented by Mr, 
George Somertord. 

1 Red Kangaroo (Macropus rufus), $. Born in the Menagerie. 

1 Greater Black-backed Gull (Zarus marinus). Presented 
by Prof. EK. Ray Lankester, F.R.S., F.Z.8, 

6 Common Pintail (Dajila acuta), 3 3,3 2. Purchased. 

8 Common Teal ( Querquedula crecca), 43,42. Purchased. 

8 Garganey Teal ( Querquedula circia), 43,42. Purchased. 

1 Shoveller (Spatula clypeata), 29. Purchased. 

10 Wigeon (Mareca penelope), 4 3,62. Purchased. 

1 Chimpanzee (Anthropopithecus troglodytes), 2. Presented by 
T. J. Alldridge, Esq., F.Z.8. 

1 Marabou Stork (Leptoptilus crumeniferus). Presented by T. 
J. Alldridge, Ksq., F.Z.S. 

1 Cape Dove (ina capensis). Presented by R. H. Mitford, Esq, 


674 


APPENDIX. 


May 24. 1 Tambourine Pigeon (Zympanistria bicolor). Presented by R. 


25 


June 2, 


H. Mitford, Esq. 
. 1 Barbary Ape (Macacus inuus), 2. Presented by Miss Water- 
man. 
3 Red-crowned Pigeons (Zrythranas pulcherrima), Deposited. 
1 Praslin Parrot (Coracopsis barklyi). Deposited. 
2 Slender Kestrels (Tinnunculus gracilis) Deposited. 
. 1 White-handed Gibbon (Hylobates lar). Deposited. 
. 2 Glass-Snakes (Pseudopus pallasi). Deposited. 
7 Bream (Abramis brama). Presented by Mr. H. Goodwin. 


28, 1 Nose-crested Iguana (Iguana rhinolopha), Presented by Dr. 


T. Dennehy. From St. Lucia, W. 1. 

1 Pudu Deer (Pudua humilis), 2. Presented by G. HE, Pugh 
Cook, Esq. 

2 North-African Jackals (Canis anthus). Born in the Mena- 
eerie. 

. 2 Tigers (Felis tigris). Deposited. 

2 Australian Waxbills (Zstrelda temporalis), Presented by 
David 8. Hodge, Esq. 

7 Spotted-sided Finches (Amadina lathami). Presented by 
David S. Hodge, Esq. 

2 Puff Adders ( Vipera arietans). Deposited. 

. 2 Dwarf Squirrels (Sczwrus pusillus). Presented by R. Forrester 

Daly, Esq. 

2 Japanese Deer (Cervus sika), 23. Born in the Menagerie. 

1 Tent Tortoise (Testudo tentoria). Presented by the Rev. G. 
H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S. From Cradock, Cape Colony. 

1 Fisk’s Tortoise (Testudo jiski). Presented by the Rey. G. H. 
R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S. From Cradock, Cape Colony. 

1 Dwarf Chameleon (Chameleon pumilus). Presented by the 
Rey. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S., 

1 Purplish Gecko (Phyllodactylus porphyreus). Presented by 
the Rev. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.ZS. 

1 Hoary Snake (Coronella cana). Presented by the Rev. G. H. 
R. Fisk, C.M.Z.8. 

3 Narrow-headed Toads (Bufo angusticeps), Presented by the 
Rey. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S. 

5 Gray’s Frogs (Rana grayt). Presented by the Rev. G. H. R. 
Fisk, C.M.Z.S. 

1 Blue-and-Yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna). Presented by 
Mrs. Alfred Palmer. 

1 Long-billed Butcher Crow (Barita destructor). Received in 
Exchange. 


1 Pallas’s Sand-Grouse (Syrrhaptes paradoxus), 2. From West 
Foulden, Berwick-on-Tweed. Presented by H. Howat Crane, 
Esq. 


. 1 Japanese Deer (Cervus sika), 2. Born in the Menagerie. 


2 Wandering Tree-Pies (Dendrocitta vagabunda). Received in 
Iixchange. 


. 1 Chilian Skunk (Conepatus mapurito), 2. Purchased. 


5 Peafowls (Pavo cristatus), 2 3,3 9. Presented by Her 
Majesty The Queen. 

1 West-Australian Great Kangaroo (Macropus ocydromus), 3. 
Received in Exchange. 

1 Haeem Owl (Syrnium sinense). Presented by C. B. Ricketts, 
isq. 


June 5, 


18, 


19. 


21. 


22, 


28. 
29. 


ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, 675 


1 Horsfield’s Scops Owl (Scops lempyi). Presented by C. B. 
Ricketts, Esq. 
1 White-throated Monitor ( Varanus albogularis). Purchased. 


. 3 Grey-breasted Parrakeets (Lolborhynchus monachus).  Pre- 


sented by Mrs, Macnab. 


. 1 Burrhel Wild Sheep (Ovis burrhel), 9. Born in the Mena- 


gerie. 

1 Black-necked Swan (Cygnus nigricollis), 9. Purchased. 

1 Lesser Black-backed Gull (Larus fuscus). Presented by D, 
Wilson-Barker, Esq. 


. 2 Pig-tailed Monkeys (Macacus nemestrinus), ¢ 2. Presented 


by Mr. C. W. Ellacott. 


3. 2 Spotted Cavies (Celogenys paca), 6 9. Presented by Mr. W. 


. Stather. 


. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus sinicus), 2. Presented by Mr. J. 


Wiltshire. 


. 1 Wapiti Deer (Cervus canadensis), 3. Born in the Menagerie. 


1 Pig-tailed Monkey (Macacus nemestrinus). Presented by 
Mrs. Gleig. 

1 Maugé’s Dasyure (Dasyurus maugei), Presented by H. R. 
Brane, Esq. 

2 Pallas’s Sand-Grouse (Syrrhaptes paradorus), § 2. Presented 
by Lieut.-Col. Irby and Capt. Savile Reid, F.Z.S. (See 
P.Z.S. 1888, p.413.) From the Island of Tiree, Argyllshire. 

1 Larger Hill-Mynah (Gracula intermedia), Presented by Mrs. 
M. von Kornatzki. 

2 Naked-footed Owlets (Athene noctua). Presented by Miss 
Pierce. 

1 Duyker-bok (Cephalophus mergens), 29. Deposited. 

1 Bennett’s Kangaroo (Halmaturus bennetti), 9. Born in the 
Menagerie. 

1 Swainson’s Lorikeet (Trzchoglossus nove-hollandie), Presented 
by Mr. H. A. Hankey. 

1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus). Presented by A. B. 
Parker, Esq. 

5 Bolle’s Pigeons (Columba bollii). Deposited by E. G. Meade 
Waldo, Esq. From Teneriffe. 

1 Barbary Partridge (Caccabis petrosa). Deposited. From 
Teneriffe, 

1 Red-legged Partridge (Caccabis rufa). Deposited. From 
Grand Canary. 

2 Long-fronted Gerbilles (Gerdillus longifrons). Born in the 
Menagerie. 

1 Four-lined Snake (Coluber quadrilineatus, var. leopardinus). 
Purchased. 


. 1 Yellow-legged Herring-Gull (Larus cachinnans). Bred in tae 


Menagerie. 
2 Loggerhead Ducks (Tachyeres cinereus). Presented by Mr. 
Archibald McCall. From the Falkland Islands, 


. 1 Gaimard’s Rat-Kangaroo (Hypsiprymnus gaimardi), 3. De- 


posited. : 
2 Triangular-spotted Pigeons (Columba guinea). Bred in the 
Menagerie. 


1 Smooth Snake (Coronella levis). Presented by Walter C. 
Blaker, Esq. 

1 Dark-green Snake (Zamenis atrovirens). Purchased. 

1 Aésculapian Snake (Coluber esculapii). Purchased. 


676 


June 30. 


July 2. 


4. 


9 


APPENDIX. 


2 Tasmanian Wolves (Thylacinus cynocephalus), 3 2. Deposited. 
4 Bennett’s Wallabies (Halmaturus bennetti). Deposited. 
9 Silky Bower-birds (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus). Deposited. 
10 Laughing Kingfishers (Dacelo gigantea). Deposited. 
10 Blue-cheeked Parrakeets (Platycercus cyanogenys). Deposited. 
2 Cereopsis Geese (Cereopsis nove-hollandia). Deposited. 
6 Maned Geese (Bernicla jubata). Received in Exchange. 
2 Lace Monitors (Varanus varius). Received in Exchange. 
2 Gould’s Monitors (Varanus gouldi). Received in Exchange. 
1 Black-and- Yellow Cyclodus (Cyclodus nigroluteus). Received 
in Exchange. 
2 Black-backed Piping Crows (Gymnorhina tibicen). Deposited. 


1 White-thighed Colobus (Cololus vellerosus), 3. Presented by 
H. H. Johnston, Esq., F.Z.S. 

1 Campbell’s Monkey (Cercopithecus campbelli), 2. Presented 
by H. H. Johnston, Esq., F.Z.S. 

1 White-collared Mangabey (Cercocebus collaris). Presented by 
H. H. Johnston, Esq., F.Z.S. 

1 Bosman’s Potto (Perodicticus potto). Presented by H. H. 
Johnston, Esq., F.Z.8. 

1 Marabou Stork (Leptoptilus crumentferus). Presented by H. 
Johnston, Esq., F.Z.S. 

1 Black Sternothere (Sternotherus niger). Presented by H. H. 
Johnston, Esq., F.Z.S. 

1 Patas Monkey (Cercopithecus patas), 2. Deposited. 

2 West-African Love-birds (Ayapornis pullaria). Deposited. 

2 Modest Grass-Finches (Amadina modesta), ¢ 2. Purchased. 

1 Spotted Tinamou (Nothura maculosa). Bred in the Menagerie. 

2 Cambayan Turtle-Doves (Turtur senegalensis). Bred in the 
Menagerie. 


. 3 Chiloe Wigeon (Mareca chiloensis). Bred in the Menagerie. 


3 Slender Ducks (Anas gibberifrons). Bred in the Menagerie, 
2 Australian Wild Ducks (Anas superciliosa). Bred in the Me- 
nagerie. 
3 Summer Ducks (42x sponsa). Bred in the Menagerie. 
3 Mandarin Ducks (4x galericulata). Bred in the Menagerie. 
11 Chilian Pintails (Dajfila spinicauda). Bred in the Menagerie. 
1 Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo). Deposited. 
3 Scarlet Ibises (Zudocimus ruber). Deposited. 
1 Eyed Lizard (Lacerta ocellata). Presented by J. Hopson, Esq. 
1 Hygian Snake (Elaps hygie). Presented by — Brown, Esq., 
M.LC.1. 


. 2 Black-bellied Sand-Grouse (Pterocles arenarius). From Ma- 


rocco. Presented by Sir W. Kirby Green, K.C.M.G. 
1 Chipping Squirrel (Tamas striatus). Purchased. 


. 1 Moor-Monkey (Semnopithecus maurus), §. Received in Ex- 
change. 
5 Lesser Pin-tailed Sand-Grouse (Pterocles exustus),2 3,39. 
Purchased. 


2 Common Chameleons ( Chameleon vulgaris). Deposited. 

1 Grand Eelectus (Zclectus roratus). Presented by Lieut.-Col. 
R. Wolfe. 

i Red-sided Eclectus (Zclectus pectorulis). Presented by Lieut.- 
Col. R. Wolfe. 

2 Hoz-nosed Snakes (Heterodon platyrhinos). Presented by H. 
E. T. Glover, Esq. 


July 9. 


10. 


11. 


24. 


ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 677 


1 Summer Snake (Cyclophis estivus). Presented by H. E. T. 
Glover, Esq. 

2 Carolina Anolises (Anolis carolinensis), Presented by H. E. 
T. Glover, Esq. 

2 European Tree-Frogs (Hyla arborea). Presented by Lionel 
A. William, Esq. 

1 Brown Capuchin (Cebus fatuellus ?), Presented by Rover M. 
Dodington, Esq. 

1 Tuberculated Iguana (Iguana tuberculata). Presented by the 
West-Indian Nat. Hist. Exploration Committee. From 
Dominea, W. I. 

2 Common Boas (Boa constrictor, var. diviniloqua). Presented 
by the West-Indian Nat. Hist. Exploration Committee. 
From Dominica, W. I. 

1 Black-and-White Snake (Dromicus leucomelas). Presented 
by the West-Indian Nat. Hist. Exploration Committee. 
From Dominica, W. I. 

1 Varied Capuchin (Cebus versicolor). Presented by H. B. 
Whitmarsh, Esq. 

2 Ruffed Lemurs (Lemur varius), ¢ 2. Deposited. 

3 Red-and-Blue Macaws (Ara macao). Deposited. 

1 Hyacinthine Macaw (Ara hyacinthina). Deposited. 

4 Spotted Tinamous (Wothw-a maculosa). Deposited. 


. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), §. Presented by 


Miss Chester. 

1 Mona Monkey (Cercopithecus mona), 2. Presented by Miss 
Edith Frank. 

2 Mule Deer (Cartacus macrotis), § 29. Born in the Menagerie. 

1 Green Turtle (Chelone viridis). Presented by Baron Henry 
de Worms, M.P., F.Z.8. 


. 2 Corn-Crakes (Crex pratensis). Presented by Mr. R. B. Spalding. 
. 1 Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus), 2. Presented by 


Mrs. Holden. 
1 Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus, white var.). Deposited. 


. 2 Californian Quails (Callipepla californica), 2 3. Presented by 


Mrs. Fanny Lloyd. 
2 Aisculapian Snakes (Coluber esculapit). Presented by P. L. 
Sclater, Esq., F.R.S. From Germany. 


. 1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus rhesus), $. Presented by Herbert 


C. Oates, Esq. 

1 Tabuan Parrakeet (Pyrrhulopsis tabuensis). Deposited. 

7 Slender-fingered Frogs (Leptodactylns pentadactylus). Pre- 
sented by Dr. H. A. A. Nicholls. From Dominica. 


. 2 American Black Bears (Ursus americanus), ¢ 9. Deposited. 
. 1 Lesser Kestrel (Tinnunculus cenchris). Presented by H. 


Hanauer, Esq., F.Z.S. 


. 2 Mule Deer (Cariacus macrotis), ¢ 2. Born in the Menagerie. 


1 Black-marked Snake (Pitwophis vertebralis). Presented by 
Mr. Jeremiah Garnett. 

6 Martinican Tree-Frogs (Hylodes martinicensis). Presented 
by Capt. Woolward, R.M.S. ‘ Don.’ 

1 Derbian Screamer (Chauna derbiana). Purchased. 

1 Green Turtle (Chelone viridis). Presented by Baron Henry 
de Worms. 

1 Hawk’s-billed Turtle (Chelone imbricata). Presented by W. 
T. Manger, Esq. 

2 Rose-coloured Pastors (Pastor roseus). Received in Exchange, 


678 


July 24. 


25. 


26. 


8. 


APPENDIX. 


4 Beautiful Grass-Finches (Poéphila mirabilis). Purchased. 

4 Gouldian Grass-Finches (Poéphila gouldie). Purchased. 

1 Canadian Beaver (Castor canadensis). Born in the Menagerie. 
1 Thar (Capra jemliaca). Born in the Menagerie. 

1 Brazilian Cariama (Cariama cristata). Bred in the Gardens. 
1 Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus), Presented by W. Nicholls, 


sq. 
2 Collared Fruit-Bats (Cynonycteris collaris). Born in the Me- 
nagerie, 
1 Prince Albert’s Curassow (Crax alberti), 2. Purchased. 
1 Virginian Fox (Canis virgintanus), 9. Received in Exchange. 


. 1 Brazilian Cariama (Cartiama cristata), Presented by Fredk. 


Rose, Esq., jun. 
1 Common Viper (Vipera berus). Presented by F. C. Smith, 
E 


sq. 
1 Feline Douroucouli (Nyctipithecus vociferans), 2. Presented 
by Master Lester Ralph. 


. 1 Indian Kite (Milwus govinda), Presented by Mrs. Dean. 
30. 


1 Purple-faced Monkey (Semnopithecus leucoprymnus), 2. Pre- 
sented by Martin J. Cole, Esq. 

1 parla Squirrel (Zamais striatus). Presented by Mrs. Ma- 
tveieff. 

1 Tayra (Galictis barbara), 3. Presented by Mrs. J. H. Pollard. 

1 Common Boa (Boa constrictor). Deposited. 

1 Asculapian Snake (Coluber esculapit). Deposited. 

3 Black-eared Marmosets (Hapale penicillata), Presented by 
Mr. J. A. Deintje. 


1 Smooth Snake (Coronella levis), Presented by E. G. Meade- 
Waldo, Esq. 


. 1 Common Squirrel (Sevwrus vulgaris). Presented by R. Grant 


Watson, Esq. 
1 Common Kestrel (Tinmnunculus alaudarius). Presented by W. 
A. W. Jones, Esq. 


. | Rhesus Monkey (Macacus rhesus), 6. Presented by Regi- 


nald 8. Knott, Esq. 

1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus rhesus), $. Deposited. 

1 Lesser Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea). Pre- 
sented by J. Wolfe Barry, Esq. 

1 White-backed Piping Crow (Gymmnorhina leuconota). Pre- 
sented by Miss Alice Rutherford. 

1 Herring-Gull (Larus argentatus). Presented by Mrs. Huth- 
waite. 

1 Laughing Gull (Larus atricilla), Presented by Dr. A. Boon, 
F.R.C.S., C.M.Z.S. From St. Kitts, W.I. 

1 Green Bittern (Butorides virescens). Presented by Dr. A. 
Boon, F.R.C.S., C.M.Z.S. From St. Kitts, W.I. 


. 1 Ocelot (Felis pardalis). Deposited. 


1 Orange-winged Amazon (Chrysotis amazonica). Presented 
by the Hon. N. L. Melville. 

2 Fulmars (Fudmarus glacialis). Presented by W. C. Gilles, Esq. 
From St. Kilda. 

2 Kuropean Tree-Frogs (Hyla arborea). Deposited. 

1 Capuchin (Cebus, sp. inc.), ¢. Presented by Mr. Haddon. 

2Common Genets (Genetta vulgaris). Presented by Philip 
Lemberg, Esq. 

1 Barraband’s Parrakeet (Polytelis barrabandi). Purchased. 


Aug. 8. 


15. 


16, 


Wis 


ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 679 


1 Ring-necked Parrakeet (Paleornis torquatus). Deposited. 
1 Grey-breasted Parrakeet (Bolborhynchus monachus). Deposited. 
1 Mountain Ka-ka (Nestor notabilis). Received in Exchange. 


. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 3. Deposited. 


3 Palm-Squirrels (Sciurus palmarum). Presented by Surg.- 
Major W. G. Kin 


. Oo Gold. Pheasants (Thaumalea picta). Bred in the Menagerie. 


1 Common Chameleon (Chameleon vulgaris). Presented by 
Mr. Underwood. 


. 2 White-fronted Amazons (Chrysotis leucocephala). Deposited. 


1 Common Rhea (2hea americana). Deposited. 


. 2 Canadian Beavers (Castor canadensis). Bred in the Mena- 


gerie. 
. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus sinicus), 9. Presented by Wm. 


Norman, Esq. 

1 Tiger (Felis tigris), §. Presented by Sir E. C. Buck, C.M.Z.S. 

6 Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus, var.). Presented by R. F. 
Bennett, Esq. 

1 Lesser White-nosed Monkey (Cercopithecus petaurista), 3 
Presented by W. Brandford Griffith, Esq. 

1 Black-backed Piping Crow (Gymunor' hina tibicen), Presented 
by Charles Clifton, Esq., F.Z.S. 

1 Common Magpie (Pica rustica), Presented by Charles Clifton, 
Esq., F.Z.8. 

2 Himalayan Monauls (Lophophorus impeyanus), 2 3. Pre- 
sented by Charles Clifton, Hsq., F.Z.S. 

2 Gold Pheasants ( Thaumalea picta),g 2. Presented by Charles 
Clifton, Esq., F.Z.S. 

2 Silver Pheasants (Euplocamus nycthemerus). Presented by 
Charles Clifton, Esq., F.Z.8. 

1 Javan Peafowl (Pavo spicifer), g. Presented by Chas. Clifton, 
Esq,, F.Z.8. 

2 Common Peafowl ee eristatus), $2. Presented by 
Chas. Clifton, Esq., F.Z.8. 

1 Rose-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis). Presented by 
Chas, Clifton, Esq., F.Z.8. 

2 Leadbeater’s Cockatoos ( Cacatua leadbeater’). Presented by 
Chas. Clifton, Esq., F.Z.S. 

1 Hyacinthine Macaw (Ara hyacinthina). Presented by Chas. 
Clifton, Esq., F.Z.S. 

1 Blue-and- Yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna). Presented by Chas. 
Clifton, Esq., F.Z.S. 

1 Great Eagle-Owl (Bubo maximus). Presented by Chas. 
Clifton, Esq., F.Z.S. 

4 Common Herons (Ardea cinerea). Presented by Chas. Clifton, 
Esq., F.Z.8. 

2 Mandarit Ducks (4x galericulata). Presented by Chas, 
Clifton, Esq., F.Z.S. 

2 Rose Hill-Parrakeets (Platycercus eximius). Purchased. 

1 Bengalese Cat Phas bengalensis). Presented by W. L. 
Sclater, Esq., F.Z.5. 

1 Common Kingfisher (Alcedo ispida). Presented by E. Hart, 
Esq., F.Z.S. 

1 Bare-eyed Cockatoo (Cacatua gymnopis). Presented by Mrs. 
Fishlock. 

1 New-Zealand Parrakeet (Cyanorhamphus nove-zealandie). 
Purchased. 


680 


Aug.17. 


18. 


21. 


23. 


25. 
28. 


29. 


31 


APPENDIX. 


2 American Box-Tortoises (Terrapene carinata). Presented by 
Prof. O. C. Marsh. 

2 Alligator Terrapins (Chelydra serpentina). Presented by Prof. 
O. C. Marsh. 

1 Speckled Terrapin (Clemmys guttata). Presented by Prof. O. 
C. Marsh. 

4 Sculptured Terrapins (Clemmys insculpta). Presented by Prof. 
O. C. Marsh. 

2 Chinchillas ( Chinchilla lanigera). Born in the Menagerie. 

1 Imperial Eagle (Aquila imperialis), Presented by Mrs, Ernest 
H. Forwood. From Morocco. 

1 Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum). Presented by Master 
Howard Sexton. 


. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 3. Deposited. 


5 Brazilian Teal ( Querguedula brasiliensis). Bred in the Mena- 
erie. 
2 Chitian Pintail (Dafila spinicauda). Born in the Menagerie. 
2 Great White Herons (Ardea alba). Purchased. 
1 Razorbill (Alea torda). Presented by T. H. Nelson, Esq. 
1 Moor-Monkey (Semnopithecus maurus), Received in Ex- 
change. 
1 Malabar Squirrel (Sciwrws maximus). Received in Exchange. 
1 River Jack-Viper (Vipera rhinoceros). Received in Ex- 
change. 
. L Lesser White-nosed Monkey (Cercopithecus petaurista), 9. 
Deposited. 
1 Nightingale (Daulius luscinia), $. Presented by J. Young, 
E 


Sq. 

1 sean Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), 3. Presented 
by F. J. Coleridge Boles, Esq. 

1 Ring-tailed Coati (Wasua rufa). Presented by Capt. James 
Smith. 

1 Sclater’s Curassow (Crazx sclateri), 9. Received in Exchange. 

1 Red-bellied Squirrel (Secwrus variegatus). Received in Ex- 
change. 


. 8 Black-headed Lemurs (Lemur brunneus). Presented by Capt. 


J. Bonneville. 

1 Vulpine Squirrel (Sceturus vulpinus), ¢. Deposited. 

2 Triangular-spotted Pigeons (Columba guinea). Born in the 
Menagerie. 

3 Chinese Blue Magpies (Cyanopolius cyanus). Hatched in the 
Menagerie. 

2 Pallas’s Sand-Grouse (Syrrhaptes paradorus),292. Presented 
by Alexander Speedie, Esq. From Fifeshire, N.B. 

1 Wapiti Deer (Cervus canadensis), §. Born in the Menagerie. 

1 Raven (Corvus coraz). Presented by F. Steinhoff, Esq. 

1 Brown Bear (Ursus arctos), $. Deposited. 

1 White-backed Piping Crow (Gymnorhina lewconota). De- 
posited. 

4 Oyster-catchers (Himantopus ostralegus). Purchased. 

1 Avocet (Recurvirostra avocetta). Presented by Mr. J. Hoo- 


gerduyn. 
1 Small Hill-Mynah (Gracula religiosa). Presented by Alex. 
Robertson, Esq. 
2 Sallé’s Amazons (Chrysotis sallei). Purchased. 
. 1 Common Sheldrake (Tadorna vulpanser), 2. Presented by 
the Rey. H. H. Slater. 


Aug. 31. 


Sept. 3. 
4, 


Or 


11. 


18. 


19. 


ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 681 


12 Mandarin Ducks (42x galericulata),6 3,6 2. Deposited. 
2 Common Chameleons (Chameleon vulgaris). Presented by J. 
Alfred Lockwood. 


1 Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Presented by Michael 
Millard, Esq. 

1 Roseate Cockatoo (Cacatua roseicapilla). Presented by Mrs. 
J. de la Mare. 

1 Sulphur-and- White-breasted Toucan (hamphastos vitellinus). 
Presented by Dr. C. E. Lister. 


. 1 Squirrel-Monkey (Chrysothriz sciwrea). Presented by Mr. 


Geo. Miles. 

1 Kinkajou (Cercoleptes caudivolvulus). Presented by Dr. A. Bat- 
chelor, F.R.C.P. 

1 Black-backed Jackal (Canis mesomelas), 9. Presented by 
Lieut. Lionel de Lautour Wells, R.N. 


. 2 Sharp-nosed Crocodiles (Crocodilus acutus). Presented by Mr. 


E. A. Williams. 
1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus rhesus), 2. Presented by J. 
Witham, Esq. 
1 Common Viper (Vipera berus). Presented by Col. C. 8. Sturt. 
1 Barbary Wild Sheep (Ovis tragelaphus), 2. Deposited. 


. 1 Grey Lemur (Hapalemur griseus). Received in Exchange. 


1 Brazilian Cariama (Cariama cristata). Bred in the Mena- 
gerie. 


. 1 Short-eared Owl (Asto brachyotus). Presented by Miss Ethel 
10. 


Cobb. From the Falkland Islands. 

2 Central-American Agoutis (Dasyproctaisthmica). Purchased, 

1 Prince Albert’s Curassow (Craz alberti), g. Purchased. 

1 Mexican Guan (Penelope purpurascens). Purchased. 

2 White-fronted Amazons (Chysotis leucocephala). Purchased. 

3 Lacertine Snakes (Celopeltis lacertina), Presented by H. E. 
White, Esq. 

2 Horseshoe Snakes (Zamensis hippocrepis). Presented by H. 
E. White, Esq. 

2 Chameleons (Chameleon vulgaris). Presented by H. E. 
White, Esq. 


. 1 Tuberculated Iguana (Iguana tuberculata, jr.). Presented by 


H. E. Blandford, Esq. 


. 1 Herring-Gull (Larus argentatus). Presented by the Marchio- 


ness of Cholmondeley. 
1 White-backed Piping Crow (Gymnorhina leuconota). Pre- 
sented by R. Hall, Esq. 


. 1 Large Hill-Mynah (Gracula intermedia). Presented by Lieut.- 


Col. Robt. Thompson. 


. 1 Ourang-outang (Simia satyrus), Q. Deposited. 


1 Ruffed Lemur (Lemur varius). Deposited. 

2 Brush-tailed Kangaroos (Petrogale penicillata), 6 Q. Pur- 
chased. 

1 Chinese Goose (Anser cygnoides), 2. Received in Exchange. 

1 Capuchin (Cebus, sp. inc.), 9. Purchased. 

2 Vulpine Phalangers (Phalangista vulpina),2 2. Presented 
by J. M. Kirdy, Esq. 

1 Large Hill-Mynah (Gracula intermedia). Deposited. 

1 Common Teal (Querguedula crecca), Q. Presented by Mrs. 
Bergman. 

1 European Pond-Tortoise (Emys europea). Presented by 
Master William Reed. 


Oct. 


bo 


APPENDIX. 


. 6 Robben-Island Snakes (Coronella phocarum). Presented by 


the Rey. G. H. R. Fisk, 0.M.Z.S. 


. 1 Suricate (Suricata tetradactyla). Presented by Lieut. Lionel 


de Lautour Wells, R.N. 


. 1 Grivet Monkey (Circopithecus griseo-viridis), g. Presented 


by Lord Archibald Campbell. 
1 Weka Rail (Ocydromus australis). Presented by Mr. H. 
Lindsay. 


. 1 Rose-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis), Presented by 


Miss Eve. 
1 Puffin (Fiatercula arctica). Presented by J. M. Drew, Esq., 
F.ZS. 


1 Common Snake (TZropidonotus natrixz). Presented by P. 8S. 
Hutchinson, Esq. 

1 Common Slow-worm (Anguis fragils). Presented by P. 8. 
Hutchinson, Esq. 


26. 1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus rhesus), 9. Presented by Major 


Dudley Buckle, R.A. 
1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus sinicus), $. Presented by Mr. G. 
C. Gosling. 
1 Canadian Beaver (Castor canadensis). Born in the Menagerie. 
4 Chilian Pintail (Dajila spinicauda). Bred in the Menagerie. 
1 Common Viper (Vipera berus). Presented by Mr. A. H.N. 
Smith. 


. 2 Sooty Mangabey Monkeys (Cercocebus fuliginosus),2 9. Pre- 


sented by Mr. Edward Felton, R.E. 
1 Ocelot (Felis pardalis), §. Presented by E. Percy Bates, 
Ks 


q. 
. 2 Collared Fruit-Bats (Cynonycteris collaris). Born in the 


Menagerie. 


. 2 Grivet Monkeys (Cercopithecus griseo-viridis),3 9. Deposited. 


1 Axis Deer (Cervus axis), g. Born in the Menagerie. 

4 Kuropean Tree-Frogs (Hyla arborea). Presented by Lionel 
A. Williams, Esq. 

1 White-backed Trumpeter (Psophia leucoptera). Received in 
Exchange. 


- 1 Common Marmoset (Hapale jacchus). Presented by Miss 


Maud Bryden. 
1 Laughing Kingfisher (Dacelo gigantea). Deposited. 


. 1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus rhesus), 2. Presented by Miss 


Jessie Bone. 

1 Drill Baboon (Cynocephalus leucopheus), 2. Presented by 
the Rey. C. H. Richardson, 

1 Patas Monkey (Cercopithecus patas), 2. Presented by Master 
Lewis Levy. 

2 West-African Love-birds (Agapornis pullaria). Presented by 
Miss Ethel Levy. 


. 1 Grey Ichneumon (Herpestes griseus), 9. Presented by A. 


Creser, Esq. 
1 Salt-water Terrapin (Clemmys terrapin). Presented by Nicho- 
las Fenwick Hele, Esq. 


. 1 Ring-tailed Coati (Nasua rufa), 2. Presented by Mr. Robert 


Sentenally. 


. 4 Blue-bearded Jays (Cyanocorax cyanopogon). Purchased. 


1 Violaceous Night-Heron (Nycticorax violaceous). Purchased. 


. 1 Grey Ichneumon (Herpestes griseus), g. Presented by Miss 


A. Rutherford. 


ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 683 


Oct. 8, 4 Esquimaux Dogs (Canis familiaris, var.). Born in the Mena- 


10. 


11. 


13. 


15. 


16. 


17. 


18. 


20. 


gerie, 
1 Brazilian Hangnest (Zcterus jamaicai). Presented by T. R. 
Tufnell, Esq. 


. 1 Gazelle (Gazella dorcas), 9. Presented by Mrs. Eugenio 


Arbib. 

1 Alexandrine Parrakeet (Paleornis alexandri). Purchased. 

1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus rhesus), g. Presented by Miss 
Kate Marion Pope. 

2 Alpacas (Lama pacos). Deposited. 

5 Bare-necked Francolins (Francolinus nudicollis), 2 3,3 9. 
Presented by Capt. Larmer. 

2 Slow-worms (Anguis frayilis), Presented by Mr. Cecil L. 
Nicholson. 


1 Bennett’s Wallaby (Halmaturus bennetti), 9. Born in the 
Menagerie. 

1 Aisculapian Snake (Coluber esculapi:). Hatched in the Me- 
nagerie. 


cull Vulpine Phalanger (Phalangista vulpina), 2. Born in the 


Menagerie. 

1 Laughing Kingfisher (Dacelo gigantea). Presented by H. 
Butler, Esq. 

2 Upland Geese (Bernicla magellanica), $2. Deposited. 

3 Crested Pelicans (Pelecanus crispus), jr. Deposited. 

1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus). Presented by Miss 
Felix Smith. 

1 Brush-tailed Kangaroo (Petrogale penicillata), §. Presented 
by Capt. Philp. 

1 Cape Crowned Crane (Balearica chrysopelargus). Deposited. 

1 Laughing Kingfisher (Dacelo gigantea). Presented by Capt. 
Philp. 

1 Common Otter (Lutra vulgaris), 2. Presented by J. Crisp, 
Esq. 

1 Nilotic Trionyx (Trionyx niloticus). Received in Exchange. 

2 Toque Monkeys (Macacus pileatus), ¢ 2. Presented by Mrs. 
Ellen Hodson. 

1 Moustache Monkey (Cercopithecus cephus), 3. Presented by 
Andrew Allen, Esq. 

1 Grey Ichneumon (Herpestes griseus). Deposited. 

4 Snow-Geese (Chen albatus). Deposited. 

1 White-collared Mangabey (Cercocebus collaris),g. Presented 
by A. Dunn, Esq. 

2 Cockateels (Calopsitta nove-hollandie), $ 2. Deposited. 

1 Triangular-spotted Pigeon (Columba guinea). Bred in the 


Menagerie. 

2 Cambayan Turtle-Doves (T7wrtur senegalensis). Bred in the 
Menagerie. 

1 Indian Wild Swine (Sus cristatus), ¢. Received in Ex- 
change. 


1 Japanese Deer (Cervus sika), ¢. Presented by Capt. H. C. 
Kagles, R.M.L.I. From Corea. 

3 Virginian Opossums (Didelphys virginianus). Presented by 
G. F. Whately, Esq., R.N. 

1 Larger Hill-Mynah (Gracula intermedia). Deposited. 

4 Radiated Tortoises (Testudo radiata). Purchased. 

1 Common Chameleon (Chameleon vulgaris). Presented by G. 
Berry, Esq. 


684 


APPENDIX. 


Oct. 21. 1 Long-nosed Crocodile (Crocodilus cataphractus). Received in 
Exchange. 
22. 1 Ruffed Lemur (Lemur varius). Deposited. 
1 Starred Tortoise ( Testudo stellata). Presented by Mr. William 
Ford. 
1 Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Presented by G. A. 
Ruck, Esq. 
1 Little Grebe ( Zachybaptes fluviatilis). Presented by Mr. Bibby. 
23. 1 Common Seal (Phoca vitulina). Presented by Geo. Steven- 


31. 


Nov. 1. 


a) 


son, Esq. 
1 Red-crested Pochard (Fuligula rufina), §. Purchased. 
. 1 Malbrouck Monkey (Cercopithecus cynosurus), 2. Deposited. 
3 Red Deer (Cervus elaphus),1 3,2 2. Deposited. 


. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 3. Deposited. 


1 Large Hill-Mynah (Gracula intermedia). Deposited. 
. 2 White-tailed Gnus (Connochetes gnu), 3 Q. Deposited. 
1 Tawny Owl (Syrnium aluco). Presented by Mr. J. Weston. 
. 1 Puff Adder (Vipera arietans). Presented by Herbert E. 
White, Esq. From Marocco. 
1 African Cobra (Nata haje). Presented by Herbert E. White, 
Esq. From Marocco. 
. 1 Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus). Deposited. 
1 Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata). Purchased. 


. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (MJacacus sinicus), 2. Presented by Miss D. 


Hughes. 

1 Indian Fox (Canis, sp. inc.). Presented by Col. Sir Oliver 
B.C. St. John, KCSIL, F.Z.S. From Mysore. 

2 Hobbies (Falco subbuteo), Presented by Mons. P. A. Pichot. 

2 Edible Frogs (Rana esculenta, var. ridibunda). Deposited. 

1 Axis Deer (Cervus axis), 2. Presented by Capt. W. Miller. 

1 Crested Pigeon (Ocyphaps lophotes). Bred in the Gardens. 

1 Bolle’s Pigeon (Columba bollit), Bred in the Gardens. 

1 Pee Falcon (Falco peregrinus). Presented by Capt. J. 
Smith. 

1 Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus). Presented by 
Capt. A. Kent. 


1 Knot (Zringa canutus). Presented by Chas. Whymper, Esq., 
F.Z.S 


. 1 Ruffed Lemur (Lemur varius). Deposited. 
. 1 Yak (Poéphagus grunniens), 2. Deposited. 


1 Pallas’s Sand-Grouse (Syrrhaptes paradoxus), 9. Presented 
by John Duncan, Esq. From Fifeshire, N.B. 

1 Vervet Monkey (Cercopithecus lalandii), §. Presented by 
Miss Helena Blow. 

1 Common Genet (Genetta vulgaris). Presented by Lord Lil- 
ford, F.Z.S. 


. 1 Petz’s Conure (Conurus petzi). Deposited. 


2 White-tailed Eagles (Haliaetus albicilla). Presented by R. 
H. Venables Kyrke, Esq. 
4 Knots (Tringa canutus). Purchased. 
. 2Short-eared Owls (Otus brachyotus). Presented by Capt. 
John Marr. 


9, 1 Little Grebe (achybaptes fluviatilis). Presented by Mr. 


10. 


Howard Bunn. 


. 2 Apoted Ichneumons (Herpestes nipalensis). Presented by W. 
. Sclater, Esq., F.Z.S. 


ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 685 


Noy. 10. 1 Small-clawed Otter (Lutra leptonyx). Presented by W. L. 


Sclater, Esq., F.Z.S. See P. Z. 8. 1888, p. 564. 
1 Sclavonian Grebe (Podiceps auritus). Deposited. 
. L Spotted Salamander (Salamandra maculosa). Presented by 
F.C. S. Roper, Esq., F.Z.S. 
1 Chameleon (Chameleon vulgaris), Deposited. 
. 1 Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus). Presented by R. H. 
Armstrong, Esq. 
2 American Bitterns (Botawrus lentiginosus), Presented by J. 
B. Williams, Esq. 
2 Common Swans (Cygnus olor), 2 2. Deposited. 


5. 1 Indian Antelope (Antilope cervicapra), ¢. Presented by J. 


W. Shand-Harvey, Esq., J.P. 


16, 1 Samango Monkey ( Cercopithecus samango). Presented by L. 


B. Lewis, Esq. See P. Z. 8. 1888, p. 564. 

1 Himalayan Bear (Ursus tibetanus), 2. Presented by H. 8. 
Naylor-Leyland, Esq., Lieut. 2nd Life-Guards. 

1 Axis Deer (Cervus avis), 2. Presented by Lady Donaldson. 

1 Roseate Cockatoo (Cacatua roseicapilla). Presented by Mrs. 
Wond. 

. 2 Golden Plovers (Charadrius pluvialis). Purchased. 
1 Royal Python (Python regius). Deposited. 


19. 1 Black-eared Marmoset (Hapale penicillate), Presented by 


Miss B. Pollock. 
1 Tawny Owl (Syrnzwmn aluco). Deposited. 


2. 1 Malbrouck Monkey (Cercopithecus cynosurus), ¢. Presented 


by Miss Hilda Baumann. 
1 Californian Toad (Bufo boreas). Presented by D. E. Cardinall, 
Esq. 


q 
24, 1 American Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), 2. Presented 


by F. J. Coleridge Beles, Esq. 
. 2 Squirrel-Monkeys (Chrysothriz sciurca). Presented by Master 
H. B. Young. 
1 Raven (Corvus corav). Presented by Mr. C. Petrzywalski. 
1 Sparrow-Hawk (Acevpiter nisus). Presented by Mr. G. Skegg. 
1 Blue-cheeked Barbet (Megulema asiatica). Purchased. 
1 Golden-crowned Conure (Conurus aureus). Purchased. 
1 Golden-winged Parrakeet ( Brotogerys chrysopterus). Purchased. 
. 1 Silvery Gibbon (Hylobates leuciscus), 3. Presented by Capt. 
D. L. Delacherios. From Burmah. 
. 1 Lion Marmoset (Midas rosalia). Deposited. 


29. 1 Common Polecat (Mustela putorius). Presented by F. D. 


Lea Smith, Esq., F.Z.S. 
2 Common Barn-Owls (Stréz flammea). Presented by E. Hart, 
Esq., F:Z.S. 


30. 1 Pig-tailed Monkey (Macacus nemestrinus), 2. Presented by 


W. Merryweather, Esq. 


. 3 Dwarf Chameleons (Chameleon pumilus). Deposited. 
1 Black Salamander (Salamandra atra). Presented by G. A. 
Boulenger, Esq., F'.Z.S. 


4. 1 Hawk’s-billed Turtle (Chelone imbricata). Presented by Capt. 


v 


J. Sommer. 

1 Indian Crocodile (Crocodilus palustris). Presented by Capt. 
J. Sommer. 

2 eee Paradoxures ( Paradoxurus philippensis). Presented 
by Mr. Geo. P. Ogg. 


5. 1 Meyer’s Parrot (Paocephalus meyeri). Presented by Hugh 


Exton, Esq., M.D., F.G.S. 


Proc. Zoon. Soc.—1888, No. XLVI. dj 


12. 


13, 
14, 


15. 
17. 


19, 
21. 


APPENDIX. 


2 Common Quails (Cotwnix communis). Presented by W. H. 
St. Quintin, Esq., F.Z.S. 


. 1 Bald-headed Chimpanzee (Anthropopithecus calvus), 2. Pur- 


chased, See Nature, xxxix. p. 254 (1889),and P.Z.S. 1889. 
1 Molucca Deer (Cervus moluccensis). Born in the Menagerie. 
1 Common Guillemot (Lomvia troile), Presented by EH. Hart, 
Esq., F.Z.8. 


- 1 Brazilian Tapir (Tapirus americanus), g. Presented by 


Anthony Taaffe, Esq. From the Province of Parana, S. Brazil. 
1 Moorish Gecko ( Tarentola mauritanica). Presented by J. C. 
Warburg, Esq. 


. 1 Long-fronted Gerbille (Gerbillus longifrons), 9, Presented 
aay 


by Lionel Hanbury, Esq. 

1 Australian Cassowary (Caswarius australis). Deposited. 

5 Moorish Geckos (Zarentola mauritanica). Presented by J. 
C. Warburg, Esq. 

3 Barbary Turtle-Doves (Turtur risorius). Deposited. 

1 Nankeen Kestrel (Tinnunculus cenchroides). Presented by A. 
J. Wilkins, Esq. 

8 Wild Geese (Anser cinereus), Presented by E. S. Cameron, 


Esq. 

1 White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons). Presented by E. 8. 
Cameron, Esq. 

1 Herring-Gull (Larus argentatus).- Presented by E. S. 
Cameron, Esq. 

3 Black Tortoises (Testudo carbonaria), Presented by Leonard 
Cooper, Esq. From Matto Grosso, 8. Brazil. 

1 European Hawk-Owl (Sarnia ulula), Presented by Lord 
Lilford, F.Z.S. From Russian Finland, 

2 Galeated Pentonyces (Pelomedusa galeata). Presented by the 
Rev. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S. 

6 Robben-Island Snakes (Coronella phocarum). Presented by 
the Rey. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S. 

1 White Stork (Ciconia alba). Deposited. 

1 Yellow-footed Rock-Kangaroo (Petrogale xanthopus), 3. 
Born in the Menagerie. 

3 Common Partridges (Perdia: cinerea). Presented by the Rev. 
F. T. Scott. 

1 Egyptian Cat (Felis chaus). Deposited. 

1 Common Paradoxure (Paradoxurus typus). Deposited. 

1 Blue-fronted Amazon (Chrysotis estiva). Presented by Miss 

Hayes. 

2 Moorich Geckos (Tarentola mauritanica). Presented by 

Masters F. and O. Warburg. 


. 1 Ring-tailed Coati (Nasuarufa). Presented by J. W. Beil, Esq. 


2 Long-tailed Japanese Fowls (Gallus domesticus, var.). De- 
posited. 


24, 1 Prevost’s Squirrel (Seiwrus prevosti). Purchased. 


1 Pyxis Tortoise (Pyzis arachnotdes). Presented by Col. J. H. 
Bowker, F.Z.8. From Durban, Natal. 


. 1 Common Kestrel (Tinnunculus alaudarius). Presented by 


Mr. Thomas Austin. 


. 2 Concave-casqued Hornbills (Dichoceros bicornis). Deposited. 


2 Ceylonese Hanging Parrakeets (Loriculus astaticus), 3. 
Purchased. 


. 1 Rat-tailed Snake or Fer de Lance (Trigonocephalus lanceo- 


latus). Presented by the West Indian (Nat. Hist.) Explora- 
tion Committee. 


. 4 Ruffs (Machetes pugnaa). Purchased. 


Abisara 
gerontes, 67. 
Ablepharus 
boutonii, 534, 536. 
egeri@, 529, 530. 
Abraxas 
diversicolor, 325. 
Fuscescens, 324. 
intermedia, 324. 
pusilla, 325. 
ulmata, 325. 
Acanthaster 
echinites, 388. 
Acanthoclinus 
indicus, 264. 
Acanthomys 
leucopus, 482. 
Acanthylis 
caudacuta, 459. 
Accentor 
meontanellus, 463. 
Accipiter 
nisus, 461. 
Achxa 
Fasciculipes, 224. 


melicerte, 225, 315. 


Acherontia 
atropos, 587, 588. 
medusa, 587, 588. 
styx, 293, 587. 
Acidalia 
cernea, 227, 231. 
inductata, 322. 
relictata, 322. 
Acontia 
lucida, 309. 
ritseme, 222, 
solaris, 309. 
Acosmeryx 
anceus, 585. 
metanaga, 585. 
Acrea 
insignis, 66. 
lycoa, 66. 


INDEX. 


Acrea 
neobule, 66. 
perenna, 66. 
pseudegina, 66. 
sganzini, 66. 
stenolea, 66. 
vinidia, 65. 
(Planema)  johnstoni, 
91. 
(—) lycoa, 91. 
Acrobasis 
nigrescens, 336. 
Acrocephalus 
phragmitis, 20. 
Acrothinium 
cupricolle, 342. 
gaschkevitchi, 343. 
Actenia 
gnidusalis, 293, 332. 
Actias 
luna, 119. 
ningpoana, 63+. 
selene, 119, 298, 
634. 
Actinometra 
cumingi, 387. 
Jimbriata, 387. 
notata, 389. 
parvicina, 384, 387. 
Actinopygia 
echinates, 389. 
lecanora, 389. 
mauritiana, 389. 
miliaria, 389. 
Actitis 
hypoleucos, 457. 
Adela 
latifasciella, 338. 


| Adimonia 


multicostata, 351. 
Adisura 

delicia, 310. 

dulcis, 310, 

marginalis, 310, 


Adoretus 
tenuimaculatus, 376. 
Aigeria 
bicincta, 592. 
hector, 592. 
montis, 592, 654. 
odyneripennis, 592. 
tenuis, 592. 
Beialitis 
asiaticus, 49 
minor, 49, 467. 
mongola, 456. 
pecuarius, 49. 
placidus, 468. 
tricollaris, 49. 
JEgithalus 
capensis, 29. 
caroli, 29. 
musculus, 29. 
parvulus, 29. 
/Bgocera 
magna, 82. 
rectilinea, 82. 
tricolor, 81. 
venulia, 294. 
/£gosoma 
sinicum, 378. 
Aellopus 
hirundo, 97. 
/Emene 
fasciata, 605. 
inconstans, 33. 
minuta, 605. 
sagittifera, 392. 
teniata, 605. 


| A®olosoma 


ehrenbergi, 214. 
headleyi, 217, 
niveum, 217. 
quaternarium, 214, 
218. 
tenebrarum, 214. 
variegatum, 214, 215, 
216, 217. 
46* 


688 


/Ethopyga 
sanguinipectus, 277. 
wrayi, 276, 277. 

Agalope 

aes 295. 

Agapanthia 
amurensis, 380. 

Agapornis 
pullaria, 45, 

Aglia 
tau, 632. 
—, var. 

632. 

Aglossa 
casalis, 332. 
qnidusalis, 332. 
harpialis, 332. 
laminalis, 332. 
rufiflualis, 332. 

Agrisius 
guttivitta, 598. 
Japonicus, 598, 654. 

Acrotis 
aristifera, 304. 
corticea, 305. 
JFraterna, 305. 
ingrata, 305. 
intracta, 305. 
labyrinthica, 305. 
munda, 304. 
placida, 305. 
quadrisigna, 305. 
segetum, 505. 
suffusa, 305. 

Ahetulla 
emini, 51. 

Aix 
galericulata, 460. 

Akesina 
basalis, 396. 

Alamis 
umbrina, 313. 

Alauda 
arvensis, 464. 

Alavona 
barbarella, 338. 

Aleszeus 
pyramidalis, 245. 
spratti, 245. 

Alcedo 
ispidoides, 192. 

Alcelaphus 
cokei, 4. 
lichtensteini, 4. 

Alcides 
latona, 577, 580. 

Alcis 
iterata, 320, 32). 
nudipennis, 320, 
trikotaria, 320. 


Japonica, 


INDEX, 


| Aletia 
| albicosta, 410. 
exanthemata, 410. 
Fraterna, 410. 
obscura, 411. 
| rudis, 411, 
Alligator 
Tucius, 106, 489, 440. 
Aloa 
bifrons, 619. 
lactinea, 620. 
| leucothorax, 619. 
Alpenus 
| equalis, 82. 
|  flammeolus, 617. 
Alseonax 
| 


comitata, 25. 
Alyezus 
(Dioryx) urnula, 
245. 
Alytes 
obstetricans, 125, 145, 
164, 181, 503. 
Amadina 
Faseiata, 30. 
Amauris 
egialea, 91. 
hanningtoni, 91. 
hyalites, 57, 91. 
| Ambulyx 
consanguis, 585. 
maculifera, 58. 
placida, 390. 
schauffelbergert, 585. 
sericeipennis, 390. 
|  substrigilis, 589. 
| Amia 
| ealua, 424. 
Ampelophaga 
Jtasciosa, 391. 
rubiginosa, 583. 
Amphipyra 
flavicaudata, 312. 
magna, 312. 
/ monolitha, 312. 
| Ampullaria 
olea, 245. 
paludinoides, 245. 
wernei, Hd. 
Amuria 
cyclops, 597. 
Amydona 
leta, 628. 
Amyna 


cephusalis, 303, 304. 


stellata, 292, 303, 304, | 


O74. 


Amyna 
undulifera, 84, 292, 
303, 304. 


(llattia, Wk.) cephu- 
salis, 303. 


| Anaitis 


efformata, 331. 
plagiata, 331. 
vastata, 330. 
Anaplectes 
melanotis, 34. 
Anas 
boschas, 460. 
crecca, 460. 
falcata, 458. 
formosa, 460. 
superciliosa, 187. 
zonorhyncha, 458. 
Anceryx 
davidis, 589. 
increta, 589. 
pinastri, 588, 589. 
Anchomenus 
(Limodromas) magnus, 
371. 
Ancylolomia 
chrysographella, 337. 
Andraca 
gracilis, 625, 
Andropadus 
virens, 25. 
Anerastia 
sp., 336. 
Angerona 
stramineata, 319. 
Anisodactylus 
signatus, 369. 
tricuspidatus, 370. 
Anisodes 
suspicaria, 227. 
Anoa 
mindorensis, 415. 
Anomala 
aulax, 374. 
dubia, 374. 
Sritschii, 374. 
orientalis, 374. 
rufocuprea, 373. 
sieversi, 374. 
testaceipes, 374. 
(Euchlora) mongolica, 
374. 
(Paraspilota) impicta, 
374. 


| Anomalurus 


stigmatula, 292, 303, | 


304. 
stricta, 292, 303, 304. 


beecrofti, 8. 
pusillus, 8, 16. 
Anoplophora 
(Melanauster)chincnsis, 
379. 


Auser 
segetum, 460. 

Antedon 
adeone, 387. 
andersoni, 389. 
carinata, 387. 
conjungens, 389. 
elegans, 389. 
milberti, 389. 
palmata, 384, 387. 
reynaudi, 384, 

387. 

spicata, 389. 

Antherzea 
calida, 633. 
cytherea, 119. 
eimini, 84. 
Jentoni, 633. 
fraterna, 402. 
gueinzit, 84. 
hazina, 633. 
morosa, 635. 
mylitta, 119. 
pernyi, 633, 634. 
sivalica, 402, 403. 
wahlbergiti, 84. 


Antherea 
pentagonula, 384. 
Anthipes 
albifrons, 247. 
malayana, 247, 
272. 


moniliger, 247. 
solitaria, 247. 
submoniliger, 247. 
Anthocharis 
antevippe, 74. 
eione, T4. 
phlegyas, 73. 
Anthophila 
divergens, 222. 
marginalis, 310. 


Anthops 
ornatus, A477, 488, 
484. 
Anthrazantba 
davidis, 351. 
Anthreptes 


hypodila, 39. 

lonquemarii, 39. 

orientalis, 39. 

tephrolema, 39. 
Anthropopithecus 

troglodytes, 5, 16. 
Anthus 

cervinus, 28. 

gouldi, 27. 

yrrhonotus, 27. 

sordidus, 27. 
Anzabe 

sinensis, 611, 


INDEX. 


Apalis 
lepida, 21. 

Apatura 
iris, 120. 


| Apha 


tychoona, 627. 
Apheles 

gracilis, 378. 
Aphendala 

Fasciata, 403. 

sericea, 610. 
Aphodius 

apicalis, 372. 

pallidicornis, 372. 

4-punctatus, 372. 

sordidus, 372. 

urostigma, 372. 
Apogon 

arafure, 260. 

ellioti, 260. 
Apogonia 

cupreoviridis, 373. 

splendida, 373. 
Aporia 

crategt, 120. 
Aporodes 

meleagrisalis, 334. 
Aptenodytes 

pennanti, 665. 
Aquila 

rapax, 248. 


Arachnoides 


placenta, 388, 38). 


| Archaster 


typicus, 388, 389. 


| Archibuteo 


hemilasius, 454. 
Arctia 

punctigera, 618. 

rosacea, 618. 

seriatopunctata, 618. 
Ardea 

alba modesta, 468. 

cinerea, 468. 

Jugularis, 528. 
Ardeiralla 

flavicollis, 186, 203. 

woodfordi, 186, 202. 
Ardetta 

sinensis, 458. 


Arginea 
cingulifera, 83. 
Argiva 
purpurata, 57d. 
Argya 
rubiginosa, 24. 
Argynnis 


euphrosyne, 120. 


| Argyris 


cinerea, 298. 
maid, 647, 659. 


689 


Argyris 
plagiata, 647. 
superans, 647. 
superba, 647. 
Ariophanta 
cicercula, 537. 
myops, I3T- 
perpolita, 537. 
(Microcystis) mabele, 
536, 537. 
(—) mildrede, 536, 537. 
(—) normani, 536, 537. 


| Aroa 


alba, 621. 
discalis, 98. 
Jonasi, 647. 
Artaxa 
confusa, 632. 
conspersa, 623, 624. 
digramma, 297. 
flavinata, 623. 
fraterna, 297. 
guttata, 297. 
intensa, 623. 
limbata, 624. 
pulverea, 623, 655. 
pusilla, 297. 
scintillans, 624. 
subflava, 623. 
—, var. piperita, 623. 
sulphurescens, 399. 
trifasciata, 399. 
Artibeus 
perspicillatus, 129, 
Artomyias 
fuliginosus, 26. 
Asemum 
punctulatum, 378. 
striatum, 378. 
Asio 
accipitrinus, 454. 
Asperazileum 
giganteum, 290. 
japonicum, 290. 
vaginiferum, 290. 
Asphalia 
cinerea, 800. 
Aspidusternum 
metallicum, 87. 
Aspilates 
obliquaria, 324. 
susceptaria, 318. 
uvaria, 330. 
Asterina 
burtoni, 388. 
cepheus, 38+, 
389. 
Asthena 
ochracea, 321. 
Asthenosoma 
ures, 388. 


388, 


690 


Astrilda 
cinerea, 82. 
nonnula, 31, 32. 
Astropecten 
sp., 384. 
andersoni, 389. 
euryacanthus, 388. 
hemprichii, 384, 
389. 
notograptus, 389. 
polyacanthus, 388. 
Astrophyton 
clavatum, 388. 
Astropyga 
freuen 388. 
radiata, 388. 
Astur 
albiqularis, 
188. 
cuculoides, 461. 
dampieri, 183. 
holomelas, 182. 
palumbarius, 459. 
pulchellus, 187. 
shebe, 183, 
188. 
woodfordi, 183, 187, 
188. 
Astura 
punctiferalis, 579. 
Asymbata 
roseiventris, 98. 
Atalapta 
noveboracensis, 444. 
Atella 
columbina, 64. 
Aterica 
cupavia, 61. 
veronica, 61. 
Athene 
perlata, 47. 
Atherura 
africana, 15, 16. 
Atolmis 
japonica, 618. 
Atractaspis 
aterrima, 51. 
irregularvis, 51. 
Attacus 
atlas, 119. 
bauhine, 84. 
cynthia, 119, 634. 
pernyi, 139. 
pryeri, 634. 
vesta, 634. 
walderi, 634. 
Aurana 
sp., 231. 
Austenia 
erratica, 241. 
khyoungensts, 24). 


388, 


183, 487, 


187, 


ENDEX. 


/ Axylia 


putris, 409. 

triseriata, 409. 
Azanus 

moriqua, 68. 
Azazia 

rubricans, 226. 
Azemiops 

See, 266. 
Azinis 

assamensis, 338. 


Balzniceps 

rex, 284, 285, 286, 287, 

288. 

Balatzea 

egerioides, 594. 

octomaculata, 594. 
Barandra 

fumata, 396. 
Barbatula 

chrysocoma, 42. 

leucolema, 42. 
Barsine 

rhodophila, 602. 
Basiana 

bilineata, 587. 
Batis 

senegalensis, 26. 
Batrachylodes 

vertebralis, 98. 
Baza 

guadaleanarensis, 187. 
Bela 

pyramidalis, 567. 
Belenois 

agrippina, 79. 

calypso, 76, 77, 78. 

clytie, 76. 

dentigera, 78. 

gidica, 78. 

infida, 78. 

instabilis, 76. 

lordaca, 79. 

severina, 78. 
Bembecia 

odyneripennis, 592. 

pernix, 592, 654. 
Bessornis 

intermedius, 21. 
Bhima 

undulosa, 404. 
Bintha 

gracilis, 594. 
Bireta 

pallida, 621. 

plumvsa, 620, 655- 

straminea, 621. 
Rirgus 

latro, 529. 


Bizone 
hamata, 604. 
puella, 604. 
Blarina 
(Soriciscus) ber/andieri, 


Blatta 
livida, 547. 
Bleptina 
dimissalis, 226. 
Ffunestalis, 226. 
Blythipicus 
porphyromelas, 279. 
Boarmia 
compactaria, 546. 
iterata, 320. 
picata, 820. 
repandata, 120. 
damsana, 226. 
trikotaria, 329. 
Bocana 
erythusalis, 318. 
gravatalis, 545. 
metisalis, 226. 
syphoides, 226. 
Bociraza 
seprata, 576. 
vacuna, 576, 580. 


| Bombinator 


bombinus, 123, 125, 503, 
511. 
igneus, 123, 164, 181- 
Bombycilla 
garrula, 459. 
Bombyx 
abietis, 63%. 
esculi, 646. 
anachoreta, 636. 
anastomosis, 636. 
arundinis, 644. 
auriflua, 622. 
bicolor, 638- 
bicoloria, 638. 
bifida, 644. 
camelina, 640. 
castanea, 644. 
certhia, 635. 
chaonia, 639. 
chrysorrhea, 622. 
curtula, 636. 
curvatula, 649. 
dodonea, 640. 
ermine, 644. 
Sagi, 643. 
Fasciatella, 627. 
flaveola, 654. 
Surcula, 644. 
Fuscata, 65+. 
gonostigma, 626. 
griseola, 599. 
harpagula, 64% 


a 


Bombyx 
lubricepeda, 619. 
luctifera, 618. 
mandarinus, 626. 
menthastri, 618. 
milhauseri, 641. 
mori, 311, 626. 
neustria, 627. 
nuda, 605. 
ochreola,.600. 
palpina, 638. 
plumigera, 638. 
populifolia, 629. 
pruni, 627. 
purpurea, 616, 
quercus, 120. 
rosea, 602. 
russula, 616. 
sangaica, 621. 
sanguinolenta, 620. 
sinensis, 621. 
sinex, 603. 
tau, 632. 
terrifica, 641. 
trimacula, 640. 
v-nigrum, 622. 
vinula, 6438. 
unita, 599. 
(Saturnia) dauhinie,&84. 
—, var. arideola, 599. 
wallichii, 635. 

Bonasia 
betulina, 467. 

Botyodes 
asialis, 229, 

Botys 
abruptalis, 230. 
carnedlis, 335. 
convectalis, 334. 
corticalis, 335, 
ereondlis, 334, 
diffusalis, 335. 
lupulinalis, 335. 
neoclesalis, 334. 
nubilalis, 335. 
pangialis, 335. 
suspicalis, 334. 
tenuialis, 335. 

Brachycephalus 
ephippium, 172. 

Sapper ae da 
nipalensis, 273. 

Bradyornis 
pallida, 20. 

Bradytus 
brevipennis, 370. 

Brahmexa 
carpenteri, 635. 
certhia, 635. 
japonica, 635. 
mniszechi, 635. 


| 


INDEX, 


Brissus 
unicolor, 384, 388. 
Bryophila 
nigrivittata, 301. 
Bubalus 
indicus, 410. 
Bubo 
cinerascens, 47. 
ignavus, 461. 
maculosus, 47. 
Buceros 
plicatus, 249. 
Budytes 
flava, 27. 
Bufo 
calamita, 169, 182. 
regularis, 51. 
variabilis, 146, 149. 
variegatus, 169, 
viridis, 169. 
vulgaris, 169. 


Buphaga 
africana, 37. 
Burnesia 
leucopogon, 22. 
Butalis 


grisola, 26. 

latirostris, 465. 
Butastur 

rufipennis, 46. 
Buteo 

plumipes, 461. 
Butorides 

javanica, 187, 202. 
Bythinia 

alberti, 52, 54, 55. 

badiella, 54. 

walleri, 54, 55. 


Cacatua 
ducorpst, 
249, 
Caceecia 
simulana, 337. 
Cacomantis 


187, 188, 


tymbonomus, 187, 191. 


Cairina 
rutila, 469. 
Caligula 
Japonica, 633. 
Jonasi, 633. 
Callichroma 
bungii, 37°. 
Callicilix 
abrazxata, 648. 
Callidrepana 
argentifera, S74. 
scintillata, 574. 
Callidula 
JFelderi, 612 


691 


Calligenia 
pallida, 603. 
Callimorpha 
dominula, 120. 
glaucopis, 613. 
Calliostoma 
hungerfordi, 568, 570. 
Calliteara 
abietis, 631, 682. 
pseudabietis, 632. 
pudibunda, 631. 
—, var. concolor, 631. 
Callocardia 
guttata, 212. 
Callopistria 
exotica, 222, 
Callosune 
damarensis, 95. 
deidamioides, 95. 
eveninus, 95. 
vulnerata, 93. 


) Callula 


baleata, 172. 
picta, 172. 


Calobates 


melanope, 464. 
Caleenas 

nicobaricus, 248. 
Calorhamphus 

hayit, 281, 


| Calornis 


metallica, 187. 


| Calyphantria 


erythrogenys, 34. 
Camaroptera 
brevicaudata, 22. 


| Camponotus 


ligniperda, 5/1. 
melichloros, 551. 
Campothera 
maculosa, 41. 
nubica, 41. 
Camptoloma 
interiorata, 615. 
Cancellaria 
costifera, 568. 
fusca, 568, 570. 
Cancroma 
cochlearia, 288. 
Canis 
anthus, 2. 
aureus, 2. 
azar@, 2. 
chama, 2. 
dingo, 2. 
Sulvipes, 2. 
Sulvus, 2. 
griffithi, 2, 140, 
Javanicus, 2. 
lateralis, 2. 
latrans, 2. 


692 


Canis 
lupus, 1. 
mesomelas, 2. 
montanus, 265. 
niger, 2. 
occidentalis, 1. 
pallidus, 2. 
rudis, 2. 
velox, 3. 
virginianus, 2. 
vulpes, 2. 
Canna 
splendens, 412. 
Canthelia 
egnusalis, 336. 
lucida, 336. 
Capnodes 
stellata, 317. 
trifasciata, 317. 
Caprimulgus 
jotaka, 462. 
Carabus 
bilberg?, 368. 
fiduciaris, 381. 
ignimitella, 381. 
kiukiangensis, 381. 
lafossei, 381. 
tuberculosus, 368. 
van-volxemi, 368. 
(Coptolabrus) angus- 
tus, 381. 
Caradrina 
externa, 303. 
Jarinacea, 411. 
morpheus, 303. 
sabulosa, 303. 
Cardiosoma 
carnifex, 88. 
Carpocapsa 
pomonella, 338. 
Carpophaga 
brenchleyi, 186, 199. 
myristicivora, 522. 
rufigula, 199. 
vanwyckit, 521, 522. 
wharteni, 520, 521, 
522. 
Cassis 
cernica, 211, 213. 
Castalius 
isis, 69. 
Casuarius 
bennetti, 658. 
Cataclysta 
drusialis, 228. 
Catharsius 
cribricollis, 86. 
pithecius, 86. 
sesostris, 86. 
Catocala 
afghana, 35X15. 


INDEX, 


Catocala 

dotata, 314. 

Jonasei, 314, 315. 

nived, 313. 

patala, 314, 315. 

persimilis, 314. 
Catochrysops 

asopus, 68. 

cyclopteris, 68. 

osiris, 68. 
Catopsilia 

pyrene, 75. 
Cecropis 

daurica, 462. 
Ceira 

straminea, 621. 
Cephalotis 

peronii, 

~ 484, 
Cephanodes 

hylas, 294, 581. 
Cerastis 

subdolens, 306. 
Ceratites 

jaspideus, 87. 
Ceratobatrachus 

guentheri, 88, 90. 
Ceratoclasis 

barbicornis, 280. 
Ceratophrys 

americana, 170, 171. 


476, 4883, 


ornata, 170, 171, 182. 


Cerbera 
odollam, 119. 
Cerchneis 
alopex, 47. 
ardesiaca, 47. 
tinnenculus, 46. 
Cercopithecus 
samango, 564. 
Ceresium 
nigrum, 539, 540. 
simplex, 540. 
Cerianthus 
membranaceus, 859. 
Certhia 
cyanocephala, 39. 
familiaris, 463- 
verticalis, 39. 
Cerura 
bifida, 644. 
erminea, 401. 
furcula, 644. 
himalayana, 400. 
lanigera, 644. 
menciana, 644. 
vinula, 400, 401. 
Ceryle 
luqubris, A683. 
Cetonia 
brevitarsis, 377. 


Cetonia 
floricola, 370. 
marmorata, 377. 
seulensis, 377. 
submarmorea, 377. 

Ceyx 
solitaria, 193. 

Cheerocampa 
andamanensis, 
celerio, 220. 
clotho, 584. 
elpenor, 120, 584. 
erotus, 220. 

Fraterna, 584. 
Japonica, 584. 

lewisti, 584. 
macromera, 584, 
nessus, 584. 
oldenlandie, 120, 584. 

Cheetocneme 
cerymica, 97. 

Chalcophaps 
indica, 522. 
margarithe, 201. 
natalis, 522. 
stephani, 201, 522, 

523. 

Chaleosia 
appendiculata, 220. 
caudata, 612. 
pulchella, 295. 

Challa 
bimaculata, 395. 
quadrimaculata, 395. 


20. 


| Chameleon 


senegalensis, var. levi- 
gata, 50. 
Chapra 
mathias, 81. 
Charadrius 
damarensis, 49. 
fluviatilis, 49. 
Fulvus, 456. 
geoffroyt, 528. 
pecuartus, 49. 
tricollaris, 49. 
Charaxes 
antamboulou, 72. 
cowani, 72. 
kirki, 60. 
lucretius, 60. 
pollux, 60. 


Charnidas 
aurantiaca, 296. 
Chasmina 


cygnus, 222. 
glabra, 222. 


| Chelisoches 


morio, D47. 
Chelonia 
flavida, 616. 


Chelonia 

rubescens, Var. amuren- 

sis, 616. 

virgata, 529. 
Chelonomorpha 

japana, 613. 
Chersotis 

quadrisigna, 305. 

rectangula, 309. 
Chethocampa 

processioned, 654. 
Chilena 

similis, 297. 
Chilo 

chrysographella, 337. 
Chilonycteris 

rubiginosa, 129. 
Chionomera 

argentea, 606. 

superba, 606. 
Chirodota 

rufescens, 389. 
Chiroleptes 

australis, 170. 
Chiruromys, 

237. 

Sorbesi, 238, 239. 
Chlenius 

costiger, 369. 

hospes, 369. 

neviger, 369. 

virgulifer, 369. 
Chlamydoselachus 

anguineus, 126. 
Chloridops 

kona, 218. 
Chlorocichla 

gracilirostris, 24. 
Chlorospiza 

sinica, 466, 
Cheerotriche 

niphonis, 624, 625. 

squamosa, 624, 625. 

staudingeri, 624, 625. 
Chroicocephalus 

saundersi, 458. 
Chrostogastria 

brevivenis, 627. 
Chrysococcyx 

cupreus, 42, 
Chrysodema 

simplex, 538. 
Chrysomela 

Japana, 345. 

obscurofasciata, 346. 

virgata, 346. 
Chrysomitris 

spinus, 466. 
Chrysophlegma 

flavinucha, 280. 

puniceus, 279. 


{ 
| 


| 
| 


gen. nov., | 


INDEX. 


Chrysophlegma 
wrayt, 279. 
Cicindela 
chinensis, 368. 
gemmata, 368. 
japanensis, 368. 
raddei, 368. 
sylvatica, 368. 
Ciconia 
alba, 658. 
boyciana, 468. 
Cidaria 
amplicata, 328. 
brevifasciata, 330. 
jameza, 329. 
pamphilata, 330. 
rostrifera, 330. 
subrubescens, 329. 
thomasata, 329. 


Cifuna 
locuples, 632. 
Cimitra 
seclusclla, 338. 
Cineindela 
lobipennis, 380. 
Cinclus 
pallasi, 463. 
Cinnyris 


acik, 38. 
chloropygia, 38. 
cupred, 38: 
erythroceria, 38. 
Frenatus, 197. 
obscura, 38. 
superba, 38. 
verticalis, 38. 
Cinogon 
askoldensis, 585. 
cingulatum, 585. 
Circaétus 
cineraceus, 46. 
Circus 
@ruginosus, 45. 
cyaneus, 461. 
Cisticola 
cinerascens, 23. 
cisticola, 23, 
cursitans, 23. 
ferruginea, 23. 
hypoxantha, 23. 
todoptera, 22. 
ladoensis, 24. 
lateralis, 23. 
lugubris, 24. 
marginalis, 23. 
marginata, 23. 
mentalis, 22,23. 
nevia, 24. 
natalensis, 24. 
strangti, 24. 
tenella, 22. 


693 


Cisticola 

rufa, 23. 
Clamis 

bilineata, 583. 
Clangula 

glaucion, 469. 
Clanis 

bilineata, 587. 

deucalion, 587. 
Clausilia 

affinis, 244. 

(Pseudonenia) shanica, 

244, 

Cledeobia 

infumatalis, 832, 333. 
Cleis 

biplagiata, 572. 

hypoleuca, 572. 

nenia, 572, 580. 

nigrescens, 572. 
Cleopatra 

bulimoides, 54. 

emini, D4. 


Clisiocampa 


testacea, 627. 
Clitellio 
arenarius, 485, 487, 
488, 490, 491, 492, 
494, 495. 
ater, 485, 487, 488, 
489, 490, 492, 493, 
494. 
Clitumnus 
stilpnoides, 547. 
stilpnus, 547. 
Clostera 
anachoreta, 636. 
anastomosis, 636. 
—, var. orientalis, 
636. 
Clypeaster 
humilis, 384, 388. 
Clytanthus 
plebejus, 379. 


| Clytus 


capra, 379. 
Cneorana 
elegans, 350. 
femoralis, 350. 
fulvicollis, 350. 


Cnethodonta 
grisescens, 642. 
Cobitis 
tenia, 3. 
Coccothraustes 
vulgaris japonicus, 
466. 
Cocytodes 


modesta, 228. 
Colaspoides 
chinensis, 348. 


694 


Colaspoides 
Femoralis, 343. 
martini. 348. 
opaca, 343. 
spinipes, 343. 

Colias 
pyrene, 75. 

Coliuspasser 
axillaris, 33. 
MACTUTUS, BB. 

Collita 
@grota, 599. 

Collocalia 
esculenta, 520. 
Suciphaga, 108. 
natalis, 520. 
neglecta, 520. 
spodopygia, 194. 

Collolophus 
puniceus, 279. 

Colobocentrotus 
atratus, 388. 

Colobus 
guereza, 5. 

Colochirus 
armatus, 389. 

Colcenas 
nicobarica, 187. 

Colpodes 
amena, 383. 
splendens, 383. 
superlita, 383. 

Columba 
livia, 521. 
rupestris, 467. 

Columbella 
filbyi, 208, 213. 

Composia 


olympia, 120, 121. 


Copris 
ochus, 371. 
tripartita, 371. 
Coptocephala 
bifasciata, 341, 
342. 
kusteri, 342. 
nair, 342, 
Coptolabrus 
gehinii, 369. 
leechi, 369. 
schrenkii, 369. 


smaragdinus, 868. 


Coptops 
modica, 541, 
Coralliophila 
turrita, 209, 2138. 
Coraphites 
leucotis, 29. 
Corbicula 
pusilla, 5d. 
radiata, 5), 


INDEX. 


| Coremia 


livida, 329. 


Corinea 


mathewi, 580. 
Cornufer 
corrugatus, 88, 90. 
dorsalis, 90. 
guppyi, 90. 
solomonis, 88, 90. 
vitianus, 173. 
Corucia 
zebrata, 88, 90. 
Corvus 
Japonensis, 465. 
kawaiiensis, 218. 
orientalis, 459. 
Corycia 
mytylata, 323. 
Corydon 
sumatranus, 278. 
Coryphocera 
africana, 86. 
Corythaix 
leucolophus, 44. 
Corytheola 
cristata, 44. 
Corythura 
cinnamomea, 49. 
Cosmetornis 
verillarius, 40. 
Cosmia 
sp. u., 809. 
Cosmophila 
xcanthindyma, 223. 
Cossus 
cossus, 647. 
ligniperda, 646. 
vicarius, 646. 
Cossypha 
heuglint, 21. 
verticalis, 21. 
Cotile 
cincta, 40. 
Coturnix 
communis, 467. 
ussurianus, 467. 
vulgaris japonica, 
467. 
Cotyle 
sinensis, 454. 
Crambus 
luteellus, 337. 
Craspedia 
persimilis, 322. 
Cricetodipus 
flavus, 447, 448, 
449, 
parvus, 450. 
Cricetomys 
gambianus, 10, 16, 
480, 


Cricetulus 


pheus, 133. 


Cricetus 


aureolus, 133. 

aztecus, 133. 

californicus, 133. 

cinereus, 154. 

Srumentarius, 135. 

leucogaster, 133. 

leucopus, 133. 

longicaudatus, 133, 
134. 

mexicanus, 138. 

michiganensis, 133. 

mongolicus, 134. 

obscurus, 134. 

palustris, 133. 

taylori, 133. 

torridus, 133. 

truez, 133. 

(Onochymys) leucogas- 
ter, 445. 

(Rhipidomys) adi- 
manus, 133. 

(—) leucodactylus, 133. 

(—) mastacalis, 138. 

(—) selateri, 153. 

(—) sumichrasti, 133. 

(Thomasomys) cine- 
reus, 134. 

(Vesperimus) leucopus, 


(—) taylori, 446. 


Cricula 


trifenestrata, 119. 


Crinia 


varia, 170. 


Criniger 


guitturalis, 272. 
strepitans, 24. 
verreauxi, 24, 


Crinodes 


sommeri, 645. 


| Criocephalus 


rusticus, 378. 


Crioceris 


chinensis, 340. 
rugata, 340. 
triplagiata, 340. 


Crithagra 


barbuta, 37. 


Crocidura 


doriana, 7. 
Suliginosa, var. tri- 
chura, 517, 582. 


Crocodilus 


americanus, 439, 
niloticus, 439. 
porosus, 88, 90. 


Cromileptes 


altivelis, 258. 


Cropera 
testacea, 83. 
Crossarchus 
Sasciatus, 6. 
obscurus, 7, 16. 
zebra, 6, 16. 
Cryptobranchus 
japonicus, 434. 
Oryptocephalus 
OF wns, 341. 
crucipennis, 341. 
Cryptolopha 
davisoni, 271. 
montis, 271. 
trivirgata, 271. 
Cryptops 
hortensis, 556. 
inermipes, 556. 
Cryptosoma 
prestans, 241. 
Cueulus 
canorus 
466. 
clamosus, 42. 
cupreus, 42. 
gularis, 42. 
indicus, 466. 
validus, 42. 
Cucumaria 
assimilis, 389. 
forbesi, 389. 
Culicicapa 
ceylonensis, 271. 
Culcita 
grex, 388. 
nove-quinee, 388. 
schmideliana, 388. 
Curubasa 
cruentata, 310. 
Cuscus 
orientalis, 248. 
Cutia 
cervinicrissa, 276. 
nipalensis, 276. 
Cyanaleyon 
leucopygia, 193. 
Cyane 
decipiens, 604. 
Cyanopolius 
cyanus, 465. 
Cyanoptila 
cyanomelena, 465. 
Cyclobatis 
oligodactylus, 127, 
128. 
Cyclodus 
gigas, 100, 102. 
Cyclophorus 
sp., 245. 
crassalabella, 244. 
excellens, 245, 
fulguratus, 244. 


telephonus. 


INDEX. 


Cyclura 
nubila, 100. 
Cygnopsis 
cygnoides, 460. 
Cygnus 
musicus, 460. 
olor, 458. 
Cyligramma 
latona, 85. 
Cylindrodesmus, gen. 
nov., 558. 
hirsutus, 558. 
Cymatophora 
albicostata, 652. 
ampliata, 652. 
angustata, 652. 
arctipennis, 653. 
argenteopicta, 652. 
duplaris, 653. 
maxima, 658, 655. 
mirabilis, 651. 
octogesima, 652, 
653. 
ocularis, 652. 
or, 652. 
plumbea, 652. 
punctigera, 653. 
ruficollis, 653. 
tristis, 652, 655. 
Cymothoé 
cenis, 61. 
Cynonycteris ' 
brachyotus, 475, 483. 
484. 
Cypreea 
hungerfordi, 208. 
pyriformis, 208. 
Cyrena 
pusilla, 55. 
radiata, 55. 
Cyrstostomus 
Frenatus, 197. 
Cyrtacanthacris 
disparilis, 549. 
fusilinea, 549. 
melanocerus, 550. 
nigricorne, 550. 
Cyrtonotus 
nitens, 370. 
Cystidia 
stratonice, 614. 
Cytherea 
guttata, 213. 
(Caryatis) hungerfordi, 
212, 218. 
(—) isocardia, 213. 


Dactylethra 
capensis, 434. 
Dafila 
acuta, 460. 


695 


| Dahira 


rubiginosa, 391, 


Danais 


limniace, var. petive- 
rana, D7. 
Daphnusa 
colligata, 587. 
Dasaratha 
himalayana, 397. 
Dasychira 
abietis, 631. 
acronycta, 631, 642. 
amata, 632. 
argentata, 632. 
dalbergie, 399. 
inciusa, 399. 
lunuiata, 631, 642. 
pryeri, 631, 
pudica, 631. 
solitaria, 631. 
Dasymys 
gueinzti, 12, 16. 
Dasypeltis 
seabra, 51. 
Dasyprocta 
punctata, 129. 
Datanoides 
sp., 636. 
approximans, 636, 6387, 
655. 
Fasciata, 636, 637. 
Deilemera 
albipuncta, 573. 
Deilephila 
eras, 220. 
euphorbie, 120, 
galit, 120, 588. 
livornica, 293. 
rubiginosa, 583. 
Deiopeia 
cingulifera, 88. 
pulchella, 83, 120,121, 
615. 
Demas 
coryli, 120. 
Demiegretta 
sacra, 187, 202. 
Dendrobates 
tinctorius, 173. 
Dendrochelidon 
comata, 278. 
longipennis, 278. 
Dendrofalco 
esalon, 461. 
Dendrohyrax 
arboreus, 15. 
emini, 15, 16. 
Dendrophis 
calligaster, 88, 90. 
solomonis, 88, 90. 
Dendropicus 
lafresnayii, 40. 


696 


Dentalium 
compressum, 569, 570. 

Deomys, gen. nov., 130. 
ferrugineus, 130, 185. 

Desmobathra 
niphoplaca, 578. 

Destolmia 
insignis, 644. 

Diacrisia | 
arene, 615. 
russula, 615. 
subvaria, 616. 

Diadema 
bolina, 223. 
setosum, 388. 

Diapromorpha | 
trifasciata, 87. 

Diceum 
eneum, 197. 

Dichromia 
duplicalis, 226. 

Dicranura 
erminea, 644. | 
felina, 643. | 
vinula, 648. 

Didelphys | 
aurita, 129. 
cancrivora, 129. 
dimidiata, 353, 354, | 

355. 
marsupialis, 129. 
virginiana, 129. 

Dielephila 
romanovi, 583. 

Digama 
hearseyana, 295. 

Digenea 
albifrons, 247. 
leucops, 246. 
malayana, 247. 
moniliger, 247. 
solitaria, 247. 
submoniliger, 246, 247. 

Diludia 
increta, 589. 
nebulosa, 571. 

Dionychopius 
niveus, 620. 

Diphtera 
Jasciata, 408. 
pallida, 298. 

Diplotyla 
cyclospila, 230, 
ochrosema, 230. 

Dipodomys 
agilis, 448, 449. 

— minor, 448, 449. 
deserti, 449. 
phillipsi, 448. 

Dipsas 

irregularis, 88, 90. | 


| 


INDEX, 


Dirphia 
tarquinia, 119. 
Discoglossus 


pictus, 125, 164, 181, 


500. 
Dissodectes 
ardesiacus, 47. 
Distenia 
Japonica, 378. 
Docirava 
equilineata, 380. 
uvaria, 330. 
Dolichosticba 
perinephes, 230. 
Dolichus 
flavicordis, 371. 
Dorika 
sanguinolenta, 310, 
Doththa 
mesenterialis, 228. 


| Dracenura 


agramma, 229. 
asthenota, 229. 
myota, 229, 
Dragana 
pansalis, 545, 
Drepana 
acuta, 649. 
crocea, 649, 655. 
curvatula, 649. 
Jaleataria, 649. 
Slava, 649. 
harpagula, 648. 
hyalina, 401. 
Japonica, 648. 
lilacina, 401, 402. 
palleolus, 648. 
patrana, 648. 
scabiosa, 648. 
simillima. 402. 
Drepanulides 
rufulus, 654. 
palleolus, 648. 
Drymocataphus 


nigricapitatus, 275, 


Drymocichla 
incana, 21. 
Drymeca 
concolor, 23. 
mystacea, 22. 
Drymoica 
curvirostris, 24. 
natalensis, 24. 
stranget, 24. 
Drymonia 
chaonia, 639, 640. 
circumscripta, 643. 
delia, 640, 655. 
manleyi, 369, 565. 
permagna, 643. 
trimacula, 640, 


Dryoscopus 
affinis, 25. 
sulphureipectus, 25. 
Drypta 
dentata, 371. 


| Durgella 


levicula, 241. 


| Dyphlebia 


trimenii, 98. 
Dysgonia 
albivitta, 316. 
analis, 316. 
arctotenia, 316. 
conficiens, 316. 
latifascia, 316. 
olympia, 316. 


Eacles 

imperialis, 120. 
Farias 

chlorana, 606. 

chromataria, 605. 

limbana, 605. 

ochroleucana, 606. 

pudicana, 606. 

roseifera, 606. 
Echinaster 

purpureus, 384, 388. 
Kehinodiscus 

biforis, 384, 388. 
Echinolam pas 

oviformis, 384, 388. 
Echinometra 

lucunter, 384, 388. 

oblonga, 388. 
Echinoneus 

cyclostomus, 388. 
Kehinothrix 

calamaria, 888. 
Echinus 

angulosus, 388. 
Eclectus 

polychloros, 249. 

polychlorus, 187, 189. 
Edema 

nivilinea, 638, 655. 
Edoliisoma 


erythropygium, 184,196. 


erythropogon, 196. 

remotum, 184, 185. 
Egnasia 

erebina, 317. 
Elainea 

pagana, 107. 

ridleyana, 107. 
Eleysma 

translucida, 612. 
Eleotris 

ellioti, 262. 

hoedtii, 261. 

macrolepidota, 261. 


Elminia 
longicauda minor, 27. 
teresita, 27. 
Emballonura 
nigrescens, 
484. 
Emberiza 
castaneiceps, 465. 
fucata, 465. 
rustica, 456. 
spodocephala, 466. 
Embolophorus 
fricillus, 428. 
Eminia 
lepida, 21. 
Empusa 
egena, 88. 
Engina 
angulata, 210, 213. 
Enygrus 
bibronit, 90. 
carinatus, 88, 90. 
Enys 
anceus, 585. 
Eophona 
melanura, 456. 
Kos 
cardinalis, 187, 190. 
Epacromia 
rufostriata, 550. 
Epicopeia 
mencia, 612. 
simulans, 611, 655. 
Epifidonia 
signata, 323. 
Epilachna 
sp., 039. 
Epinephelus 
retouti, 259. 
Epomophorus 
Sranqueti, 7, 16. 
(Hypsignathus) 
strosus, '7, 16. 
Erastria 
mandschuriana, 609. 
vermiculata, 222. 
Erebangela 
melanauges, 230. 
Erebus 
albicinctus, 315. 
Eremomela 
elegans, 22. 
Erilita 
modestalis, 579. 
Eromene 
ocellea, 337. 
Eronia 
cleodora, 96. 
dilatata, 96. 
Erosia 
conchiferalis, 228. 


479, 483, 


mon- 


INDEX, 


Erythropygia 
ruficauda, 21. 
Erythrosterna 
luteola, 465. 
Erythrura 
prasina, 140. 
psittacea, 140. 
trichroa, 197. 
Esacus 
magnirostris, 201. 
Estigmene 
lactinea, 620. 
menthastri, 618. 
meerens, 618. 
Estrelda 
astrild, 32. 
atricapilla, 32. 
cinerea, 32. 
nonnula, 31. 
paludicola, 32. 
rhopopyg4, 32. 
subjlava, 32. 
Eterusia 
euchromoides, 
6138. 
pulchella, 295. 
remota, 612. 
triliturata, 295. 
Exoceetus 
altipinnis, 265. 
katopron, 265. 
Eubaphe 
brevicornis, 296. 
guniaria, 296. 
Eubolia 
nasifera, 331. 
Euchloé 
cardamines, 120. 
Euchlora 
viridis, 3874. 
Euchromia 
Fulvida, 82. 
ganumede, 571. 
octomaculata, 594. 
sperchius, 82. 
Eudragana, geu. nov., 
545. 
limbata, 545. 
Eudromias 
asiaticus, 49. 
Eudynamis 
cyanocephala, 191. 
Eudyptes 
chrysocome, 265. 
Eudyptula 
minor, 252, 258. 
Eugoa 
grisea, 604. 
obscura, 604, 655. 
Eumelia 
rosalia, 578. 


697 


Eumeta 
minuscula, 598. 
pryeri, 598. 
wardit, 598. 
Euphedra 
eleus, 61. 
Eupithecia 
sp., dal. 
quadripunctata, 331. 
trisignata, 331. 
Euplecta 
ataranensis, 2438. 
falcata, 243. 
helicifera, 243. 
mammillaris, 243. 
pansa, 248. 
pingoungensis, 242. 
Euplectes 
jflammiceps, 33. 
ladoensis, 38. 
taha, 33. 
Euplexia 
albovittata, 293, 308. 
pectinata, 293, 308. 
Euprepia 
catia, 617. 
pheosoma, 617. 
—, var. auripennis, 
617. 
Euproctis 
abdominalis, 398. 
irrorata, 545. 
postica, 398. 
pygmed, 297. 
Hupterote 
Jfraterna, 406. 
invalida, 406. 
Euptychia 
ocirrhoé, 60. 
Eurhipia 
bowkeri, 98. 
Huripus 
lucasioides, 79. 
Eurois 
auriplena, 308. 
virens, 308. 
Euryphene 
neophron, 91. 
plistonax, 61. 
violacea, 91. 
Eurystomus 
afer, 44. 
crassirostris, 
194. 
orientalis, 462. 
Eurytele 
dryope, 92. 
melicerte, 92. 
ophione, 92. 
Buschema 
pilosa, 576. 


187, 


698 


Kusemia 
japana, 613. 
siriella, 571, 580. 
villicoides, 6138. 
woodfordii, 571. 
Euspiza 
rutila, 456. 
Eustetha 
Alaviventris, 349. 


thoracica, 348, 349. 


Eutricha 
dolosa, 627. 
excellens, 627. 
fentoni, 627. 
pini. 627. 
remota, 628. 
zonata, 627. 


Falco 

alopex, 46. 

ardesiacus, 47. 

communis, 459. 

cuvieri, 46. 

hendersoni, 461. 

ruficollis, 46. 

subhuteo, 459, 461. 
Felis 

caligata, 6, 16. 

— domesticata, 6. 

serval, 5. 

servalina, 5, 6, 16. 
Fentonia 

levis, 644. 

ocypete, 644. 
Fierasfer 

homei, 265. 
Francolinus 

granti, 48. 

acterorhynchus, 48. 

pileatus, 48. 

ochrogaster, 48. 

shoanus, 48. 
Fratercula 

arctica, 252, 253. 
Fregata 

aquila, 529. 
Fringilla 

chloris, 218. 


montifringilla, 466. 


Fringillaria 
capensis, 37. 
forbesi, 37. 
major, 37. 
orientalis, 37. 

Fromia 
indica, 388. 
milleporella, 388. 
tumida, 388, 389. 

Frugilegus 
pastinator, ABD. 


INDEX. 


| Fulix 


fuligula, 460. 
marila, 460. 
Funiculina 


quadrangularis, 267. 


Galerita 
modesta, 28. 


| Galeruca 


Sulminans, 351. 
Galerucella 


punctatostriata, 351. 


Galago 
demidoffi, 5, 16. 


| Galerida 
cristata coreensis, 404. 


Galerita 
cristata, 29. 


| Gallicrex 


cinerea, 469. 
Gallinago 
hyemalis, 459. 
scolopacina, 468. 
stenura, 468. 
Gallus 
domesticus, 187. 
Gampola 
noctis, 614. 
Gampsorhynchus 
saturatior, 273. 
torquatus, 274. 
Ganoris 
rape, 76. 
Garrulus 
brandti, 465. 
Gastropacha 
alnifolia, 629. 
ilicifolia, 628. 
—, var. japonica, 
628. 
populifolia, 629. 
quercifolia, 629. 
vishnu, 298. 
Gavialis 
gangeticus, 439. 


| Gazella 


granti, 4. 

thomsoni, 4. 
Gecinus 

canus, 466. 

puniceus, 279. 
Gecko 

listeri, 535. 

pumilus, 530. 

vittatus, 90. 


| Gehyra 


oceanica, 88, 90. 
Gelastocera 

exusta, 606. 
Gelechia 

sp., 338. 


Genetta 
tigrina, 6. 

Geocorypha 
modesta, 28. 

Geoffroyius 


heteroclitus, 187, 189. 


Geometra 
miniata, 602. 
Georychus 
damarensis, 14. 
ochraceo-cinereus, 
16. 


Gerbillus 


sp., 10. 
leucogaster, 10. 
Gerres 
altispinis, 260. 
setifer, 260. 
Ghoria 
collitoides, 601. 


Glaphyra 


atomosa, 607. 
Glareola 
emini, 18, 49. 
megapoda, 49. 
nuchalis, 49. 
Glaucidium 
perlatum, 47. 
Globicera 
rufiquia, 187, 199. 
Glossophaga 
soricina, 129. 
Gluphisia 
indica, 405. 
Glutophrissa 
contracta, Td. 
epaphia, 75. 
malatha, 75. 
saba, 75. 
Glyeyphana 
bensoni, 377. 
cupreola, 376. 
Sulvistemma, 377. 
Jucunda, 377. 


—, var. argyrosticta, 


377. 
kuperi, 377. 
pilifera, 377. 
viridiopaca, 377. 
Glyphodes 
excelsalis, 579. 
stolalis, 229. 
Gnesia 
menippe, Ob. 
perenna, 66. 
pseudegina, 66. 
Gnophodes 
diversa, 58. 
Gnophos 
dispunctata, 321. 
isometra, 321. 


Gnophos 
mucidaria, 321. 
obtectaria, 321. 
perlita, 321. 

Gobius 
littoreus, 261. 

Godana 
simulana, 337. 

Golunda 
pulchella, 11. 

Gomalia 
elma, 81. 

Gomelia 
albofasciata, 81. 

Gonathothlibus 
erotoides, 220. 

Goniodiscus 
articulatus, 389. 

Gonitis 
solitrix, 223. 
vulpina, 223. 
canthochroa, 223. 

Gonoclostera 
latipennis, 636. 
timonides, 636. 

Gonodela 
fuscomarginata, 323. 
sinicarid, 323. 
streniataria, 325. 

Gonophora 
derasa, 650, 651. 
—, var. intermedia, 

651. 
derasoides, 651. 

Gonyocephalus 
godeffroyi, 99. 

Gorgopis 
niphonica, 645. 

Govirana 
bipars, 597. 

Graminodes 
aleyona, 225, 231. 
delta, 225. 
geometrica, 85. 
oculicola, 225. 
stolida, 317. 

Graministes 
punctatus, 260. 

Graphiphora 
canescens, 306. 
cognata, 307. 
comptu, 221. 
dahlii, 293, 306, 307. 
ravida, 306. 
valida, 305. 

Graucalus 
elegans, 187. 
holopolius, 184, 196. 
- pectoralis, 25. 
pusillus, 184, 187, 196. 
sclatert, 187, 196. 


INDEX, 


Grus 
leucauchen, 468. 
leucogeranus, 657. 
viridirostris, 468. 
Gryllacris 
rufovaria, 548. 
tessellata, 548. 
variabilis, 548. 
Gymnodactylus 
marmoratus, 529, 534. 
pelagicus, 90. 
Gymnophthalmus 
guadrilineatus, 352. 


Habropyga 
hypomelena, 31. 
enochroa, 31. 
subflava, 32. 
tenerrima, 32. 

Habrosyne 
derasa, 406. 
fraterna, 406. 
indica, 407. 

Hadena 
adjuncta, 308. 
chenopodii, 308. 
thalassina, 808. 

Hematopus 
osculans, 459. 

Halcyon 
coromandus, 454. 
leucopygia, 187, 193. 
pileatus, 462. 
sancta, 187, 193. 
saurophaga, 187, 193. 
tristramt, 193. 

Haliaetus 
albicilla, 453. 
branickii, 451. 
leucogaster, 187, 188. 
pelagicus, 452, 453. 

Haliastur 
girrenera, 187, 188. 

Hamanumida 
dedalus, 61. 

Haplodactyla 
andamanensis, 337. 
australis, 385, 387, 

389. 

Hapsifera 
seclusella, 338. 

Harpactes 
erythrocephalus, 280. 
hodgsoni, 280. 
kasumba, 280. 
oreskius, 280. 

Harpalus 
chalcentus, 870. 
crates, 370. 
griseus, 370. 
rugicollis, 370. 


699 


Harpalus 
tardus, 370. 
Harpyia 
major, 476, 488, 
484. 


ocypete, 644. 

taczanowskii, 648. 
Heceatera 

modesta, 309. 


| Heleioporus 


albopunctatus, 170. 


| Helithis 


armigera, 309. 
peltigera, 309. 
Helix 

akoutangensis, 242. 

boralli, 211, 213. 

cyclostremoides, 
213. 

huttoni, 242. 

oldhami, 242. 

succinecta, 212. 

(Gevesella) hariola, 
242. 

(Planispira) seudptu- 
rita, 242. 

(Plectopylis) perarcta, 
248 


212, 


(—) ponsonbyi, 248. 
(Lrachia) elarus, 242. 
(—) emensus, 242. 
Hellula 
undalis, 335. 
Heloderma 
suspectum, 266. 
Hewmaris 
affinis, 582. 
alternata, 581, 582. 
bombylliformis, 581. 
eynniris, 220. 
eynoglossum, 120. 
JSusiformis, 391, 581. 
hylas, 511. 
mandarina, 581. 
radians, 581. 
. saundersit, 294. 
sieboldi, 582. 
simillima, 391. 


| Hemerophila 


su/iplagiata, 320. 


| Hemidactylus 


brookii, 50. 


Hemieuryalid, 384. 


Hemiplecta 
humphreysiana, 242. 
zimmayensis, 241. 


| Hemitubifex 


benedii, 494. 

insignis, 494. 
Henucha 

delegorquei, 84. 


700 


Hepialus 
emulus, 645. 
excrescens, 645, 646. 
hectus, 645. 
pauperatus, 646. 
velleda, 645. 
Herbula 
cespitalis, 334. 
meleagrisalis, 334. 
Herpznia 
iterata, 96. 
melanarge, 96. 
Herpornis 
xantholeuca, 275. 
Hesperia 
bixe, 97. 
forestan, 81. 
inconspicua, 81. 
keithloa, 97. 
mathias, 81. 
Hesperomys 
longicaudatus, 134. 
obscurus, 134. 
Heteraspis 
imperialis, 345. 
nitidissima, B45. 
vestita, 345, 
Heterocampa 
basistriga, 400. 
Heterogenea 
conjuncta, 611. 
flavidorsalis, 611. 
, var. fuscicostalis, 
611. 
fulgens, 609, 655. 
hilarata, 610. 
hilarula, 610. 
princeps, 610. 
uncula, 609. 
Heterolocha 
phenico-teniata, 319. 
Heteropan 
dolens, 220, 231. 
Heterophasia 
simillima, 274. 
Heteropoda 
venatoria, 561. 
Heteroscele 
incanus, 457. 
Hipposiderus 
cervinus, 478, 483, 484. 
diadema, 478, 483, 484. 
tricuspidatus, 478, 483, 
484. 
Hippotion 
celerio, 293. 
Hirundo 
Jilifera, 40. 
gordoni, 40. 
gutturalis, 462. 
rustica, +0. 


INDEX. 


Hirundo 
semirufa, 40. 
smithi, 40. 
tahitica, 187, 194. 
Hololepta 
sp., 538. 
Holothuria 
albida, 389. 
argus, 389. 
atra, 385, 389. 
cadelli, 389. 
cesarea, 389. 
edulis, 389. 
fusco-cinerea, 389. 
imitans, 389. 
impatiens, 389. 
insignis, 389. 
lineata, 389. 
maculata, 389. 
marmorata, 385, 389. 
monacaria, 385, 389. 
nigra, 387. 
ondaatjei, 389. 
papiliata, 389. 
pardalis, 389. 
peregrina, 389. 
scabra, 389. 
spinifera, 389. 
vagabunda, 385, 387, 
389. 
Homalattus 
auratus, 561. 
Homeea 
clathrum, 317. 
Homoptera 
vilis, 313. 
Homopus 
areolatus, 251. 
Jfemoralis, 251. 
signatus, 251. 
Hopatrum 
sp., 538, 
Hoplia 
rufipes, 372. 
Hoplocephalus 
melanurus, 88, 90. 
par, 89, 90. 
porphyriaca, 89. 


woodfordii, 88, 89, 90. 


Hoplopterus 
spinosus, 49. 

Hoplosternus 
Japonicus, 373. 

Hormisa 
eramboides, 317. 


| Hulodes 


caranea, 575. 
Hupodonta 

corticalis, 639. 
Hyamia 

sp., 226. 


Hyamia 
palpitalis, 226. 
Hyblza 
puera, 223. 
Hybocampa 
milhauseri, 641. 
Hyboma 
divisa, 408. 
strigosa, 409. 
Hydrillodes 
sp., 545. 
erythusalis, 318, 
gravatilis, 545. 
Hydrocampa 
aquatilis, 579. 
tortalis, 334. 
Hyla 
albopunctata, 167, 168. 
arborea, 167, 169, 181, 
496, 497, 498, 500, 
d01, 511. 
buergeri, 205. 
cerulea, 146, 151, 160, 
167, 181, 498, 501, 


511. 
ewingit, 167. 
Sreycineti, 167, 497, 


501, 511. 
lichenata, 151, 167, 169, 
501. 
lutea, 90. 
macrops, 88, 90. 
peronit, 167, 498, 499, 
501, 502, 511. 
thesaurensis, 90. 
Hyleocarcinus 
humii, 568, 564. 
natalis, 561, 563, 564. 
Hyliota 
flavigastra, 26. 
orientalis, 26. 
Hylipsornis 
aden: 37. 
Hylodes 
martinicensis, 170, 503. 
Hyloicus 
caligineus, 588. 
davidis, 589. 
pinastri, 588. 
Hylophila 
prasinana, 606. 
sylpha, 606, 607. 
Hymenia 
Sascialis, 229. 
recurvalis, 229, 333. 
Hypanis 
acheloia, 64. 
goetztus, 64, 
dlithyia, 64. 
Hypargus 
monteiri, 30. 


INDEX, 701 


Hypena Hypsomadius Junonia 
abducalis, 317. insignis, 650. bodpis, 62, 68. 
angustalis, 317. Hyreus cebrene, 62. 


chorimene, 64. 


lingeus, 69. 
clelia, 62. 


columbaris, 317. 
curviferalis, 317. 


laceratalis, 317. Ibis cloantha, 63. 
semiclusalis, 576. nippon, 468. cuama, 63. 
Hypercompa — sinensis, 468. gelami, 64. 
histrio, 617. Icambosida here, 62, 63. 
Hyperythra dorsalis, 394. infracta, 56, 63. 
limbolaria, 318. Icteropsis micromeri, 64. 
lutea, 318. crocata, 35. ocyale, 62. 
luteata, 318. Ictidonyx orithyia, 62. 


pelargo, 64. 
sophia, 63. 
swinhoei, 62, 63. 


penicillaria, 318. zorilla, 7. 
Hyphantica Idea 
cardinalis, 33. mutanda, 322. 


hematocephala, 33. pallida, 322. terea, 64. 

Hyphantornis Iguana wallacei, 62. 
abyssinica, 36. tuberculata, 100. westermanni, 62. 
crocata, 34. Tlattia 


Karana 


dimidiata, 36. 
decorata, 407. 


guerini, 34. 


cephusalis, 303. 
Lliberis 


habessinica, 36. sinensis, 595. similis, 407. 
luteola, 35. Tllibris Katha 
ocularius, 34. sp. ?, 595. aprica, 599. 


vitellinus, 35. sinensis, 595. Kerivoula 


Hypocala trista, 595. hardwicket, 484. 
plumicornis, 224. Ilyodrilus 
Hypochera coccineus, 494, Labidura 
to, 119. Indicator nigricornis, 546. 
Hypolais emint, 18, 43. Lacerta 
pallida, 20. major, 43. muralis, 501. 
Hypolimnas Ino Lachana 


chinensis, 595. ladakensis, 398. 
Todis Lachnocnema 
checometa, 227, 577. durbani, 68. 


alemene, 542, 543. 
antigone, 543, 544, 
bolina, 543. 


inaria, 61. minutata, 577. Lachnosterna 
listeri, 542. Isopteryx sp., 373. 
mistippus, 60, 61, signiferalis, 230. diomphalia, 373. 
montrouzieri, 543. Ispida morosa, 373. 
mosleyi, 543. bengalensis, 463, parallela, 373. 
naresit, 543. Ispidina Lacides 

nerina, 542. picta, 41. ficus, 295. 
otaheite, 548. Txalus Lelia 


pallescens, 543, 544. 
pulehra, 543. 
salmacis, 61. 
Hypolycena 
phillipus, 69. 


Juscus, 205. 
leucorhinus, 173. 
opisthorhodus, 205. 
saxicola, 205. 
schmardanus, 503. 


cenosa, 621. 
gigantea, 621. 
sinensis, 621. 


Lagamnum 


decagonale, 384, 388. 


silvaticus, 205. depressum, 384, 388, 
Txidia 389. 

cyaniventris, 272. Lagarus 
aberrans, 370. 


(Tatura) packalica, 69. 
Hyponomeuta 

assamensis, 338. 

millepunctatellus, 338. 


padi, 338. Jana nimbatus, 370. 
Hypopyra gracilis, 83. suleitarsis, 370. 
capensis, 98. strigina, 83. Lagonosticta 
extricans, 315. Jartheza melanogastra, 31, 
Hypsa chrysographella, 337. minima, 31. 
diana, 572. Junonia enochroa, 31. 
semifusca, 572. albicincta, 62, 63. rara, 31, 
woodfordi, 221, 231. amestris, 63. senegala, 31. 
Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1888, No. XLVII. 47 


702 


Lagoptera 
aan 316. 
magica, 224. 
miniacea, 224, 

Lagyra 
myciterna, 577. 
talaca, 577. 

Lamia 
adelpha, 379. 
textor, 379. 

Lamiomimus 
gottschei, 379. 

Lampides 
cyclopteris, 68. 

Lamprococeyx 
basalis, 191. 

Lamprocolius 
splendidus, 37. 

Lamprocorax 


grandis, 187, 198. 


minor, 198. 
Laniarius 


sulfureipectus, 25. 


Lanius 
excubitor, 291. 
gubernator, 25. 
minor, 657, 662. 
raddei, 291. 


sphenocercus, 464. 


vittatus, 291. 
Laphria 
aurifacies, 555. 


nigrocerulea, 5d. 


Laphris 

emarginata, 301. 
Laphygma 

exigua, 304, 

squalida, 221. 
Larentia 

bosora, 228, 231. 

conturbata, 327. 
Laria 

l-nigrum, 622. 
Larus 

cachinnans, 458. 

eburnea, 292. 
Larvivora 

sibilans, 455. 
Lasiocampa 

Fasciatella, 627. 

pruni, 627. 

remota, 628. 

strigula, 297. 
Laurion 

remota, 612. 
Lebeda 

hebes, 628. 
Lebia 

caligata, 382. 

chrysomyia, 382. 

celestis, 381. 


INDEX. 


Lebia 
duplex, 382. 
Jusea, 382. 
lafossei, var. celestis, 
381. 
canthophana, 382. 
Leiothrix 
mitrata, 274. 
Lema 
melanopa, 351. 
Leocyma 
diane, 222. 
tibialis, 222. 
Lepidodactylus 
guppyi, 90. 
woodfordi, 90. 
Lepista 
limbata, 98. 
pandula, 98. 
Lepocestes 
porphyromelas, 279. 
pyrrhotis, 279. 
Leptaulax 
sp., 538, 540. 
timoriensis, 540. 
Leptodactylus 
albilabris, 170. 
pentadactylus, 179, 
182. 
Leptopoma 
mouhoti, 536, 537. 
Leptosoma 
aolaensis, 578. 
leuconoé, 83. 
sexmaculatum, 573. 
Leptura 
atra, 378. 
cincta, 378. 
succedanea, 378. 
(Pidonia) gibbicollis, 
378. 
(Stenura) arcuata, 
378. 
Lepus 
cuniculus, 434. 
timidus, 434. 
Leucania 
sp., 074. 
bifasciata, 410. 
bistrigata, 292, 801. 
extranea, 301. 
griseifasciata, 410. 
inferens, 221. 
irrorata, 409. 
l-album, 292, 301. 
loreyt, 301. 
penicillata, 292, 301. 
percisa, 410. 
unipuncta, 301. 
Leucinodes 
exemptalis, 335. 


Leucoma 
auripes, 622. 
brevicornis, 621. 
subjlava, var. piperita, 
ILO. 
subvitrea, 621. 
Leucophasia 
sylvicola, 70. 
Ligdia 
adustata, 325. 
coctata, 325. 
Lima 
concentrica, 207, 215. 
confusa, 208. 
dunkeri, 208. 
excavata, 207. 
goliath, 207. 
Japonica, 208. 
laminifera, 208. 
lata, 208. 
smithi, 207, 213. 
tahitensis, 208. 
torresiana, 208. 
zealandica, 207. 
Limacodes 
castaneus, 609. 
conjuncta, 611. 
hilaris, 610. 
Limantria, 
dispar, var. japonica, 
630. 


Limenitis 
sibylla, 120. 
Limnas 
alcippoides, 57. 
alcippus, 57. 
chrysippus, 57, 61. 
klugti, 57, 61. 
Limnocarcinus 
intermedius, 563, 
564. 
Limnodynastes 
dorsalis, 170. 
tasmaniensis, 170, 
182. 
Limonidromus 
indicus, 278, 464. 
Limosa 
lapponica bauer, 
457. 
Lina 
ignitincta, 351. 
Linckia 
levigata, 384, 388. 
pacifica, 388. 
Liocheles 
australasie, 556. 
Liparis 
xanthorrhea, 297. 
Liptena 
sanguinea, 67. 


Liptena 
undularis, 67. 

Lithosia 
adaucta, 599. 
egrota, 599. 
affincola, 600, 654, 
aprica, 599. 
coreana, 600, 654. 
cribrata, 599. 
debilis, 599. 
deplana, 600. 
gigantea, 601. 
griscola, 599. 
helveola, 600. 
immaculata, 600. 
Japonica, 600, 654, 
levis, 600. 
muscerda, 599. 
pavescens, 600. 
striata, 602. 
unita, 599. 
vetusta, 600. 

Littorina 
grano-costata, 536. 
insularis, 536. 

Lobivanellus 
inornatus, 457, 

Lobopelta 
diminuta, 551. 

Locustella 
JFasciolata, 455. 

Lophoceras 
fasciatus, 41. 

Lophocosma 
atriplaga, 641. 

Lophopteryx 
camelina, 640. 
cuculla, 640. 
ladislai, 640. 
pryert, 641. 

Lophura 
sangaica, 583. 

Lophuromys 
aii iechadue 14. 
sikapusi, 138, 14, 

16. 

Lorius 
cardinalis, 249. 
chlorocercus, 

190. 

Lovenia 
elongata, 384, 388. 

Loxia 
curvirostra albiventris, 

466. 

Loxioides 
bailleni, 218. 

Luidia 
sp., 384. 

Porkicifer, 389. 
hardwickii, 384, 388. 


187, 


INDEX, 


Luidia 
maculata, 384, 388, 
389. 
Luperodes 
nigripennis, 350. 
Lutianus 
argentimaculatus, 260. 


Lutra 


leptonyx, 564, 
Lyceena 
asopus, 68. 
corydon, 120. 
knysna, 69. 
moriqua, 68. 
osiris, 68. 
pulchra, 68. 
Lycmnesthes 
princeps, 69. 
Lycaon 
pictus, 7. 
Lycauges 
demissus, 322. 
relictata, 322. 
Lygzeus 
longiusculus, 553. 
subrufescens, 553. 
Lygodactylus 
gutturalis, 50. 
Lygosoma 
albofasciatum, 88, 
anolis, 90. 
concinnatum, 90. 
cyanogaster, 88, 90. 
cyanurum, 88, 90. 
nativitatis, 529, 534, 
536. 
nigrum, 88, 90. 
smaragdinum, 90. 
solomonis, 90. 
woodfordi, 90. 
Lygropis 
Sth antler 229. 
Lymantria 
albofascia, 629, 655. 
aurora, 629. 
—, var. fusca, 629, 
655. 
carnecolor, 399. 
concolor, 399. 
dispar, 630. 
Sumida, 630. 
japonica, 630. 
marginata, 399. 
monacha, 681. 
nigra, 399. 
pusilla, 399. 
superans, 298. 
umbrosa, 630. 
Lymnodynastes 
tasmaniensis, 503. 


703 


Lyncornis 
temminckt, 278. 
Lyssidia 
mutata, 577. 


Macaria 
streniataria, 323. 
Macrochlamys 
consepta, 241. 
Macrocorax 
woodfordi, 185, 
187, 198, 249. 
Macroglossa 
sp., 220. 
affinis, 582. 
bombylans, 582. 
Sulvicaudata, 571. 
pyrrhosticta, 582. 
saga, 582. 
saundersii, 294. 
steboldi, 582. 
stellatarum, 582. 
Macroglossus 
australis, 476, 483, 
484, 


186, 


minimus, var. australis, 
476. 
Maecronus 
ptilosus, 275. 
Macronyx 
croceus, 28. 
Macropteryx 
comatus, 278. 
longipennis, 278. 
mystacea, 187, 194. 
Macropygia 
rufo-castanea, 187, 
200. 
Macrosila 
inexacta, 588. 
Mechotypa 
Suliginosa, 380. 
Magulaba 
mestalis, 317. 
Mahasena 
hockingti, 397. 
Malacomys 
Serrugineus, 130. 
longipes, 11, 16. 
Malletia 
angulata, 208, 215. 
Mamestra 
brassice, 302. 
chalybeata, 302. 
dolorosa, 302. 
nigerrima, 302. 
stoliczke, 302. 
Manis : 
tricuspis, 16. 
Marasmia 
qwurea, 230. 


47* 


704 


Marasmia 
erilitalis, 230. 
Mareca 
penelope, 460. 
Maretia 
alta, 388. 
Margaronia 
utlitalis, 579. 
glauculalis, 229, 
oceanitis, 229. 
transvisalis, 334. 
Maruca 
aquatilis, 579. 
Masalia 
tosta, 411. 
Mecistocephalus 
castaneiceps, 558. 
Mecistura 
trivirgata, 464. 
Megabias 
flammulata, 27. 
Megaderma 
Frons, 8. 
Megaleema 
versicolor, 280. 
Megalixalus 
madagascariensis, 173, 
503. 
Megalophonus 
fischeri, 28. 
Megapodius 
brenchleyt, 187, 201, 
249. 
Megasoma 
venustum, 298. 
Melampus 
Jasciatus, 536. 
luteus, 586. 
Melanzma 
venata, 601. 
Melanargia 
galathea, 120. 
Melania 
sp., 245. 
liricincta, 52, 58. 
tuberculata, 52. 
Melanippe 
Jlavistrigata, 329. 
fluctuata, 329. 
restituta, 3205. 
Melanitis 
determinata, 58. 
helena, 58. 
leda, 58. 
solandra, 58. 
Melanochlora 
sultanea, 277. 
Melanocichla 
bicolor, 268. 
lugubris, 274. 
peninsularis, 274. 


INDEX, 


Melasoma 
octodecimpunctata, 346. 
18-punctata, 346. 
20-punctata, 346, 347. 

Melierax 
niger, 46. 
polyzonus, 45. 

Melittia 
anthredoniformis, 590. 
bombyliformis, 590. 
chaleiformis, 590. 
eurytion, 590. 
indica, 392, 590. 
kulluana, 392. 
nepcha, 392. 

Melocichla 
mentalis, 22. 

Melonycteris 
melanops, 484. 

Menophra 
subplagiata, 320. 

Mergus 
albellus, 460. 
merganser, 460. 
serrator, 460. 

Merula 
chrysolaus, 518. 
erythropleura, 517. 
Javanensis, 518. 
vitiensis, 518. 

Mesia 
argentauris, 276. 

Mesoprion 
garretti, 260. 

Mesosa 
hirsuta, 379. 
Japonica, 379. 
myops, 379. 

Mesotrosta 
abyssa, 222. 

Metachrostis 
contingens, 412. 

Metagastes 
bieti, 587. 

Metalia 
sternalis, 384, 388. 

Miana 
inornata, 303. 

Micra 
innocens, 222. 

Mieracantha 
sp., d41. 
abdominalis, 541. 

Microdonta 
bicolora, 638. 

Microhyla 
sp., 172. 

Microleon 
longipalpis, 610. 

Micronia 
hermea, 227, 231. 


Micronia 
hyemalis, 228. 
Microphalera 
grisea, 642. 
Micropternus 
brachyurus, 279. 
Microscelis 
amaurotis, 464. 
Miglyptes 
tukki, 279. 
Miltochrista 
aberrans, 603. 
artaxidia, 604. 
bivittata, 603. 
butleri, 603, 655. 
calamina, 603. 
inscripta, 602. 
mactans, 601. 
miniata, 602, 603. 
pallida, 603. 
pulchra, 601, 602. 
rhodophila, 602, 603. 
rosaria, 602. 
striata, 602. 
torrens, 603. 
Milvus 
etolius, 46. 
korshun, 46. 
melanotis, 461. 
migrans, 46. 
Mimerastria 
mandschuriana, 609. 
Mimastra 
cyanura, 351. 
Mimela 
chinensis, 375. 
Jfusania, 375. 
gaschkevitschi, 375. 
luteipennis, 375. 
simplex, 375. 
splendens, 375. 
Mimeusemia 
persimilis, 613. 
Miniopterus 
australis, 478, 479. 
schreibersi, 478, 479, 
483, 484. 
—, var. pusillus, 478. 
Mino 
kreffti, 187, 198. 
Minolia 
biangulata, 569. 
chinensis, 569, 570. 
Mirafra 
apiata, 28. 
bucolica, 28. 
sabota, 28. 
Miresa 
conjuncta, 611. 
inornata, 611. 
quadrinotata, 403. 


Miresa 
suffusa, 403. 
Mitra 
brione, 566, 570. 
corrugada, 566. 
exquisita, 565, 570. 
millepunctata, 566, 
570. 
vulpecula, 566. 
Mixornis 
guaris, 275. 
Moira 
stygia, 388. 
Molge 
cristata, 504. 
palmata, 504. 
waltlii, 504. 
Molossus 
obscurus, 129. 
Moma 
champa, 299. 
Monarcha 
brodiez, 195. 
castaneiventris, 
194, 195. 
erythrosticta, 185, 
195. 
rufo-castanea, 186, 194, 
195. 
rufonotata, 187. 
Monedula 
daurica, 465. 
Monitor 
bengalensis, 99. 
gouldi, 99. 
niloticus, 106. 
Monocystis 
lumbrici, 355 
porrecta, 356. 
Monohammus 
miaxtus, 540. 
nativitatis, 539, 540. 
Monolepta 
Alaviventris, 351. 
Monticola 
solitaria, 463. 
Morio 
orientalis, 588. 
Motacilla 
flava, 27. 
leucopsis, 464. 
ocularis, 464. 
Mugil 
carinatus, 264. 
klunzingeri, 264. 
Murex 
senegalensis, 565. 
superbus, 565, 570. 
Mus 
sp., 13. 
alleni, 18. 


186, 


INDEX, 


Mus 

brown, 484. 

coucha, 13. 

decumanus, 534. 

delicatulus, 481. 

erythroleucus, 13. 

everetti, 534. 

gueinzit, 12. 

imperator, 479, 480, 
481, 483, 484, 534. 

infraluteus, 534. 

Javanus, 534. 

kaiseri, 4, 12, 16. 

macleari, 517, 532, 533, 
534. 

macrolepis, 13. 

mettada, 135. 

microdon, 13. 

minimus, 13. 

minutus, 237. 

musculotdes, 13. 

musculus, 446, 447. 

nativitatis, 517, 5388. 

pretor, 481, 482, 483, 
484. 

rattus, 481. 

rex, 480, 481, 483, 484, 
534. 

rufinus, 12, 16. 

salamonis, 481, 483. 

silaceus, 13. 

terre regine, 482. 

trivirgatus, 481. 

univittatus, 12, 16. 

(Isomys) abyssinicus, 
12 


(—) barbarus, 11, 
16. 

(Leggada) minutoides, 
13, 16. 


(Lemniscomys) barba- 
rus, Var. Massaicus, 
11. 

Muscicapa 

grisola, 26. 

infulata, 26. 
Muscicapula 

hyperythra, 270. 

maculata, 270. 

superciliaris, 270. 

westermanni, 270. 
Muscipeta 

affinis, 270. 
Musophaga 

rossé, 43. 
Mustelus 

antarcticus, 122. 
Mycalesis 

caffra, 58. 

eusirus, 58. 

ingusta, 58. 


Mycalesis 
perspicua, 59. 
safitza, 59. 

Myelois 
bractiatella, 332. 
carnea, 336. 
convergens, 336. 
urbicella, 336. 

Myiagra 
Serrocyanea, 195, 196, 
pallida, 196. 

Mylothris 
chloris, 70. 
clarissa, 70. 
narcissus, YD, 
popped, 70. 
trimenia, 95. 

Myrina 
silenus, 70. 

Mytilus 
edulis, 488. 

Myzomela 
sharpei, 186, 197. 


Nacaduba 

aluta, 544. 
Nannophrys 

ceylonica, 1738. 
Nasiterna 

aole, 186, 189. 

Jinschi, 186, 189. 
Nasua 

nasica, 129, 
Nera 

princeps, 610. 
Nectarinia 

acik, 38. 

azic, 38. 

cuprea, 88. 

cyanocephala, 38. 

erythroceria, 38. 

pulchella, 38. 
Nemeophila 

macromera, 615. 

—, var. leucomera, 

615. 

metalkana, 616. 

plantaginis, 615, 
Neophron 

percnopterus, 657. 
Neopus 

malayensis, 268. 
Neotoma 

floridana, 444. 
Nepanthia 

suffarcinata, 389. 
Nephele 

jaspetes 293. 
Nepheronia 

argia, 96. 

popped, 96. 


706 


Nephila 
nigritarsis, 560, 561. 
Nephopteryx 
sp., 231, 
Nepita 
anila, 296. 
conferta, 296. 
Neptis 
agatha, 65. 
goochii, 92. 
marpessa, 65. 
melicerte, 92. 
nemetes, 69. 
saclava, 65. 
Nerice 
bidentata, 638. 
bipartita, 638. 
davidi, 638. 
Nesocentor 
milo, 187, 191. 
Nesokia 
bandicota, 480. 
Nesonycteris 
woodfordi, 476, 483. 
Neusterophis 
atratus, 51. 
Nigrita 
arnaudi, 29. 
Niltava 
grandis, 272. 
lewoprocta, 272. 
Ninox 
JSorbest, 527. 
granti, 183, 187, 188, 
527. 
hantu, 527. 
hypogramma, 527. 
jacquinoti, 527. 
Japonicus, 461. 
natalis, 525, 526, 527. 
punctulata, 184, 527. 
squamipila, 527. 
superciliaris, 527. 
variegatus, 527. 
Niphonissa 
arida, 320. 
Nisus 
niger, 46. 
Noctua, 
armigera, 309. 
corstiata, 224, 
corticea, 305. 
deplana, 600. 
depressa, 609 
exigua, 304, 
ficus, 295 
illibata, 224. 
nt, dil. 
orichalcea, 312. 
peltigera, 309. 
rubicunda, 602. 


INDEX, 


Noctua 
segetum, 305, 
stolida, 317. 
Nodostoma 
leechi, 344, 345. 
modestum, 345. 
Nola 
albulalis, 608. 
candida, 607. 
centonalis, 607. 
chlamitulalis, 607. 
confusalis, 608. 
costimacula, 608. 
fumosa, 608. 
gigas, 608, 609. 
leodura, 609. 
mandschuriana, 609. 
mandschurica, 608. 
microphasma, (07. 
minutalis, 607, 655. 
striqulosa, 608. 
triangulalis, 
655. 
Nomophila 
noctuella, 335. 
Nonema 
flavescens, 610. 
Northia 
eybele, 596, 654. 
dirce, 596, 654. 
psychina, 596. 
sinensis, 595, 596, 
655. 
tenuis, 596, 655. 
Notarcha 
sp., 280. 
Notodonta 
lineata, 639. 
meticulodina, 689. 
monetaria, 639. 
trepida, 654. 
ziczac, 120. 
(Lophocosma) afri- 
plaga, 641. 
Nototrema 
Jissipes, 219. 


608, 


marsupiatwm, 167, 219, 


501, 511. 
oviferum, 219. 
Nucifraga 
caryovatactes, AG5. 
Nudaria 
mundana, 605. 
muscula, 605. 
nubilosa, 604. 
senex, 605. 
Numenes 
disparilis, 629. 
interiorata, 615. 
Numenius 
cyanopus, 459. 


Numenius 
pheopus variegatus, 
458. 
variegatus, 187, 201. 
Numida 
ptilorhyncha, 48. 
Nychitona 
sylvicola, 70. 
Nyctemera 
aluensis, 573. 
eaxtendens, 573. 
horites, 573. 
leuconoé, 83. 
Nycticorax 
caledonicus, 186, 2038, 
204. 
mandibularis, 186, 203, 
204. 
manillensis, 186, 203, 
204. 
Nyctinomus 
brasiliensis, 444, 
gracilis, 129. 


| Nyetipao 


albocineta, 315. 
caliginea, 515. 
variegata, S79. 


Oberea 
marginella, 380. 
vittata, 380. 
Ochetodon 
mexicanus, 447. 
Ochropleura 
c-nigrum, 307. 
cognata, 807. 
denticulata, 307. 
flammatra, 307. 
triangularis, 307. 
Ocneria 
Surva, 631, 655. 
terebynthi, 631. 
Ocnus 
Javanicus, 389. 
typicus, 389. 
Odonestis 
albomaculata, 628. 
—,var. askoldensis, 628. 
excellens, 627. 
—, var. wnicolor, 
627. 
leta, 628. 
potatoria, 628. 
superans, 627. 
Odynerus 
confluentus, 552. 
polyphemus, 551. 
CEdienemus 
affinis, 49. 
inornaius, 48. 
senegalensis, 48. 


(Kona 

dolosa, 628. 

segregata, 628. 

spectabilis, 628. 
(Xonistis 

dives, 599. 

nigricosta, 598, 634. 

quadra, 598, 599. 
Oidemia 

americana, 469. 
Oligocercus 

rufescens, 22. 
Oligostigma 

vagalis, 334. 
Oligura 

microura, 22. 
Omaseus 

fortis, 371. 

rotundangulus, 370. 
Oniscia 

cancellata, 568. 

macandrewi, 567, 

570. 
ponderosa, 568. 


Oniticellus 
phaneoides, 372. 
Onthophagus 


fodiens, 371. 
lenzii, 371. 
rugulosus, 371. 
solivagus, 372. 
Ophiactis 
savignii, 388. 
Ophiarachna 
incrassata, 388. 
Ophideres 
fullonica, 224. 
materna, 84. 
Ophiocampsis 
pellicula, 388, 
Ophiocnemis 
marmorata, 388. 
Ophiocnida 
sexradia, 388. 
Ophiocoma 
ethiops, 388. 
brevipes, 388. 
erinaceus, 384. 
scolopendrina, 388. 
Ophioglypha 


amphitrites, 283, 284. 


Ophiolepis 
annulosa, 388. 
cincta, 388. 
nodosa, 388. 
Ophiolophus 
' novarie, 388. 
Ophiomastix 
annulosa, 388. 
Ophiomaza 
cacaotica, 384, 388. 


INDEX. 


Ophiopeza 
assimilis, 282, 284. 
congungens, 282, 285. 
Ophiophragmus 
affinis, 388. 
difficilis, 388. 
Ophiopinax 
stellatus, 386. 
Ophioplocus 
imbricatus, 388. 
Ophiothela 
holdsworthi, 388. 
Ophiothrix 
andersoni, 388. 
comata, 388. 
galatee, 388. 
hirsuta, 388. 
longipeda, 384, 388. 
martensi, 388. 
merguiensis, 388. 
nereidina, 384, 388. 
punctolimbata, 388. 
variabilis, 388. 
variegata, 388. 
Ophisaurus 
gracilis, 352. 
Ophisma 
letabilis, 224. 
Ophiusa 
angularis, 85. 
arctotenia, 225. 
elegans, 316. 
myops, 225. 
olympia, 316. 
Ophthalmis 
lincea, 571. 
Oreaster 
lincki, 384, 388. 
reinhardti, 388. 
superbus, 384, 388. 
thurstoni, 384, 385, 
388. 
westermanni, 388. 
Oreocincla 
varia, 463. 
Oreta 
calceolaria, 650. 
calida, 649. 
obtusa, 298. 
pulehripes, 650. 
turpis, 649. 
Orgyia 
approximans, 626. 
gonostigma, 626. 
punctatella, 631. 
simplex, 297. 
thyellina, 625, 626,655. 
Oriolus 
diffusus, 464. 
Ornithoptera 
cervilliana, 117, 119. 


| Otis 


707 


Ornithoptera 
duvilliana, 250, 
priamus, 117. 
regineg, 117, 118, 119. 
victori@, 116, 118, 119, 
250. 
Orthorhamphus 
magnirostris, 201. 


| Orthosia 


externa, 303. 
Orthotomus 

erythropterus, 22. 
Ortygospiza 
atricollis, 32. 


dybowskii, 456. 

melanogaster, 48. 
Otomela 

lucionensis, 464. 
Otus 

myron, 120. 
Oxira 

ochracea, 298, 306, 309. 
Oxyodes 

clytia, 224. 
Oxypleura 

bufo, 553. 

calypso, 553. 

polita, 553. 


Pachycephalus 
astrolabi, 187, 196. 
Pachycoccyx 
validus, 42. 
Pachydrilus 
verrucosus, 489. 
Pachyprora 
senegalensis, 26. 
Peederus 
sp., 538. 
Paida 
obtrita, 604. 
obtusa, 604. 
Palimpsestis 
albidisca, 408. 
orbicularis, 407. 
renalis, 407. 
Palla 
varanes, 60. 
Paludicola 
bibronit, 170. 
Paludina 
unicolor, 52, 53. 
Paludomus 
ornatissima, 245, 
Pandesma 
benenotata, 313. 
quénavadi, 313. 
Pandion 
haliaetus, 459. 
leucocephalus, 187, 188. 


708 


Panesthia 
javanica, 547. 

Panopea 
lucretia, 61, 63. 

Papilio 
agatha, 65. 
ajax, 120, 121. 
amestris, 63. 
anacardit, 64. 
antheus, 79. 
asterias, 120. 
beticus, 68. 
bonasia, 65. 
brigitta, 70. 
bromius, 80. 
cenis, 61. 
calypso, 77. 
cepheus, 66. 
chloris, 70. 
chrysippus, 57. 
clelia, 62. 
clountha, 63. 
columbina, 64. 
constantinus, 97. 
cupavia, 61. 
cynorta, 80. 
dedalus, 61. 
demoleus, 80. 
edipus, 81. 
eponina, 65. 
eleus, 61. 
erinus, 80. 
forestan, 81. 
gerontes, 67. 
goetzius, 64. 
harpax, 70. 
hesperus, 81. 
ilithyia, 64. 
inaria, 61. 
isis, 69. 
leonidas, 80, 
lingeus, 69. 
lucretia, 61. 
lucretius, 60. 
machaon, 120. 
menippe, 66. 
misippus, 60. 
morania, 120, 121. 
nireus, 120, 121. 
ophidicephalus, 97. 
pelarga, 64. 
philonoé, 97. 
podalirtius, 120. 
policenes, 79, 120, 121. 
pollux, 60. 
poppea, 7G. 
porthaon, 120, 121. 
pylades, 80, 
ridleyanus, 80. 
salmacis, 61. 
severina, 78, 79. 


INDEX. 


Papilio 

silenus, 70. 

solandra, 58. 

sylvia, 76. 

terea, 64. 

troilus, 120. 

turnus, 120. 

tyndereus, 80. 

varanes, 60. 

veronica, 61, 
Parzgus 

listeri, 5388, 539. 
Paralina 

Jfallaciosa, 351. 

impressiuscula, 391. 
Paraponyx 

Sragmentalis, 334, 

gangeticalis, 334. 

vagalis, 334. 
Parasa 

hilaris, 610. 

hockingit, 403. 

consocia, 610. 

sinica, 610. 
Pardaleodes 

edipus, 81. 
Parisoma 

plumbeum, 27. 
Parnara 

inconspicua, 81. 
Parnassius 

apollo, 120. 
Paropsides 

12-maculata, 348. 

hieroglyphica, 348. 

nigrofasciatus, 348. 
Parus 

ater, 455. 

leucomelas, 29. 

minor, 464. 

niger, 29. 

varius, 464. 
Pasiphila 

catastnepta, 228. 
Passer 

emini, 36. 

montanus, 466. 

motitensis, 36. 

rufocinctus, 36. 
Patula 

macrops, 315, 375. 
Pectinura 

capensis, 282, 284. 

infernalis, 282. 

intermedia, 384, 386, 

388, 389. 
gorgonia, 384, 386, 
388. 

maculata, 281. 

marmorata, 386. 

ramsayi, 281, 284. 


Pectinura 

stellata, 386. 
Pectunculus 

glycimeris, 570. 

yessoensis, 570. 
Pelobates 

Fuseus, 165, 181. 
Pelochyta 

astre@a, 572. 
Pelodytes 

punctatus, 165, 181, 

504. 

Pelomedusa 

subrufa, 50. 
Peloryctes 

inquilina, 487, 488, 

489, 490. 

Pempheris 

malabarica, 260. 

mangula, 260. 

molucca, 260. 

russelli, 260. 
Penicillaria 

nugatria, 222. 
Pennatula 

bellissima, 135. 

naresti, 139. 
Pentacitrotus 

vulneratus, 295, 296. 
Penthetria 

axillaris, 33. 

macroura, 3d. 
Penthina 

revayana, 607. 

—, var. russiana, 607. 
Pentholza 

clericalis, 20. 
Pentila 

acrea, 67. 

—, var. sanguinea, 


undularis, 67. 
Perameles 

cockerelli, 484. 
Percis 

cylindrica, 260. 
Pergesa 

mongoliana, 583. 

velata, 583. 
Perichxta 

nove-zelandia, 357. 
Pericrocotus 

brevirostris, 269. 

cinereus, 465. 

croceus, 269. 

igneus, 269. 

neglectus, 269. 

pulcherrimus, 269. 

rubrolimbatus, 269. 

solaris, 269. 

wrayi, 269, 


Peridea 

cinerea, 642. 

gigantea, 643. 
Perigea 

leucospila, 303. 
Perina 

bipars, 597. 
Pernis 

apivorus, 459. 
Perognathus 

fasciatus, 449, 
Petaurus 


breviceps papuanus,484, 


Petrognatha 
gigas, 87. 
Petroscrites 
striatus, 262. 
Pheochlena 
solilucis, 576. 
Phaéthon 
phenicurus, 528, 529. 
flavirostris, 528. 
Phalena 
angustalis, 333. 
dispar, 6380. 
euphemia, 81. 
hecta, 645. 
lactinea, 620. 
lupulina, 335. 
mori, 626. 
muscerda, 599. 
neustria, 627. 
pudibunda, 631. 
recurvalis, 33d. 
stratonice, 614. 
tau, 632. 
undalis, 335. 
venulia, 294. 


(Attacus) cynthia, 634. 


(—) macrops, 315. 
(Bombyx) caja, 617. 
—) chrysorrhea, 622. 
(—) fuliginosa, 618. 
(—) ilicifolia, 628. 
(—) l-nigrum, 622. 
(—) monacha, 631. 
(—) pini, 627. 

(—) plantaginis, 615. 
(—) potatoria, 628. 
(—) pruni, 627. 

(—) purpurea, 616. 
(—) quercifolia, 629. 
(—) russula, 615. 

(—) salicis, 622. 

(—) sannio, 616. 
(Geometra) lutea, 318. 
(—) sacraria, 85, 324. 
(Noctua) esculi, 646. 
(—) archesia, 315. 
(—) brassica, 302. 
(—) chenopodii, 808. 


INDEX. 


Phalena 
(Noctua) c-nigrum, 
307 


(—) derassa, 650. 
(—) fammatra, 307. 
(—) geometrica, 85. 
(—) lalbum, 301. 
(—) latona, 85. 
(—) lucida, 309. 
(—) materna, 84. 
(—) melicerte, 315. 
(—) pyrina, 646. 
(—) quadra, 598. 
(—) suffusa, 305. 
(—) sylvina, 82. 
2 ) fascialis, 333. 
(—) tyres, 334. 
Phalanger 
orientalis breviceps, 
482, 483, 484. 
Phalera 
bucephala, 574. 
flavescens, 642. 
Fuscescens, 641. 
javana, 574. 
peruda, 574, 580. 
sigmata, 641. 
tenebrosa, 641. 
Phasianus 
colchicus, 416. 
decollatus, 267. 
principalis, 140. 
satchenensis, 415. 
shawi, 415. 
strauchi, 267. 
tarimensis, 415. 
torquatus, 416, 467. 
vlangali, 267. 
Phassus 
herzi, 646. 
signifer, 646. 
sinensis, 646. 
Pheosa 
fasciata, 401. 
Pheropsophus 
Jjessoensis, 371. 
Phibalapteryx 
nigripunctata, 327. 
nigrovittata, 327. 
tersata, 328. 
Philampelus 
achemon, 120. 
Philentoma 
intermedium, 271. 
pyrrhopterum, 271. 
velatum, 271. 
Phileterus 
arnaudi, 29. 
Phisis 
listeri, 547. 


yralis) duplaris, 658. 


709 


Phlogenas 
sp., 201. 
Jobiensis, 201. 
johanne, 186, 200. 
solomonensis, 186, 187, 
200. 


Phoneus 

bucephalus, 464. 
Photoscotosia 

amplicata, 328. 

mintosata, 328. 
Phragmatecia 

castanea, 644. 
Phrissura 

sylvia, 76. 
Phrixolepia 

sericea, 609, 610. 

hryne 

vulgaris, 146. 

(Bufo) vulgaris, 145. 
Phryniscus 

eruciger, 172, 173. 

levis, 172, 173, 


182. 
varians, 172, 173. 
Phycodes 
hirudinicornis, 337. 
minor, 337. 
Phyletis 
inconspicua, 323. 
pelloniaria, 323. 
Phyllacanthus 
annulifera, 384, 388. 
imperialis, 388. 
verticillata, 888. 
Phyllergates 
cucullatus, 273. 
Phyllobates 
bicolor, 206. 
limbatus, 206. 
melanorhinus, 206. 
trilineatus, 206. 
trintatis, 206. 
Phyllobrotica 
ornata, 349. 
Phyllodes 
imperialis, 575. 
Phyllolais 
pulchella, 21. 
Phyllomedusa 
dacnicolor, 167, 181. 
hypochondrialis, 167. 
Phyllopertha 
conspurcata, 373. 
octocostata, 374. 
Phyllopneuste 
borealis, 463. 
coronata, 463. 
schwarzii, 455. 
superciliosa, 463. 
trochilus, 20. 


710 


Phylloscopus 
trochilus, 20. 

Phyllostrophus 
sharpii, 24. 
strepitans, 24. 

Phytodecta 
jlavipennis, 347. 
rufa, 347. 


tredecimmaculata, 347. 


Pica 


caudata japonica, 465. 


Picus 
leuconotus, 466. 
major, 466. 
nubicus, 41. 
Pidorus 
atratus, 613. 
glaucopis, 613. 
Pieris 
agrippina, 79. 
gidica, 78. 
idotea, 96. 
matuta, 75. 
orbona, 76. 
ortygna, 76. 
piged, 75. 
Piezorhynchus 
brodiei, 195. 
Pinacopteryx 
ortygna, 76. 
piged, 75, 
Pipa 
americana, 181, 504. 
Pipastes 
agilis, 455, 
Planema 
aganice, 91. 
lycoa, 66. 
montana, 91. 
Planorbis 
stanleyi, 52, 55. 
sudanicus, 52, 55. 
Platalea 
tenuirostris, 48. 
Platamonia 
stenosoma, 229. 
Plateumeta 
aurea, 597. 
Platurus 
fasciatus, 90. 
Platychasma 
virgo, 637. 
Platydactylus 
mauritanicus, 501. 
Platyglossus 
roseus, 264, 
Platylophus 
ardesiacus, 269, 
Platystira 
cyanea, 26. 
senegalensis, 26. 


INDEX, 


| Plecoptera 


refleca, 313. 
Plectrophanes 
nivalis, 459. 


. Pleonectusa 


metaleucalis, 229. 
modestalis, 579. 
parallela, 229. 
Pleretes 
bellatrix, 83. 
pactolicus, 82. 
thelwalliz, 83. 
tigris, 83. 
Plesioneura 
biseriata, 97. 
galenus, 97. 
Plestiodon 
auratus, 100, 102. 
Pleurotoma 
babylonica, 211. 
bulowi, 211, 213. 
cingulifera, 567. 
fultont, 210, 213. 
notata, 566, 570. 
(Bela) hongkongensis, 
567, 570. 
(—) laceyi, 567, 570. 
Ploceus 
abyssinicus, 36. 
baglafect, 34. 
castanops, 18, 35. 
dimidiatus, 86. 
luteolus, 85, 86. 
manyar, 663. 
melanotis, 34. 
melanoxanthus, 34. 
nigricollis, 34. 
ocularius, 34, 35. 
pelzelni, 35, 36. 
vitellinus, 35. 
wvanthopterus, 35. 
Plotosus 
anguillaris, 364. 
Plotus 
levaillanti, 50. 
Plusia 
extrahens, 311. 
mi, 311. 
nigrisigna, 312. 
orichalcea, 312. 
oxygramma, 223. 
significans, 311. 
verticillata, 228. 
Puoépyga 
pusilla, 273. 
Poaphila 
simplex, 313. 
stricta, 303. 
Pecilia 
palustris crassirostris, 
464. 


Pecilocampa 
subpurpurea, 625. 
undulosa, 404. 

Pogonias 
bidentatus, 41. 
diadematus, 41. 
leucocephalus, 41. 

Pogonorhynchus 
bidentatus, 41. 
diadematus, 41. 
lacrymosus, 42. 
leucocephalus, 41. 

Poiana 
richardsoni, 6, 16. 

Polia 
scotochlora, 309. 

Poliornis 
rufipennis, 46. 

Polistes 
baldei, 552. 
hebreus, 552. 

Polyboroides 
typicus, 45. 

Polydesma 
boarmioides, 85. 

Polyommatus 
beticus, 68. 

Polypedates 
leprosus, 205. 

Polyploca 
albidisca, 299, 654. 
dubia, 300. 
ornata, 653, 655. 
—, var. wnicolor, 654, 

oe 

Polyptychus 
Ge 390. 
trilineatus, 390, 
timesius, 390. 

Polyzonus 
Sfasciatus, 879. 

Pomarea 
castaneiventris, 185, 


erythrosticta, 185, 
Pomatorhinus 

borneensis, 274. 
Pompostola 

smaragdina, 97. 
Ponera 

diminuta, 551, 
Pontia 

evarne, 75. 

protomedia, 72. 
Popilia 

adamas, 376. 

atrocerulea, 376. 

biguttata, 376. 

bogdanowi, 376. 

cerulea, 376. 

cyanea, 376. 


Popilia 

indigonacea, 376. 
Porphyrio 

melanopterus, 187. 
Porthesia 

auriflua, 622. 

chrysorrhea, 622. 

irrorata, 545. 

raddei, 623, 624. 

snelleni, 628. 

cxanthorrhea, 297. 
Porthetria 

eurydice, 632. 

hadina, 630. 

lucescens, 632. 

wmbrosa, 630, 
Porzana 

pusilla, 458, 
Pradatta 

bimaculata, 411. 
Praonetha 

perplexa, 539, 541. 
Pratincola 

rubetra, 20. 
Primnia 

orientalis, 549. 
Prinia 

mystacea, 22. 
Prionochilus 

ignicapillus, 277. 
Prionus 

insularis, 378. 
Prismosticta 

hyalinata, 626. 
Problepsis 

cinerea, 298. 

discophora, 647. 
Probubalus 

mindorensis, 415. 
Procodeca 

wmbrina, 398. 
Procris 

budensis, 594. 

chinensis, 595. 

esmeralda, 594, 

595. 
funeralis, 595, 597. 
fusca, 595, 597, 
654, 

nigra, 595, 654. 

psychina, 596. 

tristis, 594, 595. 
Prodenia 

infecta, 221. 

insignata, 221. 

permbuda, 221, 

retina, 221, 
Propasser 

roseus, 466. 
Proteus 

anguinus, 504, 511. 


INDEX. 


Protogoniomorpha 
anacardit, 64. 
Protoparce 
convolvuli, 220, 588. 
—, var. distans, 220. 
orientalis, 293, 588. 
Pryeria 
sinica, 594. 
Psalidoprocne 
albiceps, 40. 
Psammophis 
sibilans, 51. 
Psenes 
guamensis, 260. 
javanicus, 260. 
Pseudis 
paradoxa, 170, 182. 
Pseudocucumis 
acicula, 389. 
Pseudophryne 
bibronit, 169, 181, 502, 
506. 
Pseudosphinx 
inexacta, 588. 
Pseudosterrha 
ochrea, 324. 
Psittacus 
erithacus, 44. 
rubrovarius, 44, 
Psyche 
graminella, 597. 
longicauda, 299. 
unicolor, 597. 
viciella, 597. 
—, var. stetinensis, 
597. 
Psychostrophia 
melanargia, 612. 
Psyra 
angulifera, 319. 
cuneata, 319. 
debilis, 319. 
Pteralopex 
atrata, 475, 483, 484. 
Pterocles 
tricinctus, 48. 
Pterocyclos 
albersi, 245. 
Pterodecta 
anchora, 392. 
gloriosa, 612. 
Pterodactylus 
micronyx, 434. ) 
Cynorhamphus) swe- 
( = 8 433. 
Pteropus 
aneiteanus, 474, 475. 
capistratus, 484, 
coronatus, 471, 475, 
484. 
grandis, 470, 483. 


711 


Pteropus 
hypomelanus, 471, 483, 
484. 
leucopterus, 473, 474. 
melanopogon, 484. 
molossinus, 472. 
natalis, 516, 532. 
nicobaricus, 473. 
ocularis, 472. 
rayneri, 471, 483. 
woodfordi, A471, 475, 
483, 484. 
Pterostoma 
palpina, 638. 
Pterygospidea 
djelele, 81. 
Pterythrius 
eralatus, 276, 277. 
cameranot, 277. 
Ptilodontis 
grisea, 638. 
ornata, 637. 
plusiotis, 637. 
Ptilophora 
plumigera, 638. 
Ptilopus 
lewisi, 187, 199. 
solomonensis, 199. 
superbus, 199. 
Pupa 
salwineana, 244. 
Pycnonotus 
layardi, 661. 
Pygera 
timonides, 636. 
timoniorum, 636. 
Pygospila 
tyres, 334. 
tyresalis, 334. 
Pyralis 
albulalis, 608. 
bractiatella, 332. 
centonalis, 607. 
cespitalis, 334. 
gerontesalis, 546. 
listeri, 546. 
platymitris, 332. 
subtrigonalis, 335 
rylinalis, 332. 
Pyrausta 
silhetalis, 333. 
Pyrenestes 
ostrinus, 80. 
Pyrgus 
elma, 81. 
Pyrinia 
phenico-teniata, 319. 
Pyromelana 
flammiceps, 33, 
ladoensis, 33. 
sticta, 33. 


712 


Pyrrhula 
orientalis, 466. 
Pyrrhulauda 
leucotis, 29. 
Pytelia 
afra, 31. 
cinereigula, 31. 
etterior, 30. 
melba, 30. 
monteiri, 30. 
phenicoptera, 31. 
Pythia 
scarabeus, 536. 
Pythodora 
rhipistis, 227. 


Quelea 
ethiopica, 34. 
cardinalis, 33, 
erythrops, 33. 
quelea, 34. 

Querquedula 
carolinensis, 469. 
hartlaubi, 50. 

Quimalanca 
regalis, 87. 


Rallina 
mandarina, 459. 


na 

afghana, 206. 

alticola, 173. 

arvalis, 173, 503. 

bufoniformis, 90. 

chalconotu, 204. 

cyanophlyctis, 173. 

erythrea, 204. 

esculenta, 144, 146, 147, 
149, 150, 155, 173, 
180, 434. 

galamensis, 204. 

guppyi, 88, 90. 

krefftii, 88, 90. 

kuhlii, 204. 

lateralis, 204. 

macrodactyla, 204. 

macrodon, 204. 

malabarica, 204. 

mascareniensis, 51. 

maximus, 503. 

occipitalis, 51. 

opisthodon, 90, 

pipa, 180. 

pipiens, 177. 

temporalis, 204. 

temporaria, 123, 124, 
146, 147, 173, 174, 
176, 177, 498, 500, 
503, 506, 511. 

Randasia 
granulata, 388. 


INDEX. 


Rappia 

ee erentra Ble 

marmorata, 1773, 503. 
Ravanoa 

creonalis, 334. 
Regenia 

albigularis, 106. 

ocellata, 106. 
Regulus 

Japonicus, 455. 
Remigia 

archesia. 315. 

archesis, 225. 

bifasciata, 316. 

congregata, 225, 

demonstrans, 225. 

discrepans, 225 

Srugalis, 226, 576. 

gregalis, 316. 

optatura, 225. 

pellita, 85, 316. 
Rhachitomus 

valens, 423. 
Rhacophorus 

eques, 497, 500, 503,511. 

maculatus, 173. 

maaimus, 206, 497. 
Rhamnosa 

angulata, 636. 
Rhamphastos 

ariel, 254. 
Rhinobrissus 

pyramidalis, 384, 386, 

388. 


Rhinocichla 

mitrata, 274, 
Rhinoderma 

darwini, 172, 231, 232, 

235, 236. 

Rhipidura 

cockerelli, 195, 

rubrofrontata, 195. 

tricolor, 187. 
Rhizogramma 

indica, 302. 

inextricata, 801, 302, 
Rhodia 

Sugax, 633. 

newara, 121. 
Rhodopygia 

hypomelas, 31. 
Rhombophryne 

testudo, 172, 182. 
Rhynchea 

sinensis, 458. 
Rhyparia 

amurensis, 617. 

purpurea, 616. 
Rhyparioides 

nebulosa, 616. 

rubescens, 616. 


Rhyparioides 
subvaria, 616. 
Rhytidoceros 
plicatus, 187, 192. 
Rhytidonota 
plicata, 87. 
Ricania 
affinis, 554, 
hyalina, 555. 
Havicosd lee 554. 
panorpeformis, 554, 
555. 
pellucida, 555. 
Rinecura 
nigrescens, 228, 
Rodontia 
lurida, 647. 
Reeselia 
angulata, 393. 
confusalis, 393, 608. 
ceristulalis, 393, 608. 
cuculatella, 393. 
fraterna, 398. 
scripta, 398. 
Rosama 
cinnamomea, 637, 655. 
macrodonta, 637. 
plusioides, 637. 
Rubigula 
cyaniventris, 272. 
Rumia 
mimulina, 318. 
Ruticilla 
aurorea, 463. 
phenicurus, 20, 


Saccopteryx 

aleeae: 129. 
Sagra 

fulgida, 339. 

Jansont, 339, 

leechi, 339. 

petelii, 339, 340, 
Salamandra 

atra, 504, 505. 

maculata, 434. 

maculosa, 498, 504. 
Salarias 

brevis, 264. 

leopardus, 264. 

neilli, 264. 

sindensis, 263. 
Salmacis 

bicolor, 384, 388, 389. 

dussumieri, 384, 388, 

382. 

rarispina, 388. 

sulcata, 384, 388, 889. 
Salmo 

fario, 3. 

Sontinalis, 3. 


Salmo 
salvelinus, 3. 
Salpornis 
emini, 37. 
salvadorit, 37. 
Samanta 
perspicua, 59. 
Samea 
bipunctalis, 333. 
gracilis, 334. 


magna, 

yerburii, 333. 
Samia 

cecropia, 119. 
Saperda 

gebleri, 380. 
Sarrothripa 

undulana, 607. 
Sasia 

abnormis, 279. 
Satara 


woodfordi, 576, 580. 
Saturnia 
artemis, 634. 
delegorgquei, 84. 
grotei, 402. 
hockingiti, 402. 
lindia, 402. 
lunulata, 655. 
ernyt, 633. 
iia. 635. 
Sauloprocta 
cockerelli, 195. 
Sauropatis 
sancta, 195. 
saurophaga, 193. 
tristrami, 193. 
Saxicola 
deserti, 140. 
Scalops 
aquaticus, 443. 
Scarabzeus 
pithecius, 86. 
sabeus, 86. 
sacer, var. peregrinus, 
371. 


Scarites 
sulcatus, 369. 
Schistomitra 
funeralis, 612. 
Scheenicola 
polaris, 466. 
Sciapteron 
bicincta, 592. 
crabroniforme, 591. 
ferale, 591, 654. 
regale, 591. 
Sciurus 
annulatus, 9. 
boehmi, 4, 9, 10, 16. 
congicus, 9, 10. 


INDEX. 


Sciurus 
hypopyrrhus  colliei, 
129 


lemniscatus, 9, 10. 
poensis, 9. 
pyrrhopus, 9, 16. 


rufobrachiatus, 8, 9, 16. 


stangeri, 8, 9, 16. 
Scolopax 

rusticula, 459. 
Scolopendra 

morsitans, 556. 

subspinipes, 556. 
Scoparia 

alconalis, 335. 

optatusalis, 335. 
Scopelodes 

ursina, 611. 
Scops 

capensis, 47. 

giu, AT. 

Japonicus, 454. 

semitorques, 461. 

zorea africana, 47. 
Scopula 

criasusalis, 335. 

vinctalis, 335. 
Scopus 

umbretta, 285, 288. 
Scotomera 

tristis, 293, 332. 
Scotosia 

conturbata, 327. 

dubiosata, 327. 

expensa, 327 

miniosata, 328. 

nigralbata, 327. 

venimaculata, 327. 
Seyllium 

sahel-alme, 127. 
Scytaster 

egyptiacus, 388. 

galathee, 388. 

variolatus, 388. 
Semioceros 

dactyloptila, 230. 
Semiothisa 

diplotata, 319. 
Seriarctia 

lewisii, 620. 
Sericia 

anops, 224. 

herzi, 372. 
Serranus 

altivelis. 258, 259. 

diacanthus, 259. 

gibbosus, 258, 259. 

grammicus, 259. 

latifasciatus, 259. 

preopercularis, 259. 

striolatus, 258, 259. 


713 


Sesapa 

inseripta, 602. 
Sesarina 

lafordii, 88. 
Sesia 

alternata, 581. 

hylas, 581. 

radians, 581, 582. 

sdundersii, 294. 

velox, 592. 

whitelyi, 582. 
Sessinia 

sp., 538, 539. 
Setina 

calamaria, 392. 

flava, 601. 

micans, 601, 

ochracea, 601. 

sinensis, 601. 
Setora 

sinensis, 611. 
Seudyra 

longipennis, 614. 

noctuina, 613. 

subflava, 613. 

venusta, 614, 635. 
Sibia 

simillima, 274. 
Siccia 

caffra, 605. 

maculata, 605, 655. 
Siculodes 

anticalis, 228. 
Siginodon 

hispidus, 129, 445, 447. 
Simplectes 

ocularis, var, crocata, 

34 


Sinna 
extrema, 615. 
Sippharara 
euchromiella, 580. 
woodfordi, 579, 580. 
Sitagra 
luteola, 35. 
pelzelni, 35. 
Sitta 
amurensis, 463. 
Siva 
castaneicauda, 275. 
sordida, 276. 
sordidior, 276 
Smerinthus 
argus, 587. 
askoldensis, 585. 
christophi, 586. 
dissimilis, 586. 
dyras, 586. 
eversmanni, 586. 
gaschkewitschii, 586. 
ocellatus, 587. 


714 


Smerinthus 
planus, 587. 
opult, 120. 
pei 585, 586. 
tatarinovii, 586. 
tilie, 120. 
Somatina 
anthophilata, 298. 
Somena 
scintillans, 624. 
Somera 
acronycta, 642. 
cyanea, 642, 65d. 
Sonagara 
superior, 226, 576. 
Sorella 
emint, 36. 
Sorex 
myosurus, 531. 
tenuis, 531. 
(Notiosorex) crawfordi, 
44H. 


(Sorex) personatus, 
443. 


Soritia 
pulchella, 295. 
Spatula 
clypeata, 460. 
Spelerpes 
fusca, 504, 511. 
Spermatophthora 
pulverulenta, 336. 
Spermophilus 
spilosoma, 444, 
Spermospiza 
guttata, 30. 
hematina, 30. 
ruficapilla, 18, 80. 
Sphecia 
contaminata, 590. 
Jixseni, 591, 654. 
rhynchiotdes, 590, 
romanovi, 591, 654, 
Spheniscus 
demersus, 252, 258. 
Sphingomorpha 
monteironis, 85. 
Sphinx 
anceus, 585. 
atropos, 587. 
bombiliformis, 590. 
celerio, 298. 
chalciformis, 590. 
clothor, 584. 
constricta, 589. 
convolvuli, 588. 
davidis, 589. 
elpenor, 584. 
galii, 583. 
hespera, 293. 
hylas, 294, 581. 


INDEX. 


Sphinx 
ligustri, 120, 589. 
livornica, 293. 
morpheus, 293. 
nessus, 584. 
ocellata, 587. 
oldentandie, 584. 
picus, 581. 
pinastri, 120, 588. 
salicis, 587. 
stellatarwm, 582. 
streckeri, 581. 
Spilarctia 
basilimbata, 618. 
bifasciata, 619. 
casignata, 394. 
dalbergie, 394. 
imparilis, 620. 
inequalis, 619, 
zone, 618. 
mollicula, 619. 
sagittifera, 394. 
stigmata, 394. 
subcarnea, 619. 
Spilobotys 
arctioides, 579. 
Spilomela 
Jaguaralis, 578. 
Spilosoma 
bisecta, 618, 655. 
Suliginosa, 618. 
inequalis, 619. 
lubricepeda, 618, 619. 
luctifera, 618. 
menthastri, 618. 
mollicula, 619. 
punctarum, 618. 
rubescens, 616. 
rubidorsa, 395. 
sangaica, 296, 618. 
seriatopunctata, 618, 
619. 
subcarnea, 619. 
Spirama 
coherens, 315. 
Spirostreptus 
(Nodopyge) exoceti, 
560. 


Spizaétus 
nipalensis, 265. 
Spodoptera 
nubes, 221. 
Spondylis 
buprestoides, 378. 
Sporothlaates 
Fasciatus, 30. 
Squatarola 
helvetica, 457. 
Stachyris 
nigriceps, 275. 
nigricollis, 275. 


Stamnodes 
pamphilata, 330. 
Stauropus 
alternus, 400. 
berberise, 400. 
Sagi, 643. 
indicus, 400. 
persimilis, 463. 
taczanowskit, 648. 
Steiria 
subobliqua, 224. 
variabilis, 223, 251. 
Stenia 
ornatalis, 229, 
Stenogyra 
artenois, 358. 
octona, 358, 359. 
souverbiei, 358. 
tuckeri, 358. 
Stenopteryx 
hybridalis, 335. 
Stenostira 
plumbea, 27. 
Sterna 
longipennis, 187, 
Sternocera 
klugii, 86. 
Sternotomis 
bohndorfi, 87. 
Sternula 
sinensis, 469. 
Sterrha 
labda, 324. 
sacraria, 85, 324. 
Stichopus 
chloronotus, 389. 
variegatus, 389, 
Stictoptera 
cucullioides, 223. 
Stigmatium 
sp., 538. 
Stigmatophora 
flava, 601. 
micans, 601. 
Stilbomyia 
decrescens, 555. 
Jjucunda, 555. 
Stilpnotia 
salicis, 622. 
Stomopneustes 
variolaris, 384, 388. 
Stoparola 
melanops, 271. 
thalassinoides, 271. 
Strepsimela 
signiferalis, 230, 
Streptaxis 
birmanica, 244. 
thebawi, 2438. 
Strix 
flammea, 47. 


Strophidia 
bigthana, 578. 
costalis, 578. 
hyemalis, 578. 

Sturnus 
cineraceus, 465. 

Succinea 
listert, 536, 537. 
solidula, 536. 
solitaria, 536. 

Sula 
sp., 529. 

Surattha 
albipennis, 332. 

Surnia 
nyctea, 459, 


Suthora 
webbiana, 464. 
Sycobius 
melanotis, 34. 
Sylvia 
hortensis, 20. 
Sylviella 
microura, 22. 
Synagris 


notatus, 260, 
tentopterus, 260. 
Synapta 
beselii, 389. 
grisea, 389, 
recta, 389. 
Syntomis 
annetta, 593. 
erebina, 593. 
fortunei, 593. 
georgina, 294. 
germana, 593. 
mandarinia, 593. 
AC 294. 


ea, 593. 
a) bus, 593. 
zelleri, 593. 
Sypna 
punctosa, 315. 
Syrnium 
nivicolum, 462. 
Syrrhaptes 
paradoxus, 291, 
413. 
Syrrhopus 
Tea. 206. 


cystignathoides, 206. 


guttulatus, 206. 
hyleformis, 206. 
leprus, 206. 
marnockii, 206. 
ridens, 206. 
verrucipes, 206. 
verruculatus, 206. 
Systropha 
nivosa, 598. 


INDEX. 


Tadema 

sinensis, 611. 
Teeniopyga 

sylvina, 82. 
Talpa 

europed, 435. 
Taragama 

castanoptera, 404. 

ganesa, 405. 

venustum, 298. 
Tarsolepis 

remicauda, 644. 
Tarucus 

pulcher, 68. 
Tehitrea 

melanogastra, 27. 
Tefflus 

carinutus, 86. 

hacquardi, 86. 
Tegna 

hahtoalla, 337. 
Teinopyga 

reticularis, 615. 
Teius 

tequexin, 100. 
Telchinia 

bonasia, 65. 

cepheus, 66. 

eponina, 6d. 

lycia, 65. 

sganzini, 65, 66. 

stenvobea, 66. 

vinidia, 65. 
Telea 

angulifera, 119, 120. 

polyphemus, 119. 

promethea, 119, 120. 
Teleosaurus 

temporalis, 439. 
Telephonus 

erythropterus, 25, 

minutus, 25. 

senegalus, 25. 
Telmatobius 

jelskit, 170, 
Temnopleuroid, 384. 
Temnopleurus 

reynaudi, 384, 388. 

toreumaticus, 384, 388, 

389. 

Tephrina 

defectaria, 85. 
Tephrosia 

vagaria, 321. 
Teracolus 

anteupompe, 74. 

antevippe, 74, 92. 

antigone, 94, 95. 

aurigineus, 56, 72, 92, 

94 


bacchus, 73. 


715 


Teracolus 
calais, 92. 
chrysonome, 92, 94. 
citreus, 92, 93. 
comptus, 92, 94. 
dirus, 74. 
eione, 74, 
eucharis, 93. 
eunoma, 73. 
evarne, 75, 93. 
halimede, 92, 98. 
helle, 74. 
helvolus, 94, 
hetera, 72, 73. 
ignifer, 95. 
incretus, 92, 93. 
zone, 73. 
Jjobina, 73. 
leo, 92, 93. 
miles, 92, 93. 
mutans, 92. 
omphaloides, 92. 
phillipsit, 75. 
phlegyas, 73. 
phenius, 74. 
protomedia, 72. 
pseudacaste, 74, 92, 93. 
puniceus, 72. 
topha, 93. 
venustus, 92, 94. 
cxanthevarne, 93. 
Terias 
amplexa, 544. 
bisinuata, 71. 
boisduvaliana, 71. 
brenda, 71. 
brigitta, 70. 
chalcomieta, 95. 
dentilimbata, 71. 
hecabe, 95. 
orientis, 71. 
patruelis, 545. 
regularis, 71, 
senegalensis, 71. 
solifera, 71. 
zoe, 71. 
Terpsiphone 
affinis, 270. 
cristata, 27. 
melanogastra, 27. 
Testudo 
horsfieldi, 25 
Tetralobus 
cribricollis, 86. 
dufouri, 86. 
rotundifrons, 86. 
subsulcatus, 86. 
Textor 
flavirostris, 36. 
Thais 
polyxena, 120. 


716 


Thalassodes 
opalina, 227, 577. 
patara, 577. 
saturata, 227. 
timoclea, 227, 231. 

Thalpochares 
triangularis, 309. 

Thanaos 
delele, 81. 

Thanatarctia 
infernalis, 617. 

Theloderma 
leprosum, 205. 

Theophila 
mandarinus, 626. 

Thera 
consimilis, 326. 
Juniperata, 326. 

Theretra 
equestris, 584. 

Thyatira 
aurorina, 651. 
batis, 299, 406, 651. 
cognata, 299, 406. 
flavida, 651. 
molUlendorfi, 651. 
pryeri, 651. 
pudens, 651. 
trimaculata, 651. 
vicina, 299. 
violacea, 651. 

Thyone 
sacellus, 889. 

Thyrgorina 
spilosomata, 297. 

Thyridiphora 
fenestrata, 311. 

Thyris 
JSenestrella, 590. 
usitata, 590. 

Timelia 
nigricollis, 275. 

Tinea 
noctuella, 335. 
pulchella, 83. 

Tingra 
abraxas, 67. 
acrea. 67. 
mylothrina, 67. 
sanguinea, 67. 
tropicalis, 68. 

Tinnunculus 
alaudarius, 46. 
alopex, 46. 
japonicus, 461. 
tinnunculus, 46. 

Tinthia 
constricta, 593. 
editha, 593. 

Tirumala 
petiverana, 57. 


INDEX. 


Tityra 
brasiliensis, 660. 
Tockus 
fasciatus, 41. 
Tortrix 
mundana, 605. 
prasinana, 606. 
undulana, 607. 
Totanus 
calidris, 457. 
glareola, 457. 
glottis, 457. 
ochropus, 457. 
Toxocampa 
lunifera, 575. 
Toxopneustes 
pileolus, 388. 
Trabala 
cristata, 628. 
vishnu, 298. 
Trachea 
auriplena, 308. 
Trachinus 
draco, 359, 300, 361, 
362, 365. 
vipera, 859, 361, 364, 
365, 366. 
Trachycomus 
ochrocephalus, 272. 
Trachydosaurus 
rugosus, 100, 102. 
Trachynotus 
coppingert, 260. 
russelli, 260. 
Trachyosaurus 
rugosus, 422. 
Treron 
calvus, 45. 
nudirostris, 45. 
Trizna 
denticulata, 408. 
Trichaster 
elegans, 388. 
Trichius 
succinctus, 378. 
Trichoglossus 
Massena, 187, 
191. 
Tricholema 
lacrymosa, 42. 
Tricholais 
elegans, 22. 
Trigonodes 
acutata, 85. 
cephise, 225. 
gammoides, 313. 
Tringa 
acuminata, 457. 
cinclus, 468. 
minuta, 468. 
subminuta, 457. 


| Tringoides 


hypoleucus, 528. 


| Triplogenius 


ingens, 370. 


Tripneustes 


gratilla, 388. 
Triponyx 
kalinowskii, 467. 
Triptogon 
complacens, 586. 
dissimilis, 586. 
gigas, 585, 586. 
piceipennis, 585, 586. 
rosetpennis, 586. 
sperchius, 585. 
Trisula 
andreas, 642. 
Triton 
cristatus, 507. 


| Trochilum 


eurytion, 590. 
phorcus, 590. 
Trochus 
(Gibbula) ponsonbyt, 
209, 213. 
(Zizyphinus) eaquisttus, 
210, 213. 
Troglodytes 
Sumigatus dauricus, 
463. 
meee var. marungensis, 


schweinfurthi, 5, 
Tropxa 

aliena, 634. 

dulcina, 634. 

gnoma, 634. 

selene, 634. 
Truncatella 

valida, 536. 
Tubifex 

benedii, 487, 488. 

bilineata, 487, 488. 

hyalinus, 487, 488. 

lincatus, 487, 488. 

papillosus, 487. 

pellucidus, 487, 488. 

rivulorum, 492. 
Turaccena 

crassirostris, 199. 
Turacus 

giganteus, 44. 
Turcica 

chinensis, 569, 570. 

elise, 569. 
Turdinus 

sepiarius, 275. 
Turdus 

erythropleurus, 517. 

fuscatus, 463. 

naumanni, 463. 


Turdus 

obscurus, 454. 

pallidus, 455. 
Turritella 

robusta, 211, 213. 
Turtur 

rupicola, 467. 

semitorquatus, 45. 

torquata, 467. 
Tylophorus 

wulffussii, 380. 
Tympanistes 

rubidorsalis, 409. 
Typhlops - 

a ichare 90. 

eschrichtii, 50. 

exoceti, 529, 534. 

liberiensis, 50. 


Umbrina 
sinuata, 260. 
striata, 260. 
Unio 
acuminatus, 56. 
egyptiacus, 56. 
bakeri, 56. 
caillaudi, 56. 
Upupa 
epops, 454. 
Uragus 
sanguinolentus, 466. 
Urapteryx 
pluristrigata, 318. 
Urobrachya 
axillaris, 33. 
Urodynamis 
taitiensis, 191. 
Uromastix 
hardwickii, 100. 
spinipes, 100. 
Uromys 
cervinipes, 237, 239, 
484. 
Urospizias 
griseigularis, 525. 
natalis, 523, 524. 


Vadebra 


macleari, 542. 


INDEX. 


Vanellus 

cristatus, 468. 

gregarius, 416. 
Vanessa 

antiopa, 120. 

chorimene, 64. 

galami, 64. 

to, 120. 

levana, 120. 
Varanus 

griseus, 99. 

indicus, 88, 90. 

niloticus, 50, 99. 

salvator, 99, 105, 106. 
Varmina, gen. nov. 

indica, 405. 
Venilia 

porphyromelas, 279. 

pyrrhotis, 279. 
Vesperugo 

abramus, 478, 483, 

484, 

angulatus, 484. 

georgianus, 444. 
Vidua 

principalis, 32. 
Virachola 

anta, 69. 
Vireo 

solitaria, 662. 
Vithora 

agrionides, 614. 

stratonice, 614. 
Vulpes 

griffithi, 1. 


leucopus, 1. 


Xanthodes 
innocens, 310. 
intersepta, 222. 

Xanthopygia 
tricolor, 465. 

Xanthosetia 
innotatand, 337. 

Xenophrys 
monticola, 165, 181, 

504, 511. 

Xenopus 

calearatus, 163. 


_THE-END, 
ish MUse~ 


7h ‘ : 
<URA, \S* a. 


Xenopus 

levis, 163, 181, 504. 
Xerus 

erythropus, 10, 16. 
Xylina 

arctipennis, 653. 

mirahilis, 651. 
Xylophanes 

gortys, 584. 
Xylophasia 

indica, 302. 


Ypsipetes 
undulata, 326. 

Ypthima 
albida, 59. 
doleta, 59. 
ttonia, D9. 
pupillaris, 59, 

60. 

simplicta, 59. 

Yungipicus 
dérriest, 466. 
seebohmi, 467. 


Zebronia 
bilineolalis, 335. 
Jagquaralis, 578. 

Zeritis 
harpax, 70. 

Zeuzera 
pyrina, 646, 

Zizera 
knysna, 69. 

Zonogastris 
erythroptera, 31. 


| Zosterops 


albigularis, 520. 
atriceps, 520. 
fuscifrons, 519, 520. 
hypoleuca, 519, 520. 
mysoriensis, 519, 520. 
natalis, 518. 
palpebrosa, 519. 


| Zy geena 


caschmirensis, 294. 
christophi, 597. 
niphona, 597. 
thelebus, 593. 


Printed by Taytor and Francts, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. 


= 


+ oe 
- bat 
= 


eee, Set ene 


iE fica eye ye. Datei Le 


v fa = a gh joes 
yan Vir ee 


LIST OF THE PUBLICATIONS 


OF THE 


ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, 


Tue scientific publications of the Zoological Society are of two 
kinds — “ Proceedings,” published in an octavo form, and 
‘«'Transactions,” in quarto. 

According to the present arrangements, the “ Proceedings” 
contain not only notices of all business transacted at the scien- 
tific meetings, but also all the papers read at such meetings 
and recommended to be published in the “ Proceedings ” by the 
Committee of Publication. From fifty to seventy coloured plates 
and engravings are attached to each annual volume of the 
“‘ Proceedings,” to illustrate the new or otherwise remarkable 
species of animals described in them. Amongst such illustra- 
tions, figures of the new or rare species acquired in a living 
state for the Society’s Gardens are often given, 

The “Proceedings” for each year are issued in four parts, on the 
first of the months of June, August, October, and April, the part 
published in April completing the volume for the preceding 
year. The price is 12s. per part for the edition with coloured, 
and 3s. per part for that with uncoloured Plates. 

The “Transactions” contain such of the more important 
communications made to the scientific meetings of the Society 
as, on account of the nature of the plates required to illustrate 
them, are better adapted for publication in the quarto form. 
They are issued at irregular intervals. 

Fellows and Corresponding Members, upon payment of 
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Society’s Publications for the year. They are likewise entitled 
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than the price charged for them to the Public. A further re- 
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The following is a complete list of the publications of the 
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| June 1, 1888. | 


9 
~ 


TRANSACTIONS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 
4to. 11 vols. and Seven Parts. 


To Fellows. To the Publie, 

ee ad ae ds 
Vol. I., containing 59 Plates (1833-35) Price 313 6.. 418 0* 
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VolwXa, & (4, ij 129 (OCHUSS6)F 355 S10 Tb Oe: L040 
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PROUVEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE OF SCIENCE AND CORRE. 
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yy JUIN. 1835. egmee amen, Nest Bex. 194300 a eee: 
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my 8 Weclsa7. ankgts bateay Gui 7 XML: AS45208, 4s. 6d. .. 6s. 
3) 6 VA 1838: sf, 4s. 6d. .. 6s. » XIV. 1846. is 4s. 6d. .. 6s. 
jewil. 1839. es 4s. 6d. .. 6s. XV. 1847. fs 4s. 6d... 6s. 


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PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 
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Part. XVI. 1848. 1 vol. 8vo.4s.6d. .... 6s. ... Price 1 0 9 Le 6 
Peumyanietenne 2.) 4a Git! on (GHP. ig. «e009 1 7 6 
» XVI. 1850. rf ASNOMER cern < (GSP. hs,- <csya ae la Oen/0 118 OF 
3 XIX. 1851. 5 AgsGHA” crys 65) Wh. ibe 4 OF LSND leone OF 
NX, 1852. 33 ASHGHEN dence. OS! BY ii a vsyuasQn lbs 9 Let OF 
- XXI. 1853. ss HGMCHAN vette (GS! ety a ryye ee Onlob WO 1 4 OF 
» XXII. 1854. 33 AGWOUSE) vai OS! Ws + tye sO TO. 6 1 6 0 
»  MXAIIT. 1855. 3 ASHOHRL Nerp> GS BO o> o-yyan bese aO 118 OF 
ee a a 1 7 6+ 
PRX... 1857. 3 WenGuatnien- OS! Ma. sas ing kee Oh “9 1 7 6 
» XVI. 1858. Rr, AGWOURE wary « (OS) Bi. sss tag IN6 2 i210 
UROL 13502, tate ds, Oo... Gey). >. pc Dn 2 2 Ot 
» XXVIII. 1860. of ARMODAE oat 10S: licseibl hs, L Ls “6 2) 2° 0 


Index 1848-1860. ee Ace Opt mn + (08: 


ILLUSTRATIONS TO THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL 
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Mollusea....-......-06+ Ievoley Opn aom tale ba OF 5 65, li 2 20 110 (4 
Annulosa et Radiata l vol, 111 6..220.. , 27 3 By a) (he 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS OF THE 
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LISTS OF THE ANIMALS IN THE SOCIETY’S GARDENS. 


List of Vertebrated Animals Living in the Gardens of the Zoological 

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“L.C.), or through any bookseller. 


LIST OF THE PUBLICATIONS 


OF THE 


ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 


TuE scientific publications of the Zoological Society are of two 
kinds — “ Proceedings,” published in an octavo form, ard 
“« Transactions,” in quarto. 

According to the present arrangements, the “ Proceedings” 
contain not only notices of all business transacted at the scien- 
tific meetings, but also all the papers read at such meetings 
and recommended to be published in the “ Proceedings ” by the 
Committee of Publication. From fifty to seventy coloured plates 
and engravings are attached to each annual volume of the 
“Proceedings,” to illustrate the new or otherwise remarkable 
species of animals described in them. Amongst such illustra- 
tions, figures of the new or rare species acquired in a living 
state for the Society’s Gardens are often given. 

The “Proceedings” for each year are issued in four parts, on the 
first of the months of June, August, October, and April, the part 
published in April completing the volume for the preceding 
year. The price is 12s. per part for the edition with coloured, 
and 3s. per part for that with uncoloured Plates. 

The “Transactions” contain such of the more important 
communications made to the scientific meetings of the Society 
as, on account of the nature of the plates required to illustrate 
them, are better adapted for publication in the quarto form. 
They are issued at irregular intervals. 

Fellows and Corresponding Members, upon payment of 
a Subscription of One Guinea before the day of the Anni- 
versary Meeting in each year, are entitled to receive all the 
Society’s Publications for the year. They are likewise entitled 
to purchase the Publications of the Society at 25 per cent. less 
than the price charged for them to the Public. A further re- 
duction of 25 per cent. is made upon purchases of Publications 
issued prior to 1861, if they exceed the value of five pounds. 

The following is a complete list of the publications of the 
Society already issued. They may be obtained at the Society’s 
Office (3 Hanover Square, W.), at Messrs, Longmans’, the 
Society’s publishers (Paternoster Row, H.C.), or through any 
bookseller. 

‘[August, 1388. } 


2 


TRANSACTIONS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. | 
4to. 11 vols. and Seven Parts. 


To Fellows. To the Public 

Duss va! ss id: 
Vol. I., containing 59 Plates (1833-35) Price 313 6. 418 0* 
Vol. IL, 55 lle ae (1835-41)) 5, 45040). 55 6, 16% 
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Vol. IV., 5 78) Ss 1851-62) , 62 0. By 2) 165 
Vol.) iVi5 ef G7t es (1862-66) ©) 1,54) BAGS 0 
Vol. VI., 3 O1* i (1866-69) 55911 £5) 0) eo Oe 
VolWVilis: _,, fi >: (1869-72) ~,, 8 17 20). eeiGa0 
MolViilk., 55 82) (1872-74). .5, 9988143 Love eaeSe 
Vol. IX., ay 99; we (1875577), 12200. tore 
Vol. X., es 94 205; (U877=79). Us LOOMS eee 
Index Vols: lk -nie ayes crm tiene oie ee sa). One Ore 010 0 
Vol. XI., part 1,containing 4 Plates(Jan. 1880) ,, O16 0.. 016 0 
Vol XL, i s2; 3 Lom (AUS TSS0) tee ORLS momen L400 
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Vols “6, e 62 wei(dan.: 1882) aetisO: LeanOke 016 0 
Voliclsens ue. 4 OF cea(Oct L882), Ape ilo usObn LEO 70 
Viol SeXte eee: S: ie (dans Senet Olen Ono 016 0 
Violtexclecey srg: = Oks  an(Octs L883)i ee pOll2 i Olen 016 0 : 
Vol Nie... iL, ¥ 6 5° (Beb.-1886)" 5, O09 (OP BOM Oo ; 
VoleXIi 2s 4 Ss Aprs 1eg6)e ty, 210) 12iOne 016 0 : 
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE OF SCIENCE AND CORRE- 
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Parti, “I830=3le 1 vol. Svo.... seco Price 4s. 6d. .. 65.7 
ee ss2) Loe eT rane eae > As06d"% soos 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 
8vo. 15 vols. and Index. (First Series.) 


Priceto Price to the Price to Price to th 
Fellows. Public. Fellows. Public. 


Part I. 1833.1 vol. 8vo.4s. 6d... 6s. | Part IX. 1841. 1 vol. 8vo. 4s. 6d. .. 6s. 
» Te tear as 6 Ga X. 1842. -,,. -4sh@d) Gm 


> TIT. SB SUE 4ehGdbsGs. 2) XT, 1843. «oy eee 
[Ve 1936 aukigentie 4s Gil.» 663. » XIK 1844, > 4, 4en@d. Ge 
5 VAISS eee decd) oo Ge. » XIII. 1845... ° 48 62).. Gm 
> VicUSSe eine Ac. Gilva Ge. » XIV. 1846. ,,  - 48, 6a... Gem 
5) NEL, 1890, ee P45, 6-2-6 XV. 1847. ,, 4s. 6d... 65am 


” YUL 18400 28" As. Gd. ©. Gat) Tadex 1830-1847, =). 7 Maven ee 


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3 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 


8vo. 13 vols. and Index. 


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(Second Series.) 
With Plates Coloured. 


To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Public, 
£ sd. #8. ed. 
Part XVI. 1848. 1 vol. 8vo. 4s. 6d. 6s Price 1 0 9 Ueeiae GF 
me OX VIT. 1849. as 4s. 6d. 6s. 5g Mlle Upeie (Gt 
» XVIII. 1850. oe 4s. 6d. 6s. Gee lee 118 O+ 
ee xix Ichi.’ 4s. Ga. 6s. oO Teed Loly OF 
of XX. 1852. op 4s. 6d. 6s. 4 SOT Ligaen OF 
os XXI. 1853. oo 4s. 6d. 6s. sal) leh 0) 1 4 OF 
» XXII. 1854. iE 4s. 6d. 6s. nls a6 1 6 OF 
» XXIII. 1855. 2 4s. 6d. 6s. Pe) et ono 118 0+ 
Peeekdv. 1856. -.,\' 4s 6a. 6s. Pgh alin 1-7, 6+ 
eeaY. Shy... 45, Gd. 6s. pica agar lowe 
» AXVI. 1858. oe 4s. 6d. 6s. aoe eG 22 0 
»» XXVII. 1859. oe 4s. 6d. 6s. Sel aI 6 Je 0}; 
» XXVIII. 1860. cr 4s. 6d. 6s. ey AIS PES AD) 
Index 1848-1860. “f 4s. 6d. 6s. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 
SOCIETY OF LONDON, 1848-60. 8vo. 6 


Plates Uncoloured. 


vols. 


Plates Coloured. 


TO THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL 


To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Public, 

reds ebb s,s! £ s. d. £ s. 
Mammalia ............ AO) ele Aes toe St) ci). ..* Price i207 0.3 3) 93) SU}; 
BRUE SUM aissiasiclescse snes 2 yO (etintor 3s 0... « 4-146 GaaGueO:i: 
Reptilia et Pisces ... 1 vol, 015 9..1 1 = O* we Eta 110 OF 
Mollusea............... Ikvolly) OMU5 @9ee. 1) 1 O* a Ss LONG 110 OF 
Annulosa et Radiata 1 vol, 111 6..2 2 0 Fry eee | cars| ao OF 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS OF THE 


ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 


Letterpress only. Plates only. Complete. 
To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Public. 
1861, cloth4s. 6d. .... 6s. ...... S0S 9d. 4. Ab Sli vate 33s. 9d. .... 45s. 
Dao eet 248-'6d. PGs.) 22 9,8 30s. 9d. A st (pene a SoS I0e 9 Ang 
ESGay a5) 45060. 0G S 6 is oe BUsedda ross Als. tote 7, 33s.9d..... 45s. 
MSOs4cy ees) AsiOd li sn.h6ss) As es Senos Sat ADS a 33s. 9d. .... 45s. 
WSG050 5) 45360. s, 3)0c BS) weiss s SNe Odi. 20 AL ah cacoee 33s. 9d. .... 45s. 
HS6G,. ..,. 4s.6d. ...-. GS she as 3 BS eat ail eee 338.9d. .... 458. 
With Plates uncoloured, With Plates coloured, 
To Fellows. To the Public, To Fellows. To the Public, 
MS OMT aires. wierd Stare be, 3: c¥es0'e DanOd i VS) o£ sd 33s. 9d. .... 45s. 
HBOQGMRED GS. tas hc neon OSU ey. VOSS on ne 33s. 9d. .... 45s. 
List) EAS aise tel Wee Osmlenieie Lost eee 5s Lie) San: 1 
LSVAD AS Scene eee eRe oe 9s. Od. Pe OE ee cose er 33s. 9d. .... 45s. 
Index, 1861-1870 .......... Ag Gs si \.s 6s. 

PUM eI cats ates iNest TS hare OSHOG Sa: tai. Last. WS 33s. 9d. .... 45s. 
Soda tte sss ot EE oe OsnOde + so. losses wees DOS bees. « 45s.§ 
OSS ere een Ook Be Od 0 ors] Os Roel 33s. 9d. .... 458.§ 
ce Se AOE te Sere er ee Den Oda. accey LOS. Gu eee S08: Onan 48s.§ 
BAUD posiiterscs: otcayomtteteritis.. DSO eid akctoni 28 ee rare 36s. Od. .... 48s.§ 
“SVD SRE CORR race cb Ber aie Der Od ualeints I eee oe eae 36s. Od. .... 48s.§ 


* No perfect copies of these velumes remain in stock. 

t+ Out of print. 

{ Only uncoloured copies of these plates can now be supplied, at 10s 
§ Out of print, but odd parts may be obtained. 


. 6d. each yolume. 


4 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS OF THE 
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON (continued). 


With Plates uncoloured. With Plates coloured. 
To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Public. 
Lai fom.” . Oe OsiOds +288 Wes Aes. 36s. Od. .... 48s. 
TVS L, -ch tits, trsneke alten ok OS ORs, erase eee ee 36s. Od. .... 485 
LS Sikri hihis ceuotkat Oe Meh Qss0G eee los: Mee 36032 Odea tome as 
(tetelOh Seas aeiaicns HPO Doi OSC e ee loss fe ae 36s. Od. .:... 48s. 
Index, 1871-1880 .......... 45.60) He NOS: 
SSE ee Sept oe ror Whe ki Osea wel ose ce ose 50s) Od: Seeds 
SOOM AN rectors o's ares teers Ds iO tee es. ¢ 36s. Od. .... 48s 
SQM eee. te cies a srets Mie Tek DsniQd a eae Nose. Sts e aos; Od: ¢. Son 40s 
BR eet sik cites sg eee Mio QSOd eee Loa 36s. Od. .... 48s 
IRIS es Se ee Ser ik One 9s. Od Poste es cee 36s. Od. .... 48s.T 
UGB Olas. Siti a.c gaeare cos bei Osea es pay wlOse Cen. cee S6s:'Od.~. 22 5 48857 
TOS RIES | cet Ds Oss Se Pease eee. es S68. Od. =. 485-5 
1868,part! 1] Gan: & Feb.) 2:° 2s 3d. 2- “G8 Se ot 9s OMe Tate loss 
BSS ese re: (Mar (CctAprs) eseads estan cass ene cine 9s" Od. cote Les: 


(Bound in Cloth 3s. extra.) 
t Out of print, but odd parts may be obtained. 


LISTS OF THE ANIMALS IN THE SOCIETY’S GARDENS. 


List of Vertebrated Animals Living in the Gardens of the Zoological 

Society of London. 8yo. 1862. Price 1s. 6d. 

List of Vertebrated Animals Living in the Gardens of the Zoological 

Society of London. (Second Edition.) 8vo. 1863. 

Price 1s. 6d. 

List of Vertebrated Animals Living in the Gardens of the Zoological 

Society of London. (Third Edition.) 8vo. 1865. Price 1s. 6d. 

List of Vertebrated Animals Living in the Gardens of the Zoological 

Society of London. (Fourth Edition.) 8vo. 1866. Price 1s. 6d. 

Revised List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the 
Gardens of the Zoological Society of London. 8vo. 1872. 

Price 2s. 

Revised List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the 

Gardens of the Zoological Society of London.—Supplement, 

containing Additions received in 1872, 1873, and 1874. 8vo.. 

1875. Price 1s. 

List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the Gardens 

of the Zoological Society of London. (Sixth Edition.) 8vo. 

1877. Price 3s. 6d. 

List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the Gardens 

of the Zoological Society of London. (Seventh Edition.) 8vo. 

1879. Price 3s. 6d. 

List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the Gardens 

of the Zoological Society of London.—First Supplement, con- 

taining Additions received in 1879. 8yo. 1880. Price Is. 6d. 

List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the Gardens 

of the Zoological Society of London. (Highth Edition.) S8vo. 

1883. Price 3s. 6d. 


Catalogue of the Library of the Zoological Society of London. 
(Fourth Edition.) 1887. In cloth. Price 4s. 


These publications may be obtained at the Socrrry’s OFricr (3 
Hanover Square, W.), at Messrs. Lonemans’ (Paternoster Row, 
L£.C.), ov through any bookseller. 


OO — —— <<. — 


LIST OF THE PUBLICATIONS 


OF THE 


ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 


THE scientific publications of the Zoological Society are of two 
kinds — “ Proceedings,” published in an octavo form, ard 
“« Transactions,” in quarto. 

According to the present arrangements, the “ Proceedings’ 
contain not only notices of all business transacted at the scien- 
tific meetings, but also all the papers read at such meetings 
and recommended to be published in the “ Proceedings ” by the 
Committee of Publication. A large number of coloured plates 
and engravings are attached to each annual volume of the 
“Proceedings,” to illustrate the new or otherwise remarkable 
species of animals described in them. Amongst such illustra- 
tions, figures of the new or rare species acquired in a living 
state for the Society’s Gardens are often given. 

The “Proceedings” for each year are issued in four parts, on the 
first of the months of June, August, October, and April, the part 
published in April completing the volume for the preceding 
year. The price is 12s. per part for the edition with coloured, 
and 3s. per part for that with uncoloured Plates. 

The “Transactions” contain such of the more important 
communications made to the scientific meetings of the Society 
as, on account of the nature of the plates required to illustrate 
them, are better adapted for publication in the quarto form. 
They are issued at irregular intervals. 

Fellows and Corresponding Members, upon payment of 
a Subscription of One Guinea before the day of the Anni- 
versary Meeting in each year, are entitled to receive all the 
Society’s Publications for the year. They are likewise entitled 
to purchase the Publications of the Society at 25 per cent. less 
than the price charged for them to the Public. A further re- 
duction of 25 per cent. is made upon purchases of Publications 
issued prior to 1861, if they exceed the value of five pounds. 

The following is a complete list of the publications of the 
Society already issued. They may be obtained at the Society’s 
Office (8 Hanover Square, W.), at Messrs. Longmans’, the 
Society’s publishers (Paternoster Row, E.C.), or through any 
bookseller. 

(October, 1888. | 


a 


2 


TRANSACTIONS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 
4to. 11 vols. and Seven Parts. 


To Fellows. Tothe Public, 
eae may) Pils. td: 
Vol. I., containing 59 Plates (1833-35) Price 313 6. 418 0* 
Vol, ik, 55 il G3 (1835-41) Ay 10) S0m Sago) Gs 
Vol. III., oe 63: 1842-49) Sek Shee 411 O* 
Vol. IV., ‘3 18.» %% 1S51-—62)ee, Glo VOT: 8) (2) #6* 
Vol. V., ES 67 435 (1862-66), 35) 745-3 6AS0 
Vol. VI., 5 Dine > 3 (reo 72) pee Ml 5. Oe eel Dee 
VolSWillc.? ‘55 Oe os (1869-72 SF ORL TEOR 11 1630 
Vol. VIII, ,, 825-35 (1872=74)= 3: 9 8 38 1DZ6Ek: 3 
Vol. IX., 55 OOS i, (1875-77)" %, 12) 0.10 16 10 0 
Vol: X., = a is (1877-79)— 3-10. 033 iZs7, 0 
Andex AViOls: Ue Xen iio sistaeiwlele clea si oteles apna Ee OSG 010 O 
Vol. XI., part 1, containing 4 Plates(Jan. 1880) , 016 0. 016 0 
Volos, 535 os ys ta dee Chue S80) ie els DOr. 1 0 
Yay eG Eas A Ses iar SS er ela enOE 1 J0F0 
Vola Xl; 45 . Sa Apr LoSD)e She Onn Ge 010 0 
Viole okdles, 53 005 ag is 5, (June: ISS1)e a) 10S Seo i440 
Vol2xT0 46: sr Ga ee oun G82) ets Ol 12 Or: 016 O 
VoleX 5. Gti % De hee (Oct S82). 455 ens Loy OeZ LOO 
Wolk Xl, ss 0s a LD saWan T8835) oc. O 12> Ore: 016 O 
Vole cepts: # TOS (OcteglSsa)e ey. (O12 s re Ore? <0 
Vol xe ae Ah Gr (Bebe lSs6) i FOF 97018 ou12 0 
Volto, S23 Pe fiat? aApe. 1886) has WOM? TO te 016 O 
Volexih.,, Ans: a Dy ee(Aur. 1886). 545, 00° 446n. 0 6 0 
Vol.) XIT.; 5.45 = 12 Fo s50n(Octe1886) s-,, 2001s: Oo +e 100 
Wool! XS e540: a Dye 5s PCDECAMLSSO)ia he, O stom wera OLT2 TO : 
Vol. XID; 5, 6; . (pope (GAD elle) Vogt SWI ss 016 O | 
Wolewils, 5 O72 3 Sean CApral sss) tee, aanO. oe Ons Oni2—-0 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE OF SCIENCE AND CORRK- 
SPONDENCE OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 


8vo. 2 vols. 
To Fellows. To the Public. 
Parti, 8380-310 slsvoliSvoxtewcss specs Price 4s. 6d. .. 658.7 
jee a IS8325 pee eet ie eee son 45, 6d. so, OSs 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 
8vo. 15 vols. and Index. (First Series.) 


Price to Price to the Price to Price to the 
Fellows. Public, Fellows. Public. 
Part I. 1833. 1 vol. 8vo. 4s. 6d. .. 6s. Part IX. 1841. 1 vol. 8vo. 4s. 6d. .. 6s. 
» Ab 1884.) 4, yoked. ties: X,1842. , 4s. 6d... 6s. 
» 1UL..18355 5 oka gaan, . ..68. wy . Xi. 1843. - 5... 4a fem 


TV. 1886.) “omen Gd. Ge » _XIL 1844,' |, ae eee, 
hoa N..1887.'°" SE sed! 26s. a> MIME, 1645: °F 4s. 6d. .. 6s. 
Vie 1838. Tee, Ga? . Ga: 3) RLV 21846; :! ale? eee Ge 
5. Way 1839, ly Salad. «6s. a3) UX Vis 847. / Decale pee 
» VIII.1840. ,, 4s. 6d... 6s.t | Index 1830-1847. ,, 4s. 6d. .. 6s. 


* No perfect copies of these volumes remain in stock. t Out of print. 


3 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 
8vo. 13 vols. and Index. (Second Series.) 


Letterpress only. With Plates Coloured. 
To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Public. 


Seid £ 


nA 
— 
Se 


Part XVI. 1848.1 vol. 8vo.4s. 6d. ..° 6s. ..° Price 1 0 9 Ve Gr 
Neg \ 1 aa Eo WR = Ms Odes Ae Gs teh Ay 1 OSG 14, G6 
a OES G50; 3 ASiGie ft Os. See 2 1 Bee G 118 OF 
= EX. 1851. ee Bey Others. = 10S:.' 8 ne * et OP bee 9 i i (ae 
a MX, 852. = ASGiea got re Ose. tthe Lane oD [wll 05 
- SOME EGS ze asniGd.  '..*l'Gs: Pa E1SF 0 1 <4" OF 
wy en 1854. a BONG e te 105.8 es ee AOA) + G 1 6 OF 
POO U1 Be heyoe é ea Otieee tet OSs ae. t (tt ae eee G Lose 07 
Pe, 1856. ee Apsoumaeee? * 062!) 2c 4. aide tOee 9 lL 7— Gt 
pee. 1857. Bs ESOT MEE (OS. ' 2 7 eh elle De a9 ia 7206G 
Be ae 1858: % out GS. ° ot Poe 1 96 2G 
Pe eXGV ile 1859. Pe Aimee OS. 8 A EEG 2.2 OF 
5 XXVIII. 1860. = Avante Ost 8. Se Beg Dae ( 


Index 1848-1860. a Ass Oi e's. 6S; 


ILLUSTRATIONS TO THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL 
SOCIETY OF LONDON, 1848-60. 8vo. 6 vols. 


Plates Uncoloured. Plates Coloured. 
To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Public. 
Sed: . A fires ds EC seas £ s. ad. 
Mammalia ............ IE VvOlomlGe oon stlislO On... Price 20 fuc 3a: OF; 
aie? 5S ae DEvGls meme On OO; ..: 5 4 14-16 6 6 OF 
Penmiaeteisces)... Iivol. Ola og) ., | L-OF..  .. PY 2.6 l 10) (07 
AViGMUSCH:t =>. .-.s005e5 Levoley OMoe ore = ee ar HA OENG 110 OF 
Bunnlosieetenadiatall vol. sl) VV6.7, 2.2 OF .. 4, 2-7 38 Sue Oi 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS OF THE 
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 


Letterpress only. Plates only. Complete. 
To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Public. 
HeG) cloth 4s. 6065. .:6s) 53. ot SG SH pare ei AAR Ale 33s. 9d. .... 458. 
Aopen tas. O00. ...: OS. os... SLUICE sae ANS che sore 338. 9d. .... 458, 
ESOGSH 1 238 AseGds es GS) oe. cist. ONS acer se Ailisute aioe aie 33s. 9d. .... 458. 
USGS 455 Gabe O82) ois: a0 SOSIO das es iche Als. jisste asides eA 5s 
TSG uese) ASIOM A315 OSs). dn's.3 SSSI Os voscick-b4 USE eee 338. 9d. 2:3 « 453. 
NB GG yes ASSO sir OSs,« cise)» SOS ES orotic Sime otter ate SOSLOO Is cies LOS 
With Plates uncoloured. With Plates coloured. 
To Fellows. Tothe Public. To Fellows. To the Public. 
LSU SRS Seo ee saa Oss Odes... <. las. ee 305s Ode nee. 458 
LIBS: sealers ca ere Cae QsOdh® ah lesyete ee 30s. 9d. .... 458 
ES GUMMetE sh cetera es oes 9s. 0d By emorl ecenae ee ee gos. 9d, 2... 4s, 
PS sD Pe det: A ie. oo 9s Odi 'b5.8° TOSS ae 33s. 9d. .... 45s 
Index, 1861-1870 .......... AS. Od nsictsiw 168s 
lata letaras SIRES Soli ecis Ss Os..\0d> ot nilOsh BR e 308s 9G.) cars 458 
NS] 2a rsecteniraoeiisw es rcto a s.0 QSiOd: to wae MOS Ee 38-90. 2%.- 408.8 
US 7d mcvateres aoataris, Mawes oc sic 9s: Od eam Lost eect 33s. 9d. .... 45s.§ 
DS LA Neva, a ets erat artace Stara eyed) Ds: Odie & NO her erie cab 36s. Od, .... 48s.§ 
CVG eae ot. 265 cera OS OTS crated | eater oie: chers 36s. Od. .... 48s.§ 
LGV ielipeieotc nc qucenere si PracreseMld 22 eataeine | 36s. Od. .... 485.§ 


* No perfect copies of these vclumes remain in stock. 

t Out of print. 

{ Only uncoloured copies of these plates can now be supplied, at 10s, 6d. each volume. 
§ Out of print, but odd parts may be obtained. 


4 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS OF THE 
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON (continued). 


With Plates uncoloured. With Plates coloured. 
To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Public. 
LiSV (ar eee Bids aciGeltd 658 O35 OU. <0 MUOSN cote aioe 36s. Od. .... 48s 
WSL Siete 's-s Cameteteane scree Ds Ogu. i+ AUS Seccbs,+ic415 36s. Od. .... 48s 
hey SER eRiCrS bao tel oe cei DTS ee Bl (2 36s. Od. .... 488 
TUBSO eee nce eee oe chs Ss SORS tere OS oak cls cine 36s. Od. .... 48s. 
oe SZ UTERO e., gue teversicte-s ASS Gils ceciee LOSS 
SEE GP eee 985 Od erie ol OSs cist 0/6 or OSs UG b.aeRaGs 
ee Me cis eye Bre eles Show aise, Os Ode en ce PLCS wets ee 36s. Od. .... 48s 
MSS es emai er Bits che. cc gleresd wre ess Os? Odea LOB cis cane 4 36s. Od: wae) 408 
MS Ae Bete 5h aie cits din csutsnetece DSO diene alos a eee. rant 36s. Od. .... 48s 
DSISIEM cays NERC cee ROOT DsHOdee Ach Se reste 30S. Oda. n apeeeSat 
SEG ee aia Cae? ERP ae ode OS Ode erat Ooa cate. 36s. Od. .... 485.7 
S87) aes se tunes eset US (Ui etgeat hd BEN is Sei dae 36s. Od. .... 488.7 
1888, part L @any& Beeb: 4. osnSiy rs. - O8h anes ene. 9s: Od. ) caenbose 
NS SSsepse (War cenre) wea ess ode eee OSs, late wie 9s. Oda tence 12s. 
ESSS see ol (May cs dune)inn stds we cn UOSie eeacier 930d tysamles: 


(Bound in Cloth 3s. extra.) 
t Out of print, but odd parts may be obtained. 


LISTS OF THE ANIMALS IN THE SOCIETY’S GARDENS. 


List of Vertebrated Animals Living in the Gardens of the Zoological 

Society of London. 8vo. 1862. Price 1s. 6d. 

List of Vertebrated Animals Living in the Gardens of the Zoological 

Society of London. (Second Kdition.) 8vo. 1863. 

Price 1s. 6d. 

List of Vertebrated Animals Living in the Gardens of the Zoological 

Society of London. (Third Edition.) 8vo. 1865. Price 1s. 6d. 

List of Vertebrated Animals Living in the Gardens of the Zoological 

Society of London. (Fourth Edition.) 8vo. 1866. Price 1s. 6d. 

Revised List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the 
Gardens of the Zoological Society of London. 8vo. 1872. 

Price 2s. 

Revised List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the 

Gardens of the Zoological Society of London.—Supplement, 

containing Additions received in 1872, 1873, and 1874. 8vo. 

1875. Price 1s. 

List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the Gardens : 

of the Zoological Society of London. (Sixth Edition.) S8vo. : 

1877. Price 3s. 6d. 

List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the Gardens 

of the Zoological Society of London. (Seventh Edition.) 8vo. 

1879. Price 3s. 6d. 

List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the Gardens 

of the Zoological Society of London.—First Supplement, con- 

taining Additions received in1879. 8vo. 1880. Price 1s. 6d. 

List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the Gardens 

of the Zoological Society of London. (Eighth Edition.) 8vo. 

1883. Price 3s. 6d. 


Catalogue of the Library of the Zoological Society of London. 
(Fourth Edition.) 1887. In cloth. Price 4s. 


These publications may be obtained at the Socrery’s Orrice (3 
Hanover Square, W.), at Messrs Lonemans’ (Paternoster Row, 
E.C.), or through any bookseller. 


LIST OF THE PUBLICATIONS 


OF THE 


ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 


Tue scientific publications of the Zoological Society are of two 
kinds — “ Proceedings,” published im an octavo form, and 
*« Transactions,” in quarto. 

According to the present arrangements, the “ Proceedings” 
contain not only notices of all business transacted at the scien- 
tific meetings, but also all the papers read at such meetings 
and recommended to be published in the “ Proceedings ” by the 
Committee of Publication. A large number of coloured plates 
and engravings are attached to each annual volume of the 
*‘ Proceedings,” to illustrate the new or otherwise remarkable 
species of animals described in them. Amongst such illustra- 
tions, figures of the new or rare species acquired in a living 
state for the Society’s Gardens are often given. 

The “Proceedings” for each year are issued in four parts, on the 
first of the months of June, August, October, and April, the part 
published in April completing the volume for the preceding 
year. The price is 12s. per part for the edition with coloured, 
and 3s. per part for that with uncoloured Plates. 

The “Transactions” contain such of the more important 
communications made to the scientific meetings of the Society 
as, on account of the nature of the plates required to illustrate 
them, are better adapted for publication in the quarto form. 
They are issued at irregular intervals. 

Fellows and Corresponding Members, upon payment of 
a Subscription of One Guinea before the day of the Anni- 
versary Meeting in each year, are entitled to receive all the 
Society’s Publications for the year. They are likewise entitled 
to purchase the Publications of the Society at 25 per cent. less 
than the price charged for them to the Public. A further re- 
duction of 25 per cent. is made upon purchases of Publications 
issued prior to 1861, if they exceed the value of five pounds. 

The following is a complete list of the publications of the 
Society already issued. ‘They may be obtained at the Society’s 
Office (8 Hanover Square, W.), at Messrs. Longmans’, the 
Society’s publishers (Paternoster Row, E.C.), or through any 
bookseller. 

[April, 1889. ] 


2 


TRANSACTIONS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 
4to. 11 vols. and Seven Parts. 


To Fellows. Tothe Public. 

Cass ds sad. 

Vol. I., containing 59 Plates (1833-35) Price 313 6.... 418 O* 
Vol. IL, 9 [ea (1835-41) , 400. 5360 6* 
Vol. III., s G35 ess tiBSICea) 3 VBS: we 4th 0* 
Vol. IV., re ish op 1851-62) , 62 0. 8 3256" 
Vol. V.,; a5 Gils 3, (1862-66), 5. 55) 4.93 40.5. S6nISRo 
Vol. VI., ue Ore ti65-73) eee OKs 150-0 
VolVily, # ts (eh A (1869-72 ie SOL OLS 11 16.0 
Vol. VIII., ,, Boers (1S/2-74). os, 9 83 G 12 WSO 
Vol. IX., 55 99 es (1S75=7oe vss, ole Oe Oe 146 0 0 
Vol. X., 945 5;, (1877=79)— 3 10-038 77) 
Index, Vols. Tex: ineleah aus Cle vatecaretere teReTa tele axcue,ehake Porm Unea/f Dp 7 010 0 
Vol. XI., part 1,containing 4 Plates(Jan. 1880) ,, O16 0. 016 0 
Vol. XL, .; 23 3 Uo op (GAnep bets) Ae DE te) 1) 4450 
VolexXl, 55 35 if Saas (Mar. LSE ees Lae? moe 110 O 
Vol. XL, ,, 4, = & tes CAprl8sl)i> iS enkOMe 7G: 010 0 
Wole-Xil..; ee Ds % 13: 4, une: 188) ities) nONlSiaG.r ly4 0 
VOlEEXI ees Os a Ginsi(eane OSs) aeape 1, 0) aes 016 0 
VOL: Xs, css ads a OF ee (Oct ules2)) ses lone 10,40 
Voli Noles es 55 " ese (dane Lesa...) Onomr er 016 O 
Vol. XI., ., 9, Fe 10) BP (Oc1883)) 3 ON22OF: 016 0 
VoL aE, 0a 5 Gat i (Eebs 886): us, pOm9acOye 012 0 
Voliexdle; os ai: 45 lates Ant. 1886) oes on) Ol, BO ye 016 O 
Vol, Xk, 55.335 i? Deepali Slee hat 0 6 0 
Vol. XII., ,, 4, 2p es COCE SOO)! on, on Olena 1 0 0 
IViGie lire nro: 3 5y ees (Decs 1886) 0s 9 50r. 012 0 
Vol. XII., ,, 6, $3 ifm ep (bos 1887) EON 2 Oe 016 0 
WolaeXl ewe Ls Saiyan (ApralB88)ins, 1049 hOn 012 0 
Vol ax. S28; 5s Siaease (Beb. LS89) J, ae 08 (GnelOiy, 0 8 0 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE OF SCIENCE AND CORRE- 
SPONDENCE OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 


8vo. 2 vols. 
To Fellows. To the Public. 
Part. Us0=3l- WvoleSvos ..c ee co ccs Price 4s. 6d. .. 6s.T 
7 lee leoos a OCA sate Deane 5s) (4s Cale. Ges 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 
8vo. 15 vols. and Index. (First Series.) 


Priceto Price to the Price to Price to the 
Fellows. Public. Fellows. Public. 
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Ae) eee 
- ‘ 


SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS 


1] ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
ae OF LONDON, 


FOR THE YEAR 


1888. 


PART I. 


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} 
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CONTAINING PAPERS READ IN 


: JUNE ist, 1888. 


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LIST OF CONTENTS. 


PART L—1888. 


January 17, 1888. 
Page 


The Soaretaey. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in December 1887, 
and List of Specimens of the Genus Canis ........0+..00008 wigla ain wis 


_ Mr. Francis Day, F.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a seen of the Spanish Loach 
(Cobitis tenia) and of some hybrid Salmonide ............ coccscwaceiee 


1. On a Collection of Mammals obtained by Emin Pasha in Equatorial Africa, and presented 
by him to the Natural History Museum. By Oxprietp Tuomas. (PlatesI.,IL.) .. 38 


bo 


. On a Collection of Birds made by Emin Pasha in Equatorial Africa. By Capt. G. E. 
Reeanny, Us. Cb lnte DEL )nc\cscccrmeiacl pees aeeren 2 reales bce ae bees asic viva seine, Aap 


3. Report on a Collection of eee and Batrachians sent ay Emin Pasha from oe 
Upper Congo. By Dr. A. Ginruzr, FLR.S. ............ Tew ee 50 


4. On the Shells of the Albert avai Central Africa, obtained by Dr. Emin Pasha. By 
PHA “A SMUT Sahel oro clalelniore v de eho ore meres ire eet t's Sipovace 0 5 vice o sie er Ee 52 


5. On the Lepidoptera received from Dr. Emin Pasha. By Arruur G. sigs Ui Vas hae 
MALS ghetto cloriate slelaisints nore sea Sac Aa oe Oe oo winiprelene oo casleieein OO 


6. On some Coleoptera from Eastern Equatorial Africa, sea from Emin Pasha, By ~ j 
Caries O. WATERHOUSE, F.Z.S.. 2.2... ee eee e cece te ceee aerSh ietctc Antena ei divi.) alee OnE 


February 7, 1888. 


The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society's Menagerie in January 1888 ....... 87 


Mr, E. G. Loder, F.Z.8. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a very large tusk of an African 
Elephant ........ sii falWtase ee winietcje! od ste ete wie ts 


Mr. A. Thomson. Exhibition of a living specimen of the larval form of a Stick-insect 
(Empusa egend)..++...2.- ayia ae ilara che ies eca'evs mlointate “ere ele © s olelaesle 


2 ac on Dae Veicus 


1. ae pele to the Herpetology of the Solomon Islands. By G. E, Boviencr, 
Z8.. fe ‘ 


ee ee ee ar ey Cee eeeee eee eee ee ey 


Contents continued on page 3 of t 


Contents (continued). 
February 7, 1888 (continued). 
Jae 


SP eS nee Rimtlesisals.ne,e/Wnlass efnieis: tris sfaietsisite,o ele vec gels cieis Eulet ae taka Om 


= On certain points in the Visceral Anatomy of the Lacertilia, particularly of Monitor, By 
es . eee. E. Bepparp, M.A., Prosector to the Society, Lecturer on Biology at Guy’s 
ONpltall voice. ccc sw ¥ie's TR eric eee cee ne tenes eee use sereesisieces ee necacecuceges 


ek On a new Species of Elainea from the Island of Fernando Norohna. By R. Bowpier 
i MAREE HES BA Si, £0 ce... cece bdiecercieunc Bmitee re Waleis sie a.piete ohare waa 107 


5, On the Caves containing Edible Birds’-nests in British North Borneo. By D. D. Dany, 
3 : Assistant Resident, British North Borneo. . Curaraete es gate ate Sie eee 108 


3 f February 21, 1888. 


= ‘ “Mr. Arthur Thomson. Report on the Insect-house for 1887 ........ 00 .cee eee ee ee ee es 119 


“ “1 Note: on the Azygos Veins in the Anurous Amphibia. By G. B. Howss, F.Z.S., F.LS., 
: Assistant Professor of Zoology, Normal School of Bofenes and Royal School of Mines 122 


: 2 Pateopialogival Contributions to Selachian Morphology. By A. Surrn Woopwarp, F.GS., 
oo F.Z.8., of the British Museum (Natural History) ..........0e cesses ceeeceeees -» 126 


as List of Mammals obtained by Mr. G. F. Gaumer on Cozumel and Ruatan Islands, Gulf of 
- Honduras. By Oxprienp Tuomas ..........00.. Bm ints Talcnstelal alate, cig aeceloea cea etal 129 


ey 
“3 


; 4 On a new and interesting Annectant Genus of Muride, with Remarks on the Relations of 
the Old- and New-World Members of the Family. By Otprievp Tuomas, Natural 
History Museum. (Plate V.)....-.....--+: Bee iene chi talde els pea es mele aTa te meat oe 130 


p 5. On a new Pennatula from the Bahamas. By G. Hersert Fowrer, B.A., Ph.D 
" Assistant to the Jodrell Professor of Zoology, University College, London. (Plate ype i 135 


March 6, 1888. 


“The Secretary. Exhibition, on behalf of {Lt-Col. H. M. Drummond-Hay, C.M.Z8,, of a 
> specimen of the Desert. Wheatear (Saxicola deserti) killed in Scotland ......-- ree fs! 


¥ Si, - Basha Sa ee ; 
5 ’ peetlact 4 gi eh OE ik ' 
e 4 3 ’ . < er be 3 t 
+s Sele 
; sy . es at reek ole, 8 
PE RESTS, <TD t's FER he ORS SBA. ihe 
1 : mm, ; : Paes sx 
LIST OF PLATES, — — 
. i é a eo , = 4 7 
1888. | Ege ree 
sess 
PAT IL, og 
is Be Me 
: t 4 
Plate ‘3 Page = 
TL) zAnomalurua pusillus.s.. 2) csi bis seer e'se bt cee Melee el au aera ie eet ve 
II. Dendrohyrax emini...... PSs stoset slam were Ficuie Gates teen 5 ; 
aT: Eidaeatariommint % ses docs vorpa:s axel eats he AAA ae ie ik ate 
TV. Ornithoptera vicforie .......0. 0c eee ees ig cis mei ionente or yar ores J 
V. Deomys ferrugineus ..... & 7elataserete eet ene ae Tiled eed Wes OS 
VI. Pennatula bellissima .....0.. 0.20.05 ates PORTERS Pe et: fait 
, y' 
Rie. Se ste 
NOTICE. emake ye: 


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PROCEEDINGS — 


SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS 


|} ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
ae OF LONDON, 


FOR THE YEAR 


1888. 


4 PART TH. 


CONTAINING PAPERS READ IN 


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LIST OF CONTENTS.. 


PART II.—1888. 


March 6, 1888. 
Page 


1. On the Carpus and Tarsus of the Anura. By G. B. Howes, F.Z.8., F.L.S., Assistant 
Professor of Zoology, Normal School of Science and Royal School of Mines, and S 
W. Rivewoop, (Plates VIL-IX.) .......... petsieveaveta tals aiieinerecsofutereioas eisi+a'es cele eae 


. Descriptions of some new Species of Birds from the Island of Guadalcanar in the 
Solomon Archipelago, discovered by Mr. C. M. Woodford. By R. Bowptur 
SHAgpu, WAS OGar ene chee Ss eres. < Spy : 


Le) 


ee acy eevee 


3. Second List of the Birds collected by Mr. C. M. Woodford in the Solomon Archipelago. 
By W. R. Oaitvie-Grant, (Plate X.) 


ey Ce oa 


March 20, 1888. - 
1. Note on the Classification of the Ranide, By G. A. Bovtrncrr, F.Z.8. ........ Agari 204 


bo 


. Descriptions of sixteen new Species of Shells. By G. B. Sowsrrsy, F.ZS., F.L.S. 
(Plater rs rortaavelegs meine kgers ey RE ER Ia dione 'g\ ster ctajbinraisclede oieveie ore 


oo 


. Observations upon an Annelid of the Genus olosoma. By Franx E. Bepparp, M.A., a 
F.R.8.E., Prosector to the Society, Lecturer on Biology at Guy's Hospital. (Plate XIL) 213 


4. On Choridops, a new Generic Form of Fringillide from the Island of Hawaii. By 
Scorr Barcuarp WILson. (Gaigheniuichtad by Aurrep Newron, V.-P.)........++.. 218 


: April 17, 1888. 


The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society's Menagerie in March 1888 


Mr. Charles Stewart. Exhibition of a preparation showing the Structure and Development 
of the Brood-pouck of Nototrema marsupiatum .......+++0+ Par tne 0 So eoalerateta a ole 


Mr G. A. Boulenger. Exhibition of, and remarks upon,. the type specimen of a new 
Marsupial Tree-Frog (Nototrema fissipes) from Pernambuco ......-.++-..+- ogi 


Contents continued on page 3 of 


Teulon Pie collected by Mr. C. M. Woodford at Suva, Viti as 
Fiji Islands, with the Deseriptions of some new Species. By Hersert Deuce, F.LS, 
Bas » be (Plate XTIT.) SRL itso 5 ce staRmumtew tbe ofa: ci. aealcs oa oe ee 


on the Gular Brood-pouch of Rhinoderma darwint, By G. B. Howss, F.ZS., Se 3 
Bees Assistant Professor of Zoology, Normal School of Science and Royal School = 
ates, ROGUE bey KENT EEN PEON Mwy. --are Saelecs > & Sven s/etiele ih'c. sree es sien cia uie’a ete a] ome eae eam ten 


of a new Genus and Species of Rat from New Guinea. By Oxprrenp Tuomas 237 


me Seta! Mollusks from Burmah, with Descriptions of some new Species. By 

Lieut.-Col. H. H. Gopwin-AvstEn, FRS., HWZ.8 5 &0.— Part Lire dc ee aciat teem wae ee 
ete. : 

on Specimens in the Hume Collection of Birds. By R. Bowprer Sarre, F.LS., 
LBB, &c.—No. 6, On some Species of the Genus DiGGnG Pe veined ain eee aes ies oe AO 


¥ ts % 
af i on 
= ae 
1 i : % 3 
a 
PART TI. 
t: 
Plate Page. 
VII. Carpus and Tarsus of Aglossa and Discoglossid ......--.... \ : 
VIII. Carpus and Tarsus of Pelobatide, Hylidx, and Bufonide (Pseu- : 
GOphr yma): sis.  eeeegsle ers ome wit irae alo ae aaa totale’ ster heats > 141 
IX. Carpus and Tarsus of Bufonide, Crystignathide, and Engysto- ) 
matide ...... OPT is Je TOC eae PED FO aS } 
X. Figs. 1, 2. Nasiterna aola(1.g, 29) .....s2.0.-...%. ee 
Fig. 3. Mozconale Sharpel ..- csc cseerievetcececctceseccece me 
XI. New Shells ......... ie RPE th wie 3. alee ee 
XII. olosoma headleyi....2.0..:..-+06. eh 3 site ee nay aa Bide 
XIII. Heterocera from Fiji ...........- Rc Wi Pets oe ere IERS ti 219- 


NOTICE. 


According to present arrangements the ‘Proceedings’ are issued i in four parts, 
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Part ‘I. containing papers read in January and February, on June Ist. | 


. iy 19 »» March and April, on August Ist. 
III. vi a »» May and June, on October Ist. 
1 Pe 3 ,» Noyember and December, on April Ist. 


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PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 


SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS 


ZOOLOGICAL SOCIBTY 
OF LONDON, 
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FOR THE YEAR 


CONTAINING PAPERS READ IN 


MAY anp JUNE. 


OCTOBER 1st, 1888. 


PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, 
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LIST OF CONTENTS. 


PART III.—1888. 


April 17, 1888 (continued), 
Page 


Note on Specimens in the Hume Collection of Birds. By R. Bownxer Suarpr, F.L.S., 
F.Z.8., &e.—No. 6. On some Species of the Genus Digend...... 1.61 sseeereecene ; 


May 1, 1888. 
Col. Irby, F.Z.8. Exhibition, on behalf of Lord Lilford, of a specimen of Aguila rapax from 
Southern Spain.......... 


ed 


Prof. Flower, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of a 


Japanese Domestic Cock with elongated upper tail-coverts ..............+++ fe 
1. General Remarks on the Zoology of the Solomon Islands, and Notes on Brenchley’s 
Megapode. By C. M. Wooprorp, F.Z.S8. ..........ccee8 Ri cielesite s:e\e, bib ero totietele 248 


2. Description of a new Land-Tortoise from South Africa, from a Specimen living in the 


Society’s Gardens. By G. A. Boununaur, F.Z.S, (Plate XIV.), .......eseeeeees 251 


3. Notes on the Visceral Anatomy of Birds—No. II. On the Respiratory Organs in certain 
Diving Birds. By Franx E. Bepparp, M.A., F.R.S.E., Prosector to the Society .... 252 


4. Observations on the Fishes of India—Part I. By Francis Day, O.LE., F.Z.8. ........ 258 


May 15, 1888. 


The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society's Menagerie in April 1888........ 265 


Sir John Lubbock. Extract from a letter, addressed to him by Mr. George A. Treadwell, 
concerning a fatal case of poisoning from the bite of Heloderma suspectum ......+.+- 266 


Mr. Boulenger. Exhibition of,and remarks upon, a new Genus of Snakes, Azemiops fee .. 266 


Mr. E. E, Cotes. Letter from, asking for assistance in studying the question of Economic 
Entomology in indigescienlewmelsalesarogs ales email sinielsayeinieelaeieeiaie 


Mr. Henry Seebohm. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a series of Pheasants from Mongolia, 
Thibet; ‘and’ Chinia. cc peptson eo eatee sue whoo ties Slui'ate,a%cuid orale ocn’e oie skelatanete oaicte ana ae 


Prof. Bell, F.Z.8. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, three specimens of a large Pennatulid. 267 


1. List of a Collection of Birds made by Mr. L. Wray in the Main Range of Mountains of the 
Malay Peninsula, Perak. By R. Bowpirr Suarre, F.LS., F.Z.8., &c., Zoologieal 
Department, British Museum. (Plate XV.).... 20.00. sseescccetnccceees a tlenereiee 268 


2. Descriptions of Four new Species of Ophiurids. By Prof. F. Jurrrxy Betz, M.A., 3 
BeceR.MS. . (Blatepaval)isaess«-cee s vaieWetwta Nis sions a (bisve olotstls si aiel ore la'e\ share atelagaeter efela tate 281 | 


Contents continued on page 3 of wrapper. 


At Contents (continued). 


May 15, 1888 (continued). 
Page 
8. On certain Points in the Visceral Anatomy of Baleniceps rex, bearing upon its Affinities. 
By Frank E. Brpparp, M.A., Prosector to the Society, Lecturer on Biology at Guy's 
SPT RS BSH As Sokhivc: oh Ra8 SOD Se ORCS eC RCISE DIO Cl CIN a Aerie acs Siccenar 284 


4. Description of a Gigantic new peer. of Sacre from 2 a gra ae G. B. Sowersy, 
FHSa; Edd. e. o\ecnsciccsice sss cisteyeraloys Soo ie eapormodees rile, 


June 5, 1888. 
The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in May 1888 ..-..... 291 


Mr. H. E. Dresser. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, an example of a new Species of Shrike 
(Lanius raddei) from the Transeaspian DIET Re oecinn Cte > CEC ORNS MR OG CRT 291 


Mr. Sclater. Exhibition, on the part of Mr. F. M. Campbell, F.Z.S., of a pair of Pallas’s 
Sand-Grouse, and remarks on the numerous recent occurrences of this bird in Western 


HOURS DER eco Bas GOR ODee SEOOGe Cer BOD er OCH OnCrcIse eticicmscrers oiatats, plats terteiaaer 291 
The Secretary. Exhibition of, on behalf of Prof. R. Collett, C.M.Z.S., ofa nest, eggs, and 

two young ones in down of the Ivory Gull ...... Shri aro cah caer i oece 291 
1. On Lepidoptera collected a Major Yerbury in Western India in 1886 and 1887. By 

NWR OWiaRREN, MeA SH HB. ..iee ces ee ve oe CO AARNE Sich EROS RI eis 1c ia aied 
2. Descriptions of new ae of Phytophagous Coleoptera from Kiukiang (China). By 

NAC OBO Hise cre rNaia\s)afeleifoletaae mibial 2 etn eia cia sista revel dicts ol als) eare\ss aiarctctos Sere 339 
3. On the Scaling of the Reproduced Tail in Lizards. By G. A. Bounencer ....... . dol 
4, Note on the Sternal Gland of Didelphys dimidiata. By Franz E. Bepparp, M.A., 

PE NEDLSALOMUELO ISO OIGLY) va cveleveieisierste) sie iasels'el cle) Ae cclstp ayaias pico ais s\elave 6 oF os oslo caiele hele 353 
5. Note on a new Gregarine. By Frank EH. Bepparp, M.A., Prosector to the Society...... 355 


June 19, 1888. 
Dr. Emin Pasha, C0.M.Z.S. Letter from, concerning the despatch of Natural History ebjects 358 


Mr. B. L. Layard, F.Z.S. Extract from a letter concerning the distribution of some Land- 
* Shells of the genus Stenogyra......sseeeeesceccsecees Batata Noi clalistaPersl onct cial eictatefelete 358 

| Prof. Bell. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of Cerianthus membranaceus in its 
‘ili 08 Soh eRe PO nIOCInD Rt RUG SUES AC Ot a0 DECOR OICD Ee misters laistecateis, a/aistelaeieis sine eife 359 


Mr. Tegetmeier. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, specimens of the feet of an Australian Rabbit 359 


Mr. J. B. Sutton, F.Z.S. Remarks on some Abnormalities ocourring among animals recently 
living in the SomemualCandcrin series ttt s:. 2cios novels) wlethsis se’, a: Moron 359 


i. On the Poison-Organs of Trachinus. By W. Newron PARKER, F.Z.S., Professor of Bile 
in the University College of S. Wales and Monmouthshire. (Plate PVT) ek 


2. On a Collection of Coleoptera from Korea (Tribes Geodephaga, Lamellicornia, and 
Longicornia) made by Mr. J. H. Leech. By H. W. Barus, F.RS., F.Z.S8., &. ...... 367 


3. On some new Species of Coleoptera from Kiu-Kiang, Ohina, By H. W. Bares, F.R.S. .. 380 

4. Report on a Oollection of Echinoderms made at Tuticorin, Madras, by Mr. Edgar 
Thurston, C.M.Z.S., Superintendent, es Central Museum, Madras. By 
Professor F. Jerrrey Buin, M.A., Sec. R.M.S. plataveiaiay os c}eteialee « 


5. Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Lepidoptera Heterocera, collected by Rev. J. 
H. Hocking, chiefly in the Kangra District, N.W. Himalaya. By F. Moors, F.Z.S.. 390 


Po aie 


LIST OF PLATES. 
1888. 
PART Ill. Se 
Plate | Pes 
XIV. Homopus femoralis ......... - es Pre wiveeee ae DES 
KV: Perigrocotus wrayi isn 1 sc scancrseatene eee es acest | Sa 268 
XVI. New Ophiuroidea ......-++....55.. SEROO SD Aer ess Sich ie: Ta 


XVII.° Poison-Organs of Trachinus ......-... -...-seeceseeee sees SBD 


NOTICE. 


According to present arranges the‘ Proceedings are jnaned in four ports, 
as follows :— : ; 


Part I. containing papers read in January and February, on June let. 


I. 3 soe +» March and April, on August Ist. 
TIL. 2 -yv-> May and June, on October Ist. 
IV. i x: _ 4, November and December, on April Ist. 


The price is 12s. per ph for the edition with ‘coloured, and 3s. per part. for 
that. with uncoloured Plates; ” 


et et 3 ———EEE SS 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 
SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS 


OF THE 


“ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY - 


OF LONDON, 


FOR THE YEAR 


1888. 


PARE TV: 


CONTAINING PAPERS READ IN 


NGF ame 
APRIL ist, 1889. 
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, 
SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE. 
LONDON: 


MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO,, 
PATERNOSTER-ROW. 


{Price Twelve Shillings. | 


cee 


LIST OF CONTENTS, 


PART IV.—1888: 


November 20, 1888. 


; Pag 
The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society's Menagerie in June, July, August, 
413 


: September, and October, 1888 


20 © e\ule 56°80. 0:0) 8 lee cles » ke | 0) ole, 6,0 0 10 410 dip S.6)e al wuialal sta 


Prof. J. B. Steere, OM.ZS. Letter from, containing an account of the “‘Tamaron” of the 
PHTMippines y's sre 0g ss wc ois, coe ete oR eas one dee ne eee ee 


Mr. Edgar Thurston, C.M.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a series of Marine 


e 


Animals from the Gulf of Manar, Indian Ocean ........0ec.cceeevececersccnce 415 


Mr. Henry Seebohm. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, examples of Phasianus shawi from 
the valley of the Tarim River, and an example of P. tarimensis from Lob-Nor .... 


Mr. Henry Seebohm. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of Vanellus gregarius, 
shotan Gantashire si. i icid pies ofees pokes ele oe aie oie’ ¥ Bre ol ate iolt a\oh aie 'stet elie eee 


1, Contribution to the Skeletal Anatomy of the Mesosuchia, based on Fossil Remains from 
the Clays near Peterborough in the Collection of A. Leeds, Esq. By J. W. Huuxz, 
BZ8.: (Blatea RVLEL, BAER See vg) ln each Soa Ree o'e(e' oleteeietshate 


2. On the Small Mammals of Duval County, South Texas. By Otprrerp Tuomas ........ 443 


3. Liste supplémentaire des Oiseaux recueillis en-Corée par M. Jean Kalinowski. Par M. 
L. Taczanowsk1, ©.M.Z.8......... apie RM <a dicie es ale = eiw'e wel a'4' sich \sinis a leleenenriane 


December 4, 1888. 


Mr. Howard Saunders, F.Z.8. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of the American 
Green-winged Teal shot in Devon ..............+.0. sis Gis whe oie. Giekstelee Wate ee 


1. The Mammals of the Solomon Islands, based on the Collections made by Mr. C. M. Wood- 
ford during his Second Expedition to the Archipelago. By Oxpriexp Txomas, 
Natural History Museum. (Plates XX—XXIL) ....06....scevecsseeccgeesess 


2. On certain Points in the Structure of Clitellio (Claparéde). By Frank E. Beppanp, M.A., 


Prosector to the Society. (Plate XXIIL.) ....ccccccssaseecececcesccescscsescs 49 


- Contents continued on page 3 of wrapper. 
iia 


te ye 


15 


417 


450 


469 


LIST OF PLATES. 


1888. 
PART..IV:. 

Plate : Page 
eal Possil Orocodilias «2. 00.0 ose se RST caer aie Nala sel gh cinie's 417 

XX. Fig. 1. Pteropus woodfordi. Fig. 2. P. coronatus. Fig. 3. 
Bteralopex‘airata © ie: beclea ani.’ ops ees tare ee 470 

XXI. Fig. 1. Pteropus woodfordi. “Figs. 2, 3. P. coronatus. Figs, 
Be fc COLA OOK ALAA we arris elec vs ae c.c/ainr-e's, J\s(orelernnelel a 2 a's 470 

XXII. Fig. 1. Anthops ornatus. Figs. 2,3. Musimperator. Figs. 4, 5. 
Miigerexs bic) Gro Ms) presto. is 6 > 6s s1eia.0, ln jn «ppustenee 470 
XXIII. Anatomy of Clitellio ...... of PAA ARI O ET r-cnd CCE 485 
xy | Supernumerary phalanx and syndesmoses in Amphibia ...... 495 
BeMVvie Map of Christmas Islands. j2..vececcsiscs eed sew wesc cess 512 
XXVII. Zosterops natalis ........ . bias Wed tiene aes 512 
XXVIII.’ New Shells ...........5. BST i le aig AUT RRA RN. 565 
_XXIX. ‘New Lepidoptera Heterocera’.., 020... e cu deceeeneecee ence 570 

XXX. . ¥oa 
; XXXT, + Lepidoptera of Japan and Corea «os. eee ec eee ec ee eee eee 580 
_ XXXII. 
x NOTICE. 


According to present arrangements the ‘ Proceedings’ are issued in four parts, 
as follows :— 


Part J. containing papers read in January and February, on June Ist, 


Il. af is » March and April, on August Ist. 
a oes = a s» May and June, on October Ist. 
e IV. hy = »» November and December, on April Ist. 


The price is 12s, per part for the edition with coloured, and 3s. per part for 
that with uncoloured Plates. 


Contents (continued). 


December 4, 1888 (continued). 


Page 
3. Observations upon the Morphology and Genesis of Supernumerary Phalanges, with especial a 
reference to those of the Amphibia. By G. B. Howes, F.Z.S., F.L.S., Assist. Prof. 
of Zoology, Normal School of Science and R. School of Mines, 8. Kensington, and A. 
M. Davrszs, Assoc. N.S.8, (Plates XXIV. & XXV.)...... Rhy ne pn 3 oes 495 


4. On the Natural History of Christmas Island, in the Indian Ocean. By J. J. Lister, 
Dui Be Fae ets at (LAE rho O02 Eg. 01771 Fe) an ors’ dp > lela eee 512 


5. On the Mammals of Christmas Island. By Oxprintp Tuomas, Natural History Museum. 532 
6. On the Reptiles of Christmas Island. By G, A. Bovnmncer ....,.........+eseeeeees BOF 
7. On the Terrestrial Mollusks of Christmas Island. By Epear A. Surrn, F.Z.S. ........ 536 
8. On the Coleoptera of Christmas Island. By C. J. Gamay, M.A. ...........000eeeeee 538 
9. On the Lepidoptera of Christmas Island. By A. G. BuTurr .......,...-crep cece eens 542 


10. On the Insects (exclusive of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera) of Christmas Island. By W. 
FP, Kirsy, Assistant in the Zoological Department, British Museum .............. 546 


{1. On the Arachnida, Myriopoda, and Land-Crustacea of Christmas Island. By R. I. 
‘Pocock; Agsistant.Nat.oist. Maisenm).,% 5 cies © cc os ov'sicles £05 pean see oS 


December 18, 1888. 


The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society's Menagerie in November 1888 .... 564 


1, Descriptions of fourteen new Species of Shells from China, Japan, and the Andaman 
Islands, chiefly collected by Deputy Surgeon-Gen, R. Hungerford. By G. B. Sowzrsy, 
EEZLS., BIAS. | (Plate ce x VEEi \emmb eens oessceute nausea aa cee ek eee ++ 565 


2. List of the Lepidoptera Heterocera, with Descriptions of the new Species, collected by 
Mr. C. M. Woodford at Aola, Guadalcanar Island, Solomon Islands. By Herperr 
Drvcez, F.L.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.8., &e. (Plate XXIX.) ........ Saneor ge Or 2: 570 


3. On the Lepidoptera of Japan and Corea,—Part II. Heterocera, Sect. I. By J. H. Lexcn, 
B.A., F.B.GS., F.LS., F.Z.S., F.ES., &c. (Plates XXX.XXXIT.) ..........00-- 580 


4, Remarks on the Numbers and on the Phylogenetic Development of the Remiges of Birds. 
By Hans Ganow, Ph.D., M.A., F.Z.S., Strickland Curator and Lecturer on the Ad- 
vanced Morphology of Vertebrata in the University of Cambridge, &c. ........++.. 655 


Appendix: List of Additions to the-Society’s Menagerie during the Year 1888...........:1++++ 668 


Titlepage, Lists of Contributors and their Articles, of Plates, and of Woodcuts in the Volume. 


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