me Hh 2 pity Pat f hy hi ’ Rf of Wi ne an Vols tis ah ee it fi aide saat th with ete iit dialh i PP nih Py AMebear . uae, a ae ] 4 rn a 4 ni 3 hae patti he , WHE SH hy ii * ‘ieyit ali pay At bead fh Mite go) wyies ah (8 rust RS star altiaiey i AUS abed ae Hi Hat tied in Ki a it a yh ie 4 ty rept Pye oy it SMe et ne ri FRU at IH u ible hh eh *| . 7 sisal iJ iin 44 : ie ah}; i ahs A = Ee oe tne Si - | he iu i i ats init ! a Renee hi hata ae i finiaaiaied cee ; et ities Hates pie nice i BO i $B a tobe eho ine Mat tae sya Hebe Wei rt Laursen el Boel Aube he ct tate MEDS YAM IPI \ sb ry es yds aly iii Nthadbaeas idee ba etre try ' shel ise i thai ett ig? ; dredge eet Wpehateea lero hhae if Nina : ft “hi ia Wy ids 1 muh iat aS / i in ca lin i i a th ue ' vay ith ) ii " why h Bute sh ie tel i \ SNH LEA Hae inet eee a ae Se a Ste ee Fae. = aaa — ~ —— eS te ee S=SES5 <2. = ee er ee Ps ie pee at = = S - * Bn ee a = rere oe = — 2 a SEES ee ae a ee : ESSE = SS R oa ie = Same Ser ete So ee == BES <3 ross SEz=S55- : ee — = “Se es SSeS a z St Ser See Seay. 2 = So - aR ste get ae S) = : eres moaee 4 ty Wn Nil oo Ht MM Te of Hi ae - r " ‘i eon a roe ish cs an re Peitenias see ir + ue | etd Hh ae Healt ni va HB We Hl 4a toni a vey | a - Boe a iti Highiats i i \ RN Rt ing } Wok ty aa a) ‘Wt ‘Ayety Lin oy teh NEO Mite ata nea tte Wit Ha ai i ine ae Plat ‘ i bn) Lu Se ; , rar ae yale Y 1h Ale - f ue ae ba Ry Centre ltt ate a aa Usa ral ivy mela! a FOR THE PEOPLE | FOR EDVCATION FOR SCIENCE | LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Sol an ey My i q er) PROCEEDINGS Indiana Academy of Science 1914 PROCEEDINGS OF THE a Indiana Academy of Science 1914 H. E. BARNARD, Editor INDIANAPOLIS: WM. B. BURFORD, CONTRACTOR FOR STATE PRINTING AND RINDING 1915 TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE GOs nC LOmMmmerry eee aa stress san echt ye ce ge ese r nt ts rie stint Seen cera Tae eM hea 5 ny ale SMP aa re eric ee cee ne UN. EARL UNS Re DAME Reese Re «METAS con 7 AMP LOMA TOMO lO —TOVAL ke cere ad ence e tn eka HE NOs ae ates 9 An Aet for the Protection of Birds, Their Nests and Eggs................ 9 Public Offenses—Hunting Birds—Penalty............................... 10 Ofiicensmp OSM Ae a tee eR tt LC Aenea Renee eR erie A: Wiad vei 11 FUXECUIEIN ERC OMIM ESE aie: oe) 2 ke a Rigi ei) cba ere beeches Minot Suseuch sli abe: 2 eases onto a 11 (CURATORS « 02} 4 3io Be eee Tie Te emunae neti tus MNGE mR Rent one ie AIR egh 11 Committees Academy of Science, 1915..........................2--005-- 12 Ofticerslofithe Academy of Science (A Table of)... .22:55.2......25..-..- 13 IMIGTODIDORS , 5.0) See Soe eee eR ELR i ier renee ee Meer PI MM Ana Tn Aine ison uted Rn taieets 14 IBLE TI Oyyy Seep eer ee ee he aN le AE ee A ae tier CA aE AY: 14 AGIBIT® IMIGITN OCTET EES tesa A Saeed eetian ee AU (aN or coe Oe errr Ee ee aa Rie aus recent 22 Mime sroteulvess prince etme eae ease ern ieee ane 39 Minutes of the Thirtieth Annual Meeting................................ 45 Erorramupouthe ahirtieth Annual Meeting... 20.2.5 .2 5552-6 225 eee a ae ee 50 Science in Its Relation to the Conservation of Human Life. Severance JEUWETR EYES sce eect ercaeaetee es aCe oie a er eo eee ee ce IE RRR Oh 55 A Family in One Neighborhood. Amos W. Butler...................... 59 The Problem of Feeble-Mindedness. G.S. Bliss........................ 61 The Feeble-Minded and Delinquent Boy. Franklin C. Paschal.......... 63 The Feeble-Minded and Delinquent Girl. E. E. Jones................... 71 Feeble-Mindedness in the Public Schools. Katrina Myers............... 79 The Alcohol Problem in the Light of Coniosis. Robert Hessler......... 85 Cold Storage Is Practical Conservation. H. E. Barnard................. 101 Changing Conditions in the Kentucky Mountains. B.H.Schockel....... 109 Conservation and Civilization. Arthur L. Foley.....:...............:.. 133 Why Do Our Birds Migrate? D.W. Dennis............................-. 145 Hloodgerotectionam Indiana, WeikKe Hatten... seec.e ose es eeenenoe 149 An Apparatus for Aerating Culture Solutions. Paul Weatherwax......... 157 Antagonism on B. Fluorescens and B. Typhosus in Culture. P. A. Tetrault. 161 Notes Upon the Distribution of Forest Trees in Indiana. Stanley Coulter. 167 Corrections to the Lists of Mosses of Monroe County, Indiana, I and II. WialdredsNothnagelandsl a iwPickett.aeenaseser earner 179 The Mosses of Monroe County, Indiana, III. F. L. Pickett and Mildred IN| @ iy OUT GTS leases ls Eee cae Neate a rretate Se Une Aerie s en ew A cee ken SMe bg 181 A New Enemy of the Black Locust. Glenn Culbertson.................. 185 A New Leaf Spot of Viola Cucullata. H.W. Anderson.................. 187 eS cMUcm pr Clie HUE pe lHeie w Minds ey Sei eet a te Me a to 191 Plants New or Rare to Indiana. No. V. Charles C. Deam 197 4 PAGE Some Peculiarities in Spirogyra Dubia. Paul Weatherwax............. 208 Report on Corn Pollimation DV. (Himal)2 My i. Bisher.. 5 see eee 207 Stomata or LrilliumyNivale: JF MevAndrewst-= 5.5.55 0) 4.) ee 209 The Primrose-Leaved Violet in White County. Louis M. Heimlich...... 213 Continuous Rust Propagation Without Sexual Reproduction. C. A. ADEN CW Oe i et ay yd pies a eR Oe 219 Correlation of Certain Long-Cycled and Short-Cycled Rusts. H. C. Pravelbe@is choise Fas. oh 3 haya de ee 231 Some Species of Nummularia Common in Indiana. Claude E. O’Neal.... 235 The Genus Rosellinia in Indiana. Glen B. Ramsey............... ERS 251 Some Large Botanical-Problems:” G: ©. Arthur... 23... eee 267 The Alba B. Ghere Collection of Birds’ Eggs Presented to the Museum of Purdue University. Howard E. Enders........ RS = Ss 55 oo 6 273 A Note ona Peculiar Nesting Site of the Chimney Swift. Glenn Culbertson 279 Notes on Indiana Earthworms. H. V. Heimburger....../............... 281 Notes on Orthoptera and Orthopteran Habitats in the Vicinity of Lafayette, Indiana. "blenny: Hox: tii. ose it oe BS pee he tae eee 287 Some Insects of the Between Tides Zone. Charles H. Arndt............. 323 The Snakes of the Lake Maxinkuckee Region. Barton Warren Evermann andsHoward WialtoniClark, 22.5 395: osee- 40s os ee 337 Stirring as a Time Saver in Gravimetric Analysis. W.M. Blanchard..... 349 The Alundum Crucible as a Substitute for the Gooch Crucible. . George d Fat Cl Eid ee lene er ore ene ene Ge one am wei 6 Sao os 5c 55: 35 The Correlation of High School and College Chemistry. James Brown... 355 The Chemical Composition of Virgin and Cropped Indiana Soils. 8. D. Commer: sk Sos APE RAPS 2 ea Re eee 359 Sewage Disposal.. (CharlessBrossmani;--2 5-2-4... 4-- 2 52360 Tar Forming Temperatures of American Coals. Otto Carter Berry...... 373 Shawnee Mound, Tippecanoe County, as a Glacial Alluvial Cone. Wm. AL MeBeth: on. 2226 ee ee 385 Correlation of the Outcrop at Spades, Indiana. H.N. Coryell........... 389 The Paleobotany of the Bloomington, Indiana, Quadrangle. T.F.Jackson. 395 The Flatwoods Region of Owen and Monroe Counties, Indiana. Clyde A. Malott: 5 < coos 5 Gis oe Sa A ee 399 Mechanical Device for Testing Mersenne Numbers for Primes. Thos. By} AMasonss oo neni 8S OA ais SA Oe ee 429 Some Properties of Binomial Coefficients. A.M. Kenyon................ 433 Radioactivity, of Spring Water.” IRR. Ramsey. ....5. 522-50 see 453 A Tornado at Watertown, South Dakota, June 23, 1914. J. Gladden i GtOn 2532 oe Resch ae BS SA ee 473 A Simple Form of the Carey Foster Bridge. J. P. Naylor...... Leek ane 485 Variation of the Emanation Content of Certain Springs. R. R. Ramsey. 489 The Construction of a Rutherford’s Electroscope. Edwin Morrison...... 491 CONSTITUTION. ARTICLE I. Section 1. This association shall be called the Indiana Academy of Science. Sec. 2. The objects of this Academy shall be scientific research and the diffusion of knowledge concerning the various departments of science ; to promote intercourse between men engaged in scientific work, especially in Indiana; to assist by investigation and discussion in developing and making known the material, educational and other resources and riches of the State; to arrange and prepare for publication such reports of investi- gation and discussions as may further the aims and objects of the Academy as set forth in these articles. WHEREAS, The State has undertaken the publication of such proceed- ings, the Academy will, upon request of the Governor, or of one of the several departments of the State, through the Governor, act through its council as an advisory body in the direction and execution of any investiga- tion within its province as stated. The necessary expenses incurred in the prosecution of such investigation are to be borne by the State; no pecuniary gain is to come to the Academy for its advice or direction of such investi- gation. The regular proceedings of the Academy as published by the State shal] become a public document. ARTICLE II. SecTION 1. Members of this Academy shall be honorary fellows, fellows, non-resident members or active members. Sec. 2. Any person engaged in any department of scientific work, or in original research in any department of science, shall be eligible to active membership. Active members may be annual or life members. Annual members may be elected at any meeting of the Academy; they shall sign the constitution, pay an admission fee of two dollars and thereafter an annual fee of one dollar. Any person who shall at one time contribute fifty dollars to the funds of this Academy may be elected a life member of the Academy, free of assessment. Non-resident members may be elected 6 from those who have been active members but who haye removed from the State. In any case, a three-fourths vote of the members present shall elect to membership. Application for membership in any of the foregoing classes shall be referred to a committee on application for membership. who shall consider such application and report to the Academy before the election. ; Sec. 3. The members who are actively engaged in scientific work, who have recognized standing as scientific men, and who have been members of the Academy at least one year, may be recommended for nomination for election as fellows by three fellows or members personally acquainted with their work and character. Of members so nominated a number not exceed- ing five in one year May, on recommendation of the Executive Committee, be elected as fellows. At the meeting at which this is adopted, the mem- bers of the Executive Committee for 1894 and fifteen others shall be elected fellows, and those now honorary Members shall become honorary fellows. Honorary fellows may be elected on account of special prominence in science, on the written recommendation of two members of the Academy. In any case a three-fourths vote of the members present shall elect. ARTICLE ITI. SEcTION 1. The officers of this Academy shall be chosen by ballot at the annual meeting, and shall hold office one year. They shall consist of a. President, Vice-President, Secretary, Assistant Secretary, Press Secretary and Treasurer, who shall perform the duties usually pertaining to their respective offices and in addition, with the ex-presidents of the Academy, shall constitute an Executive Committee. The President shall, at each annual meeting, appoint two members to be a committee, which shall prepare the programs and have charge of the arrangements for all meetings for one year. Sec. 2. The annual meeting of this Academy shall be held in the city of Indianapolis within the week following Christmas of each year, unless otherwise ordered by the Executive Committee. There shall also be a summer meeting at such time and place as may be decided upon by the Executive Committee. Other meetings may be called at the discretion of the Executive Committee. The past Presidents, together with the officers and Executive Committee, shall constitute the council of the Academy, and represent it in the transaction of any necessary business not especially provided for in this constitution, in the interim between general meetings. a Sec. 3. This constitution may be altered or amended at any annual meeting by a three-fourths majority of the attending members of at least one year’s standing. No question of amendment shall be decided on the day of its presentation. BY-LAWS. 1. On motion, any special department of science shall be assigned to a curator, whose duty it shall be, with the assistance of the other members interested in the same department, to endeavor to advance knowledge in that particular department. Each curator shall report at such time and place as the Academy shall direct. ‘These reports shal! include a brief summary of the progress of the department during the year preceding the presentation of the report. 2. The President shall deliver a public address on the morning of one of the days of the meeting at the expiration of his term of office. 3. The Press Secretary shall attend to the secnring of proper news- paper reports of the meetings and assist the Secretary. 4. No special meeting of the Academy shall be held without a notice of the same having been sent to the address of each member at least fifteen days before such meeting. 5. No bill against the Academy shall be paid without an order signed by the President and countersigned by the Secretary. 6. Members who shall allow their dues to remain unpaid for two years, having been annually notified of their arrearage by the Treasurer, shall have their names stricken from the roll. 7. Ten members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE PUBLICATION OF THE REPORTS AND PAPERS OF THE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. [Approved March 11, 1895.] WHEREAS, The Indiana Academy of Science, a chartered scientific association, has embodied in its constitution a provision that it will, upon the request of the Governor, or of the several departments of the State 8 government, through the Governor, and through its council as an advisory board, assist in the direction and execution of any investigation within its province, without pecuniary gain to the Academy, provided only that the necessary expenses of such investigation are borne by the State; and, WHEREAS, The reports of the meetings of said Academy, with the several papers read before it, have very great educational, industrial anl economic value, and should be preserved in permanent form; and WHEREAS, The Constitution of the State makes it the duty of the General Assembly to encourage by all suitable means intellectual, scientific and agricultural improvement; therefore, Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assemlly of the State of Indiana, That hereafter the annual reports of the meetings of the Indiana Academy of Science, beginning with the report for the year 1894, including all papers of scientific or economic value, presented at such meetings, after they shall have been edited and prepared for publication as hereinafter provided, shall be published by and under the direction of the Commission- ers of Public Printing and Binding. Sec. 2. Said reports shall be edited and prepared for publication without expense to the State, by a corps of editors to be selected and appointed by the Indiana Academy of Science, who shall not, by reason of such service, have any claim against the State for compensation. The form, style of binding, paper, typography and manner and extent of illustration of- such reports shall be determined by the editors, subject to the approval of the Commissioners of Public Printing and Stationery. Not less than 1,500 nor more than 3,000 copies of each of said reports shall be published, the size of the edition within said limits to be determined by the concurrent action of the editors and the Commissioners of Public Printing and Station- ery: Provided, That not to exceed six hundred dollars ($600) shall be expended for such publication in any one year, and not to extend beyond 1896: Provided, That no sums shall be deemed to be appropriated for the year 1894. Sec. 3. All except three hundred copies of each volume of said reports shall be placed in the custody of the State Librarian, who shall furnish one copy thereof to each public library in the State, one copy to each university, college or normal school in the State, one copy to each high school in the State having a library, which shall make application therefor, and one copy to such other institutions, societies or persons as may be designated by the 9 Academy through its editors or its council. The remaining three hundred copies shall be turned over to the Academy to be disposed of as it may determine. In order to provide for the preservation of the same it shall be the duty of the Custodian of the State House to provide and place at the disposal of the Academy one of the unoccupied rooms of the State House, to be designated as the office of the Academy of Science, wherein said copies of said reports belonging to the Academy, together with the original manuscripts, drawings, etc., thereof can be safely kept, and he shall also equip the same with the necessary shelving and furniture. Sec. 4. An emergency is hereby declared to exist for the immediate taking effect of this act, and it shall therefore take effect and be in force from and after its passage. APPROPRIATION FOR 1913-1914. The appropriation for the publication of the proceedings of the Acad- emy during the years 1913 and 1914 was increased by the Legislature in the General Appropriation bill, approved March 9, 1909. That portion of the law fixing the amount of the appropriation for the Academy is herewith given in full: For the Academy of Science: For the printing of the proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science twelve hundred dollars: Provided, That any unexpended balance in 1913 shall be available in 1914, and that any unexpended balance in 1914 shall be available in 1915. AN ACT FOR THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS, THEIR NESTS AND EGGS. Sec. 602. Whoever kills, traps or has in his possession any wild bird, or whoever sells or offers the same for sale, or whoever destroys the nest or eggs of any wild bird, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not less than ten dollars nor more than twenty-five dollars: Provided, That the provisions of this section shall not apply to the following named game birds: The Anatidze, commonly called swans, geese, brant, river and sea duck; the Rallidee, commonly called rails, coots, mud-hens, gallinules; the Limicole, commonly called shore birds, surf birds, plover, snipe, woodcock, sandpipers, tattlers and curlew; the Gallinz, commonly called wild turkeys, grouse, prairie chick- ens, quails and pheasants; nor to English or Huropean house sparrows, 10 crows, hawks or other birds of prey. Nor shall this section apply to persons taking birds, their nests or eggs, for scientific purposes, under permit, as provided in the next session. Sec. 603. Permits may be granted by the Commissioner of Fisheries and Game to any properly accredited person, permitting the holder thereof to collect birds, their nests or eggs for strictly scientific purposes. In order to obtain such permit the applicant for the same must present to such Commissioner written testimonials from two well-known scientific men certifying to the good character and fitness of such applicant to be entrusted with such privilege, and pay to such Commissioner one dollar therefor and file with him a properly executed bond in the sum of two hundred dollars, payable to the State of Indiana, conditioned that he will obey the terms of such permit, and signed by at least two responsible citizens of the State as sureties. The bond may be forfeited, and the permit revoked upon proof to the satisfaction of such Commissioner that the holder of such permit has killed any bird or taken the nest or eggs of any bird for any other purpose than that named in this section. PUBLIC OFFENSES—HUNTING WILD BIRDS—PENALTY. [| Approved March 13, 1913.] SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Indiana, That section six (6) of the above entitled act be amended to read as follows: Section 6. That section six hundred two (602) of the above entitled act be amended to read as follows: Section 602. It shall be unlawful for any person to kill, trap or possess any wild bird, or to purchase or offer the same for sale, or to destroy the nest or eggs of any wild bird, except as otherwise provided in this section. But this section shall not apply to the following named game birds: The Anatidie, com- monly called swans, geese, brant, river and sea duck; the Rallidwe, com- monly known as rails, coots, mud-hens and gallinules; the Limicole, commonly known as shore birds, plovers, surf birds, snipe, woodcock, sandpipers, tattlers and curlews; the Gallinz, commonly called wild turkeys, grouse, prairie chickens, quails, and pheasants; nor to English or European house sparrows, blackbirds, crows, hawks or other birds of. prey. Nor shall this section apply to any person taking birds or their nests or eggs for scientific purposes under permit as provided in the next section. Any person violating the provisions of this section shall, on conviction, be fined not less than ten dollars ($10.00) nor more than fifty dollars ($50.00). Indiana Academp of Science. Artnur, J. C., Bieney, A. J., BLANCHARD, W. M., BLATCHLEY, W. 5S., BopINE, DoNALDSON, BRANNER, J. C., BURRAGE, SEVERANCE, Butier, Amos W., CoasHatL, W. A., Courter, JoHN M.., CouLTER, STANLEY, OFrFIcERS, 1914-1915. PRESIDENT, Witpur A. CoGsHALu. VicE-PRESIDENT, WinuiAM A. McBrru. SECRETARY, ANDREW J. BIGNEY. ASSISTANT SECRETARY, H. E. EnpErs. PRESS SECRETARY, FRANK B. WADE. ‘TREASURER, WinutiAM M. BLANCHARD. Eprror, H. E. BArNarp. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE: CULBERTSON, GLENN, McBetu, W. A., Dryer, Cuas. R., EIGENMANN, C. H., Eyans, P. N., Dennis, D. W., Forey, A. L., BLT, Oy IPs, Hessiter, Roper, IOBIN, do 125 1s, JoRDAN, D.S., Memss, Cart L., Mortimer, Davin M., MenpDENTIALL, T. C., Naytor, Josepu P., Noyes, W. A.., Wane, F. B., Waupo, C. A., Witny, H. W., Wricu7, JOHN S. CURATORS: GS @ TU NUN pV ees opal oy ra ert ti ge eatin 2 ea J. C. ARTHUR. [DENTON OIL OVEN Gy, Sans meee RON Ep aL Mea ie ye Pe Pn ie ta W.S. BLATCHLEY. HERPETOLOGY ) MAMMALOGY P RA ap ert scee Metts eA Het Sash Maney ea ei Lage ra \. W. Butier. ORNITHOLOGY } IG@UDHYOLOGY..........-- Hi. C. HIGENMANN., COMMITTEES ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, 1915. Program. Witt Scott, Bloomington F. B. Wang, Indianapolis P. N. Evans, LaFayette Nominations. SEVERANCE BurrRaAce, Indianapolis W. J. MoenxHaus, Bloomington A. 8S. Harnaway, Terre Haute State Library. W.S. Buarcauey, Indianapolis H. J. Banker, Coldspring Harbor, NERS A. W. Butter, Indianapolis Biological Survey. C. C. Dram, Bluffton H. W. AnpErRSON, Crawfordsville Gro. N. Horrer, West LaFayette A. O. Cox, Terre Haute J. A. Nizuwtanp, Notre Dame Distribution of Proceedings. A. J. Branry, Moores Hill Joun B. DutcHer, Bloomington A. W. Butrimr, Indianapolis W. M. Buancuarp, Greencastle Membership. H. E. Enprers, West LaFayette Epwin Morrison, Richmond. Frep A. Mituer, Indianapolis Auditing. E. B. Wituiamson, Bluffton GLENN CULBERTSON, Hanover Restriction of Weeds and Diseases. Rosert Hessier, Logansport Amos Butter, Indianapolis J. N. Hurry, Indianapolis Sraniey Coutter, LaFayette D. M. Mortrgrr, Bloomington Academy to State. R. W. McBripgs, Indianapolis GLENN CULBERTSON, Hanover H. E. Barnarp, Indianapolis A. W. Butter, Indianapolis W. W. Wootten, Indianapolis Publication of Proceedings. H. KE. Barnarp, Indianapolis C. R. Drvkr, Ft. Wayne M. Kk. Hacerrry, Bloomington R. R. Hype, Terre Haute J. 8. Wricut, Indianapolis 13 “‘pieyouelg ‘WwW ‘TIBYss0D “Vy ° “SNe’YYUVOJy “Te e) “snveyyUusO]T “f° “SnvYy USOT “f° “SNBYYUSOT “f MA WOM VM “WIR “VM “WIOROW “VM “WIORON “VM TOMI “VW “AA “WOON “VM “UO “VM TPeaoog “L “f [PoAoog “L “f “[LIRAOS ll Ie WOEROO Sy idl SE NEAOOS wh Je “uouUURyS “dq “MA “uouURYS “dq “MM eo Soe ples Set oo qaengg “HL OTN oo grengg “A OTN “SUIBYPOOM “MA UYOL ens Rees yoqqy “VD aes yoqqy “VD SYABTD) CY SoplLVyy) re Sere ee ones eee eae eS “""""TOJUN * AA °O9*) eee aes uo ,U0g * WOOK [ 5 NOLOMMOREYS [% “+> -gopuq “of H eet s1opug “aH BF apace ny BE qyig “WO | “UOSUUIBITITM “EOL | “* UOSUIBITITAA “GA S Ss0080"6°0 Aousiq a6 ‘Vv ee erL 70 95 Aousig oP ag: ob ea Aousig ‘( °V ee eee: ULOSUBY “Jf | ED eee wosuvy “Hf Pe WOSURYy “Wf SOEs wosury “A ¢ “-guIpOg UOSsp[eUuog “-ouIpOgd UOSspleuog ae SHAT UTS VE el aes 8Z4INYIS “VW Se azynyog “y “A ee Aousig, ae VW 55d).0-0°0 10 0 Aoustg ab Vv 900 00 D-0 AOUSIG, oP ‘Vv |; BSTTOTALOTA * See re ee : “WOqUeg “AA Ted ine WOSUB yy * “UOT * UO TNOTN * shieiieelielie VUSLL AA 9 uyor VUSTIIAA “S UyOr 9st “§ uyor 7 gy STI “S Uo WYSIIM “S uyor “oo VUSTIAA (SO uUyOr “ -VUBSITAA “S UYyOLr |" QUSTIAA “9 UyOr QUSTI MA “S UYOL “jpeysiiog 9 “V anqyrA OSBIINE, VNUBIOAIG euTIpog uospy[RUu0dg PO 8 OBES SAO MEIN well “fp Do mOoOO 05 IakIq “Wy ay sess SURAT ON cd a ee oe Kojo LW “--UOS}LEq ND uuUe]sy) eee DOW “WC ae Ia[Ssop]{ J19q 03 eis WYSIIAM “S uyor SA orcs: SO9WW TO 7° Soppoqey “SA “- AOTIMA (MA ADAIR ET sss SBUOUL “FIN “2+ -stamad “Md “ -UUBUIUOSIA “FO Oe DOA NE SO) ABIX) SBUIOY, LT, “7 SopaDO DODD e000 0005.0 ro O00 “Teyang “AA soury | : Jjeqduey T ip ZGO8T-1681 “SUTyUOL eI 76) CA ooh OlotenOe tone. cicrohoa bic eecickoin ole ohare ta th ome ce ed So 0 Bayete “AN soury a ninpsesecte Avy aT, 0) IG8T-O6ST Seo ee PO TEE2 I COIEEEE [POSTTEST DUET cae REE Sar on eee een eA ees Cat oer we ties es Sey inn Deane ee renee el ase ae “SUTyUO(: oat °©) OoonddGdagHDoO oad Od DO dO Olona oo DO Goo moc DU oo OOD I’ BRON “roping ™M soury Gb 0-5 Geco uyor “aI “al re QR8T-J88T SSE Mp Ser ty Wee mente ae dare enon ho oo TORE PH AY eine EME MeN eT HC een Seen leek i ee [eae ek ae oie ett Cumecea: | cceouuaso mccuprdeer MORelecee “UGUASVAY Y, aaa ssaug | “AUVALAMOMG Say, “RUVLAMOAG “INDCISaU ‘SUVA ‘HONHIOS HO ANHAGVOV VNVIGNI HHL tO SHHOIWHO 14 | | i MEMBERS.* FELLOWS. THAW OOM (Cy VANS, Coesinol Inout ING IDEKo co oon nooo bosodboo oD odoeC CCU 71908 Professor of Chemistry, University of North Dakota. Chemistry. Alley jVRObDeEbeI i OLOMO ye Mieke stare teried seieeae a estes ener aie eee 4 ee 1898 President of University of Maine. Mathematics and General Science. Anderson, H. W., 1 Mills Place, Crawfordsville, Ind................. 1912 Professor of Botany, Wabash College. Botany. Andrews, F. M., 744 E. Third St., Bloomington, Ind.................. 1911 Assistant Professor of Botany, Indiana University. ; Botany. Arthur, Joseph C., 915 Columbia St., Lafayette, Ind................ 1894 Professor of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology, Purdue Uni- versity. Botany. Barnard, H. E., Room 20 State House, Indianapolis, Ind............ 1910 Chemist to Indiana State Board of Health. Chemistry, Sanitary Science, Pure Foods. 3eede, Joshua W., cor. Wall and Atwater Sts., Bloomington, Ind..... 1896 Associate Professor of Geology, Indiana University. Stratigraphic Geology, Physiography. Benton, George W., 100 Washington Square, New York, N. Y......... 1896 With the American Book Company. *Every effort has been made to obtain the correct address and occupation of each member, and to learn what line of science he is interested in. The first line contains the name and address; the second line the oceupation; the third line the branch of science in which he is interested. The omission of an address indicates that mail addressed to the last printed address was returned as uncalled for. Information as to the present address of members so indicated is requested by the secretary. The custom of dividing the list of members has been followed, +Date of election, tt Non-resident, i 15 iniemery, Amobreny dot Micon JEnI, IWitlosocacsco0sdasccucbucacbddDgnO 1897 Vice-President and Professor of Biology and Geology, Moores Hill College. Biology and Geology sithme, Catharine Golden, Washington, D. C...............6....+-: 1895 Microscopic Expert, Pure Food, National Canners Laboratory. Botany. Blatchley, W. S., 1558 Park Ave., Indianapolis, Ind................. 1893 Naturalist. Botany, Entomology and Geology. Bodine, Donaldson, Four Mills Place, Crawfordsville, Ind............ 1899 Professor of Geology and Zoology, Wabash College. Entomology and Geology. Breeze, Fred J., care American Book Company, New York, N. Y...... 1910 With the American Book Company. Geography. Bruner, Henry Lane, 324 8S. Ritter Ave., Indianapolis, Ind............ 1899 Professor of Biology, Butler College. Comparative Anatomy, Zoology. Burrage, Severance, care Eli Lilly Co., Indianapolis, Ind............ 1898 Charge of Biological Laboratory, Eli Lilly Co. Bacteriology, Sanitary Science. Butler, Amos W., 52 Downey Ave., Irvington, Ind.........:.......... 1895 Secretary, Indiana Board of State Charities. Vertebrate Zoology, Anthropology, Sociology. Cogshall, Wilbur A., 423 8. Fess Ave., Bloomington, Ind............. 1906 Associate Professor of Astronomy, Indiana University. Astronomy and Physics. Cook, Mel T., New Brunswick, N. J....... SMMC este icttc cecote oe oes ev Groie 1902 Professor of Plant Pathology, Rutgers College. Botany, Plant Pathology, Entomology. Coulter, John M., care University of Chicago, Chicago, Il]............ 1893 Head Department of Botany, Chicago University. Botany. Coulter, Stanley, 213° S: Ninth St:, lafayette, Ind.....-..-.......+... 1893 Dean School of Science, Purdue University. Botany, Forestry. 16 Cox, Ulysses O., P. O. Boxe Si Terres Eiautey sin dire. cec arses eee 1908 Head Department Zoology and Botany, Indiana State Normal. Botany, Zoology. Culbertson Glenn) Hanover divs. eces ise sl eiaie oneal eee eee 1899 Chair Geology, Physics and Astronomy, Hanover College. Geology. Cumings, Edgar Roscoe, 327 E. Second St., Bloomington, Ind........ 1906 Professor of Geology, Indiana University. Geology, Paleontology. Davisson, Schuyler Colfax, Bloomington, Ind....................... 1908 Professor of Mathematics, Indiana University. Mathematics. DeamaCharlessCs Bluiitons in daerry-canie eles eee eee 1910 Druggist. Botany. Dennis David= Worth. Richmond nde seen osc see eee 1895 Professor of Biology, Earlham College. Biology. Dryer, Charles R., Oak Knoll, Fort Wayne, Ind...................... 1897 Geographer. Higenmann, Carl H., 630 Atwater St., Bloomington, Ind.............. 1893 Professor Zoology, Dean of Graduate School, Indiana University. Embryology, Degeneration, Heredity, Evolution and Distribution of American Fish. Enders, Howard Edwin, 105 Quincy St., Lafayette, Ind.............. 1912 Associate Professor of Zoology, Purdue University. Zoology. vans) Bercy Norton; Watayette, Indi... 04-66 cms os ore Oe 1901 Director of Chemical Laboratory, Purdue University. Chemistry. Holeya A thur WI; ‘Blooming tomy Wm Gey teres ercrcciere cla eerie none 1897 Head of Department of Physics, Indiana University. Physics. Golden;3M. Ji, duaftayette, indies. d..crs es bas attere cee eG ee 1899 Director of Laboratories of Practical Mechanics, Purdue Uni- versity. Mechanics. 71Goss, William Freeman M., Urbana, Ill.......................... 1893 Dean of College of Engineering, University of Illinois. alae, Will IDb5, \lkoormubayennorn. bala sooooascupboudoaccbdasuoucooGGoS 1918 Hathaway, Arthur S., 2206 N. Tenth St., Terre Haute, Ind........... 1895 Professor of Mathematics, Rose Polytechnic Institute. Mathematics, Physics. Hesslersrobert; Logansport, DM)... 10.) isbe6 icin el ete ow silos op ete lo tieiele mee 1899 Physician. Biology. Hilliard, C. M., Simmons College, Boston, Mass.................... 1913 Hoffer, Geo. N., West Lafayette, Ind............... 00.002 eee eee nee 1913 EUuntyaeNe indianapolis! Ind. n casenac scien ae ote cei cote 1910 Secretary, Indiana State Board of Health. Sanitary Science, Vital Statistics, Eugenics. FEU SL OME marAbe ING, OM OTK OUb Yi io slisvs aus as unis evel e trode ie as a lanevetayebeney aienelals 18938 Xenia, IMeamke ID, Sire Omilesey Ieee cocccucdoosouuvoscoooudaucaubouK6 1912 Professor of Botany, Pennsylvania State College. _ Botany. Lyons, Robert E., 680 E. Third St., Bloomington, Ind................ 1896 Head of Department of Chemistry, Indiana University. Organic and Biological Chemistry. McBeth, William A., 1905 N. Highth St., Terre Haute, Ind........... 1904 Assistant Professor Geography, Indiana State Normal. Geography, Geology, Scientific Agriculture. PIALSCLS ave n:. Santiago: Chiles sich neice. cielo nicl en eo cee Cease 18938 MeeshaCielt- Terre. Fates Di Geyatscisieiis, cco sina etacdal ceo eneeg ee sR 1894 President of Rose Polytechnic Institute. 7+Miller, John Anthony, Swarthmore, Pa.........................++5 1904 Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy, Swarthmore College. Astronomy, Mathematics. Moenkhaus, William J., 501 Fess Ave., Bloomington, Ind............. 1901 Professor of Physiology, Indiana University. Physiology. Moore wrichardyb.. Denver. COlOny- ereics joc ecre ecioeiereeaeae 1893 With U. S. Bureau of Mines. Chemistry, Radio-activity. 2—4966 18 Mottier, David M., 215 Forest Place, Bloomington, Ind.............. 1893 Professor of Botany, Indiana University. Morphology, Cytology. Naylor, J. P., Greencastle, Ind........... aS ats ots ooc.c3. OCR Professor of Physics, Depauw University. Physics, Mathematics. yNoyes, William Albert, Urbana, Ill..... sieteene ete PRAT Mee S189 1. 6'G: bo 1893 Director of Chemical Laboratory, University of Illinois. Chemistry. Pohlman, Augustus G., 1100 E. Second St., Bloomington, Ind...... .. 1911 Professor of Anatomy, Indiana University. Embryology, Comparative Anatomy. Ramsey, Rolla R., 615 E. Third St., Bloomington, Ind...... 2 ee 1906 Associate Professor of Physics, Indiana University. Physics. Ransom, James H., 323 University St., West Lafayette, Ind.......... 1902 Professor of General Chemistry, Purdue University. General Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Teaching. Rettger, Louis J., 31 Gilbert Ave., Terre Haute, Ind................ 1896 Professor of Physiology, Indiana State Normal. Animal Physiology. Rothrock, David A., Bloomington, Ind.......... ie bias wis See Cee 1906 Professor of Mathematics, Indiana University. Mathematics. Scott, Will, 731 Atwater St., Bloomington, Ind...................... 1911 Assistant Professor of Zoology, Indiana University. Zoology, Lake Problems. Shannon, Charles W., Norman, Okla......................0. 00-008. 1912 With Oklahoma State Geological Survey. Soil Survey, Botany. Smith, Albert, 1022 Seventh St., West Lafavette.................... 1908 Professor of Structural Engineering. Physics, Mechanics. yySmith, Alexander, care Columbia University, New York, N. Y...... 18938 Head of Department of Chemistry, Columbia University. Chemistry. Smith, Charles Marquis, 910 S. Ninth St., Lafayette, Ind............. 1912 Professor of Physics, Purdue University. Physics. SLOnemVsMthRoOp He Mahayette, Mnds sacs. aqdse cca cms cmee ce cumnes ccs 1893 President of Purdue University. Chemistry. TP Won Oseph sy Swarbhmore, Wale sae cc cc crete sci ete sue sree otcs cra 1898 President of Swarthmore College. Science of Administration. Van Hook, James M., 639 N. College Ave., Bloomington, Ind......... 1911 Assistant Professor of Botany, Indiana University. Botany. 77 Waldo, Clarence A., care Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.... 18938 Thayer Professor Mathematics and Applied Mechanics, Washing- ton University. Mathematics, Mechanics, Geology and Mineralogy. TMACDSUCI ea Mee Kensimgtom, IMiGiie. 3 dasa ecoe a Hoe e cca ee ens close slomiae 1894 Hntomologist, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Hntomology. Westland, Jacob, 489 Salisbury St., West Lafayette, Ind............ 1904 Professor of Mathematics, Purdue University. Mathematics. Wiley, Harvey W., Cosmos Club, Washington, D. C.................. 1895 Professor of Agricultural Chemistry, George Washington Uni- versity. Biological and Agricultural Chemistry. Woollen, William Watson, Indianapolis, Ind....................... 1908 Lawyer. Birds and Nature Study. Wright, John §., care Eli Lilly Co., Indianapolis, Ind............... 1894. Manager of Advertising Department, Eli Lilly Co. Botany, 20 NON-RESIDENT MEMBERS. Ashley, George H., Washington, D. C. Bain, H. Foster, London, England. Editor Mining Magazine. Branner, John Casper, Stanford University, California. Vice-President of Stanford University, and Professor of Geology. Geology. Brannon, Melvin A., President University of Idaho, Boise, Ida. Professor of Botany. Plant Breeding. Campbell, D. H., Stanford University, California. Professor of Botayn, Stanford University. Botany. Clark, Howard Walton, U. S. Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa. Scientific Assistant, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. Botany, Zoology. Dorner, H. B., Urbana, Illinois. Assistant Professor of Floriculture. Botany, Floriculture. Duff, A. Wilmer, 43 Harvard St., Worcester, Mass. Professor of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Physics. Eyermann, Barton Warren, Director Museum. California Academy of Science, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, Cal. Zoology. Fiske, W. A., Los Angeles, Cal., Methodist College. Garrett, Chas. W., Room 718 Pennsylvania Station, Pittsburgh, Pa. Librarian, Pennsylvania Lines West of Pittsburgh. Entomology, Sanitary Sciences. Gilbert, Charles H., Stanford University, California. Professor of Zoology, Stanford University. Ichthyology. Greene, Charles Wilson, $14 Virginia Ave., Columbia, Mo. Professor of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Missouri. Physiology, Zoology. 21 Hargitt, Chas. W., 909 Walnut Ave., Syracuse, N. Y. Professor of Zoology, Syracuse University. Hygiene, Embryology, Eugenics, Animal Behbayior. Hay, Oliver Perry, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. Research Associate, Carnegie Institution of Washington. Vetebrate Paleontology, especially that of the Pleistocene Epoch. Hughes, Edward, Stockton, California. Jenkins, Oliver P., Stanford University, California. Professor of Physiology, Stanford University. Physiology, Histology. Jordan, David Starr, Stanford University, California. President Emeritus of Stanford University. Fish, Eugenics, Botany, Evolution. Kingsley, J. S., University of Illinois, Champaign, I1l. Professor of Zoology. Zoology. Knipp, Charles T., 913 W. Nevada St., Urbana, Illinois. Assistant Professor of Physics, University of Illinois. Physics, Discharge of Electricity through Gases. MacDougal, Daniel Trembly, Tucson, Arizona. Director, Department of Botanical Research, Carnegie Institute, Wasih- ington, D. C. Botany. McMullen, Lynn Banks, State Normal School, Valley City, North Dakota. Head Science Department, State Normal School. Physics, Chemistry. Mendenhall, Thomas Corwin, Rayenna, Ohio. Retired. Physics. “Engineering,’ Mathematics, Astronomy. Moore, George T., St. Louis, Mo. Director Missouri Botanical Garden. Newsom, J. F., Palo Alto, California. Mining Engineer. Purdue, Albert Homer, State Geological Survey, Nashville, Tenn. State Geologist of Tennessee. Geology. 22 Reagan, A. B. Superintendent Deer Creek Indian School, Ibapah, Utah. Geology. Paleontology, Ethnology. Slonaker, James Rollin, 334 Kingsley Ave., Palo Alto, California. Assistant Professor of Physiology. Stanford University. Physiology, Zoology. ; Springer, Alfred, 312 East 2d St., Cincinnati, Ohio. Chemist. Chemistry. ACTIVE MEMBERS. Allen, William Ray, Bloomington, Ind. Allison, Evelyn, Lafayette, Ind. Care Agricultural Experiment Station. Botany. Anderson, Flora Charlotte. Wellesley College, Wellesley. Mass. Botany. Arndt, Charles H., Lafayette, Ind. Biology. Atkinson, F. C., Indianapolis. Chemistry. Badertscher, J. A.. Bloomington. Anatomy. Baker, George A., South Bend. Archaeology. Baker, Walter D., N. Illinois St., Indianapolis, Ind. Care Waldecraft Co. Chemistry. Baker, Walter M., Amboy. Superintendent of Schools. Mathematics and Physics. Baker, William Franklin, Indianapolis. Medicine. Balcom, H. C., Indianapolis. Botany. 23 Banker, Howard J., Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. Botany. sarcus, H. H., Indianapolis. Instructor, Mathematics, Shortridge High School. Barr, Harry L., Waveland. Student. Botany and Forestry. Barrett, Edward, Indianapolis. State Geologist. Geology, Soil Survey. Bates, W. H., 306 Russell St., West Lafayette. Associate Professor, Mathematics. Bell, Guido, 431 E. Ohio St., Indianapolis. Physician. 3ellamy, Ray, Worcester, Mass. Bennett, Lee F., 825 Laporte Ave., Valparaiso. Professor of Geology and Zoology, Valparaiso University. Geology, Zoology. Berry, O. C., West Lafayette. Engineering. Berteling, John B., South Bend. Medicine. 3inford, Harry, Earlham. Zoology. Bishop, Harry Eldridge, 1706 College Ave., Indianapolis. Food Chemist, Indiana State Board of Health. Blanchard, William M., 1608 S. College Ave., Greencastle. Professor of Chemistry, DePauw University. Organic Chemistry. Blew, Michael James, R. R. 1, Wabash. Chemistry and Botany. Bliss, G. S., Ft. Wayne. Medicine. Bond, Charles 8., 112 N. Tenth St., Richmond. Physician. Biology, Bacteriology, Physical Diagnosis and Photomicrograplhy. 24 Bourke, A. Adolphus, 1103 Cottage Ave., Columbus. Instructor, Physics, Zoology and Geography. Botany, Physics. Bowles, Adam L., Terre Haute. Zoology. Bowers, Paul E., Michigan City. Medicine. Breckinridge, James M., Crawfordsville. Chemistry. Brossmann, Charles, 1616 Merchants Bank Bldg., Indianapolis. Consulting Engineer. Water Supply, Sewage Disposal, Sanitary Hngineering, ete. Brown, James, 53872 E. Washington St., Indianapolis. Professor of Chemistry, Butler College. Chemistry. Brown, Paul H., Richmond. Physics. Brown, Hugh E., Bloomington, Ind. Bruce, Edwin M., 2401 North Ninth St., Terre Haute. Assistant Professor of Physics and Chemistry, Indiana State Normal. Chemistry, Physics. Bryan, William Lowe, Bloomington. President, Indiana University. Psychology. Bybee, Halbert P., Bloomington. Graduate Student, Indiana University. Geology. . Canis, Edward N., 2221 Park Ave., Indianapolis. Officeman with William B. Burford. Botany, Psychology. Caparo, Jose Angel, Notre Dame. Physics and Mathematics. Carlyle, Paul J., Bloomington. Chemistry. Carmichael, R. D., Bloomington. Assistant Professor of Mathematics, Indiana University. Mathematics. Carr, Ralph Howard, Lafayette. Chemistry. Caswell, Albert E., Lafayette. Instructor in Physics, Purdue University. Physics and Applied Mathematics. Chansler, Elias J., Bicknell. Farmer. Ornithology and Mammals. Clark, George Lindenburg, Greencastle, DePauw University. Chemistry. Clark, Elbert Howard, West Lafayette. Mathematics. Clark, Jediah H., 126 East Fourth St., Connersville. Physician. Medicine. Clarke, Elton Russell, Indianapolis. Zoology. Collins, Jacob Roland, West Lafayette, Purdue University. Instructor in Physics. Conner, S. D., West Lafayette. Coryell, Noble H., Bloomington. Chemistry. Cotton, William J., 53863 University Ave., Indianapolis. Physics and Chemistry. Cox, William Clifford. Crowell, Melvin E., 648 E. Monroe St., Franklin. Dean of Franklin College. Chemistry and Physics. Cutter, George, Broad Branch Road, Washington, D. C. Retired Manufacturer of Electrical Supplies. Conchology. Daniels, Lorenzo E., Rolling Prairie. Retired Farmer. Conchology. Davis, D. W., Greencastle. Biology. 25 26 Davis, Ernest A., Notre Dame. Chemistry. Davis, Melvin K., Anderson. Instructor, Anderson High School. Physiography, Geology, Climatology. Dean, John C., Indianapolis. Astronomy. Deppe, C. R., Franklin. Dewey, Albert H., West Lafayette. Department of Pharmacy, Purdue University. Dietz, Harry F., 408 W. Twenty-eighth St., Indianapolis. Deputy State Entomologist. Entomology, Eugenics, Parasitology, Plant Pathology. Dolan, Jos. P., Syracuse. Donaghy, Fred, Ossian. Botany. Dostal, Bernard F., Bloomington. Physics. Drew, David Abbott, 817 Hast Second St., Bloomington. Instructor in Mechanics and Astronomy. Astronomy, Mechanics, Mathematics and Applied Mathematics. DuBois, Henry, Bloomington, Ind. Duden, Hans A., 5050 E. Washington St., Indianapolis. Analytical Chemist. Chemistry. Dunean, David Christie, West Lafayette. Instructor in Physics, Purdue University. Dutcher, J. B., Bloomington. Assistant Professor of Physics, Indiana University. Physics. Harp, Samuel E., 245 Kentucky Ave., Indianapolis. Physician. Hasley, Mary, Bloomington, Ind. EKdmonston, Ciarence E., Bloomington. Graduate Student, Physiology, Indiana University. Physiology. Edwards, Carlton, Earlham College, Earlham. Ellis, Max Mapes, Boulder, Colo. Instructor in Biology, University of Colorado. Biology, Entomology. Emerson, Charles P., Hume Mansur Bldg., Indianapolis. Dean Indiana University Medical College. Medicine. Iivyans, Samuel G., 1452 Upper Second St., Evansville. Merchant. Botany, Ornithology. Ewers, James E., Terre Haute. Instructor in High School. Geology. Felver, William P., 3253 Market St., Logansport. Railroad Clerk. Geology, Chemistry. Ferry, Oliver P., West Lafayette. Physiology. Fisher, Homer Glenn, Bloomington. Zoology. Fisher, Martin L., Lafayette. Professor of Crop Production, Purdue University. Agriculture, Soils and Crops, Birds, Botany. Foresman, George Kedgie, Lafayette, Purdue University. Chemistry. Krier, George M., Lafayette. Assistant Superintendent, Agricultural Experiment Station, Purdue University. Botany, Zoology, Entomology, Ornithology, Geology. Fulk, Murl E., Decatur. Anatomy. Fuller, Frederick D., 213 Russell St., West Lafayette. Chief Deputy State Chemist, Purdue Experiment Station. Chemistry, Microscopy. Funk, Austin, 404 Spring St., Jeffersonville. Physician. Diseases of Eye, Har, Nose and Throat. 28 Galloway, Jesse J ames, Bloomington. Instruction, Indiana University. Geology, Pateontology. Garner, J. B., Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa. Chemistry. Gatch, Willis D., Indianapolis, Indiana University Medical School. Anatomy. Gates, Florence A., 3435 Detroit Ave., Toledo, Ohio. Teacher of Botany. Botany and Zoology. Gidley, William, West Lafayette. Department of Pharmacy, Purdue University. Gillum, Robert G., Terre Haute, Ind. Glenn, E. R., Froebel School, Gary, Ind. Physics. Goldsmith, William Marion, Oakland City. Zoology. Gottlieb, Frederic W., Morristown. Care Museum of Natural History. Assistant Curator, Moores Hill College. Archeology, Ethnology. Grantham, Guy E., 437 Vine St., West Lafayette. Instructor in Physics, Purdue University. Greene, Frank C., Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines, Rolla, Mo. Geologist. Geology. Grimes, Earl J., Russellville. Care U. 8S. Soil Survey. Botany, Soil Survey. Hamill, Samuel Hugh, 119 E. Fourth St., Bloomington. Chemistry. Hammerschmidt, Louis M., South Bend. Science of Law. Happ, William, South Bend. Botany. Harding, C. Francis, 111 Fowler Ave West Lafayette. Professor of Electrical Engineering, Purdue University. Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry. Harman, Mary T., 611 Laramie St., Manhattan, Kansas. Instructor in Zoology, Kansas State Agricultural College. Zoology. Harman, Paul M., Bloomington. Geology. Harvey, R. B., Indianapolis. Heimburger, Harry Y., 701 West Washington St., Urbana, III. Assistant in Zoology, University of Illinois. Heimlich, Louis Frederick, 703 North St., Lafayette. Biology. Hendricks, Victor K., 855 Benton Ave., Springfield, Mo. Assistant Chief Engineer, St. L. & S. F. R. R. Civil Engineering and Wood Preservation. . Henn, Arthur Wilbur, Bloomington. - Zoology. Hennel, Cora, Bloomington, Ind. Hennel, Edith A., Bloomington, Ind. Hetherington, John P., 418 Fourth St., Logansport. Physician. Medicine, Surgery, X-Ray, Electro-Therapeutics. Hinman, J. J., Jr., University of Iowa, Iowa City, Ia. Chemist, Dept. Public Health and Hygiene. Chemistry. Hole, Allen D., Richmond. Professor Earlham College. Geology. Hostetler W. F., South Bend. Geography and Indian History. Hubbard, Lucius M., South Bend. Lawyer. Hufford, Mason E., Bloomington. Physics. 30 Hutchins, Chas. P., Buffalo, N. Y. Athletics. Hutton, Joseph Gladden, Brookings, South Dakota. Associate Professor of Agronomy, State College. Agronomy, Geology. Hyde, Carl Clayton, Bloomington. Geology. Hyde, Roscoe Raymond, Terre Haute. Assistant Professor, Physiology and Zoology, Indiana State Normal. Zoology, Physiology, Bacteriology. Hyslop, George, Bloomington. Philosophy. Ibison, Harry M., Marion. Instructor in Science, Marion High School. Iddings, Arthur, Hanover. Geology. Imel, Herbert, South Bend. Zoology. Inman, Ondess L., Bloomfield. Botany. Irving, Thos. P., Notre Dame. Physics. Jackson, D. E., St. Louis, Mo. Assistant Professer, Pharmacology, Washington University. Jackson, Thomas F., Bloomington. Geology. James, Glenn, West Lafayette. Mathematics. Johnson, A. G., Madison, Wisconsin. Jones, Wm. J., Jr., Lafayette. State Chemist, Professor of Agriculture and Chemistry, Purdue Uni- versity. Chemistry, and general subjects relating to agriculture. Jordan, Charles Bernard, West Lafayette. Director School of Pharmacy, Purdue University. Koezmarek, Regedius M., Notre Dame. Biology. Kenyon, Alfred Monroe, 315 University St., West Lafayette. Professor of Mathematics, Purdue University. Mathematics. Keubler, John Ralph, 110 E. Fourth St., Bloomington. Chemistry. von KleinSmid, R. B., Tucson, Ariz. Koch, Edward, Bloomington. Physiology. President University of Ariz. Liebers, Paul J., 1104 Southeastern Ave., Indianapolis. Ludwig, C. A., 210 Waldron St., West Lafayette, Ind. Assistant in Botany, Purdue University. Botany, Agriculture. Ludy, L. V., 229 University St., Lafayette. Professor, Experimental Engineering, Purdue University. Experimental Engineering in Steam and Gas. Malott, Clyde A., Bloomington. Physiology. : Marshall, E. C., Bloomington. Chemistry. Mason, Preston Walter, Lafayette. Entomology. Mason, T. E., 226 S. Grant St., Lafayette. Instructor Mathematics Purdue University. Mathematics. McBride, Robert W., 1239 State Life Building, Indianapolis. Lawyer. McCartney, Fred J., Bloomington. Philosophy. McClellan, John H., Gary, Ind. McCulloch, T. S., Charlestown. McEwan, Mrs. Eula Davis, Bloomington, Ind. McGuire, Joseph, Notre Dame. Chemistry. 32 Mance, Grover C., Bloomington, Ind. Markle, M. S., Richmond. Middletown, A. R., West Lafayette. Professor of Chemistry, Purdue University. Chemistry. Miller, Daniel T., Indiana University, Bloomington. Anatomy. Miller, Fred A., 3641 Kenwood Avye., Indianapolis. Botanist for Eli Lilly Co. Botany, Plant Breeding. Molby, Fred A., Bloomington. Physics. Montgomery, Ethel, South Bend. Physics. Montgomery, Hugh T., South Bend. Physician. Geology. Moon, V. H., Indianapolis. Pathology. Moore, George T., St. Louis, Mo. Director, Missouri Botanical Garden. Botany. Morris, Barclay D., Spiceland Academy, Spiceland. Science. Morrison, Edwin, 80 8S. W. Seventh St., Richmond. Professor of Physics, Earlham College. Physics and Chemistry. 2 Morrison, Harold, Indianapolis, Ind. Mowrer, Frank Karlsten, Interlaken, New York. Cooperative work with Cornell University. Biology, Plant Breeding. Muncie, F. W. Murray, Thomas J., West Lafayette. Bacteriology. Myers, B. D., 321 N. Washington St., Bloomington. Professor of Anatomy, Indiana University. E50) eS) Nelson, Ralph Emory, 419 Vine St., West Lafayette. Chemistry. Nieuwland, J. A., The University, Notre Dame, Ind. Professor, Botany, Editor Midland Naturalist. Systematic Botany, Plant Histology, Organic Chemistry. North, Cecil C., Greencastle. Northnagel, Mildred, Gary, Ind. Oberholzer, H. C., U. S. Department Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Biology. O’Neal, Claude E., Bloomington. Graduate Student, Botany, Indiana University. Botany. Orahood, Harold, Kingman. Geology. Orton, Clayton R., State College, Pennsylvania. Assistant Professor of Botany, Pennsylvania State College. Phytopathology, Botany, Mycology, Bacteriology. Osner, G. A., Ithaca, New York. Care Agricultural College. Owen, D. A., 200 South State St., Franklin. Professor of Biology. (Retired. ) Biology. Owens, Charles E., Corvallis, Oregon. Instructor in Botany, Oregon Agricultural College. Botany. Payne, Dr. F., Bloomington, Ind. Veffer, Harvey Creighton, West Lafayette. Chemical Engineering. Petry, Edward Jacob, 267 Wood St., West Lafayette. Instructor in Agriculture. Botany, Plant Breeding, Plant Pathology, Bio-Chemistry. Phillips, Cyrus G., Moores Hill. Pickett, Fermen L.., Bloomington. Botany Critic, Indiana: University Training School. sotany, Forestry, Agriculture. Pipal, F. J., 11 8. Salisbury St., West Lafayette. 3d— 4966 b4 Powell, Horace, West Terre Haute. Zoology. Price, James A., Fort Wayne. Ramsey, Earl E., Bloomington. Principal High School. Ramsey, Glenn Blaine. Orono, Me. Botany. Rhinehart, D. A., Bloomington. Anatomy. Rice, Thurman Brooks, Winona Lake. Botany. Schultze, E. A., Laurel. Fruit Grower. Bacteriology, Fungi. Schnell, Charles M., South Bend. Earth Science. Schierling, Roy H., Bloomington. Shimer. Dr. Will, Indianapolis, Ind. Director, State Laboratory of Hygiene. Shockel, Barnard, Professor State Normal, Terre Haute, Ind. Sigler, Richard, Terre Haute. Physiology. Silvey, Oscar W., 437 Vine St., West Lafayette. Instructor in Physics. Physics. Smith, Chas. Piper, College Park, Md. Associate Professor, Botany, Maryland Agricultural College. Botany. Smith, Essie Alma, R. F. D. 6, Bloomington. Smith, E. R., Indianapolis. Horticulturist. Smith, William W., West Lafayette, Genetics. Biology. Snodgrass, Robert, Crawfordsville, Ind. Southgate, Helen A., Michigan City. Physiography and Botany. Spitzer, George, Lafayette. Dairy Chemist, Purdue University. Chemistry. Stech, Charles, Bloomington. Geology. Steele, B. L., Pullman, Washington. Associate Professor of Physics, State College, Washington. Steimley, Leonard, Bloomington. Mathematics. Stickles, A. E., Indianapolis. Chemistry. Stoltz, Charles, 550 N. Lafayette St., South Bend. Physician. Stoddard, J. M. Stone, Ralph Bushnell, West Lafayette. Mathematics. Stork, Harvey Elmer, Huntingburg. Botany. Stuart, M. H., 3223 N. New Jersey St., Indianapolis. Principal, Manual Training High School. Physical and Biological Science. Sturmer, J. W., 119 E. Madison Ave., Collingswood, N. J. Dean, Department of Pharmacy, Medico-Chirurgical College of Phils delphia. Chemistry, Botany. Taylor, Joseph C., Logansport. Wholesale merchant. Tetrault, Philip Armand, West Lafayette. Biology. Thompson, Albert W., Owensville. Merchant. Geology. Thompson, Clem O., Salem. Principal High School. Thornburn, A. D., Indianapolis. Care Pitman-Moore Co. Chemistry. 36 Travelbee, Harry C., 304 Oak St., West Lafayette. Botany. Troop, James, Lafayette. Hntomology. Trueblood, Tro C. (Miss), 205 Spring Ave., Greencastle. Teacher of Botany, Zoology, High School. Botany, Zoology, Physiography, Agriculture. Tucker, Forest Glen, Bloomington. Geology. Tucker, W. M1... 841 Third St., Chico, California. Principal High School. Geology. Turner, William VP., Lafayette. Professor of Practical Mechanics, Purdue University. Vallance, Chas. A., Indianapolis. Instructor, Manual Training High Schooi. Chemistry. Van Doran, Dr., Earlham College, Richmond. Chemistry. Van Nuys, W. C. Newcastle. Voorhees, Herbert 8., 2814 Hoagland Ave., ort Wayne. Instructor in Chemistry and Botany, Fort Wayne High School. Chemistry and Botany. Wade, Frank Bertram, 1039 W. Twenty-seventh St., Indianapolis. Head of Chemistry Department, Shortridge High School. Chemistry, Physics, Geology and Mineralogy. Walters, Arthur L., Indianapolis. Warren, Don Cameron, Bloomington, Ind. Waterman, Luther D., Claypool Hotel, Indianapo is. Physician. Webster, L. B., Terre Haute, Ind. Weatherwax, Paul, Bloomington, Ind. Vea, M. IL, 102 Garfield Ave., Valparaiso. Professor of Botany. Botany and Human Physiology. Weir, Daniel T., Indianapolis. Supervising Principal, care School office. School Work. Weyant, James H., Indianapolis. Teacher of Physics, Shortridge High School. Physics. Wheeler, Virges, Montmorenci. Wiancko, Alfred T., Lafayette. Chief in Soils and Crops, Purdue University. Agronomy. Wicks, Frank Scott Corey, Indianapolis. Sociology. Wiley, Ralph Benjamin, West Lafayette. Hydraulic Engineering, Purdue University. Williams, Kenneth P., Bloomngton. Instructor in Mathematics, Indiana University. Mathematics, Astronomy. Williamson, E. B. Bluffton. Cashier, The Wells County Bank. Dragonflies. Wilson, Charles E., Bloomington. Graduate Student, Zoology, Indiana University. Zoology. Wilson, Guy West, Assistant Professor Mycology and Plant Pathology, State University, lowa City, Ia. Wissler, W. A., Bloomington. Chemistry. Wood, Harry W., 84 North Ritter Ave., Indianapolis. Teacher, Manual Training High School. Woodburn, Win. L., 902 Asbury Ave., Evanston, Ill. Instructor in Botany, Northwestern University. Botany and Bacteriology. Woodhams, John H., care Houghton Mifflin Co., Chicago, 111. Traveling Salesman. Mathematics. 38 Wootery, Ruth, Bloomington, Ind. Yocum, H. B., Crawfordsville. Young, Gilbert A., 725 Highland Ave., Lafayette. Head of Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University. Zehring, William Arthur, 303 Russell St., West Lafayette. Assistant Professor of Mathematics, Purdue University. Mathematics. Zeleny, Charles, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. Associate Professor of Zoology. Zoology. Zutfall, C. J., Indianapolis, Ind. CNL OWS 2) See eterole! cue spovsuerta ject merle) totes alfescretseedausca leet lait es nee ae ea 70 Members; Actives) 25 cies Sages sil ie es RSS ea eee . 260 Members; Non-resident “tj c0.0- once © dis locicrs ston be Sti Bn Ree eee 2 MiIO) cea leas Serene neue aE een aR e egnmenin EN Ga Are Sake Git oa c ‘arava eleebelens 359 39 MINUTES OF THE SPRING MEETING OF THE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. SoutH BEnp, INDIANA, THURSDAY, May 28, 1914. Public meeting of the Academy in the auditorium of the South Bend High School. The meeting was addressed by Dr. John M. Coulter, of the University of Chicago, upon the subject “Plant Breeding and How it Will Help Solve the Problem of Our Food Supply.” Attendance: About 250. The speaker was introduced by Severance Burrage, of the Eli Lilly Drug Company of Indianapolis, President of the Academy. BUSINESS SESSION MAY 28, 1914. At the close of the public meeting addressed by Dr. John M. Coulter the Academy was called into business session by President Burrage. The following committees reported : Resolutions: Upon motion of John 8S. Wright, seconded by W. S. Blatchley, and passed, “That the Secretary be instructed to wire Dr. C. H. Eigenmann our regrets at his inability to attend this meeting.” In accordance with the motion the following telegram was sent: “Dr. Eigenmann—The members of the Indiana Academy of Science in Session at the spring meeting, South Bend, May 28th, wish to express their regrets that the condition of your health prevented your attendance, and join in wishing you speedy and complete recovery.” “TlowaArD H. EXNDERS, Secy.” Membership: The Membership Committee, Ff. M. Andrews, chairman, read the names of forty-four applicants for membership. Upon motion duly seconded and passed, the secretary cast the ballots for membership of the persons whose names were proposed. 40 Letters were read in acknowledgment of sympathy from Chas. W. Fairbanks; and of regrets from Dr. Harvey W. Wiley. With the consent of the Academy, Mr. J. S. Wright was authorized to extend a special invitation to Dr. Wiley to attend the next fall and spring meetings of the Academy. The choice of a time for the fall meeting was requested. It was moved (Blatchley) and seconded (Cogshall) that the meeting be set for the Thanksgiving period, as heretofore for several years. The motion was amended, and passed, “to leave the time for the meeting in the hands of the Program Committee, with power to act.” (In the discussion prior to the passage of the amendment. the senti- ment was against the Thanksgiving period.) Announcements: President Burrage announced that Professor Edward Lee Green, bot- anist, of the Smithsonian Institution, will be present tomorrow and will accompany the party on its excursion. Mr. Charles Stoltz, M. D., chairman of the local committee. announced the program for tomorrow (Friday. May 29, 1914). Automobiles for the whole party leave 7:00 a.m. from the front of the Hotel Oliver: return to the same place at 4:00 o'clock in the afternoon. Banquet, 6:30 p.m., at the Hotel Oliver. , Attention was called to the fact that J. B. Garner of Crawfordsville had not received the publications and literature of the Academy. He de- sires his name on the mailing list. BUSINESS SESSION MAY 29, 1914. After the noon luncheon on the field trip—at the Adventist College. north of Berrien Springs, Michigan—the meeting was called to order by the President, Severance Burrage. for the purpose of hearing the report of the Membership Committee. ; F. M. Andrews, chairman, presented the names of six persons for membership. Upon motion, duly seconded and passed, the secretary cast the ballot for their election to membership. Announcements concerning the further movements of the party were made by local chairman, Dr. Stoltz. BANQUET AND BUSINESS SESSION. Horet OLiver, May 29, 1914. An ample banquet was spread in one of the private dining-rooms of the Hotel Oliver for forty-eight persons. President Severance Burrage, as master of ceremonies, expressed pleasure with the entertainment provided by the local committee. He made a strong plea for a large attendance and an increased membership for the fall meeting. President Burrage then called upon the following persons for toasts and for expression of their sentiments. Rey. John Cavanagh, of Notre Dame University, extended the greet- ings of the city and of Notre Dame to the members of the Academy. Professor Dennis, of Earlham College: ‘How the Other Man Looks at It.” Professor Edward Lee Green, of the Smithsonian Institution, Wash- ington, D. C., “The Unchangeableness of Nature, or the Stability of Science and the future of the Academy of Science.” Amos Butler, chairman of the State Board of Charities: ‘The Prob- lem of Dealing with Mental Defectives.” Judge Hubbard, of South Bend: ‘Geology of the Regions About South Bend.” Dr. W. 8S. Biatchley, former State Geologist: ‘‘Geological Rambles.” Father Nieuwland, of Notre Dame University: Invitation to members of the Academy to visit him in his laboratories. Professor Mottier of Indiana University: ‘Conservation of Our Young Members.” Professor Bodine, Wabash College: “A Personal Appreciation of the Day.” Dr. J. C. Arthur. “The Influence of the Academy of Science.” Kugene Manning, City Comptroller of South Bend, in the absence of the Mayor, extended the good-will of the city. Dr. Montgomery of South Bend, “Welcome to our Homes, and to our Town.” Dr. Stoltz, South Bend, expressed his appreciation in the name of the local committee. The Business Session was called to order by President Burrage. The Membership Committee, F. M. Andrews, chairman. reported the 42 names of five applicants for membership. Upon motion, duly seconded, and passed, the Secretary cast the ballot for their election to membership. Attention was called by the President to the fact that nearly sixty members were added to the Academy during the spring meeting. Amos Butler read several letters relative to the passage of the con- gressional bills on the protection of migratory birds. Attention was also called to the treaty with Canada, aimed to protect migratory birds. The following motion was passed: ‘That the President of the Academy of Science be appointed a committee of one to express to Senators Shively and Kern the earnest desire that they support all efforts to make the migratory bird law effective, and support the international treaty with Canada for bird protection in every way possible.” In accordance with this motion the following telegram was sent: “May 29, 1914. “Hon. Benj. F. Shively, U. S. Senate, Washington, D. C.: “The Indiana Academy of Science in session here heartily endorses your support of the appropriation to make the bird law effective, and relies upon you to support legisiation for the protection of the birds, including the treaty with Canada. We regard these as important to all the people. “SEVERANCE BURRAGE, President.” Mr. Butler requested all the members of the Academy to write Senators Ikern and Shively relative to the bird legislation. Many members pledged to do so. A resolution, introduced by Professor Bodine, was passed: “That a rising vote of thanks be extended to Dr. Stoltz, Dr. Montgomery, and the other members of the local committee for the fine entertainment today.” Adjournment. Howarp EH. ENDERS, Assistant Secretary. The following were elected to membership May 29, 1914: Ethel Montgomery, South Bend, Ind. Physics. Helen A. Southgate, Michigan City, Ind. Physiography and Botany. Jose Angel Caparo, Notre Dame, Ind. Physics and Mathematics. Dr. D. A. Rhinehart, 301 N. Walnut Street, Bloomington, Ind. Anatomy. Thurman Brooks Rice, Winona Lake, Ind. Botany. 2) 2) Charles M. Schnell, South Bend, Ind. Earth Science. Roy H. Schierling, P. O. Box 172, Bloomington, Ind. Philip Armand Tetrault, West Lafayette, Ind. Biology. : James Troop, Lafayette, Ind. Entomology. Charles Stech, Bloomington, Ind. Geology. Leonard L. Steimley, Bloomington, Ind., Indiana Club. Mathematics. Forest Glenn Tucker, 430 HE. Fourth Street, Bloomington, Ind. Geology. W. A. Wissler, 415 S. Grant Street, Bloomington, Ind. Chemistry. Glenn Blaine Ranisey, University of Maine, Orono, Maine. Botany. H. C. Oberholzer, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Biology. Thomas J. Murray, West Lafayette, Ind. Bacteriology. Fred A. Molby, 525 S. Park Avenue, Bloomington, Ind. Physics. Preston Walter Mason, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. Entomology. hh. C. Marshall, 409 E. Fourth Street, Bloomington, Ind. Chemistry. Clyde A. Malott, 209 S. Dunn Street, Bloomington, Ind. Geology. Joseph McGuire, Notre Dame, Ind. Chemistry. Fred J. McCartney, Bloomington, Ind. Philosophy. Edward Koch, 314 N. Washington Street, Bloomington, Ind. Physiology. Charles Bernard Jordan, West Lafayette, Ind. Director of School of Pharmacy, Purdue University. Regedius M. Kaezmarek, Notre Dame, Ind. Biology. Glenn James. West Lafayette, Ind. Mathematics. Thomas F. Jackson, 325 8. Grant Street, Bloomington, Ind. Geology. Thos. P. Irving, Notre Dame, Ind. Physics. Herbert Imel, South Bend, Ind., care Studebaker School. Zodlogy. George Hyslop, Bloomington, Ind., Kappa Sigma House. Philosophy. Chas. P. Hutchins, Buffalo, New York. Athletics. W. F. Hostetler, South Bend, Ind. Geography and Indian History. Paul M. Harman, 111 W. Dunn Street, Bloomington, Ind. Geology. Louis M. Hammerschmidt, South Bend, Ind. Science of Law. William Happ, South Bend, Ind. Botany. Elbert Howard Clark, West Lafayette, Ind. Mathematics. John B. Berteling, South Bend, Ind. Medicine. Homer Glenn Fisher, 727 Atwater Street, Bloomington, Ind. Zodlogy. David Christie Duncan, West Lafayette, Ind. Instructor in Physics Pur- due University. +4 Albert H. Dewey, West Lafayette, Ind. Dept. of Pharmacy, Purdue Uni- versity. Ernest’ A. Davis, Notre Dame, Ind. Chemistry. Noble H. Coryell, 330 S. Henderson Street, Bloomington, Ind. Chemistry. Jacob Roland Collins, W. Lafayette, Ind. Instructor in Physics, Purdue University. Flora Charlotte Anderson, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass. Botany. Paul J. Carlyle, 315 N. Washington Street, Bloomington, Ind.- Chemistry. William Franklin Baker, Indianapolis, Ind., care Eli Lilly & Co. Medicine. George A. Baker, South Bend, Ind. Archeology. J. A. Badertscher, 509 N. Washington Street, Bloomington, Ind. Anatomy. William Gidley, W. Lafayette, Ind. Dept. of Pharmacy, Purdue University. Willis D. Gatch, Indianapolis, Ind., Indiana University Medical School. Anatomy. George Kedzie Foresman, 110 8S. Ninth Street, Lafayette, Ind. Chemistry. Purdue University. Carl Clayton Hyde, Bloomington, Ind., Kappa Sigma House. Geology. Arthur Wilbur Henn, 821 Atwater Avenue, Bloomington, Ind. Zodlogy. talph Benjamin Wiley, 1012 Seventh Street, West Lafayette, Ind., Pur- due University. Hydraulic Engineering. 45 MINUTES OF THE THIRTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. CLAYPOOL HoreL, INDIANAPOLIS, IND., Dec. 4, 1914. The Executive Committee of the Indiana Academy of Science met in the Assembly Room, and was called to order by the President, Severance Burrage of Indianapolis, Ind. The following members were present: Severance Burrage, Andrew J. Bigney, Howard EH. Enders, W. A. Cogshall, Donaldson Bodine, J. P. Nay- Jor, Glenn Culbertson, John S. Wright, Stanley Coulter, A. W. Butler, and Robert Hessler. The minutes of the Executive Committee of 19153 were read and ap- proved. The reports of the standing committees were then taken up. The Program Committee, John 8S. Wright, chairman, reported the work completed as indicated by the printed program, with three additional papers. Amos W. Butler, member of the State Library Committee, reported that progress is being made in the way of housing books of the Indiana Academy of Science. Lack of available funds hampers the State Librarian in binding of exchanges. The State Librarian requests a ruling upon the matter of sending out proceedings to individuals upon request. On motion, duly passed, the matter of distribution of proceedings is left to the discretion of the Committee ou Distribution of Proceedings and the State Librarian. On motion, duly passed, John 8S. Wright is authorized to prepare a revised membership blank and have it in order for use next year. Reeorr or MEMBERSHIP CoMMITTER, I’. M. ANDREWS, CHAIRMAN. The following named persons are proposed for membershiy in the Academy : Harry C. Travelbee, 304 Oak Street, West Lafayette, Ind. Botany. 46 William J. Cotton, 5363 University Avenue, Indianapolis. Ind. Physics and Chemistry. Charles H. Arndt, Lafayette, Ind. Biology. William W. Smith. West Lafayette. Ind. Genetics. Oliver P. Ferry. West Lafayette, Ind. Physiology. Louis Frederick Heimlich. 703 North Street. Lafayette. Ind. Biology. Harry Creighton Peffer. West Lafayette, Ind. Chemical Engineering. Paul E. Bowers. Michigan City. Ind. Medicine. Charles P. Emerson. HumeMansur Building. Indianapolis, Ind. Dean Indiana University Medical College. Medicine. Ralph Emory Nelson, 419 Vine Street. West Lafayette, Ind. Chemistry. Ralph Bushnell Stone, West Lafayette. Ind., Purdue. Mathematics. W. H. Hanna, S28 Atwater Avenue. Bloomington, Ind. Mathematics. Fred Earl Robbins, 215 Waldron Street. West Lafayette. Ind. Agriculture. Ralph B. Stone, 307 Russell Street, West Lafayette. Ind. Mathematics. Frank Scott Corey Wicks. Indianapolis, Ind. Sociology. F.C. Atkinson, Indianapolis, Ind., American Hominy Co. Chemistry. Arthur Iddings. Hanover, Ind. Geology. Harry Binford, Earlham, Ind. Zodlogy. Samuel Hugh Hamill, 110 E. Fourth Street. Bloomington. Ind. Chemistry. Ralph Howard Carr, Lafayette. Ind. Chemistry. George Lindenburg Clark, Greencastle, ind.. DePauw University. Chem- istry. Dr. D. W. Davis, Greencastle, Ind... DePauw University. Biology. Ondess L. Inman. Bloomfield. Ind. Botany. Richard Sigler. Terre Haute. Ind. Physiology. Adam &. Bowles, Terre Haute. Ind. Zodlogy. John Ralph WKeubler, 110 E. Fourth Street. Bloomington. Ind. Chemistry. Dr. Daniel T. Miller. Indiana University. Bloomington. Ind. Anatomy. Fred Donaghy. Ossian. Ind. Botany. Horace Powell. West Terre Haute. Ind. Zodlogy. William Marion Goldsmith, Oakland City. Ind. Zodlogy. Murl E. Fulk. Decatur, Ind. Anatomy. Michael James Blew, R. R. 1. Wabash, ind. Chemistry and Botany. Harvey Elmer Stork, Huntingburg. Ind. Botany. Harold Orahood. Kingman. Ind. Geology. Dr. VauDoran, Earlham College. Richmond, Ind. Prof. of Chemistry. 47 Carlton Edwards, Earlham College, Harlham, ind. W. C. Van Nuys, Newcastle, Ind. Medicine. Barclay D. Morris, Spiceland, Ind., Spiceland Academy. Science. Paul H. Brown, Richmond, Ind. Physics and Manual Training. Bernard F. Dostal, Bloomington, Ind. Physics. O. C. Berry, Waldron Street, West Lafayette, Ind. Engineering. James M. Breckenridge, 514 S. Walnut Street, Crawfordsville, Ind. Chem- istry. Dr. Y. Hi. Moon, Indianapolis, Ind. Pathology. HW. C. Baleom, 1028 Park Avenue, Indianapolis, Ind. Botany. HWiton R. Clark, Indianapolis, Ind. Zodlogy. A. E. Stickels, 768 Massachusetts Avenue, Indianapolis, Ind. Chemistry. John C. Dean, Indianapolis, Ind. Astronomy. Dr. G. S. Bliss, Fort Wayne, Ind., State School for Feeble-Minded. Medi- cine. On motion they were recommended. The Treasurer, W. A. Cogshall, reported as follows: Salone sieon aay ae cote om ee oo motor con ow eme ep $254 78 CollectedMto December St ts. sekee eee 138 00 TN @TREU See ra sore otchorOed pre Ohceareio Moron ecno oe rere ng ene RR .$387 78 lWxpenses December 1st ......... sro a ase Pen tue eeahs aes 174 79 $212 99 Upon motion, duly passed, the report was received and turned over to the Auditing Committee. On publication of Proceedings, H. E. Barnard, editor, reported the publication and distribution of Proceedings for 1913. On motion the following members were recommended as Fellows: Fellows, Wm. L. Bryan, Indiana University, Psychology; E. B. Wil- liamson, Bluffton, Biology; A. W. Kenyon, Purdue, Mathematics; J. A. Nieuwland, Botany; Wm. M. Blanchard, DePauw University, Chemistry. The matter of avoiding duplication of reports was discussed. It is deemed desirable to have coimmittees report at the executive session and that only the Secretary’s summarized report be- read at the general meetings. 48 The Secretary reported the binding of the minutes of previous ses- sions of the Academy, and the purchase of a new Secretary’s book. The Secretary reported that the State Librarian has consented to deposit the bound copies of the minutes in the safe of the State Library. President Burrage reported that he had appointed the following per- sons as delegates to the State Tax Association: Judge R. W. McBride, William Lowe Bryan. Alternates, E. B. Williamson, Dr. Cecil C. North. Adjournment. GENERAL SESSION. AssEMBLY Room, 2:00 P. M. The meeting was called to order by President Severance Burrage. The minutes of the Executive Committee were read and approved. On motion, duly passed, the persons who were recommended for mcm- bership were elected members of the Indiana Academy cf Science. On motion, duly passed, the five persons who were recommended by the Executive Committee were elected fellows in the Academy of Science The regular program was then taken up. The papers numbered 1-11 were read in general session: after which the Academy separated into two sections as follows: Section A—Bacteriology, Botany and Zoology. pre- sided over by President Burrage and H. E. Enders being Secretary. Sec- tion B—Chemistry, Physics, Engineering, Geography, Geology, Mathemat-. ics, and Meteorology: W. A. Cogshall presiding and A. J. Bigney being Secretary. EVENING SESSION, 8:00 O'CLOCK. Business: The report of the Nominating Committee was as follows: President —VW. A. Gogshall, Bloomington; Vice-President—W. A. McBeth, Terre Haute; Secretary—A. J. Bigney, Moores Hill: Assistant Secretary—How- ard BE. Enders, Lafayette; Press Secretary Frank B. Wade, Indianapolis; Treasurer—William M. Bianchard, Greencastle; Editor—H. E. Barnard. Indianapolis. On motion the report was accepted, and the persons named were elected for the ensuing year. SATURDAY. DECEMBER 5TH, 9:00 A. M. Business: The following resolutions were presented by the chairman of the Reso- lution Committee, Stanley Coulter of Purdue University: 49 Resolution No. 1. Resolved, That the Indiana Academy of Science, recognizing the im- portance to the State and Society of the Preservation of the Public Health, hereby endorses the proposal for a thoroughly trained county health com- missioner, who will give his entire tiine to this service, and urges the Legislature to pass a law to that end. Resolution No. 2. Resolved, That we extend a vote of thanks to Mr. Lawrence, manager of the Claypool Hotel, for the use of rooms for the meetings of the Academy, and for his continued kindness in aiding us in every way possible. Resolution No. 3. (On suggestion of R R. Ramsey.) Be it Resolved, That as certain periodicals, such as Science Abstracts A and B, Baiblaita zu der Annallen der Phynk (in Physics), and in all probability other magazines in other lines are not on the list of exchanges, that such exchanges be sought and obtained if possible. If not successful. periodicals whose nature is primarily abstracting, should be put on the mailing list. On suggestion of Will Scott that our journais should be open to for- eign scientists, Stanley Coulter moved, and it was passed, that a committee be appointed to take up the matter with the Smithsonian Institution re- garding the opening of our scientific journals to foreign scientists for pub- lication of their papers. On motion the Academy endorsed the plan of the State Geologist to co- operate with the United States Geological Survey, with a view to the pre- vention of floods in Indiana (see resolution of last year), and ordered that a copy of that resolution be sent to the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, and Speaker of the House. Adjourned to sections. AFTERNOON SESSION, 1:00 O'CLOCK. Section B met to complete the reading of its papers. Adjournment. A. J. BIGNEY, Secretary. SEVERANCE BuRRAGE, President. 4—4966 50 PROGRAM OF THE THIRTIETH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCH, Craypoot Horret, INDIANAPOLIS, FRIDAY AND SaTurRDAY, DrEcEMBER 4 AND 5, 1914. GENERAL PROGRAM. Fripay, DrceMBER 4. Meeting of Executive Committee... 42. .s-nses ace cee 10:30 a. m. General Session saison okt ee ohaaon ce eee Scone eek reo 2:00 p. m. Sectrom™Vicetimes 04.8 uate ale bets ae Gee ula yaa ee 4:00 p. m. Informal Dinner, Tickets $1.00. For reservation, apply to W. M. Blanchard, DePauw University, Greencastle................. 6:00 p. m. IBusinessiSesslOnm.tsce rr ee cg ee Perera, 7:45 p. m. GeneralSessiontse ro cn ots er Oe ote See Seen 8:00 p. m. Address by the Retiring President, Severance Burrage. Symposium on Feeble-mindedness. SATURDAY, DECEMBER 5. GenenaltSessiomean asa eer een sare amen yew seas i ho ee 9:00 a. m. Section: Mieetingsiinc scdacen cient hacia wee eae oe 9:45 a. m. General Session, followed by Section Meetings (provided the time is required to complete the program)................... 52200 speeemae LIST OF PAPERS TO BE READ. Address by the Retiring President, Mr. Severance Burrage. GENERAL Session av Eraut O’Criock, Fripay Evenina. Subject: “Science in Its Relation to Conservation of Human Life.”’ Symposium: Some Scientific and Practical Aspects of the Problem of Teeble-mnindedness. 1. The Feeble-minded Family..... Reve Pte Amos W. Butler, Indianapolis 2. ‘The Probiem of Feeble-mindedness.......... Dr. G. 8. Bliss, Ft. Wayne 3. The l’eeble-minded and Delinquent Boy. Dr. F. E. Paschal, Jeffersonville 4. The Feeble-minded and Delinquent Girl.. Dr. E. E. Jones, Evanston, Ill. 5. Feeble-mindedness in the Public School. Miss Katrina Myers, Indianapolis Discussion opened by Mr. F. S. C. Wicks. ol GreNeERAL—Two O’CrLock Feray. 6. he Alcohol Problem in the Light of Contosis, DRANG CSeytere a ereoe th x eer ce ee ee chon aes .......Robert Hessler 7. Cold Storage, Practical Conservation, 20 minutes........ H. E. Barnard 8. Changing Conditions among the Cumberland Plateau Mountain Reople lantern, 20iminutes....2.55-\29-92 420454: Bernard H. Schockel 9. The Conservation of Energy, 30 minutes.............. Arthur L. Foley 10. Agriculture in Southern Indiana, 15 minutes........ ....C. G. Phillips 11. ‘The Chief Reason for the Migration of Our Birds, 15 minutes.D. W. Dennis BACTERIOLOGY. 12. An Aeration Apparatus for Culture Solutions, with charts, IO ReTIATLU TC Set is A CRS ME i sete Sn re earl | Paul Weatherwax 13. Antagonism of B. fluorescens and B. typhosus in Culture, 1@ MMT ee ae eee tree pet cre ty ee _P. A. Tetrault BOTANY. 14. Notes on the Distribution of the Forest Trees of Indiana, SB samen) ec Stanley Coulter 15. A New Enemy of the Black Locust, 5minutes......... Glenn Culbertson 16. The Parasitic Fungi Attacking Forest Trees in Indiana, MO Brranire GCS Pree esr eee ster ee an PN a ye ant Geo. N. Hoffer 17. A New Disease of Viola cucullata, lantern, 5 minutes.....H. W. Anderons 1S, QOdarusmauin 1 imlbovebienavsy, Wey sashimi, esos ocseblseessudunooss suede. He Ripa Lome Viccdaseedssiny soll, 1lOminutes 2.24.0. ease aes ue: J. Pipal 19. Additions to Indiana Flora, 3 minutes................... Chas. C. Deam 20. Some Peculiarities in Spirogyra dubia, 5 minutes....... Paul Weatherwax 21. Stomata of Trillium nivale, 10 minutes.................. IF. M. Andrews 22. Final Report on Cross Pollination of Corn, 3 minutes....... M. L. Fisher 23. The Primrose-Leaved Violet in White County, charts ANG! SoerGuancrns, 10) TMA 5 ss ssoae sconces ootoouoos Louis F. Heimlich 24. Continuous Rust Propagation without Sexual Reproduction, 11(Q) Taya NHN ater aces ene stats Gale ue een ee preteen eet face C. A. Ludwig 25. Correlation of Certain Long-cycled and Short-cycled Rusts, AO Brean Staak lee eben Ube on ak abi il tne aay H. C. Travelbee 26. Some Species of Nummularia Common in Indiana, 10 minutes ER he es te che adres ee Ae as C. EK. O’Neal.. 27. ‘The Genus Rosellinia in Indiana, 2 minutes...... ....Glenn B. Ramsey 30. ol. 39. 40. Cultivating and Breeding Medicinal Plants, lantern, ZO TOITUGOS ees ae arc ae eater ee: ee cd a Fred A. Miller Some Large Botanical Problems, 10 minutes................ J. C. Arthur ZOOLOGY. The Alba Gehre Collection of Birds’ Eggs in the Museum of Purdue University, 10 mmutes................. Howard E. Enders A Study of the Maturation Period in the Mole-Cricket, blackboard, LOsminutes 23, sn > ee ee eee ae ee ee ...F. Payne Note on a Peculiar Nesting Site of Chimney Swift, 2 EOITIUGES 2 Serta he ea eg ee eee een Et ee Glenn Culbertson Mosaics in Drosophila Ampelophila, chart, 5 minutes..Horace M. Powell New Mutations in the Genus Drosophila and their Behavior ineivereditya charts Okmuimutess ssa == ae Roscoe R. Hyde Notes on Indiana Earthworms, 10 minutes............ H. V. Heimburger Insects of the Between-Tides Zone, 30 minutes........... Chas. H. Arndt Regeneration in Sagartia, 5 minutes.......................- D. W. Davis The Relation of Birds to Aquatic Life as Exemplifed by Observation and Studies made at Lake Maxinkuckee, FL SRITUIT UL CS carrunees eee a Lee eae ee ar Barton W. Evermann The Reptiles and Batrachians of the Lake Maxinkuckee INGHAM, 70) TWMUNTES so Se occdoasndgosneccdanesoes Barton W. Evermann. A Physical and Biological Survey of Lake Maxinkuckee, AVGrivini tks saree ods a eecy ism oan ee oe oeeiaiouc He oe Parton W. Evermann CHEMISTRY. The Quantitative Determination of Copper, 5 minutes..W. M. Blanchard The Alundum Crucible as a Substitute for the Gooch CruciblesbaminuGesses eee eee eee George L. Clark Some Recent Work in Dairy Chemistry, 20 minutes. .....George Spitzer Analysis of Zirconium Minerals, 10 minutes................ James Brown Correlation of High School and College Chemistry, 20! minutes s412 5 Ra as ee eee James Brown Chemical Composition of Virgin and Cropped Indiana Soils, 10 minutes S. D. Conner ENGINEERING. Sewage Disposal, lantern, 15 minutes............ _..Charles Brossmann Extension of Empirical Curve by the Addition of Estimated Values to a Series of Observations, charts, 20 minutes........- Albert Smith oy. 66. On eS) Tar-Forming Temperatures of American Coals, charts, 20 minutes re Rein) Sahu ope OA Rede nic nice p en ee aes O. C. Berry. GEOGRAPHY. Shawnee Mound, Tippecanoe County, A Glacial Alluvial Cone, charts and photographs, 10 minutes............. William A. McBeth GEOLOGY. Stratigraphic Correlation of the Outcrop at Spades, Indiana, IS TIMTTATTG Sere eek peste sates cree sacar eRe ge eee ee H. N. Coryell Pennsylvania Fossil Plants of the Bloomington Quadrangle, PBT UGC Spa mete 2 Sahn cet et Mae, ed 5 A ee MN Ee J. F. Jackson Preliminary Geological History of Dearborn County, 10 minutes RP Sa it A end cn A erua sl aie aoc aoe, ava rear Lh A. J. Bigney Notes on the Cause of Asterism in ‘‘Starolite’’ (Asteriated Quartz), charts and specimens, 10 minutes.................... Frank B. Wade The Mississippian Section of Monroe County, charts, 15 minutes 2 0 6 0.4 6 Sia ARES TE RCL A Hb 1S) aes MPS ee EC ARE GAs le ga J.W. Beede The Flatwoods Region of Owen and Monroe Counties, Indiana, 25) WANN ES ee eee eres ieee noo eid BEC Reece ae oes Clyde A. Malott MATHEMATICS. Mechanical Device for Testing Mersenne Numbers for Primes, Cy TODUUTA DL CS a RN ee ce eae IM hs pe ern RT En Thomas 1. Mason Some Properties of Binominal Coefficients, 20 minutes.....A. M. kenyon METEOROLOGY. The Watertown, S. D., Tornado of June 23, 1914, 10 minutes MP ey ore a ion BE RAR Bet re R ELS ACS ih Nee BS J. Gladden Hutton PHYSICS. A New Lantern and Projector, lantern, 10 minutes... ...: Arthur L. Foley Some Text Book Inconsistencies, 5 minutes............. Arthur L. Foley The Mechanism of Light and Heat Radiations, 10 minutes EP aS eA Ce Se Ae eEL cD) Peis Ct eto ene James E. Weyant A Simple Form for the Carey Foster Bridge, lantern, 5 minutes 38 t eeMSGE ERE eos Bane EOL ene eee ac ein aie 6 _.J. P. Naylor The Change of the Radio Activity of Certain Springs, lantern, © saat, ooeees SAE et a a rp a AS ecco ede AO ..R. R. Ramsey Radio Activity of Spring Water, lantern, 10 minutes....... R. R. Ramsey A Radio-Active Electroscope, lantern. 5 minutes........Hdwin Morrison DN Or ScieENCE IN ITs RELATION TO THE CONSERVATION OF Human LIFE. SEVERANCE BURRAGE. Nearly every branch of science has direct or indirect relation toward the conservation of human life. Unfortunately the appreciation of scien- tific work has been from the industrial rather than from the humanitarian viewpoint, and such researches as have resulted in discoveries that have commercial importance have been the ones to receive the plaudits of the public. Chemistry, physics. geology and biology in alk of their subdivisions have undoubtedly contributed in the work of saving human life. For ex- ample, we have in chemistry the studies of the impurities in the air, water, food and drugs, practical applications on the purification of water and sewage, and so on. In physics and its various branches we have the prac- tical application of safety devices of all kinds, rescue apparatus for mines, the developments in rapid communication, climaxed by the invention of the wireless telegraph and telephone, most useful in the prevention of acci- dents, the various inventions which protect employes from dangerous machinery, the development of fire-fighting apparatus, and special pro- tective devices against floods, earthquakes, cyclones and other disasters. In geology, the selection of proper building stone. the dangers from the corrosion of building stone in different climates, the selection of proper building sites, and, indirectly the discoveries of coal, oil, and other things essential in many phases of human existence. In biology, particularly in the subdivisions, bacteriology, medicine and sanitary science, we find some of the most important discoveries resulting in the prevention of disease and death. Even in entomology—the life histories of various mosquitoes and flies have important bearing on the prevention of disease. In _ bac- teriology the discovery of the causes of transmissible diseases, through the research of Pasteur, Koch and others, methods in the rapid diagnosis of disease, protective inoculation against disease, resulting from the work of Jenner Von Behring and others, are familiar to you all. In medicine the application of asepsis and cleanliness to surgical methods has revolution- 56 ized this important branch of medicine and made it a most important fac- tor in the conservation of human life: the discovery of selective chemical substances for the treatment of specific diseases, such as quinine for malaria. salvarsan for syphilis and most recently ipecac for amebic dys- entery and pyorrhea. In sanitary science the development has been most remarkable. This includes its practical applications in sewage and garbage disposal, street cleaning and the sanitary construction of pavements, the sanitation of heating and ventilation of factories, workshops and schools, the medical inspection of schools, the sanitation of railway cars, and stations, and such special sanitary devices us individual drinking cups. dental lavatories in railroad cars, and the various applications of sanitation to the farmhouse and rural dwelling. The above outline, which is obviously incomplete, suggests some of the things which science in its various branches has done that have been and can be applied in the conservation of human life. Granting that science has done all of these things and many more, I would raise this important question: Is the public at large getting the full benefit of all of this scientific work? Is the public taking advantage of these discoveries of science? In my opinion it is not. Notwithstanding intensive efforts on the part of state boards of health. extension departments in our universities, instruction given before farmers’ institutes, educational activities of anti-tuberculosis societies and insur- ance companies, we find the death rate from preventable diseases decreas- ing very little if at all. In some communities the deaths from preventable diseases are on the increase. In our own State we find very little change in the last ten vears in the deaths from |;reventable diseases. This Academy is of course particularly interested in Tudiana. Can not this Academy suggest or recommend ways and means to apply through- out this State the various developments of science relating to health and disease prevention in such a way as to create a healthier and longer-lived citizenship? A commission appointed recently in Massachusetts to inves- tigate the high cost of living stated— “The increased vital efficiency of the citizens of this State (Mas- sachusetts) which would result from a conservation of the present waste of health would, if expended in labor, increase the earnings of those whose health is impaired and also lessen the burdens of ov those who are at present unnecessarily ill. This increase in earn- ings would thus tend to reduce the cost of living, increase the total earnings of the citizens and make the average income larger.” Thus conservation of health means higher wages, which enables the worker to keep ahead of the increasing price of the commodities of life. Surely this is worth striving for, and in my opinion Indiana can decrease the death rate and lengthen life and thus bring about this condition, To accomplish it I would urge the adoption of a law which would provide for a full-time health commissioner in every county in the State. This com- missioner must be especially trained in sanitary science and the various applications of the other sciences in so far as they affect the prevention of unnecessary deaths. If such a law were passed, and backed up by an intelligent public, we would have the healthiest State in the Union in a very sSbort time. I state my belief because where such sanitary applica- tions have been thoroughly carried out, we have as a result healthful con- ditions. I would cite as an instance of this the Panama Canal district. While the names of Goethals and Gorgas will go down to posterity as con- structors of the Panama Canal, they should receive more credit for the sanitary organization and administration which made the construction of the canal possible. They converted one of the most unhealthful localities in the world, where the death rate was over 70 per 1,000, to the most health- ful spot with the death rate of less than 6 per 1,000, a death rate lower that that of any other civilized community in the world. Another instance of the practical applications of sanitary science has been in our military camps. Reports show that out of 12,000 men in these camps there was not a single case of smallpox or typhoid fever for a period covering two years. Typhoid fever has long been one of the pests of camp life, but through improved sanitation and typhoid vaccination, this dis- ease has been absoluetly eliminated. Other diseases in these camps over which there was not such perfect control showed a great reduction. With such fine examples of successfui sanitary administration it seems to me justifiable to make application to our own communbities, with of course necessary modifications. I therefore would suggest that this Acad- emy at this session pass resolutions favoring the passage of a law at the next Legislature which would provide for a competent, full-time health com- missioner in each county in this State. I know of no way in which the Indiana Academy of Science can better further the best interests of the State with reference to the conservation of human life. On No) al e a | Williaal} Lavina josepn Mae. G | = KEEFER _ eas “Wiggle Nett S < PA Cotorep My E Amanoa ear 2 5 FM. v uw = ~ CVSSIE Lion tVNICe = GreTevee Hapwee = Artuve PA. ALL SEVEM oF THE ASovE Cwilopen APE ILLEGITIMATE, BVT IT 1S NOT KNOWN Whttwee Keefee ts THe FATHES Im oH On. on SEMY Ss EM-Y- PA. Leg par THE “cc: FAanily Poeotny MALE female Sex Toral PA. any oa Vaan. Five Gentearions impiviovals fecoeoeo 24 28 5 57 MENTAL = congiyion. feeole nminoeo Ne \7 19 36 INSame.. . tenateheretae 1 a 1 Noewnal..... Wanaia aie 8 6 -{ 9 NoemalitTy in avestion.. 4 2 5 i. Sex OFFENDESS..... 1. 3 4 7 (LLE GiITImMaye.. Acpaeatl 3 5 9 INS TITVTION INMATES 6 12 . 16 Pavilo EAD PM DENJAMIN Se PA. Peay Fr cei. carp. a Ann JouN GEoRqr Mary HARNAH Etwapere Alice | Sam. Wittiam & Stepnen EM. En FM. FM. Fm. rn. FM. Fn. Fm. rm. Prost. aay THESE ARE ALL 3A1D To HAYE BEEN OFF” WHERE ABOYTS VAKNoWn Ethel EVA ELIZABETH Bichaeo Raynono Aeminoa Lena on on, on. fm. Pa on fA q-3 ‘SFM. SFM. Y. PA Siwy SRM y OM Sp My. on SF my. C Stnjanut pm ALyA om SPMy FAMILY FM. SARAN FA PA Wiltis ENosLey Fu. ®) Lona HENRY rm Como, 9 JosHVA FM. 1 O—-);-O mK, enna Leino | William l| Lavina Josepn Nie Saml HARY.G = KEEFER e pn pm “Higgee Mell ie < p-A. Colones a E Anan on Tice; Fi 5 fom. e 5 3 (N) 2272? Ghorce Cyssie Lion tvMice Grerevee |= Hapnee Array On on. oH PAs simy semy PA ALL Seven oF THE ROOvE CWiLoren ARE ILLEGITIMATE, ‘ BVT IT 1S Hoy KNOWN Whetece THE “c° Fanily tens Kercpee 1s Tuc FaTHEe in jozOTHY MALE remale Sex Toral. Br an SAS ne Five Genctearions Inpiviovals Eecosoes 244 28 5 57 Menyal convition . feeote minveo | co lh} 410 36 INSAnme.. 02... ae t ra Heanal..... 0 8 6 { 9 NeanaliTy In avestion.. 4 2 5S! 4h Sux OFFEN pees. Soe + Ti {LLeqitimare - ofl 3 5 9 CMS TITVTION WNnmates. 6 12 - 18 NX wo) A FAmMILy IN ONE NEIGHBORHOOD.* AmMos W. BUTLER, Secretary Indiana Board of State Charities. Indianapolis. Not long ago I had handed to me a little card containing these words: “When shall we apply the same intelligence to breeding human heings that we apply to breeding cattle?” It came at a time when we were investigating the family histories of some of the state’s wards whose names are recorded in the registration of the Board of State Charities. The application was made more striking by having before me charts of some of these families, some of them running back five or six generations. These tell a story of degeneracy that is ap- palling. I have thought you would be interested in one of them whose visible beginning was in a pair of feeble-minded ancestors about a hun- dred years ago. It includes five generations, represented by fifty-seven individuals. There would be some changes in the chart as a result of subsequent investigations but in the main the facts are as given. The “C” Family. Stasz Male. Female. Unknown. Total. lirdhivardwals recorded! 22 sncacn. esses es coee 24 28 5 DT Mental condition: Meehle=mImded) cpesskvecis a wieve seensieie so s06 hi 17 19 ; 36 IDDER NIE Sao cooes sanel@ cieretouaeks Seo m ene ler ers 1 : 1 HIN TEIN Rt esas cc racer syr estes ests ois Glioma, apevereavelee 3 6 ; 9 Normality in question............... Fagen ane 2 5 11 Sex: offenders 2.2... .e00c0m%s rrensieiteeensy (eo Susieesite 3 4 4 a Illegitimate ........ Be aie te acetate si cushion syne tons 1 3 D 9) *Read at Indiana Academy of Science, Indianapolis 1914. 60 Our investigations brought to light the fact that eighteen members of this family have been at some time of their lives inmates of public insti- tutions in Indiana. Our information as to the length of time five of these were on public support is incomplete: it was before our present registra- tion of institution inmates was begun. Concerning the other thirteen, however. we have accurate data. To date they have spent a total of 203 years, 5 months in public institutions. Eleven have been in county poor asylums 44 years, 3 months: 7 have been in orphans’ homes 40 years. T months: 8 have been in the School for Feeble-Minded Youth 110 years. 11 months: one has been in the Indiana Girls’ School 7 years, 8 months. If their maintenance has averaged but $125 a year, the total cost has already amounted to more than $25,000. This is not all. There are now five young women of this family in the School for Feeble-Minded Youth at Fort Wayne. Their ages are 22, 23. 24, 28 and 32 years. an average of 25.8 years. At the annual average per capita cost of maintenance in that institution last year ($140.68) these five young women cost the State $700.00 a year. I ask this question: What are we going to do about it? It is one of our problems. A legislative commission in New Jersey has recently made a report after a thorough investigation of the problem of mental defectiveness. Other commissions in New York. Massachusetts. and elsewhere have been, or are, engaged in this work. Is it not time that Indiana should wake up and have a commission to study the problem of mental defectiveness? What is the condition? What are the needs? How shall they be met? What is the wisest plan to follow? What are we going to do to save ourselves this continually increasing population of mental defectiveness, that is shown by this chart and could be shown by a hundred others, to be growing up in the State of Indiana without our knowledge. without our thought, with- out our effort to prevent it? The question comes to us: What will we do about it? 61 THE PROBLEM OF FEEBLE-MINDEDNESS. G. S. Buiss. The first recorded attempt to do something for feeble-mindedness occurred in the year 1800, when Dr. Itard, a French physician, tried to educate a so-called “wild boy” found in the woods. The attempt failed because the boy was feebie-minded, and was followed in France by several abortive attempts to educate feeble-minded persons. The first successful attempt in this direction was made by the Schoo! for the Deaf and Dumb at Hartford, Conn., in 1836. They took several feeble-minded children and succeeded in training them a little in school work and in forming better habits of life. In 1846 Dr. Seguin, a pupil of Dr. Itard, opened a successful school for mental defectives in France. This attempt succeeded so well that other schools were soon founded for this most unfortunate class. In 1848 Mas- sachusetts started the first state school in the United States. This was followed by other States, and in 1879 Indiana established her present school. All these schools were started with the idea that mental defect was curable, and that the idiot or imbecile could be educated to become a self- supporting and dependable citizen. This we now know to be an impos- sibility, and the fact is coming to be more generally recognized that there is no cure for mental defect. It is a condition, not a disease. Insanity is a disease attacking a developed brain and is often cured; feeble-mindedness is never cured, but may be greatly relieved by proper training and care. There are between 5,000 and 6,000 feeble-minded persons in Indiana reeding institutional care today, and only about one-fourth of these are receiving it. These people are at large, reproducing defectives in an ever- increasing amount, like the waves from a pebble thrown into a lake. If we are to protect the coming generations of our sons and daughters, grand- sons and granddaughters from this growing burden, we must wake up io the condition and do something about it. 62 What to do, and how to do it, constitutes one of the most serious prob- lems for our State. I presume if I were to ask any member of this body before me tonight, what in his estimation was the best measure, he would say sterilization or asexualization. And to that measure I would give a hearty amen, if it were as practical a proceeding as I wish it were. Theoretically it is good, but in practice. owing to ignorance, false sentimentality, honest disbelief in the measure by honest people, it is not as easily carried out as most of the persons here would think. If applied. it should be used on persons at large, not on those already segregated and cared for by public institutions ; but the problem here is first to catch them, and then to decide where to draw the line. I believe that for many years to come, segregation will be our best method of dealing with this problem. Mr. Butler has recommended for this State a real practical step in the establishment by this Legislature of a commission to investigate this condition throughout the State and report to our next Legislature. I have also recommended a large farm, 2,000 acres or more, somewhere in the south central part of the State where the adult boys and men can live as useful and happy as may be; and also another smaller farm where the older women could care for chickens, turkeys, and small fruits, living their lives apart from the world, where they are such complete failures. I believe that better marriage laws, permitting no one to marry with- out a clean bill of health, would be a help. Wheneyer alcohol and vice are abolished in this world the feeble- mindedness from those causes will cease. and the public registration of venereal disease would prove a potent weapon against mental defect. I believe, that every case of syphilis and gonorrhea should be registered with the health officer as well as smallpox or typhoid fever. I hope Indiana will realize in the near future the momentousness of this problem, and by meeting it and better preventing the reproduction of defect. place herself where she belongs, at the pinnacle of those States who prevent, as well as provide for this burden of feeble-mindedness on her community. 63 THe FEEBLE-MINDED AND DELINQUENT Boy. FRANKLIN C. PASCHAL. In an examination of the relation of feeble-mindedness to delinquency, we find ourselves in the realm of the higher degrees of mental defect, the moron and the borderline cases. These, not the imbeciles, are the ones who present the difficult problem to the student of delinquency, for when those of the lower grade come into contact with the law, their antisocial behavior is recognized as but a manifestation of the deficiency. But the delinquent whom we classify as a high grade defective is not so easily disposed of, and it is this class with which this paper deals. Only within the past few years have the courts begun to recognize that each case is an individual case and that an understanding of the violator is fully as important as an understanding of the law violated. This has come about largely through the appreciation that a great many of these persons have grave mental defects which were not of a sufficient degree to be recognized by the community. As a result, the juvenile courts of the larger cities and many penal institutions are depending upon the findings of the clinical laboratories to guide them in the disposition of the cases which appear before them. These institutions are finding extremely diffi- cult, almost hopeless, the task of readjusting in society those who from congenital or early developmental causes are equipped with inadequate mental machinery. A delinquency is an abnormal reaction to stimuli furnished by the en- vironment. There are many conditions which operate to produce abnormal reactions, such as mental depressions, a craving for excitement, insta- bility and, very frequently, a mind not completely unfolded. If judgment, foresight, and moral appreciation are undeveloped, then inhibitions are de- ficient and the resulting anomalies of behavior will quite likely become criminal acts or delinquencies. The feeble-minded boy is the tool of his environment. He can not see his way forward in the situations that arise, . nor can he control his environment. The more complex the situation in which he is placed, the less liable he is to solve his own problems and the greater the probability that his reactions will be construed as antisocial. 64 The types of delinquencies of boys of the feeble-minded class, then, are many and depend upon the peculiar combinations of circumstances which chance may throw about them in their environments. The feeble-minded boy is usually a member of a family of degenerate type. This degeneracy may be due to feeble-mindednss itself, to intemper- ance, or other causes may be to blame, but at least the family has fallen into the lowest strata of society. What mental defect the boy may be given is then of a lower instead of a higher order. The instruments for the implanting of the higher ideas and ideals, the church and the school, are either absent or ineffectual. If the family in its descent has become criminal, the boy is trained in the criminal paths, into which he falls quite readily. If not actually trained, he is encouraged by a family attitude which countenances this sort of thing. Even though the family is not directly responsible, it has thrown him among associates of the lowest kind and surrounded him by the at- mosphere of the slums or, in the small town, of the saloon and the gang. These people will train him, will assist him and will encourage him in starting upon a career of antagonism to law and order. building of levees to retain the flood heights. If proper surveys exist, reservoir control may be studied. The Indiana Flood Commission has gathered together a number of pians thit have been drawn for the Indiana cities, and it is in a postiion to assist communities that desire advice en the nature of flood protection works. THIRD PROBLEM. Construction Werk. After complete information has been gathered, and the best engineer- ing skill has been operating, a third and most important step must be taken. There must be some organization to finance and build flood pro- tection works. In other words some legislative action must be taken, some so-called enabling legislation. In any community some agency must be created to determine the necessity of improvements, to direct their construction, and to estabiish an assessment roll for benefits and damages 1155) within a district defined in advance. And this agency must be appointed and directed by the courts or by a State board. This is the crucial problem. It involves the codrdination of several, at present unrelated agencies, as for instance the city government, the county commissioners, and the railways. Of what benefit is it to a city like Peru, to spend $350,000.00 on a levee, if this scheme demands for its proper action the lengthening of a county or railway bridge, when the county commissioners or railway officials refuse to cooperate. It must also be remembered that we all have gone ahead creating new obstructions in the flood plain and in the channel which interfere with the flow of our flood waters. Railways, cities and county commissioners are responsible for the conditions. Channel obstructions must be removed, and either the State or the Federal Government must take action. Some control must be exercised over present as well as future constructions in the channels. FOURTH PROBLEM. Valley Protection. When we take a wider view than that of the specific problem of a single city, we must consider a flood protection scheme from the stand- point of the watershed as a whole. One city in Indiana has made flood protection plans which deflect the water around the city, and throw it around in increased volume on its neighboring down stream. Cities often content themselves with sluicing the water through the cities and pile them up on communities below. Here is again the problem of state action to protect the whole people. Fortunately this is not merely an action of control, but means a wider viewpoint that may disclose a cheaper and better method of protecting the whole valley. FIrtH PROBLEM. Maintenance. After these works have been constructed, we have a fifth problem in their maintenance. It must be recollected that these works are built to protect against floods which happen only once or twice in a generation. Naturally such works as leeves and reservoirs will tend to be neglected during this unused interval. If people construct dwellings and operate industries in a space supposedly protected by improperly maintained reser- 156 voirs, or levees, they are in jeoardy. In this case the State must exer- cise some power to protect the people and see that these works are main- tained. SIXTH PROBLEM. Federal Action. In considering the question.of floods the view is successively of city, of county, of watershed, of State; and finally the rights and duties of the Federal Government come into view. Our present problem is to delimit and properly apportion the action and responsibility as between the States and the Federal Government. At present the Federal Government controls all openings and obstructions in navigable streams. The logic of the situa- tion would extend this to the upper reaches, because what happens there will affect navigation below. For instance, if, due to obstructions, bars pile up on bridges and soil is washed down and creates bars below, there is a real connection between the upper reaches and the lower parts of the river. Again, the Weather Bureau is in the best position to take observations of rainfall, and the Geological Survey can best and does make the topo- graphic surveys, and the stream gagings. Thus in this problem, the compiex question of the division of water control, as between the States and the Federal Government, is to be de- termined in the future. A watershed is a natural unit, and not a political unit. There should be some codrdination between the States in the Ohio Valley, whose problems are very similar. An APPARATUS FOR AERATING CULTURE SOLUTIONS. PAUL WEATHERW AX. A number of experiments on various phases of plant physiology, in each of which it was necessary to secure a constant stream of «tir continuing for several days, has led to the construction of a very efficient piece of ap- paratus for that purpose. The apparatus used by Prof. D. M. Mottier seyv- eral years ago for aerating artificial cultures of algse was modified by F. L. Pickett and used in a series of experiments on desiccation; and the writer has made some further changes in the construction of the apparatus shown in the figure and described below. This is now being used very success- fully in the aeration of culture solutions. The princple employed is that of the Sprengel mercury pump (water being used as a liquid in this case) by which bubbles of air are entangled in a stream of liquid which flows into a closed vessel. The only thing that remains to be done is to separate the air and the liquid, which are under slight pressure, and convey them from the reservoir by separate tubes. The first problem is that of getting a stream of water that will flow uniformly. An attachment to a water pipe is usually suflicient for this. If this is not satisfactory, however, a siphon may be arranged to give a uniform flow. D, in the figure, is an ordinary battery jar provided with a siphon, B, which has an adjustable stopcock. A, which taps a water pipe and has an adjustable stopcock, supplies the jar with water a little faster than it is taken out by the siphon, B. Another siphon, C, removes the excess and keeps the water always at the same level, determined by its outer end, thus assuring an even flow, which should be just fast enough to cause the water to fall as a succession of drops. The funnel, E, made by fitting a stopper into the end of a short piece of glass tubing about 1 cm. in diameter, has the end of the slender tube, F, extending 2 or 3 mm. above the cork. By means of this arrangement the water dropping into the funnel is caused to descend through the tube as a series of drops separated by spaces filled with air. Thus, if no escape is allowed, the reservoir, K, is filled with water and air under a pressure 158 equal to that of the aggregate length of all the water drops in E at any one time. But the air escapes through H, under control of a pinchcock, and the water is forced out through G. The waste water escapes through J. The flow of air through H must be so regulated that water is forced out through G just a little faster than it enters from F. This provides for an occasional release of surplus pressure by the escape of air through G and prevents the filling of IK with water, as will be the case if the air is allowed to escape too fast through H. The only irregularity of flow is at the time of the release of pressure through G; but the air stream is seldom interrupted for more than a few seconds, and by careful adjustment the frequency of these interruptions may be reduced to a minimum. Perfect adjustment would entirely eliminate these irregularities by allowing the water to escape through G just as fast as it enters through F; but, per- fection being impossible, it is better to have the interruption occur as an escape of air through G than of water through H. Theoretically the pressure of the air issuing from H, and consequently the depth to which a solution can be aerated, is determined by the vertical distance from the level of the water in K to the outlet of G. In practice, however, the apparatus falls somewhat short of this, due to friction of the air through H and the capillarity of the liquid to be aerated. The density of the culture solution is, of course, a determining factor also. The efficiency of the apparatus depends largely upon the nature of the tube F. If it is of too small bore, the friction is too great; and if it is too large, the water has a tendency merely to run down the inside surface and fails to carry any air with it. A very satisfactory size of tube is one having an internal diameter of 2 to 4 mm. If a larger quantity of air is needed at H, the pressure to remain the same, it is better to use two tubes for F than to try to increase the capacity by substituting one larger tube. If the pressure is to be increased and the amount of air to be de- livered in a given time is to remain the same, G must be lengthened, and this may necessitate the lengthening of F also, for F will carry air only so long as the aggregate length of its water column is greater than that in G. In adjusting the apparatus, glass or metal stopcocks have been found more satisfactory where the flow of water is to be regulated, while pincheocks on pieces of rubber tubing have been found best for regulating the stream of air. When well adjusted and in good working condition the apparatus is economical. Tests on the one now in use have shown that it can be made 159 An Apparatus for Aerating Culture Solutions. 160 to deliver 50. c.¢. of air per minute at a depth of 15 cm. in a # per cent. Ixnops solution at the expense of 50 c.c. of water. At this rate less than 20 gallons of water per day would be used with the apparatus running con- tinually. The apparatus as now in use is designed for the aeration of water cul- tures, but its wide range of adjustment and its economy will permit its being used for many other purposes. Various devices may be attached at H for changes of temperature, humidity, or chemical nature of the air, pro- vided that allowance be made for the increased pressure that may be necessary. Where it is desired that the stream of air be carefully guarded from outside contamination, this apparatus is clearly the superior of any by means of which the air is drawn through tubes by an aspirator at the end, for it is a decided advantage in such cases to have the pressure, which determines the direction of any possible leakage, outward rather than inward. Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. 16] ANTAGONISM ON B. FLUORESCENS AND B. TYPHOSUS IN CULTURE. P. A. TETRAULT. It is a fact long established that when two organisms live together in close relationship, the association will be one of tolerance, of mutual benefit or of one-sided injury. The term antagonism as used in this paper has more the meaning of one-sided injury. The phenomenon, for the bac- teria, Was recognized as far back as 1888S when Freudenreich and Garre, working independently, demonstrated specific antagonisms between given bacterial forms. The last named worked especially with B. typhosus. It was found that the typhoid organism did not thrive in «a medium where certain other bacteria had previously grown; in other words, the cell secretions were toxic for B. typhosus. W. D. Frost,* working on this same problem, discusses a number of theories advanced to account for this phenomenon. One theory is that of the exhaustion of the food supply. All the available food has been extracted from the medium by the first organism growing on it. This was controverted by Olitzky by demonstrating that Micrococcus aureus would grow on a medium which had nourished a previous crop of bacteria but which did not permit the growth of B. typhosus. Another theory was that of enzyme action. This, Frost savs, could not hold in this case because enzymes are colloidal in nature and could not pass through a collodion membrane. A history and comparison of the different cultures used in my work is given below. All the cultures came from The Museum of Natural History, New York. No. 29 was obtained originally from the University of Chicago and was isolated from the swimming pool. No. 469 came from the Kral laboratories, Germany. No. 31 also came from the University of Chicago, *The Antagonism Exhibited by Certain Saprophytie Bacteria against the B. typhosus Gaffky. Jour. of Inf. Diseases. Novy. 5, 1914. 11—4966 162 was isolated from the Mississippi River and was labeled B. fluorescens liquefaciens.* No. 502 came from the University of Vermont and was labeled B. fluorescens tenuis. When grown on various media these cultures gave the following re- actions: Taste [. Media. No. 29. No. 469. No. 502. No. 381. L. milk Digested. Digested. No reaction. No reaction. Lac. broth No gas. No gas. No gas. 20%. Nitrate broth. Nitrates Nitrates Nitrates Nitrates reduced. reduced. reduced. reduced. Pep. broth No indol. No indol. No indol. No indol. Gelatin. Liquefied. Liquefied. Not liquefied. Not liquefied.t The only appreciable differences between these two groups of cuitures lie in the litmus milk and gelatin reactions. This would suggest that the process was one of digestion, but by direct microscopic methods it could not be determined. When B. typhosus was mounted in some of the steril- ized B. fluorescens filtrate and examined under the microscope, no aggluti- nation was observed. When the two organisms B. fluorescens and B. typhosus, are grown in parallel streaks on solid media, it is found that there always remains a zone between the two where no growth occurs, B. fluorescens gives off a pigment which facilitates the study of this phenomenon by microscopic methods. B. typhosus never trespasses over the green border line put up by B. fluorescens. This suggested a further study of the two organ- isms in liquid media. The method was practically the same as that used by W. D. Frost in his work on “The Antagonism Exhibited by Certain Sapro- phytic Bacteria against the B. Typhosus Gaffky” and described in his article on “Collodion Sacs.’’} A gelatin capsule is fastened onto the end of a glass tube by heating the tube slightly before applying the capsule. The capsule and part: of the tube are then dipped into collodion and allowed to harden. After a few dip- pings the sac is strong enough to stand without the aid of the gelatin. The gelatin is dissolved by means of hot water and the sac is ready for use. The sac is filled with nutrient broth and inserted into a flask con- *Although labeled B. f. liquefaciens, No. 31 failed to liquefy gelatin. {Reports and Papers of the Am. Pub. Health Assn. Vol. 28. 163 taining the same kind of medium. After sterilization in the autoclay, the sac and flask are inoculated with the different cultures to be studied. The sac prevents the bacteria from mingling but, being permeable, permits the diffusible products of metabolism to distribute themselves uniformly throughout the liquid medium. By taking samples from both tube and flask and plating, it becomes a rather simple matter to determine whether the life or the growth of either organism is affected by the manufactured products or wastes of the other. The experiments were run in series. Hach series consisted of five flasks. Four of these contained B. typhosus in the sac and one of the cultures of B. fluorescens in the flask. The fifth was used as a control and contained only B. typhosus. Four of these series were run simultaneously. The temperature was 37 degrees Centigrade. The experiments ran through a period of twelve weeks. Of the strains of B. fluorescens used, cultures No. 29 and No. 469 im- parted a very deep color to the medium after growing for twenty-four hours; No. 31 and No. 502 imparted very little color. The next table shows a certain correlation between the elimination of B. typhosus by B. fluorescens cultures secreting a deep colored pigment as compared with those cultures secreting very little pigment. TABLE II. After twenty-four hours incubation. Flask-containing B. flworescens. Sac containing B. typhosus. No. 29 ; Growth. No. 469 Growth. No. 502 Growth. No. 31 Growth. After forty-eight hours incubation. No. 29 No growth. No. 469 No growth. No. 502 Growth. No. 31 Growth. After seventy-two hours incubation. No. 29 No growth. No. 469 No growth. No. 502 Growth. No. 31 Growth. 164 The above table shows that the secretions of B. fluorescens in the flask penetrate the collodion sac containing the typhoid culture. There takes place, then, not merely an inhibitory action, but an actual bactericidal one. The secretions have to be of a certain concentration before this action takes place. It is found that the above is not true for the cultures show- ing slight chromogenesis. In the next experiment, B. fluorescens was planted and allowed to grow before B. typhosus was introduced into the sac. The following table shows the results obtained. TABLE III. After growing B fluorescens for twenty-four hours, inoculating the sac with B. typhosus, and again incubating for twenty-four hours: B. fluorescens. B. typhosus growth. No. 29 Absent. No. 469 Absent. No. 502 Present. No. 3 Present. After growing B. fluorescens for forty-eight hours, inoculating the sac with B. typhosus, and again incubating for twenty-four hours: B. fluorescens. B. typhosus growth. No. 29 Absent. No. 469 Absent. No. 502 Present. Nox 23 Present. This table shows that once the toxic substances are produced in suf- ficient quantities and time enough is given for them to penetrate the sac, the typhoid organisms will not grow. In the next experiments the fluorescens organisms were grown for ten days, then filtered and the filtrate sterilized for ten minutes at a pressure of fifteen pounds in the autoclay. The sterilized filtrate was then inoculated with B. typhosus and at the end of twenty-four hours samples were plated with plain agar and incubated. The results are shown in the following table: 165 TABLE LY. B. fluorescens. B. typhoesus growth. No. 29 Absent. No. 469 Absent. No. 502 Present. No. “3il Present. The active substance is not destroyed at the temperature of live steam under fifteen pounds pressure for fifteen minutes. CONCLUSIONS. The specific antagonism of B. fluorescens for B. typhosus is due to a substance secreted by the first named organism. This antagonism is not characteristic of all B. fluorescens cultures. There seems to be a correlation between the intensity of the color and this property. The action is bactericidal. B. fluorescens cultures with slight pigment production do not prevent ‘the growth of B. typhosus. The metabolic substances must reach a certain concentration before they become effective. The toxic substances secreted by B. fluorescens have the following properties : 1. They are thermo-stabile. 2. They are diffusible through a collodion sac. Although the growth of B. fluorescens in milk would suggest a digestive process, the typhoid bacilli are not agglutinated when grown in a sterilized filtrate of the first named organism. 167 Nores Upon THE DISTRIBUTION OF FoREST TREES IN INDIANA. STANLEY COULTER. It is recognized at the outset, that even in a restricted area, such as that under consideration, much of uncertainty is given to any conclusions drawn because of lack of exact data covering every part. The richness of the tree flora in a given county as contrasted with that of adjoining coun- ties, is usually to be explained by the presence of a skilled and persistent worker. It is very certain that no county in the State is entirely destitute of trees, in spite of the fact that not a single species may be reported as occurring within its bounds in any published report. It frequently happens, also, that reports covering certain counties have been based upon the work of untrained observers who have failed to dis- criminate closely related species or who have made incorrect determina- tions, in either case confusing the situation and necessitating a careful revision of the data. While effort has been made to eliminate errors arising from such causes it is more than probable that some have escaped detection, but in the main as regards the species discussed the data seem accurate and complete. Of the one hundred twenty-six indigenous species mapped in connection with this study, the larger part by far are probably of general distribution throughout the State. Variation in the density of the stand and in the size and form of individual trees are of course found, but the non-occurrence of any one of the species of this group in any county, under favorable condi- tions, would be more notable than its presence. A relatively small group is confined to the extreme northeastern counties of Lake, Porter and Laporte. Quite a large group is restricted to the southern counties or those lying in the first three tiers north of the Ohio River. A peculiar tree flora within this group is that of Posey, Gibson and Knox counties, lying along the lower stretches of the Wabash River. Some of the trees reported from this subdivision no doubt are of wider range than indicated, since few 168 counties in the State have been worked with such persistence and with such painstaking accuracy. Others of the species are doubtless restricted to the rich alluvial soils of the lower Wabash Valley. To these might be added a small group showing a distribution so unconnected as to be extremely difficult of explanation. An instance is found in Pinus Strobus L., which is found in Lake, Porter and Laporte. extreme northwestern counties; Warren and Montgomery, western-central counties; and in Clark in the southeastern part of the State. Its occur- rence in the northwestern counties affords no difficulty; the western- central location might be explained as a continuation of the former area: but the recurrence of the species in Clark County on the Ohio River in the: eastern part of the State furnishes a difficult problem. In the case, also, of Crategus coccinea L., we find equally unrelated areas, this species being reported only from Noble and Steuben, extreme northeastern counties, and Floyd, a southern county on the Ohio River. The genus Cratzegus, how- ever, presents such difficulties in the discrimination of species that the case just cited may possibly be due to lack of accuracy in determination. The species limited to Knox, Gibson and Posey counties or to Some part of the area are as follows: Taxrodium distichum (L.) L. C. Richards. Hicoria Pecan (Marshall) Britton. Quercus lyrata Walter. Quercus Michausrii Nuttall. Quercus falcata Michaux. Celtis misSissippiensis Bosc. Crategus viridis Linneus. Crategus nitida (Engelmann) Sargent. Gleditsia aquatica Marshall. Tlex decidua Walter. Forestiera acuminata (Michaux) Poinet. In addition to these species, which seem strictly limited to the region hamed, two others have been reported from a single additional county : Catalpa speciosa Warder. Gibson, Knox, Posey and Vigo. FPrazvinus Michaurii Britton. Gibson, Posey and Marion. The Bald cypress (Taxodium) is a southern swamp form, which finds in the Indiana locations its extreme northeastern limits. In Indiana it is 169 found only along the wet (often submerged) banks of streains or in river swamps or sloughs. The local distribution has been carefully worked out by Deam.t While not as large a tree as in the South Atlantic and Gulf States the species as found in Indiana often reaches a height of 145 feet and a diameter of six feet. The species may be regarded as haying entered the State in the period of flooded streams, maintaining its footho!d in situ- ations unfavorable for the ordinary species of this latitude. The areas in which the species occurs in the State are being rapidly reduced by agricul- tural operations and ifs disappearance from the tree flora of the State seems inevitable. The Pecan (Hicoria Pecan) nowhere wanders far from the lowlands adjoining river courses. The species has been so largely cultivated in the State both for ornament and fruit that its original locations in the State are difficult to make out. Unquestionably its mass occurrence was in Knox, Gibson and Posey counties. Its occurrence in Vigo County, reported by W. SS. Blatchley, is unquestionable. but may be regarded as exceptional. ) ) Zio |Puccinia Anemones-virginiana Schw... Anemone Aster Bigelovia Koeleria Chrysopsis GeeciManStipe Arb: .....5..555+-50. \OnyZOpSise eee. ‘ Chrysothamnus | Stipa Erigeron 3 Grindelia a Bigelovia Gutrerrezia Chrysopsis Lygodesmia Puccinia Grindelie Peck............. Chrysothamnus Nothocalais Grindelia Senecio Gutierrezia Solidago 2 Castilleja Puccinia Andropogonis Schw. .. . Andropogon......\ Dasystoma 4.4 | Penstemon Puccinia Seymerie Burrill............ Dasystoma 5 Puccinia pustulata (Curt.) Arth...... Andropogon.... Comandra “*\ Puccinia Comandre Peck............. Comandra (Arabis as Ral: FEN Ne {Keleria ) Parrya ; Puccima monoica (Peck) Arth........ Prisetum °° 0°77 Schenocnambe Puccinia Holboellii (Horn.) Rostr.... Arabis \Smelowskya 7 {Puccima Agropyri Ell. & Ev......... Agropyron....... Anemone ‘\Puccinia DeBaryana Thuem.......... Anemone Wanccunma rubella Arth...............- Phragmitis..... f HES 8. | Rumex lauccuniaonnata A. 6 Ti, ses. 5s- 54. Rumex 9 Puccima rhammi Wettst.............. NDEs 5 66 ane 0% Rhamnus “*\Puccinia Mesneriana Thuem.......... Rhamnus The last two combinations in this list are the ones noted by Dietel. | fe 99 2B} Orton’ dealt with quite a different type of correlation when he reported in detail the similarities between six species of hetercecious Uromiuces and six species of hetercecious Puccinia. He also extended this study to include autcecious species of Uromyces and Puccinia. In every instance the host plants of the two rusts are of the same species, or of species closely related morphologically and phylogenetically. Because of the cellular difference in the teliospores (Uromyces, one-celled: Puccinia, two-celled ) Orton laid special emphasis on the agreement of the microscopic characters of the zeciospores and urediniospores of the two rusts, remarking only in a gen- eral way similarities between the teliospores. When we consider the differences in the humber of spore forms in the life cycles of the various species of rusts, and take into consideration the morpbological variation of the analogous spores, it is apparent that the possibilities of correlation are numerous. There are many problems pre- sented in connection with such correlations. The choice of host plants, the similarity of analogous spore forms, and the like effects on the host all point to a common ancestor. What then is the primitive form? What is the evolutionary history of the derivative species? How great a range may be expected in the variations of correlated species? These and similar questions arise when a theoretical consideration of the condition is under- taken. The practical application of knowledge gained by correlation studies wiil be along the lines of culture work, especially in forecasting the alter- nate host plants of unconnected cial or telial forms. ‘Mycologia, IV: No. 4, July, 1912. Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. bo (Su) Ou SomE SpecIES OF NUMMULARIA COMMON IN INDIANA. CLAUDE HE. O'NEAL. The difficuity of distinguishing the yarious species of Nuwmmularia, and eyen the geuus itself from the genus Hypoxylon, is quite evident to anyone who has made any attempt at their classification. Im a paper en- titled ““A Monograph of the Common Indiana Species of Hypoxylon’,* C. EH. Owens, by the aid of plates and an artificial key, sets forth the charac- teristics of the common species of the latter genus. The purpose of this paper is to do a similar work with the available species of the genus Nummularia. In the study of Nwmmularia, attention is first directed toward the stromata, which appear as blackish or brownish incrustations on the dead trunks and limbs of our common deciduous trees. In form, the stromata vary greatly, but in general, they belong to two types, one of which may be described as cup-shaped, and the other as convex. The former type is usually orbicular or elliptical in shape, while the latter may be either orbi- cular, elliptical, or broadly effused with an irregular outline. The stromata arise beneath the epidermis of the substratum where they may remain concealed for some time, but sooner or later, the epidermis is broken through and the spore-bearing surface is exposed. Sometimes in old specimens the entire epidermis may be removed and the erumpent characteristic overlooked. In some cases the entire cortex may decay and fall away, leaving the stromata standing out on the decorticated surface. Again, some of the more resistant ones may be found in good condition on a log that is ready to drop to pieces from decay. In width the various Indiana species range from a few millimeters in the cup-shaped forms to several centimeters in the broadly effused types. The thinnest ones that the author has found have been about one-half milli- meter thick while some of the cup-shaped forms may have a thickness of *Proceed. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1911, p. 291. 23 half a centimeter or more. In the early stages of development in the spe- cies described the stromata may be lightly colored, but when the sporidia are mature the color of the fertile layer is black. Sometimes the substrat- um is stained by the fungus. One species is readily recognized by the characteristic orange color imparted to the wood beneath the stromata. Another species gives a peculiar ring-like marking to both wood and bark. If a stroma be cut through, the flask-like perithecia are found deeply embedded in it. They are arranged in a single row and open by minute pores (ostiola) on the upper side of the stroma. The ostiola in some spe- cies may be rather promineutly raised giving the fertile surface a pimpled appearance, or they may be sunken: while in some forms they may be so obscure as to be passed over unnoticed. The edges of the stromata are usually sterile. ) The perithecia contain many eight-spored asci. ‘These asci are cylin- drical in shape and bear the spores in a single row. They are readily dis- tinguished from the paraphyses with which they are found by their shorter length and the spores which they contain. The spores of the Nummularias vary greatly in size, color, and shape. The largest ones that the author has observed were about 16 microns long and one-half as broad, while the smallest were about 5 microns long and about 24 microns wide. The shape varies from elliptical to orbicular. When the spores are young they are usually hyaline, but as they become older, they turn brown and in some species they finally become opaque. In general, the Indiana species of Nummularia are saprophytic in habit and consequently have but little economic importance. Under cer- tain conditions, however, V. discreta* becomes parasitic and causes consid- erable damage to poorly kept apple trees. To many fruit growers it is known merely as apple canker; others distinguish it as the blister canker. The fungus gains a footing in a wound or in a decayed portion of the tree and spreads to the living parts. The stromata arise upon the mycelia be- neath the epidermis of the host. The overlying epidermis shortly becomes dry and papery and sooner or later it is torn and drops away leaving the *Canker of Apple—Hasselbring, Il]. Exp. Sta. Bull. 70. Fungous Diseases of Plants—Duggar, pp. 282-284. Apple Blister Canker and Methods of Treatment—W. O. Gloyer, Ohio Exp. Sta. Cir. 125. The New York Apple Tree Canker. Bulls. N. Y. Ag. Ex. Sta. Nos. 163 and 185. Paddock. The Control of Canker in the Orchard—J. R. Cooper, Neb. Hort., Vol. 3, 1913. cankerous stromata exposed. Since a great deal of damage is done before the stromata are formed, it is necessary to identify the disease from other characteristics. The remedy for this parasite is obviously the proper treatment of wounds and the removal and destruction of affected parts. Care in pruning would in many cases prove a sufficient preventive. This fungus has been reported on several other hosts including Ame- lanchier but in these cases the economic importance is insignificant. KEY TO THE COMMON INDIANA SPECIES. I. Stroma cup-shaped with perithecia opening on the concave side. (A). II. Stroma convex or plane. (B). A. Stroma prominent, orbicular, with a thick, raised margin; stroma 4 to 7 mm. across; spores globose or subglobose, 10-16 mi- GROG EOS eration enc Gece ertio incom area eR tatee 1. WN. discereta. A. Stroma erumpent-superficial, either orbicular or elliptical; margin not so thick nor so regularly bulging as in the preceding species; concave part 3 to 1 cm. across. Spores subinequilateral, 10-15x5-6 PUM CLOTS tewchoNayeeeniec re ahs ee eae NO ee Pee eo eae er eee EOD CVA B. Stroma dull black, orbicular, elliptical, or broadly effused; ostiola rather prominently raised, 3-5 per linear mm. Spores 12-16x6-S AVL CRON Soares. yasesen eke cueteys aleve G Mats chcyat ovetateuens uel eereriens 3. N. bulliardi. B. Stroma shiny black, more or less furrowed, staining the wood of the substratum orange color. Spores 12-16x5-7 microns. .4. NV. tinctor. B. Stroma thin, orbicular, suborbicular or linear; ostiola depressed ; ranging from 3 to 1 cm. across. Spores 435-5x2-23 microns........ Weweseesrashoh ahididy sachets dais (heeign acs terevene shade para aca Meee ele ele eieieke 5. N.microplaca. DESCRIPTIONS. 1. Nummularia discreta, (Schw.) Tul. Plates I and II. Sphaeria discinola, Schw. Syn. Car. No. 63. Sphaeria discreta, Schw. Syn. N. Am. 1249. Sphaeria excavata, Schw. 1. ¢. 1250 (Sec. spec. in herb. Schw.) Nummularia discreta, Tul. Sel. Carp. II, p. 45. Stroma erumpent, circular or subcircular, sometimes uniting to form elongated patches, cup-shaped when mature, with a thick raised margin; ashen or grayish yellow, becoming black; the concave surface at first white 238 punctate from the-minute ostiola which are hardly visible when mature. The bark and wood beneath the stromata are marked with a black circum- scribing line. Perithecia arranged in a single row, oval or ovate-cylindrical, about one millimeter long, usually rather abruptly contracted above into a short neck and extending to the base of the stroma. Asci cylindrical, 140- 170x10-15 microns (E. & E., 110-120x10-12) ; spore bearing part, 110-125x 410-15 microns. Paraphyses, long and filiform. Sporidia subglobose, almost hyaline at first, finally becoming opaque, 10-16 microns in diameter. (11-13 Gloyer. 10-12 E. & E.) On dead trunks and branches of Pyrus malus: quite common on the living trees as well. Practically every orchard visited in Hendricks, Put- nam and Monroe counties. Indiana, as well as Delaware County, Ohio, showed traces of this fungus. Gloyer reports it especially abundant in southern Ohio. Reported on Amelanchier canadensis, Newfield, N. J.. and on Gleditschia triacanthos, Ohio. (Morgan): also (See Saccardo in Svll.) on Sorbus, Ulmus, Cercis and Magnolia. On apple trees this fungus usually attacks the trunks and larger limbs, making somewhat sunken, cankerous areas several inches in length. The dead bark is separated from the sound by a distinct line ard cracks occur along this boundary. At the beginning, living spots within the cank- erous area give the affected parts a mottled appearance. This distinguishes it at this stage from other cankers. 2.. Vummularia repanda, (Fr.) Nke. Sphaeria repanda, Fr. S. M. II, p. 346, Obs. Mycol. I, p. 168. Hypoxylon repandum, Fr. Summa Veg. Sc. p. 383. Nummularia pezizoides, E. & E. Bull. Torr. Club, XI, p. T4. Nummularia repanda, Nitsch. Pyr. Germ. p. 57. Pxsic. Fckl. F. Rh. 2178. Thum. M. U. 1460. Stroma erumpent-superficial, orbicular or subelliptical, + to 1 @m. in di- ameter, concave and often with a thin, erect, rather broad margin, reddish- gray at first, finally black: disk mammillose from the projecting ostiola. Perithcia monostichous, immersed, ovate-oblong, } to ? mm. long, crowded. causing the sides to be somewhat compressed. Asci cylindrical, subsessile. eight-spored, 110-120x8 microns, with long filiform paraphyses. Sporidia obliquely uniseriate, narrow ovate, obtuse, subinequilateral, dark brown, $3-14x4-74 microns. (FE. & E. 11-14x4+5 microns: Sace. in Syll., 15-16x6-7 microns.) Readily distinguished from N. discreta by its differently shaped spores and its mammillose disk. 239 On Hicoria, Clark County, Indiana, (Van Hook); on wood and bark, Topeka, Kans. (Craigin)., and on bark, Ottawa, Canada (Macoun); on bark of Ulmus americana Missouri, (Demetrio). On Sorbus aucuparia in Europe. 3. Nunmularia bulliardi, Tul. Plate III, Figs. 1, 2 and 3. Hypoxylon rummuiarium, Bull. Champ. tab. 468, fig. +t. Sphaeria nummularia, D. C. Flore Fr. Il, p. 290. Sphaeria anthracina, Schm. & Kze. Mycol. Hefte 1, 55. Sphaeria clypeus, Schw. Syn. N. Am. 1219. Nummularia clypeus, Cke. IX, 507. ixsic. Hil. N. A. EF. 85. Rab. F. E. 2956. Rehm, Asc. rie Illustrations. (See Sacc. XX, p. 202, for list of.) Stroma at first covered by the epidermis, soon erumpent, almost super- ficial and free, convex, orbicular or oval, sometimes irregular in shape or broadly effused, black inside and out. punctulate from the slightly promi- nent ostiola, clothed at first with a reddish or rusty layer of conidia. Perithecia rather large, ovate. black, loosely ircluded in the packed cells of the stroma. Asci cylindrical with very short stalks, spore-bearing part 115-140x7-10 microns (E. & E. 100-115x10 microns), with long, stout para- physes. Spores eight, uniseriate. elliptical, hyaline becoming opaque, 10- 23x5-10 microns, mostly about 15-20x6-8 (E. & BE. 12-15x7-9. Saecc. 12-14x9- 10 microns. In the field this species is liable to be confused with certain species of Diatrype (Fig. 2, Plate III) but may be readily distinguished from them by the color of its spores. Collected in abundance in Brown, Clark, Hen- dricks, Monroe and Putnam counties, where it usually attacks the beech and more rarely the maple. Reported common on the dead trunks and limbs of various deciduous trees in Europe and North America. According io Ellis and Everhart, it occurs for the most part on erk in the vicinity of Newfield, N. J. 4. Nummularia microplaca, (B. & C.) Cke. Plate IV, Fig. 4. Diatrype microplaca, B. & C. Journ. Linn. Soc., X, p. 586. Anthostoma microplacum, Sace. Syl. I, p. 298. Nummularia microplaca, Cke. Syn. 837. Exsice., Rav. Fungi Car. IV, 39. Rav. Fung. Am. 355. HH. & B. N. A. F. Second Ser. 1556. Illus., Revue Mye. VII, (1885) tab. 52, fig. 3. 240 Stroma orbicular to subelliptical, + to 1 cm. across, or elongated 1-4x4- 1 cm. or by confluence extending for long distances in grooves of the bark. It forms a thin carbonaceous crust, black, arising beneath the epidermis but soon becoming bare, surface even, faintly punctulate from the minute ostiola, which are not prominent but slightly depressed, the opening at first filled with a white farinaceous matter. Perithecia ovate-globose, small (less than one-half mm. across), arranged in a single row. Spore-bearing part of the ascus 40-50x4 microns (EK. & EH. 25x3 microns), or with the base about 60-80 microns long (Sace. 37-50x4-5. E. & E. 45-50 long). Spores uniseriate, ends mostly slightly overlapping, elliptical, inequilateral, pale brown, 5-73x23-3 microns (KH. & H. 45-5x2-23. Sace. 5-6x34-4). Should not be confused with Hypoxylon Sassafras which has very prominent perithecia while N. microplaca appears smooth and has stroma depressed. Abundant near Bloomington, Indiana, on Sassafras officinale; 72- ported on the same host in South Carolina (Ravenel) and in Ohio (Mor- gan and Kellerman) ; on Persea, Georgia (Ravenel). 5. Nummularia tinctor, (Berk.) E. & E. Plate IV, Figs. 1-3. Sphaeria tinctor, Berk. Lond. Jour. Bot. IV, p. 311. Hypoxylon tinctor, Cke. Syn. 996. Diatrype?? tinctor, (Berk.) Sace. Syll. I, 200. Dxsic., EH. & WH. N. A. Fungi, Second Ser. 1789. Stroma very hard and brittle, much effused, showing the irregularities of the surface on which it grows, Imm. thick, black, with surface almost smooth, but distinctly papillose from the projecting ostiola as seen under the hand-lens, wood beneath the stroma stained a beautiful reddish-orange color, and rendered very hard. Perithecia monostichous, crowded, elon- gated ({ mm. in length), covered above with the stromatic layer. Asci 100-140x6-10 microns (H. & EH. 112x7-8). Spore-bearing part of ascus 75- 120 long (BH. & H. 90-100). Filiform paraphyses in abundance. Spores uniseriate, pale brown, conspicuously uniguttulate, oblong navicular, 13- 20x5-8 microns (BH. & EB. 15x6). On Platanus, Fagus, Acer, Ulmus and Cercis in the vicinity of Bloom- ington, Indiana (Van Hook). Occurs throughout the Mississippi valley and in the south as far east as Florida. 241 In this paper, free use has been made of North American Pyrenomy- cetes by HEWis and Everhardt. The descriptions have been re-written to suit the material at hand. Especially has it been found necessary to revise the measurements of parts as seen under the microscope. The author wishes also to make due acknowledgment to Prof. J. M. Van Hook, of Indiana University for material and valuable assistance in the preparation of this paper. Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. 16—4966 242 2A Figures 1 and 2. Where Nummularia discreta thrives. Much of this is due to N. discreta. (From photos by the author in Hendricks County, Indiana. ) Se ESS: ITE CO 244 PLATE II. Figure 1. Nummularia discreta on decorticated apple limbs. (Re- duced.) Figure 2. Same natural size. ee) Figure Same before the bark has fallen away. (Natural size.) Figure 4. Under side of a piece of bark showing white stains of the fungus. (Natural size., 246 Pirate III. Figure 1. Nummularia Bulliardi on beech, showing a common form of stroma. (Natural size.) Figure 2. NYSE Yad 2020 ae ee Rallus virginianus. ieee Carolima vat: Soras.........-:.: Porzana carolina. A SaeeunplerGalilimuless+ 5.) 4.95545. 4: Tonornis martinica. PP leesamencan: Coote 42s... Ra Fulica americana. Order Ix. LIMICOL. Family Phalaropodide. Zee Wilson Phalarope.........5.2 5... Steganopus tricolor. Family Scolopacide. 261. Bartramian Sandpiper............ Bartramia longicauda. 263. Spotted Sandpiper................ Actitis macularia. Family Charadride. “2511, LEYTON ATINIZA ES eres ie Ae ee tT Vanellus vanellus. 274. Semipalmated Plover............ Aegialitis semipalmata. Pope Wilsone Plover: =... 2.2.20 Syn. ook Octhodromus wilsonius. Order X. GALLINA. Family Tetraonide. Be), IBO|o-Adaviitee ee eau oe cones Colinus virginianus. Order XI. COLUMB.. Family Columbide. 315. tPassenger Pigeon; Wild Pigeon... .Ectopistes migratorius. 319. White-winged Dove............... Melopelia leucoptera. Order XII. RAPTORES. Family Cathartide. 325. Turkey Vulture; Turkey Buzzard. .Cathartes aura. “tIts measurements and diagnostiz characteristics seem to correspond with the descriptions given for this svecies. 387. 390. Family Falconide. Redetailledibiawkiee= se) ea Buteo borealis. Red-shouldered Hawk............ Buteo lineatus. Prgeonstlawks a eae eee Falco columbarius. S021 O walle (2 yy kee eee Falco sparverius. American Osprey; Fish Hawk.... .Pandion haliaetus carolinensis. Family Strigide. arn @) wile toy er eee ment ete Strix patrincola. Family Bubonide. American Long-eared Owl.........Asio wilsonianus. ShonteearediOwlee ee ee Asio accipitrinus. Great Horned Owl................ Bubo virginianus. Order XIV. COCCYGES. Family Cuculide. Yellow-billed Cuckoo............. Coccyzus americanus. - Family Alcedinide. Belted Kingfisher.................Ceryle alcyon. Order XV. PICT. Family Picide. Undetermined species. Soutnernwhilicke ns ae eee ee Colaptes auratus. a Northern nliickers= ee Colaptes autatus luteus. Order XVI. MACROCHIRES. Family Caprimulgide. Nive nit hia wikes ee mes more Ree een nye Chordeiles virginianus. White-throated Swift............./ Aeronautes melanoleucus. Family Trochilide. Ruby-throated Hummingbird. .... Trochilus colubris. Black-chinned Hummingbird......Trochilus alexandri. Anna Hummingbird...............Calypte anna. ae 461. 466a. 467. 2? 488. 619. 631. 2? 683. Order XVII. PASSERES. Family Tyrannide. Flycatcher. Wioodwhewees sm. foe) RAL Contopus virens. Aidermblyicavcheie en eee Empidonax traillii alnorum. heasteilyeatchers ss... 24+. he: Empidonax minimus. Family Alaudide. Larks, undetermined. Family Corvide. ANoneime@gin (Git\wieccesesncoceenasoes Corvus americanus. Family Icteride. Yellow-headed Blackbird......... Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus. OGIO, 3 cars ele nee eer Undetermined. Orchandt@rvoles saat. Icterus spurius. Baltimore Oriole. 12.5) ee Icterus galbula. Family Fringillide. Crimson House Finch............. Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis. Grasshopper Sparrow............. Coturniculus savannarum passerinus. Western Lark Sparrow............Chondestes grammacus strigatus. SUITS P ALLOW. oe te as ae ee Melospiza georgiana. HOXISPALIOW 2.25.2. -- Sona cetera: Passerella iliaca. Indic osBunting= 925 a hone ee Cyanospiza cyanea. Painted Bunting; Nonpareil.......Cyanospiza ciris. Family Hirundinide. ChitteS wallowescce 3: enya coe ee. Petrochelidon lunifrons. Bevan) SMO ies cooenceebosceseuas Hirundo erythrogastra. Family Ampelide. Cedar Wiaxcwilll ts re ee Ampelis cedrorum. Family Vireonide. Wihite-eyed Vireo. ..3..2-..42.--.- Vireo noveboracensis. Unidentified species. Family Mniotiltide. Yellow-breasted Chat.............Iecteria virens. Family Troglodytide. WOein IloyelichavedowueGl: Sou ecauacconacscecos Mimus polyglottos. (05. Brown dihrasher ee aa) = Toxostoma rufum. UuBe (Caves) WNiRang SS pao ees boo ona eous Heleodytes brunneicapillus. TS, Carolinas Wires fees oe co: Thryothorus ludovicianus. le. SHousewWirentas nie ane ee Troglodytes aedon. (iis Nistnieie WARING vc Sees ee cae oe gs oue Olbiorchilus hiemalis. 724. Short-billed Marsh Wren..........Cistothorus stellaris. 725. Long-billed Marsh Wren.......... Telmatodytes palustris. Family Turdide. 758. Russet-backed Thrush............ Hylocichla ustulata. 1Ole AmericansRobiniss st rss Merula migratoria. 761a. Western Robin................... Merula migratoria propinqua. 166] SBluebind en ss nes Sap cee ee Sialia sialis. 767. Western Bluebird................. Sialia mexicana. 768. Mountain Bluebird. ............. Sialia arctica. Unidentified, about thirty species, chiefly of the common native birds. Purdue University, West Lafayette. Ind. A Note on A PecunuiarR NESTING SITE OF THE CHIMNEY Swift. GLENN CULBERTSON. As an illustration of the ability of birds to adapt themselves to new conditions, the chimney swift is a striking example. Driven from the hollow tree as a nesting site by the woodman’s axe and fires, the swift adapted itself to the broad open chimneys of the settlers’ cabins, and later to the narrow flues of a later day. The projecting spines of the tail feathers fortunately answered the same purpose in a soot-lined chimney that they had done in the soft decayed wodd of a hollow tree. During the past summer the writer’s attention was called to a still greater change in the nesting site of a pair of swifts. Near the residence of Mr. James Storie, one and one-half miles north of Moorefield, Switzerland County, a pair of swifts, being excluded from the chimneys by wire net- ting, have nested for two seasons in an old-fashioned dug well walled with stone. The well is some twenty feet deep and three feet in diameter, and has over it a square curb about three feet high, one-half of which was per- manently left open. The nests were built in each case at a distance of some seven or eight feet below the level of the ground, and at approxi- mately the same distance above the water. The young were matured and brought forth in safety both seasons. Notes on INDIANA EARTHWORMS. H. V. HEIMBURGER. The great group of animals known commonly as earthworms, com- prises four families of the order Oligochaeta: the Moniligastride, the Megascolecidie, the Glossoscolecidze and the Lumbricide. Three of these families are represented in our fauna. At the present time there are more than a thousand well recognized species of earthworms known. By far the larger number of these species have been described during the last twenty years. Most of the work on this group has been done by Europeans, chief among whom is Michaelsen of Hamburg, whose publications make up the bulk of the recent literature on the group. Professor Frank Smith of the University of Illinois has worked on the group in this country and Hisen, a Swede who lived for several years in San Francisco, has worked on West and Central American species.* Very little is known of the earthworm fauna of the Central States. Only about fifty species are known to occur in the United States, this scarcity of forms being due in part to lack of study and ‘partly to the actual scarcity of species.’ | It has been pointed out by Beddard’® and Michaelson* that the earth- worms are in important group for the Zodgeographer: Arldt,’ in a recent paper, shows the value of the group for the paleo-geographer and gives many of the facts of distribution now known as well as indicating the yalue of the group in theoretical considerations within the fields of geography and geology. The Moniligastride is a small family limited to Borneo, Ceylon, Southern India and neighboring islands. This family is regarded as the most ancient of the group. 1Hisen; American Oligochztes with special reference to those of the Pacific Coast and Adjacent Islands. Proceedings Calif. Acad. Science Vol. II, No. 2, 1900. 2Frank Smith; Earthworms From Illinois. Trans: Ills. Acad. Science. 1912.. *Beddard; A Textbook of Zodgeography. Cambridge, 1895. 4Michaelsen; Die geographische Verbreitung der Oligochaeten. Berlin, 1903. sArldt; Die Ausbreitung der terricolen Oligochaeten in Laufe der erdgeschichtlichen Entwicklung des Erdreliefs. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. f Syst. Geog. u Biol. Bd. 26, pp. 285-318. 1908. 282 The Megascolecidz are supposed to have arisen from the same root as the Moniligastridze but at a later period, and dates back at least to the Triassic. This is the largest of the earthworm families and con- tains more than half the known species. The family is widely distributed. chiefly in tropical regions and the southern hemisphere. But one genus, Diplocardia, is represented in our fauna. According to Michaelsen, this genus probably appeared in Mexico or Central America during the Juras- sic. Derivatives from this genus have spread into Africa, but the genus it- self spread northward and is known from Mexico, Lower California, Texas, Florida, Nebraska and Illinois. The Glossoscolecidze seem to have developed as early as the Jurassic in the northern continental area. The genus Sparganophilus of this fam- ily is found in Mexico and yarious parts of the United States. Related forms are known from Central and South America. where many species are recognized. The Lumbricide is recognized as the most recent family of the group and is derived from the Glossoscolecidse, probably in southwest Asia. The family is thought to have invaded Europe in the Eocene and North America in the Oligocene. But few endemic species are known from the United States. In the glaciated regions of the world, it is probable that the endemic species have been destroyed during the Ice Age. These regions have been repopulated by species which have migrated from the south and the earth- worm fauna in such places is largely composed of forms carried in by man. In the southern part of Europe are found many endemic species while northern Europe is occupied almost wholly by forms also found further south. The line separating the northern territory with peregrine forms from the southern territory with endemic forms, corresponds very closely to the line of the most southern extension of the glacial ice sheet. It would be interesting to know if a similar condition exists in America. Last year, under the direction of Professor Frank Smith of the Uni- verstiy of Illinois, I began a study of the earthworms of Illinois and Indiana. I received. last fall, some material from Mr. C. E. Allen, of Wabash College, and some from my brother at Kewanna. During the past summer I made some collections in several counties of the State but Was unable to make as extensive collections as are desirable. The ma- terials I have contain some forms that may have to be described as new species and I believe that careful collecting in the State will disclose several species new to science. It is my intention to make several col- lecting trips through the State during Juve and July, 1915, but the task of making a complete collection for the State is not to be completed in a few weeks by one man. HEarthworms are easy to collect and no great difficulty is experienced in caring for the collections. The most interesting forms are to be ex- pected in uncultivated areas such as woodlands, stream banks, and the margins of swamps and lakes. Many interesting forms may be taken under logs and under the bark of old logs. The worms are especially easy to collect in the spring when driven from their burrows by the heavy rains. At such times they may be picked up in large numbers from roads and sidewalks. I wish to gain a more extended knowledge of the distri- bution of Diplocardia in the State and to know what forms are found in the unglaciated areas of the State. If any members of the Academy will aid in securing materials, I shall be very glad to have the material and to return hamed specimens in exchange. I shall be glad to correspond with any oe who may be interested in such work. Following is a list of species I have taken in Indiana together with some notes as to the habitats in which the worms were found. The space of this paper is not sufficient for descriptions of the species. The monograph by Michaelsen is the most authentic single work on the group.t The nomenclature used in this list is that of Michaelsen’s monograph, except where the nomenclature has been modified in his later papers.- Iamily MEGASCOLECID. Genus Diplocardia (Garman). 1. Diplocardia communis var. typica Garman. This form is quite common about Urbana and in other parts of Illinois. I have not found it in Indiana. D. communis var. singularis Ude. Collected under logs in recently cleared land near Culver, Marshall County. I have other specimens collected in Putnam and Vigo counties, which are very similar to singularis but very much larger and differing in minor points. 1Michaelsen; Oligocheta. Vol. 10 in Schulze’s Thierreich. Berlin, 1900. 2See particularly. Michaelsen;-Zur Kenntnis der Lumbriciden und ihrer Verbreitung. Ann. Zool. Mus. Imp. Acad Sciences, St. Petersburg. 1910. bo » ¢ Diplocardia riparia F. Smith. Collected. at Terre Haute in a wooded pasture land. Diplocardia udei Hisen. Collected at Terre Haute together with riparia. The. speci- mens are somewhat larger than Eisen’s species and differ in details of setal modifications. If not udei this form is probably to be regarded as a variety of udei. The species was described from North Carolina and has not been reported outside that State. I have other specimens of Diplocardia from Indiana, of which the classification is still uncertain. Family GLOSSOSCOLECID. 4. Sparganophilus eiseni FE. Smith. This species is amphibious, and is found in very wet mud or among the roots of aquatic plants. Collected at Culver, on roots of Eel grass and in mud at margin of Lake Maxinkuckee. Very abundant in mud of small stream near Kewanna, Fulton County. Family LUMBRICID2. = ». a Helodrilus tetraedrus var. typicus Say. Collected at Culver, in vegetable drift at edge of lake. An amphibious species found usually in wet soil along mar- gins of streams or among vegetable detritus in very moist places. Helodrilus roseus Savy. Collected at Culver, Greencastle, Terre Haute. This spe- cies is probably to be found in all- parts of the State. it is very commonly found in lawns and-cultivated fields. My specimens were collected in woods and along stream banks. Helodrilus constrictus Rosa. Collected at IKewanna, under logs at handle factory; Culver under logs in woods. Helodrilus subrubicundus Hisen. Collected at Culver and Kewanna, under logs. The identi- fication of this species is not absolutely certain as no sections haye been made. However, this form is fairly well determined from external characters. 285 9. Helodrilus chloroticus Say. Collected at Culver, Lake Maxinkuckee, in moist soil at edge of lake. Greencastle, in moist clay soil in abandoned quarry hole. Crawfordsvilie, in moist Clay soil, banks of small stream. 1 ). Helodrilus foetidus Say. Collected at Kewanna and Culver. This is the common eyi! smelling, barnyard or manure worm. Collected at Cul- ver in decaying straw near ice houses. At Kewanna this worm was found in large numbers, in moist soil along a stream just below the outlet of a sewer. The whole locality was quite offensive because of the sewage. 11. Helodrilus caliginosus Say. Collected in Fulton, Marshall, Putnam, Madison and Vigo counties. This is perhaps our most cosmopolitan species. It is a European species that has spread wherever Euro- peans have settled. Perhaps 90% of any random col- lection in the State would consist of this species. 12. Helodrilus longus Ude. Collected at Greencastle, in woods. 13. Helodrilus zeteki Smith and Gittins. (Mss.) Collected at Kewanna, Culver, Summitville. All of my specimens were collected in loose sandy loam under logs, and under the bark of logs. In June I took about thirty- five specimens of adult worms in a woods near Kewanna. At this time I obtained many cocoons of the species, the worms being in the height of sexual maturity. This species was described by one of Professor Smith’s students from specimens collected in a woods near Urbana, Ill. The description of the species is not yet in press. 14. Octolasiwm lactewm Oerley. Collected at Crawfordsville, Culver, Greencastle, Summit- ville, Kewanna. My Crawfordsville specimens were sent me by ©. E. Allen, and were collected in the banks of Sugar Creek. This species is very common under logs and in moist soil everywhere I have collected. It is very widely distributed throughout the world. I have never found it in cultivated fields. 287 NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA AND ORTHOPTERAN HABITATS IN THE VICINITY OF LAFAYETTE, INDIANA. HENky Fox. (Assistant, Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations, U. S. Bureau of Entomology. ) Between September 3, 1912, and November 30 of the following year I was stationed in pursuance of official duties at Lafayette, Tippecanoe County, Indiana. At intervals during my stay there I made a series of observations on the Orthoptera and Orthopteran habitats of the surround- ing country which, incomplete as they are, nevertheless constitute a distinct positive contribution toward an accurate knowledge of the faunal fea- tures of the region. My earlier studies on the distribution of Orthoptera in Pennsylvania and New Jersey’ had impressed me with the importance of detailed local lists of species in a scientific study of distribution. The usual distribution as given in most works of reference is eutirely too gen- eral for accurate study, no regard being paid to local peculiarities of distribution or to the relative abundance of the species in different parts of its range. Take, for example, such a form as Psinidia fenesiralis. Its range, aS usually given, extends from Massachusetts to Florida, Texas, northern Indiana and southern Minnesota. Such a statement would incline one to think that the entire region south of say a line drawn from Cape Cod to the southern extremities of the Great Lakes and thence to the southern border of Minnesota would be characterized by the presence of this species. As a matter of fact such is very far from being the case. In the East, for instance, Psinidia fenestralis is regularly found only in the low sandy belt fringing the coast, while in the interior it is of extremely local occurrence, being met with only on widely scattered, isolated deposits of loose sand. All positive data on this species indicates that its distribution is conditioned by the presence of areas of loose sand. iData on the Orthopteran Faunistics of Eastern Pennsylvania and Southern New-Jersey. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1914, pp. 441-534. 288 Wherever these are lacking the species is absent. In southern New Jersey where sandy deposits are of practically universal occurrence Psinidia is common, while on the opposite side of the Delaware River in Pennsylvania it is unknown. A case like this shows us how essential it is that we should have accurate local data before we can be certain of the exact range of a species. The studies of Morse. Hancock, Rehn, Hebard, Vestal and others have clearly shown the intimate relation between the distribution of numerous Orthoptera and certain features of the environment. As Shelford has so well pointed out the success or failure of a species in any place will de- pend on how closely the environmental complex approximates to that con- dition at which the normal physiological activities of the species can be carried on to the best advantage. Where this state of affairs obtains the species will attain its maximum abundance; if one or more of the factors of the environmental complex are less favorable it will be present in diminished numbers, while if any essential factor is prohibitive the species will be absent. It is the aim of biogeography to explain the facts of or- ganic distribution in terms of physiology, as an expression of the re- actions of organisms to the varying conditions of their surroundings. In the case of the Orthoptera this can be done only when we know much more than we do how about the intrinsic qualities of the species and their ability to accommodate their activities to varying intensities of environ- mental factors. To acquire such knowledge will require much experi- mental investigation. In the absence of such knowledge we must mean- while be content to record the facts of distribution as actually observed and to point out any correlation which may exist between the range of species and the different types of environments. By the accumulation of data along these lines a good foundation will be laid for the ultimate causal interpretation of distribution and kindred biological problems. In the present article I have endeavored not only to give a full list of the species observed about Lafayette, but in addition to point out the more evident physical and botanical features of the region with which the local distribution of the Orthoptera is correlated. Most of the facts here given were gathered by myself, but I am also indebted for some valuable additional data to Mr. P. W. Mason, Instructor in Entomelogy at Purdue University, whose kindness in placing his notes at my disposal I here take pleasure in acknowledging. 289 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE REGION. Most of my observations were made on the west side of the Wabash River extending from Battle Ground on the north to the mouth of Indian Creek on the south. (For these and other localities a good map to con- sult is the map accompanying the report of the soil survey of Tippecanoe County in the field operations of the U. 8S. Bureau of Soils for 1905.) On the east side of the river a few observations were made from the mouth of Wild Cat Creek, about two miles north of the city, to a spot east of Battle Ground, about a half mile south of the mouth of Buck Creek. Only one trip was taken on the east side south of Lafayette. It was limited to the line of the Wabash Railroad and extended about three miles below the city. According to the Bureau of Soils’ report on the soils of Tippecanoe County the general altitude of the country is about 750 feet above sea level. Back from the Wabash River and its tributaries the country forms a nearly level, or at most slightly undulating, plain. Near the river it is much more rugged, a relatively steep line of bluffs leading down to the valley of the Wabash which is about 100 feet below the general level of the upland. Similar conditions prevail along the main tributaries, such as Burnett, Wild Cat and Indian Creeks. The valley of the Wabash forms a nearly level tract varying accord- ing to location from a half to two miles in width. It is formed of what are known as bottom lands, or more specifically ‘‘first bottoms” to dis- tinguish them from the older bottoms which are no longer covered by the overflow from the river. The surface of these first bottom lands is accord- ing to the report already mentioned between 10 and 20 feet above low water mark. They are “subject to overflow during periods of high water.” During the destructive floods of March, 1913, these bottom lands were completely submerged. The margin of these bottom lands is formed by the line of steep bluffs already mentioned as forming the edge of the upland. Locally, as is the case in the vicinity of West Lafayette and of Battle Ground, these bluffs recede a mile or two back from the river and in the embay- ments thus formed “second bottoms” are developed, that is, ‘fossil’ flood- plains or terraces representing an earlier, prehistoric stage of deposition. The surface of these “second bottoms” is level or slightly rolling and on the side facing the river is marked by a gentle slope rising from forty to 19—4966 290 fifty feet above the present bottoms. They are hever covered by overflow from tke river at the present time. The whole region about Lafayette is deeply buried under glacial de- posits, the depth of these deposits being usually very great (at least 150 feet), though in limited areas they may be quite thin or lacking. Only rarely, however, do the underlying Paleozoic limestones reach the surface. One such outcrop I have seen on the upland near Montmorenci where the Lake Erie and Western Railroad crosses Indian Creek. Outside of these rare and insignificant cases, the whole country is underlaid by a very coarse glacial gravel. Overlying this is usually a layer of loess varying in thickness from an inch to several feet. From this loess are derived the representative soil types of the region. The drainage of the region is in general good. The streams are few and in periods of protracted drought frequently dry up entirely in their upper courses. Most of the rainfall, however, is carried off by under- ground drainage, the underlying gravel allowing the ready percolation of water. Locally, as in upland swales and depressions and at the base of the river bluffs, where the seepage of underground water takes place, the ground is, except in seasons of drought, more or less completely saturated with water resulting in the formation of swamps. At the present time most of these naturally wet areas. especially on the upland, have been artificially drained and the land utilized for growing crops. The bottom lands are at present well drained, the cultivation of the soil breaking it up into a loose condition which allows the water to flow off readily beneath the surface. On the upland the dominant soil is a fine-grained, silty loam, varying in color from light brown to almost black, the color depending upon the amount of organic matter present, which is usually considerable. Of this soil the Bueau of Soils recognizes two categories which are termed re- specively Marshall silt loam and Miami silt loam. Both are nearly alike in mineral content, being characterized by relatively high per cent- age of silt and clay and extremely low per centage of sandy constituents, but differ in their organic content, the Miami being as a rule much poorer in this respect than the Marshall. The table shows the mechanical composition of the soils, the data being taken from the Bureau of Soils report. | Sore | Fine Coarse | Medium Fine ee Silt Cine Wa | Gravel. | Sand. Sand. | Sand. St) ae | Sand | Marshall Silt Loam....... 0.2 fail 8} 3.9 Bi 67.2 20.0 Miami Silt Loam......... 0.4 1.8 1.0 2.2 7.3 68.4 18.9 | | On the ‘second bottoms” the soils contain a much greater percentage of sand and are correspondingly poor in silt and clay. The quantity of organic matter is variable depending upon location and drainage condi- tions. loam and Miami sand the composition of which, as of Soils, is shown in the following table: Typical examples of “second bottom” soils are the Sioux sandy given by the Bureau ] ; a x : Very Fine Coarse | Medium Fine s 3 Sie Gravel. Sand. Sand. Sand. me Hl Clay. Sand Sioux Sandy Loam....... Dae 9.8 10.2 28.5 10.3 27.1 11.2 Miami Fine Sand......... 0 3.0 13.3 52.0 11.5 13.8n 6.4 The characteristic soil of the river bottoms is the Wabash silt loam. This is the material deposited during periods of high water. It resembles the upland soils in its high silt-clay content, but differs in having a con- siderable percentage of sand. given by the Bureau of Soils is as follows: The mechanical composition of this soil as l | A | : ; Very Fine Coarse | Medium Fine = : SOs | Gravel. Sand. Sand. Sand. eine i CER Sand A | | ae Wabash Silt Loam....... | 0.0 | Trace. 0.3 27.0 74,11 66.1 28.4 These, as well as the other soils of the region not herein specifically mentioned, are all characterized by their prevailing fine texture, a rule that holds even in the case of the sandy soils in which the major con- stituent is the fine sand, so that, in spite of the rapid drainage afforded 292 by the underlying boulder drift, the capacity of the soil to retain moisture is quite high. For this reason all the soils are very productive and are in consequence in a high state of cultivation. About Lafayette, with in- significant exceptions, practically all the land is under cultivation. On the upland the principal crops are corn, oats, clover and wheat, while the bottom lands form one unbroken stretch of corn. The only waste places— oases for the naturalist—are on the upland an occasional grove or more rarely a swampy depression, on the bottoms frequent. though small, bogs marking the places where the underground waters ooze out from the mar- ginal bluffs. In such places the rarer and more interesting Orthoptera are to be found. ORTHOPTERAN HABITATS. No attempt at an exhaustive study of the various Orthopteran lhabi- tats was made owing to the limited time that could be spared for that pur- pose. Consequently in the following pages only the grosser features of the habitats are mentioned. About Lafayette. owing to the intense cultiva- tion of the region, hearly all the country is open, in consequence of which the dominant Orthoptera are campestral types. Where the ground is un- tilled it is usually covered with a close growth of blue grass (Poa pratensis), Which in damper spots is replaced by foxtail (Chetochloa viridis and glauca). In such situations the grasshoppers usually encoun- tered include the following species: Syrbuia admirabilis, Arphia xcanthoptera, Chortophage viridifasciata, Encoptolophus sordidus, Dissosteira carolina, Melanoplus atlantis, Melan- oplus femur-rubrum, Orchelimum vulgare, Conocephalus strictus and Nemobius fasciatus. In cultivated lands this assemblage is largely characteristic of the grassy borders of roads, paths and fence-rows. Most of the species named continue abundant in such places with the possible exception of Arphia zanthroptera and Chortophaga viridifasciata, both of which appeared to be rather scarce in the particular cultivated tracts examined by me. A second group of Orthoptera is characteristic of dry upland woods. On the level uplands woodland is represented only by widely scattered groves, in most of which the trees have been thinned out. This allows a rich growth of blue grass which is largely utilized as pasturage for cattle. Such pastured woodlands are almost invariably very barren in Orthoptera, those that do occur being similar to those found in the open ZEB country. The most nearly continuous and undisturbed areas of woodland are those which clothe the tops and sides of the bluffs which, as already mentioned, form the outer margins of the river-bottoms. These are ex- clusively hardwood formations, the dominant tree at higher levels being the white oak (Quercus alba), with which are commonly associated the sugar maple (Acer saccharum), pig-nut hickory (Hichoria glabra), red oak (Guercus rubra), shell-bark hickory (Hichoria ovata). bass-wood (Tilia americana), elm (Ulinus sp. not det.), beech (Fagus ferruginea), dogwood (Cornus florida) and aspen (Populus tremuloides). Where- ever these woodlands are sufficiently open to admit sunlight blue grass usually springs up and forms a continuous cover to the ground or, if the soil is exceptionally dry, an aggregation of more or less scattered tufts with interspaces of bare earth. Where the grass is thick one usually finds Welanoplus scudderi, while in places where it is short and scattered Spharagemon bolli and Melanoplus luridus are usually en- countered. Along the edges of the woods in undisturbed ground these more strictly sylvan types were observed to meet and to intermingle with a campestral assemblage which usually included Syrbula admirabilis, Arphia xanthoplera, Chortophaga viridifasciata and Encoptolophus sordidus. In scrubby areas and in tall herbaceous growths Atlanticus testaceuws was fairly common. In strong contrast to the foregoing group is an assemblage character- istics of moist areas. Such areas most frequently occur at the outer margin of the river bottoms where the seepage from the neighboring bluffs keeps the ground perpetually moist and soggy. The soil in such places is a typical muck, frequently intermixed with gravel and silt. In nearly all the swamps I have visited the vegetable content of the soil appeared to be thoroughly decomposed. At one place (1) in a wet depression in the midst of a fairly large woods on the upland about one and a half miles northwest of West Lafayette the substratum was a true peat. In the bottomland swamps, however, the soil appears in all cases where I have examined it to be a muck. Such a swamp harbors a rich vegetation of which the dominant member in wetter spots is rice cutgrass (Homalo- cenchrus oryzoides) with which are often associated cat-tails (Typha lati- folia) and jewel-weeds (/Jimpatiens biflorad). Surrounding the cutgrass areas in slightly dryer ground is usually a dense thicket composed of tall herbaceous plants, especially composites, among which I noted the taller ragweed (Ambrosia trifida), ironweed (Vernonia fasciculata), joepye- 294 weed (Hupatorium purpureum), boneset (Hupatorium perfoliatwm) and a bewildering variety of members of the sunflower tribe (Helianthus, Bidens, ete.). Where this thicket is sufficiently open there frequently occur patches of wild rye (Hlymus virginicus, H. canadensis). The central portion of these swamps dominated by Homalocenchrus ap- peared to be characterized by a rather different assemblage of Orthoptera than that typical of the surrounding thickets, though, owing to the usually restricted size of the Swamps, it was not possible in all instances to clearly distinguished the two groups. In general, however, the Homalocenchrus areas appeared to be characterized by such Orthoptera as Orchelimum nigripes, Neoconocephalus palustris, Stauwroderus curtipennis, Conocephalus attenuatus and Paroxya hoosieri. The surrounding thickets were especiaily characterized by the short-winged Melanopli, such as Melanoplis obowati- pennis, Ml. scudderi, M. gracilis and M. viridipes, together with numerous examples of Meclanoplus differentialis, Conocephalus nigropleurwm and Conocephalus memoralis. Two forms that appeared to occur indifferently in both zones were Orchelimum vilgare and Conocephdlus brevipennis (inel. ensiformis ). RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF THE SPECIES. As regards numbers the most abundant grasshopper in this region is Melanoplus femu-rubrum which appears to swarm everywhere on both upland and lowland, though it appeared to be less frequent in woodcd areas than in more open situations. Next to it in point of numbers I would place Melanoplus atlanis which is common, but more local than femur-rubrum. Other species which appeared to be present in what may be regarded as abundance were Hncoptolophus sordidus, Dissosteira carolina, Melanoplus differentialis, .Orchelinuin vulgare, Conocephalus strictus and Nemobius fasiatus. Much less frequent, but on the whole rather common were such species as Syrbula admirabilis, Arphia xanthop- tera, Chortophaya viridifasciata, and Melanoplus femoratus. Some species appeared to be of frequent or regular occurrence locally wherever the spe- cial conditions making up their normal environment prevailed. Thus Spharagemon bolli and Melanoplus scudderi and luridus occurred, usually in considerable numbers, wherever there were dry open woodlands, while in the swamps, or their borders, three species, J/elanoplus differentialis, Or- chelimum iigripes and Conocephalus brevipennis were in all but one or two instances abundant. Associated with the last three were frequently 295 considerable numbers of Dichromorphn viridis, Sturoderus (Stenobothrus) curtipennis, Melanoplus scudderi, Melanoplus obovatipennis, Melanoplus femoratus, Conocephalus fasciatus, and Conocephalus nigropleurwm. Cer- tain species were scarce in most places, but were found to be common or even abundant in one or two restricted areas. Thus Hippiscus rugosus was found in only one place, but was there quite common. Paroxrya hoosieri was taken in numbers in a swamp (16) in the Wabash bottoms opposite Battle Ground but was not observed elsewhere. A peculiar variety of Orchelimum nigripis and Conocephalus attenuatus literally swarmed in a boggy depression (14) on the upland about 2 miles northwest of West Lafayette. The former variety I did not find in any other place, while of the latter I noted elsewhere only a single individual which I captured in a bog in the Wabash bottoms (6) about half a mile south of Lafayette. Certain species were observed to be of rather infrequent occurrence but could hardly be called rare. Among these were Schistocerca americana, Melanoplus viridipes, Melanoplus gracilis, Scudderia terensis, Scudderia furcata, Neoconocephalus palustris, Conocephalus nemoralis and Atlanticus testaceus. The following species appeared to be quite scarce: TJru«alis brevicornis, Orphulella speciosa, Chlealtis conspersa, Schistocerca alutacea, Melanoplus walshii, Neoconocephalus robustus crepitans and Conocephalus saltans. DESCRIPTION OF LOCALITIES WHERE COLLECTIONS WERE MADE. 1. A fairly extensive bit of woodland on the edge of the upland about a mile northwest of West Lafayette. The timber was in part rather dense, but there were a number of open spots well fitted for sylvan Orthoptera. There had been no grazing in the portion of the woods where the collecting was chiefly done, so there was considerable undergrowth. Most of the land which these woods covered was dry or only moderately humid, but. it included one or two depressions where the ground was either soggy or covered with standing water. One of these, a very limited tract, was included in the northwestern edge of the wood and was occupied by an almost pure growth of button-ball bush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) : the other was slightly larger and occupied by a mixed growth of sapling silver maples (Acer saccharinwin) and red-berried elder bushes (Sambucus racemosa) together with a variety of other plants. Both of these swampy areas proved to be quite barren in Orthoptera. The best collecting was done along a path entering the woods at its northwest corner and in the 296 neglected clearings adjoining it. This path was nearly overgrown with grassy and sedgy thickets in which were numerous tall composites. Among the grasses I recognized Brachyelytrum erectum, Panicularia nerv- ata, Bromus purgens and Hystrix hystriz; the sedges were species of Cares, one of which appeared to be C. lupulina. In these grassy areas and the rank herbage bordering it I found on July 27 a considerable number of nymphs of Melanoplus scudderi, also smaller numbers of adults of MWelanop- lus gracilis, Dichromorpha viridis and Chi@altis conspersa. Near the edge of the wood, in a grassy opening not far from the button-bush bog, I found a single female nymph of Trusalis brevicornis. At yarious points along the edges of the woods and in cut-over areas Dissosteira carolina, Melano- ajlus atlanis and Spharagemon bolli were of frequent occurrence. 2. This was on the west bauk of Burnett Creek in the stream bot- toms about two and one-half miles southwest of Battle Ground. The sur- face is elevated only a few feet above the level of the stream and forms a nearly flat tract between the stream and the neighboring terrace. It is well wooded. the larger trees being chiefly cottonwood (Populus deltoides) and buttonwood (Platanus occidentalis). The larger trees were much scattered and beneath them the marshy ground supported a rich under- growth of small trees, shrubs and tall herbage. The principal shrubs were hazel (Corylus americaia) and Pussy-willows (Saliz discolor). In the more open bogs the vegetation consisted of a reedy herbaceous growth in. which I noted such plants as Typha latifolia, Homalocenchrus oryzoides, Cinna arundinacea, Panicularia nervata, Scirpus atrovirens, Ambrosia trifida, Sagittaria latifolia, Vernonia fasciculata, Eupatorium purpureum, Hupatorium perfoliatum and the usual host of sunflower-like composites (species of Helianthus, Bidens and allies). The soil at this place is mapped by the Bureau of Soils as Wabash fine sandy loam, but in these bogs it was almost a true peat. This place was visited twice, on August 9th and aptember 13. On the former date thirteen species were taken. Of these the most common in or about the bogs were Conocephalus brevipennis and Yelanoplus differentialis. With them were smaller, but not inconsiderable numbers of Melanoplus obovatipennis and Conocephalus nigropleurum, while only a few examples of each of the following species were taken in similar haunts: J/elanoplus scudderi, Melanoplus gracilis, Melanoplus femoratus, Scudderia furcata and Orchelimwm vulgare. One individual of Truralis brevicornis was observed and captured along the edge of a rather extensive growth of cat-tail (Typha latifolia). Melanoplus femiw-rubrun, 297 which abounded in the surrounding country, appeared to be scarce in this place as only a single individual was observed. In a relatively dry part of the woods, where the ground was slightly damp, but by ho means wet, were observed in a few specimens of Dichromorpha viridis and a single male Spharagemon bolli, the latter doubtless a stray individual from the dryer groves of the adjoining upland. On September 13 the fauna had much the same character, but was evidently poorer in both individuals and species. Of the latter only nine were recorded and of these only two, Orchelimum nigripes and Chi@altis conspersa had not been taken on the earlier date. The former species is usually the most abundant of the bog “long-horned” grasshoppers, but at this place it was exceptionally scare. Of Chloaltis conspersa only a single male was taken along the edge of the cat-tail bog close to the spot where the Truxalis was taken on the earlier date. Besides these other species taken or observed on September 9 were Dichromorpha viridis (10), Melanoplus obovatipennis, M. differentialis, Scudderia fur- cata (10), Orchelimum vulgare, Conocephalus brevipennis and C. nigro- pleurum. 3. The Purdue Experimental Farm in West Lafayette is located on “Second bottom” land. The soil is the Sioux loam. Nearly all the land is under cultivation, the principal crops being corn, wheat, rye, oats, clover, ecow-peas, alfalfa and soy beans. Where the land is untilled, as along fences and the borders of paths, there is a firm blue-grass sod in which scattered patches of clover (7. pratense) are frequent; also the usual weeds, such as witch-grass (Panicum capillare), spreading panic-grass (P. dichotomifiorum), crab-grass (Hchinochloa crus-galli), foxtail (Chaceto- chloa viridis, C. glanca), Orchard grass (Dactylis glomeratus) and Eragros- tis major and purshii. In the more fully cultivated portion the “home” of the Orthoptera was in this relatively undisturbed grassy sod, although they spread from this in large numbers into the neighboring plats. The most abundant species here was naturally J/elanoplus femur-rubrum ; other common forms were Hncoptolophus sordidus, Dissosteira carolina, Melanoplus atlanis; Orchelimum vulgare (specially in the taller grasses, such as fox-tail, etc.) and Conocephalus strictus, the latter very common in the denser areas of blue grass. Other species of frequent occurrence, but not so abundant as those just mentioned, were Syrbula admirabilis, Chor- tophaga viridifasciata, and Melanoplus differentialis. Occasionally a spec- imen of Schistocerca americana would be taken or observed in the rank weedy growth bordering the experimental plats and in the more thickly 298 p'anted plats themselves. Once two individuals of Neonocephalus robustus crepitans were taken and another heard in the corn fields: both of those captured were taken on corm in the early evening. The most interesting collecting on the Purdue grounds, however, was done in a small waste lot not far from the Lake Erie and Western Rail- road. About half of this lot was occupied by a nearly pure growth of timothy (Phleum pratense), while the remaining half had at some time or other been used as a dumping place for manure or other refuse and was how occupied by a rich growth of Hlymus virginicus. with which were in- termixed some areas of Bromus (ciliatus?) and a few clumps of a taller species of Elymus, probably canadensis. On one side hear a fence row was a rank growth of sumac (species not determited). In another part of the field at one end of the Elymus formation in a shallow gully was a rank growth of green foxtail (Chaetochloa viridis). Collections were mead> here at intervals throughout the summer. The species Were much the same as those occurring in the cultivated areas, but in addition a number of species were taken which were absent or very rare in the Intter. I» this waste land most of the collecting was done in the timothy, which had recently been cut, a circumstance which made it relatively easy to capture he grasshoppers. Jlelanoplus femur-rubrum, Melanoplus atianis, Encop- olophus sordidus and Concocephalus strictus were here abundant, while doth Surbula admirabilis and Arphia xanthoptera were of frequent o¢ccur- rence. Early in July J/elanoplus femoratus was fairly common in this tract, but it soon ceased to be an evident component of the fauna. Two og of Orphuletiia speciosa were taken on July 22; repeated search failed to reyeal any additional specimens of this apparently very rare species. ie F f ; f ‘ a ; - * ah i el 3 1 F \ y - ’) I <, . i z ‘ ‘ . i . ie A , i - v ey < t v i i ‘ + ~ » A . " ‘ * A ; ee es eee <- cigs - 309 THe CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF VIRGIN AND CROPPED INDIANA SOILS. S. D. CoNNER. In November, 1913, the Soils and Crops Department. of the Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station collected samples of a large number of typical virgin and cropped soils, with a view to determine the chemical composition, to see if there was any appreciable difference in them. The samples were taken with an auger and each sample represented not less than fiye borings to a depth of six and one-half inches. Subsoil samples were taken at the same time and represented the layer from a depth of 12 to 18 inches. Great care was taken to select fields where uniform and typical samples could be secured. The samples in each case represent a heavily cropped soil and an adjacent virgin soil of the same type which had never been cropped. The virgin soil samples were taken from a line fence row, or from a woodlot which had never been cultivated. The sepa- rate Samples were properly prepared and analyzed for various elements. Also composite samples were prepared from the virgin soils, the virgin subsoils, the cropped soils and the cropped subsoils. The composites were made by taking equal weights of the separate samples and thoroughly mix- ing them. The analyses of the separate samples not being completed up to the present time, the analyses of the composite samples only are given in this paper. There is a rather widespread idea that the chemist can take a sample of soil and by making a complete analysis, determine without any other information just what element is deficient in the soil and needed as a fertilizer. This is not true, and it is very seldom that an analysis alone will indicate the needs of a soil. The chemist can tell with a fair degree of accuracy just how much of each element is present in the soil, but he is not able from a chemical analysis alone, to say what various crops are able to extract from the soil. The ability to determine the fertilizer needs of various crops on different types of soil is more or Jess a matter of 360 experience and is based largely upon the results of field fertilizer tests. However, a chemical analysis of a soil is often of great benefit in studying problems of soil fertility. It is generally recognized that the removal of plant food by crops is not the only factor which may change the composition of a cultivated soil. The agencies of wind and water play a very great part in effecting changes. Insects, worms and animals often work through the soil and subsoil, caus- ing variations and intermixtures. The crops themselves bring up from below quite a little plant food and deposit it near the surface in the decay- ing roots and stubble. In spite of the fact that the tendency of nature is to build up and replenish the fertiliy of soil, there is no question but that the destructive system of cultivation that has been followed by the farm- ers of this country has more than counter-balanced nature’s tendency to upbuild, and as a consequence the soil has become more or less depleted. It is believed that the analyses presented in this paper show what chemical changes have been effected in the average soil of Indiana by cropping it for from sixty to eighty years. TABLE I. Analisis of Composite (81) Virgin and Cropped Soils. Virgin Virgin | Cropped | Cropped MATERIAL. Soil. | Subsoil. | Soil. | Subsoil. Insolubleisilicasetese aera nie ie en eee eae “88.49% 87.30% 89.59% | 86.37% Potash (KO) (Acid soluble)...............2..006 veces 26 36 23 384 Soda (NaeO) (Acid soluble). .............6....0....05.05. .20 .20 17 21 Lime (CaO) (Acid soluble). ........0....0..cccc eee eee 43 34 43 iil Magnesia (MgO) (Acid soluble).....................0..00- 41 60 40 60 Manganese oxid (Mn304) (Acid soluble)................... 14 .08 07 09 Ferric oxid (Fe.03) (Acid soluble). Alumina (A],O3) (CAtcrdisoluble) ia eae yaya oe Ars meee een a ag er ee 5.03 8.01 5.31 8.60 Phosphoric acid (P2O5) (Acid soluble)....................- mle, 07 sill Oe Sulphur trioxid (SO3) (Acid soluble)....................... 06 05 06 04 Volatileimattensso ee esc en een iatencee ema one 5.28 3.20 SES Etomeo! TRO tallies eran ee see UE Ve EIGN Nea en EI atrateaae pa 100.42 100.21 100.22 100.08 MRotalinitrogente sys eek Was Se PAE er Eee nine 18 07 a8} .06 Motalipotashy ks @)) epee earn ae ee nee tae 1.83 1.88 1.94 1.92 TO talWhum Uschi eye eM oe ey oie Rae Tee Nera ntaralctoneierae ee 1.98 60 1.04 40 NOCH A SPE Aen « om RED OU Ae NOG Cape IoC 1.16 44 84 48 561 A glance at the analyses in Table I will show that although most of the soil ingredients have not changed enough to make any great difference in the chemical composition of the virgin and cropped soils, there are some notable exceptions. The most serious losses from the standpoint of soil fertility are those of nitrogen, which shows a loss of 28%, and the organic matter, which shows a loss in the volatile matter of 26%, and in the humus of 47%. These losses are without doubt the main reason why our cropped soils are no longer as fertile as they formerly were. Fortunately the remedy for replacing nitrogen and organic matter is not beyond the means of the average farmer. Greater care in utilizing crop residues and barnyard manure, also the growing of legumes in a good crop rotation are necessary steps in replacing these vital losses. The purchase of: organic matter, other than farmyard manure, is out of the question, while the use of nitro- genous fertilizers which often give profitable returns, can only be recom- mended as a temporary resort. While the phosphoric acid and potash show only about 10% loss, it should be remembered that this 10% was the most available portion of these important elements. Fertilizer practice in the older and more worn lands of Indiana shows that there has been a loss in these elements and that in a great many cases their use as fertilizers is very profitable. Due to the fact already mentioned that the soil through natural agencies is constantly in motion, it should be pointed out that the addition of one or two tons of rock phosphate per acre to the land for the purpose of increas- ing the phosphorus content of it for a long time to come, is a practice of doubtful efficiency. There is a strong probability of loss of such fertilizer, due to removal by wind or water, or to being buried out of reach of the plants by these or other natural agencies. Smaller amounts of more avail- able phosphorus or potash fertilizers, on the other hand, will be quickly utilized by the crops and hence not so liable to be lost. Experiments which have been conducted by the Purdue Experiment Station show great- er profit from the use of acid phosphate than from raw rock phosphate. (Bul. 155, Purdue Experiment Station and the 27th Annual Report, Pur- due Experiment Station, 1914.) The analyses of calcium and magnesium in the virgin and cropped soils show no apparent change. This is rather surprising as we have been led to think of these elements, especially calcium, as being very soluble. The loss of lime, as reported by the Rothamsted Station, has been shown 362 to be from 500 to 1,000 pounds per acre per year. There is one important difference in the Rothamsted soil and the average Indiana soil, and that is in the fact that the Rothamsted soils in the experiments reported have from two to four per cent. calcium carbonate. The Indiana soils shown in these analyses, on the other hand, have no calcium carbonate. The calcium and magnesium in these Indiana soils are in the form of more or less insoluble silicates. The inference to be drawn, therefore, would be that there is no great loss of calcium or magnesium in acid soils in which these elements are in the form of silicates. This does not mean that these soils do not need lime for, as a matter of fact, they respond readily to the appli- cation of lime. which is needed for the proper growth of clover. The need for lime is greater now than it was in the virgin soils because the organic matter has been burned out of the cropped soil. Given two soils with the same calcium and magnesium content and the same degree of acidity but with different amounts of organic matter, the one with the greater organic matter content will grow better crops of clover and will not be in so great a need of lime as the other. The virgin and cropped soils show no great difference in the content oz sulphur. Experiments in Wisconsin and Kentucky have shown that in a humber of instances sulphur has been reduced in soils by crepping. Manganese shows quite a loss in the cropped soil.. The effect of manga- rese on soil fertility is attracting more or less attention among soil inves- tigators, and although nothing definite seems to be known about its action, it is possible that it does play an important part in agriculture. The changes in the content of silica, iron and aluminum are believed to be of no importance as plant foods. They do, no doubt. have a very important bearing upon the physical constitution of the soil. The writer believes that the constitution of the silicates of iron, and especially of aluminum, has more to do with injurious soil acidity than any other factor. The method of determining soil acidity (limestone required) in this work is that given in Bulletin 107 (Revised edition), Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. This method shows a relative acidity in soils that is believed to more nearly represent toxic acidity than any other method, especially in soils containing much organic matter. It is interest- ing to note that while the acidity of the cropped soil has increased, the acidity of the cropped subsoil has decreased. 363 TABLE II. FERTILITY IN VIRGIN AND CROPPED Soms. Pounds Per Acre in Two Million Pounds of Surface Soil and Pour Million Pounds of Subsoil. MAC TATE Virgin Virgin | Cropped | Cropped Soil. Subsoil. | Soil. Subsoil. WORD WRATH? 35 dba tos BoE DOR One BU San oo nooo cao asa 105,600 128,000 77,600 130,000 ISRNTOS 5.56. cain BO Od ROOST Se Ae eI RICA ane ernie arn an 39,600 24,000 20,800 16,000 INMUROESN so cco d nooo SDE CORE es Do Eee Oe ROPE nee | 3,600 2,800 2,600 2,400 Potassium (Total)....... NE EE leans Seen ERE oe Pore 32,464 66,702 34,416 68,121 otassrma CAcraisoluble)mussmces se eae acer been 4,615 12,773 4,080 12,063 hosphorusi(Acrdisoluble) ease seen eee accel eee 1,046 1,221 | 959 1,221 C@alerumu(Acidisoluble) ses. ssee ses sneec een seieaeeiae ee 6,864 9,724 | 6,864 14,586 MecnesiumCAcidisoluble)eem-as2- eee ease cee eeeeeee 4,953 | 14,496 | 4,832 14,496 Mansaneser(Acicusoluble)mem saeco oleae nae ase e |, 25011609) 25304 | 1,008 | 2,592 Sulphucs(Aciclsoluble) pases eres see ee eee | 480 | 800 | 480 640 mnestonemequined: (Acidity)! 20.202 -2. 42+ 0secn eee sees 60 |; 2,600 100 1,120 | Table II gives the pounds of the different elements in the plowed soil of 2,000,000 pounds per acre, and in the subsoil of 4,000,000 pounds per acre. It shows the same relative differences as given in Table I, but in different terms. The writer wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Mr. J. C. Beavers of the Soils and Crops Department, also of Mr. J. B. Abbott, formerly of the same department, who collected most of the soil samples analyzed. , a Sag rn a SEWAGE DISPOSAL. CHARLES BROSSMANN, Consulting Engineer, Indianapolis. Civilization and education has been accompanied by a wonderfui growth of cities and has made the problem of sewage disposal one of civie, state and national importance. Sanitation becomes of greater importance as communities becorae more congested. It is only of late years that this question has received proper atten- tion, the greatest progress having been made in the last few decades. ‘The combined efforts of the scientist, chemist and engineer have been called upon to help solve this problem of ever-increasing importance. Improper disposal of sewage has caused directly or indirectly a large percentage in the typhoid mortality rate. The gathering of large numbers of people calls for additional safe- guards and means of sanitation. In some instances sewage can be dis- posed of by dilution, discharging direct into large bodies of running water; but most streams are as a rule not of sufficient size, or are already so polluted that additional sewage would increase the burden already too large. Generally sewage is diluted with the entire water supply of a city and is a dirty appearing water, containing a greater or less percentage of organic matter. There is usually enough organic matter present to make it disagreeable and to cause odors. The presence of various disease germs also make it a source of pollution to water bodies. In general all methods of sewage treatment employ the principal of reduction through microscopic organisms. Bacteria of various kinds at- tack the organic compounds reducing them to simpler forms, doing so through successive stages. Reduction takes place through two classes of bacteria, namely aerobic (thriving in the presence of oxygen), and anae- robic (thriving in the absence of oxygen). These two processes occur in septic, Imhoff or other tanks and in various forms of filters. The most prevalent form of getting rid of sewage is by dilution. Where the stream is sufficient in size to allow proper oxidation the sewage 366 will be properly taken care of without objectionable odors. Such a stream howeyer should have a flow of about 300 cubic feet per minute for each 1,000 inhabitants. Instances where disposal by dilution alone is sufficient are not many and usually some additional treatment is necessary, suitable to local conditions. If the stream into which the sewage is to be discharged allows of par- tial dilution, treatment by some properly designed form of tank may be = 2s > ov ” 2 s 5 Plan Manhole Chas Brossmann Engineer Indianapolis Fie. 1. Type of Septic Tank Suitable for Ordinary Dwelling. sufficient. but tank treatment alone will not always suffice. Tank treat- ment is but a step in the purification of sewage and should usually be fol- lowed by some form of filtration or after treatment. Various forms of tanks can be used but the type and size that insures the best results can only be determined after proper investigation of all conditions—as the number of people, amount of sewage, the rate and the time of flow, the 367 location of adjacent property and the size of the water course into which the treated sewage is finally discharged; all are important and enter into the proper solution of this important question. ? Tank treatment, therefore, is essential as the first step in sewage reduction, and is necessary in order to retain and break down the solids, but it must not be supposed that it purifies the remaining sewage liquor. The tank treatment is necessary in preparing the sewage liquor for fur- ther purification. Such tanks can be made in the form of plain settling tanks, a septic tank, or a combination of both. The public will universally call any tank (even a cesspool) a septic tank, and usually they believe that a septic tank absolutely purifies the sewage. Such is not the case, a reduction from thirty to sixty per cent. of Onderdrains Sob-sorl {1 le Onderdrain Fie, 2. Septic Tank and Natural Sand Filter for Small Installations. suspended matter and around thirty per cent. in organic matter is usually what takes place. The tank will not take care of very fine particles or col- loidal matter. Such matter (colloidal) being in condition just between suspension and solution. The best results are obtained when the solids are taken out or retained as quickly as possible and the subsequent liquor remaining immediately treated. It is important that liquor be not retained too long or it will become in a toxic condition. Time is an important element in the proper design of a tank, also the state of the sewage in reaching the tank. Septic tanks are usually designed for a rate of flow, of from eight to sixteen hours. The more modern type of tank with two compartments. one for settling and one for sludge digestion, are usually designed with a rate of flow of half (or even less) than the above. 368 The septic tank is usually a rectangular shaped chamber with several baffle boards, extending across to break the flow of the sewage. Such tanks should be covered as the organisms that break down the solids (known as anaerobic bacteria) thrive best in the absence of air and light. Septic tanks usually take some time to become operative, a scum mat forming at the top and sludge at the bottom. At intervals such tanks must be cleaned of the sludge. It was formerly supposed that just as much solid matter was turned to liquid and gas to offset the amount of solids Imhof{ Tank / Bs Sand Filler : creek Sand Filler Chas. Brossmann, Engineer ~ Indianapolis Fie, 3. Imboff Tank and Sand Filters Installed at Indianapolis Country Ciub coming in, however, it has usually been found necessary to clean out the resultant sludge at intervals. (See figure 1.) The Imhoff type of tank consists of two chambers, one for settling and one for the deposit and digestion of sludge. Such a tank, while somewhat more expensive than the plain tank is smaller and will give More uniform results, besides offering better means for after-treatment of the liquid and assuring a better solution of the sludge problem. (See figure 4.) This type of tank has an upper settling chamber with a slotted opening at the bottom. The sewage in flowing through the upper chamber deposits 369 the solids into the sludge chamber below. In the sludge or digestion chamber below, the solids and organic matter is gasified and liquified inde- pendent of and without disturbing the settling matter above. The gases of decomposition and the constant agitation in the lower part does not disturb the sewage in the settling chamber, furthermore albu- men from the fresh sewage is not constantly added to the septic sludge; hence there is less odor and the sewage liquor is delivered in a fresher condition for after-treatment. The sludge from this type of tank dries out quicker, is in better condition for disposal, has less water content, and has different characteristics than sludge from a shallow tank which is kept in Fie. 4. Imhoff Tank, Julietta, Ind. Note Formation of Sludge on Sides. constant contact with the sewage. Such double tank sludge soon becomes spadable like garden compost. The tank treatment should be followed by dilution or some form of filtration. In some cases the sewage liquor from tanks can be discharged into a water-course. Usually it is necessary to use some form of filter or nitrification bed. This can be done in the following manner: (1) In small plants by discharging the sewage into tile laid near the surface of the ground. Such ground must be suitable for the sewage to percolate through to a subdrainage system below. Such ground should be gravely or of sand. (See figure 2.) (2) By discharging the sewage into contact beds, viz., a water-tight bed, filled to a depth of several feet with broken stone or other hard 244966 370 material, the sewage being automatically discharged on to the bed, re- tained a fixed period, and then discharged from the bed. In such a bed absorption and oxidation of the organic matter is accomplished by aerobic bacteria, viz., those which thrive in the presence of air. (See figure 5.) (8) Sand filters: As the sewage from tanks can be discharged on sand filters—automatically dosed as in contact beds. Such sewage covers the surface of the bed and gradually works through to the underdrains below, the action being that of filtration and nitrification. If a very pure effluent is desired the sewage can be discharged from the tank to the con- Pic. 5. Contact Beds, Julietta, Ind. tact bed and then be treated through the sand filters. In a properly de- signed plant this will give a very clear effluent. (See figure 6.) Sprinkling Filters: In the larger plants sprinkling filters are largely used. These consist of beds of broken stone, usually of a depth of six feet or more and are arranged for good underdrainage. The sewage is auto- matically discharged over the top of the bed by sprinkling nozzles; trickles down through the stone and out through the underdrains. Such beds can be worked at a higher rate than any of the preceding methods, hence a smaller area is required, which makes this method more adaptable for large installations. aT1 DISPOSITION OF SLUDGE. The real problem in sewage disposal plants is the sludge problem. En- gineers are just learning how to make sludge but in most cases have not found a satisfactory solution in disposing of it. In larger plants the sludge question is the stumbling block. Sludge may be roughly divided in two classes, that from shallow tanks and that from deep tanks. Sedimentation tank sludge is a black semi- Sand Filters, Julietta, Ind. liquid mass which on being exposed to the air becomes offensive, giving off much gas and odor. The water contained from such sludge is usually 90 to 95%. The sludge from septic tanks ranges all the way from 8 to 45 cubic yards per million gallons of sewage. Septic sludge which has been re- tained in tanks for a number of months undergoes a great change. The organic matter is attacked and partly gasified and liquified, which re- duces the amount of sludge. Such sludge in well operated tanks is a con- 372 centrated mass containing from 80 to 90% of water: there is not as much odor to septic tank sludge as to the fresh sludge from the plain settling tanks. The above outlines the principal methods of sewage disposal. It must however be borne in mind that the proper method is wholly decided by local conditions. Care must be exercised in order that the various factors affecting the problem be carefully considered. A fuller realization of the sewage disposal problem is being evidenced throughout the country as the years go by, both by the state and health officers and city officials. The State has done a great deal of preliminary work in the way of sanitary surveys and this work should be heartily indorsed and commended. However, there is still much to be done, and Fie. 7. Water Fowl! in Stream, Julietta. Ind., 100 Feet Below Sewage Plant. Photo taken 2 years after plant was installed. Formerly all waterfowl died from drinking water. undoubtedly some method of maintaining public control of the streams will have to be devised before the question of pollution can be properly taken care of. There are so many different factors entering into this question that the best solution can only be worked out with a proper organization which will take into consideration every phase of the question and which can reach every district, affected, whether this territory be in one or more States. The state authorities should be given the power to pass upon every sewage disposal problem and they should have the proper means and support for doing this. ‘ 1g. ives- an f thor con- nor- th ae 3 : I/2odeia safe AT Ta. | | : VS suamovd -asrraseetb. > “ waas wake SAS : “Skis ts MARES ee | : eaten S Ss fuh eee es : * : eet Rotel sais pdfaliot tea native? panl? feeenap abet igiag> ‘STOTT PUBS PUB SpIg JouUOD ‘que goyuy Surmoyg JUBIT VSuMeQ BeTTNLE Jo UOIp:S “uL[_ [BIeuey 8 S10 L004J—HONI g TIVO STIOdVNVIGNI UdGNIONT ONLLTINSNOY) NNYWsSoug ‘sVHO LNV Td TVSOdSIG FDVMdS V.LLaITar SUSLIL] aNyvg Qmry) volo Tar ForRrMING TEMPERATURES OF AMERICAN COALS. OrTo CARTER Berry, Assistant Professor of Hxperimental Engineering. The material presented in this paper is the result of a series of inves- tigations started in the laboratories of the University of Wisconsin and later continued at Purdue University. In form the paper is a brief of a part of a bulletin of the University of Wisconsin published by the author in 1914, with the addition of the results of the subsequent work. The nature of the volatile matter in bituminous coal is attracting con- siderable attention at the present time. This is due not only to the enor- mous amount of coal annually used in the United States, but also to the important part volatile matter plays in determining how the coal must be handled in order to obtain the best results. One of the most important and troublesome constituents of the vola- tile matter is tar, especially when the coal must be used in boiler furnaces or in power gas producers. The investigations to be discussed in this paper had in view: (1) the determination of the temperature limits between which tars are dis- tilled from the various classes of coal; (2) the temperature limits of the maximum rate of evolution of tars; (3) the relative quantities of tars distilled from the various general classes of coal; and (4) the lowest tem- perature at which one may be certain that the last trace of tar has been driven off from the coal. Briefly stated, the results show that the temperature at which the first trace of tar appears will range from about 200°C. to about 385°C. usually falling quite near 300°. The maximum deposit will start at a temperature varying between 330° and 450°C. and will end between 430° and 530°C. The last trace of tar will appear between 530° and 680°C. The amount of tar produced seems to vary hot so much with the amount of volatile mat- ter in the coal as with the ratio of the carbon to the hydrogen as shown by the ultimate analysis of the coal. When fresh coal is supplied to a furnace the volatile matter com- mences to distill off and if properly mixed with air and burned there is no at4 heat loss. The tarry products do not give trouble in gas producers when the gas is burned hot in ovens or furnaces. If however, the gas is allowed to cool, these products condense and stop up the piping. and unless re- moyed, will clog up the engine valves if used for power purposes. The removal of these tarry products not only involves special and expensive apparatus and the expenditure of power, but also results in a loss of the available heat from the gas. 5 The problem as here presented is the outgrowth of an attempt to adapt the suction gas producer to the use of bituminous fuel. The type of pro- ducer used is what is known as the re-circulating producer such as is rep- resented by the Whitfield and Pintsch patents. In this type of producer an attempt is made to draw off the tarry vapors from the top of the fuel column and introduce them again into the fire at the very bottom of the producer. The finished gas is drawn from the central portion of the fuel column. This location must be chosen with at least three points in mind: (1) It must be far enough down in the fuel column to be below the point at which the last trace of tar is driven off from the coal. (2) It must not be any farther down than is necessary, or the loss due to the sensible heat in the gas will be excessive. This loss, in per- centage of the total heat value of the coal, will equal approximately the number of hundreds of degrees F. at which the gas leaves the producer. Thus, if the gas leaves at 1,200°F., the loss will approximate 12 per cent. of the total heat value of the coal burned. (3) The point of exit must be high enough above the bottom to allow ample opportunity for the CO, and H.O resulting from the com- bustion of the distilled volatile matter to be reduced to free H, and CoO. To fulfill these several requirements, it is necessary to know exactly when each factor is operative. The depth of the incandescent zone that is necessary for a producer of a given size and capacity, and the precautions that are necessary to prevent a concentration of draft at any part of the producer, are fairly well known from practice. The most important item that is left for investigation is therefore to ascertain the exact tempera- ture at which the last trace of tar is driven off from the coal. An attempt was made to follow the temperature conditions met with in the gas producer, in these laboratory tests. This made it necessary to place the following list of requirements on the laboratory apparatus: (1) The coal must be heated very slowly and at a uniform rate. (2) The heat must be conducted from the outside to the center of 2 319 the body of coal by some good conductor, as the coal itself is a very poor conductor of heat and all particles in the body of coal must always be at a uniform temperature during the heating. (83) The temperature of the coal must be accurately known at all times. (4) The gases driven off from the coal must be swept out as soon as formed. (5) The gases must be cooled down and continuously tested for tar. (6) > I > SYA tapped for the 3” pipe (12), through which the gas from the coal could pass out. The other was drilled and tapped for a thermometer well (8) and #4” pipe (11). The body of coal heated each time was therefore 234” in diameter, and it was necessary to have all the particles of coal in this mass at the same temperature. As coal is a very poor conductor of heat, it was decided to place iron disks (10) #4” apart throughout the entire length of the cartridge. These disks were large enough to touch the iron cartridge all around, thus taking on its temperature, and were drilled full of small holes to allow the gas to pass through them. As they were 4+” apart, the heat had to be conducted through only $” of coal. This fact, together with the very slow rate of heating employed, led us to expect the temperature throughout to be the same, within very close limits. The temperature was read at the very center of the coal body, by means of a thermo couple, the end of which extended down to and touched the end of the thermometer well (8). 3. Means of measuring the temperature. The thermo couples used were made of iron and nichrome wires welded together in an electric are. The couples were used with a Brown millivolt meter, with a resist- ance of 85 ohms. It was carefully calibrated and checked at the time the experiments were completed. The couples were correct to within 10° C. throughout the range of temperatures here reported. The couples were left in place throughout each entire test, and the temperature readings made whenever desired. 4. To keep the gases swept out as formed. To sweep the gases out as they were formed gas free from tar was forced into the cartridge under pressure, through the ~” pipe (11), and allowed to pass out through (12) in a constant stream. The pressure of this gas inside the cartridge was measured by a mercury manometer, and was kept at about 23” of mer- cury. This gas could not be allowed to contain any O., as it might then burn the coal or tar yapors at the higher temperatures, so air with the O, burned out was used. The arrangement of the apparatus as used is shown in Fig. 2. The air was burned in a small furnace made of a piece of 6” pipe about 2’ 6” long. This pipe had grates at the bottom and a coupling and plug at the top. The coupling was drilled and tapped 3” pipe size on one side, and connected to a large coil of 4” pipe which rested in a tank of cold water. The small furnace thus constructed was filled with an anthracite fire and the plug at the top put in. The air pump then pumped air through the furnace and cooling coil and compressed 3718 it into the large air tank, where it was stored for use. By this means the supply of gas for a complete test could be stored up before the test itself was started. One more precaution had to be taken in using this gas, as it could not be allowed to affect the temperature of the coal as it passed through. To prevent this, a coil of pipe was placed over a gas flame and the gas passed through and heated up to the temperature of the coal, before it was allowed to enter. The temperature of the gas was measured by a thermo couple which extended into it through a tee in the pipe line. To make assurance doubly sure the end of the cartridge itself was filled with steel chips, as is shown at 22 in the sketch in Fig. I. The entering gas was thus forced to pass through a considerable volume of these chips before coming into contact with the coal. It was found difficult to heat the gas up to the highest temperature of the producer. This might tend to affect the seeming temperature at which the last traces of tar appear. The tendency of the gas would always be to be lower than that of the coal. For this reason the end of the thermocouple was placed in the coal at the end where the gas enters it, and therefore at its cooler end, in case there should be any difference at all. Thus the temperature reported as the one at which the last trace of tar appears is as accurate as it is possible to make it. 5. To test the gases for tar. The next problem was to find a means of subjecting the gases from the coal to a continuous test for tar. The most searching and satisfactory test known to the author, and the one used by the gas companies over the country, is to allow a small stream of the gas to strike a piece of white paper at a high velocity. If there is any trace of the tar at all in the gas, it soon leaves a spot on the paper. This test was adopted. To use it, the gas must be cooled down before it strikes the paper. This was accomplished by Keeping a cloth filled with cold water constantly lying on pipes (12) and (18). It was desired to have the test continuous. The device used to accomplish this is shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The rollers (18) are about 10” in diameter and are sup- ported by steel rods through their centers which turn freely in iron sup- ports at either side. On one end of each of these steel rods was placed a small wooden spool, around which was wound a cord, supporting weights W: er W.. A long strip of cloth was wound around one of these rollers and its end started around the other. A piece of paper ribbon was wound on with the cloth. W: and W, tend to turn the rollers in opposite directions, thus keeping the cloth and paper strip tight. Ws: is enough heavier than 379 W. to cause both to turn, unless held back in some way. The key of an alarm clock (21) was fastened to a train of gears (20), and these in turn to the stem of roller (18), so that the rate of motion was held back to a speed governed by the running of the clock. In this case the speed was 30” an hour. The rollers were set in such a way as to cause the paper to pass about 4” under the end of the orifice (16) in pipe (15). The strip of paper was marked at the beginning and end of the test, so that the exact time when any point on the paper was under the orifice could be determined. Thus a continuous record was kept of the amount of tar in the gas. It might be well to state here that all of the tar is not taken out of the gas by this means. The tar particles in the cooled gas are very fine and light, and many of them are cushioned off from the paper, and never touch it to stick. Consequently the tar deposited on the paper does not represent all of the tar content of the coal. On the other hand, the slightest trace of tar in the gas will quickly black the paper, and the deposit is probably very nearly proportional to the entire tar content of the gas. 6. To prevent re-distillation of tar once deposited in exit pipe. The remaining problem was that of making sure that no tar could be deposited in pipe (15) at a low temperature and be later re-distilled, to show up on the paper at too high a temperature. To accomplish this a large number of duplicate pipes were made and carefully fitted into the threaded bushing (14). By changing these pipes (15) every five or ten minutes, the effect of such a tendency was quite completely eliminated. The coals tested were chosen to represent the different American grades. They were first ground and screened over a mesh of 20 wires per inch and through one of 10 wires per inch. About 315 grams of coal will fill the cartridge, and it was put in in layers 3” thick between iron disks. The cartridge was then placed in the middle of the furnace, the thermo couple put in place, and the asbestos packed in against both ends, cutting off the radiation here, and causing the ends and middle, all to keep at the same temperature. A current of 6 amperes was then passed through the resistance wire of the furnace. While the latter was coming up to the temperature where the light oils start to come off, the thermo couples were connected up, the flame placed under the gas pre-heating coil, the gas from the storage tank turned on, the paper rolls connected up to the clock and the clock started. The pipes (15) were cleaned and prepared for immediate use, and the data sheet prepared. As soon as dLS add Y9019 -HOLIMS s 7 JONVLSISIY i! as JOVNUNS J ie OS QusLaWniy ie aly 5Nm1009 is Y3L3SWOuNAd | MNWL the thermo couple indicated a temperature close to that at which there was prospect of an oily deposit, the paper rolls were put in place, the paper marked and the test started. When the tar commenced to show up the temperature of the furnace was recorded and the pipe (15) changed every 10 minutes. As the temperature of the furnace rose to 300° C. the current was increased 4+ of an ampere, at 400° C 4 of an ampere more, and at 500° C. 2 of an ampere. This was done to take care of the increased radiation, and to keep the rise in temperature at a constant rate. When the paper ceased to show any signs of a tar deposit it was again marked and timed and the current shut off. The strip of paper was then cut up into lengths corresponding to 10 minute periods, and carefully weighed. As the weight of the paper per inch was very constant, the excess in weight over that of clean paper was in each case due to the tar. From this two curves could be drawn, with time plotted horizontally, while one had temperature centigrade and the other grams of tar plotted vertically. These curves when placed one right over the other, as here given in Fig 3, indicate the amount of tar coming off at each temperature. The points where the tar starts and stops can not be indicated by this curve, is the ends of the deposit are too thin to have appreciable weight. They are consequently separately noted elsewhere. The first condensible gas to be driven off from the coal and appear on the paper record is water vapor. After the last of the water hus disappeared there is quite a temperature range through which there is no deposit at all. Then the paper will begin to show a slight trace of oil. This will gradually increase in amount and give the paper the ap- pearance of having been parafined. The deposit will then gradually as- sume a brownish color, as though engine oil were appearing. Later a temperature will be reached at which the deposit will increase yYery rapidly in amount, and will assume a distinctly tarlike appearance. The first tar to be deposited is usually very soft and sticky at room tempera- ture. As the temperature rises the tar becomes steadily stiffer, until it is finally hard and brittle when cooled. The temperature range through which the maximum deposit occurs will vary from about 100° C., for some western coals, to 175° for some of the samples from the east. At the higher limit of this range the deposit becomes rapidly smaller in amount until it is too small to weigh, but the paper is still distinctly browned. This discoloration becomes less and less plain, until it finally disappears entirely. There is no definite temperature at which the first and the last 382 trace of the tar appears, in the Same sense that water has a boiling tempera- ture. The first deposit is so indistinct that it is almost impossible to tell whether there is a deposit or not. The increase is also so very gradual that it is difficult to choose the temperature at which to report the firsi appearance of a deposit. This gradual increase will extend over a tempera- ture range of from 50° to 150° C. before there will be a sufficient deposit of tar to feel sticky to the finger. The determination of the temperatures between which the maximum deposit occurs is likewise an arbitrary matter, and also the temperature at which the last trace of tar appears. Therefore the results as here reported must not be too literally interpreted. However they are a very careful estimate of the facts as they are and the highest temperature reported is one at which one may feel assured that the very last trace of tar has disappeared from the coal. | OAR IEE SEIMEI NICTS I fo NEI | gen era a pele Ns ea eee ee 389 SHAWNEE Mounp, TIPPECANOE COUNTY, AS A GLACIAL ALLUVIAL CONE.. Wm. A. McBETH. There stands at the northwest corner of section twenty-three (23). town. twenty-one (21) north, range six (6) west, a locally well known hill, quite unusually large and prominent for that part of the country, wich generally is a moderately undulating, and, over extensive areas, a quite monotonous plain. The area of the hill is about thirty-five (35) acres. Its height at the apex is seventy-five (75) feet above the steps of the front door of the residence (facing the road) located near the southwest edge of the hill on the general level of the country. A creek channel at the northwest edge is eighty (80) feet or more below the summit. The long axis of the hill is east west, in which direction it is nearly one hundred (100) rods long, with varying cross-distances averaging a little more than half its length. The high part is near the east end, where the steepest slopes occur. A small basin lies at the foot of this east slope. The distance of the highest point is almost one-third (4) of the length of the pile from the east end, whence the slopes are much gentler to the western edge. The outline and form of this feature may be properly described as lobate, four leaves, including the west end, showing on the south side, and three on the north side not symmetrical with or opposite those on the south side. In structure and material the hill is composed of sand, gravel, silt, clay lumps and a very few boulders. The rock fragments are igneous, or crystalline material in great variety, rounded and polished after the man- ner of stream-worn waste. It is very irregularly bedded with a generally abrupt pitch to the west, or in the direction of the long slope of the hill. The pebbles are not in many cases larger than apples or baseballs, very few exceeding four or five inches in any diameter. Beds of fine sand, 25—4966 386 Shawnee Mound. Excavation in North Side showing Material and Arrangement. Shawnee Mound. (From the South.) 387 or even silt, are interstratified with layers containing the coarsest ma- terials. The best, probably the only, interpretation of the observed facts is, that this is a great alluvial cone built in or at the edge of the retreating ice sheet when its edge lay at the prominent Independence-Darlington Moraine, in the range of which this feature stands, although no other of its strong elevations appear in the immediately surrounding landscape, and not within two or three miles. This great pile, for it is really quite impressive, represents the deposit of a stream of considerable volume flowing off or out of the ice at the time when the height or depth of the ice at this southwestern edge must have been not less than one hundred (100) and possibly several hundred feet. This stream flowed in a channel deep enough to confine it for a long time to this particular place. Possibly the channel was a deep canyon in the ice or a tunnel under it. As it heaped up the material at one point its course was diverted and a new direction of flow and construction was begun in true cone or delta building fashion. An interesting question arises as to a possible relation between this hill and the gigantic South Raub Esker lying a few miles to the east northeast. The trend of this Esker is directly toward Shawnee Mound and the direction of the esker stream was southwest, but there is a gap of nearly five (5) miles, a distance as great as the length of the esker itself, between the west end of the esker and the Shawnee Mound cone, and no sufficient intermediate correlating features have as yet been found. This discussion is presented to show the importance of detail work in interpreting the complex and little known phenomena of the great ice sheet. 388 Shawnee Notncd. Contours Genetalized. ot [TE T+ Ts fo EAs a Bas /S° JU 13 i= 4 S4gnco0 = LS: 2 fi 2 26 | | 25 We ga0 eo ARI: 36 3) ee Mound, es y |e 389 eG CE cE ne" TATE) 2640 ft. —— S ¢ WHITE) = : 5 ——_—= = = = ==) Z —————— SALUDA\ = —— = Ss = : == : ©)LIBERTY = 2 : >] —— — —— = SS — - — - Ae _ = + = WAYNE: - VILLE : o —— Sunman . Batesville 389 CORRELATION OF THE OUTCROP AT SPADES, INDIANA. H. N. CoRYELL, INTRODUCTION. The collections forming the basis for the present paper were care- fully made by the Rey. T. A. Bendrat, M.S., during the autumn of 1913, from the exposure one mile west of Spades, Indiana. His careful descrip- tion of the outcrop has been of considerable value in the correlation. The identifications of the species were made in the laboratories of the Department of Geology of Indiana University under the supervision and direction of Professor EH. R. Cumings and Dr. J. J. Galloway. Their assistance and suggestions have been of great value. THE PRESENT DIVISIONS OF THE RICHMOND. kichmond— Elkhorn (Platystrophia moritura zone). Whitewater (Homotrypa wertheni zone). Saluda (Tetradium minus zone). Liberty (Strophomena, planumbona zone). Waynesville (Dalmanella meeki zone). DESCRIPTION AND STRATIGRAPHY. The reconstruction of the Cincinnati Division of the C., C., C. & St. L. Railroad through Ripley County, Indiana, in 1902-04 made available for study a section of strata high in the Cincinnatian one mile west of Spades. The exposure at present is from five to six feet high and in places partially covered with debris, leaving, however, distinct ledges out- cropping. The strata are approximately horizontal. The limestone at the base of the exposure weathers to a bluish-gray; it is very variable in texture, some portions being very finely crystalline, others containing quite large calcite crystals, as well as geode formations and iron concretions. Above this limestone the strata become more argillaceous, thinly bedded and present a distinct shaly structure. 390 This section possesses a distinct similarity to the upper part of the Whitewater section exposed at Richmond, Indiana, in being a very nodular, shaly limestone. Though similarity in lithology is not a conclusive proof that two or more separated sections are parts of the same formation, yet the fact that there is a distinct resemblance does tend to lend favor to that decision. A detailed description of this locality is given in the following section, taken from ‘‘The Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Cincinnati Series of Indiana.’’* SECTION ALONG THE WEST FORK OF WHITEWATER RIVER AT RICHMOND, INDIANA. (Number 1 is at the top of this section.) 1. Exposures in the bank above Thistlewaite Falls on the west fork of Whitewater River, about one and one-quarter miles north of the National road bridge across Whitewater River. Thin, lumpy limestone. Rhynchotrema dentata (aa). Several species of gastropode, including Salpingostoma richmondense (c). Stro- DhomMenarsul cata (i) Sin a Povere ae oie eis elas veya Gxt lahenabae. Sic coe ok ree 8 feet. 2. Layer in the breast of the falls. Heavier layer at the top. Limestone. Monticulipora epidermata (c). Platystrophia acuti- liratassenexs (@)s Homotnypa wortheni=tmes- oes. cee oe nee 5 feet 3. West side of creek just below the falls. Bryozoa (aaa), Monticulipora-epidermataleteycae peso eee eee eee 5 feet. 4. Just north of the C. R. & M. R. R. bridge. Thin, shaly limestone, Rhynchotrema capax, the highest specimens. Plectam- DONITESSSETICCIIS (EE) cicere cle coe berclein we ae eee sence ee ee eee 5 feet. 5. Just south of the C. R. & M. R. R. bridge. Rhynchotrema CADE COA)! Siorecedintavanen ave sis coh wile e lewseivm eile oust Ais reee eife eve ealerTeLOeneere 4 ft. 8in. 6. About one-eighth of a mile north of the road bridge across the west fork. -Ptylodictya plumaria;, ete: 22. ..2.. =. acces > feet. 7. k. \2) *See Chrystal: Algebra I, p. 81. **See Chrystal: Algebra II, Chaps. XXIII, XXVII. Hagen: Synopsis der hoeheren Mathematik, p. 64; Pascal: Repertorium der hoeheren Mathematik I, Kap. II, Sec. 1. 28—4966 434 From (1) and (3) it follows that i satisfies the linear difference equation @ se) Ge YD) Se 1h) i) = 0 It is well known that the sum of the coefficients (x + y)* is 2” and that the sum of the odd numbered coefficients is equal to the sum of the even num- bered ones; the following are perhaps not so well known: (4) If, beginning with the second, the coefficients of (« — y) be multiplied biyarchn (2c))aen (Gc) area eee (ke)" respectively; ¢ being arbitrarily chosen dif- ferent from zero, the sum of the products will vanish for n = 1, 2,3, ..... k—1 but not forn > k, e. g. kee 85 2805-00, 104) 00) 028.) So ee oe 9 ot 4” 6” g" 10” 12” 14” 16” The sum of the products vanishes forn =1,2...... 7; but not for n > 7; for n = 8 it is 10,321,920. (5) If the first & coefficients of Gin be multiphed term by term, at (3 (p= We (Pa Oo a ws eles ink = 2 3 ) the sum of the products will be Ger itnek and +1)! -1 | ify =e ee in particular . bifih ) . (e+) h . Be SS ee eee ie \ e.g. take k = 5. ~n n n n n (yatta ce Aiea Deu nibs The sum of the products is --1, —1, +1, —1, +1, 719, for 1 = 1, 2) 3) 4) 5, 6, respectively. Both (4) and (5) are special cases of (6) If the coefficients of (x —y)*, (k = 1, 2, 3, ...) be multiplied term by term by the nth powers (n = 0, 1, 2, ...) of the terms of any arithmetic pro- gression with common difference d + 0, the sum of the products will vanish if n cr! (Fe ne On oho i=0 It is readily shown that (2) S(k, n) vanishes for k>n Cima (ean) = —k > Pa SR, $=) = = 2 ea) S(k — il. i— 1) 436 whence S(k, n) is divisible by k/ and in fact S(n, n) = (—1)" n! Also, since S(1, n)<0, it follows that for fixed k, S(k, n) preserves a constant sign (or vanishes) for all values of n; and this sign is the same as that of Gane These numbers possess a recursion formula (4) S(k, n) = k[S(k, n — 1) —S(K—1, n—1)] Op be = Oy I, Bos 0 oc by means of which may be constructed, A TABLE OF VALUES OF S(k, n) k=Ok=1| k=2 | k=3, | k—4 | h—5) | k—-6 |e aes 0 1 | One| | | a2 OM et in 09 | io Q |—1 6 —6 | | n=4 | O|-1}] 14 —36 24 | »=5 | O|1] 30 | —150| 240 120 | n=6 | O|-1]| 62 | —540| 1560 1800 | 720 | n= 0 |-1 | 126 | —1806 | 8400 —16800 | 15120 | —5040! | n= 0 |—1 | 254 | —5796 | 40824 —126000| 191520 141120) 40320 Subtract any entry from the one on its right, multiply by the value of k above the latter. n n (5) »S S(k, n) = (—1)” > S(k,n) = 1+ cos nz k=0 k=2 | n (6) sy De) =. 6 Ba OS 4, fe is we 1) , use (7) > (ee | 8G) = &+ 1b) | S(k, 7) i=k i=k n (8) > E S(k, i) = S(k, n) —S(k +1, 7) i=k * Setting n = k + 1 in (7) we obtain (9) Stk, +1) = [*$"] s@, &) and similarly we can express S(k, k + 2), S(k, k + 3), ete. in terms of Skah). From (4) S(k,n) = S(K + 1, n) — 1 S(k +1,n+ 1) ik, OR eS eee 437 By applying this m times, we obtain (10) S(k, n) = > (1) H; Si + m,n +7) j=) where H; is the sum of the products of the fractions 1/(k + 1),1/(k +2), 1/(k +3), aig eae 1/(k + m), taken 7 at a time; Hy = 1. The proof of (6) $1 is as follows. If the first term of the arithmetic progression is zero, Co] » er (di)” = d" S(k, n) L=() and this vanishes if n (1)! | (c + i)" i=0 expand (a + i)" by the binomial formula and reverse the order of summation, we obtain (11) f(n, a, k) => | a S(k, 7) i=0° Therefore f(n, x, k,) = 0 when n li t” S(k,i) when n>k i=k In particular, when n = k + 1 f&+1,2,k) = @t+ E ) (k + 1)S(k, &) and on putting a/d for 2, df +1, 2, k) =a" SCE Ile 42 (Gath) 4 (Gabe ges a aa a + (a + kd)| and from these follow the three conclusions* of (6) $1. *Chrystal: Alzebra II, Ses. 9, p. 183, gives the proof of a slightly less general theorem, Cauchy: Exercices de mathematiques, 1826, I, p. 49 (23), obtains as a by-product the second conclusion of the theorem for the case d = — 1, and remarks that it is well known. 438 $3. In finding the sum of certain series by the method of differences** it is convenient to express positive integral powers of x in terms of the poly- nomials (ea re Ce n(n) ee eet) n = 1 eee a) = 1 If we set (2) 2” =A(o, nye + PANE nxt + ERR: + A(k, nj 4 ....+A(n,n) a”) it is easily shown that (3) ANB) = IS ed SUR 1) whence (ED SAGE Das 12, Oy Wa Bho aie vanishes if nk> 0; in particular A(n, n) = 1; and the following relations come from those given in $2 for S(k, n): ay, (, S n ) r Co a SS (Dl . : tr : : (9) A(k, n) cans loa A(k — 1, 1 ae 1) = % a Foal A(k—1, 1— 1) The recursion formula (6) A(k,n) =k A(k,n —1) + A(kK— 1, n— 1) by which may be constructed A TABLE OF VALUFS OF A(k, n) =0 | b=1|k=2|b=3 | b=4 | 6-5 | —Olee wanes | | | | n= 0 1 | n= 1 | 0 1 | | nN = 2-0 1 1. | ees | ehiOes| = Bier lesa | |= 4 0 1 GN 1 | 15 0 ik? | me) op 25 10 | | | | pe 0 tale St) 0 65 15 it | | | } n=7 Om >), 263°. 301 |) 350) |e 140 | 21 |) Sig ae ey | Bc | 966 | 17OL | 1050 | 266 | 28 | 1 To any entry add the product of the one on its right and the value of k above the latter. **See for example Boole’s Finite Differences, Chap. IV. 439 Ge DS (| A(k,i) =ACk+1,2 +1) ph = W, i. se t—Ic GS Ak n) SéE—1,k—1) =0 T= WA ee i Inversely, since (a Dre — 2) faces (x — n) eae kas, ome if we set (9) pri a[B(o, n)x" — BCI, nya” 1+ eee (Ee BU nya” 4 ee Be hal Sear + (—1)" B(n, n)] liMmiCRevAGent ula tiels: (Os) — Ih 7— ON ARDS se , B(k, n) = the sum of the products of the numbers 1, 2, 3,..... n, taken k at a time; in particular [3b 18) = he = (ay S(k, k) and B(k, n) = 0if k>n. For convenience define B(p, n) = 0, if p is a negative integer. If we multiply beth sides of AO = a|B(o, n — Ds Bd n— 1)c°me +.00+ (1) 'B(n —1,n—1)] is we obtain the recursion formula by « — n, and equate the coefficients of x” (10) Bik, n) = Blk, n— 1) +n B(k—1, n —1) by means of which may be constructed A TABLE OF VALUES OF B(k, n) k=0 | k=1|k=2|/k=3|k=4| k=5) k=6 | k=7 | k=8 a) ie | n=1 mn | n= 2 ale wg | | Meee a | |S ah 26. | A= | ft | 10 |) 35 | 50) 24 | nak 1 | 15 | 85 | 225]. 274] 120 | | n=6 | 1:| 21 | 175 | 735 | 1624 | 1764 | 720 | n=7 1 | 28 | 322 | 1960 | 6769 |13132 | 13068] 5040 n=8 | 1 36 | 546 | 4536 22449 |67284 | 118124 | 109584 |40320 | Multiply any entry by the number (n+1) of the next row, and add to the entry on its right. ele p> (11) B(k,k+n) => (| Bk+n—,k+n—1) eon = 0) toe) 2 1=k 440 The equation BO,n) 2° — Bin) x 4. Gly BG has 1, 2,3,.....n,for roots. If we set Shea EG nei as sea ee Biers k= 1.2. 355 and solve Newton’s formulae* we obtain Sy 1 0 OF SS ee 0 So Sy 2 Ope orsteae 0 | S3 So S, Soe re ees 0 | Bek) eB (ie) "lens S3 So Shien. acne ¢ ven = il 2, 8... S). Sp 1 S,_9 S,-3 eect hon S 1 This determinant vanishes when k > n. Inversely, [SB Glia) cub (Orne Oly ee a pore sete eS nek 0 2B (2) eaebiGen) IB (Ol) eee eae 0 3B(3,n) B(2,n) IBEX OLS Oe cole cs eens 0 S; st a | echo erat ore Die eee onorbeeOr0Le ©) 6 )-0, 0; GF D0 tO! 16,0 D-OtH-G-0 0100'S -¢ RBG) Bk en) Bik Dn) eee B(1,n) | [Px hs Pe sas os (CNEL TE ES 70) These sums of the powers of the first m natural numbers are connected by the following relations, in which /(k/2) signifies the integral part of k/2: I(k 2) Sma pen leo )| a Pap teue =~ (9541) Sai 12 S81 = is Ik 2) > 2h+1—21 (k\ a ‘ k-lgk > =— = | 27] Sop 93 = (2n+1) Sy =o: +21 whence (k E Yea i—¢ oe C; |; | Sop-q= 0 where c;= ———— when 7 is even ES) eid = 1+i I Me = —(2n+1) whenz is odd *See, for example, Cajori’s Theory of Equations, pp. 85-S6. yStern, Crelle’s Journal, Vol. 84, pp. 216-218. 441 Also k SP | ss" eayt— i=0 Relations between the A’s and the B’ m a” => Ali, m) «x [NAR ER eh i=1 . 1 . . Mas GIyaAGieie?! ¢si8 8 o. i=0 Therefore 5] t= S A (i, m) S (—1) YBG,i—1) 2° ae i=1 7=0 the coefficient of x" on the right is m—k > 1) Ak +4, m) BG,k+i—1) i=0 andaphismust vanish k= 1, 2,'3,...... m—l, and be equal to 1, for k = m. Whence, setting n for m — k, n k=0,1,2,. > (1)' A(k+%, kn) Bijk+i—1) = 0, ih n = 1, 2, 3, or, setting 7 for k + 7, and n for m, ; k= Om, n—1 2) S Cay Aga eG a) =o és ae n= 1,2, 3, Similarly, starting from m—1 en”) = > (Cay BG wl) a ~ i=0 we obtain Z ' k = 0, ff 2; (18) > C1)’ Ak, k+n—i) BG, k+n—1) = 0, i=0 i = IL, 2; 3; This relation may be generalized as follows: Set n * C(k,n,p) = & (-1)' Ak, k+-n—1) BG, k+-n—p) i=0 **Prestet, Elements de Mathematique, p. 178. 442 then directly and by (13) k = il = peer ye pee (a) C(k,0,) pO, 1,2 ae C(k,n,1) = 0 Tg ae) a} eed a making use of (10) we obtain (b) C(k,n,p) = C(k,n,p—1) + (k+-n—p—1) C(k,n—1,p—1) The left side vanishes when p = 1; therefore C(k,n,0) = —(k-+n) C(k,n—1,0) By repeating this (n—1) times and noting that C(k,0,0) = 1, we obtain e k= 0.5.22 (c) C(k,n,0) = (—1)"(&+1) (442) .. . - (K4n) 1 =o SAHIN 7) = PB ab as 3 a 7, in (b), we find (d) C(k,n,p) = 0 {orp —15 23 eee n = ke whenp=n+1 Therefore for all values of k = 0,1, 2,..... ; and 2. = 15 2,3.ee n (14) = (1) Ak, k+n—i) BG, k+-n—p) = (—1)"(K4+1) (42)... . 4 n) ie when p = 0 = 0 when 7p = 2253 eee = k" when p = n+1 Example illustrating (14) for k = 2, = 3. Real ede | | 20 | deal | 1=2 | 1=3 | Rares : | A(2,5—2)| 15 | —7 | 3 —1 | sums of products p=0)! Bid) 1 15 | 85 | 225 | (1)#345 p=1)| BCA) 1 LOD sh r35) ote O ako 1) = B(i,3) 1 11 6x0 p=3) BG,2) Tas 3a eee rO0e 0 | p=4)} Bl) Weal aal | 0 | 28 | f | In particular, when p = n, > C1) AC, k+n—i) BG, k) = 0 i=0 or, setting n—k for n (15) n—k > (-1)'A(k, n—1) BU, k) = 0 i=0 k . > (—1)'A(k, n—i) B(i, k) = 0 i=0 443 . providedn>k =0,1,2,3.... The two sums are equivalent since for i>k, B(i,k) vanishes and for t>n—k, A(k, n—i) vanishes. From (15) whence k A(k,n) = > (-1)'"' Ak, ni) BG, b), n>k = t=1 k B(k,n) = > (—1)'*' Bk, n) A(n, n+i), n>k I VS Solving for the successive A’s and B’s, and for brevity writing Ai, A» for A(n,n+1), A(n,n+2) ete., and Bi, Bo, for B(,k), B(2, k) ete., Ake = 4 A(k,k+1) = Bi A(k,k+2) = BY —B, A(k,k-+3) = B? —2B,B, + B; A (ek) = "By — 3B, Be 2 2B1Bs— Bi te Be A(k,k-+5) = B? —4B°B, + 3B°B;—2B.Bi+ Bst+ etc., etc. B(0,n) =e ll Bin) = AG BQ) = A? —A, BG me HAs = OAneAG etal etc., etc., in exactly the same form as the B’s. S(k,n) satisfies the linear difference equation of order k, 3B,B3—2B.B; (16) S(k,n+k) — B(1,k) S(kn-tk—-1) +... + (1)' BG k) S(kyn-+k—4)+... yo de Cay BCD) SIC of which the characteristic equation has for roots 1,2,3... conditions S(k, n) = 0; n = 1, 2,3....k—1; S(k, k) = (—1)* k! jn) = 0 . k; and the 444 are exactly sufficient to determine the constants. These two equations, therefore, completely characterize k Stkn) = > ry [Fl a i=0 In like manner, the difference equation On) Aa) aay AGG aye = + (—1)' BGk) A (n-th) Ne EC Gn) Ab) = 0 and the conditions ALR Dp) = OS, SIA OS Se k—1; A(k,k) =1 k 1 S ( (kK) on . ees i : completely characterize A (k,n) SRE 1) taj? B(k,n) satisfies the difference equation of order 2k + 1, GS) RG poy) = Goa Cn WaPo) da + (1) eee Bik, n+2k+1—1)+...... — Bk, n) = 0 of which the characteristic equation is (ee yet! 29 Whence B(k,n) is a polynomial of degree 2k in n, but the k + 1 obvious conditions B(x) e—10 ane —1 Onl he orcs ene ene k—1, B(k,k) = kl are not sufficient to determine the constants. It is possible, however, by the successive application of the method of differences, since A Bik,n) = (n+1) Bk—1,n) to determine these constants for any particular value of k. Thus: B(2,n) = (n+1)n(n—1) (8n+2) 24 B(3,n) = (n+1)2n?(n—1) (n—2) a 48 etc., ete. 445 $4. The properties of Segal f(n,x,k) = & (—1)" 5) @+0)" §2 i=0 . and an application of 2», (aby | ae in the theory or gamma functions =0 2) at suggests the generalization: k (k) (1) fizbn) = = (1) 5) « @+tiy i=0 Rp nes ee Seep hes (Qed Onn a) tie Whence (2) f(0,2,k,n) = S(k,n) Keres OID irs en eee OO i sieres syny peeetv ae Ve (3) f(t2,0,n) = a when n = 0 = 0 when n > 0 (4) fGcln) = «2 — @+1) when n = 0 = —(¢+1)' when n > 0 When ¢ < 0, this function has poles at x = —1,—2,...... —k, and also whenn + ¢ <0, atx =0. k Since f(t,z,k,n) = > ay’ E| ri (xij ™ (a+i)” 1=0. we have the recursion formula m S (5) f(t,a,k,n) = > eB * f(t—m,2x,k;m+n—t) 1=0 (sO EDRs ae me GAT — Rel On om ne a ten edn ral op If tis not negative, we have on setting ¢ for m in (5) t (6) f(t,z,k,n) = > al a S(k,t-+n—) efi, = Op i, Bs oc sg v) lkO n; therefore f(—m,z,k,n) satisfies the linear homo geneous difference equation of order m: ue \ 5 (10) » i“ a f(—m,z,k,n+m—i) = 0. i=6 . eS =O; le Ys i = NEPA Sys 6s of which the characteristic equation is +2)” =0 whence the complete solution is (11) fComz,kyn) = (oo + em +e. sy ie 5) (—o8)" Tile 2 ore ree oe Te — i) ee re gee re relia ee not for nsk; however, the equation (10) itself will give f(—m,vz,k,n) for TW Wle selena hee k+m—1. For m = 1, we have f(—1,2,k,n) = co (—2)” n = 034, 2°33 k. and setting n = 0, we determine co = f(—1,z,k,0). setting ¢ = —1 in‘(8) — f(—1,2,k,0) : [S(k,0) + & f(—1,2-+1,k—1,0)] = : when k = 0 = = f(-12+1,k—-1,0) ik oe 447 whence by repetition, and noting (3) k! —l,2,k = * Ur 0) a Germ are GEERT) and a , x (—x)" k! then aa TE Oa eres oe aie Ga Oe ae ere therefore, since by (10), f(—1,2,k,k) = —a f(—1,z,k,k—1), we ih (—x)” k! ay : (12) f(A1,2,k,n) omaha Gan =O, 1,485 o lm loner so/, Example: e , 10 a(z+1) (e+2) (e+3) (x4) > (—1)' 8 for = Di when n = 0 i=0 ‘ = —24r = il =) 2A i = 2 = —24z73 n=3 = Mila n=A4 but = 240x4 + 8402? + 1200x? + 5762, n = 5 To find the value of f(—1,z,k,n) for n > k, set m = 1 in (9) and multiply through by k (z+1)(a+2) .... (tth)/S(k,k) = > BG k)t* */S(k,k) i=0 and set k g(—1,z,k,n) for f(—1,z,k,n) > Biik)x* */S(k,k): i=0 k g(—1,2,k,n +1) = A(k,n) > BUi,k)x* '— xg(—1,2,k,n) = ke = O, Uy 2 Setting n = k, k+1, we verify that n ; ke ae: (13) g(—1,2,k,k-+-n) = > (1)! AG k+n—j) > BGk) ah j=l i=j holds for n = 1, n = 2; and a complete induction shows, on taking account of (14) §8, (py = n), that it holds for all positive integral values of n. On *See Chrystal: Algebra II, Ex. 26, p. 20. 448 changing the order of summation and replacing g(—1,2,k,n) by its value, we have k ey ; = a! X (1) B-j+i,k) S(k,n—1). (14) f(1,2,k,n) — fae c= the numerator being a polynomial arranged according to ascending powers of x; on arranging this in descending powers of x, taking account of (14) §3. k—-1 : j ; > AF Cay! BY) Sn) (15) ante a 2 2, (arate) a(t?) ese ee (c+k) i> k=01,2 3-2 It is obvious that (14) does not hold for ae k, since in that case S(k,n—i) vanishes, i= 1,2,..... n; on the other hand, noting that B(k,n) and S(k,n) both vanish if k > n and taking account of (15), $3, it results that in the numerator on the right side of (15), when n= k, the coefficient of every power of x vanishes except that of x” and this turns out to be (—1)*™ B(0,k)S(k,k) = (—1)"k! which agrees with (12). Therefore, k—1 7. ; A ae > aI > 1)’ BY-4A) S(k,n+i) Gay 2a (| = = i=0 Se ualae GD) G@AED) 3 oss 5 (x+k) kin. = 1,233 3 2 but for the case where n = k, (12) is simpler. Setting m = 2 in (11) (17) f(—2,2,k,n) = (eo + en) (—2)" n= 04,203 2 k—1. Put n = 0, n = 1, and determine . oy) = f(2,2,k,0) c= = f(2nkl) —f2,0h,0), whieh by (7) = * j(22+1k-1,0) —f(2,2,8,0) 449 In (8) set ¢ = —2,k =1 x f(—2,z,1,0) = ae) == fi Goes Cat ot.) whence by (12) and (3) 1 1 —— 9) — + = ik a0) e(x+1) 2a(x+1)? — I! S : x i —-—_ 2 B(i—i;1) - eAGEE ID)2 2 G1) BU a1) « Again, setting k = 2 in (8) 1 D : x fG=252,150) stn a fiGa2soata tele 0) f(—2,2,2,0) zi S (1+i) B(2—i,2) 2’ — ay L hs GEA @Pa EI) (Get 2))) aay ? Assume k! < (1 —22,k,0) = > (47) Bk kb) 2 Soi 20) — SO Ge, ee and a complete induction, on taking account of (11) $3, shows that this holds for all positive integral values of k. Therefore: k! k = Us Ss E een eet go (eats) 2 eee (ce+k)? ee Oe oe k = ke! ar nee fe ae =f) ee es (x+k)? 2G oe and ( De k! k ‘ 19 (—2,2,k,n) = Sa > i—n) B(k—i,k) x ) ee fal?) pd (ose) De maar (c+k)? ;29 teat) Cems) He AO) a te eae Oa ein A on een Sie k—1 On computing, by means of (10), the values of f(—2,z2,k,k) and k+1 f(—2, x, k ,k+ 1), we verify that (19) holds for n = 1, 2, 3 but not for n>k+1, Therefore, I k = - (ke qu (—x)® kl! : ‘ i UI) Deeb aa ee = este > —n) B(k—i,k)x me WG aes. GEG ae Giese s i — JOM ato kee ne ORION ee ie k+1; not n>k+1 29—4966 450 The corresponding results for n = k + 2, pee 3, etc., may be found by putting these values successively for n in (21) f(—2,2,k,n-+2) a S(k,n) a 2G ij (2,0, ky nts) —— f(—2,2,k,n) which results from setting m = 2 in (9). The general result may be put into the form 2k—2 k—1 See! DEA) SOG 3a) (22) fC-22kn) = 2=9 Pai ; ep =i 2 Gees Seb eo (a+k) in which the coefficients D, are independent of n: D(i,0,k) = 1 when 7 =0 = () geo ine SSeS oe J, DOG = = BE k—1) BG=t, k<—)) ey 8) t=0 but I have not been able to determine a general formula for D(i,7,k) by means of which to calculate the coefficients of f(—2,2,k,p), p>k+1, without first calculating successively those for n = k+2,k+38,..... p—1. By making use of (10) § 2, (21) may be reduced to 2k—2 pa yx DY BG j,k) S(kn+1) (23) f(—2,2,k,n) = =° ist : | bn =o 262i act D) eee ee (c+k)? with which compare (16) Example: 4 5 met ret2y(e+syet4y © ay [f] Ga = Stim) 28 + [12 S(4,n) + 8 S(3,n)] a7 + [58 S(4,n) + 76 S(3,n) + 86 S(2,n)] 2 + [144 S(4,n) + 272 S(8,n) + 288 S(2,n) + 96 S(1,n)] 2 + [193 S(4,n) + 460 S(3,n) + 780 S(2,n) + 720 S(1,n)] 24 + [132 S(4,n) + 368 S(3,n) + 840 S(2,n) + 1680 S(1,n)] 23 + [36 S(4,n) + 112 S(3,n) + 312 S(2,;n) + 1200 S(1,n)] 22 Ti MD Sd rack onscn ual ts 451 also: = S§(4,n) «§ + [20 S(4,n) —2S8(4,n+1)] 27 + [170 S(4,n) — 40 S(4,n+1) + 35 S(4,n+2)] 2® + [800«S (4,n) — 340 S(4,n+1) + 60 S(4,n+2) — 4 ,8(4,n+3)] 2° + [2153 S(4,n) — 1350 S(4,n+1) + 335 S(4,n+2) — 30 S(4,n+8) ]at+ [3020 S(4,n) — 2402 S(4,n+1) + 700 S(4,n+2) — 70 S(4,n+3)]x3-+ [1660 S(4,n) — 1510 S(4,n+1) + 476 S(4,n+2) — 50 S(4,n+38) |x? Meinl De Or cece. aes These results are consistent with (20) for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and forn = 6 give 1560 x® + 14400 x7 + 51672 «6 + 59520 2° + 100320 x4 + 57600 x? + 13824 2?. Purdue University. 453 RADIOACTIVITY OF SPRING WATER. R. R. Ramsey. Since the discovery of the Becqerel rays in 1896 by Henri Becqerel a great amount of work has been done on radioactive bodies; i. e., bodies which give out a radiation which, among other things, renders the air con- ducting. Madam Curie discovered polonium and radium in 1898. After the discovery of radium a great many workers contributed to our knowledge of radioactive bodies. Radium and polonium are now known to be transforma- tion products in the radioactive series headed by uranium. Besides the uranium-radium series we have the thorium series, the actinium series, and the potassium series in the radioactive list. Very early in the history of radioactivity, tests were made on ordinary matter to see if all matter is radioactive. Although there is some evidence to show that all matter is radioactive, i.e., is disintegrating, it has been found that a great part of the effect is due to slight traces of radium and other radioactive substances which are mixed with matter. Thus the surface of the earth is covered with slight traces of radium. The exact distribution of radium on the surface of the earth is not known, determinations having been made in a relatively few localities. Besides the scientific interest in the distribution of radium there is another. It has been found that a great many of the celebrated European springs and baths show an unusual amount of radioactivity. The theory has been advanced that the curative proper- ties of these springs are due to the radioactivity of the water. Table I gives a partial list of the measurements made on noted springs also a short list of ordinary springs, etc. 454 TABLE I. Rapioactivity oF NotTep Springs, Etc. Gira GIL Bh ER, Co don dconsnenkocsuseuoedoaubudcooue 173. X10-!2Gm. Ra. per liter. Brembachh(Saxes) Mee acer eeeoere Ee eee eee 36000. to 720000, X10-12 Curies per liter. Schweizergang, Joachimsthal....................200-0000- 98000. hakerBalatoneuncany---eesceneee nee: RN Nato es 10300. to 36000. Potable waters of Mulhause (Alsace).....................- 2800. Va X-les=Balnsmnn ciacscaseyacrine eater ies ne eee aes 1060. to 2340. JDVENEA EH EN AS acho sauonoodoodbnsossosuauosoudooseeee 3440. to 80090. Japaneses hovisprings sa-emaeer eo een RCO EE Ee 237. to 18800. ColoradoispringssManitouseee eres eee Gone eee Err 120. to 4730. ColoradoiSpringssManitourcas sense eee 470. to 20500. West Canada; Fairmount, sinclair. ....9.. 2.5.22 s.-se sce 3500. to 4000. SVellowstones¥banks mia mms er alee LOT tee eee: 2.26 to 10.4 Mache units. ellowstonesharksc2S eee pear ee een eee Err Eee: 6.25 to 118.3 Mache units Shbaiay Sommers, Taga oo cancsocosscososovascoucodascedonacds .06 to 89. Mache units. ShrEnroysa. IN|. fo, SWINE 5 cada ngooosbsesuboes sous bodoubane 39. to 880. %10—? Curies per liter. SalratocawNemyespLIng sirase) Mia xat eyes os ne prea pn 847. WalliamstownsiMasseatre cement cnc etn er errr rns 13. to 216. WalltamstownMasstacasreinermr ras eeerniee Pera 759. to 7290. Caledonian Springs, near Ottawa, Can.................... 5e Stultawrenceyhivieh-poaeee en eee eee ee Eee eee 52) 1) 1h! SOB Wa TOT yates rete tee ote ep pone a cds eran BE VA oN 9 AireMontrealiCambridsevetemenrneententeseereretrerite 1 One Mache unit equals 364.X10 12 (Curies per liter). The radioactivity of water may be due to traces of radium salts dis- solved in the water. It may be due to some other product of the uranium- radium series, to radium emamation, usually, or to some product of the tho- rium or actinium series. The greater amount is usually due to radium or radium emanation dissolved in the water. In the uranium-radium series (Table No. 2), it will be noted that when one substance changes into another a radiation of «, 8, or 7’ rays, in some cases all three, are given off. This radiation ionizes the air and renders it conducting. The conductivity of the air becomes a measure of the radio- activity of the substance. This is proportional to the rate which a charged body loses its charge. The ionization produced by the three sets of rays is about in the fol- lowing proportions: « = 100%, @ = 1.%, vy = .01%. The penetrating powers are in the inverse proportion. Electroscopes for radioactive measurements are known as « ray electroscopes, @ ray electroscopes, ” ray electroscopes according to the amount of material that must be penetrated by the radia- tion in order to get into the electroscope. Thus in an « ray electroscope the substance tested is placed in the electroscope or very near to a window covered with a very thin sheet of aluminum or paper. The rays pass in O9/ Osf OF of O7/ OF CO/ ie ~ A 4 O82 Q ainey £ ; 'Saqgnury £ 99 05 Of OF 9% Q [ 456 without absorption and practically all, at least 99%, of the ionization is pro- duced by the « rays. In the 6 ray electroscope the radiation must pass through .05 mm. aluminum, which absorbs all the alpha rays and the ioniza- tion ts produced by the @ rays. In they ray electroscope the radiation must pass through 2 mm. of lead, which completely absorbs the « and @ radiation leaving they rays to produce the ionization. Thus for very weak radioactive bodies the a rays are used, to produce the ionization. TABLE 2. URANIUM RADIUM SERIES. Absorption Coefficients. Half- Transforma-| Range of « SUBSTANCE. Radiation. value tion Con- rays in cms. Period. stant sec. | (15° C.). 6 rays jy rays | Alum. em7.} Lead em*. | Wraniumipleep eee ear 7 5109 years.| 4610718 2°50 Wiraniumy2 erent eee a 2X10%years.} 1110714 WiraniumeXGnee ert 6,y 24°6 days.| 3 26107 14°4 and 510 72 @Wraniumieys) sees 6 1 5 days.| 5341075 360 [Onur eer eee ere | 7 210% years.} 1 1X1073 3 00 IRAGHTIN weds oaesoanes 1 4,8 2000 vears.| 1 110" 3°30 200 Radium Emanation.... a 3 85 days.12°085x 10-5 4°16 RadiumeArrerec yee | a 3°0 min. | 3 8510-5 4 75 : Radium B....... sea by 26 7 min. | 4°33>10-4 13 and 91 4-6 RiadiumiGs eee eae a, @, 7 195 min. | 5°93x10-5 6 94 13 and 53 50 (RadiumiGs)p-aeee ea 6 14min. | 8 25x10-8 13 Radium!) eee eee 6 16 5 years.) 19331079 very soft. Riacdimm yet oper | 6, y 5 days.| 1 6010-6 43 very soft. Radium F (Polonium)..| 136 days.| 5°90X10-* | 3°77 | The substances in parentheses are products not in the direct line of transformation. Makower & Geiger’s Practical Measurements in Radioactivity. One notes in the radioactive series (Table 2), that the disintegration product of radium is emanation, a gas, which gives off an « particle and changes into Rad. A. This emanation is a gas and obeys all the gas laws. Rad. A has a half value period of three minutes and gives off an « particle and changes into Rad. B. Rad. B has a half value period of 26.8 minutes and gives off 8 andy radiation and changes into Rad. C. Rad. C has a half value period of 19.5 minutes, gives off z, @ andy particles and changes into Rad. ©, and Rad. D. Rad. D has a slow half value period of 16.5 years. This is so slow that the ionization produced by this change can be neglected in com- 457 parison with the others. Thus some time, about three hours, after the em- anation has been placed in a vessel we have Rad. Em. changing through the intermediate products into Rad. D. giving off three « particles, one from Rad. Em; one from Rad. A; and one from Rad. C. This complex radiation has after the first few hours the half value period of the longest of the series, which is that of Rad. Em., 3.85 days. Thus if a quantity of radium emanation gas is placed in an electroscope the rate of ‘“‘leak’”’ of the electroscope in- Fie. 2. creases for three hours and then slowly decreases, dropping to one-half value of the maximum in 3.85 days from the time it reached the maximum. The rise of activity during the first few hours is shown by the curves in Fig. I. These curves are plotted from data given in Rutherford’s Radio- active Substances and Their Radiations, and in Makower «& Geiger’s Practical Measurements in Radioactivity. The final values (4 hours) are based on the number of ions produced by « particles from the various products. . Thus 458 Rad. Em., 29.1%, Rad. A, 31.4%, Rad. (B) and C, 39.5%. Total, 100%. The line marked Rad. Em. starts initially at 30.% and in four hours has diminished to 29.1% according to the half period of 3.85 days. Rad. A. initially is zero, because initially emanation alone is placed in the chamber. Curve A rises to half value in three minutes and in 20 or 30 minutes becomes in equilibrium, that is, it disintegrates into Rad. B as fast as it is formed from the emanation. The latter part of the curve is practically a straight line parallel to the curve for emanation. Rad. B does not give off « particles. The ionization due to the @ radiation can be neglected. Rad. B changes into Rad. C whose half period is 19.5 minutes. Thus the curve (B) and C depends upon the amount of Rad. C present. This initially depends upon the formation of Rad. A and B. The curve starts from zero and reaches its equilibrium in about four hours. The total ionization depends upon all three, so the current in the chamber, assum- ing that all ions capable of being produced by the « particles are used, increases according to the curve Em.+A+B-+C, which is formed by summing the ordinates of the three curves. This reaches 100% in about three hours. In a chamber of smaller dimensions the effect of the slower electrons will be greater than the above, since a greater number of the high velocity ones will be absorbed by the walls of the chamber before they have produced their maximum number of ions. The quantity of emanation gas associated with or occluded in, or in equilibrium with, a quantity of radium has been found to be directly pro- portional to the mass of radium. This is so true that the amount of emana- tion in equilibrium with one gram of radium has been measured very exactly and is called the curie. Thus one gram of old radium contains or is in equi- librium with one curie of radium emanation gas. The volume of this gas under standard conditions is .62 cu. mm. To collect this gas the radium is put into solution, boiled and the gas diluted with air is collected over mercury and then introduced into the elec- troscope. The radium solution after standing one month is again in equi- 459 librium with the emanation and can be used again. By noting the ionization current or the “‘leak’’ of the electroscope other samples of radium can be compared with the first by putting sample No. 2 through the same process. The Bureau of Standards at Washington is prepared to standardize radium solutions by comparing them with a standard in its possession. If no standard is at hand the electroscope can be standardized by using Duane’s empirical formula. (Le Radium Vol. XI, P. 5, 1914; Ann. der Phys. Vol. 38, P. 959, 1912; Compt. Rendus Vol. 150,.P. 1421, 1910; Jour. de Phys. Vol. 4, P. 605, 1905), which is, lo e.= curies. 2.49 X 108 (1— 0.517 S/ V) or, nat Qe curiles. 6.31 X 10° (1I— 0.572 S/V) Where, e = amount of emanation in the electroscope. ip = initial current, expressed in E. S. units. Imax = Maximum current (current at end of three hours) expressed in E. S. units. S = inside surface of ionization chamber of electroscope. V = volume of ionization chamber. This equation applies to a cylindrical ionization chamber with a central rod. The volume of the chamber must be about one liter and the height is from one to three times the diameter. The ionization chamber can be a cylindrical metallic chamber with an insulated rod extending through the center. This rod can be connected to an electrometer or to an electroscope in order to determine the potential of the rod. For very delicate measurements of small amounts of emanation a sensitive electroscope is better than an electrometer. In an electroscope the ionization current, i, is measured by knowing the capacity, C, of the elec- troscope; the change of potential, dV, of the insulated rod, in the time, t; according to the equation, C dv t In order to measure a small current in a short time, C, the capacity of the electroscope must be small and dV, the change of potential, must be 460 small. Therefore we wish a sensitive electroscope of small capacity. The cylindrical chamber is in reality a cylindrical condenser. Therefore we want the diameter of the rod small compared to the diameter of the cylinder, also the collar holding the insulating material should be short and have a large diameter compared to the rod. In short the dimensions of the insulated system should be as small as rigidity and other considerations will permit. To make the electroscope sensitive the ‘‘gold leaf’? should be very light and narrow. With Dutch leaf a strip between one and two millimeters wide will give a change of one mm. for a change of potential of five volts. By P i using a reading microscope with graduated eye piece a fraction of a volt can be detected. The electroscope should be made of brass tubing the thickness of whose walls is one mm. or more. Where such material is not to be had sheet tin can be used and will give satisfactory results, especially if used in a laboratory free from penetrating radiation. I will describe one which I made at a cost of a few cents and have found to give consistent results when compared with one made in Germany which cost $50. The cylinder A, Fig. 2, is a 1 lb. coffee can. B, is a tin can made in a local tin shop, 3x3x5 inches with a lid at the top. The lid of the coffee can and the lid of the rectangular can are soldered together and a short cylinder 461 of brass, 8, 1s soldered in a hole in the center. In this short cylinder the central rod system, which can be made of two or more sections, is insulated by pouring melted sulphur into the cylinder while the rod is supported in proper position by a cork, Fig. 3, which extends a short distance into the cylinder. After a few hours the cork can be removed, leaving the sulphur plug. In melting the sulphur care must be used not to get the sulphur too 110 VAG Fie. 5. hot or to burn it. The melted sulphur should be a clear amber liquid. If the sulphur takes the waxy condition it should be discarded. The leaf is attached to a narrow plate which is attached to the lower end of the rod. The leaf which is a narrow strip of Dutch foil should be attached to the plate so as to be straight and to swing freely bending at a point near the plate. The deflection of the leaf is observed through a small window at one 462 side. A similar window should be placed on the opposite side to admit light. To read the amount of deflection a scale 8, as shown in Fig. 4, is mounted on one side on or near the back window. A strip of cross-section paper stuck to the glass with paraffin while hot will answer. The paraffin serves two: purposes: it sticks the paper and renders the scale translucent. Half way between the scale and the plane of the leaf system a mirror, M, is mounted. Through the front window one sees in the mirror images of the plate, P, and the foil, L, at P! and L'. These images are in the same plane as the scale, 8, which can be viewed by looking over the mirror, M. The position of L! can be read on the scale, 8, and at the end of a convenient interval of time its position can be noted again. By comparing the two positions with the calibration curve of the electroscope the change of potential, dV, can be obtained. The system is charged by means of a rubber rod through the charging system, C, Fig. 2. This consists of an insulated rod with a bent wire con- nected so as to be in contact with the central rod while charging. While not in use this rod is rotated so as to break connection with the rod and then to come into metallic contact with the case of the electroscope. Two 44-inch brass drain cocks are soldered to the emanation chamber to admit the emanation. The data of the following experiment, Table 3, carried out by two students using the ‘‘tin electroscope’’ and a Schmidt electroscope made by Spindler & Hoyer, Géttingen, will give an idea of the accuracy of this elec- troscope and also the accuracy of Duane’s formula. TABLE 3. Mlectroscopesssast eae eee oe Eee ADSL aa pee ee aie ee ONT EN Schmidt. OHSCRVETE ae re ort ae ee ey Es Ei Gosden ctor acne W.D.S. Diameterot chambers 22s. ass. ese ee eee LOR Siem. ay Sahay peerenete 7.8 em. Eeightiotichambersermc streetcar eae 1 EAE eceten Bao Scat ae es 20.3 Volume ofichiamiber. ia.) cee | anise eoeieieleie ti enseledets INA snasogaceeenseandesl! Ults Co; Surfacerotichambermac prec eee eee OOLISQMUCTAe een nen eee: 586.6 sq. em. Capacity of electroscope.........,........000e0005 LIMON ene Spee OMe Oa 6.3) cna: Observed emanation, Curies per liter.............. 206000. X10-2 .......0.... 200000. X10-12 The two electroscopes were connected together and connected to a vessel containing emanation and pumped causing the air and emanation to pass in a circle through the three chambers until the three contained eimana- tion of the same density. 463 Calibration of Leaf—The instrument can be calibrated by connecting to known potentials and noting the deflections of the leaf. A storage battery of three or four hundred volts is convenient. Readings should be taken for every few volts from 0 to the maximum and a curve plotted. X = deflection, Y = volts. Ifa large voltage battery is not at hand a 110 volt D. C. circuit can be used making connection to a resistance as in Fig. 5. The voltmeter, V, should be read at the same time that the deflection of the leaf is read. A calibration curve from 0 to 110 volts can then be obtained. For the higher points proceed as follows: Charge the leaf to maximum voltage by means of a rubber rod. A body of small capacity, small compared to the capacity of the electroscope, 1 or 2 cm., say, is mounted on an insulated handle. A coin on a small rubber rod will answer. This is first grounded and then touched to the charged system. The gold leaf falls. The capacity is re- moved, grounded, and the position of the leaf noted. The operation is repeated until the leaf falls to 0 on the scale. If Cis the capacity of the electroscope, and c is the capacity of the coin, Q, the quantity of electricity, Wa Wo 18 lstg, Binel, o636 otc potential of the leaf, Gla Glo 1S ising Annee 5 48 deflections of leaf, phen — CV = (C- c)Ve Q. = CV. = (C+ c)V: Q, = CV, = (C+ 6)Vasyn C+e Vi V2 Vey C Ve V3 W@e 1) The last three or four deflections should be on the part of the scale already calibrated. That is, the potentials should be less than 110 volts. If V, and V, 4, are known by comparing with d, and d,+ , on the calibration curve. Since, Wa Wes —=il Vinee Vn then, V,—1 can be calculated. V,— 1 being known, then V,» can be determined. In like manner all Vs can be determined up to Vi. Knowing V and the cor- responding deflection, d, the curve can be extended up to the maximum deflection. 464 Determination of Capacity.—In the same equations if ¢ is known, that is, 1f ¢ is a cylindrical condenser, then C can be obtained. Note that C is the capacity of the “‘leaf’’? system plus the charging system. Knowing the sum, the capacity of the “‘leaf’’? can be had by getting the ratio of the two by an operation similar to the above. Removing the Emanation Gas from the Sotution—The emanation can be removed from a solution by the boiling method. The solution is boiled, driving off the dissolved gases with the steam. The steam is condensed and the gases are trapped in suitable glass tubes over mercury. The ionization chamber is then evacuated and the emanation is sucked into the electroscope. The entire amount of emanation is placed in the chamber by washing the glass tube with air until the pressure of the ionization chamber of the electro- scope is at normal pressure. This method is accurate but requires elaborate apparatus which can be used only in the laboratory. Where the greatest accuracy is not wished Schmidt’s shaking method van be used. (Phys. Zeit., Vol. 6, p. 561, 1905.) This method admits of determinations being made at the spring with apparatus which easily can be carried by the observer. The shaking method consists of taking a known volume of water and shaking it vigorously for two minutes in a closed vessel with a known volume of air. Then the emanation which was originally dis- solved in the water is mixed in the air and water in a known proportion, de- pending upon the temperature of the water. Then this air is pumped through 469 rubber tubing from the shaking vessel into the ionization chamber and back again to the shaking vessel until the emanation is mixed through the air of both chambers in the same proportion. Inowing the constants of the elec- troscope and the observed change of deflection of the leaf, the amount of emanation in the ionization chamber is known. Knowing this and the various volumes of air and water the amount of emanation per liter of water can be calculated. The shaking vessel is made of a can with two brass stop cocks soldered into it. One cock is placed near the top the other is placed on the side about half way up. For convenience the position of the lower stop cock can be calculated so that the vessel will hold a certain quantity of water when the vessel is filled full and then placed on a level stand with both stop cocks open. In this manner the volume of the water is determined easily and can be made the same in each experiment. The volume of the air above the water can be had by determining the total volume of the can. To pump the air around a rubber bulb pump such as is used in pyrography outfits answers well. The volume of the air in the tubes and pump must be esti- mated and used in the calculations. The formula for calculating the amount of emanation per liter, which can be derived easily in connection with Fig. 6, is as follows: I We Aes Wi Vet V3 + Va EK = -- ( yr at Nines Vi Wa Vi Where V, = Volume of water in shaking can, expressed in liters. VY. = Volume of air in shaking can, expressed in liters. V; = Volume of bulb, pump, and connection tubes. V; = Volume of ionization chamber. z = Absorption coefficient of water for radium emanation. e = Amount of emanation in chamber, V4. E = Amount of emanation per liter of water. The quantity alpha, a, has been determined experimentally and has been found to depend upon the temperature. The value at any temperature can be had by referring to the curve (Fig. 7). The data for this curve is taken from M. Kofler (Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ber. 121, 2a pp. 2193; Sci. Abs. Vol. 16, 1742, 1913), and Boyle (Phil. Mag., 22, p. 840, 1911.) As a test of the above equation the following will serve (Table 4). Three tests were made at the spring under the ordinary conditions. The 30—4966 466 same electroscope was used, but two shaking cans were used, the larger of which had three stop cocks so that two volumes of water could be had. TABLE 4. C.J.S. Spring. August 5, 1914. Temperature of water 12.5° C. Temperature of air 30° C. Ik Il. III. EINE OM PeMINNIN See ee yee eee | 11.03a.m......... ell 4 Garam eee eee 2.00 p.m. Volume ofwatereee eee een ee a7 OvMliterssaeeeee le S200 terse ee 5.00 liter. Volum eloiain seers eee ere ee inten Saeco ieee eee i410 ae Neer 2.10. Curies X1071? per liter .............-.. JA 25 eexel 0-12 area (ABD PXGl OR 125i ere (443 X10-!2. | These observations were taken every minute and the mean deflection from 15 minutes to 20 minutes from the time of putting the emanation in the ionization chamber, was used. By referring to an experimental curve (Fig. 8), the maximum deflection per minute or the deflection at the end of three hours was calculated. A better agreement could have been obtained if the interval from the end of one experiment to the beginning of the next had been three hours or more. Fig. 8 is a curve showing actual observations during a period of three hours taken with a sample of water from Hottle Spring. The observations have been reduced to a scale of 100% for the maximum. The curve marked “Decay A and C’’ is made by observing the deflections after the emanation has been pumped out. By means of this experimental curve observations at any time can be reduced to the maximum or three-hour values. For exact work the emanation should be placed in the electroscope and allowed to stand for three hours and several observations made and the mean used. The curve is for all practical purposes horizontal from three to four hours. In all these observations the deflections have been corrected for the natural leak of the electroscope due to the natural ionization of the air. Before giving results, I shall speak of some factors which may influ- ence the results. Since the emanation gas is dissolved in the water and is removed by boiling or by shaking, care should be used in filling the shaking can. Immerse the can in a pool as close as possible to the source and allow the water to flow in gently. Filling by dipping and pouring with a smaller vessel removes some of the gas. If before the water issues from the ground it trickles over rocks in the presence of air which is not charged with emana- Absorption Coefficient, QM. iw) Temperature, 468 tion it must lose some of the emanation. This may explain the variation of springs in the same locality. Observations made at the spring simply show the emanation content of the water. This may be due to three things. The emanation which is continually forming from traces of radium in the soil and rocks through which and over which the water passes is dissolved in the water and passes out with the water. It may be due to radium salts dissolved in the water. Or it may be due to some product of the thorium or actinium series. In the first case the water will show radioactivity by the emanation method and after stand- ing in a closed vessel for a month will not show any emanation. In the second case it may show radioactivity the same day as taken from the spring and after standing a month in a closed vessel it will show more or less emanation than at first. In any case the emanation content after standing one month is equal to the amount of radium dissolved in the water, since one curie is the amount of emanation which is in equilibrium with one gram of radium. All the observations given below are for the emanation content of the water as taken from the spring or well. These observations were taken from time to time on various springs and wells in Indiana and Ohio. The date of observation, approximate location of the spring, and temperature of the water at the spring is given. TABLE 5. SPRINGS. | Curies, NAME. Location. | Date. Temp. C. Per | Liter. LM KOs cn eaae|| Lelkeyonnoieanoyty a 5 occu dn tosh eau n ewes ...| Mar. 4, 1914. 12.5° |600.X 10-12 Youno..........| Brown County, Indiana........ Reet Bs | Mar. 6, 1914. 1G}. © 355 Ha Oe eisai vias ae Two miles southeast of Bloomington... | Mar. 13, 1914. | 10:3°. 1430 J.C.S. Old....| Two miles southeast of Bloomington.......| Mar. 14, 1914. 11.5° |660 Vel Gig iseewscu ase Two miles southeast of Bloomington. . . | May 16, 1914. HB 17) NIKC ente-pere ale loom inetoneee meee eee eee er eer May 23, 1914. 12222265 Stoneware he Two miles southwest of Bloomington... . May 23, 1914. alee 77 Weimer) =)s als Three miles southwest of Bloomington.....| May 23, 1914. 12239 iio FOthlese merece Bloomington........ Bob Woe eee | Sept. 24, 1914. UG NG) Southieees. Reel eMorninesouny Ohioseeesonea cee Aug. 24, 1914. 133. © 420 C. McQ........| One mile southeast of Morning Sun.... ..|sSept 25 1914. 16he 560 DBAS CR roace .... One-half mile west of Morning Sun... : Sept. 1014 eee /100 Ca DEMcQt = One mile west of Morning Sun....... .| Sept. 7, 1914. 15.8° |250: CA DEMc@hae: (Wood) one mile west of Morning Sun.. ....| Sept. 7, 1914. 19.5° |300 W. P. MeQ.....| One mile west of Morning Sun..............| Sept. 7, 1914. Bo? NO@ CAWS ae -| Two miles west of Morning Sun..... Sept. 7, 1914. 19.5° |140 fal. No. 1......| One mile northeast Col. C. O:..... 4 Sept. 7, 1914. (fetes 350 Ral. Wpperis-. -- One mile northeast Col. C.O.............. Sept. 7, 1914 fiche 350 469 Ciry WATER. Curies Location. Date. Temp. C. Per Liter. BLOOM PCOMMM UT eres kuna 1) oe uiesah deus sib iaisces ge nial ein dgre eyee Feb. 24, 1914. Be 27.X1072 Bicowniehon, IC) oss shas oweee ke eee mee D OAS ED eb oO Moen CBE sn ease Mar. 2, 1914. Hot. 4]. Ttnvelieing, WininyGrStiny/ceo a ore iodo a oe ee en ome ete nine eis ee teen Mar. 2, 1914. Be 45. Oxo cen OL OME EE ee eae ete cis os oo cucyieccentee ee tel tee ests Aug.’ 12, 1914. 19° 70. Winona Gray reli cleppya peter edocs ai veemucurnuhee aii Nt china ttiyewteg: Aug. 18, 1914. QO \) 2. Celina Ohlone ere bon. hice sia at ses dae SER eee ee Aug. 20, 1914. 2 can ela WELLS. -—- Si 1s, 15 MOVED Skin, Olaio8 sasssuonsoseces coon sesass vel Auer 275191145 is? 95. J.S.R., Farm. One mile north Morning Sun, Ohio....... .. Ano 27. OAS Se es ees oe 70. C. McQ. One milesouth Morning Sun, Ohio................ Sept. 2, 1914. 13° |200. Forest Park. Six miles east Union City, Ind............... Aug. 18, 1914. DS — lke. IWielGeCESnO wai lClae ones ies ceo tiie cremeion jaye ses ed Sol Se eet R Eco wea at ae a ihe cpio es haa i 6. IBXONIGC] GARIGE 0:0 ob oda b oUt o tH O BENET Oia Oe CTE ica Sielere Ocala ataTotsl A ence ene met iate omina pom 00. In some papers the radioactivity of springs is given in Mache units. One mache unit = 364. X 10-” curies per liter. (Le Radium, Vol. XI, p. 5, 1914.) In several papers higher ratios have been used, 500. X 10-'2 in some cases. The radioactivity of these springs is not great, but it is high compared with ordinary springs of some localities. There is a great deal of variation from spring to spring, but this may be explained by assuming that some em- anation has been given up before issuing from the ground. The variation of the same spring from time to time is dealt with in another paper. Department of Physics, Indiana University, December 21, 1914. t Corer + ESese! tit Ben T 471 A Tornabo at WATERTOWN, SoutTH Dakota, JUNE 23, 1914. J. GLADDEN HUTTON. A tornado occurred at Watertown, South Dakota, late in the afternoon of June 25, 1914. A large number of dwelling houses and barns were de- stroyed, telephone and telegraph poles were razed and many gardens ruined. More than a score of people were more or less seriously injured and a number of others were slightly hurt by flying debris. No one was killed outright, though one child was reported to have died of its injuries. The writer was passing through the city on June 25th and spent the day collecting data relative to the storm. Had more time been available, further information could have been secured. However, it seems worth while to give a brief report of the tornado, notwithstanding the fact that the data are incomplete. The Watertown Daily Public Opinion issued June 24th said: ‘‘People watched the approach of what looked like an ordinary thunder storm following a hot day* yesterday afternoon. Wind clouds formed about 6:30 o'clock and gradually developed into a heavy line to the north. The first indication of the formation of a cyclone was noticed in the continuous change of the light wind. Those watching next turned their attention to clouds forming fast in the northwest, and as a twister was developing the approach of the cyclone which went through the city was noticed. “The path of the storm embraced an area about three blocks wide the entire length of the city east and west. The worst section in the south part of town was in the three blocks north and east of the corner of Seventh avenue and Maple street S. From there the cyclone took a course east and a little northerly sweeping everything in its path and wrecking homes and barns between Third and Fourth avenues and Fifth and Sixth streets almost entirely. It continued across Seventh, Highth, Ninth and Tenth streets EH. and between Ninth and Tenth streets reached as far *Mr. R.Q. Wood cooperative observer at Watertown reported the maximum temperature for June 23. 1914, as 83° and the minimum temperature 54°, NE Ras x * es _ _ 606) : O¥Vd HLNOS NMOLYOLLVM. 7. 40 ALI9 = )MANATIO® NTENT ( ‘AIN SPRINGS NE: MIN N, IND. XPRES hy VARIATION OF EMANATION CONTENT OF CERTAIN SPRINGS NEAR BLoominGTon, IND. EXPRESSED IN Cures PER LITER. Date. Temp. C. Yo Cats Hottle. Ill. Cent. | Mar. 4 12.0° X 10712 X 10712 600. X 1072 Mar. 13 10.82 ASQ ll ee ae eee Cael |e nae eens ee May 16 11.5° SEO Uae, | Sista cee nen, ote el (Re seo E May 23 10 OR pera Ree ree Cer iets oa a eR eae owe 265. July 24 space aie eee cet we Rees eid RARE a tS ee mS Cte ret Zr 330. Aug. 5 12.5° OS a pects | ee ree ee LA ha ee Sept. 24 LS tancdal3 canes oki eee 650. 445. Oct. 9 15° B30 eee enlee || neve eens, 7 ee, ONO ake A Oct. 16 ipeelS and 258° I: | eee eh. ee 695. 166. Oct. 23 ent Sestancel gee. | yoke shee eae re 700. 120. Oct. 30 | PSfandelOn7cee oN ges eee ee 665. 20. Nov. 6 1 Shan del oMG cai ie Pisses eye 650. 40. Nov. 13 benassi ee ae 705. 20. Novy. 20 (IR eGR ER ae 25 eh As sae we 520. 20. Noy. 26 T3tanG hl Size Mee beet she pene ears 550. 33. Dec. 3 Lands cae pi lbpe rece seeps cree i 535 60. Dec. 11 Sand 1S oh alls Oe Sa | 510. 20. Dec. 18 | 13 and 13° [epee soss eee acnein el | 450. | 00. 490 The Hottle Spring has remained almost constant, while the Illinois Central has fallen from 600. X 10-° curies to almost zero. Four readings taken on another (J. C. S.) spring are added. Taken all together it is noted that in May there was a low value and an increase during Sep- tember and another decrease October and December. In a rough way an increase coincides with a season of rain and a decrease with dry weather. It may be that due to a small flow there is more splashing and trickling over rocks near the mouth of the spring and the emanation is lost. Indiana University, December 21, 1914. 491 THE CONSTRUCTION OF A RUTHERFORD’S ELECTROSCOPE. EDWIN Morrison. INTRODUCTION. At the suggestion of Dr. R. A. Millikan the author recently undertook the problem of constructing an electroscope for general laboratory work in radio-active measurements. The general outlines and plans suggested by Dr. Rutherford in his originai papers published in the Philosophical Magazine and in his work entitled Radio-active Transformations have been followed. Suggestions have also been taken from the following works: Studies in Radio-activity, by Bragg; Conduction of Electricity Through Gases and Radio-activity, by McClung; and Practical Measurements in Radio-activity, by Makower and Geiger. The purposes have been, first, to show, in greater details than the original papers give, the methods of constructing a successful electroscope ; and, second, to embody in one instrument as wide a range of experimental work as possible. CONSTRUCTION. A diagram of the electroscope is shown in Fig. 1. The dimensions of the gold leaf chamber (EF) are 10x10x10cm. This chamber is con- structed from sheet brass 1.7 mm. in thickness. The four plates for the sides, top and bottom are first carefully jointed by means of a file and then soldered together as shown in Fig. 2 (A). To facilitate the process of soldering two right angle pieces of metal are joined together forming a right angle frame as shown in Fig. 2 (B). When two pieces of the box are to be joined together they are carefully adjusted upon the frame, a few small pieces of solder and soldering fluid are placed along the joint and a pointed flame is directed along the joint in the inside angle until the solder is thoroughly fused. In this way the parts of the electroscope box can be joined together square and straight. The front side of the electroscope box is a hinged door. This door has a window in it 6.5 cm. square covered with mica. Through this window the gold leaf may be observed by means of a reading microscope.