mV 1 1921

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1920

PROCEEDINGS

Indiana Academy of Science
1920

FRED J. BREEZE, Editor

FORT WAYNE I'Rl NT I NC. fOMI'ANY
CONTRACTORS FOR INKIANA STATK I'KINTINC A N P BINI
FORT WAYNK. INDIANA
11121

NOV 1 1921

CONTENTS

Page

Constitution 5

By-Laws 7

Approi)riation for 1919-1920 8

Public Offenses— Hunting Wild Birds— Penalty .' 9

Officers, 1920-1921 10

(\immittees, Academy of Science, 1919 11

Officers of the Academy of Science (A Table of) 12

Members 14

Fellows 14

Non-Resident Members and Fellows 16

Active Members 18

Minutes of the Spring Meeting 30

Minutes of the Thirty-sixth Annual Meeting 32

Program of the Thirty-sixth Annual Meeting 39

Memorial of Ulysses Orange Cox — Barton W. E\ermann 45

Biological Laws and Social Progress — H. L. Bruner 51

Health Ser\ice at Purdue University — O. P. Terry 59

Some Guesses by an Ignoramus — Robert W. McBride 65

Report of a Study of Mental Ability of Children in One Orphans' Home

in Indiana — Arthur H. Estabrook 69

Tests of the Emotions — Sidney L. Pressey 71

Undergraduate Research in Our Colleges and Universities — Horace A.

Shonle 75

State Archaeological Survey; Xatioiuil Research Council; Division of

Anthropology and Psychology 79

Whistling Swans— Etta S. Wilson 83

Notes on the Termites of Indiana — Harrj' F. Dietz 87

The Fresh-Water Medusaeof Boss Lake, Elkhart, Indiana — F. Payne. . 97

Notes on Indiana Dragonfiies — E. B. Williamson 99

The Anatine Genus Nyroca and Its Nearest Allies — Harry C. 0])erholser 105

Some Observations on the Pythons — W. Henry Sheak 115

Mallophaga of Our Native Birds— Edwin J. Kohl 119

Some Rare Indiana Birds — Amos W. Butler 135

The Effect of Adrenin on the Pigment Migration in the Melanophores

of the Skin and in the Pigment Cells of the Retina of the Frog —

Andrew J. Bigney 141

The Effect of Centrifugal Force on Plants — F. M. Andrews 143

The Effect of Aeration on Plants— F. M. Andrews 149

Phyllotaxis of Specularia perfoliata — F. M. Andrews 149

An Improved Method for Regulating the Tliickness of Microtome

Sections — F. M. Andrews 151

Studies on Pollen, III — F. M. Andrews 155

The Ustilaginales of Indiana, II — H. S. Jackson 157

(3)

4 Procffdiiif/s of Indiana Acadrtny of Scioice.

Page

The Uredinales of Indiana, III — H. S. Jackson 165

A Convenient Laboratory Plant Press — H. S. Jackson 183

Indiana Plant Diseases, 1920 — Max. W. Gardner 187

Indiana Fungi, V — J. M. Van Hook 209

The Pycnidium of Cicinnobohis — J. M. Van Hook 215

A Tricotyledonous Bean — J. M. Van Hook 217

Native Plants of White County, III— Louis F. Heimlich 219

Plants New to Indiana — Chas. C. Deam 225

A Species of Cuscuta not hitherto reported from Indiana — T. CJ. Yuneker 229

A List of Indiana Mosses — T. G. Yuneker 231

A Curious Variation in the Common Milkweed, Asclepias syriaea L. —

C. A. Ludwig 243

Some Evidence Indicating the Importance of Frost Action in Widening

Valleys — Glenn Culbertson 247

Planation Stream Piracy — Clyde A. Malott 249

What Puts "Pop" in Pop Corn?— R. H. Carr and E. F. Ripley 261

Recent Progress in the Use of Ozone in VentUation — F. O. Anderegg. . 271

Training Research Chemists in Indiana — E. G. Mahin 275

Slow Recovery and Permanent Set in Copper, Aluminium, and Lead —

Albert E.'Woodruff 281

A Resistance Radio Telephone — R. R. Ramsey 287

Note on Antennae Resistance — R. R. Ramsey 289

A Long Wave Receiver — R. R. Ramsey 289

Segregation and Recombination of the Genes for Tinged, Blood, Buff,

Coral in Drosophila Melanogaster — Roscoe R. Hyde 291

Behavior of the Gene for the Mutant Curved of Drosophila Melanogaster

in Crosses Involving Genes in the Same and Other Chromosomes —

Roscoe R. Hyde 301

Notes on the Birds of Carroll, Monroe, and Vigo Counties, Indiana. —

Barton W. Evermann 315

CONSTITUTION.

ARTICI.E I.

Section 1. This associMlioii sli.-ill li(> c.-iIUmI ilic liidiiiii.-i Aciidcniy of
Science.

Sec. 2. The ohjects of this Academy shall bo scicntilic icscaii li and tlic
diffusion of linowledge concerning the various dciiarl incuts of science: to
promote intercourse between men engaged in scicntilic work, especially
in Indiana; to assist by investigation and discussion in developinij, and
making known the material, educational and other sources and riches
of the ►State: to arrange and prepare for publication such rejtorts of
investigaticm and discussion as may further the aims and objects of the
Academy as set forth in tliese articles.

Whereas, The State has undertaken the publication of such proceed-
ings, the Academy will, upon request of the Governor, or one of tlie
several departments of the State, through the Governor, act through its
council as an advisory body in the direction and execution of any inves-
tigation within its province as stated. The necessary expenses incurred
in the prosecution of such investigation are to be borne by the State; no
l>ecuuiary gain is to come to the Academy for its advice or direction of
such investigation.

The regular proceedings of the Academy as published by the State
shall become a public document.

ARTICLE II.

Section 1. Members of this Academy shall be honorary fellows,
follows, non-resident members, and active members.

Sec. 2. Any i)erson engaged in any department of scientific work, or in
any original research in any department of science, shall be eligible to
active membership. Active members may be annual or life members.
Annual members may be elected at any meeting of the Academy ; they
shall sign the constitution, pay an admission fee of two dollars and there-
after an annual fee of one dollar. Any person who shall at one time
contribute fifty dollars to the fluids of this Academy may be elected a
life member of the Academy, free of assessment. Xon-resident members
may be elected from those who have been active members but who have
removed from the State. In any case, a three-fourths vote of the mem-
bers present shall elect to membership. Application for membership in
any of the foregoing classes shall be referred to a committee on application
for membership, who shall consider such application and roiuu-t to tlu>
Academy before the election.

(5)

6 Proccfdiiif/s of Imlidiiu Acodcnii/ o/ Science.

Sec. 8. Tlie meiulu'rs wlio sire actively eiijjaged in scientific work, wlio
have recognized standing as scientific men. and wlio have heen members
of the Academy at least one year, may be recommended for nomination
for election as fellows by three fellows or members personjilly ac(iiiainted
with their work and character. Of members so nominated a number
not exceeding five in one year may. on recommendation of the Executive
Committee, be elected as fellows. At the meeting at which this is adopted,
the members of the Executive Committee for 1S!>4 and fifteen others shall
be elected fellows, and those now honorary members shall become honorary
fellows. Honorary fellows may be elected on account of special prominence
in science, on the written recommendation of two member.s of the Academy.
In any case a three-fourths vote of the memliers present shall elect.

ARTICLE III.

Section 1. The officers of this Academy shall be chosen by ballot at
the annual meeting, and shall hold office one year. They shall consist of
a President. Vice-President. Secretary. Assistant Secretary. Press Secre-
tary. Editor, and Treasurer, who shall i)erform the duties usually per-
taining to their respective offices and in addition, with the ex-Presidents
of the Academy, shall constitute an Executive Committee. The President
shall, at each annual meeting, appoint two members to be a committee
which shall prepare the programs and have charge of the arrangements
for all meetings for one year.

Sec. 2. The annual meeting of the Academy shall be held in the city
of Indianapolis within the week following Christmas of each year, unless
otherwise ordered by the Executive Committee. There shall also be a
summer meeting at such time and place as may be decided upon by the
Executive Committee. Other meetings may be called at the discretion of
the Executive Committee. The past President, together with the officers
and Executive Committee, shall constitute the council of the Academy,
and repre.sent it in the transaction of any necessary business not espe-
cially provided for in this constitution, in the interim between general
meetings.

Sec. 2. This constitution may be altered or amended at any annual
meeting by a three-fourths majority of the attending members of at least
one year's standing. Xo question of amendment shall be decided on the
day of its presentation.

B\'-LA\VS:

1. ( »ii luotidii. any siu'cial (Icpartmont of science shall l>e assi.mied t<i
a curator, whose duty it shall he. with the assistance of the other nieni-
hcrs interested in tlio sanu> department, to endeavor to advance knowl-
edge in that particular department. Each curator shall report at such
time and place as the Academy shall direct. These reports shall include
a hrief summary of the i>roj;ress of the department duriim the year
pn>ceding the presentation of the report.

•2. The President shall deliver a pnhlic address on the morning of one
of the days of the meeting at the expiration of his term of office.

.".. The Press Secretary shall attend to the securing of proper news-
l)aper reports of the meetings and assist the Secretary.

4. No .special meeting of the Academy shall he held without a notice
of the same having heen .sent to the address of each memher at least fifteen
days hefore such meeting.

.">. No hill against the Academy shall he paid without an order signed
liy the President and countersigned hy the Secretary.

(!. Memhers who shall allow their dues to remain un]»aid for two
years, having heen annnall.v notified of their arrearage hy the Treasurer,
shall have their names stricken from the roll.

7. Ten memhers shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of
business.

5. An p]ditor shall he elected from year to year. His duties shall he
to edit the annual Proceedings. No allowance shall l»e made to the Editor
for clerical assistance on account of any one edition of the Proceedings
in excess of fifty ($50) dollars, except hy si)ecial action of the Executive
Committee. (Amendment pas.sed Decemher 8. 1917. »

8 Proceedings of Iinliana Academy of Science.

AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE PUBLICATION OF THE REPORTS
AND PAPERS OF THE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

(Approved March 11, 1895.)

Whereas, The Indiana Academy of Science, a chartered scientific
association, has embodied in its constitution a provision that it will, upon
the request of the Governor, or of the several departments of the State
government, through the Governor, and through its council as an advisory
board, assist in the direction and execution of any investigation within
its province without pecimiary gain to the Academy, provided only
that the necessary expenses of such investigation are borne by the State ;
and,

Whereas, The reports of the meetings of said Academy, with the several
papers read before it, have very great educational, industrial and economic
value, and should be preserved in permanent form ; and.

Whereas, The Constitution of the State makes it the duty of the General
Assembly to encourage by all siiitalde means intellectual, scientific and
agricultural improvement : therefore.

Section 1. Be it enacted J)y the General Asscmhly of the titate of Indiana,
That hereafter the annual reports of the meetings of the Indiana Academy
5f Science, beginning with the report for the year 1894. including all
papers of scientific or economic value, presented at such meetings, after
they shall have been edited and prepared for publication as hereinafter
provided, shall be published by and under the direction of the Commissioners
of Public Printing and Binding.

Sec. 2. Said reports shall be edited and prepared for publication without
expense to the State, by a corps of editors to be selected and appointed by
the Indiana Academy of Science, who shall not. by reason of such service,
have any claim against the State for compensation. The form, style of
binding, paper, typography and manner and extent of illustration of such
reports shall be determined by the editors, subject to the approval of the
Commissioners of Public Printing and Stationery. Not less than 1.500 nor
more than 3.000 copies of each of said reports shall be published, the size
of the edition within said limits to be determined by the concurrent action
of the editors and the Commissioners of Public Printing and Stationery :
Provided, That not to exceed six hundred dollars ($600) shall be expended
for such publication in any one year, and not to extend beyond 1896 : Pro-
vided, That no sums shall be deemed to be appropriated for the year 1894.

Sec. 3. All except three hundred copies of each volume of said reports
shall be placed in the custody of the State Librarian, who shall furnish
one copy thereof to each public library in the State, one copy to each
university, college or normal school in the State, one copy to each high
school in the State having a library, which shall make application therefor,
and one copy to such other institutions, societies or persons as may be
designated by the Academy through its editors or its council. The remain-
ing three hundred copies shall be turned over to the Academy to be dis-
ix»sed of as it may determine. In order to provide for the preservation of
the same it shall be the duty of the Custodian of the State House to provide

Puhlic Offriiscs. 9

and |)l:i(c ;il llic (lis|.(is:il of tlic AcjmIciii.v oiic of the iiiioceupied i-(M.nis
of I he Slide House, lo be (lesij^ualed iis I lie (tllieo ol" tlie Academy of Science,
wherein said copies of said reports beloii.^ng to tlie Academy, together
wUli (he original manuscript, drawings, etc., thereof can be safely kept, and
he shall also equip the same with the necessary shelving and furniture.

Sk(!. 4. An emergency is hereby declared to exist for the inunediate
taking effect of this act. and it shall tlierofore take effect and l)e in force
t'l-oni and after its passage.

PUBLIC OFFENSES— HUNTIX(J WILD BIRDS -PENALTY.

(Approved March 15, 1913.)

Section 1. Be it enacied fe/y the General Assemhlij of the f?tafc of Indiana,
That section six (G) of the above entitled act l)e amended to read as fol-
lows: Section C. That section six hundred two (OOl') of the above entitled
.net be amended to read as follows: Section 602. It shall be unlawful for
any person to kill, trap or possess any wild bird, or to purchase or offer the
same for sale, or to destroy the nest or eggs of any wild bird, except as
otherwise provided in this .section. But this section shall not apply to the
following named game birds : The Anatidae, commonly called swans,
geese, brant, river and sea duck ; the Rallidae, commonly known as rails,
coots, mud-hens and gallinules ; the Limicolae, commonly known as shore
birds, plovers, surf birds, snipe, woodcock, sandpipers, tattlers and curlews:
the Gallinae, commonly called wild turkeys, grouse, prairie chickens, quails,
and phea.sants : nor to English or European house sparrows, blackbirds,
crows, hawks or other birds of prey. Nor shall this section apply to any
person taking bii-ds or their nests or eggs for scientific purposes under
permit as provided in the next section. Any person violating the jtrovisious
of this section shall, on conviction, be fined not less than ten dollars (.$10.(M))
nor more than fifty dollars ($50.00).

AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE PRINTINd AND ITIU.ICATIOX OF
THE PROCEEDINGS AND PAPERS OF THE IXDLWA
ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. AND APPRO-
PRIATING MONEY THEREFOR.

(H. 2m. Approved March 11. 1!>2L

Section 1. Be it enacted hi/ the General .l.s-.s-r//;/>/// of Hie Slalc of finliaini.
That beginning with the first day of October. 10:21. and ainiually thereafter.
th(>re is appro) »i-iated the sum of twelve hundreil ( ."fl.-JOO i doll.-irs. said
moneys to be used to pay for the printing of the jiroeeedings and papers of
the Indiana Academy of Science. i)rovided that any unexpended balance
of any fif said sums shall be carried forward and be available for the use
of said academy for future years.

10 Proceedings of 1 nd'utnn Acndctny of Science.

INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Officers, 1920

I'resident,

H. L. Bbunek.

Vice-President,

Wm. a. McBeth.

Secretary,

Howard E. Enders.

Assistant Secretary.

R. M. HOLMAN.

Press Secretary,

Frank B. Wade.

Treasurer,

William M. Blanchard.

Ed>itor,

Fred J. Breeze, 1920 Proceedings.

Arthur, J. C,

BiGNEY, A. J.,
Blanchard, W. M.,
Blatchley, W. S.
Branner. J. 0.,
Breeze, F. J.,
Bruner, H. L.,
BuRRAGE. Severance,
Butler. Amos W.,
cogrhall. w. a..
Coulter. .Tottn M.,

Executive Committee
Coulter, Stanley,

CULBERTSON, GLENN,

Dryer. Chas. R.,

ElGENMANN, C. H.,

Enders, Howard E.,
I<:vANS, P. N.,
Foley, A. L.,
Hay, O. p.,
Hessler, Robert,
Jordan. D. S.,
McBeth, W. A.,

Mees, Carl L.,
Moenkhaus. W. J.,
Mottier, David AI.,
Mendenhall, T. C,
Xavlor. Joseph P.,
N'OYES, W. A.,
Wade. F. B.,
Waldo, C. A.,
Wiley, H. W.,
Williamson, E. B.,
Wright. John S.,

Curators:

Botany J. C. Aktih u.

Entomoilogy W. S. Bla i'( 1 1 ley.

Herpetology ^

Mammai,ogy / A. W. Bitleu.

Ornithology '

Ichthyology r. H. Etofnmann.

Coftmiiffcrft. 1 1

C()MM1TTi:ks acai)i:mv or scikxci:, i'J2()

Program.
Kav C. Friesneb, Butler CollPRf,

Indianapolis.
Stam.ey Covlter, Lafayette.
K. K. CuMMiNGS, Bloomington.

Nominations.
K. B. Williamson. Bluff ton.
\V. J. MOENKHAUS, Bloomington.
.(. I*. N.\YLOR, Greencastle.

Sfatc Libranj.

Amos W. Butler. State House. In-
dianapolis.

W. S. Blatchley, looS Park Ave..
Indianapolis.

.V. T.. Foley, Bloomington.

Biolofjical l^urvey.

Herbert S. Jackso.n. Agr. Exper.
Station. West Lafayette.

Kic'iiARn Liebek. State House. In-
dianapolis.

Kk'1l\rd M. Holman. Ci'awfords-
ville.

Will Scott, Bloomington.

Advisory Board.
.John S. AVright,
K. W. McBride,

(ii.ENN CULBERTSON,

Stanley Coulter,
Wilbur Cogshall.

Academy Foundation
Trustees.
.Vmos W. Butler,
Robert Hessler.

Directors of Kr search.
H. J-. Bruner.
n. W. McBride,
.John S. Wright,

(iLENN CuLBERTSON,

-V. L. Foley

Mcmhcrship.
F. .M. .Vndukws, Bloomington.
(\ A. Bkiiuen.s, West Lafayette.
.\. 1>. TiioRBURN, Indianapolis.

Auditinff.
K. 1!. WiLiJAMSON. Bluff ton.
I{oi.LO Ramsey. Bloomington.

Relation of the Academy to

the State.

K. \V. McBride. 1289 State Life

liuilding. Indianapolis.
(Ji.KN.x Culbertson, Hanovcr.
.\m()s W. Buti.er. Indianapolis.
.loiiN S. Wrk;iit. ."{TIH Penna. St.,

Indianapolis.
\V. \V. Woollen, Indianapolis.
I). .V. I'oTiiRocK. Bloomington.

I'liUllcdtion of I'roceediuf/s.
V. Pavm:. Editor, 1919.

.1. A. I'.ADKRTSCIIEK. Bloolllillgton.

I). M. MoTTiKK, Bloomingtou.
(iEO. \. HoFFER. West Lafayette,
Fki:d .1. I'.KKEZE, Editor. 1920.

Distribution of ProceeditHis.
Howard E. Enders, West J^afayette.
W.M. M. Blanciiard, Greencastle.
E. K. Cum MINGS. Bloomington.
AuTE Richards, Crawfordsville.

.4 reh a eologica 1 fi u rvey.
Frank B. Wynn. Indianapolis.
R. W. McBride, Indianapolis.
W. X. Logan, Bloomington.
AiLEN D. Hole, Richmond.
Stanley Coi'lter. Lafayette.
('has. Stoltz. South Bend.
H. B. Vorhees. Fort Wayne.
A. J. Bignev. Evansville.
Glen Cxlbertson. Hanover.
W. A. McBktii. Terre Haute.
S. F. Balcom. Indiaiiiipolis.

12 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

OFFICKRS OF THK INDIANA ACADKMY OF SCIENCE.

Years.

President.

Secretary.

AssT. Secretary.

Press Secretary.

Treasurer.

1885-1886

David S.Jordan..
John M. Coulter.

Amos W. Butler. . .

0. P. Jenkins.

1886-1887

Amos W. Butler. . .

0. P. Jenkins.

1887-1888

J. P. D. John

Amos W. Butler.

0. P. Jenkins.

1888-1889

John C. Brai.nrr.

.\ini.s W. Biitlrr.

(). P. .1,'nkins.

1889-1890

T. C. Men.lrnl.all

.\ln.,s W. HutliT.

(). P..lenkins.

1890-1891

0. P.Hay .

Amos W. Hutl.T.

O. P. Jenkins.

1891-1892

J.L.Campbell*.,

Amos W. Butler. . .

C. A. Waldo.

1892-1893

J.C.Arthur

Amos W. Butler. . .

(Stanley (Coulter (
\W. W. Norman f

C. A. Waldo.

1893-1894

W.A.Noyes

C.A.Waldo

W. W. Norman..

W. P. Shannon.

1894-1895

A.W.Butler

.lohnS. Wrmht...

A. J. Bigney

W. P. Shannon.

1895-1896

Stanley Coulter. .

.Tdlin S. Wn.'lit.

A. ,L Bigney...

W. P. Shannon.

1896-1897

Thomas Gray* .

John S. Wriiht

A. J. Bigney . . .

W. P. Shannon.

1897-1898

C.A.Waldo

.lulin S. Wn.ihi. ,

A. J. Bigney...

Geo. W. Benton'. '

J.T.Scovell .

1898-1899

C.H. Eigenmann

.Idliii S Wniilit.

E. A. Schultz. . .

Geo. W.Benton..

J. T. Scovell.

1899-1900

D. W. Dennis*. .

•loliii S. Wn-hl. .

E.A.Schultz....

Geo. W. Benton..

J. T. Scovell.

1900-1901

M.B.Thomas*.

.Ii.lii, S. Wn^ht. .,

E. A. Schultz...

Geo. W.Benton..

J. T. Scovell.

1901-1902

Harvey W. Wiley.

JuhuS. Wnght. ..

Donaldson Bodine

Geo. W.Benton

J. T. Scovell.

1902-1903

W.S. Blatchley..

John S. Wright

Donaldson Bodine

G. A. Abbott

W. A. McFcth.

1903-1904

C.L. Mees

Johns. Wright...

J. H. Ransom.. .

G. A. Abbott

W. A. McBeth.

1904-1905

Johns. Wright...

Lynn B. McMullen

J. M.Ransom..

G. A. Abbott

W. A. McBeth.

1905-1906

Robert Hessler. .

Lvnn B. McMullen

J. H. Ransom. . .

Cha-les n. Cla-k

W. A. McBeth.

1906-1907

D. M. Mottier

Lynn B. McMullen

J. M. Ransom..

G. A. Abbott, ...

W. A. McBeth.

1907-1908

Glenn Culbertson.

J.H.Ransom

A. J. Bigney...

G.A.Abbott. . ..

W. A. McBeth.

1908-1909

A. L. Foley

J.H.Ransom

A. J. Bigney.. .

G. A. .Abbott. . ..

W. A. McBeth.

1909-1910

P.N.Evans

Geo. W.Benton...

A. J. Bigney...

J. W. Woodhams.

W, J. Moenkhaus.

1910-1911

C.R. Dryer

A. J. Bigney

E. B. Williamson

Milo H. Stuart. . .

W. J. Moenkhaus.

1911-1912

J.P. Naylor

A.J. Bigney

E. B. Williamson

Milo H. Stuart,. .

W. J. Moenkhaus.

1912-1913

*Donaldson Bodine

A. J. Bigney

C.M.Smith....

F.B. Wade

W.J. Moenkhaus.

1913-1914

Severance Burrage

A. J. Bigney

H. E. Enders . . .

F. B. Wade

W. A. Cog.shall.

1914-1915

Wil.A.Cogshall..

A.J. Bigney

H.E. Enders...

F.B. Wade

Wm. M. Blanchard.

1915-1916

A. J. Bigney

Howard E. Enders.

E. B. Williamson

F.B. Wade

Wm. B. Blanchard.

1916-1917

W. J. Moenkhaus.

Howard E. Enders.

P. A. Tetrault...

F. B. Wade

Wm.M. Blanchard,

1917-1918

E.B.Williamson.

Howard E. Enders.

P. A. Tetrault...

F. B. \\ ale

Wm. M. Blanchard.

tl918-1919

E. B.Williamson

Howard E. Enders.

P. A. Tetrault...

F.B. Wade

Wm.M. Blanchard.

1919-1920

H. L. Bruner

Howard E. Enders.

R. E. Holman...

F.B. Wade

Wm.M. Blanchard.

1920-1921

Howard E. Enders

Walter N. Hess....

Harry A. Dietz.

F. B. Wade

Wm. M. Blanchard.

tOfficers continued — Annual meeting not held because of influenza epidemic.

FclloiD.s. 13

MEMIiNh'K.

FET.r.OWS.

Aiulnnvs. V. M.. IKl 10. loili St.. l'.l(i()iiiiii.i,'((iii tli»ll

Associate Professor of UoImiiv. Indiana I 'niNci-sity.

Plant Physiology. I'.otany.
Arthur. Joseph C, J)!") ("oliiinl.ia Sticcl. J.afaycttr is!):!

Professor Emeritus of r.otany. I'liidiic Inixcrsity.

P.otany.
Padertsclu'r. .1. A.. .-.IL' Fcss .Vv<-.. 1!1 lin.^lon I'.MT

Professor of Anatomy. Indiana rnivcrsity.

Anatomy.
Beede. Joshua W.. 404 AV. .•'.stli St.. Austin. Toxas IIKX!

Bureau of Economic (Jeolo.t,'y and 'rt^dinolo^'y. rnivcrsity of Texas.

Geology.
Behren.s, Charles A.. 217 Lut/ Av(>.. West Lafayette 1917

Professor of Bacterioloiiy. Purdue rnivcrsity.

Bacteriology.
Bennett. Lee F.. ?,m S. !)tli St.. Jauesvillc. Wis 191G

With the H. W. Oossard Company, manufacturers.

Geology. Zoology.
Bigney, Andrew J.. Evausville 1X07

Professor of Physiology. Evansville College.
Blanchard. William M.. lOOS S. College Ave.. Greencastle 1914

Professor of Chemistry. DePauw T'niversit.v.

Organic Chemistry.
Blatchley. W. S.. 1558 Park Ave.. Indianapolis 1S9.3

Naturalist :

Entomology. Botany and Geology.
Breeze, Fred J.. Muncie 1910

Professor of Geography and Geology, Indiana State Normal. East-
ern Division.

Geography and Geology.
Bruner, Henry Lane. 324 S. Ritter Ave.. Indianapolis 1S99

Professor of Biology, Butler College.

Comparative Anatomy. Zoology.
P>ryan. William Lowe. Bloomington 1914

President, Indiana T'niversit.v.

Psychol ogj-.
Butler. Amos W.. ."(2 Downey Ave.. Irvingtou. Indianapolis lS9:i

Secretary. Indiana Board of State Charities.

Vertebrate Zoology. Anthropology. Sociology.

♦Every effort has heon iiiadt' to (>l)taln the correct address and occupation of
each member, and to learii in wh.it lino of science he is interested. The first line
contains the name and address; lln" second line the occupation: the third lino the

branch of science in \vhi<-li ho is intorostod. Tli nission of an address indicates

that mail addressed to tlio last jirintod address was rotnrncd as und(divorahle.
Information as to the present address of niendiers so indicatod is riMpiested by the
secretary. The custom of dividing the list of meinliors lias been followed.

fDate of election.

14 Procccdiii(/s of hidUiiKi AcadoHj/ of ScicHcr.

r"o,i;shall. Willjur A.. 423 S. Fess Ave.. Bloumiiigtoii 190G

Professor of Astronomy, Indiana T'niver.sity.

Astronomy.
Coulter. Stanley. I'l:! S. !»tli St.. Lafayette 18!>:]

Dean of Men. Dean of School of Science. Purdue University.

Botany. Forestry.
Culbertson. Glenn, Hanover 1,S!)!'»

Chair of Geology, Physics and Astronomy. Hanover College.

Geology.
Cummings. Edgar Roscoe, 327 E. Second St.. Fdoomington 1(1(M)

Professor of Geology, Indiana University.

Geology. Palaeontology.
Deam. Charles C. Rluffton 191(1

Druggist. Botanist. State Forester.

Botany.
Dryer. Charles K.. Oak Knoll. F(.rt Wayne 1897

Geography.
Dutcher, J. P... 1212 Atwater Street. Bloomington 1914

Associate Professor of Physics. Indiana Thiiversity.

Physics.
Eigeumann. Carl H.. 030 Atwater Street. Bloomington 1893

Professor of Zoology. Dean of Grad. School. Indiana University.

Embryology, Degeneration. Heredity. Evolution of Fishes.
Enders. Howard E.. 249 Littleton St.. West Lafayette 1912

Professor of Zoology in Charge of General Biology. Purdue University.

Zoology, Parasitology.
Evans. Percy Norton. 302 Waldrou St.. Wi'st Lafayette 1901

Professor and Director of Chemical Laboratory. Purdue I'niversity.

Chemistry.
Fisher. Martin L.. .325 Vine St.. West Lafayette 1919

Professor of Crop Production. Purdue I'niversity.

xVgriculture. Ornithology.
Foley. Arthur L.. Bloomington 1897

Head of Department of Physics. Indiana I'niversity.

Phy.sics.
Hessler. Robert. Logansport 1899

Physician.

Biology.
Hiifford, Mason E.. 710 Atwater St.. Bloomington 1916

Physics, Indiana University.
Hurty, John E.. 31 E. 11th St.. Indianapolis 1910

Secretary, Indiana State Board of Health.

Hygiene and Chemistry.
Hyde, Roscoe Raymond. 4101 Penhurst Ave.. Baltimore, Md 1909

Associate in Immunology. .Tohns Hopkins I'niversity School of
Hygiene.

Zoology, Physiology. Bacteriology.
.Tackson. Herbert S.. West Lafayette 1919

Chief of Botany. Agr. Exper. Sta.. Purdue I^niver.sity.

Plant Pathology.

rcHoirs. 15

Kciiyoii, Alfivd .Moiin.r. r.ir, IijiviTsily St., Wcsl L;i f.MX .-I tc I'.tH

IIcikI of .M,itliciii:ilics. I'uiduc liih crsit y.

.Miillicniatics.
Knell. Kdwnnl W.. Uiiiriiln. X. Y 1!)17

C.-iic of liiivci-sity i.f ItulT.-iln .Mcdicjil ScIkio!.

l*li:iriu:i((il(.i;y.
I.niinii. Win. X.. !)-_'l Atw-iIiT Si.. I'dodiiiiii.iiloii 1017

I'rotVssor nf Kcdiioiiiic (;('()|();,'y. Iii(liini:i liiivcisity.

Stiife (Jcdlofjist.
.Mcl'.ftli. Win. A.. l!M)r, X. Sih SI.. Tcnc Haute I'.KM

I'rofi's.^or (if (Jcoiii-aiili.w Slate Xdniiai Sclinol.
.Mcl'.ride. Kolierl \V.. TJ:',!* Slate Life I'.iiildiii-. Iniliaiiaiinlis liHC

LawyiT.

Ornitholosy.
.Markle. M. S.. Riohiiumd T.HU

Professor of Botjiny. Karlliaiu Colleiie.
.Middleton. Arthur H.. 70.") Russell St.. West Lafayette Ill IS

Professor of Clieinistry. Purdue Piii versify.
-Moenkhaus. W. .J.. P.loouiinjiton.

Professor of Physiolofiy. Indiana Iniversity.
.Morrison. Edwin. Kast Lansiufj. Micliiiian T.M.".

Associate Professor of Physics. .Michi.iian Ajiricultural ("olieire.
.Mottier. David M.. 1^1.", Forest Place. P.looniin.iitoii ISiK',

Professor of P.otany. Indiana University.

Mori)hology. Cytology.
Xaylor. Joseph P. (Jreencastle T.>(i:'>

Professor of Physics. DePauw University.
Xieuwland. J. A.. Xotre Dame 1!>14

Professor of P.otany. Xotre Dame University.

Botany and Organic Chemistry.
Payne. F.. G20 Fess St.. Bloomington liHt;

Professor of Zoology. Indiana University.

Cytology and Emhryology.
Ramsey. Rolla R.. (515 E. Third Street. Bloomington in<)(>

Associate Profe.ssor of Pliysics. Indiana University.
Rettger. Louis J.. ?A Gilhert Ave.. Terre Haute ISDC,

Professor of Physiology. State Normal School.

Animal Physiology.
Rothrock. David A.. 1000 Atwater St.. Bloomington 1000

Professor of Mathematics. Indiana University.
Schockel. Barnard. Terre Haute 1017

Professor of Physical (Geography. State Xormal Sclnxil.

Geology.
Scott. Will. Bloomington 1014

Assistant Professor of Zoology. Indiana Univ«'rsity.

Zoology. Lake Problems.
Shannon. Charles W.. 518 Lahoma Ave.. X(.rmaii. Oklahoma. .' 1012

With Oklahoma Geological Survey.

Geology.

16 Proceedings of India ua Acadciiif/ of Science.

Smith, Albert. nOO University St.. West Lafayette 1908

Profc-sor of Structural En«ineerinfi. Purdue I'niversity.

IMiysics, Mechanics.
Smith, Charles Marquis, 152 Sheetz St., West Lafayette 1912

Professor of Physics, Purdue University.
Stoltz. Charles, 530 X. Lafayette St., South Bend 1919

Physician.
Stone, Winthrop E., 149 N. Grant St., West Lafayette 1893

President, Purdue University.

Chemistry, Administration.
VanHook, James M., 639 N. College Ave., Bloomington 1911

Assistant Professor of Botany. Indiana University.
Wade, Frank Bertram, 1039 W. 27th St., Indianai>olis 1914

Head of Cliemistry Department, Shortridge High School.

Chemistry, Physics. Geology and Mineralogy.
Williamson, E. B., Bluff ton 1914

President, The Wells County Bank.

Odonata.
Woollen, William Watson, 1G2S X. Penn. St.. Indianapolis 1908

Lawyer.

Birds and Xature Study.
Wright, John S., care of Eli Lilly & Co.. Indianapolis 1894

Manager of Advertising Department. Eli Lilly & Co.

Economic Botany.

NOX-RESIDEXT MEMBERS AXD FELLOWS.

Abbott, G. A., Grand Forks, X. Dakota, Fellow 1908

Professor of Chemistry, University of North Dakota.
Aldrich, John Merton, Washington, D. C, Fellow 1918

Custodian of Diptera, U. S. National Museum.

Dipterologist.
Aley, Robert J., Orouo, Maine, Fellow 1898

President, University of Maine.

Mathematics and General Science.
Branner, John Casper, Stanford, California.

President Emeritus. Stanford University.

Geology,
Brannon, Melvin A., Beloit, Wisconsin.

President, Beloit College.

Plant Breeding, Botany.
Burrage, Severance, Denver. Colorado, Fellow 1898

Professor of Bacteriology. University of Denver.

Public Health.
Campbell, D. H., Stanford, California.

Professor of Botany, Stanford University.
Clark, Howard Walton, U. S., Biol. Station, Fairport. Iowa.

Scientific Assistant, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries.

Botany, Zoology.

No)i-Nr.si(l( III M( iiilxrs ami /'clloios. 17

Ccnk. Mel T.. New ISiuiiswick. Xcw .l(>rs(\v, Fclli.w ]tX)li

riiiiil l'atli()l(i;;ist, New Ji-rsoy A,i;i-. Kxpor. Slatioii.

I'.dhiiiy, riniit ratlidldfi.v. Entomology.
( '(/iiltcr. John M.. University of CliieaKo. Illinois. Fellow 1893

Head Professor of Botany, C'liitajro University.
Kavis. B. M., Oxford, Ohio.

Professor of Agricultural Education. Miami U'uiversity.
i;vermann, Bartou Warren, Golden Gate Park. San Francisco. Calirnrnia.

director of tlie Museum of California Academy of Science.

Ichtliyology and ]\Iuseum Administration.
(Joss. William Freeman M., 61 Broadway, \. Y.. Fellow 189.'{

I'resideut. The Railway Car Manufacturer's Association.
(Jreene, Charles Wilson, 814 Virginia Ave.. Columbia. Missouri.

Professor of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of .Missouri.

Physiology, Zoology.
Ilargitt, Charles W., OOJ) Walnut Street. Syracuse .\. Y.

I'rofessor of Zoology and Director of the Lalioratories.
Syracuse University.

Hygiene, Embryology, Eugenics. Animal Behavior.
Ilay. Oliver Perry. U. S. National Museum. Washington, I). C.

Jie.searcli Associate. Carnegie Institute of Washington.

Vertebrate Palaeontology, especially that of the Pleistocene Epoch.

Manager. Soil and Crops Service Syndicate.
.Jordan, David Starr, Stanford, California.

Chancellor Emeritus of Stanford University.

Ichthyology, Eugenics, Botany, Evolution.
Kingsley. John S., Urbana, Illinois.

Professor of Zoology, University of Illinois.

Zoology, Morphology.
I\nipp, Charles T., 915 W. Nevada St., Urbana, Illinois.

Professor of Experimental Physics. University of Illinois.

I'hysics. Discharge of Electricity through Gases.
MacDougal, Daniel Trembly, Tucson, Arizona.

Director, Department of Botanical Research, Carnegie Institute.

Botany.
McMuUen, Lynn Banks. 641 Euclid Ave., Valley City. N. Dakota.

Head of Science Department. State Normal School.

Physics and Chemistry.
Marsters. Vernon F.. Kansas City, Mo., care of C. N. Gould. Fellow IK!).",

(Jeologist.
.Miller, John Anthony. Swarthmore. Pennsylvania. Fellow 1!>()4

Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy, Swarthmore College.
.Moore. George T.. St. Louis, Missouri.

Director, Missouri Botanical Garden.

Botany.
Noyes. William Albert, Urbana, Illinois, Fellow ISO:',

Head of Chemistry and Director of Chemical Laboratory.
University of Illinois.
Ransom, James H., Detroit. Michigan. Fellow 19012

Research Chemist.

18 Proceed i >}</.<! of Indiana Aradiiii// oj Sciciicc.

KcM^'iui. Alhort r>.. Kayenta. Arizona.

Superintendont of Indian Scliool.

Botany, Geology. PaIaeontol<)j,'y, Etlinoloyy.
Smith. Alexander, Care of Columbia University. New York City. Fellow 189:>

Head of Department of Chemistry. Columbia University.
Springer. Alfred. 812 E. Second Street. Cincinnati. Ohio.

Chemist.
Swain, Joseph, Swarthmore. Pennsylvania. Fellow .1898

President. Swarthmore College.

Science of Administration.
VonKleinsmid. li. B.. Tucson. Arizona.

President. T^niversity of Arizona.
Waldo. Clarence A., Fellow (address not known ) 1893

Mathematics. Mineralogy.
Wiley. Harvey W., Woodward Building. Washington. D .C 189.")

Director, Good Hou.sekeeping Bureau of Foods and Sanitation.

Biological and Agricultural Chemistry.
Zeleny, Chas.. 1003 W. Illinois Street. Urbana. Illinois.

Professor of Experimental Zoology. University of Illinois.

Genetics, Zoology.

ACTIVE MEMBERS.

Acre. Harlan Q.. Gordon. Nebraska.

Botany.
Adamis. William B.. 431 S. College Ave., Bloomington.

Assistant in Botany. Indiana University.
Allen. William Ray. 709 Atwater Avenue, Bloomington.

Instructor in Zoology, Indiana University.
Allison, Luna Evelyn, 435 Wood St., West Lafayette.

Care of Agr. Exper. Station. Purdue University.

Botany.
Anderegg. Frederick O., 322 Waldron St.. West Lafayette.

Assistant Professor of Chemistry. Purdue University.
Anderson. Flora Charlotte. 327 S. Henderson St.. Bloomington.

Graduate Student in Botany. Indiana University.
Atkinson, F. C. 2534 Broadway. Indianapolis.

Care of American Hominy Company.

Chemist.
Bailey. James Harvey, Sorin Hall, Notre Dame.

Student instructor in Chemistry. i:fniversity of Notre Dame.

Chemical Engineer.
Baker. Wm. F.. Indianapolis, care of St. Vincents Hospital.

Medicine, Roentgenology. Pathology.
Balcom, Stephen F.. 3634 Birchwood Ave.. Indianapolis.

L. E. & W. Railroad Official.

Archaeology.
Baldwin. Ira L.. 0O7 University St.. West Lafayette.

Instructor in Bacteriology. Purdue University.

Actirr M( iiiht IS. 19

I'.arnliill, I>i'. T. I'.. lii(li;iMii|.(.lis.

Professor of Siir.ucry. Iiidiaiia liiiM'rsit y ScIkxiI of .Mcilicine.
liarr. Harry L.. Stocklaii.l. llliiH.is.

Botany and Pliysics.
r.atos. William II.. Ki:! Hu.s.si.ll Sired. Wi^t I.afa yctlc.

Associalc I'ldlcssor of Matlioiiialics. I'urduc I'liivfrsity.
r.cals. Coldii/.o C. KK; Ku,v;.-<(«1I si,. IlaiiiiM 1.

r.olaiiy.
r.fiiciiian. Hilda, Sanhoni.

Assistant in Physics. Indiana liiiNcrsity.
l'.r.i,H'inan. Lnlu. Sanborn.

Matlioniatifs Teacher. Sanhorn Hijfh Sehool.
I'.orteling. Dr. J. B.. L'2S Colfax Ave.. South Bend.

Practice of Medicini'.
P.ishop. Harry Eldridjie. :;:144 Michij^an Avenue, ("hicaso.

Food Clu'uiist. Glass Container Association of Chicago.
Blaclv. Homer F., Valparaiso.

Professor of Mathematics. Valparaiso I'niversity.
liliss. Dr. (Jeorge S., Fort Wayne.

Physician. State School for Feehle-Minded.
P.ocUstahler, l.ester. Bloomington.

Physics Dejiiirtnient. Indiana I'niversity.
Bond. Dr. Charles S.. 112 X. lOth Street. Richmond.

Physician.
Bond. Dr. (ieorge S.. Indianaimlis.

Indiana University School of Medicine.
Boiins. Walter W., Indianapolis, care of Eli Lilly & Co.

Director of Botanical Department.

Plant Physiology.
Bourke. Adol])hns A.. •2'AM Liberty Aveniie. Terre Haute.

Instructtir in Physics. Zoology and Geography,
lirossman. Charles. l.">0?. Merchants Bank Building. Iudianai)olis.

Consulting Engineer.

Water Supply. Sewage Disposal. Sanitary Engineering.
Bruce, Edwin M.. 210S N. 10th St.. Terre Haute.

Professor of Chemistry. Indiana State Normal School.
P.ybee. Halbert P.. University Station. Austin, Texas.

Adjunct Professor of Geology. University of Texas.
Byers. Cecil W.. 408 Russell St.. West Lafayette.

Assistant in Physics. Purdue TTniversity.
Canii»bell. Elmer G.. 220 Sylvia Street. West Lafayette.

Assistant Professor of Agr. Botany. Purdue I'niversity.
Canis. Edward N.. Route A-2. Box .•!72-A. Indianapolis.

Nature Study.
Caparo. Jose Angel. Notre Dame.

Professor of Physics and Mathematics, University of .Notre Dame.

-Mathematics. Physics. Electrical Engineering.
Carr. lialph IL. 27 N. Salisbury St.. West Lafayette.

Profes.^or of Agricultural Chemistry. I'urdue University.

20 Proccr(finf/.s of Indiana A cadcniji af Nc/V //- r.

Carter. Edgar B.. 26ir> Ashland Street. Indianapolis.

Director of Scientific AVork. Swan-Myers Coniiiany.

Chemistry and Bacteriology.
Cassady, Emit V., 1841 C. D. Woodruff Place. Indianapolis.

Student in Chemistry, Butler College.
Cavins, Alexander, 1232 N. Alabama Street, Indianapolis.

Senior, Butler College.
Chansler, Elias J.. Bicknell.

Ornithology and Mammals.
Chapman. Edgar K.. 506 S. Grant Street. Crawfordsville.

Professor of Physics, Wabash College.
Christy, O. B., Muncie.

Professor Botany and Agriculture in Indiana Slate Norniai School,
Eastern Division.
Clark, Jediah H., 126 E. 4th Street, Connersville.

Physician.

Sanitary Science.
Collins, Anna Mary, Irvington, Indianapolis.

Zoology.
Conner, S. D.. 204 S. 9th St., Lafayette.

Chemist, Agr. Experiment Station, Purdue University.
Coryell, Noble H.. Columbia University, New York City.

Care of Geology Department.
Crockett, W. P., Indianapolis, Care of Shortridge High School.

Physics Teacher, Shortridge High School.
Curtis, Lila C. 533 N. Washington St., Bloomington.

Instructor in Physics, Indiana University.
Danglade, Ernest, Vevay.

County Superintendent of Schools.

Zoology.
Davis, John J., Agr. Exper. Station, West Lafayette.

Professor of Entomology, Purdue University.
Dean, John C, University Club, Indianapolis.

Astronomy.
Demaree, Delzie, Benham.

Graduate Student in Botany, Indiana and Chicago Universities.
Denny, Martha L.. Manhattan, Kansas.

Department of Zoology, Kansas Agricultural College.
Deppe. C. A.. Franklin.

Professor of Biology, Franklin College.
Derby, Ira Harris, 5460 University Ave.. Indianapolis.

Chief Chemist, Repub. Creosote Company.

Chemistry of Coal Tar Products.
Dietz, Harry F., Entomologist's Office, State House, Indianapolis.

Investigator in Entomology. Assistant State Entomologist.
Diggs, John C, 54 Kealing Ave., Indianapolis.

Chemist : State House.
Dilts, Charles D.. Evansville.

Teacher of Chemistry. Central High School.

Active Mcinhrra. 21

J)(il;iii. Jost'iili 1'. Syracuse.

AichiiooIoKy. Cement Manufacture.
Doniriieso, Fred ("., 815 W. Main St.. Crawfonlsville.

Associate Professor of Corniaii, Wahasli College.

Botany.
Donahue, Joseph N., Science Hall, Xolrc Dame.

Physics Teacher Notre Dame Uni versify.
Douglas, Mary. Attica.

Zoology.
Douglass, Benjamin \\.. Trevlac.

Fruit Culture, Nature Study.
Dowidiour. Elizal)(»th. lOHo N. Alabama St., Apt. No. 2!>. Indianapolis.

Teacher of Zoology and Botany. Teachers College.
I>uBois. Henry M.. 1408 Washington Av(>.. LaCrande. (M'cgon.

Palaeontology and Ecology.
Dukes, Richard G.. 7th and Russell Sts.. West Lafayette.

Professor of Applied Engineering, Purdue University.
1 >unham, David H.-, 429 Main St., West Lafayette.

Assistant in Biology, Purdue University.
Earp. Samuel E., 634 Occidental Building. Indianapolis.

Practice of Medicine.
Edmonson, Clarence E., 822 Atwater Street, Bloomiugton.

Department of Physiology. Indiana University.
Eldred, Frank P.. ;5325 Kenwood Ave.. Indianapolis.

Director of Scientific Department. Eli Lilly & Company.

Chemistry.
Emerson, Dr. Charles P., G02 Hume-Mansur Building. Indianapolis.

Dean, Indiana Univer.sity School of Medicine.

Medicine.
Epple, Wm. F., 311 Sylvia St.. West Lafayette.

Assistant in Dairy Chemistry, Purdue University.
Estabrook. Arthur H.. Indianapolis, care of Board of State Charities
State House.

Heredity and Genetics.
Etter. Austin, 327 S. Henderson St., Bloomiugton.

(iradnate Student in Botany, Indiana Univer.sity.
Evans, Samuel G.. 1452 Upper 2nd St.. Evansville.

Merchant.

Botany and Ornithology.
Feldman. Horace W., 138 Chauncey Ave., West Lafayette.
Senior in Agriculture, Purdue University.

Genetics.
Felver, William P.. Bay St.. P. O. Box 48(5, St, Louis, Missouri.

Geology and Chemistry.
Ferguson, Luther S., State Geologist's Otlice. Indianapolis.

Assistant State Geologist.
Fisher, Loyal W.. Detroit. Michigan. Care of Parke. Davis & Co.

Research in Biology.
Foresman, George K.. 110 S. 0th St.. Lafayette.
Instructor in Chemistry, Purdue University.

22 Procrediuf/s of ImJitum Acddrnii/ of Sciciifr.

FriosiuM-. Kiiy ('.. Indijiiiapolis. ciirt' of Butler ("(jllcue.

I'rofessor of Botany. Butler College.
Frouing. Henry B.. 41.") Pokjig(»n St., South Bend.

Professor of Chemistry. Notre Dame University.
Fugate. Mary. 2525 Park Ave.. Indianapolis.

Junior in Butler College.
P'uller. Frederick D.. 3021 College Ave.. Bryan, Texas.

Chemistry and Nutrition. Experiment Station.
Funk. Dr. Austin. 404 Spring Street. Jeffersonville.

Disease of Eye, Ear. Nose, and throat.
Galloway, Jesse J.. Geology Dept.. CoInr.iliiM T'niversity. New York City.

Geology and Paliicciitdldgy.
Gantx, Richard A.. Muiicic.

Profess(tr of Zoolduy in Iiiili:iii;i St;ite Normal School. Enslern
Division.
Gardner. Max William. West Lafayette.

Associate Botanist. A-jv. lOxjicr. Station. Purdue rniversity.

Plant Pathology.
Gatch, Willis D.. 005 Hume-Mansur Building. Indianapolis.

Professor of Surgery. Indiana University School of Medicine.
Gates. Florence A.. 3435 Detroit Ave.. Toledo, Ohio.

Teacher of Botany in Higli School.
Gayler, Dona G.. 510 S. Sluss St., Bloomington.

Grad. Student and Assistant in Zoology. Indiana University.
Gidley, William F.. 270 Littleton St., West Lafayette.

Professor of Pharmacy. Purdue University.
Giflfen. John W.. 301 Garfield St.. Valparaiso.

Teacher in Science. Valparaiso University.
Gillum. Robert G.. Terre Haute.

Professor of Chemistry. State Normal School.
Gingery, AValter G.. Shortridge High School. Indianapolis.

Instructor in Matliematics.
Glenn. Earl R.. 040 Park Ave.. New York City.

The Lincoln School of Teachers College. Columliia University.

Physics and Chemistry.
Goldsmitli. William M.. Winfield. Kansas.

Professor of Zoology. Southwestern College.
Grave. Benjamin H.. 004 E. Market St.. Crawfordsville.

Professor of Zoology. Wabash College.
Gray, Harold. 511 Elwood Ave.. Cuyahoga Falls. Ohio.

Chemistry.
Greene. Frank C.. .30 N. Yorktown St.. Tulsa. Oklahoma.

Geology.
Guthrie, W. A., 023 Lemcke Building. Indianapolis.

Chairman of State Conservation Commission.
Hadley. Joel AV.. 1127 Fairfield Ave.. Indianapolis.

Teacher of Chemistry and Biology.
Hadley, Dr. Murray N.. 008 Hume-Mansur Building. Indianapolis.

Surgeon. Indiana Cniversity School of Medicine.

■t. r.i(H»uiiiigi(>ii.

ics. Indiana I'ni

vcrsily

■I'll Hospital t'lir

Jiisaiic

Active M nil hers. 23

Ilaiiiia. I'. S.. Atwalt'i- Sli
I'rolVssor <.f .Matliciii
Hansford. Ilazi'l I.. S. Kastcni Ilospit.ii lor Jiisanc. Xortli .Madi

I'sycliolofi.v.
Ilapit. William. South Hond.

Hotany.
Hardin^', Cliarics F.. .-|(»;i Tnivorsity St.. West Lafayottt'.

Head of lOk'ctrical Knjiinccrinii School. I'unluc rnivfrsily.
Hardy, Eu;iont> H.. VSM S. Ki-ystonc St.. Indianapolis.

Tool-maker.

Microscopy, Diutomaeoao.
Harmon. Taul M.. .■'.11 Kast South Ave. liloomiiiKton.

riiysioloify.
Hcdchol, Frederick C. X.. 10(i E. Jeflerson St., Vali>araiso.

Instructor in Biology, Valparaiso University.
llfiiuhurf?er, Harry V.. St. Paul. Minnesota.

Instructor in Biolof;y. Hamline Universit.v.
Heimlich. Louis F., 4a". Littleton St.. West Lafayette.

Instructor in Botany. Purdue University,
llemmer, John E.. Somerville.

Botany.
Hendricks, Victor K., r»i;4l' Kinj,'shury Boulevard. Sr. Louis. Missouri.

Assi.stant Chief Enj,'in(>er. St. L. & F.. Mo.. Kans. & Texas K. K.

Railroad Engineering,
lless, Walter N., South College Avenue, tireeneastle.

Professor of Biology. DePauw University.

Zoology.
Hetherington. Dr. J. 1'.. 417 4th St., Loganspi.rt.

Medicine, Surgery. Electro-Therapeutics.
Hiestand, T. C, 514 S. Lincoln St.. Bloomington.

Senior, Indiana University.

(Jeology.
Hinnian. Jack J.. Jr.. P. O. Box ;n:5. Iowa City. Iowa.

Assistant Professor of Epidemiology. State University of Iowa.

Chemistry and Bacteriology.
Hoffman. George L.. Western Pennsylvania Hospital. Pittsburg. Penna.

liacteriologist and Serologist.
Hole. Allen D.. 615 National Road West. Richmond.

Professor of Geology, Earlham College,
llolman, Richard M., Berkeley, California.

Professor of Botany, University of California.
Hou.seman. H. V., 300 S. Bradford St.. Plattsville. Wisconsin.

Chemistry and Physics.
Howlett, Bertcm A.. Valparaiso, 503 Elm Street.

Associate Professor of Phy.sics, Valparaiso I'niversity.
Huber, Leonard L., Hanover.

Professor of Chemistry and Biology. Hanover College.
Hull, Julia. St. Anne, Illinois.

Nature Study.

24 Proceedings of hididua Academy of Science.

Hutchinson, Emory, Norman Station.

Biology and Physics — Teacher.
Hutton. Joseph G., State College, Brookings, South Dakota.

Associate Professor of Agronomy, State College.
Hyslop. George H.. 200 Chatterton Parkway. White Plains. New York

Physician.
Irving, Thomas P., Notre Dame.

Physics in University of Notre Dame.
Jackson, James W., Central High School. Chattanooga, Tennessee.

Teacher of Chemistry.
Jackson. Thomas F., 8 N. Yorktown St.. Tulsa. Oklahoma.

Geology.
Jacobson, Moses A., 800 Fourth St., Portsmouth. Virginia.

Bacteriology.
James, Evalyn G., 144 Butler Avenue. Indianapolis.

Botany : Student in Butler College- .
Jopling, John C, 119 W. Lake St., Barberton, Ohio.

Chemist.
Jordan, Charles B.. 409 Russell St.. West Lafayette.

Director of School of Pharmacy. Purdue University.
Kaczmarek, Regidius M., Box 54, Notre Dame.

Professor of Botany and Human Physiology.
Kantor, Jacob R., 645 N. Walnut Street, Bloomington.

Assistant Professor of Psychology. Indiana University.
Katterjohn, Mable C, 213 S. Dunn St.. Bloomington.

Senior in Indiana University.
Kinsey, Alfred C, 744 E. Third St., Bloomington.

Assistant Professor of Zoology, Indiana University.
Knotts, Armanis F., 800 Jackson St.. Gary.

Geology — Attorney.
Kohl, Edwin J.. 218 Vine Street. West Lafayette.

Instructor in Biology. Purdue University.
Lieber, Colonel Richard. State House. Indianapolis.

Director. State Conservation Commission.

Conservation.
Liston, Jesse G., R. F. D. No. 2. Lewis.

High School Teacher : Geology.
Liidwig. C. A., Clemson College. South Carolina.

Professor of Botany. Clemson College.
Ludy, Llewellyn V.. 600 Russell St.. West Lafayette.

Professor of Experimental Engineering. Purdue T^niversity.

Experimental Engineering in Steam and Gas.
Luten, Daniel B., 1056 Lemcke Annex, Indianapolis.

Bridge Engineer.

Applied Civil Engineering.
McCarty, Morris E.. R. F. D.. "D", Lafayette.

Principal of Schools. Montmorenci.
McDonald. Helen E.. 5444 University Avenue. Indianapolis.

Senior in Butler College.

Active Mcmhrrs. 25

Mcintosh. Arthur C. Ill X. Dunn St.. Bloominston.

Senior Student. Indiana University: Botany.
Maliin, Edward G.. 27 Rus.^ell St.. AVe.'^t I.afayette.

Professor of Analytical Chemistry. Purdue TTniversity.
Mains. K. P.. 212 S. (Jrant St., West Lafayette.

Assistant Botanist, Afjr. E.xper. Station. IMirdue I'niversity.

Plant Pathology and Mycology.
Ma lion. Marguerite G.. 221 Waldron St.. West Lafayette.

Instructor in Food Chemistry, Purdue University.
-Malott. Burton J.. Indianapolis. Care of Tech. High School.

Pliy.siography and Geology.
Mah.tt. Clyde A.. .".21 East Second St.. Blooniington.

Geology. Indiana University.
Mason, Thomas E.. l.SO Andrew Place. West Lafayette.

Assistant Professor of Mathematics. Purdue University.
Miller. .7. Ford. 946 N. Meridian St.. Indianapolis.

(Graduate Student in France, 1920-21.)
Miller. John W.. 444 Littleton St.. West Lafayette.

Instructor in Plant Pathology, Purdue University.
Molhy, Fred A.. 226 Lorraine Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio.

Physics Department. University of Cincinnati.
Montgomery. Dr. H. F.. 244 Jefferson Bldg., South Bend.

Geology and Medicine.
Morgan. Franlv W.. Science Hall, Valparaiso.

Professor of Inorganic Chemistry. Valparaiso LTniversity.
.Morgan. Will. University Heights, Indianapolis.

Instructor in Zoology, Indiana Central University.
Morrison. Harold. Bureau of Entomology. Washington, D. C.

Entomologist.
Morrison. Louis A.. East Lansing. Michigan.
Muldoon. Hugh C. aoi Gartield St.. Valparaiso.

Dean of Pharmacy. Valparaiso LTniversity.

Chemistry.
Munro. George W.. 202 Waldron St.. West Lafayette.

Professor of Mechanical Engineering. Purdue University.
Myers, B. D.. 321 N. Washington St.. Bloomington.

Profess(u- of Anatomy, Indiana University.
Xclson. Ralph E.. 2.32 Littleton St., West Lafayette.

Assistant Professor of Chemistry. Purdue University.
Newman. G. B., Fryeburg. Maine.

Entomologist.
Nicholson. Thomas E.. ."tl9 N. Fess Ave.. P.loomington.

Instructor in Psychology. Indiana University.
Noyes. Harrj' A., Westtield. New York, care Welch Grape .Tuice Co.

Research Chemist and Bacteriologist.
O'Neal. Claude E.. Forrest Ave., Delaware. Ohio.

Professor of Botany. Ohio Wesleyan University,
otierdoerfer. Rev. P. Benedict. Main Building, Notre Dame.

Graduate Student in Chemistry and Physics, Notre Dame Univ.

26. Proccedlnf/s of TndUnui Acadeuni of Scioirr.

0])erliolser. Harry C. T". S.. National Museum. Washington. D. C.

Ornithology.
Orahood, Harold. Kingman.

Teacher : Geology.
Orton, Clayton R., State College. Pennsylvania.

Professor of Botany. State College.
Owen, D. A.. 200 S. State St.. Franklin.

Professor of Biology (Retired).
Papish. Jacob. Ithaca, New York.

Department of Chemistry. Cornell ITniversity.
Peffer. Harry C. 1022 Seventh St.. AVest Lafayette.

Head of School of Chemical Engineering. Purdue T'niversity.
Retry. Edward J.. 722 E. Sth St.. Brookings. South Dakota.

Professor of Botany. S. Dakota State College.
Pickett. Fermen L.. Pulman. College Station No. 36. AVashington.

Professor of Botany.
Pinkerton. Earl. Box No. 411, AValters. Oklahoma.

Manager, Walters Natural Gas Company.
Prentice. Burr N.. 400 Russell St.. West Lafayette.

Assistant Professor of Forestry. Purdue University.
I'ressey. S. L.. 801 Atwater Ave.. Bloomington.

Professor of Psychology. Indiana ITniversity.
Pressey. Mrs. S. L.. 801 Atwater Ave.. Bloomington.

Gi'aduate Student in Psychology. Indiana University.
Price. AValter A.. 123 Slieetz St., West Lafayette.

Associate Professor of Entomology. Purdue University.
Price, W. J.. Staticm "C" R. F. D. No. 3. Columbus. Ohio.
Proulx. Edward G.. Ill Waldron St.. West Lafayette.

State Chemist. Agr. Exper. Station. Purdue University.
Ramsey. Glen B.. Botany Dept. University of Chicago. Chicago. 111.
Rawles, William P.. 924 E. .3d St.. Bloomington.

Junior Student. Indiana University : Geology.
Records. Ralph L.. Edinburg.

Professor of Chemistry. Franklin College.
Reeves. John R., 1022 E. 3rd St.. Bloomington.

Geology Student. Indiana University.
Reichert, Joseph S.. 522 E. Indiana Ave.. South Bend.

Teacher of Chemistry. University of Notre Dame.
Richards, Ante. Norman, Oklahoma.

Professor of Zoology. University of Oklahoma.
Richards. Mildred Hoge, Norman. Oklahoma.

Zoology.
Ridgway, Robert, 1030 S. Morgan St.. Olney, Illinois.

Ornithologist, U. S. National Museum.
Rifenburgh, S. A., Valparaiso.

Zoology in Valparaiso T^niversity.
Rightsell. Raymond M.. Shortridge High School. Indianapolis.

Teacher of Physics.
Riley. Katherine. Robert Long Hospital. Indianapolis.

Biology.

Aclirc }f( iiihcrs.

Koiirk. Louis, P.ox IKJi: Tulsa, Oklahoma.

IVtroIoum (Jooloj^fisf. Jioxana rctrolcum ("(impany.
U-iluTts, Chester K., IIoiiKhani Sf.. Kraukliu.

Professor of Chemistry.
Slicak, Wm. H., 102 N. liOth St., rhihHlelphia. Penusylvania.

Maiuuialogy.
Sheriuan, (Jeorge W.. 4 Murdock Flats. West Lafayette.

Assistant Professor of IMiysics. Purdue Piilversity.
Shoiile. Horace A.. Indianapolis.

Cliemist, Eli Lilly & Company.
Showalter. lialph W.. Indianapolis, care Eli Lilly & Company.

Director of the Hiitlofjical Department.
Silvey, Oscar W., Collejie Station, Texas.

Professor of Physics. Texiis Af^ricultural College.
Cliarles Piper Smith, '.\'A South lOth St.. San Jose, California.

Botanist.
Smith. John E., Route \o, (!, Franklin.

I'rofessor of Physics.
Snuth. Kussell P., Kendallville.

Chemistry.
Smith, Paul, Vl'2 E. Ohio St., Indianapolis.

Physics.
Snodgrass, Robert E., 2CKi3 Park Road, Washinjiton, D. C.

Bureau of Entomology : Entomologist.
Southgate, Helen A., 218 W. 6th St., Michigan City.

Biology,
Spitzer. George, 1000 Seventh St., West Lafayette.

Dairy Chemist, Agr. Exper. Station, Purdue University.
Spong, Philip, 3873 E. Washington St., Indianapolis.

Student in Butler College.
Siockdale, Paris, r)21 E. Second St., Bloomingtcm.

Assistant in Geology, Indiana University,
Stone, Ralph B., 307 Russell St.. West Lafayette.

Registrar and Professor of Mathematics, Purdue University.
Sulzer. Elmer G., Madison.

Geologj'.
Suter, E. M., 1437 Broadway, Ft. Wayne.

Teacher of Chemistry and General Science.
Tatlock, Myron W.. Indianapolis. Care Shortridge High School.

Teacher in Physics.
Taylor, Joseph C, 117 9th St., Logansport.

(Medical Student.)
Terry, Dr. Oliver P.. 215 Sheetz St., West Lafayette.

Professor of Physiology and I'niversity Physician. Purdue.
Tetrault. Philip A., 607 University St., West Lafayette.

Assistant Professor of Bacteriology, Purdue University.
Test, Louis A., 222 North St., West Lafayette.

Professor of General Chennstry. Purdue University.
Tevis, Emma L., 122 W. ISth St.. Indianapolis.

Department of Exi^erimental Medicine. Eli Lilly & Com]>any.

28 Procendings of hulidiiii Aoadoii}/ of Soirncc.

Thompson, Clem O.. Hanover.

Professor of Education. Hanover College.
Thompson, David H., Dept. Experimental Zoology, University of 111..
Urbana, Illinois.

Research Assistant : Genetics.
Thompson, James T., 334 Lafayette Ave.. Lebanon.

Student, Wabash College.
Thorburn, A. D., 105 N. High St., Indianapolis.
Thurston, Emery W., 4144 Carrol ton Ave.. Indianapolis.

Pharmacist & Metallurgist. Eli Lilly & Company.

Archaeology.
Toole, Eben H., Department of Botany. T'niversity of Wisconsin. Mad-
ison, Wisconsin.

Graduate Student in Botany.
Treat, Frank M., Atwater Ave., Bloomington.

Instructor in Manual Training, Indiana University.
Troop. James, 123 Sheetz St., West Lafayette.

Professor of Entomology. Purdue University.
Tucker, William Mottier, Bloomington.

Department of Geology. Indiana University.
Turner. B. B.. 1017 Park Ave., Indianapolis.

Associate Professor of Pharmacology. Indiana Univ. Sch. of M(h\.
Turner, William P.. 222 Lutz Ave.. West Lafayette.

Professor of Practical Mechanics. Purdue University.
VanNuys, Dr. W. C. Box No. 34. Newcastle.

Superintendent Indiana Epileptic Village.

Medicine.
Visher, Stephen S., 318 E. Second St., Bloomingtcm.

Assistant Professor of Geology. Indiana University.
Voorhees. Herbert S., 804 Wildwood Ave.. Fort Wayne.

Instructor in Chemistry and Botany in High School.
Walker, Enos G.. 453 College Ave.. Valparaiso.

Student. Valparaiso University : Pre-medic.
Watson. Carl G.. School of Mines. Rapid City. South Dakota.

Instructor in Physics, South Dakota School of Mines.
Weatherwax, Paul, T^Conte Hall, Athens, Georgia.

Associate Professor of Botany, University of Georgia.
Weems, Mason L.. 102 Greenfield Ave.. Valparaiso.

Professor of Botany, Valparaiso University.
Wenninger, (Rev.) Francis J., Notre Dame.

Instructor in Zoology, Univer.sity of Notre Dame.
Wiancko, Alfred T., 230 S. Ninth St.. Lafayette.

Professor of Agronomy. Purdue University.
Wildman, Earnest A., Richmond.

Professor of Chemistry. Earlham College.
Wildasin, Pearl D.. Kentland.

Senior Student in Botany. Butler College.
Wiley, Ralph B., 777 Russell St., AVest Lafayette.

Professor of Hydraulic Engineering, Purdue University.

Arlirc Mimhcvfi. 29

Williiiius. A. A.. Valpaniiso.

Professor of Ala thenia tics. Valparaiso rnivcrsii \ .
Wilson. Arthur J.. DOl W. Wabasli Si., ( 'ra wninlsvilic

Professor of Clieuiistr.v. Wiibash Coilcfie.
Wilson. Charles E., Exi)er. Station. St. Croix. Wv^m Islands. C. S. \.

Zoolojiist and Kntonioloirisl. A.uriciiltiii-ai lOxpcriincnl Slatioii.
Wilson, Mrs. :\Iildred N.. SI. Ciciix. \'iii,'iii Isl.-iiids. C. S. A.

Plant Ph.v.si(»l()f;y.
Wilson. iVIrs. Etta S.. L' Clarendon \\v.. Del roil. Miclni;;in.

Field Seerotar.v. Audiihon Societ.v.

Ornithology. Botany. Zoolojiy.
Wilson. Ira T.. r.21 Kirkland Ave.. P.looniiii.u(on.

Zoolo.uy. Indiana T'niversity.
WinUeidiotVr. Walter. Iluntinghnrg.

Graduate Student in Botiiny. Indiana rniversity.
Wolfe, Harold E.. .'514 N. Washin.sitoii St.. lilooniin.uli.n.

Assistant Professor of Matlieniatics. Indiana I'niversity.
Wood. Harry W.. BloomiuRton.

Extension Division. Indiana I'liiversity.

(;eo,iiraiiliy and Biolojiv.
Wri.t,'ht. William L., Indianapolis.

Baeteriologist. Eli Lilly & Company.
W.vnn. Dr. Frank B.. 421 IIume-Mansur Buildinj;. Indianapolis.

Professor of Patholos.v. Indiana University School of Mediciue.
Young, Gilbert A.. 739 Owen St.. Lafayette.

Head of School of Mechanical Engineerin.g. Purdue rniversity.
Youn.g. Paul A., 619 S. Uandoli)h St.. Garrett.

Senior in Botany. Wabash College.
Vuncker. Truman G.. AVood St.. Greencastle.

Professor of Biology. DePauw University,
/ebrowski. George. 521 State St.. West Lafayette.

Senior in Zoology. Purdue I'niversity.
Zehring. William A.. 303 Russell St.. West Lafayette.

Associate Profess<u- of Mathematics. Purdue I^niversity.

P^ellows 58

Members and Fellows. Non-resident 34

^Members. Active 2(')(»

Total

or,.)

30^ Proceed in(/s of J}idUnt<t Aeadcuii/ of Sciotee.

MiNUTKS OF THE SpKING MEETING.

Spencer, Indiana.

The Spring Meeting of the Academy afforded its meml)er.s and friends
an opportunity to vi.sit the Hatwoods of Owen and Monroe Counties — one of
the most interesting regions of Indiana. Tlie Flatwoods district, tlie site
of a glacial lake, covers an area of ahout fifteen square miles southeast of
Spencer. A considerable portion of the region, including the McCormack's
Creek gorge, has been set aside as a State Park and placed under control
of the Department of Conservation. A hotel, three miles from Spencer, is
maintained on the reservation for the accommodation of visitors.

Boone's Cave. Porter's Cave, and Cataract Falls of the Eel River are
other attractive points which may be reached from Spencer. Members of
the Academy who know the region and are trained in the various branches
of Held work acted as guides.

The meeting was planned to cover three days. Thursday. Friday and
Saturday. May 13th. 14th and 15th.

Good automobile roads into Spencer fr(»m all directions made it possible
for members and guests to attend the meeting by automobile. Others who
came by rail secured automobile service from the local garages.

Thirty-two members and fifteen guests were in attendance at the meet-
ings and the trips.

THURSDAY. MAY 13.— Members of the Academy and their friends met
on the courthouse square and at 1:30 P. M., the first party left for a half-
day trip by automobile to the Eel River Cataract, about thirteen miles
from Spencer. The heavy rains several days before the meetings made the
cataract particularly attractive and spectacular. From the cataract the
party went a-foot to the lower falls, a mile or more distant.

The second party left the courthouse about three o'clock and explored
Green's Bluffs and the vicinity of Boone's Cave but the high water made a
trip into the cave impossible.

Both parties returned in time for the informal luncheon served by the
members of the Ladies Aid of the Christian Church. Immediately after the
luncheon a short business session was held, and at its close the Academy
adjourned to the auditorium of the Owen County courthouse, where Colonel
Richard liieber. Director of the State Conservation Commission, gave an
address complimentary to the citizens of Spencer and vicinity, upon "Mak-
ing the Most of the Resources of the State". The auditorium was well
filled with an appreciative audience.

FRIDAY. MAY 14tli. — Starting from Spencer at nine o'clock in the morn-
ing the entire day was spent in a stud.v of the Flatwoods and McCormack's
Creek gorge. The party was guided by members of the geological staff of
Indiana University wlio are well acquainted with the region. The botanical
and zoological interests were agreeably directed by Professors Mottier and
Scott. Tours to visit the diversified interests of McCormack's Creek gorge
were made before and after the sumptuous dinner served to about seventy
persons by the proprietor of the hotel in this State Park.

Minnies S/)iiii(/ .]!( ( liii;/.

SATIKDAV. MAY 1.".. Tlic inoniiiiK \v;is dcvi.tcil to ;i slu
if the Kcolojiical formations wliit-li had not boon visited in liic (■<
)lli('r triits, after wliicii tli(> last of the i)arties (lis]iersed.

yUN/AA'NN MEET/Xa.

After the hniclieon >er\e(l at six
iiieinlters of tiie Ladies Aid Society.
rresidiMit. H. L. Bruner.

Tlie folh)wini; tliirty-two nieml)er:

Fh)ra Anderson
Franl\- M. Andrews
Mrs. Franlv :\I. Andrews
\V. S. P.latchley
Fred J. I'.reeze
n. F. Brnner
F. K. ("umminjis
riias. (\ Deam
J. C. Diggs
Fred C. Domroese
Howard E. Ender.s
Arthnr L. Foley
Mrs. Arthnr L. Foley
Ray ('. Friesner
\V. Vt. Gingery
Richard M. Holman
P.. A. Ilowlett
Ificliard I.ieher

Spencer, Indiana.
May Vm\, 1920.
.■(•lock in the Christian Churcli Ity tlie
Ihe meeting was called to order hy the

and tlireo gnests were present:

Jesse G. ]>iston

W. X. Logan

Rohert W. Mcl'.ride

Clyde A. Malott

I). M. Mottier

(\ H. Parrish

F. Payne

William P. Rawles

J. H. Reeves

Will Scott

James T. Thom]>s»»n

Frank P.. Wade

Mrs. Frank B. Wade

F. X. Wallace

M. L. Weems

K. P. Williams

Paul A. Young

The plans for the Friday and Saturday trips were ann
man Friesner of the Program Committee.

meed hv ("hai

V. M. Andrews, chairman of the Membership Committee proi>osed the
names of fifteen persons who were duly elected to membership:
i:verett T. Burton. 801 E. Kirkland Ave.. P.loomington.
Lila C. Curtis. 588 N. Washington St.. Bloomingtcm.
Ernest Danglade. Vevay.

John C. Diggs. 54 Kealing Ave.. Indianaixilis.
Fr(>d C. Domroese, S15 X. Main St., Crawfordsville.
Charles Hire, 515 E. 5th St.. Bloomington.
William P. Rawles. 924 E. 8rd St.. Bloomington.
.John R. Reeves. 1022 E. 3rd St.. Bloomington.
Rohert Ridgway. 1080 S. Morgan St.. Olney. Illinois.
Russell Paul Smith. 721 Richnumd St.. Kendallville.
!•:. M. Suter. 1487 Broadway. Fort Wayne.
.lames T. Thomi.son. 884 Lafayette Ave.. Lebanon.
Fraidv M. Treat. Atwater Ave., Bloomington.

32 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of >^cicnce.

Arthur J. Wilson. 901 W. Wabash St., Crawfordsville.
Paul A. Young. 006 Walnut St., Crawfordsville.

Keport was made that the 1918 Proceedings have l)oen issued and are
now in transit from the printer to the State Librarian for distribution.

The matter of afHliation with the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science was discussed. It was the sense of the members present
that affiliation should be completed if this is feasible.

Letters from former member, Harvey Wiley, and others in distant States,
and greetings from President Henry B. Ward of the Illinois Academy of
Science were read.

Adjourned at 7 :55 to the Owen County courthouse to hear the public
lecture by Colonel Richard Lieber.

H. L. BRUNER. President.
HOWARD E. ENDERS, Secretary.

MINUTES OF THE WINTER MEETING.

Indiana Academy of Science.
Claypool Hotel, Indianapolis.
December 2. 1920.

MEETING OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

The Executive Committee was called to order at 7:30 P. M., in Room
200, by President H. L. Bruner. The following members were present :

F. M. Andrews Robert W. McBride

H. L. Bruner D. M. Mottier

Amos Butler Will Scott

C. C. Deam Chas. Stoltz

C. H. Eigenmann J. C. Naylor

Howard E. Enders Frank Wade

R. C. Friesner E. B. Williamson

W. A. McBeth John S. Wright

The minutes of the last meeting of the Executive Connuittee were read
and approved.

Committee reports were considered as follows :

BIOLOGICAL SURVEY.

The Secretary reported informally for the Chairman, H. S. Jackson, that
no specific steps have been made to gain the cooperation of the State Con-
servation Commission in a systematic survey.

In the absence of formal report from Stanley Coulter of the Special Com-
mittee on Affiliation with the A. A. A. S. the meeting was considered in-
formally.

At present 87 members of the Academy of Science are members of the
A. A. A. S. and 57 of the A. A. A. S. members residing in Indiana are not
members of the Academy. Affiliation would yield an immediate net gain of
approximately 57 members.

President Bruner raised the uuestion whether the new relation would

Minutes — Winter Meeiinq. 33

iKil iiilcrfcic with the udministratidii iiiid (IcvcMoiniii'iit of mir KikIhwiiicmI
Kiiiid. .Mr. I'.utler advises that if. on ciind^ul ciiiisidiTJitioii, (lie advinda^cs
<iut\viM;rhod the disadvantages affiliation should fdllow. rrof. .Mot tier sii;r-
nested careful consideration of tlie fact that matters of hookkcepiut: would
licconic complicated in order to recot^Ml/.c the dcsii^'natcd State Memliers and
.\ational Memhers.

By consent the matt<'r Is to be referred to ilie (leneral Meeting' for con-
sideration.

OX THE ACADEMY EN DOW MEAT.

I'resident Bruner reiK)rted tliat the efforts of tlie Committee flurini: the
summer were directed toward an initial movement for the foundation. I >r.
Scott suggested that the small sum of $100 or $200 transferred annually from
the Academy Treasury is too small to yield any marked income, or to make
any funds available for the promotion of research within many years. I'rof.
Kigenmann suggested as a mode of procedure the Indiana Academy of Sci-
ence should endorse some problem for researcli, and having done so to seek
funds for the promotion of that particular piece of research. Robert
McBride referred to the present money stringency and suggested only a
very limited possibility of acquiring funds by the method named.

I' h' or; RAM COMMITTEE.

R. C. Friesner presente<l the printed program of G6 titles to he read at
the present meetings. He made the announcement of a slight change in
location of rooms for the several sessions of the Academy, wiiich involved
change to Parlor B for the (ieneral Sessions and sectional meetings of the
Physical Sciences. The Biological Section is to meet in the Assembly Boom.
The Banquet is to be held in the Florentine Room, the Evening Session in
the Assembly Room. Programs have been .sent to neighboring Aciidemies
and Scientific Societies. The Chairman reported correspondence with tlie
Ohio Academy of Science relative to holding the Spring Meeting as a joiiit
meeting. Their practice is to have their papers read at the Spring Meet-
ing, therefore it is not iwssible to have a joint meeting this year, but the
matter is to be referred to the Committee for future consideration.

XOMINATION COMMITTEE.

The report will be called tomorrow.

ON BIOLOGICAL SURVEY.

Informal report was made liy the Secretary in the absence of Chairman.

STATE LIBRARY.

Amos Butler reported that the foreign papers have not been received
in any numbers during the last six years but have now begun to come.
Several bo.xes of foreign shipments have been received recently.

DISTRIBUTION OF PROCEEDINGS.

Chairman Enders reported the 1918 Proceedings were distributed June.
last, but that the UH9 I'roceediugs have not gone to press as a result of
reversion of the printing fxmd.

34 Proceedings of Indiana A cadrmy of ^Science.

MEMBEE^HIP COMMITTEE.

F. M. Andrews, Chairman, reported that he lias GO names to propose at
the General Meeting tomorrow.

RELATION OF THE ACADEMY TO THE STATE.

Hon. Robert McBride reviewed the appropriation difficulties of the past
two years. The Legislature at its special session in June re-appropriated
an amount sufficient to cover the cost of the 1918 Proceedings and $1200.00
for the 1919 Proceedings but the latter amount reverted to the State at the
close of the fiscal year. Sept. .SO. 1919, and therefore no funds are available
at this time for the 1919 Proceedings.

It is proposed to follow up the matter at the next session of the Legisla-
ture and to secure a somewhat larger fund for future publication.

The old, and the proposed bill to be introduced at the Legislature were
read. It is recommended that the Academy print the proposed bill, together
with the original bill and a brief history of the relation of the Academy
to the State and circulate it to the members of the State Legislature at its
next session for its information.

On motion (Butler) the Academy is to print the matter as proposed
and Judge McBride is to serve as Chairman in the discharge of the pro-
visions of this motion.

Discussion brought out the fact that the State Printer refused to accept
the manuscript for the 1919 Proceedings, stating that the very short time
that remained would not permit engagement in the printing to an extent
to render the funds available before they would revert at the close of the
fiscal year.

On motion the Secretary is to furnish each member of the Academy two
copies of the proposed bill together with a list of instructions to send these
copies to their representatives in the Legislature and to make a personal
solicitation for his support in favor of the printing of the bill of the
Academy.

On motion the Editor of the Proceedings is to send, if possible, 10(3 copies
of separates, original paging, gratis to the authors.

TREASURER.
No report.

ADVISORY COUNCIL.

No report.

President Bruner reported that he named John M. Coulter, of Chicago
University, to represent the Indiana Academy of Science at the 50th Anni-
versary of the Wisconsin Academy of Science, April 23, 1920, Madison, Wis-
consin.

Amos Butler, under the head of new business, spoke upon the proposed
archaeological survey of Indiana. Such survey is being urged by the Na-
tional Researcli Council which ad^dses a cooperative activity in archaeo-
logical research in the central states. The Indiana Academy of Science is
asked to start the movement in this State. The matter is to be brought up
tomorrow at the General Session and it is proposed to have the State Hist-
ory Teachers take similar action at the session next week and thus seek to
stir persons to action.

Minutes — ^]'illh r Meeting. 35

Oil lUdtinii I he S(>(T('l;iry is (o trjiiismit to flio Editftr the sense
of liio Academy tliat rules, siieli .-is arc used in Hie iiiililieations of tlie
Wistar Institute. I)e cinliodied in Itio Proceedings, as rules for (he presenta-
tion and publication of manuscripts in the Proceedings.

Professor Mottier sjiolvo on the resolution of one year ag<t relative to
asUing the Legislature to adept Hie flewer of tlii' tnli|> tree as the State
Flower.

On motion Judge Mcl'.ride is asked to prej)are a hill to present the matter
to the Legislature.

E. P.. Williamson spoke on the matter of the possibility of holding a joint
Held meeting with adjoining State Academies on occasional years. These
might be held, now in Indiiina and again in one of the adjoining states.

On motion a standing Committee on Interstate Field Meetings is to be
appointed.

Adjourned 9:30 P. M.

General Session.
9:()0 A. M. Parlor B. Claypool Hotel— Dec. P., 1920.

BUS f NESS SESSION.

The Membership Committee proposed the following named persons for
mend)ei"ship, and on motion they were duly elected :

The session was called to order by President Bruner. Attendance To. The
minutes of the Executive Committee were read and approved.

Lora M. Baker. 408 S. Grant St., Bloomiugtou.

James Harvey Bailey, Sorin Hall. Notre Dame.

Stephen Francis Baleom, 3634 Birchwood Ave., Indianapolis.

Albert Raiff Bechtel. 209 W. College St.. Crawfordsville.

Katheriue Belzer, 320 S. Audobon Road. Indianapolis.

Lester Bockstahler, Physics Department, I. U. Bloomiugtou.
Blanche Brown. 5911 Beechwood Ave., Indianapolis.
Emit V. Cassady. 1841 C. D. Woodruff Place. Indianapolis.
Alexander Cavins. 1232 N. Alabama St.. Indianapolis.
Lila Curtis, Indiana University, Bloomiugtou.

John June Davis. Agricultural Exper. Station. West Lafayette.

Delzie Demaree, Benham.

Ira Harris Derby, 5460 L'niversity Ave., ludiauapolis.

Charles I). Dilts. Central High School, Evansville.

Joseph Nicholas Donahue, Notre Dame L'^niversity, Notre Dame.

David Hanon Dunham. 429 Main St.. West Lafayette.
Austin Etter. 327 S. Henderson St., Bloomiugtou.
Horace Weuger Feldman. 1.38 Chauncey Ave.. West Lafayette.
Henry Bemhart Froning, 415 Pokagon St., South Bend.
Luther S. Ferguson. State Geologist's Office. Indianapolis.

Mary Fugate. 2525 Park Ave., Indianapolis.
Richard A. Gantz, Normal School, Muncie.

36 Proceedings of ImlUnia Aradeini/ of Science.

Dona G. Gayler, 516 S. Sluss St., Bloomington.
John Willard Giffen. 361 Garfield St.. Valparaiso.
Frank V. Graham, Normal School. Muncie.

Benjamin H. Grave, 604 E. Market St.. Grawfordsville.

W. A. Guthrie, Conservation Commission. 92:! Lemcke P.lds.. IndinnaiKili-'.

George Lee Hagey. 123 State St.. West Lafayette.

Eugene H. Hardy, 1230 S. Keystone St., Indianapolis.

Frederik C. N. Hedebol, 106 E. Jefferson St.. Valparaiso.

T. C. Hiestand, 514 S. Lincoln St.. Bloomington.
Ralph W. Hufferd, College Ave., Greencastle.
Jacob Robert Kantor, 645 N. Walnut St.. Bloomington.
Mable Clare Katterjohn, 213 S. Dunn St.. Bloomington.
Alfred C. Kinsey, 7744 E. 3rd St., Bloomington.

Helen E. McDonald. 1826 E. 18th St., Anderson.
Arthur Clem Mcintosh. Ill N. Dunn St.. Bloomington.
Emma D. Mohr. 2210 N. Talbott St., Indianapolis.
Prentice Moore, Bloomington.
Will Morgan, University Heights. Indianapolis.

Frank W. Morgan, Science Hall. Valparaiso.

Hugh C. Muldoon, 361 Garfield St., Valparaiso.

Rev. P. Benedict Oberdoerfer. University of Notre Dame. Notre Dame.

Ralph L. Records, Edinburg.

Joseph H. Reichert, 522 E. Indiana Ave., South Bend.

G. H. Shadinger, Butler College. Indianapolis.

Frank Joseph Smigel, No. 4 Victoria Hall, Valparaiso.

Paul Smith, 122 E. Ohio St., Indianapolis.

Emory Wright Thurston, Care Eli Lilly & Co.. Indianapolis.

Norman B. Tichenor, 5727 Oak Ave., Indianapolis.

Enos G. Walker, 453 College Ave.. Valparaiso.

Frank N. Wallace, State Entomologist, Indianapolis.

Francis Joseph Wenninger, Notre Dame.

Pearl Dolores AVildasin, Butler College Res.. Indianapolis.

W^alter Winkenhofer, Bloomington.

Harold E. Wolfe, 314 N. Washington St.. Bloomington.
Albert E. Woodruff, 24 S. Irvington. Indianapolis.
William L. Wright. Care Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis.
George Zebrowski, 521 State St., West Lafayette.
Ziegler,

The Treasurer's report was received.

Balance November 30, 1919 $486.26

Receipts, dues •'''*^" • ^^

Expended $249.59

Balance 541.67

Total $791.20 $791.26

Miinihs — Winter Mcdinf/. 37

Auflitor E. r.. Williiiiusnii reports on tlic iicciu-iicy of tlic 'I'rcasiin'r's
Itcport. On iiiotidii llie 'I'rciisuicr is authorized, on signature of tlic I'res-
ideiit and Secretary, to transfer from tiie Treasury to the Trustees of the
Research Endowiuent Fund the sum of .^.'UMt.dO.

Adjourned. " ' '

dENERAL f^ESSION.

Greetings were received from the re) u-esenta fives of the Stale Societies:

Dr. II. AV. liodeuhamell of tin- i:ii i-iliy ("o.. for the Branch of the Amer-
ican ("hemical Society.

Mrs. Kosseau McCleUan, Shortridge Higli School, for Audubon Society.

Mr. Henry Foltz, of Indianapolis, for the Indiana Society of Architects.

Dr. Murray X. Iladley of Tndianaiiolis. for the Indiana Medical Asso-
ciation.

Miss Ida M. Andrus of the Manual Traininu; Ili^di School, for the Nature
Study flub of Indiana.

Mr. Horace Slioide of the Eli Lilly ("omi)any. for the Scienteck ("luh of
Indiana.

The representative of the Audubon Society suggested the advisability of
arranging at some time or other f(U- a joint Spring Meeting with the Indiana
Academy of Science.

The papers of the General Session were then read in their order. At the
close of the paper number 9. entitled "A State Archaeological Survey",
the following resolution was adopted :

RESOLVED, That the Indiana Academy of Science, recognizing the
value of the prehistoric remains in this state, from the scientific, historic,
esthetic and economic standpoint, and knowing full well the destruction of
these important objects, objects that are now gone from mankind forever,
which is continually going on. expresses its interest in and its desire to
record its support of an archaeological survey of Indiana.

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED. That it is the sense (.f this Academy
that this survey should be undertaken by a trained i>erson under the direc-
ti(m of the Conservation Commission. That the officers of the Academy be
directed to transmit a copy of these resolutions to the Conservation Com-
mission and urge its acceptance (»f this work, and at the same time pledge
the co-operation of this Academy therein. That the Chair appoint a com-
mittee of not less tlian seven (7) members to assist in bringing this matter
to the attention of the Legislature, and act as a co-operative body with the
Conservation Commission and with any similar committees that nuiy be
apix)inted by other organizations to further this work.

ConDniftce on Archocoloi/ical Siirvei/.
F. B. Wynn. Hume-Mansur Bldg.. Indianapolis. Chairman.
R. W. McBride. State Life Building. Indianapolis,
W. N. Logan. Indiana Cniversity. liloomington.
Allen D. Hole, Earlham College, Richmond,
Stanley Coulter. Purdue Cniversity. Lafayette.
Charles Stoltz. South Bend.
H. S. Vorhees. Fort Wayne.
A. J. Biguey, Evausville College, Evausville.

88 Proceedings of Indiana Acadeini/ of Science.

Glen Culbertson, Hanover College, Hanover.
W. A. McBeth, State Normal School. Terre Haute.
S. F. Balcom, 3634 Bircliwoofl Ave.. Indianapolis.

I At the close of the reading of the papers of the General Session the
Academy adjourned for luncheon.
1 :30 P. M. Business Meeting —

The personnel of the Committee on Interstate Field Meetings was an-
nounced :

E. B. Williamson. Chairman.
R. C. Friesner.
W. Q. McBeth.

A resolution was presented by J. J. Davis requesting that the U. S.
National Museum provide for additional facilities for the care of insects in
conformity to the investigation and recommendation made by the Amer-
ican Association of Economic Entomologists. The following resolution was
adopted :

RESOLVED, That the Indiana Academy of Science, realizing the value of
the Division of Insects, U. S. Nati(mal Museum, to the economic need and
intellectual development of the people of the entire United States and the
immediate need of additional facilities for maintaining this work, does
hereby approve the report of the Committee of the American Association
of Economic Entomologists and the Entomological Society of America at
their St. Louis meeting. December 30 to January 2, 1920, and urge the
National Congress to support the budget of $80,000.00 submitted to its Appro-
priations Committee, and that the Secretary of the Indiana Academy of
Science be instructed to mail a copy of this resolution to the Chairman of
the Appropriations Committee and to the Indiana Representatives and Sena-
tors in Congress.

COMMITTEE ON NOMINATIONS.

The following named persons were proposed for the ottices for 1921 : On
motion they were duly elected as follows :

President — Howard E. Enders, West Lafayette.

Vice-President — F. M. Andrews, Bloomington.

Secretary — W. N. Hess, Greencastle.

Ass't Sec. — Harry A. Dietz. State Entomologist's OtHce. Indianapolis.

Treasurer — William M. Blanchard. (ireencastle.

Editor — F. J. Breeze, Muncie.

Press Sec. — F. B. Wade, Shortridge High School, Indianapolis.

Adjourned for Sectional Meetings— 2 :00 P. M.

Biological Section of 30 titles. Assembly Room; Physical Section of IS
titles. Parlor B.

Seventy-five guests participated in the Academy dinner at C :00 P. M. At
tlie close of the dinner the Academy met in the Assembly Room for a gen-
eral session open to the citizens of Indianapolis. The following interesting
illustrated lectures were presented :

"Mountain Climbing in Glacier National Park", by F. B. Wynn.

"Glaciers and Glacial Phenomena". President W. E. Stone.

This closed the 35th Session of the Indiana Academy of Science.

H. L. BRUNER, President.
HOWARD E. ENDERS, Secretary.

Prngram

THIRTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY

3lubiana Arab^my nf &mnr^

CLAYPOOL HOTEL, INDIANAPOLIS

THURSDAY AND FRIDAY

DECEMBER 2 AND 3

1920

40 Proceedings of fiididini Acmtcnnj of Scioirc

OFFICERS

H. L. Bruner, Indianapolis President

W. A. McBeth, Terre Haute Vice-President

Howard E. Enders, West Lafayette Secretar.v

R. M. Holm AN, Crawfordsville Assistant Secretar.v

Frank B. Wade, Indianapolis Press Secretary

W. M. Blanchard, Greencastle Treasurer

F. Payne, Bloomington Editor

PROGRAM COMMITTEE

Stanley Coulter
F, B. Wynn
e. r. cummings
R. C. Friesner

LOCAL COMMITTEE

A. W. Butler J. S. Wuitiirr

R. W. McBride

OUTLINE OF PROGRAM

Thursday. December 2
8 :00 P. M. Executive Committee.

Friday, December o

9:00- 9:30 A.M. Business Meeting, Palm Room.

9 :30-12 :00 A. M. General Session, Palm Room. Representatives of the
" various State Societies will be given an oi^ixirtunily to
present greetings at this session.
1 :30- 2 :00 P. M. Business Meeting, Palm Room.
2 :00- 6 :00 P. M. Sectional Meetings: Biological Sciences in the L'rilm

Room, Physical Sciences in Parlor "B."
6 :00- 8 :00 P. M. Annual Academy Dinner, in the Riley Room.
8 :00 P. M. General Session.

GENERAL SESSION
Friday, 9:30-12:00 A. M.

1. The Growth and Distribution of Population in Indiana. 20 minutes.

Charles R. Dryer, Fort Wayne, Indiana.

2. Health Service at Purdue University. 10 minutes. O. P. Terry, Pur-

due University.

3. Ulysses Orange Cox (In Memoriam). 10 minutes. Barton W. Ever-

mann. Indiana State Normal School.

4. An Appeal by an Ignoramus. 10 minutes. Robert W. McBride,

Indianapolis.

Proytani. 4.I

r>. Ueport (if a Study of Mental Ability df Cjiiidicn in ( uic Orpliaiis'

Home ill Indiana. 10 iiiiimtcs. Arllmi- A. I'Istahi-.M.k, Indianapolis,
(i. Tests for .Mcasnrin;: the l^iiiotioiis. VI minutes. S. I,. I'ressey, liiooin-

ington.
7. rnderf^raduate Kesearcli in oiir ("(.lle-,'cs and I "iii\ci-sities. I'o niinnte-;.

Horace Slioiile. Kli JJlly .^ ('(... liidiana|M.lis.
s. .Natural Resources and Education in Indiana. 1.") minutes. I'.ernard

H. Shockel. Indiana State Xorinal School.
;t. .\ Stale Archaeolo.uical Survey. 10 miniiles. .\mos \\'. I'.nilcr.

Indianapolis.

10. Our Fuel Supply. .". minutes. .\. I,. I'uley. Indiana Inivc-sity.

11. Address of Ketirinti I'residenI I'.iolo-ic.il I.mws and S.icial I'm-.-e s.

Henry Lane I'.runer, I'.uller Collej^e.

SKCrio.XAL I'KO(;UA.M
ri{ii>.\v. l.':00 I'. M.

BlOLO(;l( Al. S( IK.\( KS r.\LM KooM

Zoohtflfl

V2. WhistlinK Swans. Lantern. 1.'. minutes. .Mrs. Ktia S. Wilson. I (eiroit.

Michigan.
V.\. .Notes on the Termites of Indiana. Lantern. 10 minutes. IIarr\ V.

Dietz. Division Entomology. Indianapolis.
14. The Fresh Water Medusa^ of Boss Lake. Elkhart. Indiana. 10 minutes.

F. Payne. Indiana Tniversity.
1."). Additions to the Indiana List of l>ragoii Flies. ."» minutes. E. 15.

Williamson, Bluffton.
10. ()l)servati«ms, II: Extension of Attack of Eriophyes upon Norway

Maples. 5 minutes. Howard E. Euders. Purdue University.
17. The Anatine Genus Xyroca. and Its Nearest Allies. By title. Harry

('. Oherholser. U. S. National Museum. Washington. I). ('.
l.S. Some Observations Uixin the Pythons. 20 minutes. W. Henry Sheak.

Philadelphia. Pennsylvania.
1!). Some Mallophaga of Our Native Birds, .".o minutes. Edwin J. Kohl.

Purdue University.
liO. On the Principle of the Order of Addition in Iniiminological Hejictious.

10 minutes. Roscoe R. Hyde, Johns Hopkins I'liixcrsity.
I'l. Interdependence of Agglutinin and Cytolysin in an Immune Si-rum.

10 minutes. Roscoe R. Hyde.
L'l.'. Some Rare Indiana Birds. 10 minutes. Amos W. P.iitler.
'l'li\. Intiuence of Adrenin (m Retina and Skin of Fr(ig. 10 minutes. A. J.

Bigney. Evausville College.

Botany

2?<. A New Chromogenic Bacillus Isolated from Laboratory Media. ."> min-
utes. 1*. A. Tetrault. Purdue I'niversity.
24. The Soil Flora as Affected by ('ultivati(»n and Seasonal Variations. 1.",
minutes. Ira L. Baldwin. Purdue University.

42 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

25. A Modilicatioii of the Ilomuiiowsky Stain. 1.1 minutes. Charles L.

P>ehrens, Purdue University.
liG. Effect of Centrifugal Force upon Plants. 5 minutes. F. M. Andrews,

Indiana University.

27. Studies on the Aeration of Plants. 5 minutes. F. M. Andrews.

28. Phyllotaxis in Specularia perfoUata. 5 minutes. F. M. Andrews.

29. An Improved Method for Regulating the Thicliness of Microti.mc Sec-

tions. 5 minutes. F. M. Andrews.

30. Studies on Pollen, III. 5 minutes. F. M. Andrews.

.31. Some work with Claviceps Cultures. Lantern. 15 minutes. W. W.
Bonus, Botanical Research Lahoratory, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianai)oli'<

32. The Ustilaginales of Indiana. 5 minutes. H. S. Jackson, Piu'ilm-

Agricultural Exi^eriment Station.

33. Uredinales of Indiana, III. 5 minutes. PI. S. Jackson.

34. A Convenient Plant Press. 5 minutes. H. S. Jackson.

35. Indiana Plant Diseases, 1920. 15 minutes. Max W. Gardner, Purdue

Agricultural Experiment Station.

36. Corn Diseases in Indiana. 10 minutes. G. X. Hoffer. Purdue Agri-

cultural Experiment Station.

37. Indiana Fungi, V. 10 minutes. J. M. Van Hook, Indiana University.

38. The Pycnidinm of Cicinnoholus. 5 minutes. J. M. Van Hook.

39. A Tricotyledonous Bean. 3 minutes. J. M. Van Hook.

40. Native Plants of White County, III. By title. Louis F. Heimlich,

Purdue University.

41. Plants New to Indiana, IX. 10 minutes. Charles C. Deam. Bluffton.

42. A Species of Cuscuta Not Hitherto Reported for Indiana. 1 minute.

T. G. Yuncker, DePauw University.

43. A List of Mosses Occurring in the State of ndiana. 3 minutes. T. G.

Yuncker.

44. Mitotic Rhythms in Pisum sativum L. 10 minutes. Ray C. l<'riesner,

Butler College.

45. A Curious Variation in the Common Milkweed, Asclepias syriaca L.

By title. C. X. Ludwig, Clemson College.
45a. The White Pine Blister Rust Educational Campaign in Xew York.

Burr X. Prentice, Purdue University.
45b. Growth Rate of Red Cedar. 10 minutes. Stanley Coulter, Purdue

University.

Physical Sciences — Parlor B
Geology and Geography

4G. Some Phases of Indiana Geology. I.'j minutes. W. X. Logan. Indiana
University.

47. Some Evidence Indicating the Importance of Frost Action in '\AMdening

Valleys. 10 minutes. Glenn Culbertson. Hanover C'oUege.

48. Relationship of Stream Trenching to Uplift. 10 minutes. Clyde A.

Malott, Indiana University.

49. Planation Stream Piracy. 15 minutes. Clyde A. Malott.

50. The Muncie Esker Belt. 10 minutes. Fred J. Breeze. Indiana Slate

Xormal, Eastern Division.

51. The Highest Point in Indiana. 10 minutes. Fred J. Breeze.

Progidiii. 43

I'hi/sic.s (iinl ('In tnisi iji

'}•!. Wliitl Puts (he "lN)p" in roiicorii. Liniteni. 10 iiiiiuiti's. 11. II. Ciirr

and E. F. Ripley, Purdue University,
n."). Kecent Proj^ress in the Tse of O/niic in X'ciil -ImI ion. Id minutes. F.

O. Andere;;;;. Pui-ihic I'liivcrsily.
r>4. Training Research ("iieuiists in Iii(li;iii,i. lo niiiiiilcs. Edward (i.

Maliin. I'liiihie riii\ ersily.
.")."). Hehavior (»f Coiiper. Lead, and Ainniinnm I ndcr St retcliinj?. I/mlern.

LM) minutes. Albert E. Woodruff. I'.uthT ( "oHetie.
r.C. A Itesistance Kadio IMkmu". Lanlern. Id minutes. IJ. K. lianisay,

Indiaiui University.
.">7. -Note on Antenna' Hesistanee. Lantern. 10 minutes. H. K. jJamsay.
•IS. .\ Lonjj-Wave Receiver. Eantern. Id minutes. R. R. Ramsay.
.">!». .Vn Experiment on the Transmutation Lantern. Id minutes. A. L.

Foley, Indiana University.
(10. The Effect of the Electrodes on the l.uniinosiiy of an Electric Spark.

Lantern, "t minutes. A. L. Foley.
Ul. Li.iiht Intensity from Different Parts of an Electric Spark. Lantern.

f) minutes. A. L. Foley.
(!2. Sources of Error in Measiu'ements of the Velocity of Sound. Lantern.

10 minutes. A. L. Foley.
G.']. Some Facts About PhonojLjraphs. "» minutes. A. L. Foley.

GENERAL PROGRAM
Friday. S :00 P. M., Rilky Roo.\r
G4. The Academy Research Fund. Stanley Coulter. I'uidne University.
(;r». Moinitain Climbing in (ilacier National Park. J,antern. F. 1'.. Wynn,

Indianapolis.
(j(j. Glaciers and Glacial Phenomena. Lantern. W. E. Stone. Pre>i<!ent,
Purdue University.

ULYSSES OKAXdl-; (OX.

(in MKMdKIAM. )

Barton Wakhkx

KVKKMANN.

riysses Oranjie Cox was lioni on ji

f:inn near i'"arn

daiKl

1. itandolph

County, Indiana, Septenil.oi- l^!>. Isc, 1. lit

' died at 1 »enver. (

'olol'

alio, .\nmist

•_'.-.. lOL'O.

As a hoy livin.i; in tlic country, in dail

ly coidael with na

tore

. It was hut

natural that a real lovo for. and an into

rest in, animals ai

,d ,.

lanis shonhl

s 1 possess hhn. In llns i-cspcd ihis

l.oy was not parti

cnia

riy dilTereiil

from other hoys who liave liad tlie ureal

.U 1 fortune to h:

ive 1

leen hrouuht

up in the country: for tliei'e. Nature is

calliui;-. ever calli

111,'. ;

md rare in-

deed is tlie country hoy who fails to liea

r the call and i;i\(

■ hee

d to it. Ho

can always see the sky, the clouds an<l the stars: he sees and feels the soil.

and digs into it; he wanders throush the open w Is and the dark forests;

he learns to know the streams, the hills, the growing and ripening crops,
and the wild aiumals ahout him; daily, even hourly, he sees the l)irds. the
insects, and the shy folk that ahoiind for him who wouhl he their friend;
the domestic animals on the farm he learns to know intimately; and he
learns the sweet sounds which wind and running water, and hirds and in-
sects make when he is hunting, tishing, or merely roaming in the woods and
(ields or along the streams. This is the real productive school in which all
country boys are enrolled : the school in which more knowledge is ac(piired
than in all the after years.

Ulysses Cox early began the serious study of animals and plants. His
first published contribution to science was "A List of the Birds of Randolph
(\)nnty, Ind.," which appeared in the Ornithologist and Ofilogist. While
yet in his teens he began teaching in the country schools of his native
county. He organized the high school at Farmland and was its superinten-
dent. His experience in these schools led him to suggest a system of con-
solidated schools, since put into effect by Superintendent Driver with ex-
cellent results. In 1884 he graduated from Bryant's Commercial School at
Indianapolis. He completed the Teacher's Training course at the Ceidr.il
Normal College the next year and in the same year he entered tlu> ln<liana
State Normal School, from which he was graduated in 1889.

After teaching two years in the Farmland high school and assisting in the
spring terms in the Indiana Stale Normal School, he was elected head of
the department of general science in the State Normal School at Mankato,
Minnesota, where he made an enviable record as an organizer and inspiring
teacher. He organized and adequately equipped the chemical and physio-
logical laboratories in that institution.

Mr. Cox took leave from his teaching duties in 18!)T and entered Indiana
University, from which institution he was graduated in 1000 with the de-
gree of A. B. in zoology, his time in the University alternating with teaching
during part of the year. He received the degree of A. M. in 1902.

(45)

46 Procccdinys of IndUiiKt Acadciny of ^Science.

In the fall of 1904, rresident Parsons had an idea that he would like to
have the present writer reenter the faculty of the Indiana State Normal
School as head of the department of biology. He said that I did not have to
give a decision at once. The next spring he came on to Washington and re-
newed the invitation which was very tempting. But I had other irons in the
fire which I did not wish to let get cold. My interest in the Indiana State
Normal School was great, and when I began wondering where a good man
could be found for the place, I had an inspiration : "T. (). Cox is^the man for
you." I said to Dr. Parsons, who at once replied : "You are right ! Cox
will make an ideal head for that department; I'll write to him at once."
And thus it was that Professor Cox was called back to his alma mater in
1905, where he remained imtil his death.

ULYSSES OHAX(iE COX.

U. O. Cox's interests and abilitief< lay in many lines. He was a keen
business man. careful and methodical in his habits and methods. He was
unusually skillful in the use of tools, which was of great help to him in
deA'ising apparatus for use in his teaching. While primarily and most deep-
ly interested in zoology and botany, he was an all-round naturalist. In IStH
he was a member of the Dr. J. T. Scovell expedition to Moimt Orizaba,
Mexico. He made a collection of the birds of the region and discovered and
described a new species of towhee, Pipilo orizalxr While at the State
Normal School at Mankato he had charge of the U. S. Weather Bureau Sta-
tion at that place, making observations three times daily and posting the
records every morning. He was also employed at various times by the

Memorial of Ulysses Orange Cox. 47

Tlnited Slates Fish ('oimuission in couiR-ctlou with tlie exploration of livors
ami lakes. He built and equipped the house-boat "Megalops" with which hi-
nuulo a trip down the Mississippi River for the Minnesota Geological and
Xiitural History Survey. In 1893 he was with the writer on an investiga-
tion of the streams of Nebraska, South Dakota, and Wyoming for the United
States Fish Commission. In 1896 he studied Lake Pend d'Oreilie and cer-
l;.in streams in the State of Washington, and in August of that year he and
I went with tlic Mazanias (a club of mountain climbers, chiefly of Port-
l.iiid. Oregon I to Crater Lake, Oregon, where we made certain investiga-
tions for the U. S. Fish Commission. These investigations included the
making of several soundings and the taking of serial temperatures at 100-
foot intervals from surface to bottom of the 2,000 feet of depth of that
very wonderful lake.

Another investigation he made for the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries was a
study of the freshwater mussels (Unicmidte) of the lower Wabash River.
In a small latuu-h, towing a barge on which to carry their collections, he
and our good mutual friend, the late Dr. J. T. Scovell, examined the Wabash
critically from Terre Haute to Vincennes, with si>ecial reference to that
sjjecies of mussel known as the "mucket" (Lampsilis ligamentinus) , which
is one of the best in pearl button making. Just at that time Professors
Cicorge Lefevre and W. C. Curtis of the University of Missouri were carry-
ing on their brilliant investigations on the artificial inoculation of fishes
with the glochidia of Unioiiidie. They desired a large number of fine muck-
ets. and Professor Cox was able to supply them with abundant and excel-
lent specimens from the Wabash. In a letter to Professor Cox, Dr. Lefevre
wrote :

"I want to thank you for your kind assistance in securing for our
recent experiments at La Crosse such a fine lot of muckets and yel-
low backs. They were received in excellent condition and furnished
us with an abundant supply of glochidia for the infection of the fish.
Twenty-two of the muckets contained ripe glochidia and fifteen of the
yellowbacks, yielding altogether a sufficient quantity for the infection
of nearly the entire lot of fish which we had on hand, namely, about
25,000.

"There was no indication that the muckets were not at the height
of the breeding season, as the pouches were gorged with glochidia in
every specimen containing them, but the yellowbacks appeared to be
on the decline, as we found quite a number of completely spent fe-
males. The experiments were highly successful in every way. and
we are gi-eatly indebted to all who contributed their assistance to the
work."

Soon after his election as head of the department of Biology in the Indi-
ana State Normal School, the State Legislature i>rovided for the teaching
of agriculture in the public schools. Provision for instruction in that
subject in the Normal was at once made, and Professor Cox was placed
in charge. This was in addition to his other numerous duties. The rooms
in the basement, then occupied by the department of Biology, were soon
outgrown and. largely through the efforts of Professor Cox, a new Science
Hall, adequate in its ai)pointnients and architecturally beautiful, was soon

48 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

provided for his department. One of the unique features of this building,
the general plans for which were made by Mr. Cox, is a roof garden for
which he had longed and of which he had dreamed for many years. In that
roof garden he grew a large part of the plant material used in his Iwtanical
work.

Cox was also a good photographer, so he made provision in the new
building for a well-equipped dark-room where he developed thousands of
negatives and made vast numbers of stereopticon slides of which he made
constant use in his teaching.

In his home he had a well-equipped printing press which he had installed
for the use of his son Warren, but it is more than likely he made greater
use of it than did the son. On this press he printed the outlines of his lec-
tures, laboratory directions, syllabi of subjects, and many other aids to
teaching and for distribution among his students.

Mr. Cox possessed considerable musical ability. He sang tenor very well,
and, while at Mankato, organized and directed an orchestra in the Normal
School.

When agriculture was added to his subjects in the Normal at Terre
Haute, he found the experience and training he had gained on his father's
farm of great benefit to him and his students. He soon bought a small
farm south of town which he largely used for experimental and instruc-
tional purposes with his classes.

As already intimated in this sketch. Mr. Cox was a man of broad interests
and varied attainments ; he was an all-round man in the best sense of the
word. As a man of affairs, he was active in civic, scientitic, and educational
circles. He took a keen and active interest in matters of community and
public concern. As a naturalist, he was most interested in birds and botany,
bat his natural history studies were not confined to those lines. He early
showed an interest in mollusks as evidenced by his paper on the mollusks
of Randolph County.

Mr. Cox was equally and unusually efficient, whether in the field as a
collector and observer, or in the laboratory and class-room as student.
teacher or investigator. During his student days and as my laboratoiy
assistant in the Indiana State Normal School, he was (with the exception
of Dr. Scovell) my most frequent companion on trips a-field. Together we
explored practically all the woods, fields, ponds, and streams within a
radius of ten to fifteen miles of Terre Haute. Among favorite places to
which we frequently went were the Five-mile pond north of town. Coal
Creek, Honey Creek, and the Goose Pond some nine miles south of the
city. These were all places of unusual interest to the zoologist and to the
botanist. The Goose Pond was most interesting, t\)r there we found several
species of birds not often seen elsewhere in the county — among them the
least bittern, great bittern, coot, pied-billed grebe. Carolina rail, and Vir-
ginia rail. All of these species nested in that pond. Most interesting of
all, we found the white water lily there in abundance. Mr. Cox suggested
that we gather a considerable number of these beautiful, fragrant flowers
and take a bouquet of them to certain students who were ill. The flowers
were so abundant that we gathered not only enough to take a fine bouquet
to each student whom we knew to be ill. Init we took one to every young
lady student in our classes, and to each lady member of the faculty ! This

Mcmor'ml of J'h/ssi's Oranc/r, Cox. 49

incident is told to illustrate the kindly. synii>alli('l ic siiirit uliicli was so
ciiai-acteristic of Mr. Cox. He was ever ready to briiiii a lilllc moi-e sun-
shine into the life of any one who needed it.

As student and investigator. Mr. Cox was most painsIaUin;,' and consci-
entious. (|uiet. industrious, level-headed and cautious, lie ncscr reached
c(inclnsi(ins oi' announced results excejil such as were sustained iiy 1 he avail-
able evidence.

.\s a teacher, he was one of the very best I ever knew. His success lay
lar.i,'ely in his absolute honesty witii ins subject and his studeids. ins (|uiet.
unobtrusive manner, and his larj,'e human sympatliy. Ilis students love<l
inm : they eould not do otherwise.

As a member of the faculty, he was usefid in many ways for the .general
!,'( (1(1 of the institution. There were so many tlunss of jjeneral interest that
he could do better than any one else; and he was always willing and ready
to iK'rform any duty assigned to him. These ((ualities iieculi.iily litte(| him
to service as Dean of the Faculty, which position he held durini; the last
two years of his life, in addition to tlie regular duties of his department.

Personally Mr. Cox was one of the most lovable of men. I can do no bet-
ter than quote from the resolutions ad()i)ted by a committee of the Faculty:

"During these years of daily association we have learned to appreciate
and revere the eminent virtues of our friend and colleague. His indefatig-
able industry, his unseltish devotion to duty, even when physically incapaci-
tated, his gentle, kindly and obliging dispositicm made him admired and
loved of all, both fellow-teachers and students.

"Devoid of petty ambitions and a.spirations, his attitude towards life
was gracious and optimistic, free from carping criticism and querulousness.
Disappointment met with equanimity: success with poise and serenity.

"His strict devotion to his chosen work did not isolate or estrange him
from cordial and sympathetic human relations. Mr. Cox was ahvays the
kindly man, as well as the efficient teacher and scientific scholar."

Professor Cox was a member of numerous scientific societies, among
which may be mentioned the following:

Indiana Academy of Science : American Association for the Advancement
of Science, of which he became a Fellow in 1906: Washington Academy of
Science; New York Academy of Sciences : The Mazamas ; American Orni-
thologists' Union; Biological Society of Washington: American Forestry
.\ssociation; American Society of Naturalists; National Geographic Society :
American Nature Study Society ; and The Wilson Ornithological Club.

BTBLIOORAPHY

Herbarium and Plaut Analysis Slieets. Printed for ten years on author's
own press.

Animal Analysis for Students. State Normal School, Mankato, Minn.

Convenient and Economical Cabinet for Microscopic Slides. Journal of
Applied Microscopy and Laboratory Methods. Vol. V, No. 4.
pp. 1726-1727, Rochester, N. Y.

How to Mount Birds Without Removing the Skeleton. Science, Vol. XX.
No. 507, p. 227, October 21. 1892.

Some Notes on the Mollusks of Randolph county. Indiana. Ornithologist
and Oologist. 1893.

List of Birds of Randolph county, Indiana. Ornithologist and Oologist.
Vol. XVIII.

Description of a New Species of Pipilo from Mount Orizaba. Mexico. The
Auk. Vol. XI, No. 2, pp. 161-162, April, 1894.

How to Prepare Bird Skins, Elementary Science. Minneapolis, Minn.. Vol.

XIV, Nos. 7 and 8. Published by the School Education
Company, July and August, 1895.

Our Common Fishes, with pen drawings. Elementary Science. 1895, Minne-
apolis, Minn.. Vol. XIV.. Nos. 7 and 8. Published by the
School Education Company, July and August, 1895.

A Collection of Birds from Mount Orizaba, Mexico. The Auk, Vol. XII,
No. 4, pp. 356-359, October, 1895.

A Report upon the Fishes of Southwestern Minnesota (Rept. V. S. Fish
Comm. for 1894 and 1896 ) XX. pp. 605-616, one map.

A Report upon the Fishes of the Missouri River Basin. (Joint author with
Barton W. Evermaun) Rept. V. S. Fish Comm. for 1S*^>4
(1896) XX, pp. 325-429.

The Fishes of the Neuse River Basin. (Joint author with Barton W. Ever-
mann) Bull. IT. S. Fish Comm. for 1895 (March 2. 189<r).

XV, pp. 303-310.

A Preliminary Report on the Fishes of Minnesota. Geol. and Nat. Hist.

Surv. Minn., Zool. Series III, pp. VIII 93, one plate. March.

1897.
Some Botanical Notes on Pine Island in Lake Vermilion, Minn., illustrated

with photographs by the author, 1902.
The Zoological Survey of Minnesota. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. for 1901 (1902).

pp. 89-93, one text figure.
The Pileated Woodpecker {Ceophalaeuii pileatus) in Minnesota. The auk.

Vol. XIX, No. 3, pp. 288-289, pi. X., July. 1902.
A Revision of the Cave Fishes of North America. Report l'. S. Bureau

Fisheries for 1904 (September 5, 1905). pis. 1-Vl. text-tigs.

1-11. pp. 377-393.

(50)

PRKSIDKNTIAL ADDRKSS

BIOLOGICAL LAWS AND S()(MAL PKOCRKSS.

UY

n. L. Brunehi.

Ill such a nuH'tiii^' as this it is entirely proper to recall tlie serviees of
science to man. the discoveries whicli have contrihntetl to his hcaltli and
comfort and ffiven liim knowledge of tlie world in which he lives. l?y the
aid of science man has acfiuired such control ovei- nature as his iiuatrination
formerly attrihuted only to the pids. To<lay, he mounts into the air with
Mercury, dives into the deep with \ei>tune. and when he sjieaks from the
summit of some IMt. Marconi, his voice is heard in the uttermost part of
the earth. These discoveries, and especially the f<reat services of the sci-
entist in the world war. have won for science a high place in popular esteem.

But peace has hrou.eht deuuinds that are no less insistent than those of
war. At the present time all progressive nations are facing certain social
problems which were already pressing for solution in 1914. In the strain
and stress of war the i.ssues have been more sharply defined. Scientists may
assist in the solution of these problems by the contribution of discoveries
and inventions which make for better living, but such relief will be only
temporary. A more lasting contiibution. I believe, may be made by empha-
sizing those biological principles which must control all jirogressive evolu-
tion, both in society and elsewhere in the organic world. I wish, therefore,
in the ix>rformauce of the task assigned to me Jis president of the Academy,
to call your attention to an old theme: namely, the imixtrtance of the gen-
eral laws of biology in social progress.

That the evolution of human society follows the same laws that control
evolution in other fields, is a fact often repeated since Herbert Spencer and
Huxley insisted on its importance. In both cases evolution is essentially a
process of differentiation and integration of parts or units originally alike
and equal. The nature of these changes is shown in the embryonic develoi»-
ment of every higher plant or animal, the multiplii-ation of cells being fol-
lowed, on the one hand, by divi.sion of labor, formation of tissues, organs
and organ systems, on the other hand, by coordination and integration of
associated parts to form a complete whole. Societies are formed in the
same way. Beginning with a group of individuals which do all kinds of
work, by division of labor and cooperation they form complex organizations
which are able to accomplish vastly more than separate individuals could
do. Here, also, as in animal and plant bodies, the greater the division of
labor, the more dependent become the pjirts on the whole, the more de-
pendent the whole upon the parts.

This tendency to differentiation in organisms is limited by other laws
which produce more or less uniformity and stability. In embryonic life this
conservatism leads to a repetition of ancestral history, in which the em-
bryo follows a certain definite path and gives rise to an individual of a

(51)

52 Proceedings of Indiatm Academy of ^Science.

defiiiito pattern. Even embryo man is not ashamed of his ancestors, although
some adult men are. If this condition dominates both adult and eml»ryonic
life, the species may continue indefinitely without change, like the brachi-
opod Lingula, the same today as in Cambrian time. Differentiation on the
other hand, creates new species and thus forms the basis of progressive
evolution. Continuous repetition of the process through long periods of time
has given rise to all the higher animals and plants. In the great majority of
organisms, however, progress has been slow, and in many cases, has ceased
altogether. Of the vast number of species that now live, or have lived, on
the earth, only a few liave found the path leading to high ranlv.

These diftei-ences in the caiKicify of organisms for progressive evolution
may be explained in n way by sayin-i that certain types are moi'e plastic
than other-. Some are easily moulded into new shapes, while others clumge
slowly (u- not at all. When such a species reaches the limit of dirt'erentia-
tion permitted by its organizaticn, it may continue to exist cu the same
plane, but it can not advance. According to Herrick, the evolution of the
whole group of arthopods has been definitely limited by the lack of plasticity
of the ladder type of nervous system, which apparently reached its highest
development in cretaceous insects about two million years ago. At the same
time also were established those rigid instincts which have continued with-
out change down to the present. The more plastic tubular nervous system
of the vertebrates, on the other hand, has shown itself capable of enor-
mous development, and has provided the nervous equipment of those ani-
mals in which inherited instincts are largely controlled by intelligence.
With a nervous system constructed on the tubular plan, the mammals have
advanced farther than other animals, but among these only the primates
reached the highest grade of development. From this group finally came
man.

With the advent of man the old laws of evolution continue to operate,
but they are more or less under the control of intelligence, which becomes
a factor of increasing importance. As men were drawn together for pro-
tection or otherwise, societies were formed and division of labor occurred,
but no physical differences api^eared. such as are found in other animal
societies, and thus each individual man retained the capacity to do all
kinds of work. In such societies were laid the foundations for those col-
lective activities, such as language, literature, science and government,
whicli go to make up civilization. Henceforth each generation receives not
only the heritage of the germ cells but also a heritage of knowledge accumu-
lated by previous generations. By virtue of man's superior mental capacity,
eacli generation appropriates the inherited wisdom, adds its own contribu-
tion to the general store and transmits the whole to its successor. In this
manner the social heritage is enlarged.

Continuous operation of the general laws of evolution in human history
is indicated by the appearance of different types and races of men, the
inhabitants of different regions showing different characteristics, as in the
case of lower organisms. As population and division of labor increased,
more or less permanent conditions developed, but many of the early societies
have doubtless disappeared without leaving a trace of their existence,
while others are known oidy by implements or otluM- remains. Among the
surviving peoples all grades of culture are re)iie ented. many luiving ceased

1 r\i<\\\

linn

liic iiiiiiKili linily li;is sliiiwii

>sl.nni.

Mil

■ ('i-.i-.M;iL'ii<in TMcc \vlii<'ii in-

tillir W
ill iiici

;is 1
il:ii

'iill\ ('(|ii.'il In Miodcni man in
cip.icily. A similar stal)ility

<. (>Ml.\

• by

addiui,' In his social licritatic

Biolof/icdl Ldirs (iiul Sacial /'rof/rcfiS. 53

In a<l\Miico Inns hofnro they camo in cnnlact willi llic nmrc prnfircssive na-
linns of western Europe.

I MiriiiR tills loiif; iKM-ind (d' sncia
iin irroat changes. Accordinji In <
liahited Eiii-o]h' dnrins paleolithic
pliysical development, perhaps also
is shown hy man's animal instincts,
has man adviuiced.

Heneeforth human prof;ress has iiccn iarircly a scries of attempts to
solve certain fundamental problems. One of \ho lirst of these to receive
atteidion was the problem of government. After experimenting; with vari-
ous systems, some democratic, some aulncratic, many including caste and
slavery, the more advanced iiatidus nf the world have adoi>ted the demo-
cratic ideal of equal units cnni.cnitiiii,' in such a manner as to secure both
I he freedom of the individual and lh(> s(>curity of the state. Under this
ideal, differentiation is linuted to differences in mental capacity, we.ilth
nr occupation, and each individual is free to make the most of himself. The
ensuing struggle results in the d(>velnpment of the fittest and thus pmnurtes
the welfare of society.

Recently the adequacy of this ideal has been called in question by the
advocates and supporters of a new experiment in class government. In
Russia, the ancient stronghold of democracy, revolution has usurped the
Itlace of evolution, the government of the Czar has been overthrown, and
in its place has been set up an autocracy of the proletariat, "the worst
autocracy the world has even known". This system destroys the incentive
to individual effort by denying the right to hold private i»roiterty or to
engage in private enterprise. liy confiscating the property of the cipitni-
istic classes, this system has thus far maintained itself and is spreading i's
poison throughout the world. In the immediate future it is a factor to he
reckoned with, both in Europe and Asia. Spasmodic outbreaks may also
occur elsewhere, nevertheless the influence of Bolshevism seems to be
waning as its funds approach the point of exhaustion, and the final result
of the experiment, apparently, will be to strengthen the cause of govern-
ment by all the people.

Another problem, the .soluticm of which lies still in the future, is the
liroblem of international relations. The need of adju.stment in tliis field
has been recognized only in recent times. In international affairs, the rise
of civilization has been marked by natural selection, — the "ape and tiger
method" which figured so largely in the evolution of lower organisms. In
the past, and even in recent time, attempts have been made to justify this
method on various grounds. But conditions have changed. Modern na-
tions are no longer isolated, as were the ancients. By increase <tf popula-
tion and by improved means of communication the nations of the world
have become one. and the prosperity of every state is closely linked with
that of its neighbors. These common interests of nations demand a recog-
nition of their oneness in international law. — a recognition of the principle
of cooperation in place of natural selection. Unfortunately the high hopes
that were conceived during the war have not yet been fully realized. But
some progress has been made. The s<ime need that led individual man to
form societies is now insisting on the formation nf a society of mitions.

54 Proceedings of IndUnia Acadiini/ of Scicitcc.

Some sort of a working league of all leading nations seems to he the next
step forward.

The importance of more complete coordination in the industrial affairs
of nations has hecome more and more apparent during recent years. A
modern state is composed of many industrial groups, each one seelcing
special advantages for its memhei's, and ofhMi without regard for the in-
terests of otlier groups or for the good of society. Labor decides to strike
in order to obtain a larger share of the profits of industry, employers en-
deavor to enforce their demands b.v means of the lockout. The result, in
both cases, is an interruption of industry, while the damage too often falls
chiefly on the innocent public. A few generations ago strikes and lockouts
were used only as weapons of last resort, to obtain redress for grievances,
either real or imagined. Today they are often used as a matter of policy,
whenever the time is favorable for advancing the interests of the party
concerned. The necessity of society thus becomes the golden opportunity
of both capital and labor, and so dependent is society on the continuous
operation of certain industries, that swift calamity would follow even a brief
interruption of work. The ix)ssibility of a general strike of coal miners or
railway employees has been brought uncomfortably near during recent
years.

In this country, at the present time, there is no reason for alarm in re-
gard to the final outcome of such a strike. Certain compromises would be
made, work would finally be resumed and the authority of society would be
vindicated. Such a settlement, however, would not prevent a repetition of
the disturbances. In those industries which are essential to the public wel-
fare, both strikes and lockouts must be prevented, and this can be done
only by removing the cause. In the great industrial expansion of the past
century, certain organizations of capital and labor have been formed In the
social body, but the hormones which should regulate their activities are
lacking. Differentiation has outrun coordination. It is necessary to adjust
the relations between society and the classes so that the welfare of all
shall be safeguarded. When the classes recognize the fact that they are
merely organs of the social body, and when they realize that this depend-
ence carries with it duties as well as rights, then it will be possible to en-
act laws which will insure a reasonable measure of industrial peace. Only
by such cooperation can the classes reach their own highest good.

Some progress has been made toward this goal. Employers and employees
are beginning to appreciate their obligations. Labor did its share to win
the war and it has generally resisted the seductive advances of Bolshevism.
It is to be hoped that the lesson of cooperation learned during the war
will help to solve the problems of peace. Failure to accomplish this must
mean failure in everything. Only when a species is headed for destruction
are violations of the laws of coordination tolerated, even for a time.

Other social problems which are calling for attention, are due to violation
of certain laws of reproduction. The growth of human population is sub-
ject to the same general laws that hold good among lower forms. The in-
crease of every species must eventually reach a limit, and this limit has
actually been reached by the great majority of living species,— a stage in
which the average increase equals the average death-rate, and population

liliniis ni'c f;i \(ir;i

lilc (ir uu-

ililii'iiiiii iiiiiy lie 1

(•iii])(»rary

("ISC. under fav(»i

ral>k' con-

liilc iiiifavorahle (

•onditious

Biological Laws and Social /'rof/rrss. 55

tlucfiialcs only sli;;lilly from liinc to tiiiic, a
r.n.u-ahlc for additions. Siicli a condidon (
or il may conlinnc indclinitcly. In llic fo
ililions, il may he followed by a new increase, wli
may load to actual decrease and linal extermination.

In the case of man, the increase of population must ho limited finally hy
the su])ply of food and other necessities. In China and India, at the pres-
ent time, population varies directly with the fof)d supply. A similar condi-
tion, which existed in Japan for more than 150 years, was brought to an end
iiy contact with Western civilization and the adoption of AVestorn methods
and inventions. As a result, population in Japan increased 00 per cent,
from 1871 to 1915, and the increase still continues. A somewhat similar
change occurred in Europe after the Industrial Revolution. About 300
.\cars ago the population of Eux'Oiie had become stationary because of a
high death-rate due to war. famine and i)lagues. When the discoveries of
science made possible the control of devastating diseases and provided for
a more constant food supply, population increased rapidly. At the present
time, because of a declining birth-rate, population is again apjiroaching
e(|uilibrium. — a condition already reached in France. In England, between
1S71 and 1911, the rate of increase declined from 1..38 per cent, per annum
to 1 per cent, per annum, and the same tendency is evident in the rintod
States and elsewhere. According to East, the high cost of living, due to
decrease of the food supply, is the chief cause of this decline, but it is not
the only cause.

Under conditions now existing in international affairs, when ndlitnry
strength is one of the chief concerns of nations, the present tendency of the
birth rate is naturally considered undesirable. If the population of France
h:id increased as rapidly as that of Germany after 1871. the Kaiser would
probably have hesitated to begin the world war in 1914. But the laws
which control population are not easily changed to satisfy national ambi-
tions or fears. It is well, therefore, to recognize the fact, that unless
science comes to the rescue with improved methods of food production, the
birth-rate of civilized nations must continue to decline until population be-
comes stationary.

The deplorable feature of the situation, from a biological standpoint, is
the fact that the decline of the birtlv-rate is selective: it is greatest in those
classes of society, which by reason of heredity and education, should be ex-
l>ectO(l to contribute offspring of greatest value. Such conditions have not
Ikhmi confined to modern times. In the two centuries from 500 F>. ('. to .300
I'.. ('.. Greece produced a group of men whose achievements, judged hy
modern standards, indicate native ability of a high order. But the bril-
liant Athenian race declined, and many smaller groups. — families of states-
men, artists and scholars of later centuries, have completely disappeared.
Few families of this class, according to Broman. survive a period of 250
years.

In these modern times, society takes the talented child and educates
him largely at public expense, in order that he may contribute something
of immediate value to the state, but the conservation of this talent for the
UM> of future generations is a matter in which society has taken little
interest. Man is wasteful of coal and of other resources of the earth, but

56 Proceedhifjs of T)iiri(ni(t Acddciiij/ of l^cience.

for these he has at least the hope that he may find substitutes. The. most
deplorable waste is the waste of the hereditary sources from which genius
springs. Professor Cattell tells us that a Harvard graduate has, on the
average, three-fourths of a son. a Vassar graduate, one-half of a daughter.
College graduates are regularly informed by the comraencemeut speaker
that they are the salt of the earth, the leaven of the whole lump of society,
but in a biological sense the leaven is weak and the salt has lost much of its
saltness. The call for highly eilnc-itt'd men in the universities, colleges
and the professions is greater today than ever liefore and it is certain to
increase. If present tendencies continue, the future will see a great drain
on the biological resources of the civilized nations.

In order to improve his stock, the breeder of domestic animals selects
only perfect specimens ; lie knows that elimination of the superior animals
will mean race deterioration. Has human mental capacity declined be-
cause the talented ones of past ages failed to i)erpetuate their kind? There
are those who believe that such a decline has occurred since the days of
Aristotle. Perhaps it is safe to say there has been no great improvement.
But this much is certain. Heredity is a factor in mental evolution, and if
hiunan talent had maintained itself in the past without loss, the average
mental capacity of modern civilized man would lie higlier than it actually is.
Whether a decline of this average mental capacity has occurred, or will
hereafter occur, must depend on the relation between losses and gains. To
balance the loss of talent in the educated classes, there is the possibility
of increase from mutations, or talent may increase in a latent condition.
We know that heritable variations have occurred in the past; the exist-
ence of different races of men is sufficient evidence of this. But if this
evidence seems to justify the belief that progressive mutation of the
mental faculties occurs today, we are still ignorant in regard to the fre-
quency of their occurrence. We are not certain that they replace any
considerable part of the losses of talent in civilized countries. There is,
however, more or less latent talent among men, in families whose members
are imdeveloped because of lack of education. In the United States and
other progressive nations the amount of such talent may also be aug-
mented by immigration. From all of these sources, it is possible the in-
crease may be sufficient to fill the places made vacant by the extermination
of educated families. But substitution is not restoration. The losses on the
firing line can not be made good by calling up the reserves; the total
strength of the army is nevertheless reduced. We must conclude that man
is advancing socially at the expense of his biological heritage. Whether
this heritage is increasing or decreasing is uncertain, but under the most
favorable conditions, society is falling behind the high development of which
it is capable. At present the only hope for improvement lies in a cam-
paign of education. Society should see to it that the rewards of service are
sufficient to enable the educated man to live a normal life as head of a fam-
ily. The educated man should appreciate his obligations to society. The
problem is to discover a way to utilize available talent and at the same time
to conserve it for future generations.

But if civilization has been unfavorable for the reproduction of the edu-
cated classes, it has been especially favorable for the reproduction of the
uneducated. In fact, it has become a veritable paradise for the unfit. In

fiiolof/icdl Ltiiis (111(1 SdcidI f'rof/rcss. 57

lii< I icaliiiciit (if the (IcpciKlciit cl.isscs. man lias susi.cikIcH I lie process ,,f
MatiirnI selection: ho \n-csvv\vs and cares Uiv the menially nnC.irt unalc.
])('rmils tliein In nniltiply. and \>y marriauc with noinial individuals, to
increase the nundier <>\' tainted persons in the community. At the same
time he is placiiiLT on sociely the burden of caring for an increasing number
of persons who are totally nnaiile to care for themselves. Tiie seriousness
of this problem is well known and considerable progress lias l)een made to-
ward a solution. Increase of the aitnornial must he prevented by proper
measures, and the entire group of defectives must be reduced to the lowest
possilile minimum. At the same time, ediication of the i)ublic in regard lo
the importance of eugenic marriage will reduce the number of tainted per-
sons in society.

The entire situation, as I have described it, may be summarized as fol-
lows: In the development of society certain laws of progressive evolution
h.ive been violated. Man has produced an artificial environment in which
the defective classes are increasing while the educated classes are not per-
petuating themselves. He has permitted the formation of .social .groups
but has not insisted on the proper coordination of these organs of the social
^ody. In international affairs he still employs the "ape and tiger methods"'
.)f his ancestors. The scientist is interested in the solution of the.se problems
because he is a citizen, and since the problems are largely scientific, he
should assist in their solution. I will not go as far as Groves, who says
that since the scientist has made our era. he is also icsixmsible for its
proi)lems. The duty of the .scientist is investigation. Our social problems
have ari.sen because of the weakness of human nature. The supreme test is
this: .Can human intelligence devi.se plans for o\-ercoming the defects of
our social system, and having found such plans will it be able to make them
effective? Looking backward at the progress already made, there is reason
for encouragement. Present conditions have been reached through a long
Itrocess of development. There is every reason to believe that the .scientific
era of society has only begun. If all rif the best elements will join In
enforcing the necessary obedience to the fundamental laws of evolution, the
golden age of .society is yet to i>e. Such a future can be achieved only
t hrougli cooperation.

llciilUi Scfficc (il I'lirdiic I 'iiircrsil i/. 59

lIP:AI/riI SKKVICI'] AT ITKDIIK I'M VIIUSITV.

O. r. Tkkkv. -M. S.. M. 1>., I'mdiir liiivcrsilv.

In University work as in Iridiistriai work it lias Ix-cn !•(«(•( ij.'nizO(l for a
long time tliat health is of ahsolute fundaimnlal iiiiportaiicc. In 1012
there was estahlishtnl at Purdne I'niversity wlial is known as a .MiMJical and
Infirmaiw Service. The primary ohjeet of tliis was liic incvcniion of dis-
ease, especially of the contagious group. < Miier less iinporlant oi>.jects were
the first aid and sulisecpient treatment of injuries received in the iKTforni-
ance of University duties. Also the examination of any student wiio con
sldered himself unfit for University duties, especially athletic or military.
Still another ohjeet was to provide the student with some linancial aid in
case hospital care hecame necessary. The rules established in 1!)12 for
governing the working of this service were simple. Tliat they have been
satisfactory is evident because tliey lia\-e i-emained ]iraclically unclninged
during the past eight years. The rules governing this service are us follows :

"In order to encourage students to exercise greater care in the preserva-
tion of their health and prevention of disease, the University authorities
have organized a Medical and Infirmary Service which ]>rovides for each
student the opportunity fen- free consultation with a competent medical
adviser, and. when neces.sary, for reception at either of the hos|titals at
Lafayette for a limited time, free of charge.

"The regulations governing this service are as follows :

1. Fee.^ — Each resident student is recpiired to pay annually at the time
of registration a medical and infirmary fee of $1.00.

L*. Consultation. — The University physician will be in his ottice at Stanley
Coulter Hall at regular hours daily for consultation on matters of health by
any student, free of charge.

3. Hospital Service. — With the approval of the University Physician, any
student in good standing may be r(<ceived in the St. Elizabeth Hospital
or the Home Hospital of Lafayette during the academic year, and the nec-
essary hospital charges will be defrayed by the University to an extent
not to exceed $1.50 per day and for a time not to exceed seven days.

4. Contagious Di.sease. — Following an absence from the University due
to contagious di.sease a certificate of health must be obtained from the
University Physician before re-entrance.

5. First Aid. — In accidents or emergencies occurring on the cami)us
in connection with University duties first aid will be administered by the
University physician without charge.

n. Exceptions. — Medical attendance at the homes of students or at the
hospitals: drugs and medicines; treatment of injuries received in physical
exercises and contests: and treatment <»f certain specific and chronic dis-
eases are not included in the above privileges.

7. Nothing in the above is to be construed as interfering with the right
of any student to employ the services of any physician in a private capacity,
but if in so doing he wishes to avail himself of the hospital privilege as
above provided, the approval of the I^niversity physician is necessary."

60 Proceedings of Tn(]i<nia Academy of Science.

In addition to what the above rides specify, the Department of Phar-
macy has nnderta]<en the task of filling, free of charge, the prescriptions
written for the stndents by the ITniversity physician. This is for the pur-
pose of giving tlie students in Pliarmacy some practical experience in filling
prescriptions. This work is, of course, done under the careful suj^ervisiou
of an experienced Pharmacist.

Some points in the above rules need some explanation. It will he noted
in rule 1 that all resident studciits are required to pay the fee, whicli means
that the instructional staff and other employees of the University are not
entitled to the service. In regard to rule 2, it will be seen that the Univers-
ity physician is not required to give treatments. This applies especially to
treatments requiring the training of a specialist, for example, eye, ear, nose
and throat work and genito-urinary work. However, in tliese cases,
advice is given as to where proper treatment may be received. In regard to
rules 3 and 7, it has been found by practical experience that it is better that
the hospitals notify the University physician daily of the admission of
students for the past twenty-four hours. The allowance of $1.50 per day
covers the necessary expenses in a private ward. If any student desires
more expensive surroundings he may have them at his own expense. Rules
4 and 5 are self-explanatory. It will be noted in rule 6 that the care of in-
juries due to athletics, whether they be caused by inter-collegiate or inter-
class games, is not a part of the University physician's duties. Such in-
juries are taken care of by the Athletic Association which has a surgeon
of its own, and whose duties bear no relationship to those of the University
physician. The last part of rule 6 is in reference to such chronic conditions
as tuberculosis and chronic heart and kidney troubles, and e.specially to
venereal diseases. Of course, we know that these latter exist, but it has
never been felt that the University life was endangered by them.

The medical adviser in this organiaztion is a licensed physician, who de-
votes an average of three hours a day to the dispensary work, in addition
to which he exercises supervision OA'er the admissions to the hospitals. The
variety of the experiences given in the dispensary may be seen in the
appended list of diseases, which also includes the number of times those
diseases api^eared for diagnosis.

It is, of course, impossible to make any more than an estimate of the
value of this health service to the student liody. It certainly would seem to
be worth cosiderably more than its cost to the students. During 1909,
1910 and 1911 the average number of students in the hospitals during the
school years averaged about 75, During 1911'. 191:! and 1914 the average
number dropped to below GO, even with a slightly greater attendance at the
University, Since this time the ho.spital attendance increased to 185 during
the last school year, 1919 and 1920. This increased inimher is due to three
factors. First, that the attendance at the University was 75 per cent
greater than in 1910. Second, to the fact that the students took greater
advantage of the opportunity afforded for hospital treatment, and. third,
to the epidemic of influenza. The second fact is attributed in part to the
experiences of the students with medical and hospital work during the war.
During last year there were only three deaths among the resident stud-
ents, two following mastoiditis and one appendicitis. Our experience with
contagious diseases has been very satisfactory. Last year there were:

JfcalUi Snricc a' I'linhir I iiivrrsil y.

61

sciiiU't fever live cases, small pox 4 cases, diphUieria L' cases, chicken pox
1 case, mumps 2r» cases, and measles 2 cases. This list, of course, does not
include the relatively enormous lumdier of cases of hronchitis, coryza and
•j\\]i which some called influenza. That tiic student hody availed itself of
the advantages of the disi»ensary service is indicated hy the fact that of the
•J.T.'JO students, who were eligihle to the servic-e, 1,249 took advantage of it.
These 1,249 pre.sented themselves to the oftice of the T'niversity physician
1.!>S() different times with (for them) different illnesses. For some of these
illnesses many calls at the otiice were necessary so that the total nundiei- of
otiice consultations or treatments, given hy the University physician during
the school year, was probahly in excess of ;j,(X)0. The nund)er of prescrip-
tions lilled by the Pharmacy Department was 3,000. In addition to the
.ilKive figures 1,100 excuses were written for the Military Department.

List of diseases, with the number of times they occurred, which were
diagnosed and given a varying number of treatments in the otfice of the
r 111 versify physician, Purdue University, during the school year, 1919-1920.

BLOOD— CIKCULATION—DUCTLESS GLANDS.

Anaemia — 1
llyjiertrophy of Heart-
.Mitral Regurgitation—
.Myocarditis — 1
Tacchycardia — 4
Faint— 1

Varicocele — 1
Tiymphadenitis — 13
Lymphangitis— 1
(ioitre (simple) — 1
Hyperthyroidism — 1

CUTANEOUS.

Cliilblain— 2
I lost Bite— 1
Tinea Circinata — 6
Tinea Cruris — 45
Tinea Psycosis — 6
Wound (Abraded)— 13
Wound (Puncture) — 2
Wound (Lacerated) — 19
Wound (Infected)— 75
Impetigo Contagiosa — 2
Paronychia — 7
liurn— 6
Boil— 31
Stye— 2

I'urunculosis— 13
Acne Vulgaris — 16
Ingrown Toenail — 2

Pediculosis — 2
Scabies — 2
Seborrhea — 1
Dandruff— 1
Impacted Cerumen— 2
Otitis Externa— 1
Hyperhydrosis — 1
Urticaria — 16
Eczema— 22
Psoriasis — 5
Clavus— 2
Pruritis — 3
Rhus Poisoning — 12
Sumach Poisoning — 1
Verruca — 9
Vaccination — 3

Proceedings of IikVulji Academy of Science.

DKJESTION.

stomatitis — 3
Gingivitis — 1
Hyperplasia of Gum over

Wisdom Tooth— 10
r'alculus in and Infection of

Wliarton's Duct — 1
Mumps — 25
Herpes Labialis — 4
Hyperchlorliydria — 5
Indigestion — 28
Gastritis— 8
Enteritis — 6
Gastro-Enteritis — 1

Api)endicitis — 1
Colitis— 13

Intestinal Toxaemia — 5
Ptomaine Poisoning^2
Rectal Fistula— 1
Constipation — 50
Biliousness — 4
P^'latulency — 3
Diarrhoea — 21
Hemorrhoid — 7
Taenia Saginata — 1
Oxyuris Vermicularis — 1

RESPIRATION.

La Grippe — 167
Bronchitis — 453
Epistaxis — 3
Ulcer on Nasal Septum-
Frontal Sinusitis — 13
Coryza — 142
Pharyngitis— 265
Laryngitis— 12

Tonsilitis— 120

Broncho Pneumonia — 1

Influenza — 1

Asthma — 2

Pleurisy — 4

Incipient Tuberculosis — 1

Arrested Tuberculosis — 1

OSSEOUS— ARTirULAR-MUSCULAR.

Rheumatism (Articular) -
Rheumatism ( Muscular )-
Myalgia — 17
Myositis — 5
Hernia — 2
Sprain — 15

-6 Broken Arch— 3

-15 Sacro Iliac Joint (Movable) — 1

Exostosis — 2

Tendo Synovitis — 1

Infection Alveolar Process — 1

SYSTEMIC.

Scarlet Fever — 1
Small Pox — 1
( 'hicken Pox— 1
Measles— 2
Liberty Measles — 1

Herpes Zoster-
Gout— 1
Lead Colic— 1
Abscess — 5

NERVOUS.

Concussicm of Brain-
Headache— 22
Neuralgia — 8
Neurasthenia — 1
Epilepsy — 1

Insomnia — 1
Paralysis — 3
Hysteria — 1
Neurosis — 4

Hiccoughs— 1

UcdllJi Scrcicf' at I'lmluv Unicvraily.

03

Eye Strain— 9
Foi-eiKii Body in Eye
Conjunctivitis — 40

RECEPTOR.

-13

Eustachitis — 1
Otitis Media-^

I »ysnienorrhoea — 1
Endometritis — 1
Orcliitis— 2
Vesiculitis— 2

GENITO— URINARY.

Phimosis — 5
Acute Nephritis — 2
Cystiti.s— 1
Polyuria — 3

65

SO.MK CIKSSKS l!V AX K I .\( »KA.M I S.

RoiSKltT W. ;\I(I'.llll)K

Tlic ;(\('r:iiic iiiiiii of science, \\lieii lie lic;ir^ I hi- |i:i|)ei- re;Hl. is lil<e!y
to exclaim with I'lipe.- -ImuiIs lusli in where aniiels leiir t.i I read". I
frankly confess myself an ij-'neramdiis as lo matters of scionco. I can claim
only such superficial Icnowledsjre of matters that are conunonly classed as
scientific, as may be ac(iuire<l by any busy professional man wiio thinks,
and whose tlion.uhts carry him beyond the lioundaries of liis own jtrofession.
We are surrounded by mattei-s clothed in myst(>i-y. To tlie man who thinks,
thei'e is nothing more fasciiialiiiir than ;i study of these mysteries. We
\\;int "to see the wheels j^o round". ;ind lo learn what makes them .no. As
.•I i;-eneial tliiii.i:. liowevei'. our tiiinkinj: can'l carry us very far. We lind llic
prcitleiiis ll(■r|lie.\in'^^ and we are cnnleiil to leave their solution to men of
science, and are jii-one to a((ept llieii- explanations as liie average ortliodox
churchman lakes his tlie)lo<iy. — on I'aiiii. ( >ccasi(iuaily. however, we find
heterodoxy in matters of science, as well ;!< in malters of theology. Some-
how some of the explanations do not seem to explain. F<u' instance. — ^tlie
attempts of science to explain the problems ri'lating to life and evolution
fail to satisfy me. This of course may lie due to my ignorance, and to my
inability to comprehend. Still an ignoramus may have ideas, and though
his ideas may he wide of the mark, may there not be times when even
ignorance stumbles onto a truth?

All ;ibont us are living things, hut what is it that nuikes them liveV What
is life? All about us are different types of living things, Imt what is the
cause of the difference? Were they all different from the beginning, or did
they all begin alike, and have the differences resulted from causes operat-
ing since they began? Has man always beini man, or did he begin as
something else?

I am encoura,ged to make some suggestions concerning these matters,
because as to life science gives no satisfactory answer, and as to evolution
many things are advanced that are confessedly mere guess work. When
men of science attempt to tell what life is. their answers remind one of
the Lord's answer to Job in the whirlwind. — ''Who is this tliat darkeneth
counsel by words without knowledge?" As a rule, they u.se a multitude of
words and end with a guess. Two of tb(> latest pronouncements that have
come to my knowledge ;ire by Sir (Miver Lodge an<l our own Edison. Sir
Oliver Lodge, in one of his latest published utt(U-anc(-s. says:

"To show that the living princiide in -a seed is not one of the forms
of energy, it is sufficient to remember that that seed can give rise to
innumerable descendants throu.i,di countless .treuerations without
limit. It is nothing like a constant iiuanlily of something to be
shared, as there is in all examples of energy. 'I'here is no conserva-
tion about it. The end embodies a stimulating and oi-ganizing iirin-
ciple which appears to well from a limitless source."

In a recent issue of the Seientilic American. I lind an interviev*- with
Edison, who says that —

66 Proceed 'nif/s oj IndUnid Acddciini of i^riciicr.

"Life, like matter, is indestrnctiblc There has always heeii a
certain amount of life in this world, and theic will always he the
same amount. You cannot create life: you ciuuiot di'strdy life: you
cannot multiply life."

Afiain. he says : —

"I l)elieve our bodies are comiKised of myriads of iidinite<iiual
entities, each of which is a unit of life, which hand toi^ether to huild
a man."

.Sir Oliver Lod^e does not attemi(t to tell us what life is. h\it is ((uite
po.sitive that it is )iot a form of enerjiy. and one of his reasons is that it is
without linnt. Life can create new life through countless generations and
without limit. While Edison seems equally contident that there is oidy a
limited amount of life in the world; that there has always heen a certjiin
amount, which can be neither increased nor diminished.

Theories of life and theories of evolution, as I understand them, are close-
ly interrelated. AVhile evolution is no longer a mere theory. h;it is an
accepted and a demonstrated fact, the liniit> within which it is thus
demonstrated and acepted are, it seems to me. far from beinu settled, and
it is difficult to determine where fact ends and imagination begins. Thus.
we are told by the evolutionist of a germ, — an atom of protoplasm that in
some mysterious way and at some time in the dim and distant past ap-
peared in pi'imeval slime, and from which all liviim things have been
evolved, and that this germ was the bearer of life to or.r globe, of course
evolution, as thus conceived, assumes the pre-existenee, somewhere, of this
initial germ, this life bearer. If we become incpusitive concerning the life
with which this initial germ was charged, they sidestep, and we are
blandly informed that evolution does not deal with origins or with begin-
nings,— it only deals with the way things have gone on since the germ ai>-
peared. I find that where knowledge ends, science does not hesitate to
.guess, surmise and imagine. So various guesses aiv ventured concerning
the germ, with its inseparable companion or property, life: among others,
that the original germ may have been wafted to us from space on the wings
of an atom of cosmic dust. T.ut as our earth is itself, relatively to the
lunverse. only a speck of dust in illinutable space, this guess only transfers
the genesis of the germ to some other speck of cosmic dust, and tells us
nothing of the life it carried. Another guess is that through some myster-
ious process of nature's chemistry. i)rotoplasm happened to form, with
life as one of its insei)arable jn-operties. and chemists have been industri-
oiisly trying to learn just bow this ha])]ien(Ml and to make artificial proto-
plasm, and with it. of coiu-se. lite. As yel I have seen no record that they
have succeeded. But suppose they doV Will that tell us what life is?

And now, with much timidity, as against some of these guesses and im-
aginings of science, I venture my suggestions, which are. of course, only my
guesses and imaginings. To me it seems a certainty that back of all the
complexity of that which we call nature, is a suprtMne intelligence, which is
made manifest l)y the operation of law, — law which so far as we can grasp
the idea of infinity is infinite in its oi^eration, — law which in the reach of
its grasp, as well as in the certitude of its control, passes any boundary
which we have lieen able to reach with any instrument yet devised, —

S!oinr Gncs.scs hi/ (in J (/iioraitius. 67

whctlicr of Illinois iiiiinitc bcynnd llic jxiwcr df llii- niicroscopc. or of tliiiijrs

vast Ik'.VoIhI I lie Ic.-K'll of I lie Iclcscopr. I lie si .eel n .x-n) il'. or lllr cM I'M. from

the su|)|iosilioiis clcclr n one IiimkI. Io IIic miiilily siiiis nml llic iioImiIoiis

still- drift of iiiilKiiiiKlcd sjijn'c on tlic oilier. It :il-^o scciiis to iiic lluit tliis
ccrtaiiity cxtciuls to nil tliiiii;s \ isihic <ir iii\ isihic. aiiiiiiiitc or iiiaiiiiiiale.
physical or iioii-i»liysiciil. and that all arc in the iiicscapaldc grasp of that
law. If so. all aro thci-oforc eipially within the coniprchi'iision and the de-
sign of that supivnie intoUigcncc It also scoiiis to mo that wliile our world
is only a comparatively insignitieaiil atom in an apparently houndless uni-
verse, the evidence given iis hy the instruments devised by science shows that
that universe is honiogenoiis. and that t he differences in its various members
is a difference Tiot due to ditTereiices in their eonipositioii or to laws by
which they are governed, hut to differences in the stages of their growth
or development: tli.-it all of the things in that univer.e have always been,
and always will he. including those thin,gs to whicli we give the names
matter and force. As the scientist api'arently feels Justified in using
liis ima.ginatioii hy way of supitlenieiit to his knowledge, so my imagin-
ation has included under the terms ■foi'ce" and ••eiiei'gy" other things
than those which conform to the so-called law of tlie conservation of
energy: — such as gravitation, and life, with other possible ami iirobable
undiscovered, undifferentiated, or unname<l forces oi- modes of energy;
that nature is only a name for that which lies hacU of all those things, — -
that supreme intelligence: that the so-called laws of nature are .simply
attributes of that sui»reme govi'rning ]M)wer or entity, and the so-called
forces simply the nu'thods by which that intelligence makes itself manifest.
In my ignorance I am able to find in the i»hysical luiiverse only three
ultimate and fundamental things, vi/ : the action of that supreme intelli-
gence of which I have .sjioken. matter or substance, and force or energy —
force and energy meaning to me only ditfereiit i)liases of the same thing.
To me. matter and force are inseiiarable. and I cannot imagine one as exist-
ing apart from the other. Science tells us of ni:iny elements. b;it to me
tlu'y are all resolvalile into one elemeiitar\ >ubst:nice. -the various so-
called elements being due to the manner in which thi' electrons con. pos-
ing them are combined. To me there is only one elementary force, all the
various so-called forces being due to the manner in which that one ele-
mentary force manifests itself under varying condit+ons. My imagination
carries me further, and to me life seems to be nothing more than one of
those forces.- nature's organizing and con tructive force, nature's master
builder: that germs are its trestlehcards on which it finds the iierfect plans
for the structures it is to build, whether that structure is intended to be a
tree, an earthworm, or a man: that protoi)lasm .-ind germs have not Just
happene(l. but that they are a part of the plan of that supreme intelli-jeiice :
that each germ embodies an idea of that suprenu' intelligence, and that in
each of these germs life, the builder, finds every detail of the future tre(>.
plant, flower, or aninml. True. I have been told that in aninnil life, uj) to a
certain stiige in the development of the embryo, it is not ixtssilde for us
to distinguish between the human embryo and that of other animals. While
this may all be true, is it not also true that life never encounters any such
ditticulty'.' < >n the contrary, when life begins its work with a given germ,
is it not plain that it knows exactly what the finished jiroduct is to be.

08 Proceed u^ffs of fiiditnid Aeadeuii/ of Science.

Just what is ciifdldcd witliiii that KcriuV Wlu^tlioi' it is the ,e,erm of a horse,
a (lot;;, a iu(iiil<oy. or a man. life makes no departure from the plan it finds
traced in tliat ,i;ei'ni. ex('(>pt in the way of development and improvement.
For instance, when the germ is that of a horse .has not the finished
product heen at all times inimistakably a horse V Is not the Eohippus as '
certainly a horse as is the thoroughbred of today. True, some of the toes of
the Eohippus. with their several toenails, have disappeared under the one
liig toi'uail W(> call a hoof, hut do not the vestiges of the submerged toes
remain to tell their story V '

I have watclied witli interest tlie zeal with which the search has been
pro.«ecuted for the missing liidv tb;it it is said will confirm our Simian
ancesti'v. and liaxc woiidt'red why, if this is true, nature neglected to
l»r(>s(M\(' soiuc xcsligc of our lost caudal orn.nnient, some bint of the miss-
ing vertebr;il a1 taclimeiil . I h;ivc wondci-cd if it v.crc in)t possible that
instead of ;ill forms of life having (lc\ eloped from a single germ, that nature
had not exhausted itself in pr(tdu(iiig one type of germ, but instead had been
capable of producing and bad iiroduced innumerable germs, so that each
separate type of oi-ganic life may liav(> bad its start in its own ]):irticular
germ. I know it often li.-ippciis that men. in delving into their genealogy,
encounter disagreeable sr.i prises. It may be true that we are only improved
monkeys (with a))ologies to s.iue nmid^exs for some men). But if nature
did not exhaust itself when it pidiluced the inilbii germ, m;iy it not be after
all that the germ from which we aic (iescended was from its beginning a
germ of humanity V

Evolution must lie accepted, but not neces^ai'ily the meic guesses of the
evolutionist. As long as it is a nu-re nuitter of guessing. I claim the right to
guess for myself. It takes more than the Xeandertlial man. or the so-called
Ape Man of .Java, to make valid the guess of our Simian ancestry. The
beginning of mankind on earth doubt'.ess goe ■ back to an initial germ, but
it is my guess that the pl;in tr.-iced in that Initial germ by tiie master
arcbilect, and which was followed by the master builder, life, was always
man, Man. as man, li.-is develoiied and is developing, but I decline to
acknowledge kinship with either the migbt.x' Saurian, the e(|ui\dcal Simian,
or the lowly i-ai'thworm.

And now I venture one otliei- gross: Protoplasm is not life, nor is it
any part of lite. It is simply the c(niductor (d" life. It is the vehicle through
which life acts and with which it works.

All this of course deals only with the visible, i)hysical world, and the
visible, ])hysical universe, -tlu' world ;md the universe (d" i)hantasmagoria.
of visible, changing, but tninsient forms. — forms which are simply the
effects of causes beyond our ken. It is another story that deals with that
other world, where consciousnes ; dwells, that real but inxisible world of
causes and (d' realities.

69

i:i:i'()in' ok a sti i>v of mkxtat, Ar.iM'iv ok cmi.DKKX l\

OKIMIANS- IU)MK \S IMMAXA.

u 11 i:siAi;i:(H)K.

All tlic cliildrcii in (Hii' dipliaiis" Ik.iiic in Iiidiiiii.'i Imvc hccii ^ivcn iiif"itil
tests. Willi the cxcrplinii (if lluisc \uu\rv the nuc of six yc;ii-s. 'I'lic Sl;inr<inl
K('\isi(in (if I'.iiii't tests \v;is \ise<l. At the same time the I'ressey :,M(iui>
tests, the i>rinier and cress ont. were ;;iven to all tlmse atlemlini; school.
.V social stud.v of each child has Iteeii made and. with this coinhineil data,
children in this orphans' home have been classified as: averajie, retarde*!.
prohahly hisli grade defective, and feeble-minded. At the .same time
these children have l)een eoiisidered frcmi the standpoint of phiceahility in
foster homes or admission to the School for Feeble-Minded Youth at Fort
Wayne. One hundred forty children, in all, have been studied. Fifty-three
el these liave been foimd to be of average mentality. MT retarded. V2 i)rob-
ahly mentally defective and 38 definitely feeble-minded. One hundred one
ot these 14(1 are wards of the State. Of tliese 101, :!4 are of average meii-
rality. 1'4 retarded. 10 probably liigh grade defectives, and 'Xi feeble-mimUvl.
Tliese liave been classified as to their placeability in foster liomes, retention
in rhe institution for furtlier study and training, and tho.sc suHiciently meii-
t illy defective that they should be placed in the School for Feeble-Minded
Youth because of such a degree of mental defectiveness as to be unplace-
alile in foster homes or retained in the Orphans" Home. Forty-eiglit are
found placeable : 1.") should be retained for further study and trainin.g,
while .'!S are so definitely feeble-mind(>d as to he a detriment to the institu-
tion.

The accimipanyiug chart shows the distribution of the mental ages show-
in4 the mental acceleration and mental retardation. It is interesting to
note that IH children are advanced in age mentally and 23 grade exactly
normal for physical age; 28, or 20%, are retarded one year; 18. or 13*/^.
are retarded two years: oC). or 40%. are retarded three or more years. This
study shows the need of a mental examination and social study of all chil-
dren in the orphans' homes in this state that they can be properly classified
and that proper distribution of these in suital)le institutions be made at the
e.iiliest possible moment, thus relieving tlie orphans' homes of the burden
of the mental defectives who are properly not their charges, and paving
111" way for their proper care in a custodial institution for the feeble-
mi uded.

70 Procced'uKjs of Indiana Academy of Science.

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71

TKSTS OF rilK K.MOTIOXS.

Sii>.\KY T-. Pkksskv. Iiidiaii.i I iiivcrsity.

'riic |).isl tlircc (II- I'diii' years have \vilncss<'(l an allowed her e\l ranrilinary
a(ti\ ily in work willi ■•mental (ests". As a cliief result, it is l.eiii- icali/.ed
that snch te<ts are hy no means as \aluahle as was once lli<Mii:lil. It has
t're(|uently heen slated that the niosi important sinirle cause i>[ deiin<|ueney
and crime was I'eehle-mindedness. I'.ut a very careful invest ii,'a tor has
recently imhlislaMl data (the most accurate of its kind so fari sliowini:
that the inmates of a cerraiii state ])eiiiteiitiary avora.u(' practically tlie
same in iiitolliiii-nce as the .uciioral adult population. It was once sui)iiosed
that most cases deixMideut upon charity showed a mental auc helow twelve
and were to be considered feehle-minded. We now know that a "mental
aye" of twelve is only very slii^hlly helow a\-era,i,'e in ineidal development.
I'he result is that feelik'-mindedness is heiui;- used much less than formerly
as an e\i>lanation of social dilliculties, and that research workers are turn-
iuLC uKU'e and moi'e toward emotional and environmental factors in seeking;
an exi>lanation for such social and economic mal-arljustment. And there is
really a j^reat deal heinjj done, in a ([uiet Avay. in the attempt to measure the
emotions. So I want you to think of the scale. coi>ies of which T have
pa.ssed out to you. as hy no means a hit of freak research, hut as simjily
one of a numher of efforts alon.i;- this line.

The first test c(tnsists. as you will see. of twenty-live lists such as :

dis^iust fear S(>x susi)icion aunt
roar divorce dislike sidewalk wisisle
naked snicker wonder spit fi^ht
failure home rottins snake lin.s;
prize jrutter thunder breast insult

The subjects are told first to i^o Ihrouiih the lists and cross out everything
that is unpleasant to them. Then after they have done this, they are told
to ixo through the lists asaiii. and to draw a ciicle around the one word
in each list which is nioxf unjiR'asant to them. The words are arranged
according,' to a definite scheme: there are live sets of words, a sei-ies of
.lokers and words chosen as un]>leasant to foui- different types of morbid
personality. The selection of words has been nnide on the Itasis of ex-
tended exjierience in work with the insane and with delinquents . ]*>ack of
t!ie test is a lai-iiC body of t!ie(n-y with rei;ard to tlie neuroses; it is held
by many writers that in such morbid c(iiiditions there is a marked increase
in the tendency to emotionali/.e. and a tendency to transfer emotion from
usual to unusual or associate<l oiijects. The test is scored with these two
points in mind. Fiist. the total number of words crossed out is counteil.
Then tlie scorer counts the number of times the subject has chosen an
unusual word, in select ini; the most unpleasant tliinfi.

The second test consists of twenty-live lists such as:

BLOSSOM flame (lower paralyzed red sew

LAMP poor headache match dogs light

BATH naked clioke tree alone diuiger

KING fa/her baseliall queen rights razor

SLEEP grade ache friglit tongue worry

72 Procecdhif/s of fiuJidiHt Academy of Science.

The subjects are told first to cross out iill the words in small letters
which are connected in their mind, or associated, with the word in capitals
at the beginning of each list. They are then told to go through the lists
again, and draw a circle around the one word in each list which is most'
closely connected with the capitalized word. The words are chosen very
carefully with reference to pathological conditions and criminology. Thus
following "DREAM" is the word "floating", since according to certain
psychiatrists dreams of floating have a definite significance. Following
"DEATH" are the words "water", "self", "welcome", "hopeless", as words
naturally associated by many persons going through an emotional crisis.
The test has back of it a large body of research going to show that in path-
ological conditions peculiar connections between ideas ai-e a very important
symptom. The words used are primarily words of strong emotional con-
tent, with the idea that an emotional condition would show itself also
in more extensive associations. Scoring again takes into account both
of these possibilities ; first the number of words crossed out is counted,
then the number of peculiar associates, in selecting the word most closely
connected with the capitalized word.

The third test consists of twenty-five lists of which the five below will
serve as examples :

begging swearing smoking flirting spitting

fear hate anger jealousy suspicion

dullness weakness ignorance innocence meekness

careless fussy reckless silly childish

poor extravagant sporty slirewd bad-mannered

The subjects are told first to cross out everything they consider wrong.
Then they are told to go through again and draw a circle around the one
thing in each list they consider worst. The test is an attempt to put in a
convenient group test form an ethical discrimination test. The general
purpose of the test is obvious, and it need hardly be said that it has a long
history and an obvious relevance in the study of delinquents. Scoring
again is in terms of total words crossed out (or extensiveness of the moral
attitude of the individual) and unusual selection of the worst thing (or
idiosyncrasy in moral judgment). In general, an effort has been made to
obtain judgments as to the comparative importance of different types of
wrong-doing, as in the first list, or to obtain an indication of the tendency
of one's prejudices, as in the fourth.

The fourth test consists of twenty-five lists such as :

injustice noise self-consciousness discouragement germs
clothes conscience heart-failure poison sleep
sickness enemies money blushing failure
falling quoerness religion dizziness boss
sin operation conspiracy lightning marriage

The subjects are told, first of all, to cross out all the things in this list
about which they have ever worried, and then to go over the lists again and
draw a circle around the one word in each list about which they have
worried most. Again the scoring is in terms of the total number crossed

TcsU of llir i: mot ions. 73

(Mil KM- .-i mil (if ciiiniioiial sli-cssi. iiikI pccnli;i:- cliuiccs in \viM-«ls circlcH

(or iiliosyiiciiisy in ;in\icly Icmlciicics » . And ;m.iiii llic Icsl li;is \>nvk ol
it (xiteric'uce with altnormal iKTSuimlilies ; it iiiis olivioiis lelatictus to
cniaiii kinds of anxiety states. Tlie test, it should he added, derives ujost
directly from a (luestioiiaire used l)y Woodworth iu studying iieiirotie indi-
viduals in the army. And it is aimed to involve the content of certain
types of (Udusion eounnon in menial disease.

So much for the seitarate tests: in suunnariziuii- tlie total examination
the total niunher of words erossed out is lirst sunuued. and is considered
an indication of total atfectivity or emotionality. The deviations are tlien
addi'd together, and the total used as an exi)ression of "total idiosyncrasy".
Well — the tests doulttless seem to you vvvy crude — and so they are; they
simply represent an etfort at lirst investigation of a suhject which has
until recently heen all too nnicli neglected. I'.ut as an investigatory instru-
ment the exaunnation has certain advantages whicii I would like to have
you considi'r for a moment. 1 mentioned a moment ago Woodworth's
(|uestionnaire. It consisted of questions such as:
Have you worried ahout smoking? Yes. No.

And the i^erson taking the examination was to underline "Yes" or "No"
according as one answer or the other was correct. Putting the questions
iu this way it required an 11x17 sheet to ask one hundred such questions.
We ask one hundred fifty questions in a space 9x0 ; the total examination
really asks six hundred questions all on two sides of a 9x12 sheet. The
grea't condensation is ohvious.

It is thus possihle in a very brief space to accumulate a large amount of
data. But there are other advantages. There is no elaborate technique in
giving the examination. All that is neces.sary is to hand the blank to the
Ijerson who is to take the test and say. "Head the directions, and do what
they tell you to do". It is thus possible for us to send out the blanks to
other colleges and institution-; and obtain results which are strictly com-
parable, so far as directions arc concerned, to the residts we obtain our-
selves. Suppose for the moment you are taking the test. You do not have
to write any answers. All you have to do is cross out certain wcu-ds or
draw lines ai'oiuid them. The result is that the a\-erage college stu<lent
answers these six hiui<lred questions in less than half an hour! Further-
more, in the first scoring of the blank, all that is necessary is to count up
the number of words crossed out. and the number of i>eculiar choices made
in circling words. So the examination is an extremely convenient method
of obtaining information: those of you who teach will appreciate that an
examination in which six hundred cpiestions are asked and answered in
thirty minutes, and in which a first valuation of the results can be obtained
in three minute-:, is .somewhat unusual.

However, such an instrument is of little value if the information yielded
by it is not worth while. The examination is intended i)rimarily. of course,
for work with delinquent and with nervously altnormal individuals. And
from such groups data are not yet available, though results from a number
of reform schools, a group of colored peoi)Ie. a theological seminary, and a
colony for epileptics will he ready soon. Results fnun a group of college
students have, however, been analyzed to show sex diflerences. liriefly
it may be .said that <*.4% of the girls lind more things unpleasant than the

74 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

averajie (median) man. 5G% of the girls worry about more things than the
median man. GU^/cof tlie girls consider more things wrong than the median
man. The girls are distinctly more original tlian the boys in selecting the
most unpleasant thing (G4% above the median man), but they are dis-
tinctly less individual in selecting things to Avorry about (36% above. the
median man). They are more original in their choice of the worst thing
(G9% above the men's median).

The results on the individual words are even more striking. The girls
find words having any sex reference, or mentioning anything disgusting,
much more unpleasant than the men do. The men on the other hand find
particularly unpleasant such words as "disgrace, poison, persecute, unfair,
failure". So far as worries go. the girls worry much more about religious
topics than the men : they tend more to be depressed. The men stand out
as worrying about their own health, as being distinctly hjiiochondriacal.

These are simply interesting bits of fact, however. The important ques-
tion is: can such an examination or questionnaire yield information which
will enable one to distinguish the psychopathic or the criminalistic from
the average individual, in soniething of the same way as scales for meas-
uring intelligence are used to distinguish the feeble-minded? As was said
before, data from patlu)logical groups are lacking. It was thought inter-
esting, however, to determine how definitely the two sexes could be distin-
guished by means of the tests. Briefly, it was found that the results in
total affectivity and total idiosyncrasy were largely identical for the two
sexes ; there was nothing distinctive in these totals. However, the 'four
words on each test showing movt distinctive results (in choice of the word
to be circled) w^ere found, and results (m these sixteen words alone were
used. And it was found that in thirty percent of the cases an absolute dis-
tinction could be made I In fact there was only one man who scored above
the median for the women. It is at once suggested that similar valuable
distinctions, in separating out the pathological and the delinquent, may be
possible. At least it seems worth trying.

UNi)EK(iKAi)rA'ri': kkskakcii in oik ('(>i,i,i:(;i;s ami
rxivKusri'iios.

HOKACK A. SiioM.i:, VA\ Lilly mikI ("<... I iidiaii.ii.olis.

'I'lie purpose of tliis p.-ipci' would Ii.ivc been better expressed if the title
liiid been the relation nf industry to underLci.iduiite research in the scIkpoIs
of Indiana. The i>oint of view is tli-'t cf 'lie cieutilic man in industry who
would draw our educatioiiiil ;in<l iudu: tri-ii institutions closer togetlier.

The Scientec'h Club <if Indianaiiolis has been intei-esled in proniotiuf; Ko-
st-arch from the time it was (ir^ianized, tliduixli we are yet in early cliild-
liood, having first seen liulil in I'JIS. The niendiership of this orpinization
which is drawn frem the prnfessidual. scientific, and technical nii-n of the
stale of Indiana, cdii^ists almost entirely of university and colleiic trained
men. In (UU' directoi-ate are included representatives of ten oi' twelve
nalional and state scientific and technical societies. We believe that our
oriranization composed as it is df professional men from the industries, is
api)reciative of the i)oints of view of both the university faculty and the
directors of industry.

(Consequently, when I say that the Scientech ("lub is \ilally interested in
Ke.s(>arcli in our schools, it means that our nrifional and state scientific; or-
jj;anizations are alive to its value. .Mo-t of the national organizations are
l)revented hy their constitutions fiom pa I'f iciiiatinii in local issues and conse-
([uently the sentiments of their mendiers are being voice<l fliroui,di the Sci-
entech Club.

It has b(>en the u-eneral experience in the jiast that too many of our
technical and scientific .uraduates are unalde to stand on their own feet
when they meet relatively simjile jiroblems. They si'cm to have hounded
t!u>ir courses on the north, south, east and west by the Itacks of their text
books. A recent cartocm depicted a trradnate .uroanin.s; under a load of books
marked "'Knowledse" and unable to accept the volume of "Wisdom"'
offered him. The wisdom and jud.t;ment s(>cnred from usinji this knowledj^e
acquired, is lacking. Their knowledge is too ofien unorganized and discon-
nected. They know their theories, jierhaps. but they do not know how to
ai>ply them. We do not exiiect the universities to turn out men in four
years who are capable of .solving hard iiroblems. but it is disciuu-aging wheji
a chemist cannot prepare a sim])Ie soap witlumt being unnulely instructed,
or when an engineer is unable to apply his theories to a bi-idge which
dilTered from the one in the text.

Is it the student's fault that he lacks I he (piality of Judgment V Kather
is it not the result of how he is trained? Is ir not absuid to gi\f all the
<letail.s of work to the undergraduate' and then exi>ect him when a grad-
uate, to show initiative or creative power?

Wh(>n a man has thoroughly thought out and woiUed out his first prob-
lem in a logical manner, we find him able to ajiply his theories to the next
with less troulile. It is not imposihle to teach a man h ;w to solve i>roblems
when in the plant, but it is unprofitable and uiuiecessary if our schools are
fulfilling their mission. The university is far better fitted to accomplish this
than is the industry, for in the latter the student, now an employee, must
lie a secondary consideration.

76 Proceed i II (j.'s of Indiana Acadcvti/ of Science.

A jiucss lliat is wrong is uiucli l)etter Hum no jiiicss at all — the positive is
hotter than tlu' no.iiatix c. There is liojio for thox- who have been trained to
think, 'llio usual routini' of lecture. (|uiz. and hilioratory Vi^orli, too often
on separate parts of the same course, is not conducive to the best train-
inji- in logical thought. The questionini;-. inventive, creative spirit must
l)e ai-oused to a greater extent than it lius been in th(> past. To say that
we haven't a place in our curriculum foi' >uch training, where the student
may find himself, indicates all the greater need for a more fundamental
rearrangement of our college courses. The sttident may have been fortu-
nate enougli to have found the profession liest suited to his abilities, but
very few find themselves in that profession.

How can we overcome the prevalent view that a college training is a
series of disconnected facts? Wouldn't the presentation of a gas engine to
a group of freshmen engineers be of value in correlating numerous subse-
quent pages of algebra, physics, and theories of dynamics? As most courses
are now arranged, we have ample time to forget all l)y the time we are
introduced to a concrete example of our profession. Again the realization
that few chemical reactions go entirely as represented by the equation re-
quires a rearrangement of the mental attitude of the chemist at a time
wlien he needs to have his faculties at their best.

It may be that our point of view errs. We do not aiipreciate all of the
complexity existing in our universities, and we therefore do not presume to
dictate any policy to otu- schools. We do look for results, however, and in-
dustry makes its judgment on that basis — something seems to be lacking in
our college trained men.

After discussing the question of undergraduate research with representa-
tives of the schools of Indiana, the Rcientech (Muh adopted the following
resolution :

RESOLVED: That the Scientech Club through its Research
Committee exert its influence in promoting and encouraging a re-
search atmosphere in the educational institutions of this state. As
one means to this end. be it

FURTHER RESOLVED: That efforts be made through the Re-
search Committee for the inclusion, as part of the curriculum in all
scientific courses of such institutions, of an approved thesis as a re-
quirement for graduation : such thesis to embod.v the results of in-
vestigation carried on during the fourth undergraduate year of study
under proper faculty direction, and be it

FURTHER RESOLVED: That in the fulfillment of such retpiire-
ment. emphasis be laid upon the training of the student. The investi-
gation should be designed to ground the student in the fundamentals
of scientific inquiry, irrespective of the application of the study to
industrial or other inun(>diate practical uses.

Before proceeding further, we wi^h to enqdiasize the fact that we realize
how essential is the cordial cooperjitinn of the heads and faculties of the
educational institutions of Indiana. Witluuit that we cannot hope for
pro,gress.

The spirit of the resolution was favorably received by the schools at our

I ihI< r(/iiitlii(ih h'rMdrcli. 77

lli-sl luccl in;.'- anil they cxpri'ssrd as (Iccp a wish In c.iuijci-a Ic with us as
we (lid Willi liiciii. 'i'no iificii in liic past. rcscan-Ii wuriv lias liccii considered
(iiily ill llic lii,'lil lit" its iiiiiiicilialc irsiilts ami wc have rninul lliat our reso-
jiitiiiii has hern so iiiiscniist nicd. ( (HisiMiiiciii l\ . we have iiiaiic llie follow-
iim cxplaiialiiiii ami iiit fnihirliiiii In our fi'snlnlinii.

••'I'hc Sciciitcih Cliih ilc-iiTs \n ciiiphasi/.c in runncci imi with llic thesis re-

ipiiri'iiirnl for mailnat imi ils (■nmcpli I' the tiTiii "iin cslitiafion" as dis-

liml Iriiin the c iniinl.\- ai-ccptcil ((inci'pt of icsca I'cli. It vccosnizes clear-
ly thai llic UiKiw Icdjic and aliilily necessary for a real cunt rilmtioii to human
kiiowli"(l;ic caniHit In- expected of many men of senior standiny hi our uni-
versities and colJejics: tliaf the ability to do research work is possessed hy
few, and in varyin.ir desirec-;. To demand a piece of real research of tlie
srndenl as a thesis is not the aim of the (lull. It desires that the student
undertakes diiriim Ihe fourth uuder.tiraduatc year of study the solution of a
scieiitilic iirolilem which will afford Ihe means of developing in him initia-
ti\c. resourcefulness, power of logical deduction, and the ability to tliink
for himself. 'I'he ob.jective need not be research in Ihe sen-e of a new con-
tribution, but should be original to Ihe student- with respect l(» his previous
knowled.iic thereof ami should consist of his individual efforts in the solu-
tion of such a problem and not aloiu^ of a comiiilation or review of existing
literature on the subject.

"The Club believes that tlie fuUillment of the above thesis re(iuirenieut
under the conditions laid down in the resolutions, will in all instances
Iirove a .s;reat mental asset to the individual irn xixciirc of his future activ-
itirf<. will induce in great measure the develoiiment of latent n^search
ability in the student body, and will distinctly iiromote the research atmos-
jihere of the institution.

One of the university reiire.-entati\-es compared the chemical department
of Johns Hopkins T'niversity with its few cours(>s and stimulating creative
atmosphere to that of the University of ^Minnesota where countless courses
only, seem to abound. Education should consist of tniining in judgment,
resourcefulness and the ability to create rather than to encourage merely
the amassing of facts. It does seem useless to give cour.ses in obsolete
industrial technique at the ex]iense of investigation and yet we are told
that our curricula are too crowded to include research. Any student who
has had a thorough course in (luantitative chemistry need not spend a half
year applying that Ivuowledge over a.gain in a course of water analysis. Our
educational institutitms must furnish the sjiark to klndl(> the tinder of crea-
tive ability wherever it exists.

It is not commonly acc-epted by educators that the student will most
rapidly develop the right mental altitude by discovering facts for himself —
even if they were known before? Are we coicerving our greatest resource,
the power of creative tbiiiking'.' .M.\' own university exj)erience says "No."
I'^lach man must acipiii-e the fund.inienlals of scienlilic
uo matter what profession he i.-ikes up. We are not ask
lo produce genius, mu' thai the umlermaduale n-eai
value — but we do ;isk for better trained men men win
selves in a slight measui-e at least in their vocation.

We do feel thai our sd 1- ,is a whole have mn been doing all within

their power to utili/.e their equipment in the iiast. Nor has industry done

iiKpiiry

to succeed

ng Ihe

universities

11 he I
have f

it practical
iiund them-

78 Proceed i II f/s of lixlh'.ia AcdiJciiii/ of t<ciencc.

its share — closer cooperation and the estal)lislniient of industrial fellow-
ships must he secured. The training' whorehy the student is taught to
think logically and ohserve details and liy which his resourcefulness and
creative ability is developed can he given without requiring a large ex-
penditure of money. Undergraduate investigation must be carried on in our
schools and carried on in an atmosphere that stimulates and inspires. We
do realize that increased tinanclal aid from the state must he had in order
that our schools may even cxi^t and we pledge ourselves to assist thcui
by every means at our disiiosal in securing an increased appropriation.

We believe that our organization is in a position not only to discern the
weak points in the present system of training, but to cooperate with the uni-
versities and coHcgcs in correcting any faults that may exist, and that it can
bring the schools anil industries into a closer and more coi-dial relationship.

STATK AK('IIAi;(>l,(>(iI('AI, St liVKV

.\;ili<.n;il Uc c'.-in-li ("(.iiiicil. Kivisioii ..f Aiil liro|.(ilofiy ;inil I'-ycliolofiy.
17(11 .Mjiss.icliiisclls Ave. \\;isliiiii;l(Mi. I ). C.

Iiili-(.(lii(l(iry to the ;ir(uiiip:iiiyiiiii pi(ii»<is:ils lor the est jil.lisliinciil of
;ircli:ic(.l(),i,'ic:il suivcys in Ilu- Shilcs of Illinois. IiidiaiiM. lowii, aiid .Missouri,
il may he slated that the National l{cscai-cli Council is a cooiicrativc liody (d'
scicidilic nicn assuciatcd in an oi uani/.al ion in which the Icadiiiji scicntilic
socitdics (d' the lintcd States are reincsented hy votiiij,' nu'iulxTS, elected
annually. The Council oiteia!e> under the cliai'ter of the Xatioual Academy
(d' Sciences and maintains peiinaneid ollices in Washiuf^ton. The function
of tlio Cdiiucil is not to enjia.Lie in i-e-eaich on its own account hut "to pro-
mote cooperation in research, at home and ahroad. in order to secure concon-
triition of effort, minimize duplicalion. and stimulate progress: hut in all co-
operative uiKlertal\in.us to ,ui\c encouraiicment in individual iiutiative, as
fundamentally imitortaid to the aihancement of science."

Oue of the Divisions of the Council is chariieil with the ].rohlems thai
arise ecmcerninf; the different races (d men. past and present. Cnder this
head fall such problems as the archaeology of the several States in the
I'liited States. It heinj; the belief of authroixdotcists connected with the
Council that the institution of State Archaeological Surveys is timely and
that the results of such surveys would .greatly advance archaeological
knowledge, the Council offers to cooperate with the citizens of the several
States and assist them, as it may. in organizing and promoting such service.
It is in this spirit that the accompanying proposal is made.

•Read before the Academy of Science by Aiims W. Butler.

PROPOSED ARCHAEOLO(}ICAI. SURVEY <^F THE STATES OF
ILLINOIS. INDIANA. IOWA AND :SIISSOrRI.

1. Purpose.

An intensive study of the prehistoric population of the Mississippi Valley.

The initial approach to this problem is an archaeological survey of the
states of Illinois. Indiana. Iowa and Missouri, with a view to determining
the different types of the remains of the prehistoric i>opulation. togetlier
with their distribution, so that it may be possible to publish an Arcliaeolog-
ical Atlas for each state, comparable with tluit issued for the State of Ohio.
On the conclusion of the Survey it would be (lesiral)Ie to exciivate. at least
partially, two or three tyix' sites in each state, to confirm conclusions as
to cidtnral attiliations and clironological se(|U(>nce derived from the data
of the Survey.

State Surveys have been instituted in the neighboring States of Ohio.
Michigan. Wisconsin, and Miiuiesota. Those in Ohio and Wisconsin liave

so Proc('((liii(/s of l,i(]i(iii<i AcikIciiij/ of Science.

Ix'cii Idiii,' siistaiiicil with llic siiiiiioil of stroiiii Stale a rcliiteological societies.
The jmblicatioiis and scientific acliieveiueiits of tliese oriiaiiizations are well
kiiowu. It remains now for the States mentioned above to work up their
territory to give us a comprehensive view of prehistoric man in the upper
Mississippi Valley.

II. Organization.

It is proposed (1) that the Legislature of the several States be requested
to appropriate the necessary funds for the Survey and for the issuing of the
State Archaeological Atlas and Report; (2) that the interest and coopera-
tion of citizens, appropriate scientific and historical organizations within
the several States be enlisted: {'.',) that in tlio absence of a more suitable
agency within a given State, the Survey be organized under the Direction
of the State Geological Survey; (4) that in order to .secure a uniformity of
results and to insure a requisite scientific standard in the work of
the different State Surveys, the National Research Council will, if invited
to do so, appoint a committee from its personnel to cooperate with such
agencies as the State may designate, to carry out its specific survey, it
being understood that such a committee is to act in an advisory capacity
only.

III. Method.

The survey for each State is to be made by counties, all sites, mounds,
etc., to be located upon the standard county maps. Descriptive data for each
site or mound is to be compiled, and examinations made of all available col-
lections of specimens in the possession of local students, farmers, etc.. to list
the type weapons, tools, pottery, and other artifacts, these data to be com-
piled in the report of the Survey.

IV. Personnel.

A single investigator should carry out the work for each State, but should
be aided by one or more assistants. The investigator should be iin archae-
ologist with some training and field experience. Local collectors and
persons interested will be invited to participate. The salaried participants
of the Survey should be employes of the State's agent, presumably the
State Geologist. On all of these subjects, however, the National Research
Coimeil stands ready to act in an advisory capacity, if its advice should be
requested.

V. Reasons Why State Surrens Are Desirahle.

Your State is rich in mounds, earthworks, hill forts, etc.. the remains
of vanished peoples. How rich your State is in this respect, no one can say,
for lack of a systematic inventory. Ohio and Wisconsin, for example, have
become famous for their antiquities because they made systematic surveys
and published the facts. This alone should be sufficient justification for the
Survey, but there are many specific reasons why the State should provide
for an inventory of its antiquities. Some of these are :

(1) The Mound Builders and other prehistoric peoples are subjects of
great universal interest. They appeal particularly to farmers and owners
of agricultural land who are. by reason of their daily occupation, brought

,S7f//r ArclnKol'ii/irdI Sinfri/. 81

iiil,, iiiiiiiKitc ((.iil.-Ml Willi :iivlia(Mi|o-i.-:il iviii:i i lis. 'llir cliirarKUUil valuo
and llic iiili!iial<' ciilluii' value of cniiccl dala miiccriiiiii,' <piif prcliistoric
IMipulatinii has iini liccii riill.\ rcc( vm I i /.(■(!. Any clTnrls llial will s((rve this
aliiicsl iiiii\crsal iiilcrcsl in Slalc anllMnilic^ will I hci-cfdn' contribute
(lii'cctly to tlic jiiMUTiil well hcinj.' of our Citi/cns.

(L'l ("olloctors (if stono iini»U'UUMits. local and Slate, ai-c ninncrons and
liy their coiiihinod aotivilics liavc contrihutcd in tlic jtasl to the estublisli-
uicnt of iniiseunis and the accininilalion of kiiowlcdu'c. Since collectors are
found in every locality, tlieii- conihiniMJ cnnstituency is worthy of some
l.uhlic suiijiort. Such citi/eus of ycui- Stale as are interested in minerals
and fossils are ser\-ed by yoiu- State CeolD^^ist. but such individuals do not
greatly exceed in number those seeking reliable information as to objects
of anti(|uity. It seems, therefore, that the State will be fullj' justified in
renderinu' Ibis service, but it cannot inlelliiieiitly meet these demands
until a systematic sui-\-ey of the Stati's anti(|uities has been made.

(.">) Such a survey is the hrst necessai-y step in the conservation and
lireservation of the State's anticiuities. Its lojjlcal end is the establishment
of State Parks in which arc to be found typical mounds, hill forts, etc.. and
also the encouragement of State and local museums. The development of
automobile travel has brought the need of State Parks which shall have in
themselves some worthy intrinsic interest. The State of Ohio has shown
what an asset such parks can bi". for exanii>le. the Serpent Mound. Fort
.\ncient. etc. The Survey herein ])roposed is es-cntially to take stock and
to see what the State possesses in the way of autiriuitles so that it may
take the proper steps to preserve such of tlies(> as ikisscss great public
interest.

(4) Many States are now enacting laws on the preservation and i)r()-
tection of auti(piities. Eventually your State will be confronti'd with this
problem. The liandling of this problem will require data from such a sur-
vey as herein proposed, for without exact knowledge of what your State
possesses intelligent action cannot he taken.

So

WIllS'll.l.NC SWANS. (<)1<M- culiiinluaims.)

Etta S. Wii-son. mil ('liirciidnii Ave. Kctroil. .Mich.

Thoro hns l.rcn a wniMlcrlul iiuMvas.- in IIm- nu.nhrr nf Whisllinu' Swans
of late years iK.ticcal.l.v since the enact mcnt ..f (he Mii^ratory I'.inl Treaty.
Direct iuul spectacular evi.lenc- „f this is iiiven in the lar^e nun.hers of
the birds which fly over Detroit an.) vicinity, and the increasingly lar«e

nnniJKMs which remain in that nei^hborii I for weeks dnrinu the spring;

when all shooting is prohihiteij.

It has not been so lonir since the api>eaiance of a sini^ie swan dnrinj,' the
sprinir migration was a .s..nrce of wonder and uralilicat i.ni t(. tlie ob.scrver.
and in the fall the bird was nnnoted. 'Pwo years af,'o last .Marcli one
swan spent three days in tiie canals of Uelie Isle. Detroit's beautiful play-
iirouud. having taken shelter there from a violent storm which was
rasiiiR. The bird was very sliy and usually saw you first, departiu},'
hastily as you approached. 1 trami.ed over the island every day in the
early morniuff and found the bird only when the swish of his big wings
told me he was leaving, antl as there are about JO miles of canals and in-
land lakes on the island, it was (piite a task. I also saw one bird flying
high another morning that spring. In the fall of that year I saw no swans
although hunters told me that a few had been seen at the Flats. But one
morning in the spring of lUlO I saw two swans resting on the main channel
of the Detroit River immediately .south of Belle Isle. They discovered me
almost at the same moment and rising flew swiftly toward Dake St. Clair.
their great wings flapping and their feet pjiddling the water as they went.

Later that same morning as I was tramping throu.gh the woods at the
uiiper end of the island I heard the plaintive notes of a number of swans,
distant but coming nearer, a sound familiar enough in my childhood when
1 lived in Northern Michigan and swans were so common as to excite
little interest. The weather was cold and foggy, with no wind or perceptible
air movement: and the birds, flying low. merely skimming the tree tops,
came directly over me; and I had a si>lendid chance to observe their for-
mation. There were 25 birds in the long wedge-shaped flock. 10 individuals
on one side and 15 on the other, each bird equally spaced from the other
and each line as accurate as though spaced and limned by the hand of a
master. The birds were honking sonorously, my ear catching generally
ab(.ut three notes, one very low and two quite high. The higher notes pre-
dominated.

I spent the day on the island. The fog lifted soon. All day swans
were flying back and forth showing that they were not in migration but
had stopped to rest and feed. At one time I counted TO birds in the air,
the biggest flock containing :!5 birds flying in two long V-shaped lines,
the others being in lesser flocks and flying singly. The largest flock that I
saw that day contained about 200 birds flying in a long zigzag line quite
like a huge piece of rickrack lace stretched across the sky.

From the first week in March until the middle of April swans could be
seen every day. sometimes on the river, more often on the wing: and
lh(\v were as abundant at the Flats as Canada ( loose which are always

84 Prorcc(rui(/-s of fiidhiiKi Aciidciitij of l^ciciice.

quite coiiuiioii in tluit vicinity I'very ^pi-inj;. It certiiiiily marlvod the
sprin;,' migrntioii as one of unusual interest.

But the limit of swan flocks had not been reached in the sprinii migration.
On the first day of Xovendtei- T saw a most wonderful flisiht of swans.
First there ciiue a distant chdi-ns <if swan notes so Viist in volume that it
reached my ears s.niie moments liefcic the tlock came into si.dit. The birds
well' lly-ni; \ cry hit;]i. Words are totally inadequate to describe the .grandeur
:!U(i ;.;iory of tliat most wonderful tiock. Heading it and stretchins ap-
par(>ntly almost across the width of I'.elle Isle wliere it is about lialf a
ndle wide, was a line of fully :!(M» l>ir<ls swinging majestically along in
great crescent formation followed by a similar line broken, however, near
the center where there was a considerable space vacant and followed by
smaller groups and birds flying singly and in twoes and threes. Using my
field glasses I noted that what seemed to be a mere jumble of birds in the
vanguard was really a most orderly grouping of symmetrical units, all
spaced and lined according to the most approved swan lules. Off to one
side one great pure white bird flew along in grand style uttering his
"honk, honk" in true basso prof undo. He was of the flock yet not in it
and I wondered if he was an outlaw who had determined to remain by
the flock until he ha<l obtained, if not the leadership, at least a respectable
following. In its entirity the flock seemed to be composed about equally
of old and young, birds in the grey plumage of the spring hatch and old
pure white birds being intermingled.

This flock, apparently in full migration, swept on like a stupendous
squadron of aeroplanes. Many of the birds were honking and in ensemble
there was the same predominance of the higher notes as observed in the
smaller flocks. They had come, perhaps, from the regions north of Lake
Superior and would not stop mitil the Monroe Marshes in Lake Erie
would be reached where breakfast would be served.

The most conspicuous fact in the flight of migrating swans is their
unchanging lines. In the flight of Canada Geese every one has seen first
one strenuous old gander and then another lead the flock, the leadership
apparently going to the best man, while the remainder of the flock sway
and change from long V-shape to short V-shape ; or, for a time all fly in
"company front". The swans seem to assemble in unchanging formation
without fluctuations even among the lesser units. This statement is
subject to modification but in all the flocks that I have yet seen it holds
good. Even when the birds are startled when feeding and rise quickly
they assume almost instantly the long slanting line or the wedge-shaped
formation, each bird taking its position without confusion. It is just like
a street parade in which every one knows exactly where he is to be and
takes his position without ado: however, in the case of the swans it is done
more expeditiously. The reason for the uniform spacing and divergent
lines may be that each individual must have an uiKihstiucted outlook .and
flying in this fashion it is always obtained.

The spring migration this year was about like that of last year in num-
bers and duration, although some few birds had remained on the Detroit
River all winter and had become so tame that they came u]) to the yard
of the residence of a man in Wyandotte Heights for the food that he threw

W'liisHiii;/ Sir(!:is.

sr

oiil 1(. Iliciu. Kvriiliially llir.v \v(-rf ImiIIi sIm.I l.y ii Viiii.hil wliu so lar luis
("^(•apod jiKstkc.

The Ki-ont flocUs passed over Del mil in tlic iiii;lit dmin^^ I Ids faH's ini;,'ra-
lioii. It was iiK.st imi.rcssivc Id licnr in llic <larkiicss (.f iMldidicliL their
vcifvs iii((M-iniii.i:liii.u and hlciidiim \'.in<\ .i.>iit;ldfiill.v, as they wiiif^'od their
way over the vast inilfai,'c ot their uinnaikeil aerial lii«h\vay. What inner
ka(.\vUMlj,'(> is it liial holds these birds and ..lliers on the eorrecl c.urse
witluKit siirn marks, witheut heaeuns or raii-e li;;hls or without the aid
.fa more or h'ss uncivil station aireulV l>o«'s not each bird hold within
I he recesses of his heart a true conipassV I >oes he not also hold in that
heart of his a coni|ilele calendar which tells him when it is time to
: tart north ov south acccrdini,' to the time ot the year? l>ayli«ht or
darkness are alike to him and he keeps on hi-< uuvaryMiir way thron^h
>inishine or the hhiekness of tlie moonless niuht.

Tlie stork has certainly heen kind to the lailies of the swan fannly,
and with the prot(>ction «d" two ].alernal iio\ crnmeids it would seem that
lh(\v will asain he able to raise their ymnii; and a^ain become ([uite coni-

It W(ndd be interest in.t; to learn if there has been a corresi)ondin.u- increase
in the number of Trumpeter Swans (Ohu- buccinator i . Tliese birds former-
ly were uot strangers in the Lake re.tii(Ui althouuh they were never as com-
mon as the AVhistlinu: Swans: but during eadi spring and fall migration
an occasional one was noted. 1 last heard one almut IH years ago in May.
the month in which they were most apt to be seen. One still morning on
Crand Traverse Bay. just as the rosy light was creeping oxer the water
putting to flight the delicate hues f)f manve. green, and andier. burnishing
the silver surface ()f the wat(>r and changing it to pinkish gold. I was
startled and awakened from slumhei- by the glorious call of tlH> .great
Trumpeter Swan, — "Ah-ah-ah-way. ah-ah ah-way". Far cut on the lovely
water swam this heautifid bird, alone save for his reflection on the silvere(l
surface. Like a ghost he was. a ghost (d" all the wonderful comi>any cd" hi-<
kind that had gone hefore.

87
\OTi:s f)X TiiK TKUMrri:s of Indiana.

HY

Hakkv v. Diktz,

Assistant lOiitoiiiDlo^iisl. I »cp;irl incut of Coiisorvatinn.'

Termites. «v '•wiiite ants' as they .;!•(■ p ipula il.v known, aiv insects that

lia\c ferced tlieniselves un tlie altenti f enloniolofiists because of their

((•(inoniie inipdilance. i'.eeanse of their life liistory and hahits and the fact
that they live in cdlonies or social communities, the individuals of which
liehini: l<i (lilTeriMit castes, there is no rea.son wliy termites .should not at-
iracl more attention than tliey do from l>iol(»gists in general. Tlie inter-
estiiiiT work of Snyder (1. .".. {',. 7. lit' and Thompson (11-14 inclusive)
l:ear out this statement.

The present paper deals with oiiservations (m these insects with special
refeience to their economic aspects. I'ntil recently there has been a ten-
dency anuin^: eiitomolcjrists to re^'ard the termites of the T'nited States,
cast of the Mississippi and north of the Ohio I'ivcr. as (»ne species, namely
IfctirulHeinicx {LcucotcrmcH) flariix-s KoUar. This is in spite of the fact
that Snyder and lianks (1. (I. 7) have pointed out that there are two
oilier species of the same uenns h'cticiililcniics namely h'. Iitn/oii Banks and
/*. ririnniciiH Banks whose ran.iie in this country are at present not W'ell
defined. These two species were both found and described since 1907 from
Falls (Jhurch. Virginia, a few mile.s from Wa.shington, I>. ('. It should be
pointed out that this region is one that has literally been "combed" by
entomologists since the formation of the I". S. Department of Agriculture.
It is therefore quite possible that intensive work will reveal not only the
presence of R. hagcni Banks and R. virf/iiiicus Banks over a wider area than
they are now known to occur but also the presence of one or more new
species.

Disirihiilion of Termites in Indiana.

Reficulitermes flaiipe.s Kollar is the only species that until the present
lime has been recorded in Indiana. Snyder (7) records it from the vicinity
of South Bend. Indianapolis, and .Teffersonville. During the past season
Columbus and Lafayette have been added to this known distribution.

Reficulitermes Virginians Banks was collected for the first time in Indiana
at Indianapolis on July 1. 1020, by the writer. The forms collected were
winged colonizing adults. The nearest point to Indiana from which this
s])ecies has been recorded is Okolona, near Louisville, Kentucky (Banks. 1).

Reticulitermes hagcni Banks probably occurs in Indiana, though the near-
est point to our State from which it is recorded is Kane, Greene County.
Illinois (Banks, 1).

t^ivarming.

There are two times when termites are rejwrted to the Division of En-
tomology. These are as follows : First, when the annual swarming of

.■u Pubhshed with the permission of the Cliii'f of tli." Division of Entoninloirv
the Director of the Department of ConseniUioii of Indiana.
-The figures in parenthesis refer to the Literature cited.

88 Proceedings of Ti)Olav.a Academy of Science.

the winged colonizing adults takes place (males and females) ; secondly,
when the characteristic damage that these insects do to buildings and thcii-
contents or to living plants is first noted. Fifteen reports of swarming or
injury were obtained this year and in eight cases specimens were collected
all of which proved to be R. flavipes Kollar.

The first swarming of termites this year was on February 29th. This
was in a house in the northern part of Indianapolis. The time of swarm-
ing was 4 :00 p. m. and the temperature out-of-doors was 50° F. and indoors
about 70° F. No specimens of this swarm were obtained and no subse-
quent swarming took place.

The second swarming was in a factory building in Indianapolis on March
5th, 1920. The temperature out-of-doors was 10° F. and there was six inches
of snow on the ground. The indoor temperature ranged from 50° F. at
night to 70° F. and over in the day time. The swarming here took place
between 8:30 and 10:00 a. m., the maximum emergence occuring about
9:00 a. m., and occurred daily at this time for four successive days.

On March 15th and April 5th R. flavipes swarmed in the Experiment Sta-
tion Building at Purdue University at West Lafayette. Specimens of the
April 5th swarm were collected and forwarded to the writer by R. W.
Hosmer of the Bureau of Plant Industry of the U. S. Department of Agri-
culture.

The first out-of-door swarming of R. flaripes recorded this year took place
in the southeastern part of Indianapolis simultaneously with an indoor
swarming at the same locality on April 21st. From the location of tlu'
points of emergency indoors and out-of-doors there is no doubt that this
swarming was from the same nest. It took place daily between 8 :00 anc:
9 :00 a. m. over a period of three days. This swarming followed a heavy
rain of 2.3 inches on April 20th and a total rainfall of over 3 inches between
April 17th and 20th.

The next out-of-door swarming in Indianapolis occurred on May 26tli
at 11 :00 a. m. and in the same locality, but from a different nest, on
June 3rd about an hour earlier. Only a single swarm emerged from each of
these nests. The swarming on May 26th was not directly correlated with
any rainfall but that of June 3rd followed a heavy shower on May 31st.

Snyder (1) following the phenological work of Hopkins (2 and 3) shows
that the fir.^t swarming of 7?. flavipes is correlated with the blooming i. e.
ripening of the pollen of the large flowering dogwood Cynoxylon (Cornus)
floridum Linn. This is based on six years' observation. However, in Indian-
apolis the first out-of-door swarming, April 21st, occurred almost two weeks
before dogwoods bloomed and the second and third, May 26th and June
3rd, out-of-door swarms occurred two weeks after all dogwoods had dis-
appeared. At the time of the second and third out-of-door swarming
dates, grai^es and blackberries were blooming.

No fall swarms of R. flavipes were reported this year though in 1919 this
occurred in the house where the spring swarming took place on April 21st.

The only swarming of Reticulitermes mrglnicus Banks observed was on
July 1st. The winged adults were seen flying across a large vacant lot
between 9:30 and 10:00 a. m. It was a clear bright day with a high rela-
tive humidity and temperature. This swarming occurred a month after

Ilic

lasl sw.'inii

iiiLT 1

.r /.'.

lln

/•//,. .s K.,

liar and at a

J,iii(

Icii 'l'ili(/ nil

icric

IIIKl

I.iii

II was ill

fnll bloom.

Vi

■<Mii llic Un-i

'iiuii

vA (la

la i

it is appa

rent llial liio

iuis: i

u-ciii-s is ill

(|C|)<'

ihIcii

1 ol

• (.ui-(ir-(i

oor ('on(iiti^ll^

l.v 1.

y llic Idc-iti

K.ll (

if tii(

' IK

'St in or

hcncalii tiic

(lic

lICSl (if Cd

ursc

(Icli

ITII

lilies tiic

ijllllKMICC til

Notes on (hi 'rcniiHrs. 89

no wluMi the Aniciii-iii

ne when indoor swarni-
nd is determined large-
Idinj;. Tlie locatiou of
the ('umuhitive mean
indoor tompartnres and averajje rciatixr huiiiidilx will liavo on it. Out-
of-door.s the time of swarminff depends on the (•uiiiniat ivc nicaii temperatures
and the mean rehitive humidity.

The swarmiiifi of termites in a huildinti should in general he regarded
as' a dan.irer signal. It is neiMliess to sa.v that it is a great annoyance to
have these awkward colonizing adults aimlessly Hying into one's face or
into any foods that ai-e expose<l. Yet during the past season we have
found two cases where swarming took place and where careful inspection
faileil fo reveal any damage to the Imildiiigs in which it occurred. Like-
wise, we have found two infestations in Imildings from which no swarms
emerged. Tliis naturally hrings u]) the ipiestion as to the factors that
cause a colony to swarm. These factors, though still imi->erfectly under-
stood, are: ll) the kind of reproductive forms in the colony; (2) the a.ge
and size of the colony: and (.'5) the influence of instinct.

The role of swarming in the life economy of a colony is another point of
interest. In the case of early swarming indoors the value of swarming is
hard to see as i>ractically all the adults emerging, if they are not killed,
lierisli. 'i'his is because conditions necessary for the establishment of new
colonies are seldom present. Out-of-doors the opportunities for the found-
ing of new colonies are greater. But even out-of-doors immense numbers
of colonizing adults perish. On May 20th ])ractically all termites R. flavipes
rliat emerged were eaten as soon as they issued by a large flock of sparrows
that gathered for the oc asion. In the swarming of R. virc/inicKS on July
1st it was observed that adults alighting on the ground were immediately
snatched up and dragged off by the workers of the common corn-field ant
L«.s-/».v /)///(■/• Tjnn. var. jmcricaiiit-s Emery.

Termite Injury.

The injury that Indiana termites do is of two kinds, namely that which is
done to buildings and their contents and that which is done to living
l>lants. The mendiers of the genus UcUcuUtcrmes are subterranean in-
sects. Tender normal cnnditions in nature they feed on stumps, logs, and
wood debris, straw, inaiinre, and leaves. P.ut with the advance of civiliza-
\w\\ much of the food of termites has been removed, forcing the insects
either to retreat before this advance or to adapt themselves to the new
order of things. They have cho~en the latter course to a certain extent, at
least, as is shown by the injury they do to living cultivated plants and to
buildings and their contents. Tlies(> insects are justly classed among our
most destructive wood-boreis.

There is one thing that is ab.solulely essential for a colony of Indiana
termites to nuiintain itself and that is a ready access to moisture. This is
olitained from the ground. Given a cimstant supply of moisture these
insects are able to tunnel in the comparatively dry woodwork of buildings

90 Procc('(1in(/s of hidhnin Acddou}! of Science.

(.r into its coiitoiits a .urcat distance so that the limits of a colony are hard
to detine. It is therefore api>arent tliat termite injury to buildings and
their contents is intimately correlated with the construction of such build-
ings. This is borne out by the fact that new buildings as well as old ones
are subject to attaclc. As has been said before, the swarming of termites
in a building sliould be regarded as a danger signal though it is not an in-
fallible one. because a building or its contents may be infested and no
swarming occur, in which case the hidden work of the insects might escape
notice until irreparable injury is done. Some examples of the damage
done to buildings in Indianapolis and a fuller discussion of the damage
done at the Columbus Pulilic Library well illustrates certain things that
should be avoided in the construction of buildings.

The popular cement floor of porches, unless i)roperly constructed, offers
a means through which, termites may gain ontrance to the frame work and
weatherboarding of houses. The gi-out of cindei's and gravel are often
placed flush against a wooden beam and the cement is l)rought flush with
the weatherboarding. Tonally in time there is a decided crack between
the cement and the wood, allowing watei' to enter when the porch is
scrubbed or during hea^y rains. Tlie cinders and gravel grout are no
repellant to the termites as there are usually sutHcient holes in the latter
through which the termites can work and thus gain entrance to the wx)od.
Three such cases of injury have been obsei'ved during the past season.

In the case of the factory building wlK-re swarming occurred on March
oth it was found that the floor of the othce was laid dirt'ctly on a bed of
cinders and the wooden walls which separal^'d the oltice from the rest of
the building were flush with these cinders. Likewise, the lL'xl2 untreated
yellow pine pillars which supiK)rte(l tlie roof were set on stones one foot
oeneath the surface of the ground. Three years pi-evi(Misly the floor had
been removed because of termite damage and replaceil with another wooden
floor. It is needless to .say that the conditions for termite injury were ideal.
Not only the floor Itut the walls and a mnnhei- of the pillars were badly
damaged.

In a dwelling in the northern ])art of Indianapolis termites had gained
entrance to a "built in ice box", the wood of which was constantly moist
and from this source had riddled .several of the beams supixirting the
house. At another place where the weather hoarding of the kitchen was
flush with the ground this was badly damaged.

At the Columbus Public Library termites did the worst and most extensive
damage that has so far been recorded for these insects in Indiana. Three
hundred volumes of books were so badly riddled that they were a mere
shell. The wooden racks in which tiiey were kept were badly damaged
and all baseboards, door casings and moldings oil the first floor of this
building were more or less infesteil making their removal necessary. Even
pictures in contact with the molding were ruined. This building is of lime-
stone, two stories high, and is what is connuonly known as "flre proof" in
its construction. It sets on an embankment about three feet high and is so
built that the floor of the flrst story is slightly below the level of the em-
bankment (See Diagrammatic Cross-section of Building. Figure I, A.)

Xotrs on the Termites

m

1

T"

Second or upper etory

\

; A

at

-/

J i'irst or lower etory

T

1:

.;.

jV"

Ki,i,i

Wooden Molding

Stone Wall

Yellow Tine Support

Plaster Walnscoutlng
Metal Lath

Wooden Baseboard

.Cement floor

1 »ia.iir;iiiimati<' cross scctimi of
l.ihrary l)uikliii.t.' sliowiiii;- tlic i-
ground level.

Diagraiumatic (Irawiiiu sliowiiifi icla
striictioii in relation lo m-onnd and t(
I and II.

B

lion of llic I

Indiana
i-sl t1 •

(od used
irv. Sec

1):: I'rocccdiiu/s of I)td> iin \ca(hiin/ of t^rience.

Tin- lirsl. or lower !!(,<, r lins tlim- liir.i;o ,v..,ins which are nseil for book
stonmc as well as a hoilcr room, a .i;oii(M-al storage room and a hook hind-
iii,i? room. The upper floor is used for a readiui;- and for the "stack" room.

Originally the floor in the basement was yellow pine laid on joists em-
bedded in the ground so tliat the floor itself rested on the ground. Like-
wise, the lower edge of the baseboards and tlie bottoms of the door sills
rested on the ground. There was a wooden wain-coating, about four feet
high, around the room. The bottom of this wainscoatiug rested on tlie
ground. Four years ago this floor and waiiiscoating were removed because
they had '•rotted", and there is litt\' doubt that the "rotting" was caused
by termites.

As i-! shown in tlie diagrammatic drawing. Figure I. B.. the wooden floor
was replaced by one of cement and a piaster wainscoaiting laid on patented
steel wire latli was used instead of the wooden one. Had the work l)een
done right at tliat time no frrlher termite injury would have been po'-'sible.
But instead of eliminating all wood in contact witli the ground and bring-
ing the cement floor flush witli the p'.astt'r wainsc:)ating. unfortunately, as is
sliown in the drawing, both the bottoms of the baseboards and cioor sills
were left in contact with the gr>un(l instead of allowing them to rest on the
cement floor. Further, the plaster wainscoatiug instead of being flush with
the stone walls of the building is supported by yellow pine beams in con-
tact witli the ground. Some of these beams come in contact with the
casings of the windows of the flrst floor and all of them are in contact with
a yeUow pine molding that tops the wainscoatiug four feet from the floor.
Of course, the baseboards and door sills were badly damaged (See Plates
J and II). By means of the joists suppnrtlng (be waiiiscoating as well as
the characteristic "covered runways" on the hack of the wainscoatiug the
termites had worked into the nioldiu'^ and frcMu it into the pictures and
their frames. The bottoms of the wooden hooki-aci<s were either in contact
with the infested ])asi'boar(ls oi- their li.ncks were in contact with the
infesteil molding and it was ;in easy matter f<ii- the termites to work into
them and from racks into the books.

All the foregoing example;^ of termite injury were the work of R. flavipes
Kollar and are based on specimens olitained in each cas-e. In order to
identify termites it is necessary that eitlier soldiers or w'inged adults be
obtained.

Nothing is known of the economic importance of /.'. virgmicus Banks in
Indiana though in other i)arts of the United States where it ocurs its dam-
age is similar to that of U. flariprs.

Numerous cases of termite injui'y to fence posts and boards have been ob-
served and doubtless much of the "rotting" of timber is due to these insects.

Si'veral ca: es of tei-mite injury to living plants "were reported during the
past year. But in only one case were specimens obtained. The first case
was reported by an Indianapolis florist who advised the writer that in 1910
he was forced to replant a lied of geraniums three times because termites
tunnelled each planting within a few weeks after it was set out.

The second report of damage to living plants was reported by Mr. Frank
N. Wallace. State Entomologist, on :\Iay ir»tli from Silencer. Indiana. He
obtained the workers from a cavity in a living maple tree and obserA-ed that
tunnels were being made into the living wood.

Notes on the Termites.

IM.ATl'; L

A.

Terniito injury to the upprr imil of ;i .\

clloW p

nc h.-isi'l.

ard. tlic

torn of which rested on tlic iridiinil. Sec

;ils.> I'l

lie 11. 1'..

r..

Piece of straight grained yellow piiic i

loldill-

sliowiiiii'

how lorn

have eaten out tlie spring growihs ot" wn

Ml.

c.

Paper like strii>s froin tlic liolldui of .-i i
ground.

onl (pils

ug ill <-i'i

lact with

the

94 Proceedings of India na Acad f in y of f^cience.

The third report of termite injury CMiue from Iiidianupolis on August
27th. A backyard gardener wondering wliy his sweet corn did not yield
as it should dug up some of the plants and found the lower parts heavily
infested with termites (See Plate II. B.). Over IHO feet of row were thus
damaged. Specimens submitted were 7?. ftariix'.^i Kollar.

Taken as a whole over the Ignited States termite injury to living plants
seems to be increasing due no doulit to rbe fact that their hcunes. such as
logs and stumps, are rapidly disappearing liecause of the practice of clean
cultivation. As a result the termites are forced to seek elsewhere for suffi-
cient food and their attacks on living plants are one way that they are
meeting the exigency. On the other hand it should be pointed out that
keeping areas on which plants are grown free from decaying wood and
otlier debris on which termites can exist is necessary if damage is to be
prevented (See Nougareti 4) as such debris is often a source from which
they start their attacks.

A cknoK'lcdr/emcn ts.

The writer wishes to acknowledge the kindness of Dr. T. E. Snyder and
Dr. W. M. Mann, of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, for identifying or
verifying the identification of all termites and ants mentioned in this paper.

SiMnmari/.

1. Two species of termites RefwuHtermes floripes Kollar and ReticuUter-
mcH virghiicus Banks are known to occur in Indiana. A third species
Rcticiilitcrmes hageni Banks will probably also be found in this State.

2. The interesting phenomenon of the annual swarming of the winged
cohmizing adults of R. flavipes occurs indoors as early as February
29th. Out-of-doors it occurs over a period of over a month. April 21st
to June 3rd. The swarming of R. rirginiciis takes place out-of-doors a
month later than that of 7?,. flavipcx.

o. Sparrows iind ants have been ol>served preying on these winged cohin-
izing males and females.

4. Termites damage buildings and their contents and their attacks on
living plants are increasing. This is the way that termites are adapt-
ing themselves to the advance of civilization which has resulted in the
removal of much of their food, such as logs and stumps.

Litryaliin Cited.

1. Banks. N. and Snyder, T. E. A Kevision of the Neartic Termites with

Notes on Biology and Geographic Distribution U. S. Natl. Mus.
Bui. 108 (Febr. 15. 1920).

2. Ho]>kins. A. I). Periodical Events and Natural Law as Guides to

Agricultural Research and Practice. Mo. Weather Review Supp.
No. 9. Weather Bur. No. 643 U. S. Dept. Agr. May 1, 1920.

3. The Bioclimatic Lav^- as Applied to Entomological Research and

Farm Practice. Sc. Monthly Vol. VIII, No. G, June, 1919.

4. Nougaret. It. L. A Termite Pest of Vineyards Mo. Bull. Cal. St. Dept.

Agr. Vol. IX, No. 8 (Aug. 1920).

\o/.

Ill I lie 'r< riiiiicx

^ ->y

PLATE II.

A. Pieces from the bottom of tlie same baseboard shown in Plate I. A.
I*.. Termite injury to sweet corn. The fourth node and third internode ai*e
shown.

96 ProcccdiiKjs of liidUiiKi Academy of f>cirnce.

5. Snyder, T. E. Changes during quiescent Stages in tlie metamorphosis
of termites Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. Vol. 15, No. 4. Dec. 1913.

G. Biology of the termites of the Eastern United States with

Preventative and Remedial Measures. Bur. Eut. U. S. Dept. Agr.
Bull. 94 pt. 2. Febr. 1915.

7. Termites or "White Ants" in the United States. Their Dam-
age and Methods of Prevention U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 333 (Pro-
fessional Paper) Febr. 1916.
8. White Ants as Pests in the United States and Methods of pre-
venting their Damage. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers" Bull. 759 Oct.
1916.

9. Same Title. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bull. 1037 June, 1919.

10. ■ Protecting Buildings Against the White Ant. Engineering

News-Record. Vol. S4. No. 23, June 3. 1920.

11. The Colonizing Adults of Termites. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. D. C.

Vol. 22, No. 6. June. 1920.

12. Thompson, C. B. The Brain and Frontal (Jland of the Castes of the

"White Ant" Leucotermes flavipcs Kollar. Journ. Comp. Neur-
ology, Vol. 26, No. 5. Oct. 1910.

13. — Origin of tlie Castes of the common termite. Leucotermes fla-

vipes Koll. Journ. Morphology Vol. 3. No. 1. Dec. 1917.

14. ■ The Development of the Castes of Nine Genera and Thirteen

Species of Termites. Biol. Bull. Vol. 36, No. 6. June, 1919.

15. and Snyder, T. E. The Question of the Phylogenetic Origin

of the Termite Castes. Biol. Bull. A^ol. 36. No. 2. Febr. 1919.

lii'isii w Aii;i; MiMusAi'. UK r.oss i.akk. i:i.i<iiau'I'

IXKIA.NA.

Ahslnirt.

V. Paynk.

Scpl<-mli(>r twenty-socond. r.M!». 1 wns inlonncd Hint medusae were ahmi-
(iMiil in M small avfificial laUc n<-ar KIkliaii. Indiana. Five days later I
visilcd llio place and vciilied the staleMicnI. In fact they were so alnuidant
llial (in(> could Inini; in a hundivd willi a few sweeps of the net. A second
visit was made two weeks later hut not a sinjile specimen could l)e found.
Tlie weather had hecome niuch colder, to the point of freeziui;, and no douhl
the change in the temperature caused their death. A few days later Mr.
Boss informed me that the surface of the lake was strewn with fragments
of medusae. All specimens examined were females. A few specimens
were found the previous summer.

During the summer of 1920 the lake was watched carefully from .Time
twenty-first until October s(>cond. The hydroid was found June twenty-
eighth (m material collected June twcnty-tirst. These hydroids were ob-
served to form sausage shaped buds which separated from the parent and
formed new hydroids. Other buds remained attached, thus forming col-
onies. The largest colony found hail seven hydroids. A third type of bud
formed the medusa.

The first medusa in the siuunicr of 1920 was taken July sixteenth. It
was about one-half inch in diameter. The rest of the summer they were
alMuidant, but not po numerous as they were on my first visit of the previ-
ous year. Again all the medu ae wer(> females. This, along with the fact
that on previous discoveries of this medusa all the specimens were males,
has puzzled me somewhat. The females became sexually mature and shed
their eggs but they did not develop so far as my ob'-ervations went. IMank-
ton catches at all seasons and depths have shown no free swimming larvae.
Xeither has a close examination of the weeds, sticks, stones, and surfaces
of boards and posts shown anything of the sort. Kut why is there only one
sex? I do not know- but the facts lead me to wonder whether the hydroids
may not be male and female producing.

How the forms got into the lake is doulitful. The hydroids are very small
and might occasionally become attachcil to fishes and thus be transferred.
Xeither do I see any reason why they might not be carrie<l by wading birds.

The hydroids live ovi'i- the winter in the form of contracted masses.

99
XOTKS ON INDIANA I)KA(".ONFTJES.

BY

E. P.. WlI.I.lAMSO.V.

A list of tho si)ccics of (lr;i;;.mllics cf Indiaii.-i \v,-is piilili^licil Jniic :.. IIHT.
;is .Misc(>lliiiir(.iis I'Hl)lir:il ions Xo. 1' of llic I'lii vrrsil y uf .M iclii-;iii. Musimiiii
of /o(.lo-y. Ill tli;il inipcr ;nv iiiclinlcd :ill records n|) to tli<' fiu\ of tlic ycjir

Ill tliis i.,ii.cr ;iiiollicr species is recorded. briiiL'iiii: tlie liidiiina lisl to lllH
species, ;iiid c;iptiires. duriiiu: I'.HT-llt'-IO iiicliisi\-e. of species in new loealilies
or .-it differenl s(>:isens are added. 'Hie order and niiinbers used in (lie list
imMished in I'JIT. referred to aliove. are followed here.

1. Af/rioii iiciiuahiU Say. Allen ("o.. .Inly C. 1!>1'.».

C. /,r.y/r,s- voiuioicr IIa«(Mi. Near Wolf Luke. .Noble Co.. Seiit. l'-".. UMT.

11'. IjstiH luiciilKs Kirliy. Aloiiu' the Aboite iiiver. at Devil's Hollow.
Allen Co.. .Inly d. 1!tl'.». a female of this sjiecies was taken Hying in couple
with a male of Ari/ia tihidli-s. ■

1.".. Lr.s/f.v iiiiiniiculiilux TIai,'on. Itoiiiid Lake. Wliit'e.\- Comity. Sept. 2.T,
I'.tlT.

14. Lr.s/r.s^ rit/ilti.r Mast'ii. Near Wolf Lake. Noble Co.. Se])t. 2.S. 1017.

15. Anjid (Ihidlis Itambnr.. See note under 12. T.rslcs micdfii.s.

2.'!. EnalUigiiid cdlrcrfi Morse. Tliis species reaiiiiearcd at the Van-
Kuion Swamp, near rdnlTton. in T.»2(). On .Time (i and i:i it was vei'y
abundant a.ssociated with the much rarer E. fi/dlliif/cniiii.

24. Enallo(/))ui cariiiiriildtinii ;\lorse. Hound Lake. Whitley Co.. Sept. 2?>.
litlT.

2('>. Kudlldiinid ciidthifKrinii Chariientier. See note under 2.'!. Enallaiiina
r<ilnrti.

27. EnaUnfnna dirafians Selys. Outlet of Webster Lake. Kosciusko Co.,
.Inly 4. 1917.

28. EndUdfiiud thriinii Ha.sen. Tri Lakes, Whitley Co., June 15, 1919.
.'50. EudlhKjiiid (/ciiniidtiini Kellicott. Swamp and creek five miles east

of Lagrange, Lagrange Co.. .Tune 20. 1020.

."'.1. EnaUafnua 1idf/( iii Walsh. Swamp and creek fiv(> miles east of La-
uiange. Lagrange Co.. June 20. and 27. 1020.

.">.".. Eiidlldjjina rcspcrinn Calvert. Dr. Calvert has recently shown that
the widely distributed species we have been calling EiiaUngma polhiinm
Hagen is really not that species, and he has named it vetiperum. Swamp
and creek five miles east of Lagrange. Lagrange Co.. .Tune 20, 1920.

.■'.4. EiidUdfiina sif/naiiiin Hagen. Swamp and creek five miles east of
Lagrange. Lagrange Co.. June 20, 1920.

.■!.">. EnaUagma trariatum Selys. Swamp and creek tire miles east of
Lagrange. Lagrange Co., June 20, 1920.

.".S. AmphUtgncm mucnnn Burmeister. Swale near creek at Indian
Village, Noble Co., July 4, 1917.

39. Chromngrion condituin Ha.geu. Swamp and creek five miles east of
Lagrange, Lagrange Co.. June 20 and 27. 1920.

40, Ischinird kcllict>tti Williamson. Round Lake, Whitley Co., Sept. 16.
1917 ; and June 1.^. 1919 ; lake at Indian Village, Noble Co., July 4, 1917.

100 Proceedings of TiidUina Acadriin/ of fioience.

V.\. Isclnnini rrrlirali.^ Say. Tri T-akos. Whitley Co.. An-iist -J.". lOlS.

45. T<ich<ti>l<r!i.r tliorci/i Ilai^cii. In dccii saiidstoiic ravine in sec. 1.
Union Township, I'erry Co.. about liflcen mile; northeast of Tell City, June
^4."1918. a single male. eolUeted by ('has. ('. Deam. who also collectea the
oniy other specimen talven in the state, in :Montsomery Co.

48. Cordtilcfjastcr olHqitns Say. Forest Reserve. Clark Co.. .Jnne IS.
1920. a single female collected by Chas. C. Deam. We have had no record
for the state except Say's statement '•inhabits Indiana". ])ublished now over
80 years ago.

49. Progoniphiis ohscurus Rambnr. Creek at Indian Village, Noble Co..
July 4, 1917 ; Salamonie River, Huntington Co.. August 5, 1917. several
caught and others seen, many had wings darkly stained with crude oil :
Wabash River, Bluffton, Wells Co., Augiist 20. 1917. only one seen, a male
with oil stained wings. At this time there was no crude oil along the
Wabash River near Bluffton, and I think the Wabash River specimen was
undoubtedly a stray from the Salamonie about twenty miles away.

50. Hagenius ircvistylus Selys. Bluffton. Wells Co.. June 21. 1919, a
single female, which alighted on John W. Carnall and was captured by
him as he stood at his office door in the center of the business part of town ;
Aboite River. Devils Hollow. Allen Co.. July 13, 1919.

51. Ophiogomphus rupiii.sin()i;<i.s Wal.'-h. Creek at Indian Village, Noble
Co., July 4, 1917. On this date this rare species was flying with Gomphus
dilatatus, lividus and fnrcifcr. a remarkable Gomphine as emblage.

53. Gomphus crassus Hagen. In June. 1919 and 1920, this species was
abundant about ripples in the AVabash River near Bluffton. During their
years of abundance it i.s no rare thing to see G. cra-Hsu.'^. fraternus and gras-
lincUus hawking their way over the asphalt streets in the business
part of town, and at such times they are not infreiiuently captured clinging
to screen doors or similar supports, but they rarely if ever enter houses,
in marked contrast to Epiaa^cJuKi hrrox which is more rarely seen abroad,
but is often taken indoors.

54. Gomphus dihitatus Rambnr. Creek at Indian Village, Noble Co..
July 4, 1917.

55. Gomphus ca-ilis Selys. On June 15, 1919, along the east end of the
south side of Shriner Lake, Whitley Co.. this species and G. spicatus were
common. Both species rested on blue grass heads, and on the leaves of low
maples not over two feet high ; e.pilis also rested on dead weed stems and
the windrow of debris along the lake, and .'<p'catus often rested on the
ground. One spicatus male had a serious old healed injury to the throax
at the base of the right front wing so the wing movement was greatly re-
stricted, but before capture nothing unusual in its actions was noticed.
Exilis was aLso taken at a creek and swamp five miles east of Lagrange,
Lagrange Co., June 20 and 27, 1920.

56. Gomphus frateinvus Say. See under 53. Gomphus crassus.

57. Gomphus furcifer Hagen. Creek at Indian Milage, Noble Co.. July 4.
1917 ; Round Lake, Whitley Co., June 15. 1919.

58. Gomphus graslijicllus Walsh. Aboite River, Devil's Hollow. Allen
Co., July 13, 1919; Eel River, Allen Co.. July G. 1919. See under 53. Gom-
phus crassus.

Icr .V.

. (loinpfiits c.rilis.

ijilc 11

lalo was taken .luiic

IT, i'.»r

I and <

mi'-lialf miles west .

• f .Moiigc

Notes on hulidmi Ifnif/onflirs. 101

01. (Idiiiphiix xpictilKs Haj,'('ii. Sec iiii

(iOa. floinphiia viridifrans I line. A si
about tliri'o niilos east of Ontario and t\v<
La^jranj^e Co. The day Mas cohl and windy and tiic drafionlly was resting
(in the low. broad leaf of an rtster at the edge of a woods alioiit a <iuarter of
a mile .soutli of ridgiMni Kiver. Tiie sjiecies has iteen taken in (Jhio and
Pennsylvania : this is the tirst Indiana reeord.

f)9. Drotnof/Miiphiix .sixiliatiis Hageii. At a bayou about two miles west
of Merom, Sullivan Co.. .Inly i^:;. l!>ls. This species has not been seen along
the Wabash near Bluffton since 1917 when it was observed but in smaller
iiiiinbers than in former years. It frequents more sluggish streams with
mud bottoms, and the Wabash has apparently become a stream more suit-
aiile for it than for IK sjiiunxKs which prefers clear. rapi<l water, clean
bottomed streams. D. .sijino.sii.s formerly occurred on the Wabash but I
have not seen it there now for many years. What has caused the more
recent ebb in If. .sixtliatux I do not know. .\ few years may .see it back
again in iiiidimiiiislied nuiiihcrs ; .s/^n/o.s/^.v .-iliiiost ccrfaiiily will never
I'etuni.

70. Boycria rinosa Say. Shriner Lake. Whitley Co.. Sept. 16, 1917;
small stream near Merriam, Noble Co.. Seiit. 'S.'>. I'.MT.

7. Basiuesfhiui janata Say. Border of tamaraclc swamp along Pidgeon
Kiver, one mile east of Mongo, Lagrange Co.. June 17. 1917.

72. Avax Junius Drury. On April 14. 1917. a male was dashed to the
street in lUuffton by a heavy rain ; on April 20, 1917. a male was taken in a
store room in Bluffton. and on the same <late a female Epiaeachna heros
was taken in a nearby store. In April. 1919. a female of Anax juititis was
taken in a house in Bluffton on the third of the month, and on the fifth a
male and a female were taken in two other lious(>s ; on the tifth. eighth and
ninth, six'cimens were hawking in my home yard. On August 2."!. 1919, and
at lea.st a few evenings before and after that date juiiiu.s was flying in
great numbers from (i to 7 \k m. standard time (7 to s ]>. m. fast time),
along a road between woods and a corn lield ami over adjacent fields in low
(r(>ek bottom one and a half miles ciist and one and a fourth miles north of
r.luffton. They were feeding voraciously and the flight was very erratic,
suggesting (Jynacantlias hut more erratic than the larger sju'cies of Gyna-
(•antha. Posey Co.. Ainil 21. I'.H!) (('has. C. Deaiiii.

~r>. Acslnid iiiiislrifUi Say. .\ear Wolf Lake. Noble Co.. Sept. 2.3. 1917;
backwater of Weli>ter Lake. Ko-ciusko Co.. August .'Jl, 1919.

7(5. AcuhiHi iiiutfitii Ilaiieii. Vaiii:nion Swamp near liluffton. June 13,
1P20. a single male .seen and caidured. This is the first appearance of
iinititta at this swamp since 1914.

78. Actihua umhro-vi Walker. Creek iit Shriiiei
It!. 1917; creek at Indian Village. Kosciusko Co..
swamp five miles east of Lagrange. Lagrange Co..

79. Avshna rcrlicdiis Hagen. Creek at India
Sept. 1. 1919.

.SO. \(i>iiti(s()iii<i It) nIdcinillKi Kambiir. This

along the Ahoite Kivei'. Devils Hollow. Allen Co..

M. Kititicsrhiiii. h( ro.s Kabiicius. .\ male was li

Lak(

'. Whitley Co.. Sept.

Sei.t.

1. ]'.nii: creek and

0<'t(,l

ler 1(1. 1920.

1 Vill

age. Kosciusko Co..

rare

species was taken

.Inly

0 and 1.;. 1!»19.

ken i

n ii downtown oflSce

102 Proc(cilingt< of Jud'Hnui Acadcinji of Science.

in Muncie, Delaware Co.. July J."i. imi; ; a female was taken hawking just
before sundown in my home yard in r.lufftoii on August 1, 1917, and a
male was taken August lo rarly in the morning clinging to vines in the
sd5toe yard; April 12. IIH!). a male was taken in the Union Savings and Trust
Company, Bluffton : a innnlicr wore taken in stores and houses in Bluffton
in April. May and June. 15)20.

S3. Macromia iIIinoi(it>>i>i Walsh. Salamonie River. Huntington Co.,
August 5. 1917 ; on June 4. 1918. a female was caught on a window screen at
the Wells County Bank building. Blufftim.

84. Macromia pacipca Hagen. On August 2G. 1917, two friends and
myself hunted Maeromias along the Wabash River above Bluffton. It was
a cool windy day. altogether unfavorable for Maeromias but we took an even
dozen— height of pavifica. two of wabashensis and two of illiiioiensis. One
or tn^o identified on the wing as tacniolata were not captured. One pacifica
was found crippled and unable to fly in the weeds along the river; one
hind wing was broken at its base in the thorax and the body juices were
exuding. Another of the same species was floating alive on the water with
the front wing broken off near the base. It is in-ol)able both injuries were
caused by birds. At Howe. Lagrange Co.. on Sei»t. ."!. lOlO. I was asked to
identify the birds which had nesteil in a bhu' bird box in the hotel yard
during that year. A description of the birds liy my informants left no
doubt that they were great crested flycatchers. The birds were new to the
Ijarties observing them and the feeding of the young was e-pecially inter-
esting. They reported that they never saw the old birds carry in any other
food than large dragonflies. An examination of the nest showed a quan-
tity of bits of dragonfly wrings and legs. I was able to identify a bit of
wing of LihclhiJa pulcJiella but the bulk of the material was parts of Maero-
mias. There is no doubt that dozens of thee insects had gone to supply
this one nest. Martins are very numerous in boxes placed for them in
Bluffton. The birds spend many hours over the river and the abandoned
adjacent quarries near Bluffton. That they feed on large dragonflies is
no question though I have been able to certainly identify only LiheUula
pulchella. But in many years' collecting along the Wabash I have seen
only one Macromia near Bluffton. On the other hand, Clomphm occurs
within the city limits in apparently as large nund)ers as elsewhere. But the
Gomphi have a relatively short se:is(!nal range, they burst their exuviae by
hundreds or thousands almost simultaneously, and their eggs are laid and
their aerial life ended before their prechu-eous enemies could gather in
numbers to attack them. The longer seasonal range of Maeromias, by
reason of which the brooding mother bird and later her offspring, from
hatching to leaving the nest, could be fed on this one species of insect,
obviously invites danger. The ijair of great crested flycatchers at Howe
doubtless became expert Macrt)mia cateheis by the time their offspring took
wing.

85. Macromia taeniolata Ramltiu-. At a bayou two miles west of Merom.
Sullivan Co.. July 23. 1918, one male captured and one or two more seen.
Later, on August 3, we found the species in numbers at the Tennessee River
ferry between Jasper and Chattanooga. Tennessee.

90. Tetra(joneuria simwlans Muttkowski. Case Lake, east of Howe,

(.f W('I)s(

cr Liil<(

'. Kosciuskn ('(I.. July

. Tliis n

1 \'M\). nil

1.. h.-ivc .

ire spt^
July !l

lisilplK'il

fics was taken aloiijj
'. X. chanidrdcn. S4fl^y
ircd as it lias not Itccii

Notes oil Itidi(\iui Drafionjiirs. \{Y.\

Lagrange Co., Juno 17. 1917; outlet
4, 1917.

94. iSomotocJilora Uncaris Hajien
Flat Creek in Wells County again ii
inorly taken on the same creek. soeni>
seen since 1913.

95. l^nuiatochJora icnchrosa Say. Tliis. like Conlulri/nstcr ohlifiiiiiH. is
another species wliich lias not been taken in Indiana since Say's time till
it was taken on July 6. 1919, at Devil's Hollow. Ahoite Kiver, Allen County.
The two males seen and cai^tured were hovering and flying about little
jMidls in a very small creek flowiiii,' in ilie dense shade of small timber.
This little creek, about eighteen inches wide, evidently spring fed, is a
right hand tributary of the Ahoite Kiver, near the upper end of Devil's
Hollow.

96. TAhcUuJa cyavca Fabricius. Creek and swamp five miles east of
Lagrange. Lagrange Co.. June 127, 1920.

99. LibcUiila luctiKisii P.uiiiieister. Sliriiier Lake. Whitley Co.. Sept. 10,
1917.

101. LihcUula quadriindciihita l.iiiiie. Tliice miles east of Ontario,
Lagrange Co., June 17, 1917.

104. Plathenti.s hjOia Driuy. Devil's Hollow. Ahoite River, Allen Co..
July lo, 1919; creek and swamp five miles east of Lagrange. Lagrange Co.,
June 27, 1920.

105. Pcrlthemis teticm Say. Uound Lake. Whitley Co.. August 25. 191S.
112. Si/mpetrum 7-nhici(]i(liiluiii Say. Salanionie River. Huntington Co..

August 5. 1917. Along the interurban railroad north of Bluffton. between
the Wabash River and the Clover Leaf railroad, is a long shallow pond
formed by excavations along the interurl>;m ^rade. .Vhout this pond occur
numbers of the yellow-winged form of nihicinnlHlinn. once regarded as a
si>ecies under the name as-slmilatum. On Sept. 1:5. 1914. the following four
species of Fiympcirum were tiying at this pond: nmhiguum. ohtrusum. riihi-
ciindiilum and vicinum. Obtrumim and rulnciiudHJum were about in
equal numbers and were much more numerous than the other two. Of
fifteen males and two females of ruhiriiiKlHluin' taken, all but one male
were of the yellow-winged form. On Sept. 2. 1917, ten males and three
females were taken at this .same pond. Of these males two had clear wings,
five were yellow winged and three were intermediates. All the females were
yellow-winged. At some deep partially shaded gravel pits about a quarter
of a mile distant, foni- males taken the same date were ;ill clear win.ged. I
have noticed at other i>laces than this intenuban pond that the yellow-
winged form occuned about shallow warm pools or was seen late in the
season when ponds were at low water stage, and I believe thei'e is some
relation between light or warmth, or both, in producing this color form.

115. Pachinlipht.r loiif/iix'iniif! Hurmeister. Creek and sw;iinp live miles
east of Lagran.ge, Lagrange Co.. June 27. 192(1.

117. LcucoThiiiid inldcta Hagen. Creek and swamp live miles east of
Lagrange. Lagrange Co.. June 20 and 27. l!t-J().

119. Cclifhcmis cixuiiiid Drnr.v. One male and one female of this siK'cies
:ind a single female of c. ( lisn. all the speciiueiis seen, were taken along tiie
Wabash River in Wells County, August 2(1. 1!>17. The day was verv windv

.104 Procecdinys of lu(Ji<i,i<i Arddciin/ of ^^cirvcr.

and specimens of both species were dduhtless strays as neither has been
seen on the Wabash at any otlicr tinu-. r,..th species were talcen at Round
Lake, Whitley Co., on August 25. I'.ns. Tonerals were flying at the same
lake on June 15, 1919.

122. Pantain hymcnaea Say. Wabash River, Wells Co.. August 2(>, 1917.
a single female, the only one seen, hawking back and forth over a small
island. Several years ago there were heavy rains resulting in flooded ttobN
in the creek bottoms in Wells County at tlie time corn in these flelds was
just beginning to tassel out. The higli waters did not subside for several
days and the corn died and the stalks fell over into the water. These
flooded cornfields were visited by large numbers of ovipositing Tramcas and
Pantalas and by a smaller number ol ^iniiixtniiii corruptum all of which
appeared as by magic to avail themselves of this new and virgin dragonfly
habitat. Of course every egg perished, but the incident afforded an ex-
ample of the quick response of certain dragonfles to avail themselves of a
new habitat where their enemies and competitors had not yet estab]islie<l
themselves.

123. Tramca Carolina Linne. Vanemon swamp. Wells Co.. .Tune (i. 1920.

105

'J'llH AXAriXK (ii:.\rS XVKOCA A.\I> IIS XI'.AUI'.SP ai.i.iios.

IlAKKV (". OliKUllOl.SKK.

'IMi.' follnwiiii,' i.ii.LCcs |.n-s('iit lilt' results of ;iii invest i^iitioii. lM■^MIn many
ye.ii-s a.i,'(). iiild the iiciierlc i-elat ioiisliips of the iliicUs e(iiiiiii(.iily iiicliMled
ill till' .iiciiera Aiimra Fleiniim iMarila aiiet. reel and Fiili'nd'i Stei>lieii.s.
Those species are :

Xifrncd f I rill (I ( I.iiinaons)

Xjirocii (iiiicriciUKi (Kyloii)

Mjro'd nilisincrid (Wilson)

Xi/roni hiicri ( Katlde.l

Xijrocd inintcd (Giildenstiidt)

Syrocd iiuiolnta Salvador!

Ni/roc(i (iH-straHs Eytoii

Nyroca hnnoiea Eytoii

Nyi-oc(i' niitioiii (Sclater and Salvin)

Nyroca cri/throplithaliiKi (Wied)

Fuliffula marihi (Linnaeus)

Fuligula affiiiix Eyton

Ftilif/tila fiiligiilfi (Linnaeus)

Fulifjula novaescclandiae (Gmelin)

Fuliguld coUarin (Donovan).

Of the fifteen species thus eoinpi-ised. we ha\c exaniiiied all hut t wo -
Xijroca innotdta and Nyrocd iidtioiii. Study of the structural characti-rs of
these birds has resulted in the discovery of some hitherto unnoticed char-
acters, which indicate that to include all these species in a single genus
\v(Uild be manifestly improper, and that in view of important differences,
some additional genera need recognition. The characters liere used as
generic-ally diagnostic are constant and trenchant so far as it has been
possible for us to verify them, and a number of other characters we have
omitted because they fail to come up to this standard. It is becoming fairly
well understood that many differences that are apparently good generic
characters fail when several individuals of a s])ecies. or when species of
other supposed generic gron])s are critically examined: and while a mere
ahnormality in a single individual can not he lield as invalidating a gen-
ei-ic character, it is ((uite evident that a character which is not i>raclically
constant in all individuals of a sjiecies can scarcely he nsahle in the diag-
nosis of a genus. It is evidently thus unsafe to base generic characters on
examinati(m of a single six'cimen of a species, hut sullicient examples should
he exandned to eliminate the factor of individual variation. As in many
ducks, so in the liirds at present under consideration, the form, shape, and
l>roportions of the bill are of prime importance as tlie indicators of generic
relationships. Of other characters made use of in the present conni'ction.
tho.se of the relative proportions of the wing and of iinier toe with claw,
compared with the exposed culmen. are apparently of most importance.
While coloration as a i»rimary geneiic cii;irac(ei- is of little or no value
among these ducks, it is of interest to note that the generic classification

106 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

heri' adopU'd i-drrcspoiids fairly wc-ll with the general coloi-ation of the
species concerned, although Xi/rocti bacri is, of course, an exception. Fur-
thermore, the sequence of species is virtually the same as that adopted by
Mr. N. HoUister in his recent notes on the relationships of Fuligula col-
laris,^ except that, of course, the sequence is reversed.

The measurements of which use is made in proportional comparisons in
this paper have been taken as follows :

Length of wing. — The distance from the bend of the wing to the tip of
the longest primary, taken with dividers without straightening the quills.

Exposed culmen (length of bill). — The chord of the culmen. taken from
its tip to the point where the feathers of the forehead impinge on its base.

Height of bill at extreme base. — The distance in a straight line from the
highest point on the base of the maxilla to the nearest point on the ramus
of the mandible.

Width of bill. — Measured with dividers at the widest point near the end
of the bill ; at base ; at point of greatest width ; or at the posterior end of
the nail where this coalesces witli the culmen.

Length of the nail of bill. — The chord of the dertrum. measured in a
straight line from its tip to the point where it coale.-ces with the culmen.

Inner toe with claw. — Measured witli dividers along the upper side from
the middle of the joint between the metatarsus and the inner toe, in a
straight line to tlie tip of the claw.

Tlie writer is indebted to Dr. ('. W. lUcliniond for a nunil)cr of references
to generic names cited in this paper.

Fulix SUNDEVALL.

Marila OKEN, Isis (von Oken), 1817, Heft VIII, col. 1183 (nomen
nudum).

Fulix Sundevall. K(rngl. Vetensk.— Acad. Handl.. for 1835 (183()). p. Il2!)
(proposed for "Anates lobatae," with no species mentioned) (type by sub-
sequent designation [Baird. Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Birds North
Amer., II, 1884, p. 17]. Anas marila Linnaeus).

Marila BONAPARTE. Compt. Rend. I'Acad. Sci., XLIII, Sept. 30, 1856, p.
651, (Reichenbach, MS.) (type by tautonymy, Atuis frenata Sparrman [ =
Anas marila Linnaeus]) (nee Marila Reichenbach quae Aithyia Gloger).

■Nettarion BAIRD. Rep. Explor. and Surv. R. R. Pac, IX. 1858, p. 790
(in text) (substitute name for the group to whieli Fulix Sundevall is
simultaneously restricted) (type by subsequent designation [Baird, Brewer,
and Ridgway, Water Birds North Amer., II, 1884, p. 17], A)ia.^ marila Lin-
naeus).

Marila STONE. The Auk, XXIV, No. l>. April, 1907. p. 101 (Oken MS.)
(tyi>e by original designation and monotypy, Ana.'i marila Linnaeus) (nee
Marila Reichenbach ) .

Description. — Wing 4 1/2-5 times the length of exposed culmen ; bill rela-
tively but little flattened terminally, its width near end 11/10-13/10 times
its width at base, its tip squarish, its width at posterior end of nail 2 1/2-
3 1/3 times the length of its nail : tip of maxilla much hooked : nail of bill
broad and triangular, or narrow and strap-like; height of bill at extreme

iThe Auk, XXXVI. No- 4. October. 1919, pp. 460-463.

AiKitiiK (!i nils \ i/nx-ii mil lis \<iii(sl \l!irs. 107

l.;ist> .")/(•)- 1 1/10 (iiiics its jirciilcst widlli: hiisc nf ciiluicii imt deeply '-on-
eave: exjx.sed eulnioii 1 4 /.",-'_• 1 .", limes liie lieii;lit (d" hill at extroiue base,
1 :;/4-'_' limes tho sroatost widtli nf lijll. and decidedly ie-^s than tho length

(d" inner lee with elaw : auteiinr ontli f featiierini; at the base of

eulnion triantinlar and aenlely pninled ; lealjieriiit: on sides of maxilla not
reachinj: forward as far as that at tlie l>ase «d" the euluion ; no occipital
(•r(>st.

'rilftc. — .\iitis iiKirilii Linnaens.

h'cniiirk.-i. At first sight Fuli.r iHinicsccliniilidc ((hneiin) differs sonio-
whal fr( ni tlio two other species of tliis .<,'eiins in tlie relatively f^reater
lieiirhl of its hill at base: in havin.ii (he winj: hut little more than 1 l/'J times
tlie exiH.sed enhnen : tiie nail of the hill narrow willi its sides parallel (not
tiiaiiiinlai- 1 : the exposed culmen iisnally sliuhtiy less than 1' times the
height of the hill at extreme l)ase : and the width of hill at jiosterior end of

Tiail usually ahcnit rj times the len,i,'th (d" the nail. Xoi f tlie e characters,

liowever, are trenchant or constant eiioutih to warrant tlie separation of
tins siiecies e\(>n suhiieiierically. The narrow, sli-apdike nail of the bill ap-
jieai's to he one of the ln'st differences, hut this (diaracter is iiresent. thongh
not constant, in Fiili.r affiiiis.

The generic name MiirlUi Olicn' is hei-e re.ganhMl as a nomcn nmlum. in
common with all the other names proposed by Oken in this now famous
article .giving his own eipiivalents for the generic groniis in Cuvier's class-
ification. Oken's proposed eipiivalents seem not with siitficient definlteness
intro(hiced as substitutes. an<l. conseiiuently. ;ire not removed fi'om the cate-
gory of noinina nuda. The jiarticular name, llu'refore. whicli we liave now
under consideration we must re.jed for the gronj) of ducks to whicli it lias
been commonly applied, at least as dating from IMT. The next name in
]>oint of time, which can he used for this group, seems to be Fulix Sunde-
\all.- It was originally proposed for tlu' '"Anate-; lobatae." to include all
the ducks with a lobed hind toe. but no species was mentioned, although
the group was stated to contain the generic groups Plfifi/pn-'^ Brehm. lliidro-
hatcH Temminck, and FuliyuUi "a P.onaparte acceptum". Professor S. F.
liainP was the first author to restrict FiiUx Sundevall to a definite modern
genus of ducks, and he circumscribed tlie group to include the American
species Anas marila Linnaeus. Fiilif/iild nffinis Eyton. and Anna cnlliiriH
Donovan, but at the same time implying that his type was one of their
European relatives. However, the tyjie of this group was later definitely
fixed by Baird. Hrewer and Hidgeway' in the following language: ''No
type designated, but restricted to the group of which Anas marihi. Linnaeus,
is typical, by Professor Baird in P.. \. Am. ISW. 700." There thus seems no
doubt of the propriety of using the name Fulix for the Scaup Ducks. The
term Xcttarioii Baird' is a name pr<iposed for the same group in cas*' tiie
designation FiiU.r Stnidevall could not properly be restricted as Professor
Baird intended.

nsis (von Oken). 1S17. U.-ft VIII. rol. IIS.!.

^Kongl. Votcnsk.— Ai-a<l. Ilaiidl.. for 1S.',5 (1S86). i>. 129.

'Kep. Explor. and Surv. K. K I'lu-.. IX. ISoS. p. 790.

nVatev Birds North Ani<r.. II. 1SS4. p. 17.

'Kep. Explor. and Surv. K. K. Pac. IX. IS.'.S. p. 790.

108 Proc('('(li)i(/.s of hidiarc Acadciiii/ of t^cicnce.

The species now relVrable ti> this ireiius are :

Fulix marila tnarila (Linnaeus)
FuUx marila mariloides (Vigors)
FuHr marila nearctica (Stejneji'er)
FuUx affinis (Eyton)
Fulix novaeseelaniUae (Gmelin).

Fuligula STEPHENS.

Fulifjula STEPHENS. Sliaw's Gen. Zool.. XII. pt. ii. 1824. p. 187 (type
by tautonymy, Anas fuligula Linnaeus).

Ania BONAPARTE. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y.. II. 1828. p. 386 (in synon-
ymy of FiiH(/iil<i : type tlins l)y virtnt- of siil)stitnti(>n. Aiia.s fiilifiiila Lin-
naeus).

Glaticium GRAY. List Genera Birds. 1S40. p. TH (Brisson MS., in synonymy
ot Fuligula "Ray" [= Gray]) (type by virtue of sultstitution. .L/ff.v fuligula
Linnaeus).

Diagnosis. — Similar to Fuli.r. but tip of bill much rounded, its width at
posterior end of nail less than 2 1/2 times the length of nail ; and head with
a long occipital crest.

Description. — Wing 5 times the length of exposed culmen : bill relatively
little flattened terminally, its width near end 1 1/10-1 2/10 times its width
at base, its tip romided. its width at posterior end of nail 2-2 1/4 times the
length of nail ; tip of maxilla much hooked ; nail of bill broadly triangular ;
height of bill at extreme base 5/6-10/20 of its greatest width; base of cul-
men not deeply concave ; length of exposed culmen 2-2 .S/8 times the height
of bill at extreme base. 1 0/10-2 times the greatest width of bill, and decid-
edly less than the length of inner toe with claw : anterior outline of feather-
ing at the base of culmen triangular and acutely pointed ; feathering on
sides of maxilla not reaching forward as far as that at the base of culmen;
a long (75 mm.), .slender occipital crest.

Type.— Arias fuligula Linnaeus.

Remarhs. — This bird is much more closely allied to the genus Nyroca
than to Fulix, despite its coloration, as may be seen from the diagnosis
herewith given. Its long, pointed crest is unique among the species here
considered, although some of the others have the feathers of the pileum
lengthened into a short, bushy crest.

The name to be applied to this genus is, of course, clearly Fuligula
Stephens.' as its type is. by tautonymy, Anas fuligula Linnaeus. The name
Platypus Brehm,^ by some others cited in the synonmy of Fuligula, is a syn-
onym of Somateria Leach, as is established t>y the designation of its
type by Lesson' as An^is mollissima Linnaeus.

The only species of this genus is Fuligula fuligula (Linnaeus).

Nyroca FLEMING.

Nyroca FLEMING. Philos. Zool.. II. 1822, p. 260 (type by tautonymy.
Anas nyroca GiildenstJidt).

nu Sh.nvs (i.Mi. Zool.. Xir, pt. ii. 1S24, p. 1 S7.
-Li'lirb. <1. .\:i(nrjr. Eur. Voff.. II, 1S24. p. SOo.
'*M.iii. dOiiiith., II, June, 1828, p. 415.

Anatinc Cicnus Ni/nxd (hid lis Xcanst Mlics. 1(»'.)

Ilyonetta HEINE. Nomciicl. Mns, II. •in. oniiili.. is'jo. p. ;;17 (iiom. eineud.
|.i(. Xi/roca Fleming, iM'ii ; lyiu-. i licivlmv. \ii'i^ in/nx-u fiiildcustiidt).

Diagnosis.— Shmhw \» I'liliiinhi. ImH Iciiulli of win- less than r, limes
(iio length of expubrd ciiiiiKMi : iicnd \\illi<Hil .-i Lmg occipital crest.

Description.— WhvA 4LV.V4 4/.". times tlic Iciijitii ol" exposed culmeii ; l)ill
relatively somewhat flattened terminally, its width near end 1-12/10 times
its width at hase, its tip rcunded. its width at itosterior end of nail 1 !>/10-
•_':;/10 times the length of iinil: lip nt m.-ixiiin much hooked; nail of Idll
broad and triangular: heii,'hl ef In!! m eMreme hase 0/10-12/10 times its
,-r(>atest \Yidth ; base of cidmeii imi deeply ceiicave: exposed culmen 14/5-
I'l/.") times the height of hill at I'xlreme base, and 10/10-2 1/3 times the
greatest width of hill: exposed ciiliueii de.-idedly less than the lengtli of
inner toe with claw: anterior outline of featliering at the hase of culmen
triangular and acutely pointed : Ceallierinir on sides of maxilla not n^aching
forward as far as that at the lia>e of culmen : a short occipital crest or none.
Tiii)C. Anas nyroca GiilihMisriidl.

Remarks. — The species included undei- this heading seem at first sight to
he a heterogeneous assend)lage. hut. as in the case of Fiili.r. the examination
and comparison of all the specie; iinnlved nnd the proper consideration of
individual variation show that no further generic division is possible with-
out virtually making a genus of encli species on characters either trivial
tn- not wholly constant. It is (piite true that Xi/roca americana differs in
structure considerably fnun Xi/rocfi in/r:i('i. the length of the wing in the
f(U'mer being more than 4 1/2 times the exposed culmen; the bill less wid-
ened at tip. its width at posterior end of nail le-:s in proportion to the length
of the nail, its height at extreme base decidedly more than its greatest
width; and the length of the exposed culmen decidedly more than 2 times
the greatest width of bill : but all these ditTerences are more or less unsat-
isfactory, as they either by individual variation or through the characters
of other species here referred to Xi/i-nca gi-ade insensibly into each other.
The same situation exists in the other species. Two forms. Xyroea natioui
and Xyroea innotata. have not been examined in the present connection, but
the relationship, of at least the lattei-. in s<i far as detevminable, seems to
be doubtless with the i)resent group.

\o c(unp]ication exists in the generic synonymy of this group, for the
name Xyroea Fleming' has for its tyiie by tautonyiuy Anas nyroca Giilden-
sliidt. The Ilyo/ietta of Heine- is. of coui-se, merely a substitute name for
Xyroea Fleming, for rea.sons of lauism.

The species behmging to this genus are as follows :
Xyroea erythrophihuhiid (A\'ied)
Nyroca hnitnua Kyton
Xyroea natioui ( Sclater and Salvia)
Xyroea americana (Eyton)
Xyroea nymca (Giildenstadt)
Xyroea innotata Salvadori
Xyroea australis Eyton
yyroca bacri (Radde).

'Philos. Zool., II, 1822, p. 260.

-.N'liiiiciicl. aius. Ilciii. Oniitli., iSJtO. ii. :;4'i

110 Procccdi'iKjs of Indhina Academy of Science.

J'crissoiicHd. .i^t'ii. iiov.'
Diagnosis. — Similar to Xi/roca, hut longtli of exposed culmen equal to
length of inner toe with claw (instead of decidedly shorter) ; feathering on
•sides of maxilla extending forward as far as the feathering at the base of
the culmen; anterior outline of feathering at tlie base of culmen broadly
convex ; and length of wing only about 4 times the length of exix)sed culmen.
Description. — Wing 4 times the length of exposed culmen ; bill relatively
little flattened terminally, its width near end abbut 1 1/S times its width
ar base, its tip rounded, and its width at posterior end of nail about 2 times
the length of the nail; tip of maxilla much luiokcd : nail (it bill rather wide
and subtriangular ; height of bill at extreme base. 1 1 /s times its greatest
width; base of culmen not deeply concave; exposed culmen about 21/4
times the lieight of bill at extreme base, 2 2/5 times the greatest
widtli of bill, and equal to the length of inner toe with claw ; anterior out-
line of feathering at base of culmen broadly convex; the feathering on
sides of maxilla reaching forward as far as that at the base of culmen; a
short, bushy occipital and coronal crest.
Type. — Anas coUnris Donovan.

NemarJcs. — Mr. N. Hollister's excellent iirticle on this species- serves but to
emphasize the distinctness of this duck from its Old World relatives. As
the characters that we have above given show, this species forms one of
the most trenchantly distinct groups among the genera allied to Nyroca.
Most of its distinctive characteristics are here for the first time presented,
and it is quite evident that had tliey been appreciated before, the bird
would long ago liave figured as the type of a new genus, a fate that it seems
to have escaped until now. In addition to the other characters by wliicli it
is readily and variously distinguishable from each of the generic groups here
treated, it differs from all of these in the shape of the frontal feathering at
the base of the culmen. and in the relati\e anterior extent of the feathering
on the sides of the maxilla ; and also, from all but ArlstoneUa. in having the
exposed culmen equal to the length of the inner toe with claw. Notwith-
standing its coloration, it is full.v as well differentiated from Fulicjula as
from Nyroca, as the following differences from the former sliow : wing only
4 times the length of exposed culmen ; lieight of bill at extreme base much
more than the greatest width of bill; length of exposed culmen about 2 1/2
times the greatest width of bill ; exposed culmen equal to inner toe with
claw; anterior outline of feathering at the base of culmen convex, that on
sides of maxilla reaching as far forward as that at the base of culmen:
occipital crest short.

The only species assignable to this group must now lie called Peri.s.soiKlht
collar hs ( Donovan ) .

Aitlipia GLOGER.

Aythya BOIE, Isis (von Oken), 1822. Heft V. col. 564 (type by subse-
quent designation [Degland. Ornith. Europ.. II, 1849, p. 455.], Anas fcrina
Linnaeus) (nee Acihjta Dumont. (piae Acfhia Merrem [Alcidae]).

Aithyia GLOGER. (Froi-lep's) Xotizen (ieliiete Natur u. Ileilk.. XVI. No.
18, March, 1827. col. 270 (noni. emend, prd Ai/lln/a I'oie: type. th(>refore,
A7ias fcrina Linnaeus).

mirabilis ; netta, anas.
-The Auk, XXXVI, No. 4, October, 1919, pii. 4UO-4G;!.

Anafinc (Uhuk and Us Xcarcst Allies. Ill

Aclln/jd (!I,<»(;EK. n''r(iri("i)'s) Noti/.cii (Jebiclo Nafur ii. llellk., XVI, Xo.
IS. M.ir<li, IS-_'7, col. 279 (iioin. ciikmkI. \)Vi) \iillniii Hoio ; type, therefore,
AiiiiK fcriiKi Linnaeus).

Avllnjiu GI^OGER, (Froriep's) Xotizeu Gcliiete Xatur u. Heilk. XVI, Xo.
18. .March, 1827, col. 279 (nom. emend, pro Aythya Boie; typo, therefore,
Audx fcrina Linnaeus).

Mlln/a BOIE. Isis (von Okcn). 1828, Heft III-IV, col. 359 (nom. ememl.
luo Ai/lhi/d r><iie: type tluis Anas fcriiui Linnaeus) (nee Aethya Dumont).

Fulujuhi SWAIXSOX. Xat. Hist, and Classif. Birds. II, July 1, 1837, p.
.■'.C.S (Kay MS.) (type l)y nionotypy. Fulii/ula fcrina Selby [= Anas fervna
Linnaeus]).

Athya BRANDT, in Ilelmersen. Lohniann's Reise Buchara und Samar-
kand, 1852. p. 320 (type l)y monotypy, "FuUgula fcrina Linn." [= Anas
fcrina Linnaeus] ).

Mnrila REICHEXBACH. Avium Syst. Xat.. 1852. p. VIII (type by orig-
inal desisnation. Anas fcrina Linnaeus).

Aythia SALVADORI. Cat Birds Brit. Mus., XXVII. 1895, p. .S34 (Boie
MS.) (type by ori.£?iual designation, Anas jerina Linnaeus).

I>i«£/nos/s.^Similar to I'crissonctfa. but length of exposed culmen de-
cidedly shorter than inner toe with claw, and less than twice the height
(if bill at extreme base; feathering on sides of m:ixilla not extending for-
ward as far as the feathering at the base of the culmen; anterior outline
of feathering at the base of culmen triangular and reaching anteriorly
to an acute point ; length of wing more tlian 4 times the length of exposed
culmen. tip of bill squarish, its width at posterior end of nail 2 1/2 times
the length of nail ; height of bill at extreme base 1 1/4-1 3/8 times its great-
est width ; and base of culmen deeply concave.

Description. — Wing 4 1/4-4 2/5 times the length of exix)sed culmen ; bill
somewhat flattened terminally, its widtla near end about 1 1/20 times
its width at base, its tip squarish, its width at posterior end of nail about
2 1/2 times the length of nail ; tip of maxilla moderately hooked ; nail of
bill rather narrow and strap-shaped ; height of bill at extreme base 1 1/4-

1 3/8 times the greatest width of bill ; base of culmen deeply concave ; length
of exposed culmen 1 4/5-1 6/7 times the height of bill at extreme base, about

2 2/5 times the greatest width of bill, and decidedly less than inner toe with
claw ; anterinr outline of feathering at base of culmen triangular and acute-
ly pointed ; feathering on sides of maxilla not reaching forward as far as
the feathering at the base of culmen ; a short occipital crest.

Type. — Anas feHna Linnaeus.

Remarks. — This, the type of this monot.vpic genus, is very much more
different from the species above included in Nyroca than authors have here-
tofore realized, largely because its distinctive characteristics have appar-
ently been unappreciated. Its separation now as a distinct genus is based
almost entirely on new characters. From Nyroca it may readily be sepa-
rated by the deep longitudinal cavity at the base of the culmen. squarish
tip of bill, and in having the width of the bill at the posterior end of nail
at least 2 1/2 times the length of the nail : tip of maxilla less strongly
hooked; nail of bill relatively narrow and strap-like: and the height of bill
at base 1 1/4-1 3/8 times the greatest width of bill.

112 Proceedings of JiHliana Academy of Science.

Tliis yciius in some respects resembles Aristoiictta, as for instance in the
much concave base of culmen. in wliich character it differs from all the
other groups here considered. It is, however, well differentiated from Aris-
tonettu, as may be seen from the diagnosis under that genus.

The generic name Aythi/u Boie' is the earliest name applicable to this
group, but it is preoccupied by Acfhya Dumont,^ wliich is a synonym of
Aethia, the earliest name for the genus of Alcidae formerly known as Simo-
rhynchiis. The Aifln/a of Boie-' is. of (Mur.-e. nu-rely an emendation of Aiithyn
Boie. and is also preoccupied by Aclliya Dumont. Likewise, FtilU/uhi
Swainson,* the type of which by monotypy is Anas ferina Linnaeus, is pre-
occupied by Fiiligiila Stephens."' The name Aithyia Gloger," proposed as an
emendation for Aythya Boie. is, however, by virtue of its additional syllable,
a different word, therefore tenal)le under the present rules of nomenclature,
and should be brought into use for this genus as its earliest valid designa-
tion.

The only species referable to Aithyia is Aithyia ferina (Linnaeus).

Aristoiictta BAIRD.

Aythyia BONAPARTE. Compt. Bend. I'Acad. Sci.. XXXVIII No. 14,
April 10, 1854, p. (5(i4 (type liy monotypy. Anas {■aJi^invria Wilson) (nee
Aithyia Gloger).

Aristonetta BAIRD. Rep. and Explor. Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, p. 793
(in text) (type by original designation and monotypy. Anas valisiiieria
Wilson).

Anthya LE MOIXE, Ornith. Canada, pt. 1. 18(j(», p. !X) (type. Anas va>-
lisineria Wilson ) .

Diaynosis. — Similar to^Aithyia. but length of expused culmen about ecpial
to length of inner toe with claw, m<n-e than twice the height of bill at ex-
treme base, and about 3 times the greatest width of l)ill ; length of wing less
than 4 times the length of exposed culmen ; bill rounded at tip, and not
wider near end than at base ; tip of maxilla little or not at all hooked.

Description. — Wing 3 3/4-3 4/5 times the length of the exposed culmen;
bill much flattened terminally, its width near end not more than its width
at base, r.sr.r.Ty less; tip of bill rounded; width of bill at posterior end of
nail 2 1/5 times the length of nail ; tip of maxilla little or not at all hooked ;
nail of bill narrow and straplike: height of bill at extreme base 11/4 —
times the greatest width of bill : base of culmen deeply concave ; length of
exposed culmen 2 2/5 times the height of bill at extreme base, about 3
times the greatest width of bill, iind equal to the length of inner toe with
claw ; anterior outline of feathering at base of culmen triangular and acutely
pointed; feathering on sides of maxilla not reaching forward as far as the
feathering at the base of culmen ; no occipital crest.

I'ype. — Anas vaUsineria Wilson.

Remarks. — ^This monotypic group seems to be most nearly allied to
Aithyia, although by no means to be included in the same genus. It f(n-ms

ilsis (von Oken), 1822, Heft V, col. 564.

2Dict. Sci. Nat., rev. ed., I, 1916. suppl., p. 71.

='Isis (von Olion), 182S, Ileft III-IV. col. :;',<).

^Nat. Hist, and Classif. Birds. II, .Iiil.v 1, ls:i7. ]>. ;!()S,

^Shaw's Gen. Zool., XII, pt. ii, 1824, p. 1S7.

"(Froriep's) Notizcii Ocbi.-te iNatur ii. llcilk.. XV-I. Ni

Aiiatine Gcmts Ni/rora (uid TIh Ncarrsl AII'ks. 11:',

ic of tlic iiuisf easily s(>i>aralc(l i.'r<Mi|K of Mk.sc how iiimI<t coiisidcralinii.

Us only spccitw is A ri.sl<>,i<t hi nilisiinria (Wiisdiu.

The followiutr key t.. the .ucncra licic treated is added fm- cniiveiiienee ef
'feronco and as a iiiei-e .m-ai)lnc exposition nf salient ciia raeters.

A.NAI.VTK AI. Ki:V T(J ( I KN Ki! A Al.MKI) TO XVKOCA.

' Lenj;tii of exiiosed cninien aliont e(|nal to len.i:tli of innei- toe witii claw.
It'. J'.asi- of culnien deeply concave; aiilurior uiilline of fuatlioring at
base of cnlnien actUely pointed; feathering on sides of maxilla not
reaching anteriorly as far as that at base of culinen ; hill more
flattened anteriorly, longer and slenderer, not wider neai' end than
at base; length of exposed enhnen :! times the greatest width of
bill; tip of maxilla not at all or very slightly ho(d<e(l ; nail of hill

narrow and with parallel sides 1 ri.stonctta.

b": Base of culmen not deeply concave; anterior ontline of feathering at
base of culmen not acutely pointed, but broadly convex ; feathering
on sides of maxilla reaching anteriorly as far as that at base of
culmen; bill less flattened anteriorly, shorter and stouter, decid-
edly wider near end than at base; length of exposed culmen only
21/2 times the greatest width of bill; tip of maxilla strongly
hooked ; nail of l)ill rather wide and subtriangular. . . .Perissonetta.
-. Length of exposed culmen decidedly shorter than inner toe with claw.

ft'. Base of culmen deeply concave Aithyia.

ft-. Base of culmen not deeply concave.

c'. Tip of bill squarish, its width at posterior end of nail not less than

2 1/2 times the length of nail /•'(///./■.

cr. Tip of bill much rounded, its width at posterior end of nail less
than 2 1/2 times the length of nail.
(l\ Length of wing less than H times the length of exposed culmen ;

no long pointed occipital crest Siintcn.

(/-. Length of wing not less than 5 times the length of exix)sed
cidmen : a long (7.") mm. ) pointed occipital crest FuUcfula.

SO.Mi: oltSKUVA'I'lo.NS ( ).\ 'llli: l-V'llln.\S.

W. IIk.nkv SiiKAK. !'liil;i<l<'li)Iiia.

Most of my study li;is Ixmmi -^Iwu m l.irds and niMiimiiils. !iut I liavo had
some exceptional oiipoiiunilics [n (.hscivc llic tiiciil scriiciits. especially the
pythons. T spent live years willi llii" New V. ik /nr.Io-ical Company, hotter
known as tlie t:d\vards Animal Show, as naluraiist an 1 lertuvor. We always
had a ninnliei- of these monster rei>tiles in our collect i« n. and sometimes as
many as sixteen. uon(> of thom less than twelvi' feet in lenjith. and some of
them more than thirty. The followiim note-^ weiv made during? those

The ahilit.v of snakes to perform feats (d' swallowing- is astounding. I
once knew a small hon, prohahl.N the .\<)un,u of Hoa i-mist rifhir scarcely four
feet in leuiith. and with ii head no laruMT than a nnins thnmh. to swallow a
full-j,M-own j.ip'on. We imt the pi-eon in the caiic at ni-ht. thinkini: that
an Indian python {I'i/IIhhi mohini.s \ . seven or ei.iiht feet ion-, would take it.
hut a great swollin,si in the body i,f ihe little iioa next mornini; showed what
had become of the hird. As no snake chews or rends his prey, we knew
that it passed his IkvkI and throat entire. The eidar.ucment did not dis-
appear for a week.

"Loug Tom", a giant Ueticulnted python {I'tjlluiii rcticiilittiix) . fed on a
pig weighing forly-Hve pounds. We wanted to get some photograph.s of the
monster rei)tile taking laige pre.\. so the piu was put in the den alive; but
as his prey had heen killed f<ir him in captivity, the snake got frightened
when the pig began to move about and squeal, and backed away. When
the pig was killeil and he -melled the warm blood, lu' took the animal
at once and in tweuty-lixt' nunutes it had disappeai-ed. The pig is. however,
an easy object to swallow, comjiared to a dense pelage of fur or feathers.

For two or three days the stomach was enlarged to almost the size of
a beer keg. hut on the third day the swelling be.gan to diminish, and by the
end of the fifth the body had returned to its normal diameter. Contrary to
common belief, these big snakes will generally so(m learn to take their prey
after it has been killed. We usually fed them chickens or rabbits, killed,
l>ut still warm. We have, however, fed them with cold-storage rabbits
that were killed in Australia. :\Iiss Crace Clark. ;i young woman with
much experience with l)ig snakes in shows, tells me that she once had a
snake that would take a chicken after it was dressed and cut into pieces,
receiving the pieces one at a time. One evening we wanted to feed a very
larso pigeon to a small Indian python. In order to .save him the trouble of
working over the shoulders, we cut otf the wings. After gorging the bird,
we otTered him the wings, which he took and swallowed.

The inthon which swallowed the pig was received from Carl Hagenbeck
of Hamburg. fJermany. in July. 11)07. ^Ir. Ila.irenbeck had a photograph of
the r(>ptilo in the act of swallowiivir an Indian antelope (Antelope cervi-
i(il>ni) weighing ov<"r ninety jMnuids. lie had another Tieticulated python
which swallowed a innet.\-seven |)oun<l ibex. .V iiython in the Cinciiuiati
Zo<".logical Gardens swallowfil a goat wei,ghing f<u'ty-two ponmls. All of the
goat that passed intact were the horu<. the hootV. and a piece of sash rope
four feet long that had been attaclu'd to his neck.

Proceedings of Iiuliana Annie tmj of Science.

We had a big Reticulated pytlion which passed the hoofs of a pig. They
were shown to Dr. W. T. Hornaday. the Director of tlie New Yorlc ZofHog-
ical Park, who identified them as the lioofs of the Bornean wild pig (Kus
barbatus). of about forty pounds weight. A ship's captain in bringing over
a large Reticulated python, found in the excrement the quills of a Javan
porcupine, lying in the same relative position they occupied ou the animals
body. The reptile must have begun at the head, extending the coils back-
ward over the body, and pressing the quills down horizontally in their
natural state of rest. Evidently, this is a species of prey a snake would not
disgorge.

Our small snakes feed largely on frogs, toads, and fish : the anacondas
feed extensively on fish; king snakes and king cobras eat other species of
snakes: but I have never known a boa or i)ython to take a cold-blooded ani-
mal. We often keep small snakes and iguanas with the boas and pythons,
but they never take any notice of them. In a state of nature their prey
consists largely of small deer and aideloix's. lambs, kids, pigs, other mam-
mals weighing less than a hundred pounds. ;iu(l any bird that may Ije large
enough to attract their attention. Tlial their ])rt'y iUn^s not always sub-
mit without a fight is shown from the luunber of broken ribs that are
found in the skeletons of these reptiles.

We had an artistically mounted skeleton of a twenty-two foot Reticulated
python, in which there were thirty-seven ribs that showed well marked
fractures, and a number of others that showed indications of fracture.
Some of them had been broken two and even three times. In one, the
ends had slipped past each other for about a half inch, and the two
sides were knitted together. In one place there were five fractured ribs
in succession. A peculiar feature about these broken ribs is the fact that
they always occur toward the posterior quarters of the snake. It is
probable that the animal responsible for these fractures is the Bornean
wild pig. Doubtless the rei)ti!(> usually seizes the pig near the head and
throws his coils about the Nlioitblcrs. The posterior limbs are thus left
free, and with these he fights desperately till life is crushed out. frequently,
as is plainly evident, doing sericms damage to his assailant.

In conformity to their attenuated form, snakes have a large number of
vertebrjo and ribs. A peculiarity of the skeleton is that there are but two
cervical vertebrae. The atlas and axis, or first and .second bones of the
spinal column, next to the head, licar no lih. but they start with the third
vertebra. Neither are there any lumbar or sacral vertebrae. In the
Reticulated python there are 3(51 vertebra. Of these. 2 are cervical, .37
caudal, and 322 dorsal. The caudal vertebra- all bear transverse processes,
the proximal ones long and broad, diminishing gradually toward the tip
of the tail, but they do not disappear, even in the last distal vertebra. It
may be that these are but ribs ankylosed to the vertebr^e. It is sometimes
difficult to distinguish just where the ribs end and the transver.se processes
begin. This is true of the Indian python. As already intimated, there
are 322 pairs of ribs. However, it is highly probable, at least possible, that
this number will not hold constant. Even in man there may be thirteen,
eleven, or as few as nine pairs. At least one human skeleton has been
known with twelve ribs on one side juid thirteen on the other.

Soiiif ()h.srrr)iH(iiis (ni ilr- I'l'Ui'ins. 117

IJki'wiso (Ik- tcclli of llic p.\(h(.ii arc iiiiiiicrnus. In the iippor jaw thero
is a row ol" tcolli in the iiia\illai\ . ami a second row. set at considerable
ilistanee inside the first and imlicddcd in. or ratlicr anU.vloscd to. the |>ala-
tiue bones. In the low(>r Jaw tlierc is ImiI one r.iw of teeth, that of th(>
inferior maxillai-.v. Imt it is reall.v donhle. as there is a line of tiny teeth
.iiist inside the lar-er ones. 'I'lie teclli arc all acutely conical in form,
sniootli. and with no ca\ities. depi-cssions. or ridges, and set so that they
point towaiil the hacU of the month. They serve merely for catching and
hohiinj-- tlie prey, not for masticatinn. As there are no particles of decjiyiM«
food on the teeth to be carried iido the woinid and produce septaceiuiu, a
hiti' from one of these monsters tisnally heals ipiickly. \one of the teeth
are set in alveoli, but merely ankyiosed to the ontside of the l)one, and as
the ankyiosed surface is small, it follows that the att-icliment is not
\-ery solid. ("onse(piently it is not nnnsnal for the teeth to break (iff when
the reptile is feediii--. We often found them on tlu' floor of the ca«e after
a feeilinj;.

In seeking' his jirey. the itytlion depends much move on his sense of smell
than on that of siirht. It is always danserous to go near these bii;
snakes with the smell (d' any kind of bird or mammal on the hands or
clothiuir. When they are liuiiixry and scent their natural food, they will
strike at the tirst tlnui: they see moving. They will even strike at
inanimate objects \\hich ha\e come in touch with their natural
])r(>y. One evening we were feedin.^ a big ])ython. For some reason he
had dropped the prey, and to get him to return to the chicken, I picked
lip a woolen duster which the janitor liad been using to dust the glass cases,
and pushed it towards his head. Instantly he struck and seized the duster
in his teeth. His jaw^s had to lie pried oi)en to make him let go. T'nder
similar circumstances a python in the Philadelphia Zoological Garden a
few years ago. seized and swiillowed a lilanket. After retaining it for two
days, he disgorged the article, rolled into a compact wad.

The sense of taste in the serpents is very keen. If chickens are kept
in a dirty box, these reptiles will refuse to feed on them. If a python
bites into the crop of a chicken ccmtaining bad-tasting matter, he will
drop the chicken. To test the sensibilities of the serpents, we once put a
stale Q^i:. in with a Black snake. This species (Boscanium comtrictor) is
\('ry fond of eggs, but no sooner had the shell broken in his stomach than
tlie littl(> fellow commenced vomiting, and continued until the stomach was
completely evacuated.

It is sometimes said that tli(> snakes have no eyelids. In fact the eyelids
are fu.sed in a transparent skin over the eyes. When they shed they shed
the skin from over the eyes as well as that from other parts of the l)ody.
•lust before the old skin is removed, it dies. l)ecomes dull in color and opaque
in texture, so that for several days before shedding a snake is almost blind.
There is a nnlky fluid between the dying epidermis and the newly forming
skin beneath. It is a strange fact, hut dui-ing the last few hours this
fluid disappears and the skin over the eyes partially clears. As .soon as
the old skin is removed, the snake is able to see again as well as ever.
r.ttt it sometimes happens, in captivity, at least, that the skin over the eyes
is not reniove<l when that from other jiarts of X\w liody is sho<1. and as a
conseijuence the snake remains blind. I Ikinc known this to hapjien for two

118 Proceed i)Hjs of hi(li(nia Acddciiij/ of Science.

successive slie(l(liii.tj;s and at tlic third all three skins be renuived. when the
reptile's vision was restored.

It is a connuon belief that snalvcs are so plentiful in India that one can
scarcely wallv al)out witliout stepping on them. Tliis is erroneous. It is
possible to live for considerable periods of time in that country witliout
so much as ca telling a glimpse of a snake. And this is especially true wlieu
we contine our references to the big pythons. Dr. Hornaday spent two years
hunting in India and Borneo, and lie declares he never saw luit one pytlion.
and tliat was a small one. The iiythons are timid and shy. and lie coiled
among the foliage of trees or shrubs, or in the dense grass on the ground.
They never attack man or the large aidnials so long as they are unmolested.

119

MALLOrilAlSA OK OIK NAIIVK lUUDS.

Edwin J. Koiir,.

The Miill(.|.li!i;,M or l)itiii« hinl lice (■(.iistitiitc ji ^Tdup of insects that
aiipiirciilly cxfiti' little curiosity in the iivciafie imlividuul. Moreover, liee
ill general are looked upon with disdain. Nevertheless, they do liold an
interest for some individuals, tliose who do not liold themselves aloof from
tiiese minute parasites, and hold no fear of infestation.

The earliest wi'itings in whicli lice were mentioned and received attention
were those of Francesco Redi. an Italian naturalist, in 166S. Other writ-
ing's followed hy such men as Otto Fabricino (1780), De Geer (1778), and
Linne (1789). Xot much truly scientific work was done by these men; it
was rather haphazard. Christian Ludwit; Nitzs(;h, Professor of Zoology
in the University of Halle, did the first real work that is recognized today.
His descriptions were excellent. lie made an attempt at classifying and
naming tlie Mallophaga. This, the beginning of our present day nomen-
clature, gave an impetus to real work along these lines. Such men as
1 >enny, Giebel, Piaget. Taschenberg and others, continued the work witli
excellent results.

Most of this early work was along taxonomic lines, that of describing,
naming and classifying, but a few men, Kramer, Melnikoff, and Grosse did
some work on anatomy. The work of Grosse in itself was not of a high
order. No special attention was given to accuracy of description and draw-
ings, consequently the work was crippled somewhat imtil our modern
entomologists revised and improved upon it.

In this country Herbert Osborn and A. S. Packard did the first work of
any consequence. Osborn's "Pediculi and Mallophaga affecting man and
the Lower Animals" was the first real attempt in this respect. It was by
no means complete. Much remained to be done. It was at this point that
Vernon Kellogg took up the investigation of Mallophaga. He made ex-
tensive collections, aimed at completeness in every respect. He made col-
lections from most of the common birds of ]yorth America. Special atten-
tion was paid to classification, to accurate descriptions and very accurate
drawings. The internal anatomy was completely worked out. Furthermore,
the old Nitzschian nomenclature was revised and brought up to date. In
every way the work was of a higli order and set a new standard in Mallo-
pliagan lines.

The position of Mallopliaga among the Insecta for a long time was a
much-debated question. EacJi new student quite naturally shifted them
from one position to another because little was known then concerning the
anatomy an<l development of these insects. For a long time they were i)laced
co(!rdinate with or under the Pedic-ulidae, for the rea.son that they were
ectoparasites. However, it was di.scovered that Mallophaga have biting
mouth parts, consequently they were placed in the Pseudo-Xeuroptera
along with various heterogeneous insects. Even the Pseudo-Neuroptera
were broken up by Brauer and the ^^allophaga now found themselves
keeping company with Psocids and Termites under the Corrodentia. Fin-
ally, in all this rearrangement of things pertaining to classification, Kellogg

120 Proceedings of l)t(Hana Acadcnnj of Science.

ii-.wr tlic .Mallophagii the rank of a full order. Wliellier or not they arc
ranked thus makes very little diffen^iu c, rclativt'ly. They are generally
placed iu a position following the Corrodent ia, which seem to be an inter-
grading group leading up to the Mallophaga. When Kellogg finally did
his monumental work on the North American Mallophaga (1896-1899) he
took the old Nitzschian classification and key, tore it down and rebuilt it.
Subgenera were ranked as genera, and genera became families in the
present-day key to the Mallophaga. This key is still intact and widely
used and is the last word on keys.

The Mallophaga are purely ectoparasites. As such they live on scales
and feathers of the birds. In the case of the mammal-infesting Mallo-
phaga, they devour hair and skin or scales of the skin, and to this there are
very few, if any, exceptions. Kellogg notes one instance, where a louse
was found attached securely and firmly with its jaws to the skin, evi-
dently having sucked or devoured flesh and blood. If such food as blood
were found among the stomach contents when examined, it may have been
blood which found its way to the feathers by injury to the host through
scratching. In that manner, the louse had probably secured the blood. It
is very rare to tind blood among the contents of a louse's stomach and no
observers x'ecord this, except the one just mentioned.

Consequently, lice would not be thought to produce any harmful effect
upon the host. Such is not the case. It is noticed among poultry that the
presence of lice causes tremendous uneasiness, scratching and disquiet,
so much so that the effect produces a modification of habits of the host
and causes a loss in weight. In case of pullets, it causes a loss in egg pro-
duction, due to irritation and harmful effect upon the general habits of the
bird. Among the birds the effect is not so noticeable. It is known with
certainty that birds do not harbor these parasites without some distress.
They dust themselves thus smothering out the lice. In extreme cases of
infestation a loss of vitality is occasioned and finally death may ensue.

Some importance dare be attached to the study of lice, in that they may
be carriers of certain diseases common to birds. We know that Pediculus
vestimenti acts as a carrier of Bacillus typhus, and ticks carry and trans-
mit cattle fever, fleas carry plague, etc. So it is safe to assume that in
all probability lice of birds have something to do with the transmission of
various bird diseases. Such investigations have as yet, not been recorded.

In collecting lice, one must secure the birds, which may be done either
by capture of adults or young, or by shooting, but such a procedure may
be followed only under state permit. Humanitarian methods are strongly
urged, therefore live birds may be secured and released, after thorough
examination and removal of its parasites.

In collecting lice, one must develop patience. Haphazard methods with
a limited amount of enthusiasm and interest never produce results. At any
rate, we generally examine the whole body tlioroughly. Every inch of the
body must be scrutinized. Feathers, if picked, must be thoroughly gone
over and sometimes a hand lens is absolutely necessary. Generally the
unaided vision is sutHcient to enable one to find them. All birds are likely
to have lice at one time or another. Acting on this assumption we must
find them. In some cases the birds are so thorough in their dusting that

M(ill(>/)li<i;i<i of Our \iillrr liirds. IL'I

only a siiiiilc loiisc rrinaiiis (a fcililc fcnialcl Id propo-a !<• and (•(.ntimn"
I lie species. So. hand pickinix. liowcNcr tedious 11 nia.\- he. is liie hesl and
surest way. If tlie i)ir(l is <iveiTnn with the lice a i-ajiid way may l)e em-
ployed by wiaiipiii.i:- tlie hird in a white ( lolli. nioisl with l<er(isene. Aceord-
inS ((I Dr. II. I-:. lOnders lliis nietliod is exci-llenl. In tlie case of animals, if
the infestation is ureal lliey may h(> condied out. oidy the loss of lofis of the
lice may result. So even if hand picUini;- is tedious, nevertheless, it is the
liest method.

The regions on the hinl in wliich the lice ai'e found are detinite and lunc
some significance attached to them. For instance, a very rai>id running
louse like Menopon or < 'ol])ncephalnni will he found in the anal regions or
.>n the back, lint sncli a slow one as a 1 >oco|di(U-us will he liniiteii lo the
head or neck entirely. There are reasons t"or Ihis (uienlalion. 'I'lie hird
can not easily scratch off a heavy-.jaweil and heavy-clawed Kocoiihorus
from the neck region. n()r will a limiled ainounl id" dusting do much good
in that region. So also will a ('oliioce|ihaluni (■■-(•ape if the hird attempts
to catch it with its hill in a <h)rsal. anal. (<r alxlonunal i-egion. It o.scapes
hy running, for which it is achipted extraordinarily. It is therefore nec-
essary that definite regions he examined and their distinct species noted.

In my observations I have found Xirnuis associated with the breast region
as in the American Robin: likewise in the Purple Grackle, Docophorus. no
matter what species, is always restricted to the upper part of the neck
and head, roliwcephalum may be found on the back of the bird, or in the
anal regions. Physostomum of the kingbird. I found in the rump region
and in the Eastern Vesper Sparrow in the nape i-e.gion. However, in the
latter case the louse may have migrated, as the louse was not found f<u- one
hour after the bird had been killed. Colpoceidialum is also associated with
' he runii> region. Lipeurus quite often is found among the wing and tail
leathers. Trinoton. which is very agile and strong of foot infests the back.
Whether these obseiwations correspond with those of others. I do not know.
for none are recorded.

In collecting lice in the lield the usual method employed to preserve them
is that of placing them in 75 or 80 per cent alcohol. There is slight .shrink-
age due to hardening effects of the alcohol, but insufficient to cause any
serious damage or to interfere with subsequent study. I.ice may also bo
preserved in a solution of chloral hydrate which will keep them quite soft.
From much material one is enabled to make satisfactory studies. Other
methods more exacting can be employed if facilities allow. Lice that are
lire.served by the above named methods can he i>ut through a technique
which will yield beautiful preparations.

If it is possible to collect the insects alive. tlie.\- may he placed in hot
water — very nearly boilin.g. This will ha\(> a two-fold elfect. When thrown
into the water they will tloat. consequently their legs will be extended very
nicely. In this condition they will be killed by the hot water. In subse-
(luent dehydration, from 70 i>er cent alcohol through 80 and 95 per cent
alcohol the extended condition of the legs will be practically unchanged.
f(.i- they will have become suthciently hardened in 70 per cent alcohol.
From ur, per cent alcohol we transfer them to absolute alcohol. The usual
method following this is xylol and balsam, for the permanent mounts. This

122 Proccr(Un!/s of liKJiajia Academy of Science.

will give excellent preparations, which are strilvin^ly clear, if no air or
water remain in the insect.

Another methofl. simpler and decidedly quicker is to mount the louse
directly from absolute alcohol into Euparal. Euparal as recommended
very highly by Lee. is a mounting medium whose index of refraction varies
to such an extent as compared to that of the cleared louse, that it allows
very minute structures such as pustulated hairs to be seen very distinctly
and advantageously. Another advantage in this technique lies in the fact
that xylol is not needed as a final clearing agent and less shrinkage results
in the insect. Moreover, the expense of xylol is entirely eliminated.

Such mounts will allow the internal anatomy to be seen in part. If the
internal anatimiy is not desired jiarticnlarly a still clearer specimen can
be obtained.

If the louse be placed into caustic potash or caustic soda previous to the
final steps in deh.vdration. all internal structures that cause some opacity
will be dissolved. It usuall.v requires from 0 to 12 hours to completely
clear the specimens after which they should be well washed in water before
the final dehydration is undertaken or certain colloidal precipitates will
form later. Moreover, the procedure .iust described will enable one to
straighten out all legs, which had been drawn under the body during killing,
whether directly by alcohol or hot water. They become quite soft in the
potash and are somewhat easily handled.

Some precautions are necessary in the final mounting into Euparal in
order that the air ma.v not enter the legs and abdomen of the louse, and
cause it to become entirely opaque. To overcome this requires care not to
expose the specimen to air in removal from the absolute alcohol to the
mounting medium. If. after some time, siich mounts in Euparal develop
peculiar polygonal crystals, they can be removed by gently heating the slide
over a flame or in an oven. These crystals are camphor which has crys-
tallized out and which was one of the solvents of the resin used in making
Euparal. i. e.. — Gum Sandarac.

The species-determining characters in lice are many and varied. In the
main, they constitute the greatest ditficxdty in the study of lice and require
considerable attention.

The nomenclature of anatomical parts of lice in this pai»er is that followed
by Kellogg in his New Mallophaga I, (1896).

The head of a louse may be said to consist of two main parts. The front
which includes the clypeus. and the large swollen hindpart or occiput. The
fi-ont and occipital regions are usually separated l)y a groove or fossa in
which are situated the antennae. This is the antennal fossa. The lateral
margin of this region is called the temporal margin and the posterior
margin ad.ioiniug and touching the prothorax is the occipital margin. With-
in this swollen occipital region are found bands running from the base of
the occipital margin to the inner end of the antennal fossa. These are the
occipital bands. Those bands running forward, well into the front and
arising at the antennal fossa are the antennal bands. The broad colored,
chitinized plate between the antennal bands, is the signature. In some gen-
era, as Docophorus and Nirmus, there arise at the lateral margin, and ad-
joining the antennal fosa, certain large movable spine-shaped structures.

Mollopliai/d of Our Native Jiirih. i'2:^

TlicsL' MIC called truboculac. All tlicsc si nu'dircs licrc iiaiiird arc s|M'(i(ic
cliaract(>i-s in the deterniinatimi of lice.

There is a uniform number of hairs present in tlie tcm])oral and oecipital
margins. These hairs, as well as those of the prothorax, raetathorax and
abdomen are used as determining eharaeters. as their number is uniform.
Whenever these hairs seem to i>roject throush a elear space in the colored
chitinized parts of the in.'^ect. they are said to be itustulated.

Differences in penera involve uxire than the aforenientioned fads. It
depends mainly on the shape of the body, the size (if the trabeculae. whether
movable to any marked degree : upon the size of the front as compared with
the occiput: the depth of the antennal fos.sa or ocular emargination, and
the size of the temporal margins or regions of the occiput, generally indi-
cated as swollen temporal regions. Another genus distinguishing character
is the similarity or dissimilarity of antennae in both sexes. There are
other differences in genera which will be noted in the accompanying key.
It is the key as revised and standardized by Kellogg from his New Mallo-
phaga I (1896) pages 61-62.

Key to the Suborders.

A. With filiform 3- or 5-segmented antennae, and no labial palpi.

Suborder Ischnocera.
AA. With clavate or capitate 4-segmented antennae, and 4-segmented
labial palpi. Suborder Amblycera.

Key to the Genera of the Suborder Ischnocera.

A. With 3-segmented antennae: tarsi with 1 claw; infesting mammals
(family Trichodeetidae). Trichodectes X.

AA. With 5-segmented antennae; tarsi with 2 claws; infesting birds (family
Philopteridae).

B. Antennae similar in both sexes.

C. Front deeply angularly notched. Akidoproctus P.
CC. Front convex, truncate, or rarely with a curbing emargination,

bu t never angularly notched.

D. Species broad and short, with large movable trabeculae (at the
anterior angle of antennary fossa).

E. Forehead with a broad transverse membranous fiaj) i)ro-

jeeting beyond lateral margins of the head in the male, ])arely

projecting in female. Giebelia Kellogg.

EE. Without such membranous flap. Docophorus X.

DD. Species elongate, narrow; with very small or no trabecuhie.

Xirmus X.
BB. Antennae diflfering in the two sexes.

C Species ^^^de, with body elongate-ovate to suborbicular.

D. Temporal margins rounded; last segment of abdomen roundly
emarginated; antennae of male without appendage, third seg-
ment very long. Eurymetopus Tasch.

124 Proceed i II (js of fndidiut Acadennj of Sicience.

DD. Temporal margins usually angulatcd; last segment of
abdomen convex, rarely angularly emai-ginated with Uxo
points.

E. First segment of antenna of male large, sometimes with
an appendage; third segment always with an appen-
dage. Goniodes N.
EE. First segment of antenna of male enlarged but
always without appendage; third segment without
appendage; last segment of abdomen always rounded
behind. ' Gonioeotes N.
C(\ Species elongate, narrow, sides sub-parallel.
D. Third segment of antenna of male without an appendage.

Ornithobius Denny.
DD. Third segment of antenna of male with an appendage.
E. Front deeply angularly notched.
EE. Front not angularly notched.

F. Antennae and legs long; a semicircular oral fossa.

LipeurusN.
FF. Antennae and legs short; oral fossa narrow,
elongate, extending as a furrow to the anterior
Margin of the head.

Onocophorus Rudow.

Key to the Gerera of the Suborder Amhlycera.

A. Tarsi with 1 claw; infesting mammals (family Gryopidae).
A A. Tarsi with 2 claws; infesting birds (except Boopia?)

(family Liotlieidae)

B. Ocular emargination distinct, more or less deep.

C. Forehead rounded, without lateral swelling; antennae projecting
beyond border of the head. Colpocephalum. N.

CC. Forehead with strong lateral swellings.

D. Antennae projecting beyond border of the head; temporal
angles projecting rectangularly; eye large and simple.

Boopia P.
DD. Antennae concealed in groove on under side of liead;
temporal angles rounded, or slightly angular; eye divided
by an emargination and fleck.
E. Mesothorax separated from metathorax by a suture.

Trinoton N.
EE. Meso- and metathorax fused; no suture.

Laemobothrium N.
BB. Ocular emargination absent or very slight.

C. Sides of the head straight or slightly concave, with tw^o small
laterally-projecting labral lobes. Physostomum N.

CC. Sides of the head sinous; forehead without labral lobes.
D. Body very broad; metathorax shorter than prothorax.

p]ureum N.
D. Body very broad; metathorax shorter than prothorax.

Eureum N.

MdllopJniHd ol Otii- Xdlii-c liirds. llT)

DD. Body elongate; prolhorax sliorU r tli.iii iiii'l;illiur-;i.\.

E. Ocular einartfinatioii lilh'd 1>.\ ;i strong,' swclliiit;;
sternal markings forming a (iiiadrilatcral witlunit
median blotches. Nitzscliia Denny.

EE. Ocular emargination without swelling, hardly ap-
parent or entirely lacking; median blotches on
sternum.
F. Very large; witli two 2-poinled appendages on
ventral aspect of hind-luuul; anterior coxae with
very long lobe-like appendages.

Ancislrona Westwood.

FP. Small or medium; without l)ipurlate appendages

of hind-head. Menopon X .

The collections of lice Vliscussed in this paper were made in Myerstown,
r.ebanon County, Pennsylvania, and vicinity. All birds as will be seen, are
migratory birds except one, the English sparrow.

*i .\ list of species found on a number of birds is given herewith. There was
absolutely no straggling of lice from one bird to another as might be the case
if the birds were placed in one bag. These lice were collected in the field,
that is, as soon as the bird was procured, they were picked and preserved in
vials of alcohol. Consequently, there was no danger of migration of parasites
from one bird to another.

Parasite
Docophorus
communis (Nitz)

■ Host
Quiscalus quiscalus
Cyanocitta crista ta
Sturnella magna
Toxostoma rufum

Docophorus

ieterodes (Nitz)
Docophorus

fusco-ven trails (Osb

1 )ocophorus
jungens (Kell)

Docophorus cordiceps

(Giebel)
Nirmus vulgatus

(Kell.)

Xirmus illustris (Kell.)
Lipeurus squalidus
(Nitz)

Colpocephalum

chrysophaeum(Kell.)
Trine ton luridum.

Anas boschas
Nuttalornis borealis

)

Cyanosphiza cyanea
^Colaptes auratus
Melanerpes erythro

cepha,lus
Actitis macularia

Merula migratoria
Passer doniesticus
Pipilo erytlirophthalmi
Quiscalus quiscalus
Anas boschas

Spatula clypeata
Quiscalus quiscalus
Toxostoma rufum
Anas boschas
Spatula clypeata

— Pur])le (iraekle
—Blue .Jay N'.ll.
— Meadow Lark X. 11
— -Brown Thrasiiei- \".

— Malianl Duck
—Olive sided

Flycatcher
— Indigo Bunting
— Flick.'r
—Red- headed Wood

pecker.
— Spotted Sandpip.'i

X. II.
— American K()l)iii
— Englisii Sparrow.
Chewink, X. II.
—Purple Crackle. X.
—Mallard duck

— Shoveller Diwk
—Purple Crackle
—Brown Thrasher
—Mallard Duck
—Shoveller Dnck

12G Proceedings of Indknta Academy of Science.

Pliysostonum

angulatum (Kell.) Tyrannus tyrannus — Kingbird

Physostomum diffusum Poecetes grammineus — Eeaster Vesper spar-

(Kell.) TOW, N. H.

Menopon incertum Galeoscoptes ■ — Catbird
carolinesis

This list of species of parasites as related to the hosts upon which they
were found is a new one in distribution. Many species (marked N.H. — New
Host) here noted were not observed upon these same hosts by other observ-
ers. It will be noticed upon comparison with Kellogg's list that generally
they are the same genera of birds but a different species.

Docophorus communis is a widely distributed species. Besides those hosts
indicated by Kellogg and others. I have found it on Cyanocitta crista ta.
Nirmus vulgatus is recorded for Morula migratoria and for a number of
species of western Pipilo. I have found it in addition on Passer domestlcus
and Pipilo erythropthalmus. Colpdccphaluni chrysophaeum, I found on
Toxostoma rufum and Quiscalus (luiscalns, whorcas Kellogg observed it
upon Melosphiza fascinata samuelis in (California. Physostomum difEusum.
I found on Poecetes grammineus and Kellogg noted it on Zonotrichia coro-
nata, a related species. Lastly, Menopon incertum was found on Galeos-
coptes carolinensis and other observers found it on the Gold Finch and the
Russet-backed Thrush (Spinus tristis and Turdus ustnlatus).

This distribution indicates clearly that even though a certain species
of louse is observed on a host different than that of another observer, it is
a host very closely related. Sometimes there are exceptions and for these
Kellog has* no other explanation than that of migration from one bird to
another when in close quarters, in roosting on trees during migration of
the birds, or huddling together of certain water birds on floating weeds
and wreckage at sea. One interesting fact remains, that closely I'elated
genera of parasites infest closely related genera of hosts.

BIBLIOaiiAPHY.

Kellogg, ^'erncni L. — New Mallophaga I — Proc. Cal Academy of Sciences —

1896.
Kellogg. Vernon L. — New Mallophaga II — Proc. Cal. Academy of Sciences—

1896.
Kellogg, Vernon L. — New Mallophaga III — Proc. Cal. Academy of Sciences —

1899.
Kellogg, Vernon L. — A List of Biting Lice ( Mallophaga ) from Birds and

Mammals of North America. Proc. Ignited States Nat. Mus.

Vol. XXII— 1899.
Kellogg, Vernon L. — Distribution and Specie- -forming of Ectoparasites.

Am. Naturalist Vol. XLVII— 1913.
Osborn, Herbert— Insects Affecting Domestic Animals U. S. Dept. Agr.

Bull. No. 5—1896.

Mallopluif/a of Our N<ifivr Birds.

127

Plate
I'late
Plate
riato
I'late
I'late
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plato
Plate
i'late

EXPLAXAT/OX OF IT.ATE^^.
1.— I)o('<.i)li()riis fiisc(i-\('iil rails Osb.. Mjilc .iinl rnnale
II.- -Docdpluirus ictci-ddes \itz., Iciiialc.

III. Docopliorns junjioiis Kell.. foiii;ilc.

IV. I)oc-i)])li()rus curdiceps. Giebel. iiiak' ami fcinalc.

V. -Docoplioni.s eommimis Nitz.. male and fcinalc
VI. — Nirmus illustris Kell.. female.

VII.— Xirmus vulgatus Kell.. iiimIc mikI rfiiiai.'.
VIII. — Lipeurus squalidus .\itz., iiiair mikI licud uf iVm
IX. — Colphocephalum chry.sopliaeum Kell., fem
X. — Ti'inotdii luridum Xitz.. female.
XI. I'hysdstomum aiisvdatum Kell., female.
XII.- — Physostounmi dilTusum Kell.. female.
XIII. — Menoixiii incertum Kell., male.
PLATE I.

lie.

128 Proceedings of Jiidiaiiu Academy of Science.

PLATE III :

M(tU()j)li(i(ia of Our Xalirr Jiirds.

PI.ATIO V.

121)

^ \^.J. * ^^.

130 Proceedings of IikJ'kiiki Ac(i(hiiii/ of S<-iciiCi

PLATE VII.

PLATE VIII.

M<iU(>j)hafia of Our Native BinU.

lai

I' LATE IX.

132 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

PLATE XII.

^f-.'-;i^'

L_

M(tll<>j)]i(ii/<i of Our \iilirr li'nd^.

PLATE XIII.

j'.-sag^cvSij

135

SOME KAKK I,\I»IAXA lUKDS.

Amos W. I'.i ii,i:k. lii(liiiii:ii)olis. Indijiiiii.

Tho Itirds of Indi.-iii;! iii'c imt the siiiiic tlic.v wcic wiicii we were .vdiiiij;.
Tlu'.v .-n'c <'()ii(iiiii;ill.v (•llilll.liill.l,^ ( )t' course there iiic eertiiiii s|>eci(>s tliaf
reiuiiiii soiiiewliat stationary, lint for tlic must paiM there are chancres.

1. Those tliaf aro deeroasiiifj in minihors ( water-fowl i or have entirely
disappeared (Paral<eet, Pigeon. Kaven. Tiirliey).

2. Tliose tliat are increasing in innnhers (Most meadow forms, siiar-
rows. etc.).

'.',. Tliose that are extendinj; tlieir I'anjje ( r.ol)oliid<. i'.acliman's Spur-
row, Bewick's Wren. Moelvinghird ).
4. Those of (a) accidental, (h) rare, or (el unusual oecin'rence :

(a) Brunnich's Guillemot. :\Iaii-( »-\\'ar I'.ird. I'.rowii I'elican.

(b) Snowy Owl.

(c) Bohemian Waxwinji. Evening Gro.sbeak.

Added to these transpiring changes is the ever recurring one of inspiring
interest, which we call migration. So to the student of birds there are
countless changes and numberless surprises in his observations from year
to .vear.

A few observations of sjjecial interest are noted here in order that they
may be known and preserved.

The least known part of Indiana is that neighboring r>ake Michigan.
< »idy in recent years have experienced observers been giving attention to
that area and from them we are receiving some of our most valuable rec-
ords of bird distribution and behavior. AVith the changes that are occurring
ill that region many favorite bird sites aro disappearing and with them are
going tlie birds.

The proposed Dune Park, if realized, will be a factor in preserving for
future generations many species of birds as well as other animals and
also plants.

I am indebted to Mr. H. L. Stoddard for many interesting notes from the
i)uue region of Indiana. Of the Eake Michigan neighborhood in Lake and
Porter counties, unless otherwise noted, the following records are from him :

HORNED GREBE. Colymbus auritus Linn. Fairly common November
2. 1910. between Millers and Dune Park. Indiana. November 0. 1010. lit-
erally hundreds of Horned (and other) (Jrebes fishing off shore with Loons
(vQvy numerous) between Mineral Springs and 1 hiiie I'ark. Indiana.

RING-BILLED GULL. Larus delawarensis Ord. Fairly common be-
tween Millers and Dune I'aik. Indiana, August 24. 1010. Very numerous
at Dune Park. Indiana. August :!1. 1910.

BONAPARTE'S GULL. Larus Philadelphia (Ordi'. Seen by the hun-
dred on the lake (Michigan) between Millers and Dune Park. Indiana.
October 20. 1019. Noted also from same territory November 2. 1910. On
November 9. 1919. between Mineral Si>rings and Dune Park, Indiana.
More numerous than I ever saw them before. They sat on the lake in
white windrows, hundreds to a row. other hundreds fluttering over the
water and still others circling high in the air like hawks.

136 Proceedings of Indidiid Academy of ^Science.

CASPIAN TERN. Sterna caspia Pallas. One fine adult seen here this
fall. Between Gary and Mineral Springs, Indiana, September 17, 1919.

FORSTER'S TERN. Sterna forsteri Nutt. A few seen at Millers. Indi-
ana, August 16, 1919. Fairly common between Millers and Dune Park,
Indiana. August 24, 1919. Between Gary and Mineral Springs, Indiana,
September 10, 1919. Abundant for the season when all terns have been
present in smaller numbers than usual.

DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT. Phalacrocorax auritus auritus
(Sw.) Dune Park. Indiana. Five seen May 6, 1919. Three seen in Lake
Michigan between Mineral Springs and Dune Park, Indiana, September 24,
1919.

BAIRD'S SANDPIPER. Pisobia bairdi (Coues). One seen Dune Park,
Indiana, August 31, 1919. Two. male and female, taken between Gary and
Mineral Springs, Indiana, September 10, 1919.

RED-BACKED SANDPIPER. Pelidna alpina sakhalina (Vieill.). Dune
Park, Indiana. May 6, 1919. One taken.

SANDERLING. Calidris leuciphaea (Pall.). Millers, Lake County. Indi-
ana. About a dozen recorded August IG, 1919. Two taken. Proved to be
adult males — all adults in summer plumage. August 24, 1919, twenty-five
or thirty, all adults but one. were seen along the same beach. August 28,
1919, they were common between Gary and Dune Park. Indiana. About half
observed were adults changing to winter plumage and half young of the
year. Over 100 seen between Gary and Mineral Springs, Indiana, September
10, 1919. On same beach only a few in immature and winter plumage were
seen September 17, 1919. On September 24, 1919, at the same place larger
numbers than I have ever seen here before. At least 200 on two miles of
beach.

BLACK-BELLIED PLOA'ER. Squatarola squatarola (Linn.). One adult
in summer plumage, between Millers and Dune Park, Indiana, August 24,
1919. One female plumage half changed between Gary and Dune Park,
August 28. 1919. Between Gary and Mineral Springs. Indiana, on Septem-
ber 10, 1919, seven were seen and two collected. All adults in changing
plumage. Adults precede the yomig of the year two or three weeks. On
same beach two immature specimens were collected September 17. 1919.

TURNSTONE. Arenaria interpres interpres (Linn.). Four seen. One
female taken. One adult. Three juveniles. Between Gary and Dune Park,
Indiana. August 28, 1919.

PIPING PLOVER, ^gialitis meloda (Ord). Dune Park, Porter County,
Indiana. Nest and two eggs found. May 6. 1919. Another nest and four
eggs found in same locality May 12, 1919. These little Plover still nest in
one or two places along the Indiana shore — as many as six pair being seen
in one locality. The shore Is being frequented more and more and the
Plover will soon be gone, I am afraid. A few seen August 16, 1919, at
Millers, Indiana.

ARCTIC THREE-TOED ^A'OODPECKER. Picoides arcticus (Swains).
An adult male was taken about one mile east of Dune Park. Porter County,
Indiana, October 24, 1920, by H. L. Stoddard.

Rare Indiana Birds. 137

"Tliis spcTiiiKMi did tidl act .■! I.il like llic otiier two (whicli wt'.v^: vciv
(.11110) but flow norvously from (loo to Iroo in a .small scriili i>iiio Kr<'ve,
ultoriiig its loud, and to me, startling call note, a rather rapidly repeated
IccU, took. tock. Finding the exact location of tlio note proved confusing
In 1110. I thought there were two of the birds calling till the si>ecimon was
sliot which stopped the noi.se. This is the third sitecimen from that vicinity."

The first one was taken March 11. 1917.

The second specimen was a male taken at 1 >une Park, Porter County,
October 3, 1920. It acted iiiuch like tlio one taken March 11, 1917. It was
found feeding on a dead scnih pine Just hack from the lake (Michigan)
shore. It was very tame and paid no attention to me. The "tapping" is
louder than that of the Sapsucker and slower than that of the Hairy or
Downey and unlike the others seems to work in one tree iiiitil the food
si:i)ply is exhausted. Tlic bird had nearly coniph'tod its iiHUilt .•iiid :ippeared
ill fine fresh jilumage.

Xovember 21. 1920. the fourth specimen, a male, was taken at Mineral
Springs. Porter County. Indiana, by Mr. Stoddard and sent to me, with the
accompanying note: "I have heard of two others being seen four miles
east of Mineral Springs and have noticed a number of well stripped trees.
Komoving most of the bark from one tree before going out of a neighbor-
hood seems to be characteristic of this species. I believe there is a great
flight of these woodpeckers this year."

December 8, 1920. Reports two specimens being seen and one taken in
northern Illinois, and adds. "Further strengthening my statement of a big
flight."

OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER. Nuttalornis borealis (Swvains.). Three
identified at Millers. Indiana. August 16. 1919.

YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD. Xanthocephalus xanthoceplialus
(Bonap.). Near Crawfordsville. Indiana, April 28, 1919, Mr. Frank C.
Evans, Secretary Indiana Audubon Society, observed a single bird of this
species. He was enabled to observe it for some time at close range and is
certain of its identification. Colonies are still found breeding in lessening
numbers in the swamp and lake region on both sides of the Illinois-Indiana

line in Lake and the adjoining county.

/

EVENING GROSBEAK. He.speriphona vespertina verpertina (W. Coop.).
Dune Park, Indiana. March 80. 1919. About 50 seen. April 27. 1919. sev-
enteen seen at same station. Last of season.

AMERICAN CROSSBILI>. Loxia curvirostra minor. One, a male, seen
October 28, 1919, at T'pland. (Jrant County, Indiana, feeding upon sunflower
seeds. It was very tame and permitted close approach and afforded definite
identification. — Mrs. Gertrude Q. Campbell. November 1. 1919, a small flock
was seen among some spruce trees near Helmsburg, Brown County. Indiana,
by Philip Baker. November 20th, the same observer saw eight of these
birds in the same spruces. Each time a single bird of the next species was
observed. One of the last was taken and preserved for verification. Flock
reported during latter part of winti'r and spring of 1920 by Frank Hassel-
man at State Game Experiment Station at Deere's Mills, in southwestern

138 Proceedings of IndUtna Academy of Science.

part of Montgomery County. Reported also by Joel Hadley of Indianapolis
in same place as late as May 8, 1920.

WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL. Loxia leucaptera. November 1. 1919.
a single bird taken near Helrasburg. Brown County, Indiana, by Philip
Baker, and .sent to me for identification. It, with a small flock of American
Crossbills, was feeding in a group of spruce trees. All except one flew
away when the observer approached. That was the specimen of this species
which I have. November 20, 1920, Mr. Baker saw a single white-winged
Crossbill with eight American Crossbills in the same spruce trees. They
were eating spruce seeds and were very tame. These may have been the
same birds .seen November 1, w'hich remained in the neighborhood. Fall
records of this species are very scarce. Two White-Winged Crossbills col-
lected by L. L. Walters. November 9, 1919. between Mineral Springs and
Dune Park, Indiana.

REDPOLL. Acanthis linaria linaria. Thirty to forty observed between
Mineral Springs and Dune Park. Indiana. December 7. 1919. Ten to twenty
seen between Gary and Dune Park, Indiana. December 21, 1919.

PINE SISKIN. Spinus pinus pinus (Wils.). Mineral Springs, Indiana,
October 9, 1919. Many thousand Pine Siskins feeding on the weed patches
near the swamp and resting on the tamaracks in the sun, out of the wind.
A few goldfinches among them. By far the greatest number of Siskins I
ever saw in the Dunes. Octol)er (». 1919, still present by hundreds though
not nearly so abundant as October 9. October 26, 1919, Pine Siskins still
present. November 2, 1919, a few. December 7, 1919, a few.

SNOW BUNTING. Plectrophaues nivalis nivalis (Linn.). Dune Park.
Porter County, Indiana, March 2, 1919. About 50. Three flocks of 40 to
50 each, between Millers and Dune Park, Indiana. November 2. 1919. About
40 seen between Mineral Springs and Dune Park, Indiana, November 9,
1919.

HARRIS SPARROW. Zonotrichia querula (Nutt.). An immature male
was taken at Millers. Lake County. Indiana, October o. 1920. by H. L.
Stoddard. One was seen April 24. 1920. near Fort Wayne, Indiana, by H. C.
Miller. This bird was carefully studied and the observers are confident of
its identification. Miss Margaret Hanna and Mr. Sihler also observed a
bird of this species, possibly the same one. a few days later.

BOHEMIAN WAXWING. Bombycilla garrula (Linn.). Over a hundred
observed between Gary and Dune Park. Indiana, Deceml)er 21, 1919. About
forty were seen and six collected April 15. 1920. between Dune Park and
Millers, Indiana.

PROTHONOTARY WARBLER. Protonotaria citrea (Bodd.). Millers,
Lake County. Indiana. Fairly common along the Calumet River. August
16, 1919. H. C. Miller reports seeing one near Fort Wayne. Indiana. May
1, 1920, and another May 9, 1920. Mrs. Donaldson Bodine reports seeing
four on May 7, 1920. at Crawfordsville. Rare.

PRAIRIE WARBLER. Dendroica discolor (Vieill.). Philip Baker in the

Rare IndUiiKt liirds. \:V.)

spriim- of r.lL'O fouiKl four iicsts with c.u'-s of llic l'r:iiiic Wnrhlcr. in iiis
(ircii.-ird iic.ir Ilcliusliur;;, liidiiiiiii.

1. Found May 1.".. 1920. May I'Otli il conlMiiicd Iniii' v^iis. ll was i)iiill

ten tVot lip in an apple tree.
•2. F(nin<l May lilst about !()(» yards t'rnui NO, I. May ■_'(iiii it cnutaiuA^I

four Cffiis. It was S feet from (lie ;,'rouu(i.
;]. June 1). V.)-20. locati'd midway hclwccn Nos. 1 and 2. eleven led from

the j?i"<)und. Coidainefl four e«f:s.
4. July 11. "l!)20. t; feet up in a Yellow TransiiarenI Apple Tree. Con-
tained 4 eggs.

The first three nests weic in (Jiimes (Jolden Apple trees. Both these
varieties of apples are uiu'i.ulil ^rowei's. piovidinj; good crotelies. well
sei-eened with foliage.

These four nests were found within a distance of liOO yards.
Additional interesting mites on birds of northwestern Indiana are to he
lonnd in the paper. "Xotc's on liirds of the Chicago Area and its immediate
\ iduity" by C. W. G. Eifrig, in The Auk. Volume XXXVI, lUli), pp. .■5i:j-r;24.

141

THE EFFE("r OF ADUEMX OX THE PKIMEXT ]Ml<;UATIOX IX THE

MELAXOPHOKES OF THE SKIN AXD IX THE I'lUMEXT CELLS

OF THE KETIXA OF THE FKOG.

Am>1{i:\\ J. P.I(;.m;v. I'lv.-iiisvillc ('(ilk'iio.
(Autlior's Al.stract)

(The orifiiiial printod in "Tlic Joui'iial of E\p(>riiii(>ii(al /(.(.loixy" Vol. 27,
Xo. :;. January. lOlO. )

The tvoiis usi>(l wci-e mostly Kaiia idpiciis Sciirchcr. Tlic ;i<liriiiii ciii-
ployed was that prepared by Parke. Havis vV;: Co., and sold under the name
of Adrenalin Chloride, in strength 1 to l.ddO.

In the melanophores of the skin, tlio pi;,Mnciit in (he li.nht expands, while
in the dark it contraets. On in.jcetiiiu- adreinn in frotrs winch had been
in tlH> ll.uht for six hours, it was found that I lie melanophores were strongly
contracted. The effect being opposite to that of light. The adrenin
1 :1()00 and 1 :10000 strength gave the best results.

The migration of the retinal pigmeid is outward in the light and into the
cell in the dark. On injectuig X)C, cc of adrenin. 1 :1()0() into frogs kept six
hours in the light, the pigment was found to be fiUly expanded after 7-Lj
minutes exposure. Then other frogs were kept in the dark six hours and
injected with same amount of adrenin and the pigment was also expanded.
Control frogs in the dark showed the pigment contracted. So the conclu-
sion was reached that the adrenin has the same effect as light. The retinal
pigment was sensitive in sctluticns from 1 :1(M)0 to 1:1000000 and remained
for three to four hours.

The effect on the dermal melanophores is Just the oiijiosite to that on the
retinal pigment. This is new to science.

In the above experiments, the frogs were decapitated, eyes removed,
hardened in Perenye's fluid, imbedded, sectioned, and mounted unstained.

143

THE EFFECT OF ( 'E.NTUIFrciAL F(»K('E (»\ I'LAXTS.

F. ]\r. Andukws. Iiidiiina T'nivorsity.

'I'lic tii-sI cxiicriiiicnts iii.ulc on iihiiits with ooiitrifusal force wcrr per-
formed liy Kiiiiilit' ill tlic ycai' isoc. His appariitn.s was simply arrariKed,
was run by water power and (lie amount of coiitrifuf^al force tiiat his
maciuiie i>roduce([ was vt-ry small. His object was to observe the behavior
of seedliiij^s under a somewhat intensified gravitational force. Since the
time of Knijibt some otlu>r investisjiitors liave investigated the action of
centrifugal force on various i)lanls and especially some of the stmlics
have been made on s(>edlings. These ai'c generally of such size or can be
so selecte(l, as to lend tliemselves advantageously to exi)erimentation of this
s(U-t. Among the investigators who followed Knight in this Held of study
may be mentioned :Miiller- who made a study of tlie growth processes of
roots when acted on by centrifugal force. As in the case of Knight the
anH)unt of centrifugal force which Midler employed in his experiments also
was small. Ten years later the sul)ject was again prominently investigated
in a sinular way by EUing-' who also used only a small amount of cen-
trifugal force. The amount of such force which Elfing used varied from
U9-50g. which was slightly greater, however, than that employed by the
above mentioned investigators. The original paixn- of Elfing I have not
seen. An extract of its contents has been given by F. Schwartz in the
liotanische Zeitung Bd. 39, ISSl, P. 17() above referred to. At the sanje
time that the paper of Elfing appeared a similar piece of investigation had
been completed independently by F. Schwartz.^ This paper by Schwartz
also apiH'ared in ISSl from Pfeffer's laboratm-y in Tubingen. Schwartz
worked wdth a specially constructed form of centrifugal machine which,
however, did not nse the ordinary form of revolving drum. Instead it wa.s
so constructed that it carried at right angles to the revolving main shaft,
a second shaft that carried a number of boxes which contained the speci-
meps to be investigated. These seedlings were grown in sawdust which,
however, is objectionable in some respects to use in a machine of this type
during experimentation. The boxes just referred to were so placed on the
second shaft as to balance one another during centrifuging. Various other
contrivances in connection with this machine were used iin<l which I can
not discuss here but will refer to them at a later i)eriod. Schwartz used
control plants and the nundier of gravities employed by him was also small
and did not exceed .'tU gravities in any of his experiments. He as well as
the other investigators did not observe a retardation of the growth of the
seedlings used in their experiments. The use of the klinostat as used by
Sachs or as originally constructed and used by Hunter and others in exiieri-
ments performed by them does not apply in the preceding statements since

^Knight, T. A. Horticultural Papers P. 124.

-Miiller. IS'. .T. C. Die Wachsthumerscheiuunjjon rtes Wurzel. Botanisehe Zeitung.
B(l. 29, ISSl. P. 716.

"Elfinfr. Fri'd.. Bcitriifro zur Kfiintniss dcs Physiolosischen Binwerkung der
Schwerkraft auf die Pflanzen. Botanisehe Zeitnnjj. Bd. 30. 1881, P. 176.

^Schwartz, F., Untcrsuchungen ans dcni Botanischcn Institut zu Tiibingon Bd. 1,
1SS1-1S25

144 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

the kliiiostiit was used In jniniil or make (iniiiilalcral llic foi-cc of .s,'nivity
oil growing stems and roots.

The effect of very high centrifugal force on plants has been investigated
by only a few persons and with them the length of time the experiments
were carried on was very short. I first began the study of the effect of very
high centrifugal force on the growth of. plants in Pfeffer's* laboratory in
Leipzig and since then have concerned myself with the subject in general.
It might be supposed that very high centrifugal force varying from 3,000
to 5,000 gravities would bring about a cessation of the growth of plants
and probably kill the specimens. A careful study of this subject, however,
has shown that this is not the case. The following remarks w'ill give some
data to show that the plant activities of the kind mentioned did not stop
but actually continued although less actively. This was shown in the
following way : Seedlings of Cucurbita pepo were grown until their roots
were 3 cm. long. Four of these seedlings were then placed through a strong
cork so that their roots projected into a strong glass cylinder which was
5 cm. long and 28 mm. in internal diameter. The cork rested on the open
end of the cylinder by a shoulder-like projection and four places in this
cork were hollowed out to receive the seeds. A small (luantity of water
was put in. the bottom of the glass cylinders to retain the moisture neces-
sary. Gypsum was poured over the part of the seed that projected from
the cork and also around the seeds to hold them in place. In all these ex-
periments when necessary gypsum was used to hold the specimens firmly in
place. This method of using gypsum in plant experimentation was first used
by Pfeffer and in the year 1892. I centrifugated the above mentioned
specimens two hours using 4400 g. The plants were not killed, as stated,
by this severe treatment but the growth was retarded. In those experiments
where 4400 g. was used and centrifugiug took place in air the amount
of growth was decreased from 3.5 mn under normal conditions to 2.5 mn.
When so centrifuged in water the roots grew on the average 2.1 mn. In
the same way decreases in the rate of growth were observed in Pisum and
Helianthus when a force of 4400 g. were used. In the same way I carried
out experiments on other seedlings but sometimes using less force, as low as
2000 g. for periods first of two hours and then one, two, and in many cases
as long a period of time as five days. In these experiments longer glass
cylinders were used than in the first case. For example Zea mays grew on
the average of sixteen plants with i-oots ten mm. long to begin with in two
hours 3.3 mn in air when so centrifuged. In water they grew 2.(i5 mm.
in two hours while the controls in sawdust grew 3.8 mn in the same time.
With a higher centrifugal force of 5000 g. they grew about one-third less
in the same time. For longer periods of centrifugiug of one. two and up
to five days the same effect was seen. The si^ecimen centrifuged in water
was killed by the water pressure at the end of the second day in this ex-
periment. In some other experiments of this kind this did not occur. At the
end of five days of centrifugiug with 2000 g the sixteen phmts averaged 77.2
mm in length while the control plants averaged 103.7 mn. Arrangements
for changing the moisture and air in the cylinders was provided. These
experiments might be carried on for a much greater length of time if prop-
erly arranged. This is sutficient to show, however, tlie severe tests which
ipfeffer, W, Pflanzenphysiologie, Zweite Auflage, Bd. 2, P. 567.

C(intrlfi((/(il Force ini I'hiiils. 145

r;itlirr (Iclic.-ilc iil;iiils of lliis kind (•;iii sImikI and liiially i-('co\cr. This lliey
(lid. wlii'ii iiiiiuU'd, in jiIm.iiI two \vcci<s so (luit a( llie cxpinilioii of liuiL lime
nn diffcrcucc was visililc liclwccii the cxiKTiinciital and tiic controj i»iants
as soon above f,'roun(l in tlio jjrowtli of tlio stem. In many cases the growth
of lateral roots nml;os a very proIoM^iod cxporiment impracticable. In each
case when the roots won- niailscd olT in tlio nsnal way to .show the growing,'
rouion w^hose yrowtli was iossonod as shown by coniimrison the growth
was not completely stojipod in any zone, other than that the growth was
(locreased in the growing zones the regions and relation of growth to the
controls remained the same. Many more experiments have been made on
other plants which conhrm those points. The centrifugal force therefore
used by Schwartz and Kiting and others did not cause a noticeable dilfer-
onc(> simply because it was not of sulliciont intensity. In all the experiments
which I performed the contents of all the cells was thrown to the centrifugal
end of the cell. It returned to its normal postion in the various cells
whether they were large or small after two to three days. Even after
the contents had returned to its normal position, as indicated above, a much
longer time was still necessary to allow the complete shock of the centrif-
ugal force to disappear. This varied according to the plant and the intens-
ity of the centrifugal force.

w

TllK KFFKCT OF AFRATlON O.N PLANTS.

F. .M. .\.M)KK\v,s, Indiana University.

.\ scries (if cxpcriiiiciits on Mcration, of which the oiics lien- iiioiif iuncd
arc a hcuiiniiiii:. arc ticiiii,' carried out to show what elTcct will lie priMluccd
oil a ceiisideralilc iimiilicr of plants of different families ami species ami
under dilTcrciiI coiHlilions. Some of those have sliown. as would lie ex-
pected, a cousidcraiilc difference as regards their response wlien idaccd
under these conditions. It };oes without saying tliat ciirefully grown and
equally vigcn-ous and large controls to begin witli should always he uscil
and kept under iireciscly !li<" same conditions except that they iire not
aerateil.

In lltlT I'.eals' cirricd dut under my direction some experiments on the
aeration of Zea .Mays. In this i)aper marljed differences were shown be-
tween the aerated and the non-aerated specimens as is well shown by ref-
erence to his figures. In l!>l!t a second paper l»y Andrews and Heals- gave
the results of further i-esearch on this subject. It became necessary in
this paper first to ascertain the requisite amount of time for soaking the
material jit hand previous to its germination. The second part of the pajuM-
deals with the effect of aeration. The experiments <in aeration were carried
out on a more extensive scale than had been done in the above mentioned
paper by Reals.-' This i)aper not only substantiated the work of lieals but
extended it in various ways especially as to the different quentities of air
used and temperature. The photographs show the acceleration produced
by aeration which was marked in every case. The literature on the sub-
ject of Aeration of jilauts is referred to in the paper of Andrews and
Beals and further refci-eiice to it will not be made in these experiments.

The first plants used in this series of experiments were those of Avena
sativa. Seedlings of e(|ual size were fastened in the usual way in parattiiuMl
wooden lids on l."0() cc jars which contained Sachs nutrient soluticm. Fi-om
the first the aired specimens grew fastest and more nearly nornml in every
respect. Both specimens, however, soon required supports since after at-
taining some height they were unable to stand upright. To effect this ring
stands supplied with large rings were used and the ui)per iM»rtions of the
growing plants were then passed through the rings. In the control plant
only two supporting rings were needed but the specimen that had been aired
had grown to .such an extent that three rings, widely separated on tlie
ring stand, were required. At the expiration of the experiment the aired
.specimen of Avena .sativa was 70 cm. high while the unaired ])lanr was 40
cm high. Both plants were then dried and weighed. The dry weight of the
aired .si^ecimen was :!..", grs. while the dry weight of the uuaire<l plant was
1 gr. The transpiratory activity of the aired si)ecimen was also much
greater as would be exi.ected than the aired plant. The root system of the
aired plant was much .ureater and more extensive in every respect than that

iBeals, Colonuo C. Tho offfft of Aeration on the Roots of Z.-:. Mavs. I'roc In.li-
ana Acad. Sci. 1917. PP. 177-1 so. •

^Andrews. F. M. and B.-als. Colonze C. The offoot ..f Soakiiifr In wator and of
aeration on the Growth of Zea Mays. Bulletin of the Torr.-.v Hot. Club. 191 !t. Vol.

^Peals, Colonzo C, 1. c.

148 Proceedings of Indiana Acad c in 1/ of ^icivnce.

of the miaired plant. This was luade iiecessary by the greater transpiration
and j^rowtli activities of tlie plant whic-h was aired in the way mentioned.
The air used to aerate the specimen of Avena sativa as well as the others
mentioned in this paper was propelled by the Keknle apparatus.

In like manner air was passed through a Sachs culture solution in which
were growing seedlings of Brassica alba. Here again the aired specimen
showed a great advance over the unaired plant. When the plants were two
weeks old the aired specimen was 12 cm. high, while the unaired specimen
was 5 cm., high. The roots of the unaired specimen were rather few and
long, while those of the aired specimen Avere aggregated more into a mass
of considerable size, were much denser and more numerous and the total
length many times greater. The aerial porticm of the aired plant was not
only taller but more than twice as broad. The leaves of the aired plant
were much larger and broader and more numerous and the transpiratory
activity as in Avena sativa was much increased. The comparative difference
in size of the aired and unaired specimens of Brassica alba was a little
greater as the measurements will show, than the difference in size of the
Avena sativa plants. The dried weight of the aired specimen of Brassica
alba was 110 mg. while that of the unaired specimen was 25 mg.

Seedlings of Pisum sativum were grown in a Sachs nutrient solution as
the above mentioned specimens some of which were aired and some not
aired. Here again the aired specimen grew fastest and best. When twenty
days old the aired seedlings were 85 cm. high and the non-aired 41 cm. high.
The dry weight of the aired plant was 2.5 grs. while that of the unaired
plant was 0.5 gr. In this experiment the aired specimen was nearly twice
the height of the unaired plant while the dry weight exceeded that of the
unaired five times.

Other experiments on Fagopyrum esculentum and on Helianthus annuus
gave similar differences. The plants of Fagopyrum esculentum especially
showed decided differences. Those specimens that were aired formed flow-
ers profusely two weeks sooner than the specimens which had not been
aired.

In addition to the above experiments which Is only an outline of part of
the work done. Miss E. G. James is at present working on an extended
series of experiments on aeration of plants under my direction. She has
invented several new and necessary pieces of apparatus for carrying out
the work under different conditions. Experiments performed by her on
Lactuca sativa confirm my exi^eriments and also extend them in various
ways.

PlIYLLOTAXIS OK Sl'KCri-AKlA I'KKFt >M ATA.

V. M. Adhkws. liidiMiiii riiivorsily.

Leaf aiTaiiiloiueiit in plants lias always hvvu a \h,\u\ ..1' li.lcrest aiA has
liccu llu' suhjiM't of nim-h study. Sonu! plants have a very open or loose
ari-aii.i;(>niont of tlioir loaves as when tlioy are separated by considerable
distances on the stem as in some alternate or opposite leaves. The number
or arrangement becomes greater and denser in other plants until their leaves
form rosettes or culsters as in the common HonsclcfU. Or again as in the
cones of the genus Pinus \vhos(> scalc-liUr loaves often form conical-like
cylinders of closely set divisions. Vari.ms theories were b.ng ago advanced
to (>xplain the arrangement (d' leace^ on the stem and especially by Ce.salpino
and r.onnet that the arrangement on the stem is in keeping with dehnite
"geometrical rules". Also many others among them A. F. Schimi)er had
formulated a theory on the subject. An excellent summary of many of the
facts on this subject has been collected by Sachs. But the effort of the
plant is to arrange the leaves on its stem in such a manner that they will
have the best exposure to the light. Also the questi(m of structural phy-
sical factors in the plant itself enter into the placing of leaves on the stem.
The arrangement which a given species shows is followed by all individuals
of that species although, as will be seen later, this may be departed from
to a certain extent. This difference I found rather markedly shown in
the spiral arrangement of the leaves of Specularia perfoliata. Gray* de-
scribes Specularia perfoliata as follows: "Somewhat hairy. 1-9. dm. high,
leaves roundish or ovate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed, flow-
ers sessile, solitary or 2-3 together in the axils, only the upper or later
ones having a conspicuous and expanding corolla, capsule ellipsoid, short,
straight, opening rather below the middle: seeds lenticular".

Nothing is said by Gray, Britton. or Wood about the rather marked and
regular arrangement of the leaves on the stem of this plant in spirals. This
arrangement together with the form of the leaves is a sti-iking characteristic
of Specularia perfoliata. and reminds one but to a much less degree of the
unusually ".si>irally twisted raceme" of flowers of Spiranthes gnicilis.

AVhen making a trip into Brown County. Indiana, during the summer of
T.C'O. I noticed by the roadside about one mile from Belmont, near the studio
of the artist, Dr. T. C. Steele, a large number of specimens of Specularia
l)erfoliata. Most of these plants were of normal size and appearance.
Their leaves were arranged on the stem in the usual way and as to number
showed four to a single turn of the stalk which is the ordinary number.
Als(j ordinarily three circuits of the stem must be made before a leaf will
be found that will stand on the stem directly above the first leaf with which
the count was begun. In other words the twelfth leaf, counting the one at
the starting point, will stand directly over this first one where the spiral
was originally started toward the base of the stem. In this arrange-

'Sachs, J. History of Botany 1875 P. 16S.

=Sacks J.. History of Botany 1S75 P. 162.

"Saclis, .T. History of oBtany 187.">, Chaptor 4, PP. ^.^.^-l<Sl.

^Gray, A. Now Manual of Botany, 7th edition.

150 Proceedings of ] ndiuiia Acadony of Science.

meut of leaves of Specuhiria perfoliata the circuuifereiiee of the stem was
divided up equally for the leaf insertion.

Among the large number of the plants above mentioned, however, I saw
five other specimens of Speeularia perfoliata which looked somewhat differ-
ent from the others. On examining these more closely I fomid them to
have more leafy stems and by counting the leaves in a si)iral as I did with
tlie others I found that there were five leaves to a spiral counting the first
one instead of the usual four of the other plants. Also I saw in these
specimens, that it was necessary to make four circuits of tiie stem, instead
of three as in the other plants before I found a leaf which stood directly
over the first leaf with wliich the count was begun. The five specimens,
just mentioned, of Speeularia perfoliata grew about the center of a con-
siderable number of other siM^cimens of tlie same species as well as other
plants. They were some larger than other specimens of the same spe-
cies, but attracted my attention at close range first on account of the fact
that they were some taller than the others and then on account of their
denser foliage. The leaves of the.se 'specimens also divided the circumfere:i. e
of the stem equally as regards the insertion of the leaves. Those five
plants having the greater number of leaves showed therefore a very delicate
balance and arrangement with reference to the light which is extremely
Important for leaves of autotrophic plants.

151

AN I.Ml'KOVIOM Minilon K<»K Ki:< ; ILATI \( ! 'I'lll': 'I'llICKNKSS OF
MIC'KOTO.MK SKCrio.NS.

1'. .M. Am)i:i:\vs. liidiiiiui riiivorsity.

Ill soiUL' of lli(- .MiiKil' lorius of iiiicidloiiii's si'vi-ral sin-iii^s aiul oilier parts
arc arraugiMl in such a uiaiiiicr as to cause" the syocimeu in the luachiiu!
to he set out tiic desired distance for sectioniiiK. The ahove iiieiitionod
ai-ran-cineni is usually very coin|ilicated. and apparently unnecessarily so,
in nian.N machines of lliis l.\i>e. This adds tii'catly to the e\i>eiise. lial)ility
to .net out of order, and makes the ai>paratus unduly lariic and heavy. A
microtome, as most other types of machines, should not he made heavy
simply to remain in one position, hut should only be heavy or suhstantial
enoiifih to prevent sprinsinf? or fiettinj; out of allij,'nnient when in use. < »f
course this is a point tliat merits due coiisi(lerati(tn in a inicrotonie when
such very thin sections are to he out. hut still the present weiglit of most
such machines of the microtome type can he greatly reduced without
detriment. A simple table clamp is all that is necessary to obviate most
of the difficulty of shifting of the position of thu machine. The chief
weight is. of course, in the framework of the machine especially in the
wheel base, slide pillar and uprights of the microtome I used. This is
true of most machines of this typ(>. The weight of these parts could be
reduc(>d to one-third or even one-half of what it is without sacrificing any
necessary rigidity. The weight of the wheel and frame running on the
slide pillar could he much reduced especially by the proper adjustment of
the balancing of the weight of the two since they are connected to the same
shaft. This same balancing of weight is seen in the adjustment of the
pitman rod on the crank of engines and other much more delicate machin-
eiy. The difference in weiglits and balancing here refeiTed to in the case
of microtomes is so considerable as often to cause considerable inconven-
ience and unsteadiness in operating the machine. Part of this adjust-
ment, as the machine I used as now arranged, could be partly arranged for
by a different length in the threading <if the main shaft so as to throw the
heavy parts of the machine, concerned in the motion, more nearly in bal-
ance when the microtome is in operation. A macliiue which is arranged for
cutting .sections in the ways here described, should be so arranged and ad-
justed as to turn or start with equal ease in any position. Its construction
should also he such that it could he stopped instantly and at any point
without having to turn a special device at the top of the slide pillar. That
a microtome is not a machine that is expected to be moved about much,
has no bearing <m the question for whether it is moved much or little an
unnecessary amount of material and weight is often present in many of
its parts which could from the standpoint of cost and convenience often
be eliminated. The question of setting the l)lock for cutting tliin sections
is arranged in a very accural*' and better way on tlie Jung Sliding Micro-
tome by means of an incline plane and a spiral thread of definite value for
each adjustment. Even in this machine the weight far exceeds what is nec-
essary. The arrangements of springs on the microtome used by me were,
as is generally the case soon(>r or later, a source of annoyance and often

152 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

Fig. 1.

M.

Fig. 2. Median longitudinal sectional view of tli(

4--

dor-k. Natural

Fig. 3. Top view of nrass block, natural size.

caused inaccuracies in tlie ttiickness of the sections that were cut. This
latter was caused by weakness in the springs, one of which controlled the
ratchet of the cogwheel, and frequently on account of this the cogwheel
was not turned the specified distance. Sometimes the sections were cut too
thin or the block was not set out for cutting at all. At other times a notch
in the cogwheel was skipped causing the section to be cut too thick.

The above mentioned imperfections of the system of springs for adjusting
the thickness of the sections was overcome by the use of a simple contriv-
ance which at the same time insured accuracy and uniformity. The micro-
tome I used is provided with a brass cogwheel 7.5 cm. in diameter, a cir-
cumference of 235.6200 mm. and having on its periphery 100 cogs (A Fig. 1).
This cogwheel is attached to a threaded shaft which moves the paraflBn

Regulalhuj the Thivkness of Microloiiic i^ections. 153

block out carrying lli(> spccinicii to ilic soctioiiiiif,' knife. The threaded
shaft's diameter is r> iiini. and its circuiiirereiico in.TOSO mm. The circum-
ference of the wheel is therefore 1". times that of tlic shaft. Since tliere
are 100 notches in the circumference of the wheel the shaft turns .in mm.
jier notch or 1.^0 n. TJie shaft is threaded with 20 threads to 1 cm. and
therefore one thread or revolution or the 100 notches eiiuals ~, mm. or
."iOO u that the .section is moved out. Therefore when the larse cogwheel is
turned one notch tlu< parallin block carryin.i; the specimen is moved out so
that a section 5 u. thick will be cut. The above mentioned points make it
clear that a faulty .spring .system for a machine cuttinjr such thin sections
would be serious for even rather thick sections and especially so for very
thin ones.

My improvement is the use of a brass block (F. Fig. 1 ) attached to post
(\ This post was originally in the machine and carries at the top a metal
arm D so arranged as to arrest the movement upward of a lever E attached
to the brass cogwheel A above referred to. The metal arm E projects :].'>
cm. beyond the circumference of the brass cogwheel A and carries a ratchet
Ct. which turns A as the siiecimen is raised above the sectioning knife. The
brass block 15 attached to C, for regulating the thickness of the microtome
sections, is made of solid brass. It is 35 mm. long and 21 mm. wide on the
upper side, Fig. 2. In Fig. 2 A is the path of the post C through B ; B is
the insert plate. F. the set screw and D the set screw for the brass block B.
The block B is 25 mm. high, 23 mm. long and 21 mm. wide at the shoulder
where the set screw I), is placed Fig. 2. The part projecting above the set
screw D which tightens the block B on the post C is 11 mm. thick, Fig. 2.
This part which is just above the set screw I have cut out so as to allow
an insert plate i\ Figs. 2 & 3, to be used. This I made from a steel plate
which covers the bobbins of a sewing machine and cut th(> brass block as
illustrated so that its sides had the same angles as the steel plate and al-
lowed the latter to slide true in the channel cut Fig. 2 c. This steel insert
plate is in cross section 14.5 mm. at the base. 13 mm. at the top and 21 mm.
long, C. Fig. 2 & 3. The illustrations C Fig. 2 & 3 represent the exact size.
The block has a hole 12.5 mm. in diameter bored vertically through it at
one end of the insert plate. A, Fig. 2 & 3, so that the post C, Fig. 1, can he
passed through it. and on which it can be moved up or down to the desired
position. In case of wear on the brass lever E a new brass tip can be used.
In fact it can he grooved and short new insert plates used there as at C.
Fig. 2 & 3 on the lower side of E at the striking point. I made use here
of the principle that hard and soft metal surfaces where wear is present
should be brought together so that any wear will take place on the soft
metal which can be replaced. This principle is used generally in machin-
ery. Since the metal arm E strikes the insert plate with a sort of shearing
stroke in descending it has a tendency to push the insert out of place. . This
I have remedied by putting a set screw B, Figs. 2 & .3. through the insert
plate C and into the brass block B. Fig. 2. This is not shown in the photo-
graph but is shown in the drawings of the brass block. Fig. 2. Figure 2 is a
drawing of the brass block above mentioned which I constructed for this
imrpose. It carries on its upper .side, where the lever strikes, the insert
plate above described. :Many of the later types of microtomes of the kind
here illustrated are even much more complicated. In addition to a com-

154 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

plicated and cumbersome system of expensive adjustments these parts are
often housed in by a metal enclosure. All this adds, as above stated, unnec-
essarily to the vpeight and size of the machine and especially to the cost.
The metal housing, just referred to. (inly partly protects the mechanism
from dust or other injury. This would he as well or better affected by a
cardboard cylinder or even by a properly made cloth hood such as is used
to cover microscopes when not in use and which are left temporarily on a
table in the laboratory. A light glass box can easily be made of plates of
single strength glass held together at the angles and corners by strong
adhesive tape. One of these I have made and used for years with entire
satisfaction and whose cost of making was trivial.

I marked a graduated scale on the post C to control the number of
notches on the wheel A and consequently the arc through which it would
be turned and therefore the thickness of the sections that would be cut.
For example when the top of the brass block B was placed 52 mm. from
the base of the post C the wheel A was turned one notch and a section 5 u
was cut. Raising the block B 3.5 mm. more allows a section 2 notches or
10 u thick to be cut. When the block B is raised 4.5 mm. above the second
mark on C. just mentioned, a section 3 notches or 15 u is cut. Raising the
block B 3 mm. above the third mark just mentioned a section 4 notches or
20 u is cut and so on. As the lever E goes up and down it moves not in a
small curve, as might be expected, but in a straight line. When, however,
the lever E strikes the arm D on the brass block B, Fig. 1 the lever E is
turned the amount desired. This really is equivalent, in principle, to a
small arc being formed when the cogwheel O is turned as a result of the
small divisions for adjustment on the post C. Each one of the small arcs is
very small at the periphery of the cogwheel A. especially when the brass
block B is placed 52 mm. from the base of the post C which allows, as
stated, a section only 5 u thick to be cut. Due to wear and especially to lost
motion, the calculated positions and distances from each other that the
adjustment marks on the post C should be placed for cutting the sections
of different thicknesses did not quite correspond with those positions found
by experiment. The variation, however, was not great and if all lost motion
could be eliminated the calculated and experimental data would of course
exactly coincide. The marks and figures on the post C are conveniently
made with an etching tool or by covering the surface of the post C. with
paraffin or better with beeswax and then applying concentrated HNO3.

Back of the cogwheel A. Fig. 1, were originally placed two lugs or pro-
jections cast in or built in with other parts of the microtome here shown.
Fig. 1. These are so placed as to limit the sections, as they could originally
be cut, to a total thickness of 50 u. This is a much greater thickness than
the majority of microtome sections ai'e ordinarily cut. Occasionally, how-
ever, it is desired to cut sections thicker than this and the arrangement
just referred to above of thickness limitation of the sections is a decided
inconvenience. This difficulty may be solved by removing the lugs or pro-
jections above mentioned. This would then allow a sweep of the arm E
through a much greater arc and would allow sections of very much greater
thickness to be cut. A corresponding long graduated arc can then be at-
tached by a shouldered center to the post C which would control by means
of a movable arm the movements of the metal arm E to any desired de-
gree or extent and therefore still cut very thin or very thick sections.

sTriMKs (»\ i'()i,i,i;\. 111.

F. M. Ankukws. IiidiiiiiM riiivcrsity.

Siii<-(> tli(> ;ii)ii(':ir:iii((> of my second contribution on tlio study of pollen I
li.-nc continued my invest iir.-i lion on this subject and luivo added a considcr-
.•il>le nundier of plants to those already studied in ways mentioned in my
previous paiiei-s. As the work has pro-ressed certain new methods have
> n.i,'i,'ested themselves as exitedient or in many cases as necessary for the
inoiier advance of the work. One former method of allowing pollen to be
l)l;iced for siermination in the desired solution between a slide and cover-
iiiass is. while often sivluK results, unfair since certain life processes can
not nornnilly be carried out under these conditions. Tlie use of an ordinary
ulass riuR cell cemented to a slide and havini; the pollen for investigation
in a hanging drop also served in many cases l.nt :iliowe(l of no regulation of
temperature by an exchange of aii- in the ways desired. A common gas
chamber served the purpose better and (.bviated the ditliculty just men-
tioned and also allowed of certain otlu-r f(n-ms nf experimentation, not
i:ossible with the glass ring cell, that 1 hope to investigate later on. In
this last type of culture cell, as here used, it was necessary to use wet
niter pai)er in the cell or a small (piantity of water to prevent the specimen
from drying up. All the culture cells mentioned thus far had the disad-
vantage of allowing only one experiment or culture to be so arranged at
( ne time. To offset this the glass ring sell was used in large numbers but
individual cultures made in this fashion reipiire a great deal of extra work
and are not conducive either to convenience or accuracy. In some cases at
lirst when an extra large number of cultures were to be made I suppli-
niented the glass culture ring apparatus by cells made of filter paper and
kept moist in damp air under a bell jar. These latter, how(>ver, were much
less satisfactory for various evident reasons.

Since my second contribution on this subject I have increased the number
of plants whose pollen I have studied from 48."i to 540. In the case of all
of these 540 plants I have tried to grow the pollen in the following solutions :
distilled water and cane sugar of 1%, 59^. 107^;. 15%. 20%, 30%, 40%,
'tO'/c and 60%. A great many, of course, did not grow but many did. The
pollen of all of these 540 plants were experimented with in this way and
given a trial even though, as is well known, some few of them have not
yielded results in this way. Of these 540 phanerogams only the pollen of
live i»roduced more than one tube on germination. This is very different
from some pollen which produces many tubes on germination as in the case
of .Malva crispa. Of all the 540 plants I found only one whose pollen tube
branched. That was the pollen of Caladium bicolor one of whose pollen
tubes branched three times and two of whose pollen tubes branched twice.
The record of this plant is as follows, viz : In distilled water ten pollen
grains in one hundred germinated. In the cane sugar solutions 21 germin-
ated in the 1% ; 4 in 5% : 0 in lO'/r : 3 in 157r : 27 in 20^/r : 15 in 30% ; 3
in 40% ; 0 in 50%. and 0 in (>0%. The pollen in this exi)erimeut was all
of the same age and grown under exactly the same conditions. The first
jioint of interest, therefore, is that in 10% none grew while just above and

156 Proceedings of luO'iuiia Academy of Science.

below this strength of the sugar solution the pollen grew. The second
point of interest is that the branching of the pollen tube which this plant
showed occurred only in the 30% of cane sugar and as above noted. It will
be seen that in 40% cane sugar the germination dropped ofe greatly as
only 3 grains of pollen grew. It has been known for a long time that the
pollen tube sometimes branches as it descends through the stigma of some
plants. The germination of the pollen of this plant was rather slow as it
required one-half an hour to begin. Its pollen lived in the ungerminated
condition for eight days and it grew best in a 20% solution of the cane
sugar. Most of the pollen experimented with in the cultures used in this
investigation was from plants gathered in Monroe County, Indiana. Some
of the plants were obtained from widely separated localities and where-
ever and whenever an opportunity presented itself. Some came, for ex-
ample, from Texas, some from INIissouri, and others from Colorado which
I gathered on Pike's Peak and vicinity. Twelve plants from Pike's Peak
that I tested especially as regards their longevity, lived only ten days in
the longest case. Some of these I did not expect would germinate under
any conditions, whether their pollen was young or old, and this was fully
verified by experiment. However, these plants were in every case also
subjected to the usual investigation in order to leave no doubt on the ques-
tion. Still others of the plants came from Dearborn County and from
Clark County, Indiana. All of the experiments in this paper were carried
out, as above stated, in pure distilled water and in the different strengths
of cane sugar mentioned. The distilled water and cane sugar were as pure
as possible. No experiments were performed or attention given to the
question of additional siibstances, such as gelatine, added to these solu-
tions. Considerable work also has been done in some phases of this field.
It constitutes, however, a problem in itself and merits much more extended
investigation than it has yet received.

THE TJSTILAGINALP]S OF INDIANA, II.

TI. S. Jackson.

This paper is tlio first supplcnicnt td Kur lic:iriiii; Die siiiiic title imhlislied
in the ProceedinKs of tlie IiidiiUiM Acidcniy of Science lor 1!>17. iip. 110-182.
In the previous paper 47 species were recorded for tlie state on as many
hosts. Each species was given a nunil>er. In tlie present paix-r additional
host.s. together with some corrections or supplementary information, are
given for species already listed. The same numhers are used. Ten species
are also recorded for tlie state for the lirst tim(> bringing the total to ~)7.
Unless otherwise noted the collections were made hy the writer. An index
to si>tH-ies for the two papers is api)ended togeth(>r witli a c(uni>lete host
in(h^x.

Many of the species recoi-ded should occur on other hosts and a consid-
erable number of otlier siiecies should be found within tlie state. The writ-
er would appreciate it if interested i»ersons would furnisli duplicates of their
collections for record in later suiii)!ements.

NOTES ON SrECIES I'ltEVlOFSLY RECORDED.

1. CiNTRACTiA Caricis (Pers. ) Magn.
On Cyperaceae :
Carcx blanda Dewey, wooded bank of Pigeon Creek near Maxwell P.ridge,
Warrick Co., June 10, 191S, C. C. Deam 2r)2S(;.

0. Sciiizonella melanogram^ia (I>C.) Schnlt.
On Cyperaceae:
('(irc.r convoluta Mack., Happy Hollow, north of West Lafayette. Tippe-
canoe Co., May 15, 1910. Miss Phde.

7. SORO.SPORIUM CONFT\SUM Jacksoii.

This was reported in tlie 1917 Proceedings as on Aristida sp. The host
has been determined by Mrs. Agnes Cha.se as Aristida (/racilis Ell.

8. Sorosporium Syntherismae (Peck) Farl.

This species was reported l>y Clinton CS. Am. Flora 7:89. 1906) from
Indiana on Panicum cdpilUirc L. At the time of the previous report no
specimens had been seen. The waiter has. however, made a collection on
this host, one-half mile .southeast of Shelby in Lake Co.. Oct. 14, 1920.

In tlie previous report collections were also recorded on Coichrtis caro-
linhniiiti Walt. Clinton (I.e.) uses the name C. tribiiloides to include In-
diana material. All collections from Indiana on Cenchrus. however, would
more properly be referred to ('. jxiuliflonix P.euth. ( c. f. Hitchcock. P.ul. F.
S. Dept. Agr. 772:249. 1920).

21. USTILAGO spermophora B. & C.

This was reported in the 1917 Proceedings as on EragrostiH m/ijnr Host.

'Contribution from the Botanical Department of the Purdue University Agrricul-
tural Fixperiment Station.

15S Proceedings rjf Indiana Academy of Science.

Tlie lidst liiis recently been (leteruiiiied by Mrs. Agnes Chase as E. ciliancnsis
(All.) Link.

22. USTILAGO SPHAEKOGENA Burrlll.

On Poaceae :

Echinoehloa Walteri (Pursli) Nash, one mile northwest of Thayer, New-
ton Co.. Oct. 14. 1920.

This was collected in small amount on the same plants that bore Tolij-
jiospiinim hulluium Selirot. (c. f. 49).

24. UsTiLAGO sTRiAEFORMis (West.) Nlessl.
On Poaceae :

Elymus virginicun L., one-half mile south of Wildors Station, T.aporte Co..
Oct. 5, 1920.

25. UsTiLAGO UTRicuLOSA (Nees) Tul.
On Polygonaceae :

Pcrsicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small, one-half mile south of Bol-
ivar, Wabash Co.. Sept. 15, 1919, C. C. Beam 30028 ; one mile northwest of
Thayer. Newton Co., Oct. 19, 1920.

Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) S. F. Gray. BlufCton. Wells Co.. Aug.. 1905,
C. C. Beam (spec, in lierb. U. S. Bept. Agr.).

Persivaria Pcrsicaria (L.) Small, four miles northwest of Patoka. Gibson
Co.. Oct. G. 1917, C. C. Beam 24185.

43. Urocystis Agropyri (Preuss.) Schrot.
On Poaceae :
Elymus canadensis L.. south of West Lafayette, Tippecanoe Co.. Aug. 9,
1918.

45. Urocystis cepulae Frost.
On Alliaceae :

Allium cepa L.

In the previous report it was stated that no specimens of this smut had
been seen. It has since been found to be common and to cause a serious
disease of onion sets in certain sections of Lake county. An ample collection
was made near Hammond. .July 27, 1920. It has also been observed com-
monly on onion sets on the market in Lafayette. The source of these,
however, is unknown. A fine specimen collected at Crawfordsville, Mont-
gomery Co.. Aug. 10. 1907. by M. B. Thomas, is in the herbai'ium of the
Missouri Botanical Garden. No. 132S3.

40. Urocystis Ornithogali Koern. : Fisch. do Wahlh. Apercu Syst. Ust. 41.
1877.
Specimens of Urocystis on Quamasia hyaciiitliina (Raf.) Britton were
referred in the 1917 list under this number to XJ. Colcliici (Schlecht.) Rah.
A more careful study has led to the conclusion that they are more properly
referred to T. Oniitliogali. This species has been commonly considered
identical with I'. Colcliici but is treated separately by Schellenberg in his
excellent monograph of the smuts of Switzerland (Beitriige Krypt. Schweiz
-3^:139. 1911). After studying all the European material available the
writer is inclined to agree with this view.

Ustihif/iiKiIrs of huJ'Kinn. If. 1 ■■>!>

Acc(»r(liii« to this troatilieiit. tlio smut on I.iliiiccoiis liosts heloiiKiiiK (<>
I lie tribe Scilleao. inoIudiiiK bosidos the American Qiiamdxia, siiecies of
Munraria, Oniithof/alum and ScilUi in Kurope. would be iissi^ned to f. Onii-
thof/nli. while / . Colchici would include the European f<u-m on (Utirhicuiii
uutiimnalc. Tlie writer is not able to express an opinion as to wlietlier the
form on {'onvallariaceae in Europe and America is properly assigned to
eitlier of tlie above species, as sufiicient material has not iteen available for
study. Clinton (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 31 :4n2. IJKM ; X. Am. Flora
7 :r»7. l!K)(i) has assigned specimens on SalainQiiia and Vuffnera, collected
ill Iowa and Montana, somewhat doubtfully to U. Colchici.

I . Oniithof/ali. differs from V. Cnlchiel chiefly in the widely different
character of the sorus. the size of the spores, and the character and wall
color of the surrounding layer of sterile cells. In the former the sori are
elliptical, connnonly half as broad as long, the spore balls consist iisually
of one. rarely two spores, which are 18-22 u in diameter, and the sterile
cells form a tirmly united unbroken spore covering, the walls of which are
cinnamon-brown. In the latter the sori are lineal', often ten or more times
iis long as broad ; the spore balls consist of one to two, rarely three siM)res.
which are 14-20u in diameter: the sterile cells with light cinnanion-l)r(iwn
Willis form a loose often interrupted layer over the spores.

SPECIES NEW TO INDIANA.

USTILAOINACEAE.

48. Tjiecaphora Iresink (Elliott) Jackson. Mycologia 12:in4. lf)20.
Toiiiiwaporiitni Iresinc J. A. Elliott. Mycologia 11 :88. 1919.

Sori localized in the inflorescence, involving the ovaries and pariantli of
one or a group of flowers, often involving the rachis and rarely occurring on
the stem or leaves, forming irregular compound galls 0.:>-o.i) cm. long, en-
closed by a firm, grayish-green membrane, which ruptures irregularly ex-
posing the reddish-brown spoi'e mass ; spore balls solid, subsphaeroid, 40-70u
or (^llipsoid. 50-70 b.v 60-90u. light chestnut-brown, composed of many. 15-70.
siMuvs; spores variable in shape, irregularly polyhedral, prismatic or ob-
long, 12-20 by 25-3211 ; inner wall thin, l-1.5u, colorless or pale cinnamon-
brown, smooth, exposed wall 2-4u thick, darker in color with prominent
verrucose-rugose markings.
( )x Amaranthaceae :

/rcsine pauiculata (L. ) Kuntze. In a dried up wooded slough, about one-
half mile south of Half ^loon pond, ten miles southwest of Mount Vernou.
Posey Co.. Sept. 21. 1918. C. C. Deam 2G651 (type) : Sept. 20. 1920. C. C.
licam :«041.

This remarkable smut was sent to the writer among other parasitic fungi
in the fall of 1918 by Mr. Deam. It was at once recognized as a species of
Thecapbora and an examination of the literature revealed that only one
species of this genus was known in North America <tn Amaranthaceae.
namely, Thceuphoni Thm-uhcri (Jrittiths (Hull. Torrey Club 31:88. 1904).
The specimen on Iresine while agreeing in general with the description of
that si»ecies seemed to differ in important characters. A definite decision
with reference to the relation of the two forms was therefore reserved until

160 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

the type of T. Thorn'beri could be examined. Through the courtesy of Dr.
Griffiths, two collections of his species, one of which was the type, were
furnished for study.

The Iresine smut was found to be very closely related to T. Thornberi
but to differ in several important respects. The sori, while involving the
ovaries, are not usually confined to them, as described for T. Thornberi.
but are indefinite, involving the ovaries and apparently the parianth of
single flowers or groups of flowers and also occasionally the rachis. The
spore balls are much smaller in the species under discussion, measui'ing
40-75U in globoid balls, reaching 90u in occasional ellipsoid balls, while in
T. Thornheri the globoid balls are 80-115u in diameter, reaching 145u in the
ellipsoid ones. The spores are also somewhat larger and the markings more
prominent than in T. Thornheri.

In the meantime the species was described as Toli/posparium Iresine
by Dr. J. A. Elliott (I.e.). of Fayetteville. Arkansas, from the same material,
obtaining it through Prof. B. W. Wells to whom Mr. Deam had sent speci-
mens under the impression that the galls might be caused by insects. The
species obviously belongs in Thecaphora rather than in Tolyposporium and
the transfer was made by the writer in a recent paper (I.e.).

The second collection made by Mr. Deam in 1920 at the type locality is
ample and shows a great variation in the point at which the host is attacked
and the degree of development (c. f. Fig. 1).

49. Tolyposporium bullatum Schrot. Krypt. Fl. Schles. 3' :27G. 1887.
On Poaceae :

Echinochloa Crus-galU (L.) Beauv., one mile northwest of Thayer, near
Kankakee river, Newton Co., Oct. 14, 1920 ; one-half mile south of Wilders
Station, Laporte Co., Oct. 5, 1920.

Echinochloa Walta-i (Pursh) Nash, one mile northwest of Thayer, near
Kankakee river. Newton Co., Oct. 14, 1920.

The sori of this species occur in occasional ovaries of the grass and are
ovate, 3-5 mm. in length, and covered by a thin, smooth, greenish membrane.
The sori rupture irregularly disclosing the (/ranular mass of black spore
balls. It is not as common as Ustilago sphaerogena Burrill (c. f. No. 22 of
1917 list), but may occur with it in the same inflorescence. The two species
are easily distinguished in the field. In U. sphaerogenn the sori are
usually larger. 3-9 mm. in length and are covered by a tough, hispid, gray-
ish-green membrane, which on rupturing discloses an agglutinated or dusty
olive-brown spore mass.

50. Ustilago Hieronymi Schrut. in P. Henn. Hedwigia 35 :213. 1896.
On Poaceae :

Bouteloua curtipendiila (Michx.) Torr., Bayles Mill, Wea Creek, Tippe-
canoe Co., Sept. 15, 1920, with E. B. Mains.

This is a common smut west of the Mississippi river, but has not before
been collected, to our knowledge, so far east.

51. Ustilago residua Clinton. Jour. Myc. 8 :133. 1902.
On Poaceae :

Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. In a woods two miles south of Corydon
Junction, Harrison Co., May 26, 1919, C. C. Deam 27681.

Us1ila</inahs of Indiana. II. 101

This spocips iisunily ;itrcc1s tlic wliolc iiifloresoenco. Tt li:is :i wide dislri-
Imtion but has not (iflcii lu-cii riMKirt.Ml. It is rocordod on this host ollior-
\vis(> only from New I laniiishirc. If is csiK'cinlly common on tlic I'afific
coast.

TlLLETIACEAE.

r>2. DoASvSANSiA RANUCUi.iNA Davis. Bot. Gaz. 19:410. 1S04.
On Ranunculaceae :

h'anuncultis (lelphhiifdlitis Ton:, one-half milo southeast of Shelby. T.ake
Co.. Oct. 14, 1920.

This is a rare form known otherwise only from Wisconsin. The spores
are largely germinated.

.5.'i. DoASSANSiA Sagittabiae (Westend) Fisch. Ber. Deuts. Bot. Ges. 2:405.
1S.S4. Urcdo S!a(ntf(iriac "Westend. Ilerb. Crypt. Beige 1177. 1857.
On Alismaceae :

fiagiUarm lafifoJia AVilld., City water works lake. Bloomington. Monroe
Co.. Aug. 26, 1908. J. M. VanHook. 2.S.S3.

FtaffUtaria hctcrnplii/lla Pur.sh (?). pond four miles east of P.loomington,
Monroe Co.. July 25, 1919. J. M. Van Hook. .•^790.

This species was recorded by Prof. Vanllook in the Proceedings for 1910.
p. 2(^>. It was overlooked in the previou.s list. I am indebted to Prof. Van
Hook for the opportunity to examine specimens.

54. Extyloma lineatum (Cooke) Davis. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. 9:162.
1893. Vsfilogo lineata Cooke ; DeToni, in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 :450. 1888.
On Poaceae :

Zizania aquatica L.. one mile southeast of Shelby. Lake Co.. Oct. 14. 1920.

55. Entyloma MENisPEiorr Farl. & Trel. Bot. Gaz. 8 :275. 1883.
On Menispekmaceae :

Mriiispcrwum cmuidoiHC T>.. two miles north of AVest Lafayette
Tippecanoe Co., Aug. 9. 1918: one-half mile south of Wilders Station.
Laporte Co., Oct. 5, 1920.

.5(;. E.ntyloma nympii.veae (D. D. Cunn.) Setch. Bot. Gaz. 19:189. 1894.

Rhainphospora nyniplKintc D. D. Cunn. Sci. ^Nlem. Med Off. Army India
3:32. 1888.

On Nymphaeaceae :
Cnstalia sp., one mile northwest of Thayer. Newton Co.. Oct. 14, 1920.

57. Enti-loma RANUNcri.i (Bon.) Schrot. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 2:370. 1877.

Fnsidinm Raunncnli Bon. Handb. Myc. 43. 1851.

On Ranttnculaceae :
Ranunculus dclphinifolius Torr.. one-half mile southeast of Shelby. Lake
Co.. Oct. 14, 1920.

This collection was made in a dried up glough on the terrestial form of the
host. It consists for the most part of the conidial form which occurs
equally as abundant on the upper surface of the leaf as on the lower, a con-
dition not found on other host siiecies. This is doubtless correlated with the
fact that the stomata are abundant on the upper surface of the leaves in the
terrestial form. I'he smut has not been reported on this host before.

16^

Proceedings o/ hi<]i(ni(i Academy of Science.

Index to Species.

Synonyms are omitted. The numbers are those preceding the species
name. Bhick-faced type indicates reference to both lists. Ordinary type to
and including 47 refers to previous list, after 47 to the present list.

Cintractia Caricis 1

Junci 2

Luzulae 3

Montagnei 4
Doassansia deformans 29

opaca 30

ranunculina 52

Sagittariae 53
Entyloma australe 31

compositarum 33

crastophilum 32

Floerkeae 34

lineatum 54

Lobeliae 35

Menispermi 55

microsporum 36

nymphaeae 56

polysporum 37

Ranunculi 57

Saniculae 38

speciosum 39

Veronicae 40
Melanopsichlum

urn 5
Schizonella melanogramma 6
Sorosporium confusum 7

Syntherismae 8
Sphacelotheca Sorghi 9
Thecaphora Iresine 48
Tilletia laevis 41

austro-american-

Tritici 42
Tolypsporium bullatum 49
Urocystis Agropyri 43

Anemones 44

cepulae 45

Colchici 46

occulta 47

Ornithogali 46
Ustilago anomala 10

A venae 11

Calamagrostidis 12

Crameri 13

Hieronymi 50

Hordei 14

levis 15

neglecta 16

nuda 17

perennans 18

pustulata 19

Rabenhorstiana 20

residua 51

sp. 28

spermophora 21

sphaerogena 22

striaeformis 24

Tritici 23
utriculosa 25

Vilfae 26

Zeae 27

Host Index.

The figures refer to the species numbers of both lists
faced type are included in the present paper.

Those in black

Agropyron repens 43
Agrostis alba vulgaris 24
Alismaceae 29, 30, 53
Alliaceae 45
Allium cepa 45
Amaranthaceao 48
Ambrosia artemisiaefolia 33, 37
elatior 33, 37

Ambrosiaceae 33, 37
Ammiaceae 38
Anemone virginiana 44
Aristida gracilis 7
Arrhenatherum elatius 18
Avena sativa 11, 15
Bouteloua curtipendula 50
Calamagrostis canadensis 12

UstikKjinulcs of /iiili(iiin. If.

103

Canluaceae 33

("arex pennsylvanica 6

hlamla 1

convoluta 6

pic'ta G

umbellata 1
Castalia sp. 56
Cenchrus carolinianus 8

pauciflorus 8

tribuloidc's S
Chactochloa ji'lauca 16

italica 13
Cyperaceae 1, 4, 6
Danthonia spicata 51
Echinochloa Crus-p:alli 22, 49

Walteri 22, 49
Elymus virginicus 24, 43

canadensis 43
Eragrostis cilianensis 21

major 21
Euchlaena niexicana 27
Floerkea prosperpinacoides 34
Hepatica acutiloba 44
Hordeum vulgare 14, 17
Iresine paniculata 48
-Juncaceae 2, 3
Juncoides campestre 3
J uncus diffusissimus 2

tenuis 2
Liliaceae 46
Liiiinanthaceae 34
I.obelia inflata 35
Lobeliaceae 35
Menisperniaceae 55
Menispermum canadense 55
Muhlenbergia mexicana 32
Nymphaceae 56

Panicuni capillare 8

dic'hotoniifloruni 8, 19, 39

proliferuni 39
Persiearia aniphibii 25

hydrojiiiKM-didcs '2'>

lapathifolia 25

pennsylvanica 5, 25

Persiearia 25
Phleuni pratense 24
Physalis pubescens 31

subglabrata 31
Poa pratensis 24

Poaceae 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26,
27, 28, 82, 39, 41, 42, 43, 47, 49,
50,51,54
Polygonaceae .">. 10, li.'i
Quamasia hyacinthina 46
Ranunculaceae 36, 44, 52, 57
Ranunculus delphinifolius 52, 57

septentrionalis 36
Rynchospora glomerata 4
Sagittaria heterophylla 53

latifolia 29, 30, 53
Sanicula sp. 38
Scrophulariaceae 40
Secale cereale 28, 47
Senecio aureus 33
Solanaceae 31
Sorghum vulgare 9
Sporobolus neglectus 26
Syntherisma sanguinale 20
Tiniaria scandens 10
Triticum vulgare 23, 41, 42
Veronica peregrina 40
Zea Mays 27
Zizania aquatica 54

164 Proceedings of India uu Academy of Science.

i'.

€1.

^-

t

l'^

/:

I

Fig. 1. Thccaphora Ircsine. Showing variation in metliod of attacking host

165

THE UKEDINALES OK IMHANA III.'

II. y. .T.\CKS().\, Purdue Univcrsily.

The following report on the rusts of Indiana is suplcnientary to lists
l)ul)lished in the Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science for 1915
and for 1917.=

The present paper is divided into two parts. In the first part an attempt
has hoon made to list all the unrecorded hosts for si">ecies included in the
101.") and 1D17 lists. Most of these host records represent new collections.
Some of them, however, are corrections to previous determinations, while
others represent collections which were overlooked. In a few cases the
(Ictormination of the rust has heen found to he incorrect and corrections
(pf sucli have also heen made. No attempt has heen made to list the large
inuubcr of collections which have been made on hosts already recorded.
The number preceding the species name in this paper is the same used
lor that species in previous lists. The nomenclature, however, is not the
same. In the 19in list the nomenclature used was that proposed by Dr. J.
('. Arthur and based largely on life histories. In the present list the more
familiar generic names Pucclnia and Uromyces are retained. In each
case, however, the name used in the 191") list is given as a synonym.

In the second part, twelve rust species which are new to the flora of
Indiana are recorded. These are numbered consecutively with the two
previous lists and bring the total number of species for the state to 167
(Xos. :Ui and 70 are to be dropped so that the real total Is 1G.5).

In order that the series may be more useful to collectors a complete host
index has been prepared by Miss Evelyn Allison and is appended.

Acknowledgment is gratefully made to all those who have contributed
siH'cimens. The name of the collector is given for each collection except
where made by the writer. Special acknowledgment is due Mr. C. C. Deam
wild through his keen observations and knowledge of the state flora has
made many notable additions. Mrs. Agnes Chase. Mr. K. K. Mackenzie
.ind ;\Ir. Paul ('. Standley have determined many of the hosts.

All of the collections recorded are represented in the Arthur lierbarium
at the Pui'due University Agricultural Experiment Station.

ADDITIONS AND rOKRErTIONS TO PREVIOT'S LISTS,
(i. ("oi.Kosi'OKiu.M Soi.TUAOiMs (Sfliw.) Thiirii.

On Soi.IUAfiO BICOLOR L.
Two miles east of C<)ry<loii. Harrison Co.. Oct. G. lOl'd. C. C. Do;

:;:;4."m.

o.v somdago erecta pursif.
North of St. Joe, Clarke Co., Oct. 2."), 1910, C. C. Deam, 22408.

On Solidago juncea Ait.
One-half mile south of West Lafayette, Tippecanoe Co.. Oct. .''.0. 1920.

^Contribution from tbe Department of Botanv. Purdue University Agricultural
Experiment Station.

-.Ia<:lJson, II. S. The Uredinales of Indiana. Ind. Acad. Sci. I'n.c I'.if:

4L".t 47.">. lltlG. The Uredinales of Indiana II. Ind. Acad. .Sci. I'roe. i:!:!l.!7

IfiO Proceedings of India )ia Academy of ficience.

s. CoLKOsroKiuM Vernoniae B. & C.
On Veknonia illtnoensis Gleason.
Bank of Iroquois river, north of Kentland, Newton Co., Aug. 30, 1910,
C. C. Beam 21529.

12. Melampsora Bigelowii Tliiim.

Tlie specimen reported on fiaUx Wardi Bebb. in the 1915 list has been
examined by Dr. C. R. Ball who determines it as on S. cordata Muhl.

15. PucciNiASTRUM Agri-moniae ( Schw. ) Tranz.
On Agrimoniae rostellata Wallr.
One mile northwest of Tunnelton, Lawrence Co., July 16, 1919, C. C.
Beam 28146.

21. PucciNiA Bardanae Corda.

Biillaria Bardanae (Corda) Arth.
The host for all collections in Indiana should be Arcfium ininns Schk.
not A. Lappa L.

25. Pucoinia Hieracii (Schnm.) Mart.
Bullaria Hieracii (Schum.) Arth.
On Hieracium canadense Mx.

One mile east of Kantz. Porter Co., Sept. 13, 1919, C. C. Beam 29S24.

26. PucciNiA Kuhniae Schw.
Bullaria Kuhniae ( Schw. I Korn.

This species has been previously recorded as on Kuhnia eupatorioides L.
All Indiana collections, according to Mr. Beam, are more properly referred
to K. f/Iutinosa Ell. In the 1915 list this was recorded from Harrison and
Tippecanoe counties. Specimens are now at hand also from Greene Co.

29. PUCCINIA AsTERis Buby.

Dasyspora Asteris (Buby) Arth.

On Aster lateriflorits (L.) Britton.
One-half mile southeast of Shelby, Lake Co.. Oct. 14. 1920.

On Aster salicipolius Ait.
Franklin, Johnson Co., Oct. 7, 1915, F. J. Pipal.

36. The specimen on which the record for Puccinia Ranunculi Seym, was
ba.sed (c. f. Underwood. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1893:55) has recently been
examined and the rust proves to be PolijtheUs fusca (Pers. ) Arth. (c. f. no.
135) and the host Anemone quinquefolia L.

The error in determination has l»oen i)erpetnated throujjh all the previous
lists of Indiana rusts. There is some discicpancy in the records but
there seems to have been but one collection involved, which was made
in ]MontKoinory County in June, 1893, by E. W. Olive ^nd A. A. Hughart,
or it was collected by Hughart and communicated to Underwood by Olive.

Puccinia Ranunculi Seym, is therefore to be stricken from the Indiana
flora. It is a very rare rust known in North America only from the type
collection, which is now interpreted as on Ranunculus septentionalis Poir.
made by Br. J. C. Arthur at Riverside, Chicago, 111., June 2, 1883, and one
from Mexico on Ranunculus sp.

UrCfJilKllcs of flHlidlKI. III. K'x

'riic iiMiiic I'lircliiia liduimciili Seym. ( ISS4 I is iiiilciuililc !is I'.l.vll iiscil it
ill iss;.' lor miotiicr rust. Koceiit studies uiado by the \vrit(M- iiidicalu thai
liic species is identical with /'. oikVuxi Diet. & Xoger (18!>'.M collected in
Cliile. S(.ulli America and that this name should replace /'. Runnvrnli Seym.

\2. rritiM.v Andkoimkioms Schw.

Dicdcnina Audroitofioiiix ( Schw. i Kuut/.o.

I. On Penstkmon Pkxstk-mo.x ( L. » liiunoN.
Wooded limestone slope. '.\ miles north of Milltown. Crawford (Jo..
.May L'S, 1919, C. C. Deam 27G9S.

4.">. PUCCINIA ANGU.STATA Peck.

Dicaeoma atigustatuvt (Peck) Kuntze.
On Kokixia virginiaxa (L.) MacM.
Lafayette, Tippecanoe Co., June i:^. 1S99. J. C. Arthur.

4S. PXTCINIA CAxN.M.IC'lLAT.V ( Scliw. I Lai^erli.

Dicacomn cannlicuJatutn (Schw. i Kuntze.
Ox Cyperus speciosus Vaiil.
Freedom. Owen Co.. Sept. L'2. HUT. C C. Deam.

The record of this rust on C KiuK'hiimiii Steud. made in the l!)!.') list is
found to have been l)ased on an error in host identiticaticm. The host
is now interpreted as C. strif/osus. Some of tlie collections recorded in the
previous papers are now separated as Puccinia Cypen Arth. and are relisted
as No. 1C2 of the pre.sent list.

49. PucciMA Seymovriaxa Arth.

Dicaeoma Cephalanthi (Seym.) Jackson.

I Ox Apocyxum cannabixuji L.
Four miles south of Corydon, Harrison Co.. Jiuie 2C>. 191G. C. C. Deam
20497.

51. PucciNTA Clematidis (DC.) Lagerh.
Dicaeoma ClematidiH (DC.) Arth.

I Ox AXEMOXE VIRGIXIAXA L.

Lafayette. Tippecanoe Co.. 18W, K. E. Golden.

Ill On Agropyron Smithii Rydb.
Along Wabash railroad, near Wea Creek, Tippecanoe Co., Sept. 15,
1920, with E. B. Mains.

52. Puccinia Conoclixi Seymour.
Dicaeoma Conoclini (Seym.) Kuntze.
On Eupatorium ixcarxatum Walt.

Wooded ridge, S miles southeast of Cannelton, Perry Co.. Oct. 1, 1920.
C. C. Deam 331S5.

The host is a rare plant, collected for the first time in Indiana by Mr.
Deam in 1919. Ttie rust is known on this host otherwise only from Louis-
iana. Specimens are now at hand (»f this rust on /■>'. coclcntinum from
Partholomew. Perry. Crawford and Orange Counties.

."(i. I'rccixiA Eleoc'iiardis .\rtli.

Dicaeoma Elcocharid is (.\rtli.( Kuntze.
Ox Eleochakis OBTisA ( WlUd. ) Schr.

168 Proceedings of Tiididtia Aradciin/ of Science.

One and one-fourth miles oast (if Palmyra. Harrison Co.. Oct. IP,. 191G,
0. C. Deam 22415.

61. PUCCINIA ASTERUM (Scliw.) Keni.
Aecidium Astcrum Schw.
Puccmia extensicola Plowr.
Dicaeoma extensicola (Plowr.) Kiiiitze.
I On Aster puniceus L.

Howe, Lagrange Co., May 23. 1912. J. C. Arthur.

On BRACHYCHAETA SPHACELATA (Kaf.) Britton.
Wooded bluff of Ohio river, six miles east of Cannelton, Perry Co.,
May 20, 1918. C. C. Deam 24987.

On Erigeron pulchellus Michx.
Lafayette, Tippecanoe Co., May 29. 1894. K. E. Golden (formerly re-
ported as on Soli da go flexicatiUs L.).
Ill On Carex abdita Bicknell,
One-half mile southwest Chestnut Eidgo. Jackson Co., May 11. 191o.
C. C. Deam 12716.

On Carex muskingumensis Sctiw.
One-half mile south of Wllders Station. Laporte Co.. Oct. 5, 1920.

On Carex normalis Mack.
West Lafayette, Tippecanoe Co.. June 22, 1912, C. R. Orton.

On Carex stipata Muhl.
Lafayette, Tippecanoe Co., July 9. 1898. L. Snyder.

On Carex tribuloides Wahl.
French Lick, Orange Co., Dec. 28, 1913, Arthur & Ludwig: Wiiuma
Lake, Kosciusko Co., Jime 26, 1914, G. N. Hoffer.
On Carxex varia Muhl.
Everton. Fayette Co., May 1. 1915, C. A. Ludwig: North .Madison.
Jefferson Co., Apr. 23, 1916, J. B. Demaree.

The collections recorded under Solidayo canadensis L. in the 191.~» list
should all be referred to S. altissima L. Collections are at hand on »s'.
canadensis, however, from Lafayette. Tipiwcanoe Co., May 1.1. 1901. and
April 25. 1902. collected by J. C. Arthur.

The collections recorded in the 1915 list as on Carex conoidea Schk. and
C. tetanica Schk. (now referred to C. Nanda Dewey) are now considered
to be Puccinia Grossulariae (Schum.) Lagerh. (c. f. No. 63).

62. Puccinia fraxinata (Lk.) Arth.
Caeoma fraxinatum Lk.
Dicaeoma fraxvni (Schw.) Arth.
I On Feaxinus profunda Bush.

In swamp ten miles southwest of Mt. Vernnu, Posey Co., June 15.
1918, C. C. Deam 25426.

63. Puccinia Grossulariae (Schum.) Lagerh.
Dicaeoma Grossulariae (Schum.) Kern.

I On Grossularia hirtella (Michx.) Spach.
Lagrange Co., June 8, 1915, C. C. Deam.

On RiBES AMERICANA MiLL.

Two miles northwest of Rochester. Fulton Co., June 7, 1920, C. C.

UrcdiiKdc.s oj /ndidiKi. III. IGO

Dcjiiii ;n()-j:!: ..nc-liiilf mile c-:isl ..f St. .Ice. i)('Kall> Co., May 25, 1920. C. C.

Dciiui ;;o:!!>i'.

O.N KlHKS VUr.GARE LAM.

Jioyal ("enter, Cass Co., May, 1912, cimim. C. 11. Baldwin.

Ill O.N CAKEX CEPIIAl.OPUORA MUIIL.

Lafayette. Tippecanoe Co.. .Inne 24. 1S!)S, L. Snyder.

O.N Caukx CO.NOIDKA S( IlK.

Lafayette. Tippeeanoe Co.. July 21, 1900, Wm. Stuart; Oct. 2(1. 1901,

.1. C. Arthur: Oct. 11, 1914, July IS, 1914, F. D. Fromme ; June 24, 1914,

I'ipal, Ortoii, Fromme; Mattsville, Hamilton Co., Aug. 8, 1905, G. W. Wii.'^on.

O.N Cakkx h'pulifokmis Saktw.

South r.end. St. Joseph Co.. Sept. 24. J917, E. I'.artlioloniew (\. Am.

Ired. 1942).

On CAHKX PlIiKSCENS MuiiL.
Lafayette, Tippecanoe Co.. April .".0. IDtH, J. C. Arthur.

On CaKK.X SPAKGANIOIDES MUJIL.

Lafayette, Tippecanoe Co., Oct. 7, iS'.Hi, L. Snyder.

The collections referred in the 1915 list to Varex digitalis Willd., C. laxu
flora Lam. and ('. tetanica Schk. are now all to he considered as on C
hUnida Dewey.

The collection recorded above on C. puhesccns was included in the 191."»
list as on C. hirtifolia, of which C. puJjesecns was then considered a syn-
onym. The two host species are now considered distinct and the Indiana
collection is on C. puhescens.

G4. PucciNiA Helianthi Schw.

Dicaeoma Ilelianthi (Schw.) Kun^ze.
On Helianthus decapetalus L.
West Lafayette, Tippecanoe Co., Sept. 4, 1915. C. A. Ludwig (Barth. N.
Am. Ured. 1550), Sept. 11. 1915 (Barth. N. Am. Ured. 1402), Oct. 3, 1915.
H. C. Travelbee. Oct. 1. 1916.

On Hbxiantiius laetifloris Pres.
Rust garden, south of \Yest Lafayette, Tippecanoe Co.. Oct. 3, 1915.

On Helianthus sca«errimus Ell.
Paoli, Orange Co.. Sept. 28, 1915.

on. PucciNiA hibisciata (Schw.) Kellerm.
Dicaeoma hihisciafum (Schw.) Arth.
On Meltca mutica Walt.
Lafayette (Elston), Tippecanoe Co., July 28 and Oct. 22, 1899, Wm.
Stuart. May 13 and 29, 1903, J. C. Arthur.

On Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P.
West Lafayette, Tippecanoe Co., Dec. 3, 1901, Wm. Stuart.

On Muhlenbergia sobolife'ra (Mt'iil.) Tkin.
Lafayette, Tippecanoe Co., 0^{. 2, 1S9G, L. Snyder.

G9. PrcciNL\ Majantiiae (Schum.) Arth. & IToIw.
Dicaeoma Mojanihac (Sdium.) Arth.
I On Iris versicolor L.
DeMotte. Jasper Co., June 22. 1915. .L C. .\rtlnir.
The connection of Ihe Aechlium on Irix rcrsicolor with telia on I'hnlaris

170 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

undKliiKiccd I>. was estjil)lisho(l in this labonilory in 1!>17, Iiased on Held
observations made in 1010 by Prof. II. II. Whelzel and tlu- writer in the
vicinity of N. Spencer, New Yorlv.

70. Tine collection on MeUca mutica Walt, recorded as Dicaeoma Melicae
(Syd.) Artli. under this number is now referred to Fuccmia MMsciata
(Schw.) Kellerm, Dicaeoma MMsciatiim (Scliw.) Artb. See No. 66.

Puccinia Melicae Syd. is now considered a synonym of Dicaeoma Rhamm,
(Pers.) Kuntze (P. coronata Corda) (See No. 86 of 1915 list) and is known

in North America only on Mrlica pnrpurascens from Wisconsin.

71. Puccinia Menthae Pers.
Dicaeoma Menthae (Pers.) S. F. Gray.
On Koellia flexuosa (Walt.) MacM.

Three miles south of Marengo, Crawford Co.. Oct. .j, 1920. C. C. Deam
33403.

On Monarda punctata L.
Fair Oaks, Jasper Co., May 12. 1904, J. C. Arthur.

76. Puccinia obtecta Pk.

Dicaeoma oJ}tectum (Pk.) Kuntze.

I On Bidens frondosa L.
- One-half mile northeast of Dayton, Tippecanoe Co.. .July H, 1920.

On Bidens trichosperma (Michx.) Britton.
One-half mile northeast of Dayton, Tippecanoe Co., July 5. 1920.

79. Puccinia hieraciata (Schw.) Jackson.
Aecidium hieraciatum Schw.
Dicaeoma patruelis (Arth.) Jackson.

The collection recorded in the 1915 list as on Lactuca floridana is now re-
ferred to L. canadeiisis.

80. Puccinia Peckii (DeToni) Kellerm.
Aecidium Peckii DeToni.
Dicaeoma Peckii (DeToni) Arth.
On Carex laeviconica Dewey.

DeMotte, Jasper Co., Nov. 6, 1913, J. C. Arthur & F. D. Kern.

On Carex lupuliformis Sartw.
One mile southwest of Shelby, Lake Co., Oct. 14. 1920.

On Carex Willdenovii Schk.
State Reservation, Clark Co., May 11. 1910, C. C. Deam 5875.

81. Puccinia poculiformis (Jacq.) Wettst.
Puccinia graminis Pers.

Dicaeoma pocnliformc (Jacq.) Kuntze.

Ill On Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.
Wolcottville, Lagrange Co., Aug. 1. 1919, L. S. Cheney.

On Alopecurus aristulatus Michx.
Lakeville, St. Joseph Co., Aug. 9, 1919. L. S. Cheney.

On Bromus purgans L.
North of West Lafayette, Tippecanoe Co., Oct. 1, 191(5.

On Elymus canadensis L.

Un-(l'ni(il<s of liKVuina. III. 171

Coiinersville, Faj-ette Co.. Sci't. II. I'.MU. \.. S. Cheney.

On ElYMUS VIRGINICU.S L.

ruoli, Orange Co., Sept. '11. I'.ur, : Wii.icis I,ai.ni(o Co., Oct. 1920.
On Festuca ei^ttor L.

AiiRola. Steuben Co.. .\ii.t:. IS. l!»l!t. I.. S. Ciicncy.

M().st of the above colloctions were niiidc in conncclion with a nalional
investigation of overwintering of stem rust. \o ovcMwintering of uredin-
iospores was found to occur in Indiana during 1919.

In the 191.") report only a singU> coUection of tlie aecidiuni of this si)ecies
on lUrherix VHUjuris; was recorded. In connection with the barberry eradi-
cation campaign for tlie control of stem iMist. which is being conducted co-
operatively between Purdue Fiiixcrsity and the I". S. \)v\){. of Agriculture, a
large number of collections and observations have been made showing that
this accidium may develop in abundance on the barlierry in all parts of
the stati'. Specimens collected in 1918 and r.ll9 are now picserved in the
Arthur herbarium from the following counties in Indiana : Allen. Franklin,
Henr.v, .lay, Lagrange. Laporte, Noble. St. .loseph. Vanderburgh, Wabash
and Wayne.

8(1. PrcciNiA KiiAMNi (Pers.) Wettst.
Dicaeoma Rhamm (Per.s.) Kuntze.
I On Rpiamnus alnifolia L'Her.
In a tamarack swamp 2 miles north of Porter. Porter Co.. June 3, 191G.
C. C. Deam 20027.

Ill On ALOPECURrs AuiSTii.ATrs :Mitiix.
Lakeville, St. Jo.sei)h Co.. Aug. 9, 1919. L. S. Cheney.

88. PucciNiA Sambuci (Schw.) Arth.
Dicaeoma Sambuci (Schw.) Arth.
I On Sambucus pubens Michx.

The Shades. Montgomery Co., May 20. 1899. J. C. Arthur.

Ill On Carex lupuliformis Sartw.
One mile southeast of Shelby, Lake Co., Oct. 14, 1920.

89. Puccinia marylandica Liudr. Medd. Stockh. Hog.sk. Bot. Inst. 4":2.1901.
This was previously recorded as Dicaeoma Saiviculae (Grev.) Kuntze

(Puccinia SanicKlue Grev.) and lias been commonly referred to that species
by American authors. /'. Haiiiciildc, however, is not an American species.

Collections have been made on Sanicula cuiiadeiisis L.? in Montgomery
and Wasliington Coiuities. The Montgomery Co. specimens made by Rose
and reported by Underwood (Proceedings Ind. Acad. 189:5:55) have not been
seen.

90. Puccinia Smilacis Schw.

Dicaeoma Smilacis (Scliw.) Kuntze.

On Smilax Bona-nox L.?
Wooded bank of Ohio river, south of Leavenworth. Crawford Co., Oct.
5, 1920. C. C. Deam IVMll.

94. Puccinia I'rticae (Sclunn.) Lagerh.
Dicaeoma Urticae (Schum.) Kuntze.
On Carex trichocarpa Muiil.

172 Procccdiiif/s of IikIuiiki Academy of Science.

Lafayette, Tippecanoe Co.. April 13, 1900, G. W. Wilson & F. D. Kern;
West Lafayette, Tippecanoe Co., Sept. 29, 1914, C. A. Ludwig.

The collections reported in the 1915 list on Carex stricta Lam. are now
all to be considered as occnrring on C. Emoryi Dewey.

95. PucciNiA VERRf:NicoLA (Ell. & Kellemi. ) Arth.
Dicaeoma verbcnicoluni (Ell. & Kellerni.) Artli.
I On Verbena hastatxV L.
One-half mile northwest of Dayton, Tippecanoe Co., July, .1, 1920.

97. Puccinia vexans Farl.
Dicaeoma vc.fan!< (Farl. ) Knntze.

On Atheropogon curtipendltlxts (Mtchx.) Fourn.

It was stated in the 1915 list that the specimen on which this record was
based (Lafayette. Tippecanoe Co., May 22, 1902. Wm. Stuart) was not
available and the determination was doubtful. The specimen has since been
located and deposited in the Arthur herbarium. It is found to be correctly
determined. An earlier collection, which was overlooked, was made at
Lafayette, July 11, 1900, by Wm. Stuart and distributed in Arthur & Hol-
way's Uredineae Exsiccati et Icones, No. 58a and 58d.

Collections were also made by the writer in 1920 at two different points on
Wea Creek, south of Lafayette, on Sept. 15 and Oct. 23.

98. Puccinia Violae (Schum.) DO.
Dicaeoma Violae (Schum.) Kuntze.
On Viola missiouriensis Greene.

Waveland (Shades), Montgomery Co., May IG. 1913, J. C. Arthur.

102. Gymnosporangium germinale (Schw.) Kern.

I On Amelanchier laevis x humilis (according to K. M. Wiegand).
Wooded dune bordering Lake Michigan, east of Waverly beach. Porter
Co., June 10, 1920, C. C. Deam 31498.

Ill On Juniperus virginiana L.
North Madison, Jefferson Co., May 10, 1916, J. B. Demaree.

103. Gymnosporangium globosum Farl.
I On Crataegus Anduennae Sarg.

South bank of St. Mary's river, south of Fort Wayne, Allen Co., Sept. 23.
1916, C. C. Deam 22095.

105. The rust on Potentilla canadensis L. so common throughout the state
and recorded as Knehneola ohtusa (Strauss) Arth. in the 1915 list has been
restudied and its affinities determined to be with Phragmidium rather than
Kuehneola. It is a brachy-Phragmidium and on this account, Dr. Arthur
has erected the genus Frommea (Bull. Torrey Club 44:503. 1917) to in-
clude this and one other species. The name is written Frommea obtusa
(Strauss) Arth. {Phraomidium TormentiUae Fckl.). European authors in
general do not consider the American species identical with the European.
Those who accept this view should write the name of the American species
Phragmidium triarticulatum (B. & C.) Farl. (Arcgma triarticulatum B. &
0.).

Urcdinalcs oj Indiana. III. ]~:\

n:'.. PkoM V(i:S IlKI-VSAKI-l-AMCl lAI I (ScllW.I Kill'l.

.\i(/n(l() ll( <l!/.s(tri-p(iiii(iil(ili ( Scliw. ) Artli.
On MKiitoMrA Michaitxu Vaii,.
Seven miles southeast of riiiincltoii. rcri-y Co.. Sci>l. '_'!. 1"J18, C. C.
Deam 26705.

11."). Uromycks TTypEUicr-FRONnosi (■Scliw.) .\rlli.

Nigrc(h) lljipcrici-froiidoni (Scliwt Artli.

On IIyim;i{icum pkolificuji L.
Northwest of Corydon, Harrison Co.. Oct. G, ID'JO, V. C. Deam IS.'IKm ;
< )si:()0(l, Klpley Co., Nov. 13, 1020, comm. C. Griffiths.

119. Ukomyces pkrigyxh's Halsted.
Xi(/rc(lo pcrif/ifnia (Halst.) Artli.
I On Rudhicckia i.aciniata Ti.
Near Soldiers' Home, AVest I.afayottc. 'ri|>i)cciiim(> (\<.. .luiie IC, and 24,
1914, C. R. Orton, et al.

Ill On Carex Asa-Grayi Batlky.
Clear Pond, Gibson Co., Aug. 29. 191."), (J. N. Holler and C. C. Deam.

122. Ubomyces Polemonii (Peck) P.arth.
Niffredo Polcmonii (Peck) Artli.
I On Phlox maculata L.
Norris mar.sh, southeast of Lake :Maxinkuckc(>. :Mai-shall Co.. June 7,
1920, C. C. Deam 30039.

This is the first record of this rust on this host in North America.

124. Uromyces Rhynchospobae (Ellis) Arth.
On Rynciiospora olomerata (L.) Vaiil.

Michigan City, Laporte Co.. Sept. 13. 191fi, with E. B. Mains.

125. Uromyces Scirpi (Cast.) Burrill.
Niffredo Scirpi (Cast.) Arth.

On Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray.
One mile northwest of Thayer. Newton Co., Oqt. 14. 1920.

139. Tranzschelia punctata (Pers.) Arth.
I On Anemone quinquefolia L.

Mongo, Lagrange Co.. May 27. 1920, C. C. Deam 304."1 : Lake Wahee.
southeast of Milford, Kosciusko Co.. .Tune 3. 1920, C. C. Deam .30014.
On Thaijctrum dioicum L.
Happy Hollow, north of West Lafayette. Tippecanoe Co., May 22, 1918,

E. B. Mains.

Ill On Pruxus serotina (Ehrh.) Ag.
Four miles west of "West Lafayette. Tippecanoe Co.. Sei>t. 15. 1918. with

F. J. Pipal.

140. Tripiiragmium ulmariae (Schum.) Link.
On Filipendula rubra (Hill) Bbitton.

This rust has been known to occur in North America only in a small
swamp located about three-fourths of a mile south of West Lafayette along
the south river road known locally as the "rust garden". It was first col-

174 Proceedings of Jtidiana Academy of ficience.

lected May 16, 1S99. and has been repeatedly collected there, especially from
1902 to 1908. by different people. About 12 different collections are depos-
ited in the Arthur herbarium from this locality. During the past 12 years,
howevier, no collections haAe been made, though it has been repeatedly
searched for, and we have feared that the species was extinct in this
locality. It was. therefore, with considerable interest that the writer
made collections of this rust on July .") and Sept. 2, 1920 in a small swamp
about one-half mile northeast of Dayton in Tippecanoe Co.

143. Uredinopsis Atkinsonii Magu.
On Filix bulbifera (L.) Und.
Pine Creek, Warren Co.. Aug. 11, 1918.

149. Ukomyces SEmTiosus Kern.

On Aristida gracilis Ell.
Oakland City, Gibson Co.. Oct. 5, 191G.

On Aristida oligantha Michx.
Paoli, Orange Co., Oct. 6. 1916.

SPECIES NEW TO INDIANA.

Uredinaceae.

156. PucciNiASTRUM Myrtiili (Schuin.) Arth. Result. Sci. Congr. Bot.

Vienne 337. 1906.
Accidivm (?) Myrlilli Schnni. Enum. PI. Saell. 2:227. 1803.
J'niJd iniiiiiinoii Scliw. Schr. Nat. Ges. Leipzig 1:70. 1822.
Prridrniiiinii Pulii Thiini. Mitth. Forstl. Vers. Oest. 2:320. 1880.
Pucdniastrinii iiiiniiinini Arth. Result. Sci. Congr. Bot. Vienne 337.
1906.
I On Tsuga canadknsis (L.) Carr.
Wooded bluff about H miles southwest of Grantsburg, Crawford Co., C.
C. Deam 27782.

The urediuia and telia of this species occur on Ericaceae and should
be found in Indiana on G:iyU"issacia or Vaccinium.

The collection cited above is abundant and aecia are on both leaves and
cones.

157. Uredinopsis Strittiiiopteridis Stormer, Bot. Noti.ser 1895 :81. 1895.
On Anchistea virginica (L.) Presl. (Woodwardia virginica (L.) .J.

E. Smith).

In an Aronia mclanocarpa swamp one and one-half miles north of Mill-
creek, Laporte Co.. Aug. 25. 1920. C. C. Deam 3240G.

This is a rare form known (_)therwise on this host only from Vermont
and Michigan.

PUCCINIACEAE.

158. Gymnosporangium externum Arth. & Kern, Mycologia 1 :254. 1909.

I On GlLLENIA STIPULATA NUTT.

Wooded ridge 8 miles southeast of Cannelton, Perry Co., June 3, 1918,
C. C. Deam 25080.

TJrcdinales of hiilknid. IIT. 175

The specimou is larj^oly iniiiiiidirc (■(nisisliu;; iiidslly (if |iycni;i. Ilmii^'li
a few aecia are present.

The telial sta.t;o has not yet heen collccLed in Indiana, l)iit (Ieveh)i)s on
the hranches of Junipcrus virg'mkma and lias heen collected only in the
vicinity of Mammoth Cave. Kentucky. Aecia have heen collected, however,
also in Missouri, Kentucky and Virsinia.

The connection hetween the telia on .TniiirK'iiis and tlie acci.i on (Jillenia
was established by Arthur (Mycologia 1 :253. 1!)0D ;2 ■.2:M. 1910) .

ir>9. KuNKELiA NiTENS (Schw.) Arth. Bot. Gaz. 63:')04. 1917.
Aecidium nitcns Sehw. Sclir. Nat. Ges. Leipzig 1 :69. 1822.

On RuBUS ^VliEGHENlENSlS POKTER (It. NIGROBACCTIS BaILKY).

Madison and Wirt, Jefferson Co., May G and 7. 1910, A. G. Johnson.

On RuBUS OCCIDENTALIR L.

Bourbon. Marshall Co.. May 22, 1889. J. II. Parks.

On RUBITS PROCUMBENS MUHL.

Greencastle, Putnam Co., May, 1893, L. M. Underwood (Ind. P.iol. Sur.
19) ; Lafayette, Tippecanoe Co., May 21, 1899, Wra. Stuart : P.rookville.
Franklin Co., May 8, 1915, C. A. Ludwig; Pine Creek, Warren Co.. May 18,

1917, J. C. Arthur. "
On Rubus sativus (Bailey) Brain.

Daleville, Delaware Co.. June 8, 1914, L. Shoemaker.

The specimens listed above were in part included in the 191i') list under
No. 101, Oymnoconia mtermtialis (Schlecht. ) Lagerh. Recent studies by
Kimkel have shown that there are two forms of the orange rust of black-
berries and raspberries, one a Caeoma with an Endophyllnm-like life his-
tory and the other an opsis-Puccinla-like form. The former has been sep-
arated by Dr. Arthur (1. c.) as a new genus, Kunkelia. For the sake of
emphasis this name is used alxive, though it should be recognized that there
is considerable difference of opinion as to the relationship of the two
forms, esix^cially in view of very recent investigations by Kunkel (Jour.
Agr. Res. 19:501-512. 1920) and Clinton (Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 222:
469-473. 1920). The writer is inclined to believe that we have here a rust
whicli is in an advanced stage of an evolutionary transition from a long
to a short cycled form, the transition taking place in the direction of the
aecium and the long cycled form surviving in certain regions and on certain
hosts.

160. PucciNiA ANOMALA Rostr. : Thiimen. Flora 1877:92. 1877.
On Hordeum vui^are L.

Lafayette, Tippecanoe Co.. July 2, 191S. with E. B. Mains.

This, the leaf rust of barley, was collected for the lirst lime in Indiana as
indicated above. A number of other collections in various counties of the
state have since been made, indicating that the rust was not uncommon in

1918. but was not present in severe form. Tsn.illy the infection was very
slight and required careful search to find it.

Tranzschel has shown that this rust in Russia has its aecia on Oniitho-
galum umhellattim and O. narhoncnse (Myc. Cent. 4 :70. 1914). Aecia havt-
not been collected in North America.

176 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of (Science.

-r -- — .

161. PucciNiA CiRSii Lasch.

On Ciksium undulatus (Nutt.) Spreng.
Wiiiona Lake, Kosciusko Co., June 26, 1914, G. N. Hoffer.

162. PuociNiA Cypeki Arth. Bot. Gaz. 16 :226. 1891.
Dicaeoma Cyperi Kuntze. Kev. Geu. 3^ :466. 1898.
On Cyperus filiculmis Vahl.

Lafayette, Tippecanoe Co., Oct. 2, 1896, L. Snyder ; Michigan City. La-
porte Co., Sept. 13, 1916. with E. B. Mains.
On Cyperus Schweinitzii Torr.

Crawfordsville. Montgomery Co., Oct. 7-9, 1893, L. M. Underwood;
Michigan City, Laporte Co., Sept. 13, 1916, with E. B. Mains.
On Cyperus strigosus L.

Fern, Putnam Co., Oct. 1893, L. M. Underwood.

This species was formerly confused with P. canaliculata (Schw.) Lagerh.,
which has aecia occurring on Ambrosia and Xanthium. The Indiana speci-
mens listed above were in part included with that species as No. 48 of the
1915 list. Kern (Mycologia 11:134-147. 1919) has recently pointed out the
distinction between the two species.

The aecidium of this species is unknown.

163. PucciNiA Pimpinellae (Strauss) Link, in Willd. Sp. PI. 6':77. 1825.
Uredo Pimpinellae Strauss, Ann. Wett. Ges. 2 :102. 1810.

On Osmorrhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC.
Seven miles north of Zanesville, Allen Co., May 26, 1916, C. C. Deam
19820.

164. PUCCINIA PoLEMONii Diet. & Holw. Bot. Gaz. 18:255. 1893.
On Polemonium reptans L.

In a low flat woods on the south side of Half Moon Pond, about 10 miles
southwest of Mt. Vernon, Posey Co.. April 19, 1919. C. C. Deam 26992.

A second collection was made by Mr. Deam in the same six>t, Sept. 26,
1920, (Deam 33050).

This species, at the time the first collection listed above was made, was
otherwise known only from the type collection made on P. caeruleum L. (P.
occidcntale Greene?), Kootenai Co.. Idaho, J. H. Sandberg, July 1892. An-
other collection has since been made on P. occidentale at Lake Tahoe, Cal-
ifornia, Aug. 23, 1920, E. Bethel. The sori in the specimens collected by
Deam occur on the petioles and leaf blades, often at the margin and are
cinereous from the abundant germination of the teliospores. It is a lepto-
Puccinia. No pycina were observed.

165. Uromyces graminicola Burrill, Bot. Gaz. 9 :188. 1884.
Uromyces Panici Tracy, Jour. Myc. 7 :281. 1893.

Nigredo grammicola (Burrill) Arth. Result. Sci. Congr. Bot. Vienne

343. 1906.
Ill On Panicum virgatum L.
One mile southeast of Shelby, Lake Co., Oct. 14. 1920.

166. Uromyces Hordei Tracy, Jour. Myc. 7 :281. 1893.
Nigredo Hordei Arth. N. Am. Flora 7 :228. 1912.
On Hordeum pusillum Nutt.

UrcdhmU'fi oj hidUuKi. III. 177

.Ml. Vernoii, Posey Co.. .Miiy II. l'.n<;: C.viil lii.in.i. I'oscy ("o., .fiily IT.
r.MS, comm. E. P. Melborii.

The latter collection w.is sccuimmI lidiii .1 specimen of the urass wliich
was sent to the Botanical 1 >ci>ailiiH'iil dl' llio Purdue University A>,'ricul-
tiii'al Experiment Station for identilicarnni. Tlie nist is a soiitlicin one
;in(l occurs also on Fcstitra ncloftoni. liaviiii: a ranse from Indiana and
.Nebraska to Mississippi and Texas.

The aecial stage has l»een shown I liioni;!! licld cnllures hy I.onii^ ami
.ureenhonse cultures Ity Arthur to he «in .\ol hoscoriHinn binilrc ( .Mycolni^da
8:139-140. 1010) and should also ho found in southern Indiana.

1C.7. Ukomyces pouosrs (Pk.) .lackson. Brooklyn I'.ot. (Jard. .Mem. 1 :L'S1
1918.
Aecidium porostim Pk. P>ot. (Jaz. 3 :-'!4. 1S7S.
TJromyces coloradcnms E. & E. Erytiiea 1:204. IS!):!.
UromycopHis porosa Arth. Kesult. Sci. Connr. I'.ot. Viennc :\\Tt. lOOO.

I On VICIA AMERICANA Muill..

One mile east of Christman. Porter Co.. .lune :;. 1010. C. c. Deam L'OOr.O.

This is an autoecious rust possessiuir aecia and telia only. It is a west-
ern form, the pi*esent collection hein.ir tiie most eastern one known. Tlie
ai'cia are from a distrihutiMJ niyceliuni and lience easily .separateil from
the more common V. Faha< . which occurs on tlie same host.

Host Index.

Each species is given a number and these are consecutive for the three
papers. The 1915 list includes nos. 1-141 : the 1917 list nos. 142-l.'i5 and the
present list nos. 156-167. In the lirst part of the present list the numbers
refer to the same species as in the 1015 and 1917 lists. Numbers in black
faced type indicate that the host is mentioned in the present paper. Num-
bers in ordinary type indicate that the host is mentioned only in one of the
t\A'0 previous papers. Synonyms are in italics.

Afzelia macrophylla 38
Agastache nepetoides 32
.Xgrimonia Eiipaloria 15

hirsuta 15

mollis 15

parviflora 15

rostellata 15
Agropyron repens 51, 81

Smithii 51
Agrostis alba 81

perennans 67
Aletris farinosa 41
Alopecurus aristulatus 81, 86

geniculatus 59
Althaea rosea 34
Ambrosia trifida 40, 48
Amelanchier laevis x humilis 102

Amorpha canescens 141
Anchistea virginica 157
Andropogon furcatus 42, 85

HCopariuH 42, 57. 85
Anemone cylindrlca 28

quinquefolia 36, 135, 139

virginiana 28, 51
Antirrhinum majus 44
Apocynum cannabinum 19
Aquilegia sp. 51
Arctium Lappa 21

minus 21
Arisaema Dracontium 109

triphyllum 109
Aristida gracilis 119

oligantha 149

ramosissima 149

178

Proceedings of Indidna Academy of Science.

Arrhenatherum elatinuni 81
Asclcpius aornuH 114
incarnata 114
purpurascens 114
Syriaca 114
Asparagus officinalis 45
Aster azureus 6, 29
cordifolius 6, 29, 61
Drummondii 6, 61
ericoides 6
lateriflorus 29
longifolius 6, 29
Novae-angliae 6, 29
paniculatus 6, 29, 61
puniceus 6, 29, 61
Aster sagittifolius 6, 29, 61
salicifolius 6, 29, 61
Shortii 6
Tradescanti 6
Atheropogon curtipendulus 97
Avena sativa 81, 86
Berberis vulgaris 81
Betula lutea 14
Bicuculla Cucullaria 151
Bidens frondosa 76
trichosperma 76
Blephila ciliata 71

hirsuta 71
Boehmeria cylindrica 150
HoutcloHu curtipemlula 97
Brachychaeta sphacelata 61
Bromus ciliatus 51
japonicus 51
purgans 51, 81
secalinus 51, 81
Calamagrostis canadensis 86
Callistephus hortensis 6
Caltha palustris 47
Campanula americana 1
('(irdiiiis lavceolatus 50
Carex abdita 61
Asa-Grayi 119
blanda 61, 63
cephaloidea 61
cephalophora 61, 63
conoidea 61, 63
crinita 63
digitalis 63
Emoryi 94
festucacea 61

/■lifoi-mi.'i T2

foenea 61

Frankii 88

hirtifolia 63
Hitchcockiana 63

Jamesii 61

lacustris 94

laeviconica 80

lanuginosa 80, 118

lasiocarpa 72

laxiflora 63

lupuliformis 63, 80, 88

lupulina 88, 129

lurida 88

muskingumensis 61

nebraskensis 61

normalis 61

oligocarpa 61

pennsylvanica 61

pubescens 63

riparia 94

rostrata 129

sp. 79, 146

sparganioides 61, 63, 80

squarrosa 63

stipata 61, 80, 94

straminea 61

stricta 03. 04

tetanica 61. 63

tribuloides 61, 119

trichocarpa 80, 88, 94

iirticulata 129

varia 61, 119

virescens 118

vulpinoides 61

Willdenovii 80
Cephalanthus occidentalis 49
Chamaesyce humistrata 123

maculata 123

Preslii 123
Chrysanthemum Sinense 23
Cicuta maculata 125
Cinna arundinacea 81, 86
Circaea Lutetiana 30
Cirsium lanceolatum 50

undulatus 161
Claytonia virginica 18
Clematis virginiana 51
Comandra umbellata 85
Convolvulus sepium 53

UrcdiiKihs of liididini. III.

Cracca virginiana 137
Crataegus Anduennae 103

ccccinea 103

Crus-galli 103

mollis 102, 103

Pringlei 103

l)unctata 103

siihrillo.sa lO?,
Croton monanthog-ynus 9
t'unila miiriaiia 71

origanoides 71
Cydonia vulgaris 102
Cyperus Engelmannii 48

esculentus 48

filioulmis 48, 162

Schweinitzii 48, 162

speciosus 48

strigosus 48, 162
C!/ni(>i>tcri.s fragUi-s 10
Dactylis glomerata 81
Decodon verticillatus 72
Desmodium canadense 113
Dianthus caryophyllus 110
Diodia teres 127
Dirca palustris 153
Doellingeria umbellata 61
Di-acocephalum virginianum 35
Dryopteris thelypetris 143
Dulichium arundinaceum 61
Eaton id peinisylvanica 55
Eleocharis obtusa 56

palustris 56
Elephantopus carolinianus 3
EIndcd cumounulatit 115
Elymus canadensis 67, 73, 81

striatus 67

virginicus 67, 81
Erigcron annuus 61

pulchellus 61

ramosus 61
Eriophorum angustifolium 60

ixjli/stdchyon 60

virginicum 60
Eupatorium agcratoides 20

coelestinum 52

incarnatum 52

niaculatum 56

perfcliatum 56

purpureuni 56

urticaefolium 20

Hiil,li(,rhi<i ((uolhiUi 78

<h nhihi ll'.".

Iiil(r»l,li!/ll(i \-S.\

liiiiiiislral'i IL':;

lii/ixricifolid 12.'>

nidciildta 123

Prcslii 123
Euthaniia graminifolia 2
Eestuca elatior 81
Filipendula rubra 140
Filix bulbifera 143

fragilis 10
Fraxinus profunda 62
Galium Aparine 17

asprellum 84

concinnum 84

tinctorum 84

triflorum 84, 93
Gaylussacia sp. 156
Gaura biennis 120
Geranium maculatum 82
Gillenia stipulata 158
Grossularia Cynosbati 63

hirtella 63

missouriensis 63

oxyacanthoides 63

rotundifolia 63

setosa 63
Helianthus annuus 64

decapetalus 4, 64

divaricatus 64

giganteus 64

grosse-serratus 64

hirsutus 4, 64

laetiflorus 64

mollis 64

occidentalis 64

petiolaris 64

scaberrimus 64

strumosus 64

tracheliifolius 64

tuberosus 64
Heliopsis helianthoidcs ('>5
Hepatica acutiloba 139
Hieracium canadense 25

scabrum 25
Hordeum jubatum 51, 81

pusillum 166

vulgare 81, 160
Houstcnia caerulea 147

180

Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

Hydrangea arborescens 16
Hypericum canadense 115
mutilum 115
prolificum 115
Hystrix Hystrix 67
Iinpatieiis mirea G7
biflora 67, 74
j'uJva 07, 74
pallida 67
Ipomoea pandurata 5
Iris versicolor 68, 69
Juncoides campestre 75
Juncus Dudleyi 126

tenuis 126
Junipei'us virginiana 102, 103, 104,

158
Koellia flexuosa 71
pilosa 71
virginiana 43, 71
Kuhnia eupatorioides 26

glutinosa 26
Lactuca canadensis 79
floridana 79
sativa 79
scariola 79
virosa 79
Lathyrus venosus 111
Leontodon erythrospermum 27

Taraxacum 27
Leptilon canadense 61
Lespedeza capitata 116
frutescens 116
hirta 116
procumbens 110
repens 116
reticulata 110
Stuvei 116
virginica 116
Limordorum tuberosum 54
Lobelia syphilitica 33
Lnsula campcstris 75
Lycium halimifolium 24
Lycopus americanus 43
shiuaius 43
uniflorus 43
Malus coronaria 104
loensis 104
Malus 104
Malva rotundifolia 34
Medicago lupulina 117
sativa 117

Meibomia bracteosa 113
canescens 113
Dillienii 113
laevigata 113
Michauxii 113
paniculata 113
sessilifolia 113
viridiflora 113
Melica mutica 66. 70
Mentha canadensis 71

spicata 71
Micranthes pennsylvanica 37
Monarda fistulosa 71

punctata 71
Mulilenbergia (liffiisa 0()
mexicana 66
racemosa 66
Schreberi 66
sobolifera 66
sylvatica 60
tenuiflora 66
umbrosa 66
Nabalus albus 77
Napaea dioica 66
Naumbergia thyrsiflora 146
Nothoscordium bivalve 166
Oenothera biennis 80, 120
Onoclea sensibilis 144
Osmorrhiza longistylis 163
Oxalis cymosa 91
Panicularia grandis 51

septentrionalis 107
Panicum capillare 58
miliaceum 58
virgatum 78, 107, 165
Peltandra vii'ginica 109
Penstemon hirsutus 42

Penstemon 42
Persicaria amphibia 82
hydropiperoides 82
lapathifolia 82
Muhlenbergii 82
pennsylvanica 82
punctata 82
Phalaris arundinacea 69
Phaseolus anfiuloxiii^ 108
cUrcrsifolivfi lOS
vulgaris 108
Phleum pratense 81
Phlox maculata 122
Physalis heterophylla 154

TJ )•<■(] iiKi I (

if hid ill II (I. III.

181

I'InisoHlrijia virfiiuUiiui ."..">
Plantag-o sp. 149
Poa pratensis 59
Podophyllum pcltatuni I'J
Poinsettia dontata 123

heterophylla 123
Polemonium rcptans 122, 148, 1()4
Polygontauiii biflorum 148
Polyjionum aviculare 121

Can vol cuius S3

emcrsum 82

erectum 121

Hartwriiihlii 82

hyOnipilwr Okies 82

lapofhifolium. 82

Muhlciihcrf/ii 82

pen)i si/lran icu m 82

p unci ti turn 82

scandrii.s S3
Populus balsamifera 13

deltoides 11, 13

grandidentata 11, 13

heterophylla 11

monillfcra 13

tremuloides 11, 13
Potentilla canadensis 105
Prunus serotina 139
Ptelea trifoliata 99
I'ycnanfhcmuvi lanccolahnii 71

muticum pilosum 71
Ranunculus abortivus 55

septentrionalis 36
Rhamnus alnifolia 86

caroliniana 86

lanceolata 86
Rhus radicans 134
Ribes americana 63

CynosMti 63

gracile 63

oryacanthoides 63

rotundifolium 63

setosum 63

vulgare 63
Rosa Carolina 100, 132

humilis 100

lucida 130

rubiginosa 132

setigera 132

sp. 131, 133

virginiana 100, 130

Kul)us allcghonicnsis 101, lOG, 159

cuneifolius 106

hispidus 106

iiiyrobaccus 159

occidentalis 101, 159

procumbens 101, 106, 159

sativus 159

strigosus 101

rilloxiis 101, 106
Rudbockia laciniata 119, 138
Ruellia ciliosa 87

strepens 87
Rumex acetosella 145
Rynchospora alba 124

glomerata 124
Salix amygdaloides 12

cordata 1 2

discolor 12

interior 12

longifoliii VI

nigra 12

Wardi 12
Sambucus canadensis 88

pubens 88
Sanicula canadensis ? 89
Sd.rifrof/a pennsylvaiiica '.'<!
Schizachyrium scoparium 42, 57,

85
Scirpus americanus 76, 125

atrovirens 43 «

cyperinus 43

fluviatilis 125

lacustris 76

validus 76, 125
Secale cereale 46, 81
Sicf/liin/ia seslcrioidc.s !t9
Silphium integrifolium 7, 39

perifoliatum 39, 126

terbinthinaceuni 7
Sisyrinchium sp. 147
Smilax Bona-nox ? 90

glauca 90
Solidago altissinia 61

arguta 6

bicolor 6

caesia 6, 61

canadensis 6, 61

erecta 6

fiexicaulis 6, 61

juncea 6

182

Proceedings of 1 nd'uniu Acadiniij of Science.

Joli folia 0. 01

patula 6, 61

rugosa 6

serotina 6, 61

ulmifolia 6, 61
Spai'tiim viinosuroidcs 122

Michauxiana 49, 62, 122, 148
Sphenopholis pallens 55
Sporobolus asper 95
Steironema ciliatum 31
Strophostyles helvolva 108

pauciflora 108

umbellata 108
Syndesmon thalictroides 51
Taenida integerrima 22
T(tr(t.i-acuin cri/tJirosiJcrmum 27

I'drd.ntctdii 27
Thalictrum dioicum 136, 139
Tiniaria Convolvulus 83

scandens 83
Tithymalopsis corollata 78
Tithymalus conimutatus 142, 152
Toxicodendron radicans 134
Triadenum virginicum 115
Tridens flava 99
Trifolium hybridum 128

medium 128

pratense 112

repens 128
Trillium sp. 155
Triticum vulgare 81, 92

Tsuga canadensis 156
I hiiarid rubra 140 '
Urtica gracilis 94

l.yalUi 94
Vaccinium sp. 156
Verbena hastata 95

stricta 95
A'ernonia altissima 8

fasciculata 8, 96

illinoensis 8

noveboracensis 8
Vicia americana 111, 167
Vigna sinensis 108
Vincetoxicum Shortii 114
Viola eriocarpa 98

missouriensis 98

(ihU<liia 98

papilionacea 57, 98

pubescens 98

sororia 98

striata 98
Woodirardia virginica 157
Xanthium americanum 40, 48

canadense 40

commune 40, 48

pennsylvanicum 40

spinosum 40

strumarium 40
Xanthoxalis cymosa 91
Zea Mays 91

18:^

A CONVENIKNT J.A1H)RA1Y)KV IM.ANT I'liKSS.'

H. S. .Ia( Kso.N, riirduc Univor.sity.

The drying of plants is at best a laborious and uninterestinK. though very
necessary phase of the making of an herbarium and in the preservation of
plants for illustrative or elass study pur])oses. The old system of chang-
ing dryers has, in large part, given way in recent years to more modern
and time saving methods. The introduction of the use of corrugated
strawboard between the dryers au<l the utilization of some source of
aititicial lieat for drying the ]>lants- has taken much of the drudgery
from the old methods and in general has resulted in a better quality of
herbarium material.

The writer has used a simple, type of plant press during the past ten
years whicli has proven very practical and satisfactory for general lab-
oi'atory purposes. On accomit of the simplicity of construction and the
low Initial cost of this apparatus it has seemed desirable to furnish a
description of it with specifications and illusti-ati(ms for the benefit of
those who may not have solved the problem of drying plants to their satis-
faction.

The first press of the sort to be described was constructed in 1911 for
use in the laboratories of the Department of Botany and Plant Pathology
at the Oregon Agricultural College. From one to four of them have been
in constant use there since that time both for general laboratory pur-
poses and for use in connection with classes in taxonomic botany. The
writer has also used, since 1915, presses of similar construction in the
P.otanical Department of the Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station. A
number of persons from other laboratories who have seen these presses
in use at one or the other of these institutions have adopted a similar type.

The apparatus consists essentially of a box with rack on which the plant
press rests, provided below with a source of heat (Fig. 1). The box is
15 by 18^^ inches, inside measurement, and is open at top and bottom.
It may be made square 18i/l> by IS^A inches if desired. The sides are made
of one inch boards, ten inches wide and fastened together with screws. A
rack on which the press rests (Fig. 2) is provided and placed three inches
from the top of the box. This is made of material one inch square and
is fastened all the way around the inside of the box. One or two cross
pieces are added as illustrated, though are perhaps unnecessary. Yellow
poplar lumber is foimd to be very satisfactory as it is not so liable to warp
as some other kinds.

Heat may be conveniently supplied by two or three carbon filament
electric light bulbs, the sockets for which are fastened about three inches
from the bottom. Two sixteen candle power lights are sutticient for ordin-
ary purposes, depending somewhat upon the succulence of the plants to be
dried. It is well, however, to provide three sockets placed in such a way
as to give the most imiform disribution of heat. The writer has also
used, with entire satisfaction, special heating units of low resistance so

'Contribution from the Department of Botany, Purdue University Agricultural
ExiKTiiiient Station.

"Riker, P. L«., Directions for collecting Plants. Bur. PI. Ind. U. S. Dept. Agr.
Circ. 126:27-35. 1913.

184

Proceedings of TmJhina Academy of Science.

constructed as to fit in any standard olociric li,i,dit socket. Any convenient
method of supplying lieut b;^- electric current may be used. It is important,
however, that only a small amount of heat be supplied. It is only necessary
that a draft of warm air passes through the corrugated boards of tlie press.
Three one inch auger holes two inches from the bottom are provided on
each side of the box to allow for intalce of air.

The sides of tlie press are made of one inch boards 12% by 18 inches.
It is best to fasten a piece one and one-half inches wide crosswise at
either end to prevent warping. This should be tongued and grooved
and glued. Canvas straps with friction buckles are permanently fastened
to the boards at either end as shown in the illustration. These should
be of such length as to allow for the maximum expansion which the width
of the box permits with sutficient additional length to conveniently allow
for drawing the press tight. Double faced corrugated straw boards cut so

Fig. 1.— The Plant Press in Use.

Double faced corrugated card boards, cut so that the corrugations extend
the short way, are used between the driers.

Heat is supplied by two or three carbon filament electric light bulbs, or
by special heating units constructed to fit an ordinary electric light socket.

Any thickness of press, within the limits of the width of the box, can
be used. Boards one and one-half or three inches wide are provided to fill
in the space at the sides of the press on the rack when only a small amount
of material is to be dried.

Ventilation is provided by six one inch auger holes placed three on each
side of the box, two inches from the bottom. Photo by M. W. Gardner.

A Coiirciiiciil /jihoriilori/ I'hnil frcstft.

is:

lliiif (lie corrugations run the short way arc used between (lie dryers. When
sueculent material is to be dried ir is iicrliaps preferable to use one cor
rufiated board between each pair of dryers. For the ordinary type <»f ma-
terial two plant sheets with three dryers between each pair of corrugated
boards is found entirely satisfactory. fJrasses and other similar plants will
be found to dry .satisfactorily when three si)eeiiiiens and four dryers are
phiced between the corrugated boards. Folded sheets of newspaper are
found to be entirely satisfactor.\ fnv use as plant sheets, though tlie si)eeial
sheets for sale by all dealers in hcrliarium supplies are preferred by many
collectors. When plants are being dried for illustrative purposes a layer
of sheet cotton may be u.sed to advantage between the specimen sheets
and the dryers.

When only a few plants are to be dried and llie press is thin, a floor of
loose but closely fitting boards should be laid on each side of the press on
the rack so that all the heat will pass through the ccn-rugated boards. For
this purpose four boards 38 inches long, two or which are one and a half
inches, and two three inches wide should be kept conveniently at hand.

.Most material will dry in this press in less than twenty-four hours
though very succulent plants will require a longer time. If the press is
turned over every few lumis during the early part of the drying period

Fig. 2. — Box Raised on Edge to Show Construction.

The inside dimensions of the box are IS^^ by 15 inches. The sides are ten
inches high, open at the top and bottom. Sockets for electric lights are
placed three inches from the buitdni. and the rack on which the press rests
is three inches from the top.

The press is made from one inch boards, 12^2 I'.v IS inches. Canvas
straps with friction buckles are pr(i\ ided at either end as illustrated.

Note the loose boards which are used for a floor at sides of press when
only a small quantity of material is being dried. Photo by JI. W. Gardner.

186 Proceedings of Uidiaua Academy of Science.

the plants will dry In a shorter time. As the plants become dry con-
siderable shrinkage occurs and it is desirable to tighten the straps once or
twice.

Where large quantities of plants are being dried at one time the appa-
ratus described may not prove as satisfactory as some other methods in use,
though a battery of four or five such presses will be found to be ample for
ordinary class work. For the laboratory which has only occasional use
for a plant press or for the individual collector it will, we believe, be
found quite satisfactory.

ISl
INDIANA ri,ANT DISKASKS, r.H'O.'

Max W. (iAKD.NKiJ.-

Intkoductiox.

lu accordance with the phiii outliiuMl in last year's report.^ tho plant dis-
caso situation in Indiana for the season of l!>li() is snunnarized heroin as
completely as our reports and observations permit. As in the previous
report, the economic point of view is maintained.

Weathkk Conditions.

The important relation of the weather to crop diseases warrants a brief
reiiort based upon the monthly summaries of Mr. J. H. Arminston of the
federal weather biu-eau at Indianapolis.

The extremely cold, wet weather of April delayed farm operations and
retarded crops several weeks. The tirst half of May was also very cold.
culminating in frosts the 14th and lath which caused considerable injury
to fruit. In some localities seed potatoes rotted in the ground because of
the cold wet weather.

The latter part of May and all of June and .Inly were in general favorable
to crops. June and July were exceptionally cool and rainfall was fairly
abundant. Severe hail injury occurred at Vincennes. June 1. at Madison,
June 14, and at Kokomo. Berne and Decker the 28rd. At Decker the in-
jury to corn, wheat, oats, tomatoes, melons, peaches and apples caused a
loss estimated at 150.000 dollars.

August was also fairly cool and the whole summer up to the end of
August was characterized by the absence of any period of heat and
drouth. This type of weather greatly lessened the destructiveness of the
Fusarium soil diseases such as cabbiige yellows and favored the preva-
lence of such diseases as Septoria leaf-spot of tomato.

September was very hot especially during the latter half with less rain-
fall than in previous years in central and northern Indiana and dry
warm weather continued well into October. This type of weather favored
the ripening of fall crops and at the same time was not especially conducive
to i)lant diseases. Light frosts occ\u-red October 20 and heavy frosts the
end of the month.

In general the 1920 season was distinctly dilTerent from its itrede-
cossor and the difference in weather is r:ither strikingly retlected in the
plant di.sease conditions.

'Contribution from the Botanical Dopartmont. Purdue Agricultural Exporimont
Station. Lafayette. Indiana.

=The writer wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Prof. II. S. .Tackson. Mr. P.
.1. Pipal. Mr. G. N. Hoffer. Mr. .1. B. Kendrick. Dr. C. T. Gregory and I>r. E. B.
Mains of the Botanical Department and Messrs. C. L. Biirkholdcr. K. V. CulliiiMn.
F. C. Gaylord and H. D. BroWn of the Ilort i<-ultural Department of I'urdn.' Agikul-
tural Experiment Station. Most of the illustrations are taken from pliotograplis
made by Mr. Kendrick. )

''Gardner, Majc W. Indiana plant diseases, 1919. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1919,
in press.

188 Proceedinf/s of Indiana Academy of Science.

Diseases Arranged isy Hosts.

APPLE.

Blcitcli (Fig. 1) caused by PliylloHiicta solitaria was severe on the sus-
ceptible varieties tliroughout tlie soutliern half of the state and was noted
at Peru by F. P. Cullinan, in DeKalb county by C. T. Gregory, and as far
north as Delplii, Columbia City. Steuben county and Lake county by C. L.
P.nrkholder. Tlie Mann and Maiden Blush should be added to the list of

Fig. 1. Apple blotch.

susceptible varieties in the 1919 report. At Mitchell. Prof. Greene noted
abundant fruit infection June 10 and petiole lesions were noted at Moores-
ville June 11. Unsprayed Northwestern Greenings at Knightstown showed
as high as 91 per cent fruit infection and 39 per cent petiole infection and
at Mooresville as high as 97 per cent fi'uit infection and 83 per cent petiole
infection. Counts made by Burkholder in Clark county showed 97 per
cent fruit infection on unsprayed Ben Davis trees. Good control was se-
cured with Bordeaux sprays 2. 4 and 6 weeks after petal fall, while sulphur
dust, Bordeaux dust and dormant sprays were ineffective.

Scab (Fig. 2) caused by Vciifiiria inaequalis was especially severe in tlio
southern part of the state but rather light in the northeast quarter of the
state where its ravages are usually the worst, according to reports by
Burkholder and Cullinan. Burkholder reports very little scab on unsprayed
cheek plots in AVliitley county except upon Ben Davis and Fameuse. On
the other hand, the same observer reports that scab was more severe in the
region between Crawfordsvillo and the Ohio river than in the preceding
three seasons. At Mooresville. June 25, scab was noted to be abundant on

Indiana I'hnil ni.scdsc.s. iy<j

/c?

Fi.u-. -2. Api.lr s<-nb.

the leaves and fniit of ("lieiiaii.uo. I'.eiioiia. \. W. (Jreenins. Jf)iiathaii. and
I'.eii Davis, wliile there was very little (Hi the Transparent and Ducliess.
i:arl.v infection of the fruit caused luucli cracking and uialforuiation which
was followed by secondary rots late in the season.

Observations upon varietal susceptibility by Burkholder indicate that the
\arieties Moyer's Pride. Salome. Ben Davis. Winesap. Rome Beauty, Delici-
ous and Fameuse are very susceptible to scab, while resistance is shown
l'.\ the varieties Yellow Transparent. Early Harvest, Stark. Flore Belle,
r.eiltlower, Stayman Winesap. York Imperial. Black Twig and Grime.s
(Jolden.

Black rot due to Physaloxpara ci/dmiiac occurred generally throughout
(he state on apple foliage. In one orchard in May the extreme prevalence
of the frog-eye leaf-spot on trees badly affected with blotch was of interest
Ix'cause the black rot fungus is very commonly present in the old blotch
cankers. In an orchard near Vincennes a local out-break of the frog-eye
leaf-spot was very evidently associated with a limb which probably had
l>een killed by fire-blight and was harboring the black rot fungus. On the
other hand this leaf-spot was also present on young, well cared- for trees,
.hnie 25 the leaf-spot was noted to be especially bad on the varieties Ben
]>avis and Jonathan. The fruit rot of the blossom-end type as well as
the type following blotch, scab and worm injury was very common late
in the season.

Fire blight due to Bacillus amylovorus was very common on apple trees
ni'ar blighted pear trees. Because of the prolonged growing season this year
the attacks of fire blight continued well into the summer. July 2 this dis-
ease was found rather prevalent on certain varieties in a large orchard
near Vincennes. An orchardist at Laurel found that thorough spraying for
aphis control was effective against blight and that iinproi>er spraying re-
sulted in an increased amoiuit of blight.

Sooty blotch and fly speck ( I.cplothi/riion jxniii) were very common on
certain varieties.

190 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

~i

Rust (Gymnosporangium juniperi-nirf/inianae) was very severe on the
foliage of susceptible varieties. It was noted on Jonathan fruit and
foliage in Morgan County Juno 25.

Powdery mildew {Podosplwcni Iciirotricha) was found on the Missouri
Pippin variety at Ladoga by Dr. P. J. Anderson.

The collar rot of the Grimes variety which was recorded last year (as
root rot) as prevalent in southern Indiana causes the greatest fatality
when the trees are 20 to 25 years old according to Burkholder. He re-
ports one case of a 25-year-old orchard near Madison in which 25 per cent
of the trees are dead or dyiim. Simc the Grimes is otherwise a very desir-
able variety for southern Indiana it has been successfully top worked on
other stocks.

In the case of all varieties planted on newly cleared land, Burkholder
reports that a certain percentage of root rot has occurred.

Pig. ?,. Apple .Innathiiii siH.t.

Jonathan spot (Fig. P> i was noted at Mooresville. Cullinan reports this
trouble as very prevalent this year and found it present on unpicked fruit
at Laurel-. Burkholder noted the same thing in Porter County and on
King and Black Twig apples still on the trees at Aurora.

Bitter pit was rather common on Stark apples at Mooresville and is re-
ported by Cullinan as common on Stark, Grimes, and Baldwin apples.
Water core was found at Knightstown.

Frost injmw occurred in many sections. At Mooresville blossom clusters
and whole spurs were killed outright and the set of fruit was severely cu<".
Some frost banding also occurri'd. The first leaves were stunted, dark
green and wrinkled and many turned yellow and dropped off.

Severe hail injury occurred near Decker Jime 23 and the qualify of
the crop was greatly lowered. In one orchard the entire crop was rendered
unfit for market by the extreme malformation resulting from the hail
iiruises.

According to Burkholder spray injury to leaves and fruit occurred at

1)1(11(1)1(1 f '1(1)1 1 niftrafics. 191

?iritcli(>ll :iii<l ill ("l:irk (•(Hiiil.v w licrc a (Irciicliin^- .•i|iiilif!i(i()ii of l-C f.d
r.drdi'iiiix \v;is usimI in lihilcli ((Hid-ol wdrk.

Tiic Fiis.-ii'iiiiii will is ;i vcM'.v simmimis i.rni.jciii for llic (lorisls of ilic state
and is of ratlicr liciici-al oceurrcncr.

BARLEY.

r.actorial hlif,'lit caused liy li(i(i<rh(iii h(tnslucci(s was noted May 'J(»
near Lafayette. IfcltniiifJiosporiidii Icrcx. If. ornmincum. ir. sdlinoii and
Nh./nchosporiuin sccaUx were noted near T,afayette by Dr. A. CI. Jolinson
June 10.

Loose smut (UstUago nuda) was reported by F. J. Pipal as severe in
some fields. Stem rust was found in one field in Lake county.

Bacterial lili.siht caused by I'-seiidoinoiKis pliascoli was tbe most .serious
disease of this crop and was exceptionally severe this year lioth on foliage
and pods. It was prevalent in the Indianapolis market sardons and was
also noted near Kokomo. Wanatah. Plymoiith. Hammond and Canipbells-
burg. Blight also was found severe on the foliage and pods of a row of
Lima beans adjacent to a row of badly blighted kidney beans.

Mosaic was generally present In most gardens observed, but not as a rule
on a high percentage of the plants until late in the season.

lioot rot duo to a Fusarium species was noted early in the season causing
the death of scattered plants in market gardens. Rust (Uromyccs appen-
diculatus) was found in fields near Plymouth and Wanatah. No anthrac-
nose was noted.

Leaf-spot of Lima bean due to Phi/n(j.sticl(i phascoliHa was very prev-
alent and destructive in gardens near Indianapolis and Lafayette.

Leaf-spot caused by Cercospo)-a heticola was not at all common this year
and was noted only at Goshen late in the fall. A crown rot caused by
Rhizoctonia invasion through growth cracks and broken leaf bases was
found in the sugar beet crop about Hammond.

Nematode root-knot caused by IIcie)-(Mlcr(i i-ndivicola was found in muck
soil near Goshen and badly affected plants were stunted and worthless.
An area of several acres in the celery marsh near that city has lieen m-
fested with nematodes and rendered unfit for truck crops for at least
six years.

BLACKBERRY.

I'ipal reports that orange rust {Gyinnoconia occldana) destroyed one
pbmting in Posey county. Anthracuose caused by Plectodiscclla veticta was

192 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

noted in one planting near Mooresville, but was not nearly as severe as on
raspberries.

Yellows caused by Fusariwm conglutinans remains the limiting factor in
this crop but was not as severe this year as in 1919 owing to the cooler tem-
peratures. It was prevalent in small gardens as well as fields and the cab-
bage soils of the state are pretty generally infested. In Lake county the
resistant Wisconsin Hollander is coming into rather general use as a late
crop. A trial of the yellows-resistant Copenhagen developed at the Iowa
station was made in Lake and Marion counties but the growers were not
satisfied with the type.

Black rot caused by Pscudomonas campestris was noticed this year and
black-leg due to Plwnui liiigam was found in Lake county and in several
market gardens near Indianapolis. Clubroot occurred in a few fields in
Lake county. Hail injury intumescences were noted in one field near
Indianapolis.

CANTALOUPE.

Bacterial wilt caused by Bacillus tracheipMlus was the most important
disease of this crop and its attacks continued until much later in the season
than usual. Early in July, 2 to 10 per cent infection was found in fields
near Decker and Princeton and the disease was later noted near Indian-
apolis and Lafayette. Where the hill system of culture is used, wilt often
causes large blanks in the fields and in a bad wilt season like 1920 the row
system is preferable.

Leaf blight caused by Altemaria Irassicae nigrcscens was generally prev-
alent and particularly destructive this year. In the Decker region it was
just beginning to show up July 1 and by the end of the season was the
most prevalent disease. Not only was it severe on the old cantaloupe fields,
but it also occurred in new soil not previously in cantaloupes. In the
latter case, however, the epidemic came too late to do serious damage.

Mosaic was found in several fields early in July and was rather serious
even at that early date in one field near Princeton. Some plants showed
such extreme effects of the disease that it seemed likely that the trouble
was contracted before they were transplanted from the plant bed. Late
in the season mosaic was very general in the Decker region but the attack
seemed to have been of rather late inception and probably was correlated
with the heavy aphis infestation. No anthracnose was found.

CAKNATION.

Rust (Uromyccs caryopMlmus) was generally present in greenhouses.

Nematode root-knot occurred in the infested area of muck soil near
Goshen.

[ndiaiKt f'hnil Diseases.

lie,

CArT.llT.OWER.

Yellows causcMl liy Fusiiriinii cDiit/lKthuins occnrrt-d in sfvcnil market
.i;ai-(lens about Iiuiianapolis. A Helerotinia stem rot was I'oimd kiliiiit,' many
plants in one garden.

CELERY.

The Knsariuni yellows was not serious this year. Tlie growers near
Lafayette and Goshen are using the resistant Easy Bleaching variety In
plaee of the susceptible Golden Self-blanching.

lOarly blight caused l)y Ccrcoxporn apii was found very severe in the
Goshen crop and also near Lafayette late in the fall. The bacterial leaf-

Fig. 4. Celery bacteri.al loaf spot.

spot (Fig. 4) was severe In the Goshen crop and along with early blight
was killing many leaves. Long petiole lesions were very common. This dis-
ease was also found near Lafayette and Indianapolis.

Late blight caused by Scptoria petroselini was noted near Goshen and
Lafayette but was not as destructive as early l)light. Possibly the higher
temperatures prevailing in Indiana cause early blight to be more destructive
than late blight.

A mottling of the foliage of the Easy Bleaching variety suggestive of a
mosaic disease was noted at Goshen and Lafayette. Nematode root-knot
was found at (ioshen. .MTected jilants were liadly sttmted and displayed
a peculiar type of tipburn.

1U4 ProccvdiiKjs of hidUiiin Acadcniii of Sc'icik

Leaf-si»()t (Fii,^ ."» ) due to ('occoiniiccs liicmalix was tla" most serious
disease. Yellowing' of the leaves and di'foliatiou are caused and iinatrecled

Fij;. 5. ChtTi-y leaf spot.

trees are rarely found. Powdery mildew {PoilosiJliacrd o-ri/caiiflitic) was
noted at Wanatah.

CHRYSANTHEMUM.

Leaf-Spot due to Hcptorla vhriisantliemclJa was noted in a griH-idioiise.

CLOVER.

• Antliracnose due to (JoUctolrh-lnun frifolii was the most important disease.

CORN.

As was the case in 1919, the Fusarium root, ear and stalk rots were fli(>
most serious diseases. Pipal reports three lields plowed up because of loor
rot.

Smut was generally abundant this year and was especially severe cm
sweet coril. Gregory reports observations which indicate that early suuit

I ndUiua I'laiil Discm^cs.

i!>:

inrcctioii c.-iuscd liiii-rciiiicss. Kiisl \v;is of .uciicr;il iiccinrciicc. One platil
iinVctiMl witli llic l(';if-si)()t cfiuscil Uy I'lu/sdih i iini :r<i( iikijiiHk wsis fouii.l ;it
.Slic'lli.vvillo liy J. V. 'Prost. Severe liiiil iii.iiir.\ (Kciiried in iiuniy sections.

cow I'KA.

i>i'jil"-s|iol (Ine i)i-oh;il>ly lo I'hiilloslichi i,h(i.s(<,liii<i was roniid very aliun-
liaiil liolh on jeav.'s and i.ods in a Held near I tecker Aniiust. \'.K Tins dis-
ease was noted at N'ailonia in I'.Un.

CUCUMBER.

r.y far tlie most serious disease was liaetei'ial wilt due to Bacillus truch-
cilihihis. This disease was noted in m-eeniiouses and niarivPt gardens, and
in the ]iicl<le crop ahcnt riynioutii wilt was far worse than previously
recorded and continued its attack well into the season. Where the sini^de-
plant-t(i-tliediill system of culture was used, wilt caused many uuproduc-
li\-e hhink spaces in the fields, and row plantiui: woidd have heen preferahle
to hill iilautinj; tliis season.

£ -^.

Ki;r. ti. Ciiciniilicr in(is;ii<-.

Mosaic (Fig. (\) was not jirevaleul in greenhouses hut in the jiickle crop
was very desti-uctive and lanked next to wilt in inipoilance. II wa < found
in 12 out of 1") fields exanuned near IMyniouth. Au^'ust .".l. but in ue.ieral
the attack .seemed to he of re<-enf incei)tion. The outstandiuL' symptom was
the yellowiuir ratluM- than tlii" mottliiiji of the foliage.

Authracuose due to (Ollclolrichinn I(i(/<n(iriiini was destructive in the
same greeidiom-es where it occurred last year and was again associated wit!,
the pi-actice of overhead watering. Xe fruit infection lias hi-eii noteil.

Angular leaf-spot caused by Haiti riii in liirliriiniiiiis was found in cold-
fi-auie cncumhers and to a slight extent in tlie i)ickle crop ahout IMymouth.
Seed disinfecticrn for this di.sease is now in'acliced hy the Heinz company
and their croji is relati\-ely frei' fi-om infection.

196 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of i^cience.

A basal cauker bearing the selerotia of a Sclerotinia was found killing
one greenhouse plant.

EGGPLANT,

Wilt (cause unknown) was present in the market garden where it \vas
noted in 1919 but was not as destructive this year.

GOOSEBERRY.

Powdery mildew { Sphaerotlieca humuli) occurred in Wabasli county.
Specimens of antliracnose caused by Psendopeziza rihes were received from
Marion. Indiana.

Leaf-spot caused by the black-rot fungus (Guignardia Mdwellii) was
found abundant in a planting in Morgan county. Downy mildew {Plas-
mopara viticola) occurred in White and Pulaski counties and severe fruit
infection was noted. The disease was also noted on the foliage of wild
grape at Decker and in DeKalb county. Undoubtedly the wet season
favored the appearance of this disease.

Yellows caused by Fnftariiiin congJittiiifuis was very destructive in the
Indianapolis market gardens.

LARKSPUR.

A root and crown rot apparently caused by Sclcrotium rolfsii was found
near Indianapolis by I>r. W. W. Bonns of the Eli Lilly Company.

LETTUCE.

Downy mildew and Botrytis rot were as usual prevalent in the winter
greenhouse crop. A spotting of lettuce apparently of bacterial origin was
found rather destructive in a market garden near Indianapolis August 17.
Nematode root-knot was found in the infested muck soil near Goshen.

Leaf-spot caused by Helminthosporium avenae was noted near Lafayette,
May 26. Halo blight caused by Bacterium coronafaGicns was found in Lake
county. The smuts are becoming less abiuidant owing to the rather general
practice of seed disinfection.

Smut caused by Urocystis cepiilae (Fig. 7) was again present in the two
onion set fields in Lake county mentioned in last year's report but was

J ndidtid I'htiil I >i .sense.

fairly well controlled liy the foriuuliu drip on the seed drill. The soil
of these fields is heavily infested.

Smudge caused by Colletotrichum circinanft occurred to some extent on
white bulb onions in market gardens.

A leaf-spot of unknown cause and nematode root-knot were found neai
Goshen.

PEACH.

Taking the state as a whole, leaf curl caused by Ej-0(i.scii.h deformans was
by far the most destructive i>each disease and according to Burkholder was
much worse than it was during the three previous seasons. Burkholder
reports that the disease was severe in Marion. Henry. Shelby. Bartholomew,
Brown, Monroe. Putnam. Knox. Daviess. Gibson and Vanderburg counties
and especially severe in Morgan and Montgomery counties. Not only was

198 Proceed ill (/s of TrnJidiiii Aeddeiiij/ of Science.

cNlrciiu" defoliation caused bnl tlic yoiiiin t'i'uit was dii-octly attacked by tlu>
luii,uus. As a result there was a heavy fall <if tlie fruit at the time of the
attack and the fruit eontiinuMl \(> di-dp (ilT ail tlii(Ui.uh the seasou. In an
unsprayed orciiard iie;ir Mooresville examined June iTi. most of the fruits
still remaining on the trees were affected with the larsie. red. '•V)irth-
mark" lesions of this disease which in most cases caused marked crack-
ing and malformation. At this time most of tlie affected leaves had fallen
and were replaced ])y new folia,tie. In the tall r.urkholder noted that hi
such orchards the foliage was held about two weeks longer and that only
ab(mt one-half the normal twig growth was made.

In the Mooresville orchard mentioniMJ above, the varieties Elberta and
Big Red were much more severely affected than the Champion and Hale
and most of the fruit on the first two varieties had fallen prematurely.
The following observations on varietal suscei)tiliility were made by P.urk-
liolder: The Crawford was damaged more than any other variety in the
state and in Morgan and Montgomery counties there was a total loss of the
crop on this variety. The crop on the Elberta variety was cut from three
bushels to one peck and the variety Belle of (Jeorgia was fully as susceptible
as the Elberta. The Champion variety bore but lialf a crop liecause of
this disease. In the same localities the varieties Adudral Dewey, Carman.
Smock and Salway bore full crops. Smock and Salway were especially
resistant and showed practically no foliage infection and bore so heavily
that it was necessary to thin the crop one-half. Burkholder further ob-
served that Scalecide was not effective against curl and that a thorough
application of the lime sulphur dormant spray was necessary. The dis-
ease was destructive in an orchard where the spraying was done with a
spray gun on a windy day and unsprayed stri])s were left on the branches.
Next to leaf curl, black spot caused by Hncfci-iiini pruni was the most
serious peach disease and was much worse than in 1!)19. Burkholder
reports that this disease was severe in Vanderburg, Daviess. Orange, Greene
and Lawrence counties and worst in Knox and Gibson counties. Black spot
was so destructive on the Hale variety in one orchard near Vincennes that
the affected fruits were hauled out by the barrel in June. Early in July
it was found prevalent on foliage and fruit and to some extent on twigs
of the current year's growth. Yellowing of the affected leaves and de-
foliation were the result. Severe hail injury to the fruit occurred in the
region about Decker and almost every hail wound was infected with this
organism so that large blackened cavities occurred on a considerable per-
centage of the fruit. Twig invasi(.n through hail wounds was also very gen-
eral and Burkholder ob.served twig attack which was severe enough to
cause shriveling and premature dropping of the fruit.

Burkholder further observed that in orchards containing Itoth the Elbeita
and Hale varieties the Hale was much more severely affected by this disease.
The same ol).server noted that no control of this disease was obtained in
orchards thoroughly sprayed with lime sulphur but that orchards. 11 to 12
years old. which had received several liea\y applications of barnyard
manure during their history, showed remarkable resistance to this disease.
He further noted that two to three applications of sodium nitrate to
orchards of the Hale variety during the current season had no apparent
effect upon the disease.

hididini I'laiil IHscasr.s. \UU

I'.iii-klinld.T ivp.Mls l.inwii nil. ciiiscil by Scl, n,rnii<i riiicrxi. Ir.mi Knox.
(Jilisoii. V.-iiHlcrl.mi:. h;i\irss. (Iicciir. .Muimiii. llcm-\-. .\lniim..iiicr.v. I-loyd.
("liii'k Mini JcnVrsdii coiinlic-. lie \'i>\u\i\ liinwii i-cit worse in llic (ircliniMls
.•iITccUmI with tJM" hl;icl< spcil liisc.Msc ;niil .•iccor'din.:; In jiis ohsci-v.-ilions the
\:irictics Cluiniiiiun nml C-i i-ni;iii were nmsl M'\crcl\- ;i iTcrtcil. II.-iIc was
less sc\crciy atl;ici<c(l. w iiilc the I^'JIiciia variclN was arici-lcl llic least.
lOxccpt ill \'aii(lfil)iir.si coiiiit.x' where hrowii rot was the worst. r.nil<liohler
found that si>rayiii.i,' coiitroiU'd the (liseas«> I'aiily well. \'ei\- little hi-own
rot was found in the crop in tlie 1 )eckt>r r(Vi:ion jirohahl.v lie(an--c (pf tiie care
.ulveii to the orchards.

Scab due to (Iddosjinriuiii (■(iritojiliilinii was unusually picxalent in the
Meeker roj^ion and was irenerally present on fruit in local markets.

l)ie-l)ack attrihuted to Idl.sa l< iicosloiiin was found hy I'.uikholder in
ne.iili'ctcd sod orchards in I'.rown. I'.artlioloiiiew. (Ji'eene. (>ran.^e and Haviess
counties.

In the Decker region the hail stcu'in of June L!."! caused severe damage
In fruit and limbs. Splittin.i: and hreakini; down of tlie heavily load(Ml trees
in one orchard at Decker were attrihuted to I'.tlS-T.l winter in.iury and
r.urkliolder reports l!H!»-2(> winter in.iury in Spencer County.

Fire liliijjht continued its attack rather late into tlie season and was ;reii-
erally presejit tliroiijiliout the state. l>eaf infection was noticed at
Kni.sjlitstown July G.

Sooty blotch was noted at Kiiij;litstowii Sei»teinber '2\. I'dack rot caused
hy I'Jn/siilnspord ri/doiiiac was rattier ]irevaleiit in the crop about .Moores-
ville.

Brown rot was unusually destructive this year. Plum pockets was re-
ported from Delaware county.

Tipburn or hopperburn was not as se\(>re as in TJT.i aitbougb it caused
a heavy loss in the late crop. It seemed to be worse in the central part of
the state. Bordeaux sprjiys seemed to control this trouble at I.afa.vette.

Fusarium wilt was the most serious disease in the northern half of the
state and caiised considerable los.s. F. ('. (laylord reports the disease from
I'orter. LaPorte. St. Jose]»h. Elkhart. Kosciusko. DeKalb. Tippecanoe.
Hancock. Clarion. Owen and Decatur counties. (Iicu'or.v found wilt also
in I, a .ur;! 11 fie and Floyd counties. Undoulitedly much of this trouble was due
to the use of infected seed. A field test near \'alparaiso showed a marked
re.liiction in yield due to the use of infected seed stock. Tliat soil infesta-
tion is responsible for much of the wilt is indicated by the occurrence of the
disease in .about e(|ual i)ercentages in test pi. its planted witli seed from
widely separated sources and by the aimndjiiice of the disease in a lield
planted with seed carefully .s(>lected for freedom from wilt.

200 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

Early blight caused by AUemaria solani was found epidemic in a field ol
early potatoes near Indianapolis July 17, and the disease was also noted at
Lafayette in the late crop. In October Gregory and Gaylord found early
blight prevalent in Floyd and Clark counties in the extreme southern end
of the state.

Pig. 8. Potato scab.

Common seal) (Fig. S) was of general occurrence where imtreated seed
was used and soil infestation is not uncommon since scab occurred in
some fields planted with treated seed. As a result of the observations of
Gaylord and Gregory scab is known to have been present in Lake, Porter,
Laporte, St. Joseph, Lagrange. Dekalb, Fulton, Cass, Whitley, Carroll,
Tippecanoe, Clinton, Madison, Hancock, Marion, Clark and Floyd counties.

Black scurf caused by Rhizoctonia solani was of widespread occurrence
as a blemish of the tubers. The disease also caused the stunting and death
of young plants. Gaylord and Gregory report black scurf from Lake,
Porter, St. Joseph. Elkhart, Lagrange, Fulton, Tippecanoe, Madison and
Clark counties. In seed disinfection tests in Lake county as high as 67
per cent of the tubers in the check rows showed black scurf. The occur-
rence of a small percentage of black scurf on the tubers from disease-free
and treated seed indicated that the soil of this field which had not been in
potatoes for five years was infested to some extent.

Gregory reports cases of black-leg caused by BaGillus phytophthorus in
Laporte, Tippecanoe and Hancock counties.

Gregory found the non-parasitic leaf roll disease in St. Joseph, Noble.
Fulton. Hancock, Clark, Floyd and Dekalb counties and reports it rather
serious in fields noted in the latter three counties. In one field in Dekalb
county he reports a 50 per cent incidence of the disease and a 25 per
cent reduction in yield. When potatoes grown in the Wanatah region were
planted in the greenhouse a low percentage of typical leaf roll plants
resulted.

Three typical and extreme cases of the mosaic disease occurrd in an

Indiana Plant Diseases. 201

exi>erimeutal field at Lafayelte lUantcd with Indiana .^^lowii IJiiral New
Yorker seed. Gregory reports a o7 per coiit loss in yield in a liold of Early
Ohio potatoes in Dekalb connty dne to mosaic and a 100 por cent infesta-
tion of mosaic in a field of the Bliss Triiunpli variety in Floyd county.

The potato situation in the vicinity of Hammond presents a serious
problem. In past years hii,'h yields wei-e olitaiiied hut now 40 to GO bushels
per acre is representative. The plants are distinctly stunted, the leaves
curled and wrinkled and the yield reduced to one or two small tubers.
Imported seed, especially from the Wanatah region, is considered far more
desirable than home .grown seed. Typical mosaic symptoms are not
present but it is suspected that the trouble is due to this disease.

Considerable difficulty was experienced this year as a result of rotting
of the seed pieces in the soil before the si)routs were up. This cau.sed the
occurrence of many blank spaces in the fields.

Fire blight caused by Bacillus omylovonis was reported from several
ocalities.

Black-root was noted in cold frames near Indianapolis June 4. Duwnj
mildew {Peronospora parasitica) and white rust (Cystop'm camUMs)
were found on plants going to seed July 17. Marked hypertrophy of the
floral parts was caused and lesions caused by both fungi wore present on
the seed pods.

KASPBERBY.

Anthracnose caused by PlectoiUsceUa veneta is undoubtedly the limiting
factor in raspberry culture in many sections of the state and was especially
severe this year. Burkholder reports the disease present in the following
counties : Lake, Laporte. Lagrange, Steuben. Cass. Miami, Wabash, Foun-
tain, Bartholomew. Greene. Knox. Vanderburg, Warrick. Lawrence. Orange,
Washington. Floyd and Jefferson. Specimens were received from Whitley
and Madison counties and it was also found in Morgan and Marshall coun-
ties. The coalescence of old lesions of the previous year a1)out the bases of
the bearing canes produces a girdling effect which causes the leaves to be
stunted and yellowish and the fruit to ripen prematurely. Affected canes
often die before any fruit is matured. Anthracnose lesions were noted
on newly planted scions and the disease is undoubtedly introduced into
new plantings with diseased cuttings.

Leaf-spot due to ficptoria rubi was found in Lake county.

KIIUBAKB.

Leaf-spot due to Ascochyta rhci was prc^sent in practically all plantings
examined.

202 Prorccdiiujs oj Indiana Acadoni/ of Science.

Powdery mililcw i SplKicrolliccd ixniiiosn) \v:is iirevaleiit this year. Black
■^pot caused by Dipldcfiriion ro.sac ( Fiu'. !M (iccurrod in greenhouses.

Fig. '.». Rose

Ergot was noted on volunteer rye. Stem rust was found in one held in
Lagrange coiiuty by R. J. Hosnier. Six si)ecinu'ns of a head snnit ( I'stilago
sp. ) were found by Jackson in one held in Porter county.

Bacterial blight caused by Bacterium fjlycinctdii was prevalent in holds
near Lafayette. Leaf infection was very heavy but i)od infection was not
as abundant.

An unmistakable mosaic disease occurred on a small percentage of the
plants in one field. The leaves showed typical mosaic symptoms, the pods
were fewer and smaller, and very few seeds were produced. In fact mosaic
plants were prac-tically a total loss so far as seed production was concerned.
There were several rows of garden beans along one side of this field
which were severely atfected with mosaic and it is possible, of course, that
the disease may have crossed over to the soybeans from the garden beans.

The non-parasitic yellows or blight which is so severe in the truck region
near Norfolk. Va.. was found near (Jo-licn in Octobci-. Tyi)ical stunting
of the itlants and yellowing of the leaves were jirodnced.

SQUASH.

Bacterial wilt was noted near I>afa.vette.

STRAWBERRY.

Leaf-spot caused by Miivosphacrella fragariac was of general occurrence.

I ildhiiKl /'hi II I Disni.sis.

20:i

SWEKT l-OTATO.

r.liicU idt (•.luscd hy S phdi roiii iiid fiiii hriii I h hi t V\'^. Km :iii(| snii T (•;msc(|
l>y M(iiiil<H-li(i> h X iiifii.si-aii.s wi'ic iirrsciit in I lie seed hciiiLr iil;nilcil on mic
lanu iic.-ir Viiiccimcs.

Fus.-iriuni stem rol wiis nf latlicr uidcsin-ciid occiirrciicc mihI was iiolcd
al Viiicciiiics, Indiaiiaiiiilis and l.afaycltc. in sonic cases, in liclds nol jirc-
\i(iusly in sweet jidlalces. This disease cansed sinnlint;-. yelldwini: <m- wilt-
ini,'. and prenialnrc dealli (d' liic \ines and a cdnspicucus i.lackenini; nf ijic
inleridi- iK>rli(ins of the stems.

Fig. 1(1. Sa,-,1 |h.|,-;|,

Stripe smut caused liy I stilin/a sfridcfuntiis was (-(tllected near Lafayette
>y Dr. A. (i. Jehnson.

Soptoria U-af-spot was wcrso tluin last yeai- and was iiy far ilie most
:eri(ius and widespreail iiarasitic disease of fomat<ies. It was .neiierally
iresent in gardens and tlie caiininji eroj) and tlie wet weather greatly
"avored its development. In many cases extreme defoliation was cansed
ind the fruit was exposed to sunscald. In an experimental Meld near

204 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

Lafayette the disease was so severe that late in September only tufts of the
j^oungest leaves remained on the plants.

As usual Fusarium wilt was severe in the Indianapolis greenhouses. The
wilt-resistant Marvel variety has proved acceptable to one greenhouse
grower as a substitute for the Bonny Best. Out of numerous single plant
selections made last year with the purpose of isolating a wilt-resistant
strain of Bonny Best, two showed good resistance but both came into
bearing too late to suit the desires of the growers.

In the field crop wilt was noted as a rule only on scattered plants. From
two to six per cent of wilt was found in 12 out of 14 fields visited near
Kokomo July 13. In certain of these fields set with southern-grown plants
it was practically certain, judging from the distribution and severity of the
disease, that it was introduced with these plants. This illustrates a danger
in the use of southern-grown tomato plants by Indiana canners. Wilt has
not yet become a serious factor in the Indiana canning crop owing to the
fact that so much new soil has been available and crop rotation has been
practiced. In gardens and old tomato fields the disease persists and there
are indications that it is also harbored in plant beds. The disease is
\ery destructive under Indiana conditions and infestation of the soil
should be guarded against.

Mosaic was not as severe as in 1019. although it was very general late in
the season. In a late epidemic of this kind the yield is not noticeably
reduced but plants infected early in the season are likely to be valueless.
In one field near Indianapolis there was practically 100 per cent infection
of mosaic, much of it of the dwarfed, fern-leaf type which results in a very
marked reduction in yield. In certain fields there was some indication that
mosaic was carried with the seed but carefully controlled and rather ex-
tensive tests with seed from mosaic plants have so far yielded only neg-
ative results.

^

Fiii-. 11. Tomato antliracuose.

IndUuiii PIdiil Disetifies. LM)."

Evideuce of tlio spioad of ni(»saic by cultural iJiadiccs in >,'reeiiliouses
was afforded in a canning crop near Hammond, tlio plants for which were
grown in a grccidiouse and trimmed back with a shears. One mosaic plant
was found among the phints in tlie grecidiousi' and in the Held crop grown
from these plants mosaic was epideudc. In a greenhouse crop at Lafayette
the spread of mosaic was very evidently associated with the use of the prun-
ing knife.

Early bligld caused l>y Allrninrid .sohnii was ratlier considciious in one
greenhouse near Indianapolis, causing large target-board lesion'^ on the
leaves. The <lisease occurred in the Paoli region btit was not very preva-
lent in central Indiana.

Leaf mold {('I(i<l0f<i)()riinii fiilnnii) was severe in many gr',?ouhouses.

Antlu-acnose causiMl by CitUclnliichini) pli'iiiiniihs (Fig. 11) was espe-
cially prevalent this y(>ar late in Septeiulier. In lields at Lafayette, a con-
siderable ]iei-<-entage of the ripe tomatoes slioweil ant hracnose lesions.

r.acteiial spot caused by lUichrium i .rilinsinii (Fig. 12) was rather gen-
eral in the canning crop and was noted on seedlings in Georgia being
grown for shipment to Indiana growers. It was also noted in plant beds
in Indiana by H. D. Brown. Its attack on the foliuKe of plants in the
field is not noticeably destructive but serves as a source of fruit infection
which probably takes place through wounds made by inserts. The Ijlack,
scabby fruit lesions are very objectionable from the caiaier s point of view.
The disease is carried over winter with the seed and seed disinfection in
corrosive sublimate 1 to .'J.OOO for "> minutes has be.in recommended as a
control measure.

Fig. rj. Tciiiatu b;i

206 Procvvdhuis o/ hulidnd AauJony of Science.

Buckeye rot due to Phi/tophthora tcrrestria was noted in three K^'een-
houses near Indianapolis. Only the lower fruits were infected and it is
evident that infection was the result of splashing from the soil underneath.
■In one case the rotting fruits were picked off and thrown on the ground thus
affording the fungus every oiiportunity to develop and spread to (itli(>r
fruits. Strict sanitation should of course bo practiced in attempting to con-
trol this disease.

■ Blossom-end rot was vei'y destructive in hotli the greenhouse and fiel<l
crops on the early set of fruit and in the Lafayette region where the soil
dries out very (luickly the disease continued to be prevalent well into the
season. In lields near Lafayette. H. T>. Brown reports a loss of three tons
per acre of green fruit actually removeil iK'eause of this disease. This
loss is appalling when one considers that the tinal yield was but eighi tons
per acre.

In the canning crop growth cracks probably occasion move loss ii! the
aggregate than all the parasitic diseases combined and this trouble is
about equal to blossom-end rot as a source of loss. Not only are growth
cracks an objectionable blemish in themselves but most of the fruit rot
late in the season in the canning crop both in the field and in the crates
is due to the infection of these growth cracks by rot-producing organisms.
Growth cracks cause heavier losses to the canner than to '>:he grower since
much of the fruit rot occurs after picking, whereas tlie loss due to blossom-
end rot falls largely upon the grower.

Sunscald was very common owing to the foliage destruction by Septoria
leaf-spot and consequent exposui-e of the fruit. Catface was very prevalent
in the canning crop and is an objectionable blemish from the canner's stand-
point. According to Dr. B. J. Howard of the Federal Bureau of Chemistry,
the catface scars are prone to crack and permit rot infection.

A peculiar type of non-parasitic wilting of the plants occui-red in the
Paoli region and at Lafayette. Affected plants showed the hollow stem
condition, the pith having dried out and collapsed even in the very young
shoots. At Lafayette the affected plants were near a row of trees along
the edge of the field and a similar relation was reported from I'aoli so it is
possible that this hollow stem wilt was due to soil drouth produced liy the
tree roots.

A small, circular, conspicuously white, raised spot with a darker center
occurred rather commonly on tomatoes about Lafayette and lndianai)oli--.
This has been called "white spot" or "bird's-eye spot"' and is often associ-
ated with bacterial spot. Trobably it is due to an insect injury.

A Sclerotinia stem rot was found on a few greenhouse plants following
wounds and wilt infection. Wind scalding of the leaves was noted at
Hammond July I'T. ILiil injury was conspicuous on fruits and stems in the
Indianapolis region July 17.

From the standpoint of disease introduction the importation of tomato
plants grown in the south for the Indiana canning crop is distinctly
dangerous. Evidence of the introduction of Fusarium wilt into fields with
southern plants Wiis secured. Wholesale nematode infestation of the
roots (if the seedlings was found in shipments from several points in the
south. Infested plants lived throughout the season when set out in Indiana
fields but were stunted and below normal in yield. The galls on the old

IikJ'kiiki J'hiiil Diseases. 207

ronls li('c;nnc \ciy l.ir.uc :iiiil nddil ion.i I u'lilN were l'(inii('(| <iii the new
s<'C(iii(l:u"\' I'diils sent mil ;ili(i\c llic nriui ii;i 1 in I'cst a I ion. Wlicllicr or not
lii(- soil of Indian.'i lirlds will remain licrniancnt iy infested with nenialoilcs
is not known and tests are now iiiid(>r way to detcMMnine this jioinl. In viow
of tile iMMsisience of I lie nematode infestation in nnu-iv soils near (Joslien
and Akron, and llie (oxjien infestalii n is of at least six years standing.-^
it woidd appeal- In lie a (pie<tionali!e practice to flood Indiana each si)ring
with nematode infested plants. Kurt lieiniore. II. I). I'.iown foiunl nematode
i^alls on tomato seedlin.ys in a cold frame at Ila rdinslmr-, a fact which
would indicate that these nematodes already may he indigenous in certain
Iccalities in southern Indiana.

TIKXII'.

An niKpiestionahle mosaic disease of turniiis was found near South F.end.
Oct. \-2. associated with a I'ather hea\.\ infestation of tarnished plant hnj;s.
'I'lie diseased plants w(>re stunted and the leaxcs showed chai-acteristic
mosaic etiolation, nmttlin^ and dark .i;reen imllx' areas.

'i'urniiis and cahha.ue .iirowin.ir in the nematode infested muck soil near
(hishen were not alfected with root-kuot.

WATKU.MKLOX.

Fnsariiim wilt seemed to he irenerally present in fields previously used for
watermelons. In one Meld near Princeton not in watei'melon.s in six years
ahout 2 per cent of the phmts were killed hy wilt. This indicated that the
fun^rus persisted at least six yi'ars in th(> soil. In an 80-acre field on new
soil near Vincennes no wilt was found.

Leaf-spot or hlijiht caused hy Mt( rii(iri<i J)i-(tsxic(tc iiif/rcxcciis was found
prevalent in one field near Decker Auj^ust 1!>.

The foot-rot widely announced as "take-jiU" in l!tl!> was foinid only in an
experimental tield near Wanatah where the disease occurred in IHliV The
other infested tields were not rei)lanted with wheat ■ this year, however.
This disease seems to he rather closely associated with the varieties Red
Cross and Salter's Prizetaker.

Scah caused hy GihhrrcJhi sdiiliiiictiii. which was very ahundant in 1019.
was not at all common this year. I'iiial reports that it was sei-ions locally
in Davis and Posey counties.

Sti'ni rust was not at all ahundant on winter wheat except locally. Hos-
mer re]iorts that some stem rust was noted in practically all localities where
harherries wer<' found and one rather extensive infestation occui-re(l in Knox
c(mnt.\'. Dn si)rin.ti wheat stem rust was more common. Leaf rust was
common on sprin.iz; wheat hut was pi'cseiil to only a slight decree on winter
wheat. In licnei-al this was not an epidendc year for eithei- stem or leaf
rust.

Runt or stinkin;r smut is in ueneial lieconnn.i: less |u-e\alent in Indiana
hecause of the wide use of the formahlehyde seed treatment. It was worse

208 Proceedings of Judiuita Academy of Science.

ill the uorfhcn-n third of tlie state and its occurience locally seemed to be
associated with certain threshing rings.

Loose smut of wheat was not as prevalent as in 1!)19. While- the average
loss was about 2 per cent, in certain fields as high as 25 per cent of loose
smut was found. Pipal reports that in 400 demonstration fields a practically
perfect control was obtained by the hot water treatment while an average
of 5.1 per cent of smut occurred in the check fields. The central treating
plant control method is meeting with marked success.

Summary.

The plant diseases of outstanding ecoiioiuic importance as observed during
the 1920 season are as follows :

Apple blotch : scab ; black rot : ( hail injury).

Aster t'usarium wilt.

Bean Itacterial blight ; mosaic.

Cabbage yellows .

Cantaloupe bacterial wilt : loaf-blight : mosaic.

Celery early blight : bacterial spot.

Cherry Coccomyces leaf-spot.

Corn Fusarium root, stalk and ear infection : smut.

Cucumber bacterial wilt : mosaic.

Kale yellows.

Onion (sets) smut.

Peach leaf curl ; black spot.

Pear fii'e blight.

Plum brown rot.

Potato Fusarium wilt ; ho|>perburn or tipburn.

Raspberry anthracnose.

Soybean bacterial blight .

Tomato Septoria leaf-spot; Fusarium wilt: mosaic; blossom-
end rot : infected growth cracks.

Watermelon. Fusarium wilt.

Wheat loose smut ; stinking smut.

Plant diseases found in 1920 which have not been previously recorded
for Indiana :

Apple water core.

Barley bacterial blight caused by Bacterium translucens ;

leaf-spot caused by Rhynchosporium secalis.

Bean lOot rot due to Fusarium species.

Beet nematode root-knot.

Carrot nematode root-knot.

Cauliflower yellows caused by FKstar'nnii roiif/Jiitinanx.

Ohry.santhemum leaf-spot due to Scptorid chriixdiitlKniclhi.

Corn Pliysoderma zeae-inai/dis.

Cucumber nematode root-knot.

Larkspur Hclerotium rolfsii.

Lettuce nematode root-knot.

Oats Halo blight caused l)y Bacterium coronafacicns.

Parsnip neinatodo root knot.

Peach die-back ( I alsu leucoHtoma ) .

Pear sooty blotch

Soybean. bacterial blight caused by Bacterium (ilycineum (prev-
iously noted. Plymouth, 1918) ; mosaic.

Spinach blight or mosaic.

Squash bacterial wilt.

Sweet potato scurf caused by Monilochaetes infuscans; Fusarium

stem rot.

Tomato white spot or bird's-eye spot (cause unknown).

Turnip.!.' mosaic.

209
INDIANA FUNGI— V.

J. M. Van IIook.

Ill tlio present jiapor. sixty-cijrlit spccit-s ;iro listc*!. For the most part,
iliese have been eolloctpd since lOlH. While they are not all new to
Indiana they are new to the siiecies in the herl)arinm of Indiana University.
The object here is not merely to mal<e a list of those fungi new to the state,
but to study independently all those brought to our notice or collected for
llie purpose of study, in Indiana. In these studies, special attention will
lie given to the so-called Imperfect Fungi and to extend the number of hosts
of a single species.

The author has appended corrections and additions to the descriptions
already given, since many of the earlier descriptions are so meager that
many specimens which should have been referred to them, have doubtless
b(H>n published as new si)ecies. These merely needed redescriptions. It is
I he belief of the author that a more critical study of material gathered in
(luantity and in various conditions of development, will go far to discourage
new species making, as well as to bring about the reduction of the number
(if tho.se already listed. The discovery of new hosts is especially to be
desired as the form of the fungus may vary considerably with the host.
The neglect of this careful study in the past has been conducive to the mak-
ing of new species. While many new species exist, and while we have a
number for future publication, we have come to believe that we can render
a greater service to botanical science by extending descriptions already
published.

Under those listed, no attempt has been made to give complete descrip-
tions, but to note the variation from the original descriptions and to ex-
tend those descriptions.

When the place of collecting is omitted, it is understood to be Monroe
County; likewise, when the collector Is not mentioned, the specimen was
collected by the author.

PHYCOMYCETES.

Albugo Portulacae (D.C.) O. Kuntze. On living leaves of Portulaca oler-
acea. Greene County, September 20, 1914. Weatherwax. 368(;.

Empusa Muscae (Fr.) Cohn. On body of common housefly. Fly fastened
to leaf of ash. July 28, 1916. 3697.

USTILAGINALES.

Schizonella melanogramma (D.C.) Schroet. Abundant on Carex picta.
Huckleberry Hill, May 25, 1917. 3746.

Sphacelotheca Sorghi (Link) Clinton. On broom-corn, causing grain
smut. October 25, 1918. Weatherwax. 3758.

THELEPHOKACEAE.

Corticium cinereum Fr. On dead hickory, Bollman's Woods. March 6.
1902. F. Mutchler. 3724.

Stereum spadiceum Fr. On dead red oak bark, Huckleberry Ravine, Octo-
ber 22. 1917. 3749.

210 Procccd'uigft of Itididiid Acadriiiy of Science.

CI.AVAKIACKAK.

Clavariu amotliystiiiii ]>iill. (ir<niiHl niKlcr oak Ircc. (ivitfey Creek, July
15, 1920. C. E. O'Neill. :!7.S4. .V beautiful i)laiit easily recognized by its
amethyst color.

AGARK'ACEAK.

Amanita bisiiorigera Atk. P:ilis Creek. .July 10. 1919. O'Neal. ."TOO. Sev-
eral specimens were found in the border of a woods associated with A.
phalloides and A. rubescens. It resembles A. phalloides but is much small-
er. It can be really told from A. verna by its two-spored basidia.

Amanita flavorubescens Atk. On ground. Campus. Ju)ie lil. 19l!0. ."tTTla.
Griffey Creek. July 15. 1920. O'Neal. 3771b.

Amanitopsis farinosa Sehw. Two sjiecimens found S. II of Bloomington.
growing on ground. July 2(;, 191!). O'Neal. .■!7(>4. Resembles A. vaginata.
but is smaller an<l has a mealy appearance.

Amanitopsis vaginata Fr. var. fulva Sacc. On alluvial soil four miles
east of Bloomington. O'Neal. July 3. 1919. 370:!. Colored as Amanita
caesarea but is readily distinguished by its generic character. Also col-
lected on Campus, July 12, 1920. 3779.

Clitocybe dealbata Fr. In open woods associated with Russula virescens.
O'Neal. June 20. 1919. 37G1. Resembles C. Candida, but may be distin-
guished by its apiculate spores.

Clitocybe monodelpha Morg. On ground (Buried roots?) Campus, July
12, 1920. Flora Ander.son. 3780. (This specimen is very scaly and has
the general appeai'ance of an Armillaria. .Scales reddish brown. )

Cortinarius cinnabarinus Fr. On ground among moss. (Jriffey Creek.
July 13. 1920. O'Neal. 3782. Resembles C. sanguineus Fr.. but has pale
red flesh.

Lepiota caerulescens Pk. on edge of brook. June 26. 1919. O'Neal. 37(i2.
This plant changes to a bright blue color on drying.

Paxillus involutus Fr. On ground, four miles east of cami)us. July 7
1919. Dense woods. O'Neal. 3705.

Pleurotus applicatus Batsch. On dead maple. Jordan Field. February 3
1902. Mutchler. 3725.

Russula squalida Pk. On Huckleberry Hill. April 27. lOK!. Hemmer. 3095.

I'OLYPORACEAE.

Boletus gracilis Pk. On ground in oiien wooils. with B. felleus. Ellis
Creek, June 20. 1919. O'Neal. 3759. Distinguished by its long and usually
slender stipe.

Daedalia extensa Pk. On white oak and yellow poplar, near I'.orden. Clark
County. November 2. 1908. A very fine and interesting finigus. This was
sent to Professor W. A. Murrill for identification with the following note:
"This fungus grew away from the light, spreading ovt-r the surfaces of the
two kinds of wood where they lay on each other. It may be a Poria but
it looked like a Daedalia when fresh."

Under the title of Daedalia extensa rediscovered. Professor Murrill (in

Iiididini Fini(/i --V. I'll

.Mvcdlnui;! p. 111). I'.U'di says ill i^ait: •''riiis spccirs was lirst (lcsrrilic(| l.y
I'cck ill liis annual report in IS'.U as follows: ('I'lion follows I'cck's rcpoili.
'riio Ixpc loilociioii is iroiic and tlicrc is noliiin:.' It'fl I'lil tlic ilcsciipi ion :
liut this. like most of Tcck's (los.ripl ions, is cNcccdin-ly yood. I lia\c a
siKcinicn c rc(l(>d a few years a.^o al I'dooiiiiimloii. Indiana. I.\ \an Hook
CSVAS) OP . .ik and Iiili|>dree wood. 'I'liis sipeciiiien corresponds to Peek's
deseripldii. except thai llie li.\ ineiii inn is a vella neons instead of whitish. I
lia\e CI inpai-ed it with a niinilier of resiipinale speciiiieiis of Traiiietes iiiollis
and liiid that it differs from tlieiii just as I'eck said especially in the
character of the pores, the thicker (•(tntoxt. and the alisence of aii.\ fn-c
mar.uin. Tlie youiii; maisiiii is toiiuMitoso and whitish. Iit'couiiii.ii fulvous or
hrowii in dried specimens. To clcjir up a doubtful sjK'c-ies is inucli better
than to describe a new one: and niycolofrists are indebted to Professor \'aii
Hook for his timel.v aid in this addition lo our knowied.ye (d' a very rare
a-id interest iiiLC sjiecies. which is now known fi-om two localities instead of
(lie." i.Xote: Tbroii.-li r\\i>\- this material was labelled as beiu.ir col'ei-ieil
,;l rdoomin.i^tou. It should read as bein.t;- collected at I'.ordeii. ("lark Coimty,
Indiana.)

Koines fidvus (Jill. On I'runus amerieana. Sheet's Hill. April. I'.tld. riCO;',.
I'onu's .iiraveolens Selnv. ( »n limb blown from iar.ire standing yellow
p.p'ar. Clark rounty. May. 1!>20. :',7('.T.

rolyporus deleetans Pk. On dead maple twenty feet from the mdiind.
Oran.iio County. Oetober 10. T.tL'O. A. C. Mcintosh. :{702.

Polyporus hispidus Bull. On li\in.s; su.uar maple. Kinser Pike. October D.
l!>-'0. Mabel Katterjobn. -Mm.

P.u-ia iiKcrta ( Pers. i Murr. On beech. P.rown County. October 2L'. T.IDS.
A. <;. AVdod. no:'.:;. Tins species is connnon on other deciduous woods.
Murrill says it prefers conifers, where it produces brown rot. Also it
attacks a lav,!j;e numbiT of deciduous woods.

Pona medullapanis (.Tacii.) Fr. This is Polyporus dryiiius of 15. & C,
(hi rod-oak, City Water Works. October 21. lOOS. -^104. On maple. Clark
Countj'. November 22. T.»ON. 24:i(;. On partially burned elm lo.t;-. North Pike.
March ;!, 1908. 2087.

Poria semitiucta (Pk.) Cke. (hi old yellow poplar fence rails, rniversity
I'arni. July, 1920. tMm.

Ceratostomella harbirostris (Duf. ) Sacc. Extremely common on dead
maple throughout the southern part of the state. It is usually found on
decorticated wood. l)ut may occur also upon the bark. Fruiting si)ecimeii
number .■!n7.'> grew over the bark. Specimens with siKires were sought for
eight years and spores not f(nuid until April. 191(!. when it was determined.
The spores are 5 to 7V. by 2y_>. The asci are 'V.\-l^S by :'.i-. to ."> microns,
olive-lirown pubescence is ahundant in number :^>(i72.

Ceratostomella echinella E. & E. Jolietville. Hamilton County. January 17.
1914. G. B. Ramsey. The si)ores in this specimen CJOSl » measure .SVj to
41/. by li-lj to l^'l. Asci. 20 to :10 by ^M- to 41...

Diatrype platystoma ( Scbw. i P.erk. On Acer Saccharinum. 1911. Owens.

mm

Erysiphe cicboracearum I >. C. On leaves of Aster. Ecd River. (Jreene
County. September 7. 1911. Weatherwax. :;('.ss. ( >n leaves of Taraxacum
ollicinale. July. 1920. ;J7S1.

212 Proceedings of 1 ndiditii Aradcini/ of Science.

Entyiiolla scoparia (Sclnv.) E. & E. On l)ark of T'lmns fulva, Hamilton
County, December 31, 1913. G. B. Ramsey. 3078.

Gyromitra esculenta (Pers) Fr. Campus. May 8. 1910. Owens. 2783.

Hypoxylon perforatum (Schw.) Fr. On decorticated elm. Mason's Woods,
November 1. 1920. 3797. The perithecia were just arriving at maturity,
and had not yet become perforate to any extent. This specimen resembles
certain forms of H. rubiginosum and H. fnscopurpureum very closely. The
stroma is 14 to 1 mm thick, effused in ov.-il or elongated areas 1 to 4 cm long.
Color, ferruginous to chestuut-lirown. PiM'ithccia slightly elongated (^^
mm long). Asci long tapcrinii. 1.10 to l!iO liy ('. to 9: p. sp. 75 to 85 by 6
to 9. Spores mostly 13 by (i^i-

Hypoxylon serpens (Pers.) Fr. On dead wood of red-oak. Boone County,
December 20, 1913. Bamsey. 3566.

Micros])haera ;ilni ( 1 ». C. ) Winter. On oak leaves. 1916. 3734.

Xectria episi)liacria (Tode) Fr. Para-itic on Valsa on beech bark. May
5. 191(;. W. P. James. 3679. Makes the Itark a beautiful red over large
areas.

Nectria Ipomoeae Hals. On young sweet-potato plant, spring of 1916
(Sphaeronema timbriatum on this same plant). 3706.

Xummularia Bulliardi Tul. On Cornus florida 1916. 3708.

Ophiobolus fulgidus (C. & P.) Saec. On dead stems of Ambrosia trifida,
Scott County, April 7, 1917. Bertha Hanger. 3735.

Rosellinia pulveracea (Ehr.) Fckl. On hard decorticated oak. Hamilton
County. January 17. 1914. Ramsey. 3675.

Teicliospora vialis (Fr. ) Berl. & Yogi. On decorticated Juglans cinerea.
November 20. 1913. Ramsey. 3674.

Valsa Linderae Pk. On Lindera benzoin, April 21, 1917. Hanger. 3730.

Valsaria exasperans (Gerard) Sacc. On oak (Red or scarlet), near Cas-
cades, April IS. 1920. Mills. 3768.

FUNGI IMPERFECTI.

Sphaeropsidales.

Actinonema Tiliae Allesch. On leaves of Tilia americana. Both on and
under tree late in autumn. 3691.

Dothiopsis eunomia Karst. May 19. 1917. 3740. This species was first
described by Karsten in Hedwi.gia 1884 under the name of Dothiora eunomia.

Phyllosticta Liriodendri Thuem. On living leaves of Liriodendron tulip-
ifera. Campus, July 24. 1916. Hemmer. 3696.

Phyllosticta Smilacis E. & E. On leaves of Smilax rotundifolia. Brown
County, October 10. 1914. Weatherwax. 3687. Spores vary slightly from
the description as follows : 15 to 25 by 5 to 8 microns. One of tlie most
striking things about this fungus is that one rarely finds spores in the
pycnidia. We had systematically collected it for years but found the
pyncidia empty. In Torr. Bull.. 1900. p. 572. Ellis and Everhart say : "This
has been observed on various smooth-leaved species of Smilax for twenty
years or more, but it does not appear to have been desci-ibed." The probable
reason for this is its habit of ridding itself of siwres so quickly.

Septoria albaniensis Thuem. On leaves of Salix nigra, autumn. 3(592.
Our measurements of spores are : 25 to 42 by 214 to 3 microns.

Indiana Fiok/i — V. 213

Siili.icioiKMiiM Ihiihriatum (Ell. & Hals.) Saco. On yonii},' swoet-potato
l)laiit. spriiifi of IDK"). (Tliis and Ncctria liioiiiocac were Ix.tli in fniil on
one ))laiit.) .".707.

Spliacropsis malorum I'k. On pear, May !.">, 1!>1T. Wade. :;7:Jli. On
(luinco, October 24, 191G. :!70J).

Vormioularia Doniatium (I'crs.) Fr. var. microspora ik rtir. On Acer
sacoharinuni. Campus, March 17. 1916. For the most part, on decorticated
wood. Also on inside and outside of loosened bark in the .same region.
3073. Many varieties of this species have been described, based for the
most part upon spore size and shape. The foi'm as it appears here, has a
remarkably small spore as compared with other forms heretofore noted.
So noticeable is this difCerence that a varietal distinction becomes neces-
sary. The foUowini; descrii)tion as differing from the species type is here
recorded :

Pycnidia 150 to HOO microns (Usually 235 to 325.), varying greatly in size
and shape; spines 125 to 300 by 5 to 7^^, opaque, especially dark near the
base, pointing outward ; spores 5 to 8 by 1 to 2, hyaline.

Melanconiales.

Cylindrosporium Scrophulariae Sacc. & Ell. On living leaves of Scutel-
laria canescens, Griffey Creek. July 7, 1920. O'Neal. 3790. Differs some-
what from the description as follows : the broad margin around the spots,
is dark purple. Spores are septate and one end often broader. The three
guttulae not noticeable. Acervuli about 50 microns in diameter. Habit on
the leaves is much like Septoria Scrophulariae.

Cylindrosporium Toxicodendri E. & E. On Uhus Toxicodendron, 1911.
C. E. Sutton. 3528.

Cylindrosporium Ulmicoluin E. & E. On living leaves of Morus rubra.
Campus. October 15, 1915. This fungus was associated with a species of
Alternaria which, however, seems to follow as a saprophyte. 3G59. Spores
45 to 65 by 2 to 6. and mostly 4-septate.

Gloeosporium Betularum KU. & Mart. On Betula nigra. Campus, June
31. 1920. These leaves were taken from young trees which had been
shipped from Tennessee. Though differing much from the orginal descrip-
tion, there seems to bo no doubt of the species being the same as described
from Pennsylvania. (See Am. Xat. 1882, p. 1.002.) In our specimens, the
acervuli are almost wholly hypophyllous and are variable in size, sometimes
quite large and rupturing irregularly. The most striking thing about this
si)ecies is the abundance of pointed .spores. They are described as being
obovate : however, they also have the lower end tapering to a point. 3774.

Gloeosporium ner\isequum (Fckl.) Sacc. Belongs to Gnomonia \eneta
(Sacc. & Speg.) Kleb. On sycamore. University Farm. August 3, 1920.
Spores are for the most part. 4 to 5 by 10 to 12. The acervuli are here
usually on the upper .side of the leaf and along the outer edges of the vein —
that is. in two rows. 3793.

Marsonia Martini Sacc. & Ell. On livuig leaves of (,)uercus rolmr. Campus,
lune 25, 1920. 3775.

214 I'r()C(((Jin(j-s of f)i<]i<iii(i Acdihiinj of ^cifiicc.

Hypliomyccfes.

Alternaria Amaranti (Pk.) On leaves of Aiiiarantns retroflexns, city of
Bloomington, October 5, 1915. 3637.

Cercospora Mississippiensis Tracy & Earle. On leaves of Smilax rotuntli-
folia, 1916. 3732.

Cladosporium Paeoniae Pass. On leaves of cultivated Paeony, 1916. 3730.

Epicocciun purpurascens Elirbg. On Sorghum following a Septoria leaf
spot. Lawrence County. October 19. 1916. 3711.

Fusicladium Alopecuri E. & E. On a grass. Tniversity Waterworks area,
September 30. 1914. 3682.

Kamularia arvensis Sacc. On Potentilla monspeliensis, Getty's ("reek.
June 13. 1920. In our specimens, the spots have reddish-brown margins;
conidiophores slightly wavy and hyphophyllous as well as epiphyUous :
conidia 10 to 37 by 3 to 4. the two-celled ones 16 to 37 by 3 to 4. On living
leaves killing them. The similarity of the.se aftected leaves to tliose of
strawberry attacked by Mycosphaerella is very striking. 3769.

Ramularia Celastri Ell. & Mart. On Celastrus scandens. Lawrence
County, October 19, 1916. 3702.

MYXOMYCETES.

Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa (Muell.i Macbr. On rotten k)g. Ellis Creek. July
25. 1919. O'Neal. The so-called "pillars" resemble coarse white threads of
a Hyphomycete. 3778.

Lindbladia effusa (Ehr. ) Kost. Singh" specimon found on a decaying
log north of City Waterworks. July is. 1919. (J'Xeal. Specimen nnich
bhickened by premature drying. 37<)6.

Tilmadoche polycephala (Schw.) Macbr. On living leaves of Polygonum
aviculare. Bloomington. July 7. 1920. W. IL Adams. 3777.
Indiana University.
December, 1920.

215
Till': j'YCMDir.M <»i' ('i(i\.\(ii;i)i,rs.

J. .M. Van Hook.

'I'lic oc'cnrrciicc of ( 'icimiolioliis ;is ;i iciiiisilc. for tlic iiiosi ii;irt nii tlic
liiiwtlor.v mildews, li.-is liccii well kiidwii since tlie iieiius was estalilislied in
1N."):{; however, liiere seems to have been more interest in t'oiMiiintJ new spe-
lies rather than iiotiiiu the \arioiis foi-nis. many of whieli are <h>uhtk'ss
caused liy the specilic pails of the host attacked, theii- shape (hdermininji
liie shai)e of liie pycnidiiim of tiie parasite. l'"or examph'. w lien a conidi-
opliore of a host is coincrted into a pycnidiiim it is entirely different in
shape and size from one formed from a perithecinm of a host.

.Many s|)ecies of this u;eims are now descrihed. most of these hein.t^ named
from the host of the powder.\- mildew rather than from the host of the
< 'icinnobolus. l-'rom what is already known of the wide variation of the
fniitinj; forms of these i>arasites, together with the similarity of descrip-
tion of many of their essential parts, much confusion of sjiecies has doiiht-
less heon made. It is hoped that critical study of s(-as(inal variation of the
parasite upon a sintile powdery mildew host will he made in the fidure
alonj; the lines of (irilliths (The Common I'arasite (d' the Tow.lery Mil-
dews. P.ull. Torr. r.ot. (Muh, L'C. 1S!»«>. i.

Most species have been descrihed as i)arasitizinfi the mycelium oi- conidi-
(.I)li(U-es of their hosts: however, in at least three cases they ari' reiHtrted
on i)erlthecia. Tliese are hy (irittiths on Erysii)he cichoracearum IK'., hy
Sacciirdo and Sydow on Uncinula salicis (DC.) Winter and by Cocconi on
IMiyllactinia corylea (Pens.) Karst. It i.s not strange that the last two
should have been originally called respectively a Phoma and a Phyllosticta.
So far as the writer can learn, the ('icinnobolus herein mentioned has not
lireviously been reported on the mycelium, coiddioithoie or iiei-ithecium of
Podo.sphaera oxycantlie (DC.) de Bary.

The present brief paper is to show a form exceedingly coiiunon on the
P<iw(lery mildew of cherry, here in .Monroe ("oiudy. Indiana. This seems
to form fruit only in the perithecia of the host and usually at about the
same stage of its maturity. In figures 1 and "_* of the accomi)anying plate.
the comparative forms of the attacked and unattacked perithecia are shown,
'i'hese figures represent a fair average of a large nund)er examined and
measured. It will be ob.served that parasitized fruit bodies are slightly
smaller and have only .slightly less developed appendages. Attention is
always attracted by the presence of couidia instead of asci when the i)eri-
thecia are crushed, though a more critical examination of the exterior will
enable one to judge when pycnidia are present.

These parasites are an extremely interesting and attractive group from
an economic view as well as from a morphological one. There has always
appeared to be a possiidlity of their employmeid to hold certain of the most
• laiigerous powdery mildews in check.

It would also be an interesting ])robIem to determine the exact relation of
the pycnidium of the ('icinnobolus to the perithecinm of the iiost by means
(d' a critical stu<ly of staine<l sections made from material siicii as was u.sed
in making the accompanying figures.

516 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

Fig. 1. — Normal perithecium.

Mg. 2. — Parasitized perithecium. Fig. 3. — Conidia
highly magnified.

(The writer wishes here to thank Professor Weatherwax for uialviug tlie
tliree camera lucida drawings wliicli accompany tliis paper.)
Indiana University,
Septemer, 1920,

217

A TRICOTYLEDONOUS 15EAN.

J. M. Van Hook.

While oxamining a number of Lima hean seed in the sumnifr of IJti'O. tlie
writer was surprised to find between the ordinary cotyledons a third body,
apparently a third cotyledon. Its shape and location is well shown in the
accompanying figure. While a greater portion of the extra cotyledon lies
parallel with the others and pressed between them, the part at the end
where it is attached is twisted so that it is vertical to its flat surface and
lies beween the plumule and radicle. The two roguliir cotyledons arc also
attached at this end.

Enlarged tricotyledonous bean with one of the outer potyledons removed.
Polycotyledouous beans may not be of rare occurrence, though the writer
knows of none reported on Lima beans. Harris (Mem. X. Y. Bot. Gard.
1916.) reports a race of the common bean which has tlie cotyledons varying
from two to seven in number, but which tends to be tetracotyledonons.
Indiana University,
October, 1920.

21!)
XATivE iM.Axrs OF wiini': ("ouxTV— iir.

I.oi IS F. IlKiMi.K II. I'unliic r

incrsiiv.

Tlio antlinr's lii'st icpoit of native plants of Wliilc ('(junly was tliat of
a siiiiilo species, wliieli at tlie time of pultlicatinii was llie lirsl recoi-d of lli.n
plant foi' the stati'. 'I'lie title of tlie paper is "Tlie I'rinirose-lea ve(| \'i<.lcl
ill White County' and it appears in tlie ri-oeee(lin;;s of the Indiana Aeadeiiiy
of Science. IHH. pai^es U'l:'.-!'! T.

'I"he M'cond report of ii:iti\-e jtlants of White Connt.N is included in a
tliesi.^. written for the .M.S.. d(>j;reo. IMirdue ("niver.sity. llUC. and pub-
lished in the ProeeodinKs of the Indiana Academy of Scioiicc. 1017. pages
:!ST-471. sul)ject : The Trees of White County, Indiana, with some Reference
to Those of tlie State. Inchnled in the list of trees are also a numlier of
nativ(> shrulis. The total nunih(M- of si.ecies reported in the thesis is sev-
enty-nine sjiecies and two varieties.

The list lielow includes one hundred and twenty species classili(>d as one
ImndnMl lifteen species of herbs and live sjiecies of shrubs or woody vines.
The author has nuide no atteniiit to collect plants below the Araceae. He
also lealizes that the list is very far from complete. .Nearly all of the
species here reported ai'e represented by heriiai-ium siK'cimens. Most of
the species were eolleeted in Honey Creek Township alunit the vicinity of
Ueyiiolds. The nomenclature is that of Gray's Xew :Manual of Botany,
seventli Edition. The plants are listed in their natural order, followed by
brief notes relatinj; to distribution, abundance, etc. When no data is
attached, it is inulerstood that the species is more or less common in
Honey Creelv Tow-nship. The list contains many species which are not
native but are more or less well establislied. Tlieir origin, according to
(Iray. is mentioned in each case. The list follows.

HERBS.

Araceae (Arum Family).

1. Arisaema triphyllum iLi Schott. Jack-in-the-imlpit.
1'. Arisaema dracontium (L) Schott. (Jreen Dragon.
Tippecanoe river, three miles south of Buffalo.

l.enniaceae (Duckweed Family).
;!. ^\■oltIia coliinibiana Karst. Columbia Duckweed.

Backwater 'i'ippecanoe I'iver neai- mouth of I'ike Cr(>ek.

Commelinaceae ( Spiderwort Famil.vi.
-I. Tradescantia reHexa Raf. Retlexed Spiderwort.

l.iliaceae I Lily Family).
.".. Uvularia iMM-foliat:i I.. I'erfoliate Bellwoit.
<;. Uvularia grandiflora Sm. I.arge-tlowered r.ellwort. B.oth species

found along banks of Tippecanoe river.
7. Liliuni canadense 1,. Wild Yellow I.ilv. Along railroa-ls.

220 rrocecdiiKjs of Indiana Acadciiiy of l^cicnce.

8. Asparagus officinalis L. Common Asparasus. Frequent escape,

l)ut not native.

9. Smilacina racemosa (T/) Desf. False Spikenard or Solomon Seal.

10. Polygonatiim biflorum (Walt) Ell. Small Solomon Seal.

11. Medeola virginiana L. Indian Cucumber-root. Not common.

12. Trillium recurvatum P.eck. Prairie Wakerobiu.

Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllis Family).

13. Hypoxis hirsuta (L) Coville. Star Grass.

Orcbidaeeae (Orcbid Family).

14. Calopogen pulchellus (Sw) R. Br. Calopogon or Grass Pink. Very

rare.

15. Spiranthes cernua (L) Richard. Wild Tube-rose, Nodding or droop-

ing Ladies' Tresses. Very rare.

Polygonaceae (Buckwheat Family).
IG. Rumex crispus L. Yellow Dock.
17. Rumex acetosella L. Field or Sheep Sorrel.

IS. Polymonum aviculare L. Knot-grass or Door-weed. Not native, but
very common, Eurasia.

Cbenopodiaceae (Goosefoot Family).

19. Chenopodium album L. Lamb's Quarters, Pigweed. Not native

but very common.

Phytolaccaceae (Pokeweed Family).

20. Phytolacca decandra L. Common Pokeweed, Pigeon Berry. Poisonous.

Aizoaceae f Carpet-weed Family).

21. Mollugo verticillata L. Carpet Weed. Not native ? P^rom farther

south.

Caryophyllaceae (Pink Family).

22. Stellaria media (L) Cyrill. Common Chickweed. Not native, from

Europe. Common.

23. Silene antirrhina L. Sleepy Catchfly.

24. Silene stellata (L) Ait. f. Starry Campion.

25. Saponaria officinalis L. Soapwort, Boiuicing Bet. Not native, from

Europe.

Portulacaceae (Purslane Family).

26. Claytonia virginlca L. Spring Beauty.

Ranunculaceae (Crowfoot Family).

27. Ranunculus abortivus L. Small-flowered Crowfoot.

28. Thalictrum dioicum L. Early Meadow Rue.

29. Hepatica acutiloba DC. Hepatica. Tippecanoe river.

30. Anemone quinquefolia L. Wood Anemone.

31. Caltha palustris L. Marsh Marigold. Tippecanoe river,

32. Aquilegia canadensis L. Columbine. Tippecanoe river.

Aaticc rianls oj Whiir Cniml n III. l'l'I

rxThcridacciU' ( r.;iili(Mi-y Faiiiilyi.
;;;j. PuddpliyHum pcltatmn I.. M:iy iipl>l«'. .M.iii(lr;ikc.

r;ip''ivt'riic('ii(> (I'opi'.N I'aiiiily).
.".4. Saiii|iiiiiai-i:i canailciisis I,. lUondi-nol. 'IMpiiccaiint' river.

Kiimariaccac ( I-'uiiiiliiry Family).
35. Dicentr.i canadensis ((ioldici \\'al|i. Stiuirrci ("mii.
30. Corydalis somporviicns (]-» I'ims. I'alc Corydalis.

("ruoiferao (Mnstani I'auiily).
37. T.cpidium virginicum li. Wild Popiiergrass.

.".S. Capsella Biirsa-pastoris (L) .Medic. Slieplierd's Pnrse. Xot native,
very common. From Eurojx'.

39. Sisymbriinii altissiniuni I,. TMniblc .Mustard. Not native. Froin

Europe.

Capiiaridaceae (Caiier Family).

40. Polauisia graveolens Haf. Claminy weed.

Sa.xifra.tiaceae ( Sa\ifrai;c Family).

41. yaxifraga peunsylvanica I.. Swamp Saxifrage.

Rosaceae (Rose Family).

42. Fragara virginiana Duchesne. Wild Strawberry.

43. Potentilla monspeliensis L. Rough ("iiuiuefoil. Barren Strawberry.
4-1. Potentilla canadensis L. ('(imnmn ('in(iuefoil. Five-tinger.

Legumino.--ae (Pea Family).

4."). Cassia chamaecrista L. Partridge Pea.

40. Lupinus perennis L. Wild Lupine.

47. Trifolium pratense I>. Red Clover.

48. Trifolium repens L. White Clover.

49. Melilotus alba Desr. White Melilot. Sweet Clover.

50. Psoralea ouobrychis Xutt. Sainfoin Psoralea. French-grass.

51. Petalostemum candidum Michx. White Prairie Clover.

I.inaceae (Flax Family).

52. Linum medium (Planch) Rritton. Stiff Yellow Flax.

Oxalidaceae (Wood Sorrel Family).

53. Oxalis violacea 1>. Violet Wood Sorrel.

Geraniaceae (Geranium Family).

54. Geranium macula tum L. Wild Cranesbill.

Polygalaceae (Milkwort Family).

55. Polygala sanguinea L. Field or Purple Milkwort.

Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family).
50. Euphorbia corolla ta L. Flowering Spurge.

12'2 Procrr(liii(/s of Indiana Acadcniji of Science.

.Malvaceae (.Mallow Family I.
.")7. Abutiloii Ihcophiastl Medic. Velvet Leaf. Iiidiau Mallow.
5S. Malva rotiiiMlifolia I.. ( "onimou Mallow. Cheeses.

Violaceae (Violet Family).
")<). Viola pedata L. Kird-foot Violet.

(■>0. Viola iiaiiilonacea Pursli. Meadow or Hooded lUiie Violet.
C.l. Viola saKittata .\it. .\irow-leavt'd Violet.
(iL*. Viola laiiceolata L. J.aiice-leaved Violet.

Melastomaceae ( Melastoma Family).
Ci."!. Khexia vir.iiiiiica F. Meadow P.eanty. J teei-jii-ass.

< tiiajivaceae ( Eveninji Primvose Family).

64. Ludvigia alteniifolia I.. Seedbox, Rattlebox.

65. Ludyigia hirtella Raf. Hairy Ludwigia.

66. Oenothera biennis F. Common Evening Primrose.

I'mlielliferae { Plmbel F^amily ) .
(;7. Erynginm a<|uaticum F. Button Snakeroot, Rattlesnake weed.

Ericaceae (Heath Family).

(iS. Monotroiia nniflora L. Indian Pipe, Corpse Plant. Rare, saprophytic
or parasitic.

60. Monotropa liypopitys L. Pinesap. False P>eech Drops. Raiv. sapro-
phytic or parasitic.

r'rimulaceae (Primrose Family).

70. Steironema lanceolatum (AValt) Gray. Lance-leaved Loo.sesstrife.

71. yteironema (juadrifolium (Sims) Hitchc. Prairie Moneywort.

72. Dodecatheon meadia L. Shooting Star.

Asclepiadaceae (Milkweed Family).
78. Asclepias tuberosa L. Butterfly-weed, Pleurisy-root.

74. Accra tes floridana (Lam) Hitchc. Florida Milkweed.

Polemoniaceae (Polem(»ninm Family).
7"). Polemonium reptans L. Jacob's Ladder. Bluebell. Greek Valerian.

P>oraginaceae (Borage Family).

76. Myosotis virginica (I.i P.SP. Sjiring or lOarly Scorpion-grass. For-

get-me-not.

77. Lithospermum gmelini ( Michx ) Hitchc. Hairy Puccoon.

Verbenaceae (Vervain Family).

75. Lippia lanceolata Michx. Fog-fruit.

Labiatae ( .Mint Family ).
70. Nepeta cataria L. Catnip.

SO. Prunella vulgaris L. Heal-all. Carpenler-weed.
81. Physostegia virginiana (L) I'.enth. Dragon-head, Obedient Plan! .

Xdtirr /'hulls nf W'liih Coinili/ III. L"_':;

Si'. Sliicli.vs piiliislris I,. WOiiiKlwiiiI.

n:;. Monanlii listulosa I.. Wild licrjiaiiiol.

S4. Ilt'doonia ]ml(>;,'i<)i(l('s (],) Tims. Anicricari rciinx royal.

S;j. Pyf'iiantlicuiuiii virjiiiiiaimiii (U 1 )iii-. i^ .Facksini. Vii-ui.'iia Moiiiitaii

Mint.

SO. Lyc(.i)iis aiii(>ricainis .Miilil. ( •iil-Ica vcd Walcr 1 l(iaili..uiid.

S7. Moiitlia pipcrila L. rcpiiciiiiiiil.

88. Mentha ucntilis 1,. S|icarnniil.

Sdlaiiaccac ( .\ii;iitsliadc Family i.

89. Solaimin cai'dlincnsr 1,. Horse Xc'dlc.

90. l>atiira straiiKiniiiiii I.. .Fiiiison Weed.

Scr(i]iliulai-iac('a(' ( Fi^wort Family i .
01. Vcrhasciim lliapsns I,, ("(immon .Mullen. .Xalurali/.ed from iMirope.
9l'. Seruphularia leporella Bicknell. Hare Fijiwort.
9:5. Veronica virginiea L. Cuiver's-root. Culver's-lMiysie.
94. Veronica .serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved Siieedwoll.

Phmtajiinaceae (Plantain Family).
!>.■;. Plantajio major L. Common Plantain. From Eurasia.
9(J. Plantago hmceolata I.. Rih (Jrass. Buckthorn Plantain. From Furopo.

Uuliiaceae (Madder Family).

97. Galium boreale L. Northern Bedstraw.

98. Galium tinctorium L. Wild Madder.

99. Houstonia caerulea L. Rluet.^, Innocence.

Foheliaceae (Lobelia Family).
1(10. Lobelia cardinalis L. ("ardinal-flower. Scattered over county.

ComiHisitae (Composite Family).

101. Liatris spicata (L) Wilbl. l>ense P.utton-.'^nakeroot. Devil's-bit.

102. Antennaria plantaginifoiia (L) Richards. Plantain-leaved Everlast-

ing.

103. Ambrosia trifida L. (^reat Ragweed.

10-1. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Ragweed. Roman wormwood.

105. Lepachy.s pinnata (Vent) T. & G. Gray-headed Cone-flower.

10<). Achillea millefolium L. Common Yarrow. Milfoil. Eurasia.

107. Anthemis cotula L. May-weed. Dog Fennel. From Europe.

lOS. (^^'hry.santhemum leucanthemum L. Ox-eye or White Daisy. From
Europe.

109. Tanacettun vulgare L. Common Tansy. l''rom l"-nroi)e. One record

of the escape of this plant. No plants at this locality at present.

110. Taraxicum otticinale Weber. Common Dandelion. From Europe.

111. Pyrrhoi)a]ipus caroliniaiius (Walt) DC. False Dandelion.

112. Prenanthes alba L. Rattlesnake-root.

113. Prenanthes trifoliata (Cass) Fernald. «;all-of-the-earth.

114. Prenanthes altissima L. Tall White Lettuce.

115. Hieracium venosiun L. Rattlesnake-weed.

224 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

SHRUBS or WOODY VINES.

Liliaceae (Lily Family).

116. Smilax rotvmdlfolia L. Common Green Brier.

Rosaceae (Rose Family).

117. Spirea latifolia Borkh. Meadow-sweet.

Answers description of S. alba DuRoi of Britton and Brown better
than the above name from Gray,
lis. Rosa humilis Marsh. Pasture rose.

Leguminosae (Pea Family).

119. Wisteria frutescens (L) Poir. American Wisteria. Tippecanoe river.

Vitaceae (Grape Family).

120. Vitis labrusca L. Northern Fox Grape.

22r,

ri.ANTR NEW TO IXDTAXA— TX.
('has. r. Dkam. lilulTton. Iinliiiiia.

Spooiiiioiis of tlic iiliinls ri'iKH-tcd are doposited in my In'i-harinin under
llic numbers jiiviMi. The (Jraminoae were determined at the II. S. Dopt. of
.V,i,'riculture : the Carices by K. K. Mackenzie; and the determination of tlie
i(>maindcr. unless otherwise mentioned, were verified at the flray Tler-
liarium.
Illodca I'lfnichniiii Cdspari/.

Knox rmnity. Aui,nist IS. 1!H!). Xo. -JO.'JlM. Aiiout six miles northwest
• if Declvcr, floating in ratlier swift runninj; wafer in tlii' upper course of
the Deshee River wliieh at this point is a dred.iiecl dilcli. I »etermination
made hy Harold St. Jolui of the Gray Herbarium.
I'lixpalum laevigliinie ficrihncr.

Knox County. Sept. 21. 1920. No. r;2.!>40. Hight of way of the railroad
at Vollmer Siding, two miles north of Decker.
M iihlcnbcrgia cuspidafa (Torr.) Ri/dh.

Tippecanoe County. Oct. 20. 1020. Collected by H. S. Jackson along P.ig
W'ea Creek, about three miles southwest of Lafayette.
/.( pfochloa fiUformlH (Lam.) Beauv.

I'erry County. August 18. 1010. No. 28,040. Abundant in .-i small (-(u-n
lield just south of Tell City, and near the U. S. Hame Works.
I'liii pnludifiena Fernald.

Lagrange County, June 21. 1020. No. ,31.117. Noted in (me place .growing
in sphagnum In an old tamarack swamp five miles east of Lagrange. Asso-
ciated with Geum rivale, Rhamnus alnifolia, etc.
rmiicuIaHa acutiflora (Torr.) Knntze.

Harrison County, June 10. 1019. No, 27,8.".";. In a small pool on the
north side of the Corydon and Milltown pike, on the crest of a ridge about
four miles northwest of Corydon.
Bromux purgans variety lafigluniis (Srrihii.) sHicar.

Allen County, Sept, 10. 100(5. No. 1.707. Alluvial baid^ of the St. Mary's
Riv(u- on the south side of Ft. Wayne. Huntington County. Sept, '50, 1920.
No. .'{2,()06. Bank of the Salamo]iie River three miles northw^est of Warren.
Parke County. Sept. 17. 1020. No, ?>2,832. Wooded bank of Sugar Creek
.iust east of Turkey Run Stat<' Park. Steuben County, Aug. 18, 1916. No.
20,878, Moist sandy shore of the east side of Clear Lake,
Khimua virginicus variety hir.tiitiglumis (Scrihn.) Ilitchc.

Cass County, Aug, 21, 1920, No, 32,098, Low bank of the Wabash River
oi.posite Georgetown, Huntington County. Sept, 13, 1020, No. .32.608, Bank
of the Salamonie River three miles northwest of Warren. Marion County,
Aug. 24. 1013. No. 14.073. P.ank of White River, eight miles above Indian-
apolis. Warren Ccmnty, Sept. l.">. 1020. No. 32.734. Low bank of Pine
("reek one and a half miles south of Rainsville.
('jiprrux aeuminatux Torr. d TIoolc.

(Jreene County, October 2. 1017, No, 24.088. In the bottom of a dredged
ditch about two miles northwest of Lyons.

226 Procecdingfi of fiidJaiKi Acadrniy of Science.

Crawford County, May 28, 1919. No. 27.710. T.ow wet place in a flat
woods about three miles northwest of Leavenworth.
Carex Sprengelii Deivey.

]VIi,ami County, June S. 1920. Xo. 31,0{J0. A large colony in bUu> grass
sod along the road bordering Eel River, about one-half mile southwest of
Chili. Noble County. May 2S. 1920. No. 30,501. Several large clumps in
blue grass sod along the roadside about one mile south of Rome City.
Carex substricta (Kiiken.) Mackenzie.

Laporte County. June 4, 1920. No. 30.764. In a marsh enclosed by tam-
arack, one-half mile north of Mill Creek.
Zi/fjadcnus chloranthus Richards.

Lagrange County, Aug. 28, 1920. No. 32.489. Low sedge opening in a
tamarack swamp five miles east of Lagrange. Also found in a sedge open-
ing in the tamarack marsh on the south side of Pigeon River one mile east
of Mongo.
Iris foUosa Mackenzie & Btish.

Gibson County, June 10. 1913. No. 19.303. Low wooded border of Foote's
Pond about nine miles southwest of Owensville. Posey County, May 23,
1911. No. 8,287. Moist woodland about 12 miles southwest of Mt. Vernon.
My specimens were determined by E. B. Williamson who for many years
has cultivated many species of Iris, and who has made a special study of
the genus. Live specimens from the localities mentioned were sent to him
and have been cultivated by him in his garden ever since. Among the many
species of Iris he has under cultivation are Iris foliosa, Iris versicolor and
Iris hexagona. When the three species are grown side by side it is easy
to .see that all are quite distinct. It is believed that all references to Iris
hexagona in Indiana should be referred to Iris foliosa.
Berferoa vncana (L.)DC.

Elkhart County. July 7. 1920. No. 31,322. Common along the sandy
roadside two miles northeast of Bristol. Noted also in two other places in
sandy soil along the roadside and adjacent fallow fields in the same county.
Erysimum repandum L.

Jay County, May 18. 1919. No. 27,488. Spread over an area almost a rod
sqiiare along the roadside on the Portland and Winchester road about six
miles south of Portland.
Heuchcra macrorliiza Small.

Clark County, July 11, 1919. No. 27,998. Common on the wooded lime-
stone cliffs with a north exposure, just east of the mouth of Fourteen-mile
Creek. Closely associated with Sullivantia ohionis which is common on
the wet shaded cliffs.
Henchera parviflora Earth

Perry County, July 24, 1920. No. 28,560. In the shade of large trees
on a dry sand stone cliff on the farm of John Gleason about two miles
southwest of Leopold. Onl.v a few plants found.
Amelanchicr humilis Wiegand.

Lagrange County. May 27. 1920. No. 30.433. On a cleared sand hill about
one and an eighth mile southeast of Mongo. Here it averaged 20-30 inches

Plants Acir lo I ihIkuki — IX. '221

in liciiilil. In ;iii iKl.jdiiiin;,' lil.ick imU woods, it smnclinics rciu-lied a hoi^lit

(.r live 1V(>(.

I'lthiis idtii tis niriitji (■(ni(i(l(it.'<is h' ichtiriJ.sdii .

L.-ii^r.-innc rdniily. .lunc IM. 1!>l'(l. NO. :;i.ll(;. In n |;Mnar;ici< swamp
li\c miles easi of I,a.vM•all^'(^ Lake ('imuly. Jiil.v IJS, 1!MIT. No. L',;;7!>. In a
tliickcl oil the (luncs near riiic. Slcniicii Comily. July I, I'.Mll. Anions
liic tamarack on tin- low liordcr of Ilic west side of (JraNcyanl Lake.
I 'run us ciineatd Ruf.

This is an erect slinil> w iiich usually is about tliree to six feet tiill. How-
ever, it is occasionally soniew hat higher, and I found one specimen twelve
feet hisli and about one and a half inches in diameter breast high. It
sends up suckers and is usually found in clusters. It prefers a moist hab-
itat, althoufih it is often found in (piite dry sandy places among the dunes.
Along the beach (d" Lake Michigan like all other woody plants it is ofti')i
somewhat scrubby luil never decumlient and rooting at the nodes. Its
laNorite habitat is low ])laces between the dunes, and at a distance from the
dune area it is found in low Hat (^>uercus palustris woods, usually associ-
ated with Aronia nielanocarpa, species of Salix, etc. I have taken it so
many times in so many counties that I will give the names of tlie counties
only in which I have taken specimens: Cass, Elkliart, Fulton. Lake. Xew-
ton. I'orter, Pulaski. St. Joseph and Starke. By other writers this form in
our area has been call(>d I'nuius pumila. There is but one form in our area
and I believe it is properly rid'erred to this species.
'i'iifolium rcflcj-uni vurich/ tihihrum Loja.

I'osey County. June !"». 1!)1S. No. 25,431. Common in a flat woods ten
miles southwest of Mt. Vernon. Associated with Quercus stellata, Quercus
falcata. Agave, Baptisia leucantha, etc. For a description of the form see
.Muhlenbergia Vol. 5:38:1909.
<!<r(inium Bicknellii Britton.

I>ake Comity. July 12. 1920. No. 31,031. In a burned over area in a
<,>uercus palustris-Quercus velutina woods one mile south of Gritfith. Asso-
ciated with Corydalis sempt-rvircMis. etc.. vigorous specimens had a spread
>>{' three feet in diameter. Starke County. July 14. 1920. No. 31,855. In a
iairned over area in a clearing in a Quercus palustris-Quercus velutLna
woods three miles north of Ora. Here it was very closely associated ^'l " h
Kpilobium angustifolium : and vigorous plants had a spread of three feet.
(iiliitrichc aututmialis L.

Lake County, July 12. 1920. No. 31,040. In a dried up marsh one mile
south of Grifhth. especially frequent among a lot of cat-tails.
ConniK sfricta Lam.

Knox County, Aug. 19, 1919. No. 29,252. Low place in Little Cypress
Swamp about twelve miles southwest of Decker. Also noted in the same
county in a very low place in a woods bordering Swan Pond about six miles
northwest of Decker. Posey County. April 20. 1919, and .\ug. 1.".. 1!>19. No.
29.080. A .shrub about 6-7 feet tall in a low place in a low woods about
ten miles southwest of Mt. A'ernon. In this low woods within a ratlins of
250 feet have been found for the first time in Indiana the following south-
western plants: Styrax americ.-ina. Trachelosi)(>rnium ditTorme and Tri-
folium reflexum var. glabrum.

228 ' Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

\'iivciiiiiuii (nifiKstifolium Ait.

This blueberry is fre(i\u>nt in sandy blaelv (»ak woods ol' liie norlliwestern
counties, and no doul)! lias been reported by authors under some other name.
I have found it in Elkhart. Lake, Laporte, Newton, Porter and Starke Coun-
ties.
Vacciiiiiim vaeilhinx variety criiiitiim Fcrnald.

This form appears to be more robust than the species, and in its distrib i-
tion seems to follow the distribution of the species. I have specimens fro.n
the following counties : Clark, Floyd. Jackson. Pulaski and St. Joseph Coun-
ties,
Gentiana villosa L.

Harrison County, Oct. G, 1920. No. 33.443. Found by Mrs. Cbas. C.
Deam in a black oak woods about two miles southeast of Corydon.
Vmcetoxicum gonocarpos Walt.

Knox County, Sept. 21, 1920. No. 32,969. On the bank of a small slough
near White River and about one mile east of w^here it empties into the
Wabash. This species was reported by Clapp as a very rare plant in the
vicinity of New Albany. It was also reported as occurring in Gibson and
Posey Counties in Coulter's Catalogue on the authority of Dr. Schneck. but
Schneck's herbarium contained no specimen.
Salvia silvestris L.

Marshall County, July 15. 1920. No. 81,898. Several large colonies in
a closely grazed pasture field on the west side of the road about one-half
mile north of Culver. This is a European weed, and judging from the vigor
of the colonies, and the fact that it was not touched by horses or cattle, it
might become a troublesome weed. In the same pasture were several col-
onies of Galium Mollugo, another European weed.
Veronica peregrina var. xalapensis (H.B.K.) Pennell.

This is the pubescent form of this species and comes into our area from
the northw^est. It is the common form in the northwestern counties, espe-
cially in sandy fallow fields, etc. I have specimens from Knox, Kosciusko,
Lagrange, Laporte, Perry and Steuben Counties.
Agalinis Gattingeri (Small) Sniall.

Noble County, Aug. 25. 1914. No. 14.G0S. A single specimen found at the
base of a white-black oak ridge on the south side of Deep Lake which
about one mile south of AVolf Lake. Perry County. Sept. 24, 1918. No.
26,707, Open woods on top of the Van Buren Ridge near the Harmony
school house, about seven miles southeast of Cannelton. This species was
determined by Francis W. Pennell, Jan. 17, 1921.
Galiv/m Mollugo L.

Marshall County, July 15, 1920. No. 31,899. Several colonies in a closely
grazed pasture on the west side of the road about one-half mile north of
Culver,
Galium verum L.

Noble County, June 21, 1920. No. 31.110. Abundant in dry soil along
the roadside about one mile west of Kendallville. Here it grows in large
pure stands in blue grass sod.

220

SPECIES OF rrSCTTA NOT IHTllKino Ki:i'< >u'ri:i » fijom
INDIAN A.

'1\ (i. Yr.MKKK. Kcl'.Miiw liiivcrsily.

At the uioetiiiK of this Acadcuiy last year I i»rc'SL'nti'(l a paiiur on the
species of Cuscuta occurriug: in Indiana. Included in that report were seven
native species (C. fflomerata ; C. comijadta; C. Cephalmifhi ; ('. VoryJi; V.
pDh/f/onoriDii : ('. pcnt(if/ona and ('. (Inr)iovii) that were known to occur in
llio state and two foreign sijecies {('. Kpithymum and C. Epiliimm) which
are probably in the state although not seen by the writer.

Since that time I have received two collections from different counties
(if another .species, C. cui<pUUttii Englni.. which has, so far as the writer
knows, never been collected before in Indiana. One of the specimens was
cdlliH'ted by Mr. AV. A. Hunter, president of the Vigo County liee Keepers"
Association, who writes as follows regarding it:

"I only observed a small patch near my apiary, about two miles south-
west of Prairieton (Vigo Co.). Indiana: less than one-half mile from the
Wabash river, which is the state line between Indiana and Illinois. This
• patch was in the river l)()ttonis. along the fence row between two corn

fields. It was quite plentiful for a few rods along the fence row The

honey bees were worldng on the flowers, as well as the wild bees and other
insects. They seemed to be \ery active when the flowers were in full
bloom."

The other specimen was recently sent to me by Mr. C. C. Deam who
collected it in a "low field along the Wabash River about 40 rods south of
where the wagon road comes to the river from the east and just below the
old dam, or about two miles south of New Harmony. Posey Co."

Cuscuta cuxpidata is tyiiically found in the prairie region from the Mis-
sissippi river westward to the mountains and southward to Louisiana and
Texas. Until the finding of these specimens in Indiana the farthest east
that this species had been found of which we have any authentic record
was in St. Clair County. Illinois where it has been collected several times.
This species belongs to the group of dodders characterized by tlii' possession
of sepal-like bracts closely subtending the individual flowers. (Mdy four
species belonging to this group are f(nuid in the Fnited States three of
which ( r. (/lotiicnitd ; ('. conipdi-ta and ('. cuxpidata ) ai-e now known to
occur in Indiana. ('. cuxpidatd is differentiated from C. glomciatti and ('.
compacta by its looser inflorescence and more or less cuspidate or mucronate.
infre(|uently obtuse, sepals and bracts. Also, there are ordinarily but one to
liiree bracts about each flower wlieicas in the otliei- two siiecies the nuni-
iier of bracts is usually greater.

('. ciispidatn seems to prefer sjiecies of Compositae foi' hosts, tlic two
specimens sent in being on Ambrosia. It has been foiuid infrc(|iicntly para-
sitizing leguminous plants, usually alfalfa, but it is nol liclicvcd that it
will ever bectime a pest in Indiana.

A LIST OF IXIHAXA MOSSES.

Kepcrts (.f iiio;

■;s('S ()<■

and Ideal, with (

inly (11

.specios from iiioi

■(> lliai

exaiuiiiinir tlir(H>

collect

T. G. Yi NCKKK. DePanw I'liivcM-sity.

iriiii; ill Indiana havo boon, in the main. nioaKor
repoit. by Professor L. M. Underwood, inclndinK
lie county. The writer has had the privilojio of
s of mosses that have not been hitliorto reported
upon. Those collections include a large number of specimens collected from
all parts of the state and it was thought that a list including all those collec-
tions together with all thos(> i)roviously reported upon would bo of value in-
dicating the presence and distribution of our moss flora.

Probably one of the largest collections of mos.ses in the state that has not
previously been reported is that belonging to Mr. C C. Deam. Mr. Beam's
collection includes specimens from nearly every part of the state. The
writer has had the privilege of examining and identifying this collection
during the past year.* Another large and excellently prepared and pre-
served collection is that owned by Pr;;fessor .T. P. Xaylor of DePauw Uni-
versity. Although a physicist. Professor Xaylor has been an enthusiastic
collector and student of mosses for many years and has built up a large
coliecticm mainly from Putnam County. Miss liUcy Allen, a former student
at DePauw. made a small collection from Putnam County which is depos-
itee! in the DePauw University herbarium. In addition to these three un-
repttrted collections all the species reported in puK- •r.^tions on Indiana
mosses known to the writer have been included in i. • list which includes
one hundred and seventy-four species, thirty-two of which are being re-
ported from Indiana for the first time, it is believed. Under each species
is given a list of the counties where it has been found together with the
collector's name in parenthesis. The arrangement and nomenclature is
e.ssentially that of (Jroufs "Mosses With Hand T.ons and Microscoije".

The following bibliographical list indicates the publications from which
lists of mosses have boon taken and incorixjrated in the present report. Pro-
fessor Underwood included in his report a few specimens collected by
li.iiiies. lilatchloy. Mottier and RiiU. None of the collections included in
the following bibliographical list have been seen by the writer with the ex-
ception of the one made by Professor Underwood which is deposited in the
DePauw T^niversity herbarium.

Haines. Mrs. Mary P., A list of ferns, mosses, Hepaticae and lichens in
Wayne County. Indiana. 0th & 10th Ann. Rept., Geol. Survey of Indi-
ana, pp. 2:ir)-239. 1879.
Pickett. F. L.. and Xothnagel, Mildred. The ni<»sses of Monroe County.

Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. pp. 69-75. 19i;>.
Pickett. F. L.. and Xothnagel. Mildred. The mosses of Monroe County. II.

Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. pp 103-105. 1914.
T'nderwood. L. M.. List of cryptogams at present known to inhabit the state
of Indiana. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. pp. (•..".-Cu. ISiM.

•Doubtful specinions wiif rcfcnfil to Dr. A. .T. Grout and Mr. G. B. Kaiser of
riiiladelphia for verification.

232 Proceedincfs of JiifJ'utna Aradcini/ of Science.

Wilson, Guy, Flora of Hamilton and IMarioii Counties. Indiana. Proc. In-
diana Acad. Sci. p. 157. 189n.
Young, A. H.. Bryological Notes. Bot. Gaz. 2 :Gl-62. 1876.

SPIIAGNACEAE.

Sphaynum ciispidatum Ehrh.

Jefferson (Young).
Sphagnum cymhi folium Ehrh.

Fulton (Underwood) ; Kosciusko (Deam) : Steuben (Deam).
Sphagnum papillosum laevc Warnst.

Fulton ( Underwood ) .
Sphagnum papillosum intermedium (Kuss.) Warnst.

Wells (Deam).
Sphagnum, recurviim miicroiiatum.

Fulton ( Underwo( )d ) .
Sphagnum, rufescens.

Fulton (Underwood).
Sphagnum sqiiarrosum Pers.

Jefferson (Young).

GEOEGIACEAE.

Georgia pclliicida (L.) Rabenh.

Hamilton (Wilson as Tetraphis peUucida) ; Putnam (Underwood.
Naylor).

rOLYTRICTTACEAE.

Catlierinva aiignslafa Brid.

Crawford (Deam); Jack.son (Deam); Jefferson (Young as M rich k in
angustatiim) ; Knox (Deam) : Martin (Deam) ; Owen (Deami ; I'ut-
nam (Naylor, Underwood) ; Scott (Deam) ; Vigo (Underwood jis
Airichum angustatum) ; Wayne (Mrs. Haines as Atrichum angusfa-
Uim).

Catharinea undiilata (L.) W. & M.

Allen (Deam) ; Brown (Deam) : Jefferson (Deam) ; Lagrange (Doam) :
Monroe (Deam); Noble (Deam); Posey (Deam); Pulaski (Deam);
Putnam (Deam, Naylor. Underwood as Atrichum undulatum) ; Steuben
(Deam) ; Wayne (Mrs. Haines as Atrichum imdMlatwm) ; Well«
(Deam).

Polytrichum commune L.

Jefferson (Young) ; Monroe (Pickett & Nothnagel) ; Putnam (Naylor) ;
Starke (Deam).

Polytrichum formosum Hedw.

Jefferson (Young) ; Montgomery (Barnes) ; Wayne (Mrs. Haines).

Polytrichum Ohiocnsc R. & C.

Clark (Deam) ; Hamilton (Wilson) ; Hancock (Deam) ; .TackSon
(Deam) ; Jefferson (Deam) ; Marshall (Deam, Underwood) ; Martin
(Deam) ; Monroe (Pickett «& Nothnagel) ; Orange (Deam) ; Owen (Miss
Deam) ; Putnam (Allen, Naylor) ; Ripley (Deam) ; Wells (Deam).

List of I ndUtiKt .]l(iss< s. '2,V,\

I'oliitricliKin I'Uifcnnn Solireb.

Monn.f (Tii-kett & Nothiiayol) .
Po!/()ii(ttinii hnricuHlv (P.rid.) licaiu.

Monroo (Tk-kett & Xotliiiajiol j ; Putiiaiu (Xayloi\ Underwood).

mXHAUMIACEAE.

Hurhdutniii aphi/Ua L.

\o spt'eiiiiciis of this plant liave been seen by the writer. However,
ProtVssor Mottior reports finding it in Monroe County and I'rofessor
Naylor rei.orts liaving scon it in I'ntnani Comity.

Fr.SSlDKXTACKAI.;.

/lri/<)zii)liiiiiii Xorrci/icuni (lirid.) Mitt.

Parke (Allen) : Putnam (Underwood).
FissUlcns (ididiifoidc.s (L. ) Iledw.

Jefferson (Young) : Wayne (Mrs. Haines).
FiHf<i(l<m.s hryoidcH (L.) Hedw.

Monroe (Pickett & Nothnagel).
Fissidens crista tus Wils.

Jeff'erson (Young a.s Fis.<<id<'n» decipcns) ; Monroe (Pickett & Notli-

nagel).
Fissidens incurvus Schwaegr.

Putnam (Naylor, Underwood).
Fissidens incurvus minutulus Austin.

Monroe ( Pickett & Nothnagel ) .
Fissidens Julianus (Savi.) Schimp.

Monroe (Mottier in Underwood as Vonomilrium ./ulinnum) ; Putnam

(Allen).
Fissiden:s obtusifoUus Wils.

Putnam (Naylor).
Fissideiis suihasilaris Hedw.

Jefferson (Young) : Putnam (Naylor) ; Wayne (Mrs. Haines).
Fissidens taxi f alius (L.) Hedw.

Monroe (Pickett & Nothnagel) : Putnam (Allen. Naylor. Underwood) :

Wayne (Mrs. Haines).

DICRANACKAE.

Plciinditmi suhnlatmn (L.) Kabenh,

I'utnam (Naylor).
Ditrichum pallidum (Schreb.) Hampe.

Jefferson (Young as Trichnstmnum pallidum): -Monroe (Pickett &

Nothnagel) ; Montgomery (Beam) : Putnam (Allen) ; Kipley (Deam) :

Spencer (Deam): Vigo (Underwood as Lcptotrichium pallidum):

Wayne (Mrs. Haines as Trichostominn pallidum),
nit rich um tortile (Schrad.) Hami)e.

Lake (Roll in T^nderwood as Lrptofrirlnim tortile) : Putnam (Naylor) ;

Six?ncer (Deam).

234 Procccdinf/s of IndUnia Academy of Science.

(UrtiloiliDi 1)111 1)11 reus (L.) Urid.

Dearborn (Deam) ; Jefferson (Youny) ; I.a!;r:itij;e (l)eiun) ; Montgom-
ery (Deam) ; Owen (Underwood) ; Putnam (Naylor. Underwood) ;
Steuben (Deam) ; Tippecanoe (Underwood) ; Wayne (Mrs. Haines) ;
Wells (Deam).

Dicranella heteromaUa (L.) Schimp.

Jefferson (Young as Dicramim heteromallum) ; Lake (Roll in Under-
wood) ; Monroe (Pickett & Nothnagel) ; Putnam (Naylor, Underwood).

Dicranella riifescens (Dicks.) Schimp.
Putnam (Underwood).

Dicranella varia (Hedw.) Schimp.

Jefferson (Young as Dicranum, varium) ; Monroe (Pickett «& Noth-
nagel ) ; Putnam ( Naylor, Underwood ) .

Dicranum flagellare Hedw.

Lake (Roll in Underwood) ; Putnam (Njiylor) ; Ripley (Deam) : Wayne
(Mrs. Haines) : AY ells (Deam).

Dicranum' fulvum Hook.
Putnam (Naylor).

Dicranum. fuscescefis Turn.
Putnam (Naylor).

Dicranum inmitanum Hedw.
Jefferson (Young).

Dicranum scoparium (L.) Hedw.

Crawford (Deam) ; Jefferson (Young) ; Martin (Deam) ; Monroe
(Pickett & Nothnagel) ; Montgomery (Deam) ; Putnam (Naylor, Under-
wood) ; Washington (Deam) : AVayne (Mrs. Haines) ; Wells (Deam).

Dicranum viride (S. & L.) Lindb.
Wayne (Mrs. Haines).

Leucohryum glancum (L.) Schimp.

Crawford (Deam) ; Floyd (Deam) ; Jefferson (Young) ; Lagrange
(Deam) ; Martin (Deam) : Monroe (Miss Nothnagel) ; Montgomery
(Deam) ; Noble (Deam) : Putnam (Naylor, Underwood as Leucohryum
vulf/nre) ; Steuben (Doam) : Wayne (Airs. Haines as Leticohryvm viil-
garc).

GRIMMIACEAE.

Hcdwigia albicans (Web.) Lindb.

Jefferson (Young as Hedwigia ciliata ) : Putnam (AUcn. Naylor) :

Wayne (Mrs. Haines as Hedwigia ciliata).
Grimmia apocarpa (L.) Hedw,

Jefferson (Young as Schistidjiuin apocarum) ; Monroe (Pickett &

Nothnagel) ; Putnam (Allen, Naylor, Underwood).
Grimma conferta Funck.

Wayne (Mrs. Haines as ^cltistidium coiifcrfHni).
Grimmia Pcnnsylvanica Schwaegr.

Wayne (Mrs. Haines).

EPHEMEB iCEAE.

Ephemervm crassinervium Hampe.

Putnam (Naylor). I

List of J ndidiKi J/o.s'.ST.s'.

TOKTULACEAE.

Wcisin viridula (L.) Hedw.

JonVrson (Young): Monroe (ricUctl iVc Not liii:ij,'cl i : I'litiiiiiii (Allen.

Xa.vlor, Underwood) ; Wnyno (Mrs. Hainos).
(li/iniiostomum citrvirosfre (Ehrh.) Iledw.

Jefferson (Young) ; Owen (T^ndc^rwood) : Putnain (Xaylor, Under-
wood) ; Wayne (Mrs. Haines).
(Ji/mnostonium nipcstre Schleich.

Jefferson (Young).
Uidymoildu ruhcllus (Hoffiu.) B. & S.

Monroe (Pickett & Notlinagel).
Jiarhula falla.r Hedw.

Wayne (Mrs. Haines).
liarhiihi iiu/juiculata (Huds.) Hedw.

Jefferson (Young) : Monroe (IMckett & N'ollinagel) : Ptitnam (Xaylor) ;

Wayne (Mrs. Haines).
liitrbuUi Kinjuicuhittt olit ii.sifolin (Scliull/. i I!. ^: S.

Monroe (Pickett & Nothnagel).
Tnrtclla cacHpitosa (Scliwaegr.) Linipr.

Crawford (Deam) : Harrison (I)eani) ; Jefferson (Deam, Young as

Ii(irbul<i caespitosa) : Montgomery (Deam) ; Putnam (Naylor) ; Scott

(Deam) ; Wayne (Mrs. Haines as BarhiiJa caespitosa) .
I'ottia truncatuJa (L.) Lindb.

Tippecanoe (Underwood as I'otlin tntucdta).
Dcumatodon Porteri James.

Perry (Deam).

ORTKOTRICHACEAE.

DrummondUt eUivcUnta Hook.

Hamilton (Wilson): Jefferson (Deam. Yoimg) : Monroe (Blatchley in

Underwood): Putnam (Xaylor): Tippecanoe (Underwood); Wayne

Mrs. Haines).
Orthotrichmn Porteri Aust.

Monroe (Pickett & Nothnagel).
Orthoirichnm atranf/ulatum Suiliv.

Jeffer.son (Young) : Wayne (Mrs. Haines).

FCNARIACEAE.

I'hi/sroinitriuni. inunrrsuin Suiliv.

Monroe (Pickett & Nothnagel).
l'ln/.sro)iiitriiiin turbinatum (Mx.) P>rid.

Hamilton (Wilson) : Jefferson (Young as I'lii/sconiitriiini fij/rifonnc) ;

Monroe (Pickett & Nothnagel): Owen ( Underwood i: Putnam (Allen.

Xaylor. Underwood I : Switzerland (Deami : TipiM^-anoe (Underwoo<l) ;

Wayne (Mrs. Haines as Physcntnitriiim pj/ri forme).
Aphaiiorlipfjma Kcrratmn Suiliv.

Putnam (N^aylor).

23G Procecd'ui(/s of IndUiiia Academy of Science.

Funaria flavicans Mx.

Monroe (Pickett & Notlmagel).

Funaria Tiygrometrica (L.) Sibth.

Crawford (Deam) ; Hamilton (Wilson) ; Jefferson (Yonng) ; Monroe
(Pickett & Nothnagel) : Putnam (Naylor, Underwood) ; Sliclhy
(Miss Deam) ; Steuben (Miss Deam) ; Wayne (Mrs. Haines) ; Wells
(Deam).

TIMMIACEAE.

Timmia mef/npolitana Hedw.

Montgomery (Barnes in Underwood).

AUr.ACOMNIACEAE.

Aulacomnium hcferostichvm (Hedw.) B. & S.

Allen (Mrs. Deam) ; Crawford (Deam) ; Harrison (Deam) : Jefferson
(Young) ; Lagrange (Deam) ; Monroe (Pickett & Nothnagel) ; Mont-
gomery (Barnes in Underwood) ; Putnam (Naylor, Underwood) ; Steu-
ben (Deam) ; Wayne (Mrs. Haines).

Aulacomnium pahistre Scliwaegr.

Jefferson (Deam. Young) ; Lagrange (Deam) ; Marshall (Deam) ;
Noble (Deam).

BARTRAMIACEAE.

Philonotis fontana (L.) Brid.

Jefferson (Young as Bartramia fontana).
Philonotis Muhlenl)ergii (Schwaegr. ) Brid.

Jefferson (Young as Bartramia Marchica) : Wayne (Mrs. Haines as

Bartramia Marchica) .
Bartramia pomiformis (L.) Hedw.

Crawford (Deam) ; Jefferson (Young) ; Lagrange (Deam) ; Monroe

(Pickett & Nothnagel) ; Putnam (Naylor, Underwood) ; Steuben

(Deam) ; Wayne (Mrs. Haines).

BRYACEAE.

Lepto'bryum pyriformc (L.) Wils.

Putnam (Naylor) ; Wayne (Mrs. Haines as Bryum pyriform,e) .

PoMia nutans (Schreb.) Lindb.

Lagrange (Deam) ; Mai'shall (Deam) ; Martin (Deam) ; Monroe (Pick-
ett & Nothnagel) ; Steuben (Deam) ; Wayne (Mrs. Haines as Bryum
nutans).

MnioJ)ryum aldican^ (Wahlenb.) Limpr.

Kosciusko (Deam) ; Putnam (Allen, Naylor) : Tippecanoe (Deam).

Bryum argent eum L.

Jefferson (Young) ; Monroe (Pickett & Nothnagel) ; Pulaski (Deam) ;
Putnam (Underwood) ; Warrick (Deam) ; Wayne (Mrs. Haines).

Bryum dimum Schreb.
Wells (Deam).

Ktii 1 : .Moiwiic

(I'i(

•keif & X

W.M.VIIC (.Mis.

Ihii

IK'S MS /.'/

Li.sl of JmliaiKi .I/o.s\r\. 2.'»7

Uri/inii (■(icspiliciinii I..

riilMimi (AllcMi. .\:i\l(ir, riidcrwodd i : W;iyiif (Mrs. ll;iiiicsi: Wells
(Deam).
liryum capillarc L.

Monroe (Pickett & N(.tliii:ii,'(>l ).
liryum inte7~medium Brid.

Moiiroo (IMckott iK: .\<.l liiiMuch : (»\\cii ( IihIciw nod i : riiliunii (.\:iy

lor) ; Wells (Doaiii).
Hiinnii pxciuJotrifiiH'triiiii (Ilcdw.) Scli\v:i('.tir.

rntiiam (Xaylor) : Wayne CNIrs. Haines).
linjum Wahlcnbergii Sclnvaesr.

Jefferson ( Young ) .
h'hodnhi-j/inn rosciim ( Weis.) Linipr.

Jefferson (Yoniiir as llnjutn

Putnam (Xaylor. rndcrwooi

um).
Mninm affinc Bland.

Gibson (Deam): Jefferson (Dcaiiii: .M<inl,L,'oni('iy ( Harnes in T'nder-

wood) ; AVayne (Mrs. Haines).
Milium affinc ciliarc (Grev.) C. M.

Harrison (Deam) ; Monroe (Pickrtl ^: .Xotlimmcl ) : Putnam (Xaylor) :

Ripley (Deam).
Mnium cuspidatnm (I>.) I^eyss.

Allen (Deam); Brown (Deam): Decatur (.Miss Deam); Dubois

(Deam); Floyd (Deam); Hamilton (Wilson); Huntiujiton (Dciinii:

Jefferson (Younsj) ; Kosciusko (Deam) ; Lii.grange (Deann ; Lawroiicc

(Deam); Monroe (Pickett & Xotluiaiid ) : ()ran,s;e (Deami; Putnam

(Allen. Naylor. Underwood i : Handol](li (Dcaui); Steuben (Deam);

Wayne (Mrs. Haines) ; Wells (Deam).
Milium marginaium (Dicks.) Beanv.

Putnam (Naylor).
Miiimn medium B. & S.

Gibson (Deam) ; Parke (Deam).
Mnium' pwictatum L.

Putnam (Naylor).
Mnium roafratum Scbrad.

Jefferson (Young) : Monroe (I'ickett .V: Xothnaiiel) : Putiiaiii (Xaylor' ;

Wayne (Mrs. Haines).

LESKEACEAE.

Thuidium dciicatuluni (L.) Mitt.

Crawford (Deam); Harrison (Deam); La.s:ran<j;e (Deam); Lawrence
(Deam) ; Martin (Deam) ; Monroe (I'ickett & Nothnagel) ; Montgomery
(Deam) ; Perry (Deam) ; Porter (Deam) ; Putnam (.Mien. Naylor. I'n-
derwood as Jliijinuin dclictil uiiiiin : Stenbeii (hcaini; Wayne (Mrs.
Haines as Ilypnuin dclicaiuUnii) .

Thuidium microphyUum (Sw.) Best.

Gibson (Deam); Jefferson (Young as II hihiiiih (iraciU): Knox
(Deam) : Lagrange (Deam) ; Martin (Deam) : Putnam (Naylor) : Rip-

238 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Hcloice.

ley (Deam) ; Steuben (Deam) : Warrick (Deam) ; Wayne (Mrs. Haines

as ITypnnm gracile).
Thnidium mhmtulum (Hedw.) B. & S.

Jefferson (Young as Hypnum rmnutulum) .
Thnidium paludosvm (Sulliv.) R. & H.

Allen (Deam) ; Lagrange (Deam).
Thnidium pygmacum B. & S.

Monroe (Pickett & Nothnagel).
"'Thnidium tamariscinum B. & S.

Jefferson (Young as Uypnnhi tiniiarisciunm) : Wayne (Mrs. Haines as

Hyp)) urn tamariscinum,) .
Thuidium. Virginianum (Brid.) Lindb.

Martin (Deam) : Putnam (Naylor) : Wayne (Mrs. Haines as Hypnnr)i

gracile Lancasfrien.se).
Leskea denticulata Sulliv.

Wayne (Mrs. Haines).
Lcsl-ea gracilescens Hedw.

Dearborn (Deam) : .Jefferson (Deam) : Knox (Deam) ; Putnam (Nay-
lor) : Ripley (Deam): Tippecanoe (Doaini: Warrick (Deam); Wells

(Deam).
Leskea ohscura Hedw.

Gibson (Deam) ; Jefferson (Young).
Leskea nervosa nigrescens (Kindb. ) Best.

Perry (Deam).
Leskea pohjcarpa Ehrh.

Putnam (Naylor) ; Wayne (Mrs. Haines).
Anomodo)) apiculatns B. & S.

Putnam (Naylor).
A))o»)odo)i. atfe)Miatns (Schreb.) Hueben.

Harrison (Deam) ; Jefferson (Young) ; Monroe (Pickett & Nothnagel) :

Owen (Deam) ; Perry (Deam) ; Putnam (Allen, Naylor) ; Wayn<j.

Mrs. Haines).
Anomodon fragiUs (?)

Wayne (Mrs. Haines).
Anomodon minor (Beauv.) Fuern.

Jefferson (Young as Aiiomodo)! (iht)isifor)ns) : Owen (Deam) ; Putnam

(Naylor): Wayne (Mrs. Ilnines as A)io»)0(lo)i ohtnsifoliv.s) ; Knox

(Deam).
Avo)))odon rostratus (Hedw.) Schimp.

Crawford (Deam): Dearborn (Deam): Jefferson (Young as Lri-.kcn

rostrata) : Hamilton (Wilson) : Monroe (Pickett & Xntluiagel i : :\IoiU-

gomery (Barnes in Underwood) : Owen (Deam. ruderwuod) : Putnam

(Naylor. Underwood) : Ripley (Deam) : Warrick (Deam) : Wayne

(Mrs. Haines) : Wells (Deam).
Anomodon fristis (Cesat.) Sulliv.

Noble (Deam) : Putnam (Naylor) : Wayne CNIrs. Haines).
Thelia asprella (Schimp.) Sulliv.

Jefferson (Young): Pnlnani (Xnyb.r): Wayne (Mrs. Haines).

*Dr. G'rout states in his -'Mosses" that this species is not known from North
America.

List of /iididna Mosses. i!J]9

Thrliii hirtcUn ( Sc-Iiimi).) Sulli\-.

.TorCorson (Young) ; Monroo (TifkL'tL iS: \othiui;,'el ) : Piiiiiinn ( Vjiylnr; :
Wayne (Mrs. Haines).

IIYPNACEAE.

BracJiyihecium acummotuvi (lledw.) Kindlt.

Dearborn (Deam) ; JcfTersun (Yuunji as lljutinini (iciniiiiinl iiin ) ; Tul-

nam (Naylor) ; Wayne (Mrs. Haines as Hiiidiiiiii (iciimiiialum).
Brachythecium acutiim (Mitt.) SiiUiv.

Knox (Deam) ; Gibson (Deam).
Brachythecium campefdre B. & S.

Wayne (Mrs. Haines as Hypnum camptxtre).
Brachythecium cyrtophiflhnn Kindb.

Wells (Deam).
Brachythecium oxycladon (lirid.)' J. & S.

Jefferson (Deam, Younj? as Hypwmn laclunt) ; Monroe ( I'ickotf & N'otli-

najjel ) : ]Mont}?omery (Karnes in T'nderwood as lliipitinii lacluiin : I'lil-

nam (Naylor. T'nderwood as Hijpnum hictiim) : SI<'u1k"ii (hcinii:

Wayne (Mrs. Haines ns Ifypnum hirtunn : Wells (Deanii.
Brachythecium plumosum (Sw.) B. & S.

Monroe (Pickett & Xothnagel) ; Putnam (Naylor).
Brachythecium rivulare B. & S.

Jefferson (Young as Hypnum rirulare).
Brachythecium rutal)ulum (L. ) B. «& S.

Monroe (Pickett & Nothuagel) ; Putnam (rnderwood as Hypnum ru-

tabulum) ; Wayne (Mrs. Haines as Hypnum niUihnlum i.
Brachythecium salcljrosum (Hoffm.) B. & S.

Crawford (Deam): Monroe (Pickett & Notluiagel i ; Putnam (Allen.

Naylor) ; Steuben (Deam) : Wayne (Mrs. Haines as Hypn/um salc-

hrosum).
Brachythecium Starkei (Brid.) B. & S.

Monroe (Pickett & Notbnagcl).
Bryhnia graminicntor (Brid.) Grout.

Putnam (Naylor).
Eurynchium hian^s (Hedw. » J. & S.

Jefferson (Young as Hypnum bians) : Pulnani (Xaylor) ; Wayne (Mrs.

Haines as Hypnum hi am).
Eurynchium serrulatum. (Hedw.) Kindb.

Crawford (Deam) ; Dearborn (Deam) : Grant (Deam) ; Harrison

(Deam) ; Jefferson (Young as Hypnum scrrulatum) ; Lagrange

(Deam) ; Monroe (Pickett & Notbnagel) ; Posey (Deam) : Putnam

(Allen, Naylor, Underwood as Hypnum mrrulatum) : Kipley (Deam) :

Wayne (Mrs. Haines as Hynum serrulaium).
Eurynchium striyosum (HotTm.) B. «& S.

.Tefferson {Young i\s Hi/ynum strigo-sunn : I'ntnaiu ( Naylor i: Wayne

(Mrs. Haines as Hypnum sdrigosum).
Eurynchium strigosmn rohuf<tum lioell.

Jefferson (Deam) ; Putnam (Naylor).

240 Pr()c<( (I'uKjs oj Jiidiaiia Arudiiinj of Science.

Ciniiihyliuin liosili ( Scli\v;ic,iii-. ) (irdul.

Crawford (I>(';iin); .IflTcrsoii ( Ymiiiu as Umnuiin lUjscii): Monroe
(Blatchlcy in rndciwnnd as Uinnnitn lloscil) ; Fntnani (Xayloi-, Fn-

derwood as /liiinuiiii Jtn.scli ) : Senrt (I •cam); Switzerland (Dcani);

Wayue (Mrs. Haines as lli/iinidii IJoscii).
Uomalotheclclla siihcipillata (llodw.) Card.

Wayne (Mrs. Haines as lIoitKilollicciinn fH(hca])iJlatum) .
Clitudciinii A incrifdiitnii lirid.

Hamilton ( Wilson i ; Jol't'erson (Youn.i;); Monroe (I'ickelt iV: Xoth-

nagel ) ; Mont.i,'nniery (l>eam) ; Owen (Deani) ; Pntnani (Allen. Xaylor,

Underw 1) : Wayne (Mrs. Haines) : Wells (Deam).

I'orolriclnnii All<'(jli>iiii(iisc ( C.^NI. ) (iront.

JettV'rson ( Vonni; as IJi/tiinnii MlrnlKiiiicn.sc) : I'ntnani (IiKU'rwood as

II IIP III! Ill AllcuJiiniiciisc).
nrcpmioclndiis fliiitdiis (Dill.) Warnst.

Wayue (Mrs. Haines as llijpmnii fliiilaiif!).
Drepatiucluduti vcriiiviisus (Lindb.) ^\'arnst. \

Noble (Deam).
Cratmieuron filicinuiii (I..) Roth.

Lagrange (Deam) : Tippecanoe (Deam).
Callicrgoii corcUfoUum ( Hedw. t Kindb.

Lagrange (Deam): Owen (Deam); Wayne (Mrs. Haines as Ifi/piniiii

cordifolium) .
Campylium chryaophiiUniii (Brid.) Brybn.

Monroe (Piclvett iV: Xotluiagel ) ; Bntnani (Naylor) ; S\\itzerlaud

(Deam).
Campyliuin Mspiduliiiii (Brid.) Mitt.

Crawford (Deam) ; Jefferson (Deam, Young as Hypninn Iiispiilnlinii) ;

Montgomery (Deam) ; Owen (Deam) ; Posey (Deam) : Pntnam (Xay-
lor) ; Scott (Deam) ; Steuben (Deam) ; Wayne (Mrs. Haines as Ihip-

num hispklulum) ; AVells (Deam).
Campylium radicale Beauv.

Montgomery (Barnes in Underwood as II y pun in nnliralc) .
Aiiihlysfcyiinii fliiviatilc (Sw.) B. & S.

Monroe (Pielcett & Notbnagi'l > ; .Montgomery (Barnes in Tiiderwood ) ;

Putnam (Naylor, Underwood i ; Kandoli»h (Deami; Shelby (Deam).
AmhlystegiAim irriguum (Wils.) B. & S.

Putnam (Naylor).
Ambly.stcgium irriguum spimfolium Sch.

Lagrange (Deam) ; Steuben (Deam).
AmUystcgiuin Juratzkanum Sehimp.

Crawford (Deam); Harrison (Dt'ann; Randolph (Deam); Steuben

(Deam).
AmWystcgium Eochii B. & S.

Decatur (Deam) ; Monroe (Picl<ett & Xothnagol).
AmUystcgiuin urthochidoti (P.B. ) Kindb.

Monroe (Pickett & Nothnagel) ; Wayne (Mrs. Haines as Uypnuin scr-

pciia ortliocUidon).

List of Indiana .\ fosses. l!41

Aiiilth/fiteyiuin ripurlum li. & S.

Decatur (Doam) ; .TolTci-soii (Vouiii; as II ni'inini riixiriinin : .Mmirni-

(Pickett and Notlnia«el ) ; Put nam (Xa.vlori.
Aiiihlifstcgiuni ficrpniti (Ij.) B. & i^.

Crawford (Doaiii l : Dearborn (Di-am); (Jrant (Deani); llauiiKon

(Wilson as Ih/iniiiiii scriiciis) ; .IcITorsoii (Young as Ilypiiiini Kcrpcns) ;

Lagrange (Doani): I'utnani ( Xaylor, Underwood); Wayne (Mrs.

liaiue-s as Ilypnutn acrprnx).
Ainhli/stcghim varium. (Iledw.) Lindli.

Lagrange (Beam) : .Monroe (PicUett & Nothnagel ) ; Jefferson (Deani) :

I'utnam (Naylor); ^^ilyne (Mrs. Haines as J/i/pnuin rariuni) ; Wells

(Deam) ; Allen (Deani) : Whitley (Deani).
II jiptimn cupressiforme L.

Hamilton (Wilson); Putnam ( Inderwood) .
Iliilinum curvifoUum Hedw.

Harrison (Deam) ; Jefferson (Young) ; Monroe (Pickett ^: Xotlinagel) ;

Putnam (Allen. Naylor).
Ih/pnum Haldaniamnn Grev.

Jefferson (Young) ; Putnam ( Xaylor i.
lliipnum imponens Hedw.

JetTerson (Young) ; Martin (Deam) ; Monroe (Pickett and X'otlmagel) :

Putnam (Naylor) ; Wayne (Mrs. Haines).
Hi/pnum I'atientiac Lindb.

Putnam (Underwood as i/y/)»M//; (ircuatinn).
Hypnum recur veiis (Mx.) Schwaegr.

Jefferson (Young).
Hypwmn riparium cariosnm (?).

Wayne (Mrs. Haines).
Hypnum serpens radicle (?).

Wayne (Mrs. Haines).
Hypnum tenuirostris B. & S.

Jefferson (Young as Hyptinm cyHndrocarpum) ; Wayne (Mrs. Haines as

Hypnum cyHndrocarpum) .
Raphidosteginm aduatum (Mx.) B. & S.

Jefferson (Young as Hypnum aduatum).
Raphidostcf/ium (UtroHnianum (CM.) J. & S.

Crawford (Deam) ; Monroe (Pickett & Nothnagel) ; Putnam (Xaylor).
Raphidostegium Carolinianum admixturti Sulliv.

Martin (Deam) ; Monroe (Pickett & Nothnagel) ; Crawford (Deam).
Plagiothecium denticulatum (L.) B. & S.

Allen (Deam) ; Putnam (Naylor).
Plagiothecium deplanatum (Sell.) Grout.

Floyd (Deam); Jefferson (Young as Hypnum deplanatum ) : Momoe

(Pickett & Nothnagel): I'utnam (Naylor); Wayne (Mrs. llaiiies as

Hypnum deplanatum ).
Plagiothecium elegans (Hook.) Sulliv.

Putnam (Naylor).
Plagiothecium geophilum Aust.

Monroe (Pickett & Nothnagel) ; Putnam (Naylor).

242 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

]'lii!/i()lh( tiinii I'oscdinim (Hampe) B. & S.

rutiiiiiu (X.iylnri: Switzorland CDeaui).
Flagiotheciinii sulnilicuiii (Iluds.) V,. & S.

Putnam (Xaylor).
Am'blijstef/icJhi adnata (Hedw.) Nichols.

Jefferson (Deam) ; Montgomery (Deam) ; Perry (Deam).
AmhhjxtegicUa confervoUlcf< (P>ri(l.) Loeske.

Perry (Deam).
Entodon hrevisetiis (H. & W.) J. & S.

Wayne (Mrs. Haines as ('i/JiiidnitlK citDu hrevistum).
Entodon cladorrhizans (Hedw.) C. M.

Jefferson (Young as Cj/lhidrothcclwn cladorrhizans) : Monroe (Pickett

& Nothnagel) ; Putnam (Allen, Naylor, Underwood) ; Wayne (Mrs.

Haines as Gylindrotheciitm cladorrhizans).
Entodon seductrix (Hedw.) C. M.

Clark (Deam) ; Dearborn (Deam) ; Jay (Deam) : Jefferson (Yoiui^^ a<

cylindrotlxcchim seductrix) ; Lagrange (Deam) ; :Monroe (Pickett &

Nothnagel) ; Noble (Deam) ; Perry (Deam) : Putnam (Allen. Naylor.

Underwood) : Warrick Deam) : Wayne (Mrs. Haines as ('i/rnKliotlu-

cium seductrix;).
Platygyrium repens (Brid.) B. & S.

Harrison (Deam); Monroe (Pickett & Nothnagel): Perry (Dc.iini:

Putnam (Allen. Naylor) ; Wayne (Mrs. Haines) : Wolls (Deam I.
Pylaisia intricata (Hedw.) R. & C.

Jefferson (Young) ; Putnam (Naylor) ; Wayne (Mrs. Haines as Piihii:<hi

velutina).
Pylaisia Schimperi H. & C.

Monroe (Pickett & Xothnagel ) ; Wayne (Mrs. Haines as I'lihiixia intri-
cata).
Pylaisia suhdcnticulata Schimp.

Wayne (Mi's. Haines as Pylaisia (Unticulata).

LEUCODONTACEAE.

Leucodon hrachypus Brid.
Wayne (Mrs. Haines).

Lcncodon julaceus (Hedw.) SuUiy.

Jefferson (Young) : Monroe (Blatchlcy in Underwood. Pickett & Noth-
nagel) ; Putnam (Naylor, Underwood) : Wayne (Mrs. Haines).

Forsstroemia Ohiocnsis (Sulliv.) Lindb.

Wayne (Mrs. Haines as Leptodon Ohiocnse) .

Forsstroemia trichomitria (Hedw.) Lindb.

Jefferson (Young as Leptodon trichotnitrion) ; Monroe (Pickett & Noth-
nagel) ; Wayne (Mrs. Haines as Leptodon trichoniitrion) .

NECKERACEAE.

Neckera pennata (L.) Hedw.
Wayne (Mrs. Haines).

FONTIiS^VLACEAE.

Fontinalis dalecarUca B. & S.

Putnam (Allen).
Fontinalis Lescurii Sulliv.

Putnam (Naylor).

243
A CirKIOlTS VARIATION IN THE COMM( ►N MIUvWEED.

C. A. Li'Dwiii, Cloiiison College.

Dnriii;,' flio first luilf of Anj,'ust, 1917. while spending a few weeks at
lioiiic. I (nniid a \aiiant niilkwood, Aiiclepias syriacn T>., wiiich was so
nnnsnal that it was roniovod to the back yard of my parents' liomo for
further observation. I>niiug the next summer, lOlS. two other simihir
]>lants were diseovered by my mother and transferred to the yard by my
father. These three plants and some seedlings from the first of the
three are now growing there. I have not seen them during the growing
season since 1917": but as tliere seems to be no prospect of my being in a
position to investigate their lieliavior soon, it appears to l)e worth while at
this time to note their occun'eiic(\ with such notes as the very imperfect
observations warrant.

The first plant was disc(»vered along the village street about a hundred
yards north of the Methodist church in the village of r.looming Grove,
Franklin County. Indiana. The distinguishing feature of the plant was
the peculiar irregularity of most of the leaf margins, with an accompanying
narrowing of the leaves. Many leaves consisted of but little more than the
midrib. They had much the appearance of having been partially eaten by
chickens, and it was only a careful examination that showed another cause
to be responsible.

The plant contained a few fruits and it seemed desirable to save seed and
determine whether or not the progeny would show the same character, but
before the seed were ripe tlie plant was cut off by some workman engaged
in mowing weeds. However, one stem with the fruits. was recovered and
placed in water. By this means a number of viable seeds was secured.
The other stems were recovered for a herbarium specimen, and the plant
itself was transplanted to the back yard.

In 1918 the peculiar leaf char.icteristic was largely absent. At best it
was represented by no more than a slight narrowing, since my mother
wrote me that I must liave obtained the wrong plant the summer before,
as the leaves were normal. Furthermore, as noted above, she found two
more abnormal plants. These were transplanted the same season near the
first one. All three of these plants have had the abnormal leaves during
the seasons of 1919 and 1920. The first one also produced seed in 1920.
Figs. 1 and 2 show the first plant as it appeared in the summer of 1919.
Fig. P. shows Nos. 2 and ?> as they appeared at the same time. Figs. 4-0
show tracings of some of the leaves of No. 1. made from the herbarium spe-
cimen already mentioned. These show clearly the extreme narrowing of
many of the leaves and the irregularities of the margins.

On April 18, 1918. one hundred four of the immature- seeds .secured the
autumn before were planted in a shallow box. A number of seedlings were
secured from them and set out a short distance from the mother plant.
Of these seedlings about a dozen are still living. None of them shows the
leaf character so evident in the parent. The leaves may possibly show a

n am iiulebted to mv mothor. ^rrs. A. C. T.n.Iwi-. inr tlio ,.l)s.'rvati.)ns made since
1017. and for the photojrraplis n'pr.idurod with this \y.\\»-r.

244

Proceeding.'^ of Indkuta Acadc/inij o/ Hciencc.

slight narrowing; but tliey are not noticeably irregular, for they ^Yere re-
ported as appearing normal.

As was mentioned above there seems to be little c-hance of my bciuj;
able at any time soon to investigate adequately the behavior of these
aberrant plants. For that reason I am willing to turn over uiy material and
notes to anyone who is willing and in a position to do the work.

Fig. 1. — T'pper part of plant No. 1, summer cf 1019.

Fig. 2. — Same plant, showinii a larger portion of the plant. Note that the

bottom and apical leaves approach the normal in shape.

Fig. 3.— TpiHM- pa It of plants 2 and 3. summer of 1919.

I Ciiriniis \'<irialion in I If Cotiniioii Milhinrd. 'IV.

Fig. 4. — Lower .•-iilc of leaf of plant No. 1 (summer. IMTi frcuii

herbarium specimen.

Figs. 5 and 6. — T'pper side of leaves from same siieiiuieii.

Figs. 4, 5, and 6 are one-half natural size.

247

SO.ME EVIDENCE IXDICATIXG THE IMPORTANCE OF I'KOST
ACTION IN WIDENING VALLEYS.

Glknn Cui.bkktson.

At several pciiits along the lower reaches of Clifty gorge in Jefferson
county, Clifty Creek in its first attempts at valley widening has eroded the
sides of the valley to such an extent as to cause more or less extensive
landslide areas. In the case of several of these, the naked soil and rock are
exposed for a horizontal distance of several hundred feet, and vertically
s(>veral scores of feet. About one-half mile from the Madison and Hanover
road across the mouth of the valley, there is such an erosion area on the
slope facing west. Near the south end of this exposure a large mass of the
original rock extends out into the vaUey. as may be seen by referring to
the figure.

The formation into which the stream is cutting at this point is that of the
Lorraine shales of the Ordovician. At this horizon the Lorraine is com-
ixised of alternating layers of limestone from one to three inches in thickness
and comparatively soft blue shale comprising at least 75 per cent of the
whole. At the point "A" in the figure, the stream at every flood stage imder-
cuts (he steep slope and removes all debris consisting of broken lime stone
and shale resulting from the weathering of the exposure. The projection
at "B" is composed of the same material as that at "A", and is from its
position especially exposed to the action of the stream at flood stage and
thruout its course in the two mile gorge the stream gradient is high.

"Why has this projection "B" been able to endure while a similar material
both upstream and down has been carried away? In the judgment of tlic
writer, it is due to the fact that a spring emerges from the hillside above,
the waters of which flow over the projecting rocks at "B", and not only pre-
vents freezing, but keeps them uniformly at the same temperature and
moisture. The part '"B" which stands out some twelve or fourteen feet be-
yond the part "A" and at least six feet beyond the part "C which is com-
pletely protected from the force of the flood waters by the projection, is
kept well covered by the spring waters at all times. The difl:erence in the
rate of valley widening here which is quite marked, is probably due to
two, if not three processes. First and foremost is frost action. The
alternate freezing and thawing which occurs many times during the winter.
loosens annually large quantities of material from the steep sloi>e at "A"
which is entirely unprotected by vegetation. The Spring floods i)eriodically
remove this. Some material of this sort, however, is loosened and accumu-
lated during the summer and autumn. Hence another cause of weathering
must be sought, that does not take place at "B". Alternate expansion and
contraction due to change in temperature is responsible for part of this
work, but in the writers judgment, alternate wetting and drying, which
takes place many times during the summer, may be equally as efficacious.

At two other points in Jefferson Coimty, a similar protective influence of
the waters of springs has been noticed. In these cases the formations
protected were resistant Devonian limestones, and the mass of the pro-
jecting area was not nearly so great as in the case of the less resistant

248

Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

liorraiiie shales described above. These were sufficiently striliing, however,
to indicate that all such weathering agencies us the above, probably have
much more to do with the widening of valleys in native rock formations
than has been generally conceded.

xh

'^HhjELik_

Photo shdwing character of materials at a and b.

Rough Sketch of Bed of Clifty rreek Showing Special Feature uf b.

249

IM.AXATIO.X STKKA.M I'lKACV

BY

CrA'DE A. IMaloit.

Tntrodnction.

Definition of (Stream P i ra r i/. -i^trvam ])iriicy is not ati uncommon phase
of stream ndjiistment dnrins Ihc dovcloidiiont of tlie erosion cycle. Stream
piracy consists of the diversion of n jtorllon of a stream system usually hj
the encroachment of a portion of a more vigorous stream system. Thus
the drainage area of the more vigorous stream is enlarged at the expense
of the weaker stream. This encroahcment and divei-sioii take place slowly
liy stream adjustment during the development of the erosion cycle. Stream
piracy has nothing in common with stream derangement. Streams are fre-
((uently thrown out of their normal courses by such proces.>-es as glaciation
vtdcanism, deposition of sand by the wind, etc.. but such stream derange-
ment is not considered as a phase of stream adjustment and does not
come under the term stream piracy. Stream piracy and stream derange
nicnt are very different physiographic processes.

Types of ^trc(i)n Pinicii. — lii-oadly speaking there are three types of
stream piracy which may accompany stream adjustment. The most com-
mon, perhaps, is the headward erosion type. A condition favoring the devel-
opment of this type is the cuesta where vigoi'ous streams flow down the
steep scarp. Such streams are frequently able to etch their way by
headward erosion through the frontal scarp of the cuesta and divert the
head-waters of more sluggish streams upon the back-slope. Examples of the
headward erosion type have been described by Gilbert. Davis, Darton,.and
others. Probably the most famous examples of the headward erosion type
.-ire Kaaterskill and Plaaterskill creeks on the frontal scarp of the fatskill
.Mountains. Here these streams have undercut the headwaters of Schoharie
(^reek on the back-slope of the cuesta. A notable case of this kind in south-
ern Indiana has recently been described by the writer.* Muddy Fork of
Silver Creek of Clark and AVashington counties lias taken some 35 square
miles of the drainage basin of one of the forks of Blue River. In this case
the pirate stream had its beginning on the steep slope of the Knobstone
escarpment. This form of headward erosion piracy usually gives rise to a
barbed drainage pattern. Another form of headward ero.sion piracy is
common in such mountains as the Appalachians, where not doubt the trellis
drainage patterns so prevalent have been brought about by stream adjust-
ment in which headward erosion piracy has played the chief role. The
ca.se of the Shenandoah liiver and Beaverdam Creek near Snickers Gap in
the Harpex's Ferry locality as described by Willis is a classical example of
this form of headward erosion stream piracy.

A second type of stream i)iracy may be called the subterranean tyix?.
This type is fairly c(tmmon in limestone regions where subterranean drain-
age exists. A favorable condition is considerable relief of the limestone

i"Some special Physiographic Features of the Knobstone Cuesta region of
southern Indiana — An Example of E.xplanafor.v Physiography," Proceedings of the
Indiana Academy of Science, 1919.

250

Procccdinr/s of Indiana Academy of Science.

area. Subterranean piracy is dependent upon differential work of tlie
surface streams in tlieir downward cutting. Tliose stream basins or portions
of stream basins wliich are relatively high above neighboring stream basins
in limestone regions are subject to diversion by subterranean piracy. The
most notable case yet described is that described by Beede in his paper
on the "Cycle of Subterranean Drainage, as Illustrated in the Bloomington,
Indiana, Quadrangle." published in the Proceedings of the Indiana Acad-
emy of Science, 1910. In this case several s(iuare miles of the upi>er por-

OUTLINE MAP OF
MONROE AND LAWRENCE
COUNTIES INDIANA
SHOWINC LOCATION 0F\
DETAIL AAAP OF TH£
CUT-OFF PLANATION
PIRACY

tion of Indian Creek drainage basin have been diverted by subterranean
piracy into the more deeply intrenched streams on either side of the head-
waters of Indian Creek.

The third type of stream piracy is the type with which the present
paper deals. It is commonly found where a larger stream has reached the
stage of maturity in an area of considerable relief. By the lateral planation
of the mature main stream a nearly parallel minor stream may be literally
cut into two streams, each entering the master stream independently. The
upijer part of the once continuous stream will enter the main stream at the
place where the master stream invaded the valley of the minor stream.
The lower part of the minor stream will be left in a valley far too large

PIdiKilioii >'^trr(nii /'iidci/. 251

for il. This form of stream piracy is less froquently soon in stroains whiili
iirc .•ii»i(roximatoly o<iual in sizt>. Wlioro suoli cases occur it is pnihaliic
that one stream does not cause tlie |)irMcy by lateral pianation more than
the otlier, l)ut they may he mutually lesponsihle. In any case the stream
whicli is deeper accpiires the drainage of tlie other. Since tiiis type of
piracy talies place on acc(»unt of lateral planation. usually hy the major
more mature stream, it is here proposed that this tyix' of stream piracy
Ik' called planation piracy.

A Tyiilcdl Cane of Planation stream Piraci/.

Location and Gco(/rai)liy.— The area which affords a typical example of
planation stream piracy lies mainly in southern Monroe County, Indiana.
.V topographic map of the locality accompanies this paper. The area as
iMai>i)ed laps somewhat over into Lawrence County. Some seven square
miles are included in the mapped area, the larger part of which lies in T.
7 X.. K. 1 W. The portion of the area in Lawrence County lies in the next
township to the south. A small portion of the mapped area is included in
the extreme southeastern part of the Bloomington Quadrangle area. The
case of piracy is about two and one-half miles east of Harrodshurg station
and just south of the little village of Fairfax. The area is some twelve
to fourteen miles south of P.loomlngton.

The area is cut by the intreiu^hed valley of Salt Creek. The valley on
approaching the area from the north makes an abrupt turn to the west and
northwest, and then again turns to the south when within three-fourths
of a mile of Harrodshurg station. It leaves the area trending in a
southeasterly direction. The.se abrupt turns in the valley of Salt Creek
have given rise to an upland mass of land partly surrounded by Salt
Creek valley. The individual drainage of the upland is by rather minor
streams, chief among which are Upper and Lower Cut-off creeks. These
streams are not more than two miles in length. Clear Creek which heads
near Bloomington enters Siilt Cx'eek near the southwest corner of the
mapped area.

The area is rather sparsely .settled and most of the steeper slopes are
wooded. The gently rolling upland area and the broad valley of Salt Creek
are under cultivation, but no part of the area is attractive from the stand-
point of agriculture.

Topof/raphj/ and Relief. — The topography is shown specifically upon the
accompanying topographic map which has been prepared to show the out-
standing topographic features and their relationships. The area has a max-
imum relief of slightly over 250 feet, extending from the valley of Salt
Creek which has an elevation of about HOO feet to the higher parts of the
upland which reach an elevation of 750 feet or slightly more above sea
level. Towards the east side this maximum relief of 250 feet is attained
immediately between the valley and the upland. The chief topographic
feature is the deeply cut. but flat-bottomed valley of Salt Creek. This valley
ranges in width from al)out one-fourth of a mile to a mile. In places this
valley is flanked by terraces which are from 10 to 40 feet in height above
the i)resent flood-plain. For the most part the upland rises abruptly from
the valley floor with an ascent varying from 125 to 250 feet. The upland

252 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

is sharply trenched by minor stream development. The npland spaces
between the minor stream valleys are rather gently rolling or flat, with
some development of shallow sinkhole topography.

Geologic Conditiom and PhymograpJiic Development of the Locality. —
Since an miderstanding of the geology of a locality is frequently quite essen-
tial in the interpretation of the topographic forms present a brief sketch
of the geology will be given here. The upland mass is comix>sed chiefly
of solidified Mississippian rocks of Keokuk and Warsaw age, covered over
with a thin soil mantle except where the slopes are quite steep. Small
deposits of late Tertiary gravel are present on the upland adjacent to
Salt Creek valley. Salt Creek valley is partly Idled with Pleistocene
and recent alluvial material.

The rocks of Keokuk age are massive to thin bedded iniimre sandstones
and sandy shales, all usually of a bluish color, consisting of the upper
part of the so-called Knobstone group of rocks. These sandy shales and
argillaceous, fine-grained sandstones are mainly exposed on the steep
slopes of the area. More than 200 feet of the Knobstone rocks are ex-
posed on the steep sloi^es on the eastern side . of the area. Everywhere
on top of the upland the clastic Knobstone rocks are covered with the
thin to massive bedded Harrodsburg limestone of Warsaw age. The con-
tact of this limestone with the Tinderlying Knobstone is about 740 above
sea level at the east side of the area, about 650 feet in the middle of the
area, and about 580 feet in the hill east of the mouth of Clear Creek near
the southwest corner of the area. With these figures in mind, reference
to the topographic map will show that practically all of the tillable upland
is on the Harrodsburg limestone. This limestone has a total thickness of
about 90 feet, but only in one or two localities in the mapped area is the
total thickness to be found. This limestone area is covered by a red soil
in and on which are quantities of chert which has weathered from the
limestone.

The dip of the Mississippian rocks may be computed from the figures
given above on the contact of the Harrodsburg limestone and the Knob-
stone rocks. The dip is mainly west, or slightly south of west. The rate
of dip is variable, being abnormally great in the eastern half of the area.
There, the dip amounts to something like 80 feet to the mile, while in the
western half of the area the dip has subsided to approximately the normal
amount of 35 feet to the mile. The extraordinary dip at the eastern side
of the area is probably because of proximity to a considerable structural
disturbance a short distance east of the mapped area.

The region is a dissected plain. The topographic map shows distinctly
the general level of the plain in the gently rolling to flat upland inter-
stream spaces. This upland plain is about 7G0 feet above sea level at the
eastern side of the area. It inclines to the west where it has an elevation
of about G75 feet. This plain as preserved in the area is a portion of a
more extensive one developed on the rather resistant Harrodsburg lime-
stone which caps the upland area. The Harrodsburg limestone capping
has protected the underlying easily eroded and weathered Knobstone rocks.
Since this partly preserved plain' inclines practically with the dip of the
Harrodsburg limestone upon which it is developed, it may be regarded as
a structural plain. It may al.so be called a structural peneplain, since it is

PldiKifion ^Iranii Piriir-i/. 2.":!

;i plain devolopod on tlu> slriicliii-al level of tin* IIarro(lshnr« limestone iiy
Ihivial a.i,'encies. It owes its lU'eservation as a plain to tlio rather superini-
resistance of the limestone Id mechanical denudation, and to the fact that
its snhterranean drainage in llie limestone has temporarily greatly retarded
lis tluvial destruction. Where the streams have cut through the Harnids-
liiiri,' limestone into the mechanically non-resistant Knohstone rocks tliey
are flanked by very steep slopes, having angles of 20 to HO degrees from
the horizontal. This sliaip stream trenching is Muite characteristic of
Knohstone topography.

The structural plain developed on the Harrodshurg limestone extends
miles eastward from th(> area, and rises directly with the strata in that
direction. But less and less of the interstream surface is level to tlie east-
ward; and tinally the Harrodshurg limestone ceases to be present, though
the plain itself has risen l<i an elevation (tf 1)00 to 1.000 feet above sea
level. The divides in this lii.uli-lc\cl area are rather sharp, but have even
crests of approximately the s:niie elevation. This area furnislies a most
excellent example of mature Iop<igrai)hy. This maturely dissected area
which reaches elevations of iiod to l.ooo feel above sea level is probably
representative of the earlier Tertiary tluvial i>eneplain, and may be cor-
related with the Highland Kim pene])lain of Kentucky and Tennessee. The
Highland Kim iieneplain renniants represent the highest level attaine:!
in Indiana. In the region in question no part of the area reaches up to
the Highland Rim level. P<utious of the structural plain, however, probably
represent a later more local peneplain of fluvial origin. This level has an
elevation of 650 to 700 feet. The presence of old stream gravels at these
elevations on the upland a<l.jacent to the valley of Salt Creek is evidence
of local peneplanation. These gravels were noticed near the higher place-;
on the ridge in section 34. l)etween Salt Creek and Lower Cut-olf Creek.
They are probably of latest Tertiary age, having been deposited as alluvial
gravels previous to the uplift which is ordinarily believed to have ushered
in the Pleistocene.

The Pleistocene uplift was responsible for the stream trenching of the
area. This uplift allowed Salt Creek to intrench itself into the uplifted
land mass 150 feet or more below the stream gravels of late Tertiary age
Stream trenching was considerably greater than the difference in the eleva
tion of the present graded valley and the old gravels, since the. present
valley is partially filled with Pleistocene gravels, sands, and silts. It is
filled some 50 to 80 feet below the present stream level. The upper part of
the Pleistocene valley filling has been partly removed and reworked by the
meandering stream over the over-broadened valley-flat. Terraces ranging
in height from a few feet to over -10 feet above the present flood plain indi-
cate that the Pleistocene filling of the intrenchesd valley has been partly
removed. This Pleistocene valley material is composed largely of material
derived from the rocks in which the valley is cut. but a portion of it is dis-
tinctly outwash material from the Illinois glacial lobe which came as far
south as the headwaters of Salt Creek at the northern and northeastern
limits of the triangular-shaped unglacial area in southern Indiana.

The Xamr of Cut-Off I'iracii. I'pper and Lower Cut-off creeks are two
small streams shown on the map accompanying this paper, and the names
are applied to the streams for the first time, in this paper. These names

254 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

were suggested from the name. "The Cut-off", applied to a sag-like opening
or col in the south half of section 35, which appears on Siebenthal's map of
Monroe County published in 1895. In this paper the liberty is taken of
making the term apply specifically to the sag, the expression "The Cut-
off Col" being used. Since the col has resulted from a physiographic action
in which a formerly continuous stream was divided into two sections, the
term "Cut-oft"" has been applied to each section, the upper section or stream
being named Upper Cut-oft" Creek and the lower section or stream being
named Lower Cut-off Creek. The physiographic action which divided the
parent stream into Upper and Lower Cut-off creeks was lateral planation
or the side-wise swinging of Salt Creek in the process of widening its
valley. This process took place in such a degree that Salt Creek actually
invaded the territory of the parent Cut-oft" Creek and the upper part was
diverted. Thus this case of planation piracy may well be called "Cut-off
Piracy".

Evidence of Diversion of Upper Cut-off Creek. — That the valleys of
Upper and Lower Cut-off creeks were once one continuous valley and the
drainage of the present two stream systems was once a unit, is seen in the
present courses of the streams and the existence of the low sag which sep-
arates them. Upper Cut-off Creek, arising in the southeastern quarter of
section oO. flows west bearing slightly to the northward. In the southeast
quarter of section 35 near Phillips School, it turns abruptly through a flat-
bottomed opening and passes northward over the flat flood plain at Salt
Creek to Salt Creek channel near Fairfax. (Figures 1 and 2.) Lower
Cut-off Creek heads in a great sag. here called the Cut-off Col, one-fourth
mile west of where Upper Cut-off Creek debouches upon the flood plain of
Salt Creek. (Figures 3 and 4.) After extending west for three-fourths of
a mile the valley of Lower Cut-off Creek turns southward and opens
into Salt Creek valley. The upper part of Lower Cut-off Creek valley is
directly in line with the valley of T'pper Cut-oft" Creek. It may be said that
Upper Cut-off Creek has no valley after making the abrupt turn north-
ward through the opening at Phillips School, as it there debouches uiwn the

Fig. I. View showing Upper Cut-oft" Creek where it turns abruptly north-
ward through the narrow, flat-bottomed opening at Phillips School.

PlunuiUm t<lrcaiii I'irdcj/.

Fig. 2. View of the flat-bottomed opening tlirough which Upper Cut-olf
Creek enters onto the wide flo()d plain of Salt Creek at Phillips School.
Salt Creek flood plain is confluent with this flat-bottomed opening, and
is beyond the projecting spurs of upland shown at either side of the
view.

valley-flat of Salt Creek. The alignuiont of the valleys of the two streams,
the presence of Cut-off Col between the valleys, the ending of the valley
of I'piXM- Cut-oft" Creek where the stream turns northward at Phillips
School, the more sharply trenched condition of the upper valley, the under-
sized stream in the broad gently-sloping lower valley, and the great semi-
circular bend of the steep south bluff of the entrenched valley of Salt Creek
show clearly that a once continuous stream has been divided and the
upper portion caused to empty into Salt Creek valley several miles farther
upstream than where the drainage formerly entered. This condition un-
doubtedly resulted from the rather extraordinary widening of Salt Creek
valley in the Phillips School locality by lateral planation.

Conditions ^Yhich Favored the Cut-off Piracy.— X number of conditions
favored the Cut-off planation piracy. The parent Cut-off Creek flowed
almost parallel with Salt Creek in its westward direction near Fairfax.
This parallelism was not an extraordinary thing in this small stream, as
the southward turn of Salt Creek valley allowed it to come into Salt Creek
in a normal manner. (The southward turn of Lower Cut-off Creek is rather
exceptional, as it causes the parallelism of the two streams to continue a
greater distance than it otherwise would : but a discussion of this condition
is not essential to the present problem.) Lateral planation is a normal
action taking place in valleys which have reache<l the mature stage. But
the conditions in the vicinity of Fairfax are rather favorable for an un-
usual amount of lateral planation. The valley here makes an abrupt bend
somewhat greater than a right angle. Such a turn should normally cause
the waters of the valley to impinge against the outside valley-wall, or in
this case on the south bluff. Tt may be noticed that the valley is much

256 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

wider in the vicinity of Fairfax than it is for several miles either above
or below this locality. No terraces flank the south side of the valley
here, but on the inside of the great valley-bend more than the usual amount
of terrace material is present. This abrupt turn of the valley certainly
favored lateral planation on the outside of the great bend. The extra-
ordinary concave bluff-line, with its farthest south extension near Phillips
School, is a rather striking indication of the concentration of waters against
the south side of the valley.

Another feature which enters into the problem is the fact that there
hab been much more water flowing in Salt Creek valley at times during
the past than there is at present. Salt Creek is a small sluggish stream
meandering in a valley rather too large for it. The Pleistocene valley-fill
material and the flanking terraces are proof that the valley once was a
sluice-way for the exit of glacial waters. No doubt during the melting
seasons of the glacial ice near the headwaters of this valley, the valley was
in a highly flooded condition, and the stream that occupied it was much
larger than the present one. Lateral planation must have taken place on a
much greater scale during this time than at present. The much larger
Pleistocene stream must have brushed all outside turns of the meandering
valley with considerable vigor. The great curve cut out in the south blutf
south of Fairfax must have been made during this time, as the curve
seems unusually large to have been made by the present rather feeble
stream. The present position of the stream channel has no relation to this
great curve. In one or two meanders in the flood-plain the present stream
does come against the south bluff in the northern part of section 36, but
this touching of the bluff in these two places has not yet destroyed the
symmetry of the great curve in the wall-like bluff.

There is a strong probability that the parent Cut-off Creek received a
small tributary from the northeast in the vicinity of the present site of
Phillips School. The territory of this stream was invaded by the over-
widened valley of Salt Creek. The sags, one near the center of section 35
and one in the N. W. quarter section 35. are indications that the upper
portions of two small tributaries of Cut-off Creek became engulfed in the
widened valley of Salt Creek. In the case, however, of the tributary
which came in near the present site of Phillips School, the whole of the
area of the tributary became a part of Salt Creek valley. When the great
curve had advanced far enough to come into the valley of Cut-off Creek or
approach it through the valley of the tributary, piracy of the upper part
of the parent Cut-off was effected. It is believed that the piracy was
effected during the Pleistocene period.

Static Rejuvenation of Upper Cut-Oft Creek Basin. — The virtual division
of the parent Cut-off Creek into Upper and Lower Cut-off creeks allowed
the drainage waters from about 260 acres to enter Salt Creek directly, in-
stead of having to flow some two miles farther before entering Salt Creek
valley. Upper Cut-off Creek at the time of its diversion must have been
perched 00 to 95 feet above Salt Creek valley. This is specifically indi-
cated by the elevation of the old abandoned portion of the parent stream
valley which is now the divide between LTpper and Lower Cut-off creeks.
(Figure 3.) The valley of Salt Creek at the place of the entrance of
Upper Cut-offCreek upon it is 515 feet above sea level. The abandoned

Planation Stream Piracy. '17u

IKirtioii (if tlic iiiiioiif stream valley at the Cnt-ofT Col is HOrt foct almvo sea
lc\cl. Tlic c.I is thus SO feet higher than the valley-flat of Salt (M-eek.
I'.iit tiie col is at present some distance west of the place where tlic jaracy
was etfeetod. and in that distance the parent stream had a r.ill of 10 to 1,"
feet. Thus. Upper Cut-off Creek at the time it was diverted was jicrched
!M) to 95 feet ahove Salt Creek flood-plain. At the time of divcisioii tiie
waters of Upper Cut-off Creek entered Salt Creek valley over a fall !m> to
it") feet high. This fall may have endured for some time, hut the nature
of the rock is such that the fall could not have persisted. The rocks are
easily eroded and weathered, and there are few or no ledges of superior
hardness. The correction of this iRH-uliar gradient of tlie diverted stream
has deei)ly entrenched the valley, having cut it some 90 to 95 feet deeper
Ilia II the valley of the parent stream. Thus the Upper Cut-off Creek drain-
age hasin furni.shes an excellent example of a stream basin that has been
statically rejuvenated.*

Migmiion of the Cuf-Off Col.- At the time that the parent Cut-off stream
was divided into two parts by the lateral planation of Salt Creek the
divide between the two parts \<'as probaldy immediately west of the place
where the cut-off was effected. The rejuvenation of the upper stream
basin was followed by its Intrenchment far below the former fairly well
graded valley-level. Tiie tributary stream which comes in from the south
near Phillips School was probably for a time a tributary to Lower Cut-
off Creek. But the rejuvenation brought about b.v the piracy gave rise to
a condition favorable fin- normal beadward erosion piracy. Rainwash
and gullying on the west brought about the capture of the somewhat slug-
gish stream from the south, thereby enlarging the basin of Upper Cut-off
Creek. Headward erosion continued westward down the course of the par-
ent stream, and the small ravines on either side were captured in succes-
sion. The divide has now migrated by this headward erosion process about
one-fourth mile west of its original i)ositioti at the time the planation piracy

Fig. 3. View directly across the '"Cut-off Col" from the south. The small
ravine at the left is the very head of Lower Cut-off Creek.

"C. A. Malott, Static RcjuvcUiition, Scionop, Xew Series, Vol. LIT. N... i:W8, Aug.
20, 1920.

LTkS /'roccrdiiif/K of Indidiui Aaidoini of Science.

Vig. 4. ()ltli(|uc \u'w across the "Cut-off Col" from the soiithwest. The
deeply intrenched reversed draiuasje of the Invadin.i: portion of Upper
Cut-off Creek is shown in the hack-f^round.

took phice. Thus, tliis planation piracy started uormal successive head-
ward erosion i>iracy." Tliis type of piracy is uot yet complete in tlie area.
Otlier small ravines to the west of the col will eventually he taken into
the upper stream system. This successive piracy proceediufj down the
cour.si' of the old parent stream will continue until the gradients of the new
reveised stream and Lower Cut-off Creek are in a balanced condition. Thus
Cut-off Col may be expected to migrate west of its present position prob-
ably as much as a half-mile before the balanced condition is attained.

The whole basin of former Cut-off Creek had an area of some 1,040
acres. Inanediately following the planation piracy this area was divided
into an upper basin of api>roximately 2<tO acres in area and a lower basin
of about ISO acres. On account of the headward erosion piracy following
the ]ilanation piracy. T'pper Cut-oft" Creek stream system now consists of a
drainage basin of approximately 400 acres in area, while the lower
stream ba.sin has dwindled to approximately 040 acres in area. AVhen the
gradients of the present invading portion of the upper stream and the lower
stream have reached a balanced condition, it is probable that the basins
of the two stream systems will be approximately ecpial. as it appears that
some T_'() acres in area will be taken from the lower system by the invad-
ing part of the upper system.

A^ummari/ and Conclusion.

The subject matter of this paper is introduced by a definition of stream
piracy and a classification of the tyi)es. The classification simply defines

^The writer has described a ease of suecessive headward erosion stream piracy
in detail in a paper entitled "Some Special Physiographic Features of the Knob-
stone Cuesta Region of Southern Indiana", Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of
Science, 1919. The expression "successive lieadward erosion piracy" is rather
bunglesome, but should be easily understandable.

I'hiiKilioii SIrrdiH /'iidcj/. L'.")!)

the fairly ooninion typos of strosiin piracy as phases of sircam adjust inciil.
'rii(> ideas itroscntod are probably not new. hut they ate <(iii\ ciiiciit ly lii(piii,'lit
lo^clii.T and fairly ch-arly stated and dilferentiatrd. Tli.' liiriM- types of
piracy hri<'tly ai'e the lieadward erosion type, the sulilerraiiean lyiie. and
tiie iiianation type. The main body (tf tlie pai>er deals with the details of
the planation type of piracy. Following the method chosen by the writer
as the most satisfactory method in presentin;; a physiot;iai>hic subject, a
complete view of the area is j^iven before the details of the main subject are
presented. The jjeographic position, the topo}j;raphic condition, the perti-
nent fjeolofjio factors and the physiosraphie development of the area are
liresented in order before the details of the stream piracy are undertaken.

rianation piracy consists of the diversion of tiie upper portion of a
stream by the invasion of its valley by the lateral planation of a neinh-
borinj; stream. Tsually the diverted stream is a minor stream and the
pirate stream is much larjier and is widening its valley by lateral plana-
tion. The case dc^scribed is that of Cut-off Creek in southern Monroe
County. Indiana, a short distance east of Harrodsbnrg. It is shown that
till' topographic condition of the area, the cour.ses of the streams con-
cerned, and the passage of glacial waters down the ctmrse of the master
stream (though the area is distant from the glaciated portion of the
state), were important factors favoring the development of the piracy.
The principle of static rejuvenation is applied to the diverted and revived
rpper Cut-off Creek. It is shown that the rejuvenation of the stream basin
brou.ght about l)y its diversion gave opportunity for further piracy to take
place; but pirac.v of the headward erosion type. The upper, diverted part
of the parent stream lias grown at the expen.se of the lower part.

I'lanation stream piracy is rather common. An excellent example is
shown on the I.,ockport. Kentucky. Quadrangle, where Kentucky River has
invaded the drainage basin of Cedar-Sawdridge Creek and diverted that
stream S(»me three and one-half miles above its former entrance into the
main stream. The lower portion of the divided valley is occupied by I'oiid
Creek, a stream far too small for the size of the valley. Judging from
the present gradient of Cedar-Sawdridge Creek, this stream at the time of
its diversion was approximately tU) feet higher than Kentucky Uiver at
the place of diversion. The old valley at the divide between Pond Creek
and the .small reversed stream that is etching its way into the I'ond
Creek .system is approximately (>(> feet above the Kentucky River. A
potential case of planati(m piracy is shown on the Buckliorn, Kentucky.
(,)uadrangle. which in many respects resembles Cut-off Piracy. Mace Fork
Creek, like Cut-off Creek is small. It will be divided into approximately
e(|ual i>arts. or rather far up stream. When the Kentucky River finishes
culling the narrow divide between Mace Creek valley and its own valley.
the I'piKM- part of Mace Creek will enter Kentucky River as a waterfall
aipproximately 110 feet high, a fall similar to the fall of the newly diverted
Ippi'r Cut-off Creek. Salisbury, and Atwood !> Professional Paiier No.
00. r. S. (Jeol. Surv.. call attention to Couler Valley North of DubiKpie. Iowa,
which is described as the former line of the discharge of Little Ma(pioketa
River, which stream was diverted principally by the planation of the
Mississippi River. Bowman* has described a case in detail along the Huron

*Isaiah Bowman, "A Typical Case of Slroaiii-Caiiturc in >fii-lii^r;ni". .Tinniial
of Geology, Vol. XI, pp. 326-334, 1904.

260 Procced'uHjs of Indiana Academy of Science.

River in Michigan, and calls attention to a niuuber of otlier cases tliat
have been described. Bnt in this paper this particular type of stream
piracy is given the name planation siream piracy. The ease of the Cut-off
planation piracy is a clear one, as is shown by the accompanying topo-
graphic map. It has in it all the phases of any case of planation stream
piracy. For these reasons the Cut-off planation piracy may well serve as
the type case of planation stream piracy.

261

WHAT IT rs "I'oi'- ix I'oi' couxv

■R. TT. f'AHK and K. F. Iviri,i:v, riinluo Hiiivcrsify.

"Wliiit inits tlic ■]>(>]}' in po]) cni-iiV" is a (|iiostion which is often jokod
ahont and one wiiicii seems nevei' lo lia\e hcen eonsidered seriously enough
lo lead (() any in\ cstiiiat ien. Some think tlie std)ject is not worth study
while others look npon it as (aie of tiio mysteries of nature which can never
he unfolded and to them it is in the same class as the question. "Why is
the grass green"? Top ('(nii has Ix-en a very popular food from very early
times and is Itecoming more common as improved methods of preparation
render it more and more appetizing.

Theories o/ I'oppijif/.

The writer formerly was led to think the cause and degree of popping was
in proportion to the hygroscopic water contained in the corn when heated,
but a little investigation convinces one that popping is quite independent of
the water content except between very wide limits, besides other kinds of
corn such as dent or sweet do not pop wide open ;it any moisture content.
Some have thought the action to be similar to that of Professor Anderson's
puffed corn or wheat, etc., in which the outer covering holds tenaciously
enough to expand without breaking. This, however, is not the case with pop-
corn as it is possible to di'ill holes in the grain or slit the sides of the hull
with a sharp knife and still have the grain pop wide open on being heated
in a proper way.

Scope of Investigation.

The study of this subject is still going on but the points investigated so
far concern mainly the mositure and protein contents, percent of popping,
time of heating for best popping, microscopical appearance of popped and
unpopped corn and changes in composition after popping.

The 50 corn samples tested were secured from various sources. Many
were from the farmers who grew the corn, some were ol)tained in grocery
stores in different Indiana towns. They were mostly of the rice corn
variety. Some of the samples are known as Australian Hulless. and some
as California Golden. The percent of moisture, pop and protein content of
the samples are given in the table which follows :

262

Prorir(]inf/s of Indiiiini Ac(i(l( iiii/ of Srirnrr.

Table 1 Shn

inn<, I'm;

,// nj MniHi.

Sa

lliplc No.

1

Moisture

S 9
8.15

4

8.21

(■)

8.41
8 20

7

9 42

s
0

8.18
7 . 38

10

9 . 93

11

10.75

12

1 1 . 28

i:i

10 84

14

11.18

ir,

1 1 25

K)

12.45

17

8 . 83

18

10.38

19

1 1 . 37

20

8.20

21

8.7

22

9.08

23

9.12

24

9.0

»

25

8.27

20

9.14

27

8.95

2S

9 . 53

21)

9.70

;iO

8.50

31

9.45

32

11.79

33

12.3

34

10.22

35

11.97

30

14.67

37

10.71

38

10.58

39

9.39

40

8.95

41

8.88

42

8.76

43

10.59

44

8.64

45

7.57

46

8.78

47

7.85

48

8.78

49

10.31

50

8.71

51

7.70

52

9.57

I'up

a, I, I /'ml, in n
op Prut

90.5
95 ()

86,

9 ' 42
82 . 5
98 3
80 . 5
8:-! 5

94 ()

95 ()
80 0
78 ()

91 ()
56 ()
84 ()
87 ()

92 ()
74 ()
83.0
76 . 5
83 . 5
(■)9 0
77 5
69 ()
83 5
89 . 5
80.0
72 . 5
89 . 5

Oi).

0

95.

0

89.

0

92

0

58 .

0

()9
90

;-|

87

0

81.

0

85,

5

88

,0

88

0

74

.0

63

.0

83

f)

85

A)

83

.0

85

.-,

74

.Q

12
1 'J

5

1 o
13

5

10

7

13

1

13

1

11

5

9

4

10

0

10

()

11

7

11

2

12.

3

8.

s

U.

8

13.

2

13

0

13

(')

12

3

13

8

11

5

13

4

s

9
2

11

()

14

.4

14

.0

11

.6

12

8

13

4

11

.6

12

.1

13

3

s

3

11

0

12

.6

11

. 7

12

s

13

4

13

.4

11

.4

It was fniiiul tliat the time (■(iusiiuumI in iiopimi,:,' had
the t'ompU'teiu'.ss to wliicli any sain|ilc ot corn could lie
test a (lefiuite anionut of coi-u i'.'M c ci in a siicct iron ]
used and diffei'eut heats of j;as tiauic applied, tlie t
1 to a minutes. It was fouinl the best results were
poppinj; was tiiushed in 2.5 to .". nniiutes. This was obta

uch to do with
ppcd. For this
lier was always
■ varyini;- from
ured when the
■d by measurin.i;

M'lial I'lds ••!'(, I," ill l'„i, Corn. 203

Ihc vnlimic (.r llic |>.ii)pcd corn slK.wii in lMi<.lo;,'r:ii)li I Im-Iow. When
p(i|.|"''l ill l:ii<l il "11^ fuiiml lli:il |>op|>i"« sliiflcd :it IVW V iinil prn-
<c(mIc<I nipidly when .-i tcniiK'nitnrc i.f :',S()° V liiul Itccn rcaclH'd. If less
lime than ."! minutes was (•oiisuinod in jioppinj; llic vitiuiuc would lie lossened
liccausc many kciiiels would he only partly i>(»i>iK'd while if a greater time
was used the ctuii would he dried out too mueh and nood popping made
impossilde.

Effect of Moif<tin( nn I'd/iitiiu/.
An attempt was made to suhjeet a series of samples of the same corn to
extremes of moisture and dryness and Hhmi test their ability to i>op. The
results (if these tests are j,'iveii in the tahli' helow.

Tabic J Shuwiiig Ihc liclulioit oj llic Muisliirc to fojipiiKj of Corn

It

Sample

Percent

Perci 11

3uplicate

Moisture

Pop

1

11.34

03 0

2

16.23

S7 . 0

3

18.92

85.0

4

24.3

84.0

5

21.4

60.5

6

20.84

25.0

7

4.15

4 0

It will he noted from Table l' that the moisture content is not a prime
factor in iioppini: of corn except wlu'U extreme linnls are reached.

There is a difference in the appearance after it is popjHMl and tb<' way of
poppin.s: between hijih and low moistnre corns. The former gives a muffled
sound when popping whereas the latter i)()ps with a loud sharp report and
emits very little fragrance compared to the former. The photographs 2 and
:'. will serve to show the moisture effect on pojiping and the appearance of the
popped gi'aius.

Effect of IlitjJi (1)1(1 Loir I'rotciii on I'oiipiii!/.

It was surmised that the great differences noted in popping might he due
somewhat to the horny protein layer surrounding the starch in some
samples, hence the protein contents of tlie samples were obtained, but this
clue was found false as shown in Graph I. in which the protein, moisture
and percent of pop are graphically ilhistrated and no relation seems to be
apparent between the percent of iwpping and the protein content.

Mieroscoiiicdl (ind Clieiiiicdl Studies.

In order to study the changes going on within the cells it was thought
worth while to make some photomicrographs of a cross section of the pop
corn grains both before and after being iMijtped. These differences are
shown in photomicrograph 1, L'. 3 and 4. It will l)e n()ticed that the coll
walls and the contents of the cells are very greatly expanded and more
clearly defined in the popiK'd corn than in the unpopped indicating exten-
sive UKtlecular rearrangement in the cellular structure.

The chemical analysis seems to indicate that the most pronounced change

264 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

due to popping corn is tliat whicli tlie starcli undergoes forming soluble
stai-ch and dextrin. This is shown by the increase in blue color given by
the iodine test for starch as well as by the increased solubility of starch
and dextrin when extracted by cold water.

It was found also that there is considerable increase in the amount of fat
extractable with ether after the corn is popped. This is probably due to the
thorough disruption of the cellular structure making more complete ex-
traction possible. It was noted too that there is a slight increase in the tiber
content when corn is popped. The action of malt diastase on the popped
corn shows that over half of the starch has been converted to a form capable
of reducing Fehling's solution.

It is well known that a large amount of steam escapes when corn is
popped but it is usually considered that this comes only from the moisture
contained in the corn. This does not seem to be entirely the case. Since
the loss in weight on popping is slightly greater than that of the moisture
in the corn, and since there is no carbon dioxide gas produt-ed. the exces-
water may come from a partial breaking down of the starch molecule to a
less complex structure through the loss of water of constitution as shown
in the table which follows :

Table 3 Showing the Loss of Water of Constitution in Popped Corn
Percent Percent Percent of

Sample No.

Moisture

Loss on

Water of

Popping

Constitutioi

A

7.96

8.68

0.72

B

10.21

11.71

1.50

C

8.56

9.60

1.04

D

14.31

15.50

1.19

E

14.04

14.50

0.46

The change taking place seems to be one of hydrolysis due to the action
of steam under a considerable pressure. The cellular starch wall is very
elastic permitting of wide distention, and loss of some cell granules, without
breaking. Other corn grains split open without much cell elasticity being
shown.

Summary.

I. The amount of moisture is not the determining factor in popping of
corn except in cases of extremes wet or dry samples.

II. The time consumed in popping corn is an important factor; when
heating has been too rapid the corn does not have a chance to become
dextrinized throughout the grain, when heating is too slow the moisture
content becomes too low to explode the grain.

III. Photomicrographs of popped corn show the cells to be greatly
enlarged and a considerable part of them disrupted releasing some starch
.granules which may be stained blue with iodine solution.

IV. Popping corn increases the ether soluble fat, also the soluble starch
and dextrin and deci'eases the starch while the fiber is slightly increased.

V. The popping of pop com seems to be caused by the multiple cell ex-
plosion of steam derived from water of constitution and from hygroscopic
moisture.

What Puts ''Pop" ill Pop Corn.

265

Photomicroyriiph I showing geini ami luiclfus also starch grains of the unijoppcd
corn. X 50 by Dr. E. G. Mahin.

Photomicrograph 4. — Showinj;
the c'll walls as

■starch grains in unpopped corn, as white dots and
lack circles. X 100 by Dr. E. G. Mahin.

266 Proceedings of I tiduum Aeadenii/ of Science.

\

/

il

/-

--'^

n

17

1 1

/

/

i"

7

r^

fr

}

II

i I

V/i

.

1 \

i!

1 ;

I

1

i;

A

r

..

1

1 1

/

1 /,'„

" \

1 1

ll^

1 1

•isl 1

i

i \

»r i'
\ 1

l.Je„

¥

if'

"

/'"

ee

V

T

V

L. « »5

i.t jj

Wrrn

^omple. Numbers

Grophi shewing relation of rloisture, rroTem Jnd Pop.

Moisture % -

Pop Mun, troll

W'hdl I'lils ■•{'on" in I'oii Corn.

lm;7

268

Procccdinyti of I iidUnid Academy of Science.

Photograpli I.

-Showing volume of popped corn when I'.O cc sample is popped at
different time intervals.

Photograpli II. — A group of typi(
back, the nnexpn

111 l(i\v moisture liernels. Note large pieces
ided centers and smooth surfaces.

\\'}i(il I'lils ■'/',>/>" ill f'(,/> Corn.

.m;:i

Photograph III. — A group of typical high moisture kernels. Note ragged edge,
rough surfaces, fragmentary, flakey and irregular texture.

271
mocKXT ri{(M;Ki:ss i.\ 'riiio rsK of <i/(».\k in vi:.\'rii..\'ri().\.

F. O. Am)K1{i;(ki. riirdiic riii\ci-sity.

Tlic iiiinic o/.diic is jissociiitcd with ficsiiiicss in liic ;iir siicii ;is is
cxiici-it'iifcil Mflcr tiiniKlcrstdniis : and in tiit- opcii coinitr.v al iiimosl all
times. (Jrcat iiitcri'st has liccii tal<cii in llic <p|isci\ati(in >>\' "u/diif days"
in tiic past and a large iiniount ufdata has been accinMulatcd. mostly (d" little
value. With these assoeiat ions the name possesses ^^ood ad vert isin;,' value
and ad\anta^'e has been taken of this to exploit the use of ozone to an ex-
tent eoini)aralile almost with field mininj; or oil well jtrospeets. The f;reat
iminher of extravajiant elainis. which have heeii ma<le. have tended to hrin^;
this activated foi-ni of oxy.iren in considerable disi-epute with scientists
and othei's who like to be careful as to tiie truth of the statements they
a<-cept. The reaction has been so jireat that a .t,'ood many peijile have
come to thiid< that the term "(./.(MH'" and all it si.unities is merely a snare
and delusion. Just because bad oil stock has been sold is not a good reason
for believing that all oil stock is worthless; nor is it right to allow oneself
to be completely prejudiced by extravagaid claims of certain unscrupulous
IKTsons. Lot us first of all. consider the actual facts of the case.

Ozone f/ofs seem to have a stiniuhitiiig effect if taken at the c(urect con-
centration. Thus, right after a thunderstorm, when the air is exhileratingly
fresh, ozone is present at a concentration of about one pai't in ten nuUioii.
This is sutticient to act on a sensitive i>hotograpluc i>late. Such a concentra-
ti<iu is not at all harmful hut is actually stinuilating. But tliis stimulation is
not one with harmful after effects, since it consists in the addition to the
blood of a more active modification of oxygen wliich is then \\>vd in oxidiz-
ing the fuel in the body, thus making available more energy foi' muscular
work.

Other stimtdants like alcohol have injurious side actions which often
cause a great deal of harm. lint even here the claim is made and sui»ported
by considerable evidence tliat alc<ihol in small concentrations is i»ractically
iiarmless and may even be possibly beneficial. The ill effects of higldy
concentrated alcohol are too well known to need more than mere mention.
In a similar manner ozone of a concentration of more than one part in a
nullion becomes harmful. It begins to attack the mucuous membr.-ine with
very disagreeable results. Headaches .are |.roduced which are a|it to be
very disjigreeable. It does not bake very much ozone to make more than
one jiart in a million <d' air. so that the mistake that has been maile by
most exploiters was to use apparatus of too high a capacity. With the pio-
duction of too much ozone disagreeable results have followed.

Vov olHce ventilation there are manufactured by many concerns in this
country and al»roa<l cabinet ozonizers which produce a lot of ozone for a
very small i>ower consumption. Since a large part of the i>ri<-e of the ap-
liaratus deitends uixm the size, the temlency has been, partly through greed
.111(1 partly through ignorance to make ozonizers too big. I have known of
a great many cases where thes»' cabinets liave been installed in baid<s and
ottiees where after a while they have had to be discarded because of the
concentration being much too gri-at. To be successfid. the aiiiouid of

272 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

ozone should be so low that the ordinary person does not notice its preseuco
on entering the room where it is used. Most of the cabinet, forms of
ozonizers have had perhaps ten times too great a capacity.

There are certain places where it would be very desirable to have better
air. The crowded office and school room, the well attended movie theater
and church, or the basements of the large department stores, all have
trouble in secui-ing proper ventilation. There seem to be exhaled from the
human body certain substances which tend to make the air feel "close"
and after they have been breathed a little while a person becomes drowsy
and feels uncomfortable. To provide fresh air the atmosphere in a crowded
room has to be renewed sometimes as many as eight times in an hour.
In the cold weather this means that a lot of coal is required to warm up
all of this air which does not remain behind very long before it is dis-
carded. If some means could be provided for removing the deleterious
substances from this air allowing it to be recirculated there would be a
great saving in coal. The question then arises as to whether ozone will
accomplish this desirable result. About this question there has been waged
quite a little controversy pro and con. Emphatic statements have been made
on both sides so that it is somewhat difficult to decide just what the truth
of the matter is and a careful survey of the literature does not settle the
question either way, for there are not sufficient results of decisive experi-
ments to allow one to decide. Until the question has been cleared up by
high class experimental work, which will analyze the problem into its differ-
ent factors, we shall have to fall back upon certain positive results which
have been actually obtained in practice.

In St. Louis, and the same thing must hold true here in Indianapolis, the
school rooms where colored children or the children of the "great unwashed"
portion of the population gather are rather hard to ventilate. In St. Louis
a number of the teachers in such schools were complaining of ill health and
great discomfort from the inadequate ventilation. The children too, would
become drowsy and the school work did not go forward as it should. When
some of the teachers threatened to resign the problem was put up to Mr.
Hallett, the chief engineer of the school board. He recommended the use of
ozone and had it installed in two of the worst schools. After that complaints
ceased and a questioniare sent out to the teachers found them enthusiastic
about the new system. Not only were they relieved from the almost
nauseating bad odors but the children were also taking an interest in their
work which they had not shown previously. The experiment has been so
successful that the use of ozone has been extended to many other school
buildings in that city and when a new building is put up an ozone system is
always included, •

Economically, the big advantage of the system is that the air can be
recirculated so that a large part of the heat is saved. The writer visited
a school in the city of St. Louis where air was recirculated with the aid of
ozone. The odor of ozone was barely perceptible so that it was not at all
disagreeable. The children were not at all drowsy as they so often are in
the middle of the afternoon, but were very wide awake. The teachers on
being questioned, all were quite enthusiastic about the ventilation, and one
dear old frail lady said that she had not lost a day since the introduction
of ozone, whereas befoi'e she had lost a great deal of time.

C7.sc o/ 0::nne in Vent tlai ion. 273

Siicccssrul installations have also Itccii iiiado in flic dlliccs of 'I'lir I'.rowii
Shoe Co. and in llic system for vciitilatiiij,' tlic ^roat liascniciit of tlio (Jrand
JA^adtT di'i»arliiu'nt store, rsually in tlic baseinciit of a larKO depart ineiit
store the ventilation is very bad. hut none of that is to he notieod in this
place. The air that enters from the outside is partially ozonized, passes
over one set of heatinj; coils, through a humidiller. and tiien (»ver another set
of heatin},' coils and o»it into the room. The odor of ozone can harely he
delecte<l hy a sensitive nose. The people employed there are unaware that
ozone is beinjr used hut they also have no complaint to make ahout the
ventilation.

That there is a great lield for improvement in the ventilation of most
of our crowded buildings almost no one will deny. P.ut that ozone would
give relief is strongly doubtedly by a great many people. The reason for
the doubt has been that, while a little ozone is a good thing, a great deal
of ozone is too mucli of a good thing. In most installations the trouble
has been that not little enough ozone has been used. Like perfinnery
the best effect is secured by the use of almost vanishingly small quantities.
If the ozone treated air is allowed to come in contact with water, as in a
humiditier. most of the ozone is decomposed. During tlie decomi)<)sition
the opportunity to oxidize any organic matter present would he very great
so that a very high percentage of bacteria and bad odors would be removed
and destroyed.

Ozone, moreover, has a tendency to cling to the clothes and to the skin
which are the source of many of the bad odors. The writer has noticed
the smell of ozone clinging to his fingers and clothes for a couple of hours
after working with the substance. Such an accumulation of ozone near
the origin of the deleterious substances would be especially effective in pre-
venting them from getting out into the air. Before these ideas are accepted
generally, however, very carefully controlled experimental work must be
done. It is believed by many who have gone into the matter carefully and
without prejudice that ozone can be successfully used to solve a large
number of the problems of ventilation provided constant care is taken
to allow for its peculiar properties and tlie resulting limitations placed on
its use.

275

TKA1.\I.\(; KKSKAKCH ( 1 1 ll.MISTS I\ INDIANA.

K. C. Maiiix. riirdiic I'liixcrsity.

During llic few yc.-irs Jiisl pnst we li;ivc liciinl it sliilcl, mikI iiiiiiiy limes
rcitci-:itc(l, tli;it sciciililic rcscircli is the mic ;ill iiiiiioitniil iicli\ily for
iiJitidiiMl pi-d-rcss. ii:ili(iii:il ;icliic\iMiiriil aiKl luilioiiiil scir-pi-cscrv.-il ion.
The h'ssoiis of liic tii-cat \v;ir iioinlcd iiiiinist;i k.-ilijy lo this roiicliisioii and
ill! impetus 1im,s iieeii .i,d\(Mi to reseaicli in a multitude of lields. One result
of this has been a j;ro\vtli (d" contidence on the part of scientitic leuders
and a feeling tliat this one >,'reat lesson of the war would never bo for-
liotten. r.ut M similar coulideuce has lu>en felt that other lessons of th(> war
would not he forgotten.. It was said that we were learninj; thrift, self-denial
and self-tjaerifiee. economical habits of living, altruism and otiier splendid
thinf?s. And yet with the relaxation of tension after the close of the Kreat
international struj,'i,de we. as a nation, plunged into a riot (d" extravagance
and wastefulness such as we had proliably never before Unown. It has
even seemed iirobable that we wei-e relnpsinfj into a permanent state of
national .seltisluiess and aloofness from tlie troubles of the rest of tlie world.
Can it be that we are now to lose also the research spirit, to lapse into the
mere "business as usual" habit of considerini: of value only the investiga-
tion that makes for immediate profit?

Whatever the answer to this (piestion may be. it is irenerally conceded that
scientitic researcli cannot go on. either with or without nniterial support,
unless we can someliow continue to give to an intelli.gent and able body of
men and women wlio have shown si)ecial ai>titude for this kind of work,
special training in the necessary methods of scientitic investigation and,
at tlie same time, to inspire them with enthusiasm for this high sort of
endeavor. Quoting from a recent circular issued by the National Research

Council. "It" (the Council) "hopes to encourage the interest of

universities and colleges in research work and workers so that the inspir-
ati(m and training of American youth for scientitic work may never fall
so low as to threaten to interrupt the constantly needed output of well-
trained and devoted scientific talent in the land".

This brings us, at once, to the examination of the ipiestion of what things
are necessary to provide opportunity for such training and of what w^e in
Indiana are now doing in the way of providing this opportunity.

I have a notion that what I am here to say will apply in cohsiderable
measure to nearly all branches of pure and applied science. But In ortter
to forestall if possible, certain criticisms that I might, through ignorance,
be unable to meet, I shall confine myself to the one matter covered by the
subject of this paper : the training of chcuii.its for research.

My first proiKisition is that such procedin-e must be based ujion a very
broad and thorough drill in the fundam(>ntals of the science. Xo chem-
ical researcli problem, however narrow or limite<l in its ai)i»lication it may
seem to be. can be investi.gated with elliciency and Ihonmghness hy one
who has onTy a smattering of basic laws and facts, of this and of related
sciences, ii^ will almost immediately find himself l)alked by ignorance of
scientific principles, following false trails (u- endeavt)ring to obtain experi-

276 Proccc(li)i(/f< of Ind'unia Academy of IScicnce.

mental proof of matters that are already well known and of common
knowledge to better informed researchers. AVith this training in funda-
mental facts, laws and theories of modern chemistry and, indeed, as a
necessary part of it, must be a good knowledge of chemical literature and
a familiarity with the important journals containing original papers on
subjects of chemistry and. so far as possible, physics, biology, medicine,
engineering, etc.. — subjects closely allied to or involving the applications
of chemistry.

This thorough knowledge of the science and of the recorded labors of a
multitude of investigators cannot come from necessarily brief and circum-
scribed courses of lectures and laboratory work involved in a four-year
course in a college. No matter how enthusiastic, intelligent or industrious
the student may be. or how able and inspiring the professor, it is a human
impossibility to absorb and asffiinihitc even a major fragment of the complex
material of a science as highly developed as is chemistry, in the time that is
allotted to this subject in a well balanced college curriculum. This is
recognized by i)ractically every one who has been through the under-
graduate work of the liberal arts or science courses of the college, and who
has later gone out to apply his knowledge to practical pui'poses. and every
good teacher knows that his courses, wisely administered, can at best
provide a modei-ately good training in the outstanding fundamentals of
specified and limited fields of the science and teach the student something
of the methods of independent and effective study. Real accomplishment,
on the part of the student, usually comes some years after graduation and
then only in case patient study and clear thinking have produced a certain
maturity of mind, — which comes to a too small number of college graduates
at any period.

As looking toward the development of research chemists, the great
work of the college is then to teach the main fabric of the science as
well as possible and to develop industrious habits and logical, orderly
minds, capable of clear and independent thinking. This effort usually en-
counters many obstacles. The student must necessarily pursue a number of
studies in addition to his major work and this does not make for concentra-
tion of thought and energy. AVe do not. by any means, propose that under-
graduate work should l)e limited to a single science or that entirely un-
related studies should Ite ignored. At this period in his education the
student is not prepared for specialization to any considerable extent and
the broadening influence of the study of mathematics. English literature
and foreign languages, and of other sciences than his own. is too well
understood and too universally conceded to require any detailed argument.

In addition to this impracticabilit.v of concentration upon a single science,
one may remark the great multitude of "activities" which serve to divert
the attention of the student and to generate in him an attitude toward
his studies which does not promote concentration or tend toward clear and
profound thinking, which we have recognized as essential to the efficient
investigator, or toward a recognition of comparative values of men and
things. ^Many of these activities are in themselves harmless, or even whole-
some and desirable but their influence is. undeniably, as I have stated and
this has been a subject of frequent comment. A single example may be
cited. Our own college daily (The Purdue Exponent) carries a feature

TntiiiiHff lit Hrurch Chcniisls. L'TT

column headed "Tlio Iiuiinriiij; ItoiMntcr". Tlii.s curious indivitlual daily
asks of five students. clKtscn at raiidoiii. a ^'ivcu (|uestioii and the answers
are published, verbatim. On a certain da.v the <|uesti<)n was "Wbat. in .vrmr
opinion, would .<erve as the best adverti.sement for our college V" (or words
to that effect). With one accord tiie five answers stated that winning
athletic teams would be llie best possible advertisement. One answer
included also a successful bod.v of alunuii as a second bi'-it advertising
medium but this was the iieare-;t ai>proa<'h t<» a recoj;iiition of the possiitil-
ity of any other fine thin;;, the herabliiiK of whicii nu«lit serve to attract
a desirable class of prosju'ctive students, or to win the support of pul)lic
oi)inion and puidic purses. Ajiparently no one thoujibt of a high class.
<levoted faculty, whose nieiidiers can not only know and teach, but </o also;
or (with one exception) of :i great body <»f graduating students who take
an iniiNUtanf and dignified jdace in the work of the world, or (»f increased
(M|uipHient for the administration of high grade scientific work. These five
answers may possilily not lie considered as representative of student oifin-
ion but I am inclined to thiid< that they are. I do not me.in that (»ur
students look down upon tbe-e other things or hold them in cont«Mnpt. They
siniiily ignore tliem when the great (piestion is t(» be considered. I do not
even i»articularly blame them for their attitude. It is perhaps natural.
under the circumstances. It is certainly almost universal and this is a
lad that must be considered. — explain, excu.se (u- condemn it as we will.
Also it is an attitude that persists after graduation. The average body of
college alumni, desiring in their hearts above all things to "l)oost" their
alma mater, will give the ma.ior portion of their discussions to the prob-
lems of improving athletic conditions and of developing winning teams.

If I have made myself at all clear in what has been said, my next prop-
osition .seems a logical conclusion. It is this, that it is not oidy a difticult
matter to give college undergraduates proper training and drill in the
methods of chemical research, but it ma.v also be luidesirable to attemi>t
such training, in the ma.iority of cases. Real research is a long, hard, toil-
some business, ricli in rewards but calling for preparation, energy and ap-
lilication such as the average inidergradiuite does not pos.sess. Far better
to keej) him on the fundamentals of pure and ai)plied .science, of which
be will absorb a woefully small amount under the best conditions, than to
give him the false notion that after a matter of three or three and a half
years of intermittent study of an intricate and ccmiplex science, he is pre-
pared to .solve scientific itroblems that have liatlled others, or even to know
how to try to solve them.

The undergraduate thesis, in the large ma.jority of cases, is little more
than a piece of more or less mechanical f(dlowing of directions given by tlu"
su] lervising professor, and it rarely devehtp-; any dependable results that
may be coiisidercMl ;is new. It is conceded that the material may be new
to the student and that the iisychological effect may thus be desirable. Hut
so are all of bis studies new to him. They are all. for him. original
rese.ircb in i>ractically the same sense that the the-is investigation is orig-
inal res(>arcli and if. in his regular studies, he is properly directed in the
u.se of the library and if the in>-piration to real study is provided, there is
little real difference between the thesis and the regular study, so far as
this sort of training is concerned.

/'r(i(( rtii ii(/s of 1 11(1 Id 11(1 Acddcini/ af SciciK

■m-jHlnatcs will
r;iivli and will

■r pursue
lie that a

then iicv.T have any tiaiiiiii- at all in
ii.'Ncr .'liter this lield. since a (■(inipara lively small
iira.liiale studies. W.^ll. we iiii-hl. with e.iually ,;;nnd
lar;,'e iir(i|«H-| ieii of these uiiderm-ailiiales will ne\-er he ]ihysieiaiis nv \>vo-
I'essi.iiial actors, nr will -o li. China .u- he hank invshlenls. We de net
expect lar.^e iiumhers to de aii.\- nne of ihese tliini;s, (111 the cuiitrary we
know that i>\\\y a cniiipa ra t i\'ely small numher c(nild he ellicienl and suc-
cessful if their work were .-enliiied t,. chemical research, rather than to
the Imnilred ether lines .d' eiideaver in pure i,v applied chemistry. I'.ut
we d(. desire that a certain respectahle miiierit.N of the men and women who
leave us shall (list in.icuish themsehcs. in at least a niode-t wa.w h.\- cirryin-'
nil successful work in scieiitilic invesliuat ion and that, heini; effective in
ihis work, they shall continue it tliroui,di Iheir hest years and thus aid

in the de\-elopiiient of science and hriiii; some rewar.l of Ik ■ to themsehcs

and to (heir colle-e. How this can hest he done is the (pieslion hefcu'e us.

If we leave .Mit of cousidera t loll a comparatively small mliioi-ily <if c(dle.i;v
men who develop notahle research ahility in their technical work after

to he strictl.\ accurate, hy Lrradnate students or industrial fellows work-
ing under the direction of such men. ( )ne is not to sup|iose that the end of
Ihe M'liior year in colleye marks a sharp division hetweeii c<pmpleted mastery

of the science, on th e hand, and de\-eloiuiieut of research ahility. on

\]\c othei'. I'.iit the recent i;ra<liiate has at least had fair scieiitilic t raiiiin.ii

iiiU other studies. Also he should have an attitude of more com]ilete devo-
tion t<i the one ahsorhini; siihjecl of chemical investigation. (;i\-en the
proper research atmosphere, an inspirim;- and ahle director and the will to
work, he can now het;iii to know somethiii,:; of the meaniiiLC of research.

\(itJoii to the work of scieiitilic iincsl ii,^a lion under ]n-oper direction, there
is to he considered the reaction (d' this upon the underm-adiia tes of the same
school. For the iinderirraduate to he denied the opportuiiit.v to carry on
research is not then in the nature of a disc(Mira:iemeid. Rather, it should
he a coiistaiit source of inspiration to him to see a relativel.x small hut
eiitliusiasti<- hody of iiraduate students doiui; effecti\i' research W(n-k and
proNidiiii,' material suitahle for i.reseiitatioii hefore critical scieiitilic hodies

is kept hefore llie iinderu'radua te as a ]iossihle and <lesirahle future activity

for a tlioroui;li preparation in the necessary foundation for such W(n-k.

When we imiuire what Indiana is doinu to pro\ ide facilities for i;raduate
W(M-k in chemistry, we are led to see why it is that our Indiana colleu'es
are li'rnini;- out so few chemists who are jn-epared to ilo independent re-
M'arch work of an eiidui-iiii: character. Apparently neither of the two
ma.ior State collesies is jtrepared. in e(piipiiient. huihliiiiJis or iirofessorial
staff, to uivc t'xteusivo or serious ;j,radiiate courses in chemistry, leadinu'
he\.iii(l the do.siree of Master of Science. At rurdue we are. candidly, not
atlemiilin^' to do it. We have no or,Lcaiii/,ed i^raduate school and we have

Tniiniiuf h'( srarcli Cliciui.sl.s. 279

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for exiKTinuMital rcsearcli. imictically no one except madnate assistants
wild are prucoeduifj to the .Master's de.irree.

At our sister institution (Indiana Iniversity i a j,Madiiate orfijuiization is
maintained but examinalion of most nf the cataloiiues for a dozen years
bacU fails to show that an.\ one has e\er received the de.mce of Doctor of
riiilosophy. with major work in chemistry, from that institution. I have
n<it discussed Ibis mailer witii any member of the chemical faculty of
Indiana Tniversity but 1 haxc an idea that their story would be about the
same as ours, that they are unable to provide adecpiale facilities for the
administration of hi,t,di .1,'rade fjraduate work in eheniistry and so choose to
devote their enerjiies to underjiraduate ti-ainiiifr.

The State is losiufr. incalculably. Jis a ri'sujt of this policy. Compared
with the important universities of otiier states, our state colle,i;es are aO-
comiilishin.LC a ]»ainfully small amount of chemical icsearcli. Tiie time and
energies of our jirofessors are consumed in routine teaching of large classes
of undergraduates. lOven at that, many of our more aniliitious jirofessors
could and would be productive researchers if they could have a reasonable
number of graduate students available for doing the experimental work of
research prol)lems under their personal direction. Every one wlio is at all
informed on this subject knows that the great mass of university researcli
work of today is done in this manner. The directing professor, through his
extensive knowled.ge tuid experience, originates the l)asie idea and plans tlie
researcli. in the main. The graduate student carries out the.se plans in the
experimental laboratoi\v. unikes observations and obtains necessary data.
Also, if he is th(> right sort and has the "stutt"' in him, he catches the in-
spiration of his teacher and. through intimate contact and numerous dis-
cussions. Iciirus his methods of reasoning, of jilaniung investi.gations and
of arriving at conclusions.

As a State we therefore lose. also, the opportunity to send forth into
useful .service a body of young men and women, trained in the methods and
insi>ire(l with the puriK).ses of scientitic research. Our chemical graduates
ar(> a si»leiidid as.set to the State and to the nation but their work, for the
most part, lies elsewhere than in the lines of research.

It is my perstmal belief that In<lian<i has not yet awakened to the needs
of higher education. We deal in a niggardly fashion with the only institu-
tions that we have legally ]iidvided for keeidng the lamp of education
burning. I have been reliably informed that the I'resident of the Uui-
vi'rslty of Michi.gan is asking liis state, this year, to furnish over eight
million dollars, merely to provi<le for immediate aiul pressing needs, and
that there is every i)rositect that this money will be given. What might
out two State universities do with half, or even one (piarter of this amount?

I should like to close this brief discussion by stating it as my firm con-
viction that, do what we will or try what plan we may. Indiana will never

280 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

suc-i-»'('U ill (raining any considerable iiiiuiber of chemists for research, or in
accomplisliing any very hirge aiuoniit of research in lier colleges until really
adequate provision is made for the best modern j;raduate departments.
And may I recall the statement made at the beginning of this paper, to the
effect that this conclusion may iwssibly apply, in a measure, to sciences other
than chemistry.

281

SLOW KKCOVERY AND PEHMAXENT SET IN ('OrPEH, ALT^MIMM.
AND LEAD.

Albert E. Woodruff.

When a copper wire is strained and the stress is removed there is an
instantaneous recov(»ry followed by a slow recovery vvith time. This slow
recovery may be accounted for by the hypothesis that it is due to the re-
crystallization of the metal. The fact that there is a recovery with time is
not new. Even the mafjnitude of the recovery as a function <»f time has
been investigated exiierimentally and is fairly definitely known. liut so far
no one seems to have been sutticiently interested to seek for an explanation
of the cause of recovery.

Andrade (1) has done much experimental work on the flow of soft
metals under stress. Knowing from the micro-photographic work of
Quincke (2). Ewing and liosenhain (.'?). and Beilby (4) that when a metal
is strained there is a breaking down of the crystallar structure of the metal,
he reasons that since the two take place simultaneously the one is due to
the other, and he is able to substantiate bis theory by exi)eriraent. both from
observed phenomena of a strained wire and by looking into a uiicrosct)i)e
and seeing what actually takes place in the metal.

But the work of Quincke. Ewing and Kosenhain. and Beilby does not stop
with the observation that the crystallar structure of a metal breaks down
under exces.sive strain. They find that as soon as the stress is removed
that the crystals of the metal begin to reform. For copper at ordinary
temperatures this process is very slow. But if the temperature is raised,
to say three or four hundred degrees the process of recrystallization is ex-
ceedingly rapid, almost instantaneous, and the specimen becomes annealed.
The object of this paper is to present facts which show that slow i-ecovery
is due to recrystallization of the metal.

Plate I shows that an unannealed si)ecimen of copper has a much more
decided recovery than an annealed si>ecimen subjected to the same strain.
Plate III shows the same thing for aluminium. Plates II. IV and VI show
tliat for all three metals investigated the larger the stress applied, other
conditions being equal, the greater the recovery. Plates I. Ill and V show
that the longer the time of applying the stress the greater the recovery, the
stresses being equal. It will be noticed from these same curves that per
unit of length per unit of stress the amount of recovery of the different
metals is in the same order as the tempei'atures at which the metals
annual. All these facts support the hypothesis that the reco\ery of a metal
after the stress has been removed is connected with the process of recry-
stallization.

In the first instance the material of a drawn wire that has not been
annealed is largely reduced to the amorphous phase. Such crystals and
parts of crystals as remain are under strain which is the result of drawing.
Most of the strain was relieved when the tension of the drawing process
was released. But the fine amorphous particles fill the spaces about the
remaining crystals leaving the metal still in a state of strain. Annealing
or recrystallization immeiliately begins and the amorphous [tarticles begin

282: Procccdiiif/f; of Iiidiand Acdihniij of Science.

to attach themselves to surroitncling crystitls. As the crystals huikl \ip there
is a shrinking in the length of the specimen. This shrinking continues until
the more easly occupied si)ac('s are filled, the displac-ement gradually be-
coming less and less until it is not detectable. Rut there is still strain left
for not all metals anneal perfectly at ordinary tcnii)eratiiix's. When more
strain is produced by applying stress there is an agitation of the particles
of the metal and the shrinking starts again. ;is soon as the stress is re-
moved. Since in the drawn wire a large ikm- cent of tlie metal is in the
amorjihus phase it is only logical to expect that there would be a greater
recovery for a given immediate strain thaii in jiii annealed specimen.

It is easily seen from this viewpoint how increased stress and increased
time of applying stress produce greater recovery. Starting with an annealed
specimen, the greater the stress applied the more crystals there are broken
down and the more anioi-jihous substance there is to take part in the process
of crystal formation, hence the greater contraction. The same argument
holds for increased time of applying stress.

There is no legitimate l>asls of comparison of the rai>i(iity of contraction
of two different metals. A susi)ended alumirnuni wire a meter long meets
but comi)aratively little opl>osition to contraction due to its own weight. A
piece of lead wire a meter long suspended by one end. when freshly annealed
flows of its own weight. This indicjites the great force that must be over-
come, in the case of lead, by the forces of recrystallization. even to main-
tain the original lengtli. Since exiierimental results show that there is actu-
ally greater recovery for lead ]ier unit of length per unit of stress applied.
other conditions being the .same, in spite of this handicap, than for either
copper or aluminium we .see how much gri-ater nuist l)e the forces that
cause the shrinkage in lead. l>ut lead anneals ]ierfectly at ordinary tem-
peratures, aluminium at higher temperatures and coi)i)cr at still higher
temperatures, just the order that must be expected if recovery is to be
accounted for by recrystallization The fact that greatest recovei*y takes
place where greatest activity of iccrystallizatiou is involved is a strong
point in favor of the hypothesis that the one is (U-pendent on the other.

This idea fits exactly Prof. :MiclK'lson"s ( .". ) picture of elastlco-viscous
recovery. The force that causes the shriidvage is an elastic force but pro-
duces no instantaneous effect for just the same reason that a rubber band
stretched on a block of wood cannot contract to its original length. But
cause the block of wood to contract gradually l>y any means whatsoever
and the rubber band follows it. In just the same manner the elastic forces
which are contained within the remaining crystalar structui-e cannot act
because they encompass the amorphous phase of the material. lint let, this
phase begin to reform into crystals. It is wedged between the crystals
and fills all the spaces between them. As it joins neighboring crystals or
forms new ones the original crystalar structure begins to make a readjust-
ment because of the strain which it is under. The more active the amor-
phous idiase is the more rapidly the whole structure contracts.

Such a conception of tlu' state of a metal after strain will account for
what I'rof. Michelson (o) calls "Lost ^Motion"', the failure of a sti'ained
metal to return to its original confignnition when the stress is removed. It
is found that the more nearly perfect the process of annealing is, the greater

Cojiiirr, Alii iiiiiiiini , (ind Lciiil.

28rj

is the "LosI Molioif. When ;i wire is strclciicd llic <iysliils liic.-ik dnwn and
arc (li-jiwii out ill llic diicclinii u[ llic Icii^itii i>\' llic wire, 'ilic aiiiuriilioiis
phase lliat is in-ddiiccd in tlic lircakdowii (ills up siicii (rcviccs as may he
(TPatcd i\w to llic disiiiacciiii'iit and Incakin;; ii|i nf liic crystals. Wlicn
Ilic stress is rciinivcd siicli crystals as remain intact caniiut return to tiieir
(iri.irinal iiesitidii hecaiisc (d' the presence of the ammplKMis phase. The
hr(.l<eii crystals have lest much of tlieir (dastic |.reperty. I'xdh .d" t lie.se
causes lend t() produce a pennanent sel or pernianent eloin;ation in llic
siiecimiMi.

Acl<ii()\vlcd.Jicmcnt is made to I'rof. I.enion of Kyi-rson I'liysical i.ah(uatory
for liis su^'ficstions and ludp on this proidem. I am also indehted t(, Hie
riiysics Dcparlmcnl of ('hica.i:(p ruivcrsity wliiili pro\ided the e.iui|iment
neccssa ry.

liihliof/rdplij/.

1. E. N. da ('. Andrade. 'i'lie Idow in .Metals I'ndcr T-arKC rnnstant
Stresses. I'roc. Koy. Soc. Vol. :>(). pauc :'.•_".>. ]!»1 J. Als(. V<il. S4 of the
same puhlication.

2. (J. QniiU'ko. Die S(diaumst ruUtiir der Mctallc. Inlcriiat. /eilacli. f.
Metal h)srai)liie III. 1 pa.s'c li.'!. UHli.

;:. J. A. Ewiiif,' and Walter Kosenhain. The ("rystallinc Structure of Metals.
True. Koy. Soc. Vol. (i7 pase li:'.. IWO.

4. (J. T. Beilhy. The Hard and Soft States in Ductile Metals. I'roc. Uoy.
Soc. Vol. 79, pa.se 40.'!. 19()7.

5. A. A. Michelsoii. lUdiavi.n- of Sulistauces Under T(u-sion.— I'roc. Xafl
Acad. Se. 1017.

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6

a

o

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287

A ItlOSlS'lWNCK I{A1»I(» Ti;i,i;iMi(>\i;.

K. R. Uamskv.

In riulid IcIcplKHics we luivc a source nf alli'iiial iiiu' ciiri-cnt nf hii^li I'l'c-
(|U('ii<-y wliicli sends eiiireiil eut inlu llie aerial. 'I'lie <list iirhance in Hit!
ether whicli is caused i).v lliis cuirenl is called the cariaei' \\a\('. The
amplitude of this waxc is chan.i;c(l or \aiie<l hy some means which is con-
trolled by the voico. This <levice is Uimwii as the modulator.

Since the three electrode vacuum tube has come into use. tubes are used
as fjenerators of the carrier Wiive and also as modidators. This is usually
accomplished by connecting the telephone t lansmiltei- to the tubes with
tuned or untuned inductance coils. In the case of the tuned coils, each
set of coils nuist be separately tuned for every change of \\a\-e len.u'th. The
untuned inductiUice method avoids this dilliculty with a certain loss of
ettieiency. In either ca^^e one coil is liable to affi'ct the second coil so that
disagreeable cross squeals are set ui> in the set.

The cascade amplifyinj; receivint; sets have the same defects so that
all amplification is produced by audio coils, untuned iron core coils, or by
resistance amplitication. Tunin.i,' bein.ir in the main circuits alone.

With the idea of simplicity and cheaimess. 1 have devised a wireless tele-

V

£ r

I ti w

D

B

I-ijr. 1. A Kosistancc Kiulio TclcplKnir.
phone connection in which the modulation is acc(tmplished by nu>ans of re-
sistances alone. The circuit is diagramed in fijiure 1. Tiie oscillatiu}; cir-
cuit consists of the aerial, the in<luctance. L. and the variable oil con-
ilenser, C, connected to the ground at G. All tuning is accomplished by

288 Proceedings of fndiana Academy of Science.

varying the connections to the coil. L, and by clianging the capacity at C.
Two tubes or two sets of tubes are used. 1. is one or more ix)wer tubes or
hard tubes connected in parallel. Two iwwer tubes are shown in the figure.
These tubes are the oscillating tubes by means of which the energy is sent
out into the aerial. 2. is an ordinary receiving or amplifying tube by means
of which the current from the telephone transmitter, T. is amplified. The
transmitter, T, is connected in series with a resistance, Ri and a battery, D,
of two or more ordinary dry cells. The resistance Ri should have a resist-
ance equal to that of the transmitter, T. The variation of the current
thi'ough the carbon transmitter causes a A^ariation of the potential
difference at the terminals of the resistance, Rj. This varies the poten-
tial of the grid of tube. 2. and causes a coresponding variation of the current
of the ]>late circuit of tube. 2. This current flows through the grid leak
I'esistance. K. and thus modulates the amplitude of the current sent into
the aerial by the tubes, 1. R. should be a resistance comparable to the im-
pedance of tube 2. The battery K is an ordinary plate battery of 20 or 40
volts. H is a source of high potential, about 300 volts.

This circuit has been tried out using an aerial of poor construction. The
results compare very favorable with some of the standard connections. With
an antennae current of 200 milliampers the voice was transmitted to a coil
aerial of six turns 2 meters square at a distance of one-half mile. This
should lead one to exiject the range should be five or ten miles with a good
receiving aerial.

The resistance, Ri, was an ordinary resistance box. Ro, was made of card
board painted with India Ink.

289
NOTK OX AXTEX.XAE RKSISTAXCK.

K. K. I{A\rsi;Y.

Attention is called to tlio fact Ihal in the modern oscillating rccoivinji
circuits using toloplioncs as currciil iiidicMtcrs the "half deflection method"
(if resistance measurements will not ,i;ive (•oiTcct results.

A LOX(; WAVE RECEIVER.
R. R. Ramsky.

In wireless work all wave lengths are used fi-om 200 meters or less,
anialures. to 20,000 meters in transcontinental transmission. It is cus-
t(imar.v to limit the wave length range of reception of any receiver to a com-
parative small band of this range. This is due to the fact that in order to
keep the natural frequency of the coil high. Avhich involves the necessity of
the distributed capacity of the coil being low, it is usual to wind the coils
with one layer of wire. Single layer coils in order to have a high induc-
tance must be made of large dimentions of very fine wire which necessi-
tates a very large resistance.

In the coil which I have made I have endeavored to avoid this ditficulty
by winding the coils of relatively large wire in banks or coils one inch in
width and five layers deep. The distributed capacity is kept to a low
value by separating each layer by means of heavy card board. The coils
are wound on card board tubes whose length is seven inches and whose
diameters are. primary coll 14 cm. and secondary coil 10 cm. Each coil con-
sists of six banks one inch wide, five layers deep. Each layer containing
twenty turns of No. 20 wire. The total number of turns per coil is 000.
The original design of the coil called for No. 24 wire 30 turns per inch or
about 1.000 turns in all. This would give an inductance of about .07
henrys or a wave length of about 20.000 meters using an ordinary .001
microfarad condensed. The smaller wire was not available so the larger
wire was used and the lack of inductance was made up by using a variable
conden.ser whose maximum capacity is .01 microfarads.

On the secondary coil ten taps are brought out. The taps are arranged
as follows. Tap No. 1 contains 1 turn ; 2, 3 turns : 3, 7 turns ; 4, in turns :
5. 1 layer : 6. 2 layers ; 7, 1 bank : S, 2 banks ; 0. 4 banks ; 10. the entire
secondary coil. Cut out or dead, end switches are inserted between taps
No. 0 and 7. and taps 8 and 0. The windings of the primary are arranged
after the same plan as that in the secondary except that ther(> are S taps
instead of 10. The coils are mounted so that the secondary will slide into
the primary coil according to the well known plan of the slide tuner. A
feed back or regenerative coil of 425 turns of No. 30 wire is mounted so as
to slide into the primary coil from the opiM)site end from the secondary coil.
This coil is seldom used as it is found tliat an "auto feed back" connection
on the .secondary gives better results. This consists of a switch by means
of which the filament of the tube can be connected to a point near tlie middle
of the secondary coil. The diagramatic connections are shown in figure 1.

290 ProcrrdiHys of fndiana Academy of Science.

The tnning of the primary coil is liy means of a variable condenser in series
or in multiple witli all or a ]»ortion of the primai'y coil.

The inductance of the coils as wound is secondary, .0185 henry ; and pri-
mary, .0228 henry. The total resistances are, 8.1 ohms and 9 ohms re-
spectively. The natural wave length of the entire secondary coil as meas-
ured with a wave meter is 11(M> meters, which corresix)nds to a distributed
capacity pf .000019 microfarads. The dead end switches break this so that
the energy ab.sorbed is a minimum.

As mounted as a slide tuner the length over all is 22 inches. The total
weiglit is 15 pounds. An equivalent long wave receiver coil of the single
layer type would require five times as much wire and would be 25 times
as long or a length of about 45 feet.

Thus we liave in small dimensions a receiver for any wave length from
Ainiapolis 17000 meters to amateur stations 200 meters. European sta-
tions are received with one liulb using an aerial 125 feet long stretched
among the trees of the Indiana University campus.

291

SlXiKKtJATlON A.\l> KJ':('().MI'.lNATION OF THE (iENKS FOR TINGED,
niAMHK lU'FK. A\I» COIJAL IX DKOSOI'HH.A MELAN(K!ASTEK.

|{()S('OE R. Hydk.

From the Dcpiirl iiiciil of Iiiiiimiiolofiy. ScIkkiI of I lyfiiciic iiml rulilic

IIc.illli. .!(.lms Hopkins I'liivcrsity. I'.altiiiKin-.

Contoiits.

1. Linkable of Imff iiiid liiif,'c(l.

(a) Buff 9 hy imgi'do'.
(1)) Buff cT by tingfd 9 •

2. lAwkniiv of l)Uff and blood.

(a) Buff 9 by blood o'.

(b) Buff cf by blood 9 .

S. Linkajrt' of coral an<l tiii^'cd.

(a) Coral 9 by tinged cf .

(b) Coral cf by tinged 9 .

4. LinkaRe of coral and blood.

(a) (^oral 9 by blood cf.

(b) Coral d" by blood 9 .

;"). Linkajic of coral and buff.

(a) Coral 9 by buffcT.

(b) Coral cf by buff 9 •

0. Linkage of tinged and blood.

(a) Tinged 9 by blood cf.

(b) Tinged c^ by blood 9 .

7. Linkage of coral and eo.sin.

(a) Eosin 9 by coral cf .

(b) Eosin cf by coral 9 .

5. Snunnary.
!). Literature.

In a previous paper I reiwrted the origin of blood and tinged, two .sex-
linked eye mutants in Drosophila. Both mutants gave complete linkage
with white, eosin and cherry and consecpiently formed with the red of the
wild type a sextuple system of nudtiple allelomorphs. Safir and Lance-
field later reix)rted huff and coral, two other members of tliis sy.stem. as
shown by their linkage to white. T. H. Morgan has kindly supplied me
with stocks of buff and coral and this paper records the cond>inations made
with those two stocks to my stocks of blood and tinged.- The results of
these crosses bear out the expectation that, since l)lo()d and tinged are
allelomorphic to white and luiff and coral are allelomorphic to white, the
mutants buff, coral, tiiigeil and blood should show alleloinoriddsm to each
other.

The evidence from such a .system is significant as it bears on the nature
of the change that takes place in the chromosomes of mutant stock.s. If the
different mutants are a result of losses of materials that lie at different
levels on the sex-chromosome, then the wild type eye should result in the
daughters on crossing any two of the.se mutants, since the daughter receives
two sex-chromosomes and each would restore the missing allelomorph of the
other. As a matter of fact the daughters from all combinations are com-

292

Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

pounds, with eyes intermediate in color between tlie parent types. If the
Kenes for these different eye colors are allocated at different levels f)n the
sex chromosome there should appear among the grandsons eyes of the wild
, type as a result of the phenomenon of crossing over. The evidence presented
from these combinations is consistant with that obtained from other tests
in showing that this does not occur.

The nomenclature employed is that used in other publications for the
members of this system. — white w. tinged wt. buff wbu, eosin w^. cherry w*",
coral w'^o, blood wb, red W.

The female is expressed by the formula XX, the male XO, consequently
the formula for a tinged eyed female is wtwtXX, a tinged eye male wtXO.

The following tables give the results- of the combinations made between
the different members of this allelomorphic series. The genetic composition
of the parents (P), the children ( F, ), and grandchildren (F,) are expressed
in terms of the nomenclature stated above. The numbers indicate the num-
ber of flies realized from the different combinations.
1. Linkage of Buff oiid Tinged
(a) Buff 9 by Tinged cf.

P. wbuwlniXX

wtXO

Y,. wbuwtXX

wbuXO

(1). 52

58

(2). 20(1

185

(3). 40C

301

F,

wbuwbuXX wbiiw'XX

WbuXO w^XO.

1 . . . . .

135
155

84
58

129

83

136
45

91
130

75

85

23
95

112

la..

110

2

56

2a

28

3 . .

136

3a

65

4

118

4a

53

5

5a

70
93

6 . . . . .

115

6a. .

96

7

30

7a. .

108

Total

1324

1190

Drosophila }f<'1iinof/aftter.

293

The buff females and the tinge(l-l)ufT conipdunds are in-acfically insepar-
able. The two classes of males can be separated into buff and finked males
liut are here classified to>;etlier. The wild red eyed form did not ajiiH'ar in
(lie F, or l'\ fieneration. Tbe F.. males and females show a slijjht variation
iu color although we were unable to separate tlie two on a color basis.

(h) Buffct^hy Tint,'c(l 9

r. wiMixo wiwixx

F, wtwiMiXX wiXO.

(1) 30 .-{1

(2) 256 200
{?,) 04 S;-)

Tbe tin,i,'c(i males and tbe tin.m'd-luitT (-((mpound females of the? Fj are in-
separalilc on a color basis as one nuubt expect since the two colors are sep-
arated bv such a small mai';;in.

F,

w^w^XX

wtwbuXX

w^XO wbuXO.

1

72
127
113
242
1168
112

48

2

3 ....

103
65

4

186

/)

47

()

82

Total

734

531

The Fn males can be separated with ditticulty.

2. lAHlatijv of Buff aiul Blood.
(a) Buff? b,- Blooded.
r. wb"w"iiXX . w'JXO
Fi wbiiwbXX wbiiXO

202 198

F, Fenniles compounds uniform deep red — males like buff.

Fa

wbuwbuXX

wbuwbXX

WbuXO

wbXO

I

51

45

130

158

72

40

148

152

50

49

117

168

09

9

37

3

119

4.

Total .

139

384

418

384

364

Males and females in the F.. are easily separated into the different classes.

294

Proceedings of Indiana Aoadrmi/ of Science.

(b) Buff d" l).v Blood 9 .
P. wiiuXO . w^wbXX
F' wbuw'>XX w^XO

117 104

Fi Males typical of blood eyes — light when young — turn very dark with
age. Females lighter than blood and do not turn so dark with age.

F,

wbwbuXX

wbwbXX

wbuXO

wbXO

1

79

66

139

79

83

79

182

67

60

45

147

74

58

2

54

3

112

4

77

Total

363

411

326

301

;. Linkage of Coral and Tinged.
(a) Coral 9 by Tngedcf.
P. w«"w'^"XX . w^XO

F,

wcowtXX
27

w«"XO
22

F, Flies

Lighter than coral stock

Same color as
coral stock

F=

w«"w'^"XX

w«="wtXX

w^"XO

w^XO

J

79
78
46
74
57
40

94
70
40
78
62
43

79
75
33
65
62
51

84

la

56

lb

29

2

47

2a

3 . .

58
54

Total

374

387

365

328

Drosojili'lhi M<lan()ffnntfr.

295

(1)) Coralcf •)>' Tintr«Hl 9.
P. W^OXO

w'w'XX

F»

w'wC"XX
44

\v»XO
3«)

F,

wtw»XX

wSv«"XX

w^XO

wc^XO

31

63

5

68
68
24

48
60
7
54
68
18

33
61
4
74
53
9

35

la

60

lb

8

2 .

52

2a. .

61

2b.. .

14

Total

259

255

234

230

[. Linkage of Vonil and Blood.

(a) Coral 9 by Blood cf.
P. wcowcoXX

wbXO

F,

w<="wbXX
18

wC"XO

18

Fi Flies

Female just a hint lighter
than male.

As these flies become
Older the sexes are in-
distinguishable.

F,

w™w«"XX wC"wbXX

w^»XO

wbXO

1

la .

2

116

159

49

180

103
135

81

178

2a

Total

945

497

The two classes of males can lie .separated when young. Females cannot
l>e separated with certainty. They show a variable range as is true of blood
which overlaps the coral.

21MI Pror(((]in(/s of Tiidiaiia Acathnij/ of Science.

(h) Coral c^ by Blood 9 .
P. wcoXO

\vi)\vi)XX

Fx

wbw'^"XX
18

wbXO
17

Flies

Females and males same color; dark as males. A
mere hint that females are lighter.

F,

wbwbXX wbw'^^XX

wbXO w'^"XO

1

103
143-

21
162
126

82

116

la

lb

2

2a . .

107

27
146
122

2b

70

Total

637

588

">. Linkufic of Coral and Buff.

(a) Coral 9 by Buffer'.
P. weowcoXX

F,

w"^"wbuXX
31

wC"XO
29

Fi Flies

Much lighter than coral

Same color as stock
coral.

F,

w^^V^XX

w'^^wbiiXX

w'^'-XO

wbuXO

1..
la.

Total

57
50

40
56

49
45

44
40

107

96

94

84

Dro.sopJiild Ml hiii'H/aslrr.

297

(1.) ('(.ral j' l)y HulT 9 .
P. w'^-'XO

wbuwbuXX

Fl

wbuw'^'^X
44

WbuXO
37

F, Flies

Lighter than buff
Lighter than coral
Lighter than blood?

Same color as buff
stock.

F,

WbuwbuXX

wbuw'^^XX

wbuXO

w''"XO

1 .

57
253

45
198

20

41
233

25
203

19

46
239

33
166

29

45

la

277

11)

20

2

175

•>.j

20

Total

573

521

513

446.

Compound 9 much lighter thancf'.

G. Lhikai/e of Tinged (Did Blood.
(a) Tinged 9 by Blood d^.
P. wtw^XX . w"XO

Fi

wtwbXX
33

wtXO
2)

F, Flies

All lighter than
blood, bu t darker
than tinged.

Males like tinged
stock.

F,

wV^XX .

wtwbXX

wbXO

w^XO

1

la

2

74 98
109 [ 105
37 1 3(i
57 52
29 ! 22

71
104
21
4()
26

78
07
32

2a ;

63

2b

28

Total

306

313

268

298

298

Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

(h) Tiiigi'f) 0^ hy Blood 9
P. wtXO

wbwbXX

F,

wtwbXX
18

wbXO
17

Fi Flies

Females much lighter than
males.

Typical of blood stock
Sexes easily separated
on color basis.

F.

wbwbXX

wbw^XX

WbXO

w^XO

1

52
68
9
35
164
45

55
68
9
31
160
45

41
47
5
42
112
26

45

la

61

lb

4

2

47

2a

136

2b. .

33

Total

373

368

273

326

Drosofihild Mt hinof/K.slcr.

2JMI

7. Liiihaj/c of Conil to Eonin.

(ii) F:()siii 9 and ('oralcT.

P. w«w«XX . w«''XO

Fi

w'=w«"'XX
108
200

w^XO

94
200

Fi Flies

Indistinguishable from coral

compound does not

seem to modify.

Typical of eosin;
slight color change
with age.

F,

wSv^XX

wSv«'OCX

w«XO

w^"XO

9a

60
40
30
60
15
62

55
54
30
68
10
60

60
71
24
65
14
59

57

11a. . .

47
35

lib

70
16

48

F2 Flies

Like
Eosin 9 9

Slightly
darker than
9 but not as

dark as
males.

Like
eosin 0" .

Much like

blood when

old but not

as dark

{()()

I'rocccdhif/s of fiuliaini Acddcvii/ of Science.

(1)) Eosiiicf by Coral 9 .

P. w«XO . w'^V^^'XO

w«w':"XX
125

wC"XO
115

F, Flies

The eye colors are hard to distinguish. The females

seem to be a little lighter than the males; darker

when old.

F,

wC^w'^^XX w'^V^XX

w'X

wC"X

1

la

lb

166

59

107

196

87
80

70
36
17
98
40
31

90
40
34

2

3

3a

97
50
41

Total .

695

292

352

8. Nummary.

The genes for buff and coral known to be allelomorpbic to white have
here been tested with tinged and ])lood. two otlier genes allelmorphic to
white. The exr>ectation is that since both are allelomorphic to wlaite, tlaey
will be allelomorphic to eacli other. The results of the different combina-
tions made verify the expectations. Sufficient evidence has accumulated to
show that these are members of the same allelomorphic series. The fact
that tlie red eyed fly does not appear in the Fj or F. bears out the assumption
that the different members of this multiple allelomorph series are but
different expressions of the same material particle and that they occupy
identical loci on the sex-Jiromo.some.

0. Literature.

(1.) Hyde, R. R. Two new members of a .sex-Linked Multiple Allelomorph

System. Genetics lOK!. I. 535-580.
(2.) Hyde, R. R. and Powell, H. M. Mosaics in Drosopliila Ampelophila.

Genetics 1916 1. 581-583.
(3.) Hyde. R. R. On the change that takes place in the chromosome in

mutating stocks. Proceedings Indiana Academy of Science 1915.
(4.) Lancefield, D. E. An Autosomal bristle modifier affecting a sex-linked

character. Am. Nat. 1918. 52, 4(32-4<34.
(5.) Morgan, T. H. and Bridges, C. B. Sexdinked inheritance in Droso-

phila. 1910. Carnegie Institution of Washington. Publication 237.
(6.) Miller. H. J. Further changes in the white eye series of Drosophila

and their bearing on the manner of occurrence of mutation. J. Exp.

Zool.. 1920. 21. 443-473.
(7.) Safir. S. R. Buff, a new allelomorph of white eye color in Droso-
phila. Genetics 191G. /, 584-590.

301

I'.HIIAVIOR OF THE GENE FOK THE MTITAXT CUUVED OK DKOSO-

PIIILA MELAXOGAKTEK IN ("ROSSES INVOLVING (JENES IN

THE SAME ANI> OTIIKU ("I n{( >.\I<>S( ».M ES.

KoscoK K. HviiK.

Frum tlio Depart luciit of Iimimii()Ioi;y. ScIkiuI of Hyjiiciic aiitl I'liltlic
Healtli. Johns Hopkins Iiiivcrsily. Baltimore.

Contents.

I. Behavior of the curved win.ued mutant with normal w ild stock.

1. Curvt^dQ by wild o'- ("hroniosonic 1.

II. Jiehavior of curved with lieiit. Chi'omosome I\'.

1. Curved 9 bj' bent cT.

III. Behavior of curved with si)iiieless Chromosomi' III.

1. Curved 9 by .spineless o\

2. Spineless 9 by curved d^.

3. Deficiency of the double recessive, curved spineh ss in crowded

cultures.

I\'. Behavior of curved witli \-esti.i;ial. ("hromosome II.

1. Vestigial 9 by curved o"".

2. Curved 9 by vestigial cf .

3. Back crosses between thi' hybrid of curved and \ < stigial t i
the parent stocks.

V. Behavior of curved with crosses involvini: lilack. Chromosome II.

1. Black 9 by curved cf .

2. Curved 9 by black cf •

3. Curved 9 by black, purple curved d".

4. Black, purple curved cf by curved 9 .

.'). (\osses involving black, purple, vestigial and cursed.

VII. Literature.

A winj: mutaticm in Hrosopliila uiehuioKaster wliich has proved to be iden-
tical with curved, a mutant found by Bridj^es in rudimentary stock, appeared
in my wild cultures in the latter part of November. 1914. The culture was one
of a large number of wild stocks that were taken during the fall of 1913

302

Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

in Indiana. Twelve curved of botli sexes appeared simultaneously in the
culture bottle. The mutant has been kept in pure culture since that time.
A number of crosses with mutants known to belong to different chromosome
groups are here recorded.

/. Behavior of the curved irint/cil iiuifdiif with normal icild stock.
Vhroniosomc I.

1. Curved 9 by wildcf .

A curved wing female bred to tlie normal long wing male produced 18
sons and 13 daughters, — all with wings typical of wild stock. These when
inbred gave in the F, generation 107 curved and 348 wild tyi>e flies. Table
I. Both sexes are affected. This result demonstrates curved to be a reces-
sive, non sex-linked mutant giving a Mendelian ratio of approximately 3 to 1.
It is evident that the gene for curved is not carried by chromosome I, since
it does not show sex -linkage.

Table I. Fo generation from curved 9 by wildcf .

Number

Normal o^ d"

Normal 9 9

Curved cf &

Curved 9 9

1

48

46

8

11

la

52

32

21

18

lb

46

55

13

13

Ic

24

45

13

10

Total .

170

178

55

52 _

//. Bvliuvior of ciirvcil irHli bent. Clironiofionic IV.
1. Curved 9 by bent cf.

Bent is a wing mutant tirst described by MuUer who demonstrated that
its gene belongs to Group IV. The curved female by bent male gave all
normal flies of the wild type in the Fj generation. These inbred produced in
Fj the different classes given in table II.

Table II. F2 generation from curved 9 by bentc?-

Wild type

Wild type

9 9

Curved

Curved

9 9

Bent

Bent

9 9

66

90

37

29

33

31

DroHopli \hi Mchninrfostrr.

303

This cross slidiild ;xivc .1 r;ili(i of ;>:.';:.!:1 iC (lie j;c'iio for ciirvod is in

a clininKisoiiH' oOicr tliaii I\'. I'.nil is a p ■ cliaraclcr widi whicli to c<jii-

(rast curvtMl since liolli cliaractcrs involve liic wiii^s and tlie douijle re-
cessive cainiot Willi cerlainly he liislin^nislied. A few forms aitpcared,
liowevei-. wiiicli I took to he cnrNcd lient. Conidinf: tlio douJ)Ift recessive
with curved and l>ent a ratio of i> to 7 siiould result. Tlio tahle gives
apitroxiniately this ratio and a teidati\e conclusion readied that the gene
for cin-ved is liorne iiy a cliroinosonie whicii jiivt's free assortment with IV.

///. Ilclittrior of riirr((l irilli siiinclrs.s. (liiotnonome III .

1. ('ur\r<I 9 l)y spineless o"'.
Spineless, a mutant cliai-acteri/.ed l)y tlie aitsence of hristles on tlie thorax,
was tirst desciiiied hy I'.ridues. Its gene belongs to Chromosome III. All
children from the curved 9 hy spineless ^a were characteristic of the wild
ty])e. These wIkmi inhred in pairs uave in the V, generation the different
classes as shown in tahle 111.

Table III. F2 generation from curved 9 by spineless cf .

Number

Normal

Normal

Curved

of j

Wild

wing

spines

Spineless

Mating

type

spineless

curved

1

75

21

22

5

2

57

14

11

4

3

57

17

19

8

4

58

18

13

8

5

89

16

22

2

6

58

15 .

14

4

7

61

22

13

5

8

9

2

2

0

9

39

14

8

4

10

55

1

11

1

11

42

2

12

0

12

77

24

20

10

13

63

2

14

0

14

35

9

9

4

15

82

25

24

5

16

46

13

14

6

17

78

20

18

8

18

87

25

28

8

19

49

1

24

0

20

48

11

14

5

21

60

23

14

4

22

48

18

8

4

23

40

2

13

0

24

47

17

13

1

' Total

1360

332

360

96

304

Prorrrdiiifjs of IiKliana Academy of Science.

2. Spineless 9 l>y curved o'.

Tile reeiproeal cross ia which the spineless 9 is paired to the curved cf
is given in tabl ' IV. All the Fi were like the wild type.

Table IV. F2 generation from spineless 9 by curved cf .

Number

Normal

Normal

of

Wild

wing

spines

Curved

Mating

type

spineless

curved

spineless

1

72

31

27

10

2

82

23

22

2

3

79

3

26

0

4

70

22

18

8

5

50

17

18

7

6

79

23

19

6

7

72

8

20

0

8

73

17

27

1

9

83

19

16

2

10

72

17

28

3

11

76

29

27

11

12

73

15

15

5

13

82

8

23

1

14

75

15

24

- 2

15

61

16

21

8

16

72

22

24

11

17

13

1

7

1

18

21

7

7

5

19

68

37

8

6

20

80

15

11

4

21

78

21

25

7

22

42

20

17

1

23

20

3

10

2

24

62

15

17

10

Total

1546

404

457

113

Tables III and IV give evidence of free Mendelian assortment of curved
and spineless since the classes approximate a ratio of 9:3:3:1. We con-
clude that the gene for curved is borne by a chromosome other than III.
3. Deficiency of the douMe recessive curved spineless in crowded conditions.

These combinations have been made many times with the same result
except that when the cultures are crowded there is a marked suppression of
the double recessive. Table V gives an F, count from crowded conditions.
It is to be noted that only approximately half the number of double reces-
sives appear under unfavorable conditions.

I)r(f.s()/t}iil(i .]frl(iiioff(isl(r

305

V-2 fjeueral

•less V 1>\' ••lli"\C(l ,\

Xormal

Noriiuil

Xoniial

Curved

NumbtT

wUd

wing

spines

sj)iiic-

type

spineless

wingless

Icss

1

34

5

0

0

2

197

43

44

11

3

250

28

59

7

4

253

56

56

s

5

264

50

67

10

()

24^

66

71

12

7

210

35

29

5

8

50

27

U

5

Total=

1496

310

337

58

The Fi were made up in nias>^ cultures July 10. 1016. transferred to new
bottles .Inly IG. The linal count was made July 124. 1910.

/r. Behavior of curved iritli ve>ili(jial. (lironiosomc If.
Vestigial, a luenibor of jrnnip II. was described and the linkage of the gone
reiK)rted by Morgan and l.yiicli. The double reces.sive does not appear
among the offispring on mating the F, from a cross involving two simple ro-
eessives whose genes are allocated in the same chromosome. This is i]}n'
to the fact that in this species there is no crossing over in the male.

1. Vestigial 9 by curved cf.

The Fi from this combination had long wings typical of wild stock. Table
V gives the different classes that appeared in the F..

Table VI. Fa generation from vestigial 9 by curved cf".

Number

Wild

type

Curved

Vest

igial

cTd'

9 9

d'c^

9 9

c^cf

9 9

1
la

46
40

32
55

16
29

13
26

11
27

9
26

Total . .

86

87

45

39

38

35

-Six flies in this group wore uiiiuis oue oye.

306

Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

2. Curved 9 by vcstif^ial a'.

All the h\ j'eueratiou from this coiubinatiou have long wings of tlie vpild
type as is the expectation. Those when inbred produced tlie different
chisses as given in tables VII and VIII.

Table VII. F2 genoration from curved 9 by vestigial cf.

Number

Wild

type

Curved

Vestigial

d^d"

9 9

d'd'

9 9

d'd'

9 9

1

208

203

89

82

69

90

la

81

97

38

40

30

32

2

154

130

74

69

62

56

2a

89

112

30

34

9

17

3

156

124

61

64

63

78

3a

128

139

61

53

36

36

4

104

88

51

39

49

48

4a

70

83

21

37

17

24

5

193

208

76

96

78

87

5a

84

105

15

19

7

9

6

40

51

22

20

16

10

6a

36

39

17

22

17

19

7

41

49

9

9

15

12

7a

52

47

16

8

17

19

8

64

78

40

34

41

39

8a

71

93

22

16

23

29

9

93

75

35

26

38

35

9a

58

64

27

24

20

27

Total . .

1722

1785

704

692

607

667

3. Back crosses hetween the hybrid of curved and vestigial to the parent
stocks.

The genetic relation between curved and vestigial was studied in various
combinations of back crosses between the liybrids and the parent stocks.
Tables VIII — XV shows the different combinations made and the classes
realized.

I)r<hs<>itliUii M( hi ii()(fa.slcr

307

Table VIII. llsbrid 9 (curved 9 by vestigial o^) by curved cf.

Niunbor

Wild type

Curved

c^cT

9 9

cPd'

9 9

87

84

53

()2

la

IK)

1()()

101

S4

2

104

12.-,

(;:{

74

2a

•,i

1 1

2 ,

0

S7

107

m

77

Total

884

582

Table IX. Hybrid d' (curved 9 by vestigal cf) by curved 9,

Number

Wild type

Curveil

o^cf

9 9

c^cf

' 9 9

1
2

155

83

141
93

103
Gl

98
94

Total

47

'2

3:

)6

Table X. Hybrid 9 (curved 9 by vest'g'al cf ) by vestigial cf .

Number

Wild type

Vestigial

d'd'

9 9

<fd'

9 9

1
2
3
4

82
55
90
45

92
53

91

2S

43
54
35
29

58
38
33
29

Total

5t

}6

3

19

308 Proccediii(/s of TiKlkiiia Acadcnnj of t^ciriice.

Table XI. Hybrid cf (curved 9 by vestigial cf) by vestigial cf.

Number

Wild type

Vestigial

cf d^

9 9

cfc? .

9 9

1

45

41

34

34

la

89

87

44

48

2

26

18

19

11

2a

10

7

4

2

3

95

118

92 1

83

3a

72

87 .

37

45

Total ....

695

453

Table XII. H\brid 9 (vestigial 9 by curved cf) by vestigial cf.

Number

Wild type

Vestigial

cf cf

9 9

cf cf

9 9

85

101

35

31

Total

186

66

Table XIII. Hybrid cf (vestiga' 9 by curved cf) by vesfgal 9.

Number

Wild

type

Vestigial

cf cf

9 9

cf cf

9 9

74

87

32

22

Total

161

54

Droso/iliild .]l( l(iii<)</<islir. :>(li)

'r:il)lc XIV. Ilyl)i.-(1 9 (v(«sli(j:i:il 9 l)y ciirx fd , ; ) by .-urvrd d".

Number

Wild type

Curved

cftf-

9 9

cfcf

9 9

14

18

15

24

Total

32

-

J9

Table XV. Hybrid cf (vestigial 9 by curved cf) by curved 9.

Xuml)er

Wild type

Curved

d'cf

9 9

cf o^

9 9

50

*

68

43

52

Total

1

18

95

It is evident that in order to hrins out the linkage value the double reces-
sive vestigial curved should be used in the back crosses.

V. Behavior of ciirrcd iritli crosses hirolviiif/ hJnck. Clironiosoinc II.

Black, a body color nnUjition. \v:is found by :\Iorg;iii. Its linkage shows it
to belong to Group II. The contrast lu'twcen the two characters makes
black a good character against which to test curved.

1. Black 9 by curved cT.
The gray (wild type color) curved ,^ mated to the straight (wild type
wing) black 9 gave 12 wild sons and i:'. wild daughters. Thes{> inbred pro-
duced au F; generation classified in table XVI.

;10 Proceedings of Indiunu Academy of Science.

Table XVI. F2 generation from straight black 9 by gray curved cf.

Number

Straight gray

Straight black

Curved gray

Curved black

1
2
3

80
114
219

39

30

104

20
36
67

0
0
0

Total

413

173

123

0

2. Curved 9 by black cf •

The reciprocal cross in wliich the curved 5 is mated to the black j\ gave
all wild type in tlie F, generation. These inbred gave results as given in
table XVII. These results sliow very clearly that there Is linkage between
black and curved since the double recessive does not appear in F,.

Table XVII. F2 generation from gray curved 9 by straight black (

Number

Straight gray

Straight black

Curved gray

Curved black

1
2
3

131
139
104

41
45

58

31
31
34

0
0
0

Total

374

144

96

0

3. Curved 9 by black purple curved cf.

Tables XVIII and XIX give additional data in which curved was crossed
to the triple recessive black purple curved obtained from Morgan in the fall

of 1918. T he curv^ed 9 by the black purple curved cT eave 200 gray red
eyed curved sons and 218 gray red eyed daughters. The fact that all the Fj
had curved wings is conclusive proof that IMorgan's curved stock and mine
are identical. The independent change affecting the germ plasm had changed
identical genes. Matings were made from the Fi with the results recorded
in table XVIII.

Drosophihi Mchinofiastrr. 311

Table XVI II. F^ gouoralion Iroiu curved 9 by l)Iaclv, i)uri)k' curved d*.

(irav

Black

iilack

(J ray

X umber

red

l)urple

red

purple

curved

curved

curved

curved

1

128

35

6

6

la

180

35

10

7

2

199

45

10

8

2a

116

32

5

2

3

123

30

7

8

3a

119

32

1

2

4

165

43

2

5

4a

44

14

1

3

Total

1074

276

49

42

4. Black purple curved 9 by curved o^.

The F, from the reciprocal cross to that in 3 gave 202 gray red eyed
curved sons and 231 gray red eyed curved daughters. These inbred gave in
F„ the different classes in table XIX.

Table XIX. F.- generation from black, purple, curved 9 by curved cf .

Gray

Black

Black

Gray

Number

red

purple

red

purple

curved

curved

curved

curved

1

248

52

6

25

2

273

59

14

11

3

313

77

11

7

4

263

59

13

6

Total

1097

247

44

49

The fact that all the flies in the F, and F. are curved shows that the two
mutants are identical. The last two tables give data on the linkage of pur-
ple and black. There are 184 cross overs in a total of 287S a linkage of 12.8.

5. The Black, purple vestigial was crossed to a new wild stock from
Arlington, Md. Over 500 sons and daughters were like the wild type. Since
crossing over does not take place in the males, Fi females whose composition
was (b p V B 1' V) were back crossed to black purple vestigial (b p v). The

n2

Procrcdiiif/s of Tiidutiia Academy of i^ncnce.

females produce non-crossover j^ametes (1) p v) and (B 1' V) jiiid crossover
gametes of the composition b P V — Bpv — bpV — BPv — bPv and Jipv. The
males to which they are mated produce gametes of the composition b p v.
The different classes realized are given in table XX.

Table XX. Classes realized on back crossing the bpv cf to the
hybrid 9 of composition bpv BPV.

No.

Vestigial

Long

Black-

Gray

Black

Gray

Purple

Red

Purple
Ppv

Red
BPv

Purple

Red

Purple

Red

bpv

bPv

bpV

bPV

BpV

BPV

1
2
3
4

95

02

111

179

2

4
4
2

15

6

14

12

23
5
9

26

16

8

15

62

13
14
16
36

1
2
2

4

119

78

89

301

Totals.

447

12

47

63

101

79

«

587

VI. Summary.

The independent origin of curved, a wing mutant identical with
the one reported by Bridges, is liere given. Tlie data obtained
witli the various crosses is in agreement with the great mass of evi-
dence which shows that the chromosome conception of inheritance offers
the only rational basis upon which such data can be interpreted. Genes
carried by different chromosomes give free assortment with Mendelian
ratios, those in the same chromosome show linkage with no crossing over
in tlie male.

It is evident that the factor grouping of a new mutant can be determined
by the failure of the double recessive to appear in the F., generation. Mor-
gan has made use of black-pink flies for testing a new mutant type. Black
is in the second group and pink in the third. If tlie new factor belongs to
either of these groups it will fail to show the double recessive among the
grandchildren from the cross. The sex relations from such an exjieriment
will readily determine whether or not it belongs to the sex-linked group.
If it belongs to none of these groups it is by exclusion placed in the fourth
group.

l>i-(>s()/)ltihi Ml IdiiDi/iislrr. ;ilo

I//. lAlvniliirc.

1. M(irj.Mii. Sturli'Viiiit. .MiilhT, r.iidtics. The .Mccliaiiisiii nf MciMlcliMii

IIcMVility. 1015. New York.
1>. IMoufili. II. II. Tlu> t'fTocts of IcinpciMlmv on cn.ssiiii,' over. J. Ivxp.

/(.(.!. T.HT. .'J.

3. Coiilrilmtiiiiis l.. the (Jciictics (.f I n-osuphihi .Mcljiiio-iislcr. .Mni-iin.

BridKC.^. Sturtt'viiiit. ("nriiciiic Instil ulioii ..l" \Viisliiii-,'tnii. 1011).
Publication No. 2TS.

4. Miillor. H. J. A (Jciic for the I'ourlli ( 'lirdiiiosoiiii' of I »rosi)iiliiIa. J.

Exp. Zool. 1914. 11.

5. Stnrtovaiit. A. II. Zoit. fiir iinluklivc Alistaminiiiijis mid X'crcrliuuf^s-

icim". v.n:^. t.i. i';j4-i'sT.

315

NOTES ON THE I'.IUnS OF ("AUKOI.L, MONIfoK. AND VICO COIN-
TIES. INDIANA.

Barton Waukkn KvKR^[A^•^•.

Director of tlio Musouni of tlic ( "iilifiiriiin AcMdciiiy of Sciences.

It has been my aiin to l)rin.e; toKetlier and put on rccm-d in tliis paixT
such notes as I now have conceniiiiK the birds of Carroll. .Monroe, and Vi^'o
counties. Indiana. I bejian recording my observations on the birds as long
ago as 1877. The greater part of the records made prior to 1888, were, how-
ever, lost in the tire which destroye<l the Indiana State Normal School build-
ing on March 8 of tliat year. Fortunat<'ly, some of my note books were
saved. The present paper is based chietiy uiK»n the notes contained in tlieni
and sucli as were made subsequent to that dati'.

Cakroi-l County.

Carroll County was my home during Imyhood and until August. 1879. I
was in the coimty during part of the summers of 1881 and 1882. and almost
continuously from March. 188.'5. to July. 1885. Since 188;"). I have in some
years been able to spend from a day to a weelc or more in tlie county.

Up to 1877. my interest in l>irds was merely such as is taken by most
country boys with a more or less decided "bent" for natural history. In
the s])riug and summer of 1877. my wife. Meadie Hawkins Everniann. was
a student of Dr. David Starr .Jordan's at liutler University, and. through
Dr. .Jordan. Mrs. Susan Bowen .Jordan. Dr. and Mrs. Alembert W. Brayton.
and Mr. Charles H. Gilbert, all of whom then lived in Irvington and all of
whom were then enthusiastic collectors and students of birds, she. too. be-
came interested in natural history, particularly botany and ornithology.
From them she learned to skin birds and when we I'eturned to Camden in
the fall, I also became interested in natural history studies, and from that
day to this we both have retained our interest in birds.

Our tield work in Carroll County was chiefly in the vicinity of Camden
and r.urlington ; however, from March. 188.",, to .July. 1885. my work was
such as took me. in buggy or sleigh, all over the comity. I was thus a tield
(III i»ractically every day continuously for nearly two and one-half years,
and thus had exceptional opportunities to observe the birds in every part of
the county, during all seasons and at all times of the day. Mrs. Evermann
was constantly and enthusiastically associated with me in all this work,
sometimes accompanying me on long trips over the county, more often
joining the short trips afield. She always joined in the study and identifi<'a-
tion of the specimens collected and did practically all the taxidermy work
incident to the preparation of the specimens.

Among our students were several that became more or less interested in
birds and who assisted us in field observations and the collecting of speci-
mens. Among these I may mention particularly the following: First of all.
Ami. Addi.son. Sidney T.. and Otway C.. Sterling, four brothers living south-
west of Camden on Bachelor Run. all with a natural history "bent". Ami
and Addison, fine young boys they were, and promising yoinig naturalists.

316 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

made a small collection of nests and eggs, which doubtless would have
grown to considerable size and value if the boys had lived, but they
both died while yet in their teens. The other two brothers also were good
observers and I am indebted to them, particularly to Sidney, for many
records of rare or uncommon birds noted. Frank C. Porter, a cousin of
the Sterling boys, and living on a farm near them, also was interested in
birds and contributed many observations of value. I spent many a day
pleasantly with these boys hunting in the Deer Creek bottoms. My nephew,
Edwin C. Evermann, of Burlington, another promising young naturalist who
died while yet a. boy in 1888, made a small collection of bird eggs which is
now in the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences. Two other
Burlington boys who showed some interest in birds were the brothers,
William and Dalton Wright now of Los Angeles, California. Still others
who have communicated to me observations or data of value, or specimens,
may be named : D. C. Ridgley, now professor of geography in the state
normal school at Normal, Illinois ; Harry C. A'an Der Volgen of west of
Pittsbvu-g; James Milton Beck (my brother-in-law), of Burlington ; Miss Ava
Evermann (my niece), then of Burlington, now of Kokomo ; and Frank C.
Groninger, one of our students at Camden, now a prominent lawyer of
Indianapolis. And recently my young great nephew. Donovan Beck of Bur-
lington, has sent me notes and specimens.

Favorite collecting places about Camden wore the following: Along Deer
Creek in the woods from the Vandalia railroad to Leonard's mill, a distance
of two or three miles; the woods and hillside thicket at the southeast edge
of Camden ; the Deer Creek bottoms from Camden to below the Porter mill,
a distance of perhaps three miles ; along the lower course of Bachelor Run ;
in the heavy forest on the AVise farm southwest of Camden ; on and about
the Wm. R. Stewart farm southwest of Camden ; in the open woods just
north of the Frank Thomas farm south of town ; in the woods northwest
and north of the town ; and about the Armstrong pond at the south edge
of Camden.

The localities about Burlington most frequented were the following: My
father's farm and the farms adjoining it. about a mile south of town ; along
Wild Cat Creek from a mile below Burlington to the dam about the same
distance above town : and the Maple Swamp near Lexington. Many ob-
servations were made also along the road between Camden and Delphi and
along the Wabash River near Delphi.

Monroe Covxty.

From August, 1881, to March. 1883. and again from July. 1885, to July,
1886, while students in Indiana University, we devoted much of our spare
time to the birds of Monroe County, particularly of the region within a
radius of 15 or 20 miles of Bloomington. During those years our pleasure
and enthusiasm in ornithological studies were increased through associa-
tion with several other students of kindred tastes. Among these may be
mentioned the following : Willis S. Blatchley, afterward teacher of biology
in the Terre Haute high school and later the able State Geologist of Indiana
for many years: Charles H. Bollman. a very promising young naturalist
interested chiefly in myriopods but also deeply interested in birds and fishes,

Xotrs on the Hirds. 317

whose untiiuoly dfalli mI Wiiycross, Georgia, July 1."'.. ISSJi. wiiilf stiidyiii;,'
(ho fishes of soiitliciii swjiiups for the ITiiited States Fisli ( '(niimission.
just as he was eiiterliij,' upon wliat promised to lie a brilliant scicutilic
career, was a great hiss to /.(.ologlcal science; (J. O. Williamson of .Muncie;
W. A. Millis. now the able president of Hanover College: ("liasc ( ». DnI'.ois.
now prominent as a superintendent of seliools in Illinois: W. W. Xoiman.
afterward professor of zoology in DePauw Fniversity and tlic I iiivcrsity of
Texas, whose untimely death at Woods Hole. Mass.. in tiic suniitici- of l.S!>4,
was a severe loss to Anu-rican science: Kohert .1. Aley. now liie energetic
president of the University of Maine; and Joseph Swain now llie able presi-
dent of Swarthmore College. \or must I fail to mention Miss Aniue Tnniei-
of Fdoomington who aided us materially in our collecting. All of lliese were
then enthusiastic students of birds and all would no doubt ha\-e atlained dis
tinction in ornithological studies, had not the Fates east their lines in other
fields.

Vico County.

"While residing at Terre Haute from July. ISSti. to July. ISOl. our interest
in ornithology continued an(i we were able to pay considerable attention
to the birds of the region within a radius of some 20 miles of Terre Haute.
During the school year it was my custom to spend Saturday of each weeli
somewhere in tlie country, a practice which was IvOpt up regardless of
weather conditions; rain, storm and snow were never permitted to interfere.
TTsually accompanied by one or ukuc of my students, I would drive afield
early every Saturday morning, .spend the day in woodland, along some stream,
or in and about some pond or swamp, returning home late in the evening, or
frequently not until the next day. The late Dr. Josiah T. Scovell. an all-
round naturalist, was my companion on hundreds of trips, and a more
delightful companion, or one more enthusiastically and intelligently inter-
ested in all nature, no one ever had. Dr. Scovell's interests were many.
Indian mounds, old river channels, the evidences of glacial action, the geol-
ogy of the region, the soils, building stone, coal mines, oil, the topographic
features of the county, — in short, everything geologic, geographic, topo-
graphic, hydrographic, and climatic, interested him ; and his knowledge of
these subjects was such as enabled him to discuss them all intelligently and
interestingly. He was also a good botanist and a fair zoolo.gist, especially
Interested in ecological relations. In systematic zoolog.v lie perhaps knew
most about the freshwater mussels (the Unionidfe). but he also knew a
good deal about the local birds. The hundreds of trips I took with Dr.
Scovell over Vigo County I look back upon as among the most delightful of
my life.

Among my students who took special interest in these trips I may be
permitted to mention a few : Ulysses O, Cox, for many .vears head of the
department of biology and dean in the Indiana State Normal School whose
untimely death at Denver. Colorado, August 20. litJO, took from the faculty
of that institution one of its ablest, most useful and best loved members;
J. RoUin Slonaker. a boyhood chum of Cox, now assistant professor of
physiology in Stanford University; L. J. Kettger. now head of the depart-
ment of physiology in the Indiana State Normal School ; D. C. Ridgley, now

318 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

head of the (lepartiueut of geography in the Illinois State Normal School at
Normal; Be.ssie O. Cushing (Mrs. D. C. Ridgley) ; Flora Hartley, now wife
of Dr. Charles W. Greene, professor of pliysiology in the University of
Missouri; Albert J. Woolman, for many years a science teacher in the higli
schools of South Bend and Duluth, later business man in Urbana, Illinois,
who died in 1018 ; Thos. F. Fitzgibbon, now prominent educator. sui>erin-
tendents of schools, Muncie, Indiana ; Cloudsley Rutter, for a number of
years one of the most able scientific assistants in the United States Fish
Commission, wliose death in 1003, deprived ichthyological science of one of
its most promising young men ; J. C. Cunningham, now prominent farmer
and business man in Miami County ; and \V. I). Hamer, prominent lawyer
at Huntington. Many others might be named. I must not forget to men-
tion my life-long, most intimate friend and predecessor in the Indiana State
Normal School, Dr. Oliver 1'. Jenkins who, though at DePauw University,
frequently came over to Terre Haute, and many a delightful trip did we
take together along tlie Wabash and its small tributaries in search of things
in which we were both interested. Dr. Jenkins was also deeply interested in
the birds of Vigo County, and at one time liad in mind the publication of a
report thereon. Mention must be made also of W. S. Blatchley who during
the several years of his connection with the Terre Haute high school, gave
much attention to the natural history of Vigo County.

I regard the following annotated list as valuable chiefly because of tlie
records of definite dates and places. To some, these may seem trivial and of
little consequence, but to the future student of the migration, geographic dis-
tribution, and habits of our birds, it is believed they will serve a useful pur-
pose.

A statement that a certain species was seen on a certain date in a certain
place does not mean that it was not seen on many other dates and in otlier
places ; it simply means that that particular note was not lost in the fire of
1888. While these records are, in many instances, unrelated, they will,
nevertheless, it is believed, prove useful. I have advisedly made the rec-
ords as definite and detailed as possible as to dates, places, persons and cir-
cumstances, in the belief that their value will thereby be enhanced.

It is regretted that the Vigo and Monroe counties records are not more
numerous, but it was the note-books of those comities which were most
completely lost in the fire of 1888.

I am glad to mention the considerable number of my former students and
associates whose observations and assistance in other ways have contrib-
uted to our knowledge of the birds of Indiana, and I take this opportunity
to express my high appreciation of their interest and helpfulness. Without
their comradeship afield, which gave opportunity for discussion and ex-
clijinge of views, much indeed would have been lost.

Annotated List of Species.

In the following annotated list of species the nomenclature and sequence
agree with the last (third) edition of the Check-List of North American
Birds published by the American Ornithologists" Union in 1910. The species
and subspecies are numbered consecutively. The number in parenthesis
following the scientific name is the serial number of that species in the
Check-List.

Notes on the liinJs. 319

1. Coi.VMlirS AIKIII S { IjIIII.IMIS I . ilOltMII CKKIiK. (.".I

A rai-0 spriiLi: and I'iill iiiiiiniiit. prnlijildx- in all the c'(niiities, thou«li I
lia\o no (Icliiiitc rccoi-d for Carroll (tr Mdiiroc Tlic only recoril for Vigo
is of one l)r(>Ui,'lit to I'rofessor Blatoliloy in the fall of 1S!)0 l»y a boy who
fonnd it tied as a d(H'oy in the Wabasli Kivci- near Torre Haute.

1'. roiMi.vMias I'ODicKi's (Liniia'nsi. ni:ii-i!ii,i,i:i) (;ki:hi:. ((i)

Any oni' who lias sjn-nt much tiino in the suriuir or fall about any of the
small lakes with which northern Indiana is so abundantly supplied, or aloug
the larj;er streams of the state, has doubtless become familiar with the queer
little duck-like birds wliicli lu> probably called "helldivers".

The most common and best known species is the Pied-hilled Grebe, other-
wise known as lielldiver. dabchick. or waterwitch. It is a summer resident
in the ponds about Terre Haute and elsewhere along tlie Wabash River.

Vi(/o Counfy: T'sually a few were seen every time a visit was made to
the Five-mile Pond or the Goose Pond; occasionally seen along the old
canal. When at the Goose Pond, nine miles south of Terre Haute, May 3,
1S90. Mr. U. O. Cox and I found a nest of this curious, witch-like little diver.
It was a floating ma.ss of dead flags and Scirpus stems, more or less matted
together with mud. The eggs, of which there were seven, were covered up
with nest material when found, and were very dirty. Incubation had slight-
ly advanced. Four of the eggs measured, in inches. I.(;(;xl.l2. two 1.70 x
1.12. and one 1.66 x 1.09.

• Doubtless other nests could have been found in this ikukI had we searched
thoroughly. It no doubt nests in the Five-mile I'ontl. in Greenfield Bayou,
and in other similar places in the comity.

Carroll Count)/: A few said to remain through the winter in open places
in the Wabash near the Georgetown mill. I do not remember ever to have
seen it on Deer Creek or Wild Cat, but it was seen on the Wabash occasion-
ally. On February 21. 18Sr». my friend. Charles Metsker. saw one in the
Wabash near the Pittsburg dam. and Wm. Coble told me that a few usually
remain all winter in air-holes in the Wabash near the (jeorgetown mill.

I never saw this species in Monroe County.

3. Gavia iiiMEK (r.riiiinicb I. r,oox. (7)

A rare spring and fall migrant.

Carroll Couniy: Seen once on Wild Cat Creek many years ago.

Vigo Count]/: One seen on the Wabash Novemlier H. ISSH. and another
a short distance below Durkee's Ferry, in April. 1889. No record for Mon-
roe County.

4. Lauis AHcKNTATis ( Poll t oppida 111 . iiK.uiuxo ori.i.. (.")l

Hare spring and fall migrant.

Ciirroll Count}/: Occasionally s(>en on the Wab.ish about Pittsburg and
above. ^

Vigo Count//: There was a specimen in Dr. Scovell's collection obtained
on the Wabash near Terre Haute many years ago. No Monroe County rec-
ord.

320 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

.5. Labus delawarensis (Ord). ring-biixed gull. {'A)

X rather common spring and fall migrant ; usually seen in small flocks ol
two to six or seven, following the course of the river. Noted in Carroll and
Vigo but not in Monroe.

6. LaRUS PHILADELPHIA (Ord). BONAPARTE'S GULL. (60)

An uncommon spring and fall migrant, following the course of the river.
This gull may usually be distinguished from the preceding by its black head
and bill, the head of the Ring-billed Gull never being black and the bill be-
ing yellowish, with a black band near the end.

Noted in Carroll and "Vigo but not in Monroe.

7. Sterna FORSTERi (Nuttalll. i^okstkr's tern. ((iJ))

Spring and fall migrant ; rare.

This beautiful tern is sometimes seen in small flocks flying up or down
the river. It may be known by its widely forked tail and black head.

Carroll County: Occasionally seen on the Wabash near Delphi.

Vigo County: One seen April 28, and another May 10, 1890, on the Wa-
bash, near Terre Haute. No record for Monroe County.

S. Sterna hirundo (Liinueus). common teun. (70)

Spring and fall migrant.

Carroll Coimty: A specimen was taken at Adams' mill on Wild Cat
Creek, October 28, 1898, by Charles Hill of Adams' mill. It is now in the
possession of Messrs. Meyer and Eaton, Flora, Indiana, where I saw it some
years ago, and took the following notes :

Length of bill 1^4 inches: gape l^l, : wing 1(»; tail 4: tarsus %; middle
toe and claw % ; bill nearly straight. Color white, washed with bluish or
grayish, nape dark, primaries bluish, feet yellow.

On May 2, 1884, I saw about a dozen flying up the Wabash, near Delphi.

No records for Vigo or Monroe.

9. Sterna antillarum (Lesson), least tern. (74)

Spring and fall migrant along the Wabash in Carroll and Vigo counties ;

not noted in Monroe County.
10. Hydrociielidon NIGER surinAmensis (Gmeliu). black tern. (77)
The most common spring and fall migrant of any of the terns. A flock of

six or eight seen May 19, 1888, on the Wabash just above Terre Haute. A

similar flock seen on the Wabash, near Delphi, in the spring of 1883. No

Monroe County record.

11. PhALACROCORAX AURITUS FLORIDANUS (AudubOU).
FLORIDA CORMORANT. ( 120a I

Spring and fall migrant; not often seen. Noted by Dr. O. P. Jenkins,

\<,h:s OH llir linils. :!L'l

ii(;ir TciTc IliUilf. A line .viicciiiicii xnA \>\ Mr. Knidiy ;il .1 pdinl just imrlli
(if Tcrrc Hiiulc. Ain-il 14. ISSS. I.ciiKlli. :;:;..'. iiiclics.
\() rcconl for Carroll or .Moiinic.

12. I'kmx'a.m s i;kv 1 iiuoKii ^ .\( iios (Iiiicliii. wiini: i'i;i.i( an. (I:.'.");

Very rare spriii.u and tall inii;i'aiil. 1 li;i\(' iicvn-. inysclf. seen this species
ill Vifid t'ouiity. hut I li:ivc iiceii told by various persons tiiat they had
seen it years ajio. I»r. Scoxcil exauiiiied a speeiuien shot near Terre Haute,
al.out May 12. ISSS. One was secured on Tipiiecanoe Uiver. Carroll County,
l.y my friend W. W. r.l;ick. in Ilie sprini; of issl. Xo rec(.rds foi' .Monroe.

l.">. Mkiuu's .^.MKUit'AMs ("assiu. .Mi:i{(;A.\si:i{. (TJil)

Rather oomnion spring and fall niit;ranl : frecpiently seen on the Wahasli
and on various creeks. The Mrst duck to arrive in the sprint; an<l the last
to pass throu^'h in the fall.

CarroU Vomit 11: March 1. ISTS. a female taken on 1 >eer Creek, near Cam-
den. March 1. 1871>. several seen on Deer Creek: others seen and a male
.gotten four days later: and. on March 14 of same yeai-. s(>veral soon in the
market in Lafayette. A line male, in sjjlendid iilumajic ohtained on Deer
Creek, above Camden, March 2."!. iss."). Tiie shot liicd merely winged it
slightly. The creek was covered with ice excejit in a few places. The duck,
in attempting to escaiie, dived and. coming up under I he ice. swam along
some distance. The ice was clear and it was easy to follow the bird. After
swimming perhaps a hundred yards luider the ice. it came up against the
baidv in shallow water, where it was cai)ture(l liy cutting a hole tlirough tlie
ice above it.

Flocks of five to 20 seen on I>eer Creek or the Wabash. February 13 and
18, and April 21 and 22. 1SS3 : iM-bruary i:: an<l IT. and March 10 to 18.
1884; March 10 to 15. 188."). several seen on Deer Creek daily, and on the
18th, they were abundant.

A favorite place for them in Deer Creek was the long stretch of (piiet
water just below the (»ld Leonard mill, east of Camden. Here the left, or
south hank of tlie creek, is a high bluff, and. in the creek under this bluff,
from a few to several of these large Interesting birds might be seen almost
any (hi.v in spring after the ice had disai»pear(>d. Other places that were
favorite haunts of this species were the oiien water, just above the drift or
log-jam. above the old Dillon mill site, and at the Adam I'orter mill, a mile
below Camden.

On February 17. 1885. I saw six <ir seven at Fry's null in Adams township,
where the creek was open. The day was very cold, the snow dei'p and more
falling. Mr. Wm. Coble, of that neighborhood, said that a few of these
ducks usually remain all winter in ojien spaces in the Wabash, near the
(Jeorgetown mill.

Vi<l>> Cfiinitj/: Seen occasionally in the markets. March !>. issS. a female
gotten on the Wabash, near Teri-e Haute.

14. MEKOrS SKKRATOl! LilMia'US. KKh-HKKASTKI) MKUGAXSKU. (KlOt

A rare migrant: noted otdy in Carroll and Vi,si<i: no records for Monroe.

o22 Proceed iii(/s of lnd'uDut Aeadem/i of Srienrr.

1.1. T.oi'iioDYTKs cicrLLATis ( Liimu'us ) . Tiooui;n mki!(;a.\si:i! (i:;!)

A not very coiinuoii si;ring ami fall migrant : possibly a t'ow lireel. hut of
this I have no positive evidence, although I liave often met witli single pairs
a 111 Hit swamps and ponds in midsummer, and have seen them on Deer Creek
ill July. A young male obtained and seven or eight others seen on Deer
("reck, near Camden, April 8, 188.5. Three seen near Terre Haute. March 9,
1SS8.

16. AXAS PLATYRHYNCHOS LiunjPUS. ilALLARD. (1^2)

Formerly a rather common summer resident ; now chiefly a spring and fall
migrant.

I have not seen it often in Monroe County: my only record is of several
seen on Griffy Creek near Bloomington, March 5. 1880.

In Vigo County, it was, and doubtless is, more common. In early spring
and again in the fall. Mallard ducks might be seen on any of the ponds
or bayous along the Waliash River, and occasionally, in protected cover,
in the river itself. Favorite places were the Five-mile Pond, near old
Fort Harrison, the Goose Pond, and Greenfield Bayou, February 26 and 20.
18SS, I have no definite record of the Mallard nesting in Vigo County, hut
it no doubt did so in earlier days.

In Carroll County, the Mallard was a common species during my boyhood
days. It was then, of all the ducks, the most familiar species to me. In
the spring, in all the quiet reaches of Wild Cat Creek, and in every woodland
pond, however small, one or more pairs could be found. In those days a
good many pairs were permanent summer residents, making tlieir nests on
some relatively dry tussock in the small ponds. In the summer and early
fall, the family of old and young could be seen swimming about over tlie
pond, or skurrying to cover in hidden places among the button-bushes.
Noted in the Lafayette market March 14, 1879.

17. Anas rubripes Brewster, black duck. (13.S)

I have never seen this duck in Monroe or VigO' County, but in March. 1879,
I saw an example in the Delphi market which was said to have been shot
on the Wabash, near by.

18. ClIArLELASMUS STREPERUS (LiumPUS). GADWAEL. (1.35)

A very rare spring and fall migrant.

I have no record for Monroe or Carroll County. ^ly only record for Vigo
County is of a single specimen seen about 1887, in the possession of a resi-
dent of Terre Haute.

19. Mareca AMERICANA (Gmeliu). BALDPATE. (1:!7)

A rare spring and fall migrant, most often seen on the creeks. I never
observed it in Monroe County. As to Vigo, my notes simply mention the
species without giving definite places or dates, except for March 24. 1888,
and March 26. 1889 and 1890. In Carroll County, it is not uncommon during

\(ihs (HI ilic IHids. :\'2'\

Hie spr-inu' iniiira I i<iis. A llcck <<f mIm.iii ,i dozcii \\;is olisri-xcd mi I iccr CrccU
iiciir the l.cniijinl mill. .March L'C. iss-l. rruin wliidi m rciii;i!r wiis simt. Au-
nt licr flock (if six Wiis .-('(Ml Jif tlic liciid in tlic siiiiic creek dpiMPsite liie \V, K.
Stewiiif farm liolow ('Miudeii. Marcli 24. ISS."): and a fine i>aii- was dlitaiiicil.
alsit (in l»(>er rre(>l<. a( flic P()rf(M- mill-dain, in Ajiril. ISsr..

20. XirriKiN (•.\I!(H,im:.\sk ((iniclini. (,ui:k\-\\ i \(;i:n Ti:.\i,. (i:t'.>)

A iKif nnc<inini(in spring and fall niiL'rant. A few were seen in ^lennie
ronnty. near lilddinin^fdn. March H. issc.

In Vijfd County, it was (piife fre(|uent in siirin:; and fall : .M.ircli H. isT'.t.
seen in T^afayefte market : Fc'lirnary 2!>. isss .March ;». iss'.t. and :\[arcli 'i.
I.'^OI. several nnteil each day.

Although it is donhtless rallier ((nnnmn in Carroll Cnunfy dnrini: the
nusrations. my only definite i-ec(n-d is (d" a feiiiale whicli I took on f )eer
Creok. April 8. 1RS5.

21. Qi-KRQT-F.nri.A niscoijs (T,inn:ensK lu.i k-w iN(;Kii Ti;.\r,. (140)

T have no reccu'd of the Tdne-winired 'I'eai in Monroe Comity. In Vitro,
it is a fairly common s]iiiiiK and fall miijrant. In Carroll. T never took any
specimens myself, hut T have .seen sjieeimens in the Delphi market In the
sprinjr of ISS.'',. 1884. and 1885. T have also oliserv(>d it on the Waha^h River,
near Pittshnrir. and Just aliove T.ockport. early in the spriiiir. soon after the
ice went off.

22. Sp.\Trr..\ ci.Yi'K.VT.x (LinnaMis i . sirovKr.i.KR. ("1421

Rather common siirinix and fall nii.Lrraiit : often seen on the river and on
the larger creeks, usually in IMareli. In Mcnroe County, one ohtaiiied hy AV.
S. Blatchley on Clear Creek. May 8. 188fi. In Vigo. I have often noted it in
spring on the Wahash River, and in the Terre Haute market. In Carroll.
I obtained a fine male. March 18. ISTO. on Deer Creek .inst helow the W. R.
Stewart farm, helow Camden. Sevei-al were seen on Deer Creek. March 20.
188-,. one of which was collected. Seen in the T.afayette market. March 14,
1870.

2P,. D.\Fii.A .\c\T\ (LinnaMisl. i>iNT.\ir.. (14:!)

A rare migrant. In Moind(^ County a specimen oldained. Feliruary 20.
188G. on a little creek iieai- the I'niversity campus. In Carroll County, it has
been noted as a rather rare sprinii and fall miLrraiit. In Viiro County I have
noted it February 2!t and :Marcli !). isss. and March '.). isOI.

24. Aix si'0,\s.\ ( T.iniiaMis ». wood i)r( k. (141i

Formerly a common summer resident, breediiiir about iionds and along
creeks and rivers: now very rare.

In ISSC. the Wood Duck wa< pmliably the most common duck in Ab.iiroe
County. At rather distant iioiiits .m each creek, a pair cmlcj be found dur-
ing the summer, and I have noted it on White River, near Cosport.

oL'-t I'nicci'd'uKjs of hurunid Acadi mi/ of Sciciicr.

lutU's in trees in the Im.vons and swamps aion.ii (lie Waliasii. One nlMainod
on Il(ini\v ('ri'('i<. south of Torre Haute. Feliruary 'lU. isss.

In Carroll County, it was rather eonnnon. at least as late as Isso. In
my boyhood days (lS(;4-1S7r> ). one nii.i:ht safely exjiect to lind ;i pair at e\ cry
secluded reach of Wild Cat and orlier creeks (d' the comity, and ;it every
pi'rmanent woodland pond. Noted on 1 teer Creek in .Inly. isTT, .March 1 and

14. 1ST5). and on .M;irch L'C. iss.".. 1 saw a p;iir Hyinu uii Deer Creek. On tlu'
Kankakee, in nortliern Iniiiana. this most beautiful of all our ducks, is still
••i common species.

•_'."). .Mauma amkkuana llxvtoni. Ki:niiKAn. (HC.)

A rare sjirinu: and fall miuranl. 1 have few delinili> I'ecords. but I remem-
ber distinctly to have seen it in tli(> 'l\-rre IlaiUe market in IS.sc-'tl. .March
"J, ISSS. two males taken near Ti'rre Haute.

*2tt. >IaU11..\ \ Al.lSlNKKIA (^^■ils()n». ( AN\AS-1!A( K. (147)

A rart^ spiinu and fall mi.m'anl. Allbouiih r.-irely seen on the ri\er. it is
one of the most abmulant ducks on the lakes in the north part of the state.
especially in the fall. One brought nu' by Mr. Kd. Tet/.i'l. of Torre Haute, in
the spring of 1SS9.

•J7. ,Mai;ii.a MAun.A ( I.inn.-eus i. scAir ni ck : isic; i!i.ri:r.ii.L. (14S)

Sprini; and fall nuuManl. ;it least in Cai-roli .nnd Vi.i;o cduntios. much loss
connnon than the l.itile r.luoliill. 1 h;i\e no detiidle records. Never known
.•IS Scaup I Mick in Indian.-i.

•js. .M AKii A AKi' IMS (I'^ytoni. m:sskk sc Arr nr( K : i.n'TLK lu rr.Hii.i,. (14!>)

Common sprinir and fall mii^rant : very abundant on Lake Maxinkuckee
and other small northern Indian.i lakes, especially in the fail: less connnon
in Carroll and Vigo, and still loss so in :\ionroi'. A good many killed each
fall along the Wabash. I obtained one on Doer Creek, near Camden. April

15, ISS-"). t)ne soon on White Kivor. near (Josport. May S. ISSC. and several
were seen the same day by W. S. f.latchloy on Clear Creek. .Monroi' County.
Tliree seen March It. Isss. near Torre Haute. Noted also by Dr. Scovell
and Dr. .Jenkins. The name l.i'^sor Sc.nnp Duck is r.arely or mnt-r hoiird in
lndi;ina.

1M». Cl.AX«ri.A CLAXGILA AMIUK \\A TxinaiiartO. (iOrUEN-KYK. ( 1.">1 )

1 have noted this only in Carroll County, .as a V(>ry r;ire migrant in March
;inil April: no definite record.

.".0. (^I.AXGILA ISI.AMtUA ((imoUul. liAKKOW's GOI.nKN-EYE. ( l.">2 I

The only roc(U-d I have is of a female which I shot on 1 >oor Crook, near
Camden. March 10. iss.'i. It is a very ran- duck in this part of Indiana.

:Vo/r.s- oil llir liiidx. ;;l>.->

.'Jl. ('n AHiroNKiTA Ai.iiKor.A ( l.iiiii.i'ii- ». Ill iii.i:-iii;ai». iI.');;)

\fit, coriimoii sjniiif^ iiiid fall mifii-aiil in all llii- ((iiintics: a IVw rciiiaiiiiim
in opi'n places in the Wahasli (|uilc laic in IIk- winter. A (emiile (•(•llected.
I'l'hniary U!*. isss, at 'I'erre Haute.

."l:. IIauki.da iivkmam.s ( IJnna'ils i. oi.n s<m aw. (ir.li

The (.Illy reci.nl 1 liavi? (if this sixjcies in tlie (•oiiiilies covciimI |,y this
paiier is of two siieciinens (jhlainoil in AfJaiiis 'J'(iwnsliii>, Carroll Comity, or
po.s.sibly just over the lino in White ("oiinly, alioiil Kehriiary VI and 1!». IS!)."..
My information is that u'iven in a special to the Indianapolis .News, as
follows :

Delplii. Ind., February L'L'.— Mr. .Toseidi Clark, of i'ine VillaK«'. Warren
county, is the possessor of two rare birds of the duek species, that fell info
his hands ten days ago while visiting at Burnett's Creek, north of this place.
During a snow storm the birds evidently became demoralized, and one of
them, striking a telegraph wire, was crippled and captured alive. Imi died
soon after. The other was found frozen in the snow a week later. IW.lh are
being prepared by a taxidermist. They weigh about two jxMinds each, have
white heads with jet-black rings around their necks, black backs and white
breasts. The male bird has two black fi^athers in its tail, at least twelve
inches in length, while in the femaU' bird the.se feathers are not so long.
Mr. Clark has exhibited the birds, and he states that no one has ever seen
anything like them.

These specimens were undoubtedly the duck kn«»wn as the Old-srjuaw, or
South-southerly, a northern species whi<h comes southward rarely as far as
southern Indiana in winter. They are .said to be rjuite common on Lake
Michigan, off Michigan City where they are frequently caught in the fisher-
men's gill-nets.

.3.3. Erismatcka .TA>r.\irK.\sis fGraelini. ri'dov dlxk. nf>7 i

Rather rare spring and fall migrant. I have noted it in Carroll and Vigo
counties, but not in Monroe.

.34. CHE.V IIYPEKBOKBXS HYPEKBOREtS (Pallas I. LESSER S. VOW GOOSE. i W.} )

I have seen white geese flying over in spring and fall in Carroll County.
They were probably this si»ecies.

ZT). CiiEX c.i;Bri.EscEXS (Linnaeus), bue goose. (109.1)

Rare spring and fall migrant. The only specimen I ever saw was brought
to me by Mr. Ed. Tetzel. who killed it near Terre Haute. April 2, 1887.

.30. liRANTA fA.VAI>EXSIS CAXADE.NSIS (LlnnjeUSI.

c.\.\.\nA GOOSE : honker. (172)

.V commf>n spring and fall migrant in all the counties, much more abun-
dant formerly than now.

l>-(t J'rorccdinf/s of Inditnia Acddcini/ of Scicnrc.

In my boyhood days, wild geese were abundant during the spring and fall
migi'ations, and large V-shaped flocks flying high in air, uttering their ho)ik,
honk, were a familiar sight. Now their numbers are gi'eatly reduced ; only
a few small flocks may be seen each fall or spring. I have only one deflnite
record for Vigo County (all others, such as I had. having been lost), and
that is of a specimen shot near Terre Haute. March 3, 1888. by Mr. Frank
Byers, who brought it to us. March 11. ISS.l. several heard flying over at
night, near Camden. They were probably honkers.

37. OlOK COLI'MBIANIS ( ( )l-(l ) . WII ISTLING SWAN. (180)

Spring and fall migrant, lint not often seen, except on the Wabash and
Tippecanoe, where one was (iccasioually killed some twenty to 30 years
ago. I have no records for Vigo or Monroe County.

38. Olor BUCCINATOR (Richai-dson ). TRUArrETEK swan. (181)

A rare spring and fall migrant. I have no records for Vigo or Monroe
County, and only one for Ciirroll. which is of a specimen shot on Wild Cat
Creek, near Burlington, many years ago.

.">!). A.jA.rA A.iA.TA (Linu.-ens). roseate spoonbill. (183)
One said to have lieen killed near Terre Haute si>veral years ago.

40. Mycteul\ AMERICANA Llnuams. wood ibis. (188)

The Wood Ibis, one of our most remarkable birds, is a southern species,
l)ut withal, a great wanderer. Its breeding grounds are in the swamps and
bayous of the lower Mississippi valley and southward. After the breeding
season is over and the young are able to fly well, small bands stray north-
ward along the larger river courses. Such small flocks or isolated birds
are occasionally seen in southern Indiana and Illinois, especially along the
AVabash. On September 11. 1888. I saw a flock of 9 of these strange birds
sitting solemnly in an old dead tree on the Illinois side of the Wabash, op-
posite Mackay's Ferry, 10 miles west of Mount Vernon. Indiana.

Mr. Robert Ridgway reiwrts seeing them "soaring majestically in broad
circles over the AVabash River, at Mt. Carmel". I have a record of one
killed at Greenfield Bayou below Terre Haute sometime in the early 80's.

I have one other record for the counties covered by this paper, and that is
of a specimen sliot .Tnly :!0. 18S7. in the old Maple Swamp south of Cutler.
Carroll County. It was secured by a man named Harmon by whom it was
conveyed to Dr. O. A. J. Morrison of Middlefork. Clinton County, where I
saw it December 31. 1888.

41. lioTAiRis lentiginosis (Moiitagu). bittern. (190)

Summer resident, not rare in suitiilde places.

In Vigo County, most common at the (ioose Pond and the Five-mile Pond.
Xoted near Terre Haute Octolier lid. issc. A nest with four eggs found at
the Goose Pond. May 31. ls<»o. Tlie lU'st wiis supported about ten inches
above the water in a Imncli of flags. The eggs were nearly ready to hatch;
indeed, one was pipped.

\()lc.s on llic liirds. :\'27

I li.-ivc 11(1 (k'liiiitc records fur (".•irioll Couiil.w Inil I rcc.ill luivin;; seen
it at the AniistroiiL: Pond iiciir ("aiiidcii. oii tlic Wabasli. near I'illslmi-u. in
till' Harness Swaiui) south of I'.urliiiiitoii. and once on tlie old canal near
l.ockjiort.

In Monroe County, a very distrossiufjr accident liaitpeiied to one of my
yomifi friends, Antone r.oisen. of Bloouiiiifiton. If my note is correct, it
was on May ;">. ISStJ. wli(>n youuK lioisen eripided a liiltern and wlieii at-
temptiufr to catch it. tlie bird strucl< at liim with its liill. hiltiiiir him in the
eye and comi>h>tely destroyinir liis vision in that eye.

4-J. l\()ia{V( III s KXii.is ( <;nieliii 1. i.iAsi un ri;n.\. ( 1!>] i

A rather common summer resident in faNoraiile sitiiations such as the vari-
ous ponds and marslies of N'ij^o County. paiii<-iilaiiy tlie Five-mih' I'oud
and the (Joosi- Pond, in each of whicli I liave found it nestiiij;. Two females
obtained, :May I'l. ISSS. at the ixnid Just nortli of Terre Haute, and another,
also a female, tlie next d.-iy al the same iioiid. Two days eiirlier. .May If).
Prof. W. S. lilatchiey ohtained a iiair. male and female, and I saw live at
the sam(> jxnid ; and on May i!."!. one of my students, Mr. Thomas Frazee,
secured a male at the same place. A male in fine iilnuiage taken at the
Goose Pond. May 17. 1800. On May ol. I again visited the Goose Pond and
found the Least Pdttern nesting in considerable numbers. It was just the
height of the nesting season. Twelve nests were found, three containing tive
e.iigs each, tive with four eggs each, two with three each, and two with one
each. Incubation had begun in three sets, the others were all fresh.

A week later (June 6), I visited this pond again, accompanied by U. O.
Cox, and obtained two more sets, one of five, the other of four, with incuba-
tion well begun in each set.

The Goose Pond ctmtains (or did then I. several hundred acres. The
water was less than three feet deep, in most places not over one or two
feet. In the middle or deeper part of the pond was a fine growth of ix)nd
\\V\es (Xi/mphira adr n'l aid Cast lii i tuberoaa), both sp^'ies abundant and
blooming in profusion. Around the edges in the shallower parts were rank
growths of cattails iTyplui lafifolia), rushes (Eqiiisctum limorum). vari-
ous sedges (Carex), Arrowhead (Sagittaria). and doubtless other forms.
And the water was well filled with duckweed (Lemna. Spirodela, "NVolffia,
etc.), and several species of Potemogeton, Raniniculus, pickerel-weed, Cru-
cifers. Scirpus, etc. The Least Bitterns' nests were usually from a few
inches to a foot above the water, and placed upon a few broken-down stems
or leaves of cattails, but sometimes the.v were supported by leaves of Sagit-
taria.

We did not see a singl(> bird on its nest, so sly were they in slipping away
before we discovered them. In one ca.se we saw the bird fly up from flags
only a few inches from the nest, and in several cases the birds flew iip and
thus showed us where to expect to find their nests.

4.".. AkKKA TTKKODIAS 1 1 KKODI AS T.ilina'US. GKKAT 15I.IK HKROX. (104)

A not very common summer resident. A few individuals aiTive early in
the sin-ing .iiid remain in and about suitable locations throughout the sum-

328 J^rocccdings of Indiana Academy of Science.

mer and till quite late in the fall. Quite solitary in its habits when feeding,
rarely ever more than one being seen in one place. In a boat trip from
Terre Haute up the river as far as Durkee's Ferry not more than four or
five would be seen ; and in a similar distance down the river no greater
number would be encountered. They doubtless nest somewhere in Vigo
County, but I was never able to learn just where. A specimen obtained l)y
Mr. Thomas Frazee near Sullivan in the spring of 1889.

In Carroll County, during my boyhood days, the "Big Blue Cranes', as we
then called them, v>eve quite common. The country lying southwest of our
house was a dense unbroken forest for a mile or more. Scarcely had it been
invaded by the pioneer settlers and little timber had been cut in it except
about the edges. Interspei-sed through this wood Avere numerous small
woodland ponds, some of which became dry in late summer or early fall,
others remained with more or less water throughout the year. In and
about these ponds was a heavy growth of cottonwoods {Populus deltoides) ,
some of them magnificent trees 100 to iriO feet high and three to five feet
in diameter. In the tops of these great trees, in one of the largest ponds,
was a considerable heron rookery ; perhaps there were usually 30 to 50
pairs nesting there. The most frequented feeding ground of these herons
was 'along Wild Cat Creek, about a mile and a half north. During the
spring and summer scarc^ely a day passed that we did not see many of these
great birds flying overhead northward in the morning, evidently on their
way to their feeding grounds, visually flying in twos or threes, sometimes in
greater numbers, but perhaps most often singly ; then in the evening, some-
times not until after sunset, they would return. Sometimes they flew quite
low ; I remember distinctly one morning, a neighbor boy fired at one with
his squirrel rifle and brought it down. It proved to be a female with a
fully developed egg in the ovi(hict.

In the early 70"s much of this land was ditched and cleared, which caused
the herons to abandon that rookery.

Probably the largest heronry that ever existed in Carroll County was in
what was known as the Maple Swamp in the southern part of the county
between Sedalia and Cutler, near Lexington, about six miles south of Wild
Cat Creek, or eighteen miles from the Wabash River to the northwest. This
swamp really consisted of a widening of a small creek known as Middle
Fork. It covered several hundred acres and the lower portion had a heavy
growth of swamp ash {Fraxinus nigra) and soft maple (Acer saccliarin-
um) ; and in the tops of these trees a considerable colony of Great Blue
Herons had their nests. My first visit to this lici onry was on June 12. 1882.
when I counted more than one hundred iicsis. most of them being occupied.
As many as thirteen nests were seen in one tree, and several other trees con-
tained from three to ten nests each. Most of the nests contained large
young, some nearly able to fly. I again visited this swamp on May 21, of
the next year. Climbing to several nests I found young birds in some and
eggs in various stages of incubation in others. . I was told by farmers living
near by that formerly there were many more nests but the birds were so
harassed and molested by squirrel hunters and others who annoyed them
needlessly that they were being gradually driven away. In the thr4e winters
from 1883 to 188.5. I had occasion to drive by this swamp several times. The
leaves having fallen, the nests show^ed plainly in the tops of the bare trees
and made a striking and very interesting sight.

Xolis on tin liird.s. :\'2\)

lint the old ^Maplo Swamp, like most, ol" (lie s\vaiii|ts and w Il.-md jjonds

which a half c(Mdury a^o alTordcd a suitahh' fiiviroiimcnl I'm- s.i many
spocics of the native fauna and flora, now alas! all hut extiud. and winch
added so much of real interest to the nature lover, is now a thint,' of tiic jiast.
It has heen ditched and drained; the attractive forest, undcil>rnsli, and
aquatic plants have fiiven way to rectangular fields of corn and ( aliliauc. The
JKSthetic has succumhed to the utilitarian. There will he mmc corn and
hogs but less of beauty and tin- ai>itr<'<iation thereof.

The same is true of the uplands. The j;reat forests arc .i:"iii' : tlic.\ iia\(!
been cut off and there remain only here and there occasional '20. ."!(> or 40-
acre wood-lots, pitifully mutilated an<l crippled remnants of the once nuKlity
forests, the most maf;nilicent hardwood forests the world has ever seen,
wliich clothed practically the entire state of Indiana 75 years ajro.

The only other heronry which I knew in Carroll County was in Adams
Township, near the north line of the county, .•itmnt six miles nortii df Hie
Wabash River and alioiu the same distance east of tlic Ti|ipccanoc. 1 ncNcr
visited this rookery in th(> breedins; season, liul T li;ivc. when drivini: by in
the winters of ISS'i to 1SS5, seen the iireat nests, nearly a hundred of tlicm,
in the tops of the maple, cottonwood, and swamp ash trees.

Definite dates for Carroll County are as follows: June 12, 1882. many
at the Maple Swamp ; May 21, 1SS3, again at tlie Maple Swamp where many
were seen : April 8, 1884, day snowy, one .seen fljing north just west of
Delphi ; February 14, 1885, while driving from Pittsburg to Delphi in the
evening I saw one flying up the Wabash, the day being cold, the snow very
deep, making excellent sleighing, and the I'iver was covered with ice except
in a few places: March first, one seen near David Musselman's trying to
reach Deer Creek in the face of a strong northwest wind: and March 18.
saw one on Deer Creek east of Camden.

In Vigo County I never knew of any rookeries, but there were doubtless
some small breeding colonies along the Wabash. A few solitary imlixiduals
might be seen along the river any day between INIarch and Xoveudier.

In Monroe County, whicli lias no ponds or considerable streams, the (Jrcat
Blue Heron, like all' other waders and water birds, is not at all common.
One might be seen now and then along Beanblossom Creek or Salt Creek ;
noted March 28, 1888.

44. Herodias EGREiTA (Gmeliu). egret. (1^^)

Hare: probably only a fall visitant. As is well known, this and other
species of herons are apt to wander some distance from their regular hab-
itat in the fall, and it may be that all those we have seen in Vigo County
in late summer and early fall had wandered up from lower down the
Wabash River. Each fall from two or three to a half dozen weri' seen
along the river both above and beloAV Terre Haute. Greenfield Bayou, 10
miles below Terre Haute, was a favorite place. One was shot on Deer Creek
near Camden. Carroll County. August first, 1884. by my friend Frank C.
Porter, of Camden. Years ago. small fiocks of six to ten were occasionally
seen fiying north in the spring and a few were seen eacli fall from .Tuly to
Septemlier.

I have seen Egrets occasionally along the ciHM'ks in Monroe County, but
only in si»ring. (hw was killed near I'.loomington. Ajiril IP. is.s7.

3;^)0 Proceed} iKj.s of Indiana Acadeinjj of Science.

45. BUTOKIDES VIRESCENS VIKESC'ENS ( LilinaniS ) . GREEN IIEROX (201)

Summer resident ; more common than any other species of lieron. Found
not only along the river and all the smaller streams, hut also about ponds
and marshes. This interesting little heron, known locally as "shitepoke",
is more tolerant of civilization than the other species, and may freciuently he
seen about the farms; indeed. I have found it nesting in old apple trees not
far from farm buildings. It usually, however, places its nests in the tops of
small trees or bushes in thickets along the creek or river.

In Carroll County it arrives from the south at least as early as April 30;
the first one noted by me in 1SS4 was seen on that date. Noted May 18.
1878. On May 13, 1884, my friend P'rank C. Porter obtained for me a set
of five eggs from a nest in the top of a small bush, perhaps 15 feet up. in
a dense thicket on the south bank of Deer Creek opposite the Porter mill
below Camden. Incubation had begun. Ai^ril 20. 1S85. got a pair near
Camden. One seen June 25. 1905. at a small pond on my father's farm near
Burlington.

In Vigo County this little heron is not uncommon in sunuiier along the
Wabash and about the bayous and ponds.

In Monroe County it is frequently seen. I have seen its nest in Turner's
grove of pines west of Bloomington.

4(». Xycticorax XYCTicoRAx x.iovus (Boddiierti.

ItLACK-CROWXED XIGHT IIEROX. (202)

A rare spring and fall visitant, not often seen. A yovmg female shot near
Terre Haute. November l(i. 1889. by Mr. Ed. Stoop who presented it to me.
I have never seen the species in ^Monroe County. In Carroll County I have
seen it only on three occasions : the first being on April 30. 1878. when, late
in the evening. Master Charles Guard, one of Mrs. Evermann's students,
came to us in great excitement, saying that he had seen a very strange bird
at the Armstrong pond at the south edge of Camden. Taking m.v shotgun.
I went with him to the pond and found the strange bird sitting in an old
dead snag at the south edge of the pond. It was not easily frightened and a
charge of No. 10 shot brought it down. It proved to be an adult female
Black-crowned Night Heron in fine plumage, the first I had ever seen. Since
that day, I have seen many of this species in man.v different countries and
have collected many of them, together with their nests and eggs, but my
delight has never been greater than it was in the dusk of that A]>ril even-
ing 43 years ago. My next specimen in Carroll County was a younu; female
killed November 24, 1884, by my friend Matthew Sterling. The bird had
alighted in an apple tree on the Sterling farm, soutliwest of Camden. The
weather had been rather mild, for November, initil the 23d. when a heavy
rain which began the night before changed to snow. During the 24th it
was blustery, gradually growing colder until in the evening the temperature
was 6 degrees Fahrenheit. The bird acted as if lost. A third specimen was
killed near Camden about September 1. 1SS7.

I have no Monroe County record of this species.

47. (Jkis MKXicA.N.v ( .M li llcf ) . sA.Miiiii.i. ( uam;. (L!(m;)

A raro inifiraiit, at least in CaiTnll ('(Hiiily. pari iculaily in tiic norlliwi-st
portion. wJMMT one was seen Aiirii 7. iss."..

4S. Kallis Ki.KCA.Ns Audntion. ki.\(. itAir.. (ijosi

A i-arc snnnncr resident in Vi.tio Comity wiieic I iiave seen it at llie (Jito.so
Pond and at tlie Five-nul(> I'ond. Ajn-il L'!>. and .May l!l. isss.

v.). Kai.1,1 s \iU(;iMAM .s lanna-ns. xiucinia liAii,. (L'TJi

Rare snnmier resident in \'i,u:o County. I''ound nestinit at tlie (Joosc I'ond
.May ol. 1S!M», and April I'l. ISNS. Not noted i:i Cari-oll or .Monroe.

.")(>. roKZA.NA (AKOl.l.NA (Limia'USl. SOKA OR CAKOM.NA KAIL. ( L.' 1 4 I

Summer resident, not common. I-'ound nestintr in Die (Joose ron<l in \'i}io
County : noted April 21. ISSO.

('(irroll Coiiiif!/: I shot one on my faliier's farm in \\>i\\. 1n7'.i. .May 4
and .">. 1SS4. saw several in llii' .Vrmstroiit; pond at Camden: .May '.), 1885,
one seen.

Moiirtif ('(Hint!/: May .">. ISSC: Ai)ril 1.'). lss7.

."il. CoTru.N-Koi'S xovKiiOHAt'K.vsis ((iinelini. vki.i.ow ijaii.. (21.~»)
Karo migrant : noted only in .Moni-oe County.

"(2. (JAi,i.i.\ri.A ciALEATA ( Licliteiistein I . ki.okida oai-lixilk. (211>)

Karo sununei- resident. Noted once at the (ioose I'ond. where I found a
set of live well-ineuhuted eggs. May ."'.l. 1m;m>. .V specimen obtained near Bur-
lington. April 2S. 18S;>, by Wallace (Jwinn who brought it to us: and I saw
another. May 11. 188."), in Stockton's woods northwest of my father's house.

."i:;. FlLKA A.MKHICANA Cuielin. COOT. (221)

Common spring and fall migrant, and rare sununer resident.

I have in my notes recorded the Coot as occurring in .Monroe County, but
no details are given.

In Vigo County, where there ai'e .several ponds and bayous, the Coot is
not only a common spring and fall migrant, but a good many breed in the
county. A few could usually be seen at the Five-mile I'ond north of Terre
Haute and several pairs nested each sea.son at the (Joo.se Pond, nine miles
south of Terre Haute, where T'. O. Co.x found a nest with eight eggs. May :^1,
18!W. Noted also on April 17. Isss.

My first record of the Coot in Carroll County is of tiiree sei-n on the
Wabash just above the feeder dam at Delphi. April 1!). 1884. On November
20. of the same year, one was killed on the Armstrong i)on(l at Camden,
and brought to us. (In April 8. lsx."i. I saw two on Deer Creek at Porter's
ilam. where one was taken .May 12. I ha\c no evidence that th(> species
breeds in this county.

332 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of ^^cience.

54. Phalaropus FULicARirs (Liniijvus). red phaxarope. (222)

Rare migrant. A specimen obtained by Dr. Scovell, October 2o. 18S9, near
Terre Haute. No records for Monroe or Carroll.

55. Stenganopus tricolor Vieillot. wllson's phalarope. (224)

One killed near Frankfort about May 1, 1883, according to C. E. Newlin.
56. Philohela minor (Gmelin). woodcock. (228)

Formerly a common summer resident, but now quite rare. During my five
years' resident at Terre Haute, I do not think I saw a total of more than
15 or 20 Woodcock in the county. One of these was seen March 16, 1888.
I found only one nest ; that was east of Terre Haute about four miles in an
open woodland just north of the Terre Haute — Brazil highway.

My friend Foster Hight took one near Bloomington, Monroe County, in the
spring of 1885.

In Carroll County, the Woodcdck was (luito common forty years ago, but
it is now very rare. Nests early in April ; young able to fly at least as early
as June first.

57. Galxinago delicata (Ord). wilson's snipe. (230)

Formerly very common spring and fall migrant in all the counties ; now
rather rare. Arrives quite early in the spring; returns from the north in
August or September and remains until freezing weather dri\es it on south.

Carroll Count!/: March 18. 1879, one seen ; Ifith. one secured. May 1. 1884,
one seen near road between Delphi and Pittsburg, another seen 14 days
later. On April 21, 1885, first of the season seen at the Armstrong pond
south of Camden. There were several of them. This was always a favorite
place for snipe.

Monroe County: April 15 and IS, 1886.

Vigo County: Quite frequent in spring and fall in suitable places along
the river. March 9, 1888, and May 5, 1891.

58. Pisobia maculata (Vieillot). pectoral sandpiper. • (239)

A rather uncommon spring and fall migrant in Vigo County. March 17,
1888, four seen ; April 21, 1889. On March 29, 1889, a flock of perhaps 75
seen at the Five-mile Pond north of Terre Haute, from which eight speci-
mens were collected. On April 6. of the same year, about 20 were seen at
the same pond, of which one male and one female were secured. Seen again
April 21. I found them very good eating. Another obtained May 3, 1890,
near the Goose Pond. Locally this species is known as "Jim Snipe".

As to Carroll County, I have it recorded simply as a rare migrant in
March and April. For Monroe County I have only two records, March 15
and 26.

59. Pisobia minutilla (Vieillot). least sandpiper. (242)

Rare spring and fall migrant in Carroll and Monroe counties, as it doubt-
less is in Vigo also : no definite records.

:Vo/r.s- oil II, f liirds.

CO. Ereunetes pusijj.is (I, ill

•Al MAIKI) SANDI'll'Klt. (I'M;

Spring and fall migrant, not coinnioii.

Carroll County: Heard one near the old ( Hiciimiscr iinll. c-i-^t (if Cam-
den, April 24, 1884. On April 21, ISS.".. saw I luce or four al (iislis Im-ikI in
Deer Creek, near Camden.

Monroe County: Recorded as rare migrant.

61. TOTANUS MEL.\NOLEUCUS (Gmelin). GUKATKK VKI.l.OW-l.IXi.S. ( 2.")4 )

Rather common spring and fall migrant, often licanl .iiid seen tlying over,
and now and then .seen along the streams. This applies to .ill tiic connties.

G2. ToTANUS FLAViPES (Gmelin). i.k.sskk yki.i.ow-i.kgs. ( 2.">."> i

Rare spring and fall migrant, prohably less comnion than the lU'tMcdinLT.
My only definite record is for Vigo County; May .". 10. and 12. isss.

63. Helouromas solitauus (Wilson).

SOLITARY SANDPIPER. (256)

Rather common spring and fall migrant in all the count ic~.
Carroll County: June 19, 18S2. set of four fresh eggs on samlliar on Wild
Cat Creek, a short distance above the Burlington mill.

64. ACTITIS MACULARIA (LinUieUS). SPOTTED SANDPIPER. i'UV.V)

Not rare summer resident; frequent along the river and usually at least
one pair about each pond. A female obtained for me near the river ahpve
Terre Haute, April 28, 1888, by my student, Mr. J. I). Collins ; noted again
May 5, 1889.

65. OxYECHUS vociFERus (Limifeus). kti.ldker. (273)

A common summer resident in all the counties, arriving <iuite early in
the spring and remaining late in the fall.

Carroll County: Noted February 20 and March G, 1S7S ; March .". 1879.
one seen flying south ; March 15, 1884, first seen at the J. Nettle farm
southwest of Camden, they having doubtless just arrived ; March 14. 1885,
first of the season seen by my friend Frank C. Groninger, near Camden ;
the next day I saw nine near Deer Creek, south of Camden.

On the home farm near Burlington it was the custom to salt the cattle
regularly once a week in a certain place in a pasture near the house, and
this place was a favorite resort for the killdeers ; one or more pairs could
be seen there any day during summer and fall. Xests were occasionally
seen in the cornfields.

\'ifjo County: Very common everywhere; March 16 and 17.

.]f(mroc County: Perhaps less common; arrives as early as March 7. and
remains until in Xovoniber. One noted February 23. 1883.

:y.\4: /*r<)<((<liii(/s of I ndiaiKt Acddcinji of i^cioicc.

GG. ^1i]gialitis meloda (Ord). piping plover. (277)

A not uncommon spring and fall migrant in Vigo County. There was one
(Specimen in Dr. Scovell's collection, also one in Mr. Bhitchle.v's. Mr. Fred
Clearwaters found it common near (Jreencastle.
No records for the other counties.

G7. COLINUS VIRGINIANUS VIKGINIANUS (LinUjieUS). BOB-WIIITE. (289)

During the years of my residence at Bloomington (1881-83 and 1885-8G).
the Bob-white was rather rare in Monroe County, although it had formerly
been quite abundant.

In Vigo County it was never very common from 188G-1S91, and it is prob-
ably even less so now. A female was collected at Honey Creek, April 20,
1889. A pair (male and female) obtained in the Terre Haute market.
November 21, 1889, and another pair. December 1, 1890. In those days
market hunting was legal and Quail and other game birds were often seen
in the market.

During my boyhood days the Bob-white was a common bird in Carroll
County. On practically every farm of 80 to IGO acres several coveys might
usually be found during the fall and winter. They would frequent the
cornlields in which the fodder was in the shock. There they were usually
al)le to get at some of the ears of corn or to find shelled grains upon
wliich they fed. If not disturbed, the covey would sometimes roost in the
base of one of the shocks. Usually, however, their roosting place was on
the ground in some clump of briars or thicket in the edge of the woods near
the cornfield. At night the birds of a covey huddle or sit very close to-
getlier on the ground under the protection of a bunch of grass, briars or
small bushes, all with their tails toward the center and their heads all
pointing outward. Sometimes when the snow is deep the Quail are unable
to get the necessary food and, becoming weakened, the whole covey freezes
to death. I remember one very cold winter day when I was hunting rab-
bits and came upon a large covey of Quail, all frozen to death. One taken
December 2, 1878 ; July 4, 1882, nest with 22 stale eggs : June 20. 1883, nest
with 11 somewhat incubated eggs.

The winter of 1884-5 in Carroll County was unusually severe and the
quail suffered greatly. I found several frozen to death. I recall seeing
only one live bird (a male) in January, and tliat was in Burlington Town-
ship, near the Asbury school house. On April 2(1. I saw a female in a wheat-
field near the Camden depot, the only one seen since January. September
14, 1906, six or seven seen by Miss Ava Evermann in her fathers orchard in
Burlington.

P^ifty years ago it was a common practice to trap tlie (luail. A figure-4
slat trap was used. This was set in some suitable i)lace which a flock of
(|uail had been observed to frequent. The snow was carefully cleaned away
from under the trap and from a fan-shai>ed area in front, then corn or
wheat was scattered over the cleared ground especially under the trap. The
quail coming upon the grain outside would feed upon it and would gradually
be led into the trap which woidd be thrown and often the whole flock
captured. This was, of course, a very unsportsmandike method, but it was
in those days regarded as jn-rfectly i>roper. Of course, this method would
not be tolerated now.

Vo/r.v on llir liirtls.

(iS. I'.oxASA iMitKii.is r\ii!i:i.i.i s (Mm

'US I, lu |-Ki:i) (iijoisK. (:;(i(l I

(iu'Wv cniiiiiioii ill .Monroe ("oiiiily in Issi-lssi;. rspcci.illy on the licavily

wooded hillsides: doulilless still coi n in all suilahle places in that

couiity.

Foniieiiy rather coimnoii in all suitable |ilaces in \'i,i,'o ('ount.\- hut now
(|uite rare. I have seen it occasionally in the woods near Coal Creek north-
west of Terre Haute, also on one or two occasions aloiii; Honey Creek south
of town and in the heavy woods near the (ioose i'ond.

In Carroll County it was common until about Issr.. esjiecially in the
heavy woods alonj; Wihl Cat Creek and other sfri'ams. March 7. 1S7!>. shot
one in the Deer Creek bottom near Robert I'orter's. .southwest of Camden:
Aiiirust. 1881. several seen, and .several noted in tiie winter of lS,Sl-2 : Jan-
uary I';.'. 1885. one killed by A. M. Everniann near Iiurlin;,'ton. Xest with
several eirjis seen in Stockton's woods near I'.ui-linirton about .May. 1S,S:{.

(•!». TVMI'.V.MClll S AMKKK AXIS AMKKUA.MS ( lieicllelll lacll ) .
I-RAIKIK ('IIICKK.X. Cid." )

I have no I't-cord of the occurrence of the Prairie Chicken in Monroe
County.

The only place in Vi.i;o County where I h.-ive seen I'rairie Chickens is
the considerable ar(>a of lu-airie land at Heckland .-iboiit Id miles north of
Terre Haute. It was my custom frequently to visit this little pr.-iirie with
my liotany and zoido.iiy classes, and sometimes alone. The locality was a
\-ery intereslin.ij one. Many sjiecies of jirairie llowers could always be
found there which were very rare uv unknown in other parts of the
county; and then I was always apt to lind species of birds not found else-
where. The Prairie Chicken was one of these. T'sually from one to a half
dozen could be found in that neislib(u-hood if I took the trouble to hunt for
them.

A line siiecimen. a male, obtained April 1. iSiMl. from Raub. Indiana,
whence it was sent me l)y Mr. Ward, one of my students. (Ine. -k -male,
obtained in the Terre Haute market. January 10. ]8!»1 : cost (id cents.

In Carroll County, the si)ecies has never bei'u common except in the
l>rairie of the northwestern part. When a boy. I renieniber to have seen
two alight on the top l»oard of a gate across the lane on my father's farm.
just east of the Michigan road. They remained only a few moments then
resumed their flight, going on eastward. In Tii»pecanoe and Jefferson town-
ships, in the northwestern part, they have been and still are rather common.
In the spring of 1S8.'1 ;in<l again in 18S4 and issn. when driving over that
portion of the county, as I had frecpient occasion to do. I rarely failed to
see .several pairs, or to hear them Inxmiing in the morning and evening.
Several seen and lie;ird in the prairie near the Evans schoolhouse (Tipii(>-
canoe Township!. April 17 and is. iss.'i : .May 8. I,s.s4. one seen in an old
cornfield near the Evans scho<»lh<nise : February J). 188."). two seen by Miss
Mary Ciuuiingham near the New Beauty schoolhouse (Tippecanoe Town-
ship), snow very decji and day very cold.

000 Procred'nif/s of Ind'HUia Acadctuij of Hcicnrr.

70. Meleagris gallopavo silvestris Vieillot. wild turkey. (310a)

In the early part of the nineteenth century and up, perhaps to about 1860,
this magnificent bird, tlie greatest of all American game birds, was not un-
common throughout all the heavily wooded portions of Indiana. They wei'e
especially abundant in the wonderful hardwood forests of the Wabash
basin.

In Monroe County, it was doubtless very common at one time and a few
might be found in the wilder parts of the county as late as 1SS(>. if not
later.

In Vigo County in 1886 to 1891, it was very rare, if present at all. but
each winter one or more specimens might be seen in the Terre Haute market.

1 saw at least six during those years, and was told that they came from
the neighborhood of the old reservoir in the southeastern corner of Vigo
County.

In Carroll County they were rather common as late as 18G4. and frequent
up to 1870. The last ones I remember to have actually seen in Carroll
County I saw in the woodland on the Stockton farm only a few rods from
my father's house, in the winter of 1871-2. In the winter of 1877-8, a small
flock was reported as having been seen several times in or about the heavy
woods a mile south of Camden, and in February of that winter I saw their
ti'acks in the snow on the Al Rhodes farm near the large forest on the
Wise farm.

During my boyhood days wild turkey hunting was one of the great siwrts
in which local Nimrods engaged. Every one who at all enjoyed the sport
was quite sure to go turkey hunting at least once each winter. Every
hunter had a "turkey call" which he had made from the wing bone of a
turkey which he had killed on some previous hunting trip ; and right
expert did these men and boys become in immitating the turkey's call-
note. The long muzzle-loader rifle was the gun used and the hunting was
done in a real sportsman-like way. By means of the "call" the turkey
could usually be induced to come within reasonable range. As they were
easily frightened, the hunter usuallj' fired as soon as the bird came within
range, and only those who were pretty good shots were successful in get-
ting the bird.

Another method by which Wild Turkeys were taken was wluilly unsports-
man-like, albeit quite effective. This was by means of a trap anCi was prac-
ticed when the ground was covered with snow. A square pen was built of or-
dinary fence rails, thus making the pen a little less than 10 feet square and
about eight rails high. The pen was covered over the top with rails or
boards. A trench was dug, extending from inside the pen under one side
and some feet outside, deepest under the rail and decreasing in depth out-
side. Corn was then scattered outside the pen in such a way as to lead the
turkeys into the trench and into the pen. When the turkeys found the corn
they would continue feeding on it, their heads near the ground, iiassing
along the trench until in the pen, when they would become frightened.
Then, with heads up. they woiild walk around next to the rails, a broad
board laid over the trench just inside the pen keeping them from stepping
into the trench and finding their way out. It was not an iniusual thing to
capture an entire flock in this way.

:\»hs OH ihr lin<ls. :;::7

71. KCTOI'ISTKS MlCltATOKIl S ( Li 11 II.I'IIS ) . W 1 M) I'KiKOX. C!!."))

In the early part oi" the niiieteentli eeiiluiy excessively alMiiidaiit (liiriiij;
the .siniiif? and fall iniiiiratioiis.

I have no reeords for .Monnn" County, hut ti adit inn says it was an ahiin-
(hmt hird there as late at h-ast as 1860. I do not know when the last
ones were seen in thai county, nor have I that record for Vi«o County. I
heard of none in that county durini,' my residence at Terre Haute from 1S8G
to 18!)1.

r.ut in Carroll County dtu-ins; my boyhood days, at least up to INTO, it was
(|uite common in spring and fall. I can remember great Hoeks flying north-
ward in the spring and large numbers in the fall feeding on tlie beech "masf'
and acorns. I have a rec(n'd of one .seen in Tippecanoe Township, May .'Jl,
18S;>, and of .several killed in the western part of the county that .same year.
On May 9, 1884, I saw two southeast of Yeoman. In the GO'S it was a com-
mon practice to net Wild Pigeons in Tippecanoe and JelTerson townships in
the western part of thi' cimnty. Long nets were carefully adjusteil and by
using stool pigeons, a whole Hock cduld ;-(iiiiel iiues he led into the net. ( »ii
April 0, 1885, I saw .sevt>ral (was not able to determine the exact number)
in Farrar's woods at tlie south end of Lake .Maxinkuckee. These were the
last I ever saw,

72. Zexaidura MACROURA CAKOLixExsis (LiiiuaMis).

MOURNIXG dove; TURTLE J)OVE. (olCj

A common and well-known summer resident, occasionally a few remain-
ing throughout the year when the winters are not too severe.

Carroll Count]/: June 17, 1882, set of two fresh eggs; April 29, 188:i,
nest with large young in apple tree in Robert Porter's orchard, sournwest
of Camden : May 21, sevex-al nests seen, some with eggs, others with young,
in bushes at the edge of the Maple Swamp, south of Cutler ; March 10, 1884.
common: March 30, 1885. first of .season seen: May 9, nest with three eggs;
Decemlter, 1884, and January, 1885, occasionally seen ; -June 25 to July 1,
1905, three or four pairs noted on the old home farm. April 28. 1919, set
of two fresh eggs in nest in a pear tree at Burlington, reported by Donovan
Beck.

Monroe Count y: February 10, 1883, one seen; February 23, 1880, com-
mon since middle of March ; May 31, 1882, a fresh egg found on ground in
a wheatfield in Crawford County,

Vi(/o Count!;: April 8. 1888, noted : May 3. 1890. nest with two fresh eggs
in osage hedge, seven miles south of Terre Haute, and another nest with
one fresh egg in same hedge ; one egg had been broken and the nest deserted.

73. Catiiartes aira ski-tkntuionai.s Wied.

TURKEY VfLTVRE OR BtZZAUl). ( .")25 I

A rather common summer resident in all the counties, sometimes remain-
ing thioughoTit the yeai-. especially in Monroe and Vigo counties.

In Monroe County, noted near liloomington. February 21, 1883. and Febru-
ary 22. issc. ;iiid a nest with two fresh eggs in a hollow oak snag near
lUooiiiinglou. April 17. 1ns2.

338 Proceed ill fi-s of Indiana Acadeiiuj of Seioicc.

In Vigo County, a nest with 2 eggs, one fresh, the other nearly so. aliont,
30 feet up in hollow of a leaning sycamore on the bank of Honey ("reek
south of Terre Haute, April 21. ISOO : noted also Marcli :',(). 1S8S. and :\larcli
31, 1889.

In Carroll Covmity, a nest with two fresh eggs in a hollow sycamore on
Bachelor Run southwest of Camden. April 2!). iss:',; another set of two
fresh eggs from same nest April 23. 1884. First noted in 1884. on March 16.
when one was seen near Burlington. First noted in 188") on March 12. when
one was seen north of Pittsburg; another two days later west of Camden.

74. Elanoides FOBFicATUs (Linmeus). swallow-tau.ed kite. (327")

The Swallow-tailed Kite is a very rare bird in Indiana. My only records
are of a male in fine plumage shot on Beanblossom Creek north of Blooni-
ington by a Mr. Weimar, August 18, 1885, and another seen at same time.
One obtained in Vigo County in the fall of 1887. No record for Carroll
County. So far as I know these are the only specimens taken in or reported
from this part of the state.

75. Circus iiudsonius (Linnaeus). ^rARSii hawk. (331)

Probably rare summer resident in all the counties. Unfortunately. I have
no definite records for Monroe County. In Vigo County. I saw it often, par-
ticularly over the marshes about the Five-mile Pond north of Terre Haute.
I do not think any remain through the winter.

In Carroll County, I have seen it but rarely and only in the spring. It
probably breeds in the county, however, in suitable places.

76. ACCIPITER VELOX (Wil.SOU). SHARP-SniNNED HAWK. (332)

Rather rare resident : seen oftenest in the spring. A fine male brought
us at Camden. October 27, 1884. l)y Mr. Walter Clark. One seen near
Yelpingville schoolhouse, Washington Township. February 22, 1885 : day
cold, snow deep. I have ■iio definite records for Vigo, though I doubt not
it breeds there in limited numbers. M.v only record for Monroe County is
one seen on the campus at Bloomington, February 10, 1888. It is doubtless
not rare in this county.

77. AcciPiTER cooPERi (Bouaparte). cooper's hawk. (333)

Resident, perhaps more common than the preceding.

C-arroU Coiiiifi/: March 5, 1879. one noted near Camden, and one caught
next day in a steel trap. A nest with three fresh eggs found May 10. 1883,
in a beech tree on J. M. Beck's farm near Burlington. Other Carroll County
records are: January 12, 1884. one seen near Camden : January 31, another
seen near Delphi ; September 17. one brought us at Camden by Mrs. Walter
("lark : March 13. 1885. one seen in Tippecanoe Township ; March 18. one
.-een on Deer Creek near Camden.

Vigo County: March 31. 1888. one noted. A fine set of five fresh eggs
near Coal Creek, nine miles northwest of Terre Haute, May, 1890. The nest

Aolr.s OH llir liinls. 339

was about ."0 feet up in a beech tree 'I'licsc (•■i^.s iiic;isurc(l in inches: l.s-j\-
i.4;{; i.7()xl.:5(i: l.S2.\l.4:{ ; 1.82x1. «:'.: i.n::n1.4::.

Ill MoHi'oe Cduuly. tills bawlc did ikiI ••ipiicai- In lie cniiininii. hiil il was
ddubtless a suiiiiiier resident.

TS. BiTKO HOUEAi-is noRKAi.is ((Jiiieliii). HKnrAiiKi) HAWK. ( :!.".T )

111 my boyhood days on the farm Just soiilli <d' I'.uilin^rtdii. <iiic of llie
most interesting .sights to be observed in spriim. siiinmcr. and early tail was
tliat of hawks sailing higli in air. < »ii (nir farm, m- t bnse adjacent, were
usually several pairs. While most of them were Ked-tails, some were
douhth>ss tlie Ked-sli(ml<lered Hawk. Their nesis were in tlie tops of the
tallest oaks, or oceasionally in a beech, elm. tulip, or sycamore. ( )n (|uiet.
warm days, particularly in spring, a harsh piercing scream would he heard
overhead, and. on looking up, sometimes one. hut usually two. of these
gr(>at birds would be seen sailing high in the air or chasing eacii other,
the while rising higher and higher in more or less sitiral curves and utter-
ing their shrill cry. This cry would nsuiilly be uttered as one of the |,;iir
passed the other. Sometimes one. having risen some distance above the
other, would swoop down iipon it with a scream that could he heard a long
ways: one of the interesting characteristics of these hawks is the w(iii<lerful
carrying iwwer of their cry. Sometim(>s the birds would continue circling
higher and higher, first one above, then the other, until they could be seen
only with difficulty, but the sci'eaming could be distinctly heard, however
high the birds might be. Sometimes, after attaining a considerable height,
llie.v would cease screaming and simply soar. After reiiching a great height
they would suddenly descend with jiartly-closed wings like an arrow to
the top of the forest in Avhich their nest might be found. Sometimes they
would again ascend; frequently they woulil alight in one of the tallest
trees. My recollection is that these flights were most frequent on <iuiet
jifternoons. but they might occur at any time, especially between eight and
nine o'clock in the morning and four and five o'clock in the afternoon.
While these flights were most freiiuent in the spring (probably during the
nesting season), they might o<-cur at any time from early in the .spring
until late in the fall.

Another common and familiar sight wfls that of one of these hawks sit-
ting quietly on a dead limb of some old tree at the edge of a field or on a
fence stake, waiting for some field mouse, rabbit or other small mammal
which it might capture. The length of time a hawk would thus remain on
watch is remarkable. I have no definite notes on the matter hut I believe
it within the truth to say that it was often more than an hour.

The Ked-tail Hawk is still common in each of the three counties with
which this paper is concerned. Records from Carroll County are: l>eceniber
.!!. 1S7S, one found dead near Burlington : March 1. IST'.K one seen : March ."»,
two seen. April 1~>. LSSM, nest with three .voung about four days old, in top
of a large white oak a short distance southwest of my father's house.
»^>uite common in the winter of l.SS.'l-4 : January 2S and .".1. and February T.>.
1SS4: and February 20 and March 12 to 14. Iss.-,. I Imve seen yoiuig in
the iH'st. April 1.",. iss.-,.

340 Proceedings of ludUnia Academy of Science.

79. BUTEO LINEATUS LINEATUS (Gmelill). RED-SHOULDERED HAWK. (3.39)

This beavitiful hawk was scarcely less common and familiar to me in my
boyhood days than was the preceding species ; indeed, in some years I am
inclined to think it was the more common species. They, too, built their
nests in the tops of the tallest oaks, beech, and sycamores. I remember
climbing, in the spring of 1884, to a nest well tow^ard the top of a large
white oak (Quercus ana), in the woods southwest of our house, only to
find in the nest three newly-hatched young instead of a set of nice fresh
eggs for which I had hoped.

I think the habit of circling high in air and screaming the while is quite
as characteristic of this species as it is of the Red-tail.

While the Red-shouldered Hawk is probably a permanent resident of each
of the three counties considered in this paper, the majority of the individ-
uals go south in the winter. On their return northward in the spring, they
are sometimes gregarious, as evidenced by a scene which I witnessed in
Clay County, just east of Terre Haute. April 3, 1879. In a large meadow
at the side of the road, I saw a great number of hawks — I estimated the
number at loO to 200 — flying about over the meadow. They were flying
low. sometimes circling about as if hunting, but the general movement was
northward. They were certainly doing some hunting. Hylas and garter-
snakes being the principal victims. The majority of these hawks were the
Red-shouldered, but some were doubtless Red-tails. This is the only time I
have ever seen hawks together in anything like such numbers.

Both of these species were commonly known as chicken-hawks, and were
commonly regarded as being very destructive to poultry. They doubtless
do invade the barnyard now and then, but their destructiveness to domestic
poultry has been greatly exaggerated.

Sometimes a certain individual hawk will acquire the "chicken habit",
just as some dogs become "sheep-killing dogs", and then the only way out
of it for the farmer is to kill the hawk. On the whole, however, the great
majority of each of these species kill so many injurious rodents that they
must be classed with the useful birds.

As I have already said, the Red-shouldered Hawk was common in Carroll,
Vigo, and Monroe counties, though I have but few actual records. On
March 15, 1885, I saw one near the Armstrong Pond at Camden. There
was a good specimen in the collection of Dr. Scovell. of Terre Haute, taken
by him near that city, and I noted one April 1, 1888.

80. BUTEO PLATYPTERUS (Vieillot). BROAD- WINGED HAWK. (343)

Rare summer resident. I have seen it only on a few occasions. One of
these was on October 30, 1886, when Prof. O. P. Jenkins, Mr. Louis J. Rett-
ger. and I saw one on Eel River in Clay County, near the Vigo County line.
I saw another on Coal Creek in April, 1889. I have seen it rarely in Carroll
County, and only in spring or autumn. I have no record of the species for
IMonroe County.

81. ArCHIBUTEO LAGOPT'S SANCTI-.TOHANXIS (Cinoliu).
ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK. (347a)

Probably a rare spring and fall migrant ; possibly a summer resident.
One seen northeast of Terre Haute, in October. 1880. A rare winter visi-
tant in Carroll County. No i-ceord for Monroe County.

.\(>h s on llii nil lis. :U1

NL'. A(;i ii.A ( lll;^ sAKios ( l.iniiaMi- 1 . i.iii.ui \ i;\(;i.i:. Cll'.ii

Kiirc sli-;i.irj,'lri-. One Uillnl in (lie ci-^lcrii |.:ii-l iif CmitdII Cmiily in Di-
ccniiicr. iss:;. (»iH' seen iiciir 'I'circ II.iiilc in llic I'.-ili i.f issT. A ymni^'
female sent lis Ndvcnilicr I'l'. lss!». finni I'.h.uniiniildn by Mnscs Kiilin «if
tliiit place. These are tlie only recoids I liaxc Inr Hie iliree euMiities.

S.'i. IIai.i.kkh s 1 i;r(()( Ki'ii Ai.rs ikicocki'II Ai.i s ( I,inn;eiis i .
i!Ai,n KAdi.K. {:i'y2)

Not int'i('i|iieiil as a winti'r Nisiter.

CanoU Coiiiiti/: One seen lu'ar ('aniden in .Marcii. isT'J: a younfj; one seen
just west of I'lttsburg, Xovenihei- L'l. iss:;. ami amiiliei- ynuni; bird shot in
Washington Township in January, lss|. hy David J. llanly: about the
same time anotlier was eauglit alive in White County and hvousht t(» Delphi ;
an adult seen near liald Hill Cliuich in i>eiuocrat Township about Febru-
ary lu, lSSr». by James II. SlialTer: anollier adult was shot near Itossville
the preeedinfr month; a line aduli male was cauirht in a steel trap near
Pyrmont February 20. 188."). and bn;ULilit \i> us hy dur friend James II. Lyons
on March 2S, it having died; still another adult was killed about this time
lu^ar Pittsburg by a Mr. MeCord.

Vifjo CoHitiji: Seen occasionally abjug the Wabash in fall and winter.
One at Durkee's Ferry in September, iss'.t. .Nd deiinite iccords for Monroe
County, tliough it doubtless occurs there.

It is said a pair of P.ald Eagles nested cu the Kaid<akee in northwest In-
diana recently, but this report has not been verilieil. of frequent occur-
rence at Lake Maxinkuckee.

84. FAI.CO SPARVKKHS si'ARVKRHs Liuua'us. si>Ai;i{owiiAWK. (.';r)0)

Of all the hawks found in the couidie; covered by this jiaiier. the Spar-
rowhawk is the most abundant, best kncpwn. and most useful. It is a per-
manent resident in all the counties, usually rare in winter but very ccuumon
in summer.

On every farm one or more pairs of spairowhawks could be found. A
favorite resting place for them is on the toj* of some fence stake at the
edge of a meadow or other field; another is on a limb near the to]) of some
old dead tree at the edge of the woods. From such vantage points as these
they watch the fields and open places for any luckless frog, snake, or field
mouse that ventures into the open. At other times they may ite .seen flying
about over the fields searching for their prey, now and then '■hovernig',
that is. remaining stationary in the air over some particular spot which
they wish to examine more carefully. If any suital)le prey is seen, the
Sparrowhawk drops upon it with incredible swiftness, seizes it in its talons,
and flies away with it to some convenient i)erch and ijreceeds to make a
meal of it. Gartersnakes are among the most frequent \ictims of the
Spai-rowhawk, and field mice come next .-imong vertebr.iies. Itut grasshop-

liers and other insects constitute a large luirt of the f I of this hawk. I

have never seen a Si)arrowhawk catch a bird of an.\ kind : if they ever do
it nnist be ver.v rarel.v indeeil.

'542 I'l-occcdiiH/s of Jtxlhnxt Ac(l<hliiji of Science.

TIh' iiiinic "SpiiriMwliMwk" is :i iiiisiiniucr : it would lie far lunrc npitro-
jiriatc to call it tlio "(irasshoppcM- Hawk". lU'causc of its iiscfuim-ss in
destroying uoxiovis rodents and insects, the Sparrowliawk should ho care-
fully protected.

The nesting hahits of this hawk are quite different from those of most
hawks, in that it nests in holes in trees like yellowhammers and wood-
peckers. The nest may be in a natural hollow or in a deserted Wood-
pecker or Yellowliammer hole. In California, the Sparrowhawk sometimes
lays its eggs in a deserted Magpie nest.

Carroll f'nniini: Noted May 11. 187S : March 1, 1S70; January 10. 1SS4.
one noted in Madis(in Town.ship ; March 25. common; December is, one seen
flying overhead in Bringhurst, which alighted on the side of a barn ne.nr
tlie Vandalia station where it clung to the side of the weather boarding for
some seconds ; the day was ver.y cold and the snow deep.

Vigo Count!/: March 31, 1888, and April 1, 1889, several seen.

Monroe Coiinti/: Quite common.

85. PaNDIOX H^VLTAETl'S CAKOLIXKSIS (Guielin). FISII IIAWK. CMH)

Occasionally seen in spring or fall along the rivers. Seen on White River
near Gosport, and frequently on the Wabash, near 'I'errc Il.nite. Noted in
Carroll County as follows: In the summer of ISs:;, seen on two or three
occasions on Wild Cat Creek near Burlington ; Septendicr I'l, one seen flying
up Deer Creek near Camden: April 22. 1884. one seen on 1 U'cr Creek west
of Camden ; September 22. one noted on Wabash River near Pittsburg ;
April 14, 1885, one seen near Pyrmont.

86. Aluco PRATiNCOLA (Bouapartc ) . barn owl. (oG5)

The Barn Owl does not appear to be very common anywhere in Indiana.
I have record of only a few individuals that came under my persimal
observation.

In Carroll County, it is very rare. One taken near Frankfort in December,
1889. About the middle of December, 1898. Mr. Ceorge Van Der Volgen cap-
tured one near his home in Adams Township, C.-irroll ('(innty. and recorded
tire fact in the Delphi .Tournal of December 31. ISIKS. In .tune. 1919, Dale
Haun of Burlington captured one near the Logan .Johnson farm, west of
Burlington. On June 20. 1890, I found a pair nesting in a hollow in a large
wliite oak near the Five-mile Pond north of Terre Haute. One was killed
in November. 1889, near the Curry schoolhouse in Vigo County, and another
was shot in the county about the same time. In July, ISOO, a nest with
three young just able to fly was found near the Big Four railroad bridge at
Terre Haute. On November 19, 1889, we received a specimen from our
friend Mr. J. R, Stahl of Dana, Vermilion County, north of Terre Haute.

87. Asio wii.soxianus (Lesson), long-eared owl. (366)

Rather common resident, but not often seen. In January. 1883, one was
shot in the pine grove at Mr. Turner's at the west edge of I'.loomington, and
another was seen in the same grove a few davs later.

\»lrs n„ ilif liirds. :;i:;

Tlic records t'nv ("nn'oll ('(MiiiIv ;iic :is fdllnws: (>ii .l;iiin:iry L'lt. issl. one
w;is i-ccci\i'(l I'l-diii .Idlin W. I In mi ll on nf I •.i-iimlmi-st iic;ii- which ph'icc il
li.-id hccii shot Jaiiiiary iT). Aiiollicr was >ccii al liic same time ami |ilace.

Oil Kehniary .".. ISSC. one was rcceivcil fr S. W. I'.aiiian! of 1 (eer

("reei<. On .lamiary II. Isss, I saw one in ,i spruce lice in my raliier's yai-i|
near I'.iirlln.iilon.

On l>eceinlier :'A). 1S!)(», Mr. K. ]•]. Slick of Kewanna. Fulton Coiinty. sent ns
a specimen wliicli he collected near that place.

SS. Asio i-|„\\i Mi.r.s ( I'oiitoppidaii I. s !r-i:.\i;i:i) owi,. CICTi

Resident in all tlic counties Imf nof often .seen.

We obtained two sjieciniens in Monroe County in the I'all of iss.'.. and one
October IS. ISSG. February 1. ISOO. Mr. Fletcher SL Nde uf Indianapolis,
sent us a female taken January 31. 2V-! miles north of that city. December
1. two females obtained near Terre Haute by I»r. T. ('. Stunkard. and two
others obtained by Mrs. Geo. T.rdsiiis at I'aris. Illinois, one of whicli was
brought to us. In the fall of iSSS ( indb.alily in October i. I saw one at the
Five-mile Pond north of Terre Haute. February i:'.. is'.H. we received a
]»air (male and female), in the flesh from Franki)ort. Clinlon County, where
they were colleetea by Mr. Al. Keys. On l)e<-einlier L'T. r.)i)2. one was seen
near a tani.-irack swamp two niil(>s soutliwest of Lake Maxinkuckee.

SO. Sinix v.Mu.v v.\Ki.v F.arton. k.mikki) owr.. CKIS)

( )ne of our most coninion owls, ••iml a pennaiuMit resident in ail the (-oun-
ties considered. Altboii.uh I noted it fi'e(|uently in Monroe. I collected no
specimens. In Carroll. I noted it \■^'\^y often. Several were obtained in
the winters of 1877 to 187!t : one near Camden. February IS. 1S7S. and a
female January 27. 1879. Whenever I made a trip to any of the heavily
tiinliered re.ijions about Camden or Bm-lin^'ton. esitecially in the Deer Creek
bottoms, I was quite sure to see one or more of these interesting owls. In
the heavy woods southwest of my father's farm near Burlington, they were
very common and in the spiing of the year, their crazy notes could be heard,
ipiite terrifying to the small boy who at times was sent into the edge of
tIio.se woods to bring the cows home in the evening. A iiair had their nest
for several years in the hollow of a large, elm not far from the house, and
1 have often .seen tlie whole family, old and young, in the old elm or other
trees near by. February 14, 18S5. a female brought us by Mr. John ('line
fi'om near Camden. On the previous evening I saw one in the woods 2\->
miles south of Camden. Febi-uary 21. a female was sent us by S. \V. P.ar-
nard of Flora. March 0. I found a male dead in the woods southwest of my
father's farm. On December 7. 18S!). I secured a female at the (Joose Pond.
!) miles south of Terre Haute. On January 4, ISOO, another female was
br(.ught us by Mr. J. E. McGilvrey from near Clinton. Parke County. This
owl was being pursued by crows when Mr. McGilvrey shot it. .\n examin-
ation of the ovaries showed eggs not larger than peas.

The P.arred OwJ never kills chickens. Its food consists almost entirely
of noxious rodents, in.sects. and the like. It is therefcrc a very useful bird
and should be rigidly protected.

;{44 /'r(>c('<<Ii)i</s oj I iidUnui Acddciii// of ^<cicncc.

'M. CHYPTOGLAUX ACAUICA ACAUJCA (Ciuioliuj. SAW-WilKT OWL. (oT2)

This little owl is appareutly very rare in Indiana. We have two speci-
mens, both adult males, obtained at Terr(> Hante, March 25. 1890. One of
them was seen sitting on the edge of a cradle in the children's room of the
nouse of my neighbor, Judge Stimpson, on South Seventh Street. When
the children awoke in the morning, they saw the little owl as it sat on the
cradle and as it flew from the room through an open window and alighted on
a tree in the yard. One of the boys struck it with a stone from a "nigger-
killer".

On May 8, 1883, I found a nest of this species in a dead elm snag in Stock-
ton's thicket near Burlington. The snag was about 20 feet tall but had
fallen over and lodged in the fork of a small soft maple. About half-way
up the snag was a hole in which a iiicker had her nest with three fresh
eggs, while a little higher up in another hole I found six young Saw-whet
Owls just about ready to leave the nest. I took four of the young owls,
hoping to make pets of them. Later that evening. I returned to the nest,
hoping to find the parent birds but neither they, nor the two young which
I had left, could be found.

About this same time Mr. Fletcher M. Noe of Indianapolis reported receiv-
ing one from near Pyrmont. Carroll County.

On Thanksgiving day, 1887, one was found dead in the engineer's room
at the University, at Bloomington, and brought to us.

91. Otus Asio ASio (Liiuia'us). screech, owl. (37.3)

The Screech Owl is the most common and best known owl in the state.
It is a permanent resident and quite common in all the counties in which
I have had opportunity to make ornithological observations. I have the fol-
lowing definite records : May 8. 1880, a female in gray plumage obtained
in the White River bottom near Gosport. Wliile walking through the
weedy woods near the river. I flushed the owl from the ground. It flew
into a small tree, where I shot it. A short distance away another, also in
gray plumage, was seen to fly into a hollow limb. One in gray plumage at
Terre Haute November 2. 1880. December 30. 1887, a female in gray plum-
age, received from Seelyville. Vigo County. March 2; 1889. one brought to
us alive by Mr. W. J." Whitaker of Terre Haute. January 11. 1890. a female
in red plumage found in the hollow of an oak tree on the Baur farm three
miles north of Terre Haute. Two others also in the red plumage were cap-
tured by James McTaggart at Terre Haute about December 12. January
13, 1891. a female, very light gray, brought by Miss Irene Christian, from
near Terre Haute. December 4, 1884, a female brought us by Schuyler Ray
of Camden. A week later (December 12), another specimen in gray plum-
age was shot by Philip Ray from a tree in Chas. E. Rice's yard in Camden.
February 17, 1885. a female in gray plumage was caught in D. T. Sander-
son's barn at Camden. January 14. 1888, a male in red plumage caught
by nie in my father's barn near Burlington.

In the winter of 1878 and '79 screech owls were unusually common in
Carroll County: a great many specimens were collected or brought to us
from the vicinity of Camden, Flora, and Burlington. October 19. and De-
cember 1. 9, 14, 19, 24, 20. 29, and 31, 1878, one secured on each date ; Jan-

Notrs on the Birds. 345

uary s. 1870. two taken, one rod, one sray: Mth. one gray; 16th. one pray;
and Fclirnary 25, one gray.

The rod and the gray color phases appear (o he ahout equally common.

The food of the Screech Owl Is chiefly sniall rodents and insect.'^; it never
takes chickons. A pair of screech owls ahout a farm are worth much more
than a cnf in dostrcying mice. This species should be thoroughly pro-
tected.

02. IJUBO VIKCIMA.MS yiKGlNIAXUS (Gmclin). (!I!I:AT HOU.NKn OWL. (375)

Resident, hut not now very common, as a result of indiscriminate and
senseless persecution to which it has boon subjected.

Carroll Cnnniy: October 5, 1S78, one taken near ranidon; on February
21. 1SS4. I saw one in a large sycamore tree on Deer frock east of Camden.
On March 0, 1SS5. a very large female was sent to us from Flora by Mr.
kS. W. Barnard. November 4. ISSO, a female taken near Burlington by J. M.
Beck who sent it to us. A male gotten oast of Torre Haute, April 27, ISSS, by
Mr. A. H. Kelso, one of my students. Another brought us in the fall of
1SS8 by Mr. Ed. Tetzel of Terre Haute, and another about the same time by
Mr. Fraidv Byers. A fine female caught in a steel trap near Sullivan, Indi-
ana, and brought to us December 4, by Hon. Murray Briggs.

Diu-ing my boyhood days at Burlington, the Great Horned Owl. Cat Owl,
or Hoot Owl. was quite common. They froipionted the dense woods and
their v^hno, vhoo. irhoo-lioo. was a familiar sound, most frequent in the
spring and fall, but often heard in summer and winter. Their presence in
the deep woods was frequently made known by crows, or jays. These
species seemed to have no love whatever for the Great Horned Owl. AVhen
a jay oi- a crow discovered one of these owls quietly dozing in the thick
foliage or protection of some tree, it would at once set up a cry which soon
lu-ought to Its assistance all the other jays or crows within a radius of a
mile or more. They would all. or in turn, fly at the owl. perhaps sometimes
striking it. and all the time keeping up such a din with their cawing and
"r<iugli language" as nidy crows and ja.vs are capable of. When the owl
could stand it no longer and attempted to escape by fl.ving away, its tor-
mentors, especially the crows, would follow it closely, and renew the at-
tacks when it stopped again. These attacks are sometimes kept up for an
hour or more.

That the Great Horned Owl is .guilty of occasional forays on the poultry
.vard must be admitted. An owl which has once met with success in its
vi.sit to the chicken roost is quite apt to repeat'the visits at intervals of a
few days and usually with disastrous results to the poultry. Perhaps
the most successful method employed by the farmer in meeting those raids
was by trapping tlio owl. A tall stout polo was sot in the gromid in the
chicken lot. A board was nailed on top of the ix)le and a .set steel trap
placed on the board. An owl coming to the chicken lot would be quite apt
to alight on the top of the pole and be caught in the trap.

While the Great Horned Owl does do some damage to the farmer's poultry,
this can be excused when we consider tlio groat good they do in the destruc-
tion of noxious rodents.

346 Proceed i)i(/.s of hididiid Academy o/ Science.

93. Nyctea nyctea (Liniiii'iis). snowy owl. (376)

The only certain record I have of the occurrence of this magnificent owl
in Vigo County is that of an adult male captured November 20, 1889, by Mr.
Elijah Liston, 2% miles southeast of Pimento, or about 14 miles south of
Torre Haute. Liston saw it alight upon a strawstack. Firing at it with
a small Flobert gun, the tip of one wing \vas brolien, which enabled Mr.
Liston to capture it. The owl died December 9, and was brought to us. It
is very w'hite and is, withal, a very fine specimen.

While this is the only example of this species known to me from Vigo
County, in the winter of 1887-8 as many as eight were taken in Indiana, all
before Holidays. About the same time this specimen was taken in Vigo
County, we received in the flesh, two other fine examples, — one from Prof.
F. M. McFarland, Olivet, Michigan. December 2, and one from Vermilion.
Soutli Dakota, whence it was sent us by Dr. S. G. Agersborg, January 5,
1890. I have a report of the capture of one near Camden in the winter of
1865.

94. COCCYZUS AMERICANt'S AMERICANUS (LiuUfeUS).
Y-ELT.OW-BILLED CUCKOO. (887)

A common summer resident : usually more numerous than the Black-billed
species.

The cuckoos are among the most strange and interesting of our birds.
They are very quiet, noiseless and ghost-like in their movements. One may
remain for an hour or more in an apple-tree over your head without attract-
ing your attention, although it may be moving about all the time from limb
to limb, gleaning caterpillars of which they are very fond. You learn of its
presence only when it flies to another tree, and you see it only then if you
happen to be looking in the direction of its flight, for it is as noiseless in its
flight as it is while feeding.

With us, its favorite nesting sites are on horizontal limbs of old apple
trees. The nest is a poorly constructed affair, suggesting that the time may
come, in the evolution of the species, when our cuckoos will abandon the
building of any nest whatever and degenerate to the level of their European
cousins, which drop their eggs in the nests of other birds.

Botli of our species of cuckoos are generally and usually called Rain Crow
in Indiana. This has some justification in the fact that their doleful song,
if it may be called a song, is most often heard on quiet days in summer and
early fall when clouds are forming and rain is imminent. Besides this
note which presages rain, they have another note or call which plainly
suggests the noise made by water pouring from a jug.

Carroll County: May 11, 1878. one taken at Camden: .Tune 30, 1885, full
set of fresh eggs ; seen at many other times.

Monroe County: May 5. 1880. noted. Vi(/o CounUi: May is. 1888, noted.

95. COCCYZUS ERY'THROI>TirAL]SrUS (Wilson). BLACK-BILI.ED CUCKOO. (388)

A common summer resident. T^p to about 1884, this species appeared to be
less common than tlie Yellow-billed Cuckoo, but since then it seems to have
become relatively as common.

Notes oil Ihr liird.s. 347

Viyo (bounty: May 3 and 15, 188S.

Carroll County: May 11, 1S7S, one taUcii : ]\Iay i:5. 1882, May IG, 1883.
May 30, 1884, and May 20, 1885, un{v,\.

90. Cekyle alcyon (Liiiua'usj. isklteu KixtiFisiiEU. (300)

Common summer resident, arriviii^i (luilc early in tlie spring soon after the
ice goes off, and remaining unlil late in llie fall; a few sometimes remain
in favorable situations all winter.

Carroll County: Common along tlic Wabash and all the creeks, nesting
in all suitable banks. March 4. 1878. one taken on Deer Creek near
Camden ; March 5, 1879, one noted ; May 17. 1883, one noted on Deer Creek;
April 3, 1SS5, first of season seen near Camden ; May 18, nest with six well
incubated eggs ; May 21, noted.

Vigo County: Several pairs could always he seen each summer along
the river near Terre Haute, and <iiic |iair at the gravel-pit east of town;
March 31, 1SS8, noted.

Monroe County: \ot common, doulitless because of the few streams.

97. Dkyobates viLi.osi s viixosus (Linnanis).
HAIRY woodpecker. (393)

A fairly common resident, seen in the edge of woodlands where there are
old dead trees and snags ; also about the barn-lots and orchards ; less abun-
dant than the Downy and not so confiding or well known. Perhaps about
equally common in all three counties.

Carroll County: February 15, 1879. noted near Camden; March 18, 1885.
observed to be very common in Deer Creek bottoms above Camden. In the
winter of 1884-5. one or more individuals might be seen in Carroll County
almost any day.

Monroe County: Quite common, especially in the spring.

Vigo County: Noted practically every time I went to the woods.

98. Dkyobates pubescens mediaxi s (Swainson).

DOWNY' WOODPECKER. (394c)

A common and familiar permanent resident, perhaps, next to the Red-
head, the best known of all our woodpeckers. The Downy is a cheery little
bird, quite tolerant and unsuspicious of man, coming about our orchards
and yards and making itself very much at home. I would say it is about
equally common in all three counties. Nesting in late April to early .June.

Carroll County: February 15. 1879. noted at Camden; May 28, 1883, a
nest in a hole in an old apple tree near Camden with five young nearly able
to fiy ; March 18. 1885, observed to be very common in the Deer Creek bot-
toms near Camden. Noted November 11. 1900. on an elm near her home
in Burlington, by Miss Ava Everinann who saw another Downy December
31, in a maple on the street.

Monroe an<l Vk/o Counties: iMpialiy common and well known.

99. SpIIYKAPICIS VARUS VARirS (LilUKl'US).
YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSICKER. (402)

A rather infrequent fall and spring visitant, sometimes a winter visitor.
In Monroe County frequently seen in late fall and early spring; one noted
March 26, 188G. In Vigo County apparently less frequent. Perhaps more

348 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

common in Carroll County. An adult female shot, December 15, 18S4, from
an apple tree in my garden at Camden. It was feeding on a frozen apple.
A very heavy snow had fallen the previous night, but the day was not cold.
A month later, January 11, an adult male was shot from a wild cherry tree
in the hen lot on the homo farm near Burlington. On April 4, I saw a male
at Camden ; and on April l(i. I saw a male near my house in Camden.

100. Piii.(KOTOMis PiLEATrs I'lLKATis (Liiimeus).

PILEATED WOODPECKER. (405)

Formerly a not uncommon permanent resident, but now very rare. Until
destroyed in the Normal School fire of March 8, 1888, Mrs. Evermann and
I had in our collection three specimens of this fine species, — one taken in
the fall of 1885, on Beanblossom Creek near Bloomington, Indiana, (where
another was taken at the same time), one (an adult male) taken near Met-
amora, Greene County, by our friend Edwin Corr who brought it to us in the
flesh Christmas day, 1885; and a third (a male) taken November 5, 188G, in
the heavy woods near Coal Creek north of Terre Haute.

When I was a small boy I often saw these big Black Log-cocks, as we
called them, on my father's tarin near r.urlington. They could be heard
oftener than seen, their loud sonorous tatoo coming from out the dense
forest, which, to us small boys, seemed very somber and full of many sorts
of strange and dangerous animals. ()n(> might sometimes surprise one of
these big birds beating his tatoo on the dead top of some old elm, maple
or oak, and then ^ee it fly away with a wild, frightened call.

Sometimes these birds would come about the fields and pastures if there
were any old dead trees, snags or stumps in them. I remember quite dis-
tinctly seeing one on a large and tall rotten stump within a few rods of our
house, many years ago, perhaps in tbe early sixties. It was industriously
hunting for grubs in the rotten wood. I had learned that yellowhammers
and other woodpeckers could sometimes be killed or capture^d by slipping
up upon them from the opposite side of the stump and striking arouiiu the
stump with a flexible brush. I tried the experiment with this Log-cock.
Securing a much-branched beech limb about four feet long. I stealtliily ap-
proached the stump. The Log-cock was so intent u]ion its quest for grubs
that it was oblivious to my approach. When at the stump a smart blow
on the side of the stump caused the flexible ends of the brush to strike the
bird and stun it so severely that I had no ditticulty in capturing it.

101. Melanerpes erytiirocephauts (Linuieus).

RED-HEADED WOODPECKER. (400)

From my earliest recollection the Red-headed Woodpecker has been to me
perhaps the most familiar and best known of our native birds. In my
boyhood days in Carroll County, it was excessively abundant and much de-
tested by every farmer who had fields of corn or apples and cherries upon
which it might feed. And that it was very destructive to the ears of corn
while in the milk or roasting ear stage, can not be denied. To convince
one of this fact, it was only necessary to take a look at the outer rows in
any corn field, particularly on the side next to a woodland. In these rows
not an ear escaped ; every one showed the husk torn away at the distal end
and from three to 10 square inches of the grains eaten more or less com-

■ ill

tlio fall or SI

iiiiiiiicr the Kod-heads

icri

■ics and (lie

caiiy harvest apples.

'Sti

male to iiiil

their ilestruction of

<()U

icwliat los^ci

liiii; thoir (Icstnictioii

I.e.l

as follows :

A l(iii,ii, skMidcr i)ole

NoUs on llic liirdfi. 34S

|)U'tely. The young woodpeckers, those Ji.itched the pi-evh)us spring, seemed
to have reached tlieir most voracious aj,'e Just when the yoiuig ears were
ill (he condition to suffer most, 'i'lie damage done the whole country over
was very gi-eat indeed. A little earii
liaid their respects to the ri|ieiiing
It is prohahly a very conservative
early apples at 10 per cent.

I'.ut we had a very uniipie way ol
of apples. The method may he desc
(gray ash was the hest), was set firmly in the ground under tlie apple or
cherry tree which it was desirous to protect, the pole being long enough to
project two or three feet above the top of the tree. Woodpeckers coming lo
the tree would almost invariably alight lirst upon the side of the pole. The
boy who was "out for woodpeckers" wouhl station himself under the tree
at the base of the pole where, with a heavy axe or maul in hand, he would
await the coming of the bird. The foliage of the tree was thick enough to
prevent the woodjieckers from seeing him. yet not so dense as to prevent the
boy .seeing the upper part of the pole upon which the birds would alight.
When one arrived and alighted on one side of the pole a smart blow on the
same side of the pole would knock the breath out of the bird and it would
fall to the ground where it would be promptly kilU'd. if not already dead.
In this w^ay it was an easy matter for one person to kill a dozen or more
woodpeckers in a forenoon.

Another interesting method by which an occasional woodpecker or
flicker could be killed was by means of the horsehair snare. These birds
were in the habit of alighting on the upper end of the stakes of the stake-
and-rider fences witli which most of the fields in those days were sur-
rounded. With a 2-inch auger, a hole was bored an inch or two inches deep
on the upper side near the upper end of a stake which woodpeckers had
been observed to frequent. Two or three grains of corn were placed in the
bottom of the hole and then a strong horsehair snare was placed around
the hole so tliat it was a trifle smaller in one diameter than the hole, yet
rested upon the wood either at the top and bottom or on the sides of the hole.
This hair snare or slii>noose was tied to a short stout cord or small wire
which was firmly fastened to the stake. The woodpecker, alighting on the
stake, spies the corn and at once puts his head in the hole to get it. but
on withdrawing his head the liorsehair catches under the feathers of his
neck, draws tight and soon chokes him to death. AVhile this method was
hardly as sure a thing as the pole and axe. it was nevertheless quite
effective, albeit not at all humane.

In those days, the multitude of dead trees in the "deadenings"' on the
farms, to say nothing of the hundreds of acres of primeval forest and open
woodland, afforded exceptionally favorable nesting sites for the Re<l-heads
and the other woodpeckers. Tliese have now almost entirely disapiK^ared
and with their passing the woodpeckers also have gone, so that now none
of the woodpeckers is nearly so abundant as they were .'50 to 50 years ago.

Another thing which has had much to do with the decrea.se in the abun-
dance of the Ked-headed Woodpecker was the destruction of the oak and
beech forests which produced such a great part of the winter food of these
birds. One of the pretty sights of the fall months was that of the wood-

350 Proceedings of Indkiua Academy of Science.

peckers busily engaged in storing away nuts of various kinds, particularly
beechnuts and the smaller acorns, such as the Chinquepin Oak (Qiicrcun
michauxi). On quiet autumn days the woodpeckers would work inces-
santly gathering and storing nuts, placing them in natural cavities in cer-
tain trees or driving them into holes which they themselves had made. The
constant flying back and forth, interrupted only by occasional chasing of one
another, and the accompaniment of their loud, not unmusical, chatter, was
a scene quite familiar to every farmer's boy and one which never failed to
interest him.

The Ked-headed Woodpecker is still common in each of the three coun
ties, and in each of them a few usually remain throughout the year. The
majority, however, go further south in the fall. In Carroll County, they
remain through only those winters following seasons of abundant mast and
such as are not especially severe. Noted by Miss Ava Evermann at Burling-
ton as follows : January 5, 1907, several in woods ; October 27, three or four
seen in woods ; October 28, a young one seen on a hickory tree in woods,
its back mottled and its head only slightly red. A great many adults seen
on this date, in the woods. January 1, 19<)8. two or three seen in the woods,
and on January 25, one seen in same woods.

Their nesting season is in May. A nest with three fresh eggs, May 15,
1888, in an oak snag at the forks of the road near Mr. Smith's near Honey
Creek south of Torre Haute. One taken east of the fairgrounds at Terre
Haute, April 25, 1888. Another with five fresh eggs. May 10, 1883. in a hole
in a hickory snag on my father's farm near Burlington.

During the winter of 1881-82, they were very numerous hi Carroll County,
l)ut since then, as well as before, they have been very rare in winter. De-
cember 13, 1884, one seen. A few evidently remained all that winter, though
not many were noted. One observed March 18, 18S5. Several noted near
Bloomington, January 12, 1883.

102. Centurus caroi.inus (Linna'us). red-bellied woodpecker. (409)

A moderately common resident in all the counties, perhaps most numer-
ous in Monroe. This species, locally sometimes known as "Sapsucker" and
"(iuinea Woodpecker", was, like the Red-head, quite destructive to the ripen-
ing corn and to the early apples and cherries, and, like the Red-head, it
could be killed by striking with an axe or maul, the pole on which it had
alighted.

Carroll County: February 15, 1879, noted near Camden.

Monroe Counti/: January 12, 1883, three or four noted.

Viffo County: Noted at Terre Haute March 24, 1888. and April 1, 1889.

103. COLAPTES AURATUS AIIRATITS (Liuna^lS). FLICKER. (412)

An abundant and well-known bird, resident throughout the year, locally
known as "Yellowhammer". This is one of the most useful of birds. It
lives chiefly on grubs and other insect larva\ and upon noxious insects.
The little harm it does to the corn in roasting-ear time is trivial in com-
parison with the great good it does in de.-^troying insect enemies of cultivated
crops.

A'o/r.s- on the Birds. Ii5l

A si(^lit witli wliicli every (•(imitr.v lioy <»r Kirl is familial- is tliat of yellow-
liiiimuors on the gronii<l In tlie meadows, jtastures and lawns, hunting for
laiijG white grul)s and otlier insect laiva' wliifh are so destructive to the
lawns. I remember one fall when ilie hivixo wliite grubs were so abundant
in a certain yard tliat tlie snd cduld lie pulled up and ndled back like a
earpot. Icavins hundreds of .irruhs exposed : and these attracted several
yellowliaraniers whicli feasted upon them.

Tlie flickers nest in holes which they dig in dead trees or limbs. The
nesting sea.son in Vigo Comity begins late in April. The eggs, five to eight
in number, are a crystalline white. Sometimes the flicker can be induced
to lay a large number of eggs. Dn :May 4. 1885, I found a nest in a hole in
a large buckeye tree in the Dr. Armstrong pasture in Camden. The nest
(•(iiitained two eggs, one of which I took, leaving the other as a nest egg.
This was repeated daily until June 22. when some one destroyed the nest.
In all .".7 eggs were laid by the bird from May 3 to June 22. On 14 of the
."it days no ogs was laid. How many more I would have gotten if tlie nest
had not been destroyed will never be known. The most remarkable record
of the laying capacity of the Flicker has been furnished by Charles !>. Phil-
lips of Taunton, Massachusetts. In a period of 70 days, be obtained 71 eggs.

I'iirroJJ Cnunti/: May 8. 18S.'i. two fresh eggs in hole in dead elm snag in
Stockton's thicket in which I found a nest with six young saw-whet owls.

.Miss Evermann contributes the following notes: October 7, lOOTi. one
s(>en in maple tree near house: 28th. several seen and heard in woods:
Xovember .10. one heard near house and its note was "wiechen" which Dr.
Chapman says he does not remember hearing a Flicker utter when alone,
.laniiary 2.1. 1008. three or four seen in the woods: lOth. one seen in tree
near house, only one seen away from the woods this winter.

Monroe County: January 12. 188.''>. two noted near Bloomington.

104. Antkostomus vociFEKis vociFKias (Wilson"). wirip-pooR-wiL,L. (417)

Not uncommon summer resident, arriving in the last half of April and
remaining until in September.

During cpiiet evenings in spring anil early sunnner the interesting call of
this strange bird may be heard, most commonly in or at the edge of heavy
woods, esiiecially hillside. It repeats the syllables irhip-poor-irill. in rapid
succession and so many times without a break, that it would become mon-
otonous Were it not .so strange, so weird.

Canon Counfii: September. 1877. specimen collected: May 8, 1884, first
heard this evening near the Evans schoolhouse in Tippecanoe Township.
hut others had heard it May 4; April 22, 188.J. first of sea.son heard in even-
ing near Yeoman: heard again next evening near Joseph Trent's east of
Camden. Charles Metsker heard one near Yeoman, April 21. I never found
a nest of the Whip-poor-will.

Vliio roinifn: X<.ted April 11. 1S8S. and May 1, 1889.

10r>. CUORDKII.KS VIROlMANtTS VIKGINIAMTS (Gmcliu). NIGTITTr.\WK. (420)

The Nighthawk or Hullbat is a common spring and fall migrant, and pos-
sibly a rare summer resident. Of this last I am not sure, as I ha.e

352 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

never fouud its nest nor have I any record of seeing it in July. It may fre-
quently be seen in May and early June circling about over the fields and
pastures in the dusk of evening or even on dull cloudy days, but it is most
abundant in August and early September, when considerable numbers may
sometimes be seen flying about over the meadows and otlier open places.

Carroll Country: August 31. 1883 ; May. 1884 ; May 10, 1885.

Monroe County: May, 1886.

Vifio Coitnty: May 8, 1888.

106. Ch.etura pelagica (Linuipus). chimney swift. (423)

An abundant summer resident. Formerly nesting in hollow trees and
similar situations, but now almost invariably in chimneys. The only
nest I ever found in a tree I discovered in the hollow of a liickory stub on
my father's farm near Burlington in the spring of 1883. The chimney of
our house on the home farm always had its colony of four to six or
more pairs of chimney swifts every summer, and it was astonishing the noise
they would make, not only throughout the day but also at night, seriously
interfering with one's sleep.

Carroll County: July 14, 1882. set of four fresh eggs. In 1884, first noted
April 27 ; common next day.

In 1884. a pair of chimney swifts fastened their nest to the inside of tlie
door of an outhouse at the Vandalia depot in Camden. The birds entered
the building through a small hole in tlie gables. The building was in daily
use, but those who visited it were cautioned by the railroad agent to open
the door carefully so as not to jar the eggs. Usually the bird sitting on
the eggs would leave the house when any one entered, but sometimes she
would remain on the nest. Four eggs were laid, one of which was jostled
from the nest, the other three hatched and the birds grew to maturity. This
nest was repaired and used again in 1885, and in 1886, and a brood raised
in each of those years. April 17. 1885, noted.

In the fall of the year the chimney swifts resort in great numbers to
some one chimney in the neighborhood. At Bloomington, they frequented
the chimney of the University engine house : in Terre Haute, vast numbers
used the chimney of the Baptist church on North Sixth street ; while in
Carroll County, they have for many years resorted to the chimney of the
Methodist church in Flora.

Monroe County: April 11. 1886.

Vigo County: April, 1888, ten or 15 noted : April 7, 1888, and April 6, 1890.

107. Archilochus colubris (Linnseus).

RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD. (428)

This beautiful little bird is a rather common summer resident in all the
counties considered in this paper. Noted at Bloomington. May 13, 1882; at
Camden, May 8. 1883. where it was common by May 23 ; May 4, 1885, two
or three seen. At Terre Haute noted May 3 and 5. 1888.

Notes on the Birds. 353

1(»S. TviiA.wi's rvuAKMs ( l.imi.-i'iis). kimiiiikd. (444)

A cumuioii suiuuiur lusidfii) in all (he counties.

(■arroll Count!/: June 10, 1882, set of three; fresh e«ss, nest in an apple
tree in home orchard; June IS, 18S;5, set of four fresh grks : lirst observed
in 1883 on April 2!): in 1885, on April 22.

Monroe Vouutji: Common in the orchards about I'.loomin{j:(on in the sum-
mers of 1882, 18SG and 1888.

Vigo County: April 22, 18S8. ten or M noted ; Ai)ril 7. 1889, and April G.
1890.

109. Myi.xucius < KiMTi s (IJnnaMis). crksted flycatcher. (452)

Fairly connnoii summer resident, most often seen in woodlands at the
edtie of oix'u fields. Xests in lu)les in trees and has the curious habit of
almost invariably using at least a part of a cast-off snake-skin in its nest.
In 1882. a pair nested in a .section of an old pump-stock which I placed some
20 feet from the ground in a beech tree in my father's barn-lot.

In Carroll County arrives about the last of April; noted May 18, 1878;
May 3, 1883; June 18, 1883, set of three fresli eggs: April 28. 1884, and
again on April 28, 1885, in Adams Town.ship. Noted at P.loomington, April
2(5, 1880. Noted at Terre Haute April 21. 1888, and April 25, 1889.

11(». Savoums I'lKEiiK (Latham), pikkhe : pkwee. ( 4ri(; )

A common and familiar summer resident. Appears in spring as early as
the middle of March and remains quite late in the fall. Builds its nest of
nuid and moss, placing it under some bridge or culvert, under the eaves
of a house, shed or barn, on the side of a cliff", or sometimes in a hollow
tree. On May 9. 1890. I found a nest on the side of a sandstone cliff in a
gorge at Fern, near Greencastle. It contained three fresh Pewee eggs and
two fresh eggs of the cowbird.

Carroll Countii: March 8. 1879. six or eight seen; April 21, 1883, .set of
four fresh eggs : Hrst one seen March 17, 1884. near Pleasant Valley, and
March 31, 1885, near Camden depot. Noted building, March 2G. 1884. For
many years a pair placed their nest on a projecting board over the door
of our granary near Burlington.

Mo^iroe County: Arrives about the first of March ; found nesting April 21.
1882. a set of four well incubated eggs.

Yujo County: Noted March 17, 18SS. March 21. 1889. and March 'M). ISMO.

June 2, 1882, a set of four in nest in a deserted house near Wyandotte
Cave, that were very unusual in color, they being indigo-blue over about
one-third of the surface.

111. Myiociianes viRENs (Liuua'us). wood pewee. (401)

A rather common summer resident, most frequent in the open woods.
Arrives in Carroll County about the last week in Apiil. One seen near
Joseph Trent's east of Camden, April 24. 1885; common in the woods on
May 22, 1883. Nest with full complement of eggs in beech trcv on home
farm. June 18. 1883. Noted at Bloomington. April 28. 1880.

Noted at Terre Haute April :!() and May 2 and 5, 1888.

354 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

112. EmPIUONAX VIKESCENS (Vieillot). ACADIAN FrA'CATCHER. (465)

A fairly coiuiuoii siinmier rcsidt'iit. Arrives iii Carroll County about the
middle of May. Full sets of eggs by June 15. June 17, 1882, set of three
well incubated eggs ; June 14, 1S83, nest with two eggs and one of the
cowbird, incubation begun ; May 4, 1885, noted. This bird is one of the most
frequent victims of the cowbird.

In Monroe County arrives about the middle of April and is very com-
mon during the summer. June 2, 1882, nest with one fresh egg at Wyandotte
Cave. A partial albino taken at Sand Hill east of Terre Haute in June,
1890.

113. EmPIDONAX TRAILLI ALNORUM (Brewster). ALDER FLYCATCHER. (4r)6a)

Kather rare summer resident. Nest found June 10, 1885, near Camden.
Five noted at Terre Haute May 3, and others May 5, 1888.

114. Empidonax minimus (W. M. & S. F. Baird).

LEAST FLYCATCHER. (467)

Not very common summer resident in all the counties.
Noted May 6, 1885, near Camden.

115. Otocoris alpestris praticola Henshaw.

PRAIRIE HORNED LARK. (474b)

Gail oil County: I remember distinctly the first time I ever recognized
this species. It was in December, 1877. when Mrs. Evermann, one of our
young lady students, and I were spending a morning observing the birds
along Deer Creek just below Camden. On the south side of the creek just
below the Porter dam we saw several horned larks in a small enclosure
where some hogs were being fed. Snow covered the ground nearly every-
where and the shore larks had come to this place in search of food.

Since that day I have noted this bird frequently in nearly all parts of
Carroll County, most rarely in the southeastern part, most abundantly in
Tippecanoe and Jefferson townships which are largely prairie. May 4. 1878,
collected specimens at Camden ; March 17, 1879, noted. I noted them fre-
quently in March. April, and May, 1883. On January 5, 1884, (a very cold
day, 30 degrees below zero), I saw a flock. During April and May they
were common. On December 19, I saw several in Lenon's hog-lot east
of Camden. During the winter of 1884-5, they were moderately common.
During March, 1885, they w^ere pretty common. On December 12. 1910,
while on an automobile trip with my nephew Claude Hawkins, from Russia-
ville, through parts of Howard and Carroll counties, a great many shore
larks were seen. They were in small companies from two or three to 20
or more. They were feeding in the road and would fly up and out of
the way only reluctantly as we came upon them. The ground was covered
wdth snow and most of the trip was made in the teeth of a fine blizzard.
Miss Evermann saw one in the road south of Burlington December 16, 1909,
the only one she had seen up to that time.

Notes on the Birds. ;i55

It is cei'taln this siiccics is imicli iihut ((imiiKni in (lioso counties now
(han it was 30 to 40 years a.yo. In all pinli.il.iljt y il iicsts in Carroll County,
liul I have never fomul its iiost tliorc.

M(mroc Count ji: I liavo n('\('r si'Oii llicin in ,iny considerable numbers in
this county except in winter. ()n FcluMiary Id. 1S,S3. and again two days
Inter. I found flocks of seNcral linndi'-d in .1 liirue meadow northwest of
r.loomin.irton. Tlie days wei-e cnld and slonny and snow covered tlie ground
everywhere (>xcept in situations sncli as in this meadow wliere the wind
tended to keep tlie ground nnnc oi' less have. The birds were moving about
in great flocks, alighting on .ind spiciding over tlie bare spots where they
searched for food. or. at times, stojiping at jialches of short weeds upon
the seeds of which tliey fed.

Vigo Conntif: These birds were usually common in winter or late fall
and a few might he seen e\cn in the summer particularly nortli of Terre
Haute on the road to the Five-mile I'oiid. also south of the city, and in all
other prairie parts of the county.

Tlie.se birds doubtless find the public highways good feeding grounds,
and the liabit is so well marked that in some places they have received
the very appropriate name of "roadsters". I heard this name applied
to them in Merced County, California, in 101S.

116. Cyanocitt.\ CKisTAi'.v eiJisiMA ( l.iini;cus ). nr.uE jay. (477)

Of all our native birds the Ulue .lay is perhaps the best known per-
manent resident. Every one knows the r.lue .lay. We all enjoy seeing
him about, albeit, his pert, not to say uinn.innerly. ways, somtimes seriously
tax our patience. And then we often have a suspici(m that his presence
about the house or in the orchard means harm to the eggs or young of
other birds that enjoy a greater measure of our confidence and respect.

But at times I have found the blue Jays (piite useful. When out col-
lecting, if I heard one or more jays, about a hole in some old tree, using
a lot of Blue Jay profanity and raising a general huUaballoo, I could
he sure that there was a screech owl in that same hole. I have secured
many a fine specimen with the aid of the blue jays in this way.

I think the Blue Jay is about equally common in all the counties covered
l)y this paper. In Carroll County, it is quite common throughout the year.
It is quite disposed to nest in the fruit trees and other trees about dwell-
in.gs. April 21. 1S83. nest with three eggs. On April 4. 1SS4. a pair ob-
.served building in a shade-tree in Dolph McKinney's yard in Camden.
Others seen nesting on April 10. On my old home farm one or more pairs
usually nested in one of the cedar or spruce trees in the front yard, and
for some years at least one nest might he found in an apple tree in the
orchard. On this farm the ja.v birds appear to be much le.ss common now
than formerly. While spending the week of .luiie 2o to July 1. 1905. there
I saw only one Blue Jay. Noted by Miss Ava Evermann of Burlington
October 28. 1907, when several were seen in the woods, and again on
New Year's da.v. 1008. when one was seen in the woods. They were com-
mon in town all winter.

Favorite nesting sites for the Bine Jay were in the large hawthorns which
were common in the edges of the woods .md in the more open places along
the creeks.

35() Procctdinys of InilUtiKi Academy of Science.

In the South there is au iiiterestiu.u; superstition, especially among the
negroes, who say that you never see any Itlue jays on Friday because they
are all away carrying sticks to the devil!

In Monroe Coiiitfi/. the jays are common and begin to nest as early as the
tirst of April. April lo, 1882. a set of three fresh eggs near Bloomington ;
February 16. I880, common.

1)1 Vino County, also, they are a coninidn bird. Their nests may be found
in the hawth(n-ns. locusts, and similar trees.

117. CoKvrs coiiAx sixiatis Wagler. kavk.x. (48(1)

Formerly common, but now rare, if it has not entirely disappeared. In
my boyhood days I have seen ravens in Carroll County. I am not sure
I ever saw one in Monroe or Vigo County.

118. CORVUS BRACHYR]IY.VCHOS ISRACIIYIUIYXCIIOS Brehm. CROW. (488)

A common and familiar permanent resident. In the winter the crows
gather up in great numbers and have permanent roosting places. One of
these rookeries was located near Ridge Farm on the west side of the
Wabash River, a few miles north of Terre Haute. When visiting this
region in February, 1889, I saw what I estimated at 2,000 crows flying
to this rookery in the evening. During the day they scatter over the sur-
rounding country, covenng a radius of several miles, feeding in the fields
and other open places, and return in the evening to the roosting place. The
winter of 1884-5, in central Indiana, was one of unusual and continued
cold and deep, drifted snows. The crows, however, like the poor, were
ever with ns and, seemingly, in unusually great numbers. At Camden they
were noted flying east in the morning and west in the evening; I'arely or
never north or south. I did not succeed in locating their roosting place or
places. They were usually more or less scattered in their flight, but often
they flew in rather compact bodies of 10 to 50 birds. Sometimes, usually
about 4 P. M., the flocks were much larger. On March 4, 1885. Mr. Will
Hough of Delphi, saw what he estimated at 400 to 500 flying west over
South Delphi. They flew in a pretty compact body. The evening was very
cold, the temperature being 12 to 15 below zero. Two evenings later (March
6), at 4 o'clock. I saw about 60 in one flock flying west near Delphi.

The Crow nests early in the spring. Full sets of eggs taken near Bloom-
ington, March 20, and near Burlington. April 16.

Crows have a bad reputation, doubtless far worse than they deserve.
They are charged with pulling up newly i)lanted corn which they probably
do to some extent : also with destroying the eggs of various species of wild
birds, and domestic fowls, which also is doubtless true. I, myself, have
often seen crows visit a strawstack in which several hens had their nests,
search for eggs and, when found, impale the egg on their bill and fly away
to some distant tiee or other safe place where the egg would be devoured.

A nest with three fi-esh eggs near Burlington. April IC, 1883 ; another nest
with four fresh eggs found in an apple tree near Burlington, April 28. 1919,
by my young grandni-phew. Donovan Beck.

A nest with two addled eggs and one large young near Bloomington,
April 29, 1882. Common Jaimary 12, 1883.

Notes (III the Hi ids. 357

Jiiiiuiiry S. V.vii). fdiir seen iioilli (if Culler mid t\v(i more just north of
(".•iiuilcii. Wliilc Ir.-ivcliii^' dii lliis diiy liy (riiiii fioin Terre Haute to
Lofiansport, (lie ("rdw \v;is the bird iii*ist frciiuciilly soon from the car
window. A t^odd iimiiy were seen, usually in I lie conifiolds or meadows,
huntinj; foi- food, 'rhcic was soiiii' snow on the .^Toniid. o^pooially between
'J'oiTo Ilantc and rraid<roit.

111). Koi.icHo.wx oin/.ixoKis n.iiiiiaMis ( . hoisoi.i.nk. (494)

A sprin}; and fall uiii;raiil. usnally rare, hnl soiiictinios soon in large
migrating flocks.

Monroe Coiiiili/: Thirty or more seen. May (>. issi;. in a meadow at north
odgo of Dunn's woods (the i)ros(>nt Indiana University (-ampus). and
again on May S. ISSd, in meadows north of T'loomington, were several in
full song.

]'i(/<) Couiihi: Consideralile lloeks seen in the spring by Professor Blatch-
ley and by me. usually in I lie meadows south of town or along the old
canal north of the city.

Ciirroll Ciiuiitii: ( »n May 10. 1S8.S, I saw five or six on tlie old Michigan
road neai' Ileniy .Vppenzeller's. north of Burlington. These were the first
I ever saw in the county and I am confident the species was then a new
arrival. On May fi. 1884. several were seen near Deer Creek, and others
near Burlington about the same time, once in a meadow on the Full-
wider farm south of Burlington, and two or three times on my father's
farm. James INIilton Beck tells me ho has soon bobolinks in summer in the
meadow on this farm, which would indicate that the species breeds there
now.

120. Mor.oTiiius ATEU ATKR ( Boddaort ) . cowiurd. (495)

A fairly common summer resident in all the counties.

The Cowbird is the only species of our birds which builds no nest of its
own I)ut habitually lays its eggs in the nests of other birds. Among the
species in wliove nests I have found cowbird eggs I may mention the fol-
lowing :

Common Peine. Fern. Putnam Comity. May 9. ls90. three pewee and two
cowbird eggs: Kentucl;!i Warhler, Eel River Falls, Owen County. June 1,
1S88. three warbler and one cowbird eggs: Wood Thrush, near the dam on
Wild Cat Creek Jibove Burlington. Carroll County. Ms\y 24. 1883. two thrush
and three cowliird eggs: Oren-hirrh near Burlington. May 28. 1883, three
oven-bird and two cowbird eggs, foimd l)y A'ern Beck : another by me on
Turkey Run. I'arke County. :May 2:i. 1890. two cowbird eggs, incubation
begun, no oven-bird eggs: and Muriihnifl Yelloirthroal. near Bryant's Ford.
Parke Coimty, one cowbird and three .Maryland yellowthroat eggs. May 23,
1890.

Other species in whose nests I have found cowbird eggs are: Cardinal
gros])eak. towhee. red-e.ved vireo. warbling vireo. scarlet tanager. Acadian
flycatcher, indigo bunting, worm eating warbler, yellow warbler. American
goldfinch, catbird, song sparrow, vesper si.ariow. kingbird. Baltimore oriole,
red-winged blackbird, and wood pewee. Delinite dates besides the above
are:

358 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

Carroll County: March 17. 1879, .seen; June 17. 1882, one fresh egg; May
24, 1883, three eggs in nest of brown thrasher with four of the latter ; in-
cubation begun. March 31. 1884, first noted ; April 5, 1885, both males and
females, first of season, noted near railroad bridge on Deer Creek, east of
Camden ; June 20. 1905, four seen in barnyard on old homestead near Bur-
lington.

121. Agklaii's pu(j:nicei's pucknickus (Linnseus).

RED-WIXGED BLACKBIRD. (498)

Summer resident, abundant in all suitable situations. About the marshy
places along the rivers, at woodland ponds and in marshy meadows, will
usually be found from a few pairs to a hundred or more of these beautiful
birds. They are among the first to arrive in the spring, often coming as
early as the first of February, and their cheery call is one of the most
delightful and musical sounds of early spring.

They begin nesting by the last of April, full sets of eggs often being
completed by the first of May. The nests are placed near the ground among,
and fastened to. the cattails and grasses about the swamps.

Monroe Count}/: Not very common in this county, doubtless because of
the absence of swamp land and other suitable environment.

Vif/o County: Abundant summer resident, breeding in all suitable places,
such as Greenfield Bayou, the Goose Pond, Five-mile Pond, and along the
river wherever there are cattails and tules. On May 3. 1890. at the Goose
Pond south of Terre Haute, several nests were found, one with four fresh
eggs, one with two, and another with only one. Two weeks later this
pond was again visited. The nesting season was at its height as attested
by many nests seen. Of seven nests examined four contained four eggs
each, two had three eggs each, and one had only one egg. all fresh.

Carroll Comity: February 23. 1878, noted; March 5, 1879, four or five
seen ; Gth. many soon flying north. May 21, 1883, common nesting at the
Maple Swamp ; May 2(1. nest with eggs found near Burlington by Edwin C.
Evermann; May 28. nest with four eggs found on my father's farm. Feb-
ruary 12. 1884, saw a flock of 30 or more south of Delphi; February 19.
Professor John W. Hamilton and I saw a hundred or more on the Ayres
farm between Bringhurst and Cutler. They were feeding on the ground in a
hog corral. The morning was very cold. The day before had been pleasant
but in the evening grew very stormy and cold. May 5. found many nests in
the Armstrong pond at Camden, in all stages from nests not yet com-
pleted to young birds a day or two old. March 5. 1885, saw first flock of
10 south of Camden. By the 12th they had become abundant. June 25 to
July 1, 1905, only one pair seen on the old homestead near Burlington where
they formerly were ^ery abundant.

Other favorite lireeding grounds in Carroll Count.v were the tule patches
along the old canal, in the Harness swamp south of Burlington, in the
Leonard Smith swamp and the Maple swamp, west of Burlington, in the
feather-bed prairie south of LogansiX)rt. the Kunyan marsh east of Bur-
lington, and in and al)out all the small inland ponds.

Notes OH Ihr fiinls. 359

^^2^2. SiiKMi i,.\ \iai;n\ m\(,\\ ( l.iiin.i'us i . \i kadow i, \i;i<. rTiOl)

A c'oimiKiii ;iii(l uiiicli hixcil smiiinci- resident, ;i Tew remaiiiiiit; Uirinij^liout
the winter in f;i\ ninlile sitniiliciis. Ivclnrns from tlie south by the iniddh'
of February and is eoinnidn i)y Die middle of Marcli. Nests on tlie ground
in the nieadnws and i^ias-y lields. ( )ne nf | he most useful birds to the
farmer.

Carroll Coiinti/: February li(». 1S7S. noted; Mareli 1. 1ST!), seen; June 27,
1882, set of four nearly fresh eggs; May 27. l.Ss;{, Vern lieek found a nest
with two young and a fresh egg lying at the sid(» of tlie nest; December 2;{,
several seen. February IS. 1S.S4. siiw one at the Iliram (Iregg farm nortli
of Camden. They were apparently i)resen1 all winter. Alareh 1;". common:
Mareli G. ISSH, first of season seen at llie .hdiii Snoeberger farm west of
Camden. Ky Mareh 1.",. they bad become c.nimon. .lune 2.") to .luly 1. lOOH,
only six m- eight were seen or beard on the old liomesteafl. .Noted by Miss
Evermann at Kokcmo .March :'.. lU-ld. tiie lirst seen since the preceding
Thanksgiving.

Monroe Couiitii: An abundant summer resident, rare in winter; returns
from the .south about February 24. Febniaiy KJ. lss;i. four or tive seen.

Vigo County: Common in summer, rare in winter : returns from the south
about the last of February. Febiuary 20. ISSS. six seen.

123. IcTKRi'.s siTKirs (Linn.-eus). okciiakd okioi.k. (HOG)

A not very common summer resident, arriving about the last of April.
Most frequent about orchards, nesting in apple trees, using green grass in
the construction of its nest.

Carroll County: May 3, 1S7S. specimens taken: .Tune 17, 1882. nest with
one fresh egg; May 2, 1883. saw a male, first of the season, in an orcnard
on the Delphi-Burlington road. April ;>0, 1884. saw .several; pretty common.
May 4, ISS'i. considerable flock of both males and females seen. I have
frequently seen nests in various apple trees in the orchard on the old home-
stead and in other orchards in vari(ms parts of the county. A pair of
adults seen in my father's yard June 2r)-July 1. r.tO.j. I am inclined to be-
lieve the Orchard Oriole is fully as common here now as it has ever been. I
do not remember seeing it in my boyhood days, although it was doubtless
present then. The first I recall wgyq seen in the orchard about 1S7S ; from
then on two or three pairs have nested there or in the trees on the lawn
each year, always constructing the nest of grass picked green, which,
when dry, gives the nest the aititearance of having been made of hay which
had been rained on while curing.

Monroe County: Becoming more common every year. :May 13, 1882,
five or six seen.

Vigo County: lieturns from the south in early May or late in April.
April 28. 1888 ; May 3. 1889 ; and May H. 1891.

124. ICTKRIS GAI.BIL.\ ( LiUlia'US I . H.VLTTMORK ORIOLE. (r»07)

Common summer resident, arriving about the middle or 20th of April.
anc> remaining until in September: most freipieni about farm houses and in
open woodlands; one of our mosr bejintifnl and attractive song birds.

3G0 Proceedings of Iiidiava Academy of Science.

Carroll Vounlij: Ai»i'il 2.S, 188::. lirsl iiotod today, in the Delphi school
yard ; May 12, first females noted. Aiiril 24, 1884, heard one in morning
near my house in Camden. April 21, 1885, saw four or five, all males, in an
orchard, near my house, the first of the season. June 25-July 1, 1905, one
pair nesting in a maple tree in yard at old home.

This is one of the beautiful birds with which I have been familiar since
my earliest recollection. Its brilliant colors and its confiding domesticity,
coming as it does about the house and fields, make it a bird quite sure to
attract the attention of any one. About the middle of April the males arrive
from the south. A few days later the females arrive, and soon nest-build-
ing begins. The favorite trees selected in which to hang their beautiful
pensile nests are maples, elms, poplars {Lireoilendron tuUpifera), and cot-
tonwoods {Populiis). A small poplar tree stood in the barn lot close to the
house on the old home farm. In it a pair of orioles were quite sure to nest
each year. It was a very safe place. The first limbs were 30 feet from the
ground. The nest was usually hung well out toward the end of a slender
limb, and always on the north side of the tree, where no cat could get at
it and so near the house that no hawk or other marauder would dare molest
it. In all the years I do not recall a single failure to raise a brood each
year. I do not think a second brood is raised unless the first meets with
accident. A new nest was built each year, and sometimes one or even two,
old nests might be seen alongside the new ; but usually the nest was not
able to stand the winds and storms of winter so that, by the new home-
building time, the tree would be free of old nests. In 1901, this old poplar
tree blew down in a severe storm. Another tree in which the Baltimores
were quite sure to build was a hard maple that stood in the law^n near
the house, — a beautiful shade-tree, full-branched and symmetrical, in which
the nests were usually placed w^ell toward the top on the north side where,
on account of the dense foliage, they were not easily seen. I think the
Baltimore Orioles are now less abundant in this county than they were 20
or 30 years ago.

Monroe Cotmty: Probably more common here than in Carroll County.
In 1882 to 1886, the first arrivals from the south were noted April 20, 21, 20,
21, 23. On April 23, 1886, several were seen in the University campus.

A few years ago a lady sat under a tree in her yard in Bloomington one
afternoon unravelling an old stocking. She was called away for some
reason, leaving the yarn lying in the yard. Next morning when she came to
get the yarn it could not be found. The next fall, after the leaves had
fallen and the trees were bare, an oriole's nest was seen in one of the trees.
It was gotten down and was found to have been made largely of yarn which
the lady readily recognized as the long-lost stocking ravellings.

Vigo County: Very common summer resident, even nesting in the shade
trees on the city streets. April 24, 1888, a male seen ; April 24, 1889, and
April 28, 1891, noted at Terre Haute.

125. EuPHAGUS CAROLiNus (Miiller). rusty blackbird. (509)

Usually a rather rare spring and fall migrant. I have not seen it very
often. Although I am sure I have seen it in Carroll County, especially
when I was a boy, I have no actual definite record. In Monroe County, it

iIm. Ill VMk<> <''>ii

Illy, 1 siiw

others ill tlic spri

ll« or 1.SS!>

HIJO.N/.Kn CUACKLK.

(HI lb)

Notes on the Birds. 361

occurs as a iui|Lfrai)t. Itiit 1 have no dclinilc <
several larjj;(' flocks Ocloher I'd. issc, u\u\ stil
ahtiiK the ohl canal, iiortli of Terre Ilaiile.

lliG. Ql ist'ALi s ciiisci i,A .K.NKis I i i(l;;\\ a v.

An aliuudaiit summer resident, Imt imich less coininon than it was ."!() to
uO years agu.

In Monroe County, very aliund.-iiil alxmt r.l(>niiiiii<;ton. nesting in the pine'
trees in tlie yards; a few doubtless remain all winter some years.

Very common in Vigo ("oiuity along the river, also nesting in the pine
trees in Terre Haute. March JO and 11. 188S, more than 100 seen.

In Carroll County, very abundant. May 21, 1SS8, nests with large young
in the Maple swamp. March 1."). 1SS4. llrst of season seen at the Jacob
Xettle farm southwest of ("aiiiden : very coiiiiuon a few days later. .March
l*r». 1885, .saw several, the Hist of the season, soon became common.

Thirty to 40 years ago this region was heavily wooded. A more magnifi-
cent hardwood forest than that which covered the Wabash valley, the world
has never seen; great oaks of several .species, splendid maples, ashes and
elms, each of .several species, stately black walnuts, yellow poplars and
sycamores, beautiful beeches and buckeyes, and a score or more of other
hardwood trees, with a dense underbrush of smaller trees, shrubs and
vines, and yet under these, tangled thickets of spice-brush, button-bush, wild
roses, briars, and other smaller growth of many kinds. And lavishly dis-'
tributed through these umbrageous forests were hun<lreds of small ponds,
many of them only a few yards or rods, and none more than half a mile in
length or width. Many of them, indeed, were mere wet-weather ixmds which
dried up late in suunner or early fall, while others were more permanent and
held more or less water throughout the year. Besides these there were many
swamps, large or small, which furnished excellent breeding and roosting
groiuids for vast nundiers of crow blackbirds and red-shouldered blackbirds.
The crow blackbirds made their nests in the trees and snags, placing them in
the forks of the larger limbs, on the tops of snags, in decayed places in the
trunks, and sometimes even in hollows in the trunks or larger limbs. The
height of the nests above the ground varied from a few to many feet. I
have seen a nest on the top of a stump not two feet above the water, and
another fully 50 feet from the ground in the crotch of a swamp maple.

In those days millions of crow blackbirds were hatched and grew to
maturity in and about these swamps and ponds. Hundreds of thousands
came up from the south every spring, built their nests and reared millions
of young. It is not believed these figures are at all extravagant. The enor-
mous ninnbers were never more noticeable than during roasting-ear time,
when the green corn was in the milk, sweet and tooth.some. Then the vast
hosts, old and young, would make daily invasions of the cornfields, settling
down on the ears as did the locusts on ancient Egypt, or as do their relatives
our grasshoppers, on the fields of Kansas.

So great was the <lamage done to the corn that the farmers made every
effort to drive the birds away. One of the duties of the farmers' boys
was to keep the blackbirds out of the cornfields, which the boys attempted
to do by making all sorts of noises, such as .shouting, calling, throwing

362 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

clods and clubs, firing gnus. l)eaMug tin pans, and by grinding out music
(God save the mark!), on that invention of the devil, known as the horse-
fiddle. A more diabolical instrument was never invented ; nor one that
could make noise more discordant or more terrifying.

In its essential construction tliis machine consisted of a cylinder about
eight to ten inches in diameter and a foot to 18 inches long, made of hard-
wood, perhaps beech or oak. Teeth two to three inches long of hard but
flexible hickory were set in holes arranged spirally around the cylinder
as are the teeth in the cylinder of a threshing machine. The cylinder was
then placed in a box from at least one side of which teeth projected in-
ward. The ends of the box and the side in which the teeth were set were
made heavy and strong, the three other sides being of thin resonant boards.
The cylinder was provided with an axle which fitted in a hole in each end
of the box, the axle at one end being long enough to have a handle or
crank fitted to it by which the cj'Under could be turned. Turning the crank
caused the teeth of the cylinder to strike the strong teeth fixed to the box,
and the noise made by the release was about the most discordant, ear-split-
ting, and terrifying that can be imagined. A more effective means of stam-
peding blackbirds has probably never been devised. It was also effective
in frightening horses, cattle, and other live stock on the farm, and causing
a runaway now and then if used near a public highway. This instrument
of terror also did excellent service in the callithumpian concerts (or "bell-
ings" or "shivarees" we called them), with which newly married couples
in that land were usually honored.

Carroll County: February 27, 1879, two seen, one collected ; March 1, a
large flock seen near Camden. In the early days, favorite nesting regions
were the Harness swamp south of Burlington, the Maple swamp west of
Burlington, and in and about all the small woodland iwnds. After the
swamps and ponds had been drained, these birds resorted to the pine, spruce,
cedar and other trees about the farm houses and even in the towns.

Monroe County: May 13, 1882, nest with two eggs incubated perhaps four
days; February 27, 1883, several seen. A number of pairs nested each year
in pine trees in Bloomington and in Turner's grove.

127. Hesperiphona vespebtina vespertina (W. Cooper).

EVENING grosbeak. (514)

An erratic, usually rare, winter visitant.

On January 22, 1887, Charles H. BoUman shot one (a male) of this rare
species on the University campus at Bloomington. On the same day Cal.
Mcridith and a companion saw a flock of 12 from which they collected five
near Frankfort (near the south line of Carroll County). A few days later
two examples were seen near Frankfort. On April 27, 29 and 30, examples
were noted at Bloomington liy G. G. Williamson. On February 1, 1890, H.
N. McCoy captured one from a flock of 20 to oO. near I^afayette.

128. Carpodacus purpureus purphreus (Gmelin). purple finch. (517)
In Carroll County frcquenfl.v seen late in the autumn and again

Xotr.s on Ihr Birds. .303

o.'irly ill tlic spiiiii:. 'I'.ikcu Afarcli ."i and noted October ^•2 aiid ir>. ISTS:
.laimary l'.", ls7!». a male taken, only oiio soon: April 2L'. issj. saw a flock
on I>(>(M- Cn-ck cast (if I »clplii and aimtlicr on the John \\'i<c farm west of
Camden. On I'"ei.rnary i:;, INS.". siiol a fiMnale from a tlock near tJie Frank

'I'l la.^ pond south of ("aindon. While tlic^^e are tiie only definite dales I

lia\(' in my note-hooks, I have seen the species on many oilier occasions,
perhaps most often in the sjiriiifr when they would he feedinir mi the t;reen
buds of elms and other trees.

In Monroe and Vigo counties, this bird was often seen in early spring:
it is probably a common winter visitor; it was quite common about Bloom-
inirton in the winter of 1SS2-S.''.. January 12, iS.SH, several dozen .seen near
I'looininuton. One of the sweetest notes that one m:iy lie.'ir in e.irly siirini;
is the souiT of the Purple Finch as. iicrche(l in the top nf some tall elm. he
divides his time between feeding' on the fresh tender flower buds and warb-
linsr forth his joy of living.

129. LOXIA CURVIROSTRA MINOR (P.ri>hm). IJKI) CKOSSBIIJ,. (r)21)

In Mnnror Coiintij, this interesting bird has been noted fre(|uently. usu-
ally as a winter visitant. February 10, ISS."!, shot a pair in the grove of
pines at Turner's at west edge of Kloomington, and on 28d secured another
at same pLice. The next winter they were unusually abundant. In the
winter of lS84-o. they were again abundant about Bloomington. esriecially
in the Tiirnor grove where 25 specimens were collectid. :\Iar(li 7-10. by .Miss
Anna Turner. I. myself, have never seen tliis species in Monroe ("ouiity
in the summer, but the late Charles H. T>ollmaii rciiorted seeing a few
.Tuly 10. 13. and 14. ISSC.

In Vigo Connty. I observed it frequently in the winter of 1887-S t Feb-
ruary 2 and 6. April 2"). and May ."> and 5). and in lssS-9. among the pine
trees at St. Anthony's hospital in Torre Haute.

In Carroll Coimtii. I have noted it a few times. On December 26. 18S4. I
saw perhaps half a dozen feeding among the pines in the Court House yard
at Delphi. Beginning with December 11. tlie weather was cold and heavy
snow falling, reaching a deptli of 18 to 20 inches, the deepest for several
years. On the 27th. it began raining and by January first, most of the
snow had gone. On March 27. 1885. saw four or five in Camden, of which
T shot a male and crippled a female which I kept as a pet for a week. It
b(>canie quite tame and would eat apple-seeds, cooked rice, hickory nuts,
hemp-seeds, etc.. from my hand. April 3. saw one flying over; April 23,
heard a large flock flying north.

130. LoxT.\ r.EUCoPTERA Gmeliii. whiif-wixgki) crossbill. (522)

Tliis species is of rather rare occurrence in Indiana.

Monroe i'onnty: February (!. 1883, I saw 15 or more in Bloomington. of
which I secured several: noted again February 10. From that date until
late in March it was common.

Carroll Connty: It has been noted several times. I.ate in March. 1883. I
saw one at the old nursery in South Delphi. On March 3, 1885, a female
seen at Camden, in a pin(> tree near my house: March 8, watched a female
feeding on the cones of a tam.n-.ick tree in A. M. Evermann's yard in Bur-

:>()4 Proccf'diiif/.s of 1 iidiaiia Academy of Science.

lingtoii. It was very tame, and, (losii-inj; a specimen, I secured it by tap-
ping it with a stick. March IG, I saw what I believed to be a femaie or
this species in Camden. It was snowins hard and the bird was flying from
tree to tree in a small grove of pines.

I have no record of its occurrence in T'/r/o County.

131. ACANTIIIS IJNAKIA LINAItIA (LinnU'US). REDPOLL. (528)

A rare winter visitor.

Carroll Conn In: November 5, 1S7S, shot a male in fine plumage as it was
flying overhead at the thicket (m ;he hillside at southeast edge of Camden;
another seen at Canulcn April 21. 188"). These are the only specimens I
ever noted in this county.

Monroe County: January .">(». iss;;. one seen Hying overhead.

Vigo County: I have no reccird for this county, but It has been noted
there by others.

132. ASTRAGALINl'S TKISTIS TKISTIS (Linna'US). GOLDFINCH. (529)

Common summer resident : a few may remain through the winter in
favorable seasons.

Sometimes these l)eautiful and familiar little birds gather up in great
flocks.

Carroll Cownty: Common; October 24, 1878, noted. On December 25,
1884, I saw a flock of about 20 in the Deer Creek bottoms just above Cam-
den. On April 22. 1885. first noted in summer dress. Noted by Miss Ava
Evermann at Burlington September 4 and 10, and October 5 and 14, 1906,
and October 28, 1907. Those noted in September were feeding on beet tops
and sunflower seeds. That of 4th was still in summer plumage; that of
10th was a young bird. Those of October 28 were high up in the tree
tops. In April. 1879. I saw a flock of several thousand in the White River
bottoms in Bartholomew County, near Columbus. They were all in sum-
mer plumage and as they actually filled the tops of the trees and were in
full song, a prettier sight could scarcely be imagined.

Monroe County: Common from Feltruary until late in the fall. May 13,

1882, several noted.

Vifjo County: Very common. Fcliruary 22, 1888, several seen.

133. Spinus pinus (Wilson), pine siskin. (533)

A rare winter visitant. Common at Bloomington in February and March,

1883. February 6, 1883, thirty or more seen in Howe's yard ; several col-
lected ; seen again February 10. On February 12, 1885, I saw two at Cam-
den, the only time I ever noted it in Carroll County. I have no records
for Vigo County.

134. Plectrophknax nivalis nivalis (Linn.eus). snow bunting. (534)

One of our most erratic and most beautiful winter visitors, coming down
from the north usually only in the severest winters. I have seen it only
in Carroll Countv. ]Mv first were a male and a female which I shot in the

I

.\ o/r.s- nil llif ninl.s. 365

mad near \\'\n. Kislicr's west of I'illslmr^. .laiMiary ITi. ISS}. In Jamiary,
lSS;j, I saw two more near the Allen selmollionse in Carrollton Townsliiii,
feoding about a strawstaeU. 'I'lie day lielore. my friend J. V. Trent, while
on his way to elnncli. saw o\ei- a liundre(i in a cornfield near Wheeling.
Tlie weather was yrvy cold and hail been so lor several days. On February
i:;. Iss.-.. I saw three about two miles south of Cauiden, two of which I
collected. 'I'he snow was very deep and it had hoen very cold for a month.
'I'eu days latei- (February li.'MMi, I saw two (possibly throe), others lu'ar
the ("nllom sclioolhouse in Jet'tersou Township. Of these I secured a male
and a female.

l."i."». (".M,(AUHs i..\i'i'<).\u IS i.Ari'o.NK I s (I.inna-us).

The oidy recoi<ls I ha\(' for this species in Indiana are of a line male
taken l>y my friend. Fraid< Hunter, at I'.loomin^ilon. February 10, ISS.'i. and
another taken iiy me two days latei'. also m^ar IMoomiugton. The day was
cold and st(Uiny. Tliere weri' se\-eral inch(>s of snow covered with a slight
crust. In the afterimon I went collectin,^ northwest of Bloouiingtou, and
came n])ou a tieck of two or three huudred shore larks feeding in a small
m(>adow about a mile from town. Watching the Hock a few ndnntes I could
see that besides the shore larks a nmnber of some other species were mixed
with them. Among the sevei-al si)ecimens secured was one Lapland Long-
si mr.

1.%. POCKCKTKS Glt.^MINKlS (at.VMlNiaS ((JlUeliu). VKSl'i:it SPAUKOW. ('AO)

Fairly common summer resident in all the counties where I have made
observations. From my I'aiiy boyhood days I was (piite familiar with this
bird on the old home farm. In the spring, summer and early fall, as one
Itassed along the road, or lhi;>ugh pastures, or in the fields, one or more
of the.se plain-colored, alln'it very attractive little sparrows, would be
Unshed. tli(> white outer tail feathers showing plainly as they flew, and
serving as a mark for ready identilication. Their nests were often found
in the meadows, open pastures, and in other grassy places. The species
was equally common about Camden and Delphi and all parts of Carroll
County : also in Monroe and Vigo counties.

Carroll County: May 21. 1883. nest with one egg .seen near Burlington.
March 30, 1884, and March 31 and April 1. 188"). several noted.

Vif/o County: Several seen near the Five-mile Pond. April 18. 1888.

Monroe Count ii: May V.\. 18S2. nest with three eggs near Bloomington.
incubation begun.

137. I'ASSKHCILIS SA.NDWICIIEXSIS SAVANNA (WiLson).
SAVANNAH SPARROW. (542a)

A not very connnon spring and fall migrant in each county. April 12,
1S88. noted in Vigo County. April 30. 1884. noted betw(>en Camden and
l»eli)hi. Xr>t often ■ (>en iji ^Monroe Comity, but doubtless a common migrant.

366 Proceedings of Ivdiuna Academy of Science.

138. Ammodramx's savannarum australis Mayuard.
GRASsiroppER sparrow. (546)

A rather rare summer resident in each eonuty. April 17, 1888, two or
three seen near Terre Haute.

139. ChONDESTES GRAMMACrS (;HAM>rACt^S (Say). LARK SPARROW^ (552)

Summer resident, not common ; most often seen in old pastures or along
roads. Have seen it in Carroll. Vigo, and Monroe counties.

May 13, 1883, saw one in edge of field on road east of Delphi. May 8.
1884, saw several on prairie in TiiJpecaiKic Townsliip. Carroll County. May
13. saw two or three hetwccu Canidcn and Delphi: April 2S, ISS."). noted.

In Vigo Covmty it usually arrives from the south early in April: in 18SS,
two males collected, April is. at the Five-mile Pond.

This finch is evidently becoming more numerous than formerly.

140. ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPIIRYS LEUCOPHRYS (J. R. ForstCr).
WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW. (554)

A common spring and fall migrant, in the spring about the first of April
and passing on north by the middle of May. Most common about thickets
of undergrowth and along old unkempt fence-rows.

Carroll County: May 3, 1878. two taken; May 8. 1883. very common;
March 30, 1884, a good many in a deadening near Chas. Bowman's, south-
west of Camden; April 13. several in my yard in Camden; April 9, 1885,
saw and heard three or four near I>eer ("reek; April 22. saw one. Equally
common in the other counties.

Vigo County: April 29 and May 3, 1888, noted.

Monroe County Often noted in spring and fall.

141. ZONOTRICHIA AI.BICOl.IJS (Gmeliu). WHITE-THROATED SPARROW. (.558)

Spring and fall migrant, less eonmion tlian the White-crowned, and
found in similar situations. About equally abundant in all the counties.

Carroll County: October 12 and 19, 1878. abundant; May 8. 1883. very
abundant in open woods, associated with great numbers of the White-
crowned Sparrow. May 3. 1884. first noted ; April 4, 1885, noted.

Vifjo County: Several noted. April 14. 1888, and again on April 21.

. 142. Spizella monticola ]\roNTicoLA (Gmelin). tree sparrow. (559)

An abundant winter resident, arriving from the north late in November
or about the time of the first snow said remaining until the last of March
or even later. It most delights in open brushy, weedy woodlands and old
fence-rows, w-here it finds abundant food in the seeds of the weeds.

Carroll County: November 5. 1878, abundant ; March 5, 1879, very many
noted ; December 12 to 29, 1884. pretty common, coming into the gardens to
feed on seeds. Very abundant during the winter of 1884-5. coming about the
gardens, orchards and yards. March 18, 1885. still very abundant, as it was
all winter ; common in the yards and gardens in Camden.

Notes on the Birds. 367

Vi(/o Coiiiilii: M.-inli it. ISS'J, still nlMind.iiil : dny cdldcsl for some (iiiic.

Monnx i'dniihi: .laniiaiy II', iss;;. several >ccii. ami oii February 10,
niaiiy scores noted: noted hy l'i(d'ess(i|- I'datclde.v as late as April '[\).

One of tlie prettiest siulits mie may see in eaiiy winter is a lioclv of these

elieerfnl little liirds. Jnsl arrived fr the mirlli and feediu},' iiloiiK some

In-iisliy fence idw or at llie ed-;e id' some weedy Held. They are very busy
and ver\ happy as they tly from the ln\\ trees and hushes down amontr
the ra.n' weeds or other seed -hearing;- plants where they lind an ahnndance
of seeils that seem Just to their taste. They j;lean wvy industriously, the
while chirpiuf; or siufiin.u merril.v : now and then takiu},' short flights into
the bushes or up into the trees near by hut rctuniiuf; promi)tly to the weeds
or to the jiTouud heneatli. not remaiiuiii;' lou.ij in one place hut moving
throu^b the copsy taiisile h.\ easy stajics. feedinj,^ as they j,'o. And then
af,'ain in early spring while snow still lies anioni; the weeds and hushes and
ill all protected jjlaces, and the birds be.^in to prejiare for tbe return to
iheir summer home in the north, the tree sparrows are (>ven more interesting
than they were in the fall. The.\ ulean amonn the weeds as Ijefore but spend
more time in tlie trees siii.gini; their sweet little soiilc which means they will
soon leave us, not to be seen a.iiaiu until next fall aftei' the first snows have
come.

143. Spizella PAssKKi.NA I'AssKUiXA (Bechsteiu).

CHIPPING SPAKI{OW. (oOO)

A common and very familiar sunimer lesident. coming about the yards
and orchards and building its nests in the suuill cedars and similar trees
about the house. The nest is usually constructed largely of horse-hairs,
hence "Hair bird", a name by which this bird is often known.

Vurroll County: May 29, 1883, set of two fresh eggs; March 27, 1884,
lirst seen ; April 3, 1885, several seen, first arrivals. May 14. 1919, set of
four fresh eggs, nest in woodbine vine, at Burlington, reported by Donovan
Beck.

Monroe County: Common summer resident, nestin.g commonly in the
small cedars which are abundant in old pastures and open woods about
Bloomiugton.

Vigo County: Very common sunnner resident. April 1, 1888.

144. Spizella pallida (.Swainsonl. olay-colgred spabbow. (561)

Probably a rare spring and fall migrant. One shot by Mr. Blatchley
September 27, 1890, near Terre Haute; it was with a flock of tree sparrows.
Not noted in any of the other counties.

145. Spizella PusiLLA pisiLi.A (Wilson), fiklu sparrow. (563)

Common summer resident. Nests on the ground in old fields and similar
places.

CfirrolJ Count!/: In the spring of 1883, unusually common and singing
swi-etly in the evening on the prairie farms in Tipi>ecanoe and Jefferson

368 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

tuwnships. May 28, 1SS3, nest with four uejirly fresh eggs, placed near the
ground. Apparently less eonmion in the other counties.

Monroe County: Quite common.

Vigo County: April 1, 1888, four noted.

146. JUNCO HYEMALIS IIYEMALIS (LiuUfeUS).
SiLATE-COLOREU JUNCO ; ULACK S>«0\VBIRD ; SNOWBIRD. (567)

Abundant winter resident : perhaps our most familiar winter bird. Ar-
rives from the north about the middle of October and remains until about
the middle of April. During the winter these cheery little birds are every-
where,— in the weeds and thickets along the rivers and creeks, in the woods
and fields, along the fence-rows, and about the orchards and farm buildings.
— in short, wherever there are weeds upon the seeds of which they feed.
They even come about the house and pick up any stray crumbs or food that
may be put out for them.

There is in Indiana a belief, common among the less well informed, that
the black snowbirds suddenly change their dress in the spring and become
song sparrows, and that the sparrows in the fall change back to snow-
birds !

Carroll County: October 14, 1883, first of the season seen; April 1, 1884,
still present but restless as if about to leave ; April 13, a few still present ;
October 14, first of the season seen. March 18, 1885, still very abundant;
April 21 left today ; common up to a few days ago.

Noted by Miss Ava Evermann near Burlington as follows: January 5,
1007, a few seen in woods with chickadees ; October 28, a dozen or more
in piles of brush and among low bushes. January 1, 1908, several among
brush piles in the woods ; February 6, a dozen or more came into the garden,
rested a few minutes on the grape vines, then flew away.

Monroe County: January 12, 1883. common.

Vigo County: March 9, 1889. still abundant about Terre Haute.

In July, 1878, I found J uncos nesting on Whiteside Mountain in south-
western North Carolina.

147. Peuc^a .^stivalis bachmaki (Audubon).
bachman's sparrow. (575a)

A rather rare summer resident in Monroe County. I knew of perhaps five
or six nests in open woodland north of Bloomington between 1882 and 1886.
Most frequent in brushy spots in open woodlands.

Not known from Carroll or Vigo.

148. Melospiza melodia :Mf:j.oi)iA (Wilson), song sparrow. (581)

A common summer resident, usually a few remaining through the winter.

Every one knows the Song Sparrow. It comes about our gardens, nest-
ing on or near the ground wherever there are vines, weeds, or small bushes
to afford protection.

Carroll County: February 16, 1878, collected at Camden; February 6
and 8, 1879, numerous and in full song: noted also on 15th, 25th and 27th (a

Notes on the Birds. ^(t9

very cold day), iind on March ;"» when it was abundant ; June 17, ISSn, set of
three fresh cjifin. Deeeniher 25, 1884, several seen in Dillen's cornrield near
('nTn(h'ii. one collected; day cold and snow very deej). \<>tc<l liy Miss Ava
i:v(Miii;inii ;is follnvvs : October 28, 1907, eifjht or nine about |iiles of brush :
later the same (l;iy saw four or five in a tree top. January 1. 10()S. sjiw i\vi'
(<v six ill .1 hnish i)ile in the woods; March 1, one sinfjinR in the orchard.

Mittinic Coitnlii: April 21, 1882, set of three crks. somewhat incubated;
I'^^bruary 10. 188.">, several noted.

Vifio Conn f I/: Very common, e.specialjy alont; the river.

140. Mi:i.osriz.\ LINCOLN r iJ.NC'oi.N I (Audubon). Lincoln's si'.VKitow. (,")8.'})

Rare miirrant : noted in Carroll. ^Monroe, and Vifio counties. Several seen
near Terre Haute. April 17. 1888, and afrain on May 5.

150. Melosi'iza GKOKorAN.x (Latham). sw.\mp sparrow. (.584)

A rare spring and fall migrant ; noted most often in Vigo County, where
I have frequently seen it in the marshy ground about the Five-mile Pond.

151. Passkrklla iLiACA IMACA Olorrem). fox sparrow. foS."))

A common spring and fall migrant, arriving early in March while the
snow still lingers in protected places. Then it may be seen in the copses
and underbrush, scratching among the dead leaves that cover the ground.

farroU Comity: March 5. 1878, taken; October 25 and November 0,
noted: March 8, 1879, common, one collected; March .']0, 1884. many noted
on the Charley Bowman farm southwest of Camden. :March 18. 1885, one
seen and collected in Deer Creek bottom above Camden ; ground covered with
snow in most places,

Monroe Couiifj/: Appearing about the middle of ]\Iarcb and remaining a
\\(M'k or more.

]'i(jo Coiiuiii: Common early spi-ing and late fall migrant. One of my
f.ivorite walks about Terre Haute was along the old canal bed north of
town, and there I was always sure to find many fox sparrows any day in
March or early April, scratching among the leaves imder the low bushes.

1.52. PiPILO ERYTHROPIITHALMT'S ERYTHROPHTHALMUS (LinUSeUS).
TOWHEE. (587)

A common summer resident, sometimes remaining all winter, as it did in
1888-89, in Vigo County.

Carroll Counly: March 8. 1879. a pair seen; May 22. 188.''.. found a nest
with five young nearly able to fly; IMarch 19. 1884. first one seen, near Bur-
lington: March 20. 1885. first (a male), seen: April 12. pretty common; on
July 12. 1881, found a nest with four fresh eggs, on the home farm. The
nest was about 10 inches from the ground in a small bush. This is an un-
usually late nesting date for this species. Noted at Burlington by Miss
Evermann as follows : October 28. 1907. about six in the woods flying from
one brush pile to another. January 1. 1908. six or eight seen in thickets:
January 3, only one seen in woods where saw six or eight on the first.

370 f'nxccdiin/.s of hidUiiiti AcadcDi!/ of Science.

Vir/o Count}/: P^our noted, March 17, and several. March 21 and 24. Nest
with three fresh esss taken near Terre Haute. May 20. 1888.

Monnic CoiiHii/: .lamuiry 12. 188.3. one heard.

In Indiana tliis l)ir(l is kiKiwii as Marsh robin. French robin, towhee, or
joree.

1.').'!. Caudiivai.is CAKDixALis CARDixAi.is (Linnjpus).

CAKUI.XAr, : KKDKIUD : KFXTX'CKY CARDINAL. (59.3)

Permanent resident in all the counties. One of our most beautiful, inter-
estius and best known Inrds. Tonnnon about old thickets, open woodlands
with underbrush, alons unko])! fence rows, and about the borders of
swamps.

Carroll Counti/: Usually rather common, especially along Wild Cat and
Deer Creek, even coming into the villages wherever there is suitable cover.
May 24, 188.3. nest with eggs near Burlington, found by my nephew, Edwin
C. Evermann. In the winter of 188.3-4. they were exceedingly abundant in
Tippecanoe Township, but much less so the following winter, though rather
common March 11-18. T.oss common now than formerly; during a week,
■Tune 2.") to July 1. lOOf). spent on ray old home farm, only one was seen.
Ava Evermann contributes the following records from Burlington : Decem-
ber 1. 1907. one soon in cedar tree near house; 16th. one on fence covered
witli a savsaparillii vine the l)erries of which it appeared to be eating. Jan-
uary 1. 1!I0S. "while walking in the woods along a deep ravine. I came sud-
denly upon a bunch of song sjiarrows, jnncds, and chewinks and while list-
ening to their mingled calls, a series of distinct 'tsips' rang sharply above
the other notes. After searching for a few minutes, a female Cardinal
was discovered high in a tree across the ravine"' : February 5. one seen near
the house; March 1. the characteristic sharp 'tsip' heai'd and a male Card-
inal discovered not far away.

In 1877. I had a pair of cardinals as pets. I bought them from a man in
Hamilton County. August 18. for .$2.00 plus .$2..'')0 for the cage! One day
the male was let out of its cage and allowed the freedom of a room in the
house. Happening to find a parlor match on the mantle, the bird picked it
up in its strong bill, when it went off with a loud report which greatly
frightened the bird. A short time afterward, I held another match near
him which he snai»p('d with di-<astrous results; for the bird fell over dead,
whether from fright or from inhaling the sulphur fumes. I do not know.

T'(V/o County: A tine male collected near Grant, April 14, 1888; another
near Terre Haute. March 2. 1889. by A. J. Woolman, and a pair south of
Terre Haute. November 10. following. A nest with one egg in a thorn tree
southwest of Terre Haute. April 27, 1890.

Monroe County: April 29, 1882, a nest with two fresh eggs; January 12,
1883, four or iive seen. Probably most common in this county. A fine male
collected near Bloomington in June. 1888.

l.'jl. Zat^ielodia LTnoviciAXA (Linnn?us). rose-breasted grosbeak. (595)

Kather common spring and fall migrant and rare summer resident, ar-
riving from the south about the first of May.

Notes on the Birds. 371

Carroll Couuly: I well roinouibor (ho firs! spociinon of this beautiful spe-
cies I ever collectod. It was in Soptfiiiiicr. 1,S77. jusi when I had hcKun to
take a real interest in birds, and as I was cdllectin^' in an open wood on the
I»rosent J. Milton Bock farm south of r.urliMt.'t(.M. It was a female in good
plumage and was feeding in the top of a lall olni. < »n May :{, 1883, I saw
several, both males and females, in Stones woods near liurllngton. On
May 24, I shot a fine plumagod male at the "diiff on Wild ('at Crook above
lUirlington. A nest with eggs found in a l.nlldnhiisli (rci,},(il(intlnin ocvi-
doifalix), in a swamp west of (he Midii-aii i<i;hI on llie nortii bank of
Wild Cat Creek, in spring of issi'. on .May .". lss|. several seen in Wise's
woods southwest of Camden: May I. issr.. s,.\(.|;il seen near my house at
Camden.

Vigo Count!/: Several seen near Tcnc Ilauic April L's nnd 30, and again
on May 0, 1888. A female eoUected on Honey Ci-cck, live miles southeast
of Terre Haute, May 12.

Mmiroe Caunty: Noted, April X',. issc. Katlior common migrant but rare
summer resident.

155. Passer DOMKSTicrs iiosniis Kleinsclimidt. English sparrow.

This miserable pest is all too common in and about Terre Haute and all
over Vigo County, as well as in Carroll and Monroe counties, and the less
said about it the better. It made its appearance at Camden in 1877; now
abundant in all the counties.

Carroll County: June 17. 1882, sot of four fresh eggs. .January 8, 1920,
as I passed north on the train through Bringhurst. I noted 20 to 80 English
Sparrows about a warehouse near the railroad station.

156. Passerina cyanea (Linn;eus). indigo bunting. (598)

A common summer resident in all the counties, ix-rhaps most abundant in
Monroe and Vigo.

Carroll County: May 18, 1878, collected; June 23. 1882. nest with two
nearly fresh eggs : May 13, 1883, first of the season seen near the Air Line
liridge on Deer Creek, east of Delphi : May 24. a nest with three fresh eggs
found near Burlington, by Edwin C. Evermann. May 0, 1885, a male seen;
J one 29 to July 1. 1005, one male seen on home farm near Burlington.

Vigo County: Noted at Terre Haute, April 28. May 3 and May .">. 1888.

Monroe County: An abundant summer resident. Noted, May 13, 1882 and
April 24, 1886.

157. SpIZA AMERICANA (CJmoli!!). DKKCISSKI.. (004)

A fairly common summer resident.

Carroll County: I remember disdnctl.v Ihe liis( siu'ciuien of this species
I ever recognized. It was a tine male sit(ing in a small walnut tree in a
liold at the turn of the road south if Camden, just before reaching the
creek. It was singing in its animated way and doubtless had its nest in the
field somewhere near by. This was on May 20, 1878. Since then the species
has become more common in Carroll County. May 10, 1885, noted. On the

372 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

last days of June. 190."j, two or three were seen and heard singing on the
fences about the meadows and along the road at the old home farm.

Vigo Countij: Equally common summer resident: often noted in the fields
north, east, and south of Terre Haute.

Monroe Count]/: Probably more common than in either Carroll or Vigo.
Several pairs could he .^een any line day in late spring or early summer in
or about the fields north or east of Bloomington.

158. PiRANGA KRYTIIKOMKLAS Vicillot. SCARLET TANGER. (60S)

A common summer resident : chiefly in open woodlands and along the
streams.

Carroll County: Arrives from the south about the middle of April to the
first of May, and remains until in September. October 5, 1878, taken ;
June 17, 1882, set of three fresh eggs ; May 3. 1883, saw several males near
Camden ; May 12, first female seen ; June 11, found a nest with five eggs,
two of which were Cowbird's, about 3U feet from the ground in a beech
tree in the east woodland on my father's farm near Burlington ; incubation
had begun. May 5, 1884, first noted, a male and a female ; May 11, saw a
female building her nest, 50 feet up in a tree in Dillon's woods southeast of
Camden; April 23, saw a female in Little Deer Creek bottom near Joseph
Trent's ; June 25-July 1. 1905, a male seen in pasture west of house on
home farm.

This beautiful bird is of especial interest to all ornithologists and others
who know about it. as being the bird that kindled in Elliot Cones, when a
child, an undying interest in bird life. Dr. Coucs's story of the event is so
interesting and so charmingly written that I cannot refrain from giving it
here. He says: "I hold this bird in particular, a'niost superstitious, recol-
lection, as the very first of all the feathered tribe to stir within me those
emotions that have never ceased to stimulate and gratify my love for birds.
More years have passed than I care to remember since a little child was
strolling through an orchard one bright morning in June, filled with mute
wonder at beauties felt, but neither questioned nor understood. A shout
from an older companion — "There goes a Scarlet Tanager !" — and the child
was straining eager, wistful eyes after something that had flashed upon
his senses for a moment as if from another world, it seemed so bright, so
beautiful, so strange. What is a Scarlet Tanager V mused the child, whose
consciousness had flown with the wonderful apparition on wings of ecstasy ;
but the bees hummed on. the scent of flowers floated by, the sunbeam passed
across the greensward, and there was no repl.v — nothing but the echo of a
mute appeal to Nature, stirring the very depths with an inward thrill.
That night the vision came again in dreamland, where the strangest things
are truest and known the best ; the child was startled by a ball of fire,
and fanned to I'est again by a sali'c winu. The wax was soft then, and the
impress grew indelible. Nor would I l)lnr it if I could — not though the
flight of years has borne sad an-;wers to reiterated questionings — not
though the wings of hope are tipped with lead and brush the vei'y earth,
instead of soaring in scanted sunlight."

It was the thoughtless killing of a Scarlet Tanager that gave me my first
pang in i-elation to the destruction of useful birds. It was many years ago.

Notes oil the liirds-. 373

1 was a mere child. Imt I iciiicnilpcr i( disliiictly, set dfep was Iho itiiprossion
made upon iiic. With several elder e(iiiii)aiii(Jiis we wore going, one Satur-
day afternoon, to llie old swinniiinj;- iiole at tlie niill-dani on Wild Cat Creek
above r.nrliniiton. One of the ohU-r hoys iiad a gun, and as we passed along
the ediic of tiie woods at the side of a Held a male Searlet Tanager — it
seemed to me the most beautiful bird I had ever seen — api)earecl on a linih
oveihanging our path. The hoy with the gun. to show his Kkill, firetl and
brought it (low n. not dead but sorely wounded and calling piteously — I ean
hear it yet; I have iievcr forgotten its cry or the protest which the other
boys and I made to oui- Ihoughlless conii)anion. I am sure our protest did
good, for he is now a kindly, symi)athetic man who w'oidd protest as strongly
as we did then should be se(> any on(> ne(Mlh>ssly taking th(> life of any wild
bird.

]l()iii(jr Coinilii: rerb;ips even more common than in the other counties.
(>ii M;iy Cp. ISS-J. a score or more seen ;it the north edge of Dunn's woods
with unusual numbers of bobolinks and I'altimore orioles, feeding in a
small meadow. Noted again in nundiers in the same place, April 22 and May
s. IssCi. ,Tune 2. 1SS2. a nest with li\i' ]iarti;illy incubated eggs at Wyandotte
Cave.

\'i(/o Coiiiil!/: (Juite common. First seen in isss. on .Vpril 30. near the
Fair grounds. A tine male collecte(l yiay IL', Isss, near Sand Hill, three
miles east of Terre Haute. On .\pril :.'(;. is'.Kt, my student. D. C. Ridgley,
shot an unusually beautiful specimen at Sand Hill. It was probably a
one-year-old male. The black of wings and tail was very glossy, the red
cpiite clear hut pale: back, breast, and sides with numerous patches of
yellowish, and in the black of one shoulder was one i-ed feather. This was
the first tanager seen that season. Thn-e days lat(M-. April 2!». near the
same place. I secured another uniisually marked and very beautiful male.
There were three very small patches of olive on the head and live or six
larger one-; on the nunp : from middle of belly backward slightly more than
half was light yellow : the shorter under tail coverts were bright red. the
others clear yellow. A male nt)ted April 30. another May 2, and May 5,
1888.

159. PntAXci.v Kti!RA RiHKA ( Liuna'us t . Nimmek tanager. (610)

This beautiful tanager is common throughout southern Indiaim but ap-
parently does not go much, if at all. north of Vi,go County.

In Monroe County, it is .i rather common summer resident, arriving
from the south in the latter part of April and remaining until late in Sep-
tember. It most delights in the open woodlands of beech and maple. I have
seen it most frecpiently north and east of Blofuuington. perhaps merely
because my trips afield most often took me in that direction. Although I
saw this species often in the sea.sons of 1882. lS8u, and 1886. I find but two
entries in my note.s — May 20, 1882, shot six (males and females) ; not very
common; April 28, 188(5, seen. A female obtained north of Bloomington.
May 4, 1886, was remarkable for its very bright plumage, the throat, breast,
and crissum being rich orange, while the tail above, and the entire head,
were quite red. The sex was determined by dissection and was certain.
While on a walking trip to Wyandotte (_'ave in .lune, 1882, I saw the Sum-
mer Tanager frecjuently between Orleans and the Ohio River.

374 Procecd'nigs of Iiidiuun Academy of Science.

In Vigo Couuty I have seoii it freuuently but never north of Terre Haute.
1 liave the following definite records: A male taken, April 25, 1888, east of
the Fair grounds, it being the first of the season. Another male at Sand
Hill, May 12, and still another male at Sand Hill, April 29, 1889. May 3,
1891, noted.

160. Progne subis subis (Linnanis). purple maetin. (611)

Common summer resident arriving late in March. March 28, 1884, first
of the season observed at Camden ; April 2. 1885, first of the season in Cam-
den. A week later they were common. April 2, 1888, at Burlington.

In Monroe County, very common : noted at Bloomington, March 28, 1886.
Xoted at Terre Haute, April 4, G, and 8, 1888.

Originally nesting in hollow trees, now preferring the martin boxes
which many thoughtful people put up for them. In the Southern States it
is a common practice to hang large gourds (in the side of which a suitable
hole has been cut), on a cross-piece at the top of a tall pole set firmly in the
ground in the yard, barn-lot, or garden. One may sometimes see several of
these gourds on one pole, and a pair of martins for each of them.

161. PETROCIIELIDON LUNIFRONS LUXIFRONS (Say). OLIFF SWALLOW, (612)

Very abundant summer resident and well known bird in all the counties,
arriving about the middle of April and remaining until late in September.
Nesting commonly under the eaves of barns or other farm building, some-
times on cliffs wherever suitble ones are found.

In Carroll County, noted April 18. 1884, between Delphi and Pittsburg,
and on April 23, near Camden. Noted at Terre Haute, April 14, 1888.

162. HiRUNDO ERYTHEOGASTRA BoddaCrt. BARN SWALLOW. (613)

Carroll Coutiiji: Equally common with the preceding as a summer resi-
dent, arriving about the middle of April. July 1. 1882. set of three fresh
eggs. April 24. 1S,S4, first of the season noted at Camden; April 16, 1885,
four or five seen at Camden. Almndant also in Vigo County. Noted April
8 and 15, 1888. Equally common in Monroe.

This swallow usually nests inside of barns or other buildings attaching
its nest to the rafters.

163. Iridoprocne BicoLOR (Vieillot). tree swallow. (614)

A rare spring and fall migrant. Arrives about the first of April. Most
often seen about ponds and streams where it will circle about over the water
in search of insects. On April 6 and 7. 1885, this swallow was abundant at
Lake Maxinkuckee. flying about over the edge of the lake in pursuit of
insects, alighting now and then on the limbs of a dead tree on the shore,
prospecting for suitable holes in which to nest ; common about the lake in
spring and fall in all years from 1899 to 1913, on which observations were
made. I have seen it near Camden early in April, flying about over the
Armstrong pond. In Monroe and Vigo counties, I have noted it only in the

\ohs n,i Ihr liinls. :iTr>

spiinsr Mini <'\('n then (Hily r.ircly. I'lNilialtly iiosts in tlio iiordicrn part of
llic stjitc. hut iKil in Ciirrnll, W'^n or Afonroe ('(»iiii(y.

A hciiiitiful ;iml Mtl I'Mct i\ !■ lilllc swmIIuw. rcjiilily kimw n liy ils white
belly.

I(t4. Kll'AHIA KIl'AKI A ( 1 .i II IIII'US ) . ItAMv .SWAIXOVV. (01(1)

A cdniiuon smuiiu'i- rcsidciil : most jiiiuiidaiit aloiij; flio river and creeks,
nesting,' in holes in the hanks. An-ivcs early in April: April 0, 1884, on Deer
Creek jn.st ahovc ("annh-n. and .\in-il s. 1S8.~(, three or four seen on Deer
Creek near Cannh-n (■(■uictci y. Not so coninion in Monroe County, but quite
common in Viiro. Noted April 1(>. and 1.1. 1SS8. Very abundant at Lake
Maxinkuekee ne^tiny in lioles in ilic iilutV at the gravel-pit where the young
are often seen in laii;(' nundicrs in suninicr and fall sitting on the telegraph
wires along witii even greater numhers <d" ciitT swallows.

l(i.">. Stelgiuoptp:ryx ,skkuiim;.\.\is (Audubon).

ROUGII-WINGKI) SWALLOW. (017)

Summer resident in all the conidies but not so common as the Bank
Swallow. At (;osiM)rt north of I'.loomington nearly completed nests were
found :\Iay s. lsS(t. At Terre Haute many ncded. April 21, 1888.

The habits and general apiiearance of the two spcM-ies are very similar
and it is diHicult to distinguish them except with specimens actually in
hand.

IOC). P>OMl!YClLI.A GAKKII.A (IJUnaMlS). ROTrEMIAX WAXWING. (018)

I hav(> noted this lieautiful hir<l only in Cai-roll County, and that many
years ago when I saw a tlocU of iierhajis a half dozen in some cedar trees
in my father's yard.

107. BOMIJYCILLA CEDKOKTM Yieillot. (EDAU WAXWIXG. (019)

Common summer resident, arriving rather late in spring but remaining
(inite late in the fall; sometimes present all winter. T'sually going in small
tlocks. Nesting late in the summer, the nest often placed on a horizontal
limb of .some apple tree in an orchard.

(•(irroU Cowiiti/: December .'51. 1.S78. observed: February 27, 1879. a large
tlock seen in an orchard feeding on frozen apples that were still hanging
on the trees: many were seen again on March 1 and 5, feeding in hack-
berry trees in Deer Creek bottoms east of Camden; June 20, 1882, set of 5
fresh eggs, nest' in an apple tree in orchard on home farm. On May 24. 1883,
several .seen at the drift on Wild Cat Creek above Burlington, where I had
noted them as being quite commf)n the summer before. They were at rest
and remained most of the time in some soft maples which overhang the
creek. P'rom these trees they would fre(iuently dart out over the creek in
pursuit of insects which they were (piite exiwrt in capturing. In the
summer of 188.'? and 1884. several nests, usually in apple trees, were foimd
near Burlington. During the winter of 1883-4, these birds were common

376 Procerdjnf/s of Indiana Academy of Science.

about Camden. On February 8. 1885. saw a flock of a dozen in cedar trees
in Dr. Armstrong's yard in Camden.

Vigo County: Equally common and well known ; numbers observed about
Terre Haute every summer.

Monroe County: Noted every summer: small flocks often seen in winter;
February 10, 188.3, a dozen or more seen near Bloomington.

168. Lanius borealis Vieillot. great northern shrike. (621)

I liave seen this species only in Carroll County. On January 8. 1884. I
saw one in Madison Township just west of Daniel H. Schnepp's, and ten
days later I shot one from an apple tree at Mr. Noble's, two miles northeast
of Camden. The weather had lieen very cold with much snow for two weeks,
and the snow very deep.

169. Lanius ludovicianus excubitortdes Swainson.

WHITE-RUMPED SHRIKE; BUTCHER-BIRD.. (622a)

A rather common resident, especially in Carroll and Vigo counties.

Carroll County: In the summer of 1882. noted several in the prairie west
of the Wabash, and one or two along an osage orange hedge northeast of
I^elphi. On November 1.3. one seen near Woodville, and the next day one
seen on the Dayton pike near Pyrmont. -T. Milton Beck saw one near Bur-
lington about the same time. On May 11, 1883, one seen in field between
Delphi and Pittsburg. On March 27. 1884, one seen just south of Camden :
]May 10, nest with six eggs somewhat incubated, in hedge west of Pittsburg;
May 27, saw one on Michigan road north of Burlington. The species is in-
creasing in this county.

Monroe County: A very rare resident in 1881-86. I have no definite
records.

Vigo County: Quite coninion. especially in the prairie parts of the county.
I have seen several nests. On April 26, 1890. one with six well inculcated
eggs 10 feet from ground in a honey locust southeast of Terre Haute. Sev-
eral others seen in osage orange hedges south and southeast of Terre
Haute. A set of six gotten near Frankfort, April 21. 1888, by Al. .T. Keyes :
nest In hedge, only six feet from ground.

170. A^IRi:0SYLVA OLIVACEA (LiuUfPUS). RED-EYED VJKEO. (624)

A common summer resident. Frequents the open woods and the edge of
forests. Of all our singing birds this is the one which sings most contin-
uously throughout the day. Even in the heat of the day when most birds
are quiet this vireo, often called "preacher", may be heard.

Carroll County: 1883. May 3. first seen, but already common; June IS.
nest with two fresh eggs. In 1884. first noted. May 2 ; noted again, May 5,
south of Camden. First seen in 1885. on May 4. On June 10. 1883. found
nest with two cowbird eggs and one vireo. which was slightly broken,
apparently picked by the cowbird.

Vigo Comity: A male collected. April 28. 1888, five miles southwest of
Terre Haute ; many seen. Others noted April 30.

Notes on Ihr Birds. 377

Monroe County: One (if the iinwf coimiHUi ivsidonls fnmi llio last of
Ainil lo late in September.

171. VlRKOSYI.A [•llll.AUKI.I'll lA (';issitl. I' 1 1 I I.ADIM.IM I I A \ IKKO. (020)

Sprinfi and fiill iiiii;i:iiil. |Missil>ly a fare summer resident. Arrives in
Carroll County from llic soiilli .•aiiy in May. On May 13. 1884, collected
one in a thicket on the liillsiilc opposite Porter's mill on Deer Creek. Sev-
eral otlier.s were seen. They were not as nuito as stated by some observers.

In Vifjo County I took a male near Hunt's, three miles southeast of Terre
Haute. May 1.5. ISSS ; another was seen May "». I have noted the species in
Monroe County.

172. ViRKOSYLVA GILVA GILVA (Vieillot). WAHIM.ING VIREO. (627)

This cheery little bird is a rather common summer resident in all the
counties, often coming about the hou--e and nesting in the trees in the
orchards and j'ards. In Carroll County I noted it freiinently from the early
part of May onward. May 25. 1S78. seen; June 19. 1882. set of three well
incubated eggs: June 20. 1883, nest with three fre.sh eggs; in 1884. first
observed on May 2; again seen on May 7. In 18Sr». noted on May 0; on
.Inne 10. found a nest with two fresh eggs in an aiiple tree in our orchard.

In Vigo County I collected a i)air (male and female), near Hunt's three
miles southeast of Terre Haute, May 15, 1888.

In Monroe County it was noted. April 20. 188C, and at many other times.

173. LaNIVIRKO fT,AVlFRONS (Vieillot). YKr.LOW-TIIROATEO vireo. (628)

.\ fairly common si>ring and fall migrant; seen most frequently on
wooded hillsides. Noted near Camden. May ."). 1884. A male taken near
Sand Hill three miles east of Terre Haute. May 12. 1888. A pair (male and
female), taken at same place. April .30, 1890. A male taken in woods north-
east of Pdoomington, May 4, 1880; others seen, April 17.

174. ViRKO soLiTABitrs solitaritts (Wilson), rltte-headed vntEo. (629)

A fairly common spring and fall migrant; usually seen in deep woods and
along the streams.

Carroll Comity: Collected two males in an oak grove in the prairie near
the Xc \v Beauty schoolhou.se in Tippecanoe Township. May 10, 1884. I
think I saw a few others. These were the first of the season.

Monroe County: A female taken in Ferris woods northeast of liloom-
ington. May 4, 1880 ; first one noted.

Vif/o County: It occurs in Vigo Comity during the migrations but I have
no definite records.

175. ViREO (iKisEUS GRi.SEu.s (Boddaert). whtte-eyed vireo. (031)

A rather common spring and fall migrant; iiossibly a rare summer resi-
dent. I have seen it often in all the counties.
Can-oil County: April 28. 1885. two seen.
Vigo County: One specimen taken near Terre Haute May 12. 1888.

378 Procecdhif/s of TinJidna Acadcnnj of i^c'ience.

Monroe County: One noted. April 28, ISSG, near Rocky Run i-oacl north of
Bloomington. It was on a hillside and warbling joyously.

170. Mniotjlta vakia (Linuunis). black and white warbler. (636)

A rare summer resident, but more common during the migrations. An
interesting little bird, climbing around the tree trunks after the manner
of & creeper. Nests on the ground in the woods, at the base of some small
shrub or bunch of weeds.

Carroll founti/: 1S,S4. Ainil 2S, tirst noted and common, May 10, one
(■((liectcd near the New Beauty schoolhouse, Tippecanoe Township; 1885,
April 2(i. tirst of season .seen, on Deer Creek above Camden.

ri(/o County: A male collected, April 26, 1888, by J. D. Collins near the
river north of Terre Haute: another by me May 10. 1890. at Sand Hill east
of Terre Haute: and a week later still another at the (Joose Pond nine miles
south of Terre Haute.

Monroe County: Common: often seen on the densely wooded hillsides
northeast of Bloomington.

177. Protonotaria citrea (Roddaert). golden swamp warbler. (637).

This is to me the most beautiful and interesting of all our warblers
Except for one tine male collected and two females seen. May 7, 1885, at a
little pond near the Leonard mill east of Camden and, possibly, one in a
willow swamp southwest of Terre Haute in ^Nlay, 1889, I know this bird
only from the old Maple Swamp between Sedalia and Cutler, Carroll County
and just east of the Vandalia railroad. I visited this swamp on May 21
1883. Soon after entering the swamp I caught a glimpse of a bright-colored
bird as it flew from a hole in a small dead snag not far away and disap-
peared in a thicket near by. Soon it reappeared, evidently solicitous for its
treasures which were in the nest in the old snag. By short flights and
with much anxiety, it api)roached the snag and I saw that it was the
Golden Swamp ^Yarbler. Its nest contained five beautiful fresh eggs. Later
in the day several other nests were found which we did not molest, one
of four, one of three, and five or six not yet completed. They were all in
deserted sapsucker holes, or similar holes in small dead snags or trees and
four to ten feet above the water.

In another part of the swamp were several of these liirds not .vet mated.
The pairing season was on, and the birds were in active courtship. Many
a combat between rival males was witnessed. Near the center of the
swamp was an acre of comparatively open water, a pond in fact, covered
with a thick growth of water-lilies. From the edge of this pond a couple
of males darted by us across the open space, then circled about the pond,
the one in close pursuit of the other. Often they crossed and recrossed the
open water, circletl around its margin, then darted ofE through the trees
and disappeared from view, only to return again after a time and repeat
the same performance. Sometimes the one was not a coward and stood his
ground. Then a fierce conflict occurred ; frequently they would clinch and
fall nearly to the water before letting loose. Then they would ascend in a
spiral flight far up among the tree tops, only to return promptly to the pond

.Vo/r.s- ,,u l/,r li\nls. 379

;ij,Miii. 'I'licii llifv scii.-iralcd, f lliciii ll\iii;i in .'i slow tliil Icriim soil

(.r way jicrnss llic (ipcn space lo an n|,| siiai; in wiiicli llic fcuial.' was l.nil.l-
int; tlic ncsi. Witli \viM^'s IkmiI downwanl anil tail (intsin-cad so as to slmw
plainly the white outer fcathei's. lie would i^ivc expression to liis happiness
in an rxciicd hut ijleasini,' little sont,' which I wish I could descrihe. were
I uiiod at that sort of Ihin^. Then he iierched uim)1i a linih just ahove luy
head, where, with drcppinu. tremulous wiir^'s. and head erect, he warliled
very |)rellily his delicate little snn.i; of love, oblivious of all cxcepi of her
who was so iMisy al the old willow siiai:. .Mthon.uh she seemed very busy
indee<l. she dduhlless heard Ilie lillle son;: ami understood full well its suh-

I airaiii visited this swami>. .May 'Jl. iss.-,. Several Colden S\vanii» Warlt-
lers or I'l-othonotarias were sei-u chasinic ahout. across and around tlie open

si>aces auioiij; the trees that st I in water one to three feet deej). The

s(>nsou was evidently latei- than it was in 18S:!. Several nests were found
hut layinj; had not yet hcM^un. The males wen> in full sonii and a very
pr(>tty siKlit tliey made.

The nest.s. e.xaniined critically on my lii'st \isit, were, as already staled,
always <)eeui»ied deserted sai)sucker or similar holes usually in small rollen
trees, saplinjis or snaiis. and varied from four to ten feel alio\c the water.
One examined was ahout six feet up in a very rotten snau' not over four
inches in diameter. The shell left by the excavation of the hole was very
thin, less than lialf an inch. The cavity was but four inches iTeep anu was
tilled nearly to tlie top l)y tlie nest whieli was coniim.sed almost entirely
of some species of moss. Several other nests sit\iat(>d in similar places and
constructed from similar materials were seen.

178. Hei.mitiikkos vkkmivohis ((Jmelin). w ()km-i:.\tix(; wakbler. (6o9)

Common summer resident in Monroe and Vijio counties: not noted in
CaiToll. Nests on the .iiround. I have seen nests in the woods east of Terre
Haute, also near ("oal Creek northwest of Ihat city. April 20. 1SS7. nest
with three ef;j;s at Pine Hills. M(iiitj,'omery County. On April 28, 1888. I
collected a tine specimen about live miles southwest of Terre Haute.

On May 4. ISSC. I collected a pair ahout two mile< northeast of liloom-
instoii. The lirst (a nmle) was in a thicket on a hillside near an old road.
AVhen first seen it was near the ground. I hen il tlew inio a bush about eiirht
feet \\\K About a half mile further north 1 obtained a female. When first
seen it was on the ground at the bottom of a small canon. liesides these
two. several others were observed on the same day. <^ne pair seen building
a nest at the foot of a small maple sprout on a hillside fjicing west. The
nest was not nearly completed. One of the birds, probably the female, was
carrying dead leaves with which she made the bttttom and outsidi' walls.
She would come near the nest while I was sitting within 20 feet of it. eye
me suspiciously, tly away some distjince. return by short flights, then fly
away again, oidy to repeat the maneuvers again until 1 movi-d fartlu'r
away, then she came to the nest and i»roc(M'ded with the building.

On May i::>. I found a nest with five eggs i»lus two of the cowbiid. I'rof.
W. S. Blatchley found a nest with six eggs of the warbler and one cowbird.
Both of these nests were on a hillside and each was at the base of a small
shruh. All the eggs were fresh.

380 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

179. Vermivora piNus (Linuteus). blue-winged warbler. (641)

Common spring and fall migrant; and rare summer resident at least in
Carroll Comity. About the first of July, 1883?, I saw a nest of young
ne'arly able to fly. The nest was in a clump of wild rose bushes on the home
farm, just west of the house. The old birds were seen and positively iden-
tified. Noted April 28, 1884. Specimens were taken May 10, 1884 ; and May
4, 6, 11, and 21, 1885. A fine adult male collected April 27. 1886, north of
Bloomington. It was feeding among the young buds in the top of an elm.
pjvery now and then it would utter a weak grasshopper-like note. It was
alone and the first one seen that year. Several others were seen the next
day. I have no records for Vigo County.

180. Vermivora chrysoptera (Linnanis). golden-winged warbler. (642)

A rare spring and fall migrant. The only specimen I ever collected in
Carroll County, I shot in the grove just north of the railroad bridge at
Camden, May 6, 1885. G. G. Williamson obtained one at Bloomington in
the spring of 1886. On May 2, 1888, I secured a fine male near Terre Haute.

181. Vermivora rxtbruapilla kibkicapilla (Wilson).
NASH\aLLE warbler. (645)

Common spring and fall migrant ; arrives from the south about the first
to tenth of May ; usually frequenting the upper parts of the tree-tops, not
so common near the ground.

On May 9, 1883, shot two on home farm near Burlington ; after this date
many others seen. May 13, 1884, shot one in an old orchard near Porter
Sterling's, southwest of Camden ; first of season. Common May 4-7. 1885.
A male collected April 30, 1888, near the fair grounds east of Terre Haute ;
u female at Sand Hill, ten days later. One noted April 27, 1886, near Bloom-
ington.

182. Vermivora celata celata (Say), orange-crowned warbler. (646)

Apparently a very rare migrant. I have but one record and that is of a
specimen I collected May 5, 1888, on Honey Creek, 5 miles southeast of
Terre Haute.

183. Vermivora peregrina (Wilson). Tennessee warbler. (647)

A common spring and fall migrant.

Carroll County: May 22, 1883, shot two near Burlington. Noted also
May 12, 1884, and May 4 to 19, 1885, when it was very common.

Vigo County: Many noted at Sand Hill May 9-12, 1888. and a male col-
lected May 12 ; another male collected at the Goose Pond May 3, 1890.

Monroe County: Very common; often noted in May. usually high up in
tree-tops.

Notes on the Birds. 381

184. COMPSOTHLYIMS AMKRICANA AMERICANA (LilinWUS).
PARUr.A WAnTlI.KK. (648)

A fairly common spriiiK and fall mitiiant. Especially common in Carroll
Connty May 4 1«. 10, lN8r>; collected a maU- May G, ISS").

In Vigo ('ounty many noted May !). ISSS. and a hrilliaMtly colored male
collected at the Sand Hill, April 24, 189().

N'oted also in Monroe County especially in the si)rinn.

185. I)E.\m{OU'A TiGRiNA (Cmeliu). cape may warhi.er. (C50)

A common spring and fall migrant. Arrives about the middle of May;
most common in low trees along streams. Noted in Carroll County May 8,
ISM.'j, and on many other dates. Noted in Vigo County May S and 9, 1888;
also on May 1(1 when a female was collected at Sand Hill; again on May
17, 1890, when a pjiir were collected at the (Joose Pond. Equally common
in Monroe County ; often noted along Crilfy and Beanblossom creeks. ,

186. Dendroica .^iSTivA .i:sTivA ((Jnielin). vkllow warbler. (6r)2)

A fairly common summer resident. .Arrives from the south in the latter
part of April and remains until in September.

This beautiful little bird is our most common and familiar summer resi-
dent warbler. One or more pairs may usually be seen in any patch of
willows along the river or any creek or about ponds. It is also frequently
.seen in the orchards. It builds a very pretty nest of grayish vegetable fiber,
fastening it to twigs of fruit or shade trees or willows or low shrubbery of
any kind.

Carroll County: May 22. 1883, shot one in yard on home farm ; first of
season noted. In spring of 1883, obtained several at Miller's iwnd near
Burlington, the only one seen there prior to May S, 1884. May 8. lS8r», saw
one in old orchard near Springboro. first of season : two seen on 12th and
one got in Dolph McKinney's yard in Camden; on 13 saw two and got
one in an old orchard near Porter Sterling's south of Camden ; April 28,
1SS5, saw one or two near Pittsburg, and again May 4.

Vigo County: April 22. 1888, two seen ; May 15, a female collected south-
east of Terre Haute ; May 1, 1890, a male collected 5 miles south of Terre
Haute ; May 17, a female shot at the Goose Pond ; April 28, 1891, noted.

Monroe County: May 13, 1882. several; May 4, 1886, a male collected
in orchard north of Bloomington. first of season ; 6th, two seen, one col-
lected, in AVhite River bottoms near Gosport.

187. Dendroica c.ERri.ESCENs c.erui.kscexs ((Jmelini.
black-throated blue warbler. ((!54)

A fairly common spring and fall migrant. Most often seen on or near
the ground in low shrubbery in open woods.

Carroll County: May 3. 1883. one seen near Burlington, and again on the
Sth ; on 10th and again on 13th, saw one or more between Camden and
Delphi : May 7, 1884, saw a few and collected one near the Frank Thomas
pond south of Camden, first noted ; noted again May 4. 1S85.

382 J'ro<('( <liii;/.s of /ikI'kiiki A<-(((J(iii i/ of Science.

Vigo Count II : April l^s. isss, a male shot 5 miles southeast of Terre
Haute; May 17. IsilO. a female collected at the Goose Pond.

Mo)in>c ('(iiiiit!/: Frequently noted in the small wckkIimI j,Milches northeast
of Bl<.oiiiiii,iit(.H and along Griffy Creek.

ISS, Dexdroica couo.NATA ( Linua'us ) . myutlk warbler. (Of);"))

Perliaps our most aliniidant warbler. Sometimes a few individuals may
remain all winter. 1 think 1 have seen I hem every month in the year
except in January. They may he seen almost anywliere, in low bushes, in
tall trees, about the yards ami orchards, in the hedges along the roadside,
and particularly along the streams.

(•(irntll i'oHDtit: Ajiril :>(». isTs. (irst taken at Camden: October "., again
taken at Camilen. April L'(t. 1SS4, many noted near feeder dam on Wabash
Uiver at Delphi ; L'.'id. ^een on I leei- Creek above Camden, shot a male; 21st
to 2(ith. conunon. Jirst female noted on L'dtli.

Vifio Ciiiiiit!/: April 14. isss, shot a male at Grant; May H. 18.S0. noted;
April :!(». 1S<M>. two males and a female collected at Sand Hill.

MoiuDi ('(iinitii: February 1(1. ISS:;. saw eight ov 10. During the winter
of ISS'J-.'!. I think this warbler could be seen at any time; I saw one or more
every time I went into the woods.

ISO. Dexdroica magxoeia (Wilson I. maoxolta warbler. (GHT)

A common spring and fall nngi'ant. Most usually seen feeding among the
lower branches of trees.

('(inoll Coiiiitif: May 4. ISTS. took the first specimen I ever collected, in
a woods northwest of Camden. May 9. ISSo. shot one near I'urlington ; 2Hd.
got two near Burlington; April 20. 1884. first noted; 7th. collected one near
the Thomas iiond south of Camden; May 7. 18S."). saw two or three, col-
lected one.

lil/o Coinitj/: May 2. ISSS. collected a male: .".th. noted; 12th. shot a
female at Honey Creek five miles southeast of Terre Haute: IHth. col-
lected a male on the Hunt farm; and 17th. obtained a male at the Goose
Pond.

Monroe ('oioifi/: Fi'oquontly seen, especially along the creeks.

190. Denduoica CERi'LEA ( Wilsou ) . certleax warbler. ((ioS)

A common sjiring and fall migrant: a few may renuiin to breed. Ar-
rives in the lii-st days of May.

('(irroll Coinitii: May !». 18S3. quite common: 2:!d. shot one near Rurling-
ton. May .">. lss4. first noted, got two; Sth. connnon.

T'/.(/o County: May 2. ISSS. got a male east of the fair grounds; April 28,
1890. got a male on Cruffs commons in Terre Haute ; 30th. got two males
at Sand Hill. May ■->. collected a male at the Goose Pond.

Monroe County: Common nngrant ; most fre(nient rather high up in the
trees.

Xoirs on llic liirtls. I>8'>

191. DkNDHOK A I'INSVI.V A.MCA ( Lillllll'llS ) .
('lli;STNl T-SIDKl) W AUIil i;i{. H')~t^))

.'..111111(111 sprint;- and fall iniiir.int . Arrives .-iImiuI Hi.' mi. Mir ..f May.,,
Frr.incnts llu' tojis .il" tall trcos.

Ctirroll Count II : May 22. 1S.S8. first of the season noted, got t\v«h May 7.
ISSl. first of season. May 4. lSSr>. first noted, several seen, two collected.
One of the hest places to find these heautifnl waihlcrs was in tlic w.Mi.llan.l
in the bend of Deer Creek jnst below ("anidcn.

Yiyo Count a : First noted in ISSR. on May .'.. when -..t a in.al.' on Ibmey
Creek; 7th and 12tli seen again, collectc.l tlucc at San. I Hill. May :;. 1890.
a male at the Goo.se I'ond ; 10th, a male collectc.l at S.nid Hill.

Monroe County: I noted it May 4. ISSC. when I s.nw se\cial iM.iilieast
of liloomington. and olloctod one male.

192. DioMmjouA iasta.nka (Wils.mi. i!AV-I!Ukasi'ki) WAitin.KU. ((;»;())

Common spring and fall migrant. Arrives early in .May: most fre.|nent
ahmg the streams or in tlie apple trees abont the house.

Carroll County: May 4. 1S7S : May 22. 1S8:^.. saw three: 24tli. colh-ct.-d
<me; May o, 1884, first of seas.>n n..te<l near Cain.len, wlii.-h I collectc.l:
May r». 1885. collected a male. Almn.lanl in .May in the w.i.i.ls in the creek
bottom jnst below Camden.

Viyo County: May 5. 1888. one seen : IMli, ii.ited : lltli. n.it.'d : KHli. iiial.'
collected at Sand Hill: 17th. a i)air ..htain.'d .-it tlie (i.u.se l'..n.l.

Monroe County: :May 4. 18.S(!. a male (.illccted in the Ferris w.io.ls. first
of the .season noted by me. but ("has. H. P..>lliiian n.ited it a few .lays I'ar-
lier: C.tli. a fine male collected in the same woo.ls.

193. DENDKOKA STKI.XTA ( .1. K . F( ilst el' ) . in.ACK-I'OI.I. WAUIil.KK. ffiCl )

Common spring and fall migrant. The last of the warblers t.i arrive in
the spring: when the Black-polls appear the migrations are about over.

Carroll Coimty: I first took this species May 3. 1878. near Camden.
May 21. 1883. got a pair in the Maple swamp : n..ted .lail\ from 2:id to 2r)th :
saw others and collected some May 21. 188."i.

Viffo County: I recorded this warbler May 8. 1888. 12th (collected a
male at Sand Hill), and 17th when got a female at the Goose Pond.

Monroe County: Apparently not very comin.in. but at least a few seen
every spring, usually well toward the tree-toiis.

194. DEXnuoicA irscA (Miilleri. ui.ac kiuuxiax wakim.ku. ((Kii'i

Rather common spring and fall migrant. Often seen in the fruit ti'ees
about the house: apiM'aring just when the apph" tre(>s are in full bloom,
about the last of April. Of all <mr warblers. I think this was the first to at-
tract my attention. More years have passed than I care to rememl)er since,
as a small boy. while playing one morning in the yard in the rear of my
father's house near Burlington. I was fascinatc.l by the beauty of an apple
trt'C that ha.I tmrst into full bloom over night as it were. While gazing in

384 Procrrdiufis of Tinlhota Acadrmy of Science.

rapt wonder at the beautiful tree with its fresh waxy green leaves and its
even fresher delicately beautiful flowers. I was startled and delighted by
the arrival in the tree of what seemed to me the most beautiful bird I had
ever seen. Its rich colors as it moved about among the blossom-laden
branches charmed me. Of course. I did not then know what it was ; I
knew only that it was a bird, and the prettiest I had ever seen. But the
vision has remained most distinct in my memory to this day, although it
was many years afterward before I became especially interested in birds :
and then, one day. while collecting, I secured an adult Blackburnian warb-
ler in full plumage. Then the vision came back to me and I realized that
this was the same bird that had so charmed me on that sweet morning
in early May long ago.

In Carroll County. I collected one near Burlington, ;May 24. 1883, an-
other near Pittsburg. April 28, 1885, and saw another May 8.

In Vigo County, I have noted it May 5. 1888. also May 8. May 17, 1890.
collected two males at the Goose Pond.

In Monroe County, a few might be seen each spring, especially in the
orchards and open thickets. One collected April 27, 1886.

195. Dendroica domintca althloua Kidgway. sycamohe warbler. (66oa)

Spring and fall migrant ; not common : perhaps a few remain to breed.
Arrives as early as the middle of April.

Carroll County: May 9. 1888, one netted: May 24. shot one on Wild Cat
Creek near the dam above Burlington. April 20. 1884. one or two seen on the
Wabash near Delphi ; April 2?>, one seen on Deer Creek west of Camden.
April 23. 1885, collected two on Little Deer Creek near Joseph Trent's.

Vigo County: My only record is of a male taken and another seen at
Grant, April 14, 1888.

Monroe County: Apparently a summer resident, breeding near water
courses, though I never actually found a nest. A .specimen collected April
16, 1886, on Griffy Creek.

196. Dendroica viRENS (Gmelinl. ulack-tiiroated gkeex warbler. (667)

One of our most abundant spring and fall migrants; arrives in spring in
the last days of April, and in the fall early in September.

Carroll Comity: May 3. 1883. several seen, one collected. May 5, 1884.
first noted, one collected on Deer Creek below Camden. April 28, 1885. one
or two seen near Pittsburg ; next seen May 4.

Viffo County: May 2, 1888. a male taken at the fair grounds, first of
season noted : 15th. a female taken at the Hunt farm. April 24. 1890. noted,
and 30tli. a male taken at Sand Hill : May 17. a female at Goose Pond.

Monroe County: Common everywhere in thickets and low forests and un-
derbrush in April and May. and again in September. Collected May 4, 1886.

197. Dendroica vigorsi (Audubon), pine w^arbler. (671)

Spring and fall migrant : not common. My only definite record is of a
pair collected near Camden, April 29. 1885. I had other specimens col-
lected in Carroll County, also specimens collected in Vigo County, but they,

Notes on the Hirds. 385

as well us the ix'oords, biinicd up in Ilic tire n)" Miirdi 8, 1888. 1 liavi- no
record for Mouroe Oounty.

198. DeNDKOICA I'ALNr.\K(M I'ALMAItr.M ((Jiueliu). I'ALM WARBLER. (G72)

Migrant: Tiuich more coinnion in spring than in the fall. Most frequent
along fence-rows, near and on the ground.

Carroll County: Several seen and a few collected in the Deer Creek bot-
toms east of Camden, April lil, 1885. Among the places where I remember
to have seen the.se interesting little birds in unusual numbers is along the
road east of Camden just where it comes down to the creek above the old
Dillen farm. I remember on one occasion (probably in April) there were
a score or more along the fence and even out in the road. On another occa-
sion many were seen along tlie road fron'i Camden to Delphi at the old
Hragunier farm.

Viyi) County: April I.M. ISSS, one .^een : April :\{\. ISiMI, two males collected
at Sand Hill : .May 1, four males and one female collected at tlie r)-mile pond
north of Terre Haute.

Monroe County: Not common ; one taken May 6, 1886.

199. Dendroica discolor (Vieillot). i'kairie warbi.er. (673)

One specimen taken in Monroe County. April L'(i. J8S.~). by the late Charles
H. Bollman.

200. Seiuuus aurocapilltts (Linnanis). oven-bird. (674)

A common summer resident ; frequenting the deep woods where its loud
ringing note may be heard on any quiet day during spring and early sum-
mer. The Oven-bird is one of the frequent victims of the parasitic habits
of the cowbird. (Jn May 28. 1883. a nest with full complement of Oven-
bird eggs and two I'ggs of the cowbird was found by Vern P.eck, near Bur-
lington. Incubation was well advanced in all.

On May 23, I8i>(). I found an Oven-bird's nest at Turkey Run, Parke Coun-
ty, which contained 2 cowbird eggs in which incubation had begun, but there
were no Oven-bird eggs. Noted in Carroll County May 4, 1885, and on many
other occasions. Noted in Vigo County April 25 and May 3, 1888, three
miles southeast of Terre Haute; and May 10, 1890, a male collected at
Honey Creek south of Terre Haute. Common in Monroe Coimty ; noted
April 24, 1886, near Bloomington.

201. Seuris novehoracensis .noveboracensis ((Jniflin).

WATER-THRU-SH. (675)

A rather infrequent spring and fiill migrant: most often seen along the
.streams. May 5 and 12, 1888, seen near Terre Haute; a male collected at
Sand Hill on 12th and a female on l.">th at the same place. It occurs also
in Monroe County.

.')S(i J'rocccdiiif/s of I ihVkiiki AcadcDiij of Science.

L'OL'. Skhims \1()TA('ii,i,a (Vicillol). i.oiisia.na watkk-thrusit. (67G)

A I'iillicr nirc suiuiiicr i-csidciit, hrccilinir nlmiii tlic liaiiks of streams or
aliciit wooillaiid ]Miii(ls.

Ciinnll CiHiiiti/: Noted May C. 1.SS4. and May .'.. ISsr.. near Caindeu. A
nest found many years ago amoii.ir tlie roots of a largo tree that liad been
lilowii down, on my father's farm.

\'i(/<t Coinilii: April 11. isss. noted: ITtli collected a male east of the
fair ground al Torre Haute: April 14. ISS!). and May 1. 1890, noted.

20."!. ( )I>OHOKMS FOimOSlS (Wilson). KKXTrCKY WARBLER. (677)

A not very common sunnuer resident. I'erh;ii)s more common in Monroe
and Vigo counties than in Cirroll. r.loomington. May 6, 1886 ; Jnne 4.
188(). ;Mr. Blatcldey found a ni'st with l;irge young. Found breeding north
of town in .Time. A nest with tive fresli eggs and one cowbird egg at Eel
KiviM- Falls. Owen County. June 1, 1889.

204. Ol'OUOHMS AOIMS (WilsoU). (OXNECTICUT WAKBLER. (678)

A rare spring and fall migrant. Arrives about the middle of May.

I have few records of this bird. May 21. 1883, shot one near the Maple
swamp in ("ari-oll County, and noted another May 21, 1885. in same locality.
I have seen it also in Vigo and Monroe counties.

205. Oporornis ruiLADELPJiiA (Wilson), mourning warbler. (679)

A rare spring and fall migrant ; most often seen in heavy underbrush in
woodlands and along old fence-rows.

I have only one record, and that is of one taken May 21, 1885, near the
Maple swamp in Carroll County.

206. Geotiilypis trichas tricjias (Linnaeus).

^FARYLAND YELLOW-TIIROAT. (681)

One of our most common and interesting summer residents among the
warblers : most often seen in the low shrubbery, marsh grasses and vines
about creek borders and ponds and marshes.

. Carroll Counlij: May 11. 1878, one collected: set of three fresh eggs
taken May 22. 1883, nest in edge of a pond on home farm, and on June 12,
young able to fly : May 5. 1SS5. tirst of season, a female, seen near Burling-
ton; April 24. 1885. a pair noted in a thicket in CarroUton Township, first
df season.

In Paikc County, found a nest with four eggs and one of the cowbird,
about a foot fi'oni ground in weeds in edge of a field at Bryant's Ford, eggs
all fresh.

V/(/o ('(jiiiiti/: April 2S. 1888. many seen, a male collected, five miles
southwest of Terre Haute: May 3, a female collected three miles southeast
of Terre Haute on the Hunt farm.

Monroe Coiniti/: Common; one collected April 28. 1886.

\(,hs oil the liinls. :JST

■JOT. h ri;ni.\ \ iin:.\s \ iKi.Ns ( I.iiiii.i'iis ). ^ i;i.i,<)\\ -i!ki:ami:ii ( ii a r. ((iS.". i

A tdlcralily (•oimiioii suiiiiiicr resident, ficiiiiciitiiiy; ili'iisc tliickcts, viiic-
covcrt'd ffiicc-i-ows. jind similiu- itl.iccs. Aitp.iiciil ly this curious and inter-
csliii}; liird lijis 1icc<iiih' iimic (•Dimndii in iccriil yens, rridi' to 1870. I
iic\('i' i)l)S('r\cd it ill (';ii-i-(i!i Cniiiily.

Ciinoll fniiiilii: .M;iy S. Iss:;, 1 iic;iid .-iikI s;i\\ tliis i.iid Ini- llic lirsl time
ill Cjinoll ('(.iiiily. ll was in Sid.ktoii's wdods near I'.iirliimlnii. The next

day I heard il a^aiii (Hi tiic same farm, 'riicsc twd wcic ti iily r)laces

where I heard it that .vear. Tlie next year a pair reiiiaiiicil all suinmor in
a thicket on the AnnstrdiiK hill sdiitheast of Cauideii: they evidently nosled
there. .Voted auaiii .May .".. issr.. i r Canideii. also near I'.iirliiiirtdii.

1 ///d finnitii: I iidted ii .\prii t. Isss. w iicii 1 saw fdiir dr live. aii<l
atraiii. .May :;. when I cdileclcd a male three miles sdiitheast of Terre Haute.

Mminic Coiuitii: .\dted near I'.lddiiiiiiirtdii .May i::. ISSL'. and ildubtless
seen at dther times.

I'tlS. Wll .SO.MA ('ITKINA ( I '.ddda eit I . IIOODKI) wahisI.ku. (US-l)

Ivat her rare summer resident.

-My only ("arrdll ("diiiity reccirds are (d' two males c(dlecled near ("amdeii,
-May .",. and others seen .May is, iss.',. .\nd the diily Vit;d County record is
of a male taken east n\ the fair irrdiuids. May 2. isss. .Mr. <i. G. Williamson
fcuinl a nest with six ydiinsr in .Moiirde Cdiiiity. .May H\. isstJ. One seen by
me .May N of the same sl»rin^^

:.'•»!>. \\'ii.so.\i.\ iM sii.i.A I'lsiLL.v (Wilson I.

WII.SO.X'S WAKlil.KK. (C.S."))

Soniewliat more comnnm than the itrecedinfj as a sprinji and fall migrant.

I Inive lint one Carroll County record. .May IS. ISS.".. when I collected a
sjiecimeii near Camden. In Vigo County. I obtained a male at the Hunt
farm. .May ."!. ISSS. two males at Sand Hill. May VI. and another male at
Hunt's. May lo. :My only Monroe Comity record is of one collected May 8,
188G.

I'Kt. Wll.SO.M.V ( A.XAUK.NSIS ( LiuiKeUS ) . CA.NADA WAKlil.KK. ( C.SCi I

Rather rare migrant.

CiinnU Coiiiilif: May 1'4. 1883. shot two. the first I ever saw. near F.iir-
lington : ^lay 12. ISS"). got one; several others ohtaiiieil .May iL' to is. near
Camden.

]'i<)(i ('(Hinlii: .May 2. 1SS8. got a mail': May ."!. saw one: and .May ll\
got a male on Honey Creek five miles southeast of 'i'erre Haute.

Monroe Coiiiil!/: .May 4. ISSC. got a female iidrtheast df I'.ldomington ;
only one seen.

I'll. Sktoimiaoa KCTicii i.A (Liiina'Usi. kk.dsiakt. (<;s7i

This heantiful little bird is one df dur nidst cdiniiidii su ler resident

It is usually seen in the deep woods especially near water.

388 Procrr(Ji)i(/s of ludhiim Acafleiin/ of Sicicnce.

(Utrroll Count!/: June 12. 1882. nest with three fresh eggs in a small elm
in the Maple swiinij). Arrived from tlie south on May 3 in 1883, and by the
19th, both sexes were common. On June 13, I found a nest with three parti-
ally incubated eggs, 15 feet from the ground, in a beech tree in Stockton's
woods near Burlington. On May 21, a nest with five fresh eggs was found
about eight feet from ground in a small elm tree in the Maple swamp near
Lexington. Noted May G, 1884. and May 4 and 0, 1885.

T(f/o Count ji: May 3 and 5. 1888: May 12. a male collected on Honey
Creek.

Monroe Vountij: Usually ii connnon summer resident. l)ut not many seen
in 1885 or 1880.

212. Anthis lu MKscKxs (Tunstall). pipit. (G97)

Spring ;iiid fall niigr;iiit : not very connnon: goes iiortii early in tlie
spring and mi\\ be seen along the sticnnis even b<>fore all tbc snow has gone.

One of my earliest and most pleasant recollections of this interesting
little bird is of a walk one afternoon, March 19, 1879. along the banks of
Deer Creek above Camden, Snow still covered the ground everywhere
except in a few small areas here and there and along the immediate shores
of the creek. Just east of the railroad was a narrow strip of naked ground
on the north bank of the stream and there I came suddenly upon a flock of
about 20 Pipits feeding near the water's edge. They were not easily fright-
ened and permitted me to approach within a few yards of them, thus giving
a good opiMjrtunity to observe them closely. They were feeding busily and
seemed to fipd their food chiefly close to the water. After they had appar-
ently exhausted the supply at that i)lace they flew, singly or In twos or
threes, to a similar place farther down the creek.

In Vigo County I have recorded the Pipit on April 12. 13. and 15 to 25,
1888. It doubtless occurs in ]Monroe County, but I have no record.

213. MiMUS POIACil.OTTOS POLYOLOTTOS (LiuUieUS). MOtKINGBIKD. (703)

A very rare summer resident. We have seen it in Vigo County only three
times : twice south of Terre Haute near Honey Creek, and once just south
of the blast furnace about an o.sage orange hedge.

In Monroe County, we have seen it but once, on April 29. 1882, a fine
male in full song in the cemetery just west of P.loomington. Charles H.
Bollinan had seen it previously near Bloomington. A month later — May 29—
while on a geological and natural history tramp to Wyandotte Cave, we saw
one in Orange County aixiut 35 miles south of Bloomington. It has never
been observed in Carroll County.

214. DCMKTKLI.A CAKOMNKXSIS ( IjUlueUS I . C.KTUIKD. (704)

Perhaps our most familiar and best known summer resident among our
songbirds; common aliout the gardens, orchards, fields and open woods
w^herever there are thickets or briar patches. Arrives from the south
April 20 to May first. Nests with full .sets of eggs by May 15 or 20.

CarroU Counti/: .Inly 14. 1SS2. nest with tbi-ee fresh eggs. May 3, 1883.
first noticed this morning, rather connnon : May 21. nests with two and four
eggs near the Maple swamp : several others .seen. After this date the species

Notrs on Ihr fiird/i. 389

was common. April 27. 1SS4. (wo or tliri'c seen between Camden and Hur-
ling(oii. April 2:>, ISSH. Mrs. i;\criii,iiiii s.iw iwo in our garden at Camden
and the next day I saw two cast of ( 'jiiiidcii.

Viffo Couniy: April 28. ISSS, saw several and collecte.! a female near
tlie 'Wabasli aliovo Terre Haute. Very eoniniun suniiner resident in Vigo,
as it is also in Monroe County.

2ir». ToxosTOMA HiiTM (l.jnna'us). bkown tiikasiikk. (705)

Next to (lie catbird. -this is our most fannliar summer resident songster,
frequenting nnicli the same sorts of places as the catbird cliooses. and much
reseniblins;- it in soni;-. Arrives alxiut the first of April, be^'ins nesting? early
in May. Younji birds rendv to leave uest by May 25 to 3(». Favorite nest-
ing places for the I'.rown Tlirasher are the osage orange hedges. Numerous
nests coulil be seen eiich spring in the hedges south of Terre Haute. An-
other place where nesting birds could lie IouikI was in the briar piitches and
thick muler brush along the old canal.

Carroll County: June 19. 1882. nest with two fresh eggs: May 28. 1883,
.saw young birds nearly full grown. Ajiril .".. 1884. three seen in barnyard at
\\\y old home near Burlington, the lirst of the season. Heard others at
Camden the next day. April 2 was very stormy, raining and snowing all
day. but the 3d. was pleasant. May 21. found several nests, some with
young, others with eggs, in briar patclies and thickets at edge of the old
Maple swamp south of Cutlei-. April ."). iss."). beard lirst of the season this
afternoon at Camden. In ISs:'.. I found :i nest on the end of a fence rail
protected by a rather dense clump of rose bushes.

Vigo County: April 8, 1888. ton noted : seen again on 10th and 11th : 21st.
C(dlected a female at Honey Creek five nnles south of Terre Haute. April
27. 1889. a male collected near Terre Haute. May 3. 1890. four nests, with 4,
4, 3, and 5 eggs, resi^ectively. all fresh ^n• nearly so, in osage orange hedge
7 miles south of Terre Haute.

Monroe County: May 22. 18X2. nest witii two fresh o,ggs. Very common
in Monroe, as it is in Vigo and Carroll comities.

216. Thryothorus lvdovicianus h'dovicianus (Latham).

CAROLIiS'A WREX. (718)

A rather rare permanent resident in each of the counties, most evident in
the fall or early winter ; apparently increasing in abundance.

Carroll County: First noted in the fall of 1877, Octolter 10 to November
16. Heard February 27. 1879. a very cold day; noted singing sweetly March
first. Noted often in the winter of 188.3-4. ('sjiecially February 8 to 24.

Vigo County: One (female) obtained near Terre Haute April 29, 1890,
by ^\. .T. Whitaker. A male and female collected at Sand Hill January 24,
1891. Obtained one and .saw another May 13. 1882.

Monroe County: Verj' common in the winter of 1882-3. A male collected
January 12. 1883. north of Blooniington. One seen May 2, 1888.

This is a southern .species, least coniinon in Carroll County and more
abundant the further south one goes in the state. As one wanders along

390 f*r()c<'<(Iin(/s of TiidUnid Acddcini/ of i^cicnce.

the bru8h-liiKMl strcaiiis or tliioiijrh ihv woods in winter, there is no more
cheery sonj; to he heard than that of the Carolina Wren. It matters not h(tw
deep the snow uia.v he or how cold the iilr. if there l)e no wind, the lovid.
clear, hell-like, riniiini;: notes of this active little bird are sure to be heard.

217. TiiUYOMAXKS liKwicKi HKWicKi (AudulxiHl. kkwk'k's wkkx. (71!>)

A rather rare summer resident in Vi^'o and .Monroe counties; not noted in
Carroll.

A male colIect(-d at Sand Hill, Vino Count.v. April .".. 1S90. the first of the
season. One seen in m.v yard in Terre Haute two (hiys hiter.

I'lS. Tkooi.odvtks .\i:))ox .xkdo.n Vieiilot. iioisk wkkx. (721)

One of our most sociable little sununcr residents : trusting" us by coming
close about our houses, buildini,' its nest in any suitable box or hole any-
where about the house; jierhaps driving away the bluebirds.

Carroll Count ii: On the home farm near r.urlington one of the outbuild-
ings (a woodshed) was built of logs, one of which was hollow, and in this
hollow a pair of wrens built their nest every year for many years. Another
l»air built ainiually in a clothesline box that stood in the kitchen yard ; while
still another pair built their nest in a hole (air shaft) in the large chimney
built in the north end of the house. Noted at Camden April 2S. 1SS4 ; com-
mon tlie next day. Noted April 21. 1SS."». also on Ai»ril 2(; and 28. On June
.25. llX)ij, a pair ob.served building in the clothesline box at the old home,
but for some reason they abandoned it ; jierhaps the pestiferous English
sparrow was the cause.

Tif/o County: Quite common, especially about farmhouses.

Monroe County: Common summei' resident, but iirobably less so than the
Bewick's Wren.

210. Nanxts iiik.mai.is tiikmai.is (Vi(>illot). wintkk wren. (722)

A rare resident, doubtless lirt'cding. though we never found its nest. On
April 9. 1885. collected a female in Deer Creek liottom ludow the Porter mill,
west of Camden. Others noted at various times in the winter in the thick
underbrush about fallen trees and rotten logs, along the streams, i'^re-
quently seen at such times and in such situations in each of (he three
counties.

. Next to the Carolina Wren this diminutive bit of tiuffy feathers is one of
our most cheerful winter residents.

220. CiSTOTHORis STKM.Aiiis (Naumauu).

SIIOUT-IUIXKD MAKSII WKKX. (724)

Noted in Vigo Cornty May S. ISS!). by J. RoUin Slonakin-.

221. Tklmatooytes pahstkis iliacts Kidgway.

PRAIRIE MARSH WREN. (725(1)

A not une(tmmon sunnner resident, breeding in some numbers among the
eflttails and scirpus i)atches in the Five-mile Pond, the Coose Pond, and in
other similar places in Vigo County, A female collected at the Goose

\nh.s ,ni I hi liinls. 301

I'diid .May IT. 1n!H». < >ni' seen in .Muninc (•(MiiiI.x .Ma.\ i:;. ISSC. Nnl iioIimI

ill Carroll ("oiiiilx. alll ;:li it iluiihUcss ncmrs llicrc .imniiii Hit! tult-s aloii^;

tlic old caual.

'l-'l. ('i:i;iiii\ lA \i ii.i AUis \Mi:i{i( ANA i'>iiiia|)a ric. lacow \ ( ki;i:i'i:k. (72<i)

A spriii;,' and fall inii;raiil. uoinu iiorlli very early in I lie spring' and rtMiirii-
iuK soiUli (iiiilc laic in the lall.

(Mie of our most curious little lurds. readily Uuowii by its small size,
brown speckled suit, loiiji slender, curved Mil. and its iialiit of always liunt-
iii}! on the li-unl<s of tree-, slartiii;:- in near llie liround. Lcradually wni-kin;;
upward until a (•(.nsiderahle liei^lil is i-caclicd. Ilieii tlyinj; to the base of
another ncaili.\- tree :.,rii airain w (PiUin;,' njiward as before.

CtirniU CiiHutji: A pair (male and female). laUen from a I i-ce near Cam-
don. Febiiiaiy 1. \s~U : day cdld and snowinj; hard. On February 1.".. another
pair taken on same lice, ibe (la\ v(>ry much colder than on lirst ; one seen
March ."». April (!. lss4. two seen in heavy timber just above tlie (Jraham
mill on Deer Creek, these beini; the first seen for some time. On April S.',,
one noted in Deer Creek bottom below the Porter mill. One seen November
3, 1906, by Miss Kvermann on a tree in the y.ird at her home in Burlington:
not seen again until January L's. l!M»s. wiieii she saw two in same yard.

Vigo Count!/: Note.l near Terre Haute. March :!() and 31, 18SS.

Monroe Voiinlii: One collected. October 10. ISSo : noted by G. (i. William-
son. May 31. 1888.

1'23. SiTTA CAROLlNKNSIS CAKOI.I XKNSIS LatliaiU.
WIIITK-HREASTKl) NC 1-1 1 Al ( 11 . (727)

A common and familiar iiernianent resident.

Carroll Coniiti/: ( »n our home farm near r.iiiiiniiton. we always had. iu
the fall of the year, a laryc pile of line pumpkins in the corner of a Iot
near the house. Some of these were daily thrown over the fence into a
pasture where, after bein,s; broken or cut o|>cn. tliey were eaten by the cows.
Several nuthatches were always iibmit. ready to feed on the pumpkinseeds
which they wouM usually carry away and hi<le in holes or crevices in some
nearby tree. So intimately associated with the pumpkins were these amus-
ing little birds that we always called them "pumpkinseed" birds. Tlicy are
also called Tomtit. Collected a male May (i. 18S."i. in Deer Creek bottoms
near the old Dillen millrace. June iTi to July 1. UK)."), a pair iiote<l in pasture
west of house on home farm. Ava Kvermann contribiiies the folhtwing rec-
ords : .January 5. 1007. H'veral seen in llie woods with titmice, chickadees,
and woodipcckers. 'riirou^'biut Ibe winter n!KI(;-7) nuthatches were seen
on the trees in the (jrcb.ird .-iiid on an ash tree ne:ir the house: October 28.
one heard high uii in an elm: another seen same day. .Fannary 1. 1908, two
seen running up and down the trunk of a large backberry tree: their soft
but distinct twitter disclosed their presence: J.inuary :\. one hoard.

Vif/o Coiniti/: January 11. IMK). a i)air collected northeast of 'rerre Haute.'
and a male obtained a week later on Honey Creek.

Monroe Coinifif: January 1'2. iss:',. one or two noled ne.ir lUoomington.

392 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

224. SiTTA CANADENSIS LiuiUL'llS. K1CU-I5KEASXEU NUTHATCH. (728)

Spring aud fall visitant and probably rare summer resident.

Varroll County: In August, 1878, tliree or four young just able to fly,
seen at a small pond on the home farm ; one was collected. May 3, 1883,
one seen and heard near same place: May 7, 1885. a pair collected near the
Leonard mill on Deer Creek, east of Camden.

Vigo County: A female collected at Sand Hill, May 10. 1890.

Monroe County: One collected on Thanksgiving Day. 1882. near Bloom-
ington. One got in Turner's grove, February 10, 1883. A pair or more
might have been seen in this grove at any time in the winter of 1882-3.

225. B.^OLOPHus BicoLOK (Linuii'us). tufted titmouse. (731)

A common permanent resident. Of all the birds that remain with us
during the cold, blustery days of winter, connecting that cheerless season
of ice and sleet and snow with sunuuer's sunshine and flowers, perhaps the
most common, as well as the best known, is the Tufted Titmouse. Everyone
knows this saucy, plain-colored little bird. He is not at all a gaudy bird,
but quite Quakerish in his plain suit of leaden gray. He is a hardy bird,
enduring, indeed, seeming to enjoy, the rigors of our severest winters with-
out any desire to plume his wing for that distant flight which takes from
us most of our musical summer birds when the autumn days come on. No !
little cares he if the storms do come, the wind howl, the leaves fall, and the
temperature go to zero and below, for here he stays and seems really to
enjoy the cold. He may be seen on almost any day in the old apple trees
near the house, about the woodpile, or in the depths of the forest, flitting
about in that saucy, bravado-like way of his, gleaning from the crevices of
the bark and the freshly split wood his daily food, the while keeping up an
almost incessant whistling or scolding, should you intrude too closely upon
his hunting ground. He has an omnivorous taste, feeding upon almost any-
thing and everything, animal or vegetable, and thus is he able to procure
food of some kind or other at any season of the year.

The mating season begins early in April. The nests are in deserted wood-
pecker holes or natural cavities in trees or old dead stubs in deep or open
woods, or in the apple or other trees about the house. The eggs are usually
five to eight in number and are pure white or sometimes light cream ground-
color, profusely speckled with reddish-brown.

These birds will sometimes nest in boxes put up for the purpose and may
thus be brought and kept about the house during the ne.<ting season.

Carroll County: 1877-1879, noted often. January 22, 1879, one collected.
Miss Evermann noted a few near Burlington January 5, 1907, and says they
can be seen almost any time of the year near her liouse ; October 28, two
heard ; December 16, one seen in porch and on grape arbor. January 1,
1908, noted in the woods ; 2d, one seen in lilac bush near house ; March 1,
two seen in garden ; they have been about the house all winter ; one flew
into the porch after some wahoo berries that were hanging on the wall.

Vigo Comity: Permanent resident; seen often. April 19. 1888. a male
"collected; 30th, a male obtained near the fair grounds. April 24. 1890. a
female secured at Sand Hill.

Monroe County: Quite as common and well known as in the other coun-
ties.

Notes on the Birds. 393

L'L'C. I'KNTIIKSTKS AIUICAI-IM.IS AllJICAPI I I.TS ( I ,ilin:i'llS ) .
flllCKADKK. (7.'!r>)

A ratlu'i- coimiinii winlcr visitor in ;iii 11m uiilics. coming down from

fartlior iimih lal<' In liic fall and iciuaiiiin;: iirilil spring. Not always
(listinguislicd fnun tlic Can.lina <liirUa(icc. Ava Evermann gives tlie fol-
Idwing record from r.iiiiin^tdii : Xovcinlici- 17, 1!KK>. two seen. January 5.
1!M)7, several seen in wdods willi imllialchcs. lilinicc. and woodi)eckers ;
October 28, one heard in woods.

1.'1.'7. I'KNTllKSTKS ( AKOI.l N KN S I S C AHOI.l .N F.N S I S ( .\ Ul] UtlOIl ) .
CAUOM.NA C IIUK AIIKK. (7.'U')I

Common permanent resident in all tlic comdics. ('oiild he seen any day
in the year. Nests in old sapsiickei- iioies or oiliei- cavities in dead trees or
even in fence-posts and other similar situations.

228. Keoulus satkai'a satuai-a l.iciitenstein.

COI.DEN-C H()\V.M:I) ki.noi.kt. (7 IN)

A rather common late fall and early s]irin^ iiiinraid : a few remain all
winter. In the winter of 1882-."'.. a i)air nMiiaiued in a grove of evergreens
at the Turner place just west of liloomington.

Carroll County: Specimens collecied at Camdeji, November, 1877; two
secured April 9. 1880, common three (la\s later. Miss Evermann on October
27, 1907, saw two in a little hawtiiorn busli near P.nrlington. They were
very busy looking for insects and insect eiigs and ]taid no attention to ob-
servation. On November 12. one tltnv into the porch against a screen, then
to an apple tree where, after regaining its strength, it l»egan to search for
insects and eggs or other food.

Vigo Cowniy: March 27, 1888, one seen: noted again March .'!1 and April
1; April 17, one got east of the fair grounds. A])ril 12. ISOO, a male got on
Honey Creek.

Mowroe County: February 10. iss:;. four or live seen in Turner's grove.

229. Kfauia-.s CALK.Nnir.A CALExnri.A (UnniOusK

RUUY-CROWNED KINGLET. (749)

Like the preceding, a not unconunon late fall and early spring migrant in
all the counties.

Carroll County: October o, 1878. one taken near Camden. October 12,
three collected ; October 19. one secured.

Vigo County: April 19, 18SS. five or six noted and a pair (male and fe-
male) taken west of Terre Haute; April 21, a male taken on Honey Creek ;
April 12, 1890, a male taken on Honey Creek ; April 28, a male shot on the
"commons" south of Terre Haute.

Motiroc County: Noted often in late fall and early spring, especially in
Turner's grove.

394 Proceedings of TtHliana Academy of Science.

•J.".0. POI.IOI'III.A (.KIULEA C.EKULEA ( IJlimi^US) .
ISiIA'K-dUAY GNATCATC'IIER. (751)

,\ fairly common summer resident. Arrives about the middle of April ;
befrins nest building by the first of May. The nest is one of the most beau-
tiful. It is a small, deeply cup-shaped structure covered on the outside with
small greenish or grayish lichens, and is usually placed on some nearly
horizontal limb.

(Uirroll Count!/: April 23. 1884, first seen today in Deer Creek bottom
below Camden : May 5. saw two pairs building their nests near Camden ;
May 8, saw a pair building in a white oak near Springboro bridge west of
Pittsburg. The nest was about 18 feet from the ground. It was about an
inch deep inside and very nicely made. On the 10th, this nest was still
unfinished but the birds were working industriously: May 17. I secured
the two nests found on the 5th; each contained five fresh eggs. April 22.
1885, first of the season seen. The species was common on the 26th.

Tif/o Count if: May 10. 1888. a male obtained at Sand Hill; April 14.
noted.

Monroe County: August 15. 1885, saw several and collected one in Smith's
woods near Bloomington. April 12, 1880. noted.

231. Hylocichla mustelina (Gmelin). wood thrush. (755)

Not uncommon as a summer resident ; frequenting deep woods. In all
nature there is no sound more beautiful and stirring than the song of the
Wood Thrush. The birds arrive from the south in the last days of April
and their rich liquid notes may soon be heard in any deep woods you may
visit. By the middle or twentieth of May their nests with the full comple-
ment of eggs may be found.

Carroll County: June 17. 1882. nest with three fresh eggs, incubation
begun. May 3, 1883, quite common near Burlington. The Wood Thrush,
with many other species, seems to have returned last night, a great wave of
birds having arrived and today the woods are full of birds.

The Wood Thrush is one of the victims of the Cowbird's parasitic habits.
On May 24. 1883. I found a nest with four Wood Thrush and three Cow-
bird eggs, all nearly fresh. On May 28. I found three nests, one with four
eggs just hatching, another with four nearly fresh. April 28. 1884. returned
last night. Saw several in Stone's woods near Burlington. After May 5.
they were quite common. April 23. 1885. saw and heard three or four on the
Joseph Trent farm in Carrollton Township, — the first of the season.

Vi(/o County: May 6. 1886. one noted ; noted again May 3 and 5. Quito
common in Vigo as it also is in Monroe County.

Mmiror County: :May (i. 1S86. nest with full set of eggs near Bloomington.

232. HYLOCICHLA FUSCESCENS FirSCESCENS (Sfcilbens). VEERY. (756)

Rare spring and fall migrant.

Carroll County: April 10, 1885. noted as especially common.

Vigo County: May 3, 1888. three seen, one collected, at the Hunt farm
three miles southeast of Terre Haute : 12th. a female collected near Terre
Haute. May 14, 1890. a female at the Sand Hill.

Monroe County: May 13, 1886, several seen near Bloomington.

\(ilrs on llic liirds. :\UTt

I.':;.".. Il-i i.oi u III A Ai.u i.i: Ai, 1(1.1-: (I'.iiirdi. <;kav-( iikkkkh iiikisii. ( T.'iT i

A ikpI \iiH(Piimi()ii sid-iiij; n\u\ f:ill iiii.m-iiiil : (iliscrvcd in ;ill ilic (•(Hiiiiirs Imt
1 liiivc (Piily a IVw dcliiiilr records.

\'i(/(i Coinihi: May ."!. isss. one seen. Ap.-il 2'.l. IS'.M). one M'ciircil at Sand
Hill: .May :;. a ffiiialc (.iIIckmI at tin- (icnM- I'ond, aiK.tlirr male on Honey
('reck .May Id. aiidtlirr at Sand Hill .May U.

L'.'U. Hi 1.0(1(1 1 1, A IS rri.vrA .s\\ .\i.\s().M t 'rsdnidi i.

oi.i\ i;-i!.v(Ki:i> iiiKisii. ( 7.~i>>a I

(■(irrnll Cnnitii: \\n\\ !l. iss.",. several seen, one secured.
Viili, CoiihIii: April L'4. ISiMl. a male collected at Sand Hill; .May Kt. a
male collected at Sand Hill. .\.. record for .Monroe ("oiinty.

L'."l."(. Hvi,(K'i( III..V (;rrrAiA i-.vi.i.asi (("ahanisi. iikkmit iiikisii. (Toilhi

A rather common siirinu and fall miirrant. .\rrives in the siirinj; about
tin' twentieth of April, or iierhaiis earlii'r. and ma.v he seen at least as late
as the middle of .May. A (piiet. retiriii.n bird, not often seen except hy thoM-
who are curious and know when and where to look for it.

('(irroll Coinihi: October o. ISTS. one collected. .May 11. Iss:;. f(Mui(l one
dead near the I'^aiis schoolhouse. Tii)iiecaiioe 'I'ownship. .March :;<». 1SS4.
a thiaisli believed to be this sjiecies seen toda.\' : April -'.\. several seen aloiiix
I »eer Creek near ("amdeii.

Viijo Count!/: Apiil 1. isss. three seen: 17th. collected two females east
of the fair si-cunds : liHh. shot a female west of Terre Haute. October 15.
INS!). Dr. J. T. Scovell collected one near Terre Haute. April 12. I.SIK). four
males collected on Honey Creek: lOth. one male and two females seeureil
at Sand Hill ; another female at the same place on '24th. and a male on ;j(»th.
Noted also in Monrce County but I have no definite records.
There is anions the sonirs of birds none more deliciously sweet than that
of the Hermit Thrush.

In the swamp in secluded recesses.

A shy and hidden bird is warbling a son.i;.

Solitary the Thrush,

The hermit withdrawn to himself, avoidin;; the settlensents.

Sings by hlm.solf a song.

— Whitman.

L'.'IC). ri..\M:STl(l S MKJHArOKMS M KM! ATOKI T s (Linua'us). UOlil.V. ( Tftl)

of all (rur birds the conunon Robin is the most familiar and best loved.
In all the counties covered by this paper it is a common sumuu'r resident,
and. usually a few remain all winter in favorable places along the rivers
and creeks. i»articularly where there are wild grapes, hackberries. and other
trees, shrulis or vines that furnish it with food.

The robins are among the first to rettu'ii from the south. They are al-
ways hailed as harbingers of sining. and their coming is always an event
that brings ])leasure to all who are at all observing. Kven as early as the
lirst day of .March, or sometimes as earl\- as .lanuary. they may be seen.

39G Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science.

Our January or February "tha\Y" seldom fails to bring back a few to us.
In early March, while snow still lingers in all protected places and flurries
of snow are still frequent. ( ne may sometimes see large numbers of robins
scattered over the fields and pastures picking up such bits of food as they
can find, the while uttering their call notes l»ut not yet their song. They
hop about over the ground and usually continut' feeding until late in the
evening when they take wing, resuming their northward flight, which
they continue through the night. Sometimes the flock may be made up
wholly or in part of birds that will remain in the vicinity to breed; if so,
they soon scatter more or less and ere long begin preparations for nest
building.

In this part of Indiana oiie cf tlie fa\(irite places for robins" nests was
on rails of the old Vii-ginia rail fences. The nest was usually placed on the
third to fifth rail from the ground and just outside of where the rails
crossed. The rail above afforded protection from rain, the height from the
gi'ound was some protection against black-snakes and other ground inhab-
iting enemies, and. besides, the proximity to the crossing of the rails was
also a protection. In the books this nesting site is spoken of as unusual,
but in my boyhood experience it was the most common. At the beginning of
the breeding season they K-atter about over the farms and in the villages,
rarely entering heavily wooded areas except at the edges of fields or other
open places. The orchards, yards, shade trees along the village or town
streets, and the borders of the woods are their favorite nesting places. Be-
sides the rail fences, common no -ting sites are in the crotches of apple and
pear trees in the orchards: of maples, elms and other shade trees in the
yards and along the streets: and in the beeches, oaks, and cottonwoods
about the barnyards and at the edges of woodlands about the fields. The
nest might be placed only two ur three feet from the ground (as when the
Virginia rail fence was utilized), er six to 40 feet if placed in the crotch
or on a limb of some tree.

Usually two, sometimes three, broods are reared each season, and the num-
ber of eggs in the set is four oi- five. I have frequently known the same old
nest, especially those placed en a fence rail, to be repaired and used two
or even three seasons.

Albinism is of frequent occurrence among robins. In ^larch. 1908. my
niece. Miss Ava Evermann. saw an albino Robin about the Barker Stockton
home just south of Burlington. It stayed about several days then disap-
peared. In the fall it was observed again in the same locality. Apparently
it had gone farther north for the summer and returned in the fall with
other robins in their fall migration. In the fall of 1018. Miss Evermann
saw another partial albino Kobin at Kokomo.

Miss Evermann has told me an interesting story about a Robin that saw
itsplf in a mirror. She says :

"One of the most interesting observations I ever made concerning the
Robin was one winter when one came into our big back porch after some
dogwood iCornus florida) berries which I had hung above a mirror, the
fall before. The mirror rested on a little shelf and the bird came to the
shelf, saw himself in the glass, found by using his bill that he couldn't get
to the other bird that way. so. after seeming to study about it for a little
while, he hopped to the edge and looked behind the glass. This without

Notrs on the liinls. 397

results, of courso. sd lie liunuMl l.adv iiiid siirxcycil hiiiisclf ii^jaiii. He
grew tiuito excited jind lutilcd liis IVal hcis as he looked at I In- liird in the
glass. Thou lie would look behind Hie silass a;iaiu and a;iaiu. each trip
seeming more hurried than I lu' one h(doi-e, as if lie were liiiui<iiig he might,
Ity liurryiug. get (here helore (he o| her liird could get away. Well. 1
watclu'd that Kohiu long enough to eoiivinre me ilial il had some reasoning
faculty. Don't you tlnid< ii liadV

Some times robins gather up in greal nuudiers and roosi together at night
in some selected place, lu the fall ( f issT (1 think it was: my note.s were
lost in the Indiana State Xormal ScIkpoI lire of .March s. 1.S.S8), thousands
of robins roosted for several nights in a groNc of pine trees near Cataract,
Owen County. Just before dusk robins in great numheis were seen coming
in from all directions, to spend the night in the-c trees. .Inst when and
in what manner they left 1 had no opportuinly to deieriuine,

A few definite dates for the vari<ius (•ouidi<'s follow:

Carroll County: January 25. 1N7!>. a few seen: they acteil as if lost;
March o. one seen. June 10, 1882, nest with two fresh eggs. May 24, 1883,
nest with four fresh eggs. February 5, 1884. saw two near John T. St.
John's on Wild Cat Creek. Democrat Township. The weather had been very
cold since December until February :]. ami during the night of February 4-ri
rain had fallen almost continuously : February 2.".. saw several in Camden.
I think they had come from the north, the weather having been quite cold
for the last few days: April 10. saw a pair building a nest in a pine tree
in A. A. McKinney's yard in Camden: ^lay 4. this nest contained young
birds; May 5. saw a nest on eave of Baptist church in Camden. March S.
1885. first of season seen at Burlington: March 11-1.".. eomnifm ; April 20.
found first nest, with four fresh eg,gs. in a cedar tree in my yard in Camden.
February 7, 1908, one seen in oreliard in r.urlington. Wlule this is the only
one I saw. I was told that several remained all winter along the small
stream which runs tlirongh the village. Miss Evermaun saw three at
Kokomo March 3, 1020. and several next day.

Monroe County: May .".. 1SS2. set of four eggs slightly incubated. A few
(five or six) seen February 10. 1883, and a great numl)er. perhaps 500. six
days later. Full sets of eggs found May 5.

Viffo County: February 2:5. 1888. one seen; others noted March :'. : Janu-
ary 18, 1890, three seen on Honey Creek south of Terre Haute.

An albino was taken at Terre Haute many years ago by the late Dr. J. T.
Scovell.

237. SiALi.\ si.\LTS si.M.is (IJunanis). bt.vkbihi). (700)

Formerly an abundant summer resident, now much reduced in numbei-s as
a result of the clearing up of the land with the consequent destruction of
favorable nesting places, and of persecutions of various kinds.

With us the Bluebird is always associated with the robin. These are the
two birds that were most familiar and be-:t known to country boys and girls
in Indiana 30 to 50 years ago. They returned from the south about the
.same time each si>ring. fretpiented the same parts of the farm, were equally
familiar and confiding, built their nests close about the homes and. in the
fall, departed for the south at abf)ut the same time. Their coming in the

.'>98 /'r()c<(<rni(/s of hidUiiia Aradciiij/ of Science.

spring was always liaikMl with delislit and tlieir going in tlie fall was always
regarded as portending the coming of snow and sleet and storm.

Like the robin, a few Itluebirds might remain quite late in the fall in
seasonable years, sometimes even thronghont the winter.

Every field on a tyi)ical Indiana farm in those days had scores of stniups
OH evei\v acre. Many of these stumps were hollow. The hole was usually
(iidy a few inches in diameter and 10 to ?>0 inches deep. These holes were
apparently regarded by the bluebirds as ideal nesting sites, if we judge
from the frequency with which they were occupied for that purpose.

There was an 18-acre field which was, for several years following that
in which it was cleared for cultivation, remarkably well supplied with
stumps. The author of the.se notes has very good reason for remembering
these stumps, as he had to dig around evcr\ one of them; and how often
have his ribs been bruised and his sidi's made to ache by blows from the
plow handles as the i»low struck the roots whicli were far-reaching and
ever in the way ! He was admonished to plow close and to dig the dirt
up loose becau.s(> the "best corn grows closest to the stump"! This, how-
ever, did not iireveiit the work from iieing about the hardest the small boy
could find on the farm. P>ut there was one compensating pleasure, — the
finding of a bluebird's nest now and then in these hollow stumps. Just
how many were found memf)ry does not now safely fix. but it must have
been more than a score in this one Yield every year. Usually a second brood
would be reared, a new stump being frequently selected for the second nest.

Next to hollow stumps, deserted woodpecker holes in dead trees were
oftenest used. Sometimes the hole w'ould be in a stump, sometimes in a
stake or post of the fence. Bird boxes put up about the house were sure to
be used, especially before the advent of the pestiferous English sparrow.
We have found bluebirds' nests in holes in elm, oaks of several species,
maple, poplar, cottonwood, beech, walnut, buckeye, ash. w'ild cherry, hick-
oi'y, sycamore, butternut, willow, apple, pear, and doubtless in others ; also
fence stakes, posts and r.iils. and in various bird houses put up about the
habitations of man.

Definite records for CarrnU Couniy are as follows:

February 20. ISTS. seen : October 25. noted at Camden. February 6-S,
INTO, three or fciur seen: 2.")th, common about Camden; March 5, saw 40 to
.10 males: C.th, saw two or three females, first of season. May 22. 1883.
Yern Keck found a nest with six eggs. February 12. 1884. first of the season
seen and heard; 22d. noted as common since 13tli ; March 7. noted : April
10. seen building ; 25th. Matthew Sterling took a set of eggs near Camden ;
May 5. took a set of five fresh white eggs from a box we had put up in our
yard in Camden ; 18th. another set of five, also pure white, from same birds,
but in another box which we had provided ; June 3. a third set of five, also
white, in the first box and by the same pair of birds. March 7, 1885, first of
season : 10th and 11th, quite common : April 22, five fresh eggs in box in our
garden in Camden; first nest of the season. June 25-July 1. 1905. several
liairs seen on the old home farm. Ava Evermann noted the Bluebird at
Burlington INIarch 24. 1007. when one was seen, and again on October 28.
when one was observed in an open woods, :ind on March 3. 1020. at Kokomo
\vh(>rc she had ii'»t noted ;iny since Thanksgiving of 1010.

Nolc.s on ffic liirds. :',!)<.)

Miiiniii Cniiiihi: Apiil 'l. Iss^'. ■-.•i .if ii\r Ircsli ivt;i,'s rruni l»i\ put up in
my y;ir<l in I'.looiniiiL'tnri : April I, ^ci nf ii\,. ficsli c^r^.'s Mi':ir lUnoniiii^ton.
.F;iiiii,iry VI. \ss:\. nmr or live seen : I'chiiiMiy 1(1, iiotcil.

\ i(l<i Cinnilji: I'chrujiry IS. ISSS. fciir .-ccii ; nllicrs seen on I'.nli iiml L'Ulli:
M:ir(h :;. nine seen. .Miii-cli i::. Iss'i. ;, inal,. ,(,|1,.,|,.,| j,,.;,,- Tcn-c H:mti- liy
J. ('. ('niiiiiiif^liani. .M.-iy :;, Is'.mi. sci .if tniir licsli c^ics in Imlc in willnw
near the Goose Pond.

iiir,i.i<K;i;M'iiY.

on Indiiina hifds puhiislicd liy ilif piocnl write. isTit-l'.rjl .

IST'.I. Xnics nn tiic winlci- hinls t,^ Cjin-i.ll County. Indiana.

hcllilii .loninai. Kclplii. Indiana. .Maicii. IMlt.
is.sl. rnusiiai nesting; site of liic Clicwink.

()rnitliolosii.><t and Ooloirist. \'ol. d. .\o. s. p. CI. Oi-toluT. issl.
ISSL'. Pdnchinls' Efijis.

Ornitholo.dst and Oolo-ist. Vol. 7. .\o. 1!>. p. 147. Ant^usl. 1.SS2.
iss:',. I'.ird Notes from I'.ioominytcn. Indiana.

ornitholouisl and (»o]oi;isl. Vol. s. No. I. pp. 1>7--JS. Ai>ril. ISs:;.
1NS4. r.ird Mit;rants at Camden. Imliana.

The Tcaclieis" Institute. Camden. Indiana, for .Vi.ril. 1NS4. and .May.
1S84.
1X84. P,ird Misnitlon in Cair<ill Couid.w Indiana.

Teachers" Institute. Camden. Indiana, for April !> an<l .May 11. 1S,S4.
1884. Arrivals of P.ii-<ls at Camden. Indiana.

()rnitholo.i;ist and ( tolo.uist. Vol. 0. No. C. p. 74. .luiie. 1SS4.
1884. Bird ?kIi.irrarion.

American Field. Vol. iM. ].p. r,44-r>4r,. I.s,s4.
188<;. A Day with the I'.irds of a Hoosier Swainii.

Oriiitholojiist and Ooloirist. Vol. 11. No. 7. iip. Itlt-KH. July. ISSC.
188(i. White Eggs of the Bluehinl.

Ornithologist and Oologist. Vol. 11. No. s. p. 124, August, issc.
18,S7. Scmie Hare Indiana P.irds.

American Naturalist. Vol. lil. No. ::. jip. 2!I(I-L".>1. .March, 1SS7.
1SS7. P.ird :\Ii.gration.

Popular Scieni-e Monthly. V(.l. :n. No. C. pp. S(i:;-Sl(t. April. 1S,S7.
1SS7. P.irds (.f Monroe County. Indiana.

The Hoosier Natiu-alist. Vol. l'. No. K). p).. i::7-14r,. .May. 1SS7.
1SS7. An Addition to tlu' List of P.irds of .Monroe County. Indiana.

The Hoosier Naturalist, Vol. L', No. 11. p. KU. .lune. 1SS7.
1SS7. Natural History for the Farnu'r. No. 1.

The Expositor. Camden. In<liana. Septend)i>r. 1NS7.
1S87. Natural History for the Farmer. — No. 2.

The Expositor. Camden. Indiana. September. 1SS7.
1S,S7. Natural History for Farmers. —No. :',. The English Sparrow.

The Expositor. Camden. Indiana. Octoher C. 1SS7.

400 fndhinn Acadciiiy of t^cirnct'

ISST. Natural History for Farmers. -No. 4. Some Evidence against the
English Sparrow.

The Expositor, Camden, Indiana, October 20, 1S87.
1887. Natural Hlstor.v for the Farmer. — No. ">. Still More P^vidence
against the English Sparrow.

The Expositor. Camden. Indiana. November 17, 1887.
1887. Natural History for the Farmer. — No. <i. And Yet More More
Evidence against the English Sparrow.

The Expositor, Camden, Indiana. November 24. 1887.
1887. Natural History for the Farmer. — No. 7. Further Evidence against
the English Sparrow.

The lOxposltor. Camden. Indiana. December. 1887.
1889. Birds of Carroll County. Indiana.

The Auk, Vol. ."i. No. 4. pj). 2-:!0. .January. 1889.
1889. The Wood Ibis in Indiana.

The Auk, Vol. C. No. 2, i>p. 18(!-187. April. 1889.
1889. The Movements of Birds.

The Gazette, Terre Haute, Indiana, Se]>teml)er 16, 1889.
1889. Tlie Movements of Birds.

The Gazette, Terre Haute, Indiana. September 23, 1889.

1889. Migratory Birds.

The Gazette, Terre Haute, Indiana. Sei)tend)er 28. 1889.

1890. That Sacred Owl.

The Express, Terre Haute. Indiana. February 3. 1890.

1890. That Owl.

The Gazette, Terre Haute. Indiana, February ."!. 1890.

1891. The Indiana Bird Law.

The Gazette, Terre Haute. Indiaii.-i. .lanuary VA, 1891.
1902. The Feeding Habits of the Coot and other Water Birds.

The Osprey, Vol. 1, pp. r,7-(;4, April, 1902.
1905. Habits of Chimney Swifts.

Shields' Magazine, Vol. 1. No. 7. ]». .■;42. October. l'.K)5.
190('). Bird Life on an Indiana Farm.

Shields' Magazine, Vol. 3. No. 1. pi>, 7-19. 22 halftones, July (June
28), 190G.
1909. Owls of Carroll County. Indiana.

Delphi Journal, Delphi, Indiana, lirst page, January 21, 1909.
1917. Notes of the Birds of Carroll County, Indiana. I.

Delphi Journal, Delphi, Indiana. Thursday, October 11, 1917.
1917. The Wild Turkey in Carroll County. Indiana. II.

Delphi Journal, Delphi. Indiana, Thuisday, October 11, 1917.
1917. The Quail In Carroll County, Indiana. Ill,

Delphi Journal. Delphi, Indiana. Thursday. October 11, 1917.
1917. The Ruifed Grouse in Carroll County, Indiana. IV.

Delphi Journal, Delphi, Ind'ann, Thursday, October 18. 1917.

401 liihliof/niplii/

li>17. Tlic rr.-iiric CliicUcii in Carnill ("oiinl.v. Iiidijiiiii. V.

I)cll)lii .loiiriinl. licli)lii. ln<li:iii;i. Tliursdiiy. OctolnT Is. lillT.
nilT. Tlu' Wild I'ii;c(.ii in ('arnill ('(ninty. Iiidiniiii. VI.

Itcll.iu .Idiirnal. Iiclpiii, Indiana, 'i'liiirsday. OctdlM-r '^r,. I'.tlT.
I!tl7. Owls and 'nun;:s in Ca nnij ('(junly. Indiana. \'II.

Didplii .Inurnal. l>cl|>lii. Indiana, 'rimisday. (Ictohci- •_'.'.. I'HT.
1!M7. A l>ay witii tlic I'.irds of a II(M,sicr S\vain|..

TIk" ^^■ils(l^ I'.uilctin. .NO. 101. pp. ICM-IT.'., I (fccinlpcr, 1!>17.
1!>1S. A (Viitm-y (if /(i<ilo,<ry in Indiana. IMC-iniC..

I'roc. Indiana Academy of Science fdi- IDKJ (Mai-cii 11. I'.Msi. pp.

1!>L'(>. Lake MaxinkucUee : A I'liy.sical and l?i(il();.dcal Survey.

Departuieul (.f ( "(lu.^^erval ion of Indiana. I'liltlication So. 7. Vol; 1.

J) lialf-toiies. ."{S coloHMl i>lates. 24 tcxt-tifiuros. pp. l-OliO ; V(»l. 1*.

1M». l-.")l-_>, September L'7. llHiO. I'iifres 4Sl-r.79 of Vol. 1. devoted

to birds.
1!>L'1. .Notes on the I'.irds of Cari-oll. .Monroe, and Vif^o Counties. Indiana.

I'roc. Indiana Academy of Science. I'.L'O. i>ii. :!l.".-l(ll.

INDEX.
A.

Acli\(' .Mciiilicrs is

Ad<li(>ss of tlu' ri-csidciit r.l

Adi-ciiiii. Tlu' KfCcct of. on llic I'i,t.Miu'iit .Mi.m;itioii in tlic .Mel plioi-i-s

of the Skill ;iii(l ill liic I'iiiiiioiit Cells of the lictiii.i of llii- I'"ro-;.

.\. .F. i;i,u'iio\ HI

.\(Miilion. Tlio i;nv.-t of. on I'lniils.

I'. .M. .Xiidrcws 14!l

AiiJitiiio (Jcims .Myroc.i. The. Miid Its Xoiircst Allies.

IlMir.v ('. ( Hicrholscr 10.-.

Aiidcrcyi;-. F. ( ». lU'cciit Proitrcss in llir I'so of O/.onc in Vcnlihitioii . . L'Tl
Aiidivws. F. M. All Improved .Method for Ke-iihiliim- llie 'riiickness

of .Microtome Sections l.'il

Andrews. F. .M. IMiyllotiixis of Specniaria Perfoliata 14!t

Andrews. F. M. Tlie Fffect of ("(Mitrifuiial Force on I'lants H."!

Aiidri'ws. F. M. The Kffect of Aeration on I'lants 147

Andrews. F. :\I. Studies on Folleii, III l.-).->

Approiiriatioiis s

Antennae Resistance. Note on.

K. n. Ramsey lis!)

15.

I'.iuney. A. .1. The FiTcct of Adreiiin on the I'i.miient .Mi.L'ration in the

.Melaiiophores (,f the Skin and in the IMmneiit Cells of the I{etiiia 141
I'.iclo.iiical Laws and Social Projiress.

II. L. Rriiner ol

I'.irds of Carroll. Monroe and Vip. Comities. Indiana. Notes on.

Hartoii Warren Fverniann .".1.")

Iliids. Some Raro Indiana.

Amos W. 1 Sutler l.-..".

I'.rnner. II. L. I',iolo.irical Laws and Social I'roirrcss ."il

i'.iitler. Amos W. Some Rare Indiana Hinls i:!.")

Uv Laws 7

Cair. R. II. and F. F. Ripley. What IMits the •Toii" in I'oi> Corn?... JCl

Committees. 1<.)2<) 11

Constitution r,

Contents :!

Copper. Aliiminuiii. and Lead. Slow Recovery and I'ermaneiit Set in.

Alhert F. W huff --'M

404 Index

Cox, Ulysses O. (In Memoriam)

B. W. Evermann 45

Culbertson, (ileiin. Some Evideiu-os of the Importance of Frost

Action in Widciiinj;- Valleys 247

Curators 10

Cnscnta. A Species of. Not Hitlierto Uepoi-ted from Indiana.

T. G. Yiniclver 229

D.

1 )eam, Clias. E. Plants New to Indiana 225

Dietz, Harry F. Notes on the Termites 87

Dragonflies, Notes on Indiana.

E. B. Williamson m

Drosophila Melanogaster, Segregation and Keeomhination of the

Genes for Tinged, Blood, Buff, and Coral in.

Roscoe R. Hyde 291

Drosophila Melanogaster. Behavior of the Gene for the Mutant
Curved of, in Crosses Involving Genes in the Same and Other
Chromosomes.

Roscoe R. Hyde 301

B.

Emotions, Tests of the.

Sidney L. Pressey 71

Estabrook. Arthur H. Report of a Study of Mental Ability of Chil-
dren in One Orphans' Home in Indiana 69

Evermann. Barton Warren. Notes on the Birds of Carroll, ^lonroe.

and Vigo Counties. Indiana 315

Evermann, P.. W. Ulysses O. Cox (In Memoriam) 45

F.

Fellows 13

Fresh-Water Medusae, The, of Boss Lake. Elkhart. Indiana.

F. Payne 97

Frost Action, Some Evidences Indicating the ImiMJrtance of, in

Widening Valleys.

Glenn Culbertson 247

G.

(iardner. Max W. Indiana Plant Diseases. 1920 187

H.

Health Service at Purdue University.

O. P. Terry 59

Heimlich, Louis F. Native Plants of White County— 1 219

Index 40.')

Hyde, Koscdf R. Sciiic^iJilinii mid liccdiiiliiniiliuii (if the (Jciics fur

Tiii},'('(l. i;in(,(l. I'.iin. .111(1 Cnnil ill I »iips(ipliil;i .Mc!;i IK .;.':isf cr J!)l

Il.vdc. Kosoir |{. IW'liininr nf the iU-iw for ilic .Miil.uil Curved nt
I »i-iis(i|iliil;i .M('l:iii(i;;:isl('i- in Ci'ds.-c; lin oh iii^' (iciics in llii' S;iiiic
Mild nthci- ('hniiiK.soiiii-s ;!01

I.

liidiMii.-i Fuiiiii.

V. .1. .M. Van Hook L'dit

Iiidiaii.i riaiil Hiscascs, llfjd.

-Max \\'. (Jai-diicr IsT

J.

.lackson. II. S. A Cdin cniciit Laiioralmy I'jaiil I'rcs^ l,s:5

.Iacks(Mi. II. S. Tiic rstila.i;inalcs cd" Indiana. II loT

.lackson. II. S. Tlic Iiedinah's (d' Indiana. Ill Kif.

K.

Kolil. Kdwin .1. Maliophapi of Our Native I'.irds 11!)

L.

Lonjr Wave Keceiver, A.

K. K. Ilamsoy '. 2s;)

Liidwisj;. ('. A. A Curious Variation in tlic Conminn .Milkweed '24:'>

M.

McHride. Koiiert W. Some guesses of an Ifiiioranius <;."i

.Mahin. K. (i. Training lie.'-carcli Chemists in Indiana '2~~i

MallophaKa of Our Native Birds.

Kdwin J. Kohl Hit

Malott. Clyile A. IMa nation Stream Piracy 1^4!)

.Members !'.'>

Mental Ability of Children in One Oriihans' Home in Indiana. A
Study of.

Arthur H. Estaltrook C!)

-Milkweed, A Curious Variation in the Connnon.

C. A. Ludwi^ 24:!

Minutes of Spring .Meet int,-. l!»li(> 'M)

Minute.s of the Thirty-sixth .Vnnual Meetinji 32

.Mosses, A Li.st of Indiana.

T. G. Yunclver 231

N.

National Research Council. State Archaelogical Survey Tit

Native Plants of White Count}' — III.

I.ouis F. Heimlich 219

406 Index

New Alemhers :!5

Non-Rfsident Mciiiliors iiiid Fellows IC.

O.

(»lK-ili(.ls("r. IlMiiy ('. The Aii.-itiiK- (Jciiiis Xyroca and Its Acarcsl

Allies l(»:i

Officers. liH>(» 1(»

Ozone. Recent Pntfjress in the I'se of. in Ventilation.

F. ( ). Andere-s ^71

P.

Payne. F. The Fresh-Water Mednsae of .Moss LaUe. Flkhnrt. Indiana !IT
Planation Stream I'iracy.

Clyde A. Malott lit!)

IMaid Press. A Convenient Lalioratory.

H. S. Jackson IN.-.

Plants Xew to Indiana.

( 'has. ('. I )eam 22."i

Pollen. III. Studies on.

F. M. Andrews irC,

Poll CornV What I'nts the "Poi)" in.

R. H. Carr and E. F. Ripley L'C.l

Profiram of the Thirty-sixth Meetinj; :!!»

Puhlic Offenses. Hvuiting Wihl Birds. Penalty !)

Pycnidinm of Cieinnoholns. The.

J. M. Van Hook L'l.")

Pythons. Some Ohservations on the.

W. Henry Sheak IIT)

R.

Radio Teieiihonc. A Resistance.

R. R. Ramsey 12NT

Ramsey. R. R. A Lon- Wave Receiver -JS!)

Ramsey. R. R. A Resistance Radio Teleplione -NT

Ramsey. R. R. Xote on Antennae Resistance -Si>

Ripley. E. F. R. II. Carr and. What Puts •'Pop" in Pop CornV I'Cl

S.

Sheak. W. Henry. Some Oiiservations on the Pytiions 11-")

Shonle. Horace A. Fuderj^radnate Resciirch in Our Colleges and

Fniversities To

Some (Jnesses of an Ignoramus.

Robert W. McP.ride <■>•"'

State Archaeolo.uical Survey. Xatinnal Research ("ouncil: Division

of Anthropolosiy and Psycholoiiy ""•>

Swans. ^VhistlinJ,^

Etta S. Wilson 83

Index 407

T.

'r<'i-milcs. Xotfs on the.

Iliiiiy V. Did/. ST

'l"(Mi\ . ( ». I'. Ilt'.iltli Service al rurdiic riiivcrsity .'.M

'I'laiiiiiiir ivc-carcli Clieniists in Iiidiaiia.

K. (J. Mahiii .lir>

'rricdi.vlcdoiKMis lioan, A.

.1. .M. Van Hook 217

U.

CiKlci-uraduatc Kcseaicli in Our CoiU'^cs and Iniversitifs.

Horace A. Slionio 7r»

I slilajiinales of Indiana, II. The.

II. S. Jaek.son 1."

Iredinaies of Iiidiana, III, The.

II. S. Jack.son Hi")

V.

\an HooU. .1. .M. .\ Tiiootyledonous Bean 1217

Van Hook. . I. M. Indiana Fnngi— V -JOi)

\:in Hook. .1. M. The Pycnidinin of ('icinnoboln.>< '2\'i

W.

Williamson. K. P.. Note.'< on Indiana Dragonflies '.»'.►

Wilson. Etta S. Whl.stliufr Swans s:;

Woodruff, .\lliert E. Slow Recovery and Permanent Set in Copuer.

.Muniinuni. and Lead • -•'^1

Y.

Vuncker. T. (J. A List of Indiana Mosses -'U

Vuncker. T. (J. A Species of Cuscuta. Not Hitherto Reported from

lutliana --•*

3 2044 106 261 944

Date Due