thee 3 SE Ey 's" a 7 sete ot lee cA. ae ae eae ss ale weviy re . : As rY Rw! Son! = rts ¥ ti j alt , i ANG ia ial aa! ne 6. ar PROCEEDINGS GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS OF THE “ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY | OF LONDON. FOR THE YHAR 1898... . PART: 1; CONTAINING PAPERS READ IN i JANUARY sues FEBRUARY. oe TMOES. ay ths : Veo ee my ons eke of JUNE 1st, 1898. OP PRINTED FOR THE, SOCIETY, - SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN’ HANOVER dees aieee : He ‘LONDON: -> % MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO., PATERNOSTER- Bee aa < [Pribe Tnelve Shillings.) ae LIST OF CONTENTS. PART I.—1898. January 18, 1898. The Secretary. Report on the Additions to. the Society’s Menagerie in December 1897. (Plate 1.) reek wb ishele sum leiey.e 0.0/6 i esate eae Gerars Whee feete wae 0) 048,00 Rie & 0) be 8 8a ahd (Oomub eS SOs Sa The Secretary. Exhibition, on behalf of Dr. R. Collett, of a specimen of a _aupperes bebe brid between the Fieldfare (Turdus pilaris) and the Redwing (7. iliaeus) . Mr. W. E. de Winton. © Exhibition of a skin oe a Zebra (Equus boehmi) from British Hast Africa |. : rr i i aaa ene Snr er eae Cea Mee rns i re a Ck ee ae ac J. On the Parerennt of the Hyobranchial Skeleton of the Midwife-Toad (Alytes obstetri- cans). By W. G. Ripuwoop, D.Sc,, F.L.S., Lecturer on adie at, St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School, London. (Plate Il. ) eee ee a ere a ae es 2. On the Cteniform Spiders of Africa, Arabia, and) Syria. ey Frepx. O.' Prexarp Campriner, B.A. «(Plates ILI. & IV.) ee ee ee eC i ray 3. On some Crustaceans from the South Pacific.—Part I. Stomatopoda: By Lancenor Avexanper Borrapaite, M.A., Lecturer in Natural Sciences at Selwyn College, chara (Plates V. & VI.) re a ee ee ee ee re ee ary February 1, 1898. Mr. Oldfield Thomas. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, the skull of a supposed new sub- species. of Giraffe from West Africa, proposed to be named Giraffu camelopardalis OT DU TU Boa Sn SARIN, 0 die CES BELG operate 4 Seats Te A ais feel ode eae or AA n ha tre Vs Tos deta “ Mr. Selater. Wxhibition of photographs. of Serraties showing the differences in harks between the two recognized forms ee eh a ee ee ee i i ee ar ae ad Mr. J. Graham Kerr. | Notes on the dry-season habits of Lepidsiron, communicated to him in a letter by Mr. R. J. Hunt, of Paraguay 2.2.5. .0.0..00 0. Page 39 Mr. G, yh Boulenger, F.R.S. Notice of a memoir on the Fishes collected by Dr. J. Bach im the Rio Jurua, Brazil SUS BES LS © is PARP Ore a exe ie 6 oO ‘obey ee 0)6lq\b (Siale/ Msi, 0056/9 ere @ ose oO v 6 pialls Contents continued on page 3 of Wrapper. PROCEEDINGS GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON FOR THE YEAR PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, AND SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER-SQUARE LONDON: MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO, PATERNOSTER ROW. j is es. ad OF THE COUNCIL AND OFFICERS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1898. COUNCIL. (Elected April 29, 1898.) Siz W. H. Frower, K.C.B., LL.D., Wiurtram Bateson, Esq., F.R.S. His GracetHe Dux oF Beprorb. Cot. Joun BrppuLeu. Wittiam T. Branrorp, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., Vice-President. Grorce A. Boutencer, Esq., F.RS. Epwarp Norra Boxroy, Esq. Hersert Dever, Esq., F.LS. Cuartes Drummonp, Esq., Vrea- SUurer. E.R.S., Vice-President. Gen. Tue Hon. Feitpine, K.C.B. PRINCIPAL P. L. Scuater, Esq., M.A., Frank E. Bepparp, Esq., Prosector. D.C.L., Sce.D., F.R.S., President. F. DuCanr Gopmay, Esq., F.R.S., Vice-President. Dr. Abert Ginruer, F.RS., Vice-President. Proressor Gerorce B. Howes, LL.D., F.R.S., Vice-President. Lr.-Cor: Lnonarp H. Irpy. ticHaRD Lypexker, Esq., F.R.S. Dr. Sr. Georcr Mrvarr, F.R.S., Vice-President. | Srr Tuomas Patye. Sir JoserH Fayrer, Br.,K.C.8.1., Howaxp Sacnpers, Esq., F.L.S. | Painre Lurnty Scrarer, Esq., Srp Percy | | Cuartss 8, Tomes, Esq., F.R.S. M.A.,Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary. OFFICERS. Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary. M.A., F.R.S., Vice-Secretary and Mr. Crarence Bartierr, Superintendent of the Gardens. Mr. F. H. Waternouss, Librarian. Mr. Jonn Barrow, Accountant. Mr. W. H, Core, Chief Clerk. LIST OF THD CONTRIBUTORS, With References to the several Articles contributed by each, Aucock, N. H., B.A., M.D., Assistant to the Professor of Institutes of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin. On the Vascular System of the Chiroptera——Part I. Thoracic Vessels of Pteropus medius; with a Summary of the Literature of the Chiroptera ............00seeeee AnpREws, CHARLES Witir1AM, B.Sc., B.A., F.Z.8. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some Bird-remains from the Lake-dwellings of Glastonbury, Somersetshire. . Bepparp, Frank E., M.A., F.R.S., Vice-Secretary and Prosector to the Society. On the Anatomy of an Australian Cuckoo, Scythrops POUCA UNUCE) |) FTA), + Ws 6) SOMMER EIS fa clvan sds WS I9 6 On certain Points in the Anatomy of the Cunning Bassarisc (Bassariscus astutus) -2...ccceereecseves Step Page iv Page Beprorp, F. P., B.A., King’s College, Cambridge. Report on the Holothurians collected by Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner at Funafuti and Rotuma. (Plates LII.& LIII.) 834 Bet, Francis Jurrrey, M.A., F.ZS. On the Actinogonidiate Echinoderms collected by Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner at Funafuti and Rotuma .......... 849 BuanrorpD, W. T., LL.D., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &e. Notes on Lepus oiostolus and L. pallipes from Tibet, and mie, Keshinitt Vinca qUGiw..0- 52's. <6 ci Pearse oP Sais ye ae. 307 BorrRapdaiLe, LANcELoT ALEXANDER, M.A., F.Z.S., Lecturer in Natural Sciences at Selwyn College, Cambridge. On some Crustaceans from the South Pacific.—Part I. Rramatapodda..- (Plates Vide Vi.) a came eee os cee he es 32 On some Crustaceans from the South Pacific.—Part II. Macrura anomala. (Plate XXXVI.) ...........005.. 457 On some Crustaceans from the South Pacific.—Part III. Macrura... (Plates LAUIL—LXV.) age ed= cole oa daca s ¢ 1000 BouLENGsR, GHorGE ALBuRT, F.R.S., F.Z.8. Notice of a Memoir on the Fishes collected by Dr. J. Bach Thad oter I SuV0) Al ignr el siesVal len aaeee gee SNE Gy ae ee 44 Description of a new Sea-Snake from Borneo. (Plate crane eetncatns stag ttte ie: or REREAD eARnOT RO ool seco Sei 106 An Account of the Reptiles and Batrachians collected by Mr. W. F. H. Rosenberg in Western Ecuador. (Plates XR VU rai cae yee RI RNS on Wi ke. o qin alo g 107 Exhibition of a living specimen of a hybrid Newt between a male Molge cristata x M. marmorata and a female of MM OPRRUET cc Rte Neate ia ss >. Sty, s « Glecg h eiNA Lev Ne Bovnencer, GrorGe ALBert, F.R.S., F.Z.S. ( Continued.) A Revision of the African and Syrian Fishes of the Family Cichlide.—Part I. (Plate XIX.) a eMe, eo! > Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a dancing-stick from New Guinea to which two skulls of the Chelonian Caretto- chelys insculpta were attached ..¢..... . cee eee eee ee ee Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of a Sea- BUIaAON PERU a SUOIEERAN) iarce us, ou» nstile Ga alip net sa Be Dew Third Report on Additions to the Lizard Collection in the Natural-History Museum. (Plates LV.-LVII.).... Brapy, G. Strwarpson, M.D., LL.D., C.M.Z.S. Notice of a Memoir on new or imperfectly known Species of Ostracoda, chiefly from New Zealand........ Brinpiey, H. H., M.A., St. John’s College, Cambridge. On certain Characters of reproduced Appendages in Arthropoda, particularly in the Blattide. (Plate LVIII.) Bunpeertt, Joun §., F.Z.S8. Extracts from a letter from, on his Expedition to the DMM ETD merry ysstett 6.5. s<| a oiules coda mena! Mba > 0 sh aI Page 851 912 203 924 vi Burr, Matcorm, F.Z.8., Dixry, F. A., M.A., M.D., and CaMBRIDGE, Rey. O. Proxarn-, M.A., F.RS., C.M.ZS. On a Collection of Insects and Arachnids made by Mr. E. N. Bennett in Socotra, with Descriptions of new Species. (Plates XXX. & XXXI.) Busnett, 8. W., C.M.G., M.D., B.Sc., C.M.ZS. Extract from letter from, on the herd of Cervus david- ianus in the Imperial Hunting Park, Peking Burier, Arruur G., Ph.D., F.LS., F.Z.8., &e., Senior Assistant-Keeper, Zoological Department, British Museum. On a Collection of Lepidoptera made by Mr. F. V. Kirby, chiefly in Portuguese East Africa On the Lepidopterous Insects collected by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall in Natal and Mashonaland in 1895 and 1897. CENRIG eis. cocoa ac aa GP IRE Aiajsh Anais aaa’ On a Collection of Lepidoptera made in British East Africa by Mr. C.8. Betton. (Plates XXXII. & XXXII.) A List of Butterflies obtained in the Harar Highlands byOapt, WoGa0. Swayne, BB nc ees wuss se cece On asmall Collection of Butterflies made in the Chikala District, British Central Africa, by Mr. George Hoare . On a small Collection of Butterflies from British East Africa, obtained at the end of 1897 and beginning of 1898 by Mr. R. Crawshay On a Collection of Butterflies almost entirely made at Salisbury, Mashunaland, by Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall, in 1898 €, 0 @,.0 Je © 0,4) e),u af e)¥) e 0, diisi elt eae a6005eim6 w Oe Se) 6 Rie) Cate 6 ee 2-0 oa le 6, MEW © She we, «be 6,018 wie) 6a) Bia lee ae Bynrnz, L. W., F.Z.8., and Hotz, Ernest W. L. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, specimens and drawings of a supposed new Sucker-fish (Lepadogaster stictopterya@) ........ Page 588 49 825 902 Vii Gis Page Camepriper, FrepEricK O. PicKarp-, B.A. On the Cteniform Spiders of Africa, Arabia, and Syria. CPAn eR PEEL ADV 2} isin ten eer ater ee toe ond os awake eee. 13 On new Species of Spiders from Trinidad, West Indies. Chie EVO Ip ae ied. ste ike cleat. IB Beat eae 890 CampBrinak, Rev. O. Pickarp-, M.A., F.R.S., C.M.Z.S. Note on the generic name Hatonia ........ 20.2004. 348 On some Spiders from Savoy. 4.0.5. cessinei see's os 487 CampBripGz, Rey. O. Prckarp-, M.A., F.R.S., C.M.ZS., Drxny, F. A., M.A., M.D., and Burr, Manco, F.Z.S. On a Collection of Insects and Arachnids made by Mr. E. N. Bennett in Socotra, with Descriptions of new Species: (¢Plates AUK. & OOK RT)! Wi, eee soe 372 Cotuett, Prof. Rosert, F.M.ZS. On some Pigeons and Parrots from North and North- west Australia. (Plates XXVIII. & XXIX.) ........ 353 CunnincHaM, J. T., M.A. On the Early Post-larval Stages of the Common Crab (Cancer pagurus), and on the Affinity of that Species with Aiclecyclus heteradon.) (Plate ROM) is ciate hits in os vines 204 Dean, Dr. BAasHFrorp. Remarks on the Affinities of Paleospondylus gunni. In meply: to Ur oie Rag uait.) » daleitgcte poise e waisisjs ole alere « 343 DE Winton, W. E., F.Z.S. Exhibition of a skin of a Zebra (Hquus bochmt) from Pe bet Pts ur A EPLC 5 hah ths che (hei MAE ee Peay ab aaa) & vi olate 3 vill DE Winton, W. E., F.Z.8. ( Continued.) Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a head-skin of a Roan Antelope (Hippotragus equinus) from British East Africa. 127 On a new Genus and Species of Rodents of the Family Anomaluride from West Africa. (Plates XXXIV. & DRONE NY Mir a So in cr dx 5 Goede Skene VO een rat ier gear 5 Aa 450 List of the Mammals obtained by Mr. R. McD. Hawker during his recent Expedition to Somaliland............ 761 On the Moulting of the King Penguin (Aptenodytes pennanti) in the Society’s Gardens .................. 900 Dixy, F. A., M.A., M.D., Burr, Matcor, F.Z.8., and CamBriper, Rev. O. Pickarp-, M.A., F.R.S., C.M.Z.S. Ou a Collection of Insects and Arachnids made by Mr. E. N. Bennett in Socotra, with Descriptions of new Species... (Plates XXX. & RRNA We ie wie eee ho 372 Ducxworru, W. L. H., M.A., Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge. Note onan Anthropoid: Ae \ ri. iecesig e = Mists sve ori wr 9&9 Ducés, Atrrep, M.D. Description d’un Genre nouveau d’Ophidiens, Gea- UEC Bons Stel ve, 6's. slo v' ain, od dle ee eRe ER 539 Frparp, Miss Sopuiz M. On some Earthworms from British India............ 445 Fiower, Sranuny 8., 5th Fusiliers, F.Z.8., Director of the Zoological Gardens, Cairo, Egypt. On the Identification of a Gecko from Penang ...... 455 Extract from letter from, on the locality of the Siamang (Hylobutes sindanigius) 3. 4.00: ss on) ecw ee hows Seales 924 ix Fowrrr, G. Hurpert, B.A., Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Zoology, University College, London. Contributions to our Knowledge of the Plankton of the Faeroe Channel.—No. VI. Description of a new Mid- water Tow-net. Discussion of the Mid-water Fauna (Mesoplankton). Notes on Doliolum tritonis and D. na- tionalis, and on Parathemisto abyssorwm .......0.0 000s Contributions to our Knowledge of the Plankton of the Faeroe Channel.—No. VII. A. General Data of the Stations. B. The Protozoa. C. The Meduse. (Plate ee NE: oo So eee waited AURAL vided Me nye Rares 4 Fowzer, G. Hurzert, B.A., Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Zoology, University College, London, and THompson, Isaac C., F.L.S. Contributions to our Knowledge of the Plankton of the Faeroe Channel.—No. IV. Report on the Copepoda collected by Dr. G. H. Fowler from H.M.S. ‘ Research ’ in the Faeroe Channel in 1896 and 1897.............. Ganpiner, J. Srantny, M.A., Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. On the Perforate Corals collected by the Author in the South Pacific. (Plates XXIII. & XXIV.)............ On the Fungid Corals collected by the Author in the South Pacific. (Plates XLIIDL—XLV.). $26. decane'ss ls On the Turbinolid and Oculinoid Corals collected by the Author in the South Pacific. (Plate LXII.) .......... Gortpi, Dr. Emin A., C.M.Z.S., Para. Further Notes on the Amazonian Lepidosiren GorHaM, The Rev. Henry S., F.Z.S. On the Serricorn Coleoptera of St. Vincent, Grenada, and the Grenadines (Malacodermata, Ptinide, Bostrychide), with Descriptions of new Species. (Plate XXVII. figs. MESO Oa (US anges ais n ie ok «PRA Mose Sols poe Page 567 1016 540 257 525 994 852 x GorHam, The Rev. Henry S., F.Z.S. (Continued.) On the Coleoptera of the Families Hrotylide, Endomy- chide, and Coccinellide, collected by Mr. H. H. Smith in St. Vincent, Grenada, and the Grenadines, with Descrip- tions of new Species. (Plate XXVII. figs. 6, 11,12.) .. Hampson, Sir Grores F., Bart., F.Z.S. A Revision of the Moths of the Subfamily Pyraustine and Family Pyralide.—Part I. (Plates XLIX. & L.) .. Hickson, Sypnuy J., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.Z.8. On the Species of the Genus Millepora: a preliminary CommpURGSGN +... 2s! .45 07). ane eees er ipeietatn y= Silane ote Notes on the Collection of Specimens of the Genus Millepora obtained by Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner at Funafuti Bip SEA MaEAIMURIN 0. 4. 55 ~ ncn ni vhahacs a meee eiaae ne Euegeaiche ies i Hoxpine, R. E. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a pair of horns of the “Sunga” or Galla Ox of Abyssinia . Remarks on the Zoological Gardens at Belle Vue, Wiaenester ssc 2b 6s Or. Sener ae ates ete etemns foe's er erate, tetera sie Hour, Ernest W. L. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some advanced larvie of the luminous Fish Scopelus glacialis.........6-00 00. On the Breeding of the Dragonet (Callionymus lyra) in the Marine Biological Association’s Aquarium at Plymouth ; with a preliminary account of the Elements, and some remarks on the significance of the Sexual Dimorphism. (Plate XXVI.) Contributions to our Knowledge of the Plankton of the Faeroe Channel.—No. V._ Report on a Collection of very young Fishes obtained by Dr. G. H. Fowler in the Faeroe Channel. (Plates XLVI. & XLVII.) Ce rd ee Sep, ¢ 0 &@ cle, ote ate) ele Page 334 246 828 202 493 279 281 xi Hour, Ernest W. L., and Byrne, L. W., F.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, specimens and drawings of a supposed new Sucker-fish (Lepadogaster SOMO BICFUI Metal. «aga tat eh Ck Ce CEE ENS eS ie ee ee Howss, G. B., LL.D., F.B.S., V.P.Z.S. Exhibition, on behalf on Mr. E. W. L. Holt, of a specimen of a new British Fish (Argentina silus) ...... Exhibition of, and remarks upon, series of embryos and living eggs of the Tuatera (Sphenodon punctatus) ...... Jacosy, Marrin, F.E.S. Additions to the Knowledge of the Phytophagous Coleoptera of Africa.—Part I., (Plate XXII.) ........ Jounsron, Sir Harry H., K.C.B., F.Z.S. On the Larger Mammals of Tunisia..... .......... Kerr, J. Grawam, F.Z.S. Notes on the dry-season habits of Lepidosiren, com- municated to him in a letter by Mr. R. J. Hunt, of A Peet Ss porch ab avehl ty + iaie's «5g 4 wp ate eareenea NS . Exhibition of specimens of Lepidosiren and other Fishes collected in the Gran Chaco of Paraguay .............. Lx Sovér, Duptry, C.M.Z.S. Letter from, on the transfer by the mother of an embryo Kangaroo (Mucropus giganteus) by her mouth into SE OUCH a eink ue MMe! s oc soa 4 2h eR IR Se abel a LyprxKer, Ricwarp, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. On the Geographical Races of the Banting. (Plate DEORE og vt OR ge ale Re ARR gO VO Mircuewt, P. Coatmers, M.A., F.Z.S, Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some etched studies ox vounsOrans-OuLranes, oj. .cheepiodeatamiasians wstatele aids Page 589 41 492 276 xil NEUMANN, OSCAR. On a new Antelope of the Genus Hippotrayus ....-+ Parsons, F. G., F.R.CS., F.ZS., F.L.S., Lecturer on Comparative Anatomy at St. Thomas’s Hospital, and Hunterian Professor at the Royal College of Surgeons. On the Anatomy of the African Jumping-Hare (Pecdetes caffer) compared with that of the Dipodide.........--- Parsons, F..G., F.R.CS., F.Z.8., F.L.8., Lecturer on Com- parative Anatomy at St. Thomas’s Hospital, and Hunterian Professor at the Royal College of Surgeons, and Wrinptz, B.C. A., M.A., M.D., D.Sc., Professor of Anatomy at Mason University College, Birmingham. The Myology of the Terrestrial Carnivora.—Part IL... Peracca, Count M. G., D.Se., Ph.D., F.Z.S. Note on an Italian Newt, Molge italica. (Plate XL.).. Pocock, R. I., of the British Museum (Natural History). On the Scorpions, Spiders, and Solpugas collected by Mr. ©. Steuart Betton in British East Africa. (Plates LT RA): | sriate Seaisine.sk Jo SHON Sele 2 Rg Pycrart, W. P. Contributions to the Osteology of Birds.—Part I. Stega- nopodes. (Plates VII. & VIIL.) ........ see eee eee ees Contributions to the Osteology of Birds.—Part IL. Zm- pennes. (Plates LIX.-LXI.).....--.. 0. eee eee ee ents Ripewoop, W. G., D.Se., F.LS., F.Z.8., Lecturer on Biology at St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School, London. On the Development of the Hyobranchial Skeleton of the Midwife-Toad (Alytes obstetricans), (Plate I1.) On the Skeleton of Regenerated Limbs of the Midwite- Toad (Alytes obstetricans) .. 06. c cece ee eee etree 858 152 497 958 Xill Page RoruscHitp, Hon. Water, F.Z.8. Exhibition of a mounted specimen of the Ribbon-fish, IEG aleGEs eT GAntGUe (2) i. erase GN ew widen wee A 280 Scuuster, E. H. J., F.Z.S. Onanew Flagellate Protozoon of the genus Lophomonus, 242 Scrarer, Purrie Lurtey, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to the Society. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in Degempertean.) Cewek.) . 2s lon vateoe eae ae oe se ele 1 Exhibition, on behalf of Dr. R. Collett, of a supposed hybrid between the Fieldfare (Zurdus pilaris) and the CWI CES QU MCREN Ts Aus eae ss <2 ok LOM nes ae. € 3 Exhibition of photographs of Giraffes showing the dif- ferences in markings between the two recognized forms.. 41 Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in SARNAET LOIS) we wives ho bieleais oa 2 ahem ati ae 79 Exhibition of a series of Lepidopterous Insects showing the system of mounting adopted in ‘Denton’s Patent MILDER mba etS, ” iF EL Ss <0. a 2: dane eee ae Wee (es 81 Exhibition of, and remarks upon, two skins of the White- legged Falconet (Microhieraw melanoleucus) .........4.. 128 Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in ern CEOS fora wena tins. 3 ca: 4s ROE Ee 201 Exhibition of, on behalf of Sir Edmund Loder, Bart., and remarks upon, some photographs of the Beaver-pond at lueonardslee,.Horshamin, . -)..<): 05: eee vos coencalo ee 201 Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in Maret 1898 ss oe oat be) 10. 2 FS 245 Remarks on the principal animals observed during recent visits to the Marseilles Garden, the menagerie of the Bey of Tunis at Marsa, and the Jardin d’Acelimatation, Paris. 280 XIV Scuaver, Purire Luriey, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S. ( Continued.) Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in Mepril SOS pk... 0 Skala ees teen pee meee ee Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some specimens of Mammals from the Gambia, with a List of the Antelopes knows irom @nab COLONY Sef cite mc ee nists eee ee levels << Report on the Additions to the Society's Menagerie in May PB9G ci )oiic asia ce 3 4 om» mgeieteem wueetelm Sja)rie isleiiee Sue Remarks on the arrival in the Society’s Gardens of four living specimens of the Australian Lung-fish (Ceratodus SOTSEOVE YN. stan» ww nti ainje 9) = een ie eae eons [ole ni a) suse) Reports on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in June, July, August, September, and October 1898. Ub lnte VELL.) .5 eine ie lap naeied name Geico as x 0 oe Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a photograph of Grévy’s Zebra (Equus grevit) .. 1.6... weer eee Exhibition of a set of photographs of the Bangkok IN Peiiygiibi meets Aen Sos oaa6 . 5 Ku oe OMe emcee Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in INovemmber USOS, cx ccesrosh oicete ore ea Meaiene aor 98% ise = pied a Suarpe, Miss Emity Mary. On a Collection of Lepidopterous Insects from San Domingo. With Field-notes by the Collector, Dr. Curu- PUB TOORRISDY 5...) 5:2 0 la/ececaip eels aie reat ee a ie ee A List of the Lepidopterous Insects collected by Mrs. Lort Phillips in Somaliland .............-.....- Surptey, Arruur E., F.Z.S., Fellow and Tutor of Christ’s College, Cambridge, and University Lecturer in the Advanced Morphology of the Invertebrata. Report on the Gephyrean Worms collected by Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner at Rotuma and Funafuti. (Plate RR VE) eee Wek eee uel eee ieee see tes Page 348 349 456 492 588 xV THAYER, ABgorr H. Remarks on his method of demonstrating the underlying principle of protective coloration in animals .......... Tuomas, OLDFIELD, F.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, the skull of a supposed new subspecies of Giraffe from West Africa, proposed to be named Giraffa camelopardalis peralta ...........4.. On some Mammals obtained by the late Mr. Henry Durnford-in Chubut, E. Patagonia .............-.02. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a series of specimens of a Siamese Squirrel showing variability in coloration .. Description of a new Dik-dik Antelope (Madoqua) dis- covered in N.E. Africa by Mr. H. 8. H. Cavendish...... On a small Collection of Mammals obtained by Mr. Alfred Sharpe,'C.B., in Nyasaland —.. 2.22 s..0.6. 0%. On Mammals collected by Mr.J.D. La Touche at Kuatun, DI Wer Pokien Oning 292. s.:. .'. Leen ou d cae. Extract from letter from Sefior Ameghino on the newly- discovered Mammal Neomylodon .......... 0.000 eeee Tompson, IsaacC., F.L.S., and Fowiezr, G. Herzert, B.A., Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Zoology, University College, London. Contributions to our Knowledge of the Plankton of the Faeroe Channel.—No. 1V. Report on the Copepoda collected by Dr. G. H. Fowler from H.M.S. ‘ Research ’ in the Faeroe Channel in 1896 and 1897 ee) THomson, AnrHur, Head-Keeper of the Society’s Menagerie. Report on the Insect-house for 1897 Wicteswortu, L. W. Remarks on the Theories of the Origin of Secondary exnal Whatuiciers * <2: .5 No ee Ba) op de Page 494 o40 80 xvi Page Woot, B. C. A., M.A.,M.D., D.Sc., Professor of Anatomy at Mason University College. Birmingham, and Parsons, F. G., F.R.C.S., F.Z.8., F.L.8., Lecturer on Comparative Anatomy at St. Thomas’s Hospital, and Hunterian Professor at the Royal College of Surgeons. The Myology of the Terrestrial Carnivora.—Part II... 152 Woopwarp, Henry, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, an abnormal pair of sritlercor the ed Deer 2. 7. 22s eaten ices 2 + as 924 LIST OF PLATES. 1898. riate Page I. Felis dominicanorum .....0.ccceccseeesuvccssess 2 II. Hyoid of Alytes obstetricans .....000ceeeccccuees 4 aa African Cteniform Spiders ..........00.sse0see0s 13 at Stomatopoda from the South Pacific .............. 32 VII. Osteology of Steganopodes.—Fig. 1. Fregata ariel. Fig. 2. Phaéthon flavirostris. Fig. 3. Phalacro- CONALSCOTDO Nveetlate vais s'a:.5 9 saan, oe Meare eave tie e eh 82 VIII. Osteology of Steganopodes.—Figs. 1, 1a, 5. Phaéthon flavirostris. Fig. 2. Sula leucogastra. Fig. 3. Phalacrocorax carbo. Fig. 4. Fregata ariel. Fig. 5. Pelecunus-rufescens . . salves vvsveessseles 82 IX. Hydrophis floweri ..... SPIN HG = Seen) eG 106 X. Fig. 1. Anolis peracce. Fig. 2. A. elegans. Fig. 3. | A. chloris. Fig. 4. A. lemniscatus........0600-5 XI. Fig. 1. Anolis maculiventris. Fig. 2. A. granuliceps. he OF OLUADES os 5 0: se EGA hat LL XII. Fig. 1. Synophis miops. Fig. 2. Leptognathus ellipsi- SPW ae Bone dae oddor o\e.0, e(ecalatersletaelete’shais eel share alse PAT, | FAAP PORCHOEL GE» oser ones wid tc A OE OAs Bice he XIV. Fig. 1. Phyllobates infraguttatus. Fig. 2 i, Bigjladea 107 anomalus. Fig. 3. Syrrhopus areolatus. Fig. 4. Leptodactylus pulcher ...ccreccciccssscrsteres XV. Fig. 1. Hylodes longirostris. Fig. 2. H. achatinus. Fig. 3. H. gularis. Fig. 4. H. latidiscus..,..... DEVIL, « EG ls. POSEMEEL GE SS. is See MME Oh tee eed ON XVI. Fig. 1. Nototrema inatifrne Fig. 2. Hylella parabambe CA aeRO) 00 U: HOE RONS etete GRO AVL: Nototrema corniuduin.'....\teeste. M61 Phe es ois nee XIX. Fig. 1. Pelmatochromis welwitschi. Fig. 2. Chromi- OURAN BICY CE” “a leltteeto: chain ets c ore aes 132 moe, "Battertises front Natal. sii fou eos esse ots ee oles os 186 XXII. Cancer pagurus. First Post-larval Stages, magnified. 204 Proc, Zoou, Soc.—1898. b xviii Plate Page XXII. New speciesof African Phytophagous Coleoptera .. 212 XXII. : ape XXIV. Corals from the South Pacific, .........seessseees 257 XXV. Heads of (1) Burmese and (2) Javan Races of the Banting (Bos sondatcus)....++essceesecscasees 276 OQ Fe OUP aL deen OC On hb onde aca” 281 XXVII. Serricorn and other Coleoptera from the West LTC ee TaN comet o Te acon o oo oer 315 & 334 RAVILL, ‘Petrophassa rifipengas: oc sey als acess ete see 353 XXIX. Ptilopus (Leucotreron) alligator...........0000005 DORK, Drinccta from Socutta Lifer Je: asain oa we oe ele 379 XXXL. Arancidea from Socotra. ...6.20vessceese see 3 XXXII. sas 1 Tact A fot : x XXXIL British-East-African Lepidoptera................ 395 eee DER ORB, POD BALOOB OO Gre 0 0o 200 OS Oe 450 XXXVI. Macrura anomala from the South Pacific ........ 457 XXXVII. Gephyrea from Rotuma and Funafuti............ 468 XXXVIIL. Fig. 1. Phrynobatrachus perpalmatus. Fig. 2, Ar-) throleptis moortt. Fig. 3. Phrynixalus oxyrhinus. Fig. 4. Mantophryne robusta «1... eee eens a XXXIX. Fig. 1. Hylodes alfredi. Fig. 2. Borborocetes mexi- Pes canus. Fig. 3. Hyla microcephala. Fig. 4. Hyla | JRNAE drs. den ALE. oes ee es 9d Ge dine J MibirenMolge staea «SSeS See ee ick ce ws ese aa 482 ES | British-East-African Necshnida cece ooo oms tae: 497 XLII. XLIV. Corals from the South Pacific ...........06. Skt eo XLV. pee Pl XLVIL ankton of the Faeroe Channel ............e055 550 XLVIDL, Cercopithecus Phoesti, QD ..sccccscccsccssscevcces 586 woe Pyralide of the Subfamily Pyraustine .......... 590 LI. Sciagraph of Gnathonemus rhynchophorus ........ 775 — Holothurians from Funafuti and Rotuma ........ 884 LIV. New Spiders from Trinidad, WL... ....eee eee 890 LV. Fig. 1. Phyllodactylus siamensis. Fig. 2. Anolis curtus. Fig. 3. Arthroseps wernert. Fig. 4, Tygos0mae alfredt... v-.agevaas vinnie vines sate 91 LVI. Fig. 1. Diploglossus nuchalis. Fig. 2. Varanus e 912 TE CTICHULG | 55-5: Sadler agate aa asusiio ain sis ees we eee LVI. Fig. 1. Lygosoma aignanum. Fig. 2. L. gastrostigma, LVI. Tarsi of Blattide ..........04.. sisi teagan har (924 xix | Plate Page LIX. Osteology of the Impennes.—Fig. 1. Spheniscus magel- \ lanicus. Fig.2. Pygoscelis papua. Fig. 3. Apteno- dytes patagonica. Fig. 4. Eudyptula albosignata. Fig. 5. Catarrhactes chrysocome .......0++.005 = LX. Osteology of the Impennes.—Fig. 1. Eudyptula ¢ 998 albosignata. Fig. 2. Catarrhactes ae. | Fig. 3. Megadyptes antipodum ...........00055 LXI. Osteology of the Impennes.—Figs. 1, 4, 5. Catar- rhactes chrysocome. Figs, 2,3. Pygoscelis papua. - | LXII. Corals from the South Pacific .......... Srarchnicscehe 994. LXIIL. LXIV.} Macrura from the South Pacific ................ 1000 Lxv.{ LXVI. Plankton of the Faeroe Channel ..............-. 1016 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. 1898. Lepidosiren, Views of dry-season burrows of, as seen in section .. 42,43 Scythrops, Skull of, ventral View) .\..clecs telcos steele rca ccis «pees ss 47 MAYES SKUUL Ol eireiessi a sieve ajoistetetkslctetautteksteteladslcrate ote i slaccte ster aera Scythropes culo, lateral views... vestisesie sete elite wie veils oe > 49 Eudynamis, Skull of, lateral view...........0+.00005 ion Oa nciorc 49 Pteropus medius, Heart and lungs of, seen from the ventral aspect., 63 Pteropus medius, Heart and lungs of, dorsal aspect .............. 64 Pteropus edulis, Heart of, ventral surface ...............5005 .. 65 Pteropus medius, Heart of, dorsal surface ..........0....200000- 66 Pteropus edulis, Heart of, with portion of wall of right ventricle Purmed | Pacle cy, s95) 1-1) -ykayeiowi lo emaier Reinet ele eens ae Meester 68 Pteropus edulis, Heart of, with right auricle opened and wall of right ventricle TeMOVed:s.b..5:5j-.ctovrde/y ae ReMMeR Ite eratrentale cre chee 68 Pteropus, Internal Mammary Arteries and Veins of, from the dorsal RCD iu poe Bonn dn. acta Uo co ooO bed dno ond duenoa 71 Phaéthon flavirostris, Sternum of, left side view............+ eerie ey Phalacrocorax carbo, Sternum of, left side view.................. 88 Phalacrocorax carbo, Dorsal aspect of the pelvis of .............. 88 Phaéthon flavirostris (nestling), Dorsal aspect of the pelvis of...... 89 Phaéthon flavirostris, Anterior aspect of the proximal end of the TS) Een ORD. AGRE OOo botsoo Soo aaa ote sisnnerd 90 Pelecanus rufescens, Anterior aspect of the proximal end of the FHERIGRUS.O£ oy) 55-05 ass rk do pee eo. € inner a es enettla ieerene e Pela 90 Phalacrocorax carbo, Anterior aspect of the proximal end of the NDIMELUS OLE. aio 5 5 5 nsninin'e' = &.5 pata ei 2 Uap Re eae Commins 90 Steg ganopodes, Diagram showing the probable relationships between the various families of the ‘Sabarder BOD Cope oc otobddaoo Banos 92 Alytes obstetri veans, Skeleton of regenerated left hind limbs of Pete 103 Alytes obstetricans, Outlines of developing hind limbs (normal) of.. 104 Falconets, The White-legred ............000+000: vrevervenetelaeatae 128 Bassariscus astutus, Brain of ........ Seals abet? sfomeoaete ejerediemterete tg 130 Canis familiaris, External muscles of thigh of ............00e00- 156 Herpestes, Inside view of thigh-muscles of ............0eeeeesees 161 Herpestes, Muscles of hind foot of (dorsal view) ............000 166 Herpesies, Plantar tendons of foot Of ........:.20:seseeccerees . 170 Procyon, Plantar muscles of foot of ............ dia ayatomarersteverte laters 173 Tmétra,Musclesrotssalerol footeOl vc ais/0reiccys icheleluleke oe eet nee rate 174 Ox (Gall); EAGreBstQEe oi soca ts cals «vs abr cteca tel dco temnts Seiten aera ae 203 Page Dophomonas suleata,. ..cccssccrscccccccseccsssccescsssecescoes 243 Lophomonas sulcata, Possible cyst of ......... cece eee cece 244 Dragonets, Male and female, preparing to ascend, and bundle of pris- MAIC DOMES. 2.6. ase eae ae we meces ee ncicise wise sials svle siecle ele 289 Dragonets, Male and female, in coition .........eseeees scenes 250 Oreos derbianus, VAOTOS OF.) 5 ««s)elaiec) e+ sla /eclelthe) leheletateyelel\~\ = a7e)'s 349 Pericheta cupulifera, Ventral view of xvmmth segment of.......... 446 Pericheta crescentica, Spermatheca from vuth segment, right side, of 448 Gnaphosa molesta: Epigyne ... 6.02. sccs ence ee ss ecessisssceses 489 Gnaphosa molesta: eyes from above and a little behind .........- 489 DT CORL TUS ANTE s NEVIS NTC s/o) 61 <) o)e\o\.)-\a\el-1 4 1s felorelet=ae clnle\eteteye ats») dhatetatete 490 Tycosa riparia: portion of palpus and palpal organs .........-.... 490 Mowyenicts Mid—=wWwAber— % > c,syyeu'e aie A+ «0 wicacnols epee po \>yelobeteystatalsuete\elehakelei Yes 615 LETTE TED oS (SRB CONO © COLE TASER Oo On ZOD OOo NO Oe 614 MISSED TU BOLULOLIS, | Sire oi aieicls «om «oa. a nie vlolaysseistayer= che veelors oo... 615 PAMMCOptera FUBCINETUBUS,, Bo 5c oes oie c's s os ood De pai e MI als wld Wawa 617 Manthomelena schematias, Go vec oe viens cnn c beeen be via ele os ales 617 Rhimphaleodes macrostigma, So... cctv cevncweeccettnenccses 618 Pinbephrid JAGUAT AUIS, Boo soe ecs scene eee renin ces ey vi sis selene ele 619 PEG AOU DUALS, Site a evsisiaia a o oie nce la.s vl oe D0 exaltation ole wtetehstelst eben 622 EBEHUIUEUD ST IOIGUS. Gi. icicieo « ais + 4 = ache aurkeue ented sie Oe errors 622 Zinckenia fascialis, S....... Weebl cdoe Map epee ae Neer eaninrs 623 DRAMA GIVER) Meer, 56 SOOM S C15) 5 TAME Seo ss Or 624 Eurrhyparodes bracteolalis, 0... cece cree rece cece ce teen enees 625 Heterocnephes lymphatalis, $1... sce c ete t eet eee 627 Agroptera magnificalis, GS vciccscecceccsrescescessnderies cevies 628 IDES RAAF UME AUS,” Gy, oc) dsialahe: =:2. «.sisyohe.s, »»,0)0) +a ckapetantte oko tale la aya ste) «hole 630 Aitholix flavibasalis, § ......-- CIR 58 Coban fo nbeo eh be 634 Pagyda salvalis, 3. ncccenccvcsencaereccceseneasanesccsien sees 634 TO RAEN GREER Sh GUO Ano HELO OOOO. ino: A Acrn orNar teenG3s Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, So... cece cence teen eee e neces 638 Moarasmia venilialis, SB sce eects cc cene teen ne asile cet ele yaoi 638 Rhimphalea trogusalis, GS ....e cece cence eeeeeeenes rsia tale eis yarn 640 Hyalea dividalis, So .. ss eee eee sateotee nett eh tay ha, aseasheve re Acoiaie 641 Leucochroma corope, Sw... ccsececcveerceceneeen reenter cnenes 642 Syngamia Moridalis, Go... sc cce recs ccc cere c wees cece cere nes 3 Page Hileithia decostalis, G ...... erave"eser plana te etesa%e;arauegeteee rover Oye ale ERENT 646 Bathnea ecclasaltay(G: ~ . «cis sesie- Seloinardiont ete oe © AeOHG eens eee eRe 647 Dr theyria, Gey Ualesyh Gis. Sota Laks MER ORO eS A AB SE eae 648 BSGCCHOVIS\ONY CHANGE, GB. «<< sidta ops elacieyn 0 sljepeeie dels ae en ae eee 650 Salbiomorpha torsalis, $ ....... SEDER UL ART ON aie cree 654 MMOCKOCIS TAMCNLAUS, © S- oaie sos vie he sstses « ret Oho eee 655 Opes AY Glis, Be Eee Paks Aone eae is Cee 660 iosophora altheatss;: B08 es OV ee fete wantats 661 CRE cudopter a: EMissGlis,. Goss stoi aiacivicterderee Oe Go sos Maat 664 Meésocondyla dardusalia; Ji. 0. boo cine wes Ok oa da ee eee 666 WREUCOPROCIS ULERY A, Si \accea sane ats eee ee oto toa eee os Gar Caprinta conchylalis, G43 beL iD a ae ee hae 668 Spilomela per sincdla, Bo stannic Woe Oh TR WES UR er TA SRE Free 669 PEER TOAPOT IG NS 5 ws Sine = ors -3e sae eh Od VERE PRES Dee ee 669 PLCVRAUTG Y9Y LU, Sy veiea a's 4: S10 Ph ia. o)s aye ctevelolove aaa Ree eee As Se Cae oe 670 MOL E8 SULUULOT SENS, «Gc isie oss 's Sas eee oie Gare AONE Re eae 671 Bympanodes fasciales, Ss cede scien Cheadutaedon st vhpemee yt ae 673 Gonchylodes diphtheralis;: Gi hack denlediendacy cee Ce ee tee eee 674 AVEW TUE PTOCODIG, Soi s-u.3thatrerteete Petes ENS ORL Ee ee 676 Wrnogamaredtienbachert, (Gi as ai cast ayes usin oe Ghat ee eats eS 676 Prpyganodes noctescens, Bois sie as Batons Hughes Pave e aed ee ee 677 ET OCOTICH NUT OCUANGUS, O° Gancrten enero nee Dales ett Hate 687 Obgocentris\deciusalis, Ss ccccteriohireieoetremetcroe eos «aes SORTS 687 Wirhocrocisipunetiferalis, So scape ele ek, eee et cee ee 688 FHCOUAG PRONG, So. sec thas ete ds «to Weve e es HE RS 694 Goniorhynchus plumbeizonalis, G .......2-00. Ria oisreto-ott 2 tres eee ed EPIUUNUSIOULAUES (O- . ia anwea ne Rec oe ee etter bine SER RE Re 706 ACRUNLOUESICETURCOSLR, Gf veawte Stee Coho Re) Shee ene ee 707 Piletosoma novalis, So... see eeee SYS ae RABIN od Se EE 707 Dota Sur TECEDUS Ss vs cs vie pero e eel as SRL ERTOR NETS Nave ti See 708 Cerararcha wumbrosa;. Basalt epe eee mentoniat ee hee eee 709 Bon/OdeEsIUSIAlisy Gy... 2s. 7 eee Ee Ca RcCe So Dee 709 PUIELT EUS CFLUONG,) So ssc SERS Eh Le ees 711 SPROT OOPS NEMNICE,| Gis. ss Jane SRR eR Dee eas ee AL | IS LEPE AISLES OI Se vx aie sw RD Sere Ee OER TE oe ie Le wwe Endographis acrochlora, $ .......... eins he net Stee ne ere 726 Kjjropia qQuaternadlis, Soo... dc «dau vtates «hee Mee ds Dee h a ee 726 PVGEEROAES!OSTETE GUESS baru. dcatd cjavore el oieie ei Pa VR ee Ht aS 730 GL phodes) OOF ales, |S. a's»: vulne Saleloin!o sl eeroMNe ata Aes nee ee 731 CUMAVOGES OPAIAUR IG. soo. 5:a-aievaravefsieeere ee hatte aloe ae ee 748 PYG Ospila COMEPETAlS, So. we edhe awt t OEE URE RON ae EE EEE BE 749 ROOT UR PALOSSOUES, 9S: 5. a casts OUR eR RE Nek mb Sane e es 751 Euclasta defamatalis, 3...... BOF aeveseac: 0 Gua as ARLES Oe RR DE 751 EGU thlpea COCR Soo ein sce va aia ertlets See EDN 752 TRPeyrodes UPN Sono 8% She casi sialere siare sie oh SERMRICR OS ERR 753 Syllepis marialis, So... cc cece M eansikMeaechovapomansts le chp SEWENG oXaN 764 Aphlyta singulalis, So. cc eve eww sisbrs Ae EINES PRR 765 PEACINOAES OFOONAHES So sx Sw vue oisteend a oN aN ON GAMER Rite OR 766 . Page WNTCET CO OSEDCONATES, orate" win'e eicinisi cia! afalaloint sPacoral aimiei afc, ota sie’, vis) sie ae) etare 757 Crocidolomia suffusalis, S ve... cece ee cee eee * Fino OCOD OTOP Cn oe 758 Ommatospila descriptalas, So. ieee c cs cee ucdeevcccnesesssesedar 759 SEV CUMULUS I ecialacad wa eee el caetrs atertare Sfetatare skcavo neba'sie 760 Pseudocucumis, Diagram of oral tentacles OE aaa trict s 65,9 Ware . 844 Pirisal at Dunas, Marajé araicaletesaieianerestek ciahsyateretmierenetteseegssole eas .. 854 Lepidosiren, Head of living, showing the ramifications of the fore- ATID: Pade Aa reig aaa oe PPAR ra acta sesfale al cle sreharel se etelsioi Sitter 867 iPedetes, Vhe Pannigulus Of cick. ste eecsees eslears Brats cuesd Mepater dite 868 Pedetes, Inner view of wall of pelvis of ...... wieietptateiatatelss pdt 7. 870 Pedetes, Knee-joint of, with the femur removed ................ 875 Pedetes, Knee-joint of, from behind ............00eescscenseeces 876 Pedetes, Inner view of ankle and foot of ............000.cceeeeee 877 Redcies; PalateOle os cccae t's + i ssi set ars sola staresten tie ee ot te 879 eiches, NUTGSVOOPAATIS OF os. os wc as sass 5B aR COD eS eee 879 Pedetes, Ceecum of, viewed from behind ...............0secceees 880 iPeacres Winder surtachOL lyer' OL. 3.)...2. 1a, case teen sme ocleke 881 Pedetes, Heart of, with right auricle opened from in front ........ 884 Catarrhactes chrysocome, Lateral view of the innominate of a nestling, to show the separate elements .....2....cceeeeescceves Heresy) Spheniscide, Diagram showing the probable relationships of the WHTIONS Genera Of Une AMIE. 4), 4x oc eign naa DoREE te hidiehw bis a's 981 Apes, Outline tracings of the heads of various ............ era cicks 991 Haeroe’ Channel, Chart of the 50.22. .caceceses sce AIA CRC CRO 1017 LIST OF NEW GENERIC TERMS. 1898. es Aclonophlebia (Lep.) ......+++++- 428 Aéthurus (Mamm.) ............+++ 450 Arthroseps (Rept.) .--.s.sesse+0++ 920 Bathybates (Pisces)......+++++++++ 495 Bettonia (Lep.) ....--sesesseeeee- 418 Catapsephis (Lep.) .......+- 594, 612 Cheiridisia (Coleopt.) .......--+++ 226 Chromidotilapia (Pisces) .....- 151 Betodus (Pisces) .....--.-ss0+++++ 497 Eretmodus (Pisces) .......-.++++++ 495 Erinothus (Lep.) ....--..-++- 595, 706 Bucratoscelus (Arachn.) ......... 500 Geatractus (Rept.) .........seeee+ 539 Hameopis (Lep.) ..-..sseeeeeeee 435 Julidochromis (Pisces) ......... 495 Lembopteris (Lep.) ........++++++- 438 Page Leptomyrina (Lep.) ...+.....+.- 405 Metabetzeus (Crustacea) ...... 1014 Metaculasta (Lep.) .........2+-++ 444 Monocoptopera (Lep.) ... 596, 610 Perissodus (Pisces) ........-+2-+++ 496 Petrochromis (Pisces) ........- 496 Piletosoma (Lep.) .......-. 595, 707 Pisenorodes (Arachn.)............ 504 Plecodus (Pisces) ....-...-.2.00+ 497 Proconica (Lep.) ......+.- 598, 686 Pseudedusia (Coleopt.) ......... 229 Simochromis (Pisces) ............ 496 Symphysa (Lep.) ......... 594, 609 Tarsocera (Lep.) .......ssscsseeeee 903 Telmatochromis (Pisces) ...... 495 Torynesis (Lep.) ......000..ses000s 903 Tropheus (Pisces) .........2+.40 496 Trotonotus (Lep.) .......0ssesees 431 ERRATUM AND ADDENDUM. P. 486, 6th line from top, for ‘ Taranto’ read ‘ Otranto.’ P. 487, add EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL. The largest specimen, upper, lower, and side views, represents a breeding female of Molge italica, the others breeding males, The skull on the right hand is that of MW. italica, the one on the left is that of M. vulgaris var. meridionalis, both enlarged two diameters. The outline figures between the skulls represent sections of the body of M. italica, $ (lower figure), and M. vulgaris var. meridionalis, $ (upper figure). 2 &, AL ey k PROCEEDINGS OF THE GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. January 18, 1898. Dr. A. Ginruer, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of December 1897 :— The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena- gerie during the month of December was 79, of which 45 were by presentation, 18 by purchase, 15 were received on deposit, and one was born in the Menagerie. The total number of departures during the same period, by death and removals, was 154. Amongst these attention may be called to :— 1. Two White-naped Weasels (Pecilogale albinucha)* from Natal, presented by Mr. William Champion, F.Z.S., Dec. 1st. This curiously marked Weasel, which much resembles a Zorilla in its markings (see P.Z.S. 1864, p. 69, pl. x.), is new to the Collection. 2. A specimen of an apparently new species of Wild Cat from Foochow, China, presented by Messrs. Rickett and J. La Touche of that Port, and received December 6th, for which I propose to adopt (at all events for the present) Mr. La Touche’s suggested 1 Gf. Thomas, Ann. N. H. (5) xi. p. 370 (1883). Proc. Zoon, Soc,—-1898, No. I. 1 2 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THH MENAGERIE. [Jan. 18, name of Felis dominicanorum, after the Dominican Monks from whom he received the specimen. I exhibit a coloured drawing by Mr. Smit of this animal (Plate I.), and read an extract from a letter of Mr. La Touche’s to Mr. Thomas relating to it (dated Foochow, 10. vill. 97) :— “T have lately acquired a wild cat which I suspect to be new. This cat was obtained at Kuatun last winter, and sold to one of the Spanish Missionaries, who kept it for several months and who eventually sent it to me.- It would appear to resemble Fels temmincki of India, but differs in some ways so far as I can see. The animal is of somewhat cross disposition, and won’t bear too close inspection. In size it would seem to be about 3 ft. from head to root of tail. The tailis long and of uniform width, perhaps may measure 20 inches. The height at shoulders is quite 18 inches. The marks on the face answer to those given in the description of F. temmincki; the chin is white, breast dirty white with not well- marked stripes ; ears black outside with paler centres. The general colour is a reddish brown; the hair would appear to be grey at base, brown in the centre, and tipped with grey or whitish, which gives the beast a greyish-brown appearance. The tail is, I believe, darker at tip and buff underneath. The nose is dull red, and the iris a brownish yellow, pupil round or nearly so.” 3. Two White-legged Falconets (Microhierax melanoleucus), presented by the same gentleman at the same date, being the first examples of this diminutive Bird of Prey received by the Society. 4, A Lucan’s Crested Eagle (Lophotriorchis lucani) from West Africa, presented by Dr. H. O. Forbes on December 18th. This rare Bird of Prey, originally based by Messrs. R. B. Sharpe and A. Bouvier (Bull. Soe. Zool. France, ii, p. 471, 1877) on an example from French Congoland, is new to the Society’s Collection. 5. A young Bear presented by Mr. William Crosley on the 28th December, which I have not been able to determine satisfactorily. As will be seen by its skin which I now exhibit, it does not show the characteristic markings of Ursus ornatus, the generally known Bear of the South-American Andes, being of a uniform black with a slight greyish-white patch on the throat. It may possibly be the young of a different species from the Colombian Andes, and in such case may be referable to that which I shortly described before this Society in 1868 (P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 73, pl. vill.) as Ursus nasutus. Mr. Crosley has kindly supplied me with the following note on the exact locality of this specimen, which it is proposed to deposit in the British Museum :— “The little Bear I sent to you came from the banks of the Simitara, an affluent of the Magdalena on the western side. You will see that this is on the eastern slope of the Central chain of the Andes in their northern extremity. “ Approximately you may fix the position as 7° 30' North latitude and 74° West of Greenwich long., on the meridian of Bogota more or less.” “WOHONVOININOG SITH4 dutt* soag uta parry WATT 79 "Tep FAAS Pp Ate See SZ acl f ie oe =r eT WFiien PAP Sg Sa LJ 1898. } MR. W. E. DE WINTON ON THE SKIN OF A ZEBRA, 3 Dr. Forbes has also kindly sent us seven examples of the cele- brated Walking-Fish of the West Coast of Africa (Periophthalmus koelreuteri), which, however, we have unfortunately not been able to keep alive. On behalf of Dr. R. Collett, of Christiania, F.M.Z.S., the Secretary exhibited a mounted specimen of a bird obtained in Norway, and believed to be a hybrid between the Fieldfare (Turdus pilaris) and the Redwing (7. ilacus). It was intermediate in size and colour between these two species. Mr. W. E. de Winton exhibited the skin of a Zebra, obtained by Mr. 8. L. Hinde near Machakos, British East Africa, of the form described by Dr. Matschie as Equus boehmi (S.B. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1892, p. 131). The only specimens from Brit. E. Africa hitherto received by the British Museum had been obtained by Dr. Gregory on the Thika Thika River, one of the headwaters of the Tana R., this form being named Z. burchelli granti De Winton (Ann. Mag. N. H. 1896, xvii. p. 319). The form £. 6. boehmi might readily be distinguished from £. b. granti by the presence of well- marked shadow-stripes upon the haunches, the body-markings generally being of much the same character and proportions as those of the Zebra of Mashonaland, Z£. b. seloust Pocock (Ann. Mag. N. H. 1897, xx. p. 45); but the feet of the present specimen being wanting, it was impossible to compare the pasterns; the dorsal stripe in this single specimen, from the saddle backwards, was not separated from the side-stripes by distinct white spaces as in the specimens from the Tana R., but how far this character would be found constant could not now be determined. Mr. Hinde was of opinion that the two forms occur in separate herds in country not geographically separate but of different characters: one keeping to open plains, the other living in bush- country. Be this as it may, it was of very great interest to have undoubted evidence of these two apparently distinct forms occurring so close together, Dr. Matschie having described his species from a sketch of an animal from the neighbourhood of Kilimanjaro and from a living specimen in the Zoological Gardens at Berlin of doubtful origin. It might be hoped that other specimens, with careful data recorded, would be brought home when it was realized how badly skins are wanted, and how little is known of the distribution and habits of these interesting animals. 1* 4 DR. W. G. RIDEWOOD ON THE (Jan. 18, The following papers were read :— 1. On the Development of the Hyobranchial Skeleton of the Midwife-Toad (Alytes obstetricans). By W. G. Rivewoop, D.Sc., F.L.S., Lecturer on Biology at St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School, London. [Received November 15, 1897.] (Plate IT.) The object of the present investigation was to ascertain how far the peculiarities of the hyobranchial development of Pelodytes, already detailed in the Proceedings of this Society (9), are to be considered normal for phaneroglossal Anura generally. The adult hyobranchial skeleton of Pelodytes is so aberrant in structure that it is natural to suspect that the mode of development of the parts may not conform very closely with that of a more generalized type of Anuran. Since the arciferous type of shoudler-girdle, the presence of free ribs, the frequent persistence of postcardinal veins, and the primitive nature of the carpus and tarsus show Alytes to be one of the most lowly organized of the Anurous Batrachians, and in consideration of the larger size of the tadpoles of this genus as compared with those of the otherwise equally suitable genus Discoglossus, Alytes was chosen to supply the test. The material for the investigation was, as before, generously provided by Mr. G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S., of the Natural History Museum, London. Twenty-one specimens were dissected, and from these the eight here described and figured were so selected as to exhibit the most even gradations from the youngest stage to the adult condition. The stages are numbered 1-8 to distinguish the order in which they succeed one another ; but the use of these figures does not imply correspondence with any stage bearing a similar number in the previous descriptions of the hyobranchial skeleton of Xenopus, Pipa (8), and Pelodytes (9). In order to facilitate comparison the figures are not drawn to the same scale, but as nearly as possible of the same absolute size. The approxi- mate magnification is given in each case. Figures 1-7 exhibit the dorsal surface of the hyobranchial skeleton, but fig. 8, of the adult, is drawn from the ventral surface, so that the ventral splint-bone may be more clearly seen. The method of procedure was the same as in the two earlier investigations; and as the nomenclature of parts adopted in this paper is the same as that previously employed in the description of the hyobranchial apparatus of Pelodytes, a lengthy introduction is here unnecessary, The adult skeleton of , Preilium of about equal width throughout or with a very slight expansion cephalad; postilium presenting a moderately broad dorsal surface; about one-third of the total length of the pubis projecting beyond the postero-inferior angle of the ischium. Anterior renal fossa deep, moderately wide, length nearly or quite equal to the depth of the ischiadic foramen. Obturator foramen nearly or quite surrounded by bone...............:.sseeeeeeeeees Sula. ?, Preilium much expanded cephalad ; about one-fourth total length of the pubis free, and turning downwards and inwards almost at a right angle at the postero-inferior angle of the ischium. Anterior renal fossa extremely narrow, length about equal to the depth of the ischiadic foramen. Obturator foramen not shut off from obturator fissure by bone .......0.-....-..seeeeeeeeeees Phalacrocorax. b', Ischiadic foramen about twice as long as acetabulum. Preilium much expanded cephalad ; inferior border notched; dorsal surface of post- ilium with its outer border forming a thin raised edge to the dorsum of the pelvis; with a strong ridge from the post-trochanteric process forwards to meet its fellow in the middle line; about one-fourth of the total length of the pubis projecting beyond the postero-inferior angle of the ischium ; anterior renal fossa small, pyriform. Obturator foramen nearly or quite shut off from the obturator fissure. ’ Plotus, 1898. ] OSTEOLOGY OF BIRDS. 97 E. Prcrorat Limp (figs. 5-7, p. 90). A. All the bones of the wings pneumatic. a. Ulna with a large pneumatic foramen lying on the palmar surface distad of the glenoid cavity. a'. Humerus nearly as long as the uina (in the articulated wing the arm is nearly as longasthe forearm). Sub-trochanteric fossa large, continued cephalad under capitulum of humerus as a large pneumatic foramen, into which open numerous small foramina. Crista inferior (ulnar tuberosity) with anterior surface much inflated, and sharply defined from the shaft, distad, by a groove. Coraco-humeral groove a shallow depression. Pectoral crest (radial tuberosity) triangular, of moderate size, Insertion of brachialis anticus well-defined ; with a pneumatic foramen above condylus ulnaris. Radius with a faint depression over the dorsal aspect of the expanded distal end. Manus having the carpo-metacarpus three times the length of Ph.2.D.II. Ph. 1. D. ee with two deep and sharply defined postaxial depressions. Ph.1. D. EE with a well-marked triangular postaxial border. ......... Pelecanus. b'. Humerus about one-fifth less than the ulna (in the articulated wing the arm is less than the forearm). Sub-trochanteric fossa not overhung by tuberculum inferius, otherwise resembling that of Pelecanus. Crista inferior inflated, but less sharply defined from the shaft. Coraco- humeral groove deep and narrow; triangular form of the radial tuberosity (pectoral crest) very large. Depression for brachialis anticus with a pneumatic foramen proximad of radial condyle. Radius with a deep depression over the superior border of the distal articular end. Manus having the carpo-metacarpus little more than twice length of Ph.2. D.II. Postaxial ledge of Ph. 1. D, I. with two shallow depressions. Ph. 1. D. III. with the triangular postaxial border slightly developed ...........- Beiaeeede ats ade sadetonters Fregata. b. Ulna with a very shallow depression in place of a pneumatic foramen. Humerus less than ulna (in the articulated wing the arm nearly equals forearm). Sub-trochanteric fossa overhung by tuberculum inferius, and running up as a pneumatic foramen into the caput humeri. Crista inferior flattened, passing gradually into the shaft. Coraco-humeral groove deep. Pectoral crest triangular, size moderate; depression for brachialis anticus not well-defined, without a pneumatic foramen. Manus having carpo-metacarpus less than twice length of Ph. 2. D. II. Phaéthon. ce, Ulna with a distinct palmar and interglenoid pneumatic fossa. Humerus longer than ulna (in the articulated wing the arm is one-fifth longer than forearm). Sub-trochanteric fossa overhung by tuberculum inferius and running up as pneumatic foramen into caput humeri. Crista inferior slightly swollen, moderately defined from the shaft. Coraco-humeral groove shallow. Pectoral crest in the form of a long low ridge but little raised above the shaft. Depression for brachialis anticus well- defined and without a pneumatic foramen. Metacarpus nearly or quite as long as Ph. 2, D. TL. ......eeeeee eee eesseeeeeeeeeee tect nnennes Sula. B. Wing-bones not pneumatic: pectoral crest a low ridge. d. Crista inferior passing insensibly into shaft. Sub-trochanteric fossa deep, pneumatic foramen absent. Ulna equal or nearly equal in length to the humerus (in the articulated wing the arm shorter than forearm), with the border of the glenoid cavity for the radial condyle of the humerus produced into a hook-like process. Manus much shorter than ulna. Me. III. very slightly arched ; Ph. 1. D. I. with a deep ventral fossa. Phalacrocorac. ¢. Orista inferior with its free border arched, distinct from shaft, with a slight depression in place of the sub-trochanteric fossa. Ulna shorter than humerus (in articulated wing forearm shorter than arm); hook- like process of glenoid cavity of radial condyle of humerus but slightly developed. Manus equal, or nearly equal, to that of ulna. Me. IIT. not arched; Ph. 1. D. II. with a shallow ventral depression. ...... Plotus. Proc. Zoou, Soc.—1898, No. VII. 7 $8 MR. W. P. PYCRAFT ON THE [Feb. 15, F. Petyic Lime. A. Fibula never more than three-fourths as long as the tibio-tarsus. a. Femur with a deep popliteal depression: tibio-tarsus with moderately well-developed ento- and ectocnemial crests. Fibular ridge well-marked, extending downwards to within a short distance of the middle of the shaft. Tarso-metatarsus with a large pneumatic foramen on the inner side of its proximal end; hypotarsus with a vertical ridge having a moderate backward extension, the free edge of which is expanded into a flattened surface; on the outer side of the ridge lie two closed canals : with a deep fossa above the insertion of the tibialis anticus leading into two large pneumatic foramina. Middle toe shorter than tarso-meta- (EGER), cpg gor 2 ce cae adHBE Se igen Soene 9 Sanaa Snnodaracosce ssdcsScpas- Pelecanus. 6, Femur without a popliteal depression: tibio-tarsus with feebly developed ecto- and entocnemial crests. Fibular ridge absent. Tarso-metatarsus deeply grooved anteriorly, the groove leading directly into the foramen between the third and fourth trochles; gastrocnemial ridge feebly developed. Middle toe longer than the tarso-metatarsus ... Phaéthon. B. Fibula extending downwards to the level of the external articular condyle of the tibio-tarsus. c. Femur with a fossa at the base of the great trochanter into which numerous pneumatic foramina open: tibio-tarsus with moderately developed ento- and ectocnemial crests. Fibular ridge well-marked. Tarso-metatarsus grooved anteriorly ; with numerous pneumatic fora- mina immediately above the insertion of the tibialis anticus. Gastro- enemial ridge moderately well-developed ............ceseeeeceeeeeee Sula. d. Femur without pneumatic foramina. Tarso-metatarsus slightly grooved anteriorly, with a deep fossa above the insertion of the tibialis anticus, at the bottom of which lie two foramina which pierce the shaft and emerge on either side of the gastrocnemial ridge. Fibular ridge very strong. a'. Tibio-tarsus with strong ecto- and entocnemial crests, the latter reflected outwards. Gastrocnemial ridge very large, its free border expanded into a flattened surface. Tarso-metatarsus comparatively slender, length greater than that of the 2nd toe. Patella large, conical. Phalacrocorax. b'. Tibio-tarsus with the free edge of the entocnemial crest looking straight forward, not reflected outwards. Gastrocnemial crest mode- rately well-developed. ‘Tarso-metatarsus short and broad, length less than that of the 2nd toe. Patella flattened, with a groove running obliquely across the middle for the tendon of the ambiens ... Plotus. C. Fibula fourth-fifths as long as tibio-tarsus. Femur nearly as long as fibula, yery thick relatively to the tibio-tarsus, and highly pneumatic; with a popliteal fossa containing a pneumatic foramen. Tibio-tarsus non-pneu- matic; cnemial crests feeble; fibular crest feeble. Tarso-metatarsus extremely short, resembling that of the Penguins, the three metatarsals being indicated by grooves; the length of the tarso-metatarsus one-third greater than the width measured across the trochles ...............++0+8- Fregata. Phalacrocorax and Sula have each a free sternal rib attached to the posterior border of the last thoracic vertebra. The vertebral column of Pelecanus is peculiar in that, of the thoracie vertebra, only the 1st is free, the remainder being fused one with another and with the synsacrum. The transverse pro- cesses of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th have ankylosed one with another, and the whole is fused with the anterior border of the preilium, so that. at first sight, it would appear as though this extended as 99 OSTEOLOGY OF BIRDS. 1898.] ‘al L ——_—__ se “WOYanyT srt teeneees BOEUDOO eFe eaes (9 +¢@ "po 2% ‘og 34 SOIT lar 1% OT 2 SE oy har a eS 08 “S él 9 a_-_ —~_— myo batt See a 68 = L + Cc 6) 2G Og A ag ‘aT 515 qi : T + c TH 08 'g IT v —— ——SJ “snupoajag seseeceseee Ce=L+F PO 75 °8 ‘P99 ‘dp. 2@ dm oT AL g = ath as ‘"S &1 9 OTR nae ean a ChK=6 +7 ‘po dba seis 2% 08 ‘QT Se a | 2G + F UD 8 “'C teal 9 -_o— —_ *$NQ0) I eee eee eee IF = 8 + G ‘PO 2 GB 09 Q G “ag "qT {+ ‘qT 4 g + g TL —_—___ Zz “a8 "Ss 91 G —— —_ *LDLOIOMIDIVDYT eee eee . SF = 8 + 8 “po 2 Z ag C g Og ‘qT 2 G2 ‘qT © ‘G -h g UL ———— 08 "¢ 76 UL 76 OL 1 ‘ah -T WL *6 Ud °6 TW aXe) Te) Ne) Ne) aXe) “40 711 OT LT > SL > OT Te) Te) ae) ae) “40 Te) ‘(1g +d ‘oroqr oes) gy ‘d ‘TEQT ‘suULAT, [qq “Toye 19yye s wunjod yo.1ganla4 yf {0 quoemahuniin L0jngn J, 7% 100 ON THE OSTEOLOGY OF BIRDS. [ Feb. 15, far forward as the 1st thoracic vertebra. The Jast sternal rib has a posterior expansion situated immediately behind the articulation with its dorsal element. List oF WORKS REFERRED TO, 1. Bepparp, F, E.—“ On the Anatomy of Phaéthon.” P.Z.S. 1897. 2. BrpparD, F. E.—“ Note upon Intercentra in the Vertebral Column of Birds.” P. Z.S. 1897. 3. Brayor, J. F.—“ Beitriige zur Kenn. u. d. Naturgeschich. der Vogel.” Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, sér. vi. 4, Hyron, T. C.—Osteologia Avium. London, 1867, pls. 5, 6, 7 L, pp. 216-220, 5. Forsus, W. A.— Collected Scientific Papers, pp. 216, 336. 6. Firprineur.— Untersuch. zur Morphol. und Systemat. der Vogel.’ II. Allgem. Theil. 8S. 1081. 7. Gavow, H.—Bronn’s Thier-Reich, Bd. vi., Vogel, 1891: Anatom. Theil. — 8. Gapow, H.—Ibid., Syst. Theil, 1893. 9. Garrop, H.—Collected Scientific Papers, 1881. lu. Houxuny, T. H.—‘“ On the Classification of Birds.” P.Z.S. 1867. 11. Lyprxxer, R.—Cat. Foss. Birds Brit. Mus., 1891. 12. Mtvart, St. G.—“ On the Axial Skeleton of the Pelecanidex.” Trans. Z. 8. 1878. 13. SHuretpr, R. W.—“ Remarks on the Osteology of Phalacro- corax bicristatus.” Science, ii. p. 640. 14. Suurerpr, R.W.—“ Osteology of the Cormorant.” Science, iii. . 148, 15. autasaaat R. W.—“ Observations on the Osteology of the Tubinares and Steganopodes.” P.U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1888, p. 258. 16. Water, M. L.—“On the Form of the Quadrate Bone in Birds.” Studies from the Museum of Zoology in University College, Dundee, 1890, pp. 5-7, figs. 8, 9, 10. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. B. pl.=Basitemporal plate. Pt.=Pterygoid. Map.=Maxillo-palatine process. Q=Quadrate. Ns.= Nasal septum. V=Vomer. P=Palatine. Puate VII. Fig. 1. Ventral view of the skull of Fregata ariel, showing the form of the basitemporal plate, the maxillo-palatine processes, and the ankylosis of the posterior ends of the palatines. Fig. 2. Ventral view of the skull of Phaéthon flavirostris, showing the same as fig. 1. The posterior ends of the palatines, though closely approxi- mated, are not fused. Fig. 3. Ventral view of the skull of Phalacrocorax carbo showing the same as the above. The palatines are here more or less fused from the posterior narial aperture backwards to the pterygoids. There is no vomer. Pe er tO Oa evel Fhotoprint by Bale. Danielsson Le OSTHOLOGY OF. STEGANOPODES. L. Fregata ariel. 2. Phaithon flavirosiris. 3. Phalacrocorax carbo. H. Grénvold, del. Photoprint by Bale. Danielsson L#® OSTEOLOGY OF STEGANOPODES. Llak& 5. Phaéithon flavrostris. 2. Sula lencogastra. 3.Phalacrocorax carbo. +#Fregaia ariel. 6. Pelecanus riafescens. a 1898.] ON 'THH SKELETON OF ALYTES OBSTRTRICANS. 101 Puate VIII. Fig. 1. Left side view of the skull of a nestling Phaéthon flavirostris, showing the sutures, the absence of a nasal hinge, and the large size of the anterior narial aperture. In order to expose the whole extent of the maxilla, the dentary border of the premaxilla has been removed. Fig. 1a. Ventral view of the same skull. The pterygoids, palatines, and vomer have been removed, in order to show clearly the schizognathous nature of the palate. Fig. 2. Left side view of the skull of a very young nestling Sula leucogastra, showing the sutures and the large size of the anterior narial aperture. Fig. 3. Left side view of a portion of the cranio-facial region of the skull of Phalacrocorax carbo, to show the form of the maxillo-paia‘ine processes and nasal septum when seen from behind. The lachrymal has been removed. Fig. 4. The same view of the skull of Fregata ariel. Fig. 5. The same view of the skull of Phaéthon. The maxillo-palatine processes are seen to have only a horizontal direction ; there is no nasal septum. Fig. 6. The same view of the skull of Pelecanus rufescens. Note the great vertical height of the mavxillo-palatine processes, and the vestigial septum nasi. 2. On the Skeleton of Regenerated Limbs of the Midwife- Toad (Alytes obstetricans). By W.G. Ripzwoop, D.Sc., F.L.S., F.Z.8. [Received December 22, 1897. ] The capacity which the larve of the Anurous Batrachians possess of regenerating lost limbs or parts of limbs was made known to the world as long ago as 1769 by Spallanzani (12), and was verified by Giinther’ in 1866 (11. p. 567); and although the negative results obtained by Fraisse (6) in 1885 led this author to doubt the possibility of such regeneration, the original observation has recently received abundant confirmation at the hands of Barfurth (2) and Boulenger (4. p. 98). But whereas, as is well known, lost limbs can be developed anew at any period of life by certain Urodela, it is only in the larval stages of Anura that such phenomena are to be observed. Barfurth concludes from the results of his experiments that the capacity for reproducing lost parts diminishes in Anuran tadpoles as the development progresses, and on this hypothesis he explains the discrepancy between the results of Spallanzani and Fraisse. With a view to following up the researches of Barfurth, Mr. G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S., seized the opportunity, when in Belgium in the spring of 1897, of procuring some fine full-grown tadpoles of the Midwife-Toad (Alytes obstctricans) and of repeating Barfurth’s experiments upon them”. These tadpoles had been spawned in 1 A mistake has evidently occurred in Owen’s transcription of Dr. Giinther’s manuscript. The statement “If a hind limb be cut off when the larva is about two lines long it is reproduced” is meaningless, because the larva of that size has no limbs. The words “two lines long” were evidently intended to apply to the size of the limb, not of the larva. 2 Barfurth employed tadpoles of the common frog [Rana fusca (temporaria). 102 DR. W. G. RIDEWOOD ON THE [ Feb. 15, the preceding summer, and might have been of the same brood. They were collected at Maurenne, near Hastiére, in the province of Namur, in May 1897, and were all treated in exactly the same way, the left hind leg, then between seven and twelve millimetres in length, being amputated at the middle of the tibial segment and left to heal. Five of the specimens completed their meta- morphosis, but the sixth became arrested in its development, and although kept under exactly the same conditions of life as the other five, failed to make any progress. All six were killed in October 1897, when Mr. Boulenger very kindly handed them over to me, together with the above information as to their previous history. While, thanks to Gétte (10), our knowledge of the normal and regenerated limb-skeleton of Urodela is not deficient, the skeleton of regenerated limbs of Anura does not appear to have hitherto receiyed any attention ; and it occurred to me that the best use to which the material entrusted to me could be put was the pre- paration and description of the regenerated cartilages. Bearing in mind the close similarity found by Gétte to obtain between the regenerated and the normal limb-skeleton of Urodela, a somewhat similar correspondence was to be expected in Anura. But, having regard to the greater specialization of the Anuran limb, it was just possible that the restored skeleton might be simpler than the normal. On surveying the results of the investigation one cannot fail to be impressed by the closeness with which the skeletal parts of the newly-developed limb approach those of the normal. While in animals other than Anura structural differences between the regenerated and the normal limb may be explained as phenomena of atavism [as claimed by Giard (7 and 8), Barfurth (1. p. 118 (6)), and Bordage (3)], there is no evidence of such phylogenetic reversion in the regenerated limb-skeleton of the Anura under consideration. The astragalus and calcaneum are elongated and are confluent with one another at both their proximal and distal extremities. The remaining tarsalia are disposed exactly as in the normal limb of the same age. Although in specimen C four of the five digits have each one phalanx less than the normal, there is abundant evidence in specimens A and B to show that the typicat number of phalanges for each digit can be reproduced. And, lastly, the experiments throw no light whatever on the mor- phology of the calcar, although one might fully have expected atavism to be apparent here if anywhere. Mr. Boulenger has also communicated to me the very interesting fact that, if the first appearance of the new limb be watched care- fully, a single digit is first seen to grow out from the healed stump, then another digit at its side, then a third, and so on in succession. The tarsus and the distal half of the tibial segment of the leg appear to be intercalated afterwards between the digits and the sump. The chief interest of the successive appearance of the digits lies in the fact that this mode of development is characievistic of the Urodele limb. In the newts and salamanders, 1898.] SKELETON OF ALYTES OBSTEPRICANS. 103 as Gotte (10) and Strasser (13) have shown, the first digit to develop is the second; the inner digit follows and then the remaining digits in succession, the third, the fourth, and, in the hind limb, the fifth. The digits of the normal Anuran limb, however, develop simultaneously, as Gitte (9) has remarked in the case of Rana and Hyla, and as Dugés has figured in the case of Pelobates (5. pl. additionnelle, figs. 11-13). Four figures of the Figs. 1-5. Skeleton of regenerated left hind limbs of Alytes obstetricans (x5). budding normal limb of Alytes are here given (figs. 6-9, p. 104) to illustrate this point farther, and it will be noticed that, so soon as any digitation at all can be made out in the differentiating bud, all five digits can be counted. The explanation usually given for the exceptionally rapid development and the great length of the first-formed digits in the newts is that these are larval digits, of special functional importance to the larva. But in the Anuran tadpole the paired limbs are not used as a means of progression ; they simply develop passively and slowly in anticipation of the approaching metamorphosis. It is curious, therefore, to find that in the regenerated limb of Anuran tadpoles the Urodele mode of digit-development should be adopted. 104 DR. W. G. RIDEWOOD ON THE [Feb. 15, It not infrequently happens that the full complement of digits is not developed in the regenerated limb. Barfurth (2) has figured cases in which only one, two, three or four digits are present ; and of the five’ specimens now under consideration two possess only one and three digits respectively. Figs. 6-9. | : 5 2 6 3 4 Outlines of developing hind limbs (normal) of A/ytes obstefricans (x10). 9 Specimen A. The regeneration in this case was most successful. The left leg resembled the right so exactly that, although the foot was slightly smaller and the toes a little shorter in proportion, the difference would pass without notice unless attention were specially directed to it. The colour-markings of the integument were identical in the two legs, and also the extent of the webbing of the foot. The skeleton of the leg (fig. 1, p. 103) is seen to be remark- ably complete and in perfect keeping with the external characters of the limb. The only important feature in which this regenerated limb-skeleton differs from the normal is the presence of but one phalanx to the ballux and the slenderness of the hallux metatarsal. The remaining digits, the calcar, and the whole of the tarsus present no differences. The distal end of the tibio-fibula is in perfect continuity with the proximal portion, and there are no markings to indicate the limits of the secondary and primary portions of this bone. Specimen B. In this specimen the regenerated left leg was considerably shorter than the right or normal. The femoral joint was of the same size as in the right, but the remaining parts of 1 That is, the five specimens which completed their metamorphosis. The development of the sixth appears to have been completely arrested, and the regenerated limb at the time of death had the form of a mere non-digitate bud, too small to allow of a macroscopic examination of the skeleton. This sixth specimen will, therefore, not be referred to again. 1898.] SKELETON OF ALYTES OBSTETRICANS. 105 the limb were all dwarfed. The proportion ot the web of the foot was normal, but the five toes were disproportionately short, so that the foot had a stunted appearance. In the skeleton (fig. 2, p. 103) the tarsus and metatarsus call for no remark except that the ratio between length and thickness is less than in the normal limb. The fifth digit has only two phalanges ; and in the fourth digit, which suffers from an unnatural curve towards the postaxial side of the foot, the antepenultimate phalanx is short and nodular. The joint between the tibio-fibula and the proximal tarsals is not square, as it should be, but slightly oblique. Exactly halfway between the two extremities of the tibio-fibula is an irregular marking which delimits the regenerated distal half from the primary proximal half. The two halves are in perfect continuity, and the furrow between the tibia and fibula is also continuous. Spucrmen C (fig. 3). Even before preparing the skeleton of the regenerated leg it was evident that the second and third digits were syndactyle; and on removing the skin it became further apparent that the distal extremities of the third and fourth digits were immovably united. In the fully-prepared skeleton the second digit is seen to be the only one which possesses the normal number of phalanges, the remaining four being each one phalanx short. There is nothing remarkable about the tarsus, but the new distal part of the tibio-fibula is set at a sharp angle on the original proximal part. Moreover, the original part of the tibio-fibula has suffered distortion. Spucrmen D. This specimen is remarkable in that only the preaxial part of the limb has been regenerated (fig. 4). A distal continuation has been added to the tibia but not to the fibula, the astragalus is renewed but not the calcaneum, and of the five digits only the three preaxial ones are developed. Only one small tarsal of the distal row is present, and that belongs to the hallux. There is no calcar, and, although the second digit has its usual two phalanges, there are only two phalanges to the third digit, and none to the hallux. Spucrmmn E. The regenerated parts in this specimen consist merely of a single digit, supported by three skeletal cartilages. No attempt has been made to complete the tibio-fibula, and there is no tarsus. There is an interval between the tibio-fibula and the skeleton of the digit (see fig. 5), and the axis of the latter makes an angle of about 55° with the tibio-fibula. This case appears to furnish a striking confirmation of the observation of Mr. Boulenger, communicated above, that in the regeneration of the limb the digits develop first, while the intermediate parts are intercalated afterwards, and also that the digits develop in suc- cession and not simultaneously. It would seem that here, after the development of one digit, regeneration became arrested, so that we have in the young metamorphosed Batrachian the persistence of a very early phase of limb-regeneration. 106 ON A NEW SEA-SNAKE FROM BORNEO, [Feb. 15, ils LITERATURE CITED. Barrurtu, D.—‘** Die experimentelle Regeneration iiber- schiissiger Gliedmassentheile (Polydaktylie) bei den Amphi- bien.” Archiv fiir Entwickelungsmechanik der Organismen (Roux), Bd. i., Leipzig, 1895, pp. 91-116. One plate. . Barrurtu, D.—‘“ Sind die Extremitiiten der Frésche re- generationsfiihig ?” Arch. f. Entwickelungsmechanik d. Organ. (Roux), Bd. i., Leipzig, 1895, pp. 117-123. One plate. Borpaer, E.—“ On the Tetrameric Regeneration of the Tarsus in Phasmide.” Annals & Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xx., London, 1897, pp. 507-510. (From the Comptes Rendus, t. exxiv. 1897, pp. 1536-1538.) . Boutrenenr, G. A.—The Tailless Batrachians of Europe. Part I. 8vo, London, 1897. . Duais, A.—“ Recherches sur l’Ostéologie et la Myologie des Batraciens.” Mém. (des savans étrangers) de l’Acad. des Sci., t. vi., Paris, 1835, pp. 1-216. . Fratssp, P—Die Regeneration von Geweben und Organen bei den Wirbelthieren. Cassel und Berlin, 1885. . Grarv, A. Polydactylie provoquée chez Pleurodeles watlit.” Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie, t. ii. sér. x., Paris, 1895, pp. 789-792. . Giarp, A.— Sur les Régénérations hypotypiques.” C. R. de la Société de Biologie, t. iv. sér x., Paris, 1897, pp. 315-317. . Gorrs, AA—* Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Gliedmassen- skelets der Wirbelthiere.” Zool. Anzeiger, Jahrg. 1, Leipzig, 1878, p. 246. . Gorrs, A.—Ueber Entwickelung und Regeneration des Gliedmassenskelets der Molche. 4to, Leipzig, 1879, 47 pages. Five plates. . Own, R.—Anatomy of Vertebrates, vol. i., London, 1866. . SPALLANZANI.—Physikalische und mathematische Abhand- lungen. Leipzig, 1769. . SrrasserR, H.—“ Zur Entwicklung der Extremitiitenknorpel bei Salamandern und Tritonen.” Morph. Jahrb., Bd. v., Leipzig, 1879, pp. 240-315. Four plates. 8. Description of a new Sea-Snake from Borneo. By G. A. Bourrnerr, F.R.S. [Received January 8, 1898, ] (Plate IX.) HypROPHIS FLOWERI, sp. nov. (Plate 1X.) Head very small; anterior part of body very slender, its dia- meter about one third the depth of the posterior part. Rostral broader than deep ; frontal once and a half as long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral, much shorter than the parietals ; one pre- and one postocular ; a single anterior temporal ; six or seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of IPB eS eters el } ’ a ‘ so delet hth. Mintern Bros.imp. z HYDROPHIS FLOWERI. , - . 1898.] ON REPIILES AND BATRACHTANS FROM W. ECUADOR. 107 chin-shields, posterior separated by scales. Scales feebly imbricate, 27 round the neck, 37 round the body; scales nearly smooth on the neck, with a short tubercular keel on the body. Ventrals distinct throughout, 298-321. Dark olive or blackish ; a crescentic yellow band from eye to eye across the snout, and a yellow band behind the eye; some small yellow markings on the crown ; neck with yellow cross-bars, much narrower than the spaces between them; these bars gradually increase in extent on the body, but never completely encircle it; 69 yellow bars altogether on the body and tail. Total length 900 millim. ; tail 80. This species, of which two specimens were obtained in Brunei Bay by Mr. S. S. Flower on the 3rd October, 1897, is nearest related to Hydrophis mamillaris, with which it agrees in form, scaling of the body, and coloration, but differs in the shorter frontal and the presence of a single postocular and a single anterior temporal. From H. fasciatus it differs in the lower number of scales round the body and the presence of scales between the posterior chin-shields, as well as in the coloration. The larger of the two specimens (which is figured, Plate IX.) presents these anomalies, that the nasal shields are fused in their anterior half, and that a small additional chin-shield has arisen through division of the first left lower labial. 4. An Account of the Reptiles and Batrachians collected by Mr. W. F. H. Rosenberg in Western Ecuador. By G. A. Boutencer, F.R.S. ‘Received February 1, 1898. ] (Plates X.—X VIII.) The collection made by Mr. Rosenberg in Ecuador, of which a complete set will be acquired for the British Museum, adds con- siderably to our knowledge of this herpetologically so fertile district, and to the long list of species with which we are acquainted through the previous explorations of Fraser, Orton, Espada, De Ville, Buckley, Whymper, and Festa. Twenty-three new species are described in this paper. The localities whence the specimens were obtained are :— Cachabé, Paramba, Ibarra, Cayamba, and Chimbo. Mr. Rosenberg has kindly furnished me with the following information respecting these places :— 1. Cachabé, a small village on the river of that name, on the N.W. Coast, in the Prov. Esmeraldas. Owing to an accident to the barometer, the exact altitude of the village could not be ascertained, but it is probably about 500 feet above the sea. It is surrounded by dense forest. 2. Paramba, a farm on the W. bank of the River Mira, at 3500 feet altitude; it is still in the forest region, but the open country commences two or three miles higher up the Mira. 108 MR. G. A, BOULENGER ON REPTILES AND [Feb. 15, 3. Ibarra, a city two days’ ride from Paramba and about the same distance from Quito; altitude about 6600 feet. The country is for the most part cultivated. 4. Cayamba, a small town N.E. and about a day and a half’s ride from Quito ; altitude 9323 feet (Whymper). 5. Puente del Chimbo, the railway terminus about 70 miles from Guayaquil, at an elevation of about 1000 feet. Much of the surrounding country is thick forest, but the district is more extensively cultivated than is the case on the N.W. Coast. REPTILIA. CHELONTIA. CINOSTERNID #. 1, CrNostERNUM LEUCOsToMUM, A. Dum. In describing Mr. Whymper’s collection in 1882, I alluded to two very young, dried specimens from Nanegal, 3000 feet, which established for the first time the occurrence of the genus Cinosternum south of Colombia, and I compared them to C. leucostomum, to which, however, owing to their condition, I did not venture to refer them. The fact that Mr. Rosenberg’s collection includes an adult specimen from Chimbo which undoubtedly belongs to C. leucostomum removes all doubt from my mind that Mr. Whymper’s specimens were likewise referable to that species. TESTUDINID &. 2. NicoRIA ANNULATA, Gray. Paramba. LACERTILIA. EUBLEPHARID &. 3. LEPIDOBLEPHARIS FST, Peracca. The highly interesting discovery of an Eublepharid in Ecuador was made known by Count Peracca only a few months ago (Boll. Mus. Torino, xii. 1897, no. 300). The specimen from Chimbo con- tained in the present collection agrees entirely with that author's excellent description, but is of larger size, measuring 45 millim. from snout to vent ; tail (reproduced) 41 millim. IGUANIDA. 4, ANOLIS PERACOE, sp.n. (Plate X. fig. 1.) Head nearly twice as long as broad, longer than the tibia; forehead concave; frontal ridges short and feeble ; upper head- scales keeled; scales of the supraorbital semicircles enlarged, separated by one or two series of scales; keeled enlarged supra- ocular scales in contact with the supraorbitals ; occipital as large as or a little smaller than the ear-opening, separated from the 1898. ] BATRACHIANS FROM WESTERN ECUADOR. 109 supraorbitals by three or four rows of scales ; canthus rostralis angular, canthal scales three or four; loreal rows five or six; six or seven upper labials to below the centre of the eye ; ear-opening rather large, oval. Gular appendage large, merely indicated in the female; gular scales smooth. Body feebly compressed ; no dorso-nuchal fold. Dorsal scales very small, granular, keeled, a little larger than the granules on the flanks ; ventral scales larger than dorsals, juxtaposed, smooth. The adpressed hind limb reaches the eye on the posterior border ot the orbit ; digits rather feebly dilated; 17 or 18 lamelle under phalanges 1. and iii. of the fourth toe. Tail roundish, covered with strongly keeled scales without enlarged dorsal series ; length of tail about twice that of head and body. Male with enlarged postanal scales. Greyish or reddish brown above, speckled or marbled with darker, and with dark brown chevron-shaped bars, pointing forwards, across the back; tail with very regular dark annuli; greyish or whitish beneath, uniform or marbled or reticulated with blackish on the sides ; throat dotted with blackish ; gular appendage yellow. 3 2. millim millim, Motalilenetht eo. 2ie 148 183 TS ICR) Coe 1? earned eet Bere 1G 16 Width of head ........-- co 8 Body hee. AF, BONS. PeeRe 35 47 OreimMpe es ks 23 28 Ina inp eee OS Le 37 49 Mbit, ele, 3G. Wass 11 14 Mise Ladsipimeo. > Dee Ne 98 120 This species comes nearest to 4. fusco-auratus, D’Orb. I have named it after my friend Count M. Peracca, who has recently described some highly interesting additions to the herpetology of Eeuador. Six specimens from Chimbo. 5, ANOLIS ELEGANS, sp.n. (Plate X. fig. 2.) Head twice as long as broad, as long as the tibia; forehead concave ; frontal ridges short and feeble ; upper head-scales feebly keeled; scales of the supraorbital semicircles large, separated by a single series of small scales on the vertex ; 11 or 12 enlarged, keeled supraocular scales, separated from the supraorbitals by one series of granules; occipital not quite so large as the ear-opening, separated from the supraorbitals by three series of scales ; canthus rostralis angular, canthal scales three ; loreal rows five ; six upper labials to below the centre of the eye; ear-opening moderately large, roundish. Gular appendage very large; cular scales smooth. Body compressed ; no dorso-nuchal fold. Dorsal scales very small, granular, scarcely larger than the laterals; ventrals larger, small, granular, smooth. The adpressed hind limb reaches the eye; digits moderately dilated; 22 lamelle under phalanges ii. and iii. of the fourth toe. Tail feebly compressed, covered with 110 MR, G. A, BOULENGER ON REPTILES AND [Feb. 15, strongly keeled scales without enlarged dorsal series; length of tail twice and a half that of head and body. Feebly enlarged postanal scales. Purplish brown above, with seven bluish-grey cross-bands on the nape and back, the anterior angular and pointing forwards ; sides with round light spots between the cross-bands ; tail dark brown in its basal fourth, then annulate dark brown and whitish, and whitish in its terminal half; lower parts greyish ; cular appendage white. millim Panel Lene 5-5 ss boy o> aobbunie 230 13 Us Kel nae ar eam ot FONE 16 Width vor hOadigs is. e.cee Seanu,chene 8 LT A Re ROOe SRI rem 50 Bore dim efi. c9- cae stad da cscs 30 iS btate WU bteayel Seater ees ee eee ae 53 ANH Spe ep SRSA fe ag 5 16 LE teagan le See se 164 This species may be regarded as intermediate between (Mierohierax melanoleueus) .... 0.12.22 See ee ee eee BPS fee Bes Hipincehtiesocakias ve 128 « : ml , v “LIST .OF PLATES, 4 1898. : ms. 2 4 - PEA RAE Tite & eo Re ‘ : HAY i : fe 5 ‘ Plate: ECE Gt AR? ak Voy Page. I, Felis Foe a MIA Ce WL = SA reheat act fe whine helen oF ZX | IL. Hyoid. of Alytes obstetricans AERA gh edna teA ae Na eet Ol a Ee wh African Cteniform Spiders CPE AN SMa VH Ae Ole ey 13 arti ML nt Stomatopoda from the South Panik: Grek sincera vik Sarto ck % ‘39 vat 43 it Bee ey AD VIL Opreoldey of Steganopodes.: 1. Pregata ariel. 2; Phasthon eek bs Speman, “SI us ee vostris. 8. Phalacrocoran OHO. onic ys Loeb ee pee SoS ae atte Osteology of Steganopodes. 1, la, 5. Phatthon Aavicostrie. Rete Sa 2. Sula. leucogastra.. 3. Phalacrocoras carbo. 4. Hregata 6 8 eH s -aniel. 6. Pelecanus nufescens SAP eat Boast eraus Seu 1X. Hydrophis floweri ......... Le eh Hs, Wiad Oe SN BRS ae 1061, X.-1. Anolis aha: WZ A. a "3. +A. chloris. 4.4, eM 5 boa miscatus ss, waged ov | ; XE 1. Anolis SE ca) uA. ee ‘3 4 gratiipes. XII. 1. Synophis miops. 2. Lt vers wtdaleens wees XII. Blaps POSEMBETGE. oo see bowie TS Ens SA ie XIV, 1. Phylichates infraguttatis, 2, Hilbodes anomalus. “3 Aye \ 107 et so rhopus areolatus. )4, Leptodactylus pulcher ...... bi ep Wig At eles cea e 2. H. achatinus. 3. Hi. guar Aa 4.. H. latidiscus ., vasa ae denne sealgev ecg e ere teins XVL Hyla rosenbergi.... Pye t eens ob a cee & ie ee MBAR bgt IS oh ac XVII. >1. Nototrema angustifrons, 2D Hylela parabanbe Sipe Bo eo a A a SUX, Nototreme commestyan. 5. Si). Aes ak ha EE SVU SRS I ON aN oe och , NOTICE. " a * SSA Ne i. Fg Ay ihe: fie at ‘are issued in for parts, a follows:— cones Te AUN) Part containing papers nose In January are February, on pes et, IL x Sais hi Mareh and April, on August let. © in 08 Het aN »» May and June, on October lat. Pe RL at ; November and Doesnbee, on. Baan Jet. f PROCEEDINGS OF THE GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS OF THE ‘LOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON FOR THE YEAR 1898. PART II) CONTAINING PAPERS READ IN, "MARCH ann APRIL. | AUGUST 1st, 1898. PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, : SOLD, Ag; THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER. SQUARE. LONDON : MESSRs. LONGMANS, GREQN, AND CO, PATERNOSTER- ROW. plied Twelve Shing} 1g us LIST OF CONTENTS. PART II.—1898. March 1, 1898. PI oy Page 1: On certain, Points in the Anatomy of the Cunning Bassarisc, Bassariscus astutus. By Frank E. Beppanrp, M.A., B.R.S., Prosector to the Society, Tesanniens in Zoology in: the Univer sity of London Pia ox ie PRISCA | CEBU ha OB Licn BORE GS SRI ae PE! 129 ». A Revision of the African and Syrian Fishes of the Family Cichlide.- Pant I, By G. Ay a Bovnryaer, Hi RiSit- Chelate MEX ead Po ile we biciiase eee ae diglele. aRRa aio wees Qala eee 132. . Lhe Myology of the Terrestrial Carnivora.—Part IT. By B.C. A. Wixpwe,M.A., M.D., D.Sc.; Professor of Anatomy at Mason University College; Birmingham, and F, &. Parsons, F.R.C.S., F.ZS., F.L.8., Lecturer on Comparative Anatomy at St. Thomas's ce Hospital, and Hunterian Professor at the Hoye College of Surgeons.... 2.2.22... 12, 4. On the Lepidopterous Insects collected by Mr, G. A. K. Marshall in Natal and Mashona- land in 1895 and 1897. By Axrave G. Bertier, Ph.D., F.L:S., F.Z.8., &., Senior Assistant-Keeper, Zoological Department, British Museum. (Plate b. ©. Sern (ey LOO: March 15, 1898. ey EM rege The Secretary. Hepart on the Additions to the Society's Menagerie in February 1898. .... 201 ‘The Secretary. Exhibition of, on behalf of Sir Edmund Loder, Bart., and remarks upon, ‘ some photographs of the Beaver-pond at Leonardslee, Horsham ........0...04.... 201 Mr. R. E. Holding, Exhibition of, aia remarks upon, a pair of horns of the’ ? Suga" or d Galla Ox of Abyssinia . els Sa SPO a RO Spy Ate wig ale HE ia Spe RITE TAR an aac Frat ais tote TS RAE fe ROR ea Dr. G. Stewardson Brady, F.R.8. Notice of a Memoir on new or imperfectly-known Species Ng of eae Si chiefly from New Zealand ...0 0... 0s .e.eF eee eee beeen ened vee 20d 1.-On ths Early Post-larval Stages of the Common Crab (Gaviesh pagures), and on: the Affinity ‘of that Species with L.C. 24R.L.=C 2>Sp. The right central lobe, which is the largest, is on the abdominal aspect completely divided into two by the cystic notch; on the dorsal surface the notch only extends as far as the fundus of the gall-bladder. The right half of the right central lobe is very slightly furrowed in a longitudinal direction. The caudate lobe is bifid at its extremity and has a small nearly free lobe attached to its diaphragmatic surface. The spigelian lobe is notched faintly at the extremity and also at both sides a little way from the extremity. The only liver which I have among the stores in my department with which to compare the liver of Bassariscus is that of Zlurus fulgens, which has been described and figured by Flower®. The chief differences which Bassariscus shows are: (1) the much greater relative size of right central; (2) the freedom of the right lateral and caudate lobes (they are firmly attached by their apposed surfaces in 4lurus); (3) the much smaller size of the spigelian lobe. 1 «“ Notes on the Anatomy of Helictis subaurantiacus,’ P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 806. * BF. E. Beddard, “ On the Visceral and Muscular Anatomy of Cryptoprocta.” P. Z. 8. 1895, pp. 431, 432. * “On the Anatomy of Hlwrus fulgens,” P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 763. g* 132 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE AFRICAN AND [Mar. 1, 2. A Revision of the African and Syrian Fishes of the Family Cichlide—Part I. By G. A. Bourenerr, F.R.S. [Received February 18, 1898. ] (Plate XIX.) The Cichlide form a very natural family of Perciform Acantho- pterygians, which may be defined as follows :— No suborbital lamina of the suborbitals ; entopterygoid present, small. Precaudal vertebra with transverse processes from the third to the last; ribs, all but the last few nearly sessile, inserted behind the transverse processes, not at their extremity, and narrowly separated if at all from the centra. Nostril single on each side. Gill-membranes free from isthmus ; five or six branchio- stegals; gills four, a slit bebind the fourth; pseudobranchize absent. Lower pharyngeal bones united, with persistent median suture. Soft portion of dorsal fin not more developed than the anal; latter with three or more spines. The term ‘“* Chromides,” by which this family is often designated, is inadmissible, the name Chromis having been originally intended for Sparus chromis, L.=Chromis castanea, Risso, a Heliastes of Cuvier and Valenciennes. Cuvier, in the second edition of the ‘Régne Animal,’ referred to Labrus niloticus only as a second species of his genus Chromis, the definition of which is drafted from Sparus chromis. Sparus niloticus can therefore not be retained as the type of Chromis, and must be placed in the genus Tilapia of Andrew Smith, in the family named Cichlide by Bleeker (1859). This family includes a large number of brackish- and freshwater fishes from Africa, Syria, India, and Central and South America, one species extending into Texas. The nearest affinity of these Fishes is with the Centrarchide and Percide, A study ot their skeleton shows them to bear no special relation to the Pomacentridew, Labride, Scaride, or to any other division of the ‘ Pharyngognathi,’ than which a more artificial group has never been conceived. Yet, I regret to say, it is very slow at being altogether abandoned, remains of it lingering here and there in the works of even the most advanced reformers—to wit, Gill’s superfamilies Pomacentroidea and Labroidea (1898), corresponding to the Suborders Chromides and Pharyngognathi of Jordan and Evermann (1896). In the present paper I shall deal only with the genera repre- sented in Africa and Syria, of which I am able to distinguish nine. All agree in having the palate toothless, no supplemental maxillary, a single, continuous dorsal fin, and two distinct lateral lines. The number of vertebre varies, in the specimens examined by me, between 26 and 38 (13-19+412-19). I am under deep obligations to Professor Vaillant for his kind assistance in communicating to me the types of several species preserved in the Paris Museum. I have thus been enabled to 1898. ] SYRIAN FISHES OF THE FAMILY CICHLIDE, 133 make this revision more complete than would otherwise have been possible, and to settle some points of synonymy which, from the imperfection of the original descriptions, would have remained unsolved. I seize this opportunity to express my thanks to Professor Vaillant for the valuable help I have received from him in connection with the celebrated collection in his charge, on this and many previous occasions. My thanks are also due to Mr. J. Green, who has kindly furnished me with sciagraphs of some unique specimens, by means of which I have been able to ascertain the number of vertebre. Synopsis of the Genera. TI. No sheath to the vertical fins. A, Anal spines VI or VII; teeth conical, some enlarged and canine-like ...................+. 1. Lamprologus, Schilth, B. Anal spines III or IV. 1. Teeth not notched, unicuspid. a. Alveolar surface of jaws narrow or moderately broad. a. No pad-like papillose prominence close to the upper part of the branchial arches. * Teeth in one or two series, with more or less enlarged or canine- like ones at the symphysis ...... 2. Hemichromis, Peters. ** Teeth in two or more series in both jaws, outer largest and more or less distinctly curved inwards ; no enlarged teeth at the sym- Pl yaatsimesezise oicae-eeeasceatace: Mees 3. Paratilapia, Blk. f. A pad-like prominence close to the upper part of the branchial arches. * Teeth in two or more seriesin both jaws, outer largest and more or less distinctly curved inward ... 4. Pelmatochromis, Stdr, ** Teeth in one or two series, some of the larger ones with the crown bent at an angle to the shaft and directed forward or backward... 5. Chromidotilapia, Blgy. b, Alveolar surface of jaws extremely broad, with innumerable minute teeth with compressed, oblique crowns............ 6. Corematodus, Blgr. 2. Teeth all or greater part notched or tri- cuspid. a. Alveolar surface of jaws narrow or moderately broad; all the teeth notched or tricuspid ...............-.26+ 7. Tilapia, Smith. b. Alveolar surface of jaws very broad ; outer teeth large, with nail-shaped entire crowns, those of the inner rows (ETRY! | Medoneecrepresns coeeneadebectse 8. Docimodus, Blgr. II. Vertical fins folding in a scaly sheath ; anal spines VIII or IX; teeth spatulate, in a single OW ae ee A eats Canosa eee eae aeeeeeereee 9. Paretroplus, Blkr. The three latter genera will be dealt with in the second part of this paper, 134 MR. G, A, BOULENGER ON THE AFRICAN AND [ Mar. 1, 1. LamMPrRoLoGus. Lamprologus, Schilthuis, Tijdschr. Nederl. Dierk. Ver. (2) iii. 1891, p. 85. Body rather elongate; scales ctenoid. Jaws with a band of very small conical teeth, with enlarged canines in front. Maxil- lary exposed. Dorsal with 18 or 19 spines, anal with 6 or 7. Vertebree 31 (15+ 16). A single species, from the Congo. This genus is easily distinguished from other African forms by the number of anal spines; from the American Heros by the maxillary not being entirely concealed when the mouth is closed ; from Etroplus and Paretroplus by the dersal not folding in a scaly sheath, and by the dentition. 1. LAMPROLOGUS CONGOENSIS. Lamprologus congoensis, Schilthuis, 1. ¢. pl. vi. fig. 1. Depth of body 3$ to 4 times in total length, length of head 3 to 33. Snout a little longer than diameter of eye, which is 33 to 4 times in length of head, and equals or slightly exceeds inter- orbital width ; maxillary extending to below anterior border of eye; head naked, or with a few isolated scales on the opercle. Gill-rakers short, 9 or 10 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal XVIII-XIX 8-10; spines increasing in length to the last, which measures 2 length of head and 3 longest soft rays. Pectoral 3 to 3 length of head. Ventral reaching vent or origin of anal. Anal VI-VII 5-6. Caudal rounded, subacuminate. Caudal peduncle as long as deep. Scales 42-53 5; lat. 1. ae Brownish or olive, uniform or with four or five rather indistinct darker cross- bars ; a dark streak behind the eye, and a blackish opercular spot ; vertical fins grey, uniform or with small lighter and darker spots. Total length 100 millim. Upper and Lower Congo. 2. HeMIcHROMIS. Hemichromis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1857, p. 403; Giinther, Cat. iv. p. 274 (1862). Chromichthys, Guichenot, in A. Duméril, Arch. Mus. x. 1869, p- 257. Hemichromis, - part., Pfeffer, Thierw. O.-Afr., Fische, p. 19 (1896). Body short or moderately elongate; scales cycloid. One or two series of conical teeth in the jaws, the second series, if present, short and consisting of a few very small teeth; the two middle teeth in the jaws larger than the others, in the adult at least. Maxillary exposed. Dorsal with 13 to 15 spines, anal with 3. Vertebre 26-28 (15+413 in H, fasciatus, 14412 in H. bimaculatus). North and West Africa, ; 1898. ] SYRIAN FISHES OF THE FAMILY CICHLIDA, 135 1, HEMICHROMIS FASCIATUS. Hemichromis fasciatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1857, p. 403; Giinth. Cat. iv. p. 274 (1862); Bleek. Nat. Verh. Vet. Haarlem, xviii. 1863, no. 2, p.38, pl. v. fig. 1; Steindachn. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, Ix. i. 1870, p. 970; Sauvage, N. Arch. Mus. (2) iii. 1880, p. 35 ; Steindachn. Notes Leyd. Mus. xvi. 1894, p. 47. Chromichthys elongatus, Guichen. in A. Dum. Arch. Mus. x. 1859, p. 257, pl. xxii. fig. 3. Hemichromis auritus, Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 135; Giinth., 7. c. p. 275. Hemichromis leiquardii, Capello, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. iv. 1872, p. 85. Hemichromis desquezii, Rochebrune, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) iv. 1880, p- 168, and Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. vi. 1882, pl. v. fig. 6. Middle teeth distinctly enlarged, canine-like; a regular series of very small premaxillary teeth some distance behind the marginal one. Depth of body equal to or a little greater than length of head, 2 to 3 times in total length. Snout with straight or concave upper profile, longer than the eye; in the adult diameter of eye contained 4 to 52 times in length of head, and 13 to 1? in interorbital width; maxillary not extending to below anterior border of eye; 4 or 5 series of scales on the cheek ; large scales on the opercle. Gill-rakers short, some hammer-shaped, 6-10 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal XIJJ-XV 11-13; spines increasing in length to the last, which measures 4 to 2 length of head and 2 to % longest soft rays. Pectoral 4 length of head. Outer ventral rays produced into filaments, reaching the vent or the anal spines. Anal III 8-10; third spine longest, 3 to 2 length of head, as long as middle dorsal spines. Caudal truncate or rounded. Caudal peduncle nearly as long as deep. Scales 29-32 ae lat. 1. ate Olive or brown, with a black or blue spot on the opercle and five more or less distinct dark vertical bars which may be reduced to a series of as many blackish blotches along the side, the last at base of caudal; young with less distinct bars between the principal ones; fins brown or blackish; dorsal and anal sometimes with round whitish spots between the rays ; longi- tudinal series of pearl-colour or brown spots, one to each scale, may be present on the sides. Total length 200 millim. The very numerous specimens in the British Museum are from the following localities :—Sierra Leone, Lagos, Old Calabar, Gaboon, Ogowe, Upper and Lower Congo. 2, HEMICHROMIS BIMACULATUS. Hemichromis bimaculatus, Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 137 Giinth. Cat. iv. p. 275 (1862); Steindachn. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, Ix. 1, 1870, p. 972, pl. i. fig. 5; Sauvage, N. Arch. Mus. (2) ii. 1880, 1 T have examined a large series of specimens, ranging from 40 to 200 millim, total length, and find the character of the dentition very constant, contrary to what Steindachner was inclined to believe (Sitzb. Ak. Wien, lx. i. 1870, p. 974). 136 MR. G, A. BOULENGER ON THE AFRICAN AND [Mar. 1, p- 35, pl. ii. fig. 1; Steindachn. Notes Leyd. Mus. xvi. 1894, p. 49 ; Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvii. 1896, p. 272. Hemichromis guttatus, Giimth. Cat. iv. p. 275. Hemichromis letowrneuxii, Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) iv. 1880, p. 212. Hemichromis sahare, Sauvage, |. ¢. p. 226. Hemichromis rolandi', Sauvage, op. cit. v. 1881, p. 103. Middle teeth but feebly enlarged; inner premaxillary teeth absent or reduced to a few, irregularly disposed. Depth of body equal to or a little greater than length of head, 23 to 3 times in total length. Snout with straight or convex upper profile, as long as the eye, which is contained 33 to 4 times in length of head and equals or is a little less than interorbital width; max- illary extending to below anterior border of eye or not quite so far; 3 or 4 (rarely 5) series of scales on the cheek; large scales on the opercle, which terminates in a rounded, stiff, scaleless lobe. Gill-rakers short, 8 to 10 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal XIII-XV 10-12; spines increasing in length to the last, which measures about 2 to 4 length of head and 3 to 2 longest soft rays. Pectoral 2 to = length of head. Outer ventral rays produced into short filaments, reaching vent, origin of anal, or even a little beyond. Anal III 7-9; third spine longest, as long as median dorsal spines. Caudal rounded. Caudal peduncie a little deeper than long. Scales 25-28 a lat. 1. a . Yellowish, reddish, or brown, with or without rather indistinct dark vertical bars and two or three round blackish spots, the first (sometimes blue) on the opercle, the second below middle cf dorsal fin and between the two lateral lines, the third, if present, at base of caudal; sides sometimes with series of pearl-coloured spots; cheeks, opercles, and fins sometimes with round dark brown spots; outer ventral rays brown or blackish. Total length 120 millim. This species has a wide distribution. I have examined specimens from Lake Mareotis, Lower Egypt (#. letourneuzii, Sauy.), the Algerian Sahara (ZH. sahare, Sauv., H. rollandi, Sauy.}, Sierra Leone, Old Calabar, Gaboon, the Ogowe, and the Congo. No reliance can be placed on the locality (Cape of Good Hope) affixed to the types of H. guttatus, Gthr., which were purchased of a dealer as being from “ Ceylon.” 3. HEMICHROMIS ? ANGOLENSIS, Hemichromis angolensis, Steindachn. Mem. Ac. Lisb. (8) iii. pt. i. 1865, no. 10. Teeth in two rows, outer longest. Depth of body a little greater than length of head, not 3 times in total length. Snout with concave upper profile; diameter of eye 6 times in length of head ; 6 or 7 series of scales on the cheek ; large scales on the * Should be spelt “‘ rollandi,” the species being named after the distinguished French engineer G, Rolland. 1898. | SYRIAN FISHES OF THE FAMILY CICHLID®. 137 opercle. Dorsal XV 11; spines increasing in length to the last, which = a little less than half length of longest soft rays. Lat. 1. ma a Brown; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal with purplish brown spots; a large blackish opercular spot. Total length 200 millim. Angola. This species is known to me only from Steindachner’s very imperfect description. Its allocation to the genus Hemichromiss.s. is therefore doubtful. 3. PARATILAPTA. Paratilapia, Bleeker, Versl. Ak. Amsterd. ii. 1868, p. 307. Paracara, Bleeker, Vers]. Ak. Amsterd. xii. 1878, p. 193. Hemichromis, part., Pfeffer, Thierw. O.-Afr., ieee p. 19 (1896). Body short or more or less elongate ; scales cycloid or ctenoid. Two or more series of conical teeth in the jaws. Maxillary exposed. Dorsal with 10 to 18 spines, anal with 3. Vertebre 27-38 (138414 in P. polleni, 15413 in P. sacra, 17+19 in P. robusta, 19+19 in P. longiceps). Numerous species, from Syria, Tropical and South Africa, and Madagascar. Synopsis of the Species. I. Dorsal with X-XII (rarely XIII) spines ; pectoral ? length of head. Dorsal with 11-12 soft rays, which are much longer than longest spines; maxillary extending to below BULORION tHITCOl Ye: Li.--cdacts sc spedentecquaetat ss < lat. 1. fees Uniform dark brown, fins blackish. Total length 200 millim. Lake Nyassa and Upper Shiré River. 1898. ] SYRIAN FISHES OF THE FAMILY CICHLID®. 145 15, PARATILAPIA LIVINGSTONII, Hemichromis livingstonii, Giinth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 625, pl. lvi. fig. B. Teeth in 4 or 5 series in both jaws, outer largest. Depth of body equal to length of head, nearly 3 times in total length. Snout with straight upper profile, 13 to 2 times diameter of eye, which is 4 to 5 times in length of head and 1} to 13 in interorbital width; maxillary not extending to below anterior border of eye; 4 series of scales on the cheek; large scales on the opercle. Gill-rakers short, 11 or 12 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal XVI 10-11; spines increasing in length to the last, which measures } to 2 length of head and ? longest soft rays. Pectoral 4 length of head. Ventral reaching vent. Anal III 9; third spine as long as longest dorsal. Caudal truncate. Caudal peduncle slightly longer than deep. Scales finely denticulate on the border, 35-36 = satel. — Nilvery, largely and irregularly marbled with black. Total length 180 millim. Lake Nyassa and Upper Shiré River. 16. PARATILAPIA INTERMEDIA. Hemichromis intermedius, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 312. Teeth small, in 2 or 3 series in each jaw, outer largest. Depth of body 24 to 2? times in total length, length of head 3 to 34 times. Snout with straight upper profile, 13 to 14 diameter of eye (in the adult), which is 4 times in length of head and nearly equal to or a little greater than interorbital width ; maxillary not extending to below anterior border of eye; 2 or 3 series of scales on the cheek ; large scales on the opercle. Grill-rakers rather long, close-set, 20 to 27 on lower part of anterior arch, a few of the larger ones sometimes Y-shaped. Dorsal XV-XVIII 9-11 ; spines increasing in length to the last, which measures little less than 4 length of head, and 4 to 4 length of longest soft rays. Pectoral as long as head. Ventral reaching vent, or produced to the anterior soft rays of anal, Anal III 9-10; third spine strongest, as long as fifth dorsal spine. Caudal more or less extensively scaly, emar- ginate. Caudal peduncle 11 as long as deep. Scales very finely denticulate on the edge, 33-36 ma lat. 1. _ Pale olive to dark brown, with a more or less distinct blackish spot under the lateral line, below middle of spinous dorsal, and another at base of caudal ; dorsal and anal dark brown, often with a broad whitish border, with or without round whitish spots; pectoral whitish, ventral dark brown. Total length 180 millim. Lake Nyassa and Upper Shiré River. 17. PARATILAPIA DIMIDIATA. Hemichromis dimidiatus, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 313, Teeth in 3 series in both jaws, the outer series composed of Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1898, No. X. 10 146 MR. G. A, BOULENGER ON THE AFRICAN AND [ Mar. 1, long teeth rather wide apart. Lower jaw projecting. Depth of body 34 times in total length, length of head 3 times. Snout with convex upper profile, twice as long as the eye; diameter of eye 5 to 53 times in length of head, 13 in interorbital width ; maxillary not extending to below anterior border of eyes ; 4 or 5 series of scales on the cheek; large scales on the opercle. Gill- rakers short, 11 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal XVI 10-11 ; spines increasing in length to the last, which measures 4 length of head and about % longest soft rays. Pectoral 2 length of head. Ventral not reaching vent. Anal III 10-11; third spine longest, as long as middle dorsal spines. Caudal very slightly emarginate. Caudal peduncle 13 to 2 times as long as deep. Scales not denti- culate, 35-36 — ; lat. 1.22. Olive-brown above, silvery beneath ; a blackish stripe from above the pectoral to the base of the caudal ; fins whitish, unspotted. Total length 220 millim. Lake Nyassa and Upper Shiré River. 18. PARATILAPIA LONGICEPS. Hemichromis longiceps, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 313. Teeth in 2 series in both jaws, outer largest, long and sharp and rather wide apart. Depth of body 4 times in total length, length of head 23 to 3 times. Snout long and strongly compressed, with convex upper profile ; diameter of eye 2 to 22 times in length of snout, 5 to 54 times in length of head, 1} in interorbital width; maxillary widely separated from the vertical of the eye; 3 series of scales on the cheek ; operele partially naked. Gill-rakers rather long, about 4 length of gill-fringes, 17 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal XVII-XVIII 12; spines increasing in length to the last, which measures 7 length of head. Pectoral 2 length of head. Ventral not reaching vent. Anal III 9-10; third spine longest, as long as last dorsal. Caudal slightly emar- ginate. Caudal peduncle nearly twice as long as deep. Scales finely denticulate on the border, 40-41 a lat. 1. ad Silvery, blackish on the back; a blackish opercular spot; fins greyish, immaculate. Total length 240 millim. Lake Nyassa and Upper Shiré River. Three of the “ Chromis” described by Castelnau from Lake Ngami very probably belong to this genus and appear to be based on individual variations of a single species :— PARATILAPIA THUMBERGII. Chromys thumbergi, Castelnau, Poiss. Afr, Austr. p. 13 (1861). Chromys ngamensis, Casteln. 1. ¢. Chromys lvingstonii, Casteln. 1. e. Teeth in 3 or 4 series. Body rather elongate. Dorsal XVII 13-14, Anal TIT 9. Golden, dark green, or blackish, with or i 1898. ] SYRIAN FISHES OF THE FAMILY CICHLID#, 147 without red borders to the scales; dorsal grey, with round black spots or red dots or edged with yellow ; anal grey, with or without green spots, edged with yellow or red. Total length 330 millim. Lake Ngami. 4, PELMATOCHROMIS. Pelmatochromis, Steindachner, Notes Leyd. Mus. xvi. 1894, p- 40. Characters of Paratilapia, with the addition of a much-developed eushion-like papillose pad of mucous membrane on each side of the palate, close to the upper part of the branchial arches '. West Africa ; Congo. Synopsis of the Species. I. 6 or7 series of teeth in the jaws; dorsal XIV 21-12; pectoral nearly as long as head ; scales very finely denticulate on the edge, 26-27 == Wee oe iaeeactss 1. buettikoferi, Stdr. II. 2 or 5 series of teeth in the jaws. A. Lower lateral line at least nearly as long as upper ; pectoral as long as head. 6 Dorsal XITI-XIV 17; scales finely denticulate, 40 3; 15 MAI AAAs deagll ty TOs 2. jentinki, Stdr. ae 23-24 ; Dorsal XVI 12; scales cycloid, 32 2; lat. 1. 5en9 «Oe lateralis, Blgr. 8 B. Lower lateral line short, confined to the caudal region ; scales cycloid. 1. Pectoral as long as head ; dorsal XIII 11; scales 30 S 3 lat. 1. = Ee nade ococarecosaes 4, congicus, Bley. 2. Pectoral 2 length of head. Dorsal XTV 11; scales 32 = lat. 1. = maxillary not extending to below anterior border of eye ...... 5. welwitschi, Blgr. Dorsal XV1I9: scales 31 = ; lat. 1. a maxillary not extending to below anterior border of eye............ 6. guenthert, Sauy. Dorsal XIV-XVI8-9; scales 26-28 7"? ; lat. 1, 42; maxillary extending to below anterior border of EV ON Aes cent tata: Miecaaue sacaeeds et Soove vas saadun coe tean ct 7. subocellatus, Gthr. 1, PELMATOCHROMIS BUBTTIKOFERI. Paratilapia (Pelmatochromis) bittikoferi, Steindachn. Notes Leyd. Mus. xvi. 1894, p. 40. Teeth in broad bands, in about 7 series in the upper jaw, in 6 in 1 This gives the impression, on a superficial glance under the opercle, of a lobe to the outer branchial arch, asin Geophagus. A similar pad is more or less developed in Ti/apia, especially in T. oltgacanthus, Blkr., which has for this reason been raised to generic rank (Ptychoehromis, Stdr.). 10= 148 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE AFRICAN AND [Mar. 1, the lower. Depth of body 2 to 2} times in total length, length of head 23 to 27. Snouta little longer than the diameter of the eye, which is contained 3 to 3} times in length of head and measures a little more than interorbital width ; maxillary extending to below anterior border of eye ; 3 or 4 rows of scales on the cheek ; very large scales on the opercle. Gill-rakers long and slender, 6-9 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal XIV 11-12; spines increasing in length to the seventh or to the last, which is 21 to 2 2 times in length of head, and about 2 length of longest soft rays. Pectoral nearly as long as head. Outer ventral ray produced, filiform, reaching third anal spine. Anal IIL 8; third spine nearly as long as but thicker than longest dorsal spine. Caudal emarginate. Seales very finely denticulate on the edge, 26-27 ea lat. If . Body with five ill-defined brown bars ; a large steel-blue opercular spot; dorsal and caudal streaked with bluish and yellowish. Total length 180 millim. Liberia. 2. PELMATOCHROMIS JENTINKI. Paratilapia (Pelmatochromis) jentinkii, Steindachn. Notes Leyd. Mus. xvi. 1894, p. 43, pl. ii. fig. 1. 3 series of teeth in the upper jaw, 2 in the lower. Depth of body 23 to 22 times in total length, length of head 3 times. Snout longer than the diameter of the eye, which is contained 32 to 32 times in length of head, and nearly equals interorbital width ; maxillary not extending to below anterior border of eye; 3 rows of scales on the cheek ; moderate-sized scales on the opercle. Gill- rakers moderately long, hooked, 12 or 13 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal XIII-XIV 17; spines increasing in length to the last, which measures a little less than }length of head, and about 7 longest soft rays. Pectoral falciform, longer than the head. Outer ventral ray produced, filiform. Anal III 8-9; third spine as long as but stronger than longest dorsal spine, little shorter than longest soft rays. Caudal emarginate. Caudal peduncle as long as deep. Scales very finely denticulate on the edge, 6 40 3; lat. 1. <= the lower beginning a short distance behind the 15 shoulder. Golden; dorsal with straight horizontal violet streaks ; anal with obliqne violet streaks. Total length 290 millim. Liberia. 3. PELMATOCHROMIS LATERALIS. Pelmatochromis guenthert, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvii. 1896, p. 310, 3 series of minute teeth in both jaws. Depth of body 22 times in total length, length of head 3. Snout 14 diameter of eye, which is 33 in length of head and equals interorbital width ; 1898.] SYRIAN FISHES OF THE FAMILY CICHLID®, 149 maxillary extending to below the nostril; 4 series of scales on the cheek ; large scales on the opercle. Gill-rakers short, with wing- like basal process, 16 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal XVI 12; spines subequal from the fifth, 3 length of head. Pectoral falciform, as long as head. Ventral reaching anal. Anal III 7; third spine longest, longer than dorsals. Caudal scaly, slightly emarginate. Caudai peduncle as long as deep. Scales cycloid, 4 ‘ 32 25 lat. 1. as the upper ending below the last dorsal rays, the lower extending from the shoulder to the caudal, on which it is produced in three branches. Uniform pale brownish; dorsal membrane checkered with brown and white spots. Total length 107 millim. Upper Congo. As Sauvage’s Hemichroms guentheri turns out to belong to the genus Pelmatochronws, I am obliged to change the name first proposed for the present species. 4, PELMATOCHROMIS CONGICUS. Pelmatochromis congicus, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xx. 1897, p. 422. 3 series of teeth in both jaws. Depth of body 2/ times in total length, length of head 2? times. Snout as long as diameter of eye, which is 23 in length of head and equals interorbital width ; maxillary extending to below anterior third of eye; 4 series of scales on the cheek; opercle naked (?), Gill-rakers long and slender, about 20 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal XIII 11, spines subequal from the sixth, nearly 3 length of head and 2 longest soft rays, which are produced and filiform. Pectoral as long as head. Ventral with produced outer rays, reaching anal spines. Anal III 8; third spine as long as and stronger than longest dorsal spines. Caudal rounded. Caudal peduncle a little deeper than long. Scales cycloid, 30 +4; lat. 1.24. Olive, with yellowish spots occupying the centres of the scales; a rather indistinct dark lateral streak; vertical fins blackish, with round yellow spots. Total length 175 millim. Stanley Falls, Congo River. 5. PELMATOCHROMIS WELWITSCHI, sp. n. (Plate XIX. fig. 1.) Teeth in 2 or 3 series in the upper jaw, in 3 in the lower. Depth of body equal to length of head, 3 times in total length. Snout with straight upper profile, twice as long as the diameter of the eye, which is 5 times in length of head and a little less than interorbital width; maxillary not extending to below anterior border of eye ; 5 rows of scales on the cheek ; large scales on the opercles. Gill-rakers short, denticulate, 9 on the lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal XIV 11; spines increasing in length to the seventh, which measures 3 length of head and 3 longest soft ravs. Pectoral 3 length of head. Ventral not reaching vent. Anal III 7; 150 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE AFRICAN AND [Mar. 1, third spine a little shorter than longest dorsal spines. Caudal truncate. Caudal peduncle a little longer than deep. Scales eycloid, 32 = lat. 1. 21. Pale brown; dorsal dark brown, whitish at the base; anal with a few round pure white spots ; ventrals blackish. Total length 125 millim. Fluilla, Angola. A single specimen, collected by the late Dr. Welwitsch. 6. PELMATOCHROMIS GUENTHERI, Hemichromis guentheri, Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, p- 317, pl. v. fig. 1. Hemichromis volte, Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, xcvi. i. 1887, p. 60, pl. i. fig. 3. Teeth in 3 series in each jaw, outer largest but rather small. Depth of body 23 times in total length, length of head 3. Snout with straight upper profile, nearly twice as long as the eye, which is contained 44 times in length of head and nearly equals inter- orbital width ; maxillary not extending to below anterior border of eye; 4 series of scales on the cheek; large scales on the opercle. Gill-rakers short, some T-shaped, 12 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal XVI 9; spines subequal, last 2? length of head and 3 longest soft rays. Pectoral # length of head. Anal III 7; third spine a little shorter than longest dorsals. Caudal truncate. Caudal peduncle as long as deep. Scales smooth, 31 = lat. 1. 29. Pale olive ; a few round blackish spots on the membrane between the dorsal spines. Total length 140 millim. Gold Coast.—The diagnosis is taken from the unique specimen in the Paris Museum. 7. PELMATOCHROMIS SUBOCELLATUS. Hemichromis subocellatus, Giinth. Proce. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 667, pl. Ixvii. fig. C. Teeth in 2 or 3 series in each jaw, outer largest but small. Depth of body 23 to 2? in total length, length of head 3 times. Snout with convex upper profile, as long as the eye, which is con- tained 32 times in length of head and equals interorbital width ; maxillary extending to below anterior border of eye; 2 or 3 series of scales on the cheek; large scales on the opercle. Grll-rakers short, some T-shaped, 10 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal XIV-XVI 8-9; spines subequal, about 3 length of head and $ longest soft rays. Pectoral 3 length of head. Ventral reaching vent or beyond origin of anal. Anal III 6-8; third spine as long as or a little longer than longest dorsals. Caudal rounded. Caudal peduncle a little deeper than long. Scales smooth, 26-28 a: lat. 1. =. Brown, with more or less distinct blackish opercular spots and a rather indistinct dark lateral stripe ; speci- mens with shorter ventrals (females?) have a blackish blotch or 1898, } SYRIAN FISHES OF THE FAMILY CICHLID®. 151 ocellus on the soft dorsal ; a black, white-edged ocellus sometimes present in the upper part of the caudal. Total length 75 millim. Gaboon. 5. CHROMIDOTILAPIA, g. n. Body moderately elongate; scales cycloid. Teeth in a single or double series, the inner, if present, short or irregular; some of the larger ones with the crown bent at an angle to the shaft and directed backwards. Maxillary exposed. A cushion-like papillose pad on each side of the palate, close to the upper part of the branchial arches. Dorsal with 14 to 16 spines, anal with 3. Vertebre 27 (14+13). West Africa. 1. CHROMIDOTILAPIA KINGSLEY, sp. n. (Plate XIX. fig. 2.) Hemichromis schwebischi (non Sauvage), Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvii. 1896, p. 273. Teeth in a single or double series, the inner, if present, short and irregular. Depth of body 2} to 24 times in total length, length of head 23 to 3 times. Snout with straight upper profile, 1? to 2 times as long as the diameter of the eye (in the adult), which is 4 to 44 times in length of head and equal to or a little less than interorbital width; maxillary not reaching to below anterior border of eye; four series of scales on the cheek ; large scales on the opercle. Giull-rakers on lower part of anterior arch short and broad, crenulated, 10 to 12. Dorsal XIV-XVI 10-12; spines increasing in length to the last, which is about 2 length of head and hardly 3 longest soft rays. Pectoral } to # length of head. Ventrals reaching vent or anal. Anal IIT 8-9; third spine as long as or a little shorter than longest dorsal spine. Caudal rounded. Caudal peduncle a little deeper than long. Scales with smooth border, 29-32 oe go obab.. 1 a. Brownish, uniform or with rather indistinct traces of six darker cross-bars ; a more or less distinct dark opercular spot ; fins greyish, blackish towards the border; soft dorsal and caudal, in some specimens, with regular squarish dark spots forming bars between the rays. Total length 150 millim. Gaboon, Ogowe. 2, CHROMIDOTILAPIA (?) FREDERICI. Chromys frederici, Castelnau, Poiss. Afr. Austr. p. 15 (1861). Teeth few, wide apart, in a single series except in front of the lower jaw. Body rather elevated. Dorsal XV 14. Anal III 8. Pectoral moderate. Scales finely granulate, with smooth edge. Lat. 1. 22. Greyish white ; dorsal tipped with reddish ; anal red ; ventrals greenish ; caudal reddish. Total length 230 millim. Lake Ngami.i—Known only from Castelnau’s very imperfect definition. 152 =: DR. B.C. A. WINDLE AND MR. F.G. PARSONS ON THE [Mar. 1, 18 6. CoREMATODUS. Corematodus, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 918. Body short ; scales cycloid. Jaws with extremely broad bands of innumerable minute club-shaped teeth with compressed oblique entire crowns. Dorsal with 16 spines, anal with 3. Vertebre 32 (15+17). A single species. 1. COREMATODUS SHIRANUS. Corematodus shiranus, Bouleng. op. cit. p. 919, cum fig. Depth of body equal to length of head, 3 total length, Snout very broad, with steep, convex profile; eye a little nearer gill- opening than end of snout, its diameter 43 times in length of head, twice in interorbital width, and greater than depth of preorbital ; maxillary extending to below anterior border of eye; cheek with 4 rows of scales below the eye; opercle and interorbital region scaleless ; limbs of preopercle forming a right angle. Gill-rakers moderately long, 12 on lower part of anterior arch, last bifid. Dorsal XVI 10; spines increasing in length to the last, which is 2 length of head. Anal III 8; third spine longest, as long as but thicker than middle dorsals. Caudal peduncle 14 as long as deep. Scales slightly rugose, not denticulate, 34 2; lat. 1. au) Body with traces of six black cross-bars. Total length 200 millim. Upper Shiré River. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX. Fig. 1. Pelmatochromis welwitschi Blgr., p. 149. 1a. Jaws, X 3. Fig. 2. Chromidotilupia kingsleye Bler., p. 151. 2a. Jaws, x 8. 20. Gill- chamber, seen from below the opercle, x 2. 3. The Myology of the Terrestrial Carnivora.—Part II. By B.C. A. Winpiz, M.A., M.D., D.Sc., Professor of Anatomy at Mason University College, Birmingham, and F. G. Parsons, F.R.C.S., F.Z.S., F.L.S., Lecturer on Comparative Anatomy at St. Thomas’s Hospital, and Hunterian Professor at the Royal College of Surgeons, [Received February 3, 1898.] The first part of this paper was read before this Society on April 6th last year (see P. Z. 8. 1897, p. 370); it contained an account of the muscles of the head, neck, and fore-limb. The present part contains a description of the muscles of the hind- limb and trunk. As we have been able to dissect some additional EZ Sl Soler alexa fe * ee Os aN "WE Ae a ba J.Green delet ith. Mintern Bros.imp. 1. PELMATOCHROMIS WELWITSCHI. 2.CHROMIDOTILAPIA KINGSLEYA:. as 1898.] MYOLOGY OF THE TERRESTRIAL CARNIVORA. 153 animals since our last communication, a new list has become necessary, and we would again draw attention to the fact that the small numbers before each animal’s name refer to mentions of it in the text, while the Roman numerals after the name refer to the bibliography at the end of the paper. When no Roman numeral is present the animal has been dissected by ourselves. Inst of Animals. FELIDA. . Lion (Felis leo). Macalister (unpublished). . Lion (Ff. leo). (V.) . Lion (Ff. leo). (AIIT.) . Tiger (Ff. tigris). Macalister (unpublished). . Leopard (/. pardus). Macalister (unpublished). . Leopard (fF. pardus). . Leopard (Ff. pardus). (VI.) - Ocelot (F. pardalis). . Cat (F. catus). (1.) 10. Cat (Ff. catus). IT.) 10a. Cat (Ff. catus). (XX XIX.) 11. Caracal (F. caracal). (XXIX.) 12. Cheetah (Cyncelurus jubatus). (IV.) OOO OE OO LOE VIVERRIDA. 13. Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox). 14. Fossa (C. ferowx). 15. Fossa (C. ferow). (VII.) 16. Civet (Viverra cwetta). (VITI.) 17. Civet (V. civetta). (1X.) 18. Civet (V. civetia). (X.) 19. Rasse (Viverricula malaccensis). 20. Blotched Genet (Genetta tigrina). (X1.) 21. Blotched Genet (G. tigrina). 22. Blotched Genet (G. tigrina), (XIL.) 23. Common Genet (G. vulgaris). 24, Common Genet (G. vulgaris). 25. Palm Civet (Paradoaurus typus). 26. Palm Civet (P. typus). 27. Palm Civet (P. typus). (XXIX.) 28. Ichneumon (Herpestes sp.ine.). (XX XIX.) 29. Ichneumon (H. nepalensis). 30. Ichneumon (H. griseus). 31, Thick-tailed Mongoose (Cynictis penicillata). 32. Aard Wolf (Proteles cristatus), (XIII.) HYANID#. 33. Striped Hyena (Hyena striata). (XIV.) 34. Striped Hyena (H. striata). (XXXIX.) 154 35. 36. 37. 38. - Common Fox (C. vulpes). (XXX VIIL.) . Arctic Fox (C. lagopus). Macalister (unpublished). . Cape Hunting Dog (Lycaon pictus). (X1L.) DR. B. C, A. WINDLE AND MR. F, G. PARSONS ON THE [ Mar. 1, Striped Hyena (H. striata). (XVI.) Striped Hyena (H. striata). Spotted Hyzna (H. crocuta). (XV.) Brown Hyena (H. brunnea). (XVII.) CaNID 2». . Dog (var. Fox-terrier) (Canis familiaris). . Dog (var. Fox-terrier) (C. familiaris). . Dog (var.Irish Terrier) (C. familiaris) XVIII.) . Dog (var. Greyhound) (C. familiaris). (X VIII.) . Dog (var. Greyhound) (C. familiaris). Macalister (un- published). . Dog (var. Pointer) (C. familiaris), Macalister (unpublished). . Dog (var. Setter) (C. familiaris). Macalister (unpublished). - Dog (var. Bull-dog) (C. familiaris). Macalister (unpublished). . Dog (? var.) (C. familiaris). (XXXIX.) . Dog (? var.) (C. familiaris). (XIX.) . Dingo Dog (C. dingo). (XVIII.) - Common Jackal (C. aureus). Macalister (unpublished). a. Common Jackal (C. aureus). Black-backed Jackal (C. mesomelas). Ursip&. . Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus). (XXIV.) . Polar Bear (U. maritimus). (XXXIX.) . Brown Bear (U. arctos). (XXXIX.) . Black Bear (U. americanus). . Black Bear (U. americanus). (XX.) . Black Bear (U. americanus). (XXIII.) . Black Bear (U. americanus). (XX1.) 62. Black Bear (U. americanus). (XXII.) PROcYONID #. . Common Racoon (Procyon lotor). . Common Racoon (P. lotor). (XXVL.) . Common Racoon (P. lotor). (XXVI.) . Common Racoon (P. lotor). (XXXIX.) . Crab-eating Racoon (P. cancrivorus). (XXV.) . White-nosed Coati (Vasua narica). (XXVII.) . Brown Coati (Nasua fusca). (XXVIL.) . Red Coati (1. rufa). (XX VIII.) . Coati (?sp.) (Wasua) Meckel. (XXXIX.) . Kinkajou (Cercoleptes caudivolvulus). . Kinkajou (C. caudivolvulus). . Kinkajou (C. caudivoluulus). (XXIX.) 1898.] MYOLOGY OF THE TERRESTRIAL CARNIVORA, 155 MUSTELIDA. 75. Grison (Galictis vittata). 76. Tayra (G. barbara). (IX.) 77. Polecat (Mustela putorius). (XXX.) 78. Beech Marten (M. foina). (XXXI.) 79. Beech Marten (WM. foina). (XXVIT.) 80. Beech Marten (M. foina). (XXVII.) 81. Beech Marten (M. foina). (XXXIX.) 82. Beech Marten (VM. foina). (XXIX.) 83. Cape Polecat (Ictonya zorilla). 84. Libyan Polecat (I. libyca). 85. Badger (Meles tawus). Macalister (unpublished). 86. Badger (M. tavus). (XXXITI.) 87. Badger (M. tavus). (XXXIX.) 88. Common Otter (Lutra vulgaris). 89. Common Otter (Z. vulgaris). (XXXVI.) 90. Common Otter (Z. vulgaris). (XXXV.) 91. Common Otter (Z. vulgaris). (XXXIX.) 92. Common Otter (L. vulgaris). (XXXIV.) 93. Indian Otter (Z. cinerea) (XXXVIL.) Muscles of the Hind Inmb. Ectogluteus (Gluteus maaimus).—This muscle is fairly constant m the Carnivora, it rises from the posterior two or three sacral spines and from the transverse processes of a like number of caudal vertebre. Occasionally it derives a slight origin from the ilium. It is inserted into the femur, usually just below the great trochanter, as well as into the fascia lata. Anteriorly its edge is continuous with that of the tensor fascie femoris, posteriorly with that of the biceps; indeed, the sartorius, tensor fascie femoris, ectogluteus, and biceps form a muscular sheath round the outer two-thirds of the thigh, and it is often quite difficult to determine where one muscle ends and the other begins. Among the Felide the foregoing description applies to Fels leo (1, 2, 3), F. tigris (4), F. pardus (5, 6, 7), F. pardalis (8), F. catus (9), and Cynelurus (12). Among the Viverride it applies to Cryptoprocta (138, 14), Viverra (17), Viverricula (19), Genetta tigrina (20), G. vulgaris (23, 24), Paradowurus (25, 26), Herpestes nepalensis (29), H. griseus (30), and Cynictis (31). Young (VIII.) describes the muscle in Viverra (16) as being inserted into the whole length of the shaft of the femur, though this description probably includes the agitator caude. Cuvier and Laurillard (XII.) found the muscle divided into three parts in Genetta tigrina (22); of these one is evidently the agitator caudz, while the rest consists of a superficial and a deep layer. This arrangement is clearly exceptional, as it was not noticed in any other specimen of Genet. Proteles (32) seems to differ from the typical arrangement in not having the ectogluteus continuous with the biceps. 156 DR.B.C.A.WINDLE AND MR. F. G, PARSONS ON THE [Mar. 1, Among the Hyznide, Meckel notices a separation between the sacral and caudal parts of the muscle in Hyena striata (34), and the same arrangement is recorded by Young (33) and, in Hyena crocuta, by Watson (37). Fig. 1. RTORIUS SEMITEND. \ TENUISMS ___ External muscles of thigh of Canis familiaris. Among the Canide the typical arrangement exists in Cants familiaris (39, 48), Canis aureus (50 a), and Canis mesomelas (51), except that the ectogluteus and tensor fascie femoris are separated by a considerable interval (see fig. 1). In the Urside, Kelley (XXIV.) states that there is no fascial insertion in Ursus maritimus (55), while Shepherd (XX.), in Ursus americanus (59), found almost the whole muscle inserted into fascia, so that further observations on this point are necessary. The Procyonide are remarkable for having the ectogluteus inserted almost entirely into bone just below the great trochanter; this applies to Procyon (63, 64, 65), Nasua (68, 70), and Cercoleptes (72). The same arrangement exists among the Mustelide in Mustela foina (78), Ictonyx (84), Meles taxus (86), and Lutra (88, 93). 1898. ] MYOLOGY OF THE TERRESTRIAL CARNIVORA. 157 The Caudo-femoralis (Agitator caude) is an intermediate muscle between the ectogluteus and the biceps, though it is usually more closely associated with the former than the latter; in some cases it is a perfectly distinct muscle, while in others no trace of ' it is recorded. By many authors its presence seems to have been entirely ignored, though others have evidently noticed it and described it as a part of the ectogluteus. It seems to have very little action on the tail and, for this reason alone, its name is not a particularly happy one; it is further liable to objection for the following reason—if the muscle does act on the tail its crural attachment must be considered the origin and its caudal the insertion: this is just the opposite to the manner in which the attachments of the ectcgluteus and biceps are, we think rightly, described. For these reasons we prefer the name of caudo-femo- ralis for this muscle. The origin is from the anterior two or three caudal vertebre, either continuous with, or deep to, the ectogluteus, while the insertion may be anywhere into the shaft of the femur, from the middle to just above the external condyle or, in some cases, as low as the patella. Among the Felide the muscle is present in Felis leo (1, 2, 3), and is in each case inserted into the patella. The same description applies to Felis tigris (4) and Fels pardus (5,6,7). In Felis pardalis (8) we found the caudo-femoralis very well marked, part of it being inserted into the back of the femur and part into the patella, these two parts were united at their origin and supplied by the same nerve. In Felis catus the muscle is figured by Mivart (I.) and Straus-Durckheim (II.), though not specially described ; its insertion does not seem to reach the patella in this animal. Among the Viverride the muscle is very constant and is usually inserted into the lower third of the shaft of the femur. It is present in Cryptoprocta (13, 14, 15), Viverra civetta (16, 17), Viverricula malaccensis (19), Genetta (20, 22, 23), Herpestes (29), and Cynictis (31). In two specimens ‘of Paradozurus (25, 26) and one of Genetta (24), the musele was double. Herpestes griscus (30) was the only member of the Viverridee in which the muscle was carefully looked for and not found. Among the Hyznide we can find no record of the presence of this muscle. Proteles (32) is described as agreeing with Hycna crocuta (37) in its gluteal muscles, and in the latter animal no caudo-femoralis seems to have existed. Among the Canide we have records of six Dogs (39, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48) in which the muscle was looked for but in none of which was it found (see fig. 1). It is not present either, as a distinct muscle, in Canis aureus (50, 50 a), Canis mesomelas (51), or Canis lagopus (53), while Pagenstecher (XL.) makes no mention of it in Lycaon (54). We have been unable to find the caudo-femoralis or any mention of it in the Urside. Among the Procyonide the muscle is absent in Procyon lotor (63, 64, 65), but is present and inserted into the lower part of the femur in Nasua (68, 69, 70) and Cercoleptes (72). It is present 158 DR. B.C, A, WINDLE AND MR. F. G, PARSONS ON THE [Mar.1, among the Mustelide in Mustela foina (78), one specimen of Meles (85), and Lutra cinerea (93), but absent in Jctonyx (84), one specimen of Meles (86), and Lutra vulgaris (88). We are there- fore inclined to regard this muscle as being constant and usually attached to the patella in the Felide, constant and attached to the femur in the Viverride, present or absent in the Procyonide and Mustelide, absent in the Canidee, Hyzenide, and Urside. Tensor fascice femoris.—This, as we have already pointed out, is the ventral continuation of the ectogluteus. It rises from the crest of the ilium and is inserted into the fascia lata about the middle of the outer side of the thigh, mesially it is continuous with the sartorius. Its degree of development varies greatly in different animals and apparently in different specimens of the same animal ; for this reason we have decided not to describe it in detail throughout the order. In one specimen of Felis pardus (5) it reached the patella, while in Jctonya lybica (84) it could not be made out at all. Macalister found it divided into an external and internal part in a Dog (43). Mesogluteus ( Gluteus medius).—This muscle, as in most mammals, is by far the largest of the glutei; it rises from the dorsal part of the gluteal surface of the ilium as well as from the fascia lata covering it. Its insertion is into the outer side of the great trochanter, and it lies in such close relationship to the pyriformis that that muscle can only be separated from it with great difficulty. In some cases, e.g. Hyena crocuta (37), Canis aureus (50), and Procyon lotor (64), the muscle is distinctly bilaminar. Entogluteus (Gluteus minimus) rises from the ventral part of the gluteal surface of the ium and is inserted into the front of the great trochanter. It is part of the same layer as the obturator internus and gemelli, and is quite constant in all the Carnivora. Gluteus ventralis (Scansorius, Gluteus quartus)—This is a differentiation of the ventral fibres of the entogluteus, and rises from the ventral border of the ilium, close to the origin of the rectus femoris, and is inserted into the lower part of the front of the great trochanter in the region of the anterior introchanteric or spiral line of the femur. Some writers, following the example of Macalister, call this muscle the gluteus quintus, and use the term gluteus quartus for another differentiation of the entogluteus ; for this reason it seems best to avoid the terms quartus and quintus and to speak of this muscle as the gluteus ventralis. Among the Felide the muscle was found in Felis leo (1) by Macalister, but is not mentioned by Haughton (3), or figured by Cuvier and Laurillard (2). It is also present in Felis pardus (5, 6), Felis catus (10, 11), and Cynelurus jubatus (12). Among the Viverride it was present in Cryptoprocta (13), Viverra (17), Viverricula (19), Genetta (20, 22, 23, 24), Paradowurus (25), Cynictis (31), and Proteles (32). In Paradoxurus (26) and Herpestes (30) it was not found. In Hyena striata among the Hyznide the muscle was found by Meckel (34), but not by Young and Robinson (33). In Hycena ecrocuta (37) it was present. Among the Canide it was found in two specimens 1898.] MYOLOGY OF THE TERRESTRIAL CARNIVORA. 159 of Canis familiaris (45) out of six (see fig. 1). It was absent in Canis aureus (50, 50 a), Canis mesomelas (51), Canis lagopus (53), and Lycaon pictus (54). In the Urside Shepherd and Cuvier and Laurillard noticed it in Ursus americanus (59, 62). Among the Procyonide it was absent in Procyon lotor (63, 64, 65) and Nasua narica (68), but was found in Nasua fusca (69) and Cercoleptes (72); while among the Mustelide it was found in Galictis vittata (75), Galictis barbara (76), Meles (85, 86), and Lutra (88, 93), but was not seen in Ictonyx libyca (84). From the foregoing we are of opinion that the gluteus ventralis may be distinguished from the entogluteus, if carefully looked for, in most of the Carnivora. Gluteus profundus (Gluteus quintus, ilio-capsularis).—This small muscle is described very accurately by Douglas’ in the Dog. It rises from the ilium just above the acetabulum, and passes over the capsule of the hip-joint to be inserted into the upper part of the anterior surface of the shaft of the femur, between the origins of the vastus internus and crureus. We have records of the presence of the muscle in the following animals :—Felis pardus (6), Felis pardalis (8), Cynelurus (12), Genetta vulgaris (24), Cynictis penicillata (31), Hyena striata (36), Canis familiaris (44, 45), Canis aureus (50), and Meles taxus (85). Owing to its small size it is easily overlooked, and our notes do not enable us to say whether it is constantly absent in any special genus or family. Pyriformis——This muscle, as has already been mentioned, is frequently so blended with the mesogluteus as to be with difficulty made out. If the origin from the sacrum, however, be carefully looked for, the muscle can usually be separated. It seems to be a very constant muscle in the Carnivora, rising from the ventral surface of the sacrum and being inserted into the top of the great trochanter. Apart from its greater or less degree of distinctness, we have met with no special variations. Obturator internus—This has the human origin and insertion. Where the tendon passes round the lesser sacro-sciatic notch its deep surface is marked by five or six ridges separated by furrows. Gemelli.ty the Carnivora the two gemelli are seldom, if ever, separate ; they form a continuous origin from the ventral edge of the lesser sacro-sciatic notch, and lie deep to the obturator internus, overlapping it in front and behind. The anterior part, which corresponds to the superior gemellus of human anatomy, is usually the larger, though in one specimen of Lwtra (88) only the pos- terior gemellus was present; this, however, appears to have been an individual variation. Obturator externus.—This rises from the outer surface of the obturator membrane, but much more strongly from the bone on the dorsal and posterior margins of the foramen. It is inserted as usual into the digital fossa of the great trochanter. We have met with no variations of it. 1 ‘Deseriptio Musculorum,’ 1738, p. 146. p P 160 = DR. B.C. A. WINDLE AND MR. F. G, PARSONS ON THE [Mar.1, Quadratus femoris.—A large and fleshy muscle rising from the tuberosity and ramus of the ischium, and being inserted into the inter-trochanteric line of the femur as well as the surface of bone below on a level with the lesser trochanter. As a rule it is quadri- lateral, but sometimes the insertion is narrower than the origin; this, however, seems to depend very little on the relationships of its possessor. Watson (XIII.) describes the muscle as wanting in Proteles. Llio-tibialis (Sartorius).—This rises from the ventral portion of the crest of the ilium and is inserted into the inner side of the patella, ligamentum patelle, and cnemial crest of the tibia. In many of the Carnivora it is double, and when this is the case the anterior part is usually inserted into the patella, the posterior into the tibia. Among the Felide the muscle is apparently always single ; this is the case in Felis leo (1, 2), F. tigris (4), F. pardus (5, 6, 7), F, pardalis (8), and F, catus (9). Among the Viverride the muscle may be single or double. In the following it is single :—Cryptoprocta (13, 14), Viverra (16), Genetta (24), and Herpestes (30). In the following it is double :— Viverra (17), Viverricula (19), Genetta (20, 22, 23), Paradocurus (25, 26), and Herpestes (29). In Cynictis (31) the two parts are united by fascia, while in Proteles (32) the muscle divides near its insertion. In the specimen of Genet (23) which we dissected the muscle was bilaminar, the superficial part going to the tibia, the deep part to the fascia over the rectus and vastus internus in the middle of the thigh. Among the Hyenide the ilio-tibialis is always double :—Hywna striata (33, 35, 36) and H. crocuta (37). In Hyena striata (33, 36) the shorter part joins the rectus and acts as a fifth head of the quadriceps extensor. Among the Canidez the muscle is also double; this was the case in the following eight specimens of Canis familiaris (59, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48), in C. aureus (50, 50 a), in C. mesomelas (51), and C. lagopus (53). In the Urside it seems to be usually single; this is the case in Ursus arctos (57) and U. americanus (59, 60, 62). Among the Procyonide it is single in Procyon lotor (63, 64, 65, 66), P. cancrivorus (67), and Cercoleptes (72). In Nasua narica and fusca (68, 69) it divides at its insertion according to Mackintosh, but in Cuvier and Laurillard’s plate of Nasua rufa (70) the muscle is single. In the Mustelide it is single in Galictis vittata (75) and barbara (76), Mustela foina (78, 82), Ictonyx libyca (84), Meles taxus (85, 86), and Lutra (88, 89, 90). Macalister also says that it is single in Lutra cinerea (93). It will thus be seen that the ilio-tibialis is always single in the Felide and very generally so in the Urside, Procyonide, and Mustelide. In the Hyenide and Canide it is always double, while in the Viverride it may be single or double. Adductor cruris (Gracilis)—This muscle is always single in the a 1898.] MYOLOGY OF THE THRRESTRIAL CARNIVORA. 161. Carnivora ; it is broad and thin, and rises from the symphysis and posterior ramus of the pubes to be inserted into the cnemial crest of the tibia just below the insertion of the ilio-tibialis (sartorius), in most cases into the second quarter of the tibia (see fig. 2). In Proteles (32), Watson describes it as rising from the fascia over the adductores femoris, and being inserted into the tibia at the junction of the middle and lower thirds. Inside view of thigh-muscles of Herpestes. (The semimembranosus and pre-semimembranosus have been artificially separated.) Pectineus.—This muscle, in many cases, is extremely difficult to separate satisfactorily from the superficial part of the adductor mass, and there can be little doubt that what one observer would describe as a large or double pectineus, another would call pectin- eus and adductor longus. We therefore feel quite incapable of dogmatizing on the subject and merely give the following notes for what they are worth. In Felis leo (2) Cuvier and Laurillard figure the muscle as double. In Felis catus (9) Mivart describes it as small, yet reaching halfway down the thigh. In Cryptoprocta (14) we found the muscle reaching halfway down the thigh and feebly separated into an outer and inner part; in another specimen of the same animal (13), which we examined, no separation could be Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1898, No. XI. 11 162 DR. B.C. A, WINDLE AND MR, F. G. PARSONS ON THE [Mar. 1, made out. In Viverra civetta (16) Young describes the muscle as large and bilaminar, but says that the superticial part may re- present an adductor longus. Macalister says of the same animal (17), that the muscle is small and normal. In two specimens of Genet (20, 23), one of which we dissected ourselves, the pectineus was single and extended halfway down the thigh; in another (24) we found it divided into an inner and outer part. In Herpestes it reaches nearly to the lower end of the femur (see fig. 2). In Proteles (32) and the Hyxnide (33, 36, 37) the muscle is single and unilaminar. In the Canide the same arrangement exists. In the Urside Cuvier and Laurillard describe the muscle in Ursus americanus (62) as dividing into three parts, but this arrange- ment has not been noticed by other observers. Among the Procyonide we found the pectineus distinetly bi- laminar in Procyon lotor (63). Allen (XXVI.) says of his two specimens of this animal (64, 65), that the pectineus and adductor brevis rise from the ilio-pectineal line and are both supplied by the anterior crural nerve; this origin and nerve-supply make us regard that which he speaks of as adductor brevis as one layer of the pectineus. In Nasua the condition of the muscle does not seem to have been noticed, but in Cercoleptes (72) we found it distinctly bilaminar. Among the Mustelide we have no records of a bilaminar muscle. Adductor Mass (Adductores femoris).—This mass of muscles rises from the ventral surface of the body and posterior ramus of the pubes as well as from the ramus and tuberosity of the ischium ; it is inserted into the whole length of the back of the shaft of the femur. We do not feel justified in attempting to divide this mass into the adductor longus, brevis, and magnus of human anatomy ; sometimes it can easily be divided in four or five layers, at others it is impossible to divide it at all. The Senimembranosus rises trom the tuberosity of the ischium and is often closely fused with the adductor mass in the thigh. It is inserted into the internal tuberosity of the tibia, deep to the internal lateral ligament of the knee, by tendon. Some of the fibres are also inserted into just above the internal condyle of the femur and are separated from the adductor insertion by the femoral artery. This pre-semimembranosus or ischio-supracon- dyloideus is of special interest when compared with the same muscle in other animals. In the Rodents, for instance, it is often quite a separate muscle rising from the caudal vertebre ; in animals as far apart as man and the kangaroos it is intimately connected with the adductors, while in the macaque monkey it rises from the tuberosity of the ischium and is a distinct muscle down to its inser- tion. However it may vary in other respects, its insertion and nerve-supply from the sciatic are always constant. In the Carni- vora the ischio-supracondyloideus is always part of the semimem- branosus in the thigh, and always rises with that muscle from that tuberosity of the ischium, so that most writers describe the 1898.] MYOLOGY OF THE TERRESTRIAL CARNIVORA. 163 semimembranosus in this order as having a femoral and a tibial insertion (see fig. 2). Semitendinosus.—This always rises from the tuberosity of the ischium, but often has an extra head from the transverse processes of two or three of the anterior caudal vertebree (see fig. 2). Where these two heads unite, in the upper third of the thigh, there is often a transverse tendinous intersection, e. g. Genetta (23), Viverra (17), Herpestes (30), Nasua (68), and Lutra (93). The insertion is into the inner side of the cnemial crest of the tibia just below that of the gracilis and into the fascia of the leg; the lower fibres are continued with those of the biceps down to the calcaneum, helping to encapsule the tendo Achillis. In the Felide the caudal head is not present—Felis leo (2, 3), F. pardus (6, 7), F. pardalis (8), and F. catus (9). In the Viver- ride, if we except Proteles, the caudal head is always present in addition to the ischial one—Cryptoprocta (13, 14, 15), Viverra (16,17), Viverricula (19), Genetta (20, 22, 23, 24), Paradoxurus (25, 26), Herpestes (29, 30), and Cynictis (31). Among the Hyznide, with which Proteles as usual agrees, the caudal head is wanting—Hyena striata (33, 35, 36), H. crocuta (37), and Froteles (32). Among the Canide there is no caudal origin in Canis fumiliaris (39, 48), C. aureus (50a), or C. mesomelas (51). In the Urside the same description applies—Ursus americanus (58, 59, 62). Inthe Procyonide the two heads are always present— Procyon lotor (63, 64, 65), P. cancrivorus (67), Nasua narica (68), NV. fusca (69), N. rufa (70), and Cercoleptes (72, 73, 74). Among the Mustelide the caudal head is sometimes present, sometimes absent. It is present in Galictis vittata (75), Mustela - foina (78), Ictonyx libyca (84), and Lutra (88, 90, 93). Absent in Lctonyx zorilla (83) and Meles taxus (86). From the above it will be seen that the presence or absence of the caudal origin of the semitendinosus is very characteristic of different families of the Carnivora; it seems always to be present in the Viverride and Procyonide, always absent in the Felida, Hyznide, Canide, and Urside, while in the Mustelide it is in- constant. Flexor cruris lateralis (Biceps femoralis)—This muscle, as has already been pointed out, forms part of the same sheet as the ectogluteus and tensor fascie femoris, it is therefore difficult to decide whether certain bundles of fibres should be included in the description of the biceps or of the ectogluteus ; this is especially the case with those fibres which are inserted into the lower end of the femur. The biceps in all cases rises from the tuber ischii, but it may be reinforced by an extra head from the caudal vertebre ; this head is quite distinct from the tenuissimus, which will be dealt with later, and from the caudo-femoralis, which has been already considered. The insertion is into the fascia of almost the whole of the outer side of the leg, the highest fibres going to the patella, while the lowest are continued down with the tendo Achillis, and i 164 DR. B.C. A. WINDLE AND MR. F. G. PARSONS ON THE [| Mar. 1 >] are often reinforced by some of the lower fibres of the semitendi- nosus. We do not propose to lay any stress on the presence or absence of the caudal head, since it is so difficult to determine whether it should be included with the ectogluteus or not, and we are uncertain what views other observers have taken of it. Tenuissimus (Bicipiti accessorius).—This, as its name implies, is a slender ribbon-like muscle which usually rises from the first caudal vertebra and passes down the back of the thigh and leg, deep to the biceps and superticial to the great sciatic nerve. In the lower part of the leg it usually joins the lowest fibres of the biceps and, with them, is conducted down to the caleaneum, helping to ensheath the tendo Achillis. We should like here to call special attention to this prolongation of the flexor lateralis to the caleaneutm with the tendo Achillis. The muscle passes over three joints, being an extensor of the hip, a flexor of the knee, and a plantar flexor of the ankle. It probably assists in the leaping- powers of the animal possessing it. How far this continuation downward is present in orders other than Carnivora we do not at present know. The tenuissimus seems to be very constantly present among the Carnivora, though, as it adheres somewhat closely to the deep surface of the biceps, it is apt to be missed unless specially looked for. In the following animals its presence was noticed and in no case, with the exception of that of Cynelurus (12), is it definitely stated that the muscle was absent :—Felis leo (1, 2, 3), F. tigris (4), F. pardus (5, 6, 7), F. pardalis (8), F. catus (9), Cryptoprocta (18, 14, 15), Viverra (16, 17), Viverricula (19), Grenetta (20, 23, 24), Paradoxurus (25, 26), Herpestes (29, 30), Cynictis (31), Hyena striata (36), apparently in Hyena crocuta (37), Canis familiaris (39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45) (see fig. 1), C. aureus (50, 50 a), C. meso- melas (51), Ursus americanus (58, 59), Procyon lotor (63, 64, 65), in one specimen (65) Allen (XX VI.) records that the muscle rose from the third trochanter ; Vasua (68, 69), Cercoleptes (72), Galictis (75), Mustela (82), Meles (85, 86), and Lutra (88, 90, 93). Quadriceps eatensor—The four muscles which make up the quadriceps show little variety in the Carnivora. The rectus (super- ficialis quadricipitis) is sometimes described as rising by one head, sometimes by two, and it is interesting to note that in some cases the straight head is said to be present, in otbers the reflected. In the animals which we have ourselves dissected we have paid a good deal of attention to this point, and we feel convinced that there is no real suppression of either head, but that they rise very close together, and that the interval between them is filled up by fibrous tissue, thus giving the appearance of one broad origin. The remaining three parts of the quadriceps—mesialis, lateralis, and profundus—are more or less fused, but the lateralis (vastus externus) always exceeds the mesialis (v. internus) in size. The profundus quadricipitis (crureus) may rise from the whole of the shaft of the femur, but more commonly it misses the upper fourth. Tibialis anticus—This muscle rises from the upper two-thirds 1898.] MYOLOGY OF THE TERRESTRIAL CARNIVORA. 165 or so of the shaft of the tibia, and, when it is well developed, encroaches on the fibula. It never has any origin from the femur as is sometimes the case in rodents. When five toes are present the tendon is inserted chiefly into the base of the first metatarsal, though some of the fibres may go to the entocuneiform. In the Felide and Canidz, where the hallux is rudimentary, the tibialis anticus is inserted into that rudiment; but in the Hyznide, where the hallux is quite suppressed, it goes to the base of the second metatarsal bone. In many specimens the tendon or the whole of the tibialis anticus is double; this, however, appears to be an individual variation and is not indicative of any family or genus. ‘For instance, Shepherd describes two tendons in Ursus americanus (XX.), but this was not noticed in any other specimen of the same animal. Watson says that in Hyena crocuta the muscle is double halfway down (XV.); this is not the case in any specimen of Hyena striata recorded. In Mustela foina Perrin found two tibiales antici (XXIX.), but in Cuvier and Laurillard’s specimen (XX XI.) the muscle was entirely undivided. Extensor proprius hallucis——Tbis muscle, when it is present, rises from some portion of the upper half of the fibula, and is inserted into the dorsum of the base of the terminal phalanx of the hallux. The tendon closely accompanies that of the tibialis anticus, and is often described as coming off from that : careful dissection will, how- ever, always show that the two tendons are really connected with separate fleshy bellies, although they lie in the same synovial sheaths in passing the annular ligament. Among the Felide, in spite of the rudimentary condition of the huallux, the extensor hallucis often persists. It was found in Felis leo (1), F. tigris (4), F. pardus (6), and F. pardalis (8); on the other hand, it was absent in F. leo (2), F. pardus (7), and F. catus (9). One of us has already noticed (XLI.) that in Rodents this muscle is more persistent than the toe which it should move. When the toe has disappeared and the muscle remains, the latter acquires an inser- tion into the slip of the extensor longus digitorum to the second toe. Among the Viverride, the muscle is present in the following animals :—Cryptoprocta (13, 14); Viverra (16, 17); Viverricula (19); Genetta (20, 22, 23, 24), in one specimen (20) it ended in an expansion to the first and second digits ; Paradowurus (25, 26). In Herpestes the muscle was present in one specimen (29), absent in another (30) (see fig. 3). In Cynictis (31) it joined the slip of the extensor brevis digitorum to the inner toe. In Proteles and the Hyenide it appears to be always wanting (32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37). Among the Canidz, it is usually absent in Canis familiaris (43, 44, 45, 46, 48) and C. lagopus (53), but it was found in two specimens of C. aureus (50, 50 a), and in one of C. mesomelas (51). In the Urside it has been seen in Ursus arctos (57) and U. americanus (58, 62). In the Procyonide it is present in the following animals :— Procyon lotor (63, 64, 66), P. cancrivorus (67), Nasua (68, 70), and Cercoleptes (72). In one specimen of Procyon lotor (65) Allen 166 =~ DR. B.C, A. WINDLE AND MR. F. G. PARSONS ON THE [Mar. 1, (XXVI.) failed to find it. Among the Mustelide it was found in every case in which it was looked for :—Galictis (75), Mustela foina (78, 79), Ictonyx libyca (84), Meles (85, 86), and Lutra (88, 93). Fig. 3. ‘| _EXT-BREV-DIG. ff} =| PER-QUIN: DIG. Muscles of hind foot of Herpestes (dorsal view). Extensor longus digitorum.—This muscle has the typical mam- malian arrangement: it rises from the front of the outer condyle of the femur by a tendon which passes through the knee-joiut ; on reaching the leg it expands into a muscular belly, which in the lower third again becomes tendinous and passes through a strong fibrous loop, which binds it to the caleaneum. After this a slip is given off for the middle and distal phalanges of each of the four outer toes. The above description is very constant for the Carni- vora. Occasionally the fleshy belly may be more or less divided into two, as in Ursus americanus (59) and Meckel’s specimen of Hyena striata (34), though this was not noticed in other Hyznas (33, 35, 36). Occasionally one or more of the four tendons may be wanting ; in Procyon cancrivorus (67) and Hyena crocuta (37) it is the tendon to the fifth toe which is absent, but in one of Allen’s Racoons (65) the only tendons present were those to the second and fifth toes. 1898.] MYOLOGY OF THE TERRESTRIAL CARNIVORA. 167 Extensor brevis digitorum.—tThis muscle rises from the anterior part of the dorsal surface of the caleaneum and divides into tendons which join those of the extensor longus. Asa rule tendons pass to the four inner toes, but occasionally a slender slip runs to the fifth also. In the Felide, where the hallux is aborted, there are only three tendons for the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th toes ; this is the case in Felis leo (1, 2), F. tagris (4), and F. catus (9). Among the Viverride, tendons are given off to the four inner toes in Cryptoprocta (13), Vwerra (16), and Grenetta (22, 23, 24). The specimen of Herpestes griseus (30) which we dissected was remarkable for having slips of the extensor brevis to all five toes (see fig. 3). Proteles (32), on the other hand, has only tendons to the second and third toes. Among the Hyznid there are always tendons to the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th toes (33, 34, 35, 36, 37), and, in addition, a feeble slip went to the fifth in two specimens of Hyena striata (33, 36). The Canidz resemble the Hyzenidw in the absence of the ballux ; consequently we find tendons running to the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th toes in Canis familiaris (48), C. aureus (50 a), and C. mesomelas (51). In one Dog (39) a small slip went to the fifth toe in addition. The Urside and Procyonide have tendons to the Ist, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th toes: this is the case in Ursus arctos (57), U. americanus (59, 62), Procyon lotor (63), P. cancrivorus (67), Nasua (70, 71), and Cercoleptes (72, 73, 74). In Ursus maritimus (55) and one specimen of Procyon lotor (64) the tendon to the hallux was absent. The Mustelide resemble the Urside and Procyonide in usually having tendons for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th toes: these were present in Galictis vittata (75), Mustela putorius (77), M. foina (78), Meles (86), and Lutra (93). In Ictonya libyca (84) and Lutra (88) the slip to the hallux was absent. Peroneus longus.—This muscle rises from the head and upper part of the shaft of the fibula, occasionally encroaching on the adjacent portion of the tibia. Some of the fibres of the external lateral ligament of the knee are continuous with its origin. The tendon of insertion runs in a separate groove on the outer side of the external malleolus, turns round the cuboid, and passes across the sole of the foot to be inserted into the base of the first or, when that is absent, the second metatarsal bone. With regard to the origin, Ruge (XLVIIL.) states that in Hyena, Nasua, and Meles it comes from the external condyle of the femur. We have failed to find any confirmation of this by other authors, and in our own specimen of Hycna (36) the muscle certainly rose from the fibula. As the tendon passes round the cuboid, a slip is sometimes given to the base of the 5th metatarsal bone: this was noticed by Young and Macalister in Viverra (16, 17), and by Mivart in Genetta (20). In our own specimen of Grenetta (23) we paid special attention to this point, and satisfied ourselves that the apparent attachment to the base of the fifth metatarsal belonged to the sheath of the tendon, and not to the tendon itself. In Proteles (32) and Hycna crocuta (37), Watson found the tendon ending in the base of the fifth 168 DR. B.C, A. WINDLE AND MR. F. G. PARSONS ON THE [ Mar. 1, metatarsal. Young and Robinson (XIV.) state that in the Fox and Dog the peroneus longus is inserted into the cuboid and the 4th and 5th metatarsals. We have examined the insertion very carefully in two Dogs (89, 40), and find that, though the sheath of the tendon is attached to these parts, the tendon itself is continued across the sole, not to the base of the second metatarsal bone, but to that of the rudimentary first. Peroneus brevis——This is always present in Carnivora, and rises from the shaft of the fibula below the origin of the peroneus longus. The tendon of insertion, which is large, runs in a groove behind the external malleolus which it shares with the peroneus quinti digiti. It is inserted into the base of the fifth metatarsal bone. Peroneus quinti digitii—This is also very constant, although some authors have described it as a slip from the tendon of the peroneus brevis. The muscular belly is very small and easily overlooked ; it rises from the upper third or so of the shaft of the fibula, and the delicate tendon passes down in the same groove as that of the peroneus brevis, behind the external malleolus. After reaching the dorsum of the foot, it fuses with the tendon of the extensor longus digitorum to the fifth toe (see fig. 3). The Peroneus quarti digitt is never found in the Carnivora. Gastrocnemius.—This muscle usually consists of two heads rising from above the two condyles of the femur, though in some cases a third or median head can be separated from the external. In the outer and inner heads fabelle may be developed, the external one being the more constant; and we have some reason to believe that the ossification of the internal fabella depends on the age of its possessor. The two fleshy bellies unite below the middle of the leg to form the greater part of the tendo Achillis, the fibres of which are twisted in the manner already pointed out by one of us!. Among the Felide, Macalister noticed the presence of a median head in Felis leo (1), and Mivart describes four heads to the gastrocnemius of Felis catus (9). In Felis tigris (4), Felis pardus (5,6), and Felis pardalis (8), no median head could be distinguished. Among the Viverride only two heads have been recorded. There is always a fabella in the outer head, but in two specimens of Cryptoprocta one (13) had an internal fabella and the other (14) had not. In two specimens of Viverra (16, 17) the same thing was observed. In the Canide, fabellee were found in both heads in Canis fami- liaris (39), Canis aureus (50 a), and Canis mesomelas (51). In the Urside, Kelley (X XTV.) points out that the gastrocnemius is much smaller in proportion in the Polar Bear than in the Cat. Shepherd (XX.) says that “in Ursus americanus (59) the three heads,” one of which is evidently the plantaris, “‘ remain distinet as far as their insertion.” In Cuvier and Laurillard’s specimen of the same animal (62) the two heads unite quite low down in the leg. The Procyonide serve very well to show the inconstancy of 1 “On the Morphology of the Tendo Achillis,” by F. G. Parsons. Journ. Anat. vol. xxviii, p. 414. 1898. ] MYOLOGY OF THE TERRESTRIAL CARNIVORA, 169 the internal fabella: in one specimen of Procyon lotor (63) it was present, in another (64) it was not. In Nasua fusca (69) there were two fabelle, while in Nasua narica (68) only the outer one was seen. Among the Mustelide no fabelle at all were found in Mustela foina (79) and Lutra cinerea (93), but in Galictis barbara (76), Mustela putorius (77), Mustela foina (80), Ictonyx (84), Meles (85), and Lutra (88) there was an often ill- marked one in the outer head. In the specimen of Lutra (88) which we dissected the two heads were separate almost as far as their insertion and resembled very much the condition found in Castor (X1.). The Plantaris rises from the external condyle of the femur and the external fabella, and winds round the inner side of the tendo Achillis till it reaches the caleaneum ; it then usually spreads out into a broad expansion which plays round the posterior surface of the tuberosity of that bone until it reaches the foot, where it is continuous with the flexor brevis digitorum and the plantar fascia. Shepherd, in his specimen of Ursus americanus (59), found that the tendon was inserted into the tuber calcis as in man. Watson describes the same arrangement in Hyena crocuta (37), but im no other animals is it recorded. Soleus.—This muscle rises from the back of the head of the fibula; it is usually a small muscle and in many cases is absent. As a rule it joins the tendo Achillis in the lower third of the leg, but in some cases is inserted directly into the caleaneum. In the Felidze and Viverridz the muscle is present and answers the above description—Felis leo (1), Felis tigris (4), Felis pardus (6), Felis pardalis (8), Cryptoprocta (13, 14), Viverra (16, 17), Viverricula (19), Genetta (20, 22, 24), Paradowurus (25, 26), Herpestes (29, 30), and Cynictis (31). Proteles in this respect differs from the Viverride. The Hyznide and Canide, with which Proteles (32) agrees, are remarkable for the total absence of the soleus—Proteles (32), Hyena striata (33, 34, 35, 36), Hyena crocuta (37), Canis fami- liaris (39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48), Canis aureus (50, 50a), Canis mesomelas (51), Canis lagopus (53), and Lycaon pictus (54). In the Ursidz, Procyonide, and Mustelide the soleus is present with the exception of the Otter, in which it seems to be sometimes absent: for instance it was absent in our own specimen (88), while in Haughton’s (92) it only weighed 0-01 oz. av. ; in two other speci- mens (90, 93) it was present and well marked. Popliteus.—This muscle, which is very constant in the mam- malian series, rises from the outer side of the external condyle of the femur and is inserted into the upper third or half of the inner border of the tibia. It was present in every animal examined, and frequently contained a sesamoid bone in its tendon of origin. Perrin (X XIX.) notices that in Cercoleptes (74) the anterior tibial artery passed above and then in front of it: we found the same arrangement in a Dog (40), but unfortunately the relations of the artery and muscle have not been observed in any other case. Flexor fibularis (FP. longus hallucis)—Vhis rises from the upper 170 —- DR. B.C. A, WINDLE AND MR. F.G. PARSONS ON THE [Mar. 1, three-quarters of the posterior surface of the fibula, from the inter- osseous membrane, and often from part of the posterior surface of the tibia. It is the largest of the deep flexor muscles on the back of the leg, and its strong flat tendon passes behind the astragalus and below the sustentaculum tali into the sole, where it is joined by the flexor tibialis tendon (see fig. 4). The conjoined tendons now divide for the toes, always giving off slips for the four outer ones and often for the halluxas well. In the Felide, Canidz, and Hyenide no slip is present for the aborted hallux; but in the Viverrida, Urside, Procyonide, and Mustelide the hallux receives a slip, though it is often more slender than those to the other digits. In Herpestes griseus (80) we found that the slip to the hallux, instead of coming from the combined flexor tendons, was a direct continu- ation of the accessorius, though in Herpestes nepalensis (29) it came from the conjoined tendons as usual (see fig. 4). Fig. 4. | FLEXS T1B. ia _FLEX.ACC. \\ ~-FLEX.FIB. -ABD.OSS, METI QUIN. Dic __|Wy te UA tye Ya Lavy Plantar tendons of foot of Herpestes. Flexor tibialis (Flexor longus digitorum).—This rises from the inner part of the posterior surface of the tibia, the fascia over the tibialis posticus, and sometimes from a small part of the back of the upper third of the fibula. The tendon, which is much smaller than that of the flexor fibularis, passes behind the internal malleolus and in the sole joins the inner side of the flexor fibularis, as has already been noticed. The muscle was present and normal in every animal examined. Lumbricales—As a rule there are four of these muscles, but 1898. ] MYOLOGY OF THE TERRESTRIAL CARNIVORA. 171 when only three are present the one on the tibial side is missing. Among the Felide there are usually three—Felis leo (2), Felis tigris (4), Felis pardus (5, 6), and Helis pardalis (8). In one specimen of Félis Ico (1) Macalister noticed four, two coming from the tendon of the third toe. In the Viverridz four lumbricales are usually present—Cryptoprocta (13), Vwerra (16), Genetta (22, 24), Herpestes (30), and Cynictis (31). In the following, however, there were only three—Viverra (17), Genetta (20), and Proteles (32). In the Hyenide, with which as usual Proteles agrees, there are never more than three lumbricales—Hyena striata (33, 34, 35) and Hycna crocuta (37). Young and Robinson state (XTV.) that in Hyena striata (84) the second lumbrical joins the superficial flexor of the second toe, and in Cuvier and Laurillard’s plate (X VL.) the same thing seems to occur. The Canide have also three lumbricales— Canis familiaris (39, 48), Canis wwreus (50 a), and Canis mesomelas (51). In the Procyonide there are usually four lumbricales, but the tibial one is small—Procyon lotor (63), Nasua rufa (70), Cercoleptes (72). In Procyon lotor (64) there were only three. In the Mustelide there are also four as a rule—Mustela fona (78), Ictonyx (84), Meles (86), Lutra (88, 90). In Mustela putorius (77) and Lutra cinerea (93) the tibial one was absent. Tibialis posticus—This rises from the posterior surface of the tibia below the popliteus and also, sometimes, from a little of the upper part of the back of the fibula; the tendon is very feeble and is inserted into the navicular as a rule, but also into the cunei- forms and bases of the metatarsals. It is present in all the Felide and Viverridee—Felis leo (1), Felis tigris (4), Helis pardus (6), Felis pardalis (8), Felis catus (9), Cryptoprocta (13), Viverra (16, 17), Viverricula (19), Genetta (20, 24), Paradoxurus (25, 26), Herpestes (29, 30), Cynictis (31) (very small), and Proteles (32). In the Hyznide the muscle may or may not be present ; it was absent in one specimen of Hyena striata (33), but present in another (36), while in Hyena crocuta (37) it was absent. In the Canide, if the muscle is present at all, it is so feebly developed as to require the greatest care to make it out. Haughton (XVIIL.) says that it was absent in two Irish Terriers (41 and another) and a Greyhound (42), while in a Dingo (49) it only weighed 0:01 oz. av. In the Dogs which we dissected (39, 40) we failed to find any trace of it, but in the following it was present although extremely small: 43, 44, 45, 46, 48. In Canis aureus (50, 50 a), Canis mesomelas (51), and Canis lagopus (53), traces of it were found. In the Urside (58, 59) and Procyonide—Procyon lotor (63, 64, 65), Nasua (68, 69), Cercoleptes (72, 73, 74)—it was present, and in Procyon lotor (63) a sesamoid cartilage was found in the tendon where it passed under (plantar to) the short plantar ligament. Among the Mustelide the tibialis posticus was present in Gralicts vittata (75), Galictis barbara (76), Mustela putorius (77), Mustela foina (79), Ictonyx libyca (84), Meles (85, 86), and Lutra (88, 93). 172 “DR. B.C. A. WINDLE AND MR. F. G, PARSONS ON THE [Mar.1, Peroneo-tibialis—This muscle has been noticed by Gruber (XLVIII.) as being present in 24 out of 30 specimens of Canis familiaris as well as in Canis lupus and Canis vulpes. No other author, to our knowledge, has noticed its presence in the Carnivora. Unfortunately, we only came across Gruber’s paper after our animals, with seven exceptions, were dissected, though we feel confident that if the muscle had been at all well developed it would not have escaped our notice. The seven animals which we specially examined without finding the slightest trace of a peroneo-tibialis were Cryptoprocta (14), Cynictis (31), Herpestes griseus (30), Canis aureus (50 a), Canis mesomelas (51), Nasua narica (an extra specimen), and Cercoleptes (72). We also pro- cured an additional specimen of Canis familiaris and made an extremely careful examination of the posterior tibial region. We are confident that there were no muscular fibres deep to the popliteus passing between the tibia and fibula and corresponding to the rotator fibulz so well known in the Lemuroidea. Lower down in the leg, however, we came across a few very delicate strips of muscle passing transversely from one bone to the other and with the greatest difficulty separable from the origin of the flexor fibularis. The nerve-supply of these seemed to be from the anterior tibial. We fear that the question of the presence of this muscle through- out the Carnivora must remain for future investigation. Flexor brevis digitorum.—This muscle is in most cases a direct continuation of the plantaris after the latter has passed round the back of the tuber calcis. It usually has a fleshy belly in the sole, which divides into four slips; these soon become tendinous and form the flexores perforati for the four outer toes. Just before the deep tendons pass though them a fibrous ring is given off which surrounds the deep tendons. Lach slip of the flexor brevis, after having been perforated, unites and divides again to be inserted into the middle phalanx. In some cases muscular slips are given off in the sole from the conjoined deep tendons to those of the flexor brevis; these have already been noticed in Hyena striata as displaced lumbricales. The Hyznide and Canide are remarkable tor the absence of muscular fibres in the flexor brevis, which is therefore a mere expanded, fibrous continuation of the plantaris tendon. This arrangement was noticed in Hyena striata (33, 35), Proteles (32), Canis familiaris (39, 40), Canis aureus (50, 50a), Canis mesomelas (51), and Canis lagopus (53). In Hyena crocuta (37) there was not only no fleshy belly to the flexor brevis, but that muscle was not continuous with the plantaris, which ended in the tuber calcis, Kelley (XXIV.) noticed that in Ursus maritimus (55) the flexor brevis was only fleshy for the 2nd and 3rd toes, the tendons for the 4th and 5th being continuous with the plantaris. In Ursus americanus (59) the flexor brevis rose entirely from the calcaneum, though in the other Bears (55, 57, 58, 62) the usual arrangement existed. In one specimen of Viverra (17), Macalister found no tendon to the outermost toe. 1898. | MYOLOGY OF THE TERRESTRIAL CARNIVORA. 173 Accessorius.—This muscle is usually present in the Carnivora ; it rises from the under and outer side of the caleaneum and is inserted into the conjoined tendons of the flexores fibularis and tibialis, usually on their plantar surface. In the Felide it is short and transverse— Felis leo (1, 2), Felis tigris (4), Felis pardus (5, 6), Felis pardalis (8), Felis catus (10). In the Viverride it is also present but is more antero-posterior: in many instances the innermost fibres of the muscle were continued on into the hallux ; this was the case in Cryptoprocta (13, 14), Viverra (16), Genetta (24), Paradoxurus (25), and Herpestes (29). In Herpestes (30), as we have already mentioned under the head of the flexor fibu- laris, the accessorius formed the whole of the only flexor tendon to the hallux (see fig. 4). Plantar muscles of foot of Procyon. Among the Hyenide the muscle was absent in Hyena striata (33, 36), and also in Proteles (32), but it was found in Hyena crocuta (37). The Canide are remarkable for the frequency with which this muscle is absent: this was the case in Canis familiaris (39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48), Canis aureus (50), Canis mesomelas (51), and Canis lagopus (53). In Canis aureus (50 a) and Lycaon pictus (54) the accessorius was present. In the other families 174 = DR. B.C. A, WINDLE AND MR. F. G. PARSONS ON THE [Mar.1, the muscle was present in every case, and calls for little notice except that it tends to form a large part of the long tendon for the hallux. Abductor ossis metatarst quinti.—This muscle was frequently noticed: when present it rises from the posterior part of the caleaneum and is inserted into the base of the fifth metatarsal bone. In some cases a slip was continued on to the base of the proximal phalanx of the fifth toe, forming a feeble abductor minimi digiti, but more often it was absent (see fig. 5). Abductor hallucis—This is usually present in the families in which the hallux is not aborted (see fig. 5). In the Felidae, Canide, and Hyzenidz it is absent. Fig. 6. y) Ail. ADOB IND - ADDS HAL. fi -SDDE MIN DIG 3 Z Ee H) Muscles of sole of foot of Lutra. Adductor Muscles of the Foot. First Layer of Deep Muscles.—As in the hand, the usual arrangement is to find three adductors—one for the hallux, one for the index, and a third for the minimus (see fies. 5 & 6), As the hallux is suppressed in the Felide, Canide, and Hyenide, there is, of course, no adductor hallucis in these families. In Felis pardus (6) and pardalis (8) there were two adductors of the fifth digit. In Viverra (17) Macalister found an 1898.] MYOLOGY OF THE TERRESTRIAL CARNIVORA,. 175 adductor of the annularis instead of the index, but in Viverricula (19) the arrangement was normal. Second Layer of Deep Foot Muscles—A double-headed flexor brevis was found in each toe in all the specimens examined (see fic.6). Of course in the Felide, Hyznide, and Canide the muscle for the hallux was absent. Third Layer of Deep Foot Muscles——In no animal could we find any muscles dorsal to the ones last described. Allen, too, looked for them in Procyon (64, 65), and Young and Robinson in Hyena (33), but without success. Muscles of the Trunk. Reetus ventralis (Rectus abdominis).—This muscle rises from the pubic symphysis and runs forwards to be inserted into several of the anterior ribs at their junction with the sternum, the insertion into the first rib being always the best marked. In Canis familaris (39) we noticed that the fleshy part of the muscle ended opposite the 6th rib cartilage, anterior to which it was continued by a fibrous sheet to the first rib. (See Part I. of this paper, P. Z. 8. 1897, p. 3&2, fig. 6.) In Hyena striata (35) the same arrangement existed. The linee transverse may be quite evident or so indistinct as to be overlooked: there are usually between 5 and 8 of them, but they are not constant in two individuals of the same species; for instance, Testut (X XIII.) noticed eight in Ursus americanus, while Meckel (XX XIX.) and Cuvier and Laurillard (XXIL.) only found five in the same animal. Five, however, seems to be the commonest number, The Pyramidalis is seldom sufliciently well-marked to be noticed as a distinct muscle. In most of the animals which we dissected it was looked for and found closely incorporated with the rectus. Murie (XVII.) describes it as wanting in Hyena brunnea, as do also Young and Robinson (X1V.) in Hyena striata and Alix (XXX.) in Mustela putorius. Shepherd, however, says that it is large and distinct in Ursus americanus. Supracostalis——There can be little doubt that this muscle is a continuation forward of the external oblique plane; it is very constant in the Carnivora, and was found in every animal in which it was looked for. It rises from the sternum at the junction of the 2nd and 3rd costal cartilages, and runs outward and forward to be inserted into the first rib about the middle. Some of its fibres are occasionally continued into the scalenus brevis. . The Evternal Oblique rises from the posterior 8 to 10 ribs by separate digitations, and the muscle runs inwardand backward to the symphysis and linea alba ; it is easily separable from the surface of the rectus ventralis in the posterior part of the abdomen, but less easily in the anterior. In the dorsal part of the abdominal wall it is continuous with the lumbar aponeurosis, and there is no fleshy insertion into the crest of the ium. In Jetonyx lbyca (84) we noticed double digitations from the posterior two or three ribs. The Internal Oblique rises from the lumbar fascia, the crest of 176 =: DR. B, ©. A, WINDLE AND MR. F, G, PARSONS ON ‘tHE [Mar. 1, the ilium, and Poupart’s ligament. It is inserted into the posterior two to five ribs and the linea alba. We have noticed in several animals that the aponeurosis of this muscle, instead of dividing to enclose the rectus, passes super- ficially to it, and Shepherd (XX.) has observed the same in Ursus americanus. In male Carnivora the internal oblique forms, at all events, the greater part of the scrotal pouch. The Vransversalis rises from the internal surfaces of the posterior six or more ribs and from the lumbar fascia ; it is only fleshy in the dorsal and anterior part of theabdomen. In some animals it splits to enclose the rectus, but it is difficult in many cases to be sure of this point. The Psoas magnus rises from the posterior three or four thoracic and all the lumbar vertebra. It is joined by the iliacus and inserted into the lesser trochanter. The Psoas parvus is always present in Carnivora, it rises from the anterior lumbar vertebre, internal to the magnus, and is inserted into the ilio-pectineal line. The Jiacus is always a small muscle, and has the usual origin from the venter of the ilium. Its insertion is with the psoas. Quadratus lumborum.—This muscle is very difficult to dis- tinguish, as it tends to fuse with the psoas ventrally and the erector spine dorsally ; it usually consists of fibres running from the lumbar transverse processes to the crest of the ilium, the costo- vertebral portion being undifferentiated. Serrati dorsules.—These muscles show great variety in the number of ribs to which they are attached, as well as in the degree of their fleshy development. They also vary in the number of ribs to which they are attached in different specimens of the same animal. For these reasons we think it needless to encumber this paper with the exact number of attachments in each animal dissected, but will content ourselves with saying that the serratus dorsalis thoracis (serratus posticus superior of human anatomy) is always a larger muscle than the serratus dorsalis lumbalis (serratus posticus inferior), and that it is usually attached to some 8 or 10 ribs, beginning at the 2nd or 3rd. The serratus dorsalis lumbalis, on the other hand, is small and is often absent altogether. When it is present, it is attached to three or four posterior ribs, and in those cases in which the two muscles overlap, it is always the lumbalis which is superficial. In Cuvier and Laurillard’s plate of the Badger’s muscles (X XXI1I.), the lumbar part of the serratus dorsalis is inserted into the eight anterior ribs and no thoracie portion is present. Unfortunately we have not had an opportunity of checking this observation. Erector spine.—The three portions of this mass known in human anatomy as the sacro-lumbalis, longissimus dorsi, and spi- nalis dorsi are present in the Carnivora. In Felis leo and Felis pardus, Cuvier and Laurillard (V., VI.) point out that the sacro-lumbalis is not continued back as far as the sacrum and ilium, but only reaches the rib. In these animals, apparently, only that part of — 1898. ] MYOLOGY OF THE TERRESTRIAL CARNIVORA. 177 the outer layer corresponding to the human accessorius is present. In no case have we been able to satisfy ourselves that the sacro- lumbalis and accessorius are continued up into the neck as the cervicalis ascendens. The longissimus dorsi is continued up to the dorsal tubercles of the transverse processes of the posterior five or six cervical vertebre as the transversalis colli. The Transversalis capitis (Trachelo-mastoid) is always present in the Carnivora; it is practically a continuation forward of the longissimus dorsi. It rises from the posterior three or four cervical and the anterior one or two thoracic vertebrze, and is inserted into the skull deep to the outermost fibres of the splenius capitis. In Ursus americanus (60) a slip is given from it to the transverse process of the atlas. In Lctonyw libyca (84) and Lutra vulgaris (88) we noticed that the trachelo-mastoid was distinctly bilaminar with the ventral margins fused. Sometimes the muscle has a tendinous intersection running across it, but this is not nearly so frequently the case as in the complexus. Complexus.—The mesial part of the complexus which, in human anatomy, is called biventer cervicis is always marked off from the lateral part or complexus proper; it rises from the anterior two or three thoracic vertebrz, and usually has from one to four transverse intersections in its course. The lateral part of the complexus rises from the anterior one or two thoracie and the posterior four cervical vertebrz ; it sometimes has one or two intersections, but they are never as numerous so in the complexus mesialis. As it approaches its insertion into the occipital bone the muscle usually becomes tendinous. In certain of the Carnivora, e. g. Felis catus (9) and Ursus maritimus (55), a complexus tertius has been noticed, lying externally to the rest, rising from the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th cervical vertebre, and being inserted into the transverse process of the atlas. Suboceripital triangle—The muscles of this triangle call for little remark, except to notice that the rectus capitis dorsalis (posticus) major is divided into a superficial and a deep layer. This arrange- ment is common in other animals besides the Carnivora, and we have proposed to describe three dorsal recti of the head, and to name them superficialis, medius, and profundus, the latter corre- sponding to the rectus capitis posticus minor of human anatomy. The Splenius capitis is a very constant muscle rising from the ligamentum nuche and anterior thoracic spines, and being inserted into the curved line of the occipital bone. The Splenius colli is usually absent in Carnivora. In Hyena striata (33), however, Young and Robinson found it, and Cuvier and Laurillard represent it asa very large muscle in the same animal (35). In Hycna crocuta (37) and Proteles (32), on the other hand, Watson says that the muscle is absent. In two Dogs, of which we have records (39, 48), there was no splenius colli; while among the Viverride it was noticed by Young in one speci- men of Viverra civetta (16), but not by Macalister and Meckel in other specimens of the same animal. Among the Felide, Urside, Proo, Zoou, Soo,— 1898, No. XII. 12 178 DR. B.C, A, WINDLE AND MR. F. G. PARSONS ON THE [Mar.1, Procyonide, and Mustelide the muscle has, so far as we know, not been observed except in Lutra cinerea (93),in which Macalister describes it as feeble. Mypological Characteristics of the various Families of Carnivora. FELIDz. (1) Sterno-mastoids of opposite sides do not fuse in the mid- ventral line. R (2) The omo-hyoid is never present. (3) The cephalo-humeral usually reaches the forearm. (4) The pronator radii teres is inserted into the middle of the radius. (5) The palmaris longus externus alone is present. (6) The pronator quadratus occupies the lower half of the radius and ulna. (7) The supinator longus is present (except in Cynclurus). (8) The flexor brevis digitorum mani is usually present. (9) The caudo-femoralis (agitator caude) usually reaches the patella. (10) The ilio-tibialis (sartorius) is usually single. (11) The semitendinosus never has a caudal head. VIVERRIDA. (1) The sterno-mastoids of opposite sides seldom fuse. (2) The omo-hyoid is seldom present. (3) The rhomboideus capitis is seldom seen. (4) The subclavius is sometimes present. (5) The cephalo-humeral usually reaches the forearm. (6) The pronator radii teres is inserted into the middle of the radius. (7) There may be a palmaris longus externus, internus, or both. (8) The pronator quadratus is very variable. (9) The supinator longus is present. (10) The flexor brevis digitorum maniis is often present. (11) The caudo-femoralis is inserted into the lower third of the femur. (12) The ilio-tibialis (sartorius) may be single or double. (13) The semitendinosus always has a caudal head. HY2NID 2. (1) The mylo-hyoid does not reach as far forward as the symphysis menti. (2) The omo-hyoid is usually absent. (3) The rhomboideus capitis is seldom present. (4) The cephalo-bumeral is inserted into the humerus. (5) The pronator radii teres is inserted into the middle of the radius. 1898. ] MYOLOGY OF THE TERRESTRIAL CARNIVORA, 179 (6) The palmaris longus externus alone is present. (7) The flexor profundus digitorum does not usually send a slip to the pollex. (8) The pronator quadratus occupies the whole length of the radius and ulna. (9) The supinator longus is absent. (10) The flexor brevis digitorum maniis is rarely present. (11) The caudo-femoralis is absent. (12) The ilio-tibialis is double. (13) The semitendinosus never has a caudal head. (14) The soleus is absent. (15) The flexor brevis digitorum pedis has no fleshy belly in the sole. (16) The tibialis posticus is often absent. (17) The accessorius is often absent. CaNIDsz. (1) The mylo-hyoid does not reach the symphysis menti. (2) The omo-hyoid is always absent. (3) The rhomboideus capitis is always present. (4) The cephalo-humeral is inserted into the humerus. (5) The pronator radii teres is usually inserted above the middle of the radius. (6) The palmaris longus is usually absent. (7) The pronator quadratus occupies the whole length of the radius and ulna. (8) The supinator longus is absent. (9) The flexor brevis digitorum manis is absent. (10) The caudo-femoralis is absent. (11) There is no gluteus ventralis (quartus). (12) The ilio-tibialis is usually double. (13) The semitendinosus never has a caudal head. (14) The soleus is absent. (15) The tibialis posticus is absent or very rudimentary. (16) The flexor brevis digitorum pedis has no fleshy belly in the sole. (17) The accessorius is usually absent. Ursipz. (1) The omo-hyoid is always present. (2) The rhomboideus capitis may or may not be present. (3) The cephalo-humeral is inserted into the humerus. (4) The flexor longus cubiti (biceps) is almost always bicipital. (5) The coraco-brachialis longus is present. (6) The pronator radii teres is inserted into the lower end of the radius. (7) The palmaris longus is often absent. (8) The pronator quadratus is attached to the lower third of the radius and ulna. (9) The supinator longus is present. | 12* 180 DR, B. C. A. WINDLE AND MR. F. G. PARSONS ON THE [Mar. 1, “yuosoad “quosqu ‘snuo}yxg | ATjensn qyog | uoyo YIOg *AOUPIONT ‘pua aomory) = “pula JOMOTT *pue 1oMO'T | ‘oTppim oAoqy “qUOSOA / “quesq. Vy “yuosq Vy “yuosqy “quosqy | “quesqy “quesq yy "quesqy | ‘quosoad =| ‘quosord SOUITJOUIOY | somIgeuLog “queSsed F “quesq V ‘spvoq | *prol] ouG | omy soutIyomL0g ‘spRol] OMT, ‘poy ou “yuosoad ‘quosoad skemypy | SOMTJOMLOY | “quosq’y *quosq Vy “quasqe “quosed gy | “quasat gy 10 Quosoa gy "qUOSOA “SnAOUIN FT *sn.omun fy *snouun fT ‘snAOUIN FT ‘quosead Ayjensy | yuosqe ATpensqQ *quese. qT “yuOsq V “UO “UFO “U2YO “UFO : | et | i ——____ ‘Dpuyaysnjy ‘wpruohoong | ‘Mpeg opuny *SNUAOIXOL *STPPHAL “quosqy “quosqy “quosqy ‘peoy uC “\uasqy | “quosqe ATyens “sntouun yy *yuosqe ATyens "UJ ‘opuDhyT AOR AO “UAO}UT “UL0}XHT “OIPPHA | “quesqy “quesoad SOUMIJOULOG “yuesq 7 “peoy ou0 skvm{e ySOulLy "quesqy | ‘yuesqe ATpensy) “ULB -onoy ATTens_) ‘yuosatd WOpTag ‘DPQ “uLOpPPg *snUIo}XOT ‘snipes JO “PIT *yuosqy “yuesqy “ques “prey oud, quesqy “quosad gq Metnats -atoy = ATTRUSA) "queasy *TO.A0 NT “Dpyasy | -oreydep Jo uorsesuy "sn SUO] sIaBUTe *OTyOSUT Sal0} ItpRt "UOAT “e[ndvos jo o[sue moay (sdootiy,) 11q -nd LOsue}xiT JO pveyT TRie hav Wee rene sntavpoqng ‘sn3uOT pues snipout SITBLYIBA -OOVLOD *(sdoorg) WIqno snsuo, sAOxepT ‘oposnut youUNsIp vse snp -unjoad snoprog moyyy ““siqtdvo snaproquoyyy *[earouNy | prodq-oug Feet e eee ee SULT PIO UE SuIsny ployseul-onte}g | MYOLOGY OF THE TERRESTRIAL CARNIVORA. 181 1898.] *quOsoA “yuesoL "quasar gy “quosat gy “yuesqe 40 quoserg ‘apsurs Aqpensq, “quesaad ATTens-) *yuasqe IO Juasatg ‘quesead mopjeg “qyueset ‘a[qeiae A ‘quosoi 7 “yueysuoouy “quesed T “quasol “quasar “quOseL ‘yuasord skvapy ‘apsuis ATpensq, ‘quasqe ATTEns “quosqe IO yuosed gy ‘quoserd ATpensq “uesor “QTQVIaV A “qVUugsoa ‘dn ysty urof AyTens_, “quesod gy *quoBnod gy “qUOSOL *quosod f ‘quasoad 10A9 NT ‘opsuts ATTens ‘quesoad Aypens— “quesq'y *quoaqe ATyens “yuesorg *£ JOMO'T “yuesedg “qoury -SIp UIvUTAyy “yuesqy *yuesqy ‘quosqe ATTens—) “‘quesqy “yuosoad AOAONT ‘eTquop Aqensp, -yuoserd AqTens—) “juosqy “quosqy “quesqy “q38UET PTO AA “‘quosolg ‘JOUL}STp UIVUTAY, “quasqy “quasqy “juesqe uoyFO *qUOSq VY | “yuesoad 1049 NT ‘eTqnod | “quasqe 10 yueser gq TEE “quosqu AyTens/) “quasqVy “TISOT BTOT] AA, “JUOSq *yURSUOOTT "qUSSOA 7 “quosot *quesat “quesaag ynosard skempy ‘o]quopa09,surg “yuasead ATpens Ey “INUIT £ @MOT OJUL JUEsergT “quosa.1d u93JO “yuosotg “SUT OO At 0} Jou qnq ‘e[qere A “quosotg, “qUeySUOOUT ‘quosoag |****** stped sntcossa90V ‘quosoag |*** ‘stped “Srp *aeaq “Ta “quese.t gy snorjsod styeiqny, “quosorg | ttrtttetetet ss snatog *(pvey [ep ‘yuosoad 1aAeNy | -nBO) snsouTpuo}iMeg ‘q[Surs ATyensy) |(sntxoyxeg) stperqyy-OTTT *(sngaenb ‘quosoad AT[UNsy | 4p) SITBIJWEA snegnTH *(eyjaqed soyove.t ATTe *(sITvro Toy -nsn) juasetg |-opnvo) apnro oyu nee “queso SQUBUT “SIP “Aq “TT “Gnuouly ydeoxe) yuoserg |***"** snstoy 10zeutdng "TABvaLOy jo & aamory |-** snyeapenb r0;eu0rg “Srp ‘Jord ‘queserg | ‘Tq jo opus, xeTjog *sIavayn ‘dn ysiq atop | dao ‘;y Jo sproHG 182 DR. B. C. A, WINDLE AND MR. F. G. PARSONS ON THE [Mar.1, (10) The supinator brevis occupies the upper three quarters of the radius. (11) The flexor brevis digitorum manis is usually absent. (12) The caudo-femoralis is absent. (13) The ilio-tibialis is usually single. (14) The semitendinosus never has a caudal head. PROCYONID &. (1) The omo-hyoid is usually absent (it is present in Cercoleptes). (2) The rhomboideus profundus is sometimes present (Cercoleptes). (3) The rhomboideus capitis is always present. (4) The cephalo-humeral is inserted into the humerus. (5) The flexor longus cubiti (biceps) is sometimes bicipital. (6) The pronator radii teres is usually inserted into the lower end of the radius. (7) Both palmaris longus externus and internus are usually present. (8) The pronator quadratus is variable. (9) The supinator longus is present. (10) The flexor brevis digitorum maniis is usually present. (11) The caudo-femoralis may be present or absent. (12) The ilio-tibialis is usually single. (13) The semitendinosus always has a caudal head. MustreLip 2». (1) The omo-hyoid is usually present. (2) The rhomboideus profundus is always present. (3) The rhomboideus capitis is always present. (4) The cephalo-bumeral is inserted into the humerus. (5) The triceps has an extra head from the angle of the scapula. (6) The pronator radii teres is usually inserted into the lower end of the radius. (7) There is usually only a palmaris longus externus. (8) The pronator quadratus is variable. (9) The supinator longus is present. (10) The flexor brevis digitorum manis is usually absent. (11) The caudo-femoralis may be present or absent. (12) The ilio-tibialis is usually single. (13) The semitendinosus may or may not have a caudal head. With the view of making the characteristics of the various families more evident, we have arranged them in a tabular form (see pp. 180, 181). We propose to close this paper with an examination of how far the study of the muscles helps towards determining the position of one or two of the Carnivora the affinities of which are somewhat doubtful. In the first place, the Cheetah (Cyncelurus jubatus) is known to differ from the rest cf the Felide in having only partially retractile claws and a carnassial tooth without an inner lobe. When one examines its muscular structure one notices that in 1898. ] MYOLOGY OF THE TERRESTRIAL CARNIVORA. 183 many respects it more closely approaches the Canide than the Felide. The following are the chief Feline characteristics :— (1) The ilio-tibialis (sartorius) is single. (2) The caudo-femoralis (agitator caudz) reaches the patella. (8) The gluteus ventralis (quartus) is present. The following are the chief Canine characteristics :— (1) The pronator quadratus reaches as far as the oblique ligament, z. e. to close to the top of the radius and ulna. (2) The supinator longus is absent. (3) Only the tendon of the tibialis posticus is present. (4) The accessorius is absent. (5) The flexor brevis digitorum pedis has no muscular fibres in the sole. The following two points are common to both Felidz and Canide, but go to show that the animal has no Viverrine tendencies :— (1) The subclavius is absent. (2) The semitendinosus has no caudal head. (3) The rhomboideus capitis is present. We should like to emphasize the fact that we have never had an opportunity of dissecting a specimen of Cynclurus, and that our facts are gained from Ross’s description. ‘This is in some ways an advantage because his account is an absolute statement of facts set down without any view of proving a theory ; it isa disadvantage because there are many points on which we would like detailed information which necessarily seemed of little or no importance to him. The Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferow) of Madagascar is another animal about whose position systematists are not quite agreed. We have dissected two specimens of this animal (13, 14), and Beddard (VIL.) has published some notes on the myology of a third. So far as its muscles go we regard it as a most typical viverrine animal, and the three specimens of which we have records agree so well that we feel that we can speak with some confidence on its myology. The Aard Wolf of South Africa (Proteles cristatus) has been placed, in our list of animals, at the end of the Viverride in deference to what we believe is the view of most systematists at the present time ; its muscles, however, point to its much closer relation- ship with the Hyznide, and we subjoin the facts on which our opinion is based :— a. Viverrine tendencies. (1) The cephalo-humeral is inserted into the forearm. (2) There is a tendon to the pollex from the flexor profundus digitorum. . Hyznine tendencies. (1) The pronator quadratus occupies the whole length of the forearm. 184 DR. B.C. A, WINDLE AND MR. F. G. PARSONS ON THE [Mar.1, (2) The supinator longus is absent. (3) The caudo-femoralis (agitator caudz) is absent. (4) The ilio-tibialis (sartorius) is double. (5) The semitendinosus has no caudal head. (6) There is no soleus. (7) There is no fleshy flexor brevis digitorum pedis. (8) There is no accessorius pedis. The Sonth-American Kinkajou (Cercoleptes caudivolvulvus) is an animal of which we have had the good fortune to dissect two specimens. It is usually looked upon as a typical member of the Procyonide, but we have detected two important musteline characteristics in its muscles and one which is distinctly ursine. Its Musteline tendencies are :— (1) The presence of the omo-hyoid. (2) The presence of a distinct rhomboideus profundus. Its Ursine characteristic is :— (1) The presence of two heads to the flexor longus cubiti (biceps). The points characteristic of the Procyonide are :— (1) The presence of two palmares longi. (2) The fusion of the two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris. (3) The absence of a head from the angle of the scapula to the extensor longus cubiti (triceps). (4) The presence of the flexor brevis digitorum manis. Other myological points of interest are :— (1) The pronator radii teres is inserted into the lower end of the radius (common to Urside, Procyonide, and Mustelide). (2) The supinator longus is present (common to Urside, Procy- onidz, and Mustelide). (3) The caudo-femoralis (agitator caude) is present (common to Procyonide and Mustelide). (4) The gluteus ventralis (quartus) is present and distinct (common to Urside and Mustelide, not to other Procyonide). (5) The ilio-tibialis (sartorius) is single (common to Urside, Procyonidez, and Mustelide). (6) The semitendinosus has a caudal head (common to Procyonide and Mustelide), BIBLioGRAPHY. I. Mivarr.—‘ The Cat.’ London, J. Murray, 1881. Il. Srravs-DurckHerm.— Anatomie descriptive et com- parative du Chat.’ T. ii., 1845. Il. Havenwroy.—* Muscles of the Lion.” P.R.I. A. vol. ix. p. 85. IV. Ross.—* Felis jubata.” P. R. I. A. ser. 2, vol. iii. . 23. V. ena & Lavrittarp.—* La Lionne.” Planches de Myologie, Pls. 143-155. 1898.] MYOLOGY OF THE TERRESTRIAL CARNIVORA. 185 _ VI. Cuvisr & Lavgintarp.— La Panthére.” Planches de Myologie, Pls. 166-168. VII. Bupparv.—* Cryptoprocta ferow.” P. Z. S. 1895, . 430. VELL. aoe Viverra civetta.” J. Anat. vol. xiv. p. 166. IX. Macatister.—‘“ Civet and Tayra.” P.R.I. A. ser. 2, vol. i. p. 506. X. Dnvis.—“ Viverra civetta.” Journ. Anat. vol. ii. p- 205. XI. Mivart.—“* On the Aluroidea.” P. Z. S. 1882, p. 459. XII. Cuvier & Lavritarp.—‘‘ Genette commune.” Planches de Myologie, Pls. 124-128. XIII. Warson.—‘“ Proteles lalandit.” P. Z. 8. 1882, p. 579. XIV. Youne & Roptnson.—“ Hyena striata.” Journ. Anat., 1889. XV. Watson & Youne.—‘ Hyena crocuta.” P. Z.8. 1879, 798 XVI. Guqrne & LAvrinLarp.—* Hyéne rayée.” Planches de Myologie, Pls. 129-142. XVII. Murte.— Hyena brunnea.” Tr. ZS. vol. vii. p. 511. XVIII. Haventon.—“ Dingo compared with other Dogs.” P. R. I. A. 1867, p. 504. XIX. Cuvier & Lavrinnarp.— Le Chien.” Planches de Myologie, Pls. 112-125. XX. SHerPHpRD.—“ American Black Bear.” Journ. Anat. vol. xviii. p. 103. XXI. Haventroy.—‘ Virginian Bear.” P. RI. A. vol. ix. . 508. XXII. Curae & Lavriiparpv.—* L’Ours noi d’Amérique.” Planches de Myologie, Pls. 81-93. XXIII. Testur.— Les anomalies musculaires chez ?Homme expliquées par l’anatomie comparée.’ Paris, 1884. XXIV. Kutiey.— Polar Bear.” Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. of Philad. no. 1, p. 48. XXV. Winpir.— Procyon cancrivorus.” Journ. Anat. vol. xxi. p. 81. XXVI. Atten.—‘ Procyon lotor.” Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. of Philad. 1882, p. 115. XXVII. Macxkinrosn.— Nasua narica and Mustela foina.” P. BR. I. A. ser. 2, vol. ii. no. 1, p. 48. XXVIII. Cuvier & Lavrittarp.— Le Coati Roux.” Planches de Myologie, Pls. 94-99. XXIX. Purrin.— Cercoleptes.” P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 547. XXX. Anix.—‘ Putorius communis.” Journ. de Zoologie, vol. v. p. 152. XXXI. “Cuvinr & Lavriniarp.— La Fouine.” Planches de Myologie, Pls. 104-107. XXXII. Haventron.— Meles tavus.” P. R. I. A. vol. ix. p- 507. 186 DR, A. G. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS [Mar.1, XXXIII. Cuvinr & Lavurintarp.—*‘Le Blaireau d’Europe.” Planches de Myologie, Pls. 100-103. XXXIV. Havenron.—* Lutra vulgaris.” P. R. 1, A. vol. ix. p- 511. XXXV. Cuvine & Lavritarp.— La Loutre.” Planches de Myologie, Pls. 108-111. XXXVI. Lucan.—* Lutra vulgaris.” Abhandl. d. Senckenb. Gesellschaft, Bd. ix. XXXVII. Macarisrer.—* Aonywx leptonyx.” P.R.1. A. n. ser. vol. 1. p. 539. XXXVIII. Dinck.—“ Cans vulpes.” Zeitschr. f. d. gesammte Naturwiss. Bd. xxxi. p. 218. XXXIX. Mucxen.—‘ Anatomie Comparée.’ Tome vi. XL. Pacenstecner.—‘ Lycaon pictus.” Zoologischer Garten, Jahrg. 1870, p. 238. XLI. Parsons.— Myology of Rodents.” P. Z. S. 1894, p- 251. XLIa. Parsons.—“‘ Myology of Rodents.” P. Z. S. 1896, p. 159. XLII. Parsons.—‘ Possible Sternalis in Bathyergus.” P. Anat. Soc. Feb. 1895, p. xi. XLIII. Giris.—* Anatomy of Scalenes in Ruminants, Solipeds, and Carnivora.” Comptes Rendus, ser. 9, tome iv. no 20, p. 464. XLIV. Wrypin.— Deep Flexor mass of Forearm.” Journ. Anat. vol. xxiv. p. 72. XLV. Wiyors..—“ Adductor Muscles of the Hand.” P. Birm. Phil. Soc. vol. v. pt. 2, no. 12. XLVI. Cunyinenam.— Report on the Marsupialia.” Chal- lenger Reports, vol. v. pt. 16, p. 19. XLVII. Winpip.—‘ Pectoral Group of Muscles.” Trans. R. I. Acad. xxix. p. 345. XLVIL. Ruex.—‘ Morph. Jahrbuch.’ Bad. iv. 4, On the Lepidopterous Insects collected by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall in Natal and Mashonaland in 1895 and 1897. By Arrnur G. Burter, Ph.D., F.LS., F.ZS., &e., Senior Assistant-Keeper, Zoological Department, British Museum. [Received February 25, 1898.] (Plate XX.) The consignment of which the following is an account was received too late to be noticed in my previous paper (P. Z. 8. 1897, p. 835); it is, in some respects, of even greater interest, as including not only examples of several interesting new species and of many species new to the Museum series, but also the seasonal forms, authenticated by the donor, of a fair number of 1898. ] COLLECTED IN NATAL AND MASHONALAND, 187 butterflies which have been regarded as distinct, and the varietal character of which is still called in question by some of the leading lepidopterists in this country. Speaking of the series from Mashonaland, Mr. Marshall observes :—‘* My Mashonaland collections, which I had intended to take home with me, have only just arrived here (or rather halt of them), having been fourteen monthscoming down from Salisbury! I find among the Teracoli a single dry-season male of 7. hilde- brandti (which at the time I took to be a sport of 7. anne) and also a female of 7. pallene, Hopff., which is almost identical with the figure of your 7’. infumatus. “ You will find three males and one female of a ‘ Lycewna’ from the Karkloof, which Trimen considers to be only a variety of his L. niobe, but which I think is probably specifically distinct. It was discovered by Hutchinson and Barker in 1892 on Mr. Ball’s farm in the Karkloof District near Maritzburg, and has apparently never been taken elsewhere. From their account (1 have never seen it in life) it differs much in habits from typical Z. niobe. It has been found only within a very limited area, a few acres in extent, flying rapidly over a patch of very long rank grass along the out- skirts of a clump of forest, and being on the wing only in autumn (viz. March and April). “7, niobe is distributed throughout Natal (it varies above in being either blue or brown), frequenting open country with short grass, and flying with a low, rapid flight; it occurs only during the spring months. “Tt will be unnecessary to point out the differences in colouring, the most noticeable of which are the different position of the discal row on underside of secondaries and the presence of the metallic-green spot at anal angle in the ‘variety.’ I am sorry that the specimens are in such poor condition ; they were given to me by Mr. Ball.” Mr. Marshall did not forward the male of “ 7. hildebrandti,” but it probably is what he at first supposed—a mere sport of T. anne, corresponding in colouring with the 7’. calliclea (=hilde- brandti) form of the Nyasa species. The two species are very closely related—little more than local forms, in fact. As regards the “ Lyceena,”’ I quite agree with Mr. Marshall that it requires a distinctive name; it certainly is not identical with Catochrysops mobe, but is a finer and more brightly coloured species. The following is a list of the species received in Mr. Marshall’s last consignment :— NYMPHADLIDS. SATYRIN ®. 1. SAMANTA PERSPICUA (var. SIMONSI Butl.). Mazoe, 4000 feet, 30th October, 1894; Gadzima, 4200 feet, Umfuli River, Mashonaland, 30th July, 1895. 188 DR. A. G. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS _[ Mar. 1, 2. MyYCALESIS SELOUSI Trim. Enterprise Camp, near Salisbury, 5000 feet, Mashonaland, 23rd June and 2nd July, 1895. New to the Museum collection. 3, YPTHIMA DoLETA Kirby. Wet form. Salisbury, 5000 feet, 2nd December, 1894. Dry form. Gadzima, 4200 feet, 7th August, 1895. 4, YPrHIMA MASHUNA Trim. Salisbury, 5000 feet, Mashonaland, 17th and 24th March, 1895. New to the Museum collection. 5. PSEUDONYMPHA VIGILANS Trim. Salisbury, ¢ 10th, 9 17th March, 1895. 6. PsEUDONYMPHA Cassius Godt. Karkloof, Natal, 4200 feet, 31st January, lst and 5th February, 1897. 7. PsrEUDONYMPHA SABACUS Trim. Karkloof, 1st, 5th, and 10th February, 1897. 8. NEOCEHENYRA EXTENSA, sp.n. (Plate XX. fig. 1.) S$. Allied to IW. gregorti, but differing in the much longer costal margin of the primaries, the reddish-orange irides to the ocelli, the more sharply defined black transverse lines on the under surface, the submarginal lines on the secondaries being also much more regular, the postmedian line much less zigzag in character and approaching nearer to the ocelli, the inner line crossing the cell indistinct, but bordered on abdominal area with ferruginous scales; base of costa also ferruginous. Expanse of wings 50 millimetres. Salisbury, 5000 feet, Mashonaland, 12th January, 1895. Incorrectly identified as NV. duplex, which it does not at all resemble. NYMPHALINZ, 9. CHARAXES SATURNUS Butl. 3. Upper Hanyani River, Mashonaland, 4700 feet, 20th July, 1895. 10. JUNONIA ARCHESIA Cram. Dry form. Salisbury, 5000 feet, Mashonaland, 19th May, 1895. 10 a. JUNONIA PELASGIS Godt. Wet form. Gadzima, Umfuli River, 4200 feet, 27th and 30th December, 1895. 1898. | COLLECTED IN NATAL AND MASHONALAND. 189 11. JunNoniA sESAMUS Trim. Salisbury, Mashonaland, 5000 feet, 17th March; Enterprise Camp, Salisbury, 21st June, 1895; Karkloof, Natal, 4200 feet, 20th February, 1897. 12. JUNONIA CALESCENS Butl. Junonia octavia var. natalensis Staudinger (nec natalica Felder). Gadzima, 4200 feet, Umfuli River, Mashonaland, 2nd, 22nd, and 27th December, 1895. 13. JUNONIA TRIMENT Butl. 9. Marudsi River, Mazoe District, Mashonaland, 1st January, 1895; Gadzima, 4200 feet, Umfuli River, 22nd and 23rd December, 1895. These were labelled by Mr. Marshall as J. stmia Wllgr., a much smaller and differently shaped insect, with very different pattern on the under surface and no rosy-whitish discal streak above. A single small example of J. simia was obtained at Gadzima on the 30th December. 14. Junon1a avRoRiINA Butl. Karkloof, Natal, 4200 feet, 29th to 31st January, 10th, 11th, and 17th February, 1897. This is stated by Mr. Marshall to be the wet-season form of J. tugela, but from his own dates it is certain that both fly together in February ; moreover, judging them by J. artaxia, they both have a dry-season under surface to the wings: I ar therefore naturally very sceptical as to the identity of these two allied species. 15. JUNONIA TUGELA Trim. Karkloof, Natal, 4200 feet, May 1896, and 20th February, 1897. 16. Junonia cuama Hewits. Dry form. Enterprise Camp, near Salisbury, 5000 feet, Mashona- land, 7th July; Gadzima, 5th August. Wet form. Mazoe District, 4000 feet, 1st November, 1895. As I bave suspected for some time, the seasonal forms of this species differ very little: that of the wet season has the black markings of the upper surface more pronounced, the costa of primaries rather shorter (giving a squarer character to the wing) than in the dry form, the markings below much better marked and the discal spots more decidedly ocelloid. I am now quite satisfied that J. triment has nothing to do with J. cuama or with J. simia. It will be remembered that I have always opposed the amalga- mation of these three very dissimilar species on the ground that they are undoubtedly on the wing simultaneously at all seasons. 17. JUNONIA ELGIVA Hewits. Malvern, Natal, 800 feet, 22nd and 30th March, 1897. 190 DR. A. G, BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS [Mar.1], 18. JUNONIA CLELIA Cramer. 3d. Gadzima, 4200 feet, Umfuli River, Mashonaland, 29th August and 2nd December, 1895. One of the specimens is a curious aberration in which the large blue patch on the secondaries is crossed near its apical outer border by three large more or less oval black spots ; just in front of the blue patch is a scar, probably indicating some injury done to the pupa, which apparently has modified the deposition of pigment in the scales. 19. JUNONIA ARTAXTA Hewits. Gijima, Umfuli River, 29th July ; Gadzima, 3rd October, 1895, Wet form. J. nachtigali Dewitz. Gadzima, 27th and 28th December, 1895. 20. Hypotimnss Misrppus Linn. Gadzima, 22nd, 27th, and 30th December, 1895. 21. HAMANUMIDA D=DALUS Fabr. Salisbury, 23rd March and 18th April; Hartley Hills, Umfuli River, 4800 feet, 25th July; Gijima, 24th August; Gadzima, 4200 feet, 26th December, 1895. The wet-season phase was obtained from December to the end of March, the dry phase from April to the end of August. 22, NEPTIS AGATHA Cram. Malvern, Natal, 6th and 13th April, 1897. 23. EuryTEia HIARBAS Drury. Karkloof, Natal, 9th February and 24th March; Malvern, 27th March, 1897. ACREIN®. 24, Acrma Lycra Fabr. Malvern, 800 feet, Natal, 13th April, 1897. 25. ACRHA RAHIRA Boisd. Marudsi River, Mazoe District, Mashonaland, 1st January ; Gadzima, 22nd August, 1895. 26. ACRMA NOHARA Boisd. Q, Salisbury, 24th March, 9th June; ¢ 9, Enterprise Camp, 4th July, 1895. The specimens are marked as “ wet” and “dry,” but I see no great difference between them; they are all rather small examples, and a varietal name is attached to them: if not already published, it were better that it should not be. 1898.] COLLECTED IN NATAL AND MASHONALAND. 191 27. ACRMHA DOUBLEDAYI Gueér. Wet. 5 2, Malvern, near D’Urban, Natal, 800 feet, 2nd to 4th March, 1897. Dry. 3, Gadzima, 4200 feet, Umfuli River, Mashonaland, 11th August ; Gijima, 23rd August, 1895. If the single male from Mashonaland represents the normal dry-season phase, it only differs from that of the wet-season in its inferior size, and would be indistinguishable from starved examples obtained during the rains; both, however, differ very considerably from the wet form of the scarcely distinct A. nero of Eastern Africa. 28. ACR#A ANACREON Trim. Dry-season form. Karkloof, 4200 feet, Natal, 20th February, 1897. An extraordinarily well-developed example showing nearly double the usual expanse of wings. “ Dry” and wet form. A. induna, Trim. Gijima, Mashonaland, 14th August ; Gadzima, 18th December, 1895. The so-called dry form of A. induna (because obtained in the dry-season) is a starved and somewhat worn little male, which, in my opinion, is only a belated wet form (provided that the heavy black apex really is seasonal, as it is said to be in certain species in the genus). The black apical patch in this example is slightly reduced, as might be expected; but Mr. Marshall has himself admitted that in some of the species this black patch is a charac- teristic of the wet season; in any case it is certainly a varietal, ‘not specific, character, inasmuch as we have complete series of intergrades between the extremes in several forms of Acrwa. 29. AcRmA ASEMA Hewits. Gadzima, Umfuli River, 29th July, 11th, 14th, and 24th August, 1895. Mr. Marshall considers this to be the dry form of the following, of which he sends one curious example, said to be the intermediate form ; it certainly looks like it, but I should like more conclusive evidence than is afforded by one specimen which was obtained almost at the same time (in the same month) as A. asema. 30. ACRHA VIOLARUM Boisd. “ Intermediate form.” Hartley Hills, Mashonaland, 27th July, 1895. 31, ACRZA CALDARENA Hewits. 3 wet form, Salisbury, 31st May; 2 2 dry form, Gadzima, 4th August and 20th September, 1895. It would seem that the seasonal forms of this species differ chiefly in size, the dry form being smaller; both phases agree in the large black apical patch, proving that this is not an invariable seasonal character, but by no means proving that it is not so in most of the species which possess it. 192 DR. A, G, BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS [Mar.], 32. AcRmA PETRA Boisd. Malvern, 800 feet, Natal, 13th April, 1897. 33. AcR#A ANEMOSA Hewits. Gadzima, 4200 feet, Umfuli River, Mashonaland, 31st August, 8rd October, 20th December, 1895. 34. AcR#A NEOBULE Doubl. 3 3, Gadzima, 3rd August, 1st December, 1895: 9 2, Malvern, 25th March, 5th April, 1897. The seasonal forms seem to differ very little. 35. AcR#A HORTA Linn. 9, Frere, 3800 feet, 24th December, 1896; Estcourt, 4000 feet, 19th January; ¢ d, Karkloof, 4200 feet, Natal, 4th and 11th February, 1897. LYCHNIDS. 36. ALENA NYASSZ Hewits. Gadzima, 24th December, Mazoe, 29th December, 1895. 37. PoLYOMMATUS Bz&TICUS Linn. Loesskop, 4500 feet, Little Tugela River, Natal, 20th December, 1896. 38. CatocHRrysops asopus Hopff. Q dry form, Gijima, 11th August; wet form, Gadzima, 19th November, 1895, 39. CATOCHRYSOPS BARKERI Trim. 9, Malvern, 800 feet, Natal, 11th March, 1897. 40, CaTOCHRYSOPS PATRICIA Trim. 3 3, Loesskop, 4500 feet, Little Tugela River, Natal, 20th December, 1897; 9 9, Gadzima, Mashonaland, 23rd and 25th December, 1895. 41. CATOCHRYSOPS PLEBEIA, sp.n. (Plate XX. fig. 2.) Lycena parsimon Trim. (nec auct. vetust.). As I have already stated, this is certainly not the Fabrician species, which occurs on the N.-western coast of Africa; it differs from the latter and the nearly allied Z. patricia in the smoky- brown, somewhat thinly-scaled upper surface of the male, with other minor characters indicated in Mr. Trimen’s full description. 3, Mazoe District, 23rd December, 1894; 9, Salisbury, 12th January, 1895; ¢, Gadzima, 25th December, 1895; 9, Estcourt, Natal, 30th December, 1896; ¢, 1st January, 1897, 1898.] COLLECTED IN NATAL AND MASHONALAND. 193 42, CATOCHRYSOPS GLAUCA Trim. 36, Gadzima, 26th December, 1895. 43. CATOCHRYSOPS ARIADNE, sp.n. (Plate XX. figs. 3, 4.) Nearly allied to C. niobe, larger ; differs above in the narrower deep smoky border to all the wings and the slightly clearer violet ground-colouring. On the under surface all the black and brown spots, which are more numerous, are distinctly edged with pure white; the discal white band immediately following the transverse series of black spots is well defined and pure white in all the wings, whilst in the secondaries it is farther from the outer margin ; the submarginal annular markings are much wider, but indistinct on the secondaries ; the subanal black spot, however, is considerably larger, encloses a metallic-blue crescent, and is edged internally by a A-shaped orange marking: the upper surface of the female is shot with golden cupreous, and towards the base with lilac; otherwise it resembles the male. Expanse of wings 39 millimetres. Three males and one female, Karkloof, Natal. This is the species referred to by Mr. Marshall (vide Introduction to the present paper) as probably distinct from C. niobe. There is, of course, just a possibility that it may prove to be the wet form of C. niobe, all our examples of which were obtained in September; but I know of no other Catochrysops which exhibits such well-defined seasonal characteristics, whilst the different habits of the two insects are strongly suggestive of specific dis- tinction, though not necessarily conclusive. 44, CaTOCHRYSOPS DoLOROsA Trim. Estcourt, 1st and 3rd January, 1897. 45. CATOCHRYSOPS IGNOTA Trim. Frere, 19th December, 1896. 46. CATOCHRYSOPS MAHALLOKOZNA Waller. @, Estcourt, 17th January, 1897. This species has the neuration of Catochrysops, but more nearly the pattern of Neolycena. 47, NEOLYCENA CISsUS Godt. 3 3, Gijima, 17th August ; Gadzima, 31st December, 1895. The dry-season form is much smaller and with all the markings below less prominent. 48. Cupiporsis sopates Hopff. Frere, 24th and 26th December, 1896. 49, AZANUS NATALENSIS Trim. Estcourt, 8th January, 1897. Proc. Zoou, Soc.—1898, No. XIII. 13 194 DR. A. G. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPLEROUS INSECTS _[ Mar, 1. 50. Azanus MorIQuA Waller. Estcourt, 15th to 21st January, 1897. 51. AZANUS JusoUS Guér. Gadzima, 6th November, 21st and 24th December, 1895; Estcourt, 15th, 16th, 18th, 19th, and 20th January, 1897. 52. Azanus zpNA Moore. Estcourt, 15th to 21st January, 1897. 53. AZANUS PLINIUS Fabr. Salisbury, 9th June, 1895; Estcourt, 19th January, 1897. 54. NacapuBA SICHELA Waller. Mazoe District, 24th October, 1894. 55. ZizmRA ANTANOSSA Mab. Salisbury, 9th December, 1894; Malvern, 27th February, 1897. New to the Museum from South Africa; but specimens, appa- rently of this species, are in the collection from Sierra Leone and Wadelai. 56. ZizpRa Lucipa Trim. Karkloof, 11th February ; Malvern, 6th and 13th April, 1897. 57. CasraLius HINTZA Trim. 3 (as 2), Malvern, 8rd March, 1897. 58. LYCHNESTHES LIODES Hewits. 9, Karkloof, 1st February, 1897. 59. LYOENESTHES OTACILIA Trim. 3 3, 2, Estcourt, 17th and 19th January, 1897. 60. Lyc@/NESTHES AMARAH Lef. Gadzima, 28th December, 1895. 61. Lyc#NESTHES ADHERBAL Mab. Mazoe District, 24th, 25th, and 29th October, 1894. 62. ScOLITANTIDES BOWKERI Trim. Karkloof, 9th February, 1897. Probably most nearly allied to’ S. thespis, but approaching Uranothauma somewhat in the pattern of the under surface ; it is quite new to the Museurn collection. 63. Hyrrvus LINGEUS Cram. Gadzima, 17th September, 1895; Karkloof, 29th January, 1897. 64, ZmRITIS AMANGA Westw. Gadzima, 2nd October, 1895. 1898.] COLLECTED IN NATAL AND MASHONALAND. 195 65. ZERITIS HARPAX Fabr. 3 do, Mazoe District, 24th and 25th October; 9, 17th No- vember, 1894; ¢, Gijima, 11th August, 1895; ¢ 3, 2, Estcourt, 14th, 16th, 19th, and 20th January, 1897. 66. CRUDARIA LEROMA Wller. Gadzima, 10th and 18th September, 1895. 67. LACHNOCNEMA BIBULUS Fabr. @, Estcourt, 16th December, 1896; 9, Ist January, 9, 19th January, 1897. 68. LACHNOCNEMA DURBANI Trim. 2, Estcourt, 30th December, 1896; ¢, Ist January; 6 d,2, 3rd January, 1897. 69. THESTOR BASUTA Waller. 6 do, Frere, 15th and 19th December, 1896; 36d,92 92, Estcourt, 1st, 8th, and 13th January, 1897. 70, ALEIDES TRIKOSAMA Wallgr, Frere, 26th December, 1896; Estcourt, 8th, 14th, and 17th January, 1897. 71. ALHZIDES ORTHRUS Trim. Estcourt, 17th and 19th January, 1897. 72. CHRYSOPHANUS ORUS Cram. 3 9, Frere, 18th December, 1896. 73. TineRA TROPICALIS Boisd. Malvern, 17th, 19th, 20th, 22nd, and 30th March, 6th April, 1897. 74. MYRINA FICEDULA Trim. Malvern, 5th and 6th April, 1897. 75. SPINDASIS CAFFER Trim. Gadzima, 4th August, 1895. Dry form, with reduced orange anal patch. 76. SPINDASIS MASILIKAzZI Wallgr. (Plate XX. fig. 5.) Mazoe District, 31st December, 1894; Gadzima, 25th and 3ist August, 4th and 5th September, 30th December, 1895. 77. SPINDASIS ELLA Hewits. (Plate XX. fig. 6.) S. homeyeri, Marshall (nee Hewits.). Distinetly smaller than S. homeyeri, the orange markings on the upper surface of the primaries entirely different, consisting normaliy of a spot in the cell followed by a transverse band 13* 196 DR. A. G. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS [Mar.], beyond the cell; the former is, however, sometimes carried obliquely downward, so as to unite with the latter (forming a large V-shaped character) ; the submarginal orange band consists of three portions, a spot near the costa and two transverse irregular bifid (rarely subconfluent) spots below it; the anal orange patch on the secondaries of S. homeyeri is replaced by a sordid ashy patch marked with the usual silver spots; the blue areas of S. homeyeri are dull greyish lavender in this species. Apart from the pale buffish-brown ground-colour, the under surface of the wings differs entirely from that of S. homeyert: all the markings are edged with brown (not ferruginous or dull red); those of the primaries are emphasized on the costal margin by a series of about eight jet-black spots, they consist of three fairly regular equi- distant oblique bands between the base and the end of the discoidal cell, then follows a costal spot followed by an irregular transverse discal band dislocated at second median branch, this again is followed by a more or less defined, partly linear and partly normal band from costa to submedian vein and a very indistinct dusky submarginal line ; marginal line jet-black, internal area and fringe white somewhat pearly: the markings of the secondaries consist of two series of three spots towards the base parallel to the abdominal border, an irregular armillate band, acutely elbowed below the first median branch and interrupted on submedian vein, a short somewhat irregular discal band from costa to third median branch, and an unevenly zigzag submarginal band with indistinct outer edging; marginal line black from anal angle to third median branch; all these bands, as usual, have silvery centres; fringe white, excepting at anal angle, where it is black, the spot above it being narrowly black, then dull chocolate, followed by a sprinkling of black scales; the second spot on the other side of the submedian vein is externally of the ground-colour, internally silver followed by a sprinkling of black scales. Expanse of wings 29 millimetres. Gadzima, Mashonaland, 3lst August, 13th and 25th September, 1895. As Trimen compares this species with his “S. natalensis” = S. caffer (to which, in my opinion, it has but little affinity), a description of its peculiarities compared with S. homeyerz will, I think, be useful to future workers. Hewitson’s type isa very poor and damaged male, in which none of the orange bands on the upper surface are united; the union of the two inner bands in one of Mr. Marshall’s specimens shows that this species is not nearly related to any of the other described forms in the genus. In the S. natalensis group the cell-spot even when elongated into a band does not join the postmedian band, whereas the latter frequently joins the discal band. In S. ella the postmedian and discal bands, being perfectly parallel, never could unite. 78. ViRACHOLA anTALUS Hopff. ©, Mazoe District, 26th October 1894. 1898. ] COLLECTED IN NATAL AND MASHONALAND. 197 79. Iouaus cxcuLus Hopf. 3, Gijima, 18th August; ¢ 2, Gadzima, 18th October and 23rd December, 1895. 80. ArcroLaus TRIMENI Waller. Marudsi River, Mazoe District, 21st December, 1894 ; Gadzima, 17th September, 1895. PAPILIONID &. PizRinz. 81. Mytornris rippenuit Koch. 3, Enterprise Camp near Salisbury, 30th June, 1895. The males of this species seem to be either very local or rare, as we previously had only one example received from the Godman and Salvin Collection. 82. NYCHITONA MEDUSA var. ALCESTA Cram. Malvern, 31st March, 1897. 83. ConIAS HYALE var. ELECTRA Linn. 3, Frere, 24th December, 1896. 84. Trrtas BRicirra Cram. Wet form. 3, Marudsi River, 31st December, 1894; Salisbury, 16th March, 1895; ¢ 9°, Frere, 24th and 26th December, 1896 ; 9, Estcourt, 30th December, 1896; ¢, Malvern,.31st February, 1897. Dry form. Q 2, Enterprise Camp near Salisbury, 23rd June, 1895 ; Gadzima, lst September, 1895. One of the females taken in June was labelled as a male, but the true dry-season male appears to be excessively rare. 85. TmRIAS MARSHALLI Butl. Wet form. 3 2, Karkloof, 5th and 13th February, 1897. 86. Turtas HAPALE Mab. var. mrniopica Trim. Dry form. Mazoe District, 23rd October, 1894; Enterprise Camp near Salisbury, 23rd June and 4th July; Gijima, 14th August, 1895. I was amused to find some of the specimens labelled 7. ethioprca and others 7’. orientis, others again altered from one to the other. As a matter of fact, 7’, orientis is the intermediate seasonal form of 7. senegalensis, and identical with 7’. butlert ; possibly Mr. Marshall might now consider the whole as one very variable species. 87. TERIAS SENEGALENSIS Boisd. Wet form (as T. butleri). Salisbury, 12th January, 20th March, 5th May; Gadzima, 21st December, 1895. 198 DR. A. G. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPYEROUS INSECTS [Mar. 1, 88. TERACOLUS ACHINE var. SIMPLEX Butl. 3 2, Gijima, 8th and 18th August, 1895, The female now sent is the first authentic example of this dry- season forra of 7’. achine which I have seen; it is interesting as vaguely resembling the female of the northerly 7’, csaura. Race T. TRIMENI Butl. 3S (as T. antevizpe), dry form, Upper Hanyani River, Mashonaland, 20th July, 1895. 89. TERACOLUS GAVISA Waller. 3 3, Estcourt, 30th December, 1896; 3rd and 24th January, 1897. These are all typical wet-season examples. 90, TERACOLUS EXOLE ¢ Reiche. Malvern, 8th March, 1897. The wet form of the male. 91. Trraconus ANN Waller. Hartley Hills, Mashonaland, 24th, 26th, and 27th July, 1895. The specimens belong to the dry form (7. wallengrenii), the female somewhat approaching that sex of the fulvous-tipped variation of the closely allied 7. callidia (= hildebrandti). 92. CAaTOPSILIA FLORELLA Fabr. 2 9, Salisbury, 21st and 25th April, 1895; $ g, Karkloof and Malvern, 19th February and 7th March, 1897. 93. PINACOPTERYX PIGEA Boisd. Malvern, 13th April, 1897. 94, LEUCERONIA ARGIA Fabr. 2, Karkloof, May 1896; ¢ g, February Ist to 11th, 1897. All the Natal females sent us by Mr. Marshall are far more lightly marked on the upper surface than the more Northern, Eastern, and Western varieties, and all have the base of the primaries orange-vermilion above. PAPILIONIN A”. 95. PAPILIO CORINNEUS Bert. Gadzima, 25th September, 1895. 96. PAPILIO BRASIDAS Feld. Malvern, 27th March and 10th April, 1897. 1 have always believed this to be the P. anthemenes of Wallengren, but I see that Trimen identifies the latter with P. corinneus. 1898. ] COLLECTED IN NATAL AND MASHONALAND. 199 97. PAPILIO OPHIDICEPHALUS Oberth. Karkloof, Ist and 4th February, 1897. 98. Papitio BUPHRANOR Trim. Karkloof, 5th February, 1897. 99. Papritio NrREvs Linn. Karkloof, 9th and 13th February, 1897. HesPERIIDSA. 100. Hagris samesont E. M. Sharpe. (Plate XX. fig. 7.) Dry form, Gijima, 18th and 19th August; wet form, Gadzima, 22nd December, 1895 '. 101. Sap#a rriment Butl. Gadzima, 25th September, 1895. 102. Sapma PARADISEA But. Mazoe District, 29th December, 1894 ; Gadzima, 5th September, 1895. 103. ABANTIS VENOSA Trim. Gijima, 18th August ; Gadzima, 4th September, 1895. This is new to the Museum collection. 104. Caprona canopus Trim. Karkloof, 9th February, 1897. 105. Pyraus sero Linn. Loesskop, 4500 feet, Little Tugela River, 20th December, 1896 ; Estcourt, lst January, 1897. The first of these examples was labelled as “‘ Hesperia mafa,” and the following was queried as H. mafa; the two forms, if distinct, are very closely allied. 106. Pyrevus Mara Trim. Loesskop, 4500 feet, Little Tugela River, 20th December, 1896. 107. OxyPaLpus Ruso Mab. Mazoe District, 27th October, 1894; Enterprise Camp, near Salisbury, 2nd July; Gadzima, 17th August and 19th September, 1895. These were labelled as O. harona Westw., but we possess every link to typical O. ruso Mab.; the speciesis a very variable one, as I suspect the following also is. The wet form has the ground-colour of the wings smoky brown instead of golden brown and ochraceous (see figure). 200 LUPIDOPTHROUS INSECTS FROM NATAL BEIe. Mar. 1, 108. ParosMopEs IoTERIA Mab. Enterprise Camp, near Salisbury, 7th July, 1895. I have always believed this species to be the P. ranoha of Westwood (now considered synonymous with P. morantii, Trimen). The figure of the latter differs from it about as much as do the extreme variations of the preceding species. 109. ParosMODES MORANTII Trim. Gadzima, 19th September, 1895. New to the Museum series. I should not be at all surprised to see intergrades between this species and P. icteria: the position of the orange band on the secondaries varies a good deal in our series of the latter species ; but the coloration and pattern of the under surface, although very variable, still show sufficient differences to warrant the separation of the two butterflies for the present. 110. CycnopipEs Metis Linn. Karkloof, 27th January, 8th and 11th February, 1897. 111. KeprEstes macomo Trim. Malvern, 13th April, 1897. 112. Keprsrus tucusa Trim. Estcourt, ¢ 2 13th, ¢ 14th January, 1897. 113. KEeDESTES WALLZENGRENI Trim. Frere, 24th December, 1896. 114. KepEsrEes NIVEOSTRIGA Trim. Karkloof, 29th and 31st January, 11th February, 1897. 115. GUGENES LETTERSTEDTI Waller. Estcourt, 1st January, 1897. This is G. hottentota of authors other than Latreille, the latter being (as previously stated) the G. obwmbrata of Trimen. 116. GueENes HoTTENTO?A Latr. 3, Salisbury, 10th March; 9, 6th April, 1895; 9, Estcourt, drd January, 1897. The female of this species is new to the Museum collection. It seems hardly conceivable that a species the male of which has a large brand on the primaries can be a dimorphic form of one without a trace of a brand, but (as Dr. Holland observes) “the females are absolutely indistinguishable.” 117. Baoris ayreusit Trim. Gadzima, 10th September, 1895. New to the general series of the Museum collection, though represented by one example in the Hewitson series. PZ. 8.1898) Pl wx E.C. Knight del. et hth West, Newman chromo Butterflies from Natal. 1898.] THE SECRETARY ON THE BEAVER-POND AT LEONARDSLEA. 201 118. ParRNaRa DErEcTA Trim. Mazoe District, 4th January, 1895. 119. Baracus rnornatus Trim. Karkloof, 30th January and 8th February, 1897. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX. Fig. 1. Neocenyra extensa, d, p. 188. . Catochrysops plebeia, 3, p. 192. 3, 4. Catochrysops ariadne, 3 2, p. 193. . Spindasis masilikazi, 3 ,p. 195. . Spindasis ella, 3, var., p. 195. . Kagris gamesont, 3 (wet form), p. 199. bo Io March 15, 1898. Dr. AuBert Gtyrusr, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of February 1898 :— The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of February 1898 were 61 in number. Of these 12 were acquired by presentation, 14 by purchase, 3 were born in the Gardens, 11 were received by exchange, and 21 on deposit. The total number of departures during the same period, by death and removals, was 107. The Secretary exhibited some photographs of the Beaver-pond at Leonardslea, Horsham, and read the following notes from Sir Edmund Loder, Bart., F.Z.S., on the subject :— “T sent particulars of my Beavers to Mr. C.J. Cornish, who has written articles about the Beavers in ‘Country Life’ and in his new book ‘ Nights with an old Gunner’. “ About eight years ago I imported four Beavers from America, and turned them into an enclosure at the bottom of a valley with a small stream running through it. There was at that time a good deal of brushwood and some larger trees, but all these were very soon cut down except a few which I protected with iron. “Tt is difficult to know how many young ones were born. One certainly grew up and another was found dead, killed by the others. * ‘Nights with an old Gunner and other Studies of Wild Life.” By C.J. Cornish. London, 1897, p. 294. 202 MR.R. BE, HOLDING ON THE HORNS OF THE GALLA Ox. [Mar.15, “The old male must have died after 3 or 4 years. I have bought at different times two or three more Beavers, but I believe these were all killed after a few weeks by two old (probably barren) females. These, therefore, I caught up, and having secured a young male the colony seemed to flourish again. A young one was seen two years ago, but afew months since a young male was found dead, which was probably the same animal. It had most likely been killed in a fight with its father. It is difficult to say how many Beavers there are now, but only three have been seen together lately at any one time. «The earlier dam was built of small sticks and earth; now the Beavers use much larger sticks, and I think they are doing much more work than ever. “‘ About 18 months ago I enlarged the enclosure, taking in ground lower down with more of the stream. The Beavers at once set about building a new dam, and bayed up the water back to the old dam, partly submerging it. The object of the dam is to make sure of a pond sufliciently deep to keep it from freezing to the bottom in hard winters. When the water is frozen over the Beavers depend for their living on their winter store of twigs and branches, which they fix in the mud at the bottom of their pond. The mouths of their burrows being under water, they cannot come out when the ice covers the water. “The growth of the ‘lodge’ is curious. It can hardly be said that Beavers build a lodge, it grows. They begin by making a burrow in the bank, opening under water and rising up into dry land. At the end is a chamber: this they floor with long strips of white wood, which look at first sight like clean straw. As this gets wet and muddy from their feet they put down fresh straw for bedding, and so the floor of the chamber rises. To get head room they scratch away the earth from the ‘ ceiling’ until at last they get through into open air. This hole they stop up from the outside, heaping upon the chamber sticks and mud and turf. The process goes on until quite a high lodge is built.” Mr. R. E. Holding exhibited and made remarks upon a fine pair of horns of the “Sunga” or Galla Ox of Abyssinia, indicating briefly their upright growth and some minor points in the form of the frontal bones and horn-cores, which showed their affinity to the Humped Cattle or Zebus of India, this interesting group also extending into Egypt, Abyssinia, and East Africa down to the Cape. In the Galla country these cattle were said to attain a large size, and to be usually of a bay or brown colour, and to carry enormous horns. A pair in the Royal College of Surgeons Museum were 46 inches long each, and 15 inches in girth at the base. Another pair in the British Museum were 414 inches long each horn, and 15 inches in girth at the base. Other examples even larger were known. ‘The pair exhibited were slightly under these sizes. The 1898.] ON NEW SPECIES OF OSTRACODA FROM NEW ZEALAND. 203 origin of this curious and interesting humped variety of Cattle seemed doubtful, but that they were well-known to the ancient Horns of Galla Ox. Egyptians is attested by numerous careful drawings on the decorative wall-paintings and monuments of that period. A communication from Dr. G. Stewardson Brady, F.R.S., “ On new or imperfectly-known species of Ostracoda, chiefly from New Zealand,” was read. It contained descriptions of the Ostracoda collected in New Zealand by Mr. H. Suter, for the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen, and by Mr. G. M. Thomson, of Dunedin. It also included a description of an Ostracod from the Bay of Bengal, presenting some remarkable peculiarities of the mouth-organs, and 204 MR. J. T. CUNNINGHAM ON THE [ Mar. 15, constituting the type of a new genus, which was proposed to be called Hupathistonia. Of the New Zealand species treated of 16 were described as new, and the new generic term Trachyleberis was proposed for the reception of Cythere scabrocuneata, Brady. This paper will be published in full in the ‘ Transactions.’ The following papers were read :— 1. On the Early Post-larval Stages of the Common Crab (Cancer pagurus), and on the Affinity of that Species with Atelecyclus heterodon. By J. T. Cunninenam, M.A." [Received February 15, 1898.] (Plate XXI.) A complete account of the natural history of the common Edible Crab is not in existence, and the naturalist who endeavours to construct a life-history of the species from the separate observa- tions recorded ‘in zoological literature will find that direct observations on this particular species are very scarce. A general knowledge of the development of Brachyura has been obtained from the partial study of various species, but the systematic investigation of the diagnostic characters of the larval and immature stages in the various divisions of the suborder has yet much to accomplish. With regard to this species neither the Zora, nor the Megalopa, nor the earliest post-larval form has yet been figured and described in sufficient detail. The paper by R. Q. Couch in the Report of the Falmouth Polytechnic Society for 1843 contains a brief description of the Zoxa of this species, with a figure in the illustrating plate. A special paper on the development of the Edible Crab was published by the same author in the Reports of the Penzance Natural History Society for 1853-4-5. This paper is based on observations made in 1852. The Zoza is here again mentioned, and reference is made to a figure of it as plate i. fig. 1; but I have been unable to find any plate or figure in the volume. The Megalopa and the earliest post-larval stage are also described, but as it is not my intention in the present paper to consider the larval stages, I need only refer to the description of the first post-larval stage, into which the Megalopa changes after ecdysis. It is stated that in this stage the margin of the carapace was much more waved than in the Megalopa; the animal was now unlike any previous state, but not at all like the adult. The lateral rim was indented as in the adult, but instead of the oval form it was almost quad- rangular ; the sides, instead of being rounded off as in the adult, were perpendicular. Prof. S. I. Smith, in ‘ The Invertebrate Fauna of Vineyard Sound,’ 2 Communicated by F, EH. Bepparp, F.R.S. 1898.] POST-LARVAL STAGES OF THE COMMON CRAB. 205 U.S. Fish. Comm. Rep. 1871-72, published in 1873, gives some observations on the early stages of the American species Cancer irroratus. He states that Zoeas of the species were taken abundantly in Vineyard Sound from June 23rd till late in August. Megalopas were also taken, and that the change of the Megalopa into the first crab-form was observed in aquaria. In this early stage the young Crab was quite different from the adult. The carapace was about 3 mm. long and slightly less in breadth. The front was much more prominent than in the adult. The antero-lateral margin was much more longitudinal than in the adult, and was armed with 5 normal teeth, which were long and acute,and 4 much smaller secondary teeth alternating with these. Young Crabs in this stage were once or twice taken in the tow-net. Figures of the Zowa and Megalopa are given, but none of the first crab-form. The most important part of this description in relation to my own observations is that concerning the teeth on the antero-lateral margin. During last summer, while engaged in presenting to Cornish crab-fishermen the known facts concerning the natural history of the animals it is their business to capture, I endeavoured, when leisure and opportunity allowed, to trace the successive stages of the Edible Crab in the littoral waters. Having failed to identify any of the stages in the produce of the tow-net, or to obtain any stages later than the Zowa hatched directly from the ovum, I began to search the shore at low tide in the hope of finding the earliest ambulatory stages derived from the swimming larve hatched some weeks earlier. This search was also for a time unsuccessful, but at the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association at Plymouth I obtained on Sept. 28th the specimens which form the subject of the present paper. They were found among a quantity of coralline growth collected on the shore at Wembury Bay and were examined in the Laboratory, and my possession of them is due entirely to the exertions made by the Director and his assistants on my behalf. The specimens were ten in number, the smallest 2°5 mm. across the carapace, the largest 7 mm. The largest specimen was quite similar to the adult Cancer pagurus. Two or three of the smallest specimens had the characters shown in fig. 1 (Plate XXI.), while the rest were in a condition intermediate between this and the ordinary condition of Cancer pagurus. One of the most typical of these intermediate conditions is shown in fig. 2 (Plate XXI.), drawn from a specimen 4 mm. in breadth of carapace. For a time it seemed doubtful whether the smallest specimens as represented in fig. 1 were the young of Cancer pagurus or of Atelecyclus heterodon, as the antero-lateral teeth of the carapace are so similar to those in the adult condition of the latter species. The specimens seemed, however, to belong to the same series, and the facts that the outline of the carapace is not so regularly circular in the smallest specimens as in Afelecyclus, and that no more advanced specimens of that species were found in the 206 MR. J. 2. CUNNINGHAM ON THE [Mar. 15, collection, seem to exclude the possibility that any of the speci- mens belong to that species. Further, as we have seen, the characters of these small specimens agree with the brief description given by S. L. Smith of the earliest ambulatory form of an American species of Cancer. A minute examination of the specimen represented in fig. 1 reveals the following peculiarities:—The anterior portion of the carapace between the eyes is much more prominent than in the adult Cancer. It consists, as in the latter, of tive principal pro- jections or teeth, each of which carries secondary pointed teeth of different sizes. The eyes are much larger in proportion than in the adult, and on the anterior border of each eye-stalk is a tooth. The margin of the orbit carries minute teeth. The antero-lateral margin of the carapace bears altogether 10 teeth, five larger and 5 smaller alternating with each other. As seen in the quotation given above, Prof. S. I. Smith states that the number of teeth in the first crab-form of Cancer irroratus is only 9, 5‘* normal,” and 4 smaller alternating with them; but it seems to me probable that he omitted to notice the last small tooth behind the fifth large tooth. In any case this tooth is undoubtedly present in my specimens, and, as I shall show, its presence is of some importance. The larger teeth and some of the smaller exhibit secondary teeth on their hinder margins, and on these margins there are also some sete. From the tenth tooth there extends backward a granulated ridge corresponding to a similar ridge in the adult Cancer. The antenne are relatively longer than in the adult. The ambulatory legs or pereiopods are similar in shape to those of the adult, but the anterior pair or chelipeds differ in the possession of rows of pointed tubercles on the carpus and propodus, and a few smaller tubercles are visible also on the dactylus. On all the pereiopods and on the antenne there are a considerable number of sete. The length of the carapace in these smallest specimens is about 3 mm.; the breadth is only 25 mm. We may conclude therefore, both from size and characters as compared with those given by S. I. Smith in reference to Cancer irroratus, that these specimens are in the first crab-stage, and are derived directly from the Megalopa stage. The length of the carapace in this stage is thus somewhat greater than the breadth, while in the adult it is much less ; even in the largest specimen in the collection here considered the breadth of the carapace is 7 mm., while the length is only 5 mm. The intermediate stage seen in fig. 2 shows how the transition to the adult form is effected. This stage is probably derived directly from the former by a single ecdysis. In it the carapace is 4 mm. in breadth and slightly less in length. The anterior or rostral portion of the carapace now projects less, and the teeth both here and on the antero-lateral margin have become broader and rounder, while the secondary teeth on their margins have become regular rounded crenations. In this condition the antero- 1898. ] POST-LARVAL STAGES OF THE COMMON CRAB. 207 lateral teeth approach to the form of the quadrate lobes in the same position in the adult, the notches between them in the earlier stage having been filled up by their increase in breadth. In the adult the crenated margin becomes much smoother, the crenations becoming so minute as to be all but obsolete. The tubercles on the outer surface of the chelipeds are in the second stage relatively smaller, but still distinct, and their arrangement in longitudinal rows is more evident. In both stages there are numerous small scattered tubercles on the surface of the carapace, more prominent in the first stage than in the second; in the adult these are reduced to minute granulations. It is quite obvious that the second stage, represented in fig. 2, could not possibly belong to Atelecyclus, or indeed to any other species than Cancer pagurus, and I think there is no doubt that this form is derived from the first stage shown in fig. 1. But the evident similarity of the form shown in fig. 1 to Atelecyclus at once suggests that the two genera are closely allied, and I was led by this resemblance to compare the two British species more carefully. As a result of this study 1 have come to the conclusion that Atelecyclus properly belongs to the family Cancride, and should be placed in close proximity to the genus Cancer, not in the place hitherto assigned to it, in the family Corystide. The points of resemblance between Atelecyclus heterodon and Cancer pagurus are numerous and obvious. In both the anterior margin of the carapace is quinquedentate, one of the teeth being median, and the two external forming the inner boundaries of the orbits. The antero-lateral teeth require a detailed examination. I have had for this purpose three specimens of Atelecyclus, two males 3°7 cm. in diameter, one female 2°4cm. I find there are really 10 of these teeth in all, as in Cancer pagurus. The last or 10th, counting that which forms the outer boundary of the orbit as the first, is at the anterior extremity of the granulated ridge which borders the dorsal surface of the carapace posteriorly. This tooth is sometimes defined behind by a distinct indentation as well as in front. This is the case on both sides of one of the males, on the right side only in the other; in the female the indentation is not very distinct on either side. In Cancer pagurus the tenth lateral lobe or tooth, although much less marked than the rest and situated on the postero-lateral margin, is defined posteriorly by a distinct indentation. In Atelecyclus heterodon the Ist, 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th teeth are larger, the rest smaller. In my two male specimens the 2nd and Ath teeth are very small, almost rudimentary. Montagu, who first defined the species, called it septemdentatus, and Stebbing (‘ Crustacea,’ Internal. Sci. Ser. 1893) states that there are 9 teeth on the antero-lateral margin, and suggests that Montagu did not include the point at each extremity of the series. It seems to me more probable that Montagu omitted the 2nd and 4th on account of their slight development, and also the 10th tooth, which might be regarded as the extremity of the posterior granulated ridge. 208 MR. J. T, CUNNINGHAM ON THE [Mar. 15, In reckoning 9 teeth on the antero-lateral margin, Stebbing follows Thomas Bell (‘ British Crustacea,’ 1853), and, I believe, all other writers who have described the species. Whether the 10th tooth should be counted or not may be considered a matter of opinion if the description of the species is considered apart from its relations to other species ; but my own observation has convinced me that the teeth correspond exactly to the broad teeth or lobes of Cancer pagurus, and in both species there is a 10th tooth at the posterior end of the series. Thomas Bell noticed this 10th tooth in Cancer pagurus, giving as one of the specific characters “latero-anterior margin ten-loted ;” and when, as in his work, only 9 teeth are attributed to Atelecyclus the homology of the teeth in the two species is obscured. It is stated as a peculiarity of the legion Corystinea, containing the single family Corystidx, that the third pair of maxillipeds do not usually make a complete closure of the mouth-cavity, and are extended over the anterior margin of its frame. But it is mentioned as an exception that in Atelecyclus the third maxillipeds do make a complete closure of the mouth-cavity. The real significance of this exception is that in Atelecyclus as in Cancer the inner edges of the third maxillipeds meet in the middle line. The form and proportional size of the chelipeds, and of the other legs, are very similar in Atelecyclus and in Cancer. In Atelecyclus there are 7 longitudinal rows of tubercles on the propodus of the chelipeds. In the adult Cancer there are no rominent tubercles, but it is easy to verify the fact that the five load rows are represented by granulated ridges, while the upper two are obsolete. On the preceding segment, or carpus, in Atelecyclus there are 4 rows of tubercles, of which the uppermost bifurcates anteriorly. These are likewise represented in Cancer by ridges, but the bifurcation of the uppermost is not visible. In the young stages of Cancer pagurus which I have figured and described in this paper the rows of tubercles on both the segments mentioned are very similar to those in the adult Atelecyclus. In all the points mentioned in which Atelecyclus heterodon approaches to Cancer pagurus it differs from Corystes cassivelaunus. The form of the carapace in the latter is quite different; it is much longer than broad, and its sides are almost straight and parallel to the antero-posterior axis. There is no median tooth to the rostrum, the extremity of which forms two divergent teeth, and the sides of which slope outward to the orbits without any projecting tooth, but with only a slight rounded prominence at the inner boundary of each orbit. Instead of 10 teeth on the antero- lateral margin, there are 4 widely-separated lateral teeth, with a blunt projection between the 2nd and 3rd. The maxillipeds of the 3rd pair are long and narrow, and their inner edges do not meet in the middle line. The chelipeds of Corystes, instead of being short and robust as in Atelecyclus and Cancer, are, especially in the male, long, and slender, with long segments, and the rows of tubercles mentioned above 1898. ] POST-LARVAL STAGES OF THE COMMON CRAB. 209 are not represented. In Corystes also the tail extends forward only to the sternum of the 3rd pereiopods, while in Cancer and Atelecyclus it extends to the sternum belonging to the chelipeds. I think it will be agreed that the evidence I have detailed is abundantly sufficient to prove that Atelecyclus has no claim to a position in the family Corystide and that its proper position is in the Cancride next to Cancer. The resemblances of the adults are enough to establish this proposition, while at the same time it is confirmed by the greater resemblances between the young Cancer and the adult Atelecyclus. The peculiarities of the Ist crab-form of Cancer thus indicate that the latter in its evolution has diverged from an ancestral form closely similar to Atelecyclus, and that in the adult condition of Cancer several features which Atelecyclus retains throughout life have been considerably modified. Mr. Walter Garstang (Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc. vol. iv. no. 3) has recently described the respiratory adaptations in Corystes cassivelaunus, in which the antenne form a tube conveying an anterior afferent current of water to the branchial cavities, and remarks that a similar reversal of the respiratory current occurs in the allied form Atelecyclus heterodon. Now, in accordance with this remark, I find that there is a certain degree of similarity between the arrangement of the antenne and parts surrounding the anterior apertures of the respiratory cavities in the two forms. The antennz in Atelecyclus are not more than one-third the length of those of Corystes, but they are provided each with a dorsal and ventral fringe of hairs which by their apposition would form a tube as in Corystes. The anterior edges of the external maxillipeds (2nd segment) are also fringed with long hairs which form a ventral floor to the water-channel as in Corystes. But the second joint of the peduncle of the antenne is not flexed on the first in Atelecyclus as it is in Corystes. The first joint of the antenna is fixed in