THE

PEOCEEDINGS /

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY

OF

NEW SOUTH WALES,

VOL. v.,

[ With Ei4najEiMr Plates.]

SYDNEY :
PRINTED AND PUBLISEEB FOR TEE SOCIETY BY

F. W. WHITE, 59 MAI\KET STR,EET,

AND SOLD BY THE SOCIETY,

1881.

CONTENTS OF VOL. Y. .

PAET I.

Tage.
Medicinal Plants of Queensland. By F. M. Bailey, F.L.S., &c., . . 1

On Queensland Ferns, with description of two new species. By F. M.

Bailey, F.L.S., &c 29

On some Polyzoa from the Queensland Coast. By "William A.

Haswell, M.A.,B.Sc. Plates 1, 2, 3 •.•••.••* ^'^

Description of a new species of Galaxias, with remarks on the distribu-
tion of the genus. By William Macleay, F.L.S. , &c 45

On two hitherto undescribed Sydney fishes. By William Macleay,

F.L.S. , &c 48

On the Fungi of New South Wales and Queensland. By the Rev. J.

E. Tenison- Woods, F.L.S., &c., and F. M. Bailey, F.L.S., &c.. . . 50
Description of a new species of Ol'ujorus. By E. P. Ramsay, F.G.S.,

&c. Plate 9 93

Notes on Galeocerdo Rayneri. By E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S., &c. Plate 4 95
On some new Am^^hijijoda. By William A. Haswell, M.A., B.Sc, &c.

Plates 5, 6, 7... ..' 97

Notes and Exhibits 49, lOo

PAET II.

Page,
On some of the Littoral Marine Fauna of North-east Australia. By

the Eev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.a.S., F.L.S., &c 106

Ecctillcation of the Nomenclature of Furjmra anomala, Angas. By

Professor Ralph Tate, President Phil. Soc, Adelaide 131

Descriptions of Australian Micro-Lepidoptera. By E. Meyeick, B.A.

Part III. Thieina 133

On a new species of Nepenthes. By F. M. Bailey, F.L.S., &c., &c... 185
On a Fossiliferous Bed at the Mouth of the Endeavour River. By the

Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c 187

Notes on a new variety of Bulimus CaledonicuSy By J. Beaziee,

C.M.Z.S., C.M.R.S., Tasmania, &c 190

On the habits of some Australian Echini. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison-
Woods, F.a.S., F.L.S., &c 193

Descriptions of Australian Micro-Lepidoptera. By E. Meyeick, B.A.

Part IV. Tineina 204

Notes and Exhibits 182, 191, 272

PAET III.

Page.
Notes on Moore Park Borings. By James C. Cox, M.D., F.L.S.,

&c., with Plate 273

Notes on Plants in the vicinity of Mount Dromedarv. By BaeonFeed.

VON Muellee, K.C.M.G., F.R.S,, &c ' 286

Eucalypts of the County of Cumberland. By the Rev. De. Woolls,

F.L.S., &c., Part 1 288

On a rare species of Perch from Port Jackson. By E. P. Ramsay,

F.L.S., &c 294

27767

IV. CONTENTS.

Page.
Notes on Eistiopliorus gladius, with Plate. By E. P. Eamsay, F.L.S. 295
On a Molar Tooth of Zev.glodon from the Murray Eiver Tertiary Beds.

By E. B. Sanger, C.M.L.S., N. S. Wales 298

On a new species oi Flahellum. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods,

F.a.S., &c 301

Descriptive Catalogue of the Fishes of Australia. By William

Macleay, F.L.S 302

Notes on Shells from the Solomon Isles and Australia. By J. Beaziee,

C.M.Z.S., &c 4M

Eucalypts of the County of Cumberland. By the Eev. De. Woolls,

F.L.S., &c., Part II 448

Notes and Exhibits 280, 300, 458

PAET IV.

Page.
Ona new species of Z)/ffse;'i.s, By the Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods,

F.G-.S., F.L.S., Plate 15 459

Description of two new species of Australian Fishes. By E. P.

Ramsay, F.L.S .*. 462

Species of Eucalyptus in the County of Cumberland : their habitat

and uses. By the Rev. De. Woolls, D.D., F.L.S., Parts III.,

IV., V , 468, 488, 503

On some new AustraHan Marine Isopoda, Part I. By William A.

Haswell, M.A., B.Sc, Plates 16-19 ,. 470

Notes on recent Mollusca found in Port Jackson, and on the Coast of

New South Wales and other localities, with their synonyms. By

J. Beaziee, C.M.Z.S 481

On a young specimen of a Temnopleurus. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison-

WooDS, F.G.S., F.L.S., Plate 15 493

Description of a Parasitic >S;?/^;2ai^?{5. By E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S 494

List of species of Porcellana or Cyprma, found in Moreton Bay,

Queensland. By J. Beaziee, C.M.Z.S 496

Descriptive Catalogue of Australian Fishes. ^^ William Macleay,

F.L.S., Part II., Plates 13, and 14 510

Remarks on some recently redescribed Australian Shells. By J.

Beazeee, C.M.Z.S 630

On a new species of RegalcBcus, from Port Jackson. By E. P. Ramsay

F.L.S., Plat3 20 631

Notes on some of the Habits and Customs of Australian Natives in

Queensland. By De. J. C. Cox, F.L.S 633

Notes and Exhibits 469, 495, '629, 636

Annual Address by the President 638

Title Page, Contents, Index, &c. to Vol. V.

PROCEEDINGS

y

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY

OF NEW SOUTH WALES.

WEDNESDAY, JANUAEY 28th, 1880.

The President, the Eev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S.
&c., in the Chair.

MEMBER ELECTED.

Percival Pedley, Esq., Hunter's Hill.

DONATIOI^-S.

Memoires de la Societe Nationale des Sciences Naturelles
Cherbourg, 1878 ; from the Society.

From Dr. Bancroft, Brisbane. (1.) Diseases in Plants and
Animals. (2.) Microscope in our Garden. (3.) Fituri and
Tobacco.

From the President, a paper on a New Species of Millepora.

papers read.

Medicinal Plaints op Queensland.

By F. M. Bailey, F.L.S., Cor. Mem. E.S. Tas., &c., &c.

Some time since I wrote a series of papers on the Medicinal
Plants of Queensland, which appeared in one of the country
papers of the colony. As the articles were addressed to the
general public, they were necessarily stripped of all technical

2 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF QUEENSLAND,

details, and much information of a scientific character was thereby
sacrificed. Since then, I have been enabled to extend my
observations in this subject and think it may not be unworthy of
a place in the proceedings of the Society, if I record all the
information I now possess. The utility of the subject will not be
questioned, and what is here given may serve to promote
investigation in this most practical part of the science of botany.

Looking at our Queensland Mora one is struck with the great
number of species, which are either identical with, or closely
related to those in other parts of the world, particularly India,
where a great many have been used in the healing art with more
or less success, as may be seen by reference to works on the
subject. I shall therefore go through Bentham and Mueller's
excellent work, the " Flora Australiensis, " and note all plants of
our indigenous or naturalized flora that are mentioned in such
works as Dr. Lindley's "Flora Medica " giving the properties
for which they are noted. It might also be well to direct attention
to a few plants, which probably contain medicinal qualities. Thus
in the Northern scrubs, several species of Tetracera, a genus of
Dillemacecu, are found climbing to the toj)s of the timber trees.
The Queensland species of this plant are all endemic and untried,
but the Brazilian species are used in the curing of certain
complaints. Brasenia peltata, Pursh., of NympliceacecB, a curious
water lily, which may be seen on a few of the ponds of still water
near Brisbane, will be easily recognised by the mucilaginous
substance which covers the young shoots, and its oval peltate
floating leaves. In America it is considered nutritious, probably
from the large-grained starch it contains. The leaves are
astringent, and have been employed in phthisis and dysentery.

Our beautiful pink water lily, Nelumhiiim sjjecio-nim, A\illd. is
not without uiediciual qualities, for we are told b}- Eudlicher,
that the milky viscid juice of the flower-stalks and leaf-stalks is
a remedy in ludia agaiust sickness and diarrhosa. The petals of

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 3

the flower are also stated to be astringent. The rootstock and
seed are used as food in China, India, and also in Australia.

Argemone mexicana, Tournefort. A plant of the Poppy family,
with thistle-like leaves and bright yellow flowers, now naturalised
in many parts of Queensland, is according to Dr. Lindley's
"■ Flora Mediea," called by the Spaniards " Figo del inferno," on
account of the powerful narcotic effects of its seeds, which are
stronger than opium. An emulsion prepared from them acts as
an anodyne and afterwards as a j^urgative. This effect is denied
by some, by others it is stated that the oil obtained from the seeds
is used in Nevis as a substitute for castor oil. In India the juice
of the plant is used in chronic ophthalmia, and in primary syphilitic
sores. The infusion is said to be diuretic, and to give relief in
strangury from blisters.

A tropical weed of the Caper family, Polanisia viscosa, DC,
common in Northern Queensland, where H. W. Stone, Esq.,
states it is used by the natives to relieve headache. It is used in
Cochin China as a counter irritant in the same way as sinapisms
in Europe, and also as a vesicant. In the United States the roots
are said to be used as vermifuge. The plant is covered with
viscid hairs, leaves of from three to seven leaflets, flowers yellow,
in terminal racemes, capsule long linear, containing numerous
wrinkled seeds.

suffruticosum, Griug., a plant of the order Violacece, from
one to two feet in height, having alternate, linear leaves, bearing
axillary filiform peduncles with a single small flower, all the
petals of which are minute except the lowest, which is often
lengthened to near half-an inch ; seeds beautifully marked with
longitudinal striae. This species is common throughout Queensland
also in Tropical Africa and Asia. In India the roots are used
medicinally in diseases of the urinary organs, the leaves as an
external application. Doubtless the other six species found in
Australia would be equally efficacious.

4 MEDICmAIi PLANTS OF|qTJEENSLAND,

Of Cochlospermum a genus of Bixinec^ there are five species in
Australia one of which is considered by Mr. Bentham likely to
prove identical with the East Indian C. gossypium from the stems
of which is obtained a gum, called kuteera, which is used as a
substitute for gum tragacanth, because of its viscidity. A
decoction of the roots of some of the Brazilian species is used
against internal pains, particularly those resulting from falls. In
the same parts, a decoction is said to cure abscesses. From the
roots of an African species a yellow dye is obtained, which is
called Fayar, used for dying cotton stuffs as well as in medicine
in cases of amenorrhsea. From the above one we might fairly
imagine our species to possess some medicinal virtues. The
greatly admired shade tree of the beach at Oardwell, belonging
to GuttifercB now well known by its botanical name of Calophyllum
inophyllmn, Linn., besides its value as a shade tree in the tropics
exudes from its trunk a greenish coloured resin called East Indian
Tacamahac. The seeds also yield a thick, dark-green, strong-
scented oil, employed in India for burning and also medicinally.
In India an oil is expressed from the seeds of C. tomentosum, a
tree according to Baron Mueller's ''Fragmenta Phytographise
Australia," also met with in the ranges about Eockingham
Bay.

The three following Malvaceous plants have been found useful
medicinally — Sida cordifolia, Linn. A coarse under shrub, more
or less clothed with velvety, often star-shaped hairs, and some-
what heart-shaped leaves borne on rather long stalks at the base
of which it produces its small yeUow flowers. This plant, like
our common Sida weed, to which it is closely allied, is met with
in most tropical countries. In India the leaves are mixed with
rice, and given to alleviate dysentery. The Queensland
habitat is Peak Downs, &c. It may not be generally known
that the ripe carpels of Sida rhomhifolia, Linn., the common Sida
weed of Queensland often cause the death of fowls that feed on
them, by the sharp terminal arms of the carpels irritating the

BY F. M. BATLET, F.L.S. 5

inside and causing inflammation. Eoots used in India as a
remedy for rheumatism.

Ahitilon indiciwi, G-. Don. A tall shrub with roundish toothed
leaves, softly downy, flowers yellow, capsule hairy, widely spread
in tropical Australia, Asia, and Africa, is used in India as the
maUow is in Europe, as an emolient.

TTrena lohata, Linn. A tall handsome shrub, with velvety
roundish obtusely-lobed leaves, and pinkish axillary flowers,
succeeded by carpels covered with hooked bristles. This shrub,
which belongs to the tropics of both the new and old worlds, is
commonly seen in Northern Queensland, and may be also met
with in some of the gullies of Taylor's Eange, near Brisbane.
In Brazil a decoction of the root and stem is used as a remedy for
the windy colic, and the flowers as an expectorant in dry and
inveterate coughs.

Ca/ra/pa moluccensis, Lam. A small tree with pinnate leaves of
two to six opposite leaflets of a coriaceous texture. It is found
on our tropical coast and is of crooked growth. The tree which
belongs to Meliacem is conspicuous from its large round shaddock
like fruit, which contain four to six large irregular-shaped seeds.
It is said to possess an extremely bitter principle. The seeds of
other species yield valuable oils. Our Eed Cedar is another
Meliaceous tree of value not only for its timber, but for its
medicinal qualities. Thus, under its botanical name, Cedrela
Toona, Eoxb., we find the bark spoken of as a powerful astringent
and though not bitter, is said to be a good substitute for
Peruvian Bark in the cure of remitting and intermitting fevers,
particularly when joined with a small portion of the powdered
seed of Guilandina Bonduccella, Linn., another of our plants which
will be noticed in its proper order. In Java, according to Dr.
Blimie the bark of this cedar is used with great success in the
worst epidemic fevers, diarrhoea &c. It has been also used with
advantage in dysentery, in the last stage when the inflammatory
symptoms have disappeared. Some consider it especially useful

6 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF QUEENSLAND,

in bilious fevers, and inveterate diarrhoea arising from atony of
the muscular fibre.

In the Buckthorn family we have two species of Zizi/jyTius, which
have been found useful in the healing art. Z. (Enoplia, Mill,
a straggling shrub, bearing sharp prickles and downy three to
five nerved leaves, and fruit the size of peas, black, edible. It
is said that a decoction of the bark of the fresh root j^romotes
the healing of fresh wounds. Z.jujuha, Lam. A small tree,
often planted in our gardens for its fruit, is, with the last found
about Cape York and on the islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria
in a wild state. Both are common in India, and of this last the
fruit there is prepared into pectoral lozenges called ''Patede
Jujube, " and the bark is emj)loyed in the Moluccas as a remedy
for diarrhoea. The -^yqHj climber Carcliospermum SaUcacahum,
Linn., called in Queensland Balloon climber, in other parts
Heartseed, or Heartpea from the heart-shaped scar on the seed.
In India the root is considered aperient, diaj)horetic and diuretic.
The plant will be easily recognised by its climbing habit, twice
ternate leaves, and bladder-like capsule, which resembles the
calyx, that encloses the fruit of the Cape Gooseberry.

SchnideUa serrata, DC, is a straggling shrub often met within
the swamps of Northern Queensland near the coast. The leaves
are of three leaflets and the berries bright red. The roots are
astringent and are employed in India, where the plant is common
to stop diarrhoea. These two last plants belong to Sapindacecu
the Soapwort family.

Leguminosae, one of the largest orders of Phsenogams is divided
into three sub-orders, all of which are well represented in
Australia. The known genera are a little over 400, examples of
about a fourth are found in Australia. To this order we are
indebted for very many useful and ornamental plants, but after
enumerating many of its products Dr. Lindley says: — ''There
is this, however to be borne in mind, in regarding the qualities

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 7

of the order in a general point of view, viz., that upon the whole
it must be considered poisonous, and that those species which
are used for food by man or animals are exceptions to the general
rule, the deleterious juices of the order not being in such instances
sufficiently concentrated to prove injurious and being in fact
replaced to a considerable extent by either sugar or starch."
This is verified in the first plant that will be brought into notice,
which by taking the tribes of the first sub-order Papilionacecd in
their proper order we find is Gastrolohium grandiflorum, F.v. Muell.
the Northern Poison Bush. This can scarcely be said to come
under the denomination of a medicinal plant, yet the active
principle which so sadly destroys stock, in the hands of a medical
man could doubtless be made to serve some useful purpose, and
it is to be hoped that before long attention will be turned to this
and a few other similar dangerous plants, and a careful course of
experiments carried out, which would be far better than a mere
analysis of the plants by a chemist The plant in question is
worthy of a j)lace in the garden from the beauty of its flowers ;
it grows to a few feet in height ; has opposite (or at times a few
alternate) leaves, which are usually oblong, obtuse, with a notch
at the end, and covered with close silky down. The flowers are
produced at the ends of branchlets in short racemes, and in colour
resembles the English Wallflower f Cheiranthus Cheri, Linn.).

Tephrosia purpurea, Pers., is a small straggling under shrub
with pinnate leaves and purple small flowers, the racemes of which
are usually opposite the leaves. There are several varieties of
this species ; the Brisbane form may be seen on the borders of
creek scrubs. A decoction of the bitter root is prescribed by
Indian doctors in dyspepsia, dysentery and tympanites.

Seshcmla grandijlora, Pers. A soft- wooded, rapid growing, small
tree of short duration, having long glaucous pinnato leaves of
often 20 to 30 oblong leaflets, common in India, found towards
our North-western boundary; is said to possess a powerfully bitter
tonic bark. The tree is of common occurrence in the gardens

8 MEDICINAIj plants of QTJEENSLAin),

around Brisbane ; its quick growth, large white flowers, and
graceful foliage causing it to be a general favourite.

S. ^gyptiaca, Pers., another sj)ecies of this genus found around
the Gulf of Carpentaria, and also in Asia and Africa, is said by
the Hindoos to possess the power of hastening suppuration when
applied as a poultice, which is simply made with warmed leaves
moistened by a little castor oil. The flowers of this species are
yellow and purple, borne in pendulous racemes.

S. aculeata, Pers., is much more generally met with in Australia
and although I find no medicinal properties attributed to it, yet
probably it would serve the same purposes as the last. It is also
similarly wide-spread in other countries ; its favourite habitat
in Queensland is on the borders of swamps. In Northern
Queensland, according to Mr. T. A. Grulliver, the natives make
bread of the seeds. I am of opinion that this is the true Nardoo
of the Cooper's Creek natives. The unfortunats explorers,
Burke and Wills, might easily have mistaken the sporecases of a
Marsilea for the shelled-out seeds of Seshania. Writing to my
friend Mr. Grulliver on the subject, he says : — ^^ I think it quite
possible that such a mistake was made by the unfortunate
explorers who first brought the ''Nardoo" into notice, more
especially as I find the natives here (Nonnan Eiver) do not seem
to care about the Marsilea seed, and as far as I have seen it does
not produce sufi&cient seed to make it worth collecting ; whereas
the Seshania is very prolific and can be gathered without any, or
rather, with very little trouble. This species has more numerous
leaflets than the last, the flowers are also smaller, with erect
racemes. The prickles are minute, or altogether wanting.

Sar denier gia monophylla, Benth., (Native Sarsaparilla). The
roots of this beautiful purple flowered twiner are used by bushmen
as a substitute for the true sarsaparilla, which is obtained from a
widely different plant. I cannot vouch for any medicinal
properties.

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 9

Ahrus precatorius, Linn. A dull looking, slightly hairy twining
plant with leaves of from seven to ten pair of pinnae and racemes
of dull purple or pink flowers ; found rambling over the shrubs
of our tropical coast, also in the East and West Indies. In the
latter, the roots are used as a substitute for liquorice, and an
infusion much used as a diluent drink, may be prepared from
them. The seeds of which there are about four in a pod, are
of a brilliant scarlet with a black scar, and are used for many
ornamental purposes. These seeds at one time were considered
poisonous ; but on the contrary, it seems that they are sometimes
used as an article of food in Eg3rpt.

Sophora tomentosa, Linn. — Sea coast Laburnum. The roots and
seeds have been regarded as specifics in bilious sickness. The
whole shrub is covered with close silky hairs. Flowers, large
yeUow, in racemes like the Laburnum or Golden Chain of
European gardens.

In the second Sub-order Caesalpiniew, purgative properties
abound, and it might be well, considering we have many endemic
species of Cassias, to look among them for a substitute for the
Senna of commerce.

Cassia Ahsus, Linn. A small viscid plant about one foot high,
leaves of two pair of leaflets which are broadly obovate, and from
half to one inch long ; glands between the leaflets smaU, stipules
narrow. Flowers, usually in short terminal racemes, bracts
small reflexed. It is common to tropical Asia and Africa, and is
also found on our tropical coast. The seeds are extremely bitter,
aromatic and mucilaginous and it is said that they are brought
from the interior of Africa to Cairo under the name of Chichin
or Cismatau, and are regarded as the best of remedies for
Egyptian or purulent Ophthalmia.

Guilandina honducella, Linn. This is a large rambling shrub,
covered with hooked prickles ; found along our tropical and other
tropical coasts. The leaves are large, twice pinnate j pods short

B

S

10 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF QUEENSLAND,

broad, prickly, containing two or ttree large polished bluisli-grey
seeds, whicli are often strung into necklaces, bracelets, rosaries,
&c. These seeds have a bitter taste and are employed by Indian
doctors as a tonic and febrifuge. The specific name is said to be
derived from the Arabic *' Bondog," a necklace.

CcBsalpinia nuga, Ait. A plant of similar habit to the last is
found on some of the islands off our North-east coast with seeded
pods. It is said that the roots are used in decoctions for calculous
and nephritic complaints.

The third ^vih-ordiQv Mimoseae includes ^mm the most numerous
in species of all Australian Phsenogamous genera. The bark and
gums of many species are used to stop diarrhoea by bushmen.
From the flowers oi one, A. farnestana, Willd., called '' Dead-
finish " on the Darling Downs, a delicious perfume is distilled.
This species is common to the warmer regions of the new and
old world.

According to Dr. Wm. WooUs' '' Contributions to the Flora of
Australia," page 97, one of our Mosaceous -plsints, Ruhus parviflorus
Linn., has been found to possess some valuable medicinal
properties, but what those properties are is not stated.

Although the ordiQr MyrtaeecB to which we are now come furnishes
us with much valuable timber, it contains but few species from
which medicinal drugs were obtained by Medical men of the old
school. Of late attention has been turned to our Eucalypts, and
from some valuable medicines have been obtained. An essence,
with all the fragrance of the best Lisbon lemons was obtained
some time back by K. T. Staiger, Esq., the Government analytical
chemist, from the foliage of a species found on the Palmer River
of which no flower specimens have as yet been sent down, therefore
its affinity cannot be determined and it remains botanically
unknown. From another species E. eitriodora, Hooker, the same
gentleman has also obtained an essence which partakes of the
flavour of the citron. This latter tree is plentiful at Eockhampton,

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 11

A plant of the typical genus of Melastomacece, Melastoma
malahathricum, Linn., is very attractive in most Queensland
swamps from the profusion of its large open purple flowers and
prominently three to five nerved leaves. Is recommended in
cases of diarrhoea and dysentery ; the leaves are the part used.
The succulent fruit is edible, but dyes the mouth black, hence the
generic name.

Ammannia Indica, Lan. A plant of Lythrariece, found usually
on swampy land, is erect in growth with oblong or linear leaves
and flowers in small axillary clusters. Queensland habitat,
Endeavour Eiver and about Cooper's Creek. The whole plant
has a strong aromatic smell, leaves acrid, and commonly used by
the natives of India to raise blisters in rheumatic pains, fevers,
&c. The fresh leaves bruised perform their ofiice effectually in
half an hour. To this same order belongs Lythrum Salicariaf
Linn. The common purple Loosestrife of Britain enlivens with
its beautiful purple flowers many of our swamps. The whole
plant is astringent, and has been recommended in inveterate cases
of diarrhoea. It has also been used in tanning.

In Cucurlitace<B the order to which the Cucumber and Melon
belong, we have a few species which have been used in the
healing of various disorders. Thus Trichosanthes pahnata, Eoxb.,
in India where the plant is also indigenous, the fruit is pounded
and intimately blended with warm cocoa-nut oil, and considered
a valuable application for cleansing and healing the offensive
sores that sometimes form inside the ears. It is also supposed to
be a useful remedy poured up the nostrils in cases of ozaena. As
in India, so in Queensland, this plant climbs to the top of our
scrub trees. The flowers are large, white, and beautifully fringed.

The bottle-gourd, Lagenaria vulgaris, Seringe., so plentiful
along our tropical coast, is said to be a dangerous poison. It is
said that some sailors were kiUed by drinking beer that had been
standing for some time in a bottle formed of one of these fruits.

12 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF QUEENSLAND,

Momordica bahamina, Linn. The Balsam Apple, common in
gardens, out of whicli it has strayed into some of our northern
scrubs ; has been said to be a dangerous poison, but in small
doses a hydragogue.

In the large order Compositce^ of which the Australian genera
is about 100, few species have been examined for medicinal
qualities. Baron von Mueller, the learned botanist of Victoria,
prepared a snuff from one of the forms of Myriogyne minutay Less,
one of our most common weeds some years back.

Eclipta alba, Hassk. The erect form so common near water
about the Brisbane Eiver, &c., is said to be used by the Brazilian
women to stain their hair black.

The rank growing Burweed, Xanthium strumarium, a plant
allied to the Bathurst Burr and now rapidly spreading over the
country is supposed to be very injurious to Stock, numbers having
died from feeding on the young succulent plants. Dr. Bancroft
is at present making experiments with a view to seeing if the active
principles contained in the plant cannot be put to some useful
purpose. This plant differs greatly from the Bathurst Burr or
Xanthium spmosuin, L. Its leaves resemble more the mallow and
it is destitute of prickles, except on its fruit.

Our indigenous Leadwort, Plumbago zeylamca, Linn., which is
identical with the garden plant F. capensisy is said to act as a
vesicatory, the fresh bruised bark of the root being used.

The pretty Pimpernel, Aiiagallis arvensis, Linn., one of the few
plants in our pasture belonging to Primulacece, is said to possess
very powerful properties. Three drachms of the extract of this
plant have been found enough to kill a dog ; it was found to have
inflamed the mucous membrane of the stomach. It has been
prescribed in epilepsy and dropsy. Samolus Valerandi, Linn. A
plant of the same order, found often near shallow running water ;
is said to possess a bitter principle.

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 13

Cerhera Odallam, Goertn. A tree belonging to ApocynecB found
on our tropical coast, and not uncommonly planted in our gardens
where it flowers as a shrub. Of this the seeds are said to be
poisonous, but the milky sap has been used as a purgative and in
Java the leaves and bark as a substitute for senna.

Alstonia, another genus of Dogbanes of which there are several
species in Queensland — one A. constricta, F. v M., produces a
tonic now much used, and A. scholaris, B. Br., grows to a tree
of large size, the timber of which is said to be bitter as gentian.
In chronic diarrhoea and the advanced stages of dysentery, it has
proved valuable. It has also been found effectual in restoring
the tone of the stomach, and of the system generally, in debility
after fevers and other exhausting diseases. This is one of several
trees called white-wood about the Herbert Eiver.

In the closely allied order Asclepiadece the Eed-head Asclejnadece
curassavica, Lem., a plant of tropical America, now fast spreading
over the colony ; is used in the West Indies as an emetic, and
called Wild Ipecacuanha ; the root which is the part used, is also
purgative ; a decoction is recommended in gleets and fluor albus.

We have in Queensland two species of Strychnos, a genus of
LoganiacecG — one a rambling shrub with fruit of one inch or more
in diameter, somewhat orange colored, met with on the Walsh
Eange. This is Eobert Brown's S. lucida which is thought closely
allied to the well-known S. nux-voniica, Linn. The other has
much larger leaves and smaller fruit, and of almost climbing
habit. This species is Baron Mueller's S. psilos2)erma, a form of
which is plentiful in the scrubs around Eockhampton. It is to
be hoped that before long the fruit of these two plants wiU be
tested for medicinal properties.

Although some of our Gentianworts have a wide range in other
countries, none seem to have enjoyed any recantation as medicinal
plants, but in New South Wales two of this family seem to be
used, for Dr. Woolls, in '' Contributions to Flora of Australia,"

14 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF QUEENSLAND,

page 97, says : — " Two little plants of the Grentian Family common
enough in spring, the one with pink, the other with yellow flowers.
fJEJrythrcsa Aiistralisy'R. "Br., SiTid Sehcea ovata, R.Br.) are great
favourites with those persons who know the value of them, and
they have proved highly efficacious in certain stages of dysentery.
The pink one is generally called Centaury, and is the more
powerful and like the allied European species possesses all the
essential properties of the gentian of the shops, and although not
used professionally is a very valuable native medicine ; in places
where it grows it is carefully collected for use in rustic pharmacy."
A learned physician not a hundred miles from Parramatta was
so impressed with the efficacy of this little herb from noticing
the use of it amongst certain old women in his neighbourhood,
that he was not too proud to adopt their remedy and recommended
it to his patients. The first of these is very plentiful throughout
Queensland, but the latter has only been found in one locality,
(near Warwick) by Dr. Prentice.

Syd/rolea %eylanica, Yahl. A creeping herb of HydrophyllacecB ;
found about the Gulf of Carpentaria also in the East Indies and
America. According to Wight, the leaves beaten into pulp and
applied as a poultice, are in India considered eflB.cacious in
cleansing and healing ill conditional ulcers, particularly those
in which maggots have begun to breed. Leaves short, lanceolate
two inches long, smooth ; flowers dark blue in a terminal panicle.

Cordia myxa, Linn. A handsome tree of Northern Queensland
belonging to the tribe Cordiccd of BoragmecB. The species is also
dispersed over tropical Asia, from Ceylon to the Philippines.
The large fruited C. latifolia, Roxb., is a form of this species
with larger leaves and fruit. The Sebestens of the European
Matera Medica is the fruit of this tree. The bark is a mild
tonic, and used in India for astringent gargles ; and in Java as
the chief remedy in fevers ; the roots are thought laxative. The
Egyptian mummy cases were made of this timber, which is soft,
and supposed the best for kindling fire by friction.

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 15

In this same tribe is also found the rather coarse herb
Trichodesma zeylanica, E. Br., an Indian plant common in many-
parts of Queensland. In India this with other species, is
considered diuretic, and one of the cures for the bites of snakes.
Baron Mueller recommends the plant as a fodder herb, saying
that the dromedaries of Mr. Giles' Exploring Party were found
to be particularly partial to it.

In the beautiful order of Bindweeds, Convolvulacece, we find
some of our indigenous species are still favourably spoken of as
Medicinal plants in other parts of the globe where they are also
met with. The roots of the order usually abound in an acrid,
milky juice, which is purgative, as for instance, the common
purge Jalap, and the stimulating cathartic Scammony. This
purgative property is said to depend upon a peculiar resin, but
with some this purgative resin is replaced by sugar or starch,
and the roots then become valuable articles of food, as in the
sweet potato. The first species to notice is Ipomcea paniculata,
E. Br., a large smooth twining plant with palmately divided
leaves, and showy purplish flowers ; found on most tropical coasts.
The thick fleshy roots of this species are said by Baron Mueller,
''Select Plants," to be edible and deserving of cultivation as a
food plant. But in other works the roots are said to be cathartic
and used as such in many places where the plant grows. The
Queensland habitat is from Pockingham Bay to Cape York. In
another of our native plants of this genus Ipomcea hederacea, Jacq.
the purgative qualities are in the seeds. The seeds are sold in
the apothecaries' shops of India under the name of ''Kala dana"
(Black Seed), and are said to be a quick and effectual cathartic.
The seeds are roasted like coffee, powdered, and administered in
doses of from 30 to 40 grains, in any convenient vehicle. This
plant, which is one of the most beautiful of the genus, is met
with in the tropics everywhere. The leaves are usually three-
lobed, and the flower a most delicate light blue ; large plants
may be seen in some of the gardens about Brisbane.

16 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF QUEENSLAND,

Iponicea Turpethum, E. Br. Anotlier large climbing species of
our tropical coast, and also of India. It is said that the fresh
bark rubbed up with milk is used in India as a purgative.
About six inches in length of the root as thick as the little finger
is reckoned a dose.

Tpomcea pes-caprae, Both. The species so commonly seen
trailing over the sandy beach from the Eichmond Eiver to Cape
York, with leaves on long petioles, broadly emarginate, the veins
of which are parallel. Peduncles long as leaves, bearing one or
two large pink flowers. It is used in Brazil to form a poultice
made with the boiled foliage in cases of scrofulous enlargement
of the joints.

The common Solanaceous weed Solamim nigrum, Linn., the small
black fruit of which is at times eaten freely by children under
the name of black currants without any ill effects, although at
other times it has caused dangerous sickness ; is a narcotic ; the
extract is said to possess the same power as lettuce opium. The
leaves have been used with advantage in dropsical affections. Its
action is diuretic and laxative.

Another plant of Solaneae, the Thornapple, Datura stramonium
Sim., which may be seen spreading over the colony, is a most
useful medicinal plant. It is a violent narcotic poison when
taken internally, acting fatally if taken in large doses, but a
valuable medicine in mania, epilepsy, convulsions, tic doloureux
&c. It palliates the distressing paroxysms of pure spasmodic
asthma when smoked, for which purpose the leaves are used. It
is also employed successfully as an external application, as an
anodyne and sedative in burns, haemorrhoids, irritable ulcers &c.
It would be well if some person living in the parts where our
endemic species D. Leichhardtii, F. v. M., grows were to forward
a quantity down to Dr. Bancroft, who has spent so much time in
testing the properties of our native plants that he might see what
its properties were. This species is said to be common on the
Gilbert, Comet, and Suttor Elvers.

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 17

There are two of our indigenous plants of this order that will
doubtless before long be in great request. First, Duboisia
myoporoicles, E. Br. So far back as 1861 we find Eev. William
Woolls, F.L.S. , drawing attention to this tree, stating that it was
used by the aborigines on account of its toxicant properties ; he
says '' they make holes in the trunk and put some fluid in them,
which when drunk on the following morning produces stupor
also that branches of this tree are thrown into pools for the
purpose of intoxicating the eels and bringing them to the surface."
Dr. Bancroft has found that an extract from the leaves dilates the
pupil of the eye better than Belladonna, and in an article in the
Lancet, Feb., 15th, 1879, by Professor Soelberg Wells, F.E.C.S.,
on the use of Dr. Bancroft's JDuhoisia he says : — " A four grain
solution of duboisin produces a much more rapid dilation of the
pupil and powerful action on the muscle of accommodation than
a solution of atrophine of the same strength. The pupil in a
normal eye becomes dilated ad, maximum in ten to twenty
minutes, the accommodation (if there is no spasm of the muscle)
paralysed in twenty to forty minutes this lasting for three or four
days." The other B. Hopwoodii, F. v. M., furnishes the natives
of our Western Districts with their strong narcotic, called Pituri.
While the European genera of ScrophularinecB contains many
valuable medicinal herbs, the Australian genera seems to be of
little importance in medicine although a few are used as Herpestis
moimieria, H. B. and K., a small trailing plant with rather thick
fleshy, oblong leaves and white flowers. In India the expressed
juice of the leaves mixed with Petroleum is used for rubbing
parts affected with rheumatic pains. Another little shrubby
plant, bearing small white flowers, and leaves in whorls of three,
called Scoparia dulcis, L., is met with from Eockhampton north-
ward. Of this plant an infusion is used by the Indians in
Spanish America to cure agues. In Brazil the expressed juice
which is mucilaginous is employed as a cooling- drink. Perhaps
if properly examined our commoii swamp herb — QratiQla

0

18 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF QUEENSLAND,

pedunculata, E.Br., would be found to possess medicinal properties.
One of the genus in former times in Europe was called Gratia
Dei, on account of its medicinal properties, wKicli are said to be
bitter, purgative and emetic — poisonous in large doses. The
European species if abundant in tlie pasture, is said to be
dangerous to cattle.

Attention may be drawn to a small shrub of Myoporinece called
EremopMla maculata, E. v. M., or Native Euchsia, wbich. is
regarded as a poison bush, by some graziers, altbougb others
consider it quite harmless and with others of the genus, good
fodder bushes. The plant bears a profusion of handsome red
and yellow flowers, which should recommend it for garden culture
and as there seems a doubt of its properties it would be well to
have it examined for medicinal purposes. The shrub is abundant
throughout the Warrego and Barcoo.

Vitex trifolia, Linn. A shrub of VerhenacecB, having mealy-
white leaves of from three to five leaflets and terminal panicles
of pale blue flowers. Very common along our coast, and at one
time on the Brisbane River. In India where it is common the
small round acrid fruit is called ^^filfil burree " or wild pepper.
The leaves are said to be a powerful discutient and are employed
by the Malays to remove the boss. In other places the leaves
are given in decoction and infusion and form a cataplasm which
is applied to the enlarged spleen. To this order also belongs
the White Mangrove, Avicennia officinalis, Linn., a tree widely
spread over the warmer maritime regions of the new and old
world. The flowers of this tree are not very conspicuous, being
of a greenish yellow colour ; but the fruit which begins to
germinate before it falls, may be seen in great abundance along
the water's edge, and has somewhat the appearance of sprouting
broad-beans. The bark is used at Rio Janeiro for tanning. The
unripe seeds are used in India as poultices, and when ripe boiled
and eaten by the poor.

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. l9

Few of our Lahiates have been tried for medicinal purposes,
yet many if examined would most likely be found to possess, if
not medicine, valuable fragrant oils for other purposes. Baron
von Mueller says that several of our mints yield oil of good
flavour and among them our common Pennyroyal, Mentha
satureioides, R. Br.

Valuable properties are ascribed by both native and European
doctors in India to various species of Oojmum. 0. sanctum, Linn,
the leaves of which in a dried and pulverised state are used by
the Bengal natives as snuff in the endemic affections of the nasal
cavities and are termed Peenash, is said to be an effectual means
of dislodging the larvae of flies from wounds. The Australian
plant is a narrow-leaved form of this species, and has a delightful
fragrance resembling anise, hence Baron von Mueller's name,
0. amsodoruni.

The common horehound, Marrulium vulgare, Linn., which has
become naturalized in many parts of the colony, is thought by
some to be beneficial to sheep. An extract of this herb is a
popular remedy for coughs and asthmatic complaints ; it is also
recommended in chlorosis and hysteria as stimulating and tonic.
The plant was once used in many diseases but scarcely at all now
except as a domestic remedy for chest complaints. An erect herb
of this order, plentiful in the Toowoomba and other swamps.
Lycopus Australis, P. Br, being nearly related to the English
Water Horehound, from which a black dye is obtained, it might
be well to try for a similar property.

The Chenopodiacece are chiefly of importance to us as containing
the highly esteemed fodder called salt bushes; but from the genera
Salsola and Salicornia, both salt marsh plants, large quantities of
soda might be obtained.

In Amarantacecd the order to which our garden Cock's-comb
belongs, we find many of our most troublesome weeds and one
of these, Amarantus viridis, Sim., is not without its use for besides

20 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF QtrEENSLAKD,

a fair substitute for cabbage the leaves have been employed
externally with advantage as an emollient poultice. Another
weed of this order found very plentifully about Ipswich, called
Achyranthes aspera, Linn , easily known by its rigid erect spike
of spring -fruit, which are pointed downwards on the stalk, is
said to have been found useful in India in dropsical cases.
According to the Pharmacopseia of India the whole plant when
incinerated, yields a considerable quantity of potash, hence
its Sanscrit name Ap-amarga, i.e. the washerman, from the
cii'cumstance of the ashes being used in washing clothes. The
bitter and acrid leaves of Deeringia celosioides, R. Br., are used
against the measles in Java. This large woody straggling plant
of our scrubs can be easily recognised when in fruit by its bright
red currant-like berries.

The majority of the plants belonging to the Order Polygonacece
or Buck-wheats, are mere weeds, but still we are indebted to it
for some valuable products, for here we find the Buckwheat,
Ehubarb, &c. From one plant of the order a blue dye equal to
indigo is obtained. Various species of Rumex (Dock) whose
prevailing character is astringency, have been used as remedies
in cases of diarrhoea and dysentery for which our own kinds
might prove equally efficacious.

The common knot-grass Polygonum a/viculare, Linn., a trouble-
some trailing wiry weed, has emetic purgative fruit. This species
is not so abundant here as in the southern colonies, its place
however is supplied by the closely allied species P.pleleiuniy E.Br.
which probably possesses the same properties.

P. harhatum, Linn., an erect hairy species common to our creeks.
Is considered a diuretic at the Cape of Good Hope, and in India
an infusion of its leaves is prescribed to alleviate the pain of
severe colic. The leaves of P. hisjndum, H. B. and K., according
to Humbolt are used in South America as a substitute for tobacco.
This latter species Mr. Bentham thinks is identical with the large
species of our swamps P. orientale, Linn.

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 21

Attention might be drawn to one native nutmeg, Myristica
insipida, E. Br. This forms one of the most handsome trees of
our North Queensland scrubs, and bears an abundant crop of
fruit, which are more oval than the nutmeg of the shops and not
so aromatic, but may possess some of its medicinal properties.
The true nutmegs are said to contain a volatile oil which renders
them stimulant. In small quantities they reheve flatulence and
and allay colicky pains, but in large quantities they excite the
cii'culations and act as narcotics. The bark of some Queensland
trees belonging to the order LaurinecB is in use for flavouring, but
oils in large quantities could be obtained from the fruit of
Hernanclia hivalvis, Benth., a tall tree common to the Brisbane
Eiver scrubs. This tree is readily known by the black nut-like
fruit being enclosed in large inflated involucels which are often
of a rich red color, the fruit is ten-ribbed, and so full of oil that
a single fruit stuck on a stick and lighted will give a good light
for two or three minutes.

Among our representatives of the dangerous order, EuphorhiacecB
or Spurgeworts there are fine timbers, useful fruits and some
which produce good dyes, and many of more or less use medicinally
Euphorlia Brummondii, Bois. ; a small, almost prostrate herb,
with oblong opposite leaves about a quarter of an inch long,
bearing small flower-heads in their axils, has lately been sent
from the Barcoo to P. E. Gordon, Esq., Chief Inspector of stock,
stating that several sheep had been poisoned from feeding on it.
And since then another gentleman has forwarded specimens of
the same plant to the Qiieenslmuhr newspaper, stating that an
infusion of the herb proves almost a certain cure in cases of chronic
dysentery and low fever.

Several species of our Ant ides mas bear edible fruit of more or
less value. A. Ballachjanum, Baill., the Herbert Eiver cherry is
by far the best. The fruit which in size equals that of large
cherries, is of a sharp acid flavour resembling that of the red
currant, which it also equals in colour when made into jeUy, and

22 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF QUEENSLAND,

as the European fruit is placed among medicinal plants on account
of its juice being grateful to the parched palates of persons
suffering from fever, it is surely not out of place to notice our
Queensland tree in these notes.

The bitter bark of PetalosUgma quadriloculare, F. v. M., or Emu
Apple, is often used as an astringent by bushmen. The bitter
principle contained in the bark is not considered of value by
medical men. The bark also contains a quantity of starch.

Phyllantlius simplex, E-etz. A small herb about a foot high,
with, while young somewhat flattened stems ; leaves small in two
opposite rows, flowers in clusters. The fresh plant mixed with
equal parts of cumin seeds and sugar and made into an electuary
is administered by the natives of India in doses of a teaspoonful
a day in cases of gonorrhoea. According to Eoxburgh the fresh
plant bruised and mixed with buttermilk is used as a wash to
cure the itch in children. This plant is met with throughout
tropical Queensland.

Croton. Several trees of this genus found in the Queensland
scrubs, furnish what is called Queensland Cascarilla Bark.

Aleurites molicccana, Willd., (Candlenut). A large txee often
met with along the Herbert Eiver, &c., is cultivated in some
countries for the sake of its nuts. The tree is too well known in
Queensland to need description as it may be seen in most of our
gardens usually under the name A . triloba, Forst. The kernels
when dried and stuck on a reed are used by the Polynesians as a
substitute for candles, and as a article of food in New Georgia.
These nuts resemble walnuts somewhat in size and taste. When
pressed they yield a large pro^Dortion of pure palatable oil, used
as a drying oil for paint, and known as country walnut and artist's
oil. In Ceylon it is called Kekune oil, and in the Sandwich
Islands, where it is used as a mordant for their vegetable dyes,
Kukul oil. In these Islands alone, about 10,000 gallons are
annually produced. The root of the tree affords a brown dye,

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 23

whicli is used by the Sandwich. Islanders for their native cloths.
According to the Pharmacapoeia of India, Dr. O'Eorke found
that in doses varying from one to two ozs., it acted as a mild and
sure purgative producing in from three to six hours, after injection
free bilious evacuations, its operation being unattended either by
nausea, colic, or other ill effects. It was found to approach nearly
the castor oil in the mildness and certainty of its operation, but
superior to it having neither taste or smell, and as producing its
cathartic action without causing any degree of nausea, whether
administered in emulsion or in the pure state.

In Baron Ferd. von Mueller's useful work " Select Plants for
Victorian Culture," a tree commonly met with in Queensland
is spoken of — " Mallotus philipinensis,^^ Mueller, Arg. Though
not of great importance this bush should not be passed on this
occasion, inasmuch as the powdery substance investing the
seed-capsules constitutes the kamala which can be employed
not only as an orange dye, but also as an anthelmintic remedy.
The Hindoo silk-dyers use it for an orange colour obtained by
boiling the kamalas with carbonate of soda. Dr. Lindley says
the root peldsthe same colour as the mealy substance around
the capsules, but he speaks of it as a scarlet colour. According
to Lennis, in one part of India this tree is called ' ' Corunga
Munji Maram," on account of the monkeys staining their faces
with the mealy substance which surrounds the capsules.

None of our naturalised plants have spread with greater rapidity
over the colony than the castor oil plant, Riciniis communis, Linn,
and if all accounts are true, few plants are of more value. Dr.
WooUs in " Contributions to the Flora of Australia," says: —
^^ Ricinus not only yields castor oil, but the leaves of the plant
have been successfully used by Dr. Pringle as a galactopoietic."
The doctor has reported two remarkable cases. The first one was
that of a women who from total absence of milk in one breast,
and a very limited supply in the other had lost two children in
succession in early infancy. By the application of the castor oil

24 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF QUEENSLAND,

leaves for about a week, tlie effect was truly astonisliing, for tlie
evil was remedied and the woman was enabled to rear lier cMldren
afterwards. The second case was that of a delicate lady, who
through the same simple application for three days was rendered
capable of suppljang the nourishment necessary for twins."
Baron Mueller in " Select Plants," says the seeds contain about
50 per cent, of oil, to obtain which for medicinal purposes,
hydraulic pressure should be employed and the seeds not subjected
to heat.

ia lucida, Endl., or Norfolk Island Blood wood, a large
tree, having dark green oblong leaves, and fragrant white flowers,
is abundant on the Main Range, Enoggera, &c. On the trunk
of this tree being wounded a large quantity of sap flows out,
which Baron Mueller says forms a beautiful red indelible pigment
without any admixture. The most dangerous of the trees of this
order found in Queensland is Exececa/ria agallocha, Linn., a small
tree with somewhat fig-like leaves, often met with near salt rivers
and swamps from the Brisbane northwards. The trunk abounds
in a most dangerous virulent acrid milk ; woodcutters upon whom
this juice has flown after a stroke of their axe, reported to
Roxburgh that it produced inflamation and ulceration. Eumphius
states that sailors who were sent ashore in Amboyna to cut timber
sometimes became furiously mad from the pain produced by the
juice that fell on their eyes, and that some of them altogether
lost their sight. The juice is a violent purgative.

The large climbing Peppermint, Piper Novcb hollandice, Miq.,
which may be seen climbing up the stems of our scrub trees like
ivy, has been found by Dr. Bancroft to contain in its stem an
aromatic principle which is likely to become valuable in medicine.

Aristolochia indica, Linn., a tall twining plant of Aristolochiacce
or Birchworts, is one of the many plants recommended as antidotes
to the bite of snakes. The root of this and other species are said
to be used as purgatives and vermifuges in India. Several species

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 26

of this genus may be seen in our gardens, where the singularity
of their flowers always attract attention.

The first Monocotyledonous plant met with in our flora is
Uydrocliaris morsusranm, Linn., the I^'rogbit of England and
Morene of the French. The leaves are spoken of as mucilaginous
and astringent. Here as in England, this is one of the prettiest
plants of our still waters. Leaves thick, heart-shaped, floating ;
flowers white, most abundant in March on the still waters off
Brisbane E-iver.

Ottelia alisinoides, Pers. A large aquatic of tropical Queensland,
in India is used as a pot-herb, and at one time seems to have
enjoyed some reputation for removing the effects of the venom
of the sea-dog. The leaves of this plant are often submerged
and six inches in diameter.

According to the Pharmacopaeia of India, the leaves of the
Banana are in common use in the Bombay G-eneral European
Hospital, for dressing blistered surfaces. For this purpose it is
stated a piece of the leaf of the required size, smeared with any
bland vegetable oil, is applied to the denuded surface and kept
in situ by means of a bandage. A pleasant soothing sensation
is communicated to the blistered surface which is found generally
to heal satisfactory in four or five days. For the first two days
the upper smooth surface of the leaf is placed next the skin and
subsequently the under side, until the healing process is complete.
An abundance of Banana plants either cultivated oi indigenous
is always to be obtained close to hand in Queensland.

No important medicinal properties have been detected in any
of our Orchids, yet a wholesome food might be prepared from the
thick starchy stems of several sjoecies.

Our species of Hcdmodorum a genus of AmaryUidece should be
tried for a red dye, which it probably possesses, similar to an
allied North American plant. The plant may be obtained in

26 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF QUEENSLAND,

quantities from most swampy places. The leaves are grass-like,
panicle of flowers upright, dense and of a dingy red colour.

A few of ouv Liliaceous plants seem to have been used medicinally
Smilax glycypJiylla, Sm., is the small sarsaparilla, found on our
coast, and easily known from the larger species of our scrubs by
the underside of its leaves being almost white. By some it is
called sweet tea. The infusion is said to be at first sweet, after-
wards bitter, and to have tonic and antiscorbutic properties.

Flagellaria indica, Linn., a tall climber, known at once by the
spirally twisted point of its leaf. The leaves are said to be
astringent and vulnerary.

The order Pontederacece, so far as known, is represented by a
single plant, Moyiochoria cyanea, F. v. M., which Mr. Bentham
considers very near M. vaginalis, Pr. Of this latter, Dr. Lindley
says it is emplo^'ed in Indian pharmacy in liver com^^laints, and
disorders of the stomach. Eubbed down in butter and di*ank, it
is thought to remove redness of the eyes, powdered and mixed
with sugar it is administered in asthma ; and when chewed it is
said to relieve toothache, brayed with milk it is given in fever,
and finally when young is eaten as a pot-herb. If so much virtue
is to be found in this East Indian sj^ecies, certainly our Queensland
plant should be examined. It will be met with in most of the
shallow still waters of tropical Queensland, its root-stock creeping
in the mud, leaves few on long stalks, flowers blue, seeds ribbed.

Cyanotis axillaris, Esem. and Schult. Is one of the Si)iderworts
of tropical Australia and India, in the latter place a decoction of
the plant is given in cases of tympanis.

A small rush. Luzula campestris, DC, met with in Southern
Queensland. The root has some reputation as a diuretic in Europe
and China.

The root-stocks of several plants of Aroidcod are used by the
natives for food after undergoing some preparation. The root-
stock of th.e common Bulrush Typha augustifolia, Linn., abounds

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 27

in starch. It is somewhat astring-ent and diuretic and is employed
in the east of Asia in dysentery, gonorrhoea, and the measles.
This well-known plant is abundant in the swamps throughout
the colony.

In the large order Cyperacece or sedges, several of our species
have been found to possess j)i^operties which have been taken
advantage of for healing disease, but none in a very high degree.
Thus the roots of Kyllinga triceps, Eolth., is said to be employed
in the East Indies in diabetes and as a stomachic, for which its
acridity combined with some aroma has recommended it.

The tubers of our pest the Nutgrass Cyperus rotund us, Linn.,
are said to be administered successfully in cases of cholera by
Hindoo practitioners. Sa'rjms lacustris, Linn., the Lake Club
Eush, is a tall rush found in many of our swamps, the root-stock
of which is said to be employed as an astringent and diuretic.

Remirea maritima, Aubl., a tropical sedge, often seen on our
tropical coast sands, which it helps to bind with its long creeping
stems ; is said to be a powerful diaphoretic and diuretic. Scleria
litliosperma, Willd., a hard white-seeded sedge of which we have
a form on the Brisbane Eiver, is supposed upon the Malabar
coast to have antinephritic virtues.

Gramineae or Grasses. This is undoubtedly the most interesting
and useful order of plants in the whole natural system, for from
it is derived the principal food for both man and beast, but few
of this large order have any reputation as medicinal plants. A
fragrant aromatic secretion is present in many of our Anclropogons
particularly in A. homhycinus, E. Br., A. sclicenanthus, var Martini
and A. refr actus, E. Br. This latter species I believe has been
generally looked upon as endemic, but some specimens were given
me a few months back by Mr. F. J. C. Wildash, which he had
gathered while in Japan, at a place where there was little
probability of its having been introduced. Elionurus citreus,
Munro, is another fragrant grass. From the roots of our common

28 MEDICINAL PLAINTS OF QUEENSLAlfD,

Couch, grass, Cynodon dactyl on, Pers., a cooling drink is made in
India, and a decoction of Eleusine indica, Greot., is also employed
in Demerara in the convulsions of infants.

The notice of medicinal qualities in our Cryptogamic plants ^ill
be brief, yet should not be altogether passed over, for we find a
few plants in this class which do possess properties of value, thus
Lycopodium phlegmaria, Linn., one of our pretty epiphytal club-
mosses is reputed an aphrodisiac, and Selminthostachys zeylanica,
Hook, a tropical swamp fern belonging to the Adder's tongue
tribe of ferns, is said to be regarded in the Moluccas as a slight
aperient and it is also used as a pot-herb. The fern has a short
thick, creeping root-stock from which only a single frond usually
rises, which is divided into three parts, each part being generally
much cut. The whole is of a succulent nature. It is also said
that the fronds of Poly podium phymatodes, Linn , are used in the
South Sea Islands for scenting the oil of the cocoa-nut. This
fine fern is of common occurrence on the banks of our northern
rivers, and seems to contain more fragrant oil than any other of
our Queensland ferns.

Little is as yet known of our mosses, but the general character
of the order Miisci is to possess a slight astringency and diuretic
property, I may mention that the genus most useful to the
horticulturist — Sphagnum, I saw a few years back in abundance in
a swamp near Maroochie.

Of our Lichens also little is known about their properties. Sticta
pulmonacea, abundant on the stems of the trees at Maroochie, is
used in Siberia for giving a bitter to beer, and in England is
employed under the name of Lungs of the Oak as a noui'ishing
diet for weak persons.

Farmclia perlata, and F. perforata, two very common Australian
lichens have been used in the form of a poultice in dropsical
affections, but there is much doubt about their value, it being
thought that the application of continuous warmth and moistui^e
by any other means would have been equally efficacious.

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S.

Of the beautiful and curious order Fungi, no species seems to
enjoy a reputation for medicinal virtues, yet it is rather remarkable
that while from Tahiti and other places, large quantities of a
species abundant in our scrubs, Hirneola auricula Judce, Fr., or
Jew's ear, are shipped to China to be there used in soup, no one
seems to have attempted collecting the article here. At one time
this curious fungus was a popular remedy for sore throats
the Eev. M. J. Berkeley says, probably from some fancied
resemblance of the hymenium to the fauces. From our Fungi as
also from our Lichens valuable dyes might probably be obtained.

0^^ Queensland Feens, with a desceiptiox of two new species.
By F. M. Bailey, F.L.S., &c.

As I am about to publish a work on the Australian Ferns, it
may be as well to bring before the Society a few of the changes
I propose making in the nomenclature with also descriptions of
the few new species which will be found therein. Thus all the
Doodiasl propose placing as forms under the one — D. aspera. E. Br.
The advisability of this will be patent to all who have had the
advantage of observing the close approach of the various forms
of the usually acknowledged two species B. aspera and J), caudata,
to each other. I shall in all cases retain old names, so that those
who may differ with me on this point will have no difficulty in
finding the fern required. Fteris rotundifolia, Forst., I propose
reducing to a form of F. falcata, E. Br., and although I retain
P. paradoxa, E. Br. I feel persuaded that tliis sj)ecies will before
long only be looked upon as another form of F. falcata. The
pretty fern Cheilanthes Sieheri, will also be retained as a distinct
form of C. tenuifolia.

ScnizcEA FoRSTEEi, Sprcug.

Ehizome short, scaly. Fronds three to nine inches high, glossy,
stipes light coloured, channelled ; the upper portion of frond

30 ox QUEEXSLAXB FEEXS,

clieliotomously divided into five segments, which are rather broad
for the size of the frond, glossy, and taper to a neck-like contraction
at the apex, thus giving a stipitate appearance to the fructification
which is composed of from four to six hairy pinnules, shorter than
£n S. cUcJiotoma, and placed digitato-pinnate, not pectinato-pinnate
as in that species ; spore-cases Liserial as in the other Australian
species.

When I first met with this lovely species it was growing at the
bases of the Palm trees at Maroochie, a very rich fern locality
in the Bunya Mountains, I then took it for a new species, but my
excellent and learned friend. Baron Mueller identified it with the
S. Fosteri, of Sprengel, and noticed it in the eighth volume of his
valuable work the 'Tragmenta Phytographia Australia," since
then I met with it at Trinity Bay growing in a similar manner
at, and amongst the roots of the Palms in very swampy localities.

Teichomaxes yaxdinexse, n.s.

Rhizoma filiforme dense intriccdum pileis ferrugi7iosis ]}lus minusve
indiitum ; frondihus hreve stipitatis ovatis vel cuneatis, marginihus
cequalihiis vel ])arum iticequalihus, frepandisj apice aliquando par urn
lohato 4 ad b"' . Venis magnis, pinnate costiformihus venulis numerosis
quasi striatis, venis marginalihus vel intramarginalilus coalescentihus.
Son's 1, 2, 3, apicalihus. Indusimi profunde situm hasim versus
attenuatum apice latum expansum, Receptaculum parum exsertum.

In truncis disjectis vel cortice arhorum valles fontosas, flumine
Maroochie, distridu Yandina dispersum.

Trichomanes yandinense, f new species J. — Ehizome filiform densely
and intricately matted and more or less clothed with ferruginous
hairs. Fronds shortly stipitate ovate to cuneate, the margins
even or slightly uneven (repand), the apex at times slightly lobed
four to six lines long. Veins pinnately costseform with regard
to the main ones, but between these are numerous striseform ones
with also a marginal or intramarginal one to which they all join.
Sori terminal, usually solitary at the apex of the perfect ovate

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 31

frond, but on some two or three, then giving a more truncate
appearance to the frond. Indusium sunk in the frond, attenuated
towards the base, the mouth broad, spreading. Receptacle
slightly exserted. On logs and tree trunks, Maroochie, ( Yandina)
situated about 80 miles from Brisbane on the Northern Eoad.

POLYPODIUM PALLIDUM, n. S.

RMzoma breve liorizontale, crassicm, squamulis 2}^^^i^is nitentihus
indutum; frondihia V ad 4' alt. hi-tri-jjinnatis, pinmdis major ihis \'
pmnulis secund. lanceolatis 2" ad 4", pinnidis minorihus llnearibus
oMusis 6"' ad 1" 6"', alihus costiilorum plus mmusve consfrictis. Venis
pmnatis. Sorts pane is vel \ 'It, par vis, ohscure fuscis ; sporulis hand
numerosis. Stipite hasim versus lato, pallido, pileis, vel squamulis
mollihiis, marcescentihus, induto. Polypodium undique plus minusve
pileis alhis glandulosis indutum. Ennogera Creeh prope Brisbane.

Rhizome short, horizontal, thick, clothed with bright glossy,
pale coloured scales. Fronds one to four feet high, stipes stout
at the base and clothed with soft hair-like scales, which soon fall
leaving the stipes glabrous and pale or glaucous as well as the
rhachis, bitripinnate, larger pinnae 1 foot or more long, secondary
pinnae lanceolate two to four inches long, pinnules linear obtuse
half to one and a-half inches long, more or less connected by the
narrow wing of the costa, the whole plant more or less covered
with white glandular hairs. Veins pinnate. Sori from a few to
fourteen on a lobe, when ripe the spore-cases often of a dark
colour, all small and usually few in each sorus. Found at
Enoggera Creek, near Brisbane.

There is not the least doubt but that this fern is a true
Polypodium although it seems in the Flora Australiensis to have
been placed with Aspidium tenericaule, Th. A mistake that might
occur from the examination of dried specimens, but never from
living ones ; the name used is appropriate, and the plant is most
likely identical with that of Bruckenridge, but none of his
authentic specimens are in the colony so there is some doubt on
this point.

32 ON QUEENSLAND FERNS,

POLYPODIUM ASPIDIOIDES, H. S.

Rhizomahorizontde, tenue, repens, Ireve. Fronde 12" ad 1% generatim
ovato-lanceolata fspeciminihus majoribus ovato-angulataj; stipite lonjo,
gracili sulcato, ad basim dense squamosa, squamis intense fuscis, ovatis
acuminatis, foliis bi-tri-pinnatis, pinnulce apice elongatce, superne
coriacem, nitentcR ; stipite et costulis pilosis; venis pinnatis extra
marginem dentibus acideatis terminatis. Soris mediatis. In ripas
umbrosas Brisbane fluminis abundans, foliis vel frondihus nitentihus
facile detectum.

EKizome horizontal, thin, shortly creeping. Eronds 12 to 18
inches long, usually ovate-lanceolate in the small form, but more
triangular-ovate in the larger, in outline, the stipes long, slender,
sulcate and densely covered at or near the base with dark brown
ovate acuminate scales, bitripinnate, the pinnae and lower pinnules
much elongated at the apex, the upper surface glossy, rhachis
and costules hairy. Yeins pinnate ending beyond the margin in
aculeate teeth. Sori medial. Eound abundant in the Brisbane
Eiver scrubs, and at once detected by the shining upper surface
of the fronds. This beautiful fern has been for a long time
confused with Lastrea acuminata, T. Moore, Aspidium acuminatum,
Hort., Aug., but from which it differs in the absence of indusia
and in the longer, more aculeate marginal teeth.

Yar. tropica. This form has been thought to be identical with
the species called by Blume F. rufescens. It differs slightly from
F. aspidioides in wanting the gloss on the upper surface of frond,
is less divided, often wanting the marginal teeth, being more
crenulated on the obtuse pinnules, the close, soft, pubescence
having also a reddish tinge, these variations might in a great
measure be due to climate. Eanges, Trinity Bay Queensland.

ACROSTICHUM NEGLECTUM, n.S.

Rliizoma squamosum, fiiscum, durum, Lomarice simillimum,frondibus
fertilibus et sterilibus 1' ad 3' alt. lanceolatis, profunde pinnatifidis,

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 00

segmentis angustis, linearihus, margmatis. Stipite frond, steril. dlihus
dentatis vel lohatis marginatis, segment, lanceolatis, serratis, dentilus
serratis vel aculeatis, long. 3" ad 6", lat. 6"' ad 9"'. Alos supradicfce
/at. 6"'. Venis ut in A. repandum.

In vallis perumirosis, Trinity Bay Range.

E-hizome creeping, scaly, dark coloured, hard. Fronds of two
kinds like a Lomaria, one to three feet high, lanceolate in outline,
deeply pinnatifid, stipes in the fertile frond more than half its
length, and bordered by a narrow wing, segments linear, joined
by the narrow wing of rachis, but not decurrent, one and a-half
to three inches long. Stipe of sterile frond half the length of
frond, bordered by a toothed or lobed wing to the base, segments
lanceolate coarsely serrated, teeth almost aculeate, and some again
serrate, three to six inches long, half to three-quarter inches
broad, joined at the base by the wing of rhachis which is about
half an inch broad, veins as in ^. repandum.

I met with this beautiful species in a close gully of the Trinity
Bay Banges, in May 1877. Dr. Prentice tells me that Mr. W.
Hill brought the same species from the North of Queensland
several years before, and that he saw while on a visit to England
a specimen of the same labeled in J. Smith's herbarium as A.
repandum, from which it differs widely, both according to the
diagnosis given in Hooker's '' species Filicum,''^ with which our
form of A. repandum perfectly agrees.

I forward typical specimens of the following : — Schizcea Fosteriy
Spreng. ; Trichomanes yandinense, fn.s.J ; Polypodium aspidioides,
fn.s.j also var. tropica, fn.s.J; and Polypodium pallidum.

On some Polyzoa from the Qtjeenslakd Coast.

By William A. Haswell, M.A., B.Sc.

[Plates 1—3.]
Among a large series of Polyzoa which I obtained while at Port
Denison last spring, are many rare and som© new species, and of

E

34 ON SOME POLYZOA FROM THE QTJEENSLAND COAST,

these the present communication is an account; Nearly all the
specimens were obtained with the dredge in a single spot close to
Holborn Island, an islet situated about twenty miles to the north-
east of Port Denison, and about forty to the westward of the
G-reat Barrier Eeef . Here the bottom at a depth of about twenty
fathoms seemed to be covered with little else than numerous kinds
oiPolyzoa, intermixed with species oiPlumulariidce and Sertulariidce
and a few shells. Many of the Pohj%oa are massive branching
forms, which, judging from the contents of the dredge and hempen
tangles, seem to grow here in great profusion, and are no doubt
in the act of forming by their gradual growth and decay more or
less extensive deposits analogous to the Polyzoa-beds characteristic
of the tertiary formations of South Australia and Europe. It
would be interesting to determine the extent of this remarkable
bed : bad weather prevented us doing anj^thing in this direction ;
it is unusual to dredge Pohjzoa in abundance at so slight a depth,
but no doubt the sheltering influence of the Great Barrier is a
sufficient explanation,^'' and it is not unlikely that a similar growth
may occur commonly within the Barrier at like depths, in situations
where the set of the current does not favour the deposition of
coral mud from the reefs.

I regret having been unable to obtain in Sydney some of the
the works bearing on the present subject ; I have particularly to
regret the want of D'Orbigny's ' ' Paleontologie Frangaise,"
Hagenow's ^'Bryozoen der Maestrichten Kreidebild," and the
" Natural History Eeview," the volume of which for 1858 contains
descriptions of various Australian Polyzoa by Prof. Sir Wyville
Thomson.

Unless otherwise particularised the habitat of the species is
Holborn Island, 20 fathoms.

* A similar abundance of Bryozoa has been recently noticed at a depth of 40
fathoms in the Mediterranean ; vide " On the Bryozoa of the Bay of
Naples," by A. W. Waters, F.G.S., Ann. and Mag., Nat. Hist. (5) III.
p. 280.

BY W. A. HASWELL, M.A., B.SC. 35

Sub-order Cyclostomata.

1. Orisia terrEe-reginse, sp. nov., Plate I., fig. 1.

Cells 16 — 22 in each, internode, closely punctate, prominent,
the free portion inclined forwards ; mouth circular, entire ;
branches arising from the eighth to the thirteenth cell of the
internode ; joints black.

The free portion of the cell in this species is not so long as in
C, incurva ; the length of the internodes distinguishes it from the
other described Australian species. From C. elongata, M.-Edw., as
figured and described by Busk, is is distinguished chiefly by the
general habit, and the colour of the nodes ; from C. ehurneo-
(lenticulata, Smitt, to which it is also allied, it is distinguished by
the number of cells in each internode and the point of origin of
tbe branches.

2. Idmonea radians, Lamk

3. Idmonea milneana, jyOrligny.

A much more delicate variety than that met with in Port
Jackson, and having the mouths of the cells relatively larger.

4. Idmonea irregularis, Ilenegliini.

5. Idmonea marionensis, Husk.
Colour light purple.

6. Pustulipora delicatula, Busk.

7. Pustulipora proboscidea, U. Forbes.

8, Pustulipora australis, JBusk, var. ?

Resembles P. australis, in habit and in the form of the cells ;
but the summits of the papilla) are not black.

9. Pustulipora fragilis, sp. nov., Plate I., fig. 2.

Zoarium very slender, sub-cylindrical, cells elongate, exserted,
curved outwards, separated by wide intervals ; the general surface
covered with numerous minute black-pointed spinules.

36 ON SOME POLYZOA FROM THE QUEENSLAND COAST,

10. Pustulipora clavaeformis, Bush.

11. Eetihornera foliacea? MacGUlivrmj.
Hob. Port Denison ; a small fragment probably of this species.

Sub-order Cheilostomata.

12. Salicornaria tenuirostris, Busk.

I can find no avicularia on my specimens, but the close
correspondence in the form of the cells and the general habit
leaves little doubt of the correctness of the determination.

13. Nellia oculata, Busk.

14. Onchopora ventricosa, sp. nov., Plate I., fig. 3.

Cells elongate, projecting a little at the oral end ; covered with
irregular granulations ; mouth with a shallow, open sinus in the
lower lip.

An ally of 0. mutica of Busk, (Q. Journ. Micro. Sc, vol. iii.,
p. 321, pi. iv., figs. 2, 3) but with the cells longer and less crowded.

15. Onchopora immersa, s/^. nov., Plate I., figs. 4, 5.

Zoarium dichotomously branched ; branches cylindrical ; cells
immersed ; surface ornamented with large pores.

16. Onchopora granulosa, sp. nov.
Cells short, ventricose, cell-wall granulated, mouth not produced,
with a shallow sinus in the lower lip.

Distinguished from 0. ventricosa, by the greater shortness of
the cells, and the closeness of the granulations on the surface.

17. Cabarea rudis, Busk.
18. Cabarea lata, -SwsX*.

19. CeUularia cuspidata. Busk, var.
The spine on the upper and outer angle of the cell is extremely
short and blunt.

BY W. A. HASWELL, M.A., B.SC. 37

20. Scrupocellaria cervicornis, Busk.
A small scrap, seemingly of this species, from Holborn Island.

21. Scrupocellaria diadema, Busk.

22. Scrupocellaria Macandrei, Busk.

23, Scrupocellaria clypeata, sp. nov., Plate I., fig. 6.

Cells elongate, narrow, provided with a pedunculate operculum
which is long and narrow, extending much further in front of
the peduncle than behind, pointed in front, broader and truncate
behind; aperture ovate, margin prominent, armed above with
two small spines.

24. Scrupocellaria obtecta, sj). nov.

Cells provided with a large operculum covering the greater
part of the front of the cell, and occupied by a system of branching
canals of which the central one is much broader than the others.
A sessile avicularium on the inner side of the summit of each cell ;
no marginal spines. Ovicells punctate.

Distinguished from S. cervicornis by the greater size of the
operculum and its attachment by a broad base, and the absence
of marginal spines.

25. Halophila Johnstoniae, Gray.
26. Carbasea episcopalis, Busk.

27. Carbasea cribriformis ? Busk.

If the present species is identical with that described by Busk,
he can only have had under examination a small fragment, as he
makes no allusion to the very remarkable habit of the species,
beyond noticing the cribriform structure of the fronds. The frond
is wound spirally around an imaginar}^ axis, the breadth decreasing
in successive whorls ; the size of the whole structure is sometimes
very considerable.

38 ON SOME POLYZOA FROM THE QtTEENSiAND COAST,

28. Membranipora Eosselii, Audouin,
Eab. Holborn Island, 20 fathoms ; Port Denison, 5 fathoms.

29. Membranipora Lacroixii, Savigny, fsp.J
Worn specimens, apparently referable to this species, from
both Holborn Island and Port Denison.

30. Membranix3ora magnilabris, Bush.

31. Membranipora cervicornis, S2). nov.

Cells oval, margin but little raised, aperture protected by three
to five closely approximated, brandling, antler-like process, which
arise from one side of the cell and almost entirely hide the mouth ;
a strong vibraculum placed as in M. pilosa on the front wall of
the cell below the mouth.

Eah. ?

32. Biflustra armata, sj). nov., Plate I., fig. 7.

Zoarium rigid, free, folded on itself. Cells very large, their
walls thick, defined by a narrow ridge which is most prominent
above. Usually a small, pointed avicidarium on the upper part
of the cell-margin at the side of the mouth.

This species is distinguished from JB. delicatula, Busk (Crag.
Pohj%oa, p. 72. pi. i., figs. 1, 2, and 4), chiefly by the presence of
the avicularium and the absence of the serrate denticle.

33. Biflustra crassa, sp. nov., Plate I., fig. 8.
The cells are somewhat irregular in size, oblong, surrounded
by a narrow rim, free from any trace of avicularia ; the membrane
punctate.

34. Lepralia raalusii, Audouin, (sp.)

Kah. Port Denison, Holborn Island, etc., commonly distributed
on the Australian coast from low-water mark to a considerable
depth.

BY W. A. HASWELL, M.A., B.SC. 39

35. Lepralia pertusa, Esjper. fsp.J

36. Lepralia (ScMzoporella) sp. ?

Cells sub-ventricose, separated by narrow, raised lines ; mouth,
sub -quadrate, surrounded by an inconspicuous rim, a small sinus
in the lower lip, and an avicularium on one side above the mouth ;
anterior surface covered uniformly with round pores. Colour
brown.

A species so common on the Australian coast that, though I am
unable to identify it with any of the described species known to
me, I hesitate about giving it a specific name.

37. Lepralia spinifera, Johnston, var ?

Cells immersed, slightly ventricose, uniformly ornamented with
large j)unctations, a small avicularium on either side of the
mouth ; no spines.

38. Lepralia irregularis, sp. nov., Plate II., fig. 1.

Cells immersed, not defined; surface ornamented with very
irregular, wide fenestrae. Mouth of irregular shape. Colour
light purple.

39. Lepralia (ScMzoporella) Quadlingi, sp. nov., Plate II., fig. 2.

Cells immersed, not distinctly separated, cell- wall covered with
small, somewhat irregular, pentagonal reticulations. Mouth with
an open sinus below ; ovicell indistinctly reticulated.

40. Lepralia (Schizoporella) assimilis, sp. nov.

Cells ovate, ventricose, surface granular ; a raised avicularium
on each side at the top of the cell close to the mouth ; mouth with
a narrow sinus in the lower Kp. Ovicells globose, uniformly
granular.

Allied toX. spinifera, Johnston, but distinguisbed by the absence
of the characteristic sculpture on the ovicell.

40 ON SOME POLYZOA FKOM THE QUEENSLAND COAST,

41. Lepralia Mortoni, sp. nov.

Cells ovate, ventricose, cell-wall uniformly punctate, a single,
vertically placed avicularium (with the apex downwards) a little
below the mouth. Mouth sub-circular with a slight raised margin.
Ovicells uniformly ornamented with ocelliform markings. On a
sheU.

42. Lepralia lunifera, sp. nov.

Cells ovate, slightly ventricose, uniformly covered with minute
granules. A semilunar aperture in the middle of the cell-wall
behind the mouth ; mouth semicircular, an avicularium at each
angle. On a shell.

43. Lepralia (Schizoporella) Gandyi, sp. nov.

Cells hexagonal in outline, ventricose, separated by depressed
lines. Cell- wall hyaline, ornamented, except in its central portion,
with small ocelliform markings. Mouth semi-circular, a deep
sinus with a contracted orifice, in the lower lip. Ovicells globose,
sub-granular.

.44. Cellepora pumicosa, Linn.

45. Cellepora fusca, Bush.

46. Cellepora laevis, sp. nov., Plate II., figs. 3 and 4.

Zoarium consisting of thick sub-cylindrical, sometimes anas-
tomosing branches. Cells smooth, j)orcellanous, some prominent,
ventricose, others immersed, the mouth devoid of rostrum or
projecting rim; no avicularia ; ovicells galeate, reticulate, with
a large aperture ; two small circular marks on each of the opercula
and the lid of the oviceUs.

47. Cellepora granulosa, sp. nov.

Zoarium branched, the branches sub-cylindrical. Cells
irregularly aggregated, ventricose, coarsely granular. Cell-
aperture circular, margin thick, produced on one side into a blunt

BY W. A. HASTTELL, M.A., B.SO. 41

rostrum. An ovate avicularinm on the inner aspect of th e rostrum
and others of various sizes and shapes scattered over the zoarium.

48. Eschara hexagonalis, sp. noi\, Plate III., figs. 1 and 2.

Branches narrow, strap-shaped. Cells hexagonal, separated
by a distinct depressed line, punctate or smooth. Mouth nearly
circular, a round aperture below it ; cell- wall bulging below, the
prominence armed with a narrow pointed avicularium.

49. Eschara umbonata, sp. 7wv., Plate II., figs. 5 and 6.

Cells not defined ; mouth varying in form, the lower lip some-
times straight, sometimes with a small sinus, sometimes with a
rounded central lobe. Surface ornamented with numerous rounded
knobs of various sizes, and small scattered avicularia. [Small
pieces only].

50. Hemeschara australis, sp. nov., Plate II., figs. 7 and 8.

Zoarium branching, arborescent. CeUs oblong, defined
anteriorly by narrow raised lines, scarcely separated laterally ;
surface uniformly punctate. Mouth surrounded by an obscure
raised rim which is beaded below ; an open sinus, in the lower lip.

51. Petepora cellulosa, Jameson, (sp.)
Hal. Port Denison ; Holborn Island.

52. Yincularia novse-hollandiae, sp. nov., Plate IH., fig. 3.

Zoarium dichotomous, branches sub-compressed. Cell oblong,
surrounded by a finely-beaded raised rim ; mouth circular ;
anterior surface of cell, granular, much depressed near the mouth
and perforated in that situation by two large ovate apertures
which are sometimes closed by a thin membrane.

53. Conescharellina ? depressa, sp. nov., Plate III., fig. 4.
Zoarium depressed-conical, with toothed edges formed by the

projecting outer ro^ of cells. CeU-aperture oyate — the long axis

F

42 ON SOME POLYZOA FROM THE QUEENSLAND COAST,

radial — surrounded by a prominent margin — especially prominent
in the outermost row of cells. Large, sessile, sub -triangular
avicularia situated between the rows of cells, and at irregular
intervals shallow circular depressions, (vibracular pits) at the
bottom of each of which is a narrow semilunar slit, with the
concavity directed outwards. Under surface of the zoarium flat,
perforated by close-set circular pores, each occupied, either at the
surface or at a varying depth, by a thin, translucent covering,
perforated by several minute porules, usually with a rather larger
one in the centre.
Hal. Port Denison.

54. Conescharellina conica, 5j;. nov., Plate III., figs. 7 and 8.

Zoarium conical, much elevated. Cell-apertures and avicularia
in alternate, radiating rows ; cell-apertures circular or oval, with
a projecting lip on either side. Avicularia raised, triangular;
upper (movable) mandible with the apex usually more or less
produced.

55. Selenaria maculata. Bush.

56. Selenaria fenestrata, s/;. nov.

Differs from the preceding in the presence of two small f enestrse
on the wall of each cell.

57. Sphaeropora fossa, gen. et sp. nov., Plate III., figs. 5 and 6.

Zoarium sub-spherical, slightly depressed, with a circular pit
at the upper pole ; whole surface occupied by cells. Cells and
vibracular pits very irregularly arranged ; cells ventricose,
granular ; mouth semicircular ; a secondary aperture, larger than
the mouth and of similar form, occupied b}^ membrane.

The most remarkable point about this curious species is the pit
at its upper pole. This is alwaj's present and in +he same position ;
it is large enough to admit the point of an ordinary stout sewing
needle, (being about '75 mm. in diameter at the mouth), and

BY W. A. HASWELL, M.A., B.SC. 43

penetrates about lialf the thickness of the zoarium, gradually
narrowing as it descends.

58. Myriozoum australiense, sp. nov., Plate III., figs. 9 — 11.

The extra-opercular portion of the cell in this species is very
prominent, and displays a little below the mouth a rounded
aperture. The margin of the mouth is crenulated, and there is a
rather prominent, bifid lower lip. The operculum is situated
deeper than the level of the general external surface of the
polyzoary. The cells are separated from one another by delicate
radiating partitions, and the breadth of each is circumscribed in
the older and thicker branches of the polyzoary by delicate semi-
transparent lamellae, which extend from the outer wall, just below
the operculum of the cell downwards and inwards so as to cut off
an internal and an external chamber, the former dilating upwards
and occupied by the polypide, the latter empty. In the younger
portions of the polyzoary the radiating septa sometimes meet in
the centre ; in the older portions in which the number of cells in
each whorl is greater, there is a central axial canal within the
walls of which the septa do not extend ; towards the upi^er end
of each internode in the neighbourhood of the thick nodal
transverse septum, this central canal becomes divided into a series
of minute canaliculi. The number of cells in each whorl varies
from six to ten.

Sub-order Ctenostomata.

59. Amathia convoluta, Lamx.
Hob. Port Denison and Holborn Island.

Explanation of Plates.

Plate I.

Fig. 1. — Crisia terrcB-regwcB, magnified 20 diameters.
,, 2. — Pusttdipora fragils, magnified 20 diameters.
,, 3. — Oncliopora ventricosa, magnified 44 diameters.

44 ON SOME POLYZOA FROM THE QUEENSLAND COAST,

Fig. 4. — OncJiopora immersa, magnified 44 diameters.
,, 5. — The same, natural size.

^^ 6. — Scrujpocellaria dypeata, magnified 44 diameters.
,, 7. — Biflustra armata, magnified 20 diameters.
,, 8. — Biflustra crassa, magnified 20 diameters.

Plate II.
Fig. 1. — Lepralia irregularis.
,, 2. — Lepralia Quadlingi, magnified 44 diameters.
,, 3. — Cellepora l(Bvis, natural size.
,, 4. — The same, magnified 44 diameters.
,, 5. — Eschara umlonata, magnified 44 diameters.
,, 6. — The same, natural.
,, 7. — Semeschara australis, natural size.
,, 8. — The same, magnified 44 diameters.

Plate III.

Fig. 1 . — Eschara hexagonalis, magnified 44 diameters.
,, 2. — The same, natural size.

,, 3. — VincularianovcD-hollandicd, magnified 44 diameters.
,, 4. — Conescharellina f? J clepressa, magnified 44 diameters.
,, 5. — Sphceropora fossa, natural size.
,, 6. — The same, magnified 44 diameters.
,, 7. — Conescharellina conica, natural size.
,, 8. — The same, magnified 44 diameters.
,, 9. — Mgriozoum australiense, natural size.
^^ 10. — Transverse section of the same just below an internode,

shewing on one side the oblique internal dissep'-

ments ; magnified 44 diameters.
^^ 11. — External portion of a cell of the same, magnified 44

diameters.

45

Description of a new species of Galaxias from Mount

AYiLsox, with remarks on the distribution of the Genus.

By William Macleay, F.L.S., &c.

Galaxias Coxii,

B. 7. D. 10. A. 11. y. 7. P. 12.

Height of body one-sixth, of the total length ; length of head
about one-fifth of the same. Head broad and depressed between
the eyes. Eyes about one-fifth of the length of the head, and
less than haK their diameter distant from the mouth. Mouth
large and slightly oblique, the maxillary extending to below the
middle of the orbit. Teeth in the jaws in a single row, acute,
rather distant and interspersed with a few of larger size ; those on
the palate in a series of about seven on each side of a central
longitudinal ridge, and those on the tongue in two series of strong,
acute, slightly hooked teeth, five or six in number, separated by
a very deep longitudinal groove. The pectoral and ventral fins
are about the same length, and have a pointed look owing to the
middle rays being the longest ; the dorsal and anal are about
equally long, the latter commencing opposite the middle of the
former ; the caudal is truncated and is rather broad and spreading.
The colour in the fresh specimen is greenish olive, spotted all
over with dark drown, the spots towards the tail sometimes
coalescing so as to look like ''fasciae," the belly is yellowish,
there is a large oblong black spot behind the operculum just
above the base of the pectoral fin. All the fins are of a beautiful
reddish-pink colour tipped with black.

Three specimens, seven inches long.

I am indebeted to the Honble. E. K. Cox, M.L.C., for the
specimens from which the above description is taken. They were
taken by him from a small rivulet on or near the smnmit of
Mount Wilson. The height of the mountain is about 3,500 feet

46 DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OP GALAXIAS,

above the sea, and the rivulet takes its rise in a spring on its
summit, and forms, in its short course before it leaps into the
Grose YaUey, lying about 2,500 feet below, a series of small shady
cool pools, at different elevations, which are the abodes of this
fish. The species has never, I believe, been found in the Grose
River or any of the tributaries of the Nepean and Hawkesbury,
and I think we may safely take it for granted that it is not to be
found in them, as the Nepean and its tributaries were very closely
searched some years ago by Mr. Krefft, when investigating the
fresh water Fishes of Australia.

The fall into the Grose Valley may probably be too precipitous
to admit of even the ova of the Fish reaching the river in safety,
but there is another mode of accounting for the absence of this
Fish in the lower portions of the stream in which they have been
found, and that is in the difference of temperatiu-e. The difference
between the shady pools on Mount Wilson and the exposed and
shallow pools of the Grose or Nepean Eivers must be immense,
and it may well be, that the Fish cannot survive the great
change of temperature. The genus Galaxias is in this respect
very remarkable. It is peculiar to the rivers flowing into the
Pacific south of the tropics, and apparently becomes more
abundant as the colder latitudes are reached. It is rare in the
rivers of New South Wales, more abundant in Victoria, stiU more
so in Tasmania and New Zealand, and is found in the rivers of
southern Chili, Magellan Straits, and the Falkland Islands.

The species described up to the present time are as follows : —
G. alepidotus, Forst., Cuv. and Eichards=i^or5^^;-/, Guv. and Val.
New Zealand.

,, truttaceus, Cuv. and Val., Eichards. Van Diemens Land.

,, olidus, Gunth. ? Queensland.

,, fasciatus, Gray, Cuv. and Val., Eichards, = Jro^^/iws and
reticulatus, Eichards. New Zealand and Auckland Islands.

,, attenuatus, Jenyns, Cuv. and Val.,=.sc;r/3f^ and macidatus,
Eichards. New Zealand, Van Diemens' Land, Falkland
Islands and the Southern parts of Chili.

BY W. MACLEAY, E.L.S. 47

G, Krefftii, Gunth., Cat., p. 211. Sydney, Murray Elvers.
scriha, Ouv. and Yal. Port Jackson.
maculahis, Jenyns, Cuv. and Yal. Tierra del Fuego.
alpimis, Jenyns, Lakes, Tierra del Fuego.
punctatus, Gunth., Cat. p. 212. Eastern Creek, N. S. Wales.
hrevi'spinis, Gunth.. =(/ra7id is, Yon Haast. Lakes Coleridge

and Guyon, N. Z.
gracillimus, Canest. Chili.
Waterhousei, Krefft. South Australia.
ocellatus, Casteln. Eiver Yarra.
versicolor, Casteln. In Marsh St. Kilda, Melbourne.
cylindricus, Casteln. Lower Yarra, Melbourne
delicatuhis, Casteln. Yarra Eiver.
amcenus, Casteln. Yarra Eiver.
ornatus, Costeln. Cardinia Creek, Yietorian.

These in addition to the one fCoxiiJ now described are all that
can be recognised as species with any certainty. Three others
have been named as coming from South Australia — G. ohtusa and
rostratus, by Klunzinger in the ''Arch fur Natur," 1872, p. 41.
and G. Schombergii, by Peters in the '' Monalth. Ak. Wiss.
Berlin," 1868, p. 455, but as these publications are not procurable
here, and as the authors alluded to have not thought it necessary
to send a copy of their Papers to any of the scientific Societies of
these Colonies, they cannot be aggrieved if they find their work
necessarily ignored.

The species I have now described is the largest I have seen,
but I have no doubt that an examination of the rivers rising in
the Snowy Mountains, such as the upper waters of the Snowy
Eiver would make us acquainted with even larger species.

The general name given to all the species of Gdlaxias is ''Trout,"
more I should think from their spotted appearance than from
any actual resemblance, but like the trout they are good for the
table, and I feel pretty confident they would yield good sport to
the angler.

48

On two hitherto ukdescribed Fishes well-known in the
Sydney Market.

By William Macleay, F.L.S., &c.^

The enquiry now being conducted by tlie Fisheries Commission
of which I am a member, has revealed the rather remarkable
fact that two of the best known and most highly prized of the
marketable fishes of these seas, have hitherto entirely escaped the
notice of Ichthyologists. They are :

1. Otolithus Teraglin.

D. 10 1/30-32. A. 1/8, L. lat. 70.

Height of body nearly one-fifth of total length, length of head
one-fourth of the same. Lower jaw slightly longer than upper,
maxillary extending to behind the vertical from the posterior
margin of the orbit. Teeth acute and slightly recurved, but
without canines or larger teeth. Eye large, one-eighth of the
length of the head, and distant about two diameters from the
point of the snout. Prseoperculum rounded at the angle, and
distantly denticulated. Pectoral fins pointed, and more than half
the length of the head, with a large skinny flap in the upper part
of the axil. Soft dorsal with a scaly sheath at base ; caudal fin
broad and slightly emarginate. Colour bluish-silvery, lighter on
the belly ; all the fins of a dark tinge excepting the ventrals,
which are white with the space between the first and second rays
black.

This fish is abundant on our coasts, and attains a very
considerable size — three or four feet in length. It is known to
the fishermen as the " Teraglin," and I have made that its specific
name. It belongs like the ''Jew Fish" Scicena antarctica, of
Castelnau, to the Scicenidce, a family said by Dr. Gunther to be
iinknown in Australia.

by w. macleay, f.l.s. 49

2. Syxaptura nigea.

D. 57. A. 47. 0. 14. L. lat. 77 on the body.

Height with fins, two-thirds of total length. Mouth about
equally developed on both sides, with numerous short cutaneous
filaments, extending on the blind side over a large portion of the
head. The upper eye very slightly in advance of the lower, and
about two diameters of the orbit apart from it. The pectoral fin
on the right side a little less than one-third of the length of the
head, that on the left side a little smaller. Scales firm and hard
their apices glassy-looking and armed with seven or eight acute
points, on the right side ; those on the blind side of the same
form and size, but not so strongly armed, and of an uniform
yellowish- white. The colour on the right side is black, the glassy-
looking apex of the scales giving it a greyish hue, the left side is
entirely yellowish- white. The vertical fins are tij^ped with white.

This is the best of our Flat Fish. It is generally called the
" Sole," (though that name is often given to other species of the
FleuronectidceJ and is abundant at the proper season in Botany
Bay at the mouth of Cook's Eiver. It is also found in Port
Jackson. The average size of an adult fish is about 10 inches in
length, by six in height.

NOTES AXD EXHIBITS.

J. Brazier, Esq., C.M.Z.S. etc., exhibited five proof sheets of
Brachiopoda, from the new species obtained by H. M. S.
'' Challenger." Also '' The Zoology of the '' Magenta "."

Mr. Masters exhibited specimens of Puffinus gavius and Arses
telescoptlialmus ; both new to the Australian Fauna, and a Monkey
from Borneo, (Nasicus larvatusj sent to the Hon. W. Macleay by
Count de Lansberge, Grovernor General of Netherlands India.

Mr. Palmer exhibited some palms and other plants brought
from Lord Howe's Island by Mr. Armstrong.

/

50 ON" SOME FUNGI OF NEW SOUTH "WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

WEDNESDA.Y, FEBEUAEY 25th, 1880.

The President, the Eev. J. E. Tenison-AVoods, F.G.S., F.L.S.,
&c., in the Chair.

MEMBERS ELECTED.

The Eev. Benedict Scortechini, Logan Eiver, Queensland, and
James Garland, Esq., AVagga Wagga.

DONATIONS.

Philosophical Society of South Australia, Transactions and
Proceedings for 1879.

Mitthelungen aus der Zoolog. Station zu Neapel.

Eev. Dr. Woolls — Lectures on the Vegetable Kingdom.

The President — Three Vols. Horticultural Magazine, Papers
and Proceedings of the Eoyal Society of Tasmania, Nos. o and 8
of the Natural History Eeview.

papers read.

On some of the Fungi of New South Wales and Queensland.

By Eev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., L.S.'&c, &c.. President

of Linn. Soc, N.S.W., and F. M. Bailey, F.L.S. , Cor. Mem.

E. S. Tas., &c., &c.

Whatever attention has been paid to the botany of Australia
by such illustrious and eminent scientific men as Eobt. Brown,
Hooker, Bentham and Baron Mueller, we must admit that there
are some departments of the science which have been comparatively
neglected. These are notably the Mosses, Lichens, and Fungi.
The latter have never been approached in a sjstematic manner
by any author, A list was published in the Journal of the
Linnean Society in 1873, Vol. XIIL, p. 155, by the Eev. J. M.
Berkeley, which dealt with specimens sent to Europe from time

BY REV. J. E. TEXISON-WOODS, F.L.S., AND F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 51

to time by Baron Mueller, Dr. E. Schomburgck, Dr. WooUs, 0.
Moore, &c., &c. This list formed with, that given in Hooker's
Tasmanian Flora our only Australian literature on the subject.

For some years past one of us (Bailey) has devoted some
attention to collecting fungi in Queensland. These have been
regularly forwarded to 0. E. Broome, of Bath, a notable authority
on the Order, who with the Rev. J. M. Berkeley has already
published a paper in the transactions of the Linnean Society of
London, containing about one hundred species, several of which
are new. Another paper by the same authorities is in course of
preparation, which will be found to contain a far greater amount
of novelties — but while one of us has been working up the
Queensland species the other has taken advantage of many
opportunities for observing, collecting and classifying specimens
of this most interesting order in New South Wales. We
purpose therefore to furnish a contribution to Australian Mycology,
and so far as possible to popularize the subject with a view to
stimulate enc^uiry. To accomplish this, we shall give short
notes on the genera and the more remarkable species. Thus
it is hoped that they will for the most part be easily recognized
without recourse to an extensive library.

Before proceeding to the enumeration of such species as we
are acquainted with, a few general observations may be of interest.
It might be thought that in the dry and arid plains of Australia
there would not be many favourable localities for fungi, which
for the most part ajffect moist and shady situations. For a great
many genera and species this is true. But rotten trunks and
decaying trees are found almost everywhere, and burnt surfaces
with much charred wood are also very common in Australia since
bush fires are of yearly occurrence. A very large tribe also is
almost exclusively confined to the bark of trees, that is the
Polyporei, which are amply represented in the continent. In our
open pastures at various times of the year, and especially where
sheep have been fed, the common mushroom, Agaricus campestris,

52 ON SOME -ETJNGl OF NEW SOUTH WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

Linn., and several other Agarics are found. These plants do not
figure largely in collection on account of the great difficulty in
preserving them. A. coniciis, sometimes is met with in New
South Wales and is supposed by some to have been introduced.
It may be easily known by turning black when bruised. The
species is eaten in Europe. In Queensland amongst old grass
during continued wet we met with quantities of Stereum nitidulum
Berk., (Hook., Lond. Journ., 1843, p. 638.) The curious dark-
coloured, flat-topped, puff-ball, Bovista lilaeina, Mont, et Berk.,
is not uncommon on plains. This species does not seem very
esculent, but according to Messrs. Berkeley and Broome in
their account of the Ceylon fungi in (Linnean Society Journal,
Vol XI v., p. 78.) that it is regularly sold as an article of food in
the Indian bazaars. The same pasture is often dotted with
another puff-ball. Scleroderma Bovista, Fr., but in New Zealand
Lijcoperdon pusillum, is the one met with, S. Bovista while youug,
cut into slices is considered an excellent addition to sauces and
stews.

Our open forests have their peculiar fungi, on the ground about
stony dry ridges the beautiful Trametes ferennis, Fr., may
frequently be seen as well as several species of Clavaria and
Pohjsaccum olivaceum. This last is a very dark, hard fungus, and
has somewhat the appearance of the common puff-ball, but on
examination it will be found to be formed very differently inside.
Amongst the many Pohjyori found on forest trees none will so
frequently be seen as P. ignarius. This very dark brown species
seems to be particularly fond of the rugged bark of our Casuarina.
Some of the large Pohjpori are known to bushmen by the name
of '* Punk." P. igniarius is said to be used in some parts according
to one author (Gardiner's Chron., 1862, p. 21) for holding sereal
plants in lieu of flower pots, for which purpose the pores and part
of the inner substance is removed. The pileus is then inverted
and fastened in some position where it can be filled with light
soil and used for plants requiring but little moisture. Fine red-

BY EEV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS, F.L.S., AND F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 53

coloured species P. cinnaharinus, Fr. and P. sanguineus, Fr., may
both often be observed in abundance in the damp parts of forests
on any old timber, and from tlieir bright colors are sure to attract
attention. These species are widely spread in Australia and
other warm countries ; in Queensland they are often accompanied
by Boedalea Sprucei, Berk., and Trametes2nctus, Berk. Thorough
bark of sheaoaks, casuarinas is often covered with the beautiful
dark-brown velvety Pohjporus ciclioraceus, Berk. But it is in the
scrubs lining the watercourses on the eastern side of the Dividing
Range that the greatest variety of the genus Polyporus will be
seen and conspicuously the Fan fungus Polyporus fiahelliformis, Fr.
and goblet-shai)ed P. xantlioims, Fr., two easily recognised species
even from their appropriate specific names. The same may be
said of P. Jiirsutus, Fr., whose pileus is usually covered with
somewhat soft, scaly hairs. A ver}^ abundant kind on scrub-logs
is the large yi^nie Lenzites deplanata, Fr., whose curious hymenium
closely resembles that of a Bcedaha. Though not regarded with
much esteem as esculents, yet some species of the tribe Pohjporei
have been, and are used as articles of food in other 23arts of the
world. Generally speaking they are not favorites, but at the
same time it might be well to exj)eriment with some of the
Australian kinds.

In the close dark scrubs of Queensland one may often meet
with logs the tops of which are bordered with the large cups of
Thelephora lamellata, B. et C. These cups frequently grow one
within another, but when seen singly they will often measure
from 8 to 10 inches across. Where the ground is soft, formed of
a leafy mould the pretty earth-star Geaster saccata, Fr., and others
will be common, and should the season be warm and wet several
species of the tribe Phalloidei may be met with, such as the red
star, a kind resembling somewhat the sea anemone. This is the
Aseroe rulnim of Labillardiere. The ball-net Ileodictyon gracile,
Berk., and the superb new species of Dictyophora — D. multicolor,
B. et Br. Most species of this tribe are attractive to the eye, but

54 ON SOME FUNGI OF NEW SOUTH "WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

unfortunately they usually possess a most fetid odour. In drying
some care is required or both, their color and shape will be lost.
With the Ileodictyon the best mode is to fill the inside of the net
with some soft material while the plant is fresh, which may be
done by passing cotton wool through the meshes of the net and
then placing it in the sun to dry quickly. The other s^pecies
should be laid upon clean white paper in the hot sun and kept
frequently turned to prevent them adhering. By this quick
mode of drying the color and also the shape in great measure can
be ]3reserved. In the same localities we shall probably meet with
several species of Lentinus which are tough mushrooms, L.fasciatus
Br. is one of the most common in Queensland. In form it
resembles a wine glass, is of a brownish -light or dark colour,
and very shaggy. Its favorite position is on half-rotten logs.
These shaggy cups are sometimes large being five or six inches
and three or four across the top of cup. But the finest of the
genus is probably that found by Mr. Bailey in the scrub at the
Gap, Enoggera Creek, near Brisbane. It has since been named
L. cyathus, by Messrs. Berkely and Broome, and will be found
amongst those described by them in the transactions of the
Linnean Society, Vol. I., part VI., p. 399. This superb species
stands erect like a large wine glass, is about four inches across,
the gills are narrow and unbranched, about six inches high. The
stem is about seven lines thick. In similar localities logs are
often seen decorated with large paper-like lobes of various colors
these are species of Stereum, a buff colored fungus. Another
kind has finger-like lobes and is called by Messrs. Berkeley and
Broome S. radiato-fissum. It is sure to attract attention in any
place where it occurs. At the base of stumps will be noticed the
shiny bright species S. hirsutiim, Fr. The curious form of
mycelium called by the botanist Rhizomorpha Harrimanm, is often
abundant on old timber and is the mycelium of ^ylaria polyMorplia
Fr., and X rhytldophloia, Mont., two black club-shaped fungi,
the former sometimes two to three inches high.

BY EEY. J. E. TEOTrSON- WOODS, F.L.S., Am) F. M. BAILEY, P.L.S. 55

In speaking of our scrub fungi we must not forget the common
Jew's ear, Slrneola auricula-Judw, Berk. Great quantities of it
are collected at Tahiti and shipped to China where it is used for
soups. It might surely be collected with advantage in both
Queensland and New South Wales during wet warm weather, it
is very abundant on old timber in our dense scrubs. It is said
to fetch in the market when dry about six-pence a pound. Little
or no care is required in drying, just placing in the sun and
turning now and again for a few days. Hirneola polDtriclm is
perhaps the more common in New South Wales and is quite as
valuable as an esculent. Use might certainty be made of many
of the larger kinds of Pohjporei in a similar way to that in which
several are used in Europe in the manufacture of chest protectors.
For this purpose they are cut into thin plates dried and beaten
until they become soft. The indigenous kinds likely to become
useful in this respect are the large and beautiful Polyporus liicidm,
Fr., the top of which is highly polished ; P. senex, Mont., a dull
brown kind, but one that grows to a large size (specimens may
be often met with in our scrubs from one and a-half to two feet
in diameter), and Dcedalea Spnccei, Berk., a large thick kind much
softer than the last and pure white. Before concluding the few
brief remarks on our fungi something should be said of those
which attack our grasses. These for the most part belong to the
Sub-order Coniomycetes, and are of quite a different character.
They have the spores often naked, terminating in conspicuous
threads, the perithecium when present being very delicate and
evanescent. They belong also to the tribe PaccinicBi. The
following are the plants which seem subject to them — Fimhrisfijlis
a small grass-like sedge on which occurs Ustilago axicola, Berk.
This in some seasons on wet undrained land is very abundant.
U. carlo, Tulasne, will be found on the panicles of Aristida a
three awned speargrass. On the rice-grass Leersia hexandra,
S\v., which is common near water-courses will be found a new
species of Thecajjhora glohuUjera, Berk, et Broome. The red rust

56 ON SOME FUXGI OF NEW SOUTH WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

TricTwhasis ruhigo-vera, Lev., is common on Memarthna. The last
observation is very important and answers a part of the question
as to whence our red rust plague is derived and where it finds a
home. If an attentive observation should render as familiar with
those plants it affects we might not despair of its eradication.
The common black moulds Cladosporium herlarum, Lk., which
attacks IschcBuiimi and Paspalum, and the Helmmthosporium
ravenelis, Curtis, which destroys the panicles of the several species
of Sporololus belong to the Sub-order E'ypJiomycetes or floccose
fungi with simple or branched filaments and terminal spores.

Many of our readers will be familiar with the large luminous
mushroom which is so common at certain seasons about the bases
of old gum stumps. Until quite lately we took this fine species
for Agaricus Gardner i, Berk., but upon careful examination
Messrs. Berkeley and Broome find it a new species of Paniis and
from its luminous character have named it P. incandescens, it seems
to have a wide range, being met with in nearly all parts of
Australia. The beauty of the appearance of this kind at night
cannot be exaggerated. It is a pale luminous glow which seems
to permeate the whole substance except the skin of the cap. The
light does not come off on the hand, neither does it emit any
unpleasant smell. Some specimens found by one of us at
Wallerawang on the Divide, in March 1878, were 12 inches in
diameter, and gave a light which was sufficient to enable one to
read a newspaper when laid upon it ; the kind is said not to be
poisonous. Other luminous kinds are noticed by Hooker in the
Journal of Botany, 1840, Vol. II., p. 426. Probably we have
five or six in Australia including the Javanese Agricus Gairdneri.
It is as well to note that the common large luminous one is
poisonous.

In conclusion we beg to call attention to the very great
importance which the study of Fungi possesses for a young
country like ours, wliich depends so much upon its agriculture.
Sad experience has already taught us how its prospects may be

BY KEY. J. E. TEXISOX-VOODS, F.L.S. AXD F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 57

injured by blight, mildews, smuts, rusts, &c. Little or nothing
is known about the origin and spread of these terrible pests, and
it is equally certain that if they were known they would in a
measure be provided against. Although by many mycologists
the polymorphy of these blights has been doubted, yet experience
seem to have decided that a blight of one kind affecting one class
of plants may be transformed into a mildew or a rust amongst
cereal crops. Certain j)ortions of England were for a long time
subject to mildews and rust whicli farmers, it would seem, but
too justly attributed to the influence of certain fungi on the
Berberry shrubs near. Experiments were tried and it was found
that wheat, rape, and barley sown in the neighbourhood of a
berberry bush covered with a fungus called u3^cidiuni herhen'dis,
contracted rust immediately after the maturation of the spores of
the JEcidia. The rust was most abundant where the wind carried
the spores. The following year the same observations were
repeated ; the spores of the ^cidium were collected, and applied
to some healthy plants of rye, after five or six days these plants
were affected with rust, while the remainder of the crop was
sound. In 1863 some winter rye was sown round a berberry
bush, which in the following year was infested with ^cidiiun,
which was mature in the middle of May, when the rye was
completely covered with rust. Of the grasses near the bush
Triticum repens, was most affected. — (See Cook and Berkeley's
^^ Fimgi,''^ page 200.) It will be easily seen from this fact how
important the study of fungi becomes, for in the locality referred
to the destruction of the berberry bushes has been the salvation
of the crop.

Before giving a list of those fungi which are known to inhabit
Queensland and New South Wales, it will be necessary to
explain a few technical terms for the use of students who may
not have books of reference at hand when using the catalogue.

Fungi are propagated for the most part by very small bodies,
called spores. These in two large divisions of the order are
H

58 ON SOME FUNGI OF XEV SOUTH 'W'ALES A^T) QUEENSLAND,

produced upon a fruit-bearing surface called the Symenium. The
giUs in the common mushroom are the hymenium, the pores in
Boletus or Pohjporus.

Now the classification of many families depend upon the
character of the hymenium, whether porous or lamellar &c. The
bed of fibre from which the fungus springs is called the mycelium.
The pileus or cap of the fungus is a term which explains itseK.
In the young stage many fungi are joined by the edge of the
stem by a membrane which often remains when the fungus is
spread out. This is the veil or annulus.

Fungi are divided into two great sections Sporifera — spores
naked ; Sporidifera — sporidia in sacs or asci. The first section is
divided into four sub-orders which will be defined in order as
they occur. The first Hymenomycetes, in which the hymenium is
either exposed from the begining or in the course of growth.

Of this sub-order there are six tribes, viz. : —

I. Agaricini — Hjonenium lamellose.

II. PoLYPOREi — Hymenium porous or tubular.

III. Hydnei — Hymenium tuberculate.

ly. AuRicuLARiNi — Hymenium even, smooth or rugose.

V. Clavariei — H^anenium superior or unfolding, fungus

vertical elevate, branched, rarely lobed.

VI. Tremellini — Hymenium generally covering the whole

surface, fungus lobed or discoid, gelatinous.

Agaricini.

Fungi with the hjanenium formed into distinct gill-like plates
the modification of which assists to distinguish the genera. In
the genus Cantharelliis the gills are re]3laced by veins which are
branched and with an obtuse edge. In Lenzites the veins become
hard and corky.

BY REV. J. E. TENISON- WOODS, F.L.S. AND F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 59

Agaricus, Linn.
Fleshy fungi with gill plates, with or without a stem, which may
be central or lateral. When no stem is present, the pileus is
attached by the upper surface. The genus is divided into five
natural groups, according as the color of the spores is white, pink,
ferruginous, purple-brown, or black. A very large genus
containing over one thousand species. The common Mushroom
is the most familiar example.

Sub-genus Amanita.

Pileus central. Young plant enclosed in a membranous free
volva, through which the pileus pushes, with or without a veil.
Grills not decurrent on the stem.

A. ragiiiatufi, Bull, var. Brisbane Eiver (Bailey), Feb. 7, 1880.
Top of pileus mouse-colour and somewhat viscid, margin
thin and striated or furrowed, without the scales of the allied
species, stem split and portions curled giving the appearance
of being scaly. Volva free, but closely appressed to stem,
base bulbose.

Lepiota, Pers.

Veil simple, annular, somewhat persistent.

A. procerus, Scop., Enoggera Creek, Queensland, (Bailey) — Port
Douglas (Woods).

A. BecUeri, Berk., Clarence Eiver, N.S.W. (Beckler).
A. aspratus, Berk., Clarence Eiver, N.S.W. (Beckler), Enoggera
Creek, Queensland (Bailey).

Sub-genus Omphalia, Pers.
Pileus fleshy-membranous or when young umbilicated.
A. oniscus, Fr., Grainsford (G. Bowman).
A' umbelliferus, Linn., ? Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

60 ox SOME FUXGI OF NEW SOUTH WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

Sub-genus Pleurotus.
Stem out of the centre or lateral.
A. (q)plicatus, Batsch.., Gainsford, Queensland (E. Bowman).
A. mollis, Schreff., Logan River, (Bailey).
A. Guilfoylei, Berk., Tweed River (Guilfoyle).
A. sordulentm^ B. et Br., on logs Taylor's Range, Queensland, a
new and beautiful species very like a Lentinus (Bailey).

Sub-genus Flammula.
Yeil fugacious, gill adnate or decurrent.

A. Boileyi, B. et Br., orange colored, on logs near Brisbane

(Bailey).
A. sajnneus, Rr., yellow-brown, on logs near Brisbane (Bailey).
A. picreus, Fries., Rockbampton, on dead trunks of Macrozamia,

(Thozet).

Sub-genus Naucoeia.

Pileus fleshy, membranous, flattish, squamulose, small ; lamella
cinnamon-colored.

A. Bowmani, Berk., Herbert Creek, Queensland (Bowman).
A. anguineus, Fries., Rockbampton (Thozet.)

Sub-genus Psalliota.
Stem with a ring formed by the veil.
A. campestris, Linn., common mushroom found everywhere.
A. versiijes, B. et Br., a new species found amongst the roots of
Bamboo, in the Brisbane Botanical Gardens. A large species
somewhat resembling A. campestris, but with a much thicker
stipes, the gills also are fasciculated in a very peculiar manner
and the whole plant has a strong smell of garbc.

Sub-genus Psathtbella.

A. dissemlnatus, P., Enoggera Creek. (Bailey). This is a small
delicate species often found in great abundance on old
rubbish in damp places,

BY REV. J. E. TEXISO^"-^VO^DS, F.L.S. A^-D F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 61

A. hiascens, Fries., E-ockliampton, (A. Thozet.)

A. {Lepiota) leontoderes, B. et Br., Grracemere O'Slianessy, F. de
Thilmen, publicata, deter. C. Kalcbrenner, as also the nine
following.

A. {Lepiota) clypeolarius, Bull, Grracemere O'Shanessy.

A. (Lepiota) granulosas, Fries., Rockhampton, (Thozet.)
A. {Mycena) silemis, B. et Br., sent to Baron Mueller from North
Australia by Armit.

A. {OmpliaJea) scy^phiformis, Fries., amongst grass, Graeemere
O'Shanessy.

A. (Fleurotus) ilhcminans, Muller, Eockhampton, (Thozet).

A. (Fleurotus) corticatus, Fries., Graeemere O'Shanessy.

A. (Heheloma) nudipes, Fries., Graeemere O'Shanessy.

A. (Panceolus) campanulatus, Linn., Parramatta. Jour. Linn.
Soc., Yol. 16.

CoPETNUS, Fersoo7i.

Gill-bearing fungi remarkable for their dark spores and
deliquescent pileus, gills adhering together, growth and decay
extremely rapid, on dung hot-beds, some yield a very dark juice
which is used for ink, and some are edible.

G. stercoreus, Fr., in many parts of N. S. W. and Queensland.
C. ephemerus, Fr., Bull, 1. 128, Gainsford, Queensland (Bowman).

Htgeophortjs, Fries.

This genus is separated from Agaricus on account of the
waxy not membranous gills, and granular intermediate substance.

a. miniatus, Fr., a small, beautiful deep red species very abundant
in open pastures during damp w^eather inQueensland(Bailey)

B.. porpliyrinus, B. et Br., pileus and stipes purple, gills white, a
new species found on open pasture near Brisbane (Bailey.)

C2 ON- SOME FUN^GI OF NEW SOUTH "WALES AXD QUEEXSLAXD,

Maeasimus, Fries.

Habit of Agariciis. Pileus fleshy or membranous, hymenium
dry, gills thick, tough with acute edges.
M. confeHus, B. and Br,, a delicate fungus often found crowded

in Queensland and New South Wales river scrubs.
M. rotula, Fries., on dead wood, Grracemere O'Shanessy.
M. rufo-pallidus, Kalchbrenner, published by E. de Thiimen,

Grracemere O'Shanessy.
M. rJiyticeps, Kalchb., Eockhampton on stems of Passiilora^

(Thozet.)
M. ealohates, Kalchb., E/Ockhampton, on old leaves of Bourgain-

villea (Thozet.)
M. aciculceformis, B. and Br., Grracemere on old decayed logs

O'Shanessy.
M. primulinus, Berk., Parramatta, Jour. Linn. Soc. Vol. 16.
M. opaciis, Berk, and C, Parramatta, Jour. Linn. Soc, Yol. 16.

Lactarttts, Fries.

Trama vesicular, gills lactescent, whence the generic name.

L. subtomentosus, B. and Kac, Parramatta, Jour. Linn. Soc, Y. 16.

Canthaeellus, Yide supra.

G. conci?inus, Berk., Parramatta, Jour. Linn. Soc, Yol. 16.
C. cibarius, Pries., Parramatta, Jour. Linn. Soc, Yol. 16.
0. aurantiacus, Pries., Eockhampton, (Thozet.)

Etjsstjla, Fries.

This is a genus of bright colored mushrooms. Grills brittle
and entire, either white or of an apricot color, according to color
of spores. Some are extremely acrid, others mild and esculent,
and on the continent of Europe highly esteemed.

B. ^wie^fc«,Pr., Elizabeth Bay, (Tenison-Woods) a very poisonous
species.

BY REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS, E.L.S., AND F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 63

H. rubra, Fr., Brisbane Eiver, (Bailey).
B.fragilis, Fr., Herbert Creek, (E. H. Bowman).

Lextixus, Fries.

' Habit o£ Agaricus. Pileus leathery, hard. Gills tough, edges
often lacerated.

L. fasciatus, Berk., a beautiful shaggy fungus on wood in dense
scrubs, Parramatta (Woods), Eockhampton (Bowman),
Trinity Bay and Brisbane E-iver (Bailey). This species
varies much in color, from very light to dark brown, (F.M.B.)

L. pergamenus, Fries., Gracemere O'Shanessy.

L. sulundus, Berk., sent to Baron Mueller by Armit from North
Queensland.

L. Leco7ntei, Fr., shaggy like the last, on a shorter usually
excentric stipes, Tweed Eiver (Guilfoyle), Southern Queens-
land (Bailey).

L. exilis, KL, a very beautiful cup-formed species, color light,
not shaggy. Trinity Bay (Bailey), Daintree (Woods).
Daintree specimen large.

L. vulpiniis, Fr., Tweed Eiver (Guilfoyle).

L. Dimalii, Fr., Trinity Bay, (Bailey).

L. cyathus, B. et Br., a very fine species. Dense scrubs, Enoggera
Creek, (Bailey). New species.

L. subdulces, Berk., on logs, Taylor's Eange (Bailey).

Paxus, Fries.
Pileus tough but fleshy, gills unequal, edges entire, acute.
P. iticatidescens, B. et Br., f?i. Bp.) the large luminous mushroom

of Queensland and South Australia (Bailey).
P, visciduliis, B. et Br., fn. sp.) top of pileus somewhat of a slate
color and very clammy, while fresh the gills white, on timber
Brisbane Eiver scrubs (Bailey), New South Wales (Woods).

Xerotes, Fries.
Gills distant, entire, obtuse, whole plant of delicate texture
and dry, whence the name. On decaying logs.

64 ON SOME FUXGI OF NEW SOUTH WALES AXD QUEENSLAND,

X Rawakensis, Fr., Enoggera, near Brisbane, (Bailey).
X proximus, B. et Br., Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).
X fukus, B. et Br., Enoggera (Bailey).

Paxillus, Fries.
Gills persistent, distinct from tlie hymenophorum.
P. Jluelleri, Berk., Parramatta, Jour. Linn. Soc, Yol. 16.

ScHizoPHYLLUiT, FHes.
Pileus dry. Gills branched in a flabellate manner, split
longitudinally.

S. commune, Fr., color of cap grey, gill brownish, very abundant
ubiquitous species, on timber, Tweed Eiver (Guilfoyle)
Brisbane Biver (Prentice), Trinity Bay (Bailey), Daintree
(Woods).

Lenzites, Fries.
Pileus corky. Gills firm, often anastomosing, with, entire edges.
L. hetidina, Fr., Main Pauge, Queensland (Bailey).
Z. Palisotii, Fries, New South. Wales (Mueller.)
L. Berlceleyi, Lev., Brisbane Piver (Thozet).
L. cleplanata, Fr., in all the scrubs about Brisbane, very abundant

and large at Maroochie (Bailey), Daintree (Woods).
L. faventinus, Cald., Enoggera (Bailey).
Z. striata, Fr., on timber. Three Mile Scrub (Bailey), Port

Douglas (Woods).
Z. striata, var minor. Herbert's Creek, Eockhampton, Jour.

Linn. Soc, Yol. 13, bot. p. 161.

Tribe Polyporei.
Hymenium lining the cavity of tubes or pores.

STEOELLOiiYCES, Berk.
Yery like a Boletus. Spores globose or broadly ellii^tic and rough.
S. nigricans, Berk., Ithaca Creek (Bailey).

BY REV. J. E. TENISO:^- WOODS, F.L.S., AND F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 65

Boletus, Zm7i.
Hymenium tubes separable from each, other as well as from
the pileus. Stipites stout. Some poisonous, others thought
excellent food, and preferred in some places to the Mushroom.
The most poisonous kinds are said to be of a red color about the
orifice of the tubes. These fungi often change color almost
instantaneously upon being broken, from white or yellow to blue.

J^. pachjpus, Fr., forest land Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

B. suhtomentosiis, Linn , Parramatta, Jour. Linn. Soc, Yol. 16.

B. (manceceps, Berk., Parramatta, Jour. Linn. Soc, Yol. 16.

Polyp ORUS, Fries.

A very large genus of pore-bearing fungi. The tubes not
separating from each other, or from the pileus distinguishes this
genus from Boletus. The species are often large, hard and
beautiful, one is said to be worshiped in Guinea, and several are
of commercial value in various ways.

Section Mesopus.

Stem distinct, simj)le, lateral or nearly central. Substance
corky or fleshy.

P. arcularius, Fries, stipes central, smooth pores rhomboid.
Brisbane district, very common on old timber (Bailey),
Eockhampton (Bowman), Daintree and Endeavour Rivers
(Woods).

P. ollectans, Berk., Herbert's Creek (Bowman).

P. Armitii, Kalchbrenner, Fragm. Fascs. xc, North Australia
(Armit).

P. xanthopus, Fr., infundibuliform on yellow stems, Tweed Piver
(Guilfoyle), Brisbane Eiver, and Trinity Bay (Bailey),
l)aintree Eiver (Woods), Cape York (E. Daemel).

66 ox SOME rUXGI of new south wales and QUEENSLAND,

F. lucid m, Fr., pileus poHslied, stem on one side, central, or
altogether wanting, Eockliampton (Bowman), Daintree
(Woods), Brisbane Eiver, Maroochie and Trinity Bay (Bailey)

P. hUeo-nitidus, Berk., Maroochie (Bailey).

P. quadrans, Berk, et Br., Enoggera (Bailey).

P. dkiiioims, Eostk., on the ground Enoggera (Bailey).

Section Pleuropus.
Stem lateral, simple, of usually hard substance.
P. picipes, Fr., Eedland Bay, Queensland (A. J. Boyd).

P. sanguineus, Fr., often in thin deep-red fan-shaped flakes. New
England (0. Stuart), Parramatta (? Woolls), Tweed Eiver
(Guilfoyle), Brisbane Eiver and Maroochie (Bailey), Daintree
Eiver (Woods).

P. luteus, Nees, very like P. xantTiopus, but usually thicker in
substance and more flabelliform, Tweed Eiver (Guilfoyle),
Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

P. flalelliformis, E^., pileus dark, zonate, clothed with soft velvety

hairs. Tweed Eiver (Gruilfoyle), Brisbane Eiver, Maroochie

(Bailey).
P. a finis, Fr., is a variety of the previous species.
P. einnaharinus, Fr., pileus corky, slightly convex, somewhat

zoned, hymen, scarlet, Brisbane Eiver (Bailey), Port Douglas

(Woods).
P. fuscolineatus, B. et Br., pileus thin, marked by very slender

lines radiating from the centre to the edge. Brisbane Eiver

(Bailey).
P. 7^hpidium, Berk., small white species, Enoggera Eiver (Bailey).
P. platotis, B. et Br., whole plant fragile, margins deeply sinuate

and thick. Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).
p. dilatatus, Berk., Tweed Eiver (GuiKoyle).

BY EEV. J. E. TEXISON-WOODS, F.L.S., A2sD F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 67

P. fA7iodermeiJfunalis,'Fv., soft white fungus, Trinity Bay (Bailey).
F. (Anodermei) corrivalis, Berk., imbricated, somewhat concliiforni
Brisbane Eiver (Bailey), Port Douglas (AVoods).

F. cHro-cmrmifius, B. et Br., a most peculiar kind, when dried
resembling candid orange-peel, substance of fungus like
that of F. arcularius soft leathery, the j)ores falling together
in drying and turning a dark color, its habit is much like
that of F. corrivalis, forming imbricate masses on wood
Enoggera (Bailey).

F. fructicum, B. et C, a soft spongy brown fungus, on twigs of
trees. Brisbane Eiver (Bancroft), Trinity Bay (Bailey).

F. (Flocodermei) ruhidus, Berk., pileus thick, pinkish. Maroochie
Brisbane Eiver (Bailey), Port Douglas and Liverpool Eanges
(Woods).

F. f Flocodermei J radiatus, Berk., Taylor's Eange (Bailey).

F. f Anodermei J fcedatus, Berk., pileus three inches across, one and
a-half to two inches long ; pores 1/96 inch in diameter. Cape
York, Journals of the Linn. Society, Vol. 16.

F. {Anodermei) tephronotiis, Berk., Parramatta, Journal Linnean
Soc, Vol. 16.

F. {Anodermei) ochroleucus, Berk., Parramatta, Journal Linnean
Soc, Yol. 16.

F. {Anodermei) semidigitaliformis, Berk., Parramatta, Joui\ Linn.
Soc, Yol. 16.

F. {Fleuropus) rugosm, Nees, Parramatta, Journal of Linn. Soc,

Yol. 16.
F. {Fleuropus) 2}eroxydatus, Berk., color of pileus like that of per

oxide of iron. Parramatta, Journal of Linn. Soc, Yol. 16.

F. {Flacodermei) portentosus, Berk., Parramatta, Journal of Linn.
Soc, Yol. 16.

F. {Flacodermei) australis, Fries, Parramatta, Journal of Linnean
Society, Yol. 16.

68 0\ SOME FVNGl OF NEW SOUTH WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

F. {Placodermei) incrassatm, Berk., Cape York, Journal of Linn.

Society, Vol. 16.
P. {Resiipinati) oUiquus, Fries., Parramatta, Journal of Linnean

Society, Vol. 16.

P. gallopavonis, B. et Br., n. sp., Enoggera (Bailey).

P. zonalis, Berk., on wet wood, Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

P. iffniarius, Fr., very large, liard, brown, very common on
Casuarmas, Queensland (Bailey), New South Wales (Woods).

P. senex, Mont., Brisbane Eiver, Trinity Bay (Bailey), Daintree
(Woods). This is one of the largest of Australian fungi.

P, melanopus, Mont., a small dark fungus, on dead trees, Taylor's

Eange (Bailey).
P. Persoonii, Fr., Tweed Eiver, (Guilfoyle).
P. cinereo-fuscics, Currey, Trinity Bay (Bailey).
P. scrupostis, Fr., Enoggera Creek (Bailey).
P. lihum, Berk., Tweed Eiver (Guilfoyle).
P. cichoraceus, Berk., a dark, glossy brown, velvety fungus,

Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).
P. lideo-olivaceus, B. et Br., Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).
P. hirsidus, Fr., pileus hairy, Clarence Eiver (Dr. Beckler),

Tweed Eiver (GuiKoyle), Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).
F. occidentalism Kl., a large, thin, hairy or scaly capped species of

grey or brownish color. Enoggera Creek (Bailey).

P. lilacino-gilvus, P., hymenium of a beautiful pink color, Enoggera

Creek (Bailey) .
F. elongatus, Berk., a fragile, fan shaped, white species. New

England (C. Stuart), on logs Enoggera Creek (Bailey) >

Maroochie CBailey).
P. venustus, Berk., pileus very scaly, often dark, pores irregular

shaped, sometimes purplish, on old timber, Enoggera Creek

(Bailey).

BY RET. J. E. TENISON-WOODS, F.L.S., AND F. M. BATLEY, F.L.S. 69

P. Peradenm, B. et Br., pileiis somewliat zoned, soft silky, usually
lemon-colored, Pine Elver (Black), near Ipswich (Miss
Cam]3bell), Brisbane River (Bailey).

P. compressus, Berk., pileus somewhat scaly yellowish, thick often,
found on logs in open forests, fences, &c., Brisbane Eiver
(Bailey).

P. ferruc/mosus, Fries. This species forms often large, close,
brown patches, on old timber, Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

P. Broomei, Eabenh., a white species often found in patches, one
foot long, and six inches wide, on logs Enoggera Creek
(Bailey).

P. calceus, B. et Br., this species forms large, thin, flakes on the
fallen timber. Trinity Bay (Bailey).

P. rimosiis, Fries, (Mueller).

P. Floridanus, Berk., a skin-like fungus, on hard timber,
Enoggera Creek (Bailey).

P.flavus, Jungh., New South Wales, (Mueller).

P.fuhus, Fries, New South Wales (Mueller).

P. hiretuvt, Kalchb., New South Wales (Mueller).

P. vo/porarius, Fries, Gracemere (O'Shanessy).

P. xerampeUnus, Kalchb., {n. sp.) Eockhampton (A. Thozet).

P. murinus, Kalchb., {n. sp.) Eockhampton (A. Thozet).

P. chrysoleucus, Kalchb., Eockhampton (A. Thozet).

P. Eucalypti, Kalchb., on stems of Emalypts Eockhampton

(Thozet).
P. sartcinus, Fries, on logs, Eockhampton (A. Thozet).
P. placodes, Kalchb., Qi.sp.) Eockampton (Thozet.)
P. chileiisis. Fries, Eockhampton (Thozet).
P. yihbosus, Nees, Eockhampton (Thozet).
P. Tricholoma, Mntg., Gracemere (O'Shanesy and A. Thozet).
P. mychdes, Kalchb., (w. sp^ Gracemere (O'Shanesy).

70 ON SOME FUXGI OF NEW SOUTH WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

Trametes, Fries.
This is a genus very near to Pohjjwrus, differing in tlie trama
— substance separating the pores — being thick, and continuous
without change from the pileus.
T. pyrrhocreas, Berk., pileus somewhat thick, banded, velvety,

substance like Amadou. Herbert's Creek, Journ. Linn. Soc,

botany. Vol. XIII., 164, 1873.
T. occidentalis, Fries, Parramatta (Moseley).
T. versatilis, Berk., Herbert's Creek. (J. c.)
T. mollis, Fries, Parramatta (Moseley).
T. acuimnctatm, A., Herbert's Creek (E. M. Bowman I. c.)
T. phellinus, Berk., New England (I. c.)
T. devexa. Berk., often forming long strips on old timber, color

various, pileus velvety, Tweed Piver (Gruilf oyle) , throughout

Queensland (Bailey).

T. lactineus, Berk., New England, Journ. Linn. Soc, botany,

Yol. XIIL, p. 165.
T. colliculosa, Berk., New England {I. c.)
T. rigida, Berk., closely resembling T. ^^y^.z;rt, pileus usually much

wider and more hairy, Tweed Piver (GuiKoyle), throughout

Queensland (Bailey and AVoods).

T. umhrinus, Currey, Brisbane Piver (Bailey).

T. pictus, Berk., pileus clouded or obscurely zoned by a darker
color, sometimes shortly stipitate on hard forest timber,
Brisbane Piver (Bailey), Endeavour Piver (Woods).

T. perennis, Fr., a very pretty species found among grass on stony
ridges about Brisbane (Bailey).

DiEDALEA, Per soon.

Pores often sinuous or labyrinthiform, but variable ; sometimes
resembling a Lenzites, at other times a Trantites.

BY BEY. J. E. TENISON-VOODS, F.L.S. AND F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 71

B. tenuis, Berk., Cape York, Journ. Linn. Soc, Yol. XIII., bot.
page 165.

D. Bowmani, Berk., Herbert's Creek (Bowman) .
D. aspera, Fries, ? a large white species, pores large sinuous,
Enoggera Creek (Bailey),

7>. Sjjrucei, Berk., a very large, thick, white fungus, with small
pores. Brisbane, and most of the South Queensland scrubs
on stumps and logs (Bailey), Daintree (Woods).

7). glahrescens, Berkeley, Parramatta (Moseley).

Hexagona, Fr.

Pores usually large and angular, somewhat resembling the
cells of a honeycomb.

H. tenuis, Fr., Cape York (E. Daemel).

H. pohjgramma, Mont., on mangroves. Trinity Bay (Bailey).

S. Miielleri, Berk., New England, Journal Linnean Society, Yol.
XIIL, 166.

H. tenuis, Fries, Cape York, Journ. Linn. Soc, Yol. XYI.

5. erinigera, Fries, North Australia (Armit).

Favolus, Fries.

Pileus fleshy, flexible, hymenium reticulate, pores radiating
elongated.

F. squamiger. Berk., pileus umbilicate. New England, Journal of
Linn. Soc, Yol. XIII., 166.

F. ccBspitosus, Berk., densely tufted, stems connected at the base,
over 50 in a tuft, two inches or more high, Clarence Kiver
(Dr. Beckler, I. c.)

Laschia, Fries.

Pileus fleshy, but very cellular, the top sticky when fresh,
hymenium reticulate, very similar to Favolus.

72 ON" SOME FUNGI OF NEW SOUTH WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

L. Thwaitesii, B. et Br., a small, white species found on tlie bark
of Wormia data, at Trinity Bay (Bailey), MaroocMe (Bailey).

L. pustidata, B. et Br., on scrub logs, Enoggera (Bailey).

Z. tremellosa, Fr., Tweed Eiver (Gruilfoyle).

L. ecespitosa, Berk., perhaps identical with F. ccespitosa, mentioned
before, but the plant, never so large in Queensland as the
specimens of that from the Clarence, are described in the
Journal above quoted, Enoggera (Bailey). The species are
very similar, and probably only forms of one.

Merulinus, Haher.

Hymenium waxy, soft, formed of porous reticulations or sinuous
toothed depressions. To this genus belong those fungi most
destructive to timber, as dry rot &c. No species in our collection
yet determined.

Tribe Hydnei.
Hymenium not lining pores or tubes, but spread over the
surface of spines or papillge.

Hydnum, Linn.
Pileus fleshy or hard, hjrmenium spread over the surface of
awl-shaped or compressed spines that are free at the base, some
species are said to be excellent when cooked.

Section Apus.
Pileus sessile.
H. Mueller i, Berk,, hymenium spines yellow, long and slender,

Tweed Eiver (Gruilfoyle).
E. fmesopusj nigrum, Fries, Parramatta (Mosely).
S. fresupinatumj xanthum, B. and C, Parramatta (Mosely).
E. gilvum, Berk., pileus somewhat fan-shaped, spines of hymenium
somewhat acute, the whole yellow, Enoggera Creek (Bailey).

BYREY. J. E. TEXISOX- WOODS, F.L.S. AXD F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 73

H. menilioides, B. et Br., fn. s.J liymeniiim a rich orange color,
the rest white, found on the damp timber of a bridge.
Ithaca Creek (Bailey.)

IiiPEx, Frieft.

Hymeniruii with fir in coriaceous acute teeth, disposed in rows.

/. farm, Kl., this forms large patches on old timber, is of a
leather}^ consistence and of a beautiful yellow color, Herbert's
Creek (Bowman), Eockingham Bay (Dallachy), Trinity Bay
(Bailey), Daintree (Woods), near Ipswich (Miss. F. M.
Campbell) .

/. z/mrrf/ifi, Fr., Main Banges. Queenslmid (Bailey).

SisTOTREMA, FHes.
Having the habit and appearance oilrpex. The gill-like teeth
bearing the hymenium.

S. irpicimnrii, B. et Br., this new species forms large irregular
patches on old timber in dense scrubs, at first sight one might
niistalce it for F. Broomei, but on examination the hymenium
will be found toothed like an Irpex, to which it is closely allied.
Enoggera Creek (Baile,y).

Eadulum, Fr.
This genus connects Lpex and Sisfotrema with IFydnum.

R. ? sp. noi\, found on an old Peach tree, Brisbane

(Bailey).

Phlebia, Fries.
These are skin-like fungi found on damp timber. Hymenium
sub-gelatinous, spread over persistent veins.

P. radictta, Berk., Ithaca Creek (Bailey).

AURICULAP.IXI.

Hymenium not pricklj^ or tubular, but forming obscure folds
or even.

74 ox SOME FUXGI OF XEW SOUTH AVALES .VXD QUEEXSL/^XD,

Thelephoea, Fries,
Hymeiiium tougli, at length rigid, costate, striate, or papillose.

T. pediceUata, Schewin. This forms lichen-like patches on the

boughs of scrub trees and bushes, and is of a brown color,

Enoggera Creek (Bailey).
T. dendritica, Fr., Clarence Eiver, Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot., Vol.

XIII., p. 167.
T. congesta, Berk., Eockhampton (Bowman).
T. lamellata, B. et C, a very large goblet-formed fungus found on

old logs, Maroochie, Queensland (Bailey).
Cladoderis aiistralis, Kalchb., New South Wales, (Mueller).

Steeeum, Fries.
Pileus coriaceus often soft, velvet3% hymenium even, stiff fungus
whence the name from stereos stiff, Gr.

S. nitididum, Berk., in wet seasons this species often attacks the
roots of grass in damp localities. The fungus is of itself
very pretty, being in the form of cups, zonate and glossy,
Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

S. elegans, Fr., Queensland (Bowman).

S. lohatiim, Fr., pileus rigid, undulate, velvety above the hymenium
of a light brown, common on the dead timber of scrubs. Cape
York (Daemel), Daintree (Woods), Brisbane Eiver (Bailey),
Tweed Eiver (Guilfoyle;, New England (C. Stuart).

S. hirsution, Fr., pileus strigose-hirsute, often zoned, hj^menium

bright 3^ellow, New England (C. Stuart), Brisbane Eiver

(Bailey).
S. Scliomliirglcii, Berk., Maroochie, on old timber (BaileyJ.
S. 2)rolifican>^, Berk., Cape York, Parramatta (Moseley).
S. illmlens, Berk., Parramatta, Journal Linn. Soc, Vol. 16.
S. radiato-Jissum, B. et Br., i)il6^is glossy, hairy, whole plans cut

to the base into digitate lobes, on logs Taylor's Eange

(Bailey), a new and beautiful species.

BY REV. J. E. TENISOX-WOODS, F.L.S., AND F. M. BAILEY, F.L.?. 75

*S'. ostrea, Nees., Eockhampton, (Tliozet.)

S. leiiteo-hadium, Fries., New Soutli AVales (Mueller).

S. striatum, Fries., New Soutli Wales (Mueller).

Hymexocilete, Lev.
Coriaceous, dry. Hymeniuai even, beset witli short, stiff,
colored bristles.
H. cacao, Berk., a thin skin-like fungus, mostly found on the small

branches of trees, Brisbane Eiver ( Bailej') .
H. rigidida, Berk., New South AVales (Mueller.)
H. tenuissima, Berk., Brisbane River (Bailey), we find no difference
in these two IlijmenocJuete, they are beautiful forms of fungi.

CoRTiciuM, Fries.
These fungi are distinguished from Stcreui/t and ThelepJiora by
their more tender hymenium, they are usually found on the bark
of trees, hence the name from cortex bark.
C. nudum, Fries., on orange trees, Eockhampton (Thozet).
C. Iceve, Fr., membranous, smooth, hymenium pinkish, Brisbane

Eiver (Bailey).
C. mcarnatum, Fr., somewhat flesh-colored, skin-like patches on

bark of scrub trees, Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).
C. oUvaceum, Fr., on old bamboo Brisbane (Bailey).
C. arachioideum, Berk., coating the twigs of scrub trees, Brisbane

Eiver (Bailey).
C. cccruleum, Fr., Clarence and Tweed Eivers (Guilfoyle).

DiCTYONEMA, Persoou.
Hymenium breaking up into little fragments so as to exhibit
the appearance of little parasitic Pezizm.
B. cerucjinosum, Nees., Eockingham Bay, (Dallachy).

GuEPixiA, Fries.
Pileus cartilaginous, or almost gelatinous, folded or twisted.
Hymenium distinct, inferior or at first superior, unchanged,
persistent, bright colored fungi.

76 ox '=iOME FUXGI OF XEW SOUTH WALES AXD QUEEXSLAXD,

G. Himthidarla, Fr., small orange-yellov.f uiig-us on fences, Herbert's
Creek, (Bowman), Trinity Bay and Brisbane liiver (Bailey),
Endeavour Eiver (Woods).

HYrociixus, Fries.
II. nil ro -chid us, Phr., on bark of trees Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

AupjcuLARiA, Fries.

Ilymenium irregularly^ and distantly folded, gelatinous wlien
Wdt, diiferent in substance from tlie pilous.

A. lohata, Sommf., on damp logs in thick scrub Brisbane Eiver

(Bailey).
A. ),i"iC)ifrica, Bull, Enoggera Creek (Baile}^).
A. (dhica)is. A., a brilliant species, Herbert's Creek, Journal of

Linn. Soc, Botany, Vol. XIIL, p. 170.

Tribe Clavakiei.

Usually erect fungi, elavate or terete. Hymenium extending
over tlie apex of the plant, even or wrinkled.

Clavakia, Zi)in.
Branching erect fungi, or various colors and very llesli3\

C. lotri/tis, P., Parramatta (W. WooUs), New England (C. Stuart)

C. aryillacea, Er., var. Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

(7. striata, P., Toowoomba (C. H Hartmanu).

0. rugosa. Bull, Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

C. 't fu&tiyiata, 1)C., Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

C.jltca, SchcTti'., Parramatta, Journ. Linn. JSoc, A'ol. 1(3.

C. aiireo, ^chaff., Parramatta, Jour. cit.

Lacuxocladium, Berk.

L.farcdhitam, Lev. This is a most beautiful coral-like fungus
found on old scrub timber in the tropics in large masses,
color white or cream, Trinity Bay (Bailey)'

BY liEV. J. E. TE^TISOX- WOODS, E.L.S. A2sD F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 77

TREiiELLA, Fries.
Grelatinous fungi of various forms, often lobed.
Tremella httescens, Persoon, Parramatta, (Moselj^.

HiEXEOLA. Fries.
Gelatinous cup or ear-shaped, horny when dry.
li. auricida-Jiulce, Berk., Jew's ear; this species is largely used

in China as food.
H. 'polytriclia^ Mont., differing from the last in the hairy pileus.
Is the common form in Port Jackson, and all along the
East Coast.*
II. rufa, Berk., Cape York, (Mosely), Journ. Linn. Soc, A^ol. 16.

Sub-order II., Gasteromicetes

Hymenium concealed within the substance of the plaiit, exposed
only by the rupture or decay of its walls (peridium) consisting
of closely packed cells, of which the fertile bear naked spores on
distinct spicules.

Tribe Hri'U(;,T'A.

Hymenium resembling the crumbs of bread, sub-terranean in
habit, some have a distinct peridium while others are totally
destitute of any covering. They differ from real truffles in the
fruit consisting of naked spores. This tribe of fungi are most
anxiously inquired after by European Mycologists from Australia
but as yet few have been collected.

Hyd^v^axgium, Wcdlr.

Peridium fleshy or membranaceous, sterile, base none. Trama
vesicular. Cells at first empty, then filled with echinulate spores.

II. australien&e, B. et Berk., («. sp.) a redish, fleshy puff-ball-like
fungus, very rare, Sandy Creek, Taylor's Eange (Bailey).

* licnieola polytricha^ is also found in New Zealand where it became an article
of export for the Chinese market. It is used to thicken soup.

78 ON SOME FUNGI OF NEW SOUTH WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

Tribe Piialloidei.
Young plants enclosed in a gelatinous globular volva, whicli
bursting allows the plant to assume its ultimate form ; liymenium
melting down with the spores into an olivaceous, often foetid
semifluid mass.

Dictyophora, Fries.
Spores enclosed in a kind of net work.
D. multicolor, B. et Br., {n. sp.) this remarkably handsome fungus
attains the height of six or eight inches, is richly colored,
and adorned with a long netted veil, reaching half-way down
its stipes. Plant rare as yet, only having been met with in
one locality, Kedron Brook by Mrs. England.
D merulina, Berk., Eockingham Bay, Journ. Linn. 8oc., A^ol. K3,
Bot. 172.

Phallus, Linn.
Pileus conical, perforated at the apex, deeply pitted.
P. calyptrafus, B. et Br., part of volva adhering to the pileus
gives a cap-like appearance to this fungus. Amongst grass
near Brisbane (Bailey).
P. , ? sp. n.. pileus one and a-half inch broad, orange?

stipes lemon, and volva white, scent heavy, but not very
disagreeable, Brisbane (Thos. Weedon).

AsEROE, Labill.,
Pileus divided at the summit into radiating, simple or forked

arms.

A. rithra, Labill., pileus red, resembling somewhat in form a star-
fish, New England (C: Stuart), Brisbane Eiver (Mrs. Coxen).

Clathrus, Mich.
Beautiful netted fungus resembling Ileodictyon.
G. crispus, Turp., amongst grass, Eockingham Bay, Journ. Linn.

Soc, Bot. Vol. XIIL, p. 172.
G. pusillus, Berk., AV^ide Bay (Dr. E. P. Parker),

BY EEY. J. E. TEXISOX- WOODS, F.L.S., AND F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 79

Ileodtctton, Tulasne.
Pileus forming a globose network with soft corrugated branches.
/. gracile, Berk., Net-ball fungus, Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

Tribe Tricitooastres.
Usually globose dry fungi, Hymenium enclosed in a single or
double peridium (coat), drying up into a dusty mass of microscopic
threads and spores. Puff-balls.

Geastee, MicJieli.
Peridium double, persistent, the outer splitting from the base
to the apex into segments, which spread out like a star ; clie
nucleus bursting by a pore at the apex.
G. minimios, Schw., small earth star, Eockampton (Bowman),

Parramatta, (Mosely).
G, saccatus, Pr., Clarence Eiver, (Dr. Beckley), Mount Growrie

(Bailey).
G. striatus, DC, var. minor Mount Gowrie (Bailey).
G. laginceformis, Yitt., Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

BoYiSTA, Dillenius.
Large puff-balls. Peridium double, persistent forming a bark-
like paper, which shells off from the nucleus — capillitium. The
nucleus composed of a mass of brown filaments, and pedicelled
spores.
B. lilacina, Mont, et Bert., dark puff-ball, top often flat. Enoggera

and Cunningham's Grap, Queensland (Bailey).
B. Muelleri, Berk., Herbert's Creek (Bowman).

Ltcopeedon, lournefort.
Peridium often broken into scales or warts. Nucleus soft
and dense, compact at the base.

L. pusillum, Pries, Barron Eiver (Bailey).

L. gemmatum, Pries, a soft brownish puff-ball, found in scrubs.
Logan Eiver (Bailey).

80 ON SOME FUNGI OF NEV*" SOUTH WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

L. hrasiliensis, Fr., a, small species found on old timber in scrubs
Brisbane Eirer, is perhaps tins species (Bailey).

SCLERODEEMA, PeVSOOn.

Somewhat <^lobose, sessile or sti])itate. Peridium firm, hard
witli an inner bark, bursting irregularly. Spores large granulated,
S. hovista, Fr., common in Southern Queensland, (Bailey).
S. pandanaceum, Muell., Eockingham Bay (J. Dallachy).
8. geaster. Fr., Herbert's Creek, Journal of Linn. Soc.,Bot., Vol.

XIII., p. 171.
S. strolilinum, Kalchb., Eockhampton (Thozet).

Mtcenastru^ne, Desv.
Peridium thick, like slioe-leather, splitting at maturity in a
somewhat stellate manner.

31. corium, Berk., a large hard puff-ball. Mount Growrie, Darling
Downs (Bailey).

PoLTSACCUM, Desv.
A genus of hard puff-balls, within tbe outer peridium containing
a multitude of small peridia.
P. olivaceum, Fr., ridges about Brisbane (Baileyj, spores yellow^

Liverpool Plains, Murrurundi, Bathurst (Woods).
P. iiisocarpium, Fr., Brisbane Eirer (Bailey), spores brown-
ferruginous.

Ceucieulum, Tidasne.

Habit of Gyatlius. Peridium globose at first, afterwards cupped
and obconic, of a uniform spongy, fibrous fitted consistence.
Orifice closed by a flat f urfuraceous cover of same color, sporangia
plane attached to a nipple-like tubercle by a long cord.
G. vulgare, Tul., peridium dirty-yellow, finally white spores,
minute, ovate, Gracemere, Eockhampton (O'Shanessy).

Mtxogastres.
L'suallj small fungi, form various, pulpy while young. Peridium
usually globose, single or double, containing a dusty mass of
fiocci, mixed with spores.

BY REY. J. E. TENISON-WOODS, F.L.S. AND F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 81

DiDTMiTJM, Schrader.

Peridium scaly, mealy or tomentose, bursting irregularly.
D.farinaceum, Fr., on decaying fruit, Brisbane (Bailey).

Stemonitis, OleditscJi.

Peridium very delicate, single and deciduous, filled witb a
beautiful network of threads, connected with the stem and
penetrating more or less the whole mass.

S.fusca, Both., a common kind on damp timber, grows in minute
tufts of cylindrical peridia, supported on dark bristle-like
stems, these are often persistent after the network has fallen
away, Brisbane Scrubs (Bailey), S. Tasmania (Woods).

Physaetjm, Pers.
Peridium bladdery, mostly stipitate and subglobose.
P. nutans, P., peridium white, stem red. Crocodile Creek, Journ.
Linn. Soc, XIII., p. 172.

Aecyeia, Hill.
Peridium fugacious except a small portionatthe base, cylindrical
net-like fungus.
A. nutans, Pr., pale-yellow, nodding net fungus on wood, Brisbane

Scrubs (Bailey).
A. cinerea, Pr., grey net fungus on wood, Brisbane Scrubs (Bailey)
A. jpunicea, Pers., dull purple net fungus, on wood, Brisbane
Scrubs (Bailey).

Tribe Nldtjlaeiacei.
Peridium of various form and bursting at the apex horizontally
containing separate sporangia, in which the spores are formed.

Cyathtjs, Per soon.

Fungi like diminutive birds-nests. Peridium of thin closely
connected membranes, at length bursting at the apex, and the

82 ON SOME FUNGI OF NEW SOUTH TVALES AND QUEENSLAND,

orifice closed by a white membrane. Sporangia plane, umbilicate

attached by an elastic cord to the peridium.

C. Lesueurii, Tul., on dung Parramatta (Woolls).

G. intermedins, TuL, Herbert's Creek, Queensland, (Ed. Bowman).

C. eampanulatus, Corda., Brisbane (Bailey).

C.fimetarius, DC, on horse dung, Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

Sub-order III. — Comomycetes.
Minute fungi, including the rusts &c. Hymenium 0. Spores
abundant, conspicuous, often large, surrounded by a perithecium
or naked, terminating in conspicuous threads. Threads often
arising from a creeping mycelium. Peridium — perithecium —
when present very delicate and evanescent. In this suborder will
be found the numerous parasitic species, which affect the living
organs of plants and cause such mischief to corn and other crops
by exhausting the energies of the mother plant, and thus prevent-
ing the full development of the seed &c.

Tribe Sph^eonemei.
Perithecium more or less distinct.

Phoma, Fries.
A minute fungus, forming pustules on wood, leaves, &c.
Perithecium subglobose or punctiform, discharging minute simple
spores by a small orifice at the apex.

P. rosarum, Dur. et Mont., on rose aculei, Bulimba, Brisbane
Eiver (Mrs. C. Coxen).

Toeulacei.
Perithecium altogether wanting, spores compound, moniliform
or raising from repeated division — rarely reduced to a single cell.
Mycelium scarcely apparent.

ToEULA, Pers.
A fungus forming compact, thick, beds on the leaves of plants.
T. herbarum, Lk., on Acacia phyllodia, Brisbane River (Bailey).

BY REV. J. E. TE^^SOX- WOODS, F.L.S., AND E. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 83

Bacteiditjm, Kunze.
This plant consists almost entirely of oblong, septate, hyaline
spores, which radiate from a little dot-like receptacle.
B.flavmiiy Kunze, on fig bark, Brisbane Scrubs (Bailey).

PuCCINIiEI.

Parasitic on living plants. Peridium 0. Spores producing
secondary spores in germination, usually oblong and septate.
Fuccinea straminis, Tuck., Xew South "Wales (Mueller).
P. cJiondrilla, Corda, New South Wales (Mueller).

TJredo, Leveille.
Minute epiphyllous fungi. Eeceptacle formed of several
superimposed irregular cells, each containing a single, simple,
sessile, or very shortly stalked spore.
TI. maydis^ DC, on leaves of Maize, Brisbane Eiyer (Dr. Bancroft)

Thecaphoea, Fing.
Spores oblong or subglobose, smooth or echinulate, agglomerated
together, few or many with more or less angular masses, enclosed
in cysts.

T. gloluligera, B. et Br., n. sp., on Lcersia hexandra, Brisbane
Eiver (Bailey).

Teichoeasis, Leveille.
Spores free ; attached at first to a short peduncle, which at
length falls away.

T. ruligo-vera, Lev., on Semarthria compressa, Brisbane Eiver
(Bailey). The red rust or farmers greatest plague ; spots or
heaps oval, scattered, mostly on the upper surface ; epidermis
at length bursting longitudinally, spores subglobose, redish"
brown.

Melampsoea, Cast.
Spores of two orders, crowded into a dense, compact masSj with
or without a covering, wedge-shaped.

81 ON SOME FTTNGI OF KE"W" SOUTH WALES AKD QUEEN'SLAND,

M. phyllodiorum, B. et Br., on phyllodia or Acacia, Brisbane

Eiver (Bailey).

UsTiLAGO, Link.
Minute fungi, deepl}' seated in tlie tissues o£ tlie plants tliey
infest. Spores simple, arising from delicate threads or produced
in a form of closely packed cells, tliat break up into a powdery
mass.
TT. carlo f TuL, on "Western Queensland specimens of Aristida

(Bailey), var. h^omivora, on Bromus arenarius, Murray Eiver

Journal of Linn. Soc, Bot., XIII., 174 ; var. columellifera,

TuL, Eockbampton, Queensland (Z. c.)
U. avicola, Berk., on Fimhrisfi/lis,'BTisbMie Eiver (Bailey).
TT. segetum, Ditm., corn smut produced on tbe receptacle and

rbacbis ; epidermis soon ruptured ; spores loose, minute

globose, black, on ears of wheat, Darling Downs, Queensland

(Bailey).
U. emndensis, Berk., on Polygonum, Brisbane Eiver (Dr. Bancroft).
U. hullata, Berk., forming long spots on the inflorescence of grasses

Murray Eiver Journal of Linn. Soc, Bot., XIII., 174.

TiLLETIA, Tul.

Spores spherical, reticulated, proceeding from delicate branched
threads.

T. caries, TuL, spores large, black, spherical, filling the grains of
wheat with dark-colored fetid spores: Bunt., Darling Downs
(Bailey).

^CIDIACEI.

Peridium distinctly cellular, mycelium traversing the tissues of
living plants.

^ciDiUM, Per soon.
Peridium membranous, with lacerated reflected orifice. Spores
concatenate, collected into sori.

^. opocynatum, Sehwein., on leaves of Taherncomontana, Brisbane
Scrubs (Bailey).

BY EEV. J. E. TENISON"- WOODS, F.L.S. AKD F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 85

Ceonaetium, Fries.
Spores contained iu a peridium, bursting by st regular or
irregular apical orifice. Perfect spores produced in a columnar,
cellular body called tlie ligule rising out o£ the centre. The most
perfect form of structure in the family.

C. asclepiadeum, Fr., Darling Downs (H. Law.), on Jacksonia
scoparia.

Sub-order lY . — Hyphomtcetes.

Filamentous or floccose fungi. Filaments naked, simple or
branched, free or united below so as to form a distinct stem with
free branches. Spores terminating the filaments.

Tribe Stilbacei.

Eeceptacle globose ; spores minute, involved in gluten, stem
compound.

Stilbum, Tode.
Stalk solid, heads deciduous, gelatinous, spores minute.

S. aurantiaceum,'BevV. ,onLaportia gigas,'¥inoggeY2i^cvvih^{^^2Ji[ej)
S. cinnabarinum, Mont., on bark, Trinity Bay (Bailey).

FusAKiUM, Link.

A form of mould which spreads beneath the cuticle of the plants

upon which they grow in gelatinous spots. One species is most

destructive to the Mulberry, another affects the Rye in some

seasons in England, these have as yet not been found in Australia.

F. rulicolor, B. et Br., a species found on the Eucalypt leaves
its presence is at once detected by the blotches of red which
it forms, Brisbane Eiver (Bailey) n. §.

Illospoeium, Montf.
Eeceptacle obscure ; spores irregular, falling away like meal,
I. -flavellum, B. et. Br., a yellow species often seen on Lichens,
Brisbane Eiver (Bailey) n. s.

86 ON SOME FUNGI OF NEW SOUTH WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

Tribe Dematiei.
Filaments free, more or less corticated and carbonized. Spores
often compound and cellular. Black Moulds.

Cladospokium, Link.
Filaments of mycelium divided into short branches, bearing
short 1 — septate deciduous spores.

C. Tierharwni, Lk., mycelium dense dark, filaments pellucid. Spores
olive. The ubiquitous black mould on every thing, frequently
covering the inflorescence of Isclicemwn australe in damp
underground localities in Queensland (Bailey).
C. papyricola, B. et Br., on wall-paper, Brisbane (Bailey) n. sp.

Helminthospoeium, Link.
Like 0 ladosporium, threads less carbonized. From the
mycelium arise rigid erect, jointed threads, of a dark nearly black
color, rather paler at the apex, spores usually produced from the
apex.

a. Bavenelii, Curtis, on various species of Sphorololus, Brisbane
E/iver (Bailey).

Tribe Mucedines.
Filaments not coated with a membrane, distinct, white or
colored. Spores simple. Blue mould.

Aspergillus, Mich.
Threads jointed, swollen at the apex and there studded with
radiating cells, each of which produces a necklace of spores.
A.glaucus, Lk., the common species ; spores globose, echinulate
often on other fungi, Brisbane (Bailey).

Ciecinella, Fries.
G. umhillata, Van. Tieghem and Le Monmer, var. Morelice, B. et
Br., Brisbane, on dung of carpet snake kept in a box at the
Queensland Museum (Bailey, s. n.)

BY EEV. J. E. TENISON-- WOODS, F.L.S., AND F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 87

Verticillium, Link.
Little moulds known by their distinctly woolly branches, at
the apex of which are the spores.

V. eximium, Berk., a very beautiful species found on Glavaria at
Parramatta by W. WooUs.

OiDiUM, Linh.
This genus is considered by some to be an early stage of some
Erysiphe.

O. Tuckeri, Berk,, Vine mildew.

0. erysiphoides, var. cucurhitarium, Spitzenberger. This form is
in some seasons very destructive to Melons, Vegetable
Marrows, &c. Both about Brisbane.

Spoeidiifeea.
Having the spores or reproductive bodies contained in asci or
bags.

Sub-order V. — Ascomtcetes.
Fruit consisting of asci, containing sporidia, and springing from
a naked or enclosed nucleus or hymenium, which is often spread
over a receptacle.

Helvellacei.
Substance soft, fleshy or waxy. Hymenium more or less
exposed.

MOECHELLA, BUI.

Head deeply pitted, naked, supported on a peduncle. The
depressions are sometimes regular, but occasionally they assume
the appearance of furrows with wrinkled interstices.
Jf. semilihera, DC, Clarence Eiver, Journal of Linnean Society,
Vol. XIII., Botany, page 175.

Peziza, Dillenius.
Cup-shaped fungi. Eeceptacle fleshy or sub-fleshy, at first
closed, then open. Hymenium persistent. Asci distinct, fixed,
mixed with paraphyses, elastically ejecting the spores. A very

88 ON SOME FUNGI OF NEW S0T7TH WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

large and beautiful genus, found on dung, rotten wood, &c., &c.,

at first sight one might mistake these plants for the apotheeia of

Lichens,

P. confusa, Fr., on damp earth Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

P. (Oupularis) vinosa-hrunnea, B. et Br., 7i. sp., on burnt earth,

Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).
P. {Geopyxis) cinereo-nigra^ B, Br., Eedlands Bay, Queensland

(A. J. Boyd).
P. {Lachnea) scutellata, Linn., on Pine bark (Bailey).
P. coprogera, B. Br., on dung Brisbane Eiver (Bailey), n. s.
P. {Humaria) scatigena, Berk., on cow-dung, Ithaca Creek (Bailey)

Cenangium, Fries.

Form of Peziza, but firm, tough and coriaceus. Eeceptacle or
cup closed, opening late. Hymenium smooth persistent.

G. licJienoideum, B. et Br., it forms dense masses of ashy-gray
cups, which are stipitate half in first line, broad resembling
a lichen in appearance, Eanges of Trinity Bay (Bailey).

Phillipsia, Berk.

This is nearly allied to Peziza, but Messrs. Berkeley and Broome
have found it to differ so far as to have founded a new genus
upon it, the characters of which are not as yet published.

P. subpurpurea, B, et Br., n. s., on rotten timber in scrub near
Enoggera dam (Bailey), a very beautiful fungus of a rich
purple color.

Helotium, Fries.

This genus differs from Peziza in its disc being open from the
first, not closed in early growth as in that genus.

H. terrestre, B. et Br., n. s., on damp earth, Taylor's Eange near
Brisbane (Bailey).

BY REV. J. E. TENISOX-WOODS, F.L.S., AND F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 89

Tribe Phacidiacei.
Perithecium coriaceous or carbonaceous ; outer coat or
perithecium bursting and exposing the disc, which is surrounded
bj an obtuse or inflected margin.

Ehytisma, Fries,
Perithecia confluent, wrinkled, stroma thin,
B. liypoxantlium, B. et Br., n. s , on leaves of Cudraniajavanensis
Brisbane Eiver (Bailey). This fungus forms thick yellow
patches, dotted with black, on the foliage of the aboTe
rambling shrub.

AsTERiNA, Leveille.
Minute flattened epiphyllous fungi. Perithecia fragile, formed
of a fimbriated mycelium. Asci perfect.

A. Bailey i, B. Br , new species on leaves of JSakea lorea, Spring-
sure (Bailey), Burnet Eiver (Dr. Bancroft), Maroochie
(Bailey).

A. pelUculosa, Berk., on Trema aspera leaves, Maroochie (Bailey).

Sph^riacei.

Perithecium carbonaceous or membranous, pierced at the apex.
Hymenium diffluent. Asci usually springing from its walls.

Hypocrea, Fries.

Eleshy or gelatinous, horizontal fungi, growing on wood &c.
Perithecia tender, hyaline or colored. Sporidia indefinite.
S. memhranacea, B. et Br., n. s., on wood, Brisbane scrubs (Bailey)

Xylaria, Fries.

Club shaped, somewhat corky, often friable fungi, usually
distinctly stipitate, covered with a rufous or black bark. Perithecia
crowded on the surface of the receptacle. Sporidia eight.

X. pileiformis, Berk., on wood, Enoggera Creek (J. E. Mair).
li

90 ON SOME FUNGI OF NEW SOUTH WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

X tahacina, Kick. New Soutli Wales (Mueller).

X 2iolymorpha, Fr., Tweed Eiver (Guilfojde), Brisbane Scrubs

(BaQey).
X hjpoxylon, Ehr., Herbert's Creek (Bowman)
X rhytidophlm, Mont., Enoggera (Bailey).

Hypoxylon, Biilliard.
Cbaracters of Xylaria but horizontal. Stroma not confluent
with the substance of the plant on which it grows.
E. concentricum, Fries, large blackish subglobose, concentrically

zoned within, throughout Queensland (Bailey).
H. rubicosum, F. et Mont., Brisbane Eiver on timber (Bailey).
M. rutikcm, Tulasne, on old wood, Eockhampton (Thozet).

PoRONiA, Fries.

Body cup-shaped, in whioh the vertical perithecia are immersed.

P. ce.dipus, Montague, Gracemere (O'Shanessy).

H. anyolense, Welwitsch et Currey, on logs, Eanges of Trinity

Bay (Bailey).
M. cetrarioides, Welwitsch et Currey, Eanges, Trinity Bay(Bailey).

These specimens were the first found with mature fruit.
H. cretaceum, B. et Br., n. sp., on logs, Eanges, Trinity Bay

(Bailey), This fungus while fresh is pure white, globose or

sub-globose, somewhat stipitate, one to two inches high.

The interior substance is composed of broad, flaky, woody,

but fragile strata, radiating from the stem to the outer

surface, of a pale cork-color.

Nectria, Fries.

Small fungi, on wood bark &c. Perithecia free, seated on a
mycelium, thin, rarely thick, vertical, brightly colored. Sporidia
eight, translucent.

N. coccinea, Fr., on bark, Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

BY EEV. J. E. TEXISON- WOODS, F.L.S., AND F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 91

Sphceeia, Mailer.
Stroma 0, or spurious, and formed of mycelium. Perithecia
various, vertical, firm, black or dark, often with a bark. Asci
perfect. Sporidia eight.

S. f SuUectaJ 2^ohjascia, B. etBr., on bottle gourd. This is a new
species and not yet described, so the name may not be retained
but is mentioned here to notice the species which forms large
black patches on gourds if left on the field.

Spilerella, De Not.
Perithecia membranaceous, immersed or semi-immersed, scarcely
papillate, sporidia oblong, two or more celled, rarely simple ;
hyaline pale or colorless.

S. destructiva, B. et Br., a black or brown spot-like fungus, very
destructive to Lucerne on the Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

Peeispoeiacei.

Perithecia free, subglobose, always closed, except when decaying
membranous or carbonaceus. Nucleus never diffluent. Asci
springing from the base.

Meliola, Fries.

Perithecia carbonaceus, fragile, without a pore, developed
from a strigose mycelium. Asci broad. Sporidia few, large.

M. amjihitriclia, Fr., a thready black fungus, often found on the

leaves of scrub shrubs, Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).
M. tetracercB, F. v. M. and Thiimen, New South Wales.

Physomycetes.

Filaments free or slightly matted, bearing vesicles which
contain indefinite sporidia.

Axtexnaeiei.
Filaments black, matted, often moniliform.

92 ON SOME FUNGI OF NEW SOUTH WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

Antennaria, Linh.

Black fungi, consisting of black jointed, moniliform filaments,
bearing bere and tbere spore-cases full of granules.

A. , allied to A. semiovata, Berk., Brisbane

River (Bailey). Tbis is tbe black fungus wbicb tbickly
coats tbe leaves of plants.

Mycelia.

RhizomorpJia Harrimanni, Sow. Tbis is tbe mycelium of different
species of Xylaria. It may often be noticed quite coatiDg
tbe logs in dense scrub, giving to tbem tbe appearance of
being covered witb tbe skin of some sbaggy animal.

Xylostroma giganteum, Sow., is anotber mycelium, found in old
timber, tbis can often be obtained in very large flakes in
consistency it resembles wasb leatber, but is usually of a
pure wbite.

Addenda.

Podaxon pistillaris, Fries, Nortb Australia (Armit).

Mutinus papuasius, Kalcbb., Eockbampton, (Tbozet).

Talasnodea leprosa, Kalcbb., Gracemere (O'Slianessy).

Sorosporiiim eriachnei, Tbiimen, New Soutb Wales (Mueller).

Sporotrichum densicm, Link., New Soutb Wales (Mueller).

Bisporum motiilioides, Corda, New Soutb Wales (Mueller) .

Hymenangiiim Mbselei, Berk, and Br., Parramatta (Moseley).

Sepedonium, Berk., found in old ^o^(9^i.' composed of loose brancbed
tbreads witb large ecbinate spores at tip.

S. cJirysospenmim, Link., Parramatta (Moseley), see Jour. Linn
Soc, Vol. 16.

93

Description of a new species of Oligortjs from Queensland.
ByE. p. Kamsay, F.L.S., &c., Curator of the Museum, Sydney.

Plate IX.

Oliqorus terr^-regin^, sp. nov.

D. 11/15. P. 18. A. 3/8.

The head compressed and broad in front, its length equal to
the extent of the spinous dorsal, from the base of first to the end
of the last spine ; and one-third of the total length without the
caudal. The height of the body is contained three and two-thirds
in the total length (s. c.) . The diameter of the eye is one-tenth of
the length of the head, and is situated close to the front, being
only one-fifth of its diameter from the margin of the forehead.
Nostrils large, close to the eye. A strong blunt spine on the
point or hinder angle of the operculum, reaching to beyond the
base of the pectorals, another flat, well-developed spine above it
and a little in front of it. The hinder margin of the preopereulum
rough, irregularly and coarsely serrated ; the lower margin wavy
and irregular, somewhat smooth. Teet;i viliform (no canines) in
both jaws, and on a narrow lanceolate band on either side, of
the palate ; none on the tongue ; mouth oblique, the length of
the upper jaw equal to the width across the mouth, lower jaw
the longest. Scales small, narrow, oblong, strongly compressed
one against the other, from 120 to 130 on the lateral line, 16-17
scales between the lateral line and the fifth dorsal spine. Scales on
the head, cheeks, operculum and preopereulum. Branchiostigals
seven. Pectoral and caudal fins large, rounded, spotted with
blackish, the spinous portion of the dorsal, as measured above,
equal to the length of the head ; the first and second spine shorter
than the third, the eleventh the longest ; the soft dorsal is well-
developed, higher than the last of the spinous portion, and extends
almost to the caudal, the membrane indistinctly spotted with
blackish.

94 DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF OLIGORUS,

The general colour is of a rich brown, shaded with purplish-
brown on the back, a few indistinct (when dead) transverse almost
black marks on the sides. The total length with caudal, of the
type specimen is six feet ; the height of the body, behind the
ventrals, sixteen inches ; diameter of the eye 2*2 inches ; the
third dorsal spine 3'4 inches, the last 4*5 inches ; extent of the
spinous dorsal at base 19-5 inches; the longest ray of the soft
dorsal 7*2 inches ; first ray 6*7 inches, the last 3-8 inches. Width
of the pectoral fins 9 inches, length 1 1 inches ; width (transverse)
of the caudal 14-5 inches, length centre ray 10-5. The length of
the head to the end of the spine on the operculum is 22 inches.

The size to which this species attains, exceeds that of any other
known. It is found at the mouths of several of the northern rivers
and inlets of the Wide Bay district in Queensland ; it was found
to be plentiful at the mouth of the Burrum Eiver, about twenty
miles from Maryborough, Queensland, and first brought under
my notice by my brothers, who obtained many of immense size
at that place in 1870. The present specimen was forwarded to
me in the flesh by an unknown accquaintance, a few days ago
from Brisbane, to whom I take the present opportunity of
expressing my sincere thanks. It has been beautifully mounted
by Mr. J. A. Thorpe, the Museum Taxidermist, and is now on
exhibition in the Australian Museum.

I have compared this new species with all the Australian
species previously known and also with the Oligorus (Sectoria)
[jigas of Owen, from all of which it is distinct.

My brother, Mr. J. S. Eamsay, informs me that he has caught
the same species in sea- water off Frazer's Island, also at Traviston
and that they ascend the Mary Biver into brackish water near
the township, where a specimen said to weigh three cwt. was
caught some time ago. In the fresh- water of the Mary E,iver
and in Tinnana Creek, one of its tributaries, Cod of apparently
the same species are occasionally taken. During a recent excursion

BY E. P. RAMSAY, F.L.S. 95

to Frazer's Island large specimens were hooked which, resisted all
the efforts of two strong men to land them, and being made fast
finally broke away. One fish landed about 4*5 feet long, weighed
160 pounds, and remains of another 10 feet long were found on
the beach.

Notes on Galeocerdo rayneri, with a list of other Sharks
TAKEN IN Port Jackson.

By E. p. Eamsay, F.L.S., &c., &c.

Plate IV.

When I prepared the sketches for the plates which accompany
these few remarks, I was under the impression that this was a
new species of Thalassorhinus, but subsequently found it described
under the above name, indeed the genera Galeocerdo and
Thalassorhimis are almost identical. The description given in
Mueller and Henle of Thalassorhinus platyrhynchus almost agrees
with the present species.

A large number of Sea Sharks have lately been captured in
Port Jackson and among them three of the present species, which
has not been previously recorded from this locality ; the largest
specimen I have seen, measured in the flesh 12 feet, the fpresent
specimen 11 feet 4 inches to the centre of the caudal fin. The
rounded parabolic form of the head, the form of the tail and shape
of the teeth, will at once distinguish this species from all others
known at present in these waters.

The following are the measurements of a male taken among
the shipping in Port Jackson : — Total length 1 1 feet 4 inches.
From the outer edge of the snout to the first dorsal 3 feet 6 inches.
Length of the first dorsal 14-15 inches, its width at base 11 inches.
Length of pectoral 19 inches, width 11 inches; width between
the eyes 1 6 inches, from a line b etween the eyes to the snout 8
inches, width between the nostrils 7 inches, a long labial fold

96 NOTES ON GALEOCERDO RAYNERI,

above the mouth, shorter and wider below, extending round the
angle of the mouth ; a deep pit at the root of the tail above and
below, a narrow erect ridge between the dorsals.

The color is, above bluish-grey, below silvery- white. Teeth
in eleven rows — the central ones above and below very small —
oblique, with a large and strongly serrated, lateral, external lobe
pointing outwards ; the base broad, in form somewhat triangular.
The spiracle is conspicuous, it is a narrow, curved slit, three-
quarters of an inch long, situated a little below and behind the
eye. The claspers are long, round, comparatively short for the
size of the fish, with an oblique, curved, linear groove. The
snout is as broad as long, the nostrils situated near the mouth.

Port Jackson and the waters of the adjacent Coast abound in
Sharks of a large size and of great beauty.

It may be interesting to note some of the species with which
we are blessed, I therefore give the following list of those
recently obtained in Port Jackson alone, with the lengths of some
of the largest :

Carcharias macklotii . . . . Length 3ft.
,, gangeticus
,, Irachyurus

Galeus australis . .

Galeocerdo rayneri

Zygmna leuwinii * . .

Lamna glauca

Carcharodon rondeletii

Odontaspis americanus f . .

Alopecias vulpei . .

Notidanus indicus . .

* W. H. Haswell, M.A., the accomplished Curator of the Brisbane Museum
informs me that he has recently secured a specimen of this species 10
feet in length.

t Baron N. de M.-Maclay makes of this a new species under the name of 0.
cinerea.

3ft.

1 cyfu.

5ft.

7in.

lift.

6in. and 12ft.

5ft.

7ft.

6in.

10ft.

lOin.

8ft.

6ft.

9in.

6ft.

4in.

BY E. P. RAMSAY, F.L.S.

97

2ft.

3ft.

6ft. Sin.

4ft.

3ft. 6m.

3ft. 9iii.

3ft. 6m.
3ft. 6in.

Scyllmn onaculatum
Cheloscyllium furvum \
Crossorhinus harhatics
Seterodontus philippi
,, galeatus

? Rhina squatina . .
Mustelus antarcticus
Fristiopliorus cirratus

Twenty species in all. Baron N. de M. Maelay and tlie
Hon. Wm. Macleay have already given us some valuable and
interesting details on our Australian Sharks, which will be found
in a previous number of our proceedings.

Plate ly.
Fig. 1 . — Shows the general outline of the fish.
,, 2. — The form of the head.
,, 3. — The nostril.
,, 4. — Teeth of the upper jaw.
,, 5. — Teeth of the lower jaw.
,, 6. — Shows the outhne of the parabolic form of the head.

On some new Amphipods prom Australia and Tasmania.

By William A. Haswell, M.A., B.Sc, Curator of the
Queensland Museum, Brisbane.

Plates y.— YII.
Talitrus assimilis, sp. nov., Plate y., fig. 1.
Distinguished from T. sylvaticus, which it otherwise very closely
resembles, by the form of the posterior gnathopoda — the meros
having a truncate process below, the carpus having its lower
border convex, and the propodos having a longitudinal, hairy
ridge.

% A new species, closely allied to C. modestum, Gimth.

98 ON SOME NEW AMPHIPODS FEOM AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA,

Hob. Tasmania (Australian Museum, collected by Mr. Kendall
Broadbent).

Talorcbestia limicola, s'p. nov., Plate V., fig. 2.
Male. — Superior antennge as long as tbe cepbalon and first
segment of the pereion, flagellum as long as the last two segments
of tbe peduncle, of five articuli. Inferior antennae four times as
long as the superior j)air, peduncle and flagellum sub-equal, the
latter consisting of twelve articuli. Anterior gnathopoda having
the carpus produced below into a rounded prominence, the
propodos sub-quadrate, broader distally than proximally, palm
transverse ; dactylos well-developed. Posterior gnathopoda with
the propodos large, sub-quadrate, broader distally than proximally;
palm transverse, armed externally with two rounded teeth,
separated by a deep excavation from the rest of the palmar
border ; dactylos powerful, pointed, as long as the palm, provided
internally with a rounded protuberance.

Female. — Anterior gnathopoda with the carpus and proj^odos
of nearly equal length, the former sub-triangular ; the propodos
long-ovate, with two hair-armed serrations on its upper and lower
borders ; dactylos two-thirds of the length of the propodos,
acuminate. Posterior gnathopoda small, carpus and propodos
sub-equal ; the latter with an obscure, downwardly projecting
process at its distal extremity ; dactylos short, articulating near
the middle of the lower border of the propodos, and not nearly
attaining the distal extremity of the latter. Length 7/20 in.

Sah. Mangrove-swamps, near Bowen, Queensland, under
decaying wood, etc.

This species is distinguished from T. quadrimana, Dana, by the
form of the palm and dactylos of the posterior gnathopoda in
both sexes.

Talorchestia terrte-reginse, 5j?. oiov., Plate V., fig. 4.
Male. — Superior antennae rather longer than the cephalon ;
flagellum as long as the last two segments of the peduncle, of

BY "W. A. HASWELL, M.A., B.Sc.

99

six to eiglit articuli. Inferior antennsa more than four times as
long as the superior pair ; flagellum as long as the last segment
of the peduncle, of about 20 articuli. Anterior gnathopoda with
the carpus longer than the propodos, the latter slightly curved
downwards, narrow, of nearly uniform breadth from end to end,
sHghtly dilated at the infero-distal angle ; palm transverse ;
dactylos longer than the palm. Posterior gnathopoda with the
propodos large, heart-shaped, the palm oblique, armed with short
bristles, and provided near the distal end with a prominent,
compressed, curved process which lies in an open hollow of the
opposed border of the dactylos when the hand is closed.

Female. — Anterior gnathopoda with the carpus longer than the
propodos, both narrow and armed with a few stout setfe. Posterior
gnathopoda with the propodos provided with a short rounded
projection directed upwards, at the distal end of its dorsal border ;
extremity of dactylos scarcely reaching the distal extremity of
the propodos. Length 2/5 in.

Hah. Port Denison, Queensland, on sandy beach.

Talorchestia ? marmorata, sp. nov.^ Plate V., fig. 3.

Male. — Superior antennae longer than the cephalon ; flagellum
rather longer than the last segment of the peduncle, composed of
five articuli. Inferior antennae rather more than three times as
long as the superior pair ; peduncle stout ; flagellum as long as
the peduncle, composed of about 17 articuli. Anterior gnathopoda
with the carpus sub -triangular, its infero-distal angle produced
into a compressed, rounded process ; the propodos sub-equal with
the carpus, much broader distally than proximally, the infero-
distal angle produced and rounded ; the palm transverse, armed
with short setae ; the dactylos well-developed, shorter than the
palm. Posterior gnathopoda large ; carpus minute, propodos
heart-shaped, the palm oblique, armed with numerous short setae,
and defined by a minute acute tooth. Pereiopoda very thick,

100 ON SOME NEW AMPHXPODS FROM AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA,

base of last pair not dilated behind. The whole of the integument
very hard. Colour marbled red and white. Length 13/20 in.

Sal. Tasmania (Australian Museum), collected by Mr. Kendall
Broadbent.

Talorchestia pravidactyla, 5^. nov.^ Plate V., fig. 5.

Male. — Superior antennae scarcely so long as the cephalon and
the first segment of the pereion ; flagellum as long as the last
two segments of the peduncle, composed of seven articuli. Inferior
antennae more than thi-ee-times as long as the superior pair ; last
segment of the peduncle more than twice as long as the penulti-
mate ; flagellum as long as the last segment of the peduncle, of
21 articuli. Anterior gnathopoda with the propodos broader
distally than proximally, the infero-distal angle produced into a
short narrow process ; palm transverse, concave ; dactylos acute,
rather longer than the palm. Posterior gnathopoda having the
propodos large, heart shaped, the palm oblique, defined by a
blunt tooth, with a second tooth close to it on the distal side, and
a rounded elevation about the middle ; dactylos geniculate, its
apex lying between the two palmar teeth when the hand is closed.
Last pair of pereiopoda with the bases dilated posteriorly.

Female. — Inferior antennae much smaller than in the male.
Anterior gnathopoda with the carpus much longer and broader
than the propodos, the latter about twice as long as broad, rather
narrower at its distal, than at its proximal end. Posterior
gnathopoda with the propodos narrow, thrice as long as broad,
the dactylos very short, inserted nearer the distal end than the
middle of the ventral border of the propodos. Length 13/20 in.

Kah. Tasmania (Australian Museum).

Talorchestia quadrimana, var. ? Plate VI., fig. 1.
Differs from the New South Wales species in the smaller size of
the posterior gnathopoda of the male, and in various minor points.

Hah, Port Denison,

BY "W. A. HASWELL, M.A., B.Sc. 101

Genus Aspedophoeeia, novum.

Coxae of the posterior gnathopoda and of the first and second
pairs of pereiopoda greatly expanded, deeper than the respective
segments, those of the three last pairs of pereiopoda small, that
of the third pair bilobed — the posterior lobe larger than the
anterior. Antennae simple ; the superior pair shorter than the
inferior. Mandibles without an appendage. Maxillipedes with
a pointed dactylos. Gnathopoda sub-chelate — the posterior pair
much larger than the anterior. Posterior pleopoda uniramous —
the ramus uniarticulate. Telson squamiform, cleft to the base.

This genus differs from Stenothoe, Dana, in having the ramus
of the last pair of pleopods uniarticulate ; in most of its characters
it approaches AUorchestes — being distinguished from that genus
only by the largely developed anterior coxse, and the character
of the telson.

Aspidophoreia diemenensis, sp. un., Plate VI., fig. 2.
Superior antennae as long as the cephalon and the first segment
of the pereion, rather longer than the peduncle of the inferior
pair ; flageUum longer than the peduncle, of about 20 articuli.
Inferior antennae with the peduncle stout, the fourth joint the
largest; flageUum slightly shorter than the peduncle, of about
20 articuli. Anterior gnathopoda with the carpus sub-triangular
in outline ; the propodos larger than the carpus, irregularly
triangular, palm transverse, deeply concave. Posterior gnathopoda
large ; propodos heart-shaped, palm oblique, armed with short
bristles. Basa of three posterior pairs of pereiopoda broad, that
of the fifth pair much expanded behind ; their anterior borders
serrate and armed with setae, the posterior border smooth. Eamus
of last pair of pleopoda short, conical,' acute. Telson consisting
of two quadrangular scales, separated by a linear fissure. Surface
(in the spirit specimen) ornamented with marbled spots of red,
brown, and white, and ornamented with numerous, very minute,
white dots, arranged in clusters of three or four. Length 4/5 in.

102 ON SOME NEW AMPHIPODS FROM AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA,

Kdb. Tasmania (Australian Museum, collected by Mr. K.
Broadbent).

Atylus microdeuteropus, s^. nov.^ Plate VI., fig. 3
Eyes oval, large, but separated by a broad space above.
Superior antennae ratber longer tban the cepbalon and first three
segments of tbe pereion, tbe flagellum nearly twice as long as
the peduncle, its articuli armed distally with short hairs above
and below — every third or fourth having its distal and inferior
angle dilated and crowned with auditory cilia. Inferior antennse
about haK the length of the animal, the flageUum more than
twice as long as the peduncle. Anterior gnathopoda with the
propodos ovate, the palm oblique, with three short spines near its
proximal end ; a strong appressed spine on the propodos over the
insertion of the dactylos ; dactylos toothed internally. Posterior
gnathopoda rather smaller than the anterior pair, propodos ovate.
armed with three stout spines near the distal extremity of the
palm ; palm oblique ; dactylos toothed internally. Pami of the
last pair of pleopoda armed laterally with a few short setae in the
axil of each of which is situated a delicate hair. Length nearly
1/4 inch.
Kab. Clark Island, Port Jackson ; Botany Bay.

Atylus megalophthalmus, sp. 7iov., Plate VI., fig. 4.

Eyes very large. Superior antennae as long as the cephalon
and pereion ; flagellum twice as long as the peduncle, every
second articulus very slightly dilated at its inferior and distal
angle. Inferior antennae longer than the superior pair, the
flagellum about three times as long as the peduncle. Gnathopoda
subequal — the posterior pair slightly smaller than the anterior ;
propodos ovate, armed with a few plumose setae, palm oblique,
undefined. Last pair of pleopods with the rami armed along
their edges with numerous serrations, each with a short seta in
the axil of Tvhich is inserted a delicate hair. Length about 1/4 in.

BY W. A. HASWELL, M.A., B.Sc. 103

Kdb. Clark Island, Port Jackson.

TMs and the preceding are very variable species, the size of
the eyes and their degree of approximation above, the length of
the antennae and the form of the gnathopoda being aU subject to
considerable variations.

Pherusa australis, sp. nov., Plate YII., fig. 1.

Six anterior segments narrow; the four following broad.
Cephalon with a small rostrum. Superior antennae nearly as
long as the cephalon and pereion ; first two joints of the peduncle
stout ; third small, scarcely distinguishable from the articuli of
the flagellum ; flagellum slender, about twice as long as the
peduncle. Inferior antennae slightly longer than the superior
pair ; flagellum scarcely twice as long as the peduncle. Anterior
gnathopoda with the propodos ovate, the palm oblique, undefined,
armed with short setae. Posterior gnathopoda larger than the
anterior pair, the propodos ovate, dilated proximally, armed with
a few short setae and hairs towards the palmar border ; palm
oblique, undefined. Fifth pair of pereiopoda much longer than
the preceding pairs ; the dactylos elongate, slender, straight.
Last pair of pleopoda with the rami lanceolate, acute, each armed
on the inner border with three setae. Length 1/5 in.

Hah. Botany Bay.

Moera crassipes, sp. nov., Plate YII., fig. 2.

Antennae sub-equal, nearly as long as the cephalon and pereion,
fringed below with long slender hairs. First pair of gnathopoda
with the carpus and propodos sub-equal, their upper border nearly
straight, the lower strongly convex. Posterior pair of gnathopoda
unequal, the right much larger than the left ; the palm deeply
concave, with a minute tooth about its middle, and defined with
a second, prominent, acute tooth. Fourth and fifth pairs of
pereiopoda very much longer and broader than the rest, the fourth
pair the broadest. Eami of last pair of pleopoda broad-lanceolatO;

104 ON SOME NEW AMPHIPODS FROM AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA,

rather short. Halves of telson conical, each tipped with a stout
spine.

Sal. Port Jackson.

Cyrtophium (?) hystrix, sp. nov., Plate YII., fig. 3.

Cephalon, pereion and first two segments of pleon armed with
prominent spines on the dorsal and lateral surfaces ; lateral
borders of the second to the sixth segments of the pereion produced
outwards and upwards, acuminate. Coxae of the pereiopoda
each armed with a small point in its lower border. Antennce
stout, superior pair as long as the cephalon and pereion, basal
joint of the peduncle short, with an acute spine above ; third
joint the longest ; flagellum shorter than the last segment of the
peduncle. Inferior antennae longer than the superior pair, very
stout, fifth joint of the peduncle longer than the fourth, flagellum
much shorter than the last segment of the peduncle. Anterior
gnathopoda with the carpus and propodos sub-equal, both armed
ventrally with a row of setae, palm straight, oblique ; dactylos
longer than palm. Posterior gnathopoda with the carpus very
small, the propodos large, ovate, narrower at its distal than at its
proximale end, palm nearly longitudinal, undefined. Pereio^^oda
subequal, the fourth pair longer than the preceding, the joints
broad, the dactylos very stout. Penultimate pair of pleopoda
with two unequal rami, the outer shorter and narrower than the
inner, tipped with two acute bristles^ the inner broad, armed
terminally and internally with a few strong bristles. Last pair
of pleopoda uniramous, minute, almost concealed under the broad
rounded telson.

Hob, Port Jackson.

The absence of the fourth segment of the pleon is probably
sufficiently important to separate this species from the genus
Cyrtophium of Dana (to which, however, it otherwise bears a close
resemblance ; but, having but a single, somewhat mutilated

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BY W. A. HASWELL, M.A., B.Sc. 105

specimen, I have been unwilling for the present to give it a
distinct generic name.

Explanation of Plates.
In all the figures 6^.= superior antennae ; ^.=inferior antennae;
/.=anterior gnathopoda ; <7.=posterior gnathopoda; ^.=sixth
pleopoda ; :r.=telson.

Plate Y.
Fig, 1. — Talitrus assimilis, gnathopoda.
,, 2. — Talorchestia Umicola, five times natural size.
,, 3. — Talorchestia marmoraia, three times the natural size.
,, 4. — Talorchestia terrce-regincB^ four times the natural size.
,, 5. — Talorchestia pravidactijla, four times the natural size.

Plate YI.
Fig. 1. — Talorchestia quadrimana, var. ? details magnified 25
diameters.
,, 2. — Aspidophoreia diemenensis, three times the natural size.
,, 3. — Atijlus microdeuteropus, eight times the natural size.
,, 4. — Atijlus megalophthalmus, eight times the natural size;/'
and g' gnathopoda of variety.

Plate Vn.
Fig. 1. — Phericsa australis.
„ 2. — Moera crassipes.
,, 3. — Cyrtophium hjstrix, magnified about 25 diameters.

NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

Mr. Eamsay for Dr. Cox — Several fine live specimens of an
Astacopsis from Mount Wilson.

Mr. Masters — a rare and beautiful pigeon Phcenorhina Goliath.

From Mr. Armstrong of Lord Howe's Island, specimens of
CoSee and Arrowroot produced on that Island.

106 ON THE LITTORAL FATJNA OF N. E. ATJSTRALIA,

WEDNESDAY, MAECH 31st, 1880.

The President, tlie Eev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.a.S., F.L.S.,
&c., in tlie Chair.

G. D. Hirst, Esq., was elected a member of the Society.

DONATIONS.

From Baron F. von. Mueller, K.O.M.G., Eucalyptographia, IV.
Decade.

From Harvard College, Three Nos. of the Bulletin -of Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Vol. V., No. 15, and Vol. VI., Nos. 1
and 2.

From Capt. F, W. Hutton, Otago, Zoological Exercises for
Students in New Zealand.

From J. Brazier, Esq., Brief account of the Natives of Western
Australia.

Societe Entomologique de Belgique, Compte Eendu. Serie II.
Nos. 69—72.

papers read.
On some of the Littoral Marine Fauna of North-East

ausstralia.
By the Eev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c..
President Linn. Soc, N.S.W.
During the years 1875-76, 1 was partly engaged in investigating
the littoral marine fauna of Tasmania, and my observations have
been published in the Transactions of the Eoyal Society of
Tasmania for 1876, and those of the Eoyal Society of New South
Wales for last year. I was very glad of an opportunity recently
afforded me for examining the Coast Shells of North-East Australia
not only because this part of the continent has been so little
visited, but also for the sake of comparing results obtained from
these two extremes. It may be observed that though the tropical
coasts of Australia, have been visited and examined by such

BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 107

accomplislied naturalists as Huxley, Jukes, Darwin, McGillivray,
Mosely, Dana, and others, yet the Littoral Shells have never been
specially studied. There are so many other objects of great
importance and interest in these localities that the littoral fauna
has been passed over, and so I find the field quite untrodden.

The places to which my observations more especially refer are
from Trinity Bay to the Endeavour Eiver, a distance, in a straight
line, of about 100 miles, and lying between S, Lat. 17° and 15°
30'. There are only a few places on this coast line where an
examination is possible, as not only are there few settlements,
but the coast itself is as a rule inaccessible, and the natives
implacably hostile. There are thi'ee different kinds of littoral
fauna to be seen. One is on the coral reefs. There is not much
of this close in shore, but occasionally fringing reefs are found.
I shall not deal with these in detail, because I purpose making
them the subject of a series of special papers. There are two
others which bear marked and distinct characters, that is the
mangrove fauna and that of the exposed rocky coast. Sandy
beaches are rare in this part of the coast of Australia. Generally
speaking the precipitous hills of the cordillera seem to plunge
direct into the sea and are covered with the dense jungle of
tropical vegetation to the very water's edge. Still there are some
fine sandy beaches, such as at the mouth of the Endeavour, the
Bloomfield, the Daintree, and the Mossman Elvers, besides a
magnificent stretch of sandy beach in the south side of Island
Point, Trinity Bay. For the whole of these distances there are
no signs of upheaval or subsidence, but a gradual reclamation of
the land by the drifting up of marine sand. The rocks wherever
exposed are volcanic or granite. They are ancient in appearance.
There are no recent dolerites, such as we so frequently observe
on the south coast.

The first thing that strikes the observer is the bare character
of the rocks in many places. One frequently meets with spots
where there is not a single mollusc to be seen adhering to the

108 ON THE LITTORAL FAUNA OF N. E. ATJSTRALIA,

cliffs and "boulders along the shore. A few serpulse and a number
of a small species of Balanus may be noticed, but no molluscs and
no seaweeds. The broad green fronds of the Ulva latissima so
frequently covering the rocks in temperate latitudes, are absent
as well as the confervoid growth of the sides of the rocky pools.
The comparative absence of Algae and Confervse prevails every-
where as much around the coral reefs as on the rocky shores, but
in the latter places, the mollusca vary in amount. Along the
black rocky boulders of Island Point, Port Douglas, molluscan
life is very abundant. A very large portion of the rocks is
literally covered with a species of oyster. In habit and in mode
of aggregation it is closely similar to the Port Jackson oyster,
Ostrea mordax, Gould, but it is a different and probably described
species. The edges of the valve are much more regularly undulate
so as to have a frilled appearance, and the lower or adherent
valve is subquadrate, and the edge comes up squarely all round
just like a little box into which the upper, free valve fits like a
lid. I believe it to be Ostrea cucullata, of Born (J/?<s. p. 114, plate
6, figs. 11 and 12) and Chemnitz Ostrea cornuco^icB (Conch. Cab.
8, p. 41, plate 74, f. 679). Born describes it as '' SheU oblong,
parasitical, with longitudinal plaits and strong imbricated, trans-
verse wrinkles ; upper valve flat, and its margin by the hinge
somewhat toothed." In the figure of Born the lower valve is
concave and ends in a long beak. This is a common form but not
the usual one. It is quoted by various authors as from the
Atlantic (West coast of Africa), Ascension Island, China, Arabia,
and Sumatra. Humphreys (Conchology, or Natural History of
Shells) says it is found in the South seas. I observed the same
species in many places on blocks of dead coral on the reefs,
in fact it seems to be abundant everywhere upon the coast within
the tropics. It is of delicate flavour, and highly prized by the
inhabitants, both black and white.

Next to this in abundance upon the rocks is Flaraxis sulcata,
called perrywinkle by the settlers, and is boiled and eaten in

BY THE REV. J, E. TETaSON- WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 109

considerable quantity. There are places on tlie rocks just above
the tidal marks -wliere a basket can be filled in a few minutes by
sweeping one's band along the sui^face. They are packed quite
close together. I shall add a few remarks upon the genus and
species further on, but I may observe now that the habits of this
mollusc are entirely those of the LiUorina, which it almost
completely replaces in the tropics. It extends abundantly, to my
knowledge as far south as Moreton Bay. It reaches a larger
size than LiUorina ccendescens, of our coasts. It was my impression
at first that the Littorinas of our south coasts and of Tasmania
were not found within the tropics. But with a very careful search
I was able to discover here and there solitary examples of
LiUorina ccerulescens. When dwarfed in size, it was somewhat
rugged with lines of growth showing how slow was its progress,
and sometimes curiously mottled with brown. On the reefs it
was occasionally met with, but a much finer and more solid shell
with very little of the elegant bluish- white tint so common on all
the south coasts. This shell reaching its maximum of develop-
ment in South Tasmania, and as I believe with Deshayes and
others, identical with L. ccerulescens of the Mediterranean, andX.
mauritiana of the Cape, as far as Natal. I have paid some
attention to this little species, and have watched the effect of
climate upon it with interest. Just as we notice the old residents
of North Australia by their peculiar aspect, so we may notice the
old established LiUorina. It is evident that certain rocks do not
agree with it, and few are foimd to live within their limits, and
those only in a stunted, distorted condition. I was inclined to
think that LiUorina injramidata, Quoy, had entirely died out.
This is the pagoda-like perrywinkle, with the double line of
tubercles on the body whorl, and an elegant single row upon the
spine ; I soon found that I was mistaken. It is somewhat common
at Port Douglas, though I never saw it anywhere else, and it
never attains one-fourth the size of the Port Jackson specimens.
The distribution of this species is remarkable. In South

110 ON THE LITTORAL T ATTN A. OF N. E. ATJSTRALLA.,

Tasmania it is unknown, on tlie east coast it is very rare, and
then they are only poor, small, and distorted specimens. About
the region of Port Jackson it attains its maximum of development
and is sometimes an inch and more in length. But it is not
common inside the harbour. It is only seen at intervals along
the east coast and I did not notice it about Cape Moreton or in
Moreton Bay. I did not see it at any place on the coast, except
Port Douglas, and there the size never exceeded a quarter of an
inch. The climate appears to stunt its growth completely, though
preserving its colour and shape. The result is interesting as a
climatial influence if we compare its efiorts with what we should
witness if particular regions were to affect horses or cattle in a
similar way. In contrast with this we have a remarkable
illustration of the effects of climate in an exactly different manner.
The rocks are frequently covered with a large species of Acmcea,
which may have been described many times by different observers
as it varies so much. It is common on all parts of the east coast
which I have visited and equally common on Tasmania. It
passes into Bass' Straits, but is not common on the south coast.
In Tasmania it may be seen at its lowest state. It is small,
irregular in growth, very much stunted, and sordid in appearance.
Though not at all uncommon it is not easy to recognize on the
rocks. The best point of resemblance throughout is the peculiar
mottled spathula which is very characteristic and never can be
mistaken. It is a true Acmcea, with the giU plume at the back of
the neck, and by this feature also and the peculiar ribbed structure
it can always be known. As it is traced northward from the
extreme south of Tasmania, where I first saw it and described it
as a new species under the name of Acmcea marmorata. (See Proc.
Boy. Soc. Tas. 1875, p. 153.)itgradually increases in size and the
colors of the shell become brighter and more clear. It can be
thus followed over the Straits and on to the Australian coast. It
receives its maximum of development in North-east Australia ;
thus inhabiting a line of coast from South Tasmania to Cape

BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. Ill

York, a distance of very near 3,000 miles. It is evidently a
tropical species, and grows largest and is in the finest condition
within the tropics. I do not think that an impartial person could
avoid recognizing it as one species, even though a comparison
were instituted between specimens from the two extremes, that
is from South Cape in Tasmania and Cape York in Australia. It
is not very common at Port Douglas, of large size — (1| "ich in
length) — and of bright colours. The brown spots in the spathula
are paler and more distant, and all the colouring is more distinct.
The radula or lingual ribbon is exactly similar in the sj)ecimens
wherever they are obtained. We have therefore in this an
example of a species which thrives through a very wide area, but
is evidently better adapted for a warm climate. The case is thus
the reverse of the Littorina pyramidata.

But we have another example on this coast which is different
again. Acmcea septiformis, Quoy and Graimard, is as all naturalists
are aware very common on all the coasts of Southern and South-
eastern Australia and Tasmania. It is not so well-known that it
is found at intervals aU along the coast into the tropics. At Port
Douglas it is very common in places, but generally far up on the
rocks and not very easy to discover. It is neither smaller nor
larger than the specimens in my possession from the coldest part
of Tasmania, and it does not seem to have varied in its colouring.
That is to say it is as variable on the North Coast as on the South,
but much within the same limits. It has always been my
impression that no distinction could be made between this species
and A. testudinaria, of Muller, which is so common in Great
Britain, and since our species can be traced in the hottest as well
as the coldest seas in Australia, without alteration, and on
thousands of miles of coast we may well beHeve that it is of world-
wide distribution.

I call attention here to these facts, because they show how no
general rule can be adopted for the way in which mollusca are
affected by climate. We have thus — 1. Acm(Ba marmorata, which

112 ON THE LITTORAL FAUNA OF N. E- AUSTRALIA,

is stunted in a cold climate to a fourth its size, and readies its
maximum of development in tlie tropics. 2. Littorina pyramidata
which, reaches its maximum of development in the temperate
seas of Australia, and is dwarfed and deformed in the tropics.
3. AcmcBa septiformis, which ranges through every climate from
the extreme of cold to the extreme of heat, and is not affected by
climate at all.

The conclusions to be drawn from these facts are far more
important than would aj)pear at first sight. We are accustomed
to say that certain shells are tropical in character, and indicate a
tropical fauna, and this would appear justifiable as far as the
present fauna of Australia is concerned, but when we apply it to
geology the conclusions are not by any means so certain. There
may be species with a very wide range, and the development of
one species which we are inclined to refer to the influence of
warmer seas, may be from quite a contrary course. We have an
instance of this in Pectuiiculus laUcostatus, Lam., which is found
extensively developed in our Tertiary rocks, but principally in
the Miocene of Yictoria. It is still found on the coasts of Australia
but rarely, and of small size. But its maximum development
is now in New Zealand, where it reaches as large a size as any
of the fossil forms, but generally in the colder parts of the Middle
Island coast.

We have only one Patella on the coast of Trinity Ba}^, that is to
say only one true Patella, with the gills as a fringe round the foot.
This is P. tigrina ? Grm., with its very conspicuous, silvery- white
nacre. It is a shell of moderate size and not very common, gener-
ally preferring the very outermost rocks where it is washed by
the spray of even low tides. The older shells are much corroded,
one distinguishing feature about the species is the well-defined
spathula which is of light brown color, and has even the impression
of the tentacles on each side of the head. It would seem as if
the spathula is caused by some corrosive action of the mantle on
the sheU, because on old shells a slight pressure from the inside

BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 113

will make it break clean away. The radula of this species is short
in comparison with P. tramoserica, being seldom over three inches
in length.

A mollusc, which is here in far greater abundance than any of
the PafellidcB whose form it resembles, is a species of Siphonaria.
It would be very diflficult to assign a name to it without consider-
able study into the claims of species, but I certainly think it is
only one of the many varieties which from time to time have been
distinguished by the names of S. diemene7isis, Baconi, funiculata,
and many other s-^nonyms. It is a ribbed shell, with white ribs
and brown insterstices, but I cannot see any or even much
difference between the varieties that have been named. It is just
as common within the tropics as all along the east and south
coasts of Australia and Tasmania. The animal is the same in
every respect and the radula also. I think the tj'pical specimens
have a little advantage in point of size, but that is the only
difference I can detect. It is more numerous than any of the
Patellidcd, and this holds good of every part of the coast which I
visited, within the Barrier Eeef , but I have not often found it on
coral reefs or anywhere except rocks, fringing the shore above
the tidal marks. I consider it as especially characterizing the
littoral fauna of Australia. I am not aware whether or not it
has been remarked that the genus Siphonania is more peculiar to
the Southern hemisphere than the Northern.

In estimating the peculiarities of the littoral fauna at Island
Point, Port Douglas, it must be borne in mind that the rock
formation may have something to do with it. That formation is
a dark phonolite stone which does not easily decompose, neither
does it give rise apparently to much ferruginous earth or clay.
Yet I attribute something to its influence. It abounds with
Planaxis sulcata, as I have already remarked, the Patellidcd are
also abundant, so are oysters and several species of Nerita to be
mentioned presently. On the coral reefs close at hand there are
equal numbers of oysters. Patellidcd are not common, though not

114 ox THE LITTOR.IL FAUNA OF X. E. AI7STR.VLIA,

entirely absent. Here and there you meet witli Planaxis, but no
JVerita, and Littorina ccenilescenH is quite a different sliell : large,
solid, ivory-wliite, witli tbe pur]ile-brown markings of the interior
and the rose spots near the moutli very brilliant and distinct.
The rock cf the coral reefs is a light-brown mass of coral and
coral sand, and for the most part is covered at high water. This
may be one of the reasons why there are so few littoral shells.
But even on those reefs where a portion of the rock is always
uncovered, Siplionaria is nearly the only species that is common,
besides oysters.

There are four or five species of Nerita on the Port Douglas
rocks. They are generally congregated together above high
water mark in groups of 20 or 30. Nerita costata is the most
common. This species is distinguished by its uniform, dull olive-
green colour, and its few broad, nearly flat, spiral ribs. It does
not seem to vary. On the other hand an equally common one is
Nerita ])olita and of this there are endless patterns in its bands,
spots, and zigzag markings of black, white, and grey. Nerita
grossa is another common form. It is a large, somewhat thin,
tumid shell, deeply toothed at the mouth. It may be mistaken
for N. costata, with finer ribs and a more elevate spine, but the
operculum is quite different. But there is a doubt about the
identification of N. costata. It was originally described by Gmelin
thus: — '' Shell yellowish within, subglobidar, surrounded with
thicker strise, the interstices snowy, both lips toothed, the outer
one crenate throughout, inner one sub-convex, wrinkled and
tuberculate. Inhabits Nicobar Islands. Shell russet-brown or
piceous, crown very obtuse, generally worn and yellowish or
white." Born and Chemnitz are quoted for the figures. The
latter corresponds with our sheU, and so does the description,
except the yeUow interior, which is a variable character. I
cannot weU understand how Nicobar Islands can be the habitat
and for it not to have been seen at intermediate stations. All
the other Neritas of Port Douglas are Linnean shells and were

BY THE REV. J. B. TEGISON- WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 115

described by Eumpliius from specimens obtained by liim in the
Molliicas.

JSferita alhicilla, L., is another common form on the Port Douglas
rocks. It is distinguished by a less oblique form than N. costata
the ribs are not so coarse, the columella concave, teeth on both
lips, fine and numeroas, and the whole shell is conspicuously
marked black and white in a varied style of ornamentation, of
which a broad, white, spiral band is the most common. It was
described from Eumphius by Linnaeus, who refers to the former's
figure. According to Hanley, type specimens are preserved in
the cabinet of Linnaeus. The habitat given is the Cape of Good
Hope and Indian Ocean, but the first locality may be erroneous.

All the species have the peculiarity of keeping on the rocks
above tidal marks, like the Littorinm. The various species seem
to group together and keep very distinct ; the only wanderers
beingiV. alUcilla, which are sometimes found at the bottom of pools.

There is one point of distinction between all the JSferitas, and
that is in the operculum. Shells that resemble each other in many
ways are found to have quite different opercula. I shall speak
presently of a characteristic instance of this when dealing with
the mangrove fauna. The opercula of N. poUta, N. costata, and
JV. alhicilla, are very characteristic. The latter though a more
finely marked shell than N. costata, has an operculum covered
with much coarser granulations. N. polita has a smooth and
beautifully polished operculum, with a defined margin of rugse.
This renders the sheU easy of identification. It has been long
known to naturalists. This we gather from the host of figures
quoted by Linnaeus. There is an exceptional uniformity in these
figures ; the type specimens still exist in the Linnean cabinets.
JSf. mollucensis is also found at Port Douglas, and some others to
be mentioned presently.

Two species of Chiton are sufiiciently common on the rocks.
One appears te be the Chiton spinosus of Eeeve. The other may

il6 ON THE LItTOEAL FAtJNA OF N. E. AUSTRALIA,

be a new species, and requires examination. Tlie first is very
common and equally so on tlie coral reefs. Both these species
keep above the tidal marks, but just within reach of the surf and
spray.

Besides the Ostrea, which may be regarded as representing
0. mordax, there is a larger species, a Chama and a Spondylus, all
common, Purpura, fPolytropaJ tuberculosa is common also, but
not so large as the specimens found at Port Jackson. The rocks
are also conspicuously covered with two species of JBalanus which
are unknown to me as yet. One is a pyramidal form not observed
further south.

Thus it will be seen that the tropical littoral fauna of the rocks
does not differ much from the fauna we meet with outside the
tropics. Some of the species are the same, but there is a change
in others ; thus the TrocJiocochlecB of the south have disappeared.
Instead of seeing on every rock and stone crowds of TrocJiococlea
aiistraUs, T. odontis, and T. constricta, the place is occupied by very
many species of Nerita, species which have a wide range through-
out the tropics. The PatellidcB are partly different, and so are
the Littorinidce, Planaxis sulcatus, being the common form. The
Trochidm are entirely different. Monodonta lahio, and Trochus
niloticus, T. asrulescens, and some others are frequently met with.
In many of the j^ools two or three species of cones will be found
such as C. hebraica, C. textilosa, C. capitaneus and some others.
Cyprea arabica is found almost under every stone. I might extend
the list, but this will suffice to give an idea of what is the general
character.

On the rocks at Port Douglas there are few or no corals. Very
rarely one may meet a small patch of Porites or Favia Powerbanhiiy
but I never saw any other. These I may say are two of the
hardiest species of coral as well as the commonest in this locality.
Favia Bowerbanhii does not seem to mind mud or sediment, which
is fatal to most corals. Thus I have seen it encrusting a large
proportion of the stones at the mouth of the Mangrove Creek.

BY TIIE REV. J. E. TENISON- WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 117

All these stones are covered with, mud and slime, and the place is
washed over twice in the 24 hours by muddy, brackish water.

Far out upon the rocks there are a good niunber of Alcyonaria
or soft corals as they are called belonging to the genera Alcyonum^
Ammothea, Xenia, Anthelia, and Telesto. I believe they are all of
undescribed species. In every pool there are Aneinones belonging
to the families Actinince, Thalassianthus. The same pools are also
distinguished by two or three long ^nokQ-Y^kellolothurids, probably
belonging to the genus Sytiapta, they are not of any value to the
trepang fishermen and so are not molested. They may be seen
stretching out for two feet and more gathering their food with the
beautiful arborescent tentacles which form a ring around their
heads ; they are of a deep brown colour covered with wort-like
papillae. There are no anchor-like spines in the skin.

I have made but few special observations on the crustaceans,
but I cannot help noticing a species of crab which abounds on the
rocks. This is the Grapsus pictus of Latreille. It may be seen
running away over the boulders and into the surf on the approach
of any moving object. It is strange how tenaciously it can fasten
to the bare surface of the rock so that the heaviest surf has no
effect in moving it. They seem to have very low powers of
hearing as they cannot be startled by the loudest noise, They
make up for this by their powers of sight, as the smallest move-
ment makes them start off for the water. They appear to feed
upon an algal which grows upon the rocks, and certainly it is most
ludicrous to watch them raising their claws alternately to their
mouths while feeding, and at the same time standing, as it were,
upon tiptoe, so that the sharp points of the rest of the legs may
hold well into the inequalities of the rock surface. The species
has an immense range, being equally common in the Cape Verde
Islands, St. Helena, South Africa, the Mauritius, California, Peru,
Georgia, West Indies &c, Miers quotes it as belonging to the
New Zealand fauna, but I think the species is different. It is
not at all uncommon on the temperate regions of the Australian

118 ON THE LITTORAL FAUNA OF N. E. AUSTRALU.,

coast. When alive it has a dark, but clear green carapace,
beautifully mottled and lined into a pretty pattern of lighter and
darker spots and cloudings. When dead in cabinets, the colours
fade into a redish brown. I could not discover whether the
natives used it for food, but it is eagerly devoured by a large
Octopus (0. indicus ?J which is common here.

The settlers gather and use another species, this is Thalamita
stimpsoni, with very beautiful blue tips to the claws. It is found
under stones, and is very warlike, biting furiously, and holding
tenaciously. I noticed two other species, T. sima, M.-Ed., and T.
dancd, Stimpson. Both these are said to occur in New Zealand,
but I am doubtful about T. sima, which is, as far as I know only
tropical in Australia. On the sands of Port Douglas and as far
as Cleveland Bay, I noticed Ocypode hrevicornis, I never saw it
except on a sandy beach, and when pursued it took readily to the
water.

On all the sandy places on the north side of Island Point a
species of starfish, Pentagonaster fStellasterJ Incei, Gray, is very
common. I did not notice it on any other part of the coast, but
in one spot it is drifted up in dozens at every tide. Here also
Fentaceros Franhlinii, was found by me as well as Anthenea tuher-
culosa and an Astropecten, which I is^Qio\>Q A. poly acantha. Had
I been able to dredge at this spot I have no doubt I should have
found many other species from the fragments I saw upon the
beach.

I turn now to the fauna of the mangroves, which is peculiar
and entirely different from that of the coast. The creek at the
back of Island Point, is a salt water inlet running between the
township and the mountain range, which rises about a mile further
inland. It is not navigable for more than four miles. Only in
the rainy season does it ever bring down much fresh water, but
it is always a muddy tidal stream with a coral reef at the mouth,
and a dense growth of mangroves on the banks. The common
species is the Brugiera Rheedii, with occasionally a fringe of

BY THE EEV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 119

JEgiceras majus ; this is different from the mangrove vegetation
of the southern j^arts of Australia, where the growth is principally
Amcennia tomentosa. Those who have never seen a true mangrove
scrub can have no idea of how thickly it covers the banks of a
stream with its narrow roots. The seed, as is well-known,
germinates upon the branches ere the flower falls. The fruit
enlarges until it becomes a long, pendulous, slender, green branch,
often 10 to 20 feet long swaying in the wind until it roots in the
mud beneath. The mud banks as they are uncovered by the tide
present a most peculiar appearance. It is a close net work of
light-brown stems, usually not thicker than an inch in diameter,
and rooting in the mud in all directions. There are no thick
stems amongst them. Only here and there a close thicket of
young, straight shoots of ^giceras majiis, spring up amid the
mud.

The first thing that one notices in the mangrove at Port
Douglas is the abundance of a crustacean, Gelasimus coarctatus,
M.-Edw. It makes its nest in the mud by the side of a mangrove
root. This retreat is a mere round hole which the crab digs out
by the aid of his large, disproportionate claw. I have watched
these little animals with great interest. They come out when the
tide is low, moving very stealthily and with their large claw
folded up under them. They feed on some animaculee in the
mud, but I could not ascertain what was the nature of this food.
The smallest movement causes them to start back to their holes.
If they are not molested they continue feeding until the tide
begins to rise ; then they go back to their retreats, and shovelling
up a great mass of mud with the large claw, they draw it after
them as they go in, completely closing up the hole so that a careful
examination will not enable one to discover it. They are beautiful
objects when living. The claw is a bright orange-color, paler
towards the tip, but this tint fades rapidly after death.

Next after these crabs, I know of no object more interesting
than the ''hopping fishes" as they are called. This is the

120 ON THE LITTORAL FATJNA OF N. E. AUSTRALIA,

PeriopMhahnus australis of Castelnau. The mud is literally alive
with them when the tide is out. They are about eight or ten
inches long with large scales, and fins like seal's flippers, with
which they move very rapidly, a kind of leap. They are difficult
to catch, but a native boy I had with me was able to knock them
over easily with small stones, which he threw with unerring aim.
They say that this fish climbs on the roots of the mangrove, but
I never saw it do so. It keeps on the wet mud, and is always
more or less moistened with the slime. It never comes out on the
sand. I think it feeds on the small crustaceans or worms, but I
could not ascertain this to my satisfaction. They say that it utters
a loud clicking noise, not unlike the crack of a whip. I heard
the noise repeatedly, in fact it is quite remarkable and continuous
but I could not satisfy myself that it came from the fish. My
own opinion was that it was caused by one of the crustaceans.
There is however a fish in the Port Douglas Creek, which gives
utterance to croaking sounds when captured, of which I was
repeatedly a witness.

On the roots of the mangroves, and sometimes high up on the
stems of the trees, four or five species of mollusca are found. Of
these two species of Nerita are the most common. Nerita lineata
is very abundant, and of large size ; from an inch to an inch and
a-half in diameter is the usual size. The natives have used them
extensively as an article of food, for large mounds of them are
seen in the sandy banks of the creeks near Bowen, with quite a
heap of the shelly opercula. They do not climb high up on the
trees. This species has a wide range through the Indian Archi-
pelago, and in Australia as far south as Moreton Bay. It is
surprising that it was not known to Linnaeus : as all the other
Indian Neritas seem to have passed through his hands. Side by
side with other species, but by no means so common, is the iV.
atropurpurea of Eecluz. It is apt to be mistaken for N. lineata,
though it is smaller. I was collecting the radulas of the latter
and did not observe that I had got N. atropurpurea, until I f oujid

BY THE REr. J. E. TENISON- WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 121

1 had some very distinct opercula amongst those of JV. lineata.
That of N. lineata is large and rough, completely covered with
granulations of light color. That of N. atropurpurea is smooth,
highly polished, and of dark blue-black color.

Occasionally there is found upon the mangroves, but rather
high up on the branches small groups of Cassidula anguUfera, I
never noticed any other species though A. auris-judcd, is common
on the mangrove further south.

Cerithium fPyrazusJ sulcatum, Born, is found occasionally.
Cerithidea decollata'^ Linn., is very common in places far out of
reach of the tide marks and far above high water, I have found
the latter on small stems of Melaleuca leucodendron which is rather
abundant outside the margin of the mangroves on the flooded
flats. Littorina scalra, is also abundant and of large size. The
range of this species is very great. It is common on the Avicennia
mangrove of Port Jackson, though of small size and variable
color, and it extends along all the coast as far as it is known, in
N.E., N. and N.W. Australia. But it is unknown off mangrove
swamps, in fact it only flourishes upon them. The shell of this
species is thin and translucent. I presume that the mollusc is a
vegetable feeder and may perhaps live upon land plants as it is
always found upon them. It always frequents salt or brackish
water, but the latter not commonly, and in water so very nearly
like the sea that it can scarcely be called brackish, except for a
very short time during each tide. Still there are times when the
animal must be exposed to the influence of quite fresh water,
perhaps for some days during periods of flood. This would be
fatal to many marine mollusca, but is borne evidently without
harm by Littorina scalra. Fresh water is instantly fatal to Echini
and starfishes. I think I may say that the shell of Littorina scahra
is the thinnest of any marine shell known to me, and that in this
feature it approaches the fresh water shells. That the habit of
living on the roots of trees is not sufficient to account for this, is
seen from the fact that Nerita lineata, Cerithium fPyrazus J sulcatum

122 ON THE LITTORAL FATJNA OF N. E. AUSTRALIA,

and Cassidula anguUfera, are very solid shells ; in fact none of those
living on the mangrove are thin except Cerithidea decollata.

Imbedded in the mud and quite within reach of salt water, but
generally not very close to the sea are large numbers of Cyrena
Juhesi, Deshayes, (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854). This is a very solid,
large, ovately trigonal shell, irregularly and lightly striate with
and when fresh covered with conspicuous, shining, olive periostraca
which easily flakes off. Some of the lines of growth are often
eroded, and the umbones always are. This erosion it appears to
me is the work of some parasite, and not as many think, from the
influence of fresh water. The hinge teeth are three in number,
with two of them distinctl}^ bifid at the apex. The lateral teeth
are distant, one (the anterior) being a blunt tubercle. I enter
into this detail because this mollusc is the common form in all
the brackish water streams or estuaries, I visited in North-East
Australia. I found it in the Endeavoui' Eiver, in the Daintree,
the Herbert, Port Douglas Creek, Eoss Creek, the Burdekin, and
in the mangroves and swamps around Port Denison. The blacks
prize it as an article of food, and large numbers of the shells are
always in refuse heaps by the side of the mangroves.

It will be seen from these facts what a great difference there is
between the fauna of the mangroves and that of the rocky coast
exposed to the sea. Though only a short distance from one
another and the water quite salt, there is not one species of shell
fish common to both, and the crustaceans seem all to be different
as well. The mud has something to do with it, though other
circumstances come into play which are well worth an attentive
study.

If I refer now to the fauna of the coral reefs near Port Douglas
it must not be thought that my remarks are anything more than
as to what came under my observation during a few brief visits.
The subject is too immense to be dealt with in an exhaustive
manner except by a voluminous treatise. There are many reefs

BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 123

in the neighbourhood of Port Douglas, and there is the Great
Barrier Reef at about 16 miles distance from the shore. All
these literally teem with life, so that a life time would not be
enough to enable one to know and see all. I shall confine my
remarks first of all to those matters to which I have been calling
attention in the first part of this paper.

Littoral shells are not common on the reefs — that is to say, such
shells as Patella, Littorina, Nerita, Planaxis, &c. The reason of
this is probable that these molluscs live for the most part out of
the water, and there are only very few parts of the reefs that are
not covered for more than 1 2 of the 24 hours ; those portions that
are uncovered are not, as a rule, favorable stations for the species
I mention. There are not many solidified rocks, but only loose
banks of a coarse sand, composed of coral and shell debris. This
sand becomes cemented in the course of time into a hard dark-
brown, calcareous rock. If there is much coral in it : the structure
is very coarse and hard. Large masses of coral, with equally
ponderous clams, volutes. Cassis, TrocJms, «S:c., making up a
peculiar and highly ornamental stone, the finer portions become
stratified into thin flags with a gentle dip towards the sea. On
such rocks I noticed SipJionaria denticulata, or a variety of it.
Probably some other specific name has been given to it, but where
the differences are so very slight, and the features upon which
specific distinctions are made to rest are so liable to vary for
almost every individual, it would be hazardous to attempt to
determine which variety it is. The whole genus needs a thorough
revision, and when it receives that, the Australian species will
no doubt be found confined to four or five.

Two of the most common univalve shells upon the reefs are
Pterocera Iambi's, Linn, and Sfromhas luhuamcs, Linn. They must
have a ver^^ wide range, as they are described as occurring at the
Ived Sea, and through the whole of the Indian Ocean. Both
species are amongst the oldest known to men of science. They

124 ON THE LITTORAL FATTNA OF N. E. AUSTRALIA,

were first figured by Lister, nearl}^ 200 years ago, and types are
still preserved in the Linnean cabinet.

On tlie edges of the reefs Trochus 7iiloticus is very common and
of large size. This is a shell of wide range and ancient history
like the last. It is found with T. cerideus, Gmelin, which is not
so common. All the shell sand is more or less full of Chnjsostoma
nicoharica, Gmelin. This also has a wide range. In fact except
in the relative abundance of species, we may say that for one
third of the shells of the Indian Ocean, there is no difference in
what we find on the north-east Australian coral reefs. Cyprea
tigris, L., is not very common, but C. arahica, L., C. lynx, L., and
C. annulus, L., are all very abundant. The cones are C. litter atus
L., (very common) C. marmoreus, L., C. generalis, L., C. hebrceus,
L., C. textile, L., and C. capitaneus, L. I made no special search
or no doubt I could have extended this list, but I merely wish to
record the species which are the most common.

The bivalves are by far the most prominent part of the
moUuscan fauna of the coral reefs. Hippopus maculatus, Chem.,
is the most common, so common indeed that the reef is thickly
strewn with them on every side. It varies in size and in color.
I have seen a specimen which was at least ten inches across the
valves. The color of the animal varies also. As a general rule
it is a dull brown, but very often indi\iduals are found with a
fringe of the most brilliant blue or green. The same variation
in color is found in Tridacna squamosa, Gm., which is equally
common. Sippopus maculatus, lies loose upon the reef, but T.
squamosa is attached to the coral rock and requires a considerable
amount of care to detach it without breaking the shell. It is not
at all unusual to find specimens completely imbedded in the rock
in a cavity which allows room for the opening of the shell, but
which in other respects fits it exactly. In fact one cannot escape
the conclusion that the mollusc must have hollowed out the cavity
for itseK. It is not uncommon to see a loose block of dead coral
with three or four of these large molluscs imbedded in it, fitting

BY THE KEY. J. E. TENISOX- WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 125

exactly into the caYities and lying open with their beautiful blue
and green tentacles exposed. On approaching them they close
their valves suddenly, sending up a jet of water into the air. I
have often had my foot caught between the valves in passing.
They can hold with great strength, but a knife inserted into the
muscle soon detaches them. It seems to me, strange how they
can exist on a loose block of stone, which must be moved about
by almost every tide.

The large Tridacna fjigas is not met with except on the edge of
the reef. It is rather common, but not so much so as the former
species. There is some confusion about this shell, the name of
which is usually referred to Linnseus. But no example was found
in his cabinet. His definition agrees with T. squamosa, and Mr.
Hanley observes that the synonomy Cjuoted is incorrect and leads
one to suppose that Linnseus regarded all the various species of
Tridacna as varieties of one. Mr. Hanley seems also to think that
we should restrict the specific name gigas to that which is generally
regarded as squamosa, a change which will hardly be adopted.
The animals seem to vary in color, but I had too few opportunities
of observing to record much about them. I don't think the
beautiful blue and green hues occur in this species. A very
common bivalve shell upon the reefs is Asaph is rugosa, Lamarck.
Circe crocea, Lam., is pretty common. The oyster which I regard
as 0. cucullata. Born, is very abundant on the *' negro heads" or
blocks of dead coral, which project above the rest of the reef. It
may be that the cucullate form is an exceptional variety of the
common oyster referred to already as existing in such abundance
on the rocks at Port Douglas.

On turning over the loose blocks of dead coral, which strew the
flat parts of the reef left dry at each tide, a large amount of marine
life is revealed. Under nearly every one, the Urchin Echinometra
lucunter, Leske, is found in groups, two or three together. It
varies very much in color. The species are brown-grey, nearly
white, or a delicate flesh color. They do not cling to the rock,

126 ox THE LITTORAL FAUNA OF N. E. ATJSTRALIA,

but move with ease along tlie ground, keeping the spines erect in
a regular '' cheveux-de-frise" around them. They are easily
handled, however, in spite of their formidable appearance. But
it is not so with Echinothrix calamaria, which is much more rarely
met with. This is a very dangerous animal to approach. It is
found under stones like the former and presents a rather pretty
appearance, from its long, rather stout, tapering spines of sea-
green color, transversely striped with brown. It glides slowly
along, moving the spines in all directions. Between these there
are many fine spines, as fine as hair. They are not easily perceived
and though so fine and slender, yet they penetrate to great depths
into the hand when any attempt is made to seize the annimal. I
did not know their powers, and at m}^ first effort to secure one got
five or six of these spines in my hand, one piercing right through
the side of the finger. It was no use trying to extract them, as
they are so fine and brittle. After a few hours they did not cause
any inconvenience, and I suppose they must have worked them-
selves out, for I never felt them afterwards. I am not aware that
this species was found on the Australian coast previously.

Equally uncommon is the urchin Diadema setosum, certainly one
of the most beautiful of all the species. Those who have only
seen the dried specimens can have no idea of what it is in its
natural state. The spines are all of one size, very long and
slender of very dark purple color. They spread out in rays all
round the test, while the anal tube projects like a large eye, which
in fact most observers suppose it to be. The spines penetrate the
hand very easity, but as they are not so fine as in J^chinofhrixthey
work themselves out in a short time. Diadema setosum was noticed
bv me in a few rock pools, and generally where an overhanging
ledge affords some shelter.

The other urchins found on the reef were Jliiypono'e variegata,
and Salmacis raris^jina. The first was always the beautiful bright
violet variety, and the second was always denuded of spines. On
the beach away from the coral reefs I found Temnopleurus tormm-

BYTHEEEV. J. E. TENISON- WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 127

aticus, and amid the basaltic rocks of Island Point, Stomopneustes
atra-purpurea, mihi, but as I intend to give a separate paper on
the EcMni of this part of the coast and their various habits I shall
not refer to them further at present.

In all the rock pools fishes of some sort are found. It would
be useless to attempt an enumeration, but I may mention especially
the striped Murmna nehulosa, and the immense number of young
dog-fish or sharks of the genus. Occasionally large specimens of
Conger marginatus, Forsk., may be seen floundering through the
rock pools.

On nearly all the reefs visited by me I found large shallow
pools from two to three feet deep at low water, in which there
was an extensive growth of coral. The genera were mostly the
solid corals, such as Solenastr<sa, Favia, Prionastrcea, Pavonia,
PlesiastrcBa, Astrcba (raYe)Meandrina, Mussa, Symphyllia, Sydnophora
Galaxea, Turhinaria, Fungia, Pachyseris, Turhinaria, Pocillopora,
Seriotopora, Psammocora^ Millepora, Heliopora, Madrepora, Sfc. 1
think that a good many of these are of undescribed species, but
the resemblances to known forms are so close that a very careful
examination and comparison with typical forms will be necessary
before any specific determination is made. Madrepores were
common in places, but confined to two or three species. I intend
to publish in a separate paper what I have to say in detail about
the corals. I may remark now that in the pools and lagoons to
which I am referring, branched corals were the exception. The
common forms were large hemispherical masses or large round
flattened slabs like tables. These were for the most part species
of Porites or Aheopora. The flat upper surface was dead and like
brown concrete. The thick rounded edge was of rose-pink color
generally, and only this part was alive. The cells of this species
are so small that the stellate rays can only be seen by a good lens.
When undisturbed a kind of tentacular expansion could be
observed, a constant movement such as would be caused by the
water. A touch of any foreign substance, or a blow caused them

128 ON THE LITTORAL FAUNA OF N. E. AUSTRALIA,

to witkdraw immediately, and a closed appearance was very-
manifest over a considerable area of the cells. There must be
millions on each one of the round fiat tabular masses of Porites,
which are so common on the reefs. These ''tables" are quite
loose and can be turned over without difficulty. They are seldom
more than a foot thick and the under surface is like the upper.

I have reserved for the last any mention of the Holothuridcd
which give such a commercial importance to the reefs at the
present time. Any detail on the subject of species would require
a special essay. So much has been done by observers in Europe
— especially northern Europe — that to examine our Australian
species under the light of these investigations would be an
extensive undertaking. I trust that the time is not distant when
it may be done, but I dont think it can be done unless on the
reefs themselves, where anatomical examinations of the living
examples will alone furnish the required facts. I merely record
now that the species collected in abundance are those classified
as Trepang by Q-. F. Jaeger, in 1833 in the well known essay De
Holothuriis.^' The genus is not adopted, and has no better
definition from its author than "body sub-cylindrical, mouth
anterior, surrounded by ten to twenty x)etately capitate tentacles."
He enumerates four, viz. Trepang edulis, T. ananas^ T. impatiens,
and T. peruviana. The first of these is certainly found on the
reefs, and is called by the fishermen '' red fish." It is an
elongated oval, somewhat shapeless mass of dull, reddish-brown
color, and covered all over with papillary suckers. It is eight or
ten inches long and very heavy. Next to this is the '' tit-fish," a
somewhat smaller species of elongated shape, black in color, and
studded with somewhat distant, large tentacles, which project
nearly an inch or so. Another species is the "milk-fish," or
" cotton- fish," so called from its power of emitting a white viscid
fluid from its skin, which clings to any object like shreds of
cotton. The fishermen do not use it, and it is said that the white

* De Holo. Dissertatio inaug. Turici, 1833, 4 to with plates.

BY THE EEV. J, E. TENISON- WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 129

fluid stings the skin. There are many other species which have
not been named or described, nor do I think they can be until
they are studied in the living state, at least according to the
present system of classification. They are found in large numbers
crawling over the reefs at low tide. No doubt the extensive way
in which the edible species are gathered will make them scarce.
and some are beginning to get scarce at certain portions of the reef,
But the enormous extent of coral reef, not only on the Barrier,
but in the islands enclosed within the Barrier, renders it very
easy for the fishermen to seek new grounds for their operations.

A very common species on the island reefs which I visited, is
Synapta Besellii, Jaeger, or an allied form. This is said to be an
inhabitant of Celebes, but no doubt has a wide range. One
cannot mistake the genus for any other. Immediately on putting
one's hand on it, the animal adheres to the skin. With a very
ordinary lens the skin is seen to be covered with small spicules,
shaped like an anchor. "With these the animal adheres readily
to any soft object. These anchors have the heads fixed in a round
calcareous plate imbedded in the skin. This accounts for the
numbers of small perforated, calcareous disks which strew the
reefs, and look just like shirt buttons. Mr. Moseley, in his
*' Naturalist Voyage of the Challenger " mentions this animal,
and states how the anchors in the skin were favorite objects for
microscopic exhibition to visitors. It was thought by sight-seers
to be one of the most important discoveries of the Expedition, and
got in consequence the name of the ** Admiralty Worm." Otto
Semper mentions having seen one Synapta fBessellii ?J at the
Philippine Islands, 6 ft. long. When fully extended on the reefs
near Port Douglas, a length of four feet was not unusual. They
are often mistaken for water snakes. The anchors on the skin
easily break, and the animal does not seem to have any control
over them. They serve for the purposes of locomotion in connection
with the voluntary contractions of the muscles.
Q

130 ON THE LITTORAL PATINA OF N. E. AUSTRALIA,

Properly speaking the SynaptidcG ^tq the only ''lungless"
family of the Holuthurice. Semper mentions two others,"^'' the
JEapii)(j\d(B and the OncinolalidcB, both containing only one genus
but all the species according to Theelf have lungs or the evidence
of the absence of these organs is doubtful. The definition of
Synapta according to the same author is as follows. Body more
or less vermiform, cylindrical, without feet or ambulacral areas
along the body, hermaphrodite, calcareous concretions in the skin
either wanting or forming anchors and wheels.

I have been able to make some observations on the develoj)ment
of the young of this species, but these and some other remarks on
this part of the reef fauna I must reserve for a future occasion.

On every portion of the coral islands on the Barrier Opliiuridcd
were very abundant. Their long arms might be seen protruding
from under almost every block of coral ; the bodies were generally
concealed. One species in particular with very long arms I took
to heOphiocoma scolopendrina, Lam., Opliioglylm Khihergi, Ljungman
and 0. muUispina, are both Port Jackson forms, but I fancy allied
species are represented in the coral regions. Opliiolepis amiulosa
is common, as also Opliiocoma erinaceus, Mull, and Tros., and 0.
lincolata, Mull, and Tros., who give it as 0. pica. I also saw
species which I referred to Ophiomastix annulosa, Mull, and Tros.
(p. 107) Ophiotlmx longipeda, Lam., (Mull, and Tros. p. 113) 0.
nereidina, (Mull, and Tros. 115) Lamarck (p. 224, vol. 3, 2nd edit.)
Ophiooiemis marmorata, Lam., p. 223, and Mull, and Tros., p. 87.
Some of these identifications are doubtful and the whole of the
species noticed by me need revision, a work which I hope to efitect
in detail hereafter.

It is very curious to watch the manner in which these starfishes
ply their search for food. The long arms are extended from the
smallest possible holes or cracks from whence the cirrhi can be

* Reisen iu Archipel der Philipinea I. Holothuriea 1, p. 8.
t Holoth. desMers N. Zemble. Upsal 1877.

BY THE REV. J. E. TENIS02T-WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 131

seen moving in tlie water. Any foreign object is rapidly seized
and conveyed to tlie mouth, thougli I could not ascertain what
was their favorite food. They are very easily captured. By
turning over any block of dead or living coral four or five of them
will be seen slowly moving away. The fishermen seem to have a
dread of them, so they are quite unmolested, except by the
natui'alist or whatever marine enemies they may have.

In the preceding observations only a few of the objects of interest
on our coral reefs have been touched upon. To deal with all
would require many volumes instead of essays. When we
remember what the sea coast is to the naturalist, we may form
an opinion of what a coral reef must be. The wliole structure is
the result of animal activity, and every portion on which the eye
rests reveals some new phase of animal life. We may take it as
certain that only a very suiall portion of our reefs have been
explored by naturalists, and that therefore there is no more
promising field of zoological discovery in the whole world, none
where the interest is greater, or where distinction may be more
easily won. For my own part the few weeks I spent in the coral
region were the most intensely interesting of any I remember in
a life-time of observation as a naturalist, and I trust that one
result of my few scattered notes will be to attract others on to the
same enchanting field.

Eectification of the Nomexclatuee of Furpura anomala, Axgas.
By Peofessoe, Ealph Tate, Peesidext Phil. Soc, Adelaide, &c.

South Australian specimens of a species of marine gasteropocl,
forwarded to Mr. Gr. F. Angas, F.L.S., under the generic title of
Mangelia, have lately been returned to me with the name of Purimra
( Cronia) anomala, Angas. The description and figures of that
species, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1877, pi. v., fig. 1., are truly applicable

132 DESCRIPTIONS OF AtJSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPrDOPTERA,

to the shells above referred to. The form of the columella is a
valid reason for the removal of the species from the family
Furpiiridce; and as in well-preserved adult specimens, a very short
sinus exists, the species should have a place in that oiPleurotomidcB.
In the absence of the notch on the outer lip, the well-defined
flexure of the strise of growth is alone sufiicient to justify its
transference from the one family to the other. The position of
the sinus and other external features permit its reception in the
genus Mangelia, and it should, henceforth, be known as M. anomala.
Indeed its afiinity to M. Vincentina, Crosse, is sufficiently close to
necessitate close comparison to separate extreme forms of each
from one another.

South Australian examples are for the most part of an opaque
white, with black blotches, between the costae, at the anterior
suture and on the middle line of the last whorl ; but a few, with
thinner tests, exhibit the more elaborate markings which belong
to the tjrpe specimen.

M. anomala is a rare shell in South Australian waters, though
I have gathered it, from among shell sand, at widely separated
localities, thus : — Aldinga Bay and Salt Creek, east and west sides
of St. Vincent's Gulf , respectively ; Wauraltie, east side of Spencer's
Gulf ; and Fowler's Bay, Great Australian Bight.

Descriptions of Atjstralian Micro-Lepidoptera.
By E. Meyrick, B.A.

III. TINEINA.

In the following paper I have described forty-seven species of
the least-developed families of the Tineina ; five of these have
been previously described, the remaining forty-two are new to
science. One only out of the whole (Bedellia somnulentella, Ti.J
occurs elsewhere, being common to Europe and North America,

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 133

though it is now difficult to say whether it has or has not been
introduced by man into this and other countries : the rest are all
endemic.

The families here treated of form (with the addition of the
genus Nepticula, of which I am acquainted with at least fifteen
Australian species, though not yet prepared to describe them,) a
natural group, sharply terminated at both ends, though admitting
of a wide range of structural variation. The materials collected
are sufficient to give a fairly accurate conception of the form in
which the group appears in this region, and enable me to make
a few remarks upon the classification and order of development
of the genera. Excluding Nepticula, these are generally classed
in three families, — Gracilaridm, LitJiocolletidce, and LyonetidcE'
Wocke has wished to split up the Lijonetidm into two or more
families, on the ground of differences in neuration, but this seems
very unnecessary. I am clear, however, that Lithocolletis and its
allies cannot be kept apart from the GracilaridcB, with which they
agree in the structure of the head, and especially in respect of the
f ourteen-legged larva, found in no other Tinema, and of the larval
habits. There are however a few very small genera fTischeria,
Bedellia, TIrodeta, Arctocoma (described hereafter), and perhaps
Oetiophila, of which the larva is hardly known) which are some-
times referred to the ZitlwcoUetidce, and sometimes to the IJ lack is f idee
but do not agree with either, being separated from the former by
the sixteen-legged larvse, and from the latter by the roughly tufted
head. I would place these in a separate family, which I have
below called Bedellidcd, a step which appears to me to be in
accordance with nature, and to simplify the systematic discrimi-
nation of the families. The Lyonetidce form a natural group,
distinguished from both the preceding by the basal joint of the
antennee expanded into an eyecap. The NepticididcB also possess
the eyecap, but have well-developed maxillary palpi, peculiar
neuration, and larvse with 18 imperfectly developed pro-legs, not
found elsewhere in the Tineina.

134 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

For riglitly understanding the process of development a careful
comparison of the fauna of other regions is required, and the
Micro-Lepidoptera have been as yet very partially studied. It is
possible, however, to make a fair comparison with the region
which Mr. Wallace has called Palaearctic, so far as it is represented
by Europe, and with North and South America to a less extent ;
and to make use of a few fragments of positive evidence from
other countries, with the following results. I should premise
that these minute Micro-Lepidoptera, from their extreme delicacy,
fragility, and defencelessness, from their lacking the rapid and
powerful means of locomotion of butterflies and large moths, and
from the usually very short term of their lives, afford excellent
material for the study of geographical distribution.

The well-marked generic differences of structure, and the fixity
of type m most cases, are very conspicuous in these lowest families
and are evidences of a hoary antiquity. In no genus is this more
evident than in Nepticula, which is represented apparently all
over the world in equal proportion, by numerous species which
have everywhere an extreme resemblance to one another. Of the
other genera in these families Bucoulatrix, Opostega, FhijUocnistiSy
Coriscium, and Gracilaria, appear to have also a practically world-
wide range. Of some of the other genera, which have but few
species, it is not yet safe to say where they may not be found.
There is however one extensive genus which is interesting by its
entire absence from the Australian region, namely Lithocolletis, of
which I could not have failed to find traces if it had existed here.
(I may observe here, that the insect described by Newman as
Lithocolletis lalagella, (Trans. Ent. Soc, Lend., Vol. Ill,, N. S.,
300) is certainly a Gracilaria allied to G. caenotheta smd autadelpha,
but not accurately identifiable. This genus comj)rises a very
large number of species in Europe, and North and South America,
and is also known to occur in India ; most forest trees have one
or more species attached to them, and of many the individuals
in extreme profusion, showing that throughout this range of

BY E. MEYRICK, B,A. 185

climate they are a dominant race. No reason can be assigned
why the genus should not occur in Australia, except that it must
have come into existence since the time when Australia was last
in immediate communication by land with the continent, when it
obtained its original supply of Mammalia, which is believed to
carry us back to somewhere near the close of the Secondary
period. Now Gracilaria, which is more highly organised, and
would be generally regarded as a development of Lithocolletis, is
found evenly distributed over the whole world, as stated above.
It appears to me to follow from this that LithocoUetis came into
existence much later than Gracilaria ; and that if, as from their
close alliance seems almost certain, one was develoj)ed from the
other, it was LithocoUetis which is a degraded development of
Gracilaria. It would ap^^ear also that the same is true of Ornix;
whose cone-rolling larvae should be noticed in connection with the
cone-rolling larvee of the higher Gracilarice in Europe and North
America, as it is very probable that the habit is of late development.
Coriscium, though possessing few species, is apparently contem-
poraneous with Gracilaria. The rest of the family consists at
present of three small North American genera, of which I am only
able to say that they are allied to LithocoUetis. The ancestral
form of the family may therefore be regarded as a form
corresponding very nearly to the smaller species of Gracilaria.

Turning now to the BedeUidcB, we find them to be a very small
group, yet having distinct affinities with the GracilaridcB, the
LyonetidcB, and though Elachista with lhe Elachistidcd. They may
probably be the last smwiving representatives of a once wider
family. As in their case there is at present but little available
material, I will not force conclusions ; but it seems likely that we
may have here the nearest existing approach to the original
organisms from which the above-mentioned three families took
their rise. The commonly swollen basal joint of the antennae
points to the source of the eyecap in the Lyonetidcd ; and the

136 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

attitude of tlie imago in BedelUa (preserved also in Tisclieria) is a
rudiment of tlie peculiar position assumed by a Gracilaria.

The LyonetidcB, thougli a very natural family, have a very wide
range of structure in respect of the head and the neuration.
Stegommata and Lyonetia are very nearly allied, and might well be
considered sections of one genus. Regarding them so, then
Bucculatrix, Crohylophora, and Stegommata would form a natural
group in the family, distinguished by the roughly tufted head.
Opostega and Cemiostoma are also naturally associated, and
Phyllocnistis appears by its quite smooth head and apodal larva to
be an extreme development of these. Atalopsycha may perhaps
be intermediate between the two groups, but it could not yet be
safely affirmed. Most of these genera, though small, are of
universal range, and the others are known as yet merely as small
local developments, so that nothing can yet be predicted from the
facts of their geographical distribution. I am disposed to think,
hovever, that Buccidatrix, which is the largest of them, and also
the most persistent in type, is probably the oldest, and nearest to
the original form. It is also the nearest to the NepticulidcB, which
we are probably justified in regarding for the present as a very
ancient but degenerate development of Bucculatrix, or rather of
the progenitors of Buccalatrix.

In the preceding remarks I have been twice led to assert that
a more lowly organised form has been derived from a higher, and
I have reason to believe, as in subsequent communications I hope
to show, that this has taken place more commonly than is often
supposed. Such examples are not, however, as a superficial
observer might suppose, a violation of the law of improvement
under natural selection. According to the principle of evolution
any change may occur if beneficial, and the degradation, and
consequent simplification, of an organism must often be as great
a benefit, as its complication at the cost of increased requirements.
It wiU, I think, be in practice rarely found that the lowest

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 137

organised species or genus of a group is tlie nearest to tlie
immediate ancestor of the whole group.

Subjoined is an analytical table of the genera hereafter referred
to, which may be an assistance to their ready identification.
A. — basal joint of antennae not forming an eyecap.
a. — head with appressed scales.

1. second joint of palpi smooth or rarely

loosely scaled beneath . . . . Gracilaria

2. second joint of palpi with a projecting

tuft Coriscium

h. — head shortly rough-haired ; antennae longer

than forewings . . . . . . . .Epicephala

c. — head roughly tufted above.

1 . antennse as long as fore-wings ; hind-

wings linear . . . . . . . .Bedellia

2. antennae shorter than fore-wings ; hind-

wings lanceolate . . . . . .Arctocoma

B. — basal joint of antennae dilated into an eyecap.
a. — head roughly tufted above.

1 . antennae longer than fore-wings . . Stegommata

2. antennae shorter than fore-wings.

* labial palpi developed . . . . Crobylophora

*^ no labial palpi . . . . . . Bucculatrix

I. — head roughly short-haired in front, smooth

behind . . . . . . . . . . Opostega

c. — head with appressed scales; hind- wings

lanceolate Atalopsycha

d. — head smooth, glossy; hind- wings nearly

setiform Phyllocnistis

GEACrLAEID^.

GbACTTjATIIA, Z.

Head smooth ; no ocelli ; tongue long. Antennae as long or
longer than fore-wings, slender, filiform. Maxillary palpi rather

138 DESCRIPTIOXS OF AUSTRALIAX MICRO-LEPrDOPTERA,

long, filiform. Labial palpi moderately long, ascending, arched,
slender, cylindrical ; second joint smooth., sometimes loosely scaled
beneath, terminal joint nearly as long as second. Fore-wings
elongate, very narrow, parallel- sided, costa bent at apex or evenly
pointed. Hind-wings very narrowly lanceolate, much narrower
than fore-wings, cilia thrice or fonr times as broad. Abdomen
elongate, slender. Legs long, slender ; middle tibise often much
thickened with scales. Fore- wings with 12 or 11 veins, 5 branches
to costa, no secondary cell, 1 simple. Hind- wings with from 8
to 6 veins, 3 and 5 being sometimes obsolete ; 5 and 6 stalked,
cell open. ^

This genus is of world-wide occurrence, about seventy species
being hitherto known. All the species are elegant and some of
great beauty ; when at rest they sit with the forepart much raised
and the two anterior pairs of legs, which are often elegantly
marked, conspicuously displayed. They are somewhat retired in
habit, and may often be easiest found at rest on fences.

The larvee are f ourteen-legged, slender, always mining in leaves
when young ; afterwards many of the European and American
species construct hollow cones for habitations, by rolling up pieces
of the leaves they feed on ; others remain miners all their life.
All the Australian species, with the larvae of which I am acquainted
are miners throughout life, nor have I ever seen indications of the
familiar cones of this genus in Australia. The mining larvae
usually leave the mine in order to form their cocoon.

The genus is well-marked and easy of recognition, but some
slight variations of structure are found within its limits, principally
in respect of the scaling of the middle pair of tibiae, and the
second joint of labial palpi: the gradations are however so
insensible, that they do not admit of breaking up the genus by
their means. The twenty-nine species here described may be
tabulated as f oUows :

A. — middle tibiae very much thickened through-
out with scales.

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 13^

a. — fore-wings dark purple-fuscous . . 1 . oenopella
I. — fore- wings reddislL-ochreous

1. with a double yellow costal triangle 2. xanthopharella

2. with costa broadly yellow. . . . 3. adelina
c. — fore- wings pale ochreous, costa broadly

white . . . . . . . . . . 4. auchetidella

B. — middle tibiae slightly (often unevenly) or

not thickened.

a. — fore-wings yellow with central crim-
son streak .. .. .. ..15. ethela

h. — fore-wings crimson with yellow or white
markings,

1. head pale yellow ; 6 costal streaks 16. formosa

2. head white ; 7 costal streaks . . 17. ida
c. — fore-wings metallic coppery-green or

bronze.

1. with two white spots . . . . 14. chalcoptera

2. with 4 costal and 4 dorsal streaks 22. eumetalla
d. — fore-wings unicolorous dark slaty-grey 5. sethalota
e. — fore-wings white with fuscous or ochre-
ous markings.

1. inner margin brownish- ochreous. .18. mnesicala

2. inner margin white.

* antennse wholly white . .20. aellomacha
"^^ antennae annulated with dark

fuscous .. .. . .19. lygineDa

/. — forewings ochreous with grey markings 6. plagata
g. — fore-wings ochreous or grey with white
markings.

1 . with straight transverse fasciae and
marginal spots.

*' fasciae spotted with black . . 8. ordinatella
** fasciae not spotted, alternating

with black transverse clouds 7. lepidella

140 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN mCRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

*** fasciae not spotted, without
black clouds.

f with one fascia and four spots 12. hoplocala
ft with one fascia and five spots. .13. calicella
Iff with two or three fasciae.

J thorax greyish-ochreous . . 9. tricuneatella
J J thorax white.

§ third fascia represented by two

opposite nearly equal spots ..11. caenotheta
§§ third fascia entire, or if inter-
rupted, lower spot much the
larger .. .. . .10. autadelpha

2. with a longitudinal, inner-marginal

streak and marginal spot.

* with five costal streaks . .24. alysidota

** with two costal streaks.

f headand inner-marginal streak

ochreous .. .. . .25. ochrocephala

ft head and inner-marginal streak

brassy- white . . . .26. nereis

Iff head and inner-marginal streak
pure white.

J streak alonginner-margin itself 27. didymella
J J streak separated from inner-
margin by a streak of ground
colour .. .. . .28. laciniella

3. with both margins irregularly white 29. albomarginata

4. with marginal spots only.

•-' fore-wings golden-ochreous,

clouded with dark bronze . .23. eupetala
** fore-wings pale clear greyish-
ochreous .. .. . .21. thalassias

BE E. meybice:, b.a. 141

Grac. oenopella, n. sp.

$ . 4i". Head and thorax very dark fuscous ; maxillary palpi
whitish, apex of joints fuscous ; labial palpi dark fuscous, internally
ochreous- whitish. Antennae longer than fore-wings, dark fuscous.
Abdomen dull oohreous-grey. Legs ochreous-whitish, tarsal
joints fuscous at apex ; anterior tibiee dark fuscous above ; middle
tibiae very much thickened, dark purplish-fuscous. Fore- wings
very dark purple-fuscous ; a faint whitish fascia from before
middle of costa, rather oblique outwardly ; a few pale scales at
apex ; cilia dark grey, blackish round apex of wing. Hind-wings
and cilia dark grey.

One specimen bred in May from larvse found commonly in the
Botanical Gardens, Sydney ; the food-plant is native to Australia,
but appears to grow north of Sydney.

Larva pale yellowish, feeding in a flat irregular blotch, origin-
ating in a slender gallery, beneath upper surface of leaves of
Tetranthera ferruginea, fLaurineceJ in April. Pupa in a white
cocoon beneath the turned down corner of a leaf.

Grac. xanthopharella, n. sp.

J $ . 5"-5|-". Head above and thorax ochreous-reddish tinged
with purple, face and maxillary palpi pale yellow. Labial palpi
pale yellow, extreme apex dark fuscous. Antennae longer than
fore-wings, ochi-eous-reddish above, yellowish beneath, with darker
annulations. Abdomen pale ochreous, suffused above posteriorly
with fuscous-grey. Legs pale ochreous-yellow ; anterior and
middle tibiae dark purplish-red fuscous, middle tibiae much
thickened ; posterior tarsi with the two apical joints very narrowly
dark fuscous at base. Fore-wings reddish-violet, partially tinged
with ochreous ; a small, very oblique, rather oval, pale yellow
spot near base, its lower end reaching the fold ; a large pale
yeUow costal triangle, rather before middle, its apex almost
reaching inner margin, its upper angle produced along costa as a
semiovate patch, reaching nearly to apex ; a few yellow scales at

142 DESCRIPTIONS OF AtJSTEALlAN MICRO-lEPtDOPTEBA,

anal angle ; cilia f uscous-violet round apex, containing a reddish.-
yellow patch below apex, and with three indistinct blackish lines,
thence fuscous-grey. Hind- wings and cilia fuscous-grey.

Scarce ; occurs at Sydney and Parramatta from November to
February, flying in the sun. Allied to the group of alchimiella,
Sc, and apparently nearest to the North American swj^^;- J //row^^/^flf
Clem., but not to be mistaken.

Grac. adelina, n. sp.

^ $ . 6". Head and thorax ochreous-r eddish with violet
reflections, face snow-white. Maxillary palpi whitish, externally
ochreous-reddish. Labial palpi reddish-ochreous, white at base,
lower half of terminal joint externally purple-fuscous. Antennae
longer than fore-wings, pale reddish-ochreous, annulated with
dark fuscous. Abdomen fuscous-grey, pale ochreous at base,
beneath metallic-yellow. Legs pale ochreous; anterior tibiae
blackish ; middle tibiae very much thickened, deep reddish suffused
with violet black. Fore-wings deep reddish-ochreous with violet
reflections, with a verj^ broad, pale metaUic-yellow costal band,
covering more than haK the breadth of wing, and extending
almost from base to apex ; the ground colour sends a conical
projection into this band before middle, cutting half through it,
and midway between this and base is a much shorter, obtuse
projection, both suffused with deep cobalt-blue; the lower f of
the reddish-ochreous inner-marginal portion is marked from base
to apex with regular, transverse strigulae of brilliant deep cobalt-
blue, appearing black in some lights; cilia reddish-ochreous
round apex, thence dark fuscous-grey. Hind- wings and cilia
dark fuscous-grey.

This magnificent species is unsurpassed in the elegance and
intensity of its colouring. I took one pair in dense swampy forest
in January, near Hamilton, on the Waikato, New Zealand. It
seem to be nearly allied to the North American violacella, Clem.,
and Uandella, Clem.

BY E. MEYEICK, B.A. 143

Grac. auchetidella, n. sp.
? . 4^"-5". Head and thorax whitish- ochreous mixed with grey.
Maxillary palpi white. Labial palpi white, apex of second joint
and a broad ring before apex of terminal joint black. Antennae
whitish-ochreous, annulated with black. Abdomen pale greyish-
ochreous. Legs pale ochreous, joints of tarsi very narrowly black
at base ; anterior tibiae black ; middle tibiae very much thickened
with black scales. Fore-wings with costal half whitish, dorsal
half and hind-margin pale ochreous, irrorated sparsely throughout
with blackish 'scales, and densely along a longitudinal dilating
streak from base to apex ; these scales tend to form regular
transverse strigulae on costal and dorsal margins ; on the white
costal half is abroad central pale ochreous transverse perpendicular
fascia, densely irrorated with black ; ciKa f uscus-grey, with three
indistinct black lines round apex. Hind-wings fuscous-grey, cilia
paler, tinged with ochreous at base.

Allied to the preceding, but very different. Two specimens
beaten in October from the dense subtropical forest near the top
of the Bulli Pass, Illawarra, 1,500 feet above the sea.

Grac. aethalota, n. sp.

(^ . 4f '. Head glossy dark grey, face paler. Labial palpi
whitish, apex of second joint and a subapical ring of terminal
joint black. Antennae longer than fore- wings, grey- whitish, with
evanescent fuscous annulations. Thorax and abdomen dark
fuscous-grey. Legs whitish, tarsal joints suffused with pale
fuscous except an apical ring, anterior and middle tibiae not
thickened, suffused with fuscous above. Fore-wings unicolorous
dark glossy slaty grey, with one or two pale scales at apex ; cilia
dark fuscous, with three obscure blackish lines round apex, and
a whitish hook. Hind-wings and cilia dark fuscous-grey.

Not apparently nearly allied to any described species; super-
ficially it seems to belong to the preceding group, but differs in

144 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MIORO-LEPIDOPTERA,

the middle tibiae being quite slender. One specimen beaten from
forest near Dunedin, New Zealand, in January.

Grac. plagata, Stt., Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., Vol. I., 3rd Ser.

"5^". Head greyish-oelireous. Maxillary palpi white, spotted
with dark fuscous. Labial palpi white, base of second joint and
two spots on terminal joint dark fuscous. Antennae pale fuscous,
with darker annulations, basal joint j)ale ochreous-grey in front,
dark fuscous behind. Thorax greyish-ochreous. Legs white,
tarsi spotted with dark fuscous, anterior and middle tibiae dark
brown. Fore-wings greyish-ochreous, faintly olive, with an
oblique darker fascia beyond middle, followed by a large irregular
blue-black blotch ; before the apical black spot is a slender whitish
fascia, perpendicularly placed ; basal portion of wing rather
irregularly marbled with darker, the first defined marking being
the oblique fascia, which is anteriorly edged with blackish, and
broadest on inner margin ; the blotch beyond this begins on the
disc, sharply edged with black ; it then extends to the costa on
which it is of considerable breadth, enclosing a small costal spot
of the pale ground-colour ; it slopes gradually towards inner
margin, reaching it just at anal angle, its outer edge pretty
well defined with black scales and followed immediately by a
slightly oblique fascia of the pale ground-colour towards the costa
but much suffused towards inner margin ; this is followed by a
fuscous patch nearly of the colour of the central fascia, intersected
by an oblique, black streak, beyond which is the slender,
perpendicularly placed, dark-margined white fascia ; a minute,
black apical spot; cilia olive-brown, paler towards tips, intersected
by two blackish lines, on inner-margin dark grey. Hind-wings
dark grey, cilia grey."

The above is Stainton's original description, accompanied by a
figure, and taken from a single specimen, said to be from the
neighbourhood of Brisbane. The species appears to be somewhat
allied to syrmgella, F., and intermediate between the two main

BE E. MEYRICK, B.A. 145

divisions of tlie genus ; I have not met with, any specimens coming
at all near the description, so that it is probably a subtropical
species.

Grac. lepidella, n. sp.

^ . Z^"A\". Head and thorax whitish-ochreous or white mixed
with fuscous. Maxillary palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint
black. Labial palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint and a median
ring of terminal joint blackish. Antennae slightly longer than
fore-wings, whitish-ochreous, annulated with dark fuscous.
Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Legs whitish, anterior and middle
tibise somewhat thickened, blackish ; tarsal joints with black
apical rings, broadest on basal joint, basal joint of posterior tarsi
also with broad black median ring. Fore-wings brownish-
ochreous, clouded with black, and with two fasciae and four spots
white, confusedly black-margined ; first spot on inner margin
near base, large, irregular, meeting a blackish cloud on costa ;
first fascia at I, second in middle, both rather narrow, straight,
perpendicular ; intermediate between them is a transverse fascia-
like blackish cloud, and another similar one beyond second fascia,
distinct and clearly margined posteriorly, meeting the very small
second spot on anal angle ; third spot on costa beyond f , small,
wedge-shaped, broadly margined posteriorly by a black subapical
fascia from costa to hind-margin ; fourth apical, somewhat fascia-
like, extending into cilia above apex ; cilia pale fuscous-grey,
with four irregular black lines round apex. Hind-wings and
cilia, fuscous- grey.

Not closely allied to any known species. Two specimens taken
on a fence near Sydney, in September and January.

Grac. ordinatella, n. sp.

? . 4". Head and thorax ochreous-white. Maxillary palpi
whitish, terminal joint fuscous. Labial palpi whitish, a broad
apical ring on second joint, a median and an apical ring of
s

146 DESCRIPTIOIs^S OF AUSTRALIAN MICEO-LEPIDOPTERA,

terminal joint dark fuscous. Antennae ochreous-white, becoming
obscurely dark fuscous at apex. Abdomen above fuscous-grey,
beneath, white with black rings. Legs white ; anterior and
middle tibiae somewhat thickened, base narrowl}' and apex broadl}^
black, tarsi with two black rings ; 'posterior tibia3 stiff -haired
above, with median and apical black bands, tarsi with bases of
joints narrowly and centres of first and second joints broadly
black-banded. Fore-wings greyish-oclireous, irrorated with
blackish, along costa suffused with blackish, with three fasciae
and two spots, white spotted with black and edged with black
scales ; first fascia at I, perpendicular, broader on inner margin
and suffusedly produced on inner margin towards base, containing
costal, discal, and dorsal black spots ; the basally produced portion
projects across disc close to base, between which and the fascia is
a white dot below costa ; second fascia from costa slightly before
middle, outwardly oblique, evenly broad, irregularly margined,
containing large subcostal and discal black spots, and a few black
scales on inner margin ; third fascia from costa slightly before f ,
parallel to second, narrower, and partially interrupted on disc,
containing large subcostal black spot ; a small irregular partially
black- centred costal spot at f ; a rather large apical spot, con-
taining a few black scales ; cilia dark fuscous-grey, with a blackish
line round apex. Hind-wings dark fuscous, cilia fuscous-grey.

Somewhat allied to the preceding, but distinguished from aU
by the black spots in the white fasciae ; quadrifasciata, Stt., from
India (bred from Urena lohata) seems from the figure to be an
allied species. One specimen on a fence near Sydney in June.

Grac. tricuneatella, n. sp.

$ ? . 4". Head and palpi snow-white, apex of maxillary palpi
dark fuscous ; labial palpi with apex of second joint and a sub-
apical ring of terminal joint dark fuscous. Antennae longer than
fore-wings^ dark fuscous with faintly paler annulations, basal
joint white. Thorax greyish-ochreous. Abdomen dark fuscous,

BY E. MEYEICK, B.A. 147

beneath whitisli. Legs wliite ; anterior tibiee black "with white
basal and median bands, middle tibiae slightly thickened, black
with white median band, posterior tibiae with narrow basal and
broad median black bands, all tarsi with four black bands. Fore-
wings moderately dark greyish-ochreous, with three sometimes
confluent wedge-shaped fasciae and two spots snow-white, black
margined ; first and second fasciae very narrow on costa, rapidly
dilating, very broad on fold, narrower on inner margin, second
more oblique ; third oblique, formed by union of very small costal
spot and very large dorsal triangle ; these three are sometimes
confluent along fold ; a small costal spot before apex, j)roduced
as an oblique narrow streak to hind-margin ; a small apical spot,
extending into cilia ; cilia round apex whitish, with two partial
black lines, thence pale grey. Hind wings and cilia fuscous-grey.

Distinguished from the allied species by the greyish-ochreous
thorax and strongly dilated fasciae. The imago is retired in habits ;
taken sparingly in April on the creek at Parramatta amongst its
foodplant, and also bred.

Larva tapering posteriorly throughout, segments deeply incised;
dull yellowish, tinged with greenish-grey, each segment with an
irregular, oblong transverse, blackish-green dorsal spot ; head
black, with a pale line on each side meeting behind ; anal segment
very small, blackish. Feeds in irregular flat whitish blotches
beneath upper surface of leaves of Ttjplia latifolia fTyphaceceJ, in
March. Pupa inside the mine in an oval flattened cocoon.

Grac. autadelpha, n. sp.

(^ $ . Sl"-Sf'. Head, thorax, and palpi snow-white, terminal
joint of labial palpi with slender black basal and subapical rings.
Antennae longer than forewings, dark fuscous, whitish at base,
basal joint white with black apex. Abdomen dark fuscous, anus
white, beneath white with slender black rings posteriorly. Anterior
tibiae blackish, with indistinct basal and median whitish rings,
tarsi white with two dark fuscous bands : middle tibiae somewhat

148 DESCRIPTIOXS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTEBA,

tMckened, blackish with, broad white median band, tarsi white
with two dark fuscous bands ; posterior tibia) dark fuscous with
narrow basal and broad median white bands, tarsi white with
four dark fuscous bands. Fore-wings deep ochreous-grey, with
three straight fasciae and two spots snow-white, black margined ;
base narrowly white ; first fascia very broad, almost as broad on
costa as on inner margin, outer edge irregular ; second fascia less
broad, not oblique, irregular-margined, rather broadest on inner
margin ; third oblique, very broad on inner margin, very narrow
on costa, strongly contracted below costa, rarely interrupted, but
if so, costal spot minute, dorsal very large ; a small costal sj^ot
before apex, indistinctly obliquely produced to hind-margin,
sometimes obscured with black scales ; an ovate apical spot,
extending into cilia ; cilia whitish round apex, with a black line,
thence fuscous-grey. Hind-wings fuscous-grey, cilia paler.

Differs from tricuneatella, especially by the white thorax ; very
closely allied to the succeeding cmnotheta, easiest distinguished by
the white basal joint of antennae and different shape of fasciae.
Frequents dry scrub ; the larva is no doubt attached to one of the
ProteacecB, probably to a Banlcsia ; the food plant oi ccenotheta does
not grow where this species has been taken. Scarce ; in the bush
near Sydney, in February and March.

Grac. caenotheta, n. sp.

^ $ . 3y'-4". Head and palpi snow-white, terminal joint of
labial palpi with slender, black, basal and sub-apical rings.
Antennae longer than fore-wings, grey-whitish towards base,
becoming bark fuscous towards apex, basal joint black. Thorax
white, anterior margin narrowly black. Abdomen blackish, anus
white, beneath with white rings. Anterior tibiae black, with
indistinct basal and median whitish rings, tarsi white with two
black bands ; middle tibiae somewhat thickened, black with broad
median white band, tarsi white with two black bands ; posterior
tibiae black with narrow basal and broad median white bands,

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 149

tarsi white with four black bands. Fore-wings deep oclireous-
grey, with two strait fascipo and four spots snow-white, black
margined ; base narrowly white ; first fascia broad, dilating from
costa to inner margin, outer edge irregular ; second much narrower
broadest on inner-margin, slightly oblique outwardly ; a small
costal spot at f and a rather larger one somewhat beyond it on
inner margin, nearly meeting ; a smaller costal spot immediately
before apex, produced by black scales obliquely to hind-margin ;
a rather large ovate apical spot, extending into cilia ; cilia greyish-
ochreous beneath apex, with a black line, thence fuscous-grey.
Hind-wings fuscous-grey, cilia paler.

Very close to the preceding species, but the basal joint of
antennae is black above, and the third fascia is always represented
by two not very unequal opposite spots. The Indian ternmialice,
Stt., belongs to this group, but the third fascia is represented by
a costal spot only ; it was bred from Terminalia catappa. The
imago of cmiotlieta is retired in habits, and I have only once taken
it ; I bred several from the larvse, which are not uncommon ; I
have only found the species at Blackheath on the summit of the
Blue Mountains, 3,500 feet above the sea.

Larva yellowish, (undescribed) ; feeds in a large irregular
whitish blotch in upper surface of leaves of Telopea speciosissima
fProteaceceJ, the well-known '' Waratah" ; the mine is at first flat
but later the upper epidermis contracts and causes the formation
of a hollow chamber, somewhat similar to the mines of- the genus
Lithocolletis, but much larger in proportion. Pupa in an ochreous
cocoon, outside the mine.

Grac. hoplocala, n. sp.

S ? . 3|"-4". Head and palpi snow-white, apex of second joint
of labial palpi faintly grey. Antennae dark fuscous with faint
paler annulations, basal joint white. Thorax white, lateral
margins golden-brown. Abdomen fuscous-grey, beneath white
with dark bands. Legs white, anterior tibito blackish with a

150 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO -LEPIDOPTERA,

white spot, middle tibiae slightly thickened with black median and
apical bands, posterior tibiae stiff-haired with blackish apical and
subapical bands, all tarsi with five black rings. Fore-wings
rather pale golden-brown, with a fascia and four spots snow-white
black-margined ; first spot on inner margin almost at base, black-
margined externally only, fascia-like, rather oblique, not reaching
costa, indistinct above ; fascia before^, somewhat oblique inwardly,
narrow on costa, gently dilated to fold, where it is much less broad
than in calicella, thence parallel-sided ; second spot on costa before
f , very small ; third very large, acute-triangular, on inner margin
at anal angle, its apex only separated from second spot by the
black margins ; fourth forming an oblique subapical streak from
costa to middle of hind margin ; cilia fuscous-grey, with two
black streaks radiating from apex at an obtuse angle, the lower
produced backwards into white costal cilia. Hind- wings and cilia
fuscous-grey.

Allied to the three preceding species, but with only one complete
fascia ; very nearly allied to the following calicella, Stt., but
immediately known by the absence of one of the costal spots, as
well as the narrower fascia. Taken rather freely on a fence in
Sydney in October, during windy weather ; the larva is probably
attached to some species of Eucalyptus.

Grac. calicella, Stt., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., Vol. I., 3rd Ser.

^ ? . 3|-"-4|-". Head and palpi snow-white, apex of second
joint of labial palpi faintly grey. Antennae dark fuscous, faintly
annulated with paler, towards base whitish. Thorax snow-white
lateral margins ochreous-brown. Abdomen fuscous-grey, beneath
white with narrow dark bands. Legs whitish, anterior and middle
tibiae slightly thickened, with black median and apical bands,
posterior tibiae stiff -haired, all tarsi with five black rings. Fore-
wings rather pale golden brown, with a fascia and five spots snow-
white, black margined (except fii-st) ; first spot on inner margin
almost at base, not blackmargined, fascia-like, very oblique, not

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 151

reaching costa, above indistinct ; fascia before I, very narrow on
costa, very rapidly dilated and extremely broad on fold, where its
outer edge is angulated inwards to inner margin ; second spot on
middle of costa, small, outwardly oblique ; third on costa beyond
it, much slenderer, rather less oblique ; fourth broadly triangular
on inner margin at anal angle, united to third by a small black
cloud ; fifth forming an oblique subapical streak from costa to
middle of hind-margin ; cilia fuscous-grey, with two black streaks
radiating from apex at an obtuse angle, the lower produced
backwards into white costal cilia. Hind-wings and cilia fuscous-
grey.

Closely allied to the preceding species, but recognisable by the
additional spot in middle of costa, and the more strongly dilated
fascia. I have little doubt that my specimens are really Stainton's
species ; the only point of difference in his description is that he
represents the first spot on inner margin as being extended to
costa, which may be a slight error or an individual variety, as the
description was taken from one specimen only, sent from Brisbane ;
moreover he gives the size as only 3", and the fascia in his figure
appears to be less broad ; however it seems best to adopt his
name. I have only once taken the imago ; I have bred it sparingly
from larvEe found in the dry bush round Sydney and Parramatta.
in July and October.

Larva yellowish, tapering posteriorly; feeds in a broad, flat,
irregular blotch in upper surface of leaves of Uucali/ptus, sp., in
September. Pupa in a flat cocoon within the mine. In the case
of this and other Eucalyptus-feeding insects it i^ commonly very
difiicult or impracticable to discover the specific name of the
Eucalyptus to which they are attached ; the determination of this
genus is always difficult, and the larvae are generally found to
occur on young plants which have not yet flowered.

Grac. chalcoptera, n.sp.
? . 4". Head, thorax, and palpi bright metallic coppery bronze.
Anteunse dark fuscous with indistinct paler rings, basal joint

152 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

bronze. Abdomen very dark purplisli-fuscous. Legs coppery-
bronze, tarsi bronzy-fuscous, paler towards base of joints, middle
tibise hardly thickened. Fore-wings bright metallic coppery-
bronze, with two small yellowish-white spots ; first on inner-
margin beyond middle, narrow, curved, parallel-sided, not reaching
middle of disc ; second on costa before apex, wedge-shaped,
outwardly curved, reaching half across wing ; cilia dark fuscous,
with indistinct blackish lines round apex. Hind- wings dark
fuscous, cilia rather paler.

A brilliant insect, somewhat aUied to the group of auroguttella,
Stph. One specimen taken in March with a lamp amongst the
reedbeds in the creek at Parramatta.

Grac. ethela, n. sp.

^ $ . 5V-5f". Head yellow on crown, crimson behind, face
snow-white with a pale crimson-pink spot on each side. Maxillary
palpi white, lower f externally pale crimson. Labial palpi white,
second joint externally crimson, beneath fringed with a few loose
hairs. Antennae much longer than fore-wings, pale greyish-
ochreous, basal joint yellow. Thorax yellow, anterior margin
broadly crimson, and with a small crimson spot behind. Abdomen
pale greyish-ochreous. Legs yellowish- white, tarsi with very
slender blackish rings at apex of joints, anterior and middle tibiae
slightly thickened, crimson-fuscous at apex and with two slender
dark fuscous rings. Fore-wings pale yello\^, deeper along inner
margin, with a bright crimson irregular- edged undulating central
streak from base to apex, connected with inner margin by four
perpendicular half -fasciae, one close to base, the others at I, I,
and f , and expanding abruptly at apex into a large apical spot ;
at the base this streak reaches costa, and at i from base is again
connected with it by a perpendicular spot ; beyond this on costa
are two small crimson strigulae ; central streak in parts margined
above with black ; parallel to its upper edge, and immediately
above it, is a waved, black, longitudinal line, extending from

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 153

midway between third and fourth, inner-marginal spot to midway
between fourth and apical spot ; apical spot pure crimson, contain-
ing a circular black spot above centre, above which the colour
becomes brownish-ochreous and is margined on costa with black ;
lower half of apical spot filled up with a sharp wedge-shaped
snow-white spot, the base of which is yellow and separated from
the rest by a crimson line : cilia yellow round apex, containing a
blackish hook, crimson below apical spot, thence pale crimson-
grey. Hind- wings dull pale purple-crimson, costal cilia grey,
rest suffused with pale crimson.

Var. a. — aU the crimson markings replaced by dull fuscous.

This exceedingly beautiful insect cannot be compared with any
other, but is probably most allied to for mosa and ida, The loosely
haired second joint of the palpi render it peculiar in the genus,
but the hairs do not form a tuft, and it cannot therefore be referred
to Coriscium, to which it is not otherwise specially related*
probably Stainton is correct in stating his opinion that a konwledge
of the exotic species of Gracilaria will tend to widen the definition
of the generic structure in respect of the scaling of the labial
palpi, in which allied species deviate. I took seven very perfect
specimens (six typical, one of the variety) amidst dense growth
in the swampy virgin forest near Hamilton, on the Waikato, New
Zealand, in January, mostly under tree-ferns. New Zealand
insects are usually rather sombre ; and I shall not easily forget
the emotion with which, in the depths of the forest shades, I saw
this lovely insect, whose ethereally pure hues cause it to be one
of the most wonderful manifestations of the beauty of nature.

Q-rac. formosa, Stt., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., Vol. I., 3rd Ser.
^ ? . 4^"-5". Head pale yellow, with a central stripe on crown
and the sides crimson ; face white with a few crimson scales.
Maxillary palpi white, faintly crimson-tinged. Labial palpi white
second joint externally faintly suffused with crimson and with
slender dark fuscous apical and subapical rings, terminal joint

154 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

with slender ring near base. Antennse longer than fore- wings,
pale ochreous-brown, darker towards apex, basal joint yellow in
front, crimson above. Thorax crimson, with a white central streak.
Abdoman dark fuscous, at base ochreous, beneath white. Legs
whitish ; anterior tibi?e crimson, apex suffused with dark fuscous,
middle tibiae somewhat thickened, almost tufted at apex, crimson
with j^ellow basal and median bands, all tarsi with dark fuscous
rings at apex of joints. Fore-wings crimson, paler and partially
suffused with yellow along costa, especially beyond middle, with
a basal streak, six costal and four dorsal streaks, and a spot on
fold white, partially suffused with yellow ; basal streak very short,
irregular, dark-margined, its extremity produced through centre
of wing to middle as a dark fuscous line ; first and second costal
streaks irregular, very oblique, white, not margined; third
elongate-triangular, very oblique, not margined ; fourth irregular
black margined ; fifth short, less oblique, strongly black margined,
the black margins continued to anal ; costal space between fourth
and fifth yellwish- white ; sixth short, black margined, not oblique,
black margins produced to hind-margin and diverging; first
dorsal spot at base, very small ; second small, opposite first costal,
obtuse-triangular, white, black edged in front on inner-margin ;
third before middle, yellow, very broad on inner-margin, very
much contracted on fold and proceeding as a very oblique white
dark-margined streak to disc ; fourth yellow, very broad on inner-
margin, extending from middle to anal angle, obtuse-triangular,
apex dark-margined ; a round white spot on fold between second
and third, not touching either ; hind-margin suffused with dark
fuscous except within the two pairs of dark streaks from costa ;
apical spot round, black ; cilia crimson at apex, yellow on hind-
margin, thence dark fuscous, with a crimson subapical hook.
Hind-wings and cilia dark grey.

Stainton's description clearly includes both this insect and the
succeeding species, which is very closely allied to it ; they are
however certainly distinct. His figure seems to be taken from a

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 155

specimen of this species, for which. I have accordingly retained
the name. The true formosa is best known by the narrower fore-
wings, yellower markings, which also differ in detail, and especially
by the round white spot on the fold, which in Grac. ida, forms
part of a dorsal streak. A widely distributed species, but almost
always taken singly, without any clue to its habits ; occurs at
Sydney, Parramatta, and BuUi, and also near Brisbane and
Melbourne, from October to March without apparent interruption,
usually in thick bush.

Grac. ida, n. sp.

^ ? . b"-by. Head white, very faintly tinged with yellowish,
with a broad central stripe on crown and the sides crimson ; face
white, speckled with crimson. Maxillary palpi white, apex of
second and terminal joints dark fuscous. Labial palpi white,
base and apex crimson, second joint with subapical and apical
rings, terminal joint with a ring near base dark fuscous. Antennae
longer than fore-wings, ochreous-grey, darker towards apex,
basal joint crimson, in front white. Thorax whitish, irregularly
suffused and spotted with crimson. Abdomen blackish, beneath
snow-white. Legs whitish, anterior tibise crimson with two
slender white rings, middle tibiae somewhat thickened, almost
tufted at apex, with two white bands, all tarsi with slender dark
fuscous rings at apex of joints. Fore- wings crimson, disc usually
suffused with fuscous-grey, with seven costal and normally five
(sometimes partially confluent) dorsal streaks and an apical spot
white, faintly tinged with creamy-yellowish ; a minute white spot
on costa at base ; first, second, and third costal streaks irregular,
very oblique, not margined, reaching middle of wing ; fourth
subquadrate, unmargined ; fifth immediately adjacent to fourth,
fifth and sixth short, subquadrate, each enclosed between dark
fuscous margins which are extended very obliquely to beyond
middle of wing, ending in loops ; costal space between fifth and
sixth white j seventh subquadrate, enclosed between dark margins

156 DESCRIPTIONS OF AXTSTRALIAN MICRO -LEPIDOPTERA,

contracted and produced to middle of hind-margin ; first dorsal
spot small, close to base ; second and third long, acute-triangular
very oblique, second sometimes confluent with first on margin ;
fourth before anal angle, obtuse-triangular, not oblique ; fifth on
hind-margin above anal angle, elongated along margin, some-
times confluent with fourth ; a small white spot above middle of
wing between second and third costal streaks ; a curved white
streak immediately before apex, enclosing a round black apical
spot ; cilia yellowish round apex, with two crimson hooks, thence
dark fuscous-grey. Hind-wings and cilia dark fuscous-grey.

Somewhat less brightly coloured than /orwios^, but even more
elegant. At first sight the two species are very similar, and both
are somewhat variable, but within constant limits; for the
identification of this species I should lay stress upon the broader
wings, the frequent (but not invariable) suffusion with fuscous-
grey, the irregular crimson spotting of the thorax, the head white
rather than yellow, and the detailed differences in marking,
especially the presence of several additional small spots, the
absorption of the spot on the fold by the second dorsal streak,
and the termination of the dark costal streaks not on hind-margin
but in loops before reaching it. The species is also widely
distributed, and has the same habits as the last ; taken at Sydney,
Parramatta, Bulli, and Brisbane, from August to November, in
January, and March.

Grac. mnesicala, n. sp.

^ . 3f". Head and palpi snow-white, terminal joint of labial
palpi with slender black basal, central, and apical rings. Antennae
as long as fore-wings, white, annulated with dark fuscous. Thorax
white, posteriorly brownish-ochreous. Abdomen pale greyish-
ochreous. Legs white, tarsal joints very slenderly black at apex,
anterior and middle tibiae ringed with black, not thickened.
Fore-wings snow-white, inner margin within an irregular line
from centre of base to anal angle brownish-ochreous, intersected

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 157

by two very oblique white lines before and beyond middle ; eight
dark fuscous oblique, transverse strigulse from costa between base
and f , nearly reaching inner-marginal streak, the first four
interrupted and broken into spots, the seventh connected on disc
with a longitudinal strigula from centre of wing ; between the
eighth and apex are two other similar, less oblique strigulse from
costa reaching across wing, the interior one connected with the
eighth by three longitudinal streaks ; a small cloudy subapical
fuscous spot, and a black apical dot ; cilia white round apex, with
a greyish-ochreous spot at apex, and with two faint fuscous lines,
thence whitish-grey. Hind- wings fuscous-grey, cilia whitish-grey.

Allied to the preceding and following species, but at once
distinguished from all by the ochreous inner-marginal streak.
Two specimens taken in dry scrub near Sydney and Parramatta,
in September.

Grac. lyginella, n. sj).
^ . S". Head and palpi snow-white, terminal joint of labial
palpi with a black subapical ring. Antennae as long as fore-
wings, white, annulated with black. Thorax white (?). Abdomen
greyish-ochreous, anal segment black at base. Legs white,
tarsal joints very broadly black at base, tibiae irregularly banded
with black, not thickened. Fore-wings white, with blackish-
fuscous markings, tending to become suffused towards apex ; a
central streak from base to middle of wing ; an inwardly oblique
costal strigula near base ; two costal spots before and after I, the
first larger ; between the second and the basal streak is a short
longitudinal streak ; beyond these are three irregular oblique
strigulae from costa becoming confluent on disc and extending
confusedly to inner-margin ; on inner-margin is a small spot near
base, and two oblique strigulae before middle, uniting with basal
streak ; a cloudy costal spot before apex ; an elongated black
apical streak ; cilia round apex white with two black lines, thence
fuscous-grey. Hind-wings fuscous-grey, cilia rather paler.

158 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

Distinguished by its small size and cloudy markings, wMcli
also differ in detail. One sjpecimen only, from diy busli at
Parramatta in October.

Grac. aellomacha, n. sp.

^ . 3|-". Head and palpi snow-white, labial palpi with apex
of second joint and a subapical ring of terminal joint black.
Antennee longer than fore- wings, white. Thorax snow-white,
with a small black shoulder spot. Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath
with white rings and white towards apex. Legs white, tarsi with
three black rings, anterior tibiae black, middle tibiae hardly
thickened, apical half black. Fore-wings white, with coarsely
scaled fuscous-black markings ; a cloudy, central, longitudinal
streak from near base to disc above anal angle, connecting
obscurely with seven oblique costal and five oblique dorsal streaks ;
costa blackish at base ; first and second costal streaks thick, hardly
oblique, meeting first and second dorsal streaks ; third slender,
very short, not reaching central streak ; fourth strong, from middle
of costa ; fifth slender, short ; sixth thick, black, \QTy oblique,
uniting with the small fifth dorsal on anal angle ; fourth dorsal
thick, before middle ; seventh costal slender, produced nearly to
hind-margin ; apical spot black, large, round, cloudy ; cilia white
round apex, dark fuscous at anal angle, with two black lines and
a short black apical hook, thence fuscous-grey. Hind-wings
fuscous-grey, cilia paler.

Not particularly close to the preceding ; it resembles rather the
figure of Zellers's urhcmella, from South America, which however
he considers to be hardly a true Gracilaria. One specimen from
forest growth at Wellington, New Zealand, in January.

Grac. thalassias, n. sp.

S^.2l"-2>\". Head and maxillary palpi white. Labial palpi
white, second joint loosely scaled beneath, with apex blackish,
terminal joint with slender blackish median and subapical rings.

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 159

Antennae not longer than fore-wings, white, annnlated with dark
fuscous. Thorax white, lateral margins ochreous. Abdomen
pale greyish-ochreous, beneath white. Legs white, anterior and
middle tibiae hardly thickened, blackish with three white rings,
all tarsi with blackish rings at apex of joints. Fore- wings varying
from pale clear ochreous to greyish-ochreous, with a basal streak,
five costal and three dorsal streaks white ; basal streak rather
short, rather slender, not margined, sometimes connected at its
middle with costa ; first costal streak at I, second at ^, both long,
slender, oblique, dark-margined ; third rather less oblique, dark-
margined, more or less perfectly uniting with third dorsal streak
from anal angle ; fourth costal from before apex to middle of
hind-margin, continued into cilia, dark-margined ; first dorsal
slightly beyond first costal, rather long, very oblique, dark-
margined above, produced along inner-margin as a white
unmargined streak to base ; second dorsal rather thick, irregular,
its apex swollen, dark-margined, very oblique ; a small white
apical spot, continued above into cilia, enclosing the small linear-
ovate black apical dot; cilia greyish-ochreous round apex,
extremities white, beneath apex whitish. Hind- wings and cilia
whitish-grey.

This species belongs to the group oipavoniella, Z., but is readily
known by its pale ground colour, which gives it much the appear-
ance of some species of Lithocolletis. Where its foodplant grows,
the imago may be taken in great profusion, flying out in swarms
when the bush is shaken ; it occurs principally on coast sand-
hills, at Sydney and Newcastle, New South Wales, from September
to January, and in May.

Larva slightly tapering posteriorly, very pale whitish-green,
yellowish-tinged on back; head very pale whitish-brown. It
mines the leaves of Leptospermum Icevigatum fMyrtacecBj, forming
a blotch which occupies the whole of the small leaf, both surfaces
being much inflated, in January (and no doubt at other times).
Pupa outside the mine, in a firm white cocoon beneath a folded

160 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

corner of leaf. I have also found tlie larva on Agonis flexuosa, a
closely allied plant, but a native of West Australia, and only-
found here under cultivation ; it does not however frequent the
other common species of Leptospermum.

Grac. eumetalla, n. sp.

^ $ . 3"-3i". Head, palpi, and thorax bright metallic bronzy-
green, face bright silvery. Antennae as long as fore-wings,
blackish. Abdomen black above, silvery- white beneath. Legs
metallic silvery, posterior tibiae stiff-haired above, and, together
with tarsi, suffused externally with fuscous. Fore- wings bright
metallic coppery or bronzy green, with white violet- shining
markings, consisting of four costal and four dorsal short slender
wedgeshaped streaks, and a discal spot, all black-margined ; first
costal streak at \, second at ^, both slightly oblique outwardly ;
third at f , short, not oblique ; fourth uniting with fourth dorsal
streak to make an inwardly curved fascia ; first dorsal streak
much before first costal, rather long, curved, very oblique ; second
short, straight, between first and second costal streaks ; third
opposite third costal, outwardly oblique, nearly uniting with
fourth ; a small irregular, sometimes double, discal spot between
second and third pairs of streaks ; apical spot round, black,
obscure ; cilia blackish-fuscous, with a black line round apex.
Hind- wings and cilia blackish-grey.

A briUiant insect, distinguished amongst its allies fey its bright
metallic colouring. I beat several specimens from a phyllodineous
Acacia (to which it is probably attached) near Brisbane in
September ; also once taken on a fence near Sydney, in October.

Grac. eupetala, n. sp.

^ $ . 3^-31-". Head and palpi bright metallic grey-silvery.

Antennae as long as fore-wings, blackish. Thorax deep metallic

bronze. Abdomen blackish, beneath snow-white with black

bands. Legs dark fuscous, tarsal joints with slender whitish

BY E. MEYEICK, B.A. 161

apical rings. Fore- wings pale golden-oehreous on disc, elsewhere
especially on inner-margin, suffused with, dark metallic bronze,
with pearly-white obscurely dark-margined markings, consisting
of four costal and four dorsal streaks or spots, and a small discal
spot ; first three costal streaks before and beyond middle and at
f , slender, short, oblique, with violet reflections ; fourth closely
after third not oblique ; first dorsal spot conspicuous, broadly
wedgeshaped, oblique and curved outwards; second rather smaller,
triangular, not oblique, between first and second costal ; third
still smaller, triangular, opposite third costal ; fourth minute,
indistinct, opposite fourth costal; discal spot small, circular,
between second and third pairs of streaks ; apical space suffused
with blackish ; cilia white round apex, with a black line, thence
fuscous-grey. Hind- wings and cilia fuscous-grey.

Nearly allied to the preceding, but much less brilliant, and the
first three dorsal spots are much broader and more conspicuous.
Not common ; in Acacia groves near Parramatta, and on fences
in Sydney. I once bred the species, almost certainly from a branch
of Acacia decurrens, fLegurninoscBj, which was in my room ; but
the larva had not been noticed.

Note. — I have found a Gracilaria larva mining flat whitish
blotches in the phyUodia of Acacia longifolia, which I have not
yet succeeded in breeding ; it is probably an allied species.

Grac. alysidota, n. sp.

^ $ . 3"-4^". Head white, with a dark fuscous stripe on sides.
Palpi whitish, maxillary palpi very short. Antennae not longer
than fore-wings, dark fuscous, apical third white. Thorax dark
fuscous, with a white spot in front. Abdomen dark fuscous,
beneath white. Legs greyish-fuscous, apex of tarsal joints
indistinctly whitish, posterior tibiae stiff-haired near apex. Fore-
wings dark fuscous, towards apex sometimes suffused with
ochreous, with five costal and four dorsal streaks, and a streak
along inner-margin white, blackish-margined ; first costal streak
V

162 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

at I, rather long, very oblique, slightly produced along costa
towards base ; second at ^, longer, very oblique ; tliird before f ,
rather shorter, equally oblique ; fourth short, not oblique,
uniting with fourth dorsal to form a straight slender fascia ; first
dorsal immediately before middle, short, oblique, connected with
a streak along inner-margin to base ; second beyond middle,
small, semiovate ; third opposite third costal, rather short,
oblique ; fifth costal apical, intersecting the round black apical
spot ; cilia whitish round apex, with two black lines, thence dark
fuscous-grey. Hind- wings and cilia fuscous-grey.

Not very near to any described species ; easily recognised by
the white streak on basal half of inner-margin on a dark fuscous
ground. Three specimens, taken in mixed bush near Sydney,
and on the Bulli Pass, in October and March.

Grac. ochrocephala, n. sp.

^ $ . 4". Head whitish-ochreous above, face whitish. Maxil-
lary and labial palpi wholly white. Antennae longer than fore-
wings, dark fuscous, with faint paler annulations. Thorax whitish
ochreous, lateral margins ochreous-fuscous. Abdomen dark
fuscous, beneath narrowly white, anus white. Legs dark fuscous
posterior tibiae and apical rings of all tarsal joints ochreous-
whitish, posterior tibiae stiff -haired. Forewings deep brownish-
ochreous, with a broad stripe along inner-margin from base,
terminating abruptly at anal angle, whitish, entirely suffused with
ochreous except along its upper edge, black margined above ; a
clear white, black margined, slender, obhque streak from costa
at f, extending to hind-margin, its upper extremity produced
along costa as a very slender white unmargined streak to \ from
base ; a second similar parallel streak immediately before apex ;
cilia dark fuscous, containing two snow-white posteriorly black-
edged strigulae above apex, and an ochreous- whitish mark beyond
anal angle. Hind-wings blackish-fuscous, cilia slightly paler.

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 163

This and tlie three following species are very closely allied
together; they belong to the group of scalariella,Z. 2i\\di gemoniella
Stt. They are best distinguished from one another by the
different groundcolours, and the colouring of the inner-marginal
streak and of the head ; ochrocephala is also to be known by the
slender white streak along costal edge. Two specimens, from
mixed growth at Sydney and on the Bulli Pass, in October and
November.

Grrac. nereis, n. sp.

(^ . 4i". Head and thorax glossy-white tinged with brassy-
yellow, lateral margins of thorax blackish. Maxillary palpi white,
exteriorly dark fuscous. Labial palpi white, second joint
exteriorly dark fuscous, terminal joint with some scattered
fuscous scales. AntennsB longer than fore-wings, dark fuscous.
Abdomen blackish above, wholly snow-white beneath. Legs
white, tarsal joints with broad dark fuscous rings at base, anterior
tibiae dark fuscous, middle til^ise hardly thickened, dark fuscous
with white median band, posterior tibiae stiff-haired. Eore-wings
dark fuscous, with a rather broad brassy yellowish-white stripe
along inner-margin from base terminating abruptedly at anal
angle, very strongly black margined above ; a white circular spot
on hind-margin just above anal angle ; a thick black oblique
streak from costa at four-fifths, extending to the white hind-
marginal spot ; a similar streak just before apex, ending in apex ;
cilia dark fuscous-grey, with two white posteriorly black margined
strigulae above apex, and a black apical hook. Hind-wings
blackish-fuscous, cilia slightly paler.

Nearest to didymella; distinguished by the darker ground
colour, brassy-metallic tints, and the obscuration of the white
costal streaks with black scales. One specimen on a fence in
Sydney, in November.

164 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

Grac. didymella, n. sp.

^ . 4^". Head and palpi pure white, labial palpi with extreme
apex of second joint blackish. Antennae longer than fore- wings,
dark fuscous, beneath whitish ; basal joint black, longitudinally
striated with white. Thorax white, lateral margins dark fuscous.
Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath whitish, anal tuft white. Legs
whitish, suffused above with dark fuscous, except posterior tibise
and apex of tarsal joints; posterior tibiae stiff -haired above.
Fore-wings dark greyish-ochreous, with a broad white, above
black margined, stripe along inner-margin from base, abruptly
rounded oif at anal angle ; extreme inner-marginal edge faintly
ochreous; immediately beyond end of dorsal stripe a white
elongate spot along hind-margin ; a white strongly black margined
slender, oblique streak from costa at f , reaching hind-marginal
spot ; another similar parallel streak immediately before apex,
terminating in the small round, black, apical sj)ot ; cilia fuscous-
grey, with two white posteriorly black margined strigulse above
apex, inner one very marked. Hind-wings fuscous-grey, cilia
paler.

Differs from both the preceding by the white head and almost
wholly white dorsal streak ; from ochrocephala also by the white
hind-marginal spot, and from nereis by the white costal streaks.
One specimen in a garden near Sydney in September.

Grac. laciniella, n. sp.

($ ? . 3-^-31". Head and palpi white, second joint of labial
palpi dark fuscous at apex, apical scales somewhat produced
beneath, terminal joint with a fuscous ring near base. Antennae
as long as fore-wings, white at base, becoming gradually dark
fuscous. Thorax white, lateral margins dark greyish-ochreous.
Abdomen ochreous-grey, beneath pure white. Legs white,
anterior and middle tibi» hardly thickened, dark fuscous with
white rings near base and in middle, posterior tibiae stiff-haired,
all tarsi with apical bands of joints and two rings on basal joint

BE E. MEYRICK, B.A. 165

dark fuscous. Fore-wings oclireous-fuscous, witli a clear white
streak along fold from base to just above anal angle, not touching
inner-margin, margined with black above and below at extremity
only ; a white elongate spot on hind-margin ; an oblique slender
white black margined streak from costa at four-fifths, meeting the
white hind-marginal spot ; a second similar streak just before
apex ; both these streaks are often quite obsolete ; apical spot
irregular, black ; cilia fuscous-grey, with two white posteriorly
black margined strigulse above apex. Hind-wings and cilia
fuscous-grey.

Distinguished from its allies by its smaller size, and by the
white streak being clearly removed from inner-margin. It also
has the peculiar habit of holding its antennae porrected forwards,
and somewhat divergent, when at rest. A common species,
occurring among dry scrub near Sydney and Parramatta, at BuUi,
and at Blackheath on the Blue Mountains (3,500 feet); also at
Brisbane. It is generally beaten from Eucalyptus, and I have
found a larva mining flat whitish blotches in the leaves of
Eucaly2)tus, which I expected to produce it, but have not yet
succeeded in rearing.

Grac. albomarginata, Stt., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., Vol. I.,

3rd Ser.

" 4|-". Head white, with a few grey scales. Maxillary palpi
white, very minute. Labial palpi white, with a dark grey ring
before apex of second joint, and base and apex of terminal joint
greyish. Antennae white, with grey annulations. Anterior tibiae
dark grey, tarsi white, with two broad dark grey blotches ;
middle tibia3 dark grey with white blotches, tarsi white ; posterior
tibiae whitish, tarsi white spotted with dark grey ; all the legs
appear usually hairy. Fore-wings dark brownish-grey, with a
narrow, white stripe all along inner-margin, and the costa
narrowly white from middle to near apex ; margins of these streaks
not sharply defined, that on the inner-margin especially is very

166 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAK MICRO -LEPIDOPTERA,

jagged ; a minute black apical spot, witli a metallic-bluish tinge ;
bind-margin expressed in black scales ; cilia grey, intersected by
a row of blackisb scales round the bind-margin, and with a
tendency to a small projecting blackisb book."

Tbe above is Stainton's description, taken from a single specimen
witb thorax injured, and no abdomen, from near Brisbane ; it
does not appear to correspond to any insect I have seen, but the
species is probably allied to the group of laciniella.

CORISCIUM, Z.

Head smooth ; no ocelli ; tongue long. AntennoD as long or
longer than fore- wings, slender, filiform. Maxilllary palpi rather
long, filiform. Labial palpi moderately long, slender, ascending,
second joint beneath with projecting tuft of hairs ; terminal joint
longer than second, pointed. Fore-wings elongate, very narrow,
parallel-sided. Hind-wings very narrowly-lanceolate, much
narrower than fore-wings, cilia thrice or four times as broad.
Abdomen elongate, slender. Legs long. Fore-wings with 12 or
1 1 veins, 5 branches to costa, no secondary cell, 1 simple. Hind-
wings with 8 veins ; 5 and 6 stalked, ceU open.

A small genus, comprising only some eight or nine species as
yet, but found in every part of the globe ; it only differs from
Gracilaria by the distinct rather long tuft of hairs on the second
joint of the palpi. In rex^ose they usually have the same attitude
as in Gracilaria ; the larval habits are also similar.

Cor. ochridorsellum, n. sp.

^ ? . 4^" -5". Head pure ochreous, face white. Maxillary
palpi whitish, basal joint fuscous. Labial palpi whitish, second
joint externally dark fuscous, with a blackish tuft nearly as long
as terminal joint, its anterior edge white ; terminal joint with an
indistinct fuscous ring near base. Antennae much longer than
fore-wings, dark fuscous with slender whitish annulations, basal
joint whitish. Thorax ochreous-whitish, with a dark fuscous

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 167

spot on shoulder. Abdomen pale greyish-oclireous, with a row
of oblique linear dark fuscous spots on sides. Legs slender, dark
fuscous, all tarsi with whitish rings at apex of joints, posterior
tibiae stiff -haired. Fore- wings blackish with a few ochreous scales,
with inner-margin rather broadly whitish-ochreous from base
almost to apex, dilating and becoming deeper ochreous above
anal angle ; three small white costal spots ; first beyond middle,
very small ; second and third near together before apex, slender,
oblique, meeting the dorsal streak ; extreme apex jet black ; cilia
whitish round apex, with two black lines, thence dark fuscous-
grey. Hind- wings and cilia dark fuscous-grey.

Easily known by the broadly ochreous inner-margin. This
species walks with the forepart raised and the legs moderately
displayed, as usual in the genus ; but in repose on tree-trunks,
as it is generally found, the body is closely appressed to the bark,
and the anterior and middle pairs of legs stretched out laterally
and also closely appressed to the surface, a modification adopted
for the sake of concealment. The imago is common on the trunk
of its food-plant in gardens in Sydney, from November to
February.

Larva attenuated posteriorly, deep green ; head extremely
small, black ; it mines an irregular flat, rather small blotch, on
upper side of leaves of Phjllanthus Ferdinandi, fEuphorhiaceceJ,
in January and February. Pupa inside the mine, in a slight
cocoon ; this is certainly the normal habit.

Cor. seolellum, n. sp.

^. 4i". Head white, on crown tinged with ochreous and
mixed with grey. Maxillary palpi whitish. Labial palpi white,
second joint externally dark fuscous, with a blackish tuft nearly
as long as terminal joint ; terminal joint with two black rings.
Antennae longer than fore-wings, dark fuscous with paler
annulations, extreme apex white. Thorax ochreous-grey mixed
with dark fuscous. Abdomen greyish-ochreous. Legs dark

168 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTEEA,

fuscous, tarsi with white rings at apex of joints. Fore-wings
whitish, irrorated with dark grey-fuscous scales, especially towards
costa and apex, leaving an ill-defined whitish space along fold
from base to middle of wing, and with obscure black markings ;
a short central streak from base ; two large irregular discal spots
before and after middle ; some cloudy blackish spots beneath
costa ; a very oblique thick streak from f of costa nearly to hind-
margin, above which is a similar shorter streak, not reaching
costa ; a black curved transverse line across wing just before apex,
followed by a white line ; apical spot round, upper half white,
lower black ; cilia whitish round apex, with two black lines,
thence fuscous-grey. Hind-wings and cilia fuscous-grey.

An obscurely marked species, of which the only specimen is
not very perfect, but certainly distinct from the preceding. One
specimen taken on Mount Keira, near Wollongong, in October.

Epioephala, n. g.

Head roughly short-haired on crown, hairs longer and directed
forwards between antennse, face smooth ; no ocelli ; tongue
moderate. Antennse longer than fore-wings, slender, fiiliform,
basal joint compressed. Maxillary palpi rather-long, filiform.
Labial palpi moderate, somewhat drooping, cylindrical, second
joint with appressed scales. Fore-wings elongate, narrow,
tolerably evenly pointed. Hind-wings narrow-lanceolate, cilia
as broad. Abdomen elongate, in ^ tufted, in $ with exserted
ovipositor. Legs moderate, slender. Fore-wings with 10 veins ;
4 branches to costa, no secondary cell, 1 simple. Hind-wings
with 7 veins ; 4 and 5 stalked, cell open.

In general structure near Ornix, Ti., though the head is not
quite so rough ; differs in the venation, and also in the peculiar
posture assumed in repose ; the imago rests with the head
appressed to the surface, the hind-part raised considerably and
seemingly to be supported on the posterior legs, the anterior and

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 169

middle pair extended laterally and appressed to the surface. The
wings are relatively broader than in Gracilaria.

Epic. colymbeteUa, n. sp.
S ? . 4|-"-5". Head white, with a few black hairs above
antennse. All palpi white, externally mixed with fuscous.
Antennae white, annulated with dark fuscsus. Thorax fuscous-
grey, speckled with whitish. Abdomen greyish-ochreous. Legs
whitish, anterior and middle tibiae fuscous-grey, tarsal joints
fuscous-grey at base. Fore- wings whitish, densely irrorated with
dark fuscous-grey scales, the absence of which causes white mark-
ings, more or less strongly margined with dark fuscous-grey ;
three rather short oblique costal streaks, the first longest ; a fourth
immediately after third, a little before apex, not oblique, almost
or quite meeting a similar dorsal streak beyond anal angle ;
three other longer and more oblique dorsal streaks, but these are
almost always confused and confluent into an irregular streak
along inner margin ; a bright ochreous round apical spot, con-
taining a smaller black spot ; cilia round apex white, with two
strong black lines, thence dark fuscous-grey. Hind- wings and
cilia dark fuscous-grey.

Common on garden fences in Sydney, from "November to
January.

BEDELLID^.

Bedellia, Stt.

Head rough above, almost tufted, face smooth ; tongue short.
Antennae as long as fore-wings, filiform ; basal joint thickened.
No maxillary palpi. Labial palpi very short, somewhat porrected,
filiform. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, long-pointed. Hind-
wings linear-lanceolate, ^ of fore-wings, cilia six times as broad.
Abdomen moderate. Legs slender, posterior tibiae compressed,
hairy. Fore-wings with 8 veins ; 3 and 4 stalked, 4 branches to
V

170 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO -LEPIDOPTERA,

costa, cell closed, 1 simple. Hind-wings without cell ; median
three-branclied, 1 branch, to costa.

There appears to be but one species known in this genus,
occurring throughout Europe and in North America, as well as
Australia. The imago rests with the fore-part somewhat raised,
but the fore-legs retracted beneath the body. The larva is
sixteen-legged, and mines flat blotches in leaves. The pupa is
naked and angulated, suspended from a leaf.

Bed. somnulentella, Z.

$ $ . 3V-4". Head and palpi whitish-ochreous mixed with
fuscous. Antennae dark fuscous. Thorax whitish-ochreous, in
front brownish-grey. Abdomen fuscous-grey, anal tuft ochreous.
Legs whitish-ochreous. Fore-wings pale dull-ochreous, suffused
and irrorated with brownish-grey, except on a streak along inner-
margin ; costal cilia sharply ochreous-whitish, the rest grey,
irrorated with darker at apex. Hind-wings and cilia grey.

The description is from Australian specimens, which do not
appear to differ specifically from the English. I have not however
observed the larva in this country as yet ; elsewhere it mines the
leaves of Convolvulus and Ipomcea. It hardly seems a very likely
species to have been introduced artificially, but it does not now
seem easy to decide ; it is not confined to the near neighbourhood
of civilisation, and there are many native species of Ij^omoea.
Taken commonly in particular localities at Sydney and Parramatta
and amongst the dense forest growth on the descent of the Bulli
Pass, where it is especially abundant.

Arctocoma, n. g.
Head roughly haired above, face smooth ; no ocelli ; tongue
short. Antennae rather shorter than fore-wings, filiform, basal
joint somewhat thickened. No maxillary palpi. Labial palpi
very short, drooping. Fore-wings elongate-lanceolate, rather
broad comparatively. Hind-wings lanceolate, ^ of fore-wings,

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 171

cilia thrice as broad. Abdomen moderate, stout. Legs ratlier
short, posterior tibiae compressed, very hairy. Fore-wings with
6 veins ; 1 and 2 simple ; 3, 4, 5 to costa, forming branches of
subcostal vein ; no cell. Hind- wings without cell ; median
simple ; submedian very obsoletely twice-branched.

Allied to the preceding genus, but distinguished by the much
broader wings, the antennee shorter than fore-wings, and the low
type of neuration. The imago in repose sits closely appressed to
surface.

Arct. ursinella, n. sp.

^ ? . 3f "-4". Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen deep ochreous
brown. Antennae dark fuscous. Legs brownish-grey. Fore-
wings unicolorous rather- deep ochreous-brown; cilia fuscous-grey.
Hind-wings and cilia dark fuscous-grey.

Beaten commonly from Acacia decurrens, at Parramatta, and
also at Bulli, in October.

LYONETID^.

Stegommata, n. g.

Head roughly tufted on crown, face smooth ; no ocelli ; tongue
moderate. Antennae as long or longer than fore-wings, slender,
filiform, basal join dilated into a moderate eyecap, fringed in
front. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Labial palpi moderately short,
straight, rather drooping, smoothly scaled. Fore-wing elongate,
narrow, pointed, apex caudate. Hind-wings linear-lanceolate,
cilia five times as broad. Abdomen elongate. Legs moderate,
slender. Fore-wings with 8 veins, cell closed, 1 strongly furcate
at base, 5, 6, 7 to costa. Hind-wings without cell ; median twice-
branched ; submedian apparently simple.

This genus is nearly allied to Lijonetia, Hb., and the neuration
is essentially identical ; it differs in the strongly-tufted, rough

1 72 DESCRIPTIONS OF ATTSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

head. The species have some superficial resemblance to Gracilaria,
but rest closely appressed to the surface.

Steg. leptomitella, n. sp.

^ ? . 3|-"-4". Head, palpi, and thorax white, crown with a
few fuscous-grey hairs. Antenna) white, annulated with dark
fuscous. Abdomen grey-whitish. Legs white ; anterior tibise,
apex of middle and posterior tibiae and of all tarsal joints dark
fuscous-grey. Fore- wings white with dark fuscous-grey markings;
two obscure longitudinal parallel streaks above middle of wing
from near base to beyond middle, sometimes obliterated ; seven
very oblique streaks from costa, variable in thickness and intensity
meeting the longitudinal streaks when distinct ; beneath the two
longitudinal streaks are four longitudinal short black streaks on
disc, nearly in a line, third longest, in middle of wing, fourth
rather oblique upwardly ; five oblique dorsal streaks, but these
are generally partially obliterated or interrupted ; an irregular
black spot in cilia, preceded by two pairs of outwardly radiating
fuscous streaks, and followed by two dark fuscous lines round
apex ; hind-marginal cilia grey-whitish. Hind-wings grey, cilia
whitish-grey.

Tolerably common on some fences in Sydney, in December and
January.

Steg. sulfuratella, n. sp.

^ ? . 4"-4|-". Head, palpi, antennae, and thorax white, faintly
tinged with pale sulphur. Abdomen and legs white. Fore-
wings white, dorsal half delicately suffused with pale sulphur-
yellow ; a very faint pale ochreous, longitudinal line in centre of
wing from near base to beyond middle ; three costal and two
dorsal very faint ochreous oblique streaks ; costal streaks between
|- and apex, first dorsal streak in middle, second at anal angle,
dorsal margin faintly ochreous for a short distance before anal
angle ; a clear round black apical dot, preceded by two paii'S of

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 173

fuscous-grey outwardly radiating streaks in cilia, and an additional
streak in hind-marginal cilia, and emitting a fuscous-grey apical
hook ; cilia white. Hind-wings pale fuscous-grey, cilia white.

Not capable of being confused with the last species. Common
on fences in Sydney, in January and from April to August.

Phyllocnistis, Z.

Head smooth ; no ocelli ; tongue short. Antennae shorter than
fore-wings, slender, filiform, with a rather small eyecap. No
maxillary palpi. Labial palpi short, drooping, very slender,
filiform. Fore- wings elongate, narrow, pointed, apex rather
produced. Hind -wings very narrowly lanceolate, ^ of fore-wings,
cilia five times as broad. Fore-wings with 9 veins ; 4 and 5
stalked ; 4 branches to costa, cell closed, 1 simple. Hind-wings
without cell ; median twice-branched.

The genus contains only a few closely allied species, but is
found also in Europe, North and South America, and India. The
larvEG are apodal, mining blotches in leaves. The pupa is in a
cocoon inside the mine.

Phyll. diaugella, n.sp.

^ $ . lf"-2f". Head, palpi, antennse, thorax, abdomen, and
legs shining silvery- white. Fore- wings pearly white, with two
longitudinal fuscous streaks from base of costa to middle of disc,
not united posteriorly ; an outwardly oblique, rather curved
fuscous streak from costa beyond middle, nearly meeting a straight
perpendicular fuscous transverse fascia immediately beyond it,
the lower extremity of which sometimes forms a spot on inner-
margin ; between the fascia and apex is a rather large oval
golden-ochreous patch ; apical spot very distinct, round, black,
preceded by two divergent fuscous streaks in costal cilia, and two
others less distinct and equally divergent in hind-marginal cilia,
and emitting a short grey apical streak ; cilia white. Hind-wings
whitish, cilia white.

174 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

Easily known from tlie following species by the longitudinal
lines, and the absence of the costal blotch. Some specimens are
extremely small, apparently the later brood. Taken occasionally
at Manly, near Sydney, where the larva is common ; in December
March, and May.

Larva apodal, somewhat tapering posteriorly, pale yellowish ;
mines a flat irregular blotch, apparently consisting of a spiral
gallery, in leaves of Eupliorhia sparmanni^ fEupho7hiace(zJ, in
February (and doubtless at other times),

Phyll. iodocella, n, sp.
^ . 2|". Head, palpi, thorax, abdomen, and legs shining
silvery- white. Antennae white, towards apex infuscated. Fore-
wings yellowish-white, with a semi-ovate dark fuscous, oblique
blotch on costa near base, reaching to middle of wing ; three
costal and one dorsal, slender, oblique dark fuscous streaks ; first
costal in middle, second very short, third longest, continued to
hind-margin; the dorsal streak beyond middle, bordered
posteriorly by a small greyish-fuscous spot ; dorsal margin
slenderly blackish about anal angle ; apical spot round, black,
with apparently three radiating fuscous streaks in cilia above it,
and one below it ; cilia white. Hind- wings and cilia white.

Conspicuous by the costal blotch near base. One specimen on
a fence in Sydney in November.

Opostega, Z.

Head smooth behind, roughly short-haired on face and fore-
head ; no ocelli ; no tongue. Antennae shorter than fore-wings,
thick, filiform, with a large eyecap. Maxillary palpi distinct.
Labial palpi short, drooping, terminal joint very short. Fore-
wings elongate, narrow, pointed. Hind-wings very narrowly
lanceolate, cilia long. Abdomen flattened. Legs moderate ;
posterior tibia3 and first joint of tarsi stiff -haired. Fore- wings

BY E. MEYKICK, B.A. 175

with, four simple attenuated longitudinal veins. Hind- wings
without cell ; median three-branched.

Also a small genus, of which the larvae are all practically
unknown, occurring in Europe and North America.

Op. orestias, n. sp.
? , 3". Head, palpi, antennae, thorax, abdomen, and legs
snow-white. Fore-wings snow-white, with a small, bright
ochreous-yellow apical blotch ; an oblique dark fuscous streak
from costa at f , bent posteriorly, ending in apex ; a small clear
black apical dot in cilia ; three rather indistinct radiating fuscous
streaks above it in costal cilia, the middle one darkest ; cilia
white. Hind-wings very pale whitish-grey, cilia white.

Distinguished by the yellow apex, and single costal streak.
One specimen near Brisbane in swampy bush, in September.

Op. stiriella, n. sp.

^ ? . 2j"-3". Head, palpi, thorax, abdomen, and legs snow-
white. Antennae ochreous with white rings, basal joint white.
Fore-wings snow-white ; costal edge slenderly blackish at base ;
a small wedge-shaped oblique dark fuscous spot on costa, and a
similar rather smaller one before middle of inner-margin, neither
extending across more than ^ of breadth of wing ; an oblique
ochreous-fuscous streak from f of costa, ending suffusedly in
apex; a minute black apical spot, with an inwardly oblique
fuscous streak above it in costal cilia, and sometimes a second
less oblique and very obscure, and one below it in hind-marginal
cilia ; cilia white. Hind- wings and cilia white.

Nearly allied to the following species, but may be known by
the white hind- wings, and the oblique spots never form a complete
fascia. Tolerably common at Parramatta, and in parts of the
dense forest-growth on the slope of the Bulli Pass, in September
and October, and again in March.

176 DESCRIPTIONS OF ATTSTRAILIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

Op. gepliyraea, n. sp.

^ $ . 3"-3f". Head, palpi, thorax, and legs snow-white, tarsi
slightly infuscated. Antennae ochreous-fuscous, very slenderly
annulated with white, basal joint white. Abdomen fuscous-grey.
Fore-wings snow-white, extreme edge very slenderly blackish ;
a rather broad oblique blackish-fuscous spot on middle of costa,
and a strong oblique fascia-form blackish- fuscous spot from before
middle of inner-margin, uniting to form an angulated fascia,
rarely not quite meeting ; a very oblique black streak from f of
costa to apex, anteriorly broadly edged with fuscous ; a second
similar one immediately following it, partly in costal cilia, rather
less oblique ; a small black apical spot ; cilia whitish round apex,
tips suffused with fuscous, sometimes with a faint perpendicular
streak above apical spot, hind-marginal cilia fuscous-grey. Hind-
wings and cilia fuscous-grey.

Eeadily distinguished from the preceding by the dark hind-
wings and usually perfect fascia. Apparently rather scarce ;
taken on fences in Sydney in October.

Atalopsycha, n. g.

Head smooth, with appressed scales ; no ocelli ; tongue very
short. Antennae shorter than fore-wings, filiform, with a small
eyecap. No maxillary palpi. Labial palpi short, drooping,
filiform. Fore- wings elongate, narrow, pointed. Hind- wings
narrowly lanceolate, less than ^ of fore-wings, cilia thrice as
broad. Abdomen moderate. Legs slender, posterior tibiae long-
haired. Neuxation (?).

The single species has an extraordinary superficial resemblance
to Bucculatrix, and might easily be confused with some of the
paler species, yet structurally it is very distinct, since the labial
palpi are plainly visible, and the head is not rough. Generally
it is more difficult to distinguished from Phyllocnistis, especially
as I have not been able to examine the venation, although it
certainly does not belong to the immediate neighbourhood of

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 177

that genus ; the best points to depend on seem to be the propor-
tionally broader hind-wings, the somewhat loose, not glossy,
scaling of the head, and the apex of fore-wings not produced.

Atal. atyphella, n. sp.

? . Sf". Head, palpi, and thorax white. Antennae fuscous
with whitish annulations, basal joint white. Abdomen greyish-
ochreous. Legs whitish-ochreous. Fore-wings white, with pale
ochreous markings irrorated with black scales ; a small ovate-
linear spot beneath costa slightly before middle ; a very oblique
streak from middle of costa, posteriorly suffused into an attenuated
cloud along costa nearly to apex ; a very oblique streak from
dorsal margin just beyond middle, almost interrupted on margin
itseK ; apex faintly suffused with ochreous, with indications of a
linear apical spot of black scales ; cilia very pale whitish-ochreous
with a row of black points round apex. Hind-wings pale grey,
cilia whitish-grey.

One specimen on a fence near Sydney in October.

Crobylophora, 71. g.

Head roughly tufted on crown, face smooth ; no ocelli ; tongue
very short. Antennae shorter than fore-wings, filiform, with
moderate eyecap. No maxillary palpi. Labial palpi short,
drooping, filiform. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, pointed, apex
hardly produced. Hind-wings very narrowly lanceolate, ^ of
fore-wings, cilia f oui- or five times as broad. Abdomen moderate.
Legs slender, posterior tibiae stiff -haired. Fore-wings with seven
veins ; cell closed, 1 simple, 5 and 6 to costa. Hind-wings with-
out cell ; median obsoletely two-branched.

This genus is intermediate between Stegommata and Biwculatrix,
resembling both in the roughly tufted head, and also having
considerable affinity with them in other respects ; it differs from
the former by the short antennae, and from the latter by the
presence of labial palpi. The species described are very elegant
w

178 DESCRIPTIONS OF ATJSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTEEA,

Tvitli a peculiarly thickened metallic spot at the anal angle of the
fore-wings; they are slow in flight, and generally appear sluggish.

Crob. daricella, n. sj).

^ . 3^". Head, palpi, antennae, thorax, abdomen and legs
snow-white ; all tarsi with three blackish rings. Fore- wings
snow-white, with two slender short oblic[ue black costal streaks,
first in middle, second immediately beyond it, closely strewn about
which are a few irregular blackish and ochreous scales ; a rather
large circular thickened silvery metallic spot on anal angle,
partially black-edged ; cilia white, with a faint fuscous spot in
castal cilia, from which proceeds a clear black line round apex,
terminating abruptly just beyond it. Hind-wings and cilia white.

Differs from the following species by the larger size, and the
absence of the basal and dorsal streaks. Two specimens taken
in the thick subtropical scrubs at Eosewood, Queensland, in
September.

Crob. chrysidiella, w. sp.

(^ ^ . 2^"-2|-". Head, palpi, antennse, and legs snow-white.
Thorax snow-white, with a yellowish spot on shoulder. Abdomen
white, beneath with a yellowish band. Fore-wings white, with
a yellowish, longitudinal, central streak from base to beyond
middle, and with three oblique, yellowish, costal streaks and one
dorsal ; first costal streak long, very oblique, from ^ of costa to
apex of central streak, anteriorly margined with blackish scales ;
second rather beyond middle, third at f , shorter and less oblique,
posteriorly margined by slender blackish lines, which are some-
times alone distinct ; dorsal streak in middle, anteriorly margined
by a slender, blackish line, sometimes alone visible, meeting apex
of central streak ; a faint yellowish spot at anal angle, containing
a circular, thickened, silvery-golden metallic spot ; cilia white,
with a slender bent blackish line round apex terminating abruptly
just beyond it. Hind- wings and cilia white.

BY E. MEYRIOK, B.A. 179

Allied to the preceding, but with additional yellowish markings
from base, and on costa and hind-margin. Common at Sydney
and Newcastle from January to April, and in July and August,
in dry scrub amongst different species of Banksia fProteaceceJ, on
which the larva must feed. I have found rather commonly a
larva mining blotches in upper surface of leaves of Bmihsia serrata,
which I conjectured to belong to this species, but they proved
difficult to rear, all drying up.

BUCCULATRIX, Z.

Head roughly tufted on crown, face smooth ; no ocelli ; tongue
very short. Antennae shorter than fore- wings, filiform,, slender,
with rather small eyecap. No maxillary palpi. No labial palpi.
Fore-wings elongate, narrow, long-pointed, apex somewhat
produced. Hind-wings narrowly lanceolate, ^ to |- of fore-wings,
cilia 2^ to 4 times as broad. Legs slender, posterior tibise long-
haired. Fore-wings with from 8 to 10 veins ; 4 or 5 veins to costa,
cell closed, 1 simple. Hind- wings without cell ; median three-
branched.

Probably a genus of moderate extent, at present represented
by about forty rather closely allied species from Europe, and
North and South America. The Australian species are very
similar to the typical forms, and to one another. The genus may
be immediately separated from all others by the roughly tufted
head and the absence of palpi. The larvse are peculiar amongst
their allies ; sixteen-legged, rough-skinned, mining when very
young, but afterwards feeding externally and unprotected on the
under side of leaves. Pupa in a silken cocoon, generally charac.
teristically ribbed with raised longitudinal lines.

Bucc. eucalypti, n. sp.
$ . 2f". Head with dark fuscous hairs on crown, behind
whitish, face white. Antennae white with dark fuscous annulations
Thorax whitish-ochreons. Abdomen whitish-grey. Legs whitish-

180 DESCRIPTIONS OF ATJSTBALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

oclireous, tarsi Tvith. black rings at base of joints. Fore- wings
brownisb-ocbreous mixed witb paler, witb suffused darker ocbreous
brown markings ; an obsolete cloudy spot on costa beyond middle ;
a ratber larger cloudy spot, suffused witb blackisb scales, on
middle of inner-margin ; apical spot minute, linear, black ; cilia
brownisb-ocbreous round apex, witb scattered blackisb points,
wbitisb-grey on bind-margin. Hind-wine^s fuscous-grey, cilia
pale grey.

Smaller tban tbe two following species, and distinguisbed
generally by tbe obsoleteness and suffusion of tbe markings on
tbe brownisb-ocbreous fore-wings. One specimen bred in Marcb
from a single larva found at Sydney in February.

Larva of tbe typical form, pale dull green, bead pale brownisb ;
feeds on tbe under side of tbe leaves of Eucalyptus sp., (probably
tereticornisj, fMyrtacemJ, gnawing tbe surface of tbe leaf. Pupa
in a firm, wbite, longitudinally five-ribbed cocoon.

Bucc. lassella, n. sp.

^ ? . 3^". Head brownisb-ocbreous, witb a pale stripe on
eacb side of crown, and mixed witb fuscous bairs ; face wbitisb-
ocbreous. Antennae wbitisb, witb strong black annulations.
Tborax brownisb-ocbreous irrorated witb paler. Abdomen and
legs pale brownisb-ocbreous, tarsi witb distinct black rings at
base of joints. Fore- wings wbitisb-ocbreous, finely irrorated
witb dark fuscous scales, and witb brownisb-ocbreous ill-defined
markings ; a central streak from base nearly to middle ; two sbort
broad oblique streaks from costa, first in middle, second at f,
produced to apical spot ; a fuscous oblique spot on inner-margin
beyond middle, and extreme edge of inner-margin more or less
distinctly brownisb-ocbreous ; apical spot irregular, black ; cilia
ockreous-wbitisb round apex, witb irregular^rows of black points,
pale grey on bind-margin. Hind-wings fuscous-grey, cilia ratber
paler.

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 181

Differs from the preceding by the duller colouring, and the
much more distinct and more numerous markings. Four specimens
taken on fences near Sydney, in December and January.

Bucc. asphyctella, n. s}).
? . Sf". Head white, centre of crown with a few fuscous hairs.
Antennae white at base, elsewhere suffused with dark fuscous.
Thorax ochreous-whitish, with pale ochreous shoulder-spot.
Abdomen ochreous-fuscous, sprinkled with white scales. Legs
pale ochreous, tarsi with broad, cloudy, blackish rings at base of
joints. Fore-wings dull whitish, with greyish-ochreous markings
irrorated with dark fuscous scales ; a central streak from base to
middle ; two oblique costal streaks, first in middle, produced along
costa towards base as a very slender streak, second at f, ending
in apical spot ; a narrow irregular streak along inner-margin
from base to apex ; an oblique streak from inner margin beyond
middle, its apex nearly confluent with second costal streak ; an
irregular elongated black apical spot ; cilia whitish with scattered
black points, on hind-margin whitish-grey. Hind-wings grey,
cilia whitish-grey.

Much paler and more distinctly marked than lassella, and
distinguished besides by the absence of the black and white
annulations of the antennae. One specimen in dry scrub near
Parramatta in October.

The above descriptions include all the species of these families
with which I am acquainted as occurring in this region, by
whomsoever described. Walker has indeed described three
species of Micros under Gracilaria as from Australia; one of
these I have identified /^ <y. termmella, Brit. Mus. Oat,, p. 855),
and it is not a Gracilaria at all, but one of the ElaclmtidcE, refer-
able to a genus of which I have several other Australian species ;
it is highly improbable that the other two are correctly referred,
but I cannot recognise them. He has also two species under
Gracilaria from New Zealand ; I have identified one (G. an

182 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 857), and it is a Batrachedra fMacJdstidcdJ.
Walker's references of the smaller Micros are entirely hapliazard
and consequently not in reality worth, even a passing notice.

NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

Note on a Block of Shale from the Hawkesbury Sandstone, by
W. J. Stephens, M. A. — I desire to bring before the notice of our
geological members, a specimen of shale from a boulder embedded
in the Hawkesbury Sandstone at Broughton's Pass, where the
tunnel between the Cataract and Nepean Eivers, in connection
with the Sydney water supply, is now in progress. The point to
which I wish to draw attention at present is that the block has
before its deposition among the sands, which have ultimately
hardened into rock, been subjected to severe strain and pressure
in various directions, producing within its structure those smooth
striated surfaces, which are known to miners as '' Slickensides."
The unconformity of these slides shows that they were not
produced by any uniform or contemporaneous pressures or move-
ments, and appear to me to corroborate in a very unexpected way
the conclusions at which Mr. Wilkinson has arrived as to the
existence of a glacial period during the formation of the Hawkes-
bury Eocks, i. e., posterior to the formation of our upper coal, and
probably equivalent to the Permian formations of better surveyed
countries. Por the irregular and sudden strains which are
produced by massive Ice, when drifted by wind or current, forced
along the land by pressure, or when slipping and tumbling in huge
blocks in consequence of the alteration of their centres of gravity
during the process of melting, are precisely such forces as must
have produced the phenomena under our notice. Some confirmation
may also be found in the absence from the shale thus aifected of
any of those fossil ferns which appear so abundantly in similar
portions of the formation ; and in the occurrence of thin laminae
of fine clay, sometimes with a smooth, mammillated surface,

NOTES Am) EXHIBITS. 183

suggesting the collection of films of mud upon thawing ice, wKich
are dispersed through, the Sandstone at all angles of inclination,
and quite uninjured by attrition, as though they had been gently
deposited in the sand as the ice which supported them melted
away. The bed of stone in which these phenomena occur contains
less iron than usual, and while free from the false bedding so
common in the series, has the aspect of an artificially stirred up
or mixed mass of stuff. There are many other circumstances in
the immediate neighbourhood which argue strongly in favour of
the hypothesis, and I hope at no distant date to lay these before
the Society. It would however, be unreasonable to do this at
present, without the specimens to which reference must be made.
But, in the interim, we must remind ourselves that the formation
is, so far as we know, not at all marine, but entirely from fresh
water. If glaciers existed, they must have debouched on rivers
or lakes, and not on the sea. But without assuming the existence
of actual glaciers, we may suppose that there may have been heavy
ice on these rivers and lakes, packing at times, and perhaps
occasionally forming dams, whose disruption may have led to the
sudden floods of which we have many indications in our Hawkes-
bury Eocks, which are so very difficult, problematical and obscure
to the observer.

Note on a Japanese Drawing of an Octopus, by W. J. Stephens
M.A. — I have brought for the inspection of members a Japanese
work, consisting of a series of illustrations printed in colours,
and representing various forms of Japanese industry. Fishing,
hunting, weaving, bronze-working, mining, tea gathering, the
management of horses and cattle, and many other rural operations
are depicted with considerable spirit and apparent accuracy. It
is quite evident that the pictures are intended to be realistic, and
in no degree imaginary. One cannot, therefore, but feel an
unusual interest in the eighth figure, in which we observe an
enormous Octopus, with eyes not less than two feet in diameter,
a body not less than twelve in length, and arms which may fairly

184 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

be estimated at about thirty feet long. This monster lias one of
these arms extended over a fishing boat, one of the occupants of
■wbicli is drawn as in the act of striking with a large knife at this ,
huge tentacle, as thick as a man's body, where it crosses the
gunwale. For my own part, I am inclined to suppose that the
picture is by no means an exaggeration, but that it is drawn from
actual fact. This Odoims is not longer than other specimens,
portions of which have recently been obtained and subjected to
scientific observation on the coast of the North-west Atlantic. It
will be seen that he is moving in the normal manner of his tribe,
backwards. The break of the sea around his body and arms is
plainly intended to indicate this. The colour of both body and
arms is a monotonous brownish-drab, very different from the
varied and beautiful tints of the smaller octoj^ods. As in these
latter their chameleon faculty of changing the colour of their
external surface is related to, or (as I should say) designed for, the
protection of the weaker individuals, one can readily understand
why in such Hydras as this under our eyes all shyness and
shrinking from public observation may reasonably have been
surrendered. I have entered into these details only because
they seem to corroborate the truthfulness of the general represen-
tation.

Mr. Stephens exhibited the Block of Shale and the Japanese
Pictures referred to above.

Mr. Q-. Masters. — a very large Fish-hook formed of wood, with
sinker of basaltic rock and line of coir fibre, used by the natives
of Fiji in catching the large rock fish.

The President — a nimiber of shells from Western Australia,
and a Cams Achatina from Bass' Straits, previously known only
from Port Jackson.

185

WEDNESDAY, APEIL 28th, 1880.

The President, tlie Eev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.Gf-.S., F.L.S.,
&c., in tlie Chair.

Visitors present: — H. Selkirk, Esq., and the Very Eev. Dean
Lynch.

Gl. S. Bray, Esq., was elected a member of the Society.

DONATIONS.

From Harvard College. — Annual Eeport of Curator of Museum
of Comparative Zoology, 1878-79. Index to Vol. V. of Bulletin.
Bulletin, Vol. V., No. 16.

From Baron F. von Mueller, K.O.M.Q-., etc.. Index perfectus
ad Caroli Linnaei, species plantarum.

From Nurlandaise Soc. des Sciences Exactes et Nat. Haarlem,
Vol. 14, pars 3 and 5, of their Proceedings.

From Eoyal Microscopical Soc, London. — Vol. II., parts 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, and 7a.

PAPEKS READ.

On a New Species of Nepenthes.
By F. M. Bailey, Esq., F.L.S., Corr. Mem. Linn. Soc.
The order of NepenthacecB which belongs to Lindley's euporbial
alliance of diclinous exogens, is limited to the single genus
Nepenthes. It is spread over Southern Asia and the islands of the
Indian and South Pacific Oceans, but most abundant according
to Bentham in the Indian Archipelago. The species are natives
of swampy ground, with no known properties, they are only
cultivated because of the curious leafy sack or pitcher as it is
called, which is formed at the extremity of the leaves. This has

X

186 ON A NEW SPECIES OF NEPENTHES,

obtained for them the name of '^ Pitcher plants." The organ
itself has given rise to some controversy among botanists as to
which part of the plant was the leaf and which the petiole or
footstalk. The recent investigations of Hooker have shown that
the pitcher is a modification of a gland at the termination of the
midrib. About twenty species are known, some of which have
the pitchers of large size, and some have pitchers of two kinds.
The only Australian species hitherto known is iV. Kennedyi,
described by Baron v. Mueller in the fifth volume of the ^Fragmenta
Phytographicd,^ and he says it is distinguished from all the other
species known to him by the peculiar venation which give the
leaves a tesselated character. This peculiarity is shared by the
sjDecies I now describe. Mr. Bentham is doubtful as to whether
N. Kennedyi is more than a variety of the widely-spread N.
phyllampliora, from which it differs in the much more slender
peristome of the pitcher. It is found in the extreme north of the
Cape York peninsula, whence specimens have been brought
down, and are now growing luxuriantly in the gardens of the
Queensland Acclimatization Society, Bowen Park, Brisbane.
My attention was drawn a few days ago by Mr. Bernays, the
President of the Society, to some luxuriant specimens which he
thought differed from the ordinary species N. Kennedyi. On
examining these plants I found them to consist of two evidently
distinct species, one of which appears to me to be new. I have
therefore distinguished it with the specific name of Bernaysii on
account of the great interest taken by that gentleman in every-
thing relating to the botany of Queensland. I forward herewith
a leaf bearing ascidium or pitcher that the members may have
an opportunity of comparing the two species. The flowers and
fruits of both are unknown as yet, but from the appearance of
the Bowen Park plants we may hope before very long to see
them fruiting side by side. The following is the diagnosis.

Stems procumlent, clothed ivith the clasping lases of the petioles.
Leaves alternate, almost crowded, linear-lanceolate, with the short

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S., ETC. 187

winged petioles, one foot to thirteen inches long and about two
inches broad, with five faint longitudinal veins on each side of
the midrib, sprinkled with black dots and close adpressed hairs
of white color. Midrib produced six or seven inches beyond the
lamina, not curled but shortly recurved and bearing* an ascidium
three to four inches long, inflated at the base, the two anterior
rihs ivingecl with wings 1^ to 2 lines broad, colored and prominently
ciliate towards the truncate top, posterior wing somewhat faint,
ending in a hooked spur. Operculum ovate, with numerous small
reddish glands on the inner side. Peristome narrow and slender,
marked with close, transverse lines.

Habitat, Cape York, whence it was sent by a corresi)ondent
some few years ago to the Queensland Acclimatization Society.

On a Fossilifekotjs Bed at the Mouth of the Endeavour

BlVER.

By the Eey. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.Gt.S., F.L.S., President

OF THE LiNNEAN SoCIETY, N.S.AV.

The mouth of the Endeavour Eiver is a wide estuary forming
a bay which is entered by crossing a sandy bar. The north side
of the entrance is a flat sandy beach. The south side is a granite
hill about 900 feet high. On the land side this granite hill is
broken through by a volcanic dyke, very like some of the older
tertiorry dolerites of Victoria and New South AVales. The granite
hill is called Grassy Hill, and it was upon this which Captain
Cook encamped while repairing the "Endeavour," more than
a hundred years ago. It is very steep on the side facing the sea,
but in front of it inside the bar there is a mass of large boulders
derived from the volcanic dyke. These are covered with the
usual littoral shell-fish of these latitudes, namely Planaxis sulcata,
Nerita polita, JSferita alhicella, Acmcsa niarmorata, &c. The shingle
round these boulders is much mingled with sand and tropical

188 ox A FOSSILIFEEOIJS BED, EXDEAYOUR EIYEE,

shells, and occasional fragments of coral. The latter is mucli worn
and broken, and is evidently derived from some of the reefs, the
nearest of which is about eight miles away. Tlie township of
Cooktown is built on the slopes of Grassy Hill at less than a mile
inside the bar, where the volcanic dyke ceases and where the hill
is less steep. Some short time since the corporation had occasion
to make some excavations at the foot of the hill and not very far
from the volcanic dj^ke. At a depth of ten feet a deposit of coral
debris was reached, consisting of broken fragments such as we
only meet now very close to a coral reef or at its surface. It
was of entirely a different nature from the shingle now being
deposited around the trap boulders.

I examined the debris carefully, and found it consisted of
existing species of Madrepora, Fungia, Tiirhinaria, Favonia,
Seriato2)ora, Favia, Focillopora, Solenastrcea, Galaxea, Mussa, &c.
I could not trace any difference either in the size or character of
the fossils, but some of the species are more common than those
of the neighbouring reefs. The fragments were not much rolled
as coral usually is when it forms shingle beds. It was stained a
reddish colour, no doubt derived from the alluvium above it,
which was derived from the decomposed trap. The level of the
deposit was about three or four feet above the present water level
and about a dozen j^ards from where the waters now reach. There
is no living coral growing anywhere near these beds, the nearest
reef from which the formation has been derived must have been
near, and all traces of it have now disappeared. There must
have been also some alteration in the levels, j)robably upheaval,
though it is but slight. We cannot easily suppose that the bed
of the estuary has shifted. The fresh-water stream connected
with it, that is to say the Endeavour River and its tributaries is
too insignificant to effect the formation of the estuary. At present
I do not see any way of accounting for the deposit, except by
upheaval and the consequent destruction of the coral. The fact
is of great importance, because if established it is the only instance

BY THEEEV. J. E. TENISOX-'WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 189

of a raised beach, wliich has hitherto been recorded on the whole
of the north-east coast of Australia. I cannot give any idea of
the extent of the beds. They had been partly covered over at
the time of my visit. The coral had been found so useful as road
metal and for lime-burning purposes, that the material was
removed in large quantities, This was causing considerable
injury to the roads and wharves, so the government ordered the
quarries to be filled in. The beds are of course recent, but from
the thickness of the aUuvium which covered them they must be
of considerable antiquity. We have reasonable ground for
supposing that some changes have taken place even since Captain
Cook's time. He relates having found an abundance of turtle on
an island reef which is known now as the turtle reef. A portion
of it used to be always uncovered, but now it is only at low water
springs that any of the reef is laid bare, and it is consequently
quite abandoned by turtles. They only frequented the locality
for the purpose of laying their eggs, for which they choose dry
sandy places.

Another circumstance worthy of mention is that immense
patches of floating pumice, are met with at times inside the Barrier
Eeef . They are with marine animals and exuviae of aU kinds,
but especially the internal skeleton of a species of Sejna. This
pumice from its appearance must have been a long time in the
water. It need hardly be added that it could not have come
from any part of Australia. It may be connected with some of
more recent volcanic outbreaks of the Pacific Islands. Fragments
of the same stone are frequently found in the shingle and sands
on the beaches of the whole of north-east Australia. I looked
very carefully among the coral debris of the formation here
described, but could not find any traces of pumice or volcanic
stone.

190 NOTES ON A NEW VARIETY OE BTJLIMUS CALEDONICrS,

Notes on a new variety of Bulimus Caledonicus.
By J. Brazier, C.M.Z.S., 0. M.E.S., Tas., M.C.S., G.B. and I.,

ETC., ETC.

Placostylus Caledonicus.

1845. Bulimus Caledonicus, Petit. Eevue. ZooL, j)« 53.
1848. „ „ Pfr. Mon. Helic. Yiv. Vol. II., p. 140.

1853. „ „ Pfr. Mon. Helic. Yiv. Vol. III., p. 378.

1855. PlacostijUs „ A.d. Gren., Vol. II., p. 153.

1859. Bulimus ,, Pfr. Mon. Helic. Viv. Vol. IV., p. 447.

1860. Placostylus ,, Albers, Die. Heliceen, I., p. 185.

1863. Bulimus ,, Gassies, Faune Conch. Nouv, Caled.,

I., p. 44.

1864. ,, ,, Crosse, Journ. de Concli., Vol. XIL,

p. 121.

1868. „ „ Pfr. Mon. HeHc. Viv., Vol. VI., p. 83.

1870. ,, ,, Marie, Journ. de Conch., Vol. XVIII.,

p. 382.

1871. ,, ,, Gassies, Faune Conch., Nouv. Caled.

II., p. 77.
1874. Placostylus ,, Tappar-Canefri, Malac. Viaggio,

Magenta, p. 85.
1877. Bulimus „ Pfr. Mon. HeHc. Viv. Vol. VTH., p. 119.

Var. B. edentula, wanting the prominent characteristic callus
tubercle on the upper jjart of the columella that is so common
in the typical form ; longitudinally, finely striated, nearly smooth
covered with a thin shining periostraca ; peristome much thicker
and slightly reflected, broad sinus above, contracted in the centre ;
columella, lip and interior of aperture bright dark red. Long.
34; breadth, 17; height, 15; aperture, 15 lines long.

Hah. Coumac or Kumac, "West Coast of the Island of New
Caledonia.

This veryinteresting variety of j52^//»ms Caledonicus was obtained
in the ranges of Tiebagi, a series of mountain ranges near the

BY J. BEAZIEE, C.M.Z.S., C.M.R.S., ETC. 191

north end of the island by my kinsman Mr. Greorge Eossiter, in
the year 1878; the five specimens that I have received do not
show any signs of any tubercle on the upper part of the
columella. I believe a specimen was sent to Mr. Gr. B. Gassies,
of Bordeaux, some time back, and I am informed by Mr. R. 0.
Eossiter of Noumea, that it was pronounced by him to be a
variety of Bulimus Caledonicus. I distinguish the variety in future
as edentula, the typical form has been found at Congouma by
Monsieur E. Marie, Jouebo, (E. P. Lambert).

NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

Note on Malurus leuconotus, Gould, by E. P. Eamsay, F.L.S.,
&c. — As the habitat of this rare species is not generally known I
have the pleasure of recording the fact of Mr. James Eamsay of
Tjrridarie, having obtained specimens in the Burke district, along
with Malurus leucopterus, 31. calainus, M. Lamlerti, and Jf. melanotus
A^mjtis striatiis has also been obtained by the same gentleman
along with Sphejiostoma cristata. The Australian Museum has
received a skin of the white-backed Malunis from Mosgiel, so that
the true habitat of this bird fM, leuconotusj may be said to be the
central and western portion of New South Wales, and probably
the northern boundary of South Austraha.

Note on the q^^ of Edectus polychlyrus, by E. P. Eamsay, F.L.S.
— I have also the pleasure of exhibiting the eggs of Eclectus
polycTilorus, recently presented to the Museum by Mr. Andrew
Goldie. Its total length is 1-58 in., breadth 1-2, color of a glossj-
white, oblong, and rather pointed, under the lens the shell is
pitted and minutely granular at the larger end ; five eggs are laid
for a sitting in the hollow limb of a tree, the young nestlings
are of the same red and green plumage of their parents ; the $
red, the $ green.

192 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

The President exMbited specimens of Nepenthes Kennedyi, and
N. Bernaysiiy and photographs of a new Lycopocl from the Tiooli
Mines, Queensland.

Mr. T. A. Tenison-Woods — a SydropMs fsp.J from Java.

Mr. G. Masters — an Antechinus fuUginosus, with five young in
its pouch.

Dr. Cox — a portion of the nest of White Ants in which is
imbedded two eggs of a large species of iguana or Hyclrosaurus.
Also a small Australian Truffle fMelita AustralisJ, a fungus used
as food by the Blacks.

Mr. Palmer — a collection of Fungi collected at Burwood.

Mr. Brazier — the Bulimus Caledonicus and edentida referred to
in his paper. Also Tryon's Manual of Conchology, Vol. I., on
Cephalopora, and Parts 1 and 2 on the genus Murex.

WEDNESDAY, IVIAY 26th, 1880.

The Yice-President, W. J. Stephens, Esq., M.A., in the Chair.

MEMBERS ELECTED.

H. Selkirk, Esq., Petersham.
P. G. King, Esq., Sydney.
P. McMahon, Esq., Sydney.
Pev. Dr. Woolls, Eichmond.

Augustus Simson, Esq.,

Tasmania.
Yery Eev. J. J. Lynch,

Campbelltown.

Dr. Gilhooley, Oxford Street.

DOXATIONS.

Erom H. C. Eussell, Esq., B.A., " Climate of New South
Wales, 1877," ''Eain Observations, 1878." '' Eain and Eiver
Observations, 1879."

From Dr. Woolls, ' ' Plants indigenous to the Neighbourhood
of Sydney.

193

From Harvard College, ''Bulletin of Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Vol. yi., No. 3.

PAPERS READ.

0^ THE Habits of some AttstraIiIAn Echini.

By THE Eey, J. E. Tenisox- Woods, F.Gr.S., F.L.S., President
OF the Linz^ean Society, N.S.W.

In 1877 I published in the Proceedings of this Society a list of
the Australian Echini known to me. I was not able at that time
to add very much about their habits, a defect which in the present
paper I propose to remedy to some extent. It may be remarked
that not much is known about the habits of most of the species.
In the elaborate work of Agassiz on the Echini there is a chapter
on their habits, but it is very short. What it says may be
summarized in a few words. It states that they are gregarious,
that some live on the sand, that others bury themselves in cavities
of the rocks which the}^ scoop out for themselves, and that a few
adhere to the rocks by their powerful suckers. Very little more
is added, but probably because facts of a more detailed kind did
not come within the scope of the work. I find also on looking
through the works of the greatest modern writers onEchi7ii, such
as Loven, Yerril, Desor, Dujardin, and Hupe, that little is
said about the habits of the living species. I regret that I am
not able to add very much myself, and my facts will only have
reference to the most of our own species, but still I am in hopes
that before long I shall be able to add much more. The dredge
has been so little used on the Australian coast that a great many
of the species whose habitat is far from the land are only known
from specimens which have been cast up upon the sea-beach.
This is especially the case with Phyllacanthus annidifera. P. dnhia,
lives on a sandy bottom at a depth of from six to ten fathoms.
Its food or its mode of life are unknown. As far as I know, it
prefers tranquil sandy bays and partially enclosed waters. It
seems to be very common all round the Australian coast. In Port
y

194 HABITS OF SOME AUSTEALIAK ECHIXI,

Jackson it is veiy common ; Mr. Eamsay dredged up specimens
01 all ages and sizes from off the sandy bottom. It is equally
common in Moreton Bay, and a good number of specimens have
been brought down from Port Darwin in Nortli Australia. I
cannot notice any difference between the specimens brought from
these widely separated localities. Like all the species of Echini
it is gregarious, and the ''flocks" are confined to localities which
are often far apart. In a former paper I have given the reasons
which induce me to separate P. duhia from P. ^arvkj^ina nobis, a
species distinguished especially by its more numerous and
comparatively smaller spines.

Goniocidaris is a form which has two representatives in Australia
Yet very little of its habits is known. The common species is
G. tubaria, Lamarck. It is occasionally washed up on the beach
after storms, and is often covered with ^r?/020«. It would appear
as if it loved sandy situations, and from the fact the specimens
come ashore singly we may suppose that it is not gregarious.

Biadema setosum, Gray, is a species that has a very wide range.
It is very common on many of the Pacific Islands and in the
Indian Archipelago. I have seen specimens from Java. It is
common all along the Barrier Eeef and on the islands within it.
I have always found it in rocky pools at the side of the pillars of
dead coral which go by the name of '' Nigger Heads." Its
delicate spines are so long, slender, and brittle, that I should
imagine it must always keep on soft sandy places. But it may
be found sometimes adhering by its suckers to the rock under a
ledo-e where there is a wide sweep for its beautiful spines. When
in this position it is nearly impossible to obtain the specimen
uninjured. The spines break at the least touch, and if the hand
is brought incautiously near they penetrate it in aU directions,
breaking and leaving the fragments in the flesh. Fortunately
the serrated edges are turned towards the point of the spine, so
that the splinters work themselves out of the skin quite easily.
In this genus the anal system is closed by a thin naked membrane

BY THEKEV. J. E. TEXISOX-WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 195

and the anal orifice is prolonged into a flesb.j tube -which, extends
like a proboscis bej^ond the central plates. In the living
specimens this tube is swollen out like a large eye, a resemblance
which a rim of colour round the centre makes still more striking.
It is very difficult to pursuade the fisherman that this is not an
eye, and it makes the beauty and singular appearance of the
animal much more conspicuous. Small examples of an urchin
which looked very much like this species have been found in
Port Jackson, and I was disposed to regard them as the young
of Biadema setosum. But as the species is not found elsewhere in
the tropics the Port Jackson urchins may be the young of
Centrostephanus Roclgersii, which abounds in the harbour. The
spines were more slender than in the adult state of Centrostephanus
but the color and markings of both genera are the same. It is a
matter that will require further examination.

Ecliinotlirix calamaris, A. Agassiz, is rarely found on the
Australian coast and only so far as is known on the north-east
within the tropics. The specimens found by me were obtained
in turning over dead blocks of coral on the inner edge of the
Barrier Eeef, and on the coral islands. I never saw it adhering
by its suckers to anything. When exposed by turning over
the stone which sheltered it, the spines were spread equally
in all directions around it and moved slowly away. The spines
are of two kinds. Those attached to the primary tubercles are
rather stout and long with blunt points. They are of pale sea
green colour with bands of purple-brown. The other spines are
of various lengths, some equalKng the primaries and as fine as
hair, of a golden lustre with bands of darker colour. These are
terrible as weapons of defence. Fine as they are they penetrate
the flesh at the least touch. The first JEchinothrix I ever handled
sent its hair spines right through some of my fingers. I cannot
help thinking that it has some way of striking with the spines,
as I thought I approached the animal quite gently, and had
scarcely more than touched it when my hands were wounded.

196 HABITS OF SOME ATJSTRALIAl^ ECHINI,

None of the wounds bled as tlie puncture is so very fine. It is
useless to try to extract tlie fragments as they break into pieces
as soon as they enter the flesh. I suffered no inconvenience from
them after a day or so, and don't know what became of them.

Centrostephanm Rodgersii, A. Agassiz, is one of the few species
which appears to have a very restricted habitat. It is common
at Port Jackson and Botany Heads, and on the coast between,
but I do not know of any other place where it is found on the
east coast. Doubtless this is only because we know so very little
of the coast fauna. When a closer examination is made other
habitats will surely be found. It is a very handsome urchin of
the deepest purple, or almost black colour. The spines seem all
of one kind, and being rather stout are closely packed, besides
being long and gracefully tapering. They are grooved with
transverse rings or serrations, hollow and so thin that a very
slight touch breaks them. The test also is very thin and easily
destroyed. The animal generally lives in rocky crevices or over-
hanging ledges. It clings to the rock with its powerful suckers
with the surface free. It is very careful to select as a place of
repose a very narrow cell with just room enough for its body.
The projecting spines can be seen, but it is only on the rarest
occasions that it can be drawn from its recess uninjured. It
adheres with great tenacity, and any attempt to detach it crushes
the spines and the test. It emerges from these fastnesses to feed
on the sandy bottom when the tide is in. It can then be easily
captured and is often overtaken by storms and thrown up on the
beach in a nearly perfect condition.

Astrojyyga radiata, Leske, has a very soft- thin test and a few
short thin spines. It seems to feed on the mud, but I know
nothing more of its habits. Its only Australian habitat is in
Torres Straits, and then few specimens were found together.

Jleterocentrotus mammillatiis, Klein., does not seem to be rare on
the Australian coast wherever coral reefs are found. Its habits
are much the same as Echinothrix calamaris. It lives among the

I

BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON- WOODS, E.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 197

blocks of dead coral or at least searches for its food amongst
them. Though the spines are stout and the test is uncommonly
strong, it is very difficult to detach it from the crevice in which
it wedges itself. The only specimen seen by me in this way was
in a narrow groove or furrow on the side of a Solenastrcea. Its
beautiful brown spines with their bands of white and orange
made it a conspicuous object, the water was too dee^) for anything
but a long boat-hook, and then with every effort I could not
detachit. The species has avery wide range throughoutthe Pacific.

Echinometra lucimtur, Leske. This is certainly the most common
urchin throughout the tropics, and I believe it is as common in
the Pacific as it is in Australia. I always found it under stones
or blocks of dead coral upon the reefs. I never saw it attach
itself to any object, but it moves rather quickly for an urchin
when its hiding place is discovered. Hundreds can be gathered
at every low tide upon the reefs. Sometimes as many as half a
dozen will be found imder a single block of stone. The colour
is very variable, and guite different from the appearance presented
by dried specimens in cabinets. The younger individuals are a
delicate fawn colour, and then there is every variation from pale
grey to black, or black and white. It is seldom that in a group
two urchins are of the same colour. I don't know of any species
which offers greater facilities for the stud}^ of the habits of sea
urchins. Its abundance on places where it can be easily observed
and its habits all favour remarks on its life history. In this and
the preceding species, it does not seem to me, that there are any
suckers around the actinosome, or at least that they do not attach
themselves to any object by means of them. In all those urchins
which attach themseles I notice a great flatness about the
actinosome and the ambulacral j)ores are spread out over a much
wider surface, I presimie it is by means of the tubes of these areas,
that the animal fixed itself firmly to the surfaces of the rock. In
Seterocentrohis mammiUatus and Ecliinometra lucunter, the region
round the actinosome is rounded.

198 HABITS OF SOME AUSTRALIAN ECHINI,

Stomopneustes atropurpurea, nobis. This species is very like S.
variolaris, Lamarck, found both in the Indian Ocean and in the
Pacific. "When I made my first list of the Australian Echini the
only Australian species known to me was in the Australian
Museum and there was no record as to its habitat. Since then I
have found a large number of specimens at Port Douglas, Trinity
Bay, in about Lat. 16° N. All that were obtained by me lived
on one small patch of rocky shore fronting a peninsula called
Island Point, which is not more than a mile in extent. Had I
not found a fragment of a broken test upon the beach I should
never have known that it could be found in that locality. I don't
know of any urchin which hides itself more skilfully. It chooses
a large immoveable boulder for its shelter, and buries itself in
the deei^est recess it can find underneath, and only those recesses
which are almost closed in on every side. It was only after a
lengthened search made by stooping low down and peering under
every boulder that at last I was rewarded by seeing a few dark
sjpines projecting out of a dark crevice. It was far out of reach
of my hands so I had to content myself then with knowing that
I had found the sort of hiding place I had to look for. I then
procui-ed a stout h-on pot-hook which I fastened to the end of a
bamboo. With this I imagined I could easily get them out of
the crevices. But I was entirely mistaken. Some of them would
not yield to all the force I could employ, and some after a
prolonged effort were got out and entirely destroyed. There was
no scarcity of specimens. Once I knew where to look for them I
discovered them on every side, but only to renew my disappoint-
ment in trying to dislodge them. In four or five instance I was
able to move the stones on which they were, and I found that they
were so firmly attached by their snckers as not to be pulled away
by the hand. Any attempt in this way only broke the spines.
But by passing a knife underneath they were easily lifted up,
and then they would commence to move off slowly on the tips of
their spines, which throughout the whole order serve the purpose

BY THEEEV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 199

of locomotion. In all I was able to get about two dozen specimens,
but a good many of tbem more or less damaged. Altogether it
is a most disagreeable kind of fishing. The rocks are covered
with oysters and balani, and one requires strong leather gloves
to avoid being seriously cut by the thin edges of the shells which
project from the surface. In my first attempt to capture a
8tomo2meusfes my hands were covered with blood in a few minutes.

I believe the same species occur in Port Denison, and I dare
say in many other places along the coast, because it may be so
easily overlooked in its hiding place, and so much of the coast
has been so slightly examined, that I should not be surprised to
find that it is very abundant. It is I think nearly certain that the
species we have in Australia is not the same as that described as
S. variolaris, by Lamarck, and figured by Agassiz in his '^ Revision
of the Echini " In the first place our Australian specimens are
much larger, sometimes twice the size of any figured or described.
Then the colour is entirely different. The spines and test except
the tubercles are of a very deep purple-black colour, while in the
Mauritius and Indian specimens they are green and pur^ole. The
peculiar groove at the vertical suture which belongs to the genus
is much less waved. The arrangement of the tubercles is slightly
different, and the shape of the madreporiform body which is
moreover studded with small glossy milliary tubercles. Yet with
all these differences the points of resemblance with >S^. variolaris^
are many. In this species, and in fact with nearly every urchin
known to me, when plunged into fresh cold water a purplish
fluid is seen to exude abundantly from the test, and I have some-
times thought that these animals might have a colour bag such
as Dolahella Rum])hii, Scalaria australis, and many species of Sepia.

Strongylocentrotus eunjthrogrammus, Valenciennes. Though we
are said to have three species of this genus in Australia, yet this
appears to me to be the only one usually met with. It has a very
wide range, and like Ecliinometra lucunter varies a good deal in
the colour of the spines. Its habitat is in the clefts and crevices

200 HABITS OF SOME AUSTRALIAN ECHINI,

of rocks to whicli it adheres by its suckers. It is very common
on tlie rocks near Boncli, outside the Heads, but difficult to
obtain from tlie way in which, it wedges itself into crevices. All
the specimens are of a light chocolate-brown. The spines are
long and sharp and require to be very carefully handled.

Sph(erechinus australicB, A. Agassiz. This is one of the most
beautiful sea urchins, from the brilliancy of the colouring of the
spines. I believe it has been found near Port Jackson, but as I
have only seen a very few species and never obtained one alive ^
I know nothing of its habits.

Temnopleurus toruematiciis, Klein. This is not only one of the
oldest known urohins, but it is one of the most widely diffused.
It is very common on all sandy beaches in the tropics, but probably
extends all round Australia. Professor Tate of Adelaide sent me
a specimen which came from South Australian waters. On the
north bank of the Endeavour Eiver there is a long sandy beach
outside the bar, on which a surf is always beating. This I found
strewn for miles with the same species in September 1879, and I
think there was seldom any beach I visited within the tropics
where I did not obtain specimens. At Townsville I used to get
a good many living individuals, washed up by the surf. It
evidently lives on sandy ground and will bear a considerable
amount of tossing by the waves without injury. In the fuU
grown urchins the test is of a dull yellow colour, and the sj^ines
of a dark green intermingled with colorless ones. They are very
sparingly scattered over the test. From the fact of finding so
many in one place I should think it went about on the sea
bottom in herds. I never saw any on the coral reefs nor near a
rocky coast.

Salmacis. I am of opinion that all our Australian sjDecies of
Salmacis will need a thorough revision. The one I considered as
8. hicoloVy Agassiz, varies very niQch from the diagnosis and
figures in the '' Eevision," I think we may certainly say that we
have another species besides those enumerated by Mr. Agassiz,

BY THE REV. J. E. TENISOX- WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 201

and there may be more. With, regard to S. rarispina, Agas.,
there is little to add to its known habits. It is rather common
and always found upon a sandy bottom. I obtained it recently
from Port Denison, and in many places as far south as Moreton
Bay.

Mesinlia glohihis, Agass. In my list given last year in the
Proceedings of this Society, I expressed a doubt as to the
genuineness of the Australian habitat for this species. I have
now no doubt on the matter as I have found a specimen on a
sandy beach in Trinity Bay.

Amllypneustes ovum, Lamarck. This is the most common of all
the Australian urchins on the southern coasts, but I do not know if
it extends either to the west or north side of the continent.
Some stress has been laid on the shape of the test for specific
distinction. Nothing of this kind can be relied upon. In some
specimens of A. ovum you have a marked pentagonal outline and
every gradation from depressed orbicular, to perfectly oval and
egg-shaped. The pentagonal form is very common in young
individuals. Among about 200 specimens picked up after a gale
of wind on the beach at Wollongong, I was able to arrange a
perfect series of shape and colour, the tints in extreme cases
giving bright blue, red and yellow shades. It is a gregarious
species and is found only upon sandy coasts. At Guichen Bay
in South Australia, and Lacepede Bay, which is the next bay to
the north, I have seen the beach strewn for miles with the tests of
this urchin, of aU sizes up to nearly three inches in length. It
has a very thin shell and is easily broken. It is common on all
the South Australian coast as far as Spencer's Gulf, and is often
strung like beads for ornamental purposes. The color of the test
varies exceedingly, almost every shade may be met with, but
grey-green is the prevailing tint. I cannot help thinking that
A. griseus and A. paUidus may only be varieties of this species.

With regard to aU the species of Holopneustes, I am still obliged
to state that I have seen none on the Australian coast, though I
z

202 HABITS OF SOME AUSTRALIAN ECHINI,

have been takiug an interest in our Echini for many years. There
is no species known to me in any of our Museums in any of the
colonies.

Echinus Barnleye^ms, nobis. Since I described this species I
have seen other specimens from different parts of the East
Australian coast. It is very gregarious and goes, I should imagine
in shoals on sandy bottoms. I sent specimens to Professor
Alexander Agassiz, of Cambridge Mass., and he tells me that the
species was known to him and he always regarded it as a variety
of the South American E. magellamcus. But as that species
differs from mine in some important particulars, is not known to
occur outside American waters, we may perhaps regard ours as
distinct.

Hipponoe variegata, Leske. I have already remarked the very
variable character of this species, but I am more disposed than
ever to regard the large individuals which are found occasionally
in Port Jackson as distinct species. The described light violet
or blue variety is not at all uncommon inside the Barrier Eeef .
Every specimen met by me was denuded of spines and cast high
and dry amid the debris on the sand and coral shingle, which is
found on one side of every reef. It is always a most consjDicuous
object of light violet or lilac colour. The white tubercles and the
markings of the coronal sutures giving it a most elegant appearance.
These features and the very deep actinal cuts easily distinguish it.

Evechiniis chloroticus, Yernl. This seems to be rather a common
species in New Zealand, judging from the facility with which
specimens are obtained. The spines are short and stout, and of
a uniform green colour. I know nothing of its habits, but should
be inclined to think that it took in New Zealand the place which
is occupied by Strong ylocentrotus eurythrogrammus in Australia.
Two small and young specimens were found near Port Jackson.

Echinanthus testiidinarius. In m;^ list of Echini I have stated
that this species is found fossil in the Murray Eiver beds, but

BY THE EEY. J. E. TEXISOX-WOODS, E.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 203

Prof. McCoy has sliowii that the living form is distinct, though
resembling it in many respects. It has a very wide range and is
rather common. Prof. Agassiz called my attention to the
variability of the species and has suggested that my E. tnmidus
may be one of the varieties. But the two species are so entirely
different that the matter will not bear discussion. I intend to
publish a figure of E. tnmidus, and then this will I think be put
beyond a doubt. I have found E. testitudinarius all along the
East Australian coast, both within and outside the tropics and
have not noticed any great variability in its character, in fact I
should have said that it is one of the exceptionally constant species
in Australia. 1 obtained one small example from Moreton Bay,
which I presented to the National Museum Melbourne, which had
a remarkable depression in one of the petals, but this arises clearly
from a malformation. The specimen is dwarfed and depressed,
but not otherwise different from the normal type.

Lagcmum depressum, Lesson, and L. Bonami, Klein, are both
rather common on sandy situations, but the species of this genus
and PeroneUa are so extremely alike that unless the interior of the
test is examined they cannot be referred with certainty to any
genus or species.

PeroneUa decagonaUs, Lesson, is found of large size at Port
Denison and on sandy places all along the inside of the Barrier
Eeef. It extends to Port Jackson, but there it is only very small.
Within the tropics it is very large and of a blood red colour.
Though very much depressed at the edges, and seemingly thin
and fragile it has a very strong test, and is seldom found broken.
It lies on the sea bottom covered with sand, so that without a
dredge specimens are not easily obtained.

Chjpeaster Immilis, Leske. A very fine specimen of this urchin
was obtained by Messrs. Haswell and Morton, in Port Denison.
This is the first time it has been found on the Australian coasts.

JSclimaraclinins par ma, Klein, is not so common on the northern
coast as I supposed, but Arachmides placenta, Linn., is very

204 . DESCRIPTION'S OF AUSTRALIAT^ MICRO -LEPIDOPTERA,

plentiful. At the mouth of the Endeavour Eiver the coast was
strewn with dead and broken tests of the species. Using a very
small dredge at about ten fathoms one can obtain hundreds or
thousands of specimens anywhere between Cape Grenville and
Port Denison.

Maretla plamdata, Leske, is also a very com^mon species and is
found on a sandy bottom at moderate depths from about five
fathoms. We know very little about the Spatangidce, but their
habits might be easily studied in Sydney with even a small
aquarium. The peculiar smooth actinal plastron points no doubt
to some distinct habits and modes of getting its food, which would
be very interesting to study. Though it is not at all rare on the
east coast, yet because the test is very brittle it is never found on
the beach. Any s])ecimens that are washed up must be broken
to pieces. This shows how notliing but the dredge will reveal
what urchins we have in Australia.

Eclivnocardium &mfrale, Gray. This species is abundant on
sandy shores, from Port Jackson to East Tasmania. Like all the
clypeastroid urchins it seems to feed on Foraminifera.

Breijnia aicstralasice, Gray, is extremely abundant in the sandy
shallow bays about Port Denison.

Rhjnolrmus aiyicalis, nohis. Small specimens of this urchin
have lately been found in Port Jackson at sixteen fathoms. They
were not one-fourth the size of the type specimen obtained by
me from Moreton Bay.

Bescriptioxs of Australian Micro-Lepidoptera.
By E. Meyrick, B.A.

IV. TINEINA, (Continued).

The present instalment treats of the families Ghjpliiptcryg'ulcn
and Erechthiad(B, giving descriptions of fifty-three species, of which

BY E. MEYEICK, B.A. 205

number forty-two are new to science. One species appears to
liave been introduced, sixteen are confined to New Zealand, the
remaining thirty-six are confined to Australia. Before giving
the descriptions, I will offer some general remarks upon the
classification of the families forming the subject of the paper.

Amogst the Glyphiptenjgidce'Lh.SiYQ included the genera Simaethis
and CJioreutls, usually separated by European entomologists as a
distinct family, under the title of ChoreuUdce. These insects have
long been held to be of doubtful location, but our recent increased
knowlege of the group has caused unprejudiced minds to have
little hesitation in referring them at least to the neighbourhood of
of the Glyijlupterygidce ; so near do the}' come to this family in
structure that no definite point of distinction can be alleged,
except the abnormally broader wings, a variable and insufficient
character. I am decidedly of opinion that there is no ground for
separating the two families ; were they regarded as distinct, it
would certainly be necessary to form a third family for the
Australian genera Hypertropha, Eupselia, and Aeolocosma, which
are aUied to but differ from both. Perhaps this might eventually
be done, but at present I think it would be at least premature.
It must be admitted, however, that it is hardly psssible to define
the family as a whole so as to distinguish it from the OeGoplioridcE,
to which it comes nearest. The best points on which to rely
consist in vein 1 of fore-wings not being furcate at base, veins 7
and 8 not being stalked, and the antennte of $ not being
conspicuously ciliated ; but to all these points there are several
exceptions, though I think one or more will always be found to
hold. The characters of the Oecoplioridcd proper (which family I
hope shortly to take in hand) are remarkably uniform in them-
selves.

Of the Glyphipterygidce three European genera occur here, but
only two f Simaethis and Glypliipteryx) are represented by native
species, the single species of Choreutis being doubtless introduced
and tolerably cosmopolitan. The development of the genus

206 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTEEA,

Glyphipteryx is remarkable, tlie number of species found in these
reo-ions already exceeding all those known from tke rest of tbe
world, nor do I think that future discoveries will reverse this
proportion. Besides these I have been obliged to form five new
genera, two of these being nearly allied to GlyjMpteryx, the
other three forming a group together. The group of GlypMioteryx
appears especially predominant in New Zealand, where their
numbers are out of all proportion to those of other families of
Tineina, compared with the standards of other regions; the
Glyphipterygidcd collected by myself on my New Zealand journey
formed about a twelfth part of the Tineina obtained, whilst in
Europe they constitute about a hundred and eightieth.

The other family, the JErecUhiadcD, is new, and contains five new
genera, which I have been compelled to form for the reception
of a peculiar group of species, which will not harmonise with
any previously established family. It is in my opinion related
to the GlypMpterygidcB, although in point of structural characters
it certainly approaches nearer to the Tineidce. The following will
be a general summary of its characteristics : —

EEECHTHIADJE, nov. fam.

Head rough, tufted between eyes (face smooth in one genus of
rather uncertain position). Ocelli present. No tongue. Maxillary
palpi well developed, folded. Labial palpi rather short or moderate,
porrected or drooping, generally roughly scaled or haired.
Antennae shorter than fore-wings, in ^ not ciliated. Legs
moderate, posterior tibise usually clothed with long hairs. Fore-
wings elongate-lanceolate, rarely with distinct hind-margin.
Hind- wings rather narrower than fore- wings, lanceolate, with
long cilia. Fore-wings with 11 (rarely 12) veins, subcostal vein
obsolete towards base ; secondary cell indicated ; 1 simple or
furcate at base ; 6 and 7 separate, or more rarely stalked. Hind-
wings with 8 (or rarely 7) veins, subcostal obsolete towards base ;

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 207

5 and 6 stalked or separate. Larva sixteen-legged, feeding
internally on seeds or bark.

The normal type of markings consists of a pale central longi-
tudinal streak and oblique costal and dorsal streaks on a darker
ground. Structurally, as mentioned above, the family approaches
the Tineidce, especially in the rough head and folded well-developed
maxillary palpi ; the head is however less rough behind, and
especially tufted on the forehead, where the hairs commonly form
a projecting ridge ; all the wings, especially the hind- wings, are
narrower and more lanceolate, though there are exceptions ; vein
1 of fore-wings is often not furcate ; the obliteration of the sub-
costal veins of both wings on their basal halves appears to be a
constant character ; the tyj)e of markings is quite different, and
approximates in principle to that of the Ghjphij^terygidcB. I am
aware that these points hardly afford sufficient justification for
the creation of a new family ; but the insects themselves assort
so ill with the Tineidce, that I prefer to regard them provisionally
as a distinct group, believing that science will be better served
by an attempted arrangement, even if it be proved hereafter
faulty, than by throwing all together into a heterogeneous mass.
The group as constituted is at least natural in itself.

The family is probably of some extent in the Australian region,
though not at present known to me as occurring elsewhere. I
have described ten Australian and six New Zealand species, and
have every reason to believe that many more remain to be found,
especially in New Zealand, where the typical genus ErecMhias
seems to be dominant.

I purpose reserving until I come to treat of the Oecoplioridce
(where they will have an especial significance) some remarks on
the meaning and value attached to the group called a family, with
reference to the difficulty of limiting these groups when natural
by any fixed definition of characters.

208 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRAILIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

aLYPHIPTEEYGID^ .

TKe eight genera hiterto found in Australia may be tabulated
as follows : —

I. Hind-wings broader tban fore-wings.

A. veins 7 and 8 of fore-wings stalked . . Hypertropba

B. veins 7 and 8 of fore-wings separate.

1. second joint of palpi rougMy scaled

beneath. . . . . . . . . Simaetliis

2. second joint of palpi with long, erect

bristles beneath . . . . . . Choreutis

II. Hind-wings narrower than, or hardly as broad

as fore-wings.

A. second joint of palpi beneath smooth, with

appressed scales.

1 . fore-wings with 1 1 separate veins . . Euj)selia

2. fore- wings with 12 veins, 7 and 8 stalked Aeolocosma

B. second joint of palpi beneath roughly scaled

in somewhat projecting whorls . . . . Glyi)hii3teryx

C. second joint of palpi with long, loose, pro-

jecting hairs, tuft-like.

1 . veins 7 and 8 of fore-wings stalked . . Apistomorpha

2. veins 7 and 8 of fore-wings separate. . Phryganostola

Hypertropha, n. g.

Head smooth ; with ocelli ; tongue moderate. Antennee half
as long as fore-wings, fiiliform, simple. No maxillary palpi.
Labial palpi short, recurved, second joint with appressed scales,
terminal joint slender, hardly acute- Thorax with a bifid crest
behind. Fore-wings very broadly triangular, less than twice as
lono- as broad, costa rounded, apex somewhat produced, hind-
margin waved, hardly oblique. Hind-wings rounded-triangular,
slightly broader than fore-wings, cilia short. Abdomen short,
rather stout. Legs short, stout, anterior and middle tibiee

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 20y

thickened with dense scales, posterior tibiae clothed with dense
long hairs. Fore-wings with 12 veins; no secondary cell ; 1
strongly furcate at base ; 7 and 8 long-stalked, going to either
side of apex. Hind- wings with 8 veins ; 2 and 4 from posterior
angle of cell.

The genus may be recognised by the very unusually broad
wings, the crested thorax, and amongst those nearest to it by the
stalking of veins 7 and 8 of fore-wings. In shape of wing it
resembles Simaethis, but surpasses it in breadth ; in the palpi,
and black hind-marginal spots it has affinity with EapseUa and
Aeolocosma. The only species at present known is brilliantly
marked ; it flies in the hot sunshine with rapidity, and is then
difficult to see ; in repose the wings form a broad nearly flat roof,
and are not raised as in Simaethis.

Hyp. thesaurella, n. sp.

(^ ? . 7V'-8". Head, palpi, and thorax dark fuscous, densely
and irregularly mixed with ochreous and pale scales. Antennae
of (^ ochreous-f uscous, of ? ochreous annulated with dark fuscous.
Abdomen dark fuscous, lateral margins yellow. Legs dark
fuscous, indistinctly ringed with ochreous ; posterior tibiae yellow.
Fore-wings black, basal half almost entirely occupied by four
transverse, rather outwardly curved, almost confluent faint
ochreous-whitish bands, composed of numerous very fine transverse
strigulae, these bands being very obscurely separated by slender
black lines, only distinct as black spots on costa, where also the
pale bands are usually more distinct ; a small ochreous-whitish
spot on costa in middle, giving rise to an indistinct orange-ochreous
transverse line marking off the basal half, and itself immediately
followed by a metallic bluish-purple line of raised scales ;
immediately preceding the ochreous line are three small metallic
bluish-purple raised spots, one on inner-margin, one above and
one below middle ; and at about ^ from base is a transverse
metallic blue raised line from middle of disc perpendicularly to
2 ▲

210 DESCRIPTIONS OF ATJSTEALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

mner-margin, interrupted on fold; an outwardly curved metallic
blue-purple line from f of costa to anal angle, lower half
interrupted to form three spots near and parallel to hind-
margin ; lower f of space between this and central line strewn
with ochreous-whitish scales, especially towards inner-margin ;
beyond this line is a white outwardly oblique spot on costa,
emitting a faint band of transverse whitish strigiilse along hind-
margin to anal angle, leaving three elongate black spots on
lower part of hind-margin ; bej^ond this band is an outwardly
oblique orange-ochreous subapical spot from costa ; cilia at
extreme apex black, beneath apex with an oblong transverse
snow-white spot, thence metallic blue-purple. Hind- wings deep
yellow, with a broad black margin ; cilia yellow, with a black
basal line.

This richly adorned insect cannot be confused with any other.
Its habits are truly sun-loving ; it sports in the hottest sun-shine
over the tops of young trees of Acacia decurrens, to which it appears
certainly attached. Taken occasionally in New South Wales at
Parramatta, and at Waratah on the lower Hunter ; also at
Melbourne and Brisbane, from January to March.

SiMAETHis, Leach.

Head smooth ; with ocelli ; tongue strong. Antennae about
half as long as fore- wings, filiform, m,^ ciliated. No maxillary
palpi. Labial palpi moderately long, recurved, second joint
beneath with rough scales often forming a small apical projection ;
terminal joint compressed, rather shorter than second, blunt.
Fore-wings broadly-triangular, apex somewhat produced, hind-
margin slightly oblique. Hind- wings broader than fore-wings,
ti'iangular, cilia short. Abdomen short, stout. Legs short,
broadly compressed, tibiae densely scaled. Fore-wings with 12
veins ; no secondary cell ; 1 furcate at base. Hind-wings with 8
veins ; 7 and 8 remote, 3 and 4 sometimes stalked or coincident.

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. ^ll

Larva sixteen-legged, active, living in a web within a drawn-
together leaf ; pupa in a firm white cocoon.

This genus, though by no means large, is distributed throughout
the world, but seemingly more commonly towards the tropics.
In repose the imago rests with the fore-wings slightly raised and
partially expanded, so as not to entirely conceal the hind- wings.

Sim. sycopola, n. sp.
(^ $ . 5^"-6^". Head and thorax deep ochreous-brown,
irrorated with whitish scales. Palpi black, at base ochreous-
whitish, second and terminal joints clothed each with three whorls
of black white-tipped scales. Antennee black, annulated with
white, in (^ with long ciliations. Abdomen dark fuscous, strewn
with orange-ochreous scales. Legs dark fuscous, densely irrorated
with ochreous-whitish ; middle and posterior tibige suffused above
with orange-ochreous, densely clothed with hair-scales expanded
in whorls in middle and at apex ; tarsi white with four black
bands. Fore-wings strongly dilated, hind-margin slightly waved;
dark fuscous, faintly suffused with orange-ochreous posteriorly,
most distinctly at apex and along hind-margin ; two cloudy
transverse bands of finely-strewn purple-whitish scales ; first from
^ of costa to i of inner-margin, slightly waved above middle,
well-defined anteriorly only ; second indistinctly double, from f
of costa to just before anal angle, sharply angulated outwards
above middle, below which the inner portion is thrice sharply
and irregularly toothed ; fine purple -whitish scales are strewn
near base, on disc between first and second bands, and between
the second band and orange-ochreous hind-margin except on costa;
cilia dark fuscous, with paler reddish-ochreous-tinged spots above
and below middle. Hind- wings orange, with costa irregularly
black and a large black spot at apex, whence proceeds a straight
narrower black band above hind-margin to anal angle, whence
it is continued broadly along inner-margin to base, becoming
mixed with orange towards margin ; cilia fuscous with a paler
line near base, orange beneath apex.

212 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

Immediately recognisable from its Australian allies by the
orange hind-wings ; it comes nearest to S. taprolanes, Z., from
Ceylon, which has similar hind- wings, but distinct ferruginous-
orange markings on the fore-wings. The imago appears in March
and again (apparently a second brood) in May, flying in the sun-
shine for about half-an-hour at sunset round Flcus stipulata, a
climbing fig grown commonly over garden walls in Sydney, and
native in tropical Australia. Larva slender, cylindrical, greyish-
ochreous marbled with rather darker ; dorsal brownish-ochreous,
irregular ; head pale ochreous. Feeds in a web within partially
folded leaves of Ficus stipidata, in February and April. Pupa
pale olive-greenish, in an elongate spindle-shaped firm white
cocoon, placed on upper surface of leaf beneath a flat white
covering web.

Sim. melanopepla, n. sp.

$ . 6"-6i". Head and thorax deep ochreous-brown, irrorated
with whitish scales in irregular transverse lines. Palpi white at
base, second and terminal joints clothed each with three whorls
of black white-tipped scales. Antennae black, annulated with
white. Abdomen deep ochreous-brown, segmental margins with
a few white scales. Legs dark fuscous, densely irrorated with
white ; middle and posterior tibise densely clothed with hair- scales
expanded in whorls in middle and at apex ; tarsi white with four
black bands. Fore-wings strongly dilated, hind-margin slightly
waved ; dark fuscous, tinged with ochreous towards base, more
blackish posteriori}^, with clondy whitish markings caused by the
aggregation of black white-tipped scales ; a few scales at base,
and a slender transverse fascia near base ; a broad nearly straight
transverse band at \, and a very broad rather outwardly curved
band from f of costa to before anal angle, the two bands almost
confluent on lower half, leaving a triangular blackish costal spot ;
an orange-ochreous streak on costa near apex, continued round
apex along hind-margin to anal angle ; cilia fuscous, black at
base, with a paler line. Hind-wings blackish-fuscous, rather

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 213

lighter towards base ; cilia blackish-fuscous, with a black line
near base.

Very similar to the preceding in all respects except the blackish
hind- wings ; the fore- wings are also darker and the markings
rather clearer.

Two females taken on garden fences in Sydney, in November.

It is very probable that the larva of this species also is attached
to some one of the several cultivated species of Ficiis.

Sim. combinatana, Wh\, Brit. Mus. Cat., 456.
^ . Qh". Head and thorax deep ochreous-brown, with a few
white scales. Palpi white at base, second joint clothed with four
whorls of black white-tipped scales, terminal joint black with
three slender white rings. Anteun?e black, annulated with white,
in (^ with long ciliations. Abdomen blackish, with a few whitish
scales. Legs dark fuscous, thickly irrorated with whitish, tarsi
with indistinct whitish rings, posterior tibiae clothed with dense
hair-scales. Fore-wings slightly dilated, hind-margin distinctly
waved; blackish-fuscous, tinged with reddish-brown on costa
beyond middle, and within each pair of transverse lines ; some
purple-whitish scales irregularly arranged transversely near base ;
four transverse cloudy lines of purple-whitish scales, arranged in
pairs, and starting from small white costal spots ; fii'st pair from
\ of costa to ^ of inner-margin, rather curved outwards, irregularly
toothed ; second pair from f of costa to just before anal angle,
angulated outwards beneath costa, but indistinct and irregular ;
a streak of purple -whitish scales from aj)ex very near but not on
hind-margin, reaching to middle ; a second similar streak from
middle of hind-margin, immediately beyond end of first, continued
along hind-margin, not extending to anal angle ; cilia dark fuscous
containing a cloudy white basal spot above and another below
middle of hind-margin. Hind-wings rather narrow, hind-margin
strongly sinuate below middle, anal angle prominent ; dark
fuscous, broadly blackish along hind-margin, with two rather

214 DESCRIPTIONS OF ATJSTRAILIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

short cloudy parallel streaks of blue-whitisli scales, one nearly
along hind-margin at anal angle, the other immediately above it ;
cilia white on the hind-marginal sinuation, becoming gradually
smoky-fuscous towards apex and on anal angle, black at base
throughout.

The narrower wings and more sinuate margins give this species
a very different figure to the two preceding, with which it cannot
therefore be confused. It is very nearly allied to the well-known
Eui'opean S. oxyacanthella, L., ffahriciana, Steph.), from which it
would appear to be best distinguished by the deep sinuation
between anal angle and middle of hind-margin, by the much less
distinct double bluish-tinged streaks of the hind- wings, and the
deeper tint of the fore- wings.

Two males taken amongst forest growth at Wellington, New
Zealand, flying towards sunset ; in January. Walker's specimens
are merely stated to be from New Zealand.

Choretjtis, Sh.

Head smooth ; with ocelli ; tongue strong. Antennse about
haK as long as fore-wings, filiform, in (^ ciliated. No maxillary
palpi. Labial palpi moderately long, recurved, second joint
ben eath with long dense proj ecting bristles ; terminal j oint slender,
pointed. Fore-wings broadly triangular, hind-margin straight.
Hind-wings broader than fore-wings, triangular, cilia very short.
Abdomen short, stout. Legs short, broadly compressed, posterior
tibise densely scaled. Fore-wings with 12 veins; no secondary
cell ; 1 furcate at base. Hind- wings with 8 veins ; 7 and 8
remote ; 3 and 4 sometimes stalked or coincident.

This is a very small genus, of which the species described here
is almost universally distributed, but has probably been trans-
ported through the medium of civilisation. In habits the species
resemble Simaethis, and the imago holds the fore-wings slightly
raised in the same manner.

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 215

Larva sixteen-legged, living in a web between drawn-together
leaves. Pupa in a firm cocoon.

Chor. bjerkandrella, Thnb.

^ ? . 4"-5". Head grey, face tinged witb yellow. Palpi white,
second joint grey on side with two black rings before apex,
beneath with long blackish and white diverging bristles, terminal
joint blackish. Antennae black, annulated with white, in (;^ with
moderate ciliations. Thorax yellowish-ferruginous, with five
longitudinal metallic grey-silvery lines. Abdomen black, with
silvery-white rings. Legs white, tibise with central and apical
black bands, tarsi with four black bands. Pore- wings moderately
dilated, apex and hind-margin rounded ; dark fuscous, basal
third yellowish-ferruginous, except on margins and a central
longitudinal streak ; two short metallic-silvery streaks from base
along the costal margin and central streak ; two cloudy whitish
transverse bands, first from ^ of costa to ^ of inner-margin, rather
curved outwards, furcate on inner-margin ; second from f of costa
to before anal angle, angulated outwards above middle ; the space
between these is irregularly sprinkled with whitish scales ; two
round black blotches immediately preceding second band, one on
inner margin, the other below middle, each containing an elongate
metallic purple-silvery mark, that in the upper one being three-
pointed ; several other metallic purple-silvery markings, consisting
of an elongate mark on inner margin of second band above middle,
a small costal spot between the two bands, an elongate mark on
hind-margin below middle, preceded by an elongate black blotch,
a spot on costa immediately beyond second band, and an elongate
mark round apex : cilia dark grey, with a pale line in middle
and another before tips, tips white round apex. Hind-wings
dark fuscous, blackish towards apex, with a white elongate spot
on disc beyond middle, parrallel to hind-margin, and sometimes
another less distinct white spot above it on costa ; cilia blackish,
with two white lines.

216 DESCRIPTIONS OF ATJSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

I have thought it well to redescribe from Australian and New
Zealand specimens this species, which is well-known in Europe,
doubtless its home. The same species (subject to local variations)
has been recorded also from South Africa and South America.
In New South Wales it occurs round Sydney, at Shoalhaven,
Murrurundi, Blackheath (3,600 feet), and Bowenfels, but rather
sparingly ; also at Melbourne, and in Queensland at Eosewood
and Toowoomba ; always more or less casually. In New Zealand
however, I met with it on the swampy thistle-grown plains at
Hamilton, on the Waikato, in immense profusion, swarming on
the thistle-blossoms in the sunshine, in January. In Australia
it occurs from September to January.

In Europe the larva feeds on Inula ; probably in other parts of
the world it is not restricted from other Compositce ; in New
Zealand at least it must certainly feed on the thistle.

I do not see any tangible difference between Australian, New
Zealand, and South European specimens.

EupsELiA, n. g.

Head smooth ; with ocelli ; tongue moderate. Antennae much
shorter than fore-wings, filiform, simple. No maxillary palpi.
Labial palpi short, recurved, not reaching vertex, second joint
with appressed scales, terminal joint slender, acute. Fore- wings
elongate, rather broad, costa gently arched, apex rounded, hind-
margin oblique, rounded. Hind-wings elongate-ovate, as broad
as, or slightly narrower than fore- wings, cilia moderate. Abdomen
moderate. Legs moderate, posterior tibiae clothed with long hairs,
anterior tibiae sometimes thickened with scales. Fore-wings with
1 1 veins ; no secondary cell ; 1 furcate at base. Hind- wings
with 8 veins ; 3 and 4 from posterior angle of cell.

The only larva as 3"et known is sixteen-legged, slender and
active, and mines in galleries in leaves, with peculiar accessory
habits ; pupa naked, erect, attached by the tail.

BY E. MEYEICK, B.A. 217

The genus is tlie only one in the family, in which the fore-
wings have only 1 1 veins. Its nearest ally is the succeeding
genus Aeolocosma, from which it differs in the antennae of ^
being quite simple, and in the neuration. The round black
metallic-edged hind-marginal spots are a remarkable secondary
characteristic, (shared also to some extent by Aeolocosma and
HypertrojyhaJ which is very constant and trustworthy. In repose
the images rest with the wings forming a rather sloping roof ;
E. aristonica extends the furry anterior legs in front, but this
habit is not shared by the rest. The species are all more or less
retired and sluggish in habit, and hence appear not common.

The genus is peculiar to Australia, so far as known. Probably
it contains a considerable number of species ; the seven here
described may be thus tabulated : —

I. Hind-wings yellow at base.

A. Fore-wings with a dark fuscous blotch on

inner-margin . . . . . . . .4. beatella

B. Fore-wings without dark fuscous blotch

on inner-margin.

1. with three black hind-marginal spots 3. carpocapsella

2. with five black hind-marginal spots . .6. theorella

II. Hind- wings wholly fuscous-grey or blackish.

A. Fore-wings brownish-ochreous, irrorated

with whitish . . . . . . . .7. melanostrepta

B. Fore- wings with basal half yellow, apical

purple .. .. .. .. . .5. satrapella

C. Fore-wings blackish.

1 . with white spots near base of inner-

margin and on costa . . . . 1 . aristonica

2. without white spots . . . . . .2. percussana

2 B /

218 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

Eups. aristonica, n. sp.
^ . 6". Head dark fuscous, face rather lighter. Palpi dark
fuscous, mixed with, whitish towards base. Antennse dark fuscous
Thorax dark fuscous, with a small svhitish indistinct spot on
middle of lateral margin. Abdomen black with indistinct yellowish
rings, anal tuft ochreous-yellow. Anterior and middle legs
blackish-fuscous, beneath mixed with whitish, anterior tibise
much dilated with hair scales ; posterior legs pale ochreous-yellow,
base of tibice and basal rings of all tarsal joints black. Fore-
wings rather broad, hind-margin rather slightly oblique ; very
dark fuscous, almost black ; a square white spot on inner-margin
near base, anteriorly somewhat suffused, its upper anterior angle
connected with two short suffused white streaks, one running to
centre of base, the other to costa near base, followed by a few
scattered whitish scales; a small rectangular white spot on middle
of costa, divided into two by a transverse dark fuscous line, each
half giving rise to a leaden-blue metallic line, proceeding parallel
directly across wing ; a leaden-blue metallic spot before them on
inner-margin ; a leaden-blue metallic line from middle of disc
immediately beyond them to anal angle, interrupted beneath its
apex ; beyond this line are thickly strewn very fine longitudinal
whitish hair-scales ; a very small white spot on costa before apex,
giving rise to a short outwardly oblique leaden-metallic line, and
with a small leaden-metallic spot beneath it ; extreme apex
ochreous-orange ; four circular black spots on lower half of hind-
margin, surrounded by a few pale ochreous scales, the uppermost
spot small ; a violet-metallic line along hind-margin on base of
cilia, rest of cilia dark fuscous. Hind- wings blackish-fuscous ;
cilia ochreous-yellow, with a darker line near base.

Not to be confused with any other species ; in repose the fore-
legs are extended. One specimen beaten from dry scrub near
Parramatta in December.

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. ^19

Eups. percussana, JFkr., Brit. Mus. Cat., 998.
'' (^ . 1". Head, thorax, and abdomen cupreous-blackish.
Fore-wings with hind-margin moderately oblique ; cupreous-
blackish, with transverse cinereous lines, some of which posteriorly
are blue-metallic ; disc near hind-margin with minute longitudinal
cinereous hair-scales ; hind-marginal dots deep black, partly
bordered with metallic blue. Hind- wings cupreous-blackish ;
cilia pale cinereous. Tasmania."

The above is Walker's description, divested of superfluities and
interpreted ; brief and incomplete as it is, it is sufficient to clearly
indicate a species of this genus distinct from any I have seen. I
thought it best therefore to include the descriptions of this and
the following species in the present paper, to direct attention
towards them, and render the subject as complete as possible.

Eups. carpocapsella, W"kr., Brit. Mus. Cat., 998.

'' $ . 7". Head, thorax, and abdomen slaty- cinereous. Fore-
wings rounded, slaty-cinereous, posteriorly cupreous-tinged, with
transverse brown streaks, interrupted towards the base, but
complete posteriorly, and forming the ground-colour along hind-
margin ; three deep black cupreous-bordered spots on lower part
of hind-margin ; cilia slaty-cinereous, tinged with cupreous.
Hind-wings yellow, with a very broad dark fuscous border,
excavated interiorly; cilia partly yellow. Brisbane, Queensland."

The description is Walker's, similarly treated as the preceding ;
I have not seen the specimen, but it is certainly an Eupselia,
nearly allied to E. leatella, but without the dark fuscous triangular
patch on inner margin.

Eups. beatella, Wh\, Brit. Mus. Cat., 999.

$ . 6^". Head, palpi, and thorax pale ashy-grey, crown and

upper portion of thorax suffused with dark fuscous. Antennae

pale grey. Abdomen yellowish-fuscous. Legs whitish, anterior

and middle tibise thickened with scales ; anterior tibiae and tarsi

220 DESCRirTIONS OF At'STEALIAX MICRO-LEPIDOPTEKA,

suffused above witli dark fuscous ; middle tibiee with two suffused
fuscous rings, tarsi with fuscous rings at base of joints ; posterior
tibiae yellowish, tarsi pale j^ellowish with indistinct fuscous rings
at base of joints. Fore- wings moderately broad, hind-margin
rather oblique ; very pale ashy-grey ; six short cloudy grey streaks
from costa before middle, the first two uniting with two similar
streaks from inner-margin ; a large rounded-triangular clearly-
marked dark fuscous blotch on inner-margin slightly before
middle, reaching half across wing ; two parallel nearly straight
grey lines crossing wing from slightly beyond middle of costa to
just before anal angle ; beyond the second line the apical portion
of the wing is entirely dark fuscous, intersected by a straight
leaden-metallic line from above midde of disc to anal angle, nearly
parallel to the second line ; and by a cloudy ashy- whitish line,
strongly curved outwards, from | of costa to anal angle, preceded
by thickty strewn longitudinal whitish hair-scales on disc below
middle ; a similar cloudy slaty-whitish line from costa just before
apex to hind-margin, continued along hind-margin, and coalescing
with the first; four oval black spots on lower liaK of hind-margin,
uppermost small, each surrounded with a whitish ring ; a violet-
metallic line along base of cilia, rest of cilia dark fuscous. Hind-
wings pale yellow, with a broad blackish-fuscous border along
hind-margin, broadest at apex ; cilia dark fuscous, beneath apex
and on inner-margin yellowish, with a blackish line near base.

Easily known by the dark fuscous dorsal blotch and hind-
margin on a pale ground, and yellow hind-wings. One $ taken
at rest on a Eucalyptus-trunk at Sydney, in December ; Walker's
specimen was a (^ and is simply given as from 'Australia.'

Eups. satrapella, 71. sp.

(^ $ . 6^"-7V'. Head and palpi deep yellow. A.ntenna} dark
fuscous, indistinctly annulated with whitish. Thorax deej) yellow,
anterior margin and a square central spot connected with it dark
purple-fuscous ; in ? the whole anterior poi-tion is suft'used with

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 221

fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous, tinged witli yellowisli on sides.
Legs dark purple-fuscous, posterior tibite yellosv, posterior tarsi
yellowish with dark fuscous rings at base of joints. Fore-wings
moderately broad, hind-margin considerably oblique; deep yellow
aj)ical portion beyond an inwardly curved line from three-fifths
of costa to f of inner-margin purple (light reddish-purple scales
being thickly strewn on a black ground, towards anal angle in
longitudinal lines); a suffused dark fuscous streak along costa
from base to middle ; a dark fuscous streak along lower half of
division-line of the yellow and purple portions, immediately
beyond which are two small deep blue spots one in middle, the
other above inner-margin ; a broader dark fuscous streak from
costa at junction of yellow and purple portions to anal angle,
slightly curved inwards, bordered posteriorly on its lower half
with purple-blue ; a very oblique, short, dark fuscous streak from
costal extremity of this streak towards hind-margin a little below
apex, above which is a deep purple-blue spot, and the extreme
costa is yellow ; four round black spots on lower part of hind-
margin, surrounded by ochreous scales, and alternating with
three smaller longitudinally elongate black spots ; a metallic
purple line along base of cilia, rest of cilia dark fuscous. Hind-
wings dark fuscous ; cilia dark fuscous, on costa yellowish.

This very handsome species is superficially very dissimilar to
all its congeners from its yellow and purple colouring ; in this it
has at first sight an external resemblance to some of the Oecop}iorid(Z
but, apart from structural points, may be known from them by
the black hind-marginal spots. It appears tolerably common,
though retired in habit ; occurring round Sydne}' and Parramatta,
and in Queensland at Helidon, from September to November,
and again in February and March.

The larval and pupal stages of this species are very singular.
Larva very elongate, tolerably cylindrical but slightly flattened,
smooth, head, second and anal segments with a few short blackish

222 DESCRIPTIOI^^S OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO -LEPIDOPTERA,

bristles ; wliitish, slightly tinged witli greenish-grey ; a slender
irregular reddish-ochreous line on each side of dorsal space ; sub-
dorsal rather broader, darker reddish-ochreous, anteriorly
partially double, enclosing irregular spaces of ground-coloiu* ;
spiracular slender, nearly straight, interrupted, reddish-ochreous ;
subspiracular similar, more interrupted; spots small, distinct,
blackish-grey ; head grey- whitish, with three longitudinal rather
broad pale amber stripes, mouth blackish ; second and anal
segments with markings obsolete, anal segment obliquely
flattened. When half -grown, all the markings are nearly obsolete,
the head and part of second segment blackish. Feeds in a long
rather sinuate swollen gallery within leaves of Eucalyptus, sp.,
issuing by night through a hole and eating substance of leaf
outside ; by day remaining concealed in the gallery, but traversing
it with great celerity if disturbed; found in August and September.

Pupa long, slender, dull brown, wingcases short, whitish,
thorax almost angulated on shoulders ; quite naked, affixed by
the tail, stiffly and perpendicularly projected from the surface of
its attachment, so as to be actually standing erect upon its tail.
I had several of these pup^e, which were all similarly fastened to
twigs and the sides of the glass containing them.

Eups. theorella, n. S2).

? . 6". Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen light ochreous-
brown. Antennae ochreous- whitish, annulated with black. Legs
light ochreous-brown, anterior tibiee and tarsi suffused with dark
fuscous, post tibia) and tarsi pale ochreous-yellow. Fore-wings
elongate, hind-margin extremely oblique; ochreous-brown,
thickly irrorated with paler scales, becoming elongate hair-scales
towards lower portion of hind-margin ; about ten very obscure
and faint transverse streaks from costa, caused by the disappear-
ance of the pale scales, some of them faintly continued to inner-
margin ; two in middle of wing more distinct, rather divergent
on disc, confluent on inner-margin and forming there a transversely

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 223

elongate metallic-oclireous spot, becoming oelireous-white on
inner-margin itself ; an oblique ocbreous-brown streak from | of
costa to liind-margin beneath apex, and an oval ocbreous-brown
spot at apex ; five round black spots very close together below
middle of hind-margin ; a violet-metallic line on base of cilia,
broken into spots, especially towards apex ; rest of cilia ochreous-
fuscous, towards apex blackish, with two small whitish spots on
tips beneath apex. Hind-wings with basal half yellow with a
few scattered dark fuscous scales ; apical half dark fuscous,
sending a cloudy protuberance inwards above middle ; cilia
blackish-fuscous, on costa yellowish.

This and the following species diif er from all the preceding by
the much more oblique hind-margin of fore-wings ; the two are
nearly allied, but immediately separable from each other by the
different hind- wings.

Two females taken amongst dry scrub at Parramatta in
November.

Eups. melanostrepta, n. sp.

^ ? . 6". Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous- whitish, mixed
with ochreous-grey. Antennae ochreous-whitish, annulated with
dark fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-grey. Legs ochreous-whitish,
anterior and middle pair irrorated with grey. Fore-wings
elongate, hind-margin very oblique ; brownish-ochreous, so
densely irrorated with ochreous-whitish scales that the ground-
colour is entirely obscured, except on a few faint transverse
streaks ; two more distinct transverse ochreous-brown streaks in
middle from costa to inner-margin, divergent above middle,
approximated on inner-margin, where they enclose a small white
spot ; before these the inner-margin is obscurely whitish nearly
to base ; an oblique ochreous-brown streak from f of costa to
hind-margin below apex, and an indistinct ochreous-brown oblique
streak immediately before apex ; surface of wing strewn with
ochreous-whitish hair-scales towards lower part of hind-margin ;

224 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

six round black spots very close togetlier on kind-margin below
middle ; a violet-metallic line on base of cilia, broken into roundish,
spots, especially towards apex ; rest of cilia smoky-fuscous. Hind-
wings and cilia dark fuscous.

Quite of the same form as the preceding ; the forewings more
suffused with ochreous-whitish, and therefore paler, with an
additional black spot, the hind- wings wholly dark fuscous.
Several specimens taken by Mr. Or. H. Raynor at Melbourne,
and also at Brighton in Tasmania, in January.

AeOLOCOSMA, 71. ff.

Head smooth ; with ocelli ; tongue moderate. Antennae
shorter than forewings, filiform, in ^ ciliated. No maxillary
palpi. Labial palpi rather short, recurved, second joint with
appressed scales, terminal joint shorter, slender, acute. Fore-
wings elongate, moderately broad, costa slightly arched, apex
rounded, hind-margin very oblique, rounded. Hind- wings ovate-
lanceolate, narrower than fore-wings, pointed, cilia as bl'oad.
Abdomen moderate. Legs moderate, posterior tibiae clothed with
long hairs. Fore-wings with 12 veins ; 7 and 8 stalked, to either
side of apex ; no secondary cell ; 1 simple at base. Hind-wings
with 8 veins ; 3 and 4 from posterior angle of cell.

Allied to the preceding genus, and agreeing with it in the
palpi, and in the possession of the black hindmarginal spots
(though these are obscured in one species), but differing in the
strongly ciliated antennfe of (^ , the acute hind- wings, and the
different neuration. In these points the genus approaches more
nearly to the type of the Oecoplion'dce, from all of which family
it is at once distinguished by vein 1 of fore-wings not being
fui'cate at base, as well as by the secondary character of the
black hind-marginal spots. In markings and shape of fore-
wings the genus approximates to Eupselia. I have as yet only
two species, confined to Australia. The larvse are unknown.

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 225

In repose the images rest witli the wings forming a sloping roof ;
they fly slowly towards sunset in sheltered places.

Aeol. iridozona, n. sp.
(^ $ . 4f"-5|^". Head, palpi, and thorax, dark fuscous mixed
with grey. Antennae dark grey, in ^ with moderately long
dense ciliations. Abdomen dark fuscous. Legs dark fuscous,
posterior tibise paler and with ochreous-whitish hairs, all tarsi
with indistinct whitish rings at apex of joints. Fore-wings
elongate, rather narrow, hind-margin extremely oblique, apex
broadly rounded ; ochreous-grey, strewn with ochreous-whitish
scales ; two slender straight golden-ochreous black-margined
transverse fasciae, one immediately on each side of middle of
wing, perpendicular to costa, and enclosing a slender pale silvery-
grey space ; from the dorsal extremity of second fascia proceeds
a third similar golden-ochreous black-margined fascia obliquely
to f of costa, its posterior edge bordered by a pale silvery-grey
fascia of equal breadth ; six nearly square black spots, sej)arated
by silvery-whitish scales, on lower portion of hind-margin, very
near together and som.etimes almost confused, uppermost and
lowest smaller than the rest ; cilia fuscous-grey, with an
indistinct dark line round apex. Hind-wings narrow, ovate-
lanceolate, fuscous-grey ; cilia fuscous-grey.

This elegantly marked species has a very delicate and fragile
appearance ; it is very distinct from all others known, It occurs
at Parramatta and Sydney in August and September amongst
dry scrub, in very sheltered places only ; it is tolerably common,
but local, and only obtainable towards sunset, when it flies gently
close to the ground.

Aeol. marmaraspis, n. sp.

^ $ . 5f'' -7.'' Head and thorax deep bronzy-fuscous, tinged

with Durple. Palpi golden-yellow, terminal joint with a black

line oeneath. Antennae dark fuscous, in ^ with rather long

ciliations. Abdomen blackish-fuscous, segments above sufltused

2 C

226 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

with, oclireous except on margins. Legs dark fuscous, tarsi with
slender wliitisli rings at apex of joints, posterior tibiae clothed
above with long whitish hairs. Fore-wings elongate, rather
narrow, hind-margin oblique, apex rather acutely rounded ; dark
fuscous, coarsely strewn with pale golden-ochreous scales ; a
short deep golden-yellow longitudinal streak of hair-scales from
base, posteriorly suffused into a cloudy spot of whitish scales on
disc before ^, which is faintly expanded to costa and inner
margin, forming an obsolete band ; a straight rather oblique
obsolete band of whitish (in some lights bluish) scales from costa
before middle to just before anal angle, where it forms a small
distinct white spot ; a rather large clear white rectangular spot
on costa at f, from which proceeds a cloudy band of pale leaden-
blue scales towards hind-margin above anal angle ; a few
leaden-blue scales on hind-margin beneath apex ; some irregular
black scales along lower f of hind-margin, tending to form
obscure broken spots ; cilia dark metallic grey, with ochreous
reflections. Hind-wings elongate-ovate, dark fuscous-grey ;
cilia dark fuscous-grey, with an obsolete darker line near base.

In shape of wing this species approaches many of the
Oecophoridwy and the black hind-marginal spots being ill-defined,
it would be difficult of location if the neuration were not
examined. Specifically it is very distinct ; the golden-yellow
palpi, and basal line of fore-wings are marked characters ;
though not brightly coloured, it is a handsome insect. I have
only found it on the swampy grass-covered ledges which project
from the face of the perpendicular precipice that overhangs the
Grose Yalley by the waterfall at Q-ovett'sLeap, near Blackheath,
3,500 feet above the sea. Here it is common in November,
flying languidly in the sunshine over the tops of the long grass.
Glyphipteryx, Sh.

Head smooth ; with ocelli ; tongue moderate. Antennae much
shorter than f orewings, slender, filiform, in ^ pubescent or very
shortly ciliated. No maxilliary palpi. Labial palpi rather short,

BY E. MEYEICK, B.A. 227"

thick, arched ; second joint laterally compressed, often roughly
scaled beneath ; terminal joint as long as second, pointed.
Fore-wings elongate, variable in breadth, hind-margin often
indented, oblique, apex rounded, often produced. Hind- wings
varying from ovate to lanceolate, narrower than f orewings, cilia
rather narrower or broader. Abdomen rather elongate. Legs
rather short, smoothly scaled. Forewings with 12 veins;
secondary cell indicated ; 7 and 8 separate ; 1 simple or more or
less furcate at base. Hind- wings with 8 veins ; 3 and 4 from
posterior angle of cell, sometimes short- stalked.

The genus may always be recognized by the short palpi clothed
with whorls of scales, and metallic transverse markings ; it is a
very conspicuously natural one, and not very close to any but
Fhrijganostola and Aimtomoriolia, which have a long tuft on second
joint of palpi. All the species have the same habit of alternately
raising and depressing their wings when at rest, as though
fanning themselves; I have noticed this habit in all the
Australian and New Zealand species. They are sun-loving
insects, and fly especially in the afternoon towards sunset, in
grassy places.

The genus is apparently of universal distribution, but hitherto
not nmnerous in species, 17 having been described altogether
from other parts of the Globe; 18 are here described from
Australia and New Zealand, where doubtless many more remain
to be discovered, so that these regions would appear to be
especially favoured by them. The proportion appears to be
largest in New Zealand.

The larvae are 16-legged, rather stout, and feed principally on
the seeds of grasses and allied plants, except one European
species on Sedum. I have not yet succeeded in finding the larvae
of any Australia species, but from the habits of the imago, I
have little doubt that all will be found to feed in the seed-heads
of different species of grass and sedge.

228 BESCRIPtlOXS OF ATJSTRALIATf MlCRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

The following is an analytical table of tlie 18 species : —

I. Fore-wings without sharp apical hook in cilia.

A. Hind-wings bright yellow with fuscous

margin . . . . . . . . 1 Chrysolithella

B. Hind-wings wholly fuscous-grey.

1 . Eore-wings with a black patch towards

anal angle.
a. A white complete transverse fascia

close to base . . . . . . 6 Asteriella

h. A white transverse spot on inner
margin near base.
*. Black patch narrow, containing 4

metallic spots in a row . . 5 Triselena
**. Black patch broad, containing o

or 6 irregular spots . . . . 4 lometalla

c. No white spot or fascia close to base.
^\ AVith a fan-shaped posterior

patch of ochreous lines . . 3 Cometophora
^^. Without such patch . . . . 2 Atristriella

2. Fore-wings without black patch . .7 Euastera

II. Fore-wings witli a sharp black apical hook in cilia.

A. Fore-wings with two conspicuous pale
spots on inner margin.

1. Spots yellow 10 Chrysoplanetis

2. Spots white.

a. First spot extending to costa . . 9 Meteora
h. Both reaching to middle of wing only.
*. Third costal streak meeting anal
streak, forming a curved
fascia .. .. . . 12 Astoronota

^>*'''. Third costal streak not united

with anal streak . . ..11 Leucocerastes

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 229

B. Fore-Tvings with a slender white streak

from middle of inner margin . .13 Actinobola

C. Fore-wings with, four indistinct silvery-

white streaks from inner margin . . 8 Sabella

D. Fore-wings grey, with a black streak

from middle of inner margin ..16 Acrothecta

E. Fore- wings without dorsal markings

before anal angle.

1. Fore- wings dull dark bronze . .14 Palaeomorpha

2. Fore- wings grey, slightly bronzy-

tinged . . . . . . ..15 lochesera

3. Fore-wings bright coppery-bronze.

a. With a complete curved fascia

beyond middle . . ..17 Astrapeea

h. With costal and anal streaks not

united . . , . . . ..18 Transversella

Glyph, chrysolithella, n. sp.

(^ ? . 4f''-7'\ — Head dark fuscous, behind mixed with
ochreous. Palpi ochreous-yellow, second joint with thi-ee
flattened whorls of black yellowish- white tipped scales, terminal
joint black at base and with a black longitudinal line beneath.
Antennce dark fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous, paler on sides.
Abdomen dark fuscous, with indistinct yellowish rings, anal
extremity 3-ellow. Legs dark fuscous, posterior tibise with a
central yellowish band, posterior tarsi with two apical joints and
basal rings on the others yellowish. Fore wings broad, hind-
margin nearly straight, very slightly sinuate above middle ; dark
ochreous-bronze, with a few pale scales towards disc ; an obscure
whitish transverse spot on inner margin near base ; a violet -
golden metallic streak from costa at ^, not oblique, reaching
middle of wing ; a rather shorter similar streak from inner
margin immediately beyond it ; two minute whitish spots on costa
before and beyond middle, giving rise to indications of metallic

230 DESCKIPTIONS OF AUSTRAILIAN MICRO-LEPEDOPTERA,

streaks ; a Tvhite spot on costa at f , giving rise to a straight
obKque violet-golden metallic streak, reaching middle of wing j
a similar opposite streak from anal angle, almost meeting this ;
a rather broad black longitudinal streak on disc, extending from
apex of first costal streak to apex of streak from anal angle,
obtusely toothed above beyond middle, containing two rather
large roundish violet-golden metallic spots on its lower margin,
projecting beyond it, and a much smaller similar spot between
and above them ; an ochreous-white spot on costa at five-sixths,
and another immediately before apex, both giving rise to oblique
violet-golden metallic streaks reaching middle of hind-margin,
one or other of which often unites with a violet-golden metallic
streak nearly along lower part of hind-margin almost to anal
angle ; between f and five-sixths is an oblique blackish streak
from costa to middle of disc ; cilia with a very strong black line
almost at base, grey, at apex and anal angle black, with a large
white spot on middle of hind-margin, and a small one just above
anal angle. Hind-wings trapezoidal, moderately broad; golden-
yellow, hind-margin very broadly blackish ; cilia golden-yellow,
on hind-margin black at base.

This splendid species is distinguished from all others in the
genus by the yellow hind- wings. It is local, but occurs rather
commonly on the ledges of the precipice at Grovett's Leap,
Blackheath, flying slowly in the sunshine in March; also at
Campbelltown, Sydney, and Parramatta ; and I have seen
specimens from Tasmania.

Glyph, atristriella, Z. Hor. Eoss., 1877, p. 398.
"(?• 6^". Head and thorax brown. Palpi white at base,
second joint black with white rings, terminal joint black with a
white longitudinal line. Antennae fuscous. Abdomen yellowish-
fuscous with broad yellowish rings, anal extremity pale yellow.
Anterior legs fuscous, tibiae with two white spots, aj^ex of three
first tarsal joints whitish ; (middle legs broken ;) posterior legs

BY E. MEYEICK, B.A. 231

blackisli-fuscous, tibiae with wMtisli-yellow central and apical
spots, tarsi with apex of first three joints whitish-yellow, two
apical joints wholly whitish. Fore-wings rather parallel- sided
golden-ochreous, duller towards base, lighter on disc, on inner
margin irrorated with fuscous ; a strong black longitudinal streak
on middle of disc, posteriorly attenuated and bent upwards, with
three silvery-metallic roundish spots, one at its origin, one in
middle, the third before the extremity beneath ; the first of these
forms the apex of a rather oblique streak from costa before ^,
which is followed at equal intervals on costa by a silvery -metallic
dot, a short transverse streak, and an outwardly curved transverse
fascia, attenuated above middle, ending on inner margin beyond
the black discal streak ; two white costal spots before apex, each
giving rise to a violet- silvery metallic line, haK-way across wing
uniting into a thick line ending at anal angle. Hind- wings
fuscous, towards the base mixed with yellowish ; cilia very pale
yellowish, tips grey towards apex, and with a grey-fuscous line.
One (^ from Tasmania."

I have not seen this species ; I have translated Zeller's original
description, which is written with his usual accuracy, and clearly
points to an insect rather nearly allied to the preceding G.
chrysolithella, but without the yellow hind- wings ; the markings
of the fore-wings are very similar.

Grlyph. cometophora, n. sp.

^ $ . 7"-9". Head bronzy-grey. Palpi whitish at base,
second joint clothed with three whorls of black white-tipped
scales, terminal joint loosely scaled, black, with an ochreous-
whitish line on each side, and an ochreous whitish sub -apical
spot above. Antennae dark fuscous. Thorax brassy-bronze.
Abdomen dark greyish-fuscous, with pale ochreous rings beneath,
apex pale ochreous. Legs dark fuscous; posterior tibige with
central and apical whitish bands, posterior tarsi with whitish
rings at apex of joints. Fore- wings broad, hind-margin slightly

232 DESCEIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

sinuate above middle ; oclireous-bronze, with a brassy tinge,
witli six complete or interrupted violet-silvery metallic transverse
fasciae, second to sixth starting from small wbitisli spots on costa ;
first from ^ of costa, rather oblique, reaching to fold or
sometimes to inner margin ; second entire, straight, slightly
oblique, on inner margin whitish ; third broken in middle, apex
of dorsal portion rather beyond apex of costal ; sixth from five-
sixth of costa to hind-margin just above anal angle, slightly
curved outwardly ; between third and sixth is an expanded fan-
like patch of dense diverging pale ochreous lines on a black
ground, its base resting on third fascia a little above middle, and
its apex covering the whole length of sixth ; the triangular
space between this patch and inner margin is jet-black, cut by
an irregular longitudinal golden-ochreous line ; the fourth and
fifth fasciae are visible only as two transverse violet-silvery bars
on this black space, and the corresponding whitish costal spots ;
a white spot on costa just before apex, sending a violet-silvery
line to above middle of hind-margin ; cilia whitish, greyer
towards anal angle, dark fuscous-grey at apex, basal half clothed
with dense golden-bronze scales, except where a white indentation
meets the sub-apical silvery line. Hind-wings and cilia dark
fuscous.

This handsome species is the largest of the genus, and may
be known from all others by its fan-shaped patch of ochreous
lines on a black ground, spreading like the tail of a comet.
Common at Melbourne, frequenting rushes ; also taken at
Blackheath, on the Blue Mountains (3,600 feet), in November.

Glyph, iometalla, n. sp.

^ ^ . 3"- 3^". Head and thorax deep bronzy-fuscous. Palpi
whitish at base, second joint with two whorls of black white-
tipped scales, terminal joint clothed except apex with a whorl
of black white-tipped scales. Antennae dark fuscous. Abdomen
shining dark grey, beneath silvery. Legs dark fuscous-grey, all

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 233

tarsi with slender white rings at apex of joints ; posterior tibiae
with white central and apical bands, posterior tarsi with two
apical joints wholly white. Fore-wings short, posteriorly dilated,
hind-margin sinuate beneath apex ; dark golden-bronze, with
transverse golden-ochreous strigulse ; a white transverse rather
inwardly oblique oblong spot on inner margin near base, reaching
to middle ; a silvery- white violet-tinged perpendicular streak
from costa at ^, reaching to middle; a straight silvery-white
violet-tinged fascia from just before middle of costa to inner
margin at f , expanded and more snow-white on inner margin ;
a rather large black patch on anal angle and lower half of hind-
margin, containing five or six golden-metallic spots, its base not
touching fascia, its upper edge margined by a straight whitish-
ochreous line, above the posterior part of which are three other
whitish-ochreous longitudinal lines, sej)arated by blackish spaces ;
a silvery-white violet-tinged streak from costa to upper anterior
angle of the black patch; two parallel oblique silvery- white
violet-tinged streaks from costa a little before apex to hind-margin
above middle, becoming white on costal cilia : cilia white,
becoming dark grey at apex and anal angle, basal half separated
by a dark grey line and clothed with bronzy scales, except where a
white indentation meets the anterior sub-apical streak. Hind-
wings and cilia fuscous-grey.

This species has a strong superficial resemblance to Apist.
a/rgyrosema, but apart from structural differences it is smaller,
and has only a costal streak corresponding to what in A.
argyrosema is a second complete fascia. It is allied to the
succeeding species G. trisele7ia, but is smaller, broader-winged,
darker, and the black patch is broader and contains usually six
metallic spots instead of four. Tolerably common at Brisbane
in September, flying towards sunset in dry grassy places amongst
thin gum scrub ; from its small size it is rather difiicult to see.
2 D

234 DESCRIPTIONS OF ArSTRALIAN MICRO -LEPIDOPTERA,

Gljrpli. triselena, n. s^).

^ , 4i". Head and thorax dark fuscous. Palpi white at
base, second joint with two flattened whorls of black white-tipped
scales, terminal joint black with two white rings. Antennae
dark fuscous. Abdomen very long, whitish-ochreous. Legs
whitish-ochreous, anterior tarsi with obsolete fuscous bands at
base of joints. Eore-wings elongate, narrowed posteriorly,
hind-margin slightly indented below apex ; pale golden-bronze ;
an obscure transverse whitish spot on inner margin near base ;
three silvery-white, obscurely dark-margined transverse fasciae ;
first from ^ of costa obliquely outwards, angulated in middle, to
inner margin before middle ; second and third straight, parallel,
nearly perpendicular to costa, before and beyond middle ; from
third below middle proceeds a rather narrow longitudinal black
band, bent downwards to anal angle, thence continued along
lower half of hind-margin, containing four golden-metallic spots
in a row; the space between this and costa is filled by six
longitudinal ochreous-whitish lines, partially confluent or
separated by narrow black interspaces; two oblique nearly
parallel silvery- white sub-apical streaks from costa immediately
before apex to hind-margin above middle, becoming white in the
grey costal cilia ; some dark, metallic-grey scales at apex, cilia
whitish, basal third within a fuscous line clothed with pale
golden-bronze scales, except where a white indentation meets
anterior sub-apical line. Hind-wings pale grey, cilia whitish-
grey.

Nearest to G. iometalla and A. argyrosema, but differing from
both in the peculiarly narrowed fore-wings, the much paler
colouring, three complete fascise, and narrow black patch
containing four metallic spots in a straight line. Two males
taken in January on the bare dry grassy volcanic hills near
Christchurch, New Zealand.

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 235

Glyph, asteriella, n, sp.
$ . 6". Head and tliorax dark bronzy fuscous. Palpi
wliitisli-oclireous at base, second joint with, two flattened wliorls
of black wbitisb-oclireous-tipped scales, terminal joint black
with two white rings. Antennce dark fuscous. Abdomen
blackish-fuscous, x^osteriorly with silvery-white rings, anal
extremity ochreous. Legs dark fuscous, middle and posterior
tibise with slender central and apical whitish rings, all tarsi with
slender whitish rings at apex of joints. Fore-wings elongate,
rather broad, hind-margin sinuate beneath apex ; deep bronze,
all markings obscurely dark-margined ; a clear white irregularly^
margined transverse fascia close to base, hardly touching costa
broadest in middle ; an obKque silvery-metallic streak from costa
at \, meeting a clear white rectangular spot on middle of inner
margin ; a silvery-metallic transverse spot on middle of costa,
and a similar s^^ot slightly beyond it on disc ; a silvery-metallic
costal streak at f , bent obliquely inwards, reaching middle, from
the extremity of which proceeds a bent longitudinal rather
slender black streak to hind-margin above anal angle ; above
this streak are four short black longitudinal streaks on disc, and
below it are two roundish confluent black spots on anal angle ;
an outwardly oblique silvery-metallic streak from inner margin
before anal angle, cutting the first two black streaks ; two
silvery-metallic parallel sub-apical streaks from costa, becoming
white in costal cilia, the anterior nearly meeting a curved silvery-
metallic streak from anal angle along lower half of hind-margin,
the posterior going to hind-margin below apex ; cilia whitish,
dark fuscous on costa, apex, and anal angle, basal half separated
by a dark fuscous line and clothed with deep bronze scales,
except where a white indentation meets the j)osterior sub-apical
streak. Hind- wings somewhat trapezoidal, dark fuscous ; cilia
dark fuscous.

A handsome species, conspicuously distinct from its nearest
allies through the white fascia close to base. One female taken

236 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

amongst tlie dense luxuriant forest clothing the steep slopes of a
mountain overlooking Kangaroo Valley, near Shoalliaven, 1,500
feet above the sea, in January.

Glyi^h. euastera, n. sj).

^ 5 . 3^"-3i". Head, antennce, and thorax dark fuscous.
Palpi whitish at base, second joint with two whorls of dark
fuscous white-tipped scales, terminal joint black with two
white rings. Abdomen blackish-fuscous, beneath silvery-whitish.
Legs dark fuscous, middle and posterior tibiae with white central
and apical rings, all tarsi with white rings at apex of joints.
Fore- wings elongate, very slightly dilated, hind-margin indented
beneath apex ; basal and apical thirds dark fuscous, densely
strewn with whitish scales, central third bronzy-ferruginous,
more or less broadly suffused with dark fuscous on costa and
inner margin; a white oblique costal streak at |, reaching
middle, ending in a leaden-metallic spot; an indistinct white
spot on inner margin near base ; two outwardly curved steel-blue
metallic fasciae ending in white spots on both margins, first
hardly before, second beyond middle ; beyond these are three
white spots on costa, the first two giving rise to obsolete metallic
streaks, the last sub-apical, sending a steel-blue metaUic streak
to hind-margin below apex; a blackish spot on apex; cilia
whitish, fuscous-grey at apex and anal angle, basal half
separated by a strong dark fuscous line, and clothed towards
base with ferruginous scales, except where a wedge-shaped
dark-margined white indentation meets the sub-apical streak.
Hind- wings and cilia dark fuscous-grey.

Distinct from all others in the Australian region through the
absence of both the black discal streak and the apical hook, as
well as by the contrast of the central ferruginous third with the
rest of the fore-wings, and the steel-blue markings. Five
specimens taken on the dry grassy volcanic hills, near Christ-
church, New Zealand, in January.

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 237

Glyph, sabella, Neiom., Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., N.S. III., 299.

" Fore-wings shining brassy-black, with, yellowish scales
towards apex ; four narrow fasciae from costa, reaching to centre
of wing, silvery white ; close to apex two triangular white costal
spots ; from inner margin rise less distinct f ascise, almost meeting
those from costa ; a silvery mark in anal angle ; cilia pale brown,
a black hook at apex. Hind- wings smoky brown, cilia
concolorous. Exp. al. 5^".

Allied to G. thrasonella, but costal fasciae more perpendicular.
Two specimens from Mount Alexander Eange, Victoria."

The above description is Newman's original one as written ;
it is palpably insufficient and inaccurate, but appears to denote
an insect very different from any Australian species known
to me.

Glyph, meteora, 7i. sp.

(^ ? . 4"-4f". Head and thorax dark bronzy-fuscous. Palpi
whitish at base, second joint with two oblique whorls of black
white-tipped scales, terminal joint clothed with two rough whorls
of black white-tipped scales, apex black. Antennae dark fuscous.
Abdomen blackish fuscous, beneath with silvery-white rings,
apex white. Legs fuscous, middle and posterior tibiae black
with white central and apical rings, all tarsi black with white
rings at apex of joints, posterior tarsi with two apical joints wholly
white. Eore-wings moderately dilated, hind-margin indented
beneath apex ; dark bronzy-fuscous ; a broad conspicuous white
transverse fascia near base, attenuated on costa ; a rather large
white transverse spot on inner margin rather beyond middle,
dilated in middle, reaching half across wing, its apex silvery-
metallic; a short oblique silvery -metallic streak from costa
rather before middle, nearly meeting the dorsal spot ; two other
oblique silvery-metallic costal streaks at | and f, reaching
middle; an oblique silvery-metallic streak from inner margin
just before anal angle, its apex resting between extremities of

238 DESCRIPTIONS OF ATJSTRAILIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

these two costal streaks ; a few irregular silvery-metallic scales
on hind-margin above anal angle ; two very short silvery-metallic
streaks from costa immediately before apex, white in costal cilia,
not ]produced to hind-margin, apex of posterior streak ending in
the roundish black apical spot, immediately beneath which is a
small golden-metallic spot on hind-margin ; cilia white with a
strong black apical hook, basal half separated by a blackish
line and clothed with bronzy scales, except where a white
blackish-margined indentation meets the golden-metallic hind-
marginal spot. Hind-wings and cilia dark fuscous-grey.

Nearest to G. chrysoplanetis, but distinguished from it and all
the other species with black apical hook by the broad white
transverse fascia near base, preceding the central white dorsal
spot. It appears to be a mountain species, occurring amongst
the rich forest-growth on the ascent of the Bulli Pass, and also
on the Liverpool Ranges near Murrurundi, in October.

Glyph, chrysoplanetis, n. sj).
^ $ . 4"-4^". Head and antennae dark fuscous. Palpi
yellowish at base, second joint with two whorls of dark fuscous
broadly yellowish-tipped scales, terminal joint dark fuscous with
two yellowish bands. Thorax dark fuscous, with a small yellowish
spot on posterior margin. Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath with
yellowish bands, apex yellowish. Legs dark fuscous, all tibise
with oblique yellowish basal, central, and apical bands, tarsi
with apex of all joints yellowish. Fore- wings strongly dilated,
hind-margin sinuate beneath apex ; dark fuscous, almost
blackish ; two rather large yellow spots on inner margin, first
near base, subquadrate, reaching f across wing, second beyond
middle, rounded- triangular, reaching haK-way across wing;
seven short oblique streaks from costa ; fii^st at ^, second before
middle, both yellow ; third and fourth steely-metallic, violet-
tinged, starting from small yellowish costal sjDots, third reaching
middle of wing, fourth very short ; fifth very short, yellowish,

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 239

apex steely-metallic ; sixth and seventh, close before apex, short,
yellow ; eight small roundish steely-metallic violet-tinged spots,
first just beyond middle of disc, second between first and anal
angle, third and fourth beneath extremities of third and fourth
costal streaks, fifth on anal angle (these last three are in a
straight line), sixth, seventh, and eighth on hind-margin, eighth
being just below apex of seventh costal streak ; cilia yellowish,
with a strong black apical hook, basal half separated by a
blackish line and clothed with dark fuscous scales, except where
a yellowish black-margined indentation meets the eighth spot on
hind-margin. Hind-wings and cilia dark fuscous.

Instantly recognisable from all others by the two conspicuous
yellow dorsal spots. A handsome and common species, appearing
in October and again much more plentifully in March ; it occurs
freely on dry grassy banks round Sydney and Parramatta, and
also at Melbourne ; specimens from the latter place appear
somewhat larger ; it flies readily in the afternoon towards sunset.

Glyph, leucocerastes, n. sjp.

$. 4". Head, thorax, and antennae dark bronzy-fuscous.
Palpi white at base, second joint with two obKque whorls of
black ochreous-whitish-tipped scales, terminal joint black with
two ochreous-whitish rings. Abdomen dark fuscous, apex white.
Legs dark fuscous, anterior and middle tarsi with slender whitish
rings at apex of joints, middle tibiae with very oblique slender
white central and apical rings ; posterior tibiae with slender white
central and apical bands, posterior tarsi with first joint white at
base, two apical joints wholly white. Fore-wings moderately
dilated, hind-margin sinuate beneath apex ; dark fuscous, almost
blackish ; two conspicuous clear white semilunate spots on inner
margin, first near base, second hardly beyond middle, each
reaching half across wing, their apices curved towards apex of
wing, that of second attenuated ; six slender oblique white
streaks from costa ; first at \ ; second before middle, very

240 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

oblique, becoming obsolete before reaching middle of wing ;
third reaching half across wing, its lower portion steely-metallic ;
fourth short ; fifth and sixth acutely wedge-shaxDed, close before
apex, very short; a short oblique steely-metallic streak from
anal angle, forming a white spot in cilia ; between its apex and
that of third costal streak is a steely-metallic spot on disc ; a
steely-metallic line along lower half of hind-margin, and some
scattered steely-metallic scales on disc towards apex ; cilia grey,
with a strong black, apical hook, basal half separated by a black
line and clothed with dark fuscous scales, except on a wedge-
shaped black-margined indentation beneath apex containing a
small whitish spot. Hind- wings and cilia dark fuscous.

Closely allied to G. asteronota, but larger, and the third costal
streak does not unite with the streak from anal angle. Two males
taken on the dry grassy hill-slopes near Murrurundi, in
November.

Glyph, asteronota, n. sp.

^ $ . ^\". Head, thorax, and antennae dark fuscous. Palpi
whitish, with obsolete darker rings. (?) Abdomen dark fuscous,
apex whitish. Legs dark fuscous, middle and posterior tibite
with whitish central and apical bands, all tarsi with broad
whitish rings at apex of joints. Fore-wings somewhat dilated,
hind-margin rather strongly sinuate beneath apex; dark fuscous ;
two conspicuous clear white semilunate spots on inner margin,
reaching half across wing, first near base, second slightly beyond
middle, both outwardly oblique, their apices curved towards
apex of wing; six slender oblique white streaks from costa;
first at ^ ; second hardly before middle, not reaching half across
wing ; third uniting with a similar streak from anal angle to
form an outwardly curved transverse fascia ; fourth short ; fifth
and sixth small, wedge-shaped, close before apex ; some irregular
silvery-TV hite scales above anal angle beyond the transverse
fascia ; cilia grey (?), basal haK separated by a black line and

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 241

elotlied witli dark fuscous scales, except on a wedg-e-shaped
black-margined indentation a little below apex, containing a
wliitish spot. (?) Hind-wing'S and cilia dark fuscous-grey.

Very similar to the j)receding; best distinguished by the
smaller size, and complete fascia formed by third costal and
anal streaks. Two specimens, in rather imperfect condition,
taken at Auckland, New Zealand, flying over damp grass on a
shady bank, in January.

Glyph, actinobola, n. sp.

($ . 3|-". Head and thorax deep bronze. Palpi white,
second joint with two oblique whorls of blackish broadly white-
tipped scales, terminal joint black with two oblique white bands.
Antennae dark fuscous. Abdomen blackish-fuscous, beneath
snow-white, apex white. Legs dark fuscous, middle and
posterior tibiae with white central and apical bands, all tarsi
with slender white rings at apex of joints. Fore-wings narrow,
somewhat dilated, hind-margin sinuate beneath apex ; dark
bronze, with one dorsal and six costal slender white dark-
margined streaks ; dorsal streak slightly beyond middle, obliquely
curved towards apex of wing, Lardly reaching ^ across wing,
tending to be produced along inner margin towards base ; first
costal streak beyond ^, very oblique ; second in middle, rather
less oblique, not reaching half across wing, apex silvery -metallic ;
third before f, less oblique, ending in a violet-silvery metallic
spot on disc ; between second and third is sometimes an
additional small white spot on costa; fourth, fifth, and sixth
acutely wedge-shaped, small, hardly oblicj[ue, close together
before apex ; a violet-silv ery metallic outwardly oblique streak
from anal angle, ending in a spot between extremities of second
and third costal streaks ; an obscure violet-silvery metallic spot
on hind-margin below middle ; cilia white on tips, with a black
hook at aj)ex, basal f separated by a blackish line and dark
fuscous-grey, except a white dark-margined wedge-shaped

242 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

indentation below apex, meeting a few silvery scales on hind-
margin. Hind-wings and cilia dark fuscous-grey.

Belonging to the group of G. fischeriella, G. schoenicolella, and
the allied species, but distinguished from them aU by the
presence of an additional costal streak, nearer to the base than
the dorsal streak ; its nearest allies in Australia are the two
following, which however do not possess the dorsal streak from
middle of inner margin at all. Three ^ 's, taken at Sydney and
Parramatta in dry places amongst low-growing Carex, in
October and November.

Glyph, palseomorpha, n. sp.

^ $ . 3i"-3f ". Head and thorax deep bronze. Palpi bronzy
at base, second joint with two whorls of black white- tipped
scales, terminal joint black with two oblique white bands.
Antennfe dark fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous, in $ elongate,
in (^ whitish at apex. Legs obscure fuscous, tarsi with slender
whitish rings at apex of joints. Fore-wings narrow, somewhat
dilated, hind-margin sinuate beneath apex ; rather dark bronze,
with five costal silvery- white streaks, and one dorsal silvery-
metallic ; first costal in middle, oblique, reaching haK across
wing; second before f, equally oblique, becoming silvery-
metallic at apex, uniting with the outwardly oblique silvery-
metallic dorsal streak from just before anal angle to form an
angulated transverse fascia ; third, fourth, and fifth, short, close
together before apex ; an elongate silvery-metallic spot on hind-
margin below middle ; a round black apical spot, beneath which
are some silvery-metallic scales ; cilia whitish, dark fuscous at
anal angle, and with a black apical hook, basal half separated
by a black line and dark fuscous, except a wedge-shaped white
indentation below apex, whence proceeds a strong black sub-
apical hook. Hind-winds and cilia dark fuscous.

Distinguished from the group of G. fischeriella, to which it
approximates, by the absence of the dorsal streak from middle

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 243

of inner margin, in which and other respects it is closely allied
to G. iochecera, but differs in the dark bronzy ground colour, and
the clearer and more silvery streaks. Three specimens taken at
Brisbane, and on damp goound on the forest-clad ascent of the
BuUi Pass, at rest on the heads of a species of J uncus, in
September and October.

Glyph, iochecera, n. sp.

^ $ . 4"-4f". Head and thorax dark bronzy-grey. Palpi
whitish at base, second joint with two appressed whorls of fuscous
whitish-tipped scales, terminal joint dark fuscous with two
white rings. Antennae dark fuscous. Abdomen elongate, dark
fuscous. Legs ochreous-grey, tarsal joints basally slightly
suffused with darker. Fore-wings narrow, hardly dilated,
hind-margin sinuate beneath apex ; dull grey, slightly tinged
with bronze ; one dorsal and five costal slender rather obscure
white streaks, anteriorly margined with dark fuscous-grey ; first
costal in middle, second from before f , both very oblique, not
reaching half across wing ; dorsal from just before anal angle,
very oblique, apex almost reaching extremity of second costal ;
third, fourth, and fifth costal streaks acutely wedge-shaped,
short, almost wholly on costal cilia ; a silvery -white metallic spot
on middle of hind-margin ; a clear round black apical spot ;
cilia whitish, towards anal angle dark fuscous-grey, with a strong
sharp black apical hook, and with basal half separated by a
black line and dark fuscous-gre^^, except on a whitish wedge-
shaped indentation below apex, whence proceeds a sharp black
sub-apical hook. Hind-wings and cilia dark fuscous-grey.

Closely allied to the preceding species, but rather larger and
narrower-winged, ground colour grey only slightly tinged with
bronzy, costal and dorsal streaks not silvery. Four specimens
taken on rushes (Jimcus) in swampy places in Januaxy, at
Dunedin and Christchurch, New Zealand.

244 DESCRIPTIONS OF ATTSTRALIAN MICRO -LEPIDOPTERA,

Glyph, acrotliecta, n. S2).
^. 4^"-5". Head and thorax dark bronzy-grey. Palpi
white at base, second joint with two short oblique whorls of
black white-tipped scales, terminal joint black with two oblique
white rings and white above towards apex. Antennee dark
fuscous. Abdomen elongate, blackish-grey with white rings,
apex white. Legs dark fuscous, posterior and middle tibiae with
white central and apical bands, tarsi with obsolete whitish rings
at apex of joints, posterior tarsi with a clear white ring at apex
of basal joint, and two apical joints wholly white. Fore-wings
narrow, elongate, not dilated, hind-margin sinuate beneath apex ;
dull pale grey, suffused with brownish on disc and inner margin ;
six rather obscure white, anteriorly blackish-margined, oblique
costal streaks ; first at i, reaching to middle, partially black-
margined ]30steriorly as well ; second in middle, not reaching
half across w ing ; third to sixth short, mostly on costal cilia,
each silvery-metallic at apex ; a black oblique streak from middle
of inner margin, leading to an obscure whitish anteriorly black-
margined spot below apex of first costal streak ; a faint whitish
spot on anal angle, i^receded by a short curved black streak ;
two silvery-metallic spots on disc, beneath extremities of second
and third costal streaks, sometimes united with them ; a rather
large conical silver^'-metallic black-margined spot on hind-margin
below middle ; a -small silvery-metallic black-margined spot on
hind-margin below apex; cilia whitish, with a sharp black
apical hook, fuscous-grey towards anal angle, basal half separated
by a black line and fuscous-grey, except where a whitish black-
margined indentation meets the small silvery-metallic sub-apical
spot. Hind-wings and cilia dark fuscous-gre}^

Not nearly allied to any described species ; the markings have
a peculiar confused appearance ; the black dorsal streak from
centre of inner margin is caused by the suffusion and
disappearance of the accompanying white streak. Six ^'s

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 245

taken on the dry grassy volcanic hills near Cliristcliurcli, New
Zealand, in January.

Glyph, astrapeea, 7i. sp.

(^ . 5^". Head and thorax brilliant metallic coppery bronze,
face dark fuscus. Palpi with second joint clothed with three
whorls of black very narrowly white- tipped scales, terminal
joint black with an obKque white lateral line. Antennae dark
fuscous. Abdomen blackish-fuscous, apex ochreous-white. Legs
dark bronzy-fuscous, middle and posterior tibiae with obscure
slender whitish central and apical rings, tarsi with obscui-e white
rings at apex of joints, two apical joints of posterior tarsi wholly
white. Fore-wings moderately broad, somewhat dilated, hind-
margin sinuate below apex ; brilliant metallic coppery-bronze,
with violet-silvery metallic obscurely dark-margined markings ;
a short oblique streak from costa before middle; a rather
irregular outwardly curved fascia from beyond middle of costa
to anal angle ; a rather short oblique streak from f of costa,
opposite extremity of which is a triangular spot on hind-margin
below middle ; two small spots on costa before apex, second
produced as a curved streak to hind-margin below apex ; cilia
whitish towards apex, blackish-fuscous towards anal angle, with
a black apical hook, and intersected by a strong black line,
obliterated at anal angle and where a white black-margined
indentation meets the sub-apical streak. Hind-wings and cilia
blackish-fuscous.

This and the succeeding species are very handsome insects,
not coming very near any others, but very closely allied together ;
G. astrapcea is distinguished by the total absence of the
longitudinal streak from base, and by the complete fascia beyond
middle ; in other respects it is extremely similar. One (^ taken
flying in the sun in a grassy swamp near Cambridge, New
Zealand, in January.

246 DESCRIPTIONS OF AXTSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

Glyph, transversella, TTIcr., Brit. Mus. Cat., 849 (ArgyrestHa).
(^ $ . 5^''-6'\ Head and thorax brilliant metallic-bronze,
face dark fuscous. Palpi yellowish at base, second joint with
three whorls of black white-tipped scales, terminal joint black
with a white lateral line. Antennae dark fuscous. Abdomen
in (^ dark bronzy-fuscous, beneath silvery-white, in $ blackish,
apex whitish. Legs dark bronzy-fuscous, tarsi with whitish
rings at apex of joints, posterior tibiae with white central and
apical rings, posterior tarsi with two apical joints wholly white.
Fore-wings moderately broad, somewhat dilated, hind-margin
sinuate below apex ; brilliant metallic coppery-bronze, with
golden-silvery metallic obscurely dark-margined markings ; an
indistinct paler bronzj^-yellowish central longitudinal streak from
base to beyond middle, broadest posteriorly, attenuated at base ;
a short oblique streak from costa before middle; an oblique
streak from costa beyond middle, and a rather oblique streak
from anal angle, which are not united, apex of dorsal streak
lying beyond apex of costal ; a rather short oblique streak from
f of costa, opposite the extremity of which is a triangular spot
on hind-margin below middle ; two small spots on costa before
apex, second produced as a curved streak to hind-margin below
apex; cilia whitish towards apex, dark fuscous towards anal
angle, with a black apical hook, basal half, except towards anal
angle, sex^arated by a black line and clothed with bronzy scales,
except where a white black-margined indentation meets the sub-
apical streak. Hind-wings and cilia blackish-fuscous.

Very nearly allied to G. astrapcea, but slightly less brilliant,
and characterised by the paler central streak from base, and the
costal and dorsal streaks beyond middle not being united into a
fascia. Eight specimens taken flying gently in the shade over a
damp grassy sheltered bank near Auckland, New Zealand, in
January.

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 247

Apistomorpha, n. g.

Head smooth. ; witli ocelli ; tongue moderate. Antennae much,
shorter than fore-wings, slender, filiform. No maxillary palpi.
Labial palpi rather short, thick, arched; second joint beneath
with a loose rather long tuft of projecting hairs, terminal joint
loosely scaled, slender, pointed. Fore-wings elongate, hind-
margin oblique, sinuate beneath apex, apex rounded, produced.
Hind-wings ovate-lanceolate, rather pointed, narrower than
fore- wings, cilia as broad as hind- wings. Abdomen rather
elongate. Legs rather short, smoothly scaled. Fore-wings
with 12 veins; secondary cell indicated ; 7 and 8 stalked, one
to each side of apex ; 1 very shortly furcate at base. Hind-
wings with 8 veins ; 3 and 4 from posterior angle of cell.

Closely allied to Glyphiptet^yx, and in superficial appearance
extremely similar, but characterised clearly by the stalking of
veins 7 and 8 of forewings, and the tuft on second joint of
palpi; in the latter character it resembles Fhrijganostola, but
differs in the venation.

The habits of the imago are similar to those of Glyphipteryx ;
it has the same motion of fanning its wings when at rest. The
larva is yet unknown.

Apist. ai-gyrosema, n. sp.

(^ $ . 3|"-4|^". Head and thorax dark fuscous. Palpi white
at base, second joint with two whorls of black white-tipped
scales, produced beneath to form a rough tuft of black and white
hairs ; terminal joint black, clothed except extreme apex with
two whorls of black white-tipped hairs. Antennae dark fuscous.
Abdomen dark fuscous, with silvery-whiti?h rings. Legs dark
fuscous, all tarsi with slender white rings at apex of joints,
posterior tibise with white central and apical bands, posterior
tarsi with two apical joints wholly white. Fore- wings rather
short, rather narrow, hind-margin distinctly sinuate ; dark

248 DESCEIPTIONS OF AUSTEALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

golden-bronze, with, transverse golden-ochreoiis strigiilae ; a
white transverse spot on inner margin near base ; a straight
silvery-metallic streak from costa before ^, reaching to fold ; two
straight parallel silvery-metallic transverse fasciae, first from
middle of costa, second from f to anal angle, sometimes shortly
interrupted below middle ; two small silvery-metallic spots on
costa at f , and a little before apex, becoming white in costal
cilia ; beneath the anterior one is a small discal silvery spot ; a
sub-apical silvery-metallic streak from costa to hind-margin a
little below apex ; a triangular black patch on hind-margin
above anal angle; its base resting on lower part of second
fascia, its apex on middle of hind-margin, containing five or six
irregular golden-metallic spots ; above this patch are sometimes
one or two longitudinal black lines on disc ; cilia whitish, grey
at apex and anal angle, basal half separated by a dark fuscous
line and clothed with golden-ochreous scales, except where a
wbite indentation meets the sub-apical silvery streak. Hind-
wings and cilia dark fuscous.

A handsome species, bearing considerable resemblance in
markings to Glypli. iometalla and Glyph, triselena ; being
distinguished from the former by its larger size and the second
complete fascia, from the latter by its darker colouring and
broader irregularly-spotted anal patch. Eather common,
occurring round Sydney and Parramatta, and at Bowenfels and
Tarana on the Blue Mountains, about 2,500 feet above the sea ;
it flies in the sunshine towards sunset over dry grassy banks, in
September, November, and from January to March, so that
there is probably a succession of broods.

Phryganostola, n. g.

Head smooth ; with ocelli ; tongue moderate. Antennae about
half as long as fore-wings, filiform, in ^ very shortly ciliated.
No maxillary palpi. Labial palpi rather short, thick, arched ;
second joint clothed with long loose projecting hairs beneath,

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 249

forming a broad tuft ; terminal joint short, acute. Fore-'wings
elongate, variable in breadth, apex produced, hind-margin
indented, very oblique. Hind-wings lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, narrower than fore-wings, pointed, cilia about as
broad. Abdomen elongate, slender. Legs moderate, smoothly-
scaled. Fore- wings with 1 2 separate veins ; secondary cell
indicated; 1 simple or furcate at base. Hind- wings with 8
veins ; 3 and 4 from posterior angle of cell.

Nearly allied to Glyphipteryx, but differing in the long tuft
on second joint of palpi ; from Apistomorpha it is distinguished
by veins 7 and 8 of fore-wings not being stalked. The fore-
wings and abdomen are mostly more elongate than in either of
these genera. The imagos have the same habit of fanning
themselves when at rest, but frequent the shade rather than the
sunshine, and are less brilliantly marked. The larvee are at
present unknown. The four species described here may be
known from one another by the following characteristics : —

1. Fore-wings with scattered silvery-metallic

spots . . . . . . . . drosophaes

2. Fore- wings with central longitudinal white

streak from base . . . . . . euthybelemna

3. Fore-wings with white streak from base

along inner margin . . . . oxymachsera

4. Fore- wings unicolorous pale grey . . achlyoessa

Phryg. drosophaes, w. sp.

^ . 6". Head and thorax dull bronzy-grey. Palpi ochreous-
white at base, second joint with a long rough tuft of mixed
black and white hairs, terminal joint slender, black, with two
white rings. Antennae dark fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous,
apex whitish. Legs dark fuscous, tarsi with white rings at
apex of joints, posterior tibiae dull grey, apex white. Fore-
wings rather broad, dilated, dull fuscous-grey, with fine
2 F

250 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO -LEPIDOPTERA,

transverse ochreous strigulse, and silvery-metallic coarsely black-
margined markings; five short rather oblique costal streaks,
first before, second beyond middle; a spot on inner margin
beyond middle, and a short rather oblique streak from anal
angle ; three spots on hind-margin, respectively below middle, in
middle, and below apex ; five spots on disc, first two forming a
curve with second costal and first dorsal streak, second two
forming a parallel curve with third costal and streak from anal
angle, fifth beneath apex of fourth costal streak ; a. small silvery-
metallic spot in apex ; cilia whitish, with a black apical hook,
basal half separated by a black line, and dark purple-fuscous,
except where a white black-margined indentation meets the
sub-apical silvery spot. Hind- wings and cilia dark fuscous-grey.

This is the broadest winged species of the genus. It appears
to be a shade-loving insect; two c^'s taken in a deep gully
beneath damp overhanging rocks near Parramatta, in October.

Phryg. euthybelemna, n. 8p.

$ . 5^". Head and thorax light bronzy grey. Palpi pale
ochreous, second joint beneath with a rather long rough projecting
fringe of white hairs. Antennse dark fuscous. Abdomen
ochreous-grey, apex whitish-ochreous. Legs fuscous-grey, tarsi
with whitish rings at apex of joints, posterior tibiae with
whitish central and apical rings. Fore-wings moderate, slightly
dilated, pale ochreous-bronze, with pure white fuscous-margined
markings ; a rather broad central longitudinal streak from base
to f ; a small spot on costa about \, slenderly produced along
costa towards base ; a short oblique streak from costa before
middle, followed by a small obscure costal s^^ot ; a longer oblique
streak from middle of costa, and a rather oblique streak from
anal angle, their extremities meeting in a silvery-metallic spot
on apex of basal streak; the apical half of costa filled with
seven short rather oblique white streaks, separated only by their
dark fuscous margins ; an irregular silvery-metallic streak along

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 251

lower part of hind-margin, black-margined anteriorlj^ ; apex
blackisli, with some silvery -white scales ; cilia white, with a
blackish apical hook, towards anal angle fuscous-grey, basal
half separated by a black line and fuscous-grey, except where a
white black-margined indentation meets hind-margin below
apex. Hind-wings fuscous-grey, cilia rather paler.

An elegantly-marked species, conspicuous through the central
basal streak. Several ^'s taken by Mr. G. H. Eaynor at
Melbourne, and also al Brighton in Tasmania, in January.

Phrj^g. oxymachaera, n. sj).

^ ? . 4|-"-5f". Head whitish. Thorax whitish, sometimes
suffused with fuscous. Palpi white, second joint with two
fuscous-grey rings, beneath with a long loose projecting tuft of
white hairs, mixed with a few fuscous-grey. Antennae dark
fuscous. Abdomen very elongate, esjiecially in $ , varying from
pale ochreous to dark fuscous-grey ; with whitish rings. Legs
fuscous-grey or ochreous-grey, posterior tibiae white at apex, all
tarsi fuscous or dark fuscous with white rings at apex of joints.
Pore-wings elongate, narrow, hardly dilated, dull fuscous,
sometimes suffused with whitish along costa, with white dark-
margined markings ; a broad streak along inner margin from
base to beyond middle, thence attenuated and directed obliquely
upwards, ending on middle of disc at | from base ; eight rather
short oblique costal streaks, none reaching half across wing,
first at i, xDroduced along costa towards base, all sometimes
rendered obsolete by a general white suffusion of the costa ; a
rather short oblique streak from anal angle, ending in a bright
silvery-metallic spot on disc; a small silvery-metallic spot on
hind-margin below middle ; cilia white, with a black apical hook,
and intersected by a strong black line, except where a white
black-margined indentation meets hind-margin beneath apex.
Hind- wings fuscous-grey, cilia whitish.

252 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO -LEPIDOPTERA,

Bemarkable from its lanceolate wings and very elongate
abdomen ; it varies rather considerably in depth, of colouring.
Six specimens taken on the dry grassy volcanic hills near
Christchurch, New Zealand, in January.

Phryg. achlyoessa, w. sp.

^. by. Head and thorax whitish-grey. Palpi whitish-
grey, mixed with dark fuscous, second joint beneath with a long
loose prejecting fringe of hairs. Antennae dark fuscous.
Abdomen elongate, dark fuscous. Legs pale ochreous-grey.
Fore-wings elongate, narrow, hind-margin strongly sinuate below
apex; pale whitish-grey, faintly strigulated transversely with
darker; a few solitary black scales, tending to be arranged
longitudinally on fold and lower median vein ; cilia whitish, with
an obscure dark fuscous apical hook, basal f separated by a
blackish line and dark smoky-grey. Hind-wings and cilia
fuscous-grey.

An inconspicuous narrow-winged almost unicolorous species.
One ^ taken flying at dusk on a bare grassy hill near
Wellington, New Zealand, in January.

ERECHTHIAD^.
I have at present five genera of this family, which may be
thus tabulated : —

A. Face smooth Hippiocha3tes

B. Pace rough-haired.

I. Fore-wings with 12 veins . . . . Eschatotypa

II. Fore-wings with 11 veins.

a. Veins 6 and 7 of fore-wings stalked Ereunetis
I. Yeins 6 and 7 of fore-wings separate.

1. Veins 5 & 6 of hind-wings stalked Erechthias

2. Veins 5 & 6 of hind-wings separate Comodica

BY E. MEYEICK, B.A. 253

HippiocH^TES, n. g.

Head roughly tufted above, face smooth. ; ocelli (?) ; no tongue.
Antennae shorter than forewings, in ^ thickened, finely ciliated.
Maxillary palpi rather short, folded. Labial palpi short, slender,
drooping. Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow, hind-margin
very obliquely rounded. Hind-wings lanceolate, narrower than
fore-wings, cilia nearly twice as broad. Abdomen moderate.
Legs rather short, slender, posterior tibi?e and first joint of tarsi
clothed beneath with rather long dense hairs. Fore-wings with
(apparently) 1 1 separate veins. Hind-wings with 8 veins ; 5
and 6 stalked ; one to each side of apex.

This genus, containing at present only a single species, is very
remarkable, affording a clear connecting link between the
Ghjljhipterygidce and JErecJitliiadcc. It differs from the rest of the
Erechthiadce in the smooth face, and in superficial marking, and
I have not been able to properly examine the neuration of the
single specimen ; but the roughly-tufted crown prevents its
association with the Glypluiyicnjgidm, and its reference to the
Erechthiadce is clearly determined by the absence of a tongue,
the development of the maxillary palpi, and the short drooj)ing
labial palpi, as well as by what can be made out of the neuration.
Its habits are at present unknown.

Hipp, chrysaspis, n. sp.

^ . 3|". Head dark ochreous mixed with fuscous on crown,
face dark fuscous mixed with ferruginous. Palpi pale whitish-
grey. Antennae dark fuscous. Thorax and abdomen blackish-
fuscous. Legs black above, shining ochreous-white beneath.
Fore-wings blackish-fuscous ; a large acute-triangular yellow
oblique spot on inner margin at base, its base extending from
middle of base of wing to i of inner margin and including a
roundish black spot, its apex resting on disc just before middle ;
a rather smaller oblique triangular yellow spot on inner margin
before anal angle, bisected by a blackish line from its apex to

254 DESCEIPTIOXS OF AUSTRALI.iX MICRO-LEPIDOPTEEA,

its base, its base broad, its apex reaehing half across wing
beyond middle of disc, its anterior side parallel to tbe posterior
side of first spot ; a very oblique white streak from middle of
costa to above apex of second dorsal spot ; a second mucli less
oblique white streak from costa before |, reaching f across wing ;
between its apex and that of second dorsal spot is a silvery-
metallic spot near hind-margin ; an oblique white sub-apical
streak from costa ; a silvery-metallic line along lower part of
hind-margin ; cilia white at tips, basal f dark fuscous-grey,
round apex (apparently) silvery-white with a black intersecting
line. Hind-wings and cilia dark fuscous.

This is a beautiful and singular insect, not closely resembling
any other known. I have but one specimen, of which the apical
cilia are a little injured, but otherwise very perfect ; taken at
rest on a fence in Sydney, in November.

CoMODiCA, n. g.

Head rough all over, tufted between eyes ; with ocelli ; no
tongue. Antennte shorter than fore-wings, in ^ thickened,
basal j oint large, broadly compressed. Maxillary palpi moderate,
folded. Labial palpi moderate, j)oi'i'ected, rather slender, with
appressed scales; terminal joint much shorter than second,
bluntly pointed. Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow, tolerably
evenly pointed. Hind- wings lanceolate, hardly narrower than
fore-wings, apex rather produced, very acute, cilia rather broader.
Abdomen elongate. Legs moderate, posterior tibiee clothed with
long hairs. Fore-wings with 11 separate veins, sub-costal
obsolete towards base ; secondary cell indicated ; 1 simple.
Hind-wings with 8 separate veins, sub-costal obsolete before
middle, 6 running to apex.

The genus is readily recognised by the neuration, especially
by the separation of veins 5 and 6 of hindwings, the sharp
rather produced apex of hind-wings, and the double apical hook
of fore-wings. In repose the imago sits closely appressed to

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 255

the surface,, the double apical hook on the fore-wings being
turned up, so as to present the semblance of four short erect
tails round the posterior extremity of the insect. I have only
one species, of which the larva is unknown.

Com. tetracercella, n. sp.

$ % . 4" b" . Head whitish-ochreous, with a blackish-fuscous
spot between antennee. Palpi whitish-ochreous. Antennae in
$ dark fuscous above, whitish-ochreous towards base, in ?
wholly whitish-ochreous. Thorax pale ochreous, with an
irregular blackish central spot. Abdomen dark ochreous-grey,
apex pale ochreous. Legs ochreous- whitish, anterior tibife
suffused with dark fuscous, middle tibiae with slender oblique
dark fuscous central and apical bands, all tarsi suffused with dark
fuscous at base of joints. Fore-wings ochreous-white or cream
colour, sometimes partially suffused with ochreous ; five oblique
streaks from costa and five from inner margin blackish, suffused
with ochreous, of variable intensity ; a minute blackish spot on
costa at base, sometimes obsolete, and a rather larger one on
inner margin at base ; first costal streak near base, generally
very short, sometimes suffusedly produced very obliquely to
apex of second ; second at \, sometimes broad, very oblicj[ue,
reaching half across wing ; third from middle of costa, broadest
of all, very oblique, not reaching half across wing ; fourth a
little beyond it, slender, bent at apex to meet extremity of third ;
fifth close before apex, very oblique, consisting of a few black
scales preceded by a rather broad ochreous streak ; first dorsal
streak oblique, close to base, reaching middle; second at i,
equally oblique, apex produced to meet extremity of second
costal ; third broad, in middle, fourth jvist beyond it, both often
confluent and blotch-like, reaching half across wing, where their
apices are often produced as slender longitudinal lines ; fifth
irregular, spot-like, on anal angle ; a strong black apical streak,
extending obliquely downwards from apex to disc below

256 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

extremities of third and fourth costal streaks ; cilia ockreous-
white, becoming grey at anal angle, containing a clear black
spot directly above apex, and another more obscure directly
below it, and with two straight thick black lines projecting from
apex, the one rather obliquely upwards, the other rather
obliquely downwards, beneath the lower of which the cilia are
excavated to base by a curved wedge-shaped indentation.
Hind- wings and cilia fuscous-grey.

The sharp erected apical hooks give this insect a singular
appearance in repose. It has a peculiar streaked and variegated
ornamentation, and does not nearly resemble any other. Common
at Sydney on fences from November to January ; also taken at
Brisbane in the open bush in Sej)tember.

ESCHATOTYPA, U. g.

Head rough all over, tufted between eyes ; with ocelli ; no
tongue. Antennae shorter than fore-wings, in ^ somewhat
thickened, basal joint slightly broader. Maxillary palpi long,
folded. Labial palpi moderately long, porrected ; second joint
with a few bristles above, and clothed beneath with short
projecting hairs, especially at apex ; terminal joint much shorter
than second, bluntly pointed, loosely scaled. Fore-wings
elongate, somewhat dilated, hind-margin very obliquely rounded.
Hind-wings ovate-lanceolate, rather narrower than fore-wings,
cilia narrower. Abdomen rather elongate. Legs moderate,
posterior tibiae smoothly scaled, beneath fringed with long hairs.
Fore-wings with 12 separate veins ; 5 branches to hind-margin ;
sub-costal obsolete towards base ; secondary cell indicated ; 1
furcate at base. Hind-wings with 8 veins, sub-costal obsolete
before middle ; 5 and 6 stalked, 6 running to hind-margin.

This genus differs from all the rest of the family in possessing
12 veins (all separate) in the fqre-wings, and is proportionately
somewhat broader winged. In repose the apex of the fore-wings
is somewhat turned up, but not very conspicuously.

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 257

Esch. melichrysa, n. 8p.

$ ? . 4"-6". Head snow-wMte. Palpi wliite, fringe of
second joint mixed with, dark fuscous-grey. Antennae wliitisli-
oclireous, basal joint white. Thorax white, irregularly suffused
on margins with greyish-ochreous. Abdomen dark ochreous-
grey. Legs pale greyish-ochreous, tarsi suffused with darker
grey at base of joints. Fore-wings white, with irregular and
partially suffused greyish-ochreous or yellow-ochreous markings ;
an oblique rather narrow dark-margined band from \ of costa,
meeting an obsolete similar band from \ of inner margin on
disc, to form an angulated fascia of which the lower half is
indistinct; before this are several irregular strigulae on costa
and inner margin ; a similar dark-margined angulated rather
broader fascia from f of costa to about f of inner margin, often
furcate on costa (in one specimen obsoletely double throughout),
most indistinct on disc ; between the two fasciae are faint greyish-
ochreous clouds on disc, and sometimes indistinct fuscous-grey
strigulse on costa ; apical portion of wing greyish-ochreous or
ochreous, separated from second fascia by a narrow white fascia,
and connected with it by an oblique greyish-ochreous dark-
margined irregular band below middle ; in the a^oical portion
are two small white irregular spots on costa close before apex, a
small blackish apical dot, white-margined above and below, a
small white black -margined spot on hind-margin beneath apex,
and some irregular confused white black-margined spots on
lower part of hind-margin and on disc ; all the markings are
variable in shape and intensity of colouring ; cilia yellowish-
ochreous, with a dark grey dividing line, and a white spot below
apex. Hind-wings and cilia pale slaty-grey.

A rather elegantly marked insect, but variable in size and
colouring ; my southern specimens are the largest and brightest.
Eather common at Wellington aijd Dunedin, New Zealand, in
December and January, beaten from forest growth ; its habits
are sluggish.
2 Qc

258 DESCRIPTIONS OF ATJSTRAILIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

Ereunetis, n, g.
Head rough all over, tufted between eyes ; with, ocelli ; no
tongue. Antennae shorter than forewings, in ^ somewhat
thickened, basal joint broadly compressed. Maxillary palpi
moderate, folded. Labial palpi moderately long, porrected,
second joint beneath with a more or less long and dense fringe
of hairs ; terminal joint shorter, bluntly pointed, sometimes
concealed in hairs of second joint. Fore-wings elongate, rather
narrow, tolerably evenly pointed. Hind-wings lanceolate, rather
narrower than fore-wings, cilia rather broader. Abdomen
elongate. Legs moderate, posterior tibiae beneath or entirely
clothed with long hairs. Fore-wings with 1 1 veins ; sub-costal
obsolete towards base ; secondary cell indicated ; 6 and 7 stalked,
both to costa ; 1 simple. Hind-wings with 8 or 7 veins (vein 7
being sometimes obsolete) ; sub-costal obsolete before middle ; 5
and 6 stalked, one to either side of apex.

Distinguished from all the other genera by the stalking of
veins 6 and 7 of foie-wings ; from Erechthias, to which it comes
nearest, also by vein 1 of fore-wings not being furcate at base.
In one species the hind-wings (? in (^ only) possess a peculiar
thickened patch of scales on disc near base, and in another a
transparent hyaline spot in the same place. The species are
rather retired and sluggish in habit ; the only larva known
appears to feed in the bark of trees. There are three species
known to me, distinguished as follows : —

A. Hind-wings with a transparent patch at

base . . . . . . . . . . 3. iuloptera

B. Hind- wings without a transparent patch

at base.

1. Fore-wings with faint ochreous-yellow

bands . . . . . . . . 1 . selenophanes

2. Fore-wings with dark fuscous and

ochreous markings . . . . 2. brontoctypa

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 259

Ereun. selenoplianes, n. sjj.

c^. 3|^"-4". Head snow-white. Aiitenna3 white, slenderly
annulated with dark fuscous, and with a broader blackish band
in middle, and four other black rings towards apex. Palpi
snow-white, second joint of labial palpi with a short fringe.
Thorax white, suffused with pale yellowish on sides. Abdomen
ochreous-grey, beneath whitish-ochreous. Legs ochreous-whitish,
tarsi suffused with darker grey at base of joints. Fore-wings
whitish, faintly suffused with ochreous-yellowish, and with three
rather darker faint ochreous-yellow transverse bands ; first band
near base, rather curved, margined on costa with two blackish
spots ; second at ^ ; irregular, angulated outwards above middle,
margined on costa with two very short blackish streaks ; third
much broader, from about f of costa very obliquely outwards
nearly to hind-margin, thence angulated very sharply and
continued more obscurely, and parallel to hind-margin, to inner
margin before anal angle, margined on costa with two very short
blackish streaks ; a longitudinal linear black apical spot ; a faint
grey line on hind-margin, becoming blackish round apex ; cilia
pale ochreous-yellow, with a cloudy whitish spot beneath apex.
Hind-wings and cilia rather pale fuscous-grey.

A faintly-marked species, most nearly resembling Ereum.
iuloptera, but smaller, without the transparent spot of hind-wings,
and the markings differently arranged. Four (^'s taken in the
dry barren scrub above the Bulli Pass, and also at Brisbane, in
September and October.

Ereun. brontoctypa, n. sp.

S • Sl"-3f'. Head and palpi white, second joint of labial
palpi dark fuscous beneath, with a short fringe. Antennse
swollen above basal joint, white, slenderly annulated with dark
fuscous, with three broader blackish bands towards apex, and
sometimes one above base. Thorax ochreous-whitish, anterior
margin dark fuscous. Abdomen dark grey. Legs ochreous-

260 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTBRA,

grey, tibiae darker grey. Fore-wings dull wMtish, with, ochreous
and dark fuscous markings ; a small oblique cloudy dark fuscous
blotch on costa before i, and a rather larger oblique dark
fuscous blotch from costa slightly before middle, reaching ^
across wing ; between second blotch and base the costa is
slenderly dark fuscous ; a much broader oblique dark blotch on
costa above f , suffusedly truncate and reaching only ^ across
wing ; two or three small irregular blackish-fuscous spots on
inner margin near base ; a cloudy dull ochreous streak along
fold, extending to anal angle where it is expanded into a cloudy
ochreous blotch, partially uniting with third costal blotch ; hind-
margin irregularly dark fuscous ; a small linear blackish apical
spot ; cilia whitish- ochreous, towards anal angle grey- whitish,
with a darker dividing line. Hind- wings and cilia rather pale
fuscous-grey, with a roundish black thickened spot of dense
scales (in (^ only ?) in disc close to base, visible on both surfaces,
on lower surface forming a raised hooked projection.

Distinguished from both its congeners by the cloudy dark
fuscous markings ; it has somewhat the superficial appearance
of a Buccidatrix. Three ^ 's ta]^en amongst dry scrub at Sydney
and Brisbane, in September, October, and April.

Ereun. iuloptera, n. sp.

S ? • 4"-5". Head and palpi white, labial palpi entirely
clothed with dense rough hairs, on sides mixed with ochreous-
fuscous. Antennae ochreous-whitish, slenderly annulated with
black. Thorax white, anteriorly suffused with ochreous.
Abdomen elongate, whitish-ochreous. Legs whitish- ochreous,
anteiior tibiae dark fuscous, middle tibiae with dark fuscous
central and apical rings, all tarsi with dark fuscous rings at base
of joints. Fore-^ngs whitish, irrorated and iiTegularly suffused
with pale ochreous, with indistinct cloudy ochreous markings ; a
roundish spot at base of costa ; an oblique fascia-like spot from
\ of inner margin, reaching more than half across wing, mixed

BY^E. MEYRICK, B.A. 261

with blackish near inner margin; an oblique fascia-like spot
from costa just before middle, reaching half across wing ; an
irregular spot on anal angle ; a rather larger irregular suffused
spot on costa about f ; a roundish dark fuscous apical spot ;
costa throughout tending to be irregularly .^trigulated with short
blackish marks, sometimes obsolete ; cilia white, round apex
ochreous, with tips and an irregular dividing-Kne dark fuscous.
Hind-wings grey, with an elongate-ovate transparent patch on
disc at base, beneath lower median vein ; cilia whitish.

Larger than either of the two preceding, remarkable from its
densely haired palpi, and the hyaline patch on hind-wings.
When at rest the tips of the fore-wings are bent up very
strongly, more so than in the allied species. Common at Sydney
at rest on fences, from November to January, and again in May.

I have bred this species from a pupa found in the bark of a
fibrous-barked species of Eucalyptus, between the layers ;
although I have not observed the larva, I have little doubt that
it had fed in that situation. Pupa elongate, slender, pale amber,
antennal sheaths separate ; enclosed in a cocoon of firm silk
covered with refuse ; found in November.

Erechthias, n. g.

Head rough all over, tufted between eyes ; with ocelli ; no
tongue. Antennae shorter than fore-wings, in $ somewhat
thickened, basal joint rather broader. Maxillary palpi rather
short, folded. Labial palpi moderately long, porrected, second
joint with from a few bristles to a dense fringe of hairs beneath ;
terminal joint shorter, bluntly pointed, sometimes also fringed
beneath with hairs. Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow,
tolerably evenly pointed. Hind-wings lanceolate, about as
broad as fore-wings, cilia about as broad. Abdomen elongate.
Legs moderate, posterior tibiae clothed with long fine hairs.
Fore-wings with 1 1 veins, sub-costal obsolete towards base ;
secondary cell indicated ; 4 and 5 sometimes approximated on

262 DESCRIPTIONS OF ATTSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTEKA,

hind-margin ; 1 furcate at base, but lower sometimes partially
obsolete. Hind-wings with 8 veins, sub-costal obsolete before
middle ; 5 and 6 stalked, one to either side of apex.

This genus appears to be of some extent; it is subject to
variation with regard to the scaling of the labial palpi, which
are sometimes densely rough-haired, but the gradations do not
admit of further division. The neuration throughout the genus
is uniform ; vein 1 of fore-wings is always furcate at some
distance from base, but the lower branch is sometimes only
distinct at its origin. The width of the fore- wings also vaiies.
The habits of the imago are retired and sluggish; in repose
they sit flatly appressed to the surface, with the apex of the
fore-wings bent upwards. Though not brightly coloured, they
are elegantly marked.

The larva of one species only is known to me ; it is 16-legged,
without peculiarity, and feeds in the seed-heads of one of the
ZiliacecB ; the pupa is placed in a slight cocoon amongst refuse
in the seed-head.

I have ten species of this genus, which may be thus tabularly
arranged : —

A. Fore-wings ochreous.

1 . Fore-wings with dark fuscous streaks

along margins 6 charadrota

2. Fore- wings without dark fuscous streaks

along margins.
a. Face white . . . . . . . . 4 acontistes

h. Face orange-ochreous .. ..5 elaeorrhoa

B. Fore-wings white, with dark fuscous

markings.

1. Labial palpi beneath with long dense

fringe . . . . . . . . 1 mystacinella

2. Labial palpi loosely haired, hardly

rough.

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 263

a. With, a central longitudinal streak

from base to apex . . . . 3 stilbella

h. With, a streak along inner margin

from base to middle . . . . 2 chasmatias

e. With a band along inner margin

from base to apex . . . . 7 chionodira

C. Fore- wings grey, with white markings ..10 aellophora

D, Fore- wings dark fuscous with white

markings.

1. Centi'al streak from base broad,

extending to hind-margin . . 8 subpavonella

2. Central streak from base narrow, not

reaching middle . . . . . . 9 niphadopla

Erech. mystacinella, lVh\, Brit. Mus. Cat. 1006 f Tinea. J

(^ $ . 5"-7". Head and palpi white, second joint of labial
palpi with a dense long fringe beneath, more or less concealing
terminal joint. Antennae dark greyish-ochreous, slenderly
annulated with whitish, with a slender black ring above white
basal joint. Thorax white, anterior margin and two spots on
back connected with it blackish. Abdomen whitish-ochreous.
Legs white ; anterior tibias and tarsi black above, middle tarsi
with dark fuscous rings at base of joints. Fore-wings white,
with, a black white-sprinkled streak along inner margin from
base almost to anal angle, narrow at first and partially interruj)ted
near base, emitting two oblique teeth (the first fuscous) before
and after i, which, reach half across wing, and beyond middle
dilated into a broad semi-ovate spot, reaching half across wing,
containing a linear white indentation on its posterior edge ; a
small black spot on costa at base ; a small blackish spot on disc
above and between teeth of dorsal streak ; four slender dark
fuscous streaks from costa ; first before, second beyond middle,
short, very oblique ; third at f , longer, very oblique, uniting at

264 DESCRIPTIONS OF ATJSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPrDOPTERA,

apex with fourtli, wliicli is almost apical and much, less oblique,
extending through costal cilia, and followed by a white line,
beyond which is a round ochreous posteriorly black margined
spot in apical ciKa, containing a crescent-shaped black mark ;
hind-margin faintly clouded with grey; cilia white except on
the apical ochreous spot, beyond which are two distinct blackish
lines round apex only, and a strong short black hook projecting
directly from apical spot, being a prolongation of the black
crescent shaped mark. Hind-wings fuscous-grey, cilia whitish.
A handsome species, variable in size, southern specimens
being the largest. It resembles the two following species in
shape of wing, and general appearance, but is immediately
known by the broad toothed inner-marginal streak, as well as
by the long dense hairs of the labial palpi. A common and
widely distributed species, generally taken at rest on fences,
without any clue to its habits ; it occurs at Sydney and
Parramatta, at Springwood on the Blue Mountains (1,200 feet),
also at Brisbane, Melbourne, and at Brighton in Tasmania, from
October to March.

Erech. chasmatias, n. sp.

^ . 6^." Head white. Palpi white, second joint of labial
palpi dark fuscous above, beneath with loose scales, terminal
joint loosely haired. Antennae whitish, obsoletely annulated
with darker. Thorax white, lateral and anterior margins dark
fuscous. Abdomen ochi'eous-whitish. Legs whitish, anterior
tibise and tarsi blackish above, middle tarsi with dark fuscous
rings at base of joints. Fore -wings white, with dark fuscous
markings; a broad streak along inner margin from base to
beyond middle, where it is attenuated and bent upwards, ending
on disc beyond middle ; a slender straight line from base of
costa through disc to apex, interrupted at f , beyond which it
becomes much broader, containing a black longitudinal streak
and ending in a round black apical spot ; a short very oblique

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A.

265

blotch on costa beyond middle ; a black streak along costa from
about f to apex ; an elongate streak on Kind-margin about anal
angle, attenuated at both ends ; cilia white, with two blackish
dividing lines throughout, and indications of a projecting hook
at apex. Hind- wings whitish-grey, cilia whitish, with two dark
fuscous cloudy lines round apex.

At first sight very like the following species, but the markings
are very differently arranged; probably other nearly allied
species will be found. Two males taken at Wellington, New
Zealand, amongst forest growth, in January.

Erech. stilbella, JFkr., Brit. Mus. Cat. 849 fArgyresthiaJ.

($ ? . 6"-7". Head white, narrowly dark fuscous on sides
and behind. Palpi white, labial palpi with second joint and
base of terminal joint dark fuscous externally, second joint with
loose scales beneath, terminal joint with loose rather long hairs.
Antennae dark fuscous. Thorax white, lateral margins broadly
dark fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Legs whitish,
anterior tibiae and tarsi dark fuscous above, middle tarsi with
dark fuscous spots at base of joints. Fore-wings white, with
dark fuscous markings ; a rather broad straight central streak
from base to apex ; extreme costal edge blackish towards base ;
a slender partially indistinct straight line from base of costa
through disc, coalescing with the central streak at | of wing ; a
slender very oblique streak from costa beyond middle, also
coalescing with central streak before apex ; a slender streak
along costa from f to apex ; a slender streak along hind-margin
throughout ; a round blackish apical spot in cilia ; cilia white,
with two dark fuscous dividing lines throughout towards tips,
innermost indistinct. Hind-wings pale fuscous-grey, cilia whitish,
with a blackish dividing line round apex.

Characterised by the strong central streak from base to aj)ex.
Three specimens taken amongst forest at Auckland and
Wellington, New Zealand, in January.
2 H

266 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO -LEPIDOPTERA,

Erech. acontistes, n. sj?.

^ 9 . 5i-"-7:^". Head white, sides of crown oclireous-
fascous. Palpi white, labial palpi with, second joint and base of
terminal joint externally ochreous-fuscous, both clothed with
rather loosely appressed hairs, apex of second joint with two
or three projecting bristles above. Antennte dark ochreous-
f Liscous. Thorax dark ochreons-brown, with a central longitudinal
white stripe. Abdomen greyish-ochreous. Legs whitish, anterior
tibife and tarsi dark fuscous above, middle tarsi suffused with
fuscous, posterior tarsi with dark fuscous rings at base of joints.
Fore-wings brownish-ochreous, darkest towards costa ; a white
central longitudinal streak from base to f of disc, somewhat
attenuated at both ends, lower edge straight and sharjDly
maro-ined by a cloudy streak of blackish scales which is continued
to apex of wing ; two very oblique white streaks from costa,
first from middle, second from |, extending almost to hind-
margin ; between them is a small cloudy white spot on disc,
often confluent with the second ; a slender white streak along
hind-margin from beneath apex to anal angle ; a blackish
suffused apical spot, above which is a white spot, and sometimes
anteriorly white-margined ; cilia white, with a blackish dividing-
line before middle, the intercepted basal portion brownish-
ochreous, and with another entire blackish dividing-line beyond
middle, and two others beyond it only visible on middle of hind-
margin ; beyond the second dividing-line at apex is a sub-quadrate
blackish spot, forming a short blunt hook, being margined
beneath by a short wedge-shaped indentation in the cilia. Hind-
wings pale fuscous grey, cilia whitish, with two indistinct blackish
lines round apex.

Nearly allied to the following species, but easily known by
the white head, and pale grey hind- wings ; the markings are
very similar, but clearer. Common at Blackheath on the Blue
Mountains (3,600 feet), and also occurring on the Bulli Pass,
and at Parramatta, in September and October, and again in

BY E. MEYRK'K, B.A. 267

March ; it is a very sluggish iiisoct, and habitually remains at
rest on or near its food plant.

Larva moderately elongate, cylindrical, slightly flattened ;
dirty greyish-white, dorsal vessel darker, slate-coloured ; head
brown ; second segment dark brown. Feeds in the tall spear-
like seed-heads of Xanthorrhcea Australis fLiliaceceJ, the so-called
'' grass-tree;" it burrows amongst the seeds, manifesting its
presence by loosening them at their base and ejecting refuse ;
feeds inFebruary and March, and in August. Pupa pale amber,
in a slight cocoon amongst refuse in the head.

Erech. el^eorrhoa, n. sp.

^ . bl". Head bright orange-ochreous, with a narrow white
longitudinal stripe on crown. Labial palpi bright orange-
ochreous, beneath whitish, with loosely aj^pressed hairs.
Antennae dark fuscous, annulated with whitish. Thorax orange-
ochreous, obsoletely whitish in centre. Abdomen dark fuscous
Legs ochreous- whitish, anterior and middle tibiae and anterior
tarsi suffused with dark fuscous above, middle and posterior
tarsi suffused with dark fuscous at base of joints. Fore- wings
bright orange-ochreous, suffused with white towards inner
margin, and mixed with blackish along costa and hind-margin ;
a white central longitudinal streak from base to beyond |, but
posteriorly suffused, rather indistinct and not sharply marked ;
two very oblique indistinct white streaks from costa, first from
middle, second from f , extending almost to hind-margin ; some
white scales on hind-margin mixed with the black ; cilia dark
fuscous, with a white apical spot, and indistinct blacker lines
round apex. Hind- wings and cilia blackish-fuscous.

Bears a close general resemblance to ^. acontistes, but rather
smaller, brighter and more suffused, with orange-ochreous head
and palpi, and blackish-fuscous hind- wings. One male only, taken
at Parramatta in September, amongst dry scrub.

268 DESCEIPTIONS OF AXJSTEAILIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

Erech.. charadrota, n. sp.
^ ? . 5"-6^". Head and palpi pale ochreous, face darker
ochreous ; labial palpi externally dark fuscous, second joint
roughly scaled beneatli, with, two or three projecting bristles
above at apex. Antennae pale ochreous, with obsolete darker
fuscous annulations. Thorax pale ochreous. Abdomen greyish-
ochreous. Anterior and middle legs blackish, tarsi with slender
pale ochreous rings at apex of joints ; posterior legs whitish-
ochreous, tarsi suffused at base of joints with dark fuscous. Fore-
wings narrow, pale ochreous ; a broad sharply marked ochreous-
fuscous streak, suffused with blackish, along costa from base to
apex, narrowest at base and dilated beyond middle ; a similar
more evenly broad streak along inner-margin from base to anal
angle ; in the costal streak are a very slender pale ochreous
oblique streak from middle of costa, and an irregular streak-like
pale ochreous spot before apex ; cilia whitish-ochreous, with two
blackish dividing-lines, and a small apical hook-like spot beyond
them. Hind- wings pale fuscous-grey, cilia whitish-grey, with
two blackish lines round apex.

Not nearly resembling any of its congeners ; it is the narrowest-
winged species of the genus. Three specimens taken amongst
dry forest-scrub near Wellington and Port Lyttelton, New
Zealand, in January.

Erech. chionodira, n. sp,

^$. 4^"-5^". Head white, sides of crown narrowly brownish-
ochreous. Palpi white, second joint of labial ^Dalpi dark fuscous
externally except at apex, both joints loosely haired. Antennae
whitish, with obsolete dark fuscous annulations. Thorax ochreous
browh, with a narrow white longitudinal central stripe. Abdomen
whitish-ochreous. Legs white, anterior tibiae and tarsi obscurely
suffused with dark fuscous above, middle tarsi with dark fuscous
rings at base of joints. Fore-wings glossy snow-white ; a broad

BY E. MEYRICK; B.A. 269

ochreous-brown streak along inner-margin from base to anal
angle, posteriorly attenuated, containing some blackish, scales on
inner margin ; this streak is margined above by a blackish streak,
commencing at base as a slender line and dilating gradually to
anal angle, where it is as broad as the inner-marginal streak in
middle, thence continued along hind-margin to apex, its upper
edge obtusely dilated about middle of hind-margin, produced into
apical cilia as a short straight projecting bar ; base of costa
slenderly blackish ; a small cloudy subcostal blackish spot before
middle ; two slender blackish oblique streaks from costa, first
beyond middle, very short, nearly obsolete, second midway
between first and apex, longer, its apex confluent with the hind-
marginal streak ; cilia whitish, with three broad cloudy blackish-
fuscous lines. Hind- wings and cilia white, extreme apex and two
obscure lines round it fuscous.

A very distinct and elegant species. Two specimens at Auckland
New Zealand, amongst forest growth on a shady bank in January.

Erech. subpavonella, Wkr., Brit. Mus. Cat. 898, fElacliistaJ.

(^ . 5^". Head and palpi white, second joint of labial palpi
fuscous externally, roughly scaled beneath. Antennae ochreous-
whitish, obsoletely annulated with darker. Thorax white, anterior
margin sharply dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous.
Anterior legs blackish; middle and posterior legs whitish-
ochreous, middle tibiee suffused with fuscous above, middle tarsi
with dark fuscous rings at base of joints. Fore-wings blackish-
fuscous ; a straight central longitudinal creamy-white streak from
base to hind-margin below apex, becoming rather broader
posteriorly, lower margin rather irregular ; two oblique white
streaks from costa, first from rather before middle, becoming
confluent with central streak before its apex ; second midway
between first and apex, shorter and more suffused ; cilia white,
containing a blackish ovate apical spot, and with two black

,2s-«.

270 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

dividing-lines beyond it. Hind-wings pale fuscous-grey, cilia
wliitish.

This appears to be the species intended by Walker's description.
From E. niphadopla, the only other species with dark fuscous
ground-colour, it is distinguished by the white basal streak being
extended to hind-margin, as well as by the considerably larger
size. One male from forest at Auckland, New Zealand, in
January.

Erech. niphadopla, n. sp.

$ . 3^". Head white, sides of crown rather broadly blackish.
Labial palpi blackish, terminal joint white at apex, second joint
rather roughly scaled. Antennae blackish, with indistinct whitish
annulations. Thorax blackish-fuscous, with a narrow white
central longitudinal stripe. Abdomen grey. Anterior legs
blackish, middle and posterior legs glossy grey, apex of tarsal
joints paler. Eore-wings blackish-fuscous ; a rather narrow
white central longitudinal streak from base to before middle ; a
slender white streak along inner-margin from base to anal angle,
thence along hmd-margin nearly to apex ; two oblique moderately
broad white costal streaks, first from about midale, second from
f, each reaching about half across wing ; cilia white, containing
a roundish black apical spot, and three broad cloudy blackish-
fuscous dividing-lines beyond it. Hind-wings rather pale fuscous-
grey, darker posteriorly ; cilia whitish-grey.

This is the smallest species of the genus, known by its black
and white markings, and short basal streak. One female taken
amongst dry scrub on the North Shore, Sydney, in December.

Erech. aellophora, n. sp.
^ ^ , 4"-4i". Head white, slightly mixed with grey. Labial
palpi with appressed scales, blackish-fuscous, internally silvery-
white, apex of second joint with two or three projecting bristles

BY E. MEYllICK, B.A.. . 271

above and below. Antennce wbitisli; with, obsolete dark fuscous
annulations. Thorax white, anterior margin narrowly blackish-
fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-grey. Legs whitish, anterior pair
suffused with dark fuscous above, middle and posterior tarsi with
faint dark fuscous rings at base of joints. Fore-wings dull gre}^
along costa broadly suffused with blackish ; a white very oblique
streak from costa near base, and a white oblique streak from ^
of inner-margin, uniting in a white spot on disc before middle,
wbence proceeds a rather cloudy straight central longitudinal
white streak towards apex of wing, becoming obsolete a little
before it ; below this streak and towards apex the ground-colour
is suffusedly mixed with white ; three other slender very oblique
white streaks from costa, first rather beyond middle, indistinctly
meeting central streak ; second and third close together about |,
running out nearly to apex ; an ovate blackish apical spot, with,
a white blotch above and another below it, mostly in cilia ; cilia
white, towards anal angle fuscous-grey, with a blackish line round
outer edge of apical spot, a blackish dividing-line beyond it, and
a short hook-like blackish spot at extreme apex. Hind- wings
and cilia fuscous-grey.

Allied to E. niphadopla, but not capable of being confused with
it or any other species ; the larger number of costal streaks, .and
the longitudinal central streak not extended to base are reliable
points. Eight specimens taken at rest on the trunk of a fibrous-
barked species of Eucalyptus near Parramatta at the end of
January ; I have little doubt that the larva had fed in the bark
of the tree.

NOTES AXD EXHIBITS.

Dr, Cox exhibited eight Stone Axe Heads, turned up by the
plough at Castlereagh on the Nepean Flats. He was of opinion,
from the position in which they were found, that they had been

272 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

deposited in the grave of an aboriginal. Some time since about
30 similar axe heads were found under somewhat the same
circumstances on the other side of the river. All were bevilled
to the centre, and not to one side as was sometimes the case in
other districts. The Chairman stated that the stones were
dioritic.

-♦-#-

WEDNESDAY, JUNE 30th, 1880.

The President, the Eev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S.,
&c., in the Chair.

MEMBERS ELECTED.

E. D. Fitzgerald, Esq., Deputy Surveyor Greneral.
E. M. Johnstone, Esq., Launceston.

DONATIONS.

Inaugural Address etc., of the South Australian Institute.

From Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College : —
Binnie "On Terrestrial Air Breathing Mollusks," two vols. ; and
Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. V., Nos.
2 to 10.

Boston Society of Natural History. — Proceedings, Vol. XIX.,
parts 3 and 4, and Vol. XX., part 1.

Koninklijke Akademie, Amsterdam. — Year-book, 1878, and
Yerslagen en Mededeelungeu, 1879.

Eoyal Society of Victoria. — Trans, and Proceedings, Vol. XVI.

Eeport of the Smithsonian Institute, 1877.

Eoyal Society of Edinburgh. — Proceedings 1878-79.

A. W. Waters. — " On the terms Bryozoa and Polyzoa.

278

papers read.

Notes on the Moore Park Borings.

By James C. Cox, M.D., F.L.S., &c.

Plate XII.

Tlie borings at Moore Park, of which the accompanying plate
gives a good illustration, were commenced in May, 1879, under
the able superintendence of Mr. John Ooghlan. The spot selected
for making the bore is situated about half-a-mile south of Baptist's
Grardens, at the end of Bourke Street, Surry Hills, and is about
20 feet above the level of the sea. The drill used on this occasion
was one of the Hydraulic Feed Diamond Drills, having a diameter
of 2f , and drawing a core of two inches in diameter. The boring
continued uninterrupted up to the 10th April last (1880), when,
at a depth of 1860 feet, operations were stopped through one of
the tubes giving way, owing to a flaw in its side, at a depth of
300 feet from the surface.

In consequence of the very sandy nature of the spot selected
for this experiment a stand three-inch pipe was driven for a
distance of 143 feet, and at this point rock was reached. The
bed of sand passed through had all the character of the ordinary
drift sand of the surrounding hiUs, and was saturated with water,
though the water did not rise higher than four feet six inches
from the top of the tube. The rock first tapped was a white
cellular sandstone, very soft, and, owing to the large size of the
ceUs, easily broken. This strata of white sandstone continued
for a depth of 900 feet from the point where it was first struck,
only altering in density as it descended. At a depth now of
1043 feet from the surface, a ferruginous clay was tapped. This
rock is known on this coast as the red iron band, the character of
which is so well known that it does not require any minute notice,
varying in colour according to the percentage of iron it contains.
This ferruginous band was found to be 263 feet thick, carrying
us to a depth of 1306 feet. The same band was struck at the

274 ON THE MOORE PARK BORINGS,

Botany borings, situated between Botany Bay and Port Hacking
at a deptli of 900 feet, and was 260 feet thick, showing that it
has a dip of only three feet in a northerly direction in a distance
of about seven miles. The same band is about 750 feet above
the coal at Coal Cliff ; and the coal crops out on a level with the
sea. Taking 750 feet as the lower edge of this iron band above
the sea at Coal Cliff, and 1306 feet as its termination at Moore
Park, it is evident that it takes a considerable dip northwards.
The same iron band was tapped at the Newington borings at
1100 feet ; but the working of the boring was interrupted before
its perforation was completed.

It is an important fact that, not only the character of the rock,
but the dip which the rock takes can also be ascertained by means
of these drills. The rod when gripped to be raised cannot, and
is not permitted to revolve in the slightest degree, or it would
become unscrewed. It is kept in one position by passing it
through the jaws of the clamp, and in addition is guarded by
two men to prevent its rotating. While the drill was passing
from the first upper bed of white sandstone into the red ferruginous
bed, a stream of extremely black water came up the shaft, having
very much the appearance of coal water ; and it is very much to
be regretted that this dark coal-like water was not more minutely
examined. The core which came from this part of the bore
showed some very strong evidences of coal (see specimen), and
strange to say, the length of the core was considerably less than
the depth which the driU had penetrated at one or two drawings.^'

Having perforated the red ferruginous band at a depth of
1306 feet, a white sandstone was tapped of a very fine grain and
dense texture, which continued for a depth of 110 feet, taking us
to a depth of 1416 feet. Below this, again, there were 20 feet

*It is quite possible that a core such as Coal would not stand the great friction
produced by the rotation of the shaft, and would be broken up before the
shaft was drawn up, thus accounting for the core often not being so long
as the distance penetrated by the drill.

BY JAMES C. COX, M.D., F.L.S., ETC. 275

of a coarse green sandstone, with scales of mica dispersed through
it, which will, I believe, turn out to be scales of graphite. This
rock is so coarse as almost to pass into a grit. Immediately
below this there were about ten feet of a very hard blue sandstone
very fine and dense in the grain. For thirty feet below this, a
very hard blue sandstone was found, with dark partings of black
shale. These black shale partings were full of ^phjlotheca (fossil
coal plants and leaves), and when broken had a very characteristic
resinous fracture. Below this came a dark sandstone with broad
streaks of carbonate of lime running through the core longitudin-
ally, causing it to split ; this bed was about fifteen feet thick.
Below this was found a rock of only two feet in thickness, but of
a very interesting character, made up of broken fragments varying
greatly in colour, but, as a rule, having the character of fragments
of a greenish-slaty rock.

Now for the first time below this thin band the Estheria shells
showed themselves. They were found in dark shaly streaks of
irregular thickness, which were found to separate this layer of
rock, which was a very hard sandstone, having an exceedingly
fine grain. This bed was, as I have said, composed of dark shaly
streaks and sandstone partings, the sandstone preponderating
throughout, and was about 30 feet thick. We have now reached
a depth of 1523 feet.

It will not be uninteresting here to mention that though this
shell, if shell it may be called, was first struck at Moore Park,
at a depth of 1523 feet, it was not found in the core raised at
Port Hacking till they had reached a depth of 2160 feet. The
two cores correspond wonderfully up to a depth of 1483 feet. The
Estheria bed struck at Moore Park was altogether absent at Port
Hacking, but there at the depth mentioned it was found in exactly
the same character of shaly rock, ^t Port Hacking the drill
entered quite a different class of rock at the depth at which the
Estheria were found at Botany, it being a conglomerate of no less
than 480 feet in thickness. It is difficult to account for this great

276 ON THE MOORE PARK BORINGS,

difference. Mr. Coghlan believes that tlie bore at Port Hacking
was over wliat he calls a large " crab-hole," originally a cavity
which had gradually been silted up with a conglomerate material.
But it is much more probable that the bore at Moore Park is over
the rise, and the bore at Port Hacking over the depression of an
undulation, such as supposed to exist in our coal beds.

The Estheria shell is nothing new to science, but its discovery
is quite new to our Australian Fauna. Specimens of a fossil
certainly have been found among the many valuable specimens
in the collection of the late Eev. W. B. Clarke, which in all
probability will turn out to be an Estheria, discovered at the
brickworks near Botany, but they were never described by him as
such, and are still so indistinct as to be doubtful in their character,
at any rate, they are not this species, as they are much larger. I
claim it therefore, as a new species, and call it ^^Estheria Coghlani.''^
I have called this JEstheria a shell, but in reality, though extremely
like a bivalve, it is not one. So like however is it to a bivalve
that any one might readily be excused for mistaking it for one.
A good figure of it is given in '' Ly ell's Elements of Geology,"
figures 490, page 450. These bivalve-like fossils are in reality
the remains of fossil Entomostraca, of which Mtheria is one of the
genera. Lyell states that in the Trias beds of the United States
two species of the Estheria are in such profusion in some shaly
beds as to divide them like the plates of mica in micaceous shales ;
that these same Yii-ginian coal measures are composed of grit,
sandstone, and shell, exactly resembling those of older date in
America and Europe ; and they rival, or even surpass them in
the richness and thickness of the seams, one of which is in som.e
places from 30 to 40 feet in thickness, composed of pure bituminous
coal. According to the monograph of the fossil Esthonia, published
by the Paleeoutographical Society of London in 1862, by T.
Eupert Jones, E.Gr.S., there were up to that date fourteen sj)ecies
of fossil Estheria known and described — one in the Tertiary
formations, one, and a distinct variety of the same, in the

BY JAMES C. COX, M.D., F.L.S., ETC. 277

Cretaceous and Wealden formations ; three in the Jurassic ; one,
Edlieria minuta, with its varieties in the Ehcetic stages, and the
same species also in the Trias formations ; three in the Permian,
two in the Carboniferous, and one in the old Bed Sandstone. We
shall now have to add another to the Trias stages as found in
New South Wales.

On the authority of Professor M'Coy and of the late Eev. W.
B. Clarke, Eupert Jones states that ''the Jurassic-like flora of
Australia, and of Southern Africa, have been hitherto collected
without affording any clear traces of the Estheria. In 1862 there
were about twenty-two species of living Estheria recorded, and
some of them were from Australia ; and I believe there are still
others to be described from Australia, or else the same species
exist here as are found in other parts of the world. " Eecent
Estherice, says the same authority, are found in fresh, rarely
in brackish water." Gruided by this fact, and taking for granted
that our fossils were true Estherioe, and that Estlierim have always
had fresh-water habitats, we should suppose that the deposits in
which they are found free from any appearance of having been
drifted, must have been formed in rivers, lakes, or lagoons ; but
they are occasionally found to occur with marine shells, although
they are sometimes found in strata destitute of marine fauna."
Jones accounts for their association with marine evidences as
being the result of '' driftage, or of very rapid changes of condition
such as might be brought about by the alternate occupation of a
lagoon by sea and river water. Seeing too that the recent
EsthericG appear as it were suddenly (like the apus) in j)Ools and
ditches of rain water, and are quickly developed in tanks and
ponds that are dry for even ten or eleven months in the year, it
is not unlikely that pools of fresh water temporarily formed on a
flat seashore may have been inhabited by EstJierm destined to be
quickly buried in the first wind-drift of sand, or at the return of
high tides." The only part of these little shell insects, as they
are designated by Latrelle, which are preserved in a fossil state,

278 ON THE MOORE PARK BORINGS,

is a shell-like coating composed of one or two pieces covering tlie
anterior thoracic segment.

Below this last Estheria bed came a bed of what I consider to
be a volcanic mud 20 feet thick, having no traces of either the
Mtheria or Phjlotheca remains. The next bed perforated was a
shaly sandstone, containing large numbers of the Estheria in its
shaly partings. In one of the fractures made, an impression was
found, which I believe to be that of a Stigmaria. In some parts
of this bed there were partings of a very light stone, which
contained large numbers oiPhylotheca impressions. This character
of rock continued from 1543 to 1826 feet, or 283 feet in thickness.
In addition to the light stone partings above mentioned, this rock
had partings in its lower portion of very dense, hard, heavy, shaly
sandstone. As the drill went down, the character of the rock
gradually changed. It became very dark and fine in the grain.
It was while boring through this character of rock, and at this
depth (1826 feet), that a jet of oil came up — or what was supposed
to be a jet of oil — which lasted for ten minutes, accompanied with
a loud report, caused by the escape of gas on removing the shackle
from the top of the drill-rod. The probability is that a cavity in
the rock, fuU of compressed gas, had been penetrated, and that
when the shackle was unscrewed, the expansion caused the water
and oily contents inside the tube above the core to be forced up,
causing the appearance of a flow of oil, and the report which
followed was caused by the same gaseous expansion.

From this point till the boring ceased at 1860 feet, the core
which came up, 34 feet in all, was full of Esther ice, forming at
times a distinct parting in the core, and the usual forms of
Fhjlotheea plants were also very abundant. Having reached a
depth of 1860 feet, owing to a flaw in one of the tubes, the boring
rod broke, leaving a portion in the bore. The broken tube was
found without much difiiculty, and the rod was made complete
by unscrewing the broken portion and replacing it with a new
one. The time lost in doing this, though very short, was sufficient

BY JA3»IES C. COX, M.D., F.L.S., ETC. 27'J

to allow the rods to become jammed by the quantity of sand or
debris of the boring which was suspended in solution while the
drill rods were rotating, and by a cessation of this motion the
sediment settled down and jammed the rods. This was proved
to be the case when an attempt was made to haul up the rods.
A force of about 15 tons was employed, with large double and
treble blocks, and ro]De of large dimensions which snapped like
a thread as soon as a strain was exerted. Finding that this
power was insufficient to raise the rods, one of Sir William
Armstrong's powerful steam hydraulic pumps was used to force
a pressure of water down the tube to remove the sediment. This
proved ineffectual, owing, no doubt, to the corroding of the jjipes
with the wet sand, which prevented the water from passing
between the tube and the borehole. So great was the pressure
that, while the pump was working at the rate of 100 revolutions
per minute, when the pressure must have been considerably over
1000 lbs. to the square inch, one of the tubes burst, and thus put
an end to pumping operations. Another method for raising the
rods was then tried, which proved so far successful that 1400 feet
of rods were drawn from the hole. No doubt the whole of the
1860 feet could have been successfully extracted had not the stand
piping, which had been driven through the sand for 143 feet from
the surface, shifted its seat, or original position, on the hard rock
to which it was first driven. The shifting of a quarter of an inch
on one side would have been sufficient to permit the sand to come
in, and fill the bore. I may here mention that the stand-pipe
was fixed to its place on the rock by cement, which casing of
cement must also have been displaced and broken before the sand
coidd enter.

I have thus given you a hurried sketch of the strata met with
in this important experiment. A minute analysis will still be
required of each core of rock ; and it is to be hoped that it will
fall into the able hands of our Government Gfeologist, when we

2 J

280 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

may expect that the subject will be more scientifically handled
than it has been in this slight notice.

NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

The President read extract from a letter from the Explorer,
W. Teitkins, who was formerly second in command of the
Expedition of Mr. Ernest Giles. Mr. Teitkins is engaged in
exploring north of the Australian Bight, or Bunda Plateau, as
it is now called :

''I have travelled but little since I last wrote. The country
for many miles is either an uninterrupted Plain or else Mallee
and Spinifex sandhills. The water I have now struck is 100 feet
from the surface, and the strata passed through since I last wrote
consist principally of sand gradually hardening into stone ; these
vary in colour. Before reaching the water there was a thin stratum
of Ironstone about two inches thick, lying perfectly horizontal, as
indeed do they all. The water was found in a dark coloured
sand, but what quantity there is of it I cannot say, in fact, could
a section of that well be placed by side of one of the low cliffs of
the Leister Hills they would appear very much alike. Pound
the hills the ground is black in many places with small nodules
of Ironstone, so much so that it has the appearance of the ground
about a coal pit, and at the foot of some of the little cliffs huge
Ironstone boulders are lying, having the a]3pearance as if but
yesterday they had been thrown upon the surface from above,
and 3^et the surface is Limestone. Terraces, perhaps, rather than
cliffs these might be called. It is a remarkable thing that no
granite is to be found north of the Oldea Sand Pange, and I have
travelled everywhere in the neighbourhood, and the blacks say
that the nearest granite is at Wynbring, which is 120 miles to
the eastwards. I have been there, and know that granite is seen
upon the surface all through the dense Mulgar scrubs, that reach

NOTES AND EXHIBITS. 281

to the shores of Lake Gardiner. And these granite boulders
often have large reservoirs of water on them, on which the natives
depend for their supply of water. The Plains upon which my
well is situated are entirely waterless, except a few little pockets
that occur in the Limestone, and which seldom contain more than
buckets, and seem to me to be placed there by a kind Providence
to enable the simple denizens of these wilds to traverse them
occasionally in safety and comfort. Once let him reach the
Mallee scrubs, and he is as safe and assured as if a river flowed
at his feet, for in a very little time he would have a supply from
the roots of a Eucalypt or Casuarina. At this particular time of
the year a white substance is found upon the Mallee leaves ; you
have seen it, no doubt ; it is commonly called '^ manna," and is
a secretion formed by a small insect, under which its eggs are
laid, and upon the leaf. This is collected in enormous quantities,
and any savage you meet will offer you his wammar or bale of
this substance. Seen in a lump as they carry it, it has a dazzlingly
white appearance, and svery is weet and agreeable. In a week or
thereabout Eigel [Beta OrionisJ will set with the sun, and then
they know that the Emu commences to lay, and live for a season
upon its eggs, then a succession of roots and animals ensue, and
during the fervid and blistering heat of summer they live almost
entirely upon the eggs of the Mallee Hen fLeipoa ocellataj,
cheerful, happy, contented, and clever, with wondrous powers of
endurance and self-control, with laws of morality that would be
observed but by few communities of civilized beings.

'' I can imagine no people more happy in their innocence and
ignorance than they are; last summer over 100 blacks were
collected here, met — as they often do — to see each other, and
exchange their weapons or tools, and have a week or two of
social intercourse — a corroboree and so on. The whole of them
were painted and feathered, and looking very fierce and terrible.
Hideous howls and cries rent the midnight air when they had a
corroboree ; but I never was molested, and often for days I was

282 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

entirely alone. They used to bring me all the eggs, pick out the
fresh ones and give them to me, and, with a little present of sugar
or matches, go off quite happy. Indeed, but for their timely
supply of eggs I should have been in a position of some danger,
for my supplies failed me, and we really had nothing else. I
could write to some length upon the subject, but to call them
miserable and degraded is a very grave mistake. I have dealt
with the fierce tribes of the Queensland interior, and of West
Australia, and on the overland telegraph line, but never met a
more harmless race than these. In your travels you were not so
fortunate I think. "What it may be when the whites appear, I
cannot say — trouble may be brought on then, but, often enough
the white man is the aggressor.

" A powerful diamond-driU is now at work, boring for water
North of Eucla, others will find water as I have done ; and,
before long, these solitudes will be busy centres of pastoral
industry, but few will think of the weary anxiety that was
experienced by the pioneer. I make but poor headway with my
paper for the E.Gr.S., for I use the axe more than the pen; and
they will lose but little if it never leaves my writing-case. I
anxiously look forward to the time when your letter may arrive,
which will refer to the specimens forwarded now eight months or
more since. I expect to reach Fowler's Bay in about two months'
time. The questions that I had intended to ask were concerning
the Ironstone and the Granite, and the Sand Eange, and how to
account for a shell deposited 1,200 feet above Oldea, and the
Eange intervening. I enclose a tracing drawn to scale, but
roughly illustrating the known extent of Grranite, and the Oldea
Sand Eange."

The President then stated that he had been requested by Dr.
Hector, the Director of the New Zealand Gfeological Survey, to
furnish a Paelontological report on the Fossil Eadiata of the
tertiary formations of that Colony. This request was made at
the time of the International Exhibition on behalf of the Colonial

NOTES AND EXHIBITS. 283

Government, but his (the President's) many occupations did not
permit the completion of the work until now. The results of the
study of these organisms were so very important and interesting
that he felt sure a brief resume of them would be acceptable to
the Society.

He had found that in the Tertiary period, the New Zealand
radiate fauna was as distinct from that of Australia as it is now,
and that while comparatively poor in species, it was richer than
at present. It was principally distinguished by the number and
variety of the representatives of the genus Flalelmm. TrochocyatJie
were also found similar to the Miocene fossils of Europe. These
were scarcely known in Australia as fossils. Some new and
interesting forms were also discovered which required new genera
for their reception . It was remarkable that the genus Balanophjllia
which had numerous species in Australia both living and fossil,
had only two species known in New Zealand. One of these was
a peculiar and exceptional form. In the class Bryozoa he had
found two species of FascicuUpora — a genus which had hitherto
been regarded as confined to the Lower Pliocene of Europe.
Probably they flourished in both seas contemporaneously. It
was, he considered, a fact of more than ordinary interest in
natural science that two such characteristic and closely allied
organisms should flourish at the same epoch, in such remote seas
as those of Britain and New Zealand. The differences between
the fossils were so small that if they were found in the same beds
they would be regarded as mere varieties. The Bryozoa, common
to the New Zealand and Australian tertiaries, were very numerous
and he was inclined to regard the Oamaru and the Mount Gambier
Limestones as contemporaneous. This would require a modification
of existing conclusions, for the New Zealand formations were
thus younger, or the Australian older, than the geologists of the
respective Colonies were at present inclined to regard them. In
conclusion the President laid his drawings (32 in number) of the
fossils on the table for the inspection of the members ; and he

284 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

stated that his report would be published, with illustrations, in
the course of a couple of months.

Mr. Macleay called the attention of the Society to a very
important discovery by M. Wickersheimer, of the University of
Berlin. — It is a Fluid for the Preservation of Animal and
Vegetable Tissues, which is said to surpass anything hitherto
known in its power of preserving the colour, form, and elasticity
of specimens treated with it. The discovery has been purchased
by the Prussian Government, and been made public for the
benefit of the scientific world by the Minister for Instruction.
The formula for the preparation of the Fluid is as foUows : — In
3,000 grammes of boiling water dissolve — alum, 100 grammes;
common salt, 25 grammes ; saltpetre, 12 grammes ; carbonate of
potash, 60 grammes ; arsenious acid, 1 0 grammes. After cooling
and filtering, add to every 10 litres of the solution, 4 litres of
glycerine and 1 litre of methylic alcohol. There are different
modes of applying this fluid. Anatomical preparations that are
to be preserved dry, are immersed in the fluid from six to twelve
days, according to their size, then taken out and dried in the open
air. HoUow organs such as the lungs, &c., must be fiUed with
the Fluid, then laid in a vessel containing the same liquid, and
afterwards distended with air and dried. Smaller animals, such
as crabs, beetles, lizards, frogs, &c., if the natural colours are to
be preserved unchanged, are not to be dried, but put immediately
into the preparation.

The same Fluid may be used for the purpose of preserving
human bodies during transportation, or even for more permanent
embalming. This very valuable discovery has already been widely
tested, and everywhere with the most perfect success. Professor
Barbeck, at a recent meeting of the Philadelphia Academy of
Natural Sciences, described a number of preparations which
showed beautifully the combined movements of the chest, larynx,
and other parts engaged in the mechanism of breathing. Several
snakes which had been treated with the Fluid more than a year

NOTES AND EXHIBITS. 285

previously permitted of undulatory and spiral movements. Lungs
thus prepared may, even after years, be inflated by means of
bellows. Sucb old lungs were seen to swell to ten times tbeir
size in the collapsed state, the lobes became distinct, the brown
colour gradually changed into red, and the whole organ
appeared as if taken from a fresh body. Sections of delicate
tissues, morbid formations which have been removed by an
operation, will appear after months as if in a fresh state, and may
thus be preserved for future study. All sorts of vegetable
organisms may also be preserved in this Fluid. A colony of fresh
water algce, which had been in this Fluid for a year, appeared to
be growing in the water. To some of the wonderful properties
of this great discovery I can myself bear testimony. The bottle
which I now exhibit contains some specimens of the Eed Mullet
preserved in the Fluid, of which I have just given you the history.
The Eed Mullet is remarkable for the splendour of its colouring
when alive, and for the rapidity with which the bright colouring
disappears after death. The specimens I now show you have
been for more than a month in preparation, and yet, as you
perceive, they retain their colour unchanged. The other bottle
' exhibit contains a bit of beef ; it has been in the preparation for
a fortnight, and looks as if it had been only just cut from the
living animal. The advantages of this Fluid for preserving
organic substances are many as compared with alcohol. It is
cheaper, the cost not exceeding 5s. 6d. per gallon. It is safer,
not being inflammable. It is more portable, two-thirds of the
material being water, which can be got anywhere. It preserves
the natural colour of the object preserved, and it does not harden
and distort the fibres in the way which alcohol does.

Dr. Cox exhibited portions of the Core raised by the Diamond
Drill, in illustration of his paper.

P. Mackay, Esq. — The Head and portion of the body of a
Qohxsi f CalolatesJ , taken from a piece of timber in the Parramatta
Biver.

286 ON PLANTS, COLLECTED AT MOUNT DROMEDARY,

C. S. Wilkinson, Esq., F.L.S.— Tlie Tootli of a I)i])rotodon,
together with. Prof. Owen's plate.

J. Hobson, Esq. — Several butterflies, sp. Daneis erippus, wliicb
were taken at a considerable distance from the coast of Australia.

The President exhibited a Dolomite core which had been chipped
by the Aboriginals for spear-points ; from Bathurst.

Mr. Palmer. — An Aboriginal's Stone Axe-head, from Port
Stephens.

AVEDNESDAY, JULY 28th, 1880.

The Vice-President, W. J. Stephens, Esq., M.A., in the Chair.

MEMBERS ELECTED.

K. H. Bennett, Esq., of Yandendan, Booligal.
H. A. Gilliat, Esq., Department of Mines.

donation.
Journal of Conchology, No. 11, Vol. II., from Messrs. Taylor
Brothers, Leeds.

papers read.

Notes ox Plants, Collected by Mr. Edw. Eeader, in the
VICINITY OF Mount Dromedary.

By Baron Eerd. yon Mueller, K.C.M.Gr., M.D., F.E,S.

Since 1860, when I examined the vegetation on the Genoa, we
were aware, that a multitude of Plants known to advance south-
ward to IHawarra, did not extend into even the most south-eastern
part of Gippsland, though many other plants were known by me
to reach so far south. Thus we remained in uncertainty, where

BY BARON VOlf MUSLLEK, K.C.M.G., M.D., l^.R.S. 28?

the bulk of the peculiar vegetation of the Blue Mountains and
the Illawarra District really reached its most southern termination
until last autumn. Mr. Edward Keader, a resident near Mount
Dromedary, became induced to gather the plants of his vicinity
with a view of tracing the southern limits of the more northern
Plants of New South Wales. This he did with a disinterested
zeal and energetic toil, which are beyond all praise. The series
of species never before found so far south, is already sufficiently
advanced to offer it for publication ; though during the spring
months many other, particularly herbaceous Plants, would likely
be added, if search in his district coidd be continued.

Mr. Eeader, who was formerly in scientific correspondence with
the Eev. W. B. Clarke, defines the geologic formations of the
Mount Dromedary country as consisting of granite, coarse grits,
and conglomerate of comparatively recent date, resting on
Silurian slates, intersected with dikes of porphyry. The moun-
tainous nature of the district, as well as the multitude of water-
courses which flow through it, must render the Flora there
eminently rich, especially as also some tracts of heathy land exist
there ; and we thus derive much additional information particularly
of geographic interest concerning the flora of the district.

The species, for which already far more southern localities can
be recorded, are the following : —

Citriohatus paucifloruSf Cunning- Kelichrymmglutinomm, Bentham

ham. Ehretia acuminata, E. Brown.

Ahutilon oxycarpicm, F.v.M. Solanum stelligerum, Smith.

Hibiscus triomim, Linne. Marsdeiiia Jlavescens, Cunning-
Seringea platyphylla, Gay. ham.

Acrony cilia Baueri, Schott. Macrozamia spiralis, Migual.

Ficus ruhiginosa, Desfontaines. Bendrohium pugioniforme, Cun-
Malaisia tortiwsa, Blanco. ningham.

Laportea gigas, AVeddell. Pterostylis grand iflora, E. Brown.

Baloghia hicida, Eudlicher. Coniiaelyna cyanca, E. Brown.
2 K

288 EUCALYPTS OF THE COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND,

JBreynia oUongifoUa, T. Mueller. Carex decUiiata, Boott.

Deeringia celosioides, E. Brown. Cladium asperum, F.v.M.

Desmodium hrachypodum, Gray. Stipa verticillata, Nees.

Kaloragis alata, Tarquin. Cenchino australis, R. Brown.

Baclcliousia myrtifolia, Harvey. Platycerium aloicorne, Desvaiix.

Eucalyptus maculata, Hooker. Asp^lenium caudatum, G-. Forster.

Psychrotria loniceroides, Sielier. Polypodium tenellum, G. Eorster.

To these must he added still, Santalum ohtusifolium, R. Brown,
but this one has been traced also into the colony of Victoria,
where Mr. Reader found it very sparingly on the Genoa. It may
be added that he found Eliretia acuminata and Marsdenia flavescens,
within about thirty miles of the boundary-line, and that he noticed
Eucalyptus maculata, and Macrozamia spiralis, within a few miles
of Twofold Bay. Eucryphia Moorei, was traced into Victorian
territory before by Mr. C. H. Walter.

Among the Plants shown for the first time to be natives of New
South Wales by Mr. Reader's collections, are : — Acacia supporosa,
F.v.M., Aster axillaris, F.v.M., and Lepidosperma elatius, of
Labillardiere ; these were obtained near Mount Dromedary. He
learnt also that Livistona australis, occurs in the coast-gullies
south of Eden.

EuCALYPTS OF THE CoUNTY OF CUMBERLAND I THEIR CLASSIFICATION,
HABITAT, AND USES.

By THE Rev. Dr. Woolls, D.D., F.L.S., &c.

Now that, through the labours of Baron F. von Mueller, the
Species of Eucalyptus occurring in the County of Cumberland
have, for the most part, been accui^ately defined, it may be useful
to arrange them according to the peculiar features which they
present, and to place on record such ^particulars respecting them
as may lead to more accurate investigation of their properties
and uses.

BY THE EEV. DE. "WOOLLS, D.D., F.L.S., ETC. 289

Althougli the Colony of New South Wales has been established
ninety two years, it is only since the publication of the Baron's
Eucalyptogra^pliia, that some of the commonest species have been
identified, and referred to their proper places in the systematic
arrangement. The descriptions in the third volume of the Flora
Aiistraliensis, founded on specimens forwarded to Europe from
time to time since the establishment of the Colony, afford indeed
a most valuable basis for the study of the genus, and the greatest
credit is due to Mr. Gr. Bentham, C.M.G-., for the manner in
which he has thrown together the researches of all previous
writers on our Eucalypts. That eminent Botanist, however,
notwithstanding all the information which he was enabled to
collect, had many difficulties to contend with, for, not having the
advantage of seeing the trees in their native forests, or having
any means of distinguishing the species, excepting from the dry
material before him and the imperfect notes of collectors, " he
was compelled," he tells us, "to establish groups upon such
characters as appeared to him the most constant among those
which were supplied by the specimens." The labours of Mr.
Bentham in thus dealing with some 135 species are beyond all
praise, and whether the artificial mode of classification which he
elaborated be ultimately adopted or not, we cannot but admire
the patient investigation and powers of organization which he
has exhibited. "With that candour, however, which characterises
great minds, Mr. Bentham acknowledged his inability to devise
any system of classification which is not liable to objection ; and
therefore, whilst regarding the series, suggested by himself, as
simply provisional, he expresses a hope, that Baron Mueller may
be able to give to the Scientific world " a truly natural arrange-
ment founded upon the proposed cortical or any other system,
which experience may induce him to adopt." In the work now
in course of publication, the Baron is simply figuring and
describing species, and collecting all such information respecting
them, as may be useful in a scientific or industrial point of view ;

290 EUCALYPTS OF THE COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND,

and wliilst he brings out fully in sectional and magnified drawings
the figure and opening of tlie anthers, for the purpose of
illustrating Mr. Bentham's artificial system, he also furnishes
data, partly from his own observations, and partly from those of
his correspondents in Australia, for grouping the species according
to the nature of their bark.

Of the species now known in Australia — probably about 150 — 28
are indigenous in the County of Cumberland, and, according to
the artificial system, they may be placed in the following order : —

(1.) Renantlierce, that is such species as have for the most part,
perfect anthers of a uniform shape, viz.

1. JE. radiata, (Sieb.) 5. JE. piperita, (Sm.)

2. JE. obtusiHora, (DC.) 6. E. pilularis, (Sm.)

3. E. capitella, (Sm.) 7. E. acmenoides, (Schan.)

4. E. eugenioides, (Sieb.)

(2.) Seterostemones, such as have the outer stamens ananther-
ous, whilst the perfect ones are small, globular, or truncate, viz.

1. E. sideroxylon, var. of E. 3. E. hcemastoma, (Sm.)

leucoxylon, (F.v.M.) 4. E. Sieberiana, (F.v.M.)

2. E.pa?iiciilata, {Sm.)

(3.) PorantJiercB, such as have the stamens all perfect, and the
anthers small and globular, opening in small circular pores, viz.

1. E. polyanthema, (SchsiU.) 3. E. hemiphloia, (F.v.M.)

2. E. largiflorens, (F.v.M.)

(4.) Micrantliercd, such as have the anthers very small, opening
in lateral slits, viz.

1. E. siderophloia, (Benth.) 3. E. crehra, (F.v.M.)

2. E. sp.? (F.v.M.)

(5.) Normales, such as have the stamens all perfect, the anthers
oblong-ovate, or nearly globular, the cells perfectly distinct,
parallel and opening longitudinally, viz.

BY THE REV. DR. "WOOLLS, M.D., F.L.S., ETC. 291

1. ^.IonpfoUa,(Ijmk&Otto.) 7. U. saligna, (Sm.)

2. U. robusta, (Sm.) 8. JJ. resinifera, (Sm.)

3. E. hotryoides, (Sm.) 9. E. corymhosa, (Sm.)

4. E. viminaUs, (Labill.) 10. E. maculata, (Hook.)

5. E. tereticoroiis, (Sm.) 11. E. eximia, (Schau.)

6. E. punctata, (DC.)

This system o£ grouping the species has its merit in the
arrangement of specimens for the herbarium, and also in enabling
the observer to identify any species which is remarkable for the
shape or opening of its anthers ; but it labours under two defects,
viz., that it places in close proximity trees differing materially in
bark, wood, and fruit ; and that it sometimes separates widely
those species, which, in the minds of the Colonists, must ever be
associated with each other.

The cortical system of Baron Mueller, therefore, is the more
natural and practical, and although in individual trees, the bark
may differ sometimes from the typical character of the section
in which it is placed, yet there is little difficulty in determining,
from a comparison of several trees, whether a species should be
grouped with the smooth-barked, half -barked, or fully barked
kinds. Solitary specimens of the common G-rey Grum (E.
tereticornis,) have sometimes been found with fibrous bark on the
butt ; and, on the other hand, the Box (E. hemipklora) and the
"Woolly Butt (E. longifolia) vary occasionally from the ordinary
type in proportion to their age and the nature of the soil. The
Blue Grum also (E. saligna) , which, for the most part, has very
smooth bark, is found here and there with rough bark on the butt.

Baron Mueller in taking an extensive view of specimens from
all parts of Australia, is disposed to amalgamate species differing
very much in the character of the bark, and he refers the aberra-
tions from typical form to geological considerations, the elevation
above the sea-level, and the range of temperature. The deviations,
to which I refer, are in some instances very remarkable, and

293 ETJCALYPTS OF THE COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND,

should they be proved to result from local causes, as that learned
writer suggests, many of the so-called species of Eucalypts will
be regarded as mere varieties. As it would be premature to enter
upon this question, until a patient investigation of all the known
species has demonstrated the value of Mr. Bentham's artificial
system, I propose to group the species of the County of Cumber-
land according to the cortical system of the Baron, and then to
treat of them individually.

(1.) LeiopTiloicd^ such as have the bark smooth on every side,
after the shedding of the outer layer, including the trees commonly
called Plooded Gum-trees, White Grum-trees, or Grum-trees in
general. This section is well-defined and comprises about a third
of the Eucalypts in the County of Cumberland.

(2.) iLemi^hloice, such as have the bark in the lower part of
the trunk, persistent, wrinkled, and full of clefts, in the upper
part and in the branches, rendered smooth by the shedding of the
outward layer. The common Box and Black-butt may be regarded
as typical of this section, but, as it will be seen in the process of
inquiry, some species pass from the HemipJiloice to t\ie LeiopJiloiw
as they advance in age.

(3.) BhytiphloicB, such as have the bark everywhere persistent
wrinkled, full of clefts, and solid within, as the trees called
Mahogany and Bloodwood, including some of the largest trees
in the neigbourhood of Sydney.

(4). PachyphloidB, such as have the bark for the most part
persistent, wrinkled, and fibrous within. Of this section, the
Stringy Bark is the type.

(5.) ScJiizophloice, such as have the bark everywhere persistent,
deeply furrowed, and solid within. This section comprises all
the Iron Barks.

According to this system, the species of the County of
Cumberland will stand in the following order : —

BY THE REV. DE. WOOLLS, M.D., F.L.S., ETC. 293

(Section I., Leiophloi^.)

1. JE. radiata, (Sieb.) 5. JE. tereticornis, (Sm.)

2. U. saligna, (Sm.) 6. E. 'punctata, (DC.)

3. E. hcemastoma, (Sm.) and 7. E. maculata, (Hook.)

var. E. micrantha (DO.) 8. E. oltiisiflora, (DO.)

4. E. viminalis, (Labill.)

(Section II., Hemiphloi^.)

1. E. Sieheriana, (F.v.M.) 4. E. longifolia, (Link & Otto.)

2. E. pilularis, (Sm.) 5. E. largiflorens, (F.v.M.)

3. E. hemip'hloia, (F.v.M.)

(Section III., Ehttiphloi^.)

1. E. acmenoides, (Sehau.) 5, E. conjmhosa, (Sm.)

2. E. hotryoides, (Sm.) 6, E. eximia, (Schau.)

3. E. rohcsta, (Sm.) 7. E.polyanthema, (Schau.)

4. ^. resiniferaf (Sm.)

(Section lY., Pachyphloi^.)

1. E.capitelh, (Sm.) 3. E. piperita, (Sm.)

2. ^. eiigenioides, (Sieb.)

(Section Y., Shizophloi^.)

1. -E'. aider ophloia, (Bentb.) 4. E. panimlata, (Sm.) and var.

2. J^. sp. ? (F.v.M.) angustifoUa, (Benth.)

3. E. crehra, (F.v.M.) 5. E. leucoxylon, (F.v.M.) var.

sideroxylo7i, (Sieb.)

With one exception, (viz. E. obtusijlora) all the species mentioned
in this list are trees, but, it may be remarked, that none o£ them
attain the gigantic dimensions of E. amygdalina, (the " Griant
Eucalypt " of Yictoria), or E. diversicolor, (the "Karri" of
Western Australia), which, in favourable localities, are known to
have exceeded 400 feet in height, with a diameter of 25 feet. It
is probable that no Eucalypt in the County of Cumberland
exceeds 160 feet, whilst the fruit of all the species is comparatively
small, even in the largest trees. The fruit of E. Youngiana,

294 ON A RARE SPECIES OF PERCfl FROM PORT JACKSON,

(F.v.M.,) in South Australia sometimes exceeds two inches in
diameter, which is about four times that of E. longifolia, or our
common Woolly Butt, a species remarkable amongst the Eucalypts
of New South Wales for the size and thickness of its seed-vessel.

On a rare species of Perch, from Port Jackson.

By E. P. Eamsay, F.L.S., Curator of the Australian Museum,

Sydney.

Anthias longimanus, Gimther.

Anthias longimanus^ Gunth., Cat. Fishes, Vol. I., p. 94,

D. 10/20. A. 3/8. V. 1/5.

As this fish is apparently new to our waters, the following
notes may be of interest to the Society :

The horizontal diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the length
of the head, and equal to its distance from the snout. The height
of the body is one-third of the length, exclusive of the caudal fin,
the length of the head is three times and two-thirds in the same.
Snout very short, mouth obKque ; the maxillary reaches to below
the anterior third of the eye. The prseoperculum is finely serrated
on both limbs and rounded at the angle ; the operculum has a fiat
spine at its upper angle, and a smaller fiat spine below it with a
denticulated margin. The dorsal fin is low, the third spine the
longest, the membranes connecting the spines and rays are clothed
with scales for two-thirds of their height ; the pectorals are long,
narrow, of twenty rays, much longer than the head, and reach to
the fourth dorsal ray, and first anal spine ; the anal is moderate,
its tip reaching to the vertical from the last dorsal ray ; the
ventrals are inserted just behind the vertical from the base of
the pectorals, and are a little longer than half their length. The
lateral line terminates about six or seven scales from the base of
the tail, the upper lobe of which is the longest. The space

BY E. P. RAMSAY, F.L.S. -. 295

between the eyes is one-fourth longer than the horizontal diameter
of the orbit.

The general colour of this beautiful fish is of an intense reddish
vermilion, shaded with light rose-lake on the sides, and orange
on the belly ; on the sides are numerous spots forming irregular
lines of bright yellow, irregular lines of same colour on the cheeks.
The lateral line silvery-blue. All the fins rich bright reddish-
vermilion, without si^ots. The eye is bright orange, iris black.

The fine specimen on which the above notes are made, was
forwarded to the Museum by Mr. Emerson of Sydney, this
morning, (17th July, 1880), and was captured near the Heads.
It is the only specimen I have seen. It answers tolerably well to
Dr. Gunther's description of Anthias longimanus, but appears to
be a broader fish, but more elongate than A. rasor ; the head is
very short and much rounded in front, the lower jaw when the
mouth is open is a little longer than the upper ; the height of
the body is four times in the total length, the length of the head
measured to the tip of the operculum is four and one-third in the
total length (to the tip of the upper lobe of the tail).

It will be seen that these proportions do not altogether agree
with Dr. Grunther's measurements, which were taken from a
stuffed specimen, probably stretched in skinning and stuffed out
of shape.

Notes on HistiopJiorus glaMus.

By E. p. E^iMSAY, F.L.S., &c.

Plate VIII. [Lettered in error Xiphius gladim.']

A remarkably fine specimen of this rare Eish, the subject of

these few remarks, was captured on our coast a few days ago,

(July 4th 1880) by Mr. Andrews and party, about six miles south

of WoUongong, while schnapper fishing ; they found many of the

2 L

296 ox HisTiopnoRUs gladius,

fish.es tliey had hooked were taken from their lines, and soon after
a large sword fish in pnrsuit of a schnapper got entangled in the
anchor line which had become twisted round its snout, thereby
affording an opportunity for Mr. Andrews to harpoon it, which
was successfully done ; after towing the boat for several miles
the animal became exhausted and was in turn towed ashore.
Shortly after being harpooned the fish disgorged a number of
large schnapper, fPagrm unicoJorJ and finally threw out the
stomach itself. During the engagement it was seen to leap several
feet in heiglit out of the water. On Monday night the specimen
was brought to the Museum in quite a fresh state.

Under the gill-cover we found a small sucker-fish (Echeneu) of
a pale pink color, about eight inches in length, but no other
parasites on these parts. On the back, sides, and at the base of
the fins and various parts of the body were the remains of
numerous large, black parasites, also some living examples with
the neck elongated, of a substance like chitine, and with plume-
like filaments at the end ; the head buried a considerable distance
(sometimes 3 inches) in the flesh. The body of this Epizoon is
blackish, transversely wrinkled, and carries at its junction with
the plumose portion two long wire-like filaments ; the head is
rounded, and at its junction with the " neck " are two short arms,
about 0*1 inch in length ; this parasite is probably a species of
Pennella fOhen.J

On the tail were a few crustaceans fCaligusJ of the same species
as those usually found on Sea Sharks occurring in Port Jackson
and on our Coast ; strange to say neither the stomach nor the
intestines contained any parasites.

On dissection the animal proved to be a male and of considerable
age. It is I believe the largest on record, measuring 13 feet 4
inches to ^Q centre of the caudal fin, the upper lobe of which measures
2 feet 9 inches, and the lower 2 feet 7 inches.

BY E. P. RAMSAY, F.L.S. 297

1st Dorsal 35. 1st Anal 12-13. Ventral 1.
2nd „ 7. 2nd „ 6.

Diameter of the eye 3 incites by 2|.

The dorsal fin is about half the height of the body, the hump
compressed below the dorsal, and the profile strongly curved to
the snout, the membrane of the dorsal fins uniform in color. The
height of the body measured from the base of tlie dorsal spines
is about one-fifth of the total length, and the length of the head
from the tip of the snout to the posterior margin of the gill-cover
is one-fourth of the total length.

The general color is a deep bluish-black (much brighter when
alive) on the back and sides, above the median line, below which
it is of a bright silvery hue almost white on the belly.

The following are the measurements : —

Total length 13 ft. 4 in., to the tip of the tail 14 ft.

Upper lobe of caudal 2 ft. 9 in. ^

Lower lobe of caudal 2 ft, 7 iu. j ^'""^ P''^ ^^ *^ """"^ "^ t^« t^'^-

Small fleshy lobe on side of caudal at the base 5 -5 x 2*5 high.

Height of body opposite the dorsal fin 2 ft. 6 in.

Height of first dorsal from base 18 in.

Height of second dorsal from base 5 in., extent at ba^e 14.5.

Length of pectoral fin 2 ft. 4 in.

Its width at the base 7 in. ; four inches from the body 5 in.

Snout from nostril 2 ft. 7 in.

Length of head from nostril to the hinder margin of the gill-
cover 20 in.

Length of head with snout 4 ft. 5 in.

From tip of snout to the centre of the eye 2 ft. 10 in., from thence
to gill-cover 16-14.

First anal 14 in., second anal 45.

Breadth of body at first anal 2 ft.

Length of lower mandible to gape 16-5, to gill-cover 21 in., from
tip of snout to pectoral liu 2 ft. 2^ iu. ; from tip of snout to
first dorsal 4 ft., tip of ^;nout to gupe o ft. 2 in.

298 ON A MOLAR TOOTH OF ZEUGLODOIf,

0:^ A Molar Tooth of Zeuglodon from the Tertiary Beds on
THE Murray Eiver near Wellington, S.A.

ByE. B. Sanger, Esq., South Australia, O.M.L.S. N.S. Wales.
The tooth and the fragments of a second were found in a bed
of yellow calcareous clay, containing specimens of Echinus,
Spatangus, Chjpeaster, Pecten, Turritella, Corhis, and Sjwndijlus.
The tooth is compressed laterally, and strongly serrated on the
anterior and posterior edges of the crown, forming four cusps on
one edge, six on the other and one median and terminal. (See
figure). The cusps increase in size from the base up, the median

B

E. B. Sanger, del,
A. Molar tooth of Zeuglodon Harivoodii, nat. size.
B. Transverse vertical section through the fangs, nat. size.
cusp being the largest. At the junction of the double fang and
the crown the tooth suddenly thickens out, thus forming a ridge
which runs around the tooth curving up in the middle on both
sides in the ''yoke" thus making a sharp line of demarcation
between the crown and the fang. The crown is covered with
enamel which in one place has broken or peeled off, showing the
dentine beneath. The double fang is formed by two pillars
connected mesially by a thin isthmus through which the pulp-
cavities of the pillars are connected. The two pillars and the
crown arching over them form the characteristic ''yoke" from
which the name is derived. The half of the tooth of which the
edge bears four cusps, and its corresponding pillar or fang is
larger and thicker than the other half ; and the pulp-cavity of its

BY E. B. SANGER, C.M.L.S. N.S.W. 299

pillar is larger than the pulp-cavity of the other pillar. In a
cross section faint lines can be seen radiating from the pulp-
cavities. (See fig. B.)

The antero-posterior diameter at the base of the crown is 9/10
of an inch, the median transverse diameter 4/10, and the median
height of the crown is f of an inch. The transverse diameter of
the larger fang or pillar 3/10, and the smaller •25 of an inch ;
the diameter of the connecting isthmus is 1/10 of an inch. The
fang has been broken off, though probably it was not much
longer. I am inclined to think that possibly the isthmus was
wanting in the portion broken off, so that the pillars became two
distinct fangs. The pillars are in fact morphologically, fangs.
The tooth is possibly from a young animal as the cusps are hardly
at all worn. It differs widely from a molar tooth of Zeiiglodo7i
cetoides. It is very much smaller and resembles somewhat a
molar tooth of a seal.

The Phocodontia, comprising Zemjlodon and its kindred, in fact
are connecting links between the Cetacea and the Pmnipedla. The
length of Zeuglodon cetoides has been estimated to be seventy feet.
Allowing that this tooth belonged to a j^oung animal, I hardly
think that the adult would have been over twelve or fifteen feet
in length. It was evidently carnivorous. The beds in which
the tooth was found are decidedly Eocene in character, though
not identical with any particular division of the Eocene. I have
identified from the same beds the following characteristic Eocene
fossils viz. : Lamna elegans, Notidanus primigenius, Carcliarodon
angustidens, Nautilus (Aturia) %ic-zac, Pecten Poulsoni, Crassatella
aUa, and Chjpeaster (Mortonia) Rogersi. Its age corresponds
therefore with Z. cetoides, found in the Eocene beds of the' Southern
United States. It is to be hoped that more traces of this
interesting and aberrant Cetacean will be found. I propose
naming this species, which possibly may be a new genus, Zeuglodon
Sarivoodii, in honor of James G. Harwood, Esq., formerly of

300 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

Wellington, S.A., to whose kindness I owe this and many other
fine fossils.

NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

J. Brazier, Esq., C.M.Z.S., etc., exhibited Helix pomatia, H.
aperta, and H. melanostoma, showing the aperture covered with a
thin membrane of animal matter, giving the shells the appearance
of being operculated. In H. melanostoma it is very thin, in the
others, much thicker. Also, thirteen species of the Fossil genera
Gonitites f? GonotitesJ, Ammonites, and Rhi/nchoneUa, all from
France. And, Voluta (Lyria) deliciosa, with operculum, from
Wautoro, near Noumea, New Caledonia.

The Vice-President exhibited a series of Fossils from the
Namoi and from Campbelltown.

The Secretary. — A large, excresence or bunch of galls from an
Acacia (green wattle), formed by Cynips ; and the nidus of a large
arboreal spider.

WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 28th, 1880.

The President, the Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., etc. in
the Chair.

DONATIONS.

Proceedings and Transactions of the New Zealand Institute,
Vol. XII.

Eucalyi^tographia, Decade YI., from JJarou F. von ^Mueller,
K.C.M Cf., etc.

DONATIONS. 301

Journal of the Eoyal Microscopical Society, Vol. III., No. 3.
Eeport of the Salmon Commissioners, Tasmania.
Geological Sketch Map of Charter's Towers Gold Field and
the Coast.

PAPERS READ.

Ox A NEW SPECIES OF Flohellum.

By THE Eey. J. E. Texison-Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c.

The coral here described was obtained at a moderate depth
from Bass' Straits. It was attached to a dead oyster shell. It
differs from any Australian form previouslji described by the
almost cylindrical form and the irregular tubular radiciform
appendages. The genus is very poorly represented in our present
Australian Marine fauna, though this was not the case in the
later tertiary period. The living and fossil species have no
common characteristic form, but the present species is very
aberrant from all previously known.

Flalellum tubuliferum, n. s. — Corallum tapering from a propor-
tionately thick pedicel, cylindrical or only slightly compressed,
of pale livid color and darker purple within, irregular in growth
with well marked incremental lines, with three or four short
tubular radiciform appendages projecting straight down along
the axis, irregular and apparently broken. Costa very fine,
corresponding to the interstices of the septa. Epitheca pellicular.
Septa in four systems, developed according to the orders,
undulating at the edge and slightly granular at the sides. Alt.
14, diam. 7, mil. Specimen which is much damaged is deposited
in the Sydney Museum. The tubular appendages arise from
about one-third the height from the base.

302 descmptiye catalogue of australiax fishes,

Descriptive Catalogue of the Fishes of Australia.
By William Macleay, F.L.S., &c

Part I.

The following Catalogue is compiled with the view of obviating
or lessening the difficulty which the student of Ichthyology in
this Country has to encounter from having to refer for the history
and identification of the species, to numberless publications in a
variety of languages, which ar^ only to be found in very large
and well-stocked libraries. Up to a certain period Dr. Gunther's
Catalogue of the Fishes of the British Museum met this difficulty,
but the vast additions which have been made to the fauna of
Australia since the date of that publication has made it almost
obsolete as a record of Australian Fishes. This may be inferred
from the fact that while the number of Acanthopteryginous
Fishes given as Australian in Dr. Grunther's Catalogue does not
exceed 210, the number recorded in the Catalogue of which I
now lay before you the first part, comes up to 650 species.

The classification I have adopted is entirely that of Dr. (jriinther,
and I have never departed from his nomenclature, excepting in
a very few and easily explained instances.

The descriptions given of the genera and species are also,
wherever available, taken from Dr. Grunther, as being more terse
and to the point than those of most authors, and in every case I
have been as brief as possible, so as to keep the Catalogue within
the smallest limits. For the same reason I have not given, except
in rare instances, the synonyms of the species, and I have confined
the references to one or two of the most useful and best known.
No descrii3tion is given with those species which have been
previously described in the Proceedings of this Society.

Under each genus I state its general geographical range ; and
under the species its Australian habitat. The term Australian
includes all seas from the South Coast of New Guinea to the

BY "W. MACLEAY, F.L.8. 303

South of Tasmania, and from the West Coast of New Holland
eastward as far as Norfolk Island.

Kingdom ANIMALIA. Sub-Kingdom VERTEBRATA.

Class FISHES.

Vertebrate animals, with a double circulation and cold red blood,
inhaliting ivater, and breathing through gills.

Sxjb-Class I. TELEOSTEI.

Fishes having a bony skeleton.

Order I. ACANTEOPTERYGII.

Teleosteous fishes icith one or more of the rays of the dorsal, a^ial,
and ventral fins spiny and not articulated, and with the inferior
pharyngeal bones separated.

Division I. ACANTH. PERCIFORMES.

Body compressed, elevated or oblong, not elongate. No
prominent anal papilla : no superbranchial organ. Dorsal fin,
or fins occupying the greater portion of the back, spinous dorsal
generally with stiff spines ; the soft anal similar to the soft dorsal,
of moderate extent or rather short. Ventrals thoracic, always
present, with one spine at least and four or five rays.

Family I. PEROIDiE.

Body compressed or oblong ; one or two dorsal fins, the spinous
part always well developed. Soft dorsal and anal fins similar,
generally a lateral line, lower pectoral rays branched : vertical
fins not scaly.

Q-roup Percina.
Genus Lates, Cuv.
Seven branchiostegals ; pseudobranchise. Teeth villiform,
without canines ; teeth on the palatine bones, tongue smooth.
2 M

304 DESCRIPTI^-E CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

Two dorsal fins. Oj)erciiliim spinif eroiis ; praeoperciiliim with
strong sjDines at the angle and at the lower limb ; preeorbital
strongl}' serrated. Scales moderate.

Nile, mouth of large East Indian Eivers, and Australia.

1. LaTES CALCARIFEIi, Bl.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 68.—Zafes nolili.^, Cuv. & Yal.

D. 7-8. 1/12. A. 3/8-9.

Angle of proBoperculum obtuse, the lower limb with four strong
spines ; coracoid with six to ten denticulations ; the third spine of
anal fin twice as long as the second. Back and sides brownish,
shining : belly white.

A large fish, found on the coasts and at the mouths of rivers
in India, China, Java, &c., and probably all over the intertropical
coasts of Australia, as Dr. Gunther has seen it from the Fitzroy
River, and Count Castelnau mentions it among the Fishes of the
Norman Eiver. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, vol. iii., p. 42.

2. Lates colonorum, Gunth.

Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1863. p., 114. Perch of Colonists.

D. 8. 1/10. A. 3/8. L. lat. bb. L. transv. 8/21.

Body slightly compressed ; the height a little more than one-
third of the length without caudal. Head one-third of the length
without caudal. Eyes large, yellow, distant from the point of
the snout about one diameter, and more than a diameter apart.
Teeth minute, villiform, the palatine bands narrow and separate
from the vomerine band. Maxillary broad, triangular, reaching
to below the middle of the eye ; mouth slightly oblique, prse-
operculum strongly toothed, six or seven of the teeth at and below
the angle being large and pointed forwards, operculum with a
very long acute spine at its extremity. Infraorbital finely
serrated and slightly sinuate, the suture of the sub and inter-

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 305

operculum elevated into a sharp ridge. Dorsal fins continuous,
tlie fourth spine the longest ; third anal spine a little longer
than the second ; caudal slightly emarginate. Lateral line slightly
curved, and occupying 51 scales. Colour silvery, darker on the
back.

The continuity of the dorsal fins ought to remove this species
from this genus. It is found in all the Eastern rivers of New
South Wales, and in some of those of Victoria, and attains a
considerable size.

3. Lates similis, Casteln.
Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. I., p. 44.
This species differs from Z. colonorum in having tlie snout
shorter, and less than the diameter of the eye, the denticulations
of the preeoperculum are larger, and those of the lower limb are
directed backwards. The second dorsal has only nine rays. Found
in the Gippsland Lakes.

4. Lates axtarcticus, Casteln.

Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. I., p. 44.

Sea Perch of the Melbourne Market.

This species, which I have never seen, seems to differ from L.

colonorum in being of a higher form, in having the pr^eorbital

more finely serrated, and the praeoperculum more strongly toothed

on the posterior edge. The colour is silvery with the back and

upper parts of the head of a dark blue ; dorsal and caudal fins

blackish ; ventrals and pectorals of a dark greenish-gray, anal

of a light grey.

This Fish is occasionally seen in the Melbourne Market and is
esteemed for food.

5. Lates Victoria, Casteln.
Proc. Zool. Soc. Victoria, Vol. I., p. 45.
This species differs from the last in having the second spine of
the operculum composed of a bunch of four spines, of wliidi the

306 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AXJSTRALIAX FISHES,

two central ones are tlie largest. The lateral line has two very-
strong sinuosities, one opposite to the commencement of the first
dorsal, the other to its end. The body is very silvery, with the
back of a light green, showing on the living specimen seven or
eight longitudinal lines of a rather darker tinge, the sides and
belly have a rosy hue, the side of the head is somewhat purple,
the fi.ns are of a purplish green and the eyes yellow. Attains a
length of 16 inches, and like the last is occasionally seen in the
Melbourne Fishmarket.

6. Lates CTJRTrs, Oasteln.

Eesearches on the Fishes of Australia, p. 5.

Differs from L. colonorum in being shorter and higher in the
body, in having the maxillary bilobed anteriorly, and in having
1 1 rays in the soft dorsal. The third spine of the dorsal is the
longest, there are 53 scales on the lateral line, and the transverse
line consists of 10/17. Colour uniform, and length of specimen
14 inches. Found in the Eichmond Eiver.

7. Lates Darwiniensis, Macleay.
Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S. Wales, Vol. II., p. 345.
Port Darwin.

8. Lates Eamsayi, n. sp.
D. 9. 1/10. A. 3/7. L. lat. 54.
Compressed, the height of the body one-thii'd of the total length,
length of head about one-fourth ; diameter of eye one-fourth of
the length of the body, about equal to the length of the snout,
and rather more than the width of the interorbital space, which
is moderately flat and grooved. Cleft of mouth oblique, the
lower jaw longest ; the maxillary broad and truncate reaching to
below the middle of the orbit, teeth numerous, minute and villif orm
in both jaws, those on the vomer and palatine bones on elevated
ridges ; pr^operculum finely serrated on the posterior limb, with

BY W. MACLEAY, T.L.S. 307

a number of rather strong teeth on the angle and lower limb, those
on the latter pointing forwards ; infraorbital serrated. Operculum
with the lower spine long and sharp. Dorsal fins not quite
separate, the first spine very short, the second half the length of
the third, that and the fourth, fifth, and sixth about equal ; caudal
fin a little emarginate. Of an almost uniform pale pearly colour
with the tip of the lower jaw, a patch on the edge of the operculum
between the spines, and the dorsal, caudal, and ventral fins
blackish.

This species was got in the Parramatta Eiver. It is quite
distinct from Z. colonorum, and yet in many resj)ects resembles it
extremely closely.

Genus Pseudolates, All. & M'Leay.

A genus separated from Lates on account of the villif orm teeth
on the tongue and large scales.

9. Pseudolates cavifeoxs, All. & M'Leay.
Proc. Linn. Soc, N. S. Wales, Yol. I., p. 262.

Torres Straits, Port Darwin.

Genus Psammoperca, Eich.

Seven branchiostegals ; teeth on the vomer and palatine bones,
crowded, granular ; no canine teeth, tongue smooth. Two dorsals
slightly continuous moving in a scaly sheath, the first with eight
spines, anal with three spines. Operculum with a small and
prseoperculum with a strong spine, the latter with an entire lower
limb. Scales rather large. East Indian and Australian seas.

10. Psammoperca Waigiensis, Cuv. &.Yal.
Psammoperca datnioides, Eichardson.

Toy. Erebus and Terror, Pishes, p. 116, pi. 57, f. 1-2.
D. 8. 1/12-13. A. 3/9. L. lat. 50-55.

308 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

Height of body one-iourtli of total length. Hinder edge of
prseoperculum denticulated, a long spine at the angle.

North Australia.

11. PSAMMOPERCA MACROPTERA, Guuther.

Cat. Fishes, Brit. Mus., Vol. I., p. 69.
D. 8. 1/12-13. A. 3/13.
Height of body one-third of the total length, preoorbital and
suborbital arch strongly serrated, hinder edge of praeoperculum
serrated, a triangular spine at the angle.

Dr. Gunther gives Victoria, Australia, as the habitat of this
very distinct species, he must mean I think the Victoria Eiver,
North-west Australia.

Genus Microperca, Casteln.

Teeth numerous and sharp, disposed in several rows on both
jaws and on the palatines, no canines, tongue smooth ; operculum
and praeoperculum not serrated, entire, the former with two
feeble points of which the lower one is much larger than the
other ; the prseorbital very finely serrated ; two dorsals, almost
continuous, the first triangular, with eight spines; caudal rounded.
Anal with three spines ; scales large. Form oval, rather high ;
head attenuated ; body compressed ; no scales on the upper part
of the head or snout ; no scaly sheath for the dorsals.

Australia.

12. Microperca Yarr^e, Casteln. •

Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. I., p. 48.

Height three times and a quarter in the total length, head
four times and one-fifth in the same, eye four and a-quarter in
the length of the head. Twenty scales on the lateral line, and
twelve on the transverse. Eight strong spines in the first dorsal

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 309

fin : the first short, the second and third the longest and nearly
equal, the second dorsal has one long, straight spine and eight
raj^s, gradually increasing in length ; the anal is like the second
dorsal. Scales large ; mouth protractile. Colour variable, in some
the back is of a purple-grey with the belly and fins yellow, in
other specimens the back is green and the belly white with a
black longitudinal spot on its lower part, the fins are of an orange
colour bordered with black, the ventrals entirely of that colour ;
the body has more or less black spots ; the eye is silvery. Average
length from 2 J to 3 inches.

Yarra Eiver, in brackish water.

In accordance with Count Castelnau's views I place this Fish
near Psammoperca, but I suspect its affinity is more to the
Apogonina.

Genus Exoplosus, Lacep.

Body and vertical fins greatly elevated. Seven branchiostegals.
All the teeth villiform without canines, teeth on the palatine
bones and on the tongue. Two dorsals ; operculum without spine ;
prseoperculum serrated and with spinous teeth at the angle.
Scales moderate. Australian seas.

13. ExoPLOsus ARMATUS, White.

Yoy. N. S. Wales, pi. 39, fig. 1. Gunth. Cat. Fishes, I., p. 81.

'' Old Wife " of the Sydney Fshermen. '' Bastard Dorey " of
the Melbourne Fishmarket.

D. 7'. 1/14-15. A. 3/15. Coec. pylor. 15. Yert. 25.

Upper profile of head very concave, body one half as high as
long, much elongate and pointed. White, with eight black
transverse bands.

East and South coasts of Australia.

310 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

Group Serranina.

Genus Callanthias, Lowe.

Six branchiostegals. Teetli villiform, with, canines in both jaws,
teeth on the palatine bones, tongue smooth. One dorsal with,
eleven spines, the anal fin with three, operculum spiniferous,
prseoperculum entire. A part of the fins elongate. Scales
moderate.

Madeira and Tasmania.

14. Callanthias Allporti, Gunth.

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1876, Vol. XVII., p. 390.

D. 11/10. A. 3/10. L. lat. 46.

'' The height of the body is one third, and the length of the head
one fourth, of the total length (without caudal). Eye longer
than the snout, two-seventh of the length of the head, situated
far below the upper profile. The maxillary does not extend to
below the middle of the eye. Cleft of the mouth oblique, with
the lower jaw slightly projecting, some of the lower canines
horizontally projecting forwards. Preeorbital very narrow. The
lateral line ascends from its origin towards the third dorsal spine,
and runs close to the upper profile, the scales above it being
minute. The scales on the head advance nearly to the end of the
snout; vomer with a transverse series of very strong conical teeth,
a short patch of small teeth on the palatines, tongue smooth.
Dorsal spines slender, gradually increasing in length, the last
being as long as the head without snout. The soft dorsal and
anal high. Caudal emarginate. Pectoral broad, rather shorter
than the ventral, which extends to the vent. Uniform reddish
(in spirits)."

Described from two specimens, 9| inches long, sent by Mr.
Morton AUport to the British Museimi, from Tasmania.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 311

Genus Breviperca, Oasteln.

Teeth, small, rather arched, disposed in numerous series, those
of the lower jaw directed backwards, a few feeble teeth on the
palatines, no canines. Praeopercidum rounded, finely denticulated
behind and weakly crenulated below. Operculum terminating
in a blunt point. One dorsal with eight spines and eleven rays.
Scales large.

Australia.

15. Breviperca lineata, Oasteln.

Eesearches on the Fishes of Australia, p. 6.

D. 8/11. A. 3/8. P. 16.

Body short, high. Head large, the maxiUary reaches to below
the posterior edge of the orbit. Eye large. Dorsal spines low,
increasing in length as they go backwards, the rays are much
longer. The third anal spine is the longest, the second the
thickest. Colour silvery, with two transverse dark bands on the
head and in front, another on the cheek, and six broad longitudinal
ones on the body.

Swan River, Length of specimen nine inches.

Genus Anthias, B1.

Seven branchiostegals. Teeth villiform, with canines in both
the jaws, teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth or with
small teeth. One dorsal, generally with ten spines ; the anal fin
with three. Caudal forked, generally one or several of the fins
very elongate. Operculum spiniferous, prseoperculum serrated.
Scales moderate.

The warm seas of all parts of the world.

16. Anthias rasor, Eichards.
Serramis rasor, Rich., Trans. Zool. Soc, 1849, p. 73, pi. 4, f. 1,
Gunth. Cat. I., p. 93.
2 N

312 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF ATJSTR.VLIAX FISTIES,

Ccesioperca rasor, Oasteln., Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, I., p. 49.

D. 10/21. A. 3/9. L.lat. 51. L. transv. 4/18. Ca?c. pylor. G.

Caudal fin forked, but none of tlie fins elongate, the pectoral,
one fourth of the total length ; the lower portions of the fins
densely covered with scales ; the height of the body forming one
third of the total length ; the head short forming one fourth of
it. Shining reddish brown, with a bluish stripe from beneath
the eye along the lateral line, and a subvertical oval, blackish
spot below the lateral line, 02)posite the commencement of the
soft dorsal.

Victorian and Tasmanian seas.

The generic name Cmsioperca was given to this species by Count
Castelnau, on account of a slight departure from the more typical
form of Anthias. There is scarcely sufficient reason I think for
the establishment of a new genus.

17. Anthias Eichardsoxii, Gunth.

Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 429.

D. 10/20. A. 3/9. L. lat. 60.

Difiters only from the preceding species, A. rasor, in having
the blackish spot on the side below the lateral line, of a horizontally
ovate shape, and under the fifth to ninth dorsal rays.

Tasmania.

18. Anthias longimanijs, Gunth.
Cat. Fishes I., p. 94, pi. 7, fig. b.

D. 10/20. A. 3/8. L. lat. 65.

The height of the body is four times and three-fourths in the
total length. Caudal fin forked ; the pectoral elongate, reaching
to the vertical from the soft portion of the dorsal fin, and one
fourth of the total length ; head entirely scaly ; fins covered for

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 313

the greater part with, scales. Vomerine teetli iu a quadrangular
patch. Coloration uniform red.

Port Jackson.

Genus Neoaxthias, Casteln.

Seven branchiostegals, teeth villiform, without canines in either
jaw, but with an outer line of larger teeth in front ; teeth on the
palatine bones and on the tongue. One dorsal fin with ten spines,
anal with three. Operculum with two flat spines, preeoperculum
finely and equally serrated, scales large ; no denticulations on the
pr?eorbital ; some of the pectoral rays elongate.

Australia.

19. Neoanthias Giin'Theri, Oasteln.

Pro. Linn. Soc, N.S. Wales, Yol. III., p. 367.

A full description is given by Count Castelnau, (he. cit.J of
this beautiful fish, which is occasionally taken outside the heads
of Port Jackson.

Genus Serraxus, Cuv.

Seven branchiostegals. Teeth villiform, with very distinct
canines in both jaws ; teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth.
One dorsal fin, mostly with nine or eleven, rarely with eight, ten
or twelve spines ; anal fin with three. Operculum with two or
three acute points ; prpeoperculum more or less serrated, icitJiout
spinous teeth on the lower limb. Scales suialJ.

Temperate and Tropical seas.

20. Serraxus australis, Casteln.

Eesearches on the Fishes of Australia, p. 7.

D. 11/13. A. 3/8.

Body compressed, ovate, rather high, with the anterior profile
very acute ; lower jaw longer than the upper; caudal fin rounded

314 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

rather pointed ; dorsal and anal fins liigh ; the operculum has one
strong point, and its membranous portion extends in another
behind this ; over this is a strong notch. Canines small. Colour
brownish-black entirely covered with rather minute, numerous,
rounded white spots. Length of specimens five to six inches.

Cape York and Darnley Island.

21. Serranus stigmopomus, Eichardson.
Ichth. China, p. 232. Gunth. Cat. I., p. 111.

D. 9/17. A. 3/8.

Caudal fin rounded, preeoperculum finely serrated, with rather
stronger denticulations at the angle. Brown, with eight regular
darker cross bands ; a round black spot between the two upper
opercular spines ; dorsal fin with a pale edge, pectoral and anal
fins with a dark one.

North West Coast of Australia.

This is identical with the Einneplielus hcelang of Bleeker, with
Serranus hoena/c, of Cuv. & Val., Bleek., Gunth., and Kner., and
with Serranus nigrofasciatus of Homb. Jacquin, Yoy. Pole Sud.,
Poiss., p. 36, tab. 2, fig. 1. It has a very wide distribution
throughout the Indian seas.

22. Serranus pachycentrum, Cuv. & Yal.
Gunth. Cat. I., p. 116.
D. 9/15. A. 3/8.
Caudal fin rounded, both limbs of the praeoperculum, and lower
limbs of the inter and suboperculum finely denticulated ; lateral
scales each with a slight keel, forming together longitudinal
lines. Colour uniform light brown in spirits.
Port Darwin ; one specimen four inches long.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 315

23. Serranus guttatus, B1.

Gunth. Cat. I., p. 113.

D. 9/16. A. 3/9.

Caudal fin rounded; denticulations of the prcooperculum obsolete,
its posterior limb not eniarginate. Brownisb black ; bead, body,
and all the fins with round, blue, black-edged spots, the caudal,
anal, and hinder half of the dorsal fins white-edged.

North Coast of Australia.

A species of wide range throughout the South and Indian Seas.
Indentical with S. myriates of Cuv. & VaL, and other authors,
and according to Dr. Bleeker, the same or a variety of his Serramis
Argus.

24. Serranus ouatalibi, Cuv. & Yal.
Gunth. Cat. I., p. 120.

D. 9/15. A. 3/9. L. lat. 85. Ctec. pylor. 8. Vert. 10/14.

Caudal fin ratLer truncated ; sub and inter-operculum slightly
denticulated at their junction ; j)r£eoperculum serrated, teeth of
the angle not prominent, lower limb entire ; the upper spine of
the operculum largest and longest. Maxillary bone not reaching
to the level of the hinder edge of the eye ; diameter of the eye
5 J- in the length of the head; length of the head 3| in the total.
Eed : head and body, and sometimes dorsal fin covered with
numerous small, blue, black-edged spots ; a pair of larger black
spots on the symphysis of the lower jaw, and another on the
back of the tail behind the dorsal.

Lord Howe's Island.

This is a species of the West Indies and tropical Atlantic, but
is stated on the authority of Dr. Gunther, as having been taken
at Lord Howe's Island on one of the voyages of H.M.S. '' Herald"
to that Island. I suspect it will prove to be a different species.

316 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

25. Serranus fuscoguttatus, Eupp.

Guntli. Cat. I., p. 127.

D. 11/14-15. A. 3/8-9.
Caudal fin rounded ; denticulations of the prpeoperculum stronger
at tlie angle ; light brown, marbled with darker and covered with
rounded blackish-brown spots ; a large black blotch behind the
dorsal fin across the back of the tail.

North and North-east Coasts.

Identical with S. horridus, Cuv. &Yal., and >S. dispar, Playfair.

26. Serraxus corallicola, Cuv. & Yal.
Serranus altivelioides, Bleek., Grunth. Cat. I., p. 127.

D. 11/15. k. 3/8. L. lat. 86.
Caudal fin rounded ; the length of the head is three times and
one-fifth in the total length ; diameter of the eye one-fifth of the
length of tlie head ; the upper profile of the head rather convex ;
sub and inter-operculum entire. Yellowish ; head, body, and all
the fins with small round brown spots.

North-west Coast. Port Darwin.

27. Serraxus marginalis, B1.

Grunth. Cat. I., p. 135.

D. 11/15-16. A. 3/8. L. lat. 80-90. Yert. 9/15.

Caudal fin truncated. Length of the head twice and one-third
in the total ; diameter of the eye four times and two-thirds in the
length of the head. Pra3operculum with rather stronger denti-
culations on the angle, sub and inter-operculum entire. The
maxillary bone reaches to the level of the posterior margin of
the eye. Pectorals distant from the anal and reaching a little
behind the tip of the ventrals. Colour brownish or yellowish ;
the spinous part of the dorsal fin, and sometimes the caudal fin
black- edged.

Darnley Island.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 317

Dr. Bleeker makes this species to be identical ^^ithhis Upinephelus
fasciatus. If so, the fresh specimens are distinctly marked with
six or seven short brown fasciae on the back. It is also identical
with S. oceanicm of Cuv. and Val. It is widely distributed
throughout the Indian and Chinese Seas.

28. Serraxtjs diacanthtjs, Cuv. & Yal.

Gunth. Cat. I., p. 110.

D. 11/15-16. A. 3/8. L. lat. 90.

Caudal fin rounded ; eye nearly one-fifth of the length of the
head ; length of the head one-third of the total ; sub and inter-
operculum entire ; the inferior limb of the praeoperculum entire
with two large spines at the angle and the posterior limb strongly
denticulated. Colour light bluish-grey, with fins dark brown,
and with rather irregular cross bands, and a number of round
dark spots on the body.

Cape York. (Castelnau).

29. Serranus orapao, Cuv. & Val.

Gunth. Cat. I., p. 137.

D. 11/15. A. 3/8. L. lat. 80.

Caudal fin rounded ; head one-third of the total length ; diameter
of the eye one-seventh of the length of the head, angle of the
prseoperculum with stronger denticulations ; sub and inter-
operculum entire. Brownish, all the parts with rounded brown
spots.

Port Essington, Torres' Straits.

Serranus pmithermus, onactdosiis, hontoo, and sidllus, of Cuv. and
Val., are the same as this species.

30. Serranus Damelii, Gunth.
Ann. andMag. Nat. Hist., 1876, fourth series. Vol. XVII., p. 391.
'< Black Eock Cod " of the Sydney Fishermen.

318 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FSIHES,

A good description of this species is given by Count Castelnaii
at page 365 of tlie tliird volume of the Proceedings of the
Linnean Society of New South Wales.

East Coast, N. S. Wales.

31. Serranus alatus, All. & Macl.
Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 264, pi. 4, fig. 2.
South Coast New Guinea, {" Chevert'' Exp.)

32. Serranus carinatus. All. & Macl.
Proc. Lin. Soc, N. S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 265, pi. 4, fig. 3.
Torres' Straits, {" Chevert " Exp.)

33. Serranus guttulatus, Macl.
Proc. Linn. Sc, N. S. Wales, Vol. III., p. 33, pi. 2.
Port Jackson.

34. Serranus undulato-striatus, Peters.
Monatsber, Ak. Wiss., Berlin, 1866, p. 518.

Described by Count Castelnau in Proc. Linn. Soc, N. S. Wales
Vol. III., p. 366.

It is very likely I think to be the same as the preceding species,
but the descriptions do not tally.

Port Jackson.

35. Serranus hexagonatus, Cuv. & Val.

Gunth. Cat. I., p. 140.

D. 11/15-17. A. 3/8. L. lat. 80.

Caudal fin rounded. The length of the head is three times and
one-tliird to three and a-half in the total ; diameter of the eye
nearly one-fifth of the length of the head, and larger than the
distance between the eyes. The upper maxillary bone reaches

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 319

beyond the level of tlie posterior margin of the eye. The angle of
the praeoperculum with stronger spinous teeth ; sub and inter-
operculum entire ; the pectoral fin reaches as far as the ventral —
that is, not to the vent. Brownish, covered all over with large
rounded or hexagonal spots.

North and East Coasts.

A species of very wide range and identical with 8. stellans and
foveatiis, of Ouv. & Yal Dr. Q-unther considers 8. merra a mere
variety of liexagonatus Dr. Bleeker regards them as distinct
species. We have both in Australian waters.

36. Serranus Gtilberti, Eichards.

Gunth. Cat. I., p. 148.

D. 11/16-17. A. 3/8-9. L. lat. 75-80.

Caudal fin rounded ; length of head three times and a-half in

the total length ; the diameter of the eye four times and two-thirds

in the length of the head, larger than the distance between the

eyes, but equal to the distance of the eye from the end of the

snout. Pectoral fins very large, nearly equal to the length of

the head, and reaching to the commencement of the anal fin, the

maxillary bone reaches beyond the level of the posterior margin

of the eye. Praeoperculum finely serrated, with stronger denti-

culations at the angle ; sub and inter-operculum entire. Brownish

all parts with large, rounded, dark-brown spots j behind the

maxillary bone a black streak.

North and North-east Coast. Torres' Straits.

Identical with S. megachir, Eichards, and Epinephelus pcerdalisy
Bleeker, Atlas Ichthyol. Perc. tab. 53, fig. 3.

37. Serranus altivelis, Cuv. & Val.
Gunth. Cat. I., p. 152.

Cromileptes altivelis, Bleek., Atlas Ichthyol. Perc, tab. 44, fig. 3.
2 O

320 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

D. 11/18-19. A. 3/9-10.

Caudal fin rouDcLed ; dorsal and anal fins much elevated ; upper
profile of the head concave. Prtcoperculum finely and equally
serrated. Yellowish, all parts with distant round black spots
edged with white.

Port Essington.

38. Sereaxus armatus, Casteln.
Eesearches on the Fishes of Australia, p. 7.

I give Count Castelnau's description of this Fish in full. It is
clearly not a Serranus.

*'It is with doubt that I make a Serranus of this fish, on
account of its dentition. The general form is short and high ; the
head is contained a little over three times in the total length, and
the diameter of the eye four and a-half times in the length of the
head ; the height of the body is about equal to the length of the
head ; the teeth are small and villiform on both of the jaws, and
on the upper one there are two strong canines on each side in
front; on the lower jaw there are two similar canines, and at
about half-way to the junction with the upper jaw there is
another strong canine ; the teeth of the palate are small but
numerous. There are no scales on the maxillary bone ; the head
is covered with minute scales ; the prteopercule is rounded and
finely denticulated ; the denticulations are rather stronger on the
lower edge, and slightly directed forward ; the oj)ercule has a
strong, flat spine at its posterior angle ; the scales of the body
are of moderate size, three or four times larger than those of the
head ; the lateral line runs over about seventy transverse scales,
and these number about thirty-five on the transverse line ; these
scales are ciliated on the posterior edge ; the dorsal fin is formed
of ten spines and twenty rays ; the soft portion of this fin is higher
than the other, and the membranes uniting the rays are covered
with scales ; caudal large, contained less than six times in the

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 321

total length ; it is slightly concav^e ; the anal has three spines of
moderate size, the third being the longest ; it has seven soft rays ;
the ventrals are a little in front of the pectorals, or on the line of
the upper part of their insertion ; the pectorals are rather longer
than the caudal, and formed of sixteen rays ; all the fins are scaly.
The colour is uniform, of a reddish-yellow, probably orange ; the
fins are more red ; the extremity of the fins, and the upper part
of the head, are dark ; no spots or bands. Length of specimen
over eleven inches. Form of Sehastes. Swan Eiver."

Serranus lepidopterus, as described by Eichards, (Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist., 1842, Vol. IX., p. 18.) cannot I think be a Serranus
at all, his description is taken only from a drawing made by a
convict at Port Arthur, Tasmania, and is in all likelihood incorrect.

Geuus Plectropoma, Cuv.

Like Serranus, but with spinous teeth directed forwards on the
lower limb of the praeoperculum.

Tropical Seas.

39. Plectropoma maculatum, B1.
Gunth. Cat. L, p. 156. All. & Macl., Proc. Linn. Soc, N. S.
Wales, Yol. I., p. 265. Bleek., Atlas Ichth. Perc. tab. 13, fig. 3.
D. 8/10-11. A. 3/7-8. L. lat. 110. Yert. 10/14.
Prseoperculum exceedingly finely serrated behind, with three
spinous teeth below ; sub and inter- operculum entire. Caudal
fin truncate in young specimens, in older ones emarginate. Eed :
head, body, and vertical fins with blue spots, those of the head
and of the front part of the body oblong, elliptical, arranged in
irregular longitudinal rows, the others circular and smaller.

Fair Cape. ('' Chevert " Exp.)

40. Plectropoma leopardixum, C. & Y.
Gunth. Cat. I., p. 157. Bleek. Atl. Ichthyol. Perc. t. 18, f. 3.

322 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

D. 8/10-11, vel. 7/11-12. A. 3/7-8. L. lat. 120.
Praeoperciilum minutely serrated beliind. with five spinous
teeth, beneath, the three lowest close together. Caudal fin slightly
emarginate. Colour brownish-red, with numerous, small round,
blue spots on the head, body, vertical fins and base of the pectorals;
tail with a yellow posterior edge.

North Australia.

41. Plegtropoma NiGRORUBRui^r, Cuv. & Yal.

Gunth. Cat. I., p. 158. Voy. Astrol. Poiss., pi. 4. fig. 1.

D. 10/17-18. A. 3/8. C^c. pylor. 8.

Caudal fin truncated. Preeoperculum finely serrated behind,
with two strong spinous teeth below, one of them at the angle.
Colour reddish-yellow, with five black cross bands.

West Australia.

42. Plectropoma anntjlatum, Gunth.

Gunth. Cat. L, p. 158.

An excellent description of this species is given by Count
Castelnau in his Paper on the Fishes of Port Jackson in page
369, of Vol. III., of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of
New South Wales.

43. Plectropoma semicin-ctum, Cuv. & Val.

Gunth. Cat. L, p. 160.

D. 10/18-20. A. 3/7-8. L. lat. 45.

Prseoperculum finely serrated behind, with three equal strong
teeth below, one of which is at the angle. Caudal fin truncate.
Ked, with eight brown cross bands, lost on the sides. Side of
the head with indistinct brownish streaks.

Swan Biver j Port Jackson.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 323

44. Plectropoma Susuki, Cuv. & Yal.
Gunth. Cat. I., p. 160. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1867, p. 100.

D. 11/14. A. 3/8. L. lat. 110.
Caudal fin truncate, one sixth of the total length, prpeoperculum
finely serrated behind, with from two to five larger teeth on the
lower limb. Dorsal fin rather elevated, without notch. Colour
brownish-grey, with eight or nine darker cross-bands.

Port Jackson. (Gunther).

45. Plectropoma dentex, Cuv. & Yal.

Gunth. Cat. I., p. 160. Eichards, Voy. ^' Ereb. and Terr.,"
l± 57, fig. 3-5.

D. 10/18. A. 3/8. C£ec. pylor. 7.

Prseoperculum with a few inconspicuous denticulations behind,
and thi^ee or four small spinous teeth below. Caudal fin rounded.
Olive, marbled with blackish ; black spots on the sides of the
head, and on the snout.

King George's Sound.

46. Plectropoma ocellatu:^!, Gunth.

Brench., Cruise of the " Cura9oa," p. 416, pi. 29.

Flectropoma cyanostigma, Gunth. Cat. I., p. 161.

D. 13/15. A. 3/8. L. lat. 100.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the
head, and two-fifths of the total (without caudal); prseoperculum
with three spines beneath, the anterior of which is the strongest
and sometimes bifid. Brownish : head, body, and base of the
fins with nimierous roundish spots, bluish in the centre, and black
round the margin ; they are more numerous, and also relatively
smaller in old examples than in younger ones, those on the head
and fins without bluish centre.

Port Jackson. Australian Seas.

324 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

Tliis is the " Wirrah" of the aborigines, a common fisli, but
valueless for food.

47. Plectropoma cinctum, Guntli.

Guntb. Cat. I., p. 162.

D. 13/15. A. 3/9. L. lat. 100.

Height of body three times and one-third in the total length, the
length of the head is one-third of the same. Preeoperculum
strongly serrated, with three large spinous teeth on the lower
limb, the anterior of which is the strongest. Caudal fin rather
rounded. Eeddish brown, with six dark brown cross-bands
encircling the body and tail : sides of the head with two bands
of the same colour from the eye to the opercles, fins black, whitish
edged.

Norfolk Island.

48. Plectropoma serratum, Cuv. & Val.

Gunth. Cat. I., p. 163. Dum. D'Urv. Voy. Pole Sud., pi. 3, fig. 1.

D. 13/16. A. 3/9. C»c. pylor. 8.

Preeoperculum strongly serrated behind, with two large spinous
teeth below, the anterior one strongest. Caudal fin truncate.
Brown ; an oblique blackish band from the eye to the angle of
the prajoperculimi, and some black spots on the sides of the body.

King George's Sound.

49. Plectropoma Eichardsoxii, Gunth.
Proc. Zool. Soc, 1861, p. 391, pi. 38.

D. 10/18. A. 3/8. L. lat. 105.

This species seems to differ from F. dentex chiefiy in colour.

The dentition is very strong, the preeoperculum is rounded, finely

serrated posteriorly, and with one small spine pointing forwards

in the middle of the inferior limb. Caudal fin truncate. Upper

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 325

part of the head, cheeks, back of the trunk, and the spinous
dorsal, bright red, the remainder of the fish yellow, with a very
broad, irregular, brown band from the axil to the lower half of
the caudal. Irregular small blue spots, mostly edged with brown
are scattered over the head and upper parts of the body, and
some large dark brown spots on the brown band. Fins immaculate,
except the spinous dorsal, which has a few small blue spots.

Freemantle, West Australia.

50. Plectropoma vaeiegatum, Casteln.

Researches Fishes of Aust. p. 7.

" Lateral line continued on the caudal fin ; teeth rather long,
conical, sharp, distant one from the other, with a second and
internal series of others almost similar, forming two bunches in
front ; two very large canines in front of each jaw ; a transverse
line of very fine teeth on the palate and vomer having the form of a
V ; mouth very large ; praeoperculum very finely serrated behind
with three strong notches beneath ; one dorsal formed of a low
spinous portion with seven spines, and of a soft one much higher,
having one spine and seven rays ; the caudal is strongly emarginate;
the anal is formed of three feeble spines and of seven rays ; scales
of the body very small ; the general colour is brown, covered
with darker transverse narrow lines ; similar lines are disposed
obliquely on the cheeks and on the opercles ; the fins are spotted
with black ; the pectorals are black, with their posterior third
white. Fifteen inches long. Cape York."

Genus Trachypoma, Gunth.
Like Pledropoma, but without canine teeth.
Pacific.

51. Trachypoma macracanthus.

Gunth. Cat. I., p. 167, pi. 13, fig. b.

D. 12/14. A. 3/6. L. lat. Qb. Ceec. pylor. 13.

326 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

Height of body three times and a-half in the total length, the
length of the head is one-third of the same. Posterior limb of
prjBoperculum strongly denticulated, the inferior with three strong
spinous teeth, the anterior of which is the largest ; sub and
interoperculum entire. Brownish (in spirits), covered all over
with very small whitish, darker-edged specks.

Norfolk Island.

Genus Gtrammistes, Cuv.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth villif orm, without canines, teeth
on the palatine bones, tongue smooth. Two dorsals, the first "
with seven spines. Anal spine none. Operculum and prae-
operculum spiniferous without serrature. Scales minute,
enveloped in the epidermis.

Indian Seas.

52. Grammistes orientalis, B1.

Gunth. Cat. I., p. 171.

D. 7. 1/13. A. 0/8.

Body oblong, compressed ; caudal fin rounded. Prseoperculum
with three spines, tendi^il rudimentary. Black or blackish-brown,
generally with six or seven whitish longitudinal bands.

North Australia.

Genus Diploprion, Cuv. & Yal.

Seven branchiostegals. Teeth villiform without canines, teeth
on the palatine bones, tongue smooth. Two dorsals, the first
with eight spines. Anal with two. Operculum spiniferous,
preeoperculum with double denticulated limb. Scales smaU.

Indian Seas.

53. DiPLOPRION BIFASCIATUM, CuV. & Val.

Gunth. Cat. I., p. 174. Bleek. Atl. Ichth., Perc, tab. 68, fig. 3.
D. 8. 15. A. 2/12. Vert. 12/13. Ceec. pylor. 3.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 327

Body twice and a-half as long as liigh, compressed ; the first
dorsal fin half as high as trunk ; ventrals long, pointed. Yellowish
with two broad black cross bands.

Port Darwin.

Genus Myriodon, Bris. de Barnev.

Seven branchiostegals. Teeth minute ; villiform teeth on the
palate ; tongue smooth. One dorsal, with twelve or thirteen
spines; anal fin with three. Operculum spiniferous ; prseoperculum
denticulated, with spinous teeth on the lower limb, directed
forward. Scales moderate. Pyloric appendages small or none.

North Australian Seas.

54. Myriodon Waigiensis, Quoy. & Gaim.

Gunth. Cat. I., p. 175. Bleek. Ml. Ichth. Perc, tab. 19, fig. 1-

D. 12-13/9-12. A. 3/5. L. lat. 42. L. trans. 8/17. Vert. 9/16.

Height of body one-third of total length, and equal to the
length of the head, the diameter of the eye is one-third of the
latter. On each side between the two nasal openings is a short
membranaceous appendage. Prseoperculum with three or four
spinous teeth beneath, directed forward ; operculum with a single
spine. Caudal fin very slightly emarginate : the second spine
of the anal very long and strong. Greyish, marbled with grey
and brown.

Port Essington. Port Darwin.

Genus Genyoroge, Cuv.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth villiform with canines in both
jaws, teeth on the palatine bones, tongue smooth. One dorsal
with ten or eleven, rarely with more spines ; anal fin with three.
Operculum with two or three points ; above the angle of the
prseoperculum, a deep notch, as deep as broad, receiving a more
or less spinous knob of the inter-operculum. Scales moderate.
Indian Seas and West Pacific Ocean.
2 P

'^' m

328 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

55. Gexyoroge Seb.^, Cuv. & Val.

Gimtli. Cat. I., p. 176. Bleek. Atl. Iclitli. Perc, tab 72, fig. 2.

D. 11/16. A. 3 9-11. L. lat. 40. CEec.pylor. 4. Yert. 10/14.

Head one-tliird of the total length, equal to the height of the
body ; the diameter of the eye is four times and a-half in the
length of the head ; prseoperculum serrated behind and below ;
caudal fin emarginate. Colour yellowish, with three broad,
blackish (reddish violet) cross bands.

North Australia. Percy Islands.

56. Genyoroge bengalensis, B1.

Gunth. Cat. I., p. 178. Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Perc. tab 55, fig. 4.

D. 10/15-16, vel. 11/14-15. A. 3/8-9.

The length of the head is equal to the height of the body, and
three times and a-half in the total length ; the diameter of the
eye is three times and a-half in the length of the head. Prse-
operculum denticulated behind and below. Caudal fin emarginate.
Colour yellowish, on each side four or five blue longitudinal bands.

Port Jackson. (Casteln. Fishes of Port Jackson).

57. Gexyoroge unicolor, All. & Macl.
Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 266, pi. 4, fig. 1.
Percy Islands . ( Chevert Exp . )

Genus Mesoprion, Cuv.

A genus not differing from Genyoroge, except that the notch
above the angle of the prseoperculum is either wanting or smaller.

All tropical Seas.

58. Mesoprion carponotatus, Eich.

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, Vol. IX., p. 28. Gunth. Cat. I.,

p. 190.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 329

D. 10/15. A. 3/10. L. lat. 68.
The length, of the head is three times and two-thirds in the total
length, and equal to the height of the body, the diameter of the
eye is four and one-thii-d in the length of the head. Praeoperculum
with a few scarcely visible denticulations, slightly emarginate ;
operculum, rounded, as in Spams, with a shallow re-entering arc ;
superscapula entire. Caudal fin truncate ; the point of the pectoral
falls short of the anus. The fourth dorsal spine longest, the
second and third of the anal fin nearly equal. Coloration imif orm,
with a black spot at the root of the pectoral fin.

North-west Coast.

59. Mesopeion Waigiensis, Quoy & Gaim.

Gunth. Cat. I., p. 191.

D. 10/14. A. 3/9. L. lat. 75.

Height of the body three times and two-thirds in the total
length, and equal to the length of the head, the diaDieter of the
eye is four times and two-thirds in the latter. Pr^eoperculum
very finely serrated, notch conspicuous, knob rather indistinct.
Caudal fin emarginate ; pectoral distant from anal fin ; the third
and fourth dorsal spines longest ; the second of the anal stronger
but not longer than the third. Colour uniform olive (in a dried
state), with indistinct, oblique streaks above the lateral line, and
longitudinal ones beneath ; base of the pectoral with a narrow
black spot.

Port Essington.

60. Mesopeiox Johnii, B1.

Gunth. Cat. I., p. 200. Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Perc. tab. 6o, fig. 3.

Mesoprion unimaculatus, Cuv. & Yal., Eichards, &c.

D. 10/14. A. 3/8. L. lat. 48.

Height of body three times and a-half in the length, and nearly

equal to the length of the head. Notch of praioperculum, and

330 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

knob of interoperculum, conspicuous; pfseoperculum finely
denticulated above, and more coarsely below tbe notch ; upj)er
maxillary bone reaching to below the anterior half of the eye.
Caudal fin slightly emarginate ; pectorals not reaching to the
anal ; the third, fourth, and fifth dorsal spines longest, the second
of the anal stronger, but not longer than the third. Yellowish,
with indistinct, oblique streaks above the lateral line, and
longitudinal ones beneath ; a large oval black spot on the lateral
line beneath the anterior half of the soft dorsal.
North Australia. Port Darwin.

61. Mesoprion annularis, Cuv. & Yal.

Gunth. Cat. I., p. 204. Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Perc, tab. 23, fig. 1.

Syn. — cliirtah, Bleek., ruhellus, Cuv. & Yal., metalUcus, Bleek.,
sanguineus, Bleek., erythrinus, Gunther.

D. 11/13-15. A. 3/8-9. L. lat. 56-60.

Height of body twice and three-quarters in the total length, the
length of the head thrice and a-half , the diameter of the eye one-
fourth of the latter. Notch and knob of the opercles indistinct,
except in young specimens. Caudal fin truncate ; pectorals reach
to the anal ; fourth, fifth, and sixth dorsal spines longest, the
second of the anal fin much stronger than the third. Eed, a
blackish streak from the first dorsal spine to the eye ; back of the
tail with a black, white-edged spot ; these marks are not visible
in some specimens.

North Australia.

62. Mesoprion vitta, Quoy& Gaim.
Gunth. Cat. I., p. 207. Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Perc, tab 62, fig. 5.
Syn. — M. en?ieacanthus, phaiotceniatus, and OpJmsenii of Bleeker.

D. 10/13-14. A. 3/8. L. lat. 55-62.

Height of body three times and a-half in the length and equal
to the length of the head, diameter of the eye one-fourth of the

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 331

latter ; upper profile of head very slightly concave, notch and knob
of opercles conspicuous. The upper maxillary bone scarcely
reaches to below the middle of the eye. Caudal fin truncate or
very slightly emarginate ; pectoral not reaching to the anal; dorsal
spines slender, the third and fourth longest ; the second and
third of the anal about equal in length, the second stronger.
Eeddish with oblique streaks above, and longitudinal ones
beneath the lateral line, a broader blackish band from the eye to
the back of the tail, dorsal and caudal fins blackish, the others
yellowish ; no black sjpot at the base of the pectoral.

North Australia.

63. Mesoprion superbus, Casteln.

Diacopus superhiis, Casteln., Proc. Linn. Soc, N. S. Wales, Vol.

II., p. 228.

Fully described in '^ he. cit.^^ Is found in Moreton Bay where
it is known as '' Eed Bass," and is said to be a good table fish.

64. Mesoprion" OBscuRrs, n. sp.
D. 10/12. A. 3/8. L. lat. 48.

Length of head and height of body alike and one-third of the
total length. Upper profile of head straight, eye about its own
diameter from the snout, the maxillary scarcely reaching to below
the middle of the eye ; prseoperculum finely serrated behind and
only slightly notched. Colour dingy black, with numerous narrow
indistinct cross-bands of a lighter hue; fins all more or less
blackish excepting the pectorals, tail truncate.

Endeavour Eiver.

65. Mesoprion roseigaster, n. sp.

D. 10/13. A. 3/9. L. lat. about 40. L. tr. 6/15.

Height of body and length of head about equal, and one third
of the total length. The diameter of the orbit is nearly one-fifth

332 DESCBIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF ArSTRALIAN FISHES,

of the length of the head, the distance from the eye to the snout
is equal to two diameters, and the interorbital space to one and
a-quarter. The profile of the head is straight, but descends to
the snout at an angle of 45°, the height of the prseorbital, which
is naked, is equal to one and a-half diameter of the eye, the lips
are thick, the membrane almost entirely concealing the maxillary
bone, which reaches to below the middle of the eye. There are
several canine teeth in the lower jaw, no very conspicuous ones
in the upper. Praeoperculum very slightly notched, and a little
jagged about the angle. Scales large on the body, very small on
the caudal and soft dorsal and anal fins. - The fourth dorsal spine
longest ; the second anal very strong, not so long as the third ;
the middle rays of the soft dorsal rather the longest ; in the anal
the first YSijs are the longest, giving it a truncate appearance
behind ; the caudal is slightly emarginate ; the pectorals reach
almost to the vent, and beyond the extremity of the ventrals.
The colour (in spirits) is on the upper parts of the head and
body of a bluish silvery hue, with a vertical pearly mark on each
scale and on the lower parts of a beautiful rosy pink, (in the
fresh state the whole body was more or less pink). Length
eighteen inches.
Eockingham Bay.

I am indebted to Mr. Haswell, the Director of the Brisbane
Museum, for a specimen of this very beautiful fish, it is said to
be from fresh-water.

Grenus Neomesopeion, Casteln.
A genus formed by Count Castelnau for a species of Mesoprion
having only nine spines in the dorsal fin.

66. Neomesoprion unicolor, Casteln.
Eesearches on the Fishes of Australia, p. 8.
'' The body is oval, high ; the upper profile strongly convex ;
the height is contained a little over twice and a-half in the total

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 333

length without the caudal ; the head is twice and two-thirds in
the same ; the eye is a little over four times in the length of the
head, and nearly once and a-half in the snout ; the scales on the
front part of the head are very minute ; those of the opercles as
large as those of the body ; the opercule is pointed ; the dorsal
is formed of nine spines, of which the second is the longest, and
the others go decreasing in length, and of fifteen rays ; the caudal
is strongly emarginated ; the anal has three spines, and nine
rays ; the first of the spines is short, and the two others about
equal, but no longer than one-half the height of the rays ; the
pectorals are large and formed of fourteen rays ; the lateral line
runs over sixty-four scales. The colour, in spirits, seems to have
been silvery, with a yellow tinge ; the fins yellow. The length
of the specimen is eleven inches. Cape York."

Genus Glaucosoma, Temm. & Schleg.

Eight branchiostegals. Teeth carminiform in the jaws, on the
vomer and palatine bones ; the rest of the mouth and tongue
densely covered with very minute villiform teeth. No canines.
One dorsal fin, the spinous portion low, consisting of eight spines ;
anal spines three; preeoperculum slightly serrated. Scales
ctenoid, those on the body rather large ; head entirely covered
above and below with small scales. Eye large. Lateral line
nearly straight.

67. Glaucosoma hebraictjm, Eichards.

Yoy. '' Ereb. & Terr." Fishes, p. 27, pi. 17.

Jew Fish of the Colonists.

D. 8/11. A. 3/9. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 10/20.

The height of the body is three times and a-half in the total
length, and nearly equal to the length of the head ; the diameter
of the eye is one-fifth of the latter, and is about equal to the
height of the prseorbital bone. The maxillary bone reaches to

334 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

beneath the posterior third of the eye, and is truncate. The
nostrils are large, contiguous, and immediately in front of the
eye, the snout entirely scaly, operculum with two flat obtuse lips;
suprascapula not visible. Caudal fin truncate with slightly
convex angle ; the first four or five rays of the dorsal fin longer
than the others, the fourth elongate. Back more or less distinctly
spotted with black.

West Australia. Length thirty-one inches.

68. Glaucosoma scapulare, Eamsay, (M.SS.)

[Plate 13.]

B. 8. D. 8/11. A. 3/9. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 11/20.

Form oblong, compressed ; the height of the body is one-third
of the total length, the length of the head a little less ; the eye
is very large, the diameter of the orbit being one-fourth of the
length of the head, equal to its distance from the extremity of
the upper jaw, and greater than the width of the interorbital
space, which is convex transversely. The nostrils are large,
placed immediately in front of the eyes, and almost contiguous,
the posterior one the largest. Teeth in the jaws short, strong,
pointed and a little curved, placed in two tolerably regular rows
on the edge of the bone, the exterior row in the upper jaw, and
the interior in the lower being the largest ; teeth of the same
description but smaller on an elevated ridge on the vomer and
palatine bones ; all the rest of the mouth and the tongue densely
clothed with very minute villiform teeth ; no canines. The
profile of the head descends in a gentle curve to the front of the
eyes opposite the nostrils where there is a slight concavity, it
then bulges out towards the snout, which is truncate at its
extremity. The cleft of the mouth is oblique, the lower jaw is
considerably longer than the upper, but shuts into it, the rather
swollen extremity of the lower jaw being received into a toothless
space in the centre of the upper. The maxillary bone is large
and triangular, and reaches backwards nearly to the vertical from

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 335

the posterior margin of the orbit. Every portion of the head is
closely covered with hard, adherent, small ctenoid scales, excepting
the truncate space on the snout ; the dorsal, caudal and anal fins
are also clothed on their basal portions with small scales ; the
scales on the body are rather large. The prseorbital bone has a
smooth, straight edge and its height is little more than half the
diameter of the orbit ; the praeoperculum has a well defined
central ridge and is broadly rounded and serrated towards the
angle ; the operculum is without visible point ; the coracoid is
large, free, and scaly on its lower half ; the scapular bone is free,
scaleless, covered with a black skin, rounded and crenulated
towards the extremity, and very large. The spinous portion of
the dorsal fin is low, the eighth spine the longest, but less than
half the length of the first rays ; the caudal fin is slightly
emarginate ; the first and second anal spines short, the third
more than three times the length of the first spine, and one-half the
length of the second ray. Pectoral fins rather short, but extending
slightly beyond the ventrals. Colour uniform silvery, each scale
on the body seemingly with a black spot, caused by the black
skin showing through the base of the scales. Fins immaculate ;
axil black. Length twenty inches.

Port Jackson.

One specimen of this curious fish was brought to Mr. Ramsay
of the Australian Museum a few weeks ago. As far as is known
it is unique.

Genus Bostockia, Oasteln.

Teeth numerous, small, and villiform on the jaws, vomer and
palatine bones, tongue smooth. One dorsal with eight spines,
anal with three. Operculum with a bifid spine, prseoperculum
with spines at its lower edge. Scales small. Head cavernous,
•without scales.

2Q

336 DESCRIPTIYE CATALOaUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

69. BosTOCKiA POROSA, Casteln.

Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. II., p. 126.

D. 8/16. A. 3/11.

Upper profile convex, head rather elongate and pointed, lower

jaw longer than upper. Height of body four and one-third times

in the total length, eyes as long as the snout, and four and a-haK

times in the length of the head ; nostrils large ; opercles scaly,

preeoperculum with strong spinous teeth directed forwards on the

lower edge, smaller but similar ones on the anterior edge of the

upper limb ; the third dorsal spine the longest. Caudal fin

rounded, the soft dorsal and anal fins having their middle rays

longest. Colour uniform dark brown, with the fins black. Length

of specimen five inches.

Fresh-water in the interior of Western Australia.

Group PriacantMna.

Genus Priacanthus, Cuv. «& Val.

Six branchiostegals. All the teeth villif orm, without canines ;
teeth on the palatine bones, tongue smooth. One dorsal with ten
spines, anal with three. Operculum with an indistinct point ;
prseoperculum serrated with a more or less prominent, flat,
crenulated angle. Scales small, rough, snout covered with ctenoid
scales. Lower jaw with prominent chin ; eye large.

Tropical Seas.

70. Priacanthus macracanthus, Cuv. & Val.

Gunth. Cat. I., p. 215. Casteln. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,

Vol. III., p. 369.

Priacantlms Bleekeri^ Casteln., Proc. Zool. Soc. Vic, Vol. II., p. 100.

D. 10/13-14. A. 3/14-15. L. lat. 80-85.

A description by Count Castelnau of this species wiU be found

in page 269 of the third volume of the Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales.

Port Jackson.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 337

71. Priacanthus benmebari, Temm. & Schleg.

Gimtli. Cat. I., p. 218.

D. 10/13. A. 3/14. L. lat. 75-80.

The height of the body is three times and a-half, and the
length of head three times and two-thirds in the total length, the
diameter of the eye is two and three-quarters in the latter.
Posterior opening of the nostril elliptical, about twice and a-half
as long as broad. Angle of preooperculum slightly obtuse, with a
flat, rather elongate serrated spine , operculum with two very
small spines ; sub and inter-operculum with excessively fine
denticulations. Caudal fin truncated, dorsal and anal spines very
slender, neither rough nor striated ; the last of the dorsal hardly
longer than the eighth and ninth, and once and a-half as long as
the second ; the ventral fins reach to, but are shorter than the
anal. Eed : dorsal, anal, and ventral fins paler, with round
yellow spots.

Sydney (Gunth. Ann. Nat. Hist., 1867, Vol. XX., p. 57).

Group Apogonma.

Genus Ambassis, Cuv. «& Val.

Six branchiostegals. Teeth villiform, without conspicuously
larger canines ; teeth on the palatine bones. Two dorsals, the
first with seven, the anal fin with three spines, a procumbent
spine in front of the dorsal. Operculum without a prominent
spine ; the lower limb of the prseoperculum with a double
denticulated edge. Lateral line sometimes interrupted. Scales
large, deciduous.

Small fishes living in the fresh and brackish waters of the
Indian and Australian regions.

72. Ambassis Commersonii, Cuv. & Val.

Gunth. Cat. I., p. 223. Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Perc, tab 74, fig. 1.

D. 7. 1/9-10. A. 3/9. L. lat. 30-33. Vert. 9/15.

338 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

Heiglit of body twice and a-lialf in the length, (without caudal),
second spine of dorsal fin thrice and a-half in the same. Second
and third anal spines nearly equal, or third rather longer ; lateral
line slightly curved. Coloration of body uniform.

Port Darwin.

73. Ambassis agrammus, Gunth.

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1867, Vol. XX., p. 57.
D. 7. 1/8. A. 3/8. L. lat. 26-27.

Height of body two-fifths of the length without caudal. Lateral
line visible on the foremost scale only. The second dorsal spine is
longer than the third, and much longer than the second and third
anal spines which are equal, not much shorter than the head, and
two-sevenths of the total length (without caudal). Uniform
greenish-olive, with a narrow bluish-silvery band along the middle
of the tail.

Cape York.

74. Ambassis Agassizii, Gunth.

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1867, Vol. XX, p. 57.

D. 6. 1/7. A. 3/8. L. lat, 25.

The height of the body is contained twice and one-third in the
total length (without caudal). Lateral line none. The second
dorsal spine scarcely longer than the third, much longer than the
anal spines, shorter than the head without snout, and less than
one-fourth of the total length (without caudal). Body immaculate
with a narrow bluish- silvery lateral band.

Clarence Eiver.

75. Ambassis elevatus, n. sp.
D. 7. 1/9. A. 3/9. L. lat. 25.
Height of body half the length without caudal. Praeorbital
and the inferior ridges of the preeoperculum densely denticulated,

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 339

the teeth, pointing backwards. Second dorsal spine very long,
more than a third of the total length, the second and third anal
spines about the same size. The lateral line is indistinct and
terminates under the soft dorsal, but there is a very distinct,
straight median line ; the pectoral fin reaches as far as the fourth
anal ray, the tail is strongly bilobed, the lobes large, pointed
and divergent. The colour is reddish, minutely speckled with
blackish, more particularly on the fins ; the opercles and the median
line silvery.

Endeavour Eiver.

Genus Pseudoambassis, Casteln.

Like Amhassis, but without the procumbent spine in front of
the dorsal fin.

Australia.

76. Pseudoambassis Macleayi, Casteln.
Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S. Wales, Vol. III., p. 43.

Norman Eiver.

77. Pseudoambassis eloxgatus, Casteln.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, Vol. III., p. 44.

Norman Eiver.

78. Pseudoambassis Papuensis, AU. & Macl.

Amhassis Fa^uensis, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol.1., p. 266,

pi. 5, fig. 4.

South Coast of New Guinea (Chevert Exp.)

79. Pseudoambassis Castelnaui, n. sp.

D. 7. 1/8. A. 3/8. L. lat. 22-24.

Height of body one-third of the length (without caudal). No
lateral line, or only faintly shown on a few scales. Second dorsal

340 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

s^^ine only a little longer than tlie third, the first very short and
curved. The first anal spine short, the others long and nearly
equal; the pectorals scarcely reach the anal. Eyes large, a
depression on the forehead between them. Coloiu- brownish,
fins pale.

Murrumbidgee.

80. PSEUDOAMBASSIS EaMSAYI, 71. Sp.

D. 7. 1/9. A. 3/10-11. L. lat. about 20.

Height twice and one-third in the length without caudal. Third
dorsal spine rather longer than the second, the third anal spine
rather longer than the second ; both stout. Lateral line scarcely
traceable. Colour reddish-brown, a good deal mottled with black
about the back and with the membrane between the second and
third dorsal spine black.

One specimen three inches long, marked Port Jackson in
Macl. Mus.

81. PsEUDOAMBASsis Jacksoniensis, n. sp.
D. 7. 1/10. A. 3/9. L. lat. about 22.

Height three times and one-third in the total length (without
caudal) ; the third and fourth dorsal spines longest and equal,
the third anal longer than the second ; a well marked silvery
median line ; tail long, moderately bilobed. Colour pale yellow
with minute specks of black on the back and fins. Average
length two inches.

Port Jackson.

Q-enus Edelia, Casteln.

Seven branchiostegals. Teeth, all similar, rather large, slender,
arched, crowded on each jaw and on the palatine bones ; no
canines ; two dorsals continuous at the base, the first with seven
spines ; the anal with three ; prseoperculum smooth ; operculum

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 341

with two spines, scales large and rather adherent ; lateral line
interrupted.

82. Edelia vittata, Casteln.

Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. II., p. 124.
D. 7. 1/9. A. 3/7. L. lat. 32.

Height of body one-third of the length (without caudal), back
convex, upper profile of head straight, mouth oblique, preeorbital
strongly serrated, prseoperculum rounded. Second spine of the
dorsal fin longest and more than twice the length of the first.
Lateral line interrupted below the soft dorsal ; tail long and
rather rounded. The colour in the spirit specimen is olive-green,
with a broad, straight, longitudinal band of a fine red colour,
extending from the posterior part of the operculum, at the height
of the eye, to the base of the caudal ; below this the body is
silvery, each scale being bordered with olive ; the belly is pink ;
the fins like the body olive-green. Length over two inches.

Fresh-waters, interior of Western Australia.

83. Edelia viridis, CasteLu.

Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. II., p. 125.
D. 7. 1/9. A. 3/8. L. lat. 28.
Differs from the last species in being of a higher form, in
having the upper profile slightly convex, in having the first dorsal
placed more forward, and in having the tail pointed. The colour
is dark olive-green with the lower parts lighter. There is in
some specimens a black blotch behind the operculum, over the
insertion of the pectorals, and in others a somewhat ocellated
spot on the base of the caudal fin. The fins are of an obscure
yellow. Largest size one inch and a-haK long.

Fresh-waters inland from King Q-eorge's Sound.

Genus Acanthoperca, Casteln.
This genus is fully described by Count Castelnau in the Proc.
Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. III., p. 44. Except in having the

342 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FSIHES,

dorsals more continuous it seems not to differ much from the
preceding genus.

84. ACANTHOPERCA Q-ULLIYERI, Castclu.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, Vol. III., p. 45.
Norman Eiver.

Genus Nannoperca, Gunth.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size.
Dorsal fins slightly contiguous at the base, the first with seven
spines. Three anal spines. Narrow bands of villiform teeth in
the jaws on the vomer, and on the palatine bones. None of the
hones of the head serrated. Six branchiostegals. Pseudobranchise.
No lateral line.

85. Nannoperca australis, Gunth.

Proc. Zool. Soc, 1861, p. 116, pi. 19, fig. 2.

D. 7. 1/8. A. 3/7. y. 1/5. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 12.

Height of body four times and five-sevenths in the total length
the length of the head thrice and two-thirds in the same. Mouth
narrow and oblique, the lower jaw projecting. The eye is much
wider than the interorbital space. The ridges of the pree-
operculum are close together and smooth ; the second dorsal
spine is the longest, and double the length of the first ; anal spine
strong, the second and third about equal. Caudal fin rounded ;
the ventrals inserted behind the pectorals, and do not reach the
vent. The colour of the dried specimens seems to have been
greenish above, each scale having a darker margin. From two
to three inches long.

The Murray Eiver.

86. NaNNOPERCA RIVERIN-S), 7l. sp.

D. 8/8. A. 3/6. L. lat. about 24. L. transv. 15.
Height of body about a third of the length without caudal fin.
Eye rather large, about the length of the snout, but less than the

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 343

distance between the orbits. Snout and forehead covered with
skin, and with mueiferous cavities. Mouth slightly oblique ;
third dorsal spine longest, second anal stronger, but not longer
than the third. Some of the scales on the sides marked as in a
lateral line. Colour in spirits, a j^ellowish-brown with the middle
of each scale darker.

Murrumbidgee Kiver. Two inches long.

Genus Apogon, Lacep.

Seven branchiostegals. Teeth villiform, no canines, teeth on
the palate, tongue smooth. Two dorsal fins, the first with six or
seven spines. Anal fin with two spines. Operculum spinif erous ;
praeoperculum with a double serrated ridge. Scales large,
deciduous.

Found throughout all the Indian and Australian seas, some-
times in fresh-water.

87. Apogon fasciatus, White.
Gunth. Cat. Fishes, Yol. I., p. 241.

Amia fasciata, Bleek., Atl. Ichthyol. Perc, pi. 48, f. 4.

D. 7. 1/8. A. 2/8. L. lat. 28.

Height nearly half of the length without tail ; space between
the eyes much smaller than the diameter of the orbit and much
channelled; tail slightly emarginate. Colour brownish-red with
five longitudinal black bands on each side, the first close to the
back, the second from above the eye to the upper margin of the
tail, the third along the middle of the side and extending nearly
to the extremity of the tail, the fourth from below the eye to the
inferior margin of the tail, the fifth along the belly and more or
less indistinct ; there is also a black bar at the base of the soft
dorsal and anal fins.

Port Jackson and Northern Coast. Length five inches.
2 R

344 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FSIHES,

This is tlie most common Port Jackson species and is without
doubt the true A. fasciatus, White, but I doubt its identity with
A. Arouhiensis, Hombr. and Jacquin, A. endeka-tcenia, Bleek.,
and even with the A. fasciatus, Gunth., Journ. Mus., Godeff.,
Fish, Sud. Sea, Heft I., tab. 20 a. b.

88. Apogox Cookii, n. sp.

D. 7. 1/8. A. 2/8. L. lat. 35.

. Height nearly one-third of length without tail ; space between
the eyes flat, and nearly equal to the diameter of the orbit.
Prseoperculum more prominently rounded than in A. fasciatus.
Colour yellowish, in spirits, with four or five very broad, longi-
tudinal brown bands, ]AsiQ,Qdi di^'m A. fasciatus, but terminating
in a somewhat round, brown patch at the root of the tail.

Endeavour Eiverand Darnley Island. Length three inches.

89. Apogon YiCTORiiE, Gunth.
Cat. Fishes, Brit. Mus., Vol. I., p. 243.

D. 7. 1/9. A. 2/8. L. lat. 24. L. transv. 2/6-7.

Yellowish-olive (in a dried state) with four darker longitudinal
bands on each side ; root of the pectoral deep black, pectoral
yellow. All the outer edge of the prseoperculum denticulated,
the inner entire.

Victoria Eiver. Length three inches and nine lines.

90. Apogon quadrifasciatus, Val.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 239. Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Perc, pi. 57, f. 1.

Caudal fin notched. Whitish (in spirits) : on each side two
parallel, brown, longitudinal bands ; fins yellowish ; the upper
half of the anterior dorsal more or less intense black.

North Australia (Macgillivray) .

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 345

91. Apogon Gunthebi, Casteln.
Proc. Zool. Soc. Melbourne, I., p. 46.

D. 7. 1/9. A. 2/7. L. lat. 26. S. transv. 11-12.

Height two and a-lialf times in the total length. Colour
brownish-pink, without s]3ots or bands. Side of head with a
golden tinge, all the scales covered with minute black dots ;
throat sometimes inflated.

Port Phillip, Tasmania and Port Jackson. Length four inches.

This is probably A. Novcb Hollandice, VaL, a S23ecies described
long ago, but in a publication which is not accessible to me.

92. Apogon hyalosoma, Bleek.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 231.

Amia hyalosoma, Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Perc, pi. 31, fig. 4.

D. 6. 1/8. A. 2/7.

Uniform yellowish, with a black spot at the root of the caudal
fin ; interspace between the second and third dorsal spines black.
Suprascapular, sub and interoperculum entire ; the upper
maxillary bone reaching to before the posterior half of the eye.

Port Darwin.

93. Apogon Toeresiei^sis, Casteln.

Eesearches on Fishes of Victoria, p. 9.

D. 6. 1/8. A. 2/7.

Tail furcate, space between the second and third dorsal spines
and the end of the second dorsal obscure. General colour
brownish-olive, the posterior edge of the body scales rather darker,
fins transparent, an obscure blotch on each side of the tail.

Cape York. Length four inches.

I think this may probably be only a variety of A. h)jolosoma.

^46 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGTJE OF ATJSTRALIAX FISHES,

94. Apogon tpiisiaculatus, Cuv. & Val.

Gimtli. Cat. I., p. 233 Castelii. lies. Fislies of Australia, p. 9.

1). 6. 1/9. A. 2/9.

Brownisli-recl, with a black blotch under the spinous dorsal,
another below the soft dorsal, and a third on the upper part of
the tail.

Cape York. Length five and a-half inches.

95. Apogon Ruppellii, Gunth.
Gunth. Cat. I., p. 236.

D. 7. 1/9. A. 2/9-10. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 2/6.

Eeddish, with lighter fins ; seven small black spots from the
occiput along the back, nine others along and above the lateral
line, and two or three dots on the back of the tail ; a brownish
streak from the eye to the angle of the preeoperculum.

Port Darwin. Length four inches.

96. Apogon opercxilaris, Macl.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. II., p. 347, pi. 8, fig. 1.
Port Darwin.

97. Apogon guttulatus. All. & Macl.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. L, p. 267, pi. 5, fig. 1.
Darnley Island.

98. Apogon aterrimus, Gunth.

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd series. Vol. XX. p. 58.

D. 7. 1/9. A. 2/8. L. lat 25.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length, without
the caudal fin. Entirely uniform deep black.
Cape York.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 347

Genus Apogonichthys, Bleek.

Differs from A2)ogon only in having tlie double ridge of tlie
prpeoperculum smooth.

99. Apogoxichthys apeion-, Eichards.

Gunth. Cat. Fish I., p. 247.

Caudal fin rounded. First dorsal with six spines, a small
cluster of teeth on the tongue. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 5/13.
Brownish, with about eight blackish cross-bands on the back ;
top of the first dorsal deep black.

Port Essington.

100. Apogoi^ichthys polystigma, Bleek.

Gunth. Cat. Fish I., p. 246.

Brownish : fins red ; operculum with a large blue, lighter
edged spot ; two oblique brown bands from the eye to the prte-
operculum, each scale with a blackish spot at the base. L. lat.
28. L. transv. 9-10.

Port Darwin.

101. Apogonichtiiys Gillii, Steind.

Apogon Gillii, Gunth., Ann. Nat. Hist. 1876, p. 392.
Mionurus lunatus, Krefft, Proc. Zoo]. Soc. 1867, p. 942.

D. 6. 1/9. A. 2/8-9. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 3/11.

Height of body twice and two-thirds in the length (without
caudal) ; the length of the head twice and a-half . Ux^per profile
of snout concave ; lower jaw prominent. Caudal fin rounded.
Brownish, irregularly mottled with darker, a i^air of dark spots
at the root of the caudal.

Eockhampton (Darnel) ; Cox's Eiver (Krefft).

348 t)ESCIlIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

102. Apogon-ichthys adspersus, Casteln.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Yol. II., p. 226.
Eockhampton.

103. Apogonichthys Darnleyensis, All. & Macl.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales Vol. I., p. 268, pi. 5, fig. 3.
Darnley Island.

104. Apogonichthys marmoratus, All. & Macl.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 268, pi. 5, fig. 2.
Cape Grenville.

105. Apogonichthys roseobrunneus, n. sp.
D. 6. 1/9. A. 2/8. L. lat. 24. L. transv. 3/10.
Heiglit of body and length of head the same and nearly one-
third of the total length. Mouth large ; eye rather small, a little
less than the space between the orbits. A prominent ridge on
the suture of the sub and interoperculum. Colour uniform
reddish-brown, the first dorsal and ventral clouded with brown.

One specimen four inches long in the Macleay Museum, labelled
'' from Eiver in Northern Queensland."

Genus Cheilodipterus, Lacep.

Seven branchiostegals. Yilliform teeth in the jaws with the
addition of canines ; teeth on the palatine bones. Two dorsal
fins, the first with six spines ; anal fiji with two. Praeoperculum
generally with double serrature. Scales large, deciduous.

Eed Sea ; Indian Ocean ; Pacific.

106. Cheilodipterus quixquelineatus, Cuv. & Yal.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes L, p. 248. Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Perc, pi. 48, f. 2.

Caudal fin notched. Body with ten black longitudinal bands —
four on each side ; cue along the middle of the back, and one on

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 349

the belly, a black spot on the tail with yellow centre ; the first
dorsal fin black in front.

Cape York. (Castelnaii).

Genus Gulliveria, Casteln.

Teeth numerous, short, conical, swollen at the base, no canines,
an angular line of teeth on the palate, tongue smooth ; prae-
operculum not denticulated ; two dorsal fins, the first with six
spines, the second with one long spine, anal with two spines.
General form oval, compressed, scales rather large ; mouth rather
oblique.

107. GULLIYERIA FIJSCA, Castolu.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Yol. III., p. 45.
Norman River.

108. Gtjlliyeria fasoiata, Casteln.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Yol. III., p. 46.
Norman River.

Genus Aida, Casteln.

Teeth minute, in a single row, two feeble canines in the upper
jaw, a transverse row on the palate ; mouth very oblique, opercles
unarmed, body very compressed, scales large, no lateral line ; two
dorsal fins, the first with five spines, the last four elongate ; the
second with one spine and thirteen rays, increasing in length
backwards ; tail bilobed. Anal fin with two spines and seventeen
rays, shaped like the soft dorsal. Yentral fins inserted behind
the pectorals and united at their base.

109. Aida inornata, Casteln.

Researches on Fishes of Australia, p. 10.

Height of body three times in the length (without caudal) ;
head nearly three times and a-half in the same ; eye equal to

350 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF ATTSTRALIAN FISHES,

the snout and tliree times and one-tliird in the length of the head ;
L. lat. 32. General colour silvery, with a greenish tinge ; head
yellow ; dorsal, caudal, and anal fins edged with black.

Gulf of Carpentaria. One specimen two and a-half inches long.

Genus Vincentia, Casteln.
Differs from Agogon in having no teeth on the palate, and the
scales more adherent.

110. ViNCENTiA Waterhoxjsei, Castcln.

Proc. Zool. Soc. Victoria, Vol. II., p. 60.

D. 7. 1/7. A. 2/7. L. lat. 24. L. transv. 12.

Height of body over three times in the total length, head three

times and a-quarter in the same ; orbit three times in the length

of the head. Head very large ; lower jaw shorter than the upper,

teeth minute, numerous, villiform ; body compressed ; caudal fin

rounded. Colour reddish : the top of the head and tips of the

fins, except the pectorals, have a purplish black tinge ; the points

of the ventrals are black ; there are also some irregular purple

spots on the body.

St. Vincent's Gulf, South Australia. Length four inches.

Group Grystina.

Genus Arripis, Jenyns.

Seven branchiostegals. Teeth villiform, without canines ;
teeth on the palatine bones, tongue smooth. One dorsal fin, with
nine slender spines, anal with three. Operculum spiniferous,
prssoperculum denticulated. Scales moderate.

Australian Seas.

111. Arripis georgianus, Cuv. & Val.
Richards, Voy. Erebus and Terror, p. 117, pi. 54, f. 3 — 6.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 351

Gunth. Cat. Fisli I., p. 253.
D. 9/14. A. 3/10. L. lat. 55. C^c. pylor. 17.
Height of body four times and a-half in the total length, and
length of head nearly four times in the same. Diameter of eye
one-third of length of head ; preeoperculum finely serrated,
operculum with two spines. The fourth dorsal spine longest.
Greenish or yellowish olive, in spirits, with a brownish spot in
the middle of each scale.

Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, and ? New South
"Wales.

112. Arripis salar, Eichards.

Voy. Erebus and Terror, p. 29, pi. 20, f. 4-6. Gunth. Cat.
Fish I., p. 253.

Centropistes truUacetis, Cuv. & Val.
The Salmon of Sydney and Melbourne Fishermen.

D. 9/16-17. A. 3/10. L. lat. 48-52. L. transv. 6/12. Ccec.
pylor. 50. Vert. 10/15.

Height of body one-fourth of the total length and equal to the
length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the
latter. Prseoperculum serrated behind and beneath ; sub and
interoperculum with scales. The fourth dorsal spine longest ;
the third of the anal rather longer the second. Back with darker
spots.

East and South Coasts.

Genus Odontonectes, Gunth.
Six branchiostegals. Teeth villiform on the jaws, vomer, and
palatine bones, an outer series of larger teeth on the jaws ;
canines very small. One dorsal fin with ten spines, the basal
half scaly ; anal fin with three spines. Praeoperculum very
slightly serrated at the angle. Scales moderate without apparent
2 S

352 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

serrature. Mouth, oblique, tlie lower jaw longest. Eye moderate.
Pyloric appendages in small number; air bladder with, two narrow
processes in front to the base of the skull.

East Indian Seas.

113. Odoxtoxectes erythrogaster, Cuv. & Yal.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes, Yol. I., p. 265.

D. 10/15. A. 3/11. L. lat. 53. L. transv. 7/13. Yert. 10/4.
Caec. pylor. 5.
Height three times and a-half in the total length ; the length
of the head four-times ; snout equal to the diameter of the eye,
and one-fourth of the length of the head. The maxillary reaches
beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye ; pr^e-
operculum rounded at the angle. The spines of the fins slender
and flexible, the fourth of the dorsal longest. Tail deeply forked,
the second and third anal spines nearly equal. Above bluish-
green ; belly rose-coloured.

Eitzroy Island (Chevert Exp.)

Genus Oligorus, Gunther.

Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth villiform without canines,
teeth, on the palatine bones, tongue smooth. One dorsal fin with
eleven spines, the anal with three. Operculum with one point,
preeoperculum with a single smooth or obtusely denticulated
ridge. Scales small. The number of pyloric appendages small.

Australian Elvers.

114. Oligorus macquariexsis, Cuv. & Yal.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes, Yol. I., p. 251.

The Cof? of the Colonists. JTooIcoohil oi the M-urrumbidgee nsLtives.

D. 11/14-16. A. 3/12. Csec. pylor. 3.

The height of the body is four times and three-quarters in the
total length, the length of the head three and a-half ; the diameter

BY "W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 353

of the eye is one-seventh, of the latter. Praeoperculum, supra-
scapiila and prgeorbital entire ; pectoral and ventral fins short,
caudal rounded, the fifth dorsal spine longest, the second and
third of the anal nearly equal. Colour greenish-brown, with
numerous small dark green spots ; belly whitish.

All the rivers of the Murray system, and some of the northern
coast rivers of New South Wales.

115. Oligorijs Mitchelli, Casteln.

Proc. Zool. Soc. Victoria, Vol. 11., p. 150.

Differs from 0. macquariensis in having the head much broader,
the eye considerably larger, it being one-sixth of the length of
the head, the upper jaw longer than the lower, the operculum
more rounded and the caudal fin a little longer. The height of
the body also is three times and a-third in the length without
the caudal, instead of four times and a-half as in the other species,
and the upper profile is more convex.

In all the "Western rivers.

116. Oligorus terr^-regin^, Eams.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. Y., p. 93, -gl. 9.

One specimen in the Australian Museum from Brisbane,
measuring six feet in length and weighing over one cwt.

Genus Homalogrystes, All. & Macl.

Body oblong. Mouth large. Lower jaw longer than the
upper. A broad band of acute recurved, somewhat conical teeth
in both jaws ; a band of similar teeth on the vomer and palatine
bones. Two canines close together in front of the upper jaw ;
tongue smooth. Six branchiostegals. Operculum armed. Prre-
operculum bluntly serrated and emarginate on the posterior edge.
Eye moderate. Scales small. One dorsal fin with eleven spines.
Caudal fin rounded.

354 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF ATJSTRALIAIS" FISHES,

117. HOMALOGRYSTES GuXTHERI, All. & Macl.

Proc. Liun. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 2G9.
Torres' Straits, near Katow.

Genus CtenoLxVtes, Gimtli.

Seven brancliiostegals, pseudobrancliia3, teeth, villiform in
bands, teetb on tlie palatine and vomer, tongue smooth. The
spinous dorsal is continuous with, tlie soft, and composed of ten
spines. Prteoperculiim finely serrated behind with small
denticulations on the lower limb ; preeorbital serrated. Scales
small, strongly ctenoid.

Australian rivers.

118. Ctenolates ambiguus, Eichards.

Datnia ambigiia, Bich., Voy. Erebus and Terror, p. 25, pi. 19.

Bides amliguus, Gunth., Cat. L, j). 270.

Bules auratiis, Casteln., Proc. Zool. Soc, Vict., I., p. 55.

Ctenolates macquariensis, Gunth., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, j). 390, p. 33.

The '' Golden Perch'' and '' Yelloiv helly'' of the Colonists.
'' Kaahaalain " of the Murrumbidgee natives.

D. 10/1 L. A. 3/8. L. lat. 76-81. L. transv. 13/28.

Height two-fifths of the length without caudal ; length of head
one-third. Upper profile very convex above the nape, and deeply
concave on the occiput ; the maxillary reaches to below the middle
of the eye. Mandible prominent. The diameter of the eye is
one half of the length of the snout and one-fourth of the j)ost-
orbital portion of the head. Scales on the cheek numerous, only
half the size of those on the operculum. The denticulations of
the lower pr£copercular limb are small, irregular and directed
forwards. Spines of fins strong, the last dorsals much shorter
than the raj^s. Caudal and pectorals rounded. First ventral
ray elongated. Colour greenish on the back with the sides and

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 355

belly golden yellow, tlie vertical fins are faintly marked or
bordered witli black.

All the rivers of tbe Murray system.

I bave no doubt that these are all one and the same species,
though the variations in the descriptions are sufficient to excite
some uncertainty. The genus Ctenolates has been very properly
separated by Dr. Gunther, (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 320.) from
Dules.

119. Ctenolates Chkistyi, Casteln.

Bides Christyi, Casteln., Proc. Zool. Soc, Yict., I., p. 57.
D. 10/11. A. 3/8. L. lat. 52. L. transv. 8/18.

Height three times and one -fourth in the total length ; head
four times and one-sixth in the same ; orbit four times and a-half
in the head, the latter cavernous. Upper profile much elevated,
almost gibbous behind the eye. Body highest at the base of the
pectorals. The teeth are numerous, but seem to be wanting on
the palatine bones. Coracoid much denticulated. Soft dorsal
and anal fins scaly for one-third of their height. Colour brownish
purple above, and white below.

One specimen fourteen inches long from the Edwards Eiver,
near Deniliquin.

120. Ctenolates flayescens, Gunth.

Bides flavescens, Gunth., Ees. Fishes of Victoria, p. 10.
D. 10/10. A. 3/9. L. lat. 89.

Form elongate, height of body three times and two-thirds in
the length, and head three times, without the caudal fin. Pree-
orbital entire. Praeoperculum finely serrated behind, and bilobed
beneath with strong obtuse spines. Operculum covered with
scales much larger than those on the cheek, and armed with a
long, flat spine. Scales larger below the lateral line than above.

356 DESCEIPTrVE CATALOGUE OP AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

Dorsal and anal fins in great part covered with, scales. Colour
ochreous golden-yellow, back slaty-grey, belly wbite, mouth
reddish, ventrals white and eye silvery.

One specimen nineteen inches long, from the Murray.

Grenus Murrayia, Casteln.

A genus placed by Count Castelnau between Dules and Therapon
and characterized as having eleven dorsal spines, operculimi
denticulated in all its length, a line of small teeth on the palatine
bones, the caudal fin rounded, scales minutely serrated and the
head cavernous.

Australian rivers.

121. Muerayia Guntiieri, Casteln.

Proc. Zool. Soc. Victoria, Vol. I., p. 61.

D. 11/12. A. 3/8. P. 16. C. 16. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 10/18.

Height three and one haK times in the length ; head three
times and two- thirds in the same ; eye four times and a-half in
the length of the head. Upper profile very convex, the back
being elevated and gibbous behind the head ; upper surface of
head naked ; praeorbital very finely denticulated ; prseoperculum
slightly emarginate behind, and finely serrated, the serrations
irregular and larger on the rounded angle and on the lower limb.
Oi)erculum with two broad flat serrated spines ; superscapula
and coracoid also serrated. The fifth dorsal spine is the longest ;
the soft dorsal is scaly ; the second anal spine longest ; the first
ray of the ventrals prolonged into a filament. The general colour
is purple, becoming redder towards the belly, the scales bordered
with a dark tinge. The fins are purplish, the ventrals pink with
the external third black : pectoral yellow. Eye bronze.

From the Murray liiver, average length fourteen inches.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 357

122. MuREAYiA CYPRiNorDES, Oasteln.
Pre. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. I., p. 62.

D. 11/13. A. 3/9. L. lat. 52. L. transv. lOj/lS^.

Heiglit of body three times and one-third in the total length ;
head three and a-half in the same, eye five and a-half in the
length of the head. Form more elevated and gibbous than in
Gwitlieri. The first ventral ray j)rolonged into a bifid filament.
Colour, above green with the border of the scales darker, beneath
yellow ; the lateral line dark, sides of the head purple, pectorals
pink on the upper portion, yellow on the lower. The dorsal,
caudal and anal fins purple ; the ventrals pink with the spine
white.

Murray Biver. Length ten or twelve inches.

123. MuRRAYiA BRAMoroES, Casteln.
Proc. Zool. Soc. Victoria, Vol. I., p. 63.

D. 11/12. A. 3/8. 0. 17. P. 16. L. lat. 52. L. transv. 9/16.

Height four times in the total length, head three times and
two-thirds ; orbit three times and eight-tenths in length of head.
Head very cavernous ; prfeoperculum straight, and finely
serrulated on the posterior limb, obtusely denticulated on the
angle, and on the inferior limb, with the denticulations pointing
forwards. The operculum is thinly serrated and has two angles,
the lower of which is a sort of flap divided into five flat spines ;
the superscapula is like a segment of a circular saw ; the fiftL.
dorsal spine is the longest ; anal spine slender ; the first ray of
the ventrals elongate. Colour dirty yellow, each scale with an
obscure border, head brown, lower parts reddish ; vertical fins
dark with the spines purple ; pectorals and ventrals pink. Eye
yellow.

Murray Eiver, rare ; about twelve inches in length.

358 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

124. MuRRAYiA RivERiNA, Krefft.

Dules riverinus, Krefft, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1867, p. 943.

D. 11/11. A. 3/9. P. 15. L. lat. 58 to 60.

Height of body one-tliird of length, without the caudal fin ;
the diameter of the eye is equal to the length of the snout, as
long as the space between the eyes, and nearly one-fourth of the
length of the head. Operculum with two spines, the lower one
with two points. Tail truncate. Colour silvery on the sides, the
lateral line dividing the silvery part from the brown of the back,
the scales are all dotted with black spots, as are the fins, the first
ray of the ventral is produced into a filament as long aa the head.

Murray Eiver and its tributaries.

Genus Eiverina, Casteln.

Resembles Murrayia, but has twelve spines in the dorsal fin,
and is without teeth on the palatine bones.

125. RivERiNA FLUviATiLis, Castcln.

Proc. Zool. Soc. Victoria, Vol. I., p. 64.

D. 12/11. A. 3/8. 0.18. P. 16. L. lat. 46. L. transv. 8/16.

Height of body three times and two-thirds in the total length,
head three times and six-tenths in the same. Form and colour
the same as Murrayia Iramoides, but the head of a more fleshy
colour. The first spine of the operculum is bifid, the second
tridenticulated ; the fifth dorsal spine the longest, the twelfth
longer than the eleventh, the second anal spine is very thick and
blunt but not longer than the third ; the first ray of the pectorals
elongate.

Murray River ; one specimen.

G-enus Dules, Ouv. & Val.
Six branchiostegals. All the teeth villiform, without canines,
teeth on the palatine bones. One dorsal fin, with ten spines.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 359

anal -with three. Operculum with two or three points, prse-
operculum serrated ; chin not very prominent ; eyes moderate.
Seas and rivers of tropical regions.

126. DuLES Haswellii, n. sp.

D. 10/11. A. 3/10. L. lat. 42. L. transv. 5/9.

Height of body one-third of total length, the length of the
head nearly one-fourth. Eye large, its diameter being, about
equal to its distance from the point of the muzzle, three times
the height of the preeorbital bone, and about haK the width of
the interorbital space, which is rather flat and concave in the
profile ; the mouth is slightly oblique, and the maxillary extends
to rather beyond the vertical from the posterior margin of the
orbit. The praeoperculum is crenulated on the posterior edge*
The scales are ctenoid, those on the opercles as large as those
on the body. The fifth and sixth spines of the dorsal fin longest,
the eleventh nearly as long, but much shorter than the anterior
rays, the anal spines are strong and of nearly equal thickness,
but increase in length backwards, the third much shorter than
the first rays ; the caudal fin is considerably emarginated ;
pectorals short. Colour silvery, very dark towards the back ;
many of the scales show dark spots, and there are distinct black
spots on the opercles and near the anal fin. The vertical fins
are blackish with the extreme tips whitish.

Fresh-waters Rockingham Bay. Length fourteen inches.

Genus Macquaria, Cut. & Yal.

Five branchiostegals. No teeth in the jaws or on the palate.
Spines strong, eleven in the dorsal and three in the anal fins.
Praeoperculum serrated. Scales moderate.

127. Macqtjaria australasica, Cuv. & Yal.
Grunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 286. Less. Voy. Coqr., Zool. IL, p. 194,

pi. 14, f. 1.
2 T

360 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

D. 11/11. A. 3/8. L. lat. 65-66. Ofec. pylor. 8.

Externally very similar to Ctenolates amhiguus. Snout scaleless.
The fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest, the second of the anal
much longer and stronger than the third. Uniform brownish.

Macquarie River.

Genus Therapon, Cuv.

Six branchiostegals. Eye of moderate size. Teeth, villiform
in both jaws, deciduous on the vomer and j^alatine bones.
Operculum spiniferous, preeoperculum serrated. Dorsal fin more
or less notched with twelve or sometimes thirteen spines; anal
with three. Scales moderate. Air bladder with two divisions —
an anterior and posterior, separated by a contraction. Caeca
pylorica in moderate number.

Indian and Australian seas and rivers.

128. Therapon theraps, Cuv. & Val.

D. 12/10. A. 3/8. L. lat. bb. Vert. 10/15.

Height of body three times and a-haK in the total length, the
head four times ; snout once and a-third in the space between the
eyes. Pr^eoperculum rounded, serrated, with moderate teeth at
the angle, operculum with two spines, the lower of which is
elongate and strong. Grreenish-grey, with three straight, brown
longitudinal bands, the lowest of which extends from the head to
the tail ; the spinous portion of the dorsal fin blackish between
the third and seventh spines; two or three blackish bands obliquely
crossing each lobe of the tail.

Port Darwin and North-east Coast of Queensland,

This species which has a very wide range is figured in Bleeker's
Atlas of the Percidoe, pi. 43, f. 1, with four longitudinal bands,
and with a brown tip to the second dorsal fin.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 361

129. Therapon seryus, B1.

Gunth. Cat. Fislies, Vol. I., p. 278.

D. 12/10. A. 3/8. L. lat. 80. Vert. 10/15.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the
head, and is contained three times and three-quarters in the total
length. The snout is a little longer than the space between the
eyes. Pra^operculuni rounded, serrated, with strong spinous
teeth at the angle ; operculum with two spines, the lower elongate
and strong. Greenish-grey, with three curved, brown, longitudinal
bands (the convexity towards the belly) ; the spinous portion of
the dorsal fin blackish between the fourth and seventh spines ;
two blackish bands obliquely crossing each lobe of the tail.

North and North-east Coasts of Australia,

130. Therapon caudoyittatus, Eichards.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes, Vol. I., p. 284.

Dahlia caudavittata, Eich., Yoy. Ereb. & Terr., p. 24, pi. 18, f. 3-5.

D. 13/10. A. 3/8. L. lat. 46.

Snout rather longer than the diameter of the eye ; prreoperculum
rounded, finely and equally denticulated. Opercular spines flat
and rather short. Dorsal fin scarcely notched, the last s^oine as
long as the first ra^^s, the fourth, fifth and sixth longest, half as
high as the body and slender. The second anal spine rather
stronger than the third. Spotted with greyish-brown, each lobe
of the caudal fin with a broad deep-black band.

Western, Northern, and North-eastern Coasts.

131. TnERAPOX TRIYITTATUS, Bucll.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes, I., p. 280. Bleek. Atl. Ichth., pi. 62, f. 2.

D. 12/10. A. 3/9. L lat. 90-100. Ca3c. pyl. 7. Yert. 10/15.

The height of the body is about one-fourth of the total length,
the length of the head about the same ; the length of the snout

362 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

is a little more than tlie space between the eyes. Preeoperculiim
serrated, with very strong teeth at the angle ; operculum with
two spines, the lower elongate and strong. Grreenish-grey, with
three straight, brown, longitudinal bands, the inferior extending
from the eye to the tail ; the spinous dorsal fin blackish between
the third and eighth spines ; two oblique blackish bands on each
lobe of the tail.
Torres Straits.

132. Therapon Cuyieri, Bleek.
Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 282. Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Perc, pi. 37, f. 2.
D. 12/10. A. 3/10. L. lat. 66. L. trausv. 12/23. Ctec. pylor. 6.
Height of body three and a-half times in the total length ;
length of head four and a-half times ; the diameter of the eye
nearly five times in the length of the head, and one and three-
quarters in that of the snout. PrEeoperculum finely and equally
serrated ; opercular spines feeble. Dorsal fin scarcely notched,
with slender spines, the fifth and sixth longest ; anal spines feeble.
Caudal very slightly emarginate. Four, five or six longitudinal
bands. Fins immaculate.

Port Jackson ; East and North Coasts.

133. TnERArox percoides, Gunth.

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Series, Yol. XIV., p. 374.

D. 13/9. A. 3/8. L. lat. 39. L. transv. 7/13.

Height of body twice and a-half in the length, without caudal ;
the length of the head twice and one-third. Upper surface of
head rather flat and scaleless; snout ecj^ual in length to the
diameter of the eye, and a little longer than the width of the
interorbital space. Mouth small, the maxillary scarcely reaching
to below the anterior margin of the orbit. Pra3orbital narrowed
posteriorly and indistinctly serrated, j)i'^^P6rculum equally
serrated and obtusely rounded ; operculum with two points, the

SY W. MACiiEAY, F.L.S. 363

lower spinous and rather prominent. Back greenisli, shining
silvery, passing- into pure white below : five black cross-bands
descend from the back towards the belly — the first from before
the dorsal fin, the second from the fifth or sixth dorsal spine, the
third from the last dorsal spine, the fourth from the posterior
half of the soft dorsal, and the fifth across the tail. Vertical fins
marbled with black. Infraorbital bones with a silvery band.

Rivers of Northern Queensland.

134. Therapon fasciatus, Casteln.

Researches Fishes of Australia, p. 11.

D. 13/10. A. 3/7.

Height one-third of the total length, head one-fourth ; snout
less than the diameter of eye ; a strong spine on the operculum ;
XDraeoperculum with very strong spines directed upwards on its
posterior edge. Colour slaty grey above, whitish below with
transverse brown bands as in T. 2ycrcoUles, some faint transverse
bands on the tail.

Swan River ; ? Norman River.

135. Therapon TEIIR.E-REGIN/E, Oastelu.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. II., p. 227.
Rivers of Northern Queensland.

136. Therapon Hillii, Casteln.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. IL, p. 226.
Upper Dawson River.

137. Therapon ellipticus. Rich.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 27G.

Datnia elliptica, Rich. Fish. Ereb. and Ter., p. 118, pi. 52. f. 4 — 8.

D. 12/13-14. A. 3/8. L. hit. 85. L. tr. 17/31.

364 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF ArSTRALIAN FSIHES,

The heiglit of the body is thrice and two-thirds in the total
length ; the length of the head is four times and one-third ; snout
moderately pointed, prfeoperculum serrated behind and below,
the angle scaleless ; j)i'^orbital serrated ; two opercular spines,
the lower is the broader and longer. Dorsal fin nearly even ;
caudal fin emarginate. The colour is silvery, with occasional
black spots, a longitudinal band of the same colour below the
eye ; caudal, anal, and dorsal fins spotted. Pectoral with obscure
transverse lines. The form is more elongate than in Therapon
Richardsonii, with the back less convex and the head more so.

Eivers of Western Australia.

138. Therapon Eichardsoxii, Casteln.

Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. I., p. 60.

" Silver Perch " of the Colonists, " Xoolerry " of the Murrum-
bidgee natives.

D. 12/11-12. A. 3/8. 0.17. P. 16. L. lat. 65. L.tr. 17-25.

Height of body three times and eight-tenths in the total length,
head four times and two-thirds in the same ; the eye four times
and one-seventh in the length of the head. The upper profile of
the body strongly and equally convex, the lower almost straight ;
prfeorbital very strongly serrated ; prfeoperculum rounded with
long spines behind and shorter ones below ; coracoid strongly
serrated ; operculum with two spines, the inferior strongest ;
dorsal fin received into a groove, the fifth spine the longest ; anal
spines very strong, the second most so. Caudal fin slightly
emarginate. Colour greyish-blue, beneath whitish, sides shaded
with yellow, each scale bordered with black ; lips rosy ; eye
yellow ; soft dorsal fin black on the upper part ; ventrals white
with the rays rosy ; pectorals black on terminal half.

Found in all the rivers of the Murray system.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 365

139. Therapox NIGER, Casteln.

Proc. Zool. Soc. Victoria, Vol. I., p. 59.

D. 12/12. A. 3/8. 0. 17. P. 15. L. lat. 89. L. trans. 14/28.

Height of the body three times and a-half in the length ; head
four times and two -thirds in the same ; eye four times and one-
third in the length of the head. Body convex above, less so
beneath ; praeorbital strongly denticulated ; praeoperculum a little
emarginate behind, and armed with strong spines, these spines
longest at the angle which is rounded and much smaller on the
lower limb. Operculum terminated by two bunches of flat spines,
the first of two, the second of six spines ; the superscapula and
coracoid are very strongly denticulated. The dorsal fin received
into a groove on the back, the spines strong ; the three first the
shortest ; the membranes of the soft dorsal scaly ; caudal fin
emarginate and scaly ; anal spines large and striated ; ventral
spine strong, striated and longer than half the length of the fin.
The back is grey, but appears dark on account of all the scales
having a rather broad, black margin ; beneath the colour is
yellowish- white ; fins grey ; the posterior part of the caudal black.

From the Murray River ; rarely seen. Length sixteen inches.

140. Therapon unicolor, Gunth.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 277.

D. 12/10. A. 3/8. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 9/20.

Height of body four times in the total length, the length of
the head four times and a-half ; the space beteen the eyes is
greater than their diameter, and the snout is still longer. Prae-
operculum rounded, finely serrated ; praeorbital and coracoid
indistinctly denticulated. Operculum with two spines, the lower
slightly pointed. Spines of the dorsal fin feeble, the sixth longest
and three times and three-quarters in the length of the head.

366 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

Caudal truncated witli rounded angles. Cheeks with, small scales
forming many series. Greyish, each scale with darker margin.

Gwydir Eiver, Darling Downs, &c.

141. Therapon truttaceus, n. sp.

D. 12/10. A. 3/8. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 10/18.

Height of body one-third of the length without caudal fin ;
space between the eyes flat, more than twice the diameter of the
eye, and rather more than the length of the snout from the eye.
The lips thick, the cleft of the mouth oblique and reaching to the
vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Preeoperculum
regularly rounded and finely denticulated, operculum with one
spine, coracoid denticulated with three or four spine-like teeth at
the lower angle ; the first dorsal spine less than half the length
of the second, the fourth the longest ; the fifth and sixth nearl}'-
as long ; the second and third anal spines equal. Caudal fin
somewhat emarginate. Coloration dark above, yellow beneath ;
all the scales except on the belly are more or less tinged and
spotted with a steel blue tint ; all the fins except the ventrals are
of a dingy blackish colour.

Endeavour Eiver.

142. Therapon nigripinnis, n. sp.

D. 12/9. A. 3/7. L. lat. 52. L. transv. 9/18.

Height of body one-third of the total length ; length of head
one-fourth of the same. Eye large, the diameter rather more
than the length of the snout, but less than the space between the
orbits. Top and back of the head scaleless, rather convex, and
much grooved and convoluted ; praeorbital rounded and obsoletely
dentated at the posterior angle ; cheek with six series of small
scales : pr«3operculum without scales on the edge which is armed
with closely set acute teeth, largest at the angle, and pointing
backward on the lower limb ; operculum with two spines, the

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 367

lower long, strong and acute. The spines of the dorsal fin strong,
the fifth longest ; the spine of the soft dorsal more than twice the
length of the preceding one ; the soft dorsal and anal fins lower
than the spinous dorsal, the third anal spine the longest ; caudal
fin deeply emarginate, the lobes pointed ; pectorals small, shorter
than the ventrals. Colour silvery, each scale with a yellow or
pearly centre. . The top of the head and all the fins blackish,
excepting the spinous dorsal, which seems to have been of a
lighter colour, with a large black blotch from the third to the
seventh spine.

Eockingham Bay. One specimen eight inches long.

143. Therapon- longulus, w. sp,

D. 12/10. A. 3/7. L. lat. 48.
The height of the body is one -fourth of the total length, the
length of the head nearly the same. The eyes are about the
diameter of the orbit apart, the interspace flat and naked ; the
length of the snout is about the same. The teeth in the external
row in both jaws are strong, regular, and a little curved. The
preeorbital is dentated behind over the maxillary, the pree-
operculum is strongly and regularly dentated on the posterior
margin the denticulations becoming smaller below the angle ;
the lower point of the operculum is divided into two or three
strong spines; the coracoid is large, free, and strongly denticulated.
The dorsal spines arc rather slender ; the second and third anal
spines are about equal ; the tail is subtruncate. The coloration
seems to have been uniform, in spirits the specimens present a
dingy grey appearance all over. Length six inches.

Fresh-waters inland from Port Darwin.

Genus Helotes, Cuv.

Differs from Therapon only in having the teeth lobed on each
side.

2 U

368 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

144. Helotes sexlixeatus, Cuv. & Yal.

Guntli. Cat. Fishes I., p. 285.

D. 12/10. A. 3/10. L. lat. 110. L. transv. 35. Cfec. pylor. 15.

Yert. 10/15.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is four
and a-half times in the total. Teeth distinctly lobed. Operculum
with two short spines, the lower rather prominent ; preeoperculum
rounded, denticulated ; the fifth and sixth dorsal spine longest.
Six blackish-brown longitudinal bands on each side.

North and East Coasts. Port Darwin.

145. Helotes octolineatus, Jenyns.

Gunth. Cat. I., p, 285. Voy. " Beagle," p. 18.

D. 12/9. A. 3/7.

The height of the body is equal to the length of the head and is
four and a-half times in the total length; jaws equal. Teeth
distinctly' three-pointed. Operculum with two spines — the lower
one prominent. Light blackish-brown longitudinal bands on
each side.

King Greorge's Sound. West Australia.

Group Pristipomina.
Genus Agenor, Casteln.

Body high, compressed. Teeth villiform in the jaws, a series
of acute conical teeth on the vomer and palatines ; no molars ;
cheeks and opercles scaly. Vertical fins in great part covered with
scales ; dorsal fin not notched, of ten spines. Scales rather small.

Australia.

146. Agexor modestus, Casteln.
Pro.c. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. III., p. 371.
Port Jackson.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 369

Genus Peistipoma, Ciiv.

Form of body oblong, compressed. 'Eye moderate. Cleft of
mouth horizontal, not very wide, a central groove below tlie chin.
One dorsal with eleven to fourteen spines ; anal fin with three ;
vertical fins not scaly or on the basal portions only. Villiform
teeth in the jaws without canines ; no teeth on the palate. Seven
branchiostegals. Prfeoperculum serrated ; operculum with very
indistinct points. Scales moderate, ctenoid. Pseudobranchi^e.
Air-bladder simple ; pyloric appendages in small number.

All the temperate and tropical seas of the world.

147. PmSTIPOMA HASTA, Bl.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 289.

D. 12/14. A. 3/7-8. L. lat. 47. L. transv. 6/10. C^ec. pyl. 6.

Height three to three and a-half in the total length, head about
equal to the height ; snout longer than the width of the eye.
Jaws equal, the maxillary reaches to below the anterior margin
of the orbit. Prseoperculum emarginate behind, its angle rounded,
produced and denticulated. The fourth dorsal spine longest, and
more than half the length of the head ; a deep notch between
the spinous and soft portion. Caudal fin truncate ; the second anal
spine very strong ; pectorals pointed, elongate. Back and upper
parts of the sides with brown spots, more or less regularly
arranged, sometimes forming longitudinal series, sometimes
cross-bars. The dorsal fin with two or three series of round,
brown spots.

Torres Straits. South Coast of New Guinea.

148. Peistipoma mactjlatum, Bl.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 293. Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Perc, pi. 30, f . 2.

D. 12/13-14. A. 3/7. L. lat. 47.

The proportions are the same as in P. J/asta, but the snout is
not longer than the eye. The fins also and armature of the

370 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGtTE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

operc"'es are alike in tlie two species. There is a large black
cross-band before tlie dorsal fin, and six large blotches on each
side of the back, forming either two longitudinal rows or three
cross-bands ; the spinous dorsal is blackish, with a series of white
spots along the base ; the soft dorsal has two series of brown spots.

Torres Straits (Voy. of the " Eattlesnake.")

Genus Diagramma, Cuv.

Body compressed, oblong, with the upper profile of the head
parabolic. Mouth small, horizontal. Eye moderate. Prseoper-
culum serrated ; suborbitals without spines. Six or seven
branchiostegals. No canine teeth. Four or six pores under the
mandibles, but no larger groove. One dorsal fin with nine to
fourteen spines ; anal with three. Scales rather small. Swim-
bladder simple ; pyloric appendages in small number.

In all temperate and tropical seas.

149. Diagramma affoe, Gunth.

Cat. Fishes I., p. 319, pi. 19. fig. a.

D. 14/16. A. 3/7. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 9/16.

Height of body two and a-half times in the total length, length
of head three times and two-fifths ; the distance between the
dorsal and caudal fins is less than the height of the tail below
the end of the dorsal. Dorsal fin notched, with strong spines, the
fourth the longest ; the second anal spine much longer and
stronger than the third. Caudal fin slightly convex. Uniform
brownish, the dorsal, anal, and ventral fins black.

North-west Australia.

150. Diagramma crassilabre. All. & Macl.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 271, pi. 5, f. 5,
South coast of New Guinea.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 371

151. DiAGRAMMA POLYT^xiA, Bleek.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 332.

B. 6. D. 12/22. A. 3/7. L. lat. 100.

Height of bocty three and a-half times in the total length, the
length of the head four and one-fifth times. The diameter of
the eye is three and two-third times in the length of the head ;
the third, fourth, and fifth dorsal spines longest — one-third the
height of the body. Caudal truncate ; the second anal spine
longer than the third. Yellow with nine bluish- white longitudinal
bands, edged with black ; the four upper ones terminating at the
base of the dorsal, the four next at the caudal ; the ninth near
the anus.

Port Essington.

152. DiAGRAMMA MULTIVITTATUM, Macl.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. II., p. 349, pi. 7, fig. 2.
Port Darwin.

153, DiAGRAMMA RETICULATUM, Gunth.

Cat. Fishes I., p. 334.
D. 13/21-22. A. 3/7. L. lat. 85. L. transv. 13/25.

The height of the body is three and a-haK times in the total
length, the length of the head four times. Caudal fin truncate ;
second anal spine stronger but scarcely longer than the third.
Brownish-grey (in a dried state), reticulated with darker waved
lines ; three longitudinal bands on the opercles.

Cape York.

154. DiAGRAMMA NITIDUM, Guuth.

Cat. Pishes I., p. 335, pi. 19, fig. b.

D. 12/20. A. 3/7. L. lat. 95. L. trans. 20/25.

Height of body three and a-half times in total length, length
of head four times. Caudal fin truncate ; the second anal spine^

v,i-rv^

372 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTKALIAN FISHES,

stronger, but scarcely longer than the third. Reddish-brown
(in spirits), with six bluish, darker-edged, parallel, longitudinal
bands ; the first from the nape to the soft dorsal, the second from
above the eye to the posterior third of the soft dorsal, the third
from the eye on and above the lateral line to the back of the tail,
the fourth from the eye below the lateral line to the middle of
the tail, the fifth from below the eye to the inferior part of the
caudal, the sixth from the mouth over the root of the pectoral to
the end of the anal fin.

Australia (Gunther).

Genus Hyperoglyphe, Eichards.

Body oblong, compressed. Eye moderate. Snout blunt, cleft
of mouth oblique, with the upper jaw longest. Two dorsals,
scarcely united, the first much lower than the second with eight
short spines, anal fin with feeble spines. Preeorbital and pr?e-
operculum serrated, operculum spiniferous. Seven branchiostegals.
Villiform teeth in the jaws, without canines. Eoof of the mouth
with a deep longitudinal groove. Scales small, cycloid. Air
bladder simple, pyloric appendages in great number.

An Australian genus.

155. Hyperoglyphe porosa, Eichards.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 337.

Liagramma porosa, Eich., Voy. Ereb. and Terr., Fishes, p. 26,
pi. 16, figs. 5, 6.

B. 7. D. 8. 1/20. A. 3/16. L. lat. 95-100.

The maxillary reaches to below the middle of the eye ; both
limbs of the pra3operculum ciliated ; caudal fin emarginate.
Brownish in spirits, the soft dorsal and anal fins with two series
of dark brown spots.

Coasts of Australia. Five and a-half inches long.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 373

Genus Histioptertjs, Eichards.

It is with, some doubt that I ]}\ace this genus among the
Pristipomina. Dr. Gunther makes no mention of the genus in
his Catalogue, but when in 1871 he described a species of it in
the Proc. Zool. Soc. of London, he placed it between a Dentex
and a Chcdtodo)i, indicating, I fancy, that in his oj)inion that was
its true position. Count Castelnau places it among the Scomlrida,
and Eichardson the founder of the genus among the Chcetodontidce.

I have never seen any description of the genus, but it may be
shortly defined thus : Body oblong, highest at the occiput, and
tapering towards the tail. Head prolonged into a slightly
recurved snout. Teeth villiform, forming bands; dorsal fin
with seven or eight spines the first three short and more or less
detached ; anal spines two or three.

156. HisTioPTERrs reotjrvirostris, Eich.

Voy. Ereb and Terror, p. 34, pi. 22. Casteln. Proc. Zool. Soc.
Victoria, I., p. 109.

D. 8. 1/15. A. 3/10. L. lat. 130.

Height of body three times and a-half in the total length, head
three times and a-half in the same ; the orbit four times and a
third in the length of the head. The greatest height of the body
is at the back of the head, from this there is gradual conical
diminution to the tail ; the head isprolonged into a long narrow
snout, half the length of the head. The head is covered with
bony plates which are strongly striated ; the teeth are numerous,
in several series, some of those in front longer and a little curved ;
lateral line sinuous ; scales small. The spines of the dorsal fin
are seldom united by a membrane, the fourth is the longest ; the
soft dorsal and anal of triangular form; caudal slightly emarginate;
ventrals very large ; pectorals rather long. Colour above greyish-
blue, beneath whitish, a broad black arched band extends from
the beginning of the dorsal to the end of the anal fin, sometimes

374 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF ATJSTEALIAN FISHES,

another fainter band in front of it ; a white band on the cheek.
Eye yellow, encircled with brown. (Castelnau).

Port Phillip and Tasmania. Length from fifteen to twenty
inches.

157. HisTioPTERUS LABiosus, Grunth.

Proc. Zool. Soc, 1871, p. 658, pi. 59.

Richardsonia insignis, Casteln., Proc. Zool. Soc. Victoria!., p. 112.

B. 6. D. 7/17. A. 2/11.

The height of the body is somewhat less than the length of the
head, and one-third of the total (without the caudal). Upper
profile of the head concave, snout much produced, the eye being
entirely in the posterior half of the head. Mouth moderate,
lower jaw slightly the longer, lips and chin densely covered with
short papillae. The teeth are in bands en cardes, and most of
those on the sides are obtuse and molar-like. Scales on the cheeks
hidden below the skin. Pr8eoj)erculum with the hind margin
concave and the angle projecting ; that and the lower limb
indistinctly denticulated. Opercles scaleless. Scales very small ;
the fourth dorsal spine the longest. Caudal fin emarginate with
the angles pointed. Brown, with indistinct, blackish, longitudinal
markings. Length of specimen twenty-five inches.

South Australia, Melbourne, and Tasmania.

Genus Lobotes, Cuv.

Porm of body and vertical fins rather elevated. Eye rather
small. Snout blunt ; mouth oblique, the lower jaw the longer.
One dorsal with twelve spines, the anal with three. Caudal fin
rounded. No canine teeth. Preeoperculum denticulated;
operculum with obtuse points. Scales moderate, ctenoid. Six
branchiostegals. Air bladder simple, pyloric appendages few.
Pseudobranchiae developed.

Pound in every sea.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 375

158. LOBOTES AUCTOIITJM, Guntll.

Cat. Fishes I., p. 338.— Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Perc, pi. 33, f. 4.

D. 12/15-16. A. 3/11. L. lat. 45. Ceec. pyl. 3. Vert. 13/11.

Caudal fin rounded ; the soft dorsal and anal fins rather elevated;
nape concave; eye smaU. Uniform brownish, yellowish or
blackish, caudal fin sometimes with a lighter edge.

Port Jackson. Var. somnolentus. Endeavour River.

G-enus Q-erres, Cuv.

Body compressed and elevated. Mouth very protractile. Eye
rather large. No canine teeth. Prseoperculum generally entire.
Six branchiostegals. One dorsal fin deeply notched with nine
spines ; anal with three. Caudal fin forked. Scales moderate,
or minutely ciliated. Air bladder simple, pyloric appendages in
small number. Pseudobranchiee.

All tropical seas, entering rivers.

159. GrERRES ABBREviATus, Bleek.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 345.— Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Perc, pi. 78, f. 4.

D. 9/10. A. 3/7. L. lat. 33. L. transv. 5/10.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in
the total length ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the
length of the head. Prseorbital and praeoperculum entire : the
second spine of the dorsal fin more than half the height of the
body, and nearly as long as the head ; the second and third anal
spines strong and rather longer than the rays, one third the
height of the body. Coloration uniform ; dorsal fin black-edged.

Cape Grenville (Chevert Exp.)

160. Gerres Cheverti, All. & Macl.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 272, pi. 7, f. 1.
Cape Grenville (Chevert Exp.)
2 V

376 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

161. Gerres loxgicaudatus, All. & Macl.
Proc. Linn. See. N. S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 272, pi. 7, fig. 2.
Cape Grenville (Chevert Exp.)

162. Gerres carinatus, All. & Macl.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. L, p. 273, pi. 7, fig. 4.
Darnley Island (Chevert Exp.)

163. Gerres bispinosus, All. & Macl.

Proc. Linn. Soc N. S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 273, pi. 7, fig. 3.
South, coast New Guinea (Chevert Exp.)

164. Gerres profundus, Macl.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Yol. II., p. 350, pi. 7, fig. 3.
Port Darwin.

165. Gerres punctatus, Cuv. (feVaL

Gunth. Cat. Fishes!., p. 346.— Macl., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,.
Yol. IL, p. 350.

D. 9/10. A. 3/8.

The height of the body is contained thrice and a-half in the
total length. The second dorsal spine is prolonged into a short
filament, and is sometimes as long as three-quarters of the height
of the body. Silvery, dorsal with a narrow black margin, each
ray with a brown point at the base. Young individuals with
indistinct cross-bands.

Port Darwin.

166. Gerres ovatus, Gunth.

Cat. Fishes I., p. 343, pi. 20, fig. A.

D. 9/10-11. A. 3/7. L. lat. 36. L. transv. 5/10.

The height of the body is twice and a-quarter in the length

(without caudal fin) ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the

BY "W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 377

length, of the head, longer than the snout and equal to the distance
between the eyes. The groove for the processes of the inter-
maxillary bones is short, and does not extend beyond the vertical
from tbe anterior margin of the eye ; no scales between the groove
and the orbit. The spines of the dorsal fin are slender and flexible,
the second and third longest, and twice and a half in the height
of the body, the last four spines half as long as the third. The
third anal spine longest, shorter than the first ray, and nearly
one-fourth of the height of the body. Coloration uniform, dorsal
fin black-edged.
Port Jackson.

167. Gerres subfasciatus, Cuv. & Yal.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 343.

D. 9/10. A. 3/7.

Height of the body one-third of the total length, the snout
rather shorter than the diameter of the eye. Spines of the fins
slender, the third of the dorsal is the height of the body, its
width less than one tweKth of its length, the second anal spine
stronger, but rather shorter than the third, and about one-fifth of
of the height of the body. Silvery, with six or seven indistinct
vertical bands.

Port Jackson.

168. Gerres australis, Casteln.

Casteln., Ees. Fishes of Australia, page 43.

Head three times in the length of the body (without the caudal
fin), height of body twice and one-third in the same, snout equal
to the diameter of the eye. The second dorsal spine is thick and
long, half the length of the bodj-, the third nearl}^ as long, but
slender; the second aual spine is stronger but shorter than the
third. Colour silvery, with the upper parts purple, the soft
dorsal ha^; a line of faint obscure .-pots. An appearance in some

378 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AtJSTRALI.^^ FISHES,

specimens of faint transverse bands on tlie body. Length from
two to two and a-lialf iuclies.

Swan Elver, West Australia,

169. Gerres oyena, Ouv. & Val.

Guntb. Cat. Fishes I., p. 352.— Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Perc. pi. 77, f . 5.

D. 9/10. A. 3/7. L. lat. 35-38. Ceoe. pylor. 3. Yert. 10/14.

The height of the body is contained twice and three-fourths in
the length, without the caudal fin. Praeorbital and prseoperculum
entire ; the latter with the angle slightly rounded. The snout is
a little longer than the diameter of the eye, which is one-third of
the length of the head. Si)ines of fins of moderate length and
strength ; the second of the dorsal one-half the height of the body
and twice as long as the second anal spine. Uniform silvery.

Torres Straits (Oastelnau).

170. Gerres argyreus, Guv. & Yal.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 353.

D. 9/10. A. 3/7. L. lat. 45.

The height of the body is scarcely more than the length of the
head, and is one-third of the length of the body (without the
caudal fin) ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the length of
the head, and rather longer than the snout, the extent of which
equals the distance between the eyes. The groove for the processes
of the intermaxillary bones is entirely scaleless, and does not
extend to the vertical from the centre of the eye. The spines of
the fins are slender ; the second of the dorsal is one-half the
height of the body and more than twice the length of the second
anal spine, which is rather stronger, but not longer than the third.
Silvery ; top of the dorsal fin blackish.

Port Jackson (Gunther).

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 379

171. Gerres fiamentosxjs, Cuv. & Val.

Giinth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 345.— Bleek. Atl. Iclitli. Perc, pi. 78, f . 3.

D. 9/10. A. 3/7. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 6/12.
The height of the body is twice and one-third in the length,
(without caudal fin). Spines of moderate strength ; the second
of the dorsal produced into a filament, which sometimes extends
to the tail. The scaly sheath of the dorsal is high ; the second
anal spine is stronger and shorter than the third, and one-third
of the length of the head. Silvery, with obscure brown spots.

Endeavour Eiver, and Torres Straits.

172. Geeres philippixus, Gunth.
Gunth. Cat. Fishes, Vol. IV., p. 258.

D. 9/10. A. 3/7. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 6/12.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-fifths in the
length (without caudal); the length of the head twice and a-fourth,
the length of the caudal fin is two-ninths of the total. The
diameter of the eye is one-third of the length of the head, equal
to the width of the interorbital space, and more than the extent
of the snout. The groove for the processes of the intermaxillary
bones is rounded behind, naked, and extends beyond the vertical
from the anterior margin of the eye. The free portion of the
tail is longer than high. The scaly sheath of the dorsal is very
high. The second dorsal spine is elongate, equal to two-thirds
the height of the body. The second anal spine is much stronger
but scarcely shorter than the third, the posterior anal rays covered
entirely by the scaly sheath. Pectoral fins very long, reaching
to the second anal spine. Silvery, each dorsal ray and the
posterior spines with a blackish dot near the base. Three and
a-half inches long.

Cape York and Nicol Bay (Gunther.)

380 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

173. Gerres Melbournensis, Casteln.
Proc. Zool. Soc. Victoria, Vol. I., p. 158.

D. 9/16. A. 3/17. L. lat. 37-38.

Height twice and a-half in the length, without caudal ; eye
large, contained twice and two-thirds in the length of the head ;
profile over the eye and snout very convex ; the length of the
dorsal spines and rays slightly increase as they go backwards ;
caudal fin forked ; anal with the third spine longest, and the
rays decreasing gradual^ in length from the first ; pectorals
shorter than the head, the third ray longest. General colour
silvery, the upper parts are blue, and the sides have a copper
tinge ; there are faint longitudinal lines due to the centre of each
scale being darker ; the spinous dorsal is purple, and the soft,
yellow ; the caudal also yellow ; and the anal, pectorals, and
ventrals pink. Eye yellow, the pupil rather angular.

Melbourne, in the month of July.

I have never seen this Fish, and doubt very much its being
a Gerres.

Genus Gerreomorpha, All. & Macl.
Characters of Gerres, but with ten dorsal spines.

174. Gerreomorpha rostrata. All. & Macl.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 274, pi. 8, fig. 3.
Torres Straits.

Genus Scolopsis, Cuv.

Form oblong. Eye moderate. Snout moderate, with the cleft
of the mouth nearly horizoatal. One dorsal with ten spines,
anal with three ; tail more or less forked. Infraorbital arch
with a spine directed backwards. Praeoperculum generally
denticulated; operculum with an indistinct spine. Scales

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 381

moderate, ctenoid. Five branchiostegals. Pseudobrancliise.
Air bladder simple ; pyloric appendages.

Warm seas from the Eed Sea to the Pacific.

175. SCOLOPSIS MARGARITIFER, Blcek.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 355.— Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Perc, pi. 39, f . 2.

D. 10/9. A. 3/7. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 4/15.

The height of the body is from three and a-fifth to three and
a-third times in the total length, the length of the head about
four and a-half times. The diameter of the eye is two and three
quarters in the length of the head, longer than the snout, and
equal to the distance between the eyes. Praeorbital half as wide
as the orbit, with a very long and strong spine and some
denticulations beneath — the second of these terminating posteriorly
in a small point, above the tip of the large spine. Prseoperculum
with strong short spinous teeth, each with a small hook at the
base ; the angle projecting backwards, strongly armed. The
spines of the fins moderate, the second anal stronger but not
longer than the third. The upper lobe of the tail longest.
Greenish-olive, each scale with a pearl-coloured base. The
marginal half of the dorsal fin violet.

Cape Greuville (Chevert Exp.)

176. ScoLOPSis LONGTJLTJS, Eichards.
Ann. Nat. Hist. IX., 1842, p. 389.— Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 363.
D. 10/9. A. 3/7. L. lat. 42. L. trans. 3/15.
The height of the body is about the length of the head and
one-fourth of the total length. The diameter of the eye is rather
shorter than the snout, and is three and three-fourths in the head.
The prseorbital is three-quarters as wide as the eye, with a small
spine and some denticulations beneath ; preeoperculum with the
posterior limb very finely serrated, and the angle rounded. Spines
of fins moderate, the second anal shorter than the third. Caudal

382 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOaUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

fin emarginate. A yellowisli band broadly edged with, blackish
above and below, from above the pectoral fin to the root of the
caudal ; two indistinct blackish lines above the lateral line.

Torres Straits, Port Essington, Poit Darwin.

177. SCOLOPSIS PERSONATFS, Block.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 360.— Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Perc, pi. 63, f . 4.
D. 10/9. A. 3/7. L. lat. 50.

The height of the body is three times and three-fourths in the
total length, the length of the head four times ; the diameter of
the eye is three times and a-third in the head. The preeorbital
is half as wide as the eye, and denticulated beneath the spine ;
the snout is scarcely longer than the diameter of the eye. Prae-
operculum with the angle rounded, and the posterior limb slightly
emarginated and strongly denticulated. The third anal spine
longest. Tail deeply forked with the lobes pointed ; the first ray
of the ventral fin produced into a short filament. Snout above
violet, with a bluish band between the eyes, a broad yellow band
from the eye to the tail, the soft dorsal with a violet margin
behind.

Port Darwin.

Genus Dentex, Cuv.

Form oblong, a little elevated ; eye moderate. Mouth more
or less horizontal. One dorsal with from ten to thirteen spines,
anal with three. Caudal fin forked. Canine teeth. Praeorbital
entire, broad, distance between the eye and the cleft of the mouth
great. Preeoperculum entire, with more than three series of
scales ; operculum without prominent spine. Six branchiostegals.
Scales moderate, ctenoid. Pseudobranchise. Swim-bladder with
a notch posteriorly. Pyloric appendages in small number.

Found in all Seas,

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 383

178. Dentex filifer, Casteln.

Castelnau, Eesearclies on tlie Fishes of Australia, p. 12.

D. 12/9. A. 3/7.

The height of the body is three times and one-third in the total
length; the head over three times and a-haK in the same ; the prse-
operculum has five series of scales; the teeth are numerous,
villiform, with an external series of larger ones, and two strong
canines on each side of the upper jaw in front, and one on each
side in the lower jaw. The tail deeply forked with the third ray of
the uj)per lobe produced into a filament as long as the total length
of the fish ; the ventrals have the outer ray elongate. Coloration
silvery- white (in spirits), with the upper parts of a slate colour ;
a bright yellow stripe, rather broad, extends from below the eye
to the base of the pectorals.

Queensland. One specimen nine inches long.

Q-enus Synagris, Gunth.

Characters the same as Dentex, except that there are only three
series of scales between the eye and the angle of the praeoperculum.

Found in the Indian and Pacific Seas.

179. Synagris ftjrcostjs, Cuv. & Val.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 373.

D. 10/9. A. 3/7. L. lat. 48-50. L. transv. 4/14.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is
oue-f ourth of the total ; the diameter of the eye is thrice and two-
thirds in the head, and once and a-half in the length of the snout.
The prseorbital is higher than the eye. Six canine teeth in each
jaw. Spines of fins slender, flexible, the fourth, fifth, and sixth
longest, about twice and a-third in the length of the head.
Caudal fin deeply forked, scaly, the upper lobe rather the longer,
^he second and third anal spines very feeble and nearly equal in
2 W

384 DESCEIPTIYE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN- FSIHES,

size ; tlie posterior rays of the dorsal and anal fins slightly-
elongate. Coloration uniform reddish-yellow.

North and North-east Australia, Palm Islands, and Cape
Grenville (Chevert Exp.)

180. Syxagris t^xiopterus, Cuv. & Yal.

Gunth. Cat.EishesI., p. 374.— Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Perc,,pl.56,f. 5.

D. 10/9. A. 3/7. L. lat. 48. L. trans. 4/11.

The height of the body nearly equals the length of the head,
and is three times and two-thirds in the total length, the snout is
longer than the diameter of the eye, which is one-fourth of the
length of the head. The prtBorbital is as high as the eye. The
spines of the fins are slender, the posterior of the dorsal the
longest, but rather shorter than the rays. The third anal spine
is intermediate in length between the* second spine and the first
ray ; the posterior rays of both dorsals and anal rather elongated.
Eose-coloured, with j^ellow longitudinal bands on the body ; a
yellow band from the base of the first dorsal spine to the top of
the last ray.

North-east Coast. Cape Sidmouth (Chevert Exp.)

Q-enus Pentapus, Cuv.
DifiPers from Dentex and Synagris chiefly in having the prse-
orbital narrow, the distance between the eye and the cleft of the
mouth small, and the swim-bladder without notch behind.

East Indian and Australian Seas.

181. Pentapus yitta, Cuv. & Val.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 381.

D. 10/9. A. 3/7-8. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 6/20.

The margin of the pra3operculum without scales, slightly striated.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is

BY W. MACLEAY, P.L.S. 385

about one-fourth, of tlie total length. The diameter of the eye is
shorter than the snout, and the distance between the eyes one-
fourth of the length of the head. Caudal fin forked, with acute
lobes. The spines of the fins feeble, the second of the anal one
half of the third. Scales of prceoperculum in six series. A broad
brownish band from the snout through the eye to the upper half
of the root of the tail.

Western and North. Western Coasts.

182. Pentapus setosus, Bleek.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 382.— Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Pare, pi. 46, f. 1.

D. 10/9. A. 3/7. L. lat. 60. Ctec. pylor. 5. Yert. 10/13.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is
four times and three-fourths in the total length ; the diameter of
the eye is three times and a-half in the length of the head. The
middle spines of the dorsal fin are the longest ; the first ventral
ray is produced into a filament which reaches the anal ; the third
anal spine is intermediate in length between the second spine and
the first ray. The upper lobe of the caudal produced into a long
filament. A blue and yellow band from the muzzle through the
eye to the operculum ; a brown blue-edged spot at the root of
the caudal ; dorsal fin with the upper margin yellow.

North Coast. Port Jackson (Macl. Mus.)

183. Pentapus paradiseus, Gunth.

Cat. Fishes I., p. 383, pi. 24, fig. a.

D. 10/9. A. 3/7. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 5/16.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is
one-fourth of the total length (without caudal filament). The
diameter of the eye is three times and three-quarters in the length
of the head. Middle spines of dorsal fin longest ; the first ray
of the ventral sometimes prolonged into a filament, which does
not reach the vent ; the third anal spine intermediate in length

386 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF ArSTRALIAN FISHES,

between the second spine and first ray ; the upper loLe of tlie
caudal produced into a long filament. Muzzle above bluish-
silvery with two yellow cross-bands, the anterior running to the
middle of the eye, crossing the pra)orbital. A third yellow band
runs from the pr^eorbital, along the inferior margin of the orbit,
across the cheek, operculum and suboperculum, to the base of
the pectoral. A silvery longitudinal band from the middle of the
eye, along the side of the body below the lateral line, to the
upper part of the tail, and convergent with another pearl-coloured
band from the origin of the anal : both the latter bands meet at
an acute angle in the middle of the base of the caudal fin. Finally
a pearl- coloured band on the back, along the base of the dorsal
fin.

North and East Coasts. Cape Sidmouth (Chevert Exp.)

Genus ApHARErs, Cuv. & Val.

Body oblong ; eye moderate ; mouth slightly obligue, wide,
the lower jaw longer. One dorsal with ten or twelve spines, the
anterior part highest, spines feeble, caudal fin deeply forked. No
canines. No teeth on the palate ; prseorbital and pr^eoperculum
entire. Scales rather small. Seven branchiostegals. Air-bladder
simple, a (respiratory) cavity behind the branchiso, at the interior
of the humerus ; pyloric appendages in small number.

From the Eed Sea to Australia.

184. Aphareus rosetjs, Casteln.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. III., p. 373.
Port Jackson.

Genus Erythrichthys Temm. & Schleg.
Form elongate ; eye moderate ; mouth very protractile ; two
dorsal fins, with some isolated spines between. Tail forked. No
teeth in the jaws or palate, cardiform teeth on the pharyngeal

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 387

bones. Preeoperculum entire. Scales ratlier small. Six or seven
branchiostegals. Pseudobranchiae.

Indian and Australian Seas.

185. Erythrichthys nitidus, Richards.

Gunth. Oat. Fishes I., p. 395.

Emmeliclitliys nitidus, Eich., Voy. Erebus and Terror, p. 47, pi.

29, fig. 7-8.
B. 7. D. 9. 3/1/9-10. A. 5/10. L. lat. 96. L. transv. 8/20.

Uniform greyish-silvery. The angle of the pra^operculum
rounded.

West Australia.

Family II. SQUAMIPINNES.

Perciform fishes, with the body generally very elevated, and
with the vertical fins covered with small scales.

Genus Ch^todon, Cuv.

Body much compressed and elevated. One dorsal fin without
any notch, spinous and soft portions equally developed, none of
the spines elongate. Muzzle short or of moderate length. No
teeth on the palate ; prseoperculum entire or slightly serrated,
without spine. Scales large or of moderate size. Six branchi-
ostegals. Air-bladder with horns or two divisions. Intestinal
tractus with many convolutions ; pyloric appendages in moderate
number.

All tropical Seas.

186. Oh^todon strigatus, Ouv. & Val.

Gunth. Oat. Fishes 11. , p. 34.

D. 11/17. A. 3/14. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 10/21.
Snout scarcely produced, equal to or rather shorter than the
diameter of the eye ; prseoperculum very distinctly denticulated ;

388 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

the soft dorsal fin not higJier tlian tlie spinous, whicli is equal in
height to the distance between the posterior margin of the eye
and the extremity of the snout. Body with five or six brown
longitudinal bands, the first and second continued on the soft
dorsal, the fourth and fifth on the anal.

Port Jackson.

187. Ch^todon sexfasciatus, Eichards.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 35.

D. 10/21. A. 3/17-19. L. lat. 90.

Snout very slightly produced, about equal to the diameter of
the eye ; prteoperculum very distinctly serrated. The dorsal and
anal fins rounded posteriorly. Six brown vertical bands the
anterior of which goes through the eye from the nape of the neck,
to the root of the ventrals.

West Australia. King Greorge's Sound (Macl. Mus.)

188. Ch^todon aureofasciatus, Macl.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, Yol. II., p. 351, pi. 8, fig. 3.
Port Darwin.

189. Cn.ETODON ocELLiPiNNis, Macl.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. III., p. 33, pi. 3, fig. 1.
King George's Sound.

190. Ohjetodon OLiGACAis'Tnus, Bleek.
Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 34.— Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Chsetod., pi. 15,

fig. 4.

D. 6/30. A. 3/20. L. lat. 46.
The anterior part of the soft dorsal fin elevated, the sixth spine
the longest. Yellowish, with five brownish vertical bands ; the
first through the eye, the second across the opercle, the third ani

BY W. MACLEAT, F.L.S. 389

fourth, to the anal fin, the fifth on the tail : the fourth with a
round black spot at the base of the dorsal fin, the fifth edged with
yellow ; a red band from the snout to the forehead.
Port Jackson. Port Darwin.

191. Ch^todon setifer, B1.
Gunth. Cat. rishesll.,p.6.— Less.yoy.Coquille,i3. 1 75, pi. 29, f. 2.
D. 13/23. A. 3/20. L. lat. 33. L. transv. 6/13.
Snout produced, pointed, conical, one-half longer than the
diameter of the eye ; praeoperculum very indistinctly serrated ;
the fifth dorsal ray more or less elongate, filiform. The ocular
band extends over the inter operculum, is narrower above the
orbit and wider below. The anterior part of the back with
blackish streaks obliquely descending forwards, the rest of the
body with streaks obliquely ascending forwards. Top of the
dorsal behind the fifth ray, with a round black white-edged spot.
The vertical fins with a very fine blackish, marginal line ; ventrals
whitish.

Cape York (Castelnau). Sydney (Kner.)

192. Ch^todon yittattjs, B1.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 23.— Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Chsetod., pi. 15,

fig. 1.

D. 13/21. A. 3/20. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 5/13. Vert. 10/14.

Snout short, obtuse, and equal in length to the diameter of the
eye ; prseoperculum very indistinctly serrated ; the dorsal and anal
fins with the posterior angle rounded. Body with parallel and
slightly oblique blackish streaks. Snout blackish, separated from
the ocular band by a white streak ; the ocular band white-edged,
encircling the chest, much narrower than the orbit ; a very narrow
blackish, anteriorly white-edged stripe behind, and parallel to,
the ocular band, along the praeopercular margin. A cuneiform,
black, yellow edged band from the origin of the soft dorsal to

390 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

the back of the tail, where it is broadest. A black yellow-edged
band along tlie base of the anal fin. The soft dorsal with an
indistinct reddish band along its middle. The tail crossed in the
middle by a black yellow-edged bar ; ventrals whitish.

Cape York (Castelnau).

193. Ch^todon plebejus, Cuv. & Yal.
Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 5.

D. 14/17. A. 4/15. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 6/15.

The snout is rather obtuse, and nearly equal in length to the
diameter of the eye, preeoperculum scarcely denticulated ; the
dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. The ocular band
reaches from the side of the neck to the inferior margin of the
interoperculum, is white-edged, and darker above the eye than
below. Tail with a large, rounded, blackish, white-edged spot
near its back, immediately below the end of the dorsal.

Sue Island, Torres Straits (Chevert Exp.)

Genus Neochjetodon, Castelnau.

Differs from Chcetodon in having a bifid tooth on the palate, the
operculum strongly serrated behind and at the rounded angle,
and the second anal spine very large.

194. Neoch^todon vittatum, Casteln.

Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol II., p. 130.
Form oval, high ; back gibbous, height of body half the length
(without the caudal fin). Eye large, of the length of the snout ;
preeorbital serrated. Colour light yellow, with six broad, longi-
tudinal streaks of a fine black on the body, the two lower ones
curved downwards ; the dorsal fin has a blue band, the other fins
are yellow.

One specimen three inches long from "West Australia.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 391

Count Oastelnau suggests that Chcetodon strigatus, should be
placed in the same genus as this species.

Genus Chelmo, Cuv.

Body much compressed and elevated ; one dorsal fin with nine
or more spines, none elongate. Muzzle produced into a long
cylindrical tube, with a small anterior cleft of the mouth. No
teeth on the palate, prceoperculum without spine. Scales moderate
or small.

Indian and Australian Seas.

195. Chelmo rostratus, Cuv. & Val.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 36.— Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Ch^t., pi. 7, f . 2.

D. 9/30. A. 3/21. L. lat. 47. L. transv. 9/20. Vert. 10/14.

The length of the snout from the eye is one-half the entire
length of the head. Head and body with five brownish cross-
bands, edged with brown and white, a round, black, white-edged
spot in the middle of the soft dorsal, within the fourth cross
band, the fifth band black round the tail.

North-west Coast, Port Essington, Port Darwin and Cape York.

196. Chelmo marginalis, Eichards.

Ann. Nat. Hist. 1842, X., p. 29.— Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 36.

D. 9/30. A. 3/21. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 9/22. C®c. pylor. 5.
Vert. 10/14.

Length of snout half that of the head. Head and body with
four brownish cross-bands, edged with brown and white ; some-
times an indistinct blackish spot in the middle of the soft dorsal,
within the third cross-band, the fourth band round the tail.

West Australia. Swan Piver.

I find that the species mentioned by me in "The Fishes of
Port Darwin " (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. II., p. 352) as
2X

S92 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAX FISHES,

C. marginalis, is tlie following species. It is doubtful if marginal is
lias ever been seen excepting on tbe West Coast.

197. Chelmo teicixctus, Casteln.
Eesearclies on the Fishes of Australia, p. 14.

The snout is one-half the length of the head ; the profile from
that part to the base of the dorsal fin is nearly perpendicular ;
the dorsal and anal fins arc almost truncate behind. The colour
is yellowish with numerous longitudinal, obscure, narrow stripes
on the body ; a double band extends from the base of the dorsal
through the eye to beneath the operculum, another is placed
further backwards, crosses the posterior part of the operculum,
and extends to the base of the ventral fin ; a third forms a ring
round the tail. All these bands are formed of two black narrow
lines, having between them a broader space of the general colour
of the body. The soft parts of the dorsal and anal fins have a
narrow black margin.

Port Darwin. From three to three and a-half inches long.

198. ClIELMO LONGIROSTRIS, CuV. & Val.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 38.— Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Ohcet., pi. 4, f. 5.

D. 12/23. A. 3/18. L. lat. 75. L. trans v. 12/30.

The length of the snout is much more than half that of the
head. A large triangular black patch covering the neck, the
upper surface of the head, and the side downwards to the level
of the inferior margin of the eye ; a round black spot at the
posterior angle of the anal fin ; caudal blackish.

Cape York (Castelnau).

199. Chelmo truncatus, Kner.
Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., Add. p. 516.
D. 11/26. A. 3/21. L. lat. 43-44.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 393

The length of the snout is not quite half that of the head ;
dorsal and anal fins angular, truncated posterio^l3^ Silvery with
five black transverse bands, between which are others of a
greyish colour.

Port Jackson. King George's Sound.

200. ClIELilO TROCHILIJS, Guuth.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1874, Yol. XIV., p. 368.
D, 11/27. A. 3/8. L. lat. 55.

Body as high as long, head and caudal fin excluded. The
length of the snout is contained twice and one-third in that of the
head. Anterior part of the soft dorsal and anal fins produced
into an acute point, the hind margin of the fins being vertical.
Caudal fin truncated. Silvery ; head and body with five black
transverse bands, the first (the ocular band) mucli narrower than
the orbit, extending from the nape to the interoperculum, and
edged with white above the eye ; the second, rather broader
than the first, runs from the three anterior dorsal spines over
the operculum across the chest in front of the ventrals ; the third,
twice as broad as the second, from the sixth, seventh, and eighth
spines to the abdomen, the fourth, between the pointed angles of
the dorsal and anal fins ; the fifth narrow, round the middle of the
free portion of the tail ; an indistinct and incomplete cross-band
between the first and second, and another between the second
and third bands ; some irregular blackish spots in the interspaces.
Hind-margin of the dorsal and anal fins blackish. Caudal uniform
reddish ; ventrals black, with yellowish spine.

Australia (Gunther). Seven inches long.

Genus Hexiocuus.
Differs from CTuctodon in having the fourth dorsal spine elongate
and filiform. Five brancliiostegals.
Indian and Australian Seas.

394 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

201. Hexiochus macrolefidotus, Ciiv. & Yal.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 39.— Bleek Atl. lelith. Clurtod., pi. 5, f . 1 .

D. 11/24. A. 3/17. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 10/22. Ca3c. pylor. 6.

Yert. 10/14.

The fourth dorsal spine exceedingly elongate. A small
protuberance above each orbit, none on the neck. The upper
surface of the snout and a band between the orbits black. Body
with two broad black bands, the anterior from the first four
dorsal spines, touching the hind-margin of the operculum, across
the root of the pectorals to the belly, including the ventrals,
which are deep black ; the posterior band from the fifth, sixth,
and seventh dorsal spines descending obliquely backwards, and
occupying the posterior half of the anal fin ; the anterior half is
black- edged.

Port Darwin. Port Essington.

202. Heniochus varius, Cuv. & Yal.

Gunther, Cat. Pishes II., p. 41. — Bleeker, Atlas Ichth. Chsetod.,

pi. 3, fig. 2.

D. 11/23. A. 3/17. L. lat. 53.

A protuberance above each orbit, conical and horn-like in
adult specimens, scarcely visible in young ones ; a third, obtusely
conical, on the nape of the neck. A black band from the origin
of the dorsal fin, occupying the whole head to the proeopercular
margins ; the second black band nearly entirely suppressing the
ground colour from the third to the seventh dorsal spines, to the
belly, and extending from the root of the pectorals and ventrals
to the end of the anal, which like the ventrals is entirely black.

Cape York. (Castelnau, Ees. Fishes of Aust., p. 15.)

Genus Holacanthus.
Differs from CItcBfodonm having a strong spine pointing back-
wards at the angle of the prrcoperculum.
All tropical Seas.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 395

203. HoLACANTnUS SEXSTRIATUS, CllV. & Yal.

Gimth. Cat. Fislies II., p. 49.— Bleek. Mas Iclith. Chectod., pi.

10, %. 2.

D. 13/18-19. A. 3/18. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 7/25.

The j)ra3opercular spine is smooth, and reaches to the base of
the pectoral, the dorsal and anal fins are not produced. Head
and ventral fins brown ; the former with a white vertical band,
descending from the nape of the neck, between the eye and pree-
opercular margin to the spine. Body with six brown vertical
bands ; each scale with the centre darker.

Port Darwin. Cape Grenville (Chevert Exp.)

204. HoLACANTHUS DuBOULAYi, Gimth.

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1867, Vol, XX., p. 67.— Macl., Proc,
Linn. Soe. N.S. Wales, II., p. 352.

D. 11/23. A. 3 20.

Prteopercular spine reaches to the vertical from the hind margin
of the operculum. Dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly.
Head and anterior part of the body yellow, the remainder brown.
A very broad ocular band, broader than the eye, descends from
the neck to the ventral fins. The brown portion of the body
is coarsely reticulated with yellow, the lines descending from the
back to the belly. Caudal fin and a cuneiform band along the
hinder half of the base of the dorsal, yellow.

North-west Coast. Port Darwin.

Genus Scatophagus, Cuv. & Yal.
Differs from Chcetodon in having a recumbent spine pointing
forwards in front of the dorsal fin, and in having four spines to
the anal.

205. Scatophagus argus, Linn.
Gunth. Cat. Fishes II,, p. 58.— Bleek. Alt. Ichth. Charted., pi. 1,

fig. 2.

396 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIA:?^ FISHES,

D. 11/16. A. 4/14. Ofec. pylor. 20. Vert. 11/12.

The widtli betweeu tlie eyes is twice and a-third in tlie length,
of the head ; the length of the fourth dorsal spine is twice and
a-half in the height of the bod3^ Praeorbital with the lower
posterior angle denticulated. Body and vertical fins spotted
with brown.

Port Jackson, Brisbane, Cape York.

206. SCATOFAGUS TETRACANTIIUS, LaCOp.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 60.
D. 11/10. A. 4/14.

Brownish with five dark vertical bands.
Port Darwin.

207. ScATOPiiAGus MULTiFASCiATUs, Eicliards.

Voy. Ereb. and Terr., Fishes, p. 57, pi. 35, f. 4-6.— Gunth. Cat.
Fishes II., p. 60.

D. 12/17. A. 4/16.

The width between the eyes is twice and two-thirds in the
length of the head ; the third dorsal spine is the longest, and is
twice and one third in the height of the body. Prroorbital with
the lower posterior angle minutely serrated. Back with about
twelve narrow vertical bands, between which are others still
narrower and shorter.

Genus Drepaxe, Cuv. & Yal.
Body much compressed and elevated. Snout short with the
upper profile parabolic. Dorsal fin deeply emarginate with eight
spines. Pectorals elongate, falciform. Anal spines three. No
preeopercular spine.

Indian and Australian Seas.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 397

208. Drepane punctata, Cuv. & Yal.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 62.— Bleek. Atl. Ichtli. Chcetod., pi. 3,

fig. 4.

D. 8/20. A. 3/18. L, lat. 50. L. transv. 14/33. Ctec. pylor. 2-3.

The third dorsal spine longest, the first of the ventral fin elongate;
the pectoral reaches to or near the root of the caudal. Uniform
silvery, with vertical series of brown specks which are sometimes
confluent.

North-west Coast. Cape York.

G-enus Scoepis, Cuv. & Val.

Body compressed and elevated. Snout moderate. One dorsal
fin with nine or ten spines, anal with three, the soft portions of
both densely scaly. Jaws with an outer series of stronger teeth ;
teeth on the vomer and palatine bones. Seven branchiostegals ;
air-bladder present ; pyloric appendages in very great number.

Pacific Ocean.

209. ScoRPis GEORGiANUs, Cuv. & Val.
Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 64.

D. 9/26. A. 3/27.

The soft dorsal and anal fins falcate, the anterior rays being
elevated. Uniform brownish.
King George's Sound.

210. ScoRPis iEQUiPiNNis, Eichards.

Yoy. Erebus and Terror, Fishes, p. 121. — Gunth. Cat. Fishes, II.,

p. 64.

Scorpis lineolatus, Kner., Voy. of Novara., Fishes, p, 108, pi. 5, f . 3.

** The Siveep " of the Sydney Fishermen.

D. 10/27. A. 3/27.

398 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

The lower margin only of the prseopercnlum finely serrated.
The dorsal and anal fins are not falcate, the rays becoming
gradually shorter posteriorly. Uniform brownish black.

Port Jackson.

211. ScoRPis vmosA, All. & Macl.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 277, pi. 9, fig. 2.
Darnley Island (Che vert Exp.)

Genus Atypus, Q-unth.

Body compressed, oblong. Snout short. Mouth small. Dorsal
fin with eleven spines, anal with three, the soft i)ortions of both
covered with scales. Scales rather small, ctenoid. Villiform
teeth in the jaws and on the vomer, none on the palatine bones.
Prseoperculum denticulated. Branchiostegals seven. Air-bladder
bifurcate anteriorly and posteriorly.

Australian Seas.

212. Atypus strigatus, Gunth.
Gunth, Cat. II., p. 64.

Atypichthys strigatus, Casteln., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, III.,

p. 375.

D. 11/15-16. A. 3/15-16. L. lat. 70-75. L. transv. 11/26.

Csec. pylor. 11.

Silvery with five or six brown parallel, longitudinal bands.

Port Jackson. Swan Eiver.

Genus Toxotes, Cuv.
Body compressed, oblong ; snout rather produced, with the
lower jaw longest; eye of moderate size. One dorsal fin with
five spines, situated on the posterior part of the back, the soft
portion and the anal fin scaly. Villiform teeth in the jaws, on
the vomer and the palatine bones. Scales of moderate size,

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 399

cycloid. Seven branchiostegals ; air-bladder simple ; pyloric
appendages in moderate number.

Indian and Australian Seas.

213. ToxoTES JACULATOR, Cuv. & Val.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 67.— Bleek. Atl. Icbth. Chsetod., pi. 1,

fig. 4.

U. 5/11-13. A. 3/15-17. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 3-4/7-8 Csec-

pylor. 7-9. Vert. 10/14.

The length of the snout equals the width of the space between
the eyes. Greenish with broad darker bands or spots across the
back.

Port Darwin, Endeavour Eiver.

214. ToxoTES CARPENTARiENSis, Casteln.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, Vol. III., p. 47.

Norman Eiver. Gulf of Carpentaria.

Family III. NANDIDiE.
Perciform Fishes, with an interrupted lateral line.

Genus Plesiops, Cuv.

Body compressed, oblong. Scales moderate. Mouth some-
what protractile. Dorsal fin with eleven or twelve spines, anal
with three. Ventral fin with four rays ; the first elongate and
bifid. Small teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and palatine bones.
None of the bones of the head serrated. Six branchiostegals ; four
gills, pseudobranchise ; an air-bladder j pyloric appendages none.

Indian and Australian Seas.

215. Plesiops c^ruleo-lineatus, Rupp.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes, III., p. 363.

D. 11-12/7. A. 3/8. V. 1/4. L. lat. 23.
2 Y

400 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

The lifiiglit of tlie body is contained four or five times in the
total length ; the length of the head three times and three-quarters.
Snout convex. The maxillary extends behind the vertical from
the posterior margin of the orbit. Black, each scale with a blue
spot ; an oblique, blue, longitudinal line on the dorsal and anal
fins. Caudal sometimes with a red band, parallel to the margins.

Australia, from Mr. Macgillivray's collection

216. Plesiops Bleekeri, Gunth.

Gunth. Cat. III., p. 364, and Journ. Mus. Godeff. Heft. VII.,
p. 87, pi. 58, fig. A.

D. 12/9. A. 3/18. P. 18. V. 1/4. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 5/19.

Reddish or yellowish with four broad black bands.
Port Jackson (Macl. Mus.)

Genus Trachinops, Gunth.

Body compressed, elongate. Scales small not ciliated. Mouth
not protractile. Dorsal and anal fins long, the former with
fourteen, the latter with three spines. Teeth in the jaws, on the
vomer and palatine bones ; bones of the head not serrated. Five
branchiostegals ; gills three and a half. Pseudobranchiee ; the
gill membranes not united below the throat.

Coasts of Australia.

217. Trachinops toeniatus, Gunth.

Gunth. Cat. III., p. 366.— Kner., Fishes Novara, p. 215, i^l. 8, f. 7.

D. 14/16. A. 3/20. L. lat. 62.

Back brownish-black, with a white band running on each sidp
of the base of the dorsal fin.

New South Wales.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 401

Genus Euppelia, Casteln.

Eye large. Body oblong, scales moderate ; opening of month
oblique and superior ; teeth villif orm, in several series, the outer
series of larger teeth ; teeth on the vomer and palatine bones,
and also on the tongue, a fleshy filament on each side of the upper
lip near the centre ; lateral line interrupted ; twelve dorsal spines ;
three anal. Ventrals, one spine and three rays.

218. Euppelia prolongata, Casteln.

Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, II., p. 51. — Ees. Fish. Aust. p. 29.

D. 12/10. A. 3/10. Y. 1/3. L. lat. 45.

Height twice and three-quarters in the length without caudal
fin, head thrice and a-quarter in the same, diameter of the eye
four times and a-half in the length of the head. The lower jaw
longer than the upper ; head without scales and grooved between
the eyes, operculum prolonged into a rounded angle near the
base of the pectoral fin. The spines of the dorsal increase
gradually in length, the twelfth being about twice as long as the
second, which is twice the length of the first, the middle rays of
the soft dorsal and anal are very much prolonged, reaching to or
beyond the caudal ; the ventral rays are also elongate. The
lateral line terminates at the end of the the soft dorsal fin, but
another line is marked in the middle of the side for some distance
from the tail ; caudal pointed. Colour dark brownish-green,
entirely covered with small rounded, light blue spots. Length
about twelve inches.

Port Phillip. West Australia.

Count Castelnau classed this Fish with the JVandicke, and
therefore I place it here, but I fancy from his description of the
genus that it would be more naturally placed among the Fseiido-
chromidce.

402 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

Family TV. MULLID^.

Bodj' elongate, slightly compressed, covered in'fh large scales.
Profile of head more or less parabolic ; Injal apparatus with two
long harhels. Lateral line continuous . xMoutli small. E^-e lateral
of moderate size. Fourhranehiostegals; pseudobranchipo. Dentition
feeble. Two dorsal fins remote from each other ; anal similar to
second dorsal. Stomach syphonal.

Genus Upeneoides, Bleek.
Teeth in both jaws, on the vomer and palatine bones.
Indian and Australian Seas.

219. Upexeoides vittatus, Linn.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 397.— Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Mull., pi. 2, f. 3.

D. 8. 1/8. A. 7. L. lat. 39. L. transv. 3/6.

The length of the head is four times and one-fifth in the total ;
the barbels reach to the vertical from the angle of the prse-
operculum ; the height of the spinous dorsal is four-fifths of that
of the body. Body with two or three longitudinal bands, shining
golden ; the spinous dorsal with the top black, and with one or
two blackish bands ; the upper lobe of the caudal with three or
four, the lower with two or three, oblique, black bands.

Endeavour River (Macl. Mus.)

220. Upexeoides teagula, Eichards.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 398.— Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Mull., pi. 2, f. 2.

D. 8. 1/8. A. 7. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 2/5.

The length of the head is four times and three-fourths in the total
length ; the barbels do not reach to the vertical from the posterior
margin of the precoperculum. The height of the spinous dorsal
is three-quarters of that of the hodiy. Vomerine teeth in two
lateral strips. Head, body, and anal, pectoral and ventral fins
sparingly and irregularly spotted with brownish; a brown

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 403

longitudinal band from the snout through the eye to the base
of the tail ; dorsal fins largely marbled with blackish ; each lobe
of the caudal fin with five or six oblique, brown cross-bands.

Port Darwin. Palm Islands. Port Jackson.

221. Upexeoides t.exiopterus, Cuv. & Yal.

Kner. Voy. Novara, Fishes, p. 68.

D. 8-9. 9. A. 7.

Height of body one-fifth of the total length, the diameter of
the eye is one-fourth of the length of the head, and is once and
a-quarter in the width of the interorbital space. The colour is
red, with a more brilliant red spot at the root of the tail ; the
fins are marked with brown bands. The second dorsal spine is
equal to the distance from the front of the snout to the extreme
edge of the pracoperculum.

New Holland (Kner.) Length ten inches.

222. Upexeoides Vlamixgii, Cuv. & Yal.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 400.

D. 8. 9. A. 8. Ctec. pylor. 30.

The height of the body ec^uals the length of the head and is
three times and two-thu^ds in the total length. The barbels
reach to the angle of the prpc operculum. The vomerine teeth are
divided into two lateral groups. Eed ; each scale with a violet
speck forming together longitudinal series, snout and cheeks with
oblique violet streaks ; the second dorsal and anal fins with
longitudinal series of violet specks.

Port Jackson. Port Phillip.

223. Upexeoides roseus, Casteln.

Eesearches on the Fishes of Australia, p. 11.

D. 7. 1/8. A. 7.

404 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

Height of body four times and a-half in the length without
the caudal fin, the head three times and one-third in the same ;
eye three times and a-third in the length of the head ; teeth large
and numerous on the vomer and palatine bones ; the height of
the spinous dorsal less than two-thirds of that of the body. Caudal
fin strongly forked. Body pink with the upper parts purple,
head above olive ; the belly silvery ; on each side a broad gold
band ; fins immaculate, the dorsal, caudal and pectoral fins are
olive-yellow, the ventrals flesh-colour ; the barbels are long.

Cape York. Specimen five and a-half inches long.

Genus Mulloides, Bleek.

Teeth in both jaws in several series, none on the vomer or
palatine bones.

All tropical seas.

224. Mulloides flavolineatus, Cuv. & Yal.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 403.— Bleek. Atl. Iclith. Mull., pi. 4, f . 3.

D. 7. 1/8. A. 8. L. lat, 35-36. L. transv. 2/5-6. Crec.
I)ylor. 18. Yert. 10/14.

The height of the body is five times and a-third in the total
length ; the space between the eyes is once and a-half in the
length of the snout, and flat ; the barbels reach to the vertical
from the angle of tiie praeoperculum ; the spinous dorsal is nearly
as high as the bod3\ A broad citrine baud from the eye to the
tail ; yellow streaks on the tail ; fins immaculate.

New Holland (Kner. Yoy. of Novara).

Genus Upeneus, Cuv. & Yal.
The teeth in both jaws in a single series, none on the palate.
All tropical seas.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 405

225. Upeneus barberinus, Cuv. & Val.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 405.— Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Mull. pi. 3, f. 1.

D. 8. 9. A. 7. L.lat. 29-31. L. transv. 2/7. Vert. 10/14.

The height of the body is four times and a-third in the total
length ; the distance between the eyes is one half of the length
of the snout ; the barbels reach slightly beyond the vertical from
the angle of the prteoperculum. A black band from the eye along
the lateral line to below the anterior half of the second dorsal ; a
round black spot on each side of the root of the caudal.

New Holland (Kner., Fishes of the Novara).

226. Upeneus malabaricus, Cuv. & Val.

Uunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 407. — All. & Macl. Proc. Linn. Soc.
N.S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 274.

D. 7. 1/9. A. 7. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 3/7.

The barbels reach beyond the angle of the prseoperculum. A
large ovate white spot on the lateral line above the extremity of
the ]3ectoral fin ; a black spot on each side of the root of the tail.

Cape Grenville (Chevert Exp.)

227. Upenetjs porosus, Cuv. & Val.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 400. — Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1867,
Vol. XX., p. 59.

D. 8. 1/8. A. 7. L. lat. 30.

Body elevated anteriorly, about a third of the length. Snout
twice as long as the eye. The barbels extend to the vertical
from the hind margin of the operculum. Two silvery streaks
between the eye and the mouth ; parts above the lateral line
clouded with darker ; spinous dorsal blackish.

Port Jackson, Poit Phillip, and Tasmania.

406 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

228. Upeneus signatus, Guntli.

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1867, Vol. XX., p. 59.

D. 8. 1/8. A. 1/6. L. lat. 30-31.

The height of the body is contained thrice or thrice and one-
third in the length (without caudal). Head not much longer
t han deep, snout only twice as long as the diameter of the eye.
Barbels extending to the hind margin of the pr^eoperculum.
Dorsal spines flexible at the top. Tubes of the lateral line with
rather long lateral branchlets, in small number. Coloration as
in U. larlarinus, but with the black caudal spot large, square,
and extending over the back of the tail ; a whitish blotch in front
of it.

Port Jackson.

Family V. SPAEIDiE.

Perciform fish with either incisor teeth in front of the jaws, or
lateral series of molar teeth.

1. — Incisor teeth, vegetable feeders.

Genus Pachymetopon, Gunth.

Behind the incisor teeth in each jaw, a similar band, but less
developed, and replacing the former. No molars ; no teeth on
the palate. Dorsal and anal fins partly, caudal entirely, hidden
by scales. Dorsal without notch and with eleven spines, scales
moderate, cheek scaly.

Australian Seas.

229. Pachymetopon grande, Gunth.
Gunth. Cat. Pishes I., p. 424, pi. 26.
D. 11/11. A. 3/10. L. lat. 88. L. transv. 11/22.
A large and convex transverse protuberance between the eyes.
Coloration uniform greyish, with the fins blackish.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 407

I think that a fish m my Museum, taken in Port Jackson is
this sj)ecies. Dr. Gunther when he described, it was not acquainted
with its ''habitat."

230. Pachymetopon SQUAMOSirNr, All. & Macl.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 275, pi. 9, fig. 1.
Torres Straits, South Coast of New Guinea.

Genus Girella, Gray.

Incisors generally tricuspid. Cheeks scaly ; opercles naked,
except the upper angle of the operculum. Dorsal spines can be
received into a rather incomplete groove. Scales moderate. Six
branchiostegals. Pyloric a]ppendages in great number; air-
bladder divided into two posterior horns.

Chinese and Australian Seas.

231. Girella tricuspid ata, Cuv. & Yal.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 428. — Eichards, Ereb. and Terr., Fishes,

p. 36, pi. 25, f. 2.

'' Black Fish " of the Sydney Fishermen.

D. 15/11-12. A.3/11 12. L.lat.50. L. transv. 10/20. Vert. 11/16.

The length of the head is four times and two-thirds in the
total length ; dorsal fin moderately high, the spinous portion
lower than the soft, the incisors three-pointed, moderately broad,
imbricate, in several series in the upper, in two in the lower jaw.
Uniform brownish.

Port Jackson, Victorian and New South Wales Coasts.

232. Girella simplex, Eichards.

Voy. Ereb. and Terr., Fish., p. 25.— Gunth. Cat. Fishes, I., p. 429.

D. 15-14/12-13. A. 3/12. L. lat. 55. L trans. 11/20.

The length of the head is one-fiftli of the total length ; dorsal

fin of moderate height, the spinous portion about as high as the

2 Z

408 DESCRIPTIVE CATAIiOGTTE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

soft; the incisors with the cutting margin entire, moderately
broad, imbricate, above and below in two or three irregular
series. A short series of teeth on the anterior portion of the
palatine bones. Uniform brownish or blackish.
Port Jackson. Port Phillip.

233. GiRELLA zoNATA, Gunth.
Gunth. Cat. Pishes, I., p. 429, pi. 27.
D. 14/14. A. 3/11. L. lat. 49. L.transv. a/17.
In both jaws a pluriserial band of narrow tricuspid teeth,
separated from a posterior band of similar teeth by a groove.
Brown (in spirits) with a vertical lighter zone across the middle
of the back ; the vertical fins and the ventrals blackish.
Australian Seas ? (Gunther).

234. GiRELLA Blackii, Casteln.
Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. II., p. 41.
D. 15/12. A. 3/12. L. lat. 53-54. L. transv. 32.
Body oval, its height contained three-times in the total length
head four and a-half times in the same, diameter of the eye one-
fourth of the length of the head ; teeth with three points ; prse-
operculum scaly ; operculum naked, except on its upper external
portion. The soft dorsal fin is higher than the spinous. Colour
in dried specimen uniform light brown, with the lower parts more
yellow.

Port Phillip. Four inches and a-half in length.

235. GiRELLA ELEVATA, W. sp.

" The Bnmimery

D. 13/12. A. 3/10.

Height of body more than a third of the total length ; length
of head one-fifth. Teeth tricuspid, the middle cusp large and

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 409

rounded, a few conical looking teeth on the side of the inter-
maxillary bone behind. Scales large except on the occiput ;
dorsal spines strong, shorter than the rays ; anal spines strong,
gradually increasing in length, but much shorter than the rays.
Tail large, slightly emarginate ; pectoral fins about as long as
the head. Uniform brown.

Port Jackson.

236. GlRELLA CYAKEA, 71. SJ).

''Blue Fish.''

D. 15/12. A. 3/10.

Height of body three times and two-thirds in the total length,
head nearly one-fifth ; teeth evenly tricuspid, smaller ones on the
sides, spinous and soft dorsal of about equal height ; the second
anal spine stronger and a little shorter than the third ; tail strongly
forked. Colour deep blue.

237. GlRELLA EaMSAYI, 71. sp.

D. 15/12. A. 2/12.

Height of body three times and a-half in the total length ;
length of head five times. Eye large. Forhead broad, smooth,
very slightly convex and more than twice the diameter of the
orbit ; length of snout twice the diameter of the orbit. Teeth
small, tricuspid, none on the vomer. Upper lip fleshy, the
maxillary entirely covered by the preeorbital when the mouth is
shut, and reaching to the vertical from the first nostril ; the prae-
orbital is a little emarginate in front. Scales rather large ; those
on the cheek very minute, and on the throat and chest entirely
embedded in the skin. Dorsal fin nearly even throughout ; the
second spine of the anal very strong, more than twice the length
of the first, and much shorter than the rays ; tail considerably
emarginated. Coloration slaty-brown above and on the sides,

41 0 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGIJE OF AlTSTRALlAN FISHES,

white on tlie belly ; muzzle, chin, and round the eyes bright
yellow. Length eighteen inches.

Port Jackson.

Genus Tephr^eops, Gunth.
Like Girella, but with very small scales.

238. Tephr^ops Eichardsoni, Gunth.
Gunth. Cat. Fishes, I., p. 432.

Crenidens tephraops, Eichards, Yoy. Erebus and Terror, p. 69,
pi. 41, fig. 1.

D. 14/13. A. 3/11.

In front of the jaws a single series of tricuspid teeth, separated
from the broad posterior band of smaller ones by a groove ; anal
fin rather elevated, the second ray being four-fifths of the length
of the head. Uniform blackish.

King George's Sound.

Genus Neotephksiops, Casteln.

Like Teplirceops, but with the operculum as well as the prse-
operculum covered with scales.

Australian Seas.

239. NEOTEPHRiEOPS ZEBRA, Eichards.

Crenidens zelra, Eichards, Erebus and Terror, Fishes, p. 70.

Teplirceops zelra, Gunth., Cat. Fishes, L, p. 432.

Neotephrcdops zehra, Casteln., Proc. Zool. Soc, Vict., Vol. I., p. 69.

D. 14/13. A. 3/12. L. lat. 79. L. transv. 61.

Body oval ; the height about three and a-third times in the
total length, the head nearly five times in the same. Coloration
dark grey or black, with nine broad darker bars descending from
the back.

King George's Sound.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 411

Genus Haplodactylus, Cuv. & Yal.

In both jaws series of flat and generally tricuspid teeth, behind
which is a band of small cardiform teeth ; vomerine teeth. Cheeks
and opercles scaly. Two elongate dorsal fins ; anal short ; the
lower pectoral rays simple. Scales very small. Five or six
branchiostegals, pyloric appendages in small number. Air-
bladder simple.

Southern Pacific.

240. Haplodactylus arctidens, Eichards.

Gunth. Oat. Fishes I., p. 335.

D. 16. 1/18. A. 3/7. Ofec. pylor. 4. Vert. 16/18. ?

Incisors lanceolate without distinct lobes in old age. Six simple
pectoral rays, Uniform brownish.

Port Arthur, Tasmania.

241. Haplodactylus lophodon, Gunth.

B. 5. D. 17/20. A. 3/6. L. lat. 78.

Each incisor with a terminal lobe and two lateral lobes on each
side. Six simple pectoral rays. Brown: operculum with a black
spot behind ; caudal and anal fins variegated with lighter.

Coast of New South Wales. Port Jackson.

242. Haplodactylus obscurus, Casteln.
Proc. Linn. Soc, N. S. Wales, Vol. III., p. 374.
Port Jackson.

2. Molar lateral teeth m the jaws. Carnivorous.

Genus Letheinus, Cuv.

Cheeks naked. Cardiform teeth in front of the jaws with the
addition of canines, lateral teeth in a single series — conical, or
conical and molar-like, or obtuse molars. Scales moderate. Six

412 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGITE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

brancliiostegals. Air-bladder generally notcbed posteriorly, and
with short lateral appendages.
Indian and Australian Seas.

243. Lethrinus nematacanthtjs, Bleek.

Gunth. Cat. i^ishes I., p. 456.— Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Perc, pi. 39, f . 3.
D. 10/9. A. 3/8. L. lat. 48.

The height of the body is nearly four times in the total length,
the length of the head four times to three and three-quarters ;
the snout is slightly elongate and pointed ; the diameter of the
eye is once and a-half in the length of the snout. The maxillary
bone reaches to or nearly to the vertical from the anterior margin
of the eye. Canine teeth moderate, the lateral teeth conical. Dorsal
spines slender : the second longest, flexible, longer than the
longest ray and than half the length of the head. Tail slightly
emarginate. Olive, shining-golden, with four or five orange-
coloured longitudinal bands, head and body with indistinct and
irregular brownish spots, a blackish blotch between the pectoral
fin and the lateral line ; spines and rays of the fins (except the
pectoral) with brownish spots.

North-east Coast. Percy Islands. Port Jackson. (Macl. Mus.)

244. Lethrinus chrysostomus, Eichards.

Voy. Erebus and Terror Fishes, pi. 60, f. 6-7.— Grunth. Cat. Fishes

I., p. 457.

D. 10/9. A. 3/8. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 5/16.

The height of the body is three times in the total length, the
length of the head three and a-quarter. The snout is elongate
and pointed, and the eye, in adult specimens, of rather small size,
its diameter being less than the distance between the eyes, or
nearly one-third of the length of the snout. The maxillary bone
reaches to the vertical from the posterior nostril. Canine teeth
rather strong; the lateral teeth conical and pointed. Dorsal

BY "W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 413

spines moderate ; the third rather shorter than the longest ray,
and three times and a-half in the length of the head. Olive ; each
scale of the back and sides with a black vertical streak at its base ;
head, and dorsal, caudal, anal and ventral fins blackish-brown ;
the caudal variegated with lighter.

Norfolk Island, Cape York, Percy Islands, &c.

245. Lethrinus Eichardsonii, Gunth.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 458.

Lethrinus hmnatopterus, Bleek, Atl. Ichth. Perc, pi. 53, fig. 4.

D. 10/9. A. 3/8. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 5/17.

The height of the body is three times to three and a-half in
the total length, the length of the head three and a-half times.
The snout is slightly elongate and pointed ; the diameter of the
eye is rather more than the width between the orbits, and once
and a-half to once and two-thirds in the length of the snout. The
maxillary reaches to the vertical from the anterior nostril.
Canine teeth rather small, those of the lateral series conical, none
molar-like. Dorsal and anal spines rather stout, the fourth and
fifth dorsal longest, but shorter than the rays and about twice
and a-half in the length of the head. Caudal fin emarginate.
Brownish-olive (in spirits) indistinctly marked with darker, a
black roundish blotch between the lateral line and the pectoral
fin. (These markings are not represented in Dr. Bleeker's figure).

Cape York (Gunther).

246. Lethrinus laticaudis, All. & Macl.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 276, pi. 8, fig. 2.
Percy Islands (Chevert Exp.)

247. Lethrinus papuensis, All. & Macl.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 276, pi. 8, fig, 1.
South Coast of New Guinea (Chevert Exp.)

414 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

248. Lethrinus fusciceps, Macl.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. II., p. 350, pi. 8, fig. 1.
Port Darwin.

249. Lethrinus punctulatus, Macl.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. II., p. 351, pi. 8, fig. 2.
Port Darwin.

250. Lethrinus harak, Forsk.

Gunth. Cat. Fishesl., p. 458.— Bleek. Atl. Idith. Perc.,pl.49, f. 3.

D. 10/9. A. 3/8. L. lat. 47. L. transv. 6/14.

The lieiglit of the body is three times and a-half in the total
length, the length of the head four times ; the snout moderately
elongate and pointed. The diameter of the eye is greater than
the distance between the eyes, and once and three-fourths in the
length of the snout. There is a slight protuberance before the
upper anterior angle of the eye ; the maxillary reaches to the
vertical from the anterior nostril. Canine and molar teeth
moderate. Dorsal spines rather feeble ; the fourth, longest,
rather shorter than the highest ray and twice and three-fourths
in the length of the head. Caudal fin slightly emarginate.
Greenish-olive, with an oblong lateral blotch of a blackish colour
below the lateral line and below the middle of the dorsal fin.

Sydney (Kner, Fishes of the Novara).

251. Lethrinus cocosensis, Bleek.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 59.— Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Perc, pi. 18, f. 1.

Z. sordidus SLJid.fasciakis, Cuv. & Val.

D. 10/9. A. 3/8. L. lat. 50.

Height of body four times in the total length, the length of
of the head three times and five-sixths. The diameter of the eye
is thrice and a-half in the length of the head, and more than the
distance between the eyes. The snout is longer than the eye,

BY W. MAOLEAY, F.L.S. 415

and the maxillary does not reach to the vertical from the anterior
margin of the eye. The x^osterior teeth are molars ; canines
moderate. The fifth dorsal spine longest, one-third shorter than
the height of the body and shorter than the rays. Caudal fin
forked with pointed lobes. Olive, with reddish or orange coloured
longitudinal bands and with four or five five brown transverse
ones. Fins immaculate, reddish-yellow, the spinous dorsal
brown- edged

New Holland (Kner. Fish. Novara).

252. Lethrixus glypiiodox, Gunth.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 462. — Castelnau, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.
Wales, Vol. III., p. 372.
Port Jackson.

Genus Neolethrinus, Casteln.

Like Letlirinus, but with the palate and all the inside of the
mouth, covered with small molar teeth.

253. Neoletheixus similis, Casteln.

Castelnau, Eesearches on the Fishes of Australia, p. 12.
D. 10/9. A. 3/8. L. lat. 52.

The height of the body is ecj^ual to the length of the head, and
is contained twice and two-thirds in the length (caudal excluded).
The ejQ is about three times and a-third in the length of the
head, the mouth is rather extensible and pointed, with the cleft
oblique. The caudal fin is bilobed. The general colour is grej'",
the head rather purple with ocellated round white spots on the
cheeks ; there is a large square, obscure spot on most of the
scales at the back ; on the lower part of the body there are traces
of two or three slight longitudinal stripes of a yellow tinge ;
throat white, fins transparent, rather yellow ; membranes of the
dorsal rather nebulous. Length four inches.

Cape York.
3 A

416 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FiSHES,

Genus Sph^rodon, Eupp.

Jaws with several conical canine-like teeth, in front, and with
a single series of molars on the sides. Cheeks scaly. Dorsal fm
with ten spines, which can be received in a groove. Scales
moderate. Six branchiostegals. Pyloric appendages in small
number.

Indian and Australian Seas.

254. Spil^erodon grandoculis, Rupp.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 465.— Mus. Godeff. Journ. Heft 7, p. 67.

Syx. — Siolmrodon Jieterodon, Bleek., Lethrinus latidens, C. & V.

S2)licerodonlatidens, Kner., Fishes of Novara, p. 83, pi. 4, fig. 1.

D. 10/10. A. 3/9. L. lat. 46. L. transv. 5/16. Ceec. pylor. 3.

Vert. 10/14.
Eyes large. The dorsal spines equal on both sides, the third
anal spine longest ; the spinous dorsal with two series of bluish
spots, some of the rays of the dorsal and anal fins with a black
spot behind their base.

New Holland (Kner, Fishes of Novara).

Genus Pagrxjs, Cuv.

Similar pairs of strong, conical, canine like teeth in the outer
series of both the jaws ; molars in two series. Cheeks scaly.
The spines of the dorsal are sometimes elongate, and can be
received in a groove. Scales moderate. Six branchiostegals.
Pyloric appendages in small number. Air-bladder simple.

All Seas.

255. Pagrijs uxicolor, Cuv. & Yal.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 468.

Schiai^i^er of the Fishermen.

D. 12/10. A. 3/8. L. lat. 52. L. trans. 8/17. Cecc. pylor. 5.

The height of the body is twice and two-thirds in the total

length, the length of the head thrice and a-half ; the diameter of

BY TV. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 417

the eye equals the distance between the eyes, and is once and
a-third in the length of the snout ; a slight protuberance above
the upj)er anterior angle of the eye ; the prfeorbital is one and
two-third times as long as high ; tliere are six or seven series of
scales on the praeoperculum. Dorsal spines not elongate ; the
second anal spine rather longer but not stronger than the third,
one-third of the length of the head ; the pectoral reaches to the
third anal spine. Silvery; back darker with silvery specks,
sometimes disappearing in preserved sjpecimens.

All Australian Seas.

256. Pagrus major, Temm.
Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 470.

D. 12/10. A. 3/8. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 7/15.

The distance between the eyes equals their diameter, which is
once and a-half in the length of the snout. The praeorbital is
once and one-third as long as high, a slight protuberance before
the upper anterior angle of the eye. Limb of prteoperculum
naked. Dorsal spines moderate, slightly compressed on one side,
the fourth longest ; the second anal spine rather stronger but not
longer than the third, which is one-third of the length of the head.
Molars small in two series, sometimes with a third of rudimentary
teeth. Uniform reddish.

AVest Coast of Australia.

Genus Ciirysopiirys, Cuv.

Four or six conical canine teeth and three or more series of
rounded molar teeth in both jaws. Cheeks scaly. The spines
of the dorsal can be received in a groove. Scales moderate. Six
branchiostegals ; pyloric appendages in small number ; air-
bladder sometimes notched or with very short appendages.

All Seas.

418 DESCRIPTIYE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

257. Chrysophrys sarba, Forsk.,

Gimtlier Cat. Fishes I., p. 188.

" Tar whine " of the Fishermeu.

D. 11/12-13. A. 3/11. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 7/14.

The height of the body is twice and two-thirds in the total
length, the length of the head four times ; the distance between
the eyes is rather more than theii* diameter, which is once and
two-thirds in the length of the snout. The prseorbital is once and
a- third as long as high ; a slight protuberance above the upper
anterior angle of the eye. Incisors broad, obtuse ; the molars in
great number forming four series in both jaws, a large ovate
molar behind. Dorsal spines moderate, rather compressed,
broader on one side, the fourth longest ; the second and third
anal spines nearly equal, twice and three-quarters in the length
of the head. Silvery, with about fourteen indistinct longitudinal
streaks in preserved specimens.

Port Jackson.

258. Chrysophrys hasta, B1.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 490.— Bleek. Atl.Ichth.Perc.,pl.67, f. 3.

D. 11-12/10. A. 3/8-9. L. lat. 42-45. L. transv. 4-5/11.

The height of the body is twice and two-thirds in the total
length, the length of the head thrice and two-thirds. In adults
the eye is once and three-quarters in the width of the forehead
and twice in the length of the snout. The preeorbital is twice as
long as high and is notched to receive the extremity of the
maxiUary bone. Incisors conical, pointed, of moderate strength,
molars in great number, above in four or five series, beneath in
three or four. Dorsal spines strong, compressed, broader on one
side, the fourth longest, once and a-half in the length of the head.
Operculum with a rather prominent spine. Silvery, anal fin
blackish, dorsal edged with blackish.

Port Darwin.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 419

259. Chrysophrys australis, Gunth.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 494, pi. 28, fig. b.

'' Black Bream " of the Sydney Market.

D. 11/10-11. A. 3/8. L. lat. 44-45. L. transv. 5/13.

The height of the body is nearly one-third of the total length,
the length of the head one-fourth. The diameter of the eye is
four times and two-thirds in the latter, and one and a-half in the
length of the snout. Molars in four series in the upper, and
three in the lower jaw, the posterior ones largest. The pra3orbital
is rather lower than the orbit. There are five series of scales
between the prpeorbital and the angle of the praeoperculum.
Dorsal spines strong, the fourth longest, nearly half the length
of the head. The second anal spine is very strong, equal in
length to the fourth of the dorsal. Silvery, with shining golden
longitudinal streaks, edge of the spinous dorsal and axil black.

Port Jackson, Port Phillip &c.

Family VI. HOPLOGNATHID^E.

Perciform Fishes, with the teeth of the jaws confluent into a
cutting lamella.

Genus Hoplognathus, Eichards.

The spinous dorsal with twelve spines, the soft dorsal and anal
fins rather elevated ; vertical fins scaly on the basal portion.

Indian and Australian Seas.

260. HoPLOGNATHUS coNWAYii, Eichards.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes III., p. 357.

D. 12/12. A. 3/12.

The length of the fifth and sixth dorsal spines is three times
and a-third in the length of the head.
Australia ? (Gunther).

420 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF ATJSTRALIAX FISHES,

Family VII. CIERHITIDJi].

Perciform fislies with the lower pectoral rays not branched, and
with neither trenchant nor molar teeth in the jaws.

Genus Neocirrhites, Casteln.

Almost identical with Bleeker's genus CirrhilichtJiys, but with
no canine teeth in the upper jaw. The lower jaw is crowded
with small villiform teeth, with the canines strong and curved
backwards. Six simple pectoral rays. Teeth on the palate ;
prseoperculum armed.

261. Neocirrhites armatus, Casteln.

Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. II., p. 101.

D. 10/13. A. 3/ ? L. lat. 43. L. transv. 16.

Form broad, oval, compressed, upper profile very convex ;
height a little over twice and a third in the total length of the
fish ; head four times in the same ; eye twice and a-half in the
length of the head, upper jaw a little longer than the lower.
Cheeks scaly, praeoperculum with a series of rather long spines
at the angle. Operculum with a notch behind and covering the
base of the pectorals, the suprascapida serrated. Scales rather
large. Dorsal spines about equal, excepting the first which is
short ; the second anal spine rather longer than the third ; the
simple rays of the pectorals are thick and longer than the others,
extending to the extremity of the ventrals. The dorsal fin is
received in a scaly sheath in which the spines lay alternately,
forming two rows. The colour is a light yellowish brown with
the back darker. Length two inches.

Knob Island, Torres Straits.

Genus Chironemus, Cuv. & Val.

Six or seven lower pectoral rays simple ; dorsal fin with fifteen
spines. Villiform teeth in both jaws, without canines ; teeth on

i3Y W. IMACLEAY, F.L.S. 4^1

the vomer, none on the palatines. Six Lranchiostegals. Pra)-
opercnlum entire ; operculum with points. Scales moderate.
Air-bladder none ; pyloric appendages in small number.

Australian Seas.

262. CniRONEMUs geobgianus, Cuv. & Val.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes 11., p. 76.

D. 15/16. A. 3/7. Ca)c. pylor. 4.

Seven simple pectoral rays, the base of the soft dorsal half as
long as that of the s^^inous.

King George's Sound.

263. Chiroxemtjs marmoratus, Gunth.
Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 76.

1). 14. 1/18. A. 3/6. L. lat. 55.

Six simple pectoral rays ; the base of the soft dorsal rather
shorter than that of the spinous ; the fifth dorsal spine longest^
Yellowislf, largely marbled with dark brown ; the spinous dorsal
blackish, the other fins spotted with brown.

Western Australia, Darnley Island, Port Jackson.

264. CniROXEMus maculostjs, Eichards.

Threpterius maculosus, Eichards, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1850, p. 70,

pi. 2, fig. 1-2.

Chironemus maculosus, Gunth., Cat. Fishes II., p. 78.

D. 14/18. A. 3/7. L. lat. 52.

The length of the base of the soft dorsal fin is two-thirds of
that of the spinous. Seven simple pectoral rays ; preoorbital
narrow ; membrane between the dorsal spines deeply notched,
and produced into a small free lobe behind each spine. Pale
brown : head, body, and the soft dorsal, caudal and anal fins
spotted with blackish.

King George's Sound.

422 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN* FISHES,

Genus Ciiilodactylus, Cuv.

One dorsal fin with sixteen to nineteen spines ; the anal fin of
• moderate length ; the caudal forked ; one of the simple pectoral
ra3^s more or less exceeding the fin in length. Teeth in villiform
bands, no canines, no teeth on the vomer or palatine bones.
Prseorbital and praeoperculum entire. Scales moderate. Cheeks
scaly. Six or five branchiostegals. Air-bladder with many lobes
generally ; pyloric appendages in small number.

Temperate regions of the Pacific. South Africa.

265. Ciiilodactylus vittatus, Garrett.

Gunth. Jour. Mus. Godeff. Heft. 7, p. 73, pi. 51, fig. b.

Zeodrius vittatus, Castel., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. AVales, Vol. III.,

p. 377.
Port Jackson.

Count Castelnau's species from Sydney is evidently the same
as Gunther's from the Sandwich Islands, the only disparity being
in Castelnau's describing the dorsal fin as having only one short
spine in front of the long one, which is clearly a mistake,

266. Chilodactylus cakponemus, Cuv. «fe Val.

Gunth. Cat. Pishes II., p. 78.

B. 6. D. 17/31. A. 3/19. Ca3c. pylor. 2.

Spven rays of the pectoral simj^le, the longest reaching nearly
to the end of the anal, and one-third of the total length. Dorsal
fin scarcely notched. Coloration uniform, the caudal fin with
blackish tips.

South Australia.

267. Ciiilodactylus macropterus, Eichards.

Gunth. Cat. Pishes, II., p. 78.
'^ Morwong " of the Sydney Pishermen.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 423

D. 17/26. A. 3/14. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 6/17.

Six simple pectoral rays, the uppermost very elongate, reaching
to the fourth soft ray of the anal ; dorsal fin notched, the seventh
spine longest, higher than the soft dorsal, and one half the length
of the head ; the second anal spine strong, and longer than the
third. A blackish band from the origin of the dorsal to the
shoulder and the base of the pectoral.

Port Jackson, Tasmania, Port Phillip.

268. Chilodactyltjs aspersits, Eichards.

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1851, Vol. VII, p. 230.— Gunth. Cat.
Fishes II., p. 79.

D. 18/27. A. 3/11. L. lat. 55-57. L. transv. 6/15.

Six simple pectoral rays, the uppermost very elongate, reaching
beyond the origin of the soft anal. The spines of the fins are
strong, the fifth of the dorsal longest, higher than the soft dorsal
and twice and four-fifths in the length of the head. Brownish
with scattered black specks.

Tasmania.

269. Chilodactyltjs nigricans, Eichards.

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1851, Vol. VII., p. 279.— Gunth. Cat.
Fishes II., p. 79.

D. 15/26. A. 3/10. L. lat. 48.

Five simple pectoral rays ; the uppermost longest, projecting
only about one-sixth of its length beyond the membrane ; the
sixth dorsal spine is the longest, equals one-third of the height
of the body, and is higher than the soft rays, which rise consider-
ably above the posterior spines. Uniform blackish-grey.

King George's Sound.
3B

424 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

270. Chilodactylus nigripes, Eichards.

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1851, YoL VII., p. 381.— Gunth. Cat.

Fishes II., p. 82.

D. 18/26. A. 3/10. L. lat. 61.

Five simple pectoial rays, tlie second longest, not reaching the
vent, and projecting about a third of its length beyond the
membrane. Dorsal fin notched, the fifth and longest spine is
more than one-third the height of the body. An eminence above
the upper angle of the orbit. Fins black.

King Greorge's Sound.

271. Chilodactylus gibbosus, Eichards.
Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 84.

D. 17/33. A. 3/9. L. lat. 63.

Five simple pectoral rays of moderate length, the second and
third longest. Dorsal fin slightly notched, the fourth and fifth
spines elongate, the former equal to the length of the head, in
old specimens a pair of horns on the forehead, and a pair of bony
tubercles on the snout. A blackish longitudinal band between
the dorsal and the lateral line.

West Australia, Tasmania, Port PhiUip.

272. Chilodactylus spectabilis, Hutton.

Fishes of New Zealand, p. 8, 1872.

Chilodachjlus Allporti, Gunth., Ann. Nat. Hist. 1872, Vol. X.,

p. 184.

Chilodactylus ruhrofasciatus, Casteln., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales

Vol. III., p. 140.

D. 17/26. A. 3/9. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 5/16.

Total length about four and a-quarter times the length of the
head, and rather more than three times the height of the body.
Six simple pectoral rays, the upper'one the longest, not so long

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 425

as tlie head, and not extending to tlie end of tlie ventrals, the
others graduated. Dorsal deeply notched, the fourth, fifth, and
sixth spines about equal and longest, rather more than one-third
of the length of the head. Back and sides yellowish-orange,
with six transverse bands of reddish orange ; belly yellowish
white, dorsal fin blackish.

Tasmania, Port Phillip.

273. CiiiLODACTYLTJS Fuscus, Oastolu.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, Vol. III., p. 376.
The " Carp " of the Sydney Fishermen.
Port Jackson.

274. Ohilodactylus annularis, Casteln.
Proc. Linn. Soc, N. S. Wales, Vol. III., p. 377.

Port Jackson.

Genus Nemodactyltjs, Eichards.

One dorsal fin with seventeen spines ; the anal of moderate
length, the caudal forked; one of the simple pectoral rays
elongate. A single series of minute teeth in the jaws ; no other
teeth. Prseorbital and pr8eoj)erculum entire. Scales thin, cycloid,
of moderate size. Cheeks naked. Three branchiostegals. Pyloric
appendages in smaU number.

Tasmania.

275. Nemadactylus concinnus, Eichards.

Trans. Zool. Soc. III., p. 116, pi. 4, f. 2.— Gunth. Cat. Fishes II.,

p. 85.
D. 17/28. A. 3/15. L. lat. 50. Ca3c. pylor. 4. Vert. 34.

Coloration uniform. The longest simple pectoral ray projects
nearly one-fourth of its length bej'ond the membrane.

Port Arthur, Tasmania.

426 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AITSTRALIAN FISHES,

Genus Lateis, Eichards.

Dorsal fin deeply notched, with seventeen spines; anal elongate;
none of the simple rays of the pectoral elongate. Teeth villiform
in both jaws ; no canines, Prseorbital entire ; preooperculum
minutely ciliated. Scales small. Cheeks scaly. Six branchi-
ostegals. Pyloric appendages in small number.

Australia and New Zealand.

276. Latieis iiecateia, Eichards.

Trans. Zool. Soc. III., p. 106, pi. 6, f . 1 .— Gunth. Cat. Fish. II., p. 86.

Kohart Town '^ Trumpeter. ^^
D. 18/36. A. 3/27. V. 1/4. L. lat. 110. Csec. i^ylor. 4.

Vert. 14/20.

The length of the head is one-fourth of the total, the lower
nine pectoral rays simple. Vomerine teeth. Back and sides
brown, with four straight whitish longitudinal bands.

Tasmania, Port Phillip.

277. Lateis ciliaeis, Forst.

Eich. Ereb. & Terr., p. 37, pi. 26, f . 6-7.— Gunth. Cat. Fishes IL,

p. 86.
D. 17/39. A. 3/32. L. lat. 84.

The length of the head is one-fifth of the total ; six simple
pectoral rays. Vomerine teeth none.

Port Jackson.

278. Lateis Foesteei, Casteln.

Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. I., p. 77.

The " Bastard Trum2)eter " of the Melbourne Fishermen.

D. 17/40. A. 2/38. L. lat. 120.

Height of body not quite three-times in the total length, head

foiu' times and a-half in the same, eye four times and a-half in

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 427

the length of the head. Form, a regular oval ; top of head and
snout without scales ; the fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest.
Caudal fin strongly forked ; ventrals small, placed considerably
behind the pectorals. Head yellow in front and green behind
the eyes, with the sides purple, the mouth and throat are of a fine
pink, the back light purplish blue, with numerous narrow
longitudinal golden bands, the lower parts of the body whitish-
pink. The dorsal fin is reddish with a darker margin, the anal
similar; the caudal and ventrals are rather dark coloured, pectorals
yellowish. Eyes orange.

Port Phillip. Gippsland Coast.

279. Latris bilineata, Casteln.
Proc. Zool, Soc, Victoria, Vol. I., p. 79.

D. 15/41. A. 2/35.

Form and proportions the same as in L. Forsteri, the fourth
anal ray prolonged into a filament. Colour silvery with the back
blue ; two longitudinal broad golden bands on the sides ; towards
the middle of the height there is a longitudinal impression like
a second lateral line, the inside of the mouth and throat are black.

From Western Port. Length seven inches.

280. Latris inobnata, Casteln.
Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. I., p. 79.

D. 16. 1/40. C. 15. P. 19.

Profile oval ; height of body three times and one-third in the
total length, the head four times and one-third. The spinous
dorsal higher than the soft, the fifth, sixth and seventh spines
being the longest ; caudal fin strongly forked ; general colour
bluish silvery-white, with the back and upper part of the head a
deep blue black, which extends to the lateral line, where it ceases
at once without any graduation or shade ; at this line there is a

428 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOOtTE OF ArSTRALlAN FISHES,

yellow tinge ; the dorsal fins liave a black border, tlie caudal is
black with a yellow margin ; the anal is white with its base pink,
and a small black spot on its anterior angle ; ventrals whitish ;
pectorals yellowish-green with the base dark. Eye silvery with
a bluish tinge ; a black spot on the upper part of the operculum.

Western Port. Length six and a-half inches.

Genus Laoepedia, Casteln.

Pr^operculum strongly serrated, operculum with a strong
point. Teeth numerous and cardiform in the jaws with canines,
teeth on the vomer and palatine bones. One dorsal. Fins scaly,
pectorals large, some of the rays simple.

281. Laoepedia cataphracta, Casteln.

Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. II., p. 43.

D. 11/22. A. 3/10. L. lat. 56. L. transv. 28.

Form rather high and convex above, mouth oblique, the lower
jaw longest ; head covered with elevated scales ; scales moderately
large and triangular looking. Spinous dorsal low and even ; the
third anal spine the longest. Caudal bilobed ; ventrals inserted
below the pectorals ; the pectoral rays are thick, and only the
two lowest simple. The height of the body is twice and a-third
in the length without the caudal, the head three times and a
quarter in the same ; and the eye is a little over one-fourth of
the length of the head. Colour in a dried state, uniform light
yellowish-brown.

Described from one injured specimen about seven inches in
length.

Family VIII. SCOEP^NIDiE.

Perciform fishes with a bony stay for the angle of the prreoper-
culum, which is armed ; the bone arising from the infraorbital
ring. Body with or without scales.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 429

Genus Sebastes, Cuv. & Val.

Head and. body compressed, above scaly, to or beyond the
orbits, without groove on the occiput, generally with a few small
spines; praeoperculum armed; body covered with scales of
moderate or small size ; no skinny appendages. Fins not elongate ;
one dorsal, separated by a notch into a spinous and soft portion,
with twelve or thirteen spines ; anal fin with three. No pectoral
appendages. Villi form teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and
generally on the palatine bones. Seven branchiostegals. Air-
bladder mostly present ; pyloric appendages in moderate or
small number.

In nearly all seas.

282. Sebastes percoides, Eichards.

Voy. Ereb. and Terr. Fishes, p. 23, pi. 15, f. 1-2.— Gunth. Cat.
Fishes II., p. 101.

D. 11. 1/12. A. 3/5. L. lat. 60-65.

The height of the body is three times and a-half in the total
length, the length of the head three and a-fifth. Interorbital
space concave, with two ridges, narrow, its width being one-ninth
of the length of the head. The snout is shorter than the diameter
of the eye, which is three times and one-third in the length of
the head. Vertex with prominent spines. Tongue free anteriorly,
the maxillary reaches behind the vertical from the centre of the
eye. The third and fourth dorsal spines are the longest, twice
and a-half in the length of the head and longer than the anal
spines. Eeddish, with five brown cross-bands ; pharynx black.

Tasmania, Port Phillip, Port Jackson.

283. Sebastes Allporti, Casteln.
Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. I., p. 40.
Very much like S. percoides, and believed by Dr. Gunther to
be identical. Form more elongate, the height being four times

430 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

in the length, the head less than three times in the same ; the
lower jaw longer than the upper, the spines of the prgeoperculum
very strong and sharp ; the spines on the vertex very small, almost
wanting ; the scales of the body smaller than in S. percoides ; the
dorsal fin lower, the third spine longest ; and the soft dorsal is
more equal. Colour orange marbled with brown, and with brown
bands ; the dorsal fin is black, the soft portion bordered with
white ; a broad dark band across the taU ; the ventrals and
pectorals bright orange, the latter with a broad transverse band.
Hobson's Bay. Tasmania.

Genus Scorp.s;na, Art.

Head large, slightly compressed, ivith a naked groove on the
occiput, armed with spines and sometimes with skinny flaps.
Scales moderate or small; body generally with skinny appendages.
Dorsal fin more or less deeply notched ; ventrals thoracic ; pectorals
large, rounded, no appendages. Villiform teeth in the jaws and
on the vomer, generally on the palatines also. Seven branchi-
ostegals. Air-bladder none; i^yloric appendages in moderate
number.

All temperate and tropical seas.

284. Scorp^na crxjenta, Eichards.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 112.

Scorpce7ia Militaris, Eichards, Voy. Erebus and Terror, p. 22,
pi. 14, f. 1-2.

The " Bed Roch Cod:'
D. 11. 1/10. A. 3/5. L. lat. 45.
The height of the body about equals the length of the head,
and is three and a-half times in the total. Head almost without
scales. The length of the snout is one-fourth of that of the head,
the width between the eyes one sixth ; a shallow quadrangular
groove on the occiput surrounded by very prominent spines ;

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 431

orbital tentacles moderate. The tMrd dorsal spine equals the
second anal, and is more than half the length of the head. Of a
beautiful scarlet colour, sometimes marbled with grey, belly
whitish ; sides with rounded dark blotches ; fins reddish-pink,
variegated with white; the spinous dorsal has a large black
blotch covering the upper half of its ^Dosterior portion, the soft
dorsal is thinly spotted, and transversely marked with white and
red ; the ventrals are pink ; the pectorals marbled with pink,
white, and brown.

Tasmania, Port Phillip, Port Jackson.

285, ScoRP^NA BYNiENSis, Eichards.

Voy. Erebus and Terror, Fishes, p. 22, ^\. 14, f. 3-4.— Gunth. Cat.

Fishes, II., p. 113.

D. 11. 1/8-11. A. 3/5. L. lat. 45.

The height of the body is three times and a-half in the total
length, the length of the head three and a-quarter. Head without
scales except on the upper parts of the cheek and operculum.
The length of the snout is one-fourth, and the space between the
eyes one-sixth of the length of the head. The space between the
eyes is deeply concave, but the ridges are inconspicuous and do
not terminate in a spine posteriorly. The groove on the vertex
shallow, quadrangular, broader than long, and surrounded by
very prominent spines ; orbital tentacles moderate. The fourth
and fifth dorsal spines longest, half the length of the head, and
shorter than the strong second anal spine. Body and fins
variegated with brownish and white.

Port Darwin, Darnley Island, Port Jackson.

286. ScoRP^NA CARDiNALis, Eichards.

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, Vol. IX., p. 212.— Gunth. Cat.
Fishes II., p. 116.

D. 11. 1/9. A. 3/5. L. lat. 55.
2 C

432 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

The lieiglit of tlie body is three times and two-thirds in the
total length, the length of the head three and a fifth. Clieeks
and upper part of operculum with rudimentary scales. The space
between the eyes exceedingly deep, with a central and two lateral
ridges ; its width is half the diameter of the eye, which is one-
fifth of the length of the head. A slight groove below the eye ;
crown of the head with very strong, compressed, trenchant spines,
and with a groove which is divided into a central and two lateral
portions. Orbital tentacles sometimes present. The spinous
dorsal as high as the soft ; the third and fourth spines longest,
and twice and a-half in the length of the head ; the eleventh
spine not half the length of the twelfth. The second anal spine
strong with a longitudinal groove. Colour red, marbled and
spotted with brown.

Port Jackson.

287. ScoRP^NA PANDA, Eichards.

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, IX., p. 216.— Voy. Erebus and

Terror, lol. 41, f. 3-4.— Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 117.

D. 12. 1/8. A. 3/5. L. lat. 67.

The anterior part of the spinous dorsal very high and the spines
nearly free, the length of the third spine three-quarters that of
the head ; pectoral fin reaches to the middle of the anal ; the
interocular space is very deep, the cavity on the crown a narrow
transverse furrow. MaxiUary scaly. Head and back dotted
with black ; caudal fin with two broad blackish cross-bands.

King George's Sound.

288. ScoRPiENA suMPTUOSA, Castcln.

Researches on the Fishes of Australia, p. 17.

D. 10. 1/10. A. 3/5.

Palatine teeth strong, disposed in a transverse band, height of
body three and a-half times in the total length, the head less than

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 433

three times in the same ; the groove between the eyes deep with
three longitudinal ridges, spines of the head strong and compressed;
the third dorsal spine longest ; the second anal spine the longest,
shorter than the rays. Coloration red, with conspicuous black
spots, the fins, excepting the ventrals, more densely spotted.

Western Australia, perhaps a variety of S. cardinalis.

289. ScoRP-ffiNA BELLicosA, Casteln.

Eesearches on the Fishes of Australia, p. 17.

D, 11. 1/10. A. 3/5.

Height of the body less than the length of the head, and three
times and a-quarter in the total length ; head moderately scaled ;
the length of the snout is three times and two-thirds in the length
of the head, and is a little more than the diameter of the eye ;
orbital tentacles very small ; space between the eyes very deep,
with two very prominent longitudinal ridges. Sj)ines on the
vertex and all the opercular bones. The spinous dorsal is rounded
above, highest in the middle and is formed of strong arched
spines of which the first is the shortest, and the fourth, fifth,
and sixth the longest. Light brown, covered with large irregular
marbled spots ; the lower parts of an orange-red. Fins spotted
with dark brown, but no black blotch on the spinous dorsal.

Nicol Bay. Queensland.

290. Scorp^:n-a diabolus, Cuv. & Val.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 117.

D. 11. 1/10. A. 3/5. L. lat. 44. Vert. 24.

Height of body three times and two-thirds in the total length,
the length of the head twice and three-fourths. The upper portion
of the operculum scaly. The length of the snout is one-third of
that of the body ; the width of the interorbital space is much more
than the diameter of the eye, and four-times and three-quarters
in the length of the head, the space is concave witliout ridges ;

434 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

the vertex witli a quadrangular groove, either square or broader
than long, and with, spines on each corner ; a deep groove below
the anterior angle of the orbit. No palatine teeth. The third
and fourth dorsal spines longest, but shorter than the anal spines.
Eed, marbled with brown and bluish-white ; pectoral fins spotted
or banded with black anteriorly, caudal with brown cross-bands.

Port Darwin.

Genus Glyptauciien, Gunth.

Head and body compressed ; crown of the head with a deep
saddle-like impression. Scales very small. Prpoorbital, pree-
operculum and operculum armed. Dorsal fin continuous, the
spinous portion much more developed than the soft ; anal with
three spines. No pectoral appendages. Villiform teeth in the
jaws, on the vomer and palatine bones. Seven branchiostegals.

Australia, one species.

291. Glyptauchen panduratus, Eichards.

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, pi. 1, f. 3-4.— Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 121.

D, 17/7. A. 3/6. V. 1/5.

The cleft of the mouth reaches to the vertical from the anterior
margin of the eye ; the seventh dorsal spine is the longest ; the
second anal is as long, but stouter than the third ; the pectoral
is very large and reaches nearly to the origin of the anal.

King George's Sound. Length five and a-half inches.

Genus Pterois, Cuv.
Head and body compressed, the former armed with spines on
its upper surface and on the sides, and provided with skinny
flaps ; no groove on the occiput. Scales moderate or small. One
dorsal fin deeply notched, anal short ; the spines and rays of
some of the fins very elongate and generally free, but branched ;
no pectoral appendages. Yilliform teeth in the jaws and on the

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 435

vomer, none on the palatine bones. Seven branchiostegals. Air
bladder large ; pyloric appendages in small number.

Indian and Australian Seas.

292. Pterois volitans, Linn.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 122.— Bleek. Atl. Icbth. Scorp., pi. 2, f . 3.

D. 12. 1/11. A. 3-2/6-7. L. lat. 90. Csec. pylor. 3. Vert. 10/14.

Nape of neck naked ; the space between the eyes very concave,
its width being equal to the diameter of the eye, which is once
and three-quarters in the length of the snout. The pectoral fins
reach to or beyond the caudal fin. 'Red : snout, head, and the
whole body with a great many narrow blackish cross streaks, all
the rays of the vertical fins spotted ; the spots on the pectoral
and vertical fins larger and between the rays.

Torres Straits, Endeavour Eiver, Port Jackson.

293. Pterois zebra, Cuv. & Val.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 126.— Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Scorp., pi. 1, f . 1.

D. 12. 1/10. A. 3/6. L. lat. 48-50. Csec. pylor. 3.

Nape of neck scaly ; the space between the eyes very concave,
and much less than the diameter of the eye, which is once and
a-quarter in the length of the snout. The upper and middle rays
of the pectoral fin not, or slightly detached from one another,
and not reaching to the caudal. The upper margin of the orbit
with spines on the anterior and posterior angles only. Eed :
body with about six brown cross-bands, another across the opercles;
cheeks spotted with brown. All the rays of the vertical fins black
spotted ; pectorals with semilunar blackish spots between the
rays.

Port Jackson.

Genus Centropogon, Gunth.

Head and body compressed, with distinct scales. No groove
on the occiput. Prseorbital and preeoperculum spiniferous. One

436 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGtJE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

continuous dorsal fin with twelve or fifteen spines. No pectoral
appendages. Villiform teeth, in the jaws, on the vomer and the
palatine bones. No cleft behind the fourth gill.

Australian and Indian Seas.

294. Centropogon atjstralis, White.

White, Voy. N.S. Wales, p. 266.— Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 128.

D. 15/9. A. 3/5.

Scales very small ; the pectoral fin reaches to the origin of the
anal : the third dorsal spine is the longest, once and a-half in the
length of the head ; the second anal spine is longer than the third ;
the maxillary reaches to the vertical from the anterior margin of
the eye. Brownish (in spirits), with five rather irregular dark
cross -bands, the first from the origin of the dorsal, the fourth on
the base of the caudal, the fifth across the tail.

Port Jackson,

295. Centropogon robtjstus, Gunth.
Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 128.
D. 15/9. A. 3/5. L. lat. 85.,

Scales small ; the pectoral fin does not reach to the vent ; the
fourth and fifth dorsal spines are the longest, their length being
less than half that of the head ; the second and third anal spines
equal ; the maxiUary reaches to the vertical from the middle of
the eye. Brownish, marbled and variegated with blackish.

Eastern Eivers of New South Wales.

296. Cextropogon echik-atus. n. sp.

D. 13/8. A. 3/5.

Body compressed, the height a little less than one-third of the
total length. Head strongty armed, the space between the eyes
less than the diameter of the orbit, the supraorbital ridge on each

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 437

side with four sharp recumbent spines, one sharp spine beside
the nostrils, a ridge of five similar spines from the prseorbital to
above the angle of the praeoperculum — one at the angle, two on
the operculum, a spiny ridge above the operculum and one of
two or three spines on each side of the occiput. The maxillary
bone reaches to the vertical from the middle of the eye. The
scales on the lateral line mostly end in filaments ; the second
anal spine very large. Colour yellowish, densely blotched and
marbled with brown, a light coloured band behind the dorsal and
anal fins, followed by a brown one of the same size ; root of the
tail light-coloured and faintly spotted.

Endeavour Eiver.

297. Centropogon marmoratus, Q-unth.
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1863, Vol. XI., p. 136.

D. 16/9, A. 3/6. L. lat. 68.

The third to sixth dorsal spines are the longest, half as long
as the head ; the second anal spine longer and stronger than the
third. Yellowish, marbled with brown. Length three inches.

Moreton Bay.

298. Centropogon scorp-enoides, Guich.

Neosehastes scorpcenoides, Guich., Mem. Soc, Imp. des Sc. Nat.

Cherbourg.

Centropogon australis, Casteln., Proc. Zool. Soc. Vict., I., p. 81.

The '' Gurnet ^^ of the Melbourne Market.
Height of body four times in the total length, the head three
times and a-quarter ; the diameter of the eye is three times and
one-third in the length of the head ; mouth extensible. Brown,
with the lower parts of the head and body scarlet ; dorsal green
with red spots ; caudal similar, with its posterior half black ; anal
variegated with red, brown and greenish- white ; pectorals above

438 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

obscure, variegated with red, beneath, white and spotted ; ventrals
white.

Coasts of Victoria, Port Phillip. Seventeen inches long.

I doubt this being a Centropogon, and I have never seen the
characters of M. Guichenot's genus Neosehastes,

Genus Holoxenus, Gunth.

Body compressed, covered like the fins with loose skin, which
is either finely granular or provided with minute scales. The
greater part of the spinous dorsal forms a separate fin, some of
the posterior spines being contiguous to the soft fin. Three anal
spines. Caudal rounded. Pectoral rays simj)le, not prolonged
or thickened. Eye small. Mouth of moderate width with bands
of villiform teeth. Gill opening very wide. Four gills with a
cleft behind the fourth. Pseudobranchiae.

This is a genus of doubtful position. Dr. Gunther placed it
with some doubt among the Cirrhitid<B and Dr. Bleeker among
the ScorpcBnidcB. The affinity to the latter seems to me to be
the greater.

299. Holoxenus cutaneus, Gunth.

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1876, Vol. XVII., p. 393.

D. 7. 3/10. A. 9. C. 12. P. 11. V. 1/5.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is
two-fifths of the total (without caudal) . Head strongly compresed,
with the small eye on the anterior half, not far below the upper
profile, which is concave. Snout of moderate length ; mouth
oblique with the lower jaw somewhat j)rominent. Vertical fins
high, the anterior dorsal with a subsemicircular outline, with
pungent spines, the first inserted above the eye, the third and
fourth longest. Caudal peduncle narrow. The pectoral and
ventral fins extend to the anal ; the ventral attached in its entire

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 439

length to the abdomen. Uniform whitish (in spirits). Two
specimens, the larger ten inches long.

Tasmania.

Genus Pentaroge, Gunth.

Head and body compressed, without any scales, prseorbital and
prseoperculum with strong spines. One dorsal fin with twelve or
thirteen spines, anal with three. No pectoral appendages.
Yilliform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer, and the palatine bones.
Air-bladder small ; pyloric appendages in moderate number. A
cleft behind the fourth gill.

Australian Seas.

300. Pentaroge marmorata, Cuv. & Val.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 132.

*' Fortesme " of the Sydney Fishermen.

B. 7. D. 12-13/10. A. 3/6. Cegc. pylor. 6. Vert. 11/17.

The praeorbital spine very long, dagger-shaped. Cleft of the
mouth slightly oblique, with the maxillary reaching to the vertical
from the centre of the eye. The dorsal begins on the nock.
Dirty yellowish, largely marbled with brown.

Port Jackson.

Genus Tetraroge, Gunth.
Like Pentaroge, but having generally a greater number of
spines in the dorsal fin, and not having a cleft behind the fourth
giU.

Indian and Australian Seas,

301. Tetraroge darnleyensis, AU. & Macl.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 278, pi. 6, fig. 1.
Darnley Island, in coral.

440 DESCRIPTIYE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

Genus Ageioptjs, Cuv. & Yal.

Head and body compressed ; tlie former Tvithout or witli some
small spines ; pr?eorbital spineless. Cleft of the mouth, small ;
snout produced. Scales none. One dorsal with seventeen to
twenty-one spines, beginning from the head ; anal fin short ; no
pectoral appendages. Yilliform teeth in the jaws, generally none
on the vomer. Five branchiostegals. Air-bladder present ; no
pyloric appendages.

Cape Seas, Chilian Seas, South and "West Australia.

302. Agriopus LEUCO-PiECiLUS, Eichards.

Yoy. Ereb. and Terr. Fishes, p. 60, pi. 37, f. 4-5.— Gunth. Cat.
Fishes II., p. 137.

D. 17/13. A. 10.

The fourth and fifth dorsal spines are the longest, and shorter
than the head. No spine before the orbit. Skin smooth.
Largely marbled with black ; some irregular whitish blotches
along the lateral line.

South Australian Seas. King George's Sound.

Genus Aploactis, Temm.
Head and body compressed, covered with small prickles or
filaments. Obtuse protuberances on the head. Some (from three
to five) of the anterior dorsal spines forming an almost distinct
division. No pectoral appendages. Teeth in the jaws, on the
vomer and sometimes on the palatine bones. Five branchiostegals.

Seas of Japan, China, and Australia.

303. Aploactis Milesii, Richards.

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1851, Yol. YIII., p. 275.— Gunth.

Cat. Fishes II., p. 142.

D. 13-14/14. A. 12. C. 13. P. 11. Y. 1/2.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 441

Head with, obtuse knobs, and blunt ridges, the dorsal fin begins
over the orbit, the second spine the longest and nearly the length
of the head, the fifth shortest. [Dark brown, indistinctly marbled
and mottled with purple and white, with a few x^inkish marks
some bands of smaU white spots on the tail.

King George's Sound, Port Jackson.

304. Aploactis ScHOMBiriiGnii, Casteln.

Aploactisoma Schoniburghii, Oastelnau, Proc. Zool. Soc. Vict., II.,

p, 64.

Count Castelnau formed the genus Aploactisoma for this species
on account of its having teeth on the palatine bones, but it is
scarcely worth preserving. The species differs from A. Milesii
chiefly in the form of the dorsal fin, which is thus described by
Castelnau : '' The first dorsal is as high as the distance from the
snout to the centre of the eye ; it has five spines, the three first
much longer and thicker than the others and placed near one
another, the second longest ; the fourth is much shorter and more
remote, the fifth the smallest : there are thirteen spines and
fifteen rays in all. Coloration much as in Milesii, with a black
spot at the posterior angle of the soft dorsal, and a black border
to the caudal and anal fins.

South. Australia."

A Fish has been described by Bleeker under the name of
Paraploactes trachyderma which perhaps ought to come in here as
it is said to be Australian, but I have no knowledge of it or its
description.

Genus Synancidium, MiiU.
Head irregularly formed, large ; scales none ; body and some-
times head and fins with skinny flaps. Dorsal fin with thirteen
spines ; anal with five rays. Yilliform teeth in the jaws and on

442 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF ATTSTRALIAIT FISHES,

the vomer, none on tlie palatine bones. Seven branchiostegals j
air-bladder present, small pyloric appendages in small number.

Indian and Australian Seas.

305. Synancidium horridtjm, Linn.

Gunth. Cat. Fislies II., p. 144.

D. 2. 11/6. A. 3/5. Csec. pylor. 3. Vert. 10/14.

A very large and deep hemispberic groove on the cheek ; crown

of the head saddle shaped. Vomerine teeth. Dark brown, the

fins with lighter bands.

Port Essington, Port Jackson.

Family IX. TEUTHIDIDiE.

Perciform Fishes with an outer and inner spine in the ventral
fin.

Genus Teuthis, Linn.

Teeth small, denticulated, in a single series. Fins, dorsal
13/10 ; anal 7/9 ; V. 1/ 3/1. Scales minute. Five branchiostegals.
Pseudobranchise weU developed ; air-bladder large, forked
anteriorly and posteriorly. Intestinal tract with several circum-
volutions ; five or six pyloric appendages.

Herbivorous Fishes. Indian and Pacific Oceans.

306. Teuthis javus, Linn.

Gunth. Oat. Fishes III., p. 315.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length ; the
length of the free portion of the tail is contained twice and three
fifths in that of the head. Ground colour dark, the whitish spots
are round on the back, oblong on the side, and confluent and
forming longitudinal streaks on the belly, the spots and streaks

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 443

are narrower than the interspaces of the groimd colour. Head
without streaks ; vertical fins immaculate.
Hobson's Bay, Port Jackson.

307. Teuthis VEEiiiCTjLATA, Cuv. & Val.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes III., p. 317.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-fifths in the
total length. Brown, with vermiculated bluish lines on the head
and the whole body, except the belly ; caudal fin dotted all over
with brown.

Trinity Bay (Chevert Exp.)

308. Teuthis tumierons, Cuv. & Val.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes III., p. 317.

The height of the body is contained thrice and a-half in the
total length. Caudal fin emarginate. Snout rather broad,
convex. Brown, dotted all over with whitish, the dots very small
and extending on the dorsal and anal fins.

Sharks' Bay, West Australia.

309. Teuthis albopu^'Ctata, Schleg.
Gunth. Cat. Fishes, III., p. 318.

The height of the body is contained three times and a-half in
the total length. Caudal fin emarginate. Ground colour brownish-
olive, with scattered, small, roundish, whitish spots on the back
and sides, which are smaller than the interspaces between. A
dark brown blotch on the shoulder, less distinct in large specimens.

Cape Grenville (Chevert Exp.)

310. Teuthis notosticta, Eichards.
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1853, XI., p. 172.— Gunther, Cat.
Fishes III., p. 320.

444 SHELLS FROM SOLOMON ISLANDS AND AUSTRALIA,

The height of the body is rather more than one-third of the
total length. Caudal fin sub truncate. Light brownish-olive (in
a dried state), body with brown spots, which are smaller than
the interspaces, and confluent on the back into short narrow
vermiculated streaks.

Port Essington, Darnley Island (Chevert Exp.)

311. Teuthis nebtjlosa, Quoy & Gaim.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes III., p. 321.

The ''Blach Trevally'' of the Sydney Fishermen.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length. Caudal
fin deeply emarginate. Dorsal spines slender, the length of the
fourth is less than the distance of the snout from the posterior
margin of the orbit. Brown, irregularly marbled with darker.

Sydney, Port Essington, North and East Coasts.

312. Teuthis doliata, Cuv. & Yal.
Gunth. Cat. Fishes III., p. 323.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in
the total length. Orange-coloured, with about thirty vertical
bluish lines, the last of which are bent and run longitudinally
along the hinder part of the tail ; those above the pectoral fin
are oblique and those on the operculum reticulated.

Fair Cape (Chevert Exp.)

Notes on Shells from the Solomon Islands and Australia.

By J. Brazier, C.M.Z.S., &c.

1. Cypr^a sophije.

Cyprcea sophice, Braz., Proc. Linn. Soc, 1875, Vol. L, p. 7.

Hah. Makeira Harbour, San Christoval, Solomon Islands.

BY J. BRAZIER, C.M.Z.S., ETC. 445

I distributed a few specimena of tMs species among Englisli
and Australian Conchologists under the name of Cyprcea chrysostoma
in 1873, not wishing to retain that name, I gave the above in
preference. I find that I have named it in the Hargrave's
Collection in the Australian Museum as C. chrysostoma.

2. Helix Eockhamptonensis.

Helix Rochhartvptonensis, Cox, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1873, p. 150.
,, planihasis, Cox, M.S., 1871.

,, Moreshyi, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 267, pi. xx.,
figs. 8, 9.

Hah. Rockhampton, North-east Australia (Anderson).

This species was distributed in 1871 by Dr. Cox, named as
Selix planihasis, a name I find in use in all the Australian
Collections. I received my specimen from the person who first
found it. Only recently Mr. Angas describes it under another name
from specimens a little larger, said to come from Port Denison ;
I doubt this locality. For the convenience of Conchologists in
Australia I subjoin the descriptions of Dr. J. C. Cox's species
and that of Mr. G. F. Angas : —

Helix Rochhaynptoywisis, Cox. — " Shell with a large, open
umbilicus, globosely conical, finely striated, dark purple chestnut,
indistinctly ornamented at the base and apex with narrow yellow
bands, the latter lightest; basefiat, excavated round the umbilicus;
spire large, bluntly conical, suture not margined ; whorls six,
convex, last produced ; aperture diagonal, ovately lunate, dark
purple within ; peristome broadly expanded and reflected through-
out ; margins joined by a thin callus, columellar margin triangu-
larly dilated, overhanging the umbilicus. Diam., greatest 1*27,
least 1-08; height M2 of an inch."

** This is an interesting link between H. Bloomfieldi (which it in
general aspects most resembles), H. Parsoni and H. Rainhirdij
having the flat base and large umbilicus of the last, and the large

446 SHELLS FROM SOLOMON ISLANDS AND AUSTRALLA.,

globosely conical form of the first, but with an absence of the
characteristic margin of it and of S. Parso7iiy (Cox.)

Helix Moresby i, Angas. — '' Shell umbilicated, globosely conical,
moderately solid, finely and irregularly obliquely striated, fulvous
chestnut, paler at the apex, with various broad and narrow bands
of deep brown, darker below the sutures ; spire conical ; whorls
six, convex, the last somewhat flattened at the base and excavated
towards the umbilicus ; aperture oblique, sublunate, within glossy
and of a pale purplish hue, lips black, margins approximating
and joined by a thin caUus, outer margin expanded and sub-
reflexed, columellar margin dilated, partly concealing the
umbilicus. Diam. maj. 23, min. 14, alt. 23 lines."

'' In its general character this species comes nearer to E. Yulei^
Forbes than to any other ; but it differs in being larger, very
much more conical, and in having the base of the last whorl
peculiarly flattened." (Angas).

3. Helix gelata.
Helix gelata, Cox, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1873, p. 149. pi. xvi., f. ba. 5h.
Profusely ornamented and zoned with opaque white, apex
almost black, interior of aperture dark chestnut ; lip white.

Variety Helix Maddocksi, Brazier.

Shell light straw yellow, ornamented on the periphery with
two dark chestnut bands, the lower being contiguous to the suture,
the upper continued a little above the suture, apex reddish ;
interior of the aperture white showing the dark chestnut bands ;
peristome white ; margins (in some specimens approaching and
in others distant) joined with thin white callus, right margin thin,
rather broadly expanded and reflected ; outer margin somewhat
rounded and deflected ; columellar margin broadly reflected
covering about one half of the deep umbilicus. Diam. maj. 12,
min. 9^, alt. 7 lines

BY J. BR^^^IER, C.M.Z.S., ETC. 447

Rah. Small Island near Timbo or Eddystone Island, Solomon
Islands (Brazier).

Yar. a. — Liglit yellow, ornamented with one broad chestnut
band on the periphery and continuous at the suture.

Yar. h. — Darker yellow, ornamented on the base with two fine
lines on the periphery, two wider and a fine one below the suture.

Yar. c. — Nearly white, base with one broad band nearly black,
periphery and upper part ornamented with three broad bands.

Yar. cl. — Light brown, base ornamented with one narrow
chestnut line, periphery with two rather broad, white lines at the
suture ; below a light brown intermingled with a few dark brown
opaque spots.

Yar. e. — Bright straw yellow, two narrow reddish bands on the
periphery, apex light red.

Yar. /. — Light yellow, nearly white, the periphery ornamented
with one narrow reddish line, obsolete on the upper whorls.

Yar. y. — Light yellow, with opaque white band on the periphery
with a fine reddish line above and below it.

Yar. h. — Dark yellow, ornamented with numerous opaque lines
of a light yellow on the periphery and base, upper whorls white,
apex dark red.

Yar. u — Light straw yellow, upper whorls white, apex dark red.

It is a very remarkable fact that Jlelix Eddysfonensis, Eeeve, is
found on Eddystone Island, and only a short distance from it on
another small island not named on any chart wo get Helix geJata,
Cox, and Helix 3Iaddoc]csi, Brazier ; the varieties I enumerate are
procured in countless numbers, whereas II. ijelata is very rare.

3F

448

Species oe Eucalyptus in the County oy Cumberland : their
habitat and uses.

By THE Eev. Dr. Woolls, D.D., F.L.S., &c.

Part II.

Section I. Leiophlole.

1. U. radiata, (Sieb.) so called from the rayed appearance of
the flower-buds, is a tree of moderate size, grooving on the banks
of the Nepean River and some of the adjacent creeks, and often
seen with long strips of bark hanging from the upper branches.
It is usually called '' River "White Gum," because the butt and
branches are white and smooth, when they have shed their bark.
In the Flora Austral iens is, (Vol. III., p. 203), it is described as a
Ymeiy oi E. amy gdal ma, (LabilL), or the ''Messmate" of the
Southern Ranges, and Baron F. von Mueller, in his Eucalypto-
grapliia (Decade 5.) a^ipears to adopt the same view for the
purposes of classification. Although the flowers, fruit, and leaves
of the trees are very similar, yet they differ most materially in
bark, habit, size, and wood. E. amygdalma, as it is seen on the
Mittagong Range, belongs to the section HemiphloicB, attains a
gigantic size, and affords useful timber ; whereas E. radiata
occurs only near rivers, has a smooth bark, never rises very high,
and is not esteemed for its wood. No one who has examined the
trees in their native soil, would suppose that they could be
reduced to the same species ; and although the anthers of both
are similar in shape, yet the fruit and the leaves are by no means
identical. In the supposed varieties of E. amygdalina, however,
the leaves abound in volatile oil, and are opposite and alternate ;
and thus, as there are certain points of resemblance amongst
them, it is not surprising that a mere inspection of dried specimens,
independent of any reference to habit, should lead to the conclusion
that E. radiata is only a form of E. amygdalina.

2. E. saJigna, '' the Blue or Flooded Grum " of N. S. Wales, is
one of the finest of our Eucalypts, rising to 100 or 120 feet with

BY THE EEV. DE. WOOLLS, D.D., F.L.S., ETC. 449

a diameter of seven feet. The specific name is rather unfortunate
as the leaves for the most part are ovate-lanceolate, and, with the
exception of the fact that the tree is generally found growing- on
the banks of rivers or creeks, it bears no resemblance to the
willows. Although rapid of growth and of less specific gravity
than man of the Gums, the wood is used for building purposes,
such as scantling, battens, flooring boards, posts and rails, and
ships' planks, and it is excellent for the naves and felloes of
wheels. In the Flora Australiensis (Vol. III., p. 229), the Blue
Gum, or, at all events, some forms of it are referred to E. lotryoides
a tree very different in habit and belonging to another section.
E. saligna occurs on many creeks in the county of Cumberland,
and extends westward to the banks of the Grose and the gullies
of the Blue Mountains. The wood of the mountain variety is
used extensively by wheelwrights and carpenters, but it is
reported to be somewhat inferior to that of the low country.
According to Baron Mueller's figure (Decade 2.), the anthers are
oval, opening with longitudinal almost parellel slits, and the
seeds are without any expanding membrane. The bark of this
tree is remarkably smooth, of a bluish-white, or mottled appear-
ance ; whilst, in exceptional cases, a rough fibrous bark is found
on the butt. Though occurring generally near rivers or creeks,
it is sometimes seen as a forest tree, and as such indicates a good
soil. On the other side of the Dividing Eange, E. rostrata is the
species common on rivers and creeks.

3. E. hcB7nastoma, (Smith), or the ''White Gum," takes its
specific name from the reddish rim of the fruit, but as this
peculiarity is not limited to one species of the genus, the designa-
tion is not a very appropriate one. This tree has a smooth white
bark, and although similar to E. Sieheriana, (F.v.M.) in the shape
of the anthers, j^et it differs from that species in the texture of
the bark, the venation of the leaves, and the shape of the fruit.
At first sight, dried specimens of both species appear very similar ;
but upon careful examination, it will be found, as Baron Mueller

450 EUCALYPTS OF THE COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND,

justly remarks, tliat, in E. hcemastoma, the veins are more spreading
and prominent, the sterile stamens more numerous, and the fruit
more inclined to be hemispherical. Both trees grow in the same
soil, and they occur here and there on dry sandy ground from
the neiglibourhood of Sydney to the Blue Mountains, and seldom
attain any great lieight ; but the}^ do not flower precisely at the
same time. E. micrantha (BO.) seems to belong to the same
species, but the flower buds and fruit are much smaller. The
wood of the White Gum is not esteemed, being, according to the
views of (Sir W. Macarthur and Baron Mueller, generally crooked
in growth and apt to decay, though in some places it is used for
rough carpentry. As a wood for fuel, it is of very little value.
In the neighbourhood of Parramatta and also on the Blue
Mountains, this species appears sometimes with thin fibrous bark
on the butt, and with fruit larger, and hemispherical in shape.
This deviation from the typical form may, perhaps, be due to a
greater moisture in the soil.

4. H. viminaUs, sometimes called '' Grey or Flooded Gum," and
sometimes ''Drooping or Manna Gum," is a species, which with
some variations extends to many parts of N. S. Wales. Though
on the Western side of the Dividing Range, and on the Southern
Coasts of Australia, it rises to 150 feet in alluvial soil, yet, in the
county of Cumberland, it is for the most part a tree of moderate
size with a smooth, greyish bark and drooping habit. It
resembles some forms of the common Grey Gum fE. tereticornisj
but it differs from that species in the size of the operculum, the
venation of the leaves, and the shape of the fruit. This is one
of the Eucalypts in which the operculum varies, being sometimes
hemispherical and sometimes conical, but seldom much longer
than the calyx tube. Whilst it may be admitted that the forms
of this tree, as found in many parts of the county of Cumberland,
are not specifically distinct from the Manna Gum of the interior,
yet the trees vary considerably in height, the colour of the bark,
and the value of the timber, whilst the so-called Manna is more

BY THE REV. DR. WOOLLS, D.D., F.L.S., ETC. 451

common on the Western variety. Baron Mueller mentions in the
fifth Decade of his Eucahjptograpliia, "that the E,evd. Canon
King noticed melitose-manna to a small extent on the leaves of
E, corymlosa, when pierced by a phyllophagous beetle fAno-
plognatJms cereusj.''^ The same substance has also been found on
E. pwictata near Parramatta. Mr. Bentham proposed to unite
the Camden Woolly Butt with^. viminalis, but the former differs
in having fibrous bark on the butt, and leaves occasionally
opposite, especially on the young branches.

5. E. tereticornis, (Sm.), which, in different parts, has the names
of *'Grey," "Blue," or " Eed Gum," and sometimes '• Bastard
Box," is one of the common forest trees on this side of the
Dividing Range. It is also subject to great variation in the
foliage, the size of the flowers and fruit, and the quality of the
wood. The typical number of the florets is seven in each umbel
and the operculum is generally much longer than the calyx ; but
in damp situations, the florets are frequently more pointed. This
may be regarded as the most variable species near Sydney. Mr.
Bentham reckons three varieties, viz. latifolia, Irachycortjs, and
Irevifolia, founded principally on the shape of the leaves and the
opercula ; but as these organs are liable to great differences
arising probably from local causes, the varieties might be much
extended. There is, however, very little difficulty in identifying
the species, for whilst it is distinguished from some of its
congeners by the shape of its anthers, it is separated from other
allied species by the configuration of the fruit. In a dry state,
it is difficult to distinguish the flower-buds from those of the
large-leaved Iron Bark and the Red Mahogany, but as the bark
of the three species is quite different, no one who has an
opportunity of examining the trees in a living state could mistake
the one for the other. This tree, which sometimes rises to 100
feet and upwards, affords useful timber for rails and posts, fire-
wood, and rough buildings.

452 EUCALYPTS OF THE COITXTY OF CUMBERLAIs^D,

6. E. punctata, (DC.) is regarded by Mr. Bentliam as a variety
of E. tereticornis, but whilst the former is separated from it by
the leathery texture of the bark and the toughness of the wood,
the venation of the leaves and the shape of the fruit also show
that the species are distinct. In size and habit, the two trees
are somewhat alike, whilst, according to Mr. Bentham's artificial
system, E, punctata is closely allied to E. resmifera, or the Eed
Mahogany, a tree of another section under the cortical system.
Baron Mueller (Decade 1.) notices that my Parramatta specimens
agree precisely with Heyland's drawing in De CandoUe's Memoire
sur lafamille des Myrtacees, pi. 4, and he agrees with me in thinking
that it should be restored to the dignity of a species. Amongst
woodmen, this tree is called Hickory or Leather Jacket. The
wood is exceedingly tough and durable, and, next to Iron Bark,
it is one of the most useful kinds for railway sleepers and work
underground. In a technical point of view, E. punctata is
distinguished from E. tereticornis by the fruit and leaves, the
valves of the former being less prominent and the rim narrower,
whilst the venation of the latter is much more parallel, and
approaching that of E. saligna. This tree does not generally
indicate good soil, but when occurring in low swampy places
near the coast, the flowers and seed vessels are much larger
than those of the ordinary type. The leaves abound in volatile
oil, and the wood, which serves the same i)urpose as that of the
last species, is also valuable for fii^ewood. There is sometimes
some dark, rough, persistent bark on the butt of this tree, but it
is never, strickly speaking, hemiphloious.

7. E. maculata, (Hook.), or " The Spotted Gum," is a fine tree
rising to 100 feet and u]d wards, and sometimes 80 or 90 feet
without a branch. It grows on poor soil, or on the rocky sides
of hills, and as a species is well defined by its double operculum,
somewhat urn-shaped fruit, and large fertile seeds, which are
black and shining. Baron Mueller has given a splendid figure
of E. maculata in his Eiicalyptographia, in which the peculiarities

BY THE REV. DR. WOOLLS, D.D., F.L.S., ETC. 453

of the species are well represented. In the early days of the
colony, the wood was not much valued, as it had the character of
decaying- very soon when placed in the ground. Of late years,
however, a different opinion has been expressed, and it is now
used extensively for the staves of casks, the upper parts of
railway bridges, and ship-building. The Baron states that
" General Ward, K.C.M.Q-., found the specific gravity of the
wood to be at an average in four experiments 0.942, and he
records also the strength of this timber to bear a transverse strain
and its degree of elasticity, in which respects it ranks high in
value, though not equalling the best Iron Bark trees." ^.
maculata, occurs in the neighbourhood of Liverpool, and on the
hills near Cobbitty, and has an extensive range in other parts of
the colony. According to the systematic arrangement of Mr.
Bentham, this species ranks next to U. eximia, or the smooth
barked Blood wood, but the trees are very different in habit and
appearance, the one having smooth or mottled bark, whilst the
other has a roughish bark of a fibrous texture, though not so well
defined in that respect as E. corynilosa, the common Bloodwood.

8. JE. ohhisijlora, (DC.) is the only shrubby species indigenous
in the county of Cumberland. It is found not far from the sea-
coast near Sydney, and then again on the Blue Mountains about
2,000 feet above the level of the sea. In the coast variety, the
leaves are sometimes four or five inches long, and three-quarters
of an inch wide, the operculum obtuse, the flowers large for so
small a species, the fruit ovoid-truncate, and above haK an inch
in length. On the Mountains the leaves are nearly as long, but
not half an inch in width ; whilst the flower-buds are somewhat
mucronate, and the fruit about four lines in length. Judging
from the bark, the shape of the anthers and the shrubby habit,
it appears to me that both forms must be referred to the same
species. There is, however, some difficulty respecting the shrubby
Eucalypts which form brushes on the highest parts of the
Mountains. Two of them are regarded by Mr. Bentham as

454 EUCALYPTS OF THE COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND,

varieties of E. stellulata (Sieb.), viz. var. an^tistifoUa with, narrow
tliick leaves scarcely showing the venation, and var. microphjlla
wliich does not show any venation. This last variety is sometimes
mistaken for E. stricta, another shrubby species with fibrous bark
Mr. Bentham, who had the opportunity of examining the
specimens of Sieber, A. Cunningham, and the writer, distinguishes
E. stricta from the others by its anthers, Those referred to E.
stellulata and E. ohtusifiora have reniform anthers, the cells
divergent, and confluent at the apex, whilst the last has anthers
with distinct parallel cells, opening at first in round pores which
extend into oblong slits. In the sixth Decade of his Eacalypto-
(jrapliia, Baron Mueller expresses a somewhat different opinion.

Section II. Hemiphloi^e.

I. E. Sieleriana (F.v.M.), is the same as E. virgata (Sieber),
the name having been changed by Baron Mueller, as it is only
under exceptional circumstances, that the tree is reduced to a
virgate or twiggy state. This species passes for one of the
^'Blackbutts" near Sydney, but on the Mountains and near
Berrima, it is called "Mountain Ash," The butt of the tree is
covered with a dark- coloured, deeply furrowed bark, similar to
that of Iron Bark, but not so hard and resinous, whilst the
branches are similar to those of the White Grum fE. ImmastomaJ .
As already noticed, there is a great similarity between E.
Sieleriana and E. hcemastoma, and to an ordinary observer, they
seem to differ only in bark and wood. An examination of Baron
Mueller's excellent figures will show how nearly they approach
each other. In the stunted form, in which E. Sieheriana appears
near the coast, the wood is not valued, but, according to Sir W.
Macarthur, " it is much valued for rough purposes in districts
where the better sorts of timber are not produced." He adds
"this species usually occupies rough, rocky sites, and seems to
form a link between the division of Iron Barks and that of Gums."
This tree in the Southern Districts rises sometimes to 120 feet,

BY THE REV. DR. WOOLLS, D.D., F.L.S., ETC. 455

and the wood is said to make better staves for casks than that of
Spotted Grum. It may also be employed for shafts, rough work,
and fencing. The specific name was given in honour of its
discoverer, Franz Wilhelm Sieber of Prague, who, in 1823,
collected many specimens of native plants in New South Wales.

2. E. pilularis (Smith), the ^'Blackbutt" of the colonists, is a
large tree, extending from Victoria to Queensland, rising, in good
soil, to 100 or 150 feet in height, and sometimes even higher.
It derives its specific name from the supposed pilular form of
the fruit, and its popular name from the dark fibrous bark of the
butt. This species, though rapid in growth, is one of the most
valuable in the county of Cumberland, the wood being much in
use for building, fiooring-boards, and railway sleepers, and next
to the White Iron Bark, fJE. siderophloiaj, capable of enduring a
greater crushing strain than any other Eucalypt. The White
Mahogany fE. acmenoidesj was regarded by Mr. Bentham as a
variety of JE. pilularis, but this cannot be the case, as the former
has fibrous bark, (resembling that of Stringy Bark), wood difierent
in grain and colour ; and the young seedlings have alternate
leaves; whilst, as Baron Mueller remarks, '' It ranges over a
wider geographic area than the typical E. pilularis, extending
far into the tropical regions of Eastern Australia." There can
be no doubt but that the two trees are quite distinct, and, though
the reniform shape of the anthers and similarity of fruit have
caused them to be associated together, they must be placed in
separate sections. In favourable situations, the seedlings of the
Blackbutt are very numerous, all with narrow, sessile, opposite
leaves, pale underneath, and full of pellucid dots, though the
full grown leaves generally are not so abundant m volatile oil
as those of some other species. The specific gravity of the wood
is about 0-897.

3. JE. hemiphloia (F.v.M.), or ^'Box" (so called from some
fancied resemblance to the wood of the European Box) is one of
our commonest forest trees, and indicates good grazing country.

3F

456 EUCALYPTS OF THE COimTY OF CUMBERLAND,

The wood is somewhat variable, but generally speaking it is
useful on account of its toughness and durability, though it is
subject to white ant and dry rot when standing long in the ground.
It is excellent for firewood, and the bark is utilized for covering
rustic buildings. This tree also varies considerably in size ; for
whilst, in some places, it rises over 100 feet, it appears in others
somewhat stunted in growth. The sx^ecific name is rather
inappropriate, as there are several species of haK-barkedEucalypts
to which the name is equally applicable. With the Box of the
Eastern coast. Baron Mueller connects E. alhens, or the " White
Box Tree " on the other side of the Dividing Range, as the trees
agree in all their characteristics, differing only '' in the more
extensively persistent bark, in paler dull foliage, and in chalky-
white bloom on the flowers." Mr. Bentham places the trees in
different sections, but, according to his description of the anthers,
they vary only in the openings, and that, too, not materially, the
difference probably arising from the comparative age of the
flowers. This tree is quite distinct from the Yellow Box of the
interior, fE. melliodoraj, which is a tree of moderate size with a
smooth bark of a pale colour, scaling off in flakes, especially in
the upper parts. It also differs from the Dwarf Box of the
Darling in having the fruit more oblong in shape, and the capsule
more deeply sunk.

4. JE. longifolia, (Link & Otto), the common *' WooUy Butt,"
is well defined by its large flowers and fruit, and long leaves.
The flowers are generally in threes, and the leaves sometimes a
foot in length, whilst the fruit is larger than that of any Eucalypt
near Sydney, excepting perhaps an occasional specimen of E.
resinifera, growing near the coast. The bark of the WooUy Butt
is somewhat variable, for, whilst in the younger trees, it is of a
brown colour, thick, deciduous, and scarcely fibrous, that of the
older trees becomes persistent on the butt and of a greyish colour,
the branches being smooth and pale. In favourable situations,
the Woolly Butt sometimes attains the height of 150 feet with a

BY THE REV. DR. WOOLLS, D.D., F.L.S., ETC. 457

diameter of five feet. The wood though more easily worked than
that of many Eucalyj^ts, is not considered durable, and is more
valued for fuel than any other purpose. According to experiments
directed by Baron Mueller, the bark of this tree yields 8-3 per
cent, of Kino-tannic acid and can be converted into packing paper;
whilst it was found, from leaves which were forwarded from
Parramatta, that the yield of 100 lbs. of them is between three
and four ounces of volatile oil, remarkable for imparting an
indelible transparent stain to paper, and giving a clear flame
somewhat inferior to kerosene in intensity. The specific gravity
of this oil is 0-940, and the boiling points between 380° and 420°
respectively. ^. longifolia, as the Baron remarks, is not easily
mistaken for any of its congeners. It seems to attain its greatest
size in New South Wales, but it does not extend far inland.

5. E. largijlorens (F.v.M.), seems to be the E. hicolor of A.
Cunningham, and is known to workmen as ''Bastard Box,"
'' Yellow Box," and '' Gunitop." It is a very large tree growing
in low or swampy places to the height of 150 feet. In its young
state, it resembles the common Box, but, as the tree advances in
age, it loses its half -barked character and resembles the Grey
Gum, though frequently retaining some fibrous bark on the butt.
The specific name largijlorens is very appropriate, for, although
the tree does not appear to flower regularly, the top of it is
sometimes one mass of flowers. In the larger trees, the wood is
very tough and durable, being adapted for fencing, shafts, cogs,
and rough buildings, but they are frequently hollow and decayed
at heart. The flowers and leaves of this species resemble some
forms of JS. crehra, but, whilst the two species belong to dift'erent
sections under the cortical system, they are also separated by the
venation of the leaves and the shape of the anthers. It would
appear that E. largijlorens has a very wide range, and it is
remarkable for extending far into the interior, though somewhat
dwarfed in grovrth, and occasionally with red filaments. For the
determination of this species we are much indebted to Baron

458 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

Mueller, for he has not only corrected the errors of the Flora
Australiensis, Yol. III., p. 215, (in which specimens of E. crelra
and E. populifolia seem to have been associated with E. hicolor),
but he has also removed all doubt as to its identity by the accurate
figure which he has furnished of its flower and fruit fMucahjpt.
Decade 5.)

NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

Notes on a new variety of Selix Falmensis, by J. Brazier,
C.M.Z.S., &c. — Helix Falmensis, variety meridionalis. Shell very
thin, transparent, brownish yellow ; suture with a dark reddish
brown band about half a line broad on the two lower whorls ;
four upper having it continued in a fine thread spirally to the
apex ; periphery with seven or eight faint nearly obsolete chestnut
lines contiguous to the suture ; umbilicus encircled with dark
chestnut ; peristome thin, slightly reflected, internal edge dark
nearly black. Diam. maj. 20, min. 15, alt. 14 lines. Hah. Large
South Palm Island, North-east Australia (C. E. Beddome). This
very fine thin specimen was obtained by Mr. Beddome during a
short stay at the abovenamed Island in 1877, he also obtained the
typical form but larger than those I obtained on the Great North
Palm Island during the Chevert Expedition and described in
these Proceedings 1876, p. 105. Mr. Beddome also found one
specimen of Helix Mulgravensis, Braz., when described in the
Proc. Zool. Soc, 1872, p. 21, I gave as the habitat Mulgrave
Island, Torres Straits on the authority of a trader. The islands
in the Straits do not produce any of the banded HelicidcB, the only
large species of Helix on the islands in the Straits is^. semicastanea,
Pf., it is reddish-yeUow above, base deep chestnut.

Mr. Brazier exhibited an unusually large Tick fRicinusJ, taken
on an Echidna Hijstrix ; also the shells referred to in his papers,
and some Fhyllotheca fossils from Kookwood.

P L 8, Vol 5.

Pi. 8.

HISTIOPHORUS &LADIUS.

S.S&dr/lKdoL. Ulh,

45

M

Ai
an
bn
fig
D.

C.
tt
bj
fc
a]
H
c]
n

459

WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 29Tn, 1880.

The Vice-President, W. J. Stephens, Esq., M.A., in the Chair.

MEMBER ELECTED.

Dr. Gordon of Mnrrnrundi.

DONATIONS.

Eight Annnal Eeport of the Zoological Society of Philadelphia .

Verhandlungen Zool-Botanischen Gesollschaft in Wein, 1879.

Journal of the Eoyal Microscopical Society, London, Vol. III.,
No, 1 and 4.

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard
College, Massacchusetts, A^ol YL, No. 3.

Journal of Conchology, Yol. III., No. 3.

PAPERS READ.
On a NEW SPECIES OF DiASERIS.

By the Eev. J. E. Tenison-AYoods, F.Q-.S., F.L.S., Pres.
Linn. Soc. N.S.W.
Amongst some corals recently dredged at Port Denison by
Messrs. Haswell and Morton there is one new species of a very
interesting character. It belongs to the section Madreporaria
aporosa^ family Fongidce, second sub-family Loplio^erinm. Amongst
the simple and free corals of this division there is one with bare
and lobed walls which Messrs. M. -Edwards and Haime experienced
much difficulty in assigning to any position because of the
incomplete character of the calice. A new genus was erected for
it, placed as above, removing it from the gouus Fungia in which
it had been included by Michelin (Magasin de Zoologie, Yol. Y.,
1843).

3 a

460 ox A NEW SrECIES OF DIASERIS,

The genus is tlius described: — " Biasen's. Corallum simple,
free, discoid, witli a bare and costulate wall with, a structure
similar to Cijeloseris, but in its young state it is formed of a
certain number of separate petaliform lobes wliicli in tlie more
mature state become more or less united by their edges." The
authors add that in all the various families of corals no other
instance of this structure is known. Two species were described
by them, Diaseris distorta, Michelin, of unknown habitat and D.
Freyclneti. Both were large, viz., 50 millimetres across and 10
high, and the differences between the species were that D.
Freycineti was a coral with closer septa which were not so high
as D. distorta. See Hist. Nat. des Corallaires, Yol. III., p. 54.
Also Comptes Eendus de I'Academie des Sc, Yol. XXIX., 1849,
p. 72.

The species to which I have now to call attention is very much
smaller than either of the preceding and there are also peculiarities
in the septa as I shall proceed to show.

Diaseris Mortoxi, n. s., Plate XY., fig. 1,2.
Corallum semicircular, thin, subdiscoid, divided into two, three
or four lobes in some specimens, though the majority are
completely semicircular with an entire rounded edge. Base flat
or concave in the slightest degree, showing no trace of any former
separation between the lobes. Costa distinct, fine, granular and
corresponding with the septa, but all equal in thickness and
taking their origin from the edge at distances the same at the
various orders ; the outer edge of the septa projecting like the
teeth of a fine cog-wheel outside the base. In nearly all the
specimens these were four distinct systems, though some had
only three, two, and some with only one and the rudiments of two
others. The cycles depended on the age of the specimens. They
ranged from five to eight incomplete. All are granular, but the
granules are in ridges so as to give rise to a vermicular surface
and the ridges project at exactly opposite sides of the septa; the

BY THE EEV. J. E. TEXISOX- WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 46l

synapticiila3 are few and quite at tlie base. The primaries are
quite free with a conspicuous thickening at their origin ; the
secondaries are also free with a slight thickening, and both have
a rounded crenulate margin. All the other orders gradually
branch out or divaricate from one another with a gradual curve.
They are very incompletely formed so as to be deeply divided
into irregular paliform lobes. The height to which the septa
rise is also dependant on their age, the first being much higher
than the rest and sloping gradually from the margin upwards
towards the central fossa and so on proportionately for all the
cycles. All except the central septum curve towards the outer
margin so as to preserve a flabellate form. In the fossa there
are a few papilla3 of a columella.

There can be no doubt that this form of coral is a form of
Cycloseris, in which some of the systems are aborted. In this
view there is nothing to distinguish the x^resent species from C.
cijdolites, except the size. I do not say that this is the true
nature of the organism, but a close attention to the young stages
will reveal the whole matter. It will be observed that one strong
point in favour of the explanation which is suggested for this
abnormal coral is the variation in the number of systems which
are aborted. In many instances all are gone but one. In this
case however, we have a semicircular fringe of septa round the
fossa which represents all the other systems. Another fact is the
occurrence of one or two specimens in which only one system is
aborted. In this case the coral is to all intents and purposes a
very small and depressed C. cydolites minus one system.

About sixty specimens were dredged up oif Holborn Island.
They are of various sizes and seem to indicate some disadvantageous
circumstances in their growth by which they have been stunted.
Some of the sx^ecimens were much eroded and full of small grains
of sand, foraminif era, &c. I have dedicated the species provision-
ally to Mr. Alexander Morton.

462 DEscmrTioN of two :s^ew srEciEs of Australian fishes.

Descriptiox of two is'eav sfecies of Austealiax Fishes.
By E. p. Eamsay, F.L.S., &c.

Sole A Macleayana, q). nov.
D. 61-66. A. 50. C. 18. Y. 5.

Tlie lieiglit of tlie body is twice and one-seventli in tlio total
lengtli witliout tlie caudal fin ; the length of the head is one-sixth
of the total length, and about five times and one-fourth in the
total without the caudal ; no pectoral fins ; the right ventral joined
to th© anal ; a small tubular nostril on the coloured side ; eyes on
the right side, the upper slightly in advance of the lower, both
small, the distance between them slightly greater than their
di-ameter ; the dorsal commences on the snout, the anterior rays
small, simple, some on the back and posterior portion forked,
no scales on the raj'S. Scales on the body ctenoid, with eight to
ten spines, about eleven rows of scales from the eye to the cross
line, along the lateral line ; from thence 110 to 116 rows along
the lateral line on to the tail ; lateral line straight.

Colour light brown, crossed by narrow dark brown irregular
narrow bands about as wide as the interspaces, extending on to
the fins, some of the bands forked, about thirty-five or more on
the body and head, four or five on the caudal fin.

A rather small plump species. A number were taken in the
net at Manly Beach, September 11th, 1880, with /So /^^^ microcepliala.
I have dedicated this very distinct species to my esteemed friend
the Hon. Wm. Macleay, F.L.S., &c.

Lotella grandis, 6;^^. nov.
B. 7. D. 9/52-54. A. 58.
The first two ra^-s of the ventral fins produced, the second the
longest, reaching to the vertical from behind the base of the
pectoral ; pectoral fin triangular, tapering ; first dorsal separate,
of nine spines. The mouth oblique, snout slightly turned up,
lower part of forehead concave, the maxillary reaches one-third

BY E. P. EAilSAY, F.L.S. 463

of the diameter of the eye behind the eye, the diameter of the orbit
is five times in the length of the head ; the height of the body at
the commencement of tho second dorsal is nearly eqnal to the
length of the head, and is thrice and three-fonrths in the length
of the body, Tvithont the caudal fin. Snout once and a-third the
diameter of the eye. Head thrice and two-thirds in the length
without caudal, the barbel on the chin equal in length to the short
diameter of the e^^e, less than the long ; the width of the inter-
orbital space equal to the snout. Yent opposite the fourth ray of
the second dorsal. Nostrils close together. Teeth in viliform
bands in the jaws, uniform, no larger series. The depth of the
head is more than one-fifth greater than its width ; the anterior
dorsal fin commences behind the root of the pectoral ; the length of
the pectoral erceeds the distance from the posterior margin of the
orbit to the upper angle of the gill covers. The ventral is inserted
the length of the pectoral from its base, and is a little longer
than the pectoral fin.

Greneral colour reddish brown or light cinnamon, eye bright
yellow ; the pectoral fins orange ; lips, gills, chin, and ventral
fins orange-yellow ; the anal, dorsal, and caudal fins reddish-
brown with a distinct black margin.

Hah. Wollongong.

Species or Eucalyptus in the County of CuMiiEiiL.^-^D : theih

HABITAT AND TJSES.

By THE Eev. Dh. Woolls, D.D., F.L.S., &c.

Part III.

Section III. Eiiytiphloije.

1. £. acmenoide.^, (Schau.) or the ''White Mahogany," is a

species which Mr. Bentham has united with U. 2) Huh r is, or the

" Blackbutt." Baron Mueller (Decade 3,) speaks of it somewhat

doubtfully as a distinct species, but I think that further inquiry

46-1 ErCALYPTS OF THE COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND,

will prove that it is really so. The bark of the "White Mahogany
is similar to that of Stringy Bark, though not so fibrous ; whilst
the wood is very different from that of Blackbutt, being of a
light colour, sometimes prettily waved, and of a satiny appearance.
The trees also vary in habit and size, the White Mahogany being'
more of a forest tree than Blackbutt, and never, as far as I have
observed, attaining the same height. The timber is useful for
building purposes, palings, and flooring boards, and is heavier
and more durable than that of Stringy Bark. Baron Mueller
says of this tree, that ''either as a variety or as a species it
differs from JE. pilularis in more fibrous outside paler and still
more extensively persistent bark, further in leaves of smaller
size, thinner consistence and beneath paler hue with only
hypogenous stomata and more visible oil dots, in smaller flowers
on thinner stalklets and less compressed stalks, smaller fruits
with a narrower rim and often rather more enclosed valves."
This species is common near Parramatta, and extends to the
Blue Mountains and Illawarra. In its general appearance, it is
so like Stringy Bark as to be mistaken sometimes for that tree ;
but no one, unless judging solely from dried specimens, would
connect it with Blackbutt. This consideration convinces me,
that the artiflcial system of classification is open to objection.

2. E. lotryoides, (Smith), the ''Bastard Mahogany" Oj,
"Bangalay " of workmen, occurring for the most part in moist
sandy places near the coast, is seldom found to attain any great
size in the neighbourhood of Sydney, and generally has a gnarled
appearance. In the Flora Australiensis (Vol. III., j)- 229), this
tree has been placed together with E. saligna or the Blue Gum.
There is certainly some resemblance in the flowers, fruit, and
leaves, but the trees differ very much in bark, wood, and habit.
Sir W. Macarthur, in referring to E. lotryoides as it appears in
the Southern Districts, calls it " a crooked-growing tree ; the
timber much valued for knees and crooked timbers of coasting
vessels." This character agrees very well with the tree as seen

BY THE REY. DR. TVOOLLS, D.D., F.L.S.. ETC. 465

at Manly Beach. According to the Baron, who, in his Eucalypto-
graphia, has furnished a very accurate figure of the species, '' The
shady and horizontal dark-green foliage of this beautiful tree
gives it among Victorian species quite a peculiar and imposing
aspect, reminding rather of ?i-n.Eiigeniaih.din. an Eucalyptus. Stems
will occasionally attain a height of eighty feet without a branch
and a diameter of eight feet." Unless this tree has been confused
with ^. rohuda, or the ''Swamp Mahogany," it must attain a
greater size in Victoria than in New South Wales, whilst its mode
of growth in the former colony is not remarked for its crooked or
gnarled appearance. The specific name arises from the bunch-
like form of the flowers and fruit, as they are close together and
nearly sessile, but Baron Mueller thinks that the na^vae platypodas
given to it by Oavanilles in allusion to the flatness of the flower
stalks, is more appropriate.

3. E. rohusfa, (Smith), or the " Swamp Mahogany" is one of
our finest Eucalypts, rising in low and swampy situations to 100
feet and upwards with a diameter of five to six feet, and well
defined as a species by its large flowers, wide glossy leaves, and
fruit sometimes exceeding half an inch in length. In the
systematic arrangement of Mr. Bentham, it stands between E.
mimata, and E. hotryoides, but it differs from these species in fruit
and foliage, as well as in its robust habit and proportionate height.
According to Sir AV. Macarthur, the timber is useful for inside
work, but not ecj^ual to the better sorts of Eucalypts in strength
and durability, whilst Mr. Moore, F.L.S., reports that it is much
used for ship-building and wheelwright's work. I believe,
speaking generally, that the wood is not so much valued as that
of many Eucalypts, but that, never the less, it is utilized for rough
furniture and also for mallets. This tree has been recommended
for plantations and parks on account of its umbrageous character
and ornamental appearance, but I have noticed, that in dry
situations, it grows but slowly and seems stunted. Of all the
species with which I am acc^uainted, none (with the exception of

466 ETJCALYPTS OF THE COTJNTY OF CUMBERLAND,

E. glohulusj is so well adapted for counteracting the effects of
malaria, or for absorbing the superfluous moisture in low grounds.
E. roiusta occurs in moist places, here and there, from Manly-
Beach to the Blue Mountains, though not extending into the
interior, nor. as it appears from Baron Mueller's Fragme7ita (Vol.
II., p. 44) to the colony of Victoria. Its exact limits, however,
remain to be defined.

4. E. resinifera (Smith). The specific name was originally
applied to the '' Broad-leaved or White Iron Bark" fE. sidero-
phloiaj, because that species is the most noted for its abundance
of kino. By the arrangement of Mr. Bentham in the Flora
Australiensis and the concurrence of Baron Mueller in his
EuGalyptogrcqjhia, the term resinifera is restricted to the Eed or
Forest Mahogany. This tree rises in favourable situations to
150 feet with a prox^ortionate diameter, and although well known
to practical men by its bark and wood, the flowers and fruit are
very similar to some forms of E. sideropMoia SiU.diE. punctata. The
wood is extensively used for fencing, beams, rafters, and ship-
building, and is regarded as being very strong and durable. In
the neighbourhood of Parramatta, the flowers and fruit are
comparatively small, but, on the Blue Mountains near Springwood
and also in the Manly Swamps, they are much larger, Mr.
Bentham regards the latter as variety grandijlora, though some-
what doubtfully, as he says it is very near E. pellita, and possibly
referable to it. Baron Mueller's figure of E. resinifera gives a
very good idea of the species generally, but the fruit of the
Mountain variety is not only larger, but the valves are not so
much exserted, and it wants the broadish outer ring around its
orifice. This is the fourth of the trees popularly termed
Mahoganies, though it may be remarked in passing that none of
them bear any resemblance to the West Indian Mahogany.
Whilst highly useful for the purposes indicated, they are not
valued for fuel. E, microcorys^ the Forest Mahogany of the

BY TnE KEY. DE. WOOLLS, D.D., F.L.S., ETC. 467

Nortliern parts of the Colony does not extend to Port Jackson,
This species is famous for the so-called Tallow Wood.

5. U. corymhosa, (Smith), so called, because the flowers are
generally in a terminal corymbose panicle, is the principal
''Bloodwood" of the Colonists. The popular name is derived
from the kino-secretions which are found in the concentric circles
of the tree, or which exude from them in a liquid state. The
flowers and fruits of this species are comparatively large, the
former being sometimes an inch in length, whilst tL.e seeds are
winged. In the neighbourhood of Port Jackson, it appears
stunted, but I have measured a tree near Parramatta which I
found to be 112 feet, and Sir W. Macarthur reported from
specimens seen further south an average height of 120 feet. The
tree grows rapidly, and when young the wood is soft, but, in the
older trees, it becomes hard, and stands well in damp ground.
Though not to be compared in point of toughness or durability
with some of the Iron Barks or Mahoganies, it is nevertheless
utilized for posts, rails, and beams. The kino-sap is very
abundant, and is likely to prove useful for industrial and
medicinal purposes. According to the Catalogue of the Victorian
Exhibition, 1861, the leaves are found to contain a valuable
essential oil, " The }deld from 100 lbs. of leaves was as follows :
pure limpid oil 9 ounces 3 drachms, oil containing resinous
matter in suspension 6 ounces 2 drachms ; of the latter 50 per
cent, of its volume may be estimated as consisting of solid matter
upon which assumption the total yield may be approximately
stated as 12 ounces 4 drachms" (see Eeport). Manna is some-
times found on the leaves of E. corijmlosa, and the bark of the
tree is useful for its fibre.

6. E. eximia, (Schau.) the ''Smooth-barked," •'YeUow,"or
*' Mountain Bloodwood," seems to have derived its specific name
from its proportionately large cream-coloured flowers and urcoolato
fruit, the latter sometimes nearly an inch in length. This, like
E. corijmlosa, is a large tree, rising GO or 80 feet, but differing

3 H

468 EUCALYPTS OF THE COUNTY OJ? CUMBERLAND,

from that species in the smoother and more scaly texture of the
bark, the longer and more coriaceous leaves, and the double
operculum similar to that of E. maeuhda. The range of this
species has not been fully ascertained, but it occurs on the slopes
of the Blue Mountains, the banks of the Grose and the Hawkes-
bury, the ranges near Bent's Basin, and in the northern parts of
the colony. The ^ood is soft, light in colour, and liable to the
attacks of grubs and white ants. It is not esteemed for carpenter's
work or even for posts, but it is good for fuel. In the month of
October, JE. eximia may be seen flowering abundantly near the
Eailway-line beyond Emu, and then forming a conspicuous object
amidst the dark foliage of the forest, The bark of this tree,
which is about an inch or more thick is rather scaly than fibrous,
of a yellowish colour, persistent on the butt and smooth on the
smaller branches, and peeling off in flakes only in the outer layer.
The bark differs from that of the other species in the section and
resembles that of the broad-leaved Tea-tree, fCaJlistemon salignusj.
Mr. Bentham considers that JS. eximia is more nearly allied to E.
maculata than to E. conjmhosa, though associated with the latter
species from the fact that a red-coloured kino issues (but in less
quantity) from the concentric circles of the wood. Tlie leaves,
which sometimes are eight inches long, are very thick, penni-
veined and reticulate, and full of volatile oil, an oil-cyst appearing
in each of the reticulations.

7. E. polyajitliema (Scliauer), the '' Lignum vita) " or '^ Poplar-
leaved Eucalypt " is figured by Baron Mueller in his third Decade
and is one of those species of which the anthers are truncated
and opening by terminal pores. In somewhat varied forms, it
has a wide range, and sometimes rises to a great height, but in
the County of Cumberland on the banks of George's Eiver, the
Nepean, and the Hawkesbury, it is a tree of very moderate size,
remarkable for the copiou.sness of its flowers, the roughness and
thickness of its bark, and the poplar shape of its leaves. The
\70od is close grained and exceedingly tough, of a dark colour

liY THE REV. mi, WOOLLS, D.D., F.L.S., ETC. 469

towards the centre, ami, wlien of sufficient size, is useful for
rough furniture, cogs, naves, and felloes. U. ^Jolf/aiithema
reseniLles E. po2Jiilifolia beyond tKe Dividing Eange, but the trees
differ in bark and habit, whilst, according to the Baron Mueller the
latter has "leaves of lustrous green, less compound in florescence,
smaller and more crowded flowers on shorter or hardly any
Btalklets, proportionately larger lid, stamens all fertile, anthers
with more lateral openings, and filaments of darker colour and
smaller fruits." The leaves of E. pohjanthema are sometimes
glaucous, especially when growing near a river or creek, and the
operculum is double in the earlier stages of development. I have
found a tree of this species occasionally amongst forest-trees in
the neighbourhood of Liverpool and Eichmond, but its proper
habitat is near the banks of rivers or creeks. It does not occur
so far as I have been able to ascertain, near Sydney or Parramatta,
but according to Baron Mueller, the Southern variety prefers dry
ridges and hills, or undulating country.

NOTES K^T) EXHIBITS.
J. Brazier, Esq., C.M.Z.S,, &c., exhibited two fine specimens
of Vuluta musica, from Porto Pica, and a large one of the same
species from Jamaica, West Indies, received from Mr. J. H.
Thompson, of New Bedford ; AnqyJuperas hordacea, living on
Gorgonia, obtained at Kouei, New Caledonia, by Mr. E. C.
Eossiter ; and a new Gonchological AYork edited by Dr. E. von
Martens of Berlin, entitled " Conchologische Mittheilungen als
Fortsetzung der Novitates Conchologica}, " with six plates of
coloured figures.

470 ON SOME NEW AUSTRALIAN MARINE ISOPODA,

^VEDNESDAY, OCTOBEE 27™, 1880.

W. J. Stepliens, Esc^., M.A., Vice President in tlie Cliair.

MEMBERS ELECTED.

Lieut. C. E. Bedclome of Hobart Town.
Tlie Eev. G. F. Macartlmr of Parramatta.

DONATIONS.

Jaliresbericlit des Yereins fur Naturwissenscliaft zu Braun-
schweig, 1880.

Eoyal Society of New Soutli Wales, Journal and Proceedings,
1879.

South. Australian Institute, Annual Eeport, 1879-1880.

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard
College, Massachusetts, Yol. YIL, No. 1.

PAPERS READ.

On some new Australian Marine Isopoda — Part I.

By William A. Haswell, M.A., B.Sc.

[Plates XYI.-XIX.]

The Edriophthalmata of the Australian Coast present probably

on the whole, as numerous and prominent ]oeculiarities as any

other section of the marine fauna. Among the Amphipoda the

genera Cijiiroidia and leilius, are perhaps the most remarkable,

and both must be regarded as occupying positions separated by

considerable intervals from all other described forms ; but almost

equally characteristic are such as Amaryllis, Glycera, XenocJieira,

Polyclieria, and W^yvillea ; though these find near allies among

genera from other regions. Among the Isopoda of Australia,

there are probably, almost as many peculiar and aberrant forms

as among the Amphipoda, though the variety of species and the

BY W. A, HASWELL, M.A., B.Sc. 471

number of individuals are by no means so great in the former group
as in tlie latter. As with the Amphipoda the home of the Australian
non-parasitic marine Isopoda is among the luxuriant algae and
sponges in the temperate zone ; the abundance and variety of the
invertebrate life populating these miniature forests, in Port Jackson
for example, being extremely great, and the Edriophthalms
forming one of the most striking features. Further north both
Amphipoda and Isopoda become very much rarer ; among the
alga3 on the shores of Moreton Bay I have been able to detect but
a very few species, and in Port Denison they become extremely
rare.

Genus CouoxoruiLUS, (novum).

Body slightly convex, abdomen markedly narrower than the
thorax, with six free articulations ; terminal segment lamellar ;
epimerpe distinct though small ; head rather narrower than the
first segment of the thorax. Eyes very large ; antennee sub-equal,
stout, inserted under the head. Mandibles with elongate palpi.
Maxillipedes small, operculiform, three- jointed. Thoracic limbs
all anchor-like, with long dactyla. Posterior abdominal
appendages free, uniramous.

Codonophilus argus, 5^;. )ioc., Plate XVI., fig 1.

Eyes very large, extending on the under surface of the head.
Thoracic appendages sub-equal, all with much elongate, curved
and pointed dactyli. Pamus of abdominal appendages falciform
with a few scattered cilia. Terminal segment scale-like, acuminate.
Length 5/32 in.

Found under the bell of a Rhizostoma in Port Jackson.

This species approaches JEgatlioa, Dana, in many respects ; but
differs from it in the sudden narrowing of the body at the
commencement of the abdomen, and the uniramous character of
the caudal appendages,

472 ON SOME NEW AUSTRALIAN MAEINE ISOrODA,

Eocinela vigilans, sj). nov., Plate XVI., fig. 2.
Posterior thoracic segments broader tlian tlie anterior ; epimera
produced behind to an acute point. Terminal segment sliield-like,
smooth, margins entire, ciliated. Eye occupying all the upper
surface of the head, and extending on its under surface on either
side nearly to the margins of the buccal orifice. Antennso
separated at the base by a short frontal process ; the superior
about half the length of the inferior, the two basal segments of
its peduncle together equal in lengtli to the third segment ; the
flagellum longer than the peduncle, composed of about fifteen
articuli ; inferior pair with the flagellum more than twice the
length of the peduncle. Maxillipedes with the terminal joints
plate-like, a strong spine at the internal and distal angle of the
first. Posterior thoracic limbs rather longer than the anterior
pairs ; femora long-ovate ; dactyla rather short. Eami of caudal
appendages unequal, the inner longer and broader than the outer ;
both ovate, obtusely pointed, ciliated on the margins. Length
1 inch.

ffah. Holborn Island, near Port Denisou, 20 fathoms (a single
specimen).

Si^hDcroma aspera, sj). nov., Plate XVI., fig. 3.

Body covered with larger and smaller granules. Head trans-
verse, rounded in front, with a narrow lobe between the bases of
the antennce ; first segment of the thorax as broad as the four
following ; a sliglit depressed line marking oft' the epimera. Pirst
segment of the abdomen with distinct lines marking the position
of the coalesced segments, a prominent tubercle on the posterior
margin on either side of the middle line. Last abdominal segment
sub-triangular in contour, dilated anteriorly and ornamented with
two slightly convergent irregular rows of minute tubercles ; the
apex rounded, with a rectangular notch on either side near the
extremity. Caudal appendages with the rami rather unequal,
the outer the smaller, both broad, sub-acute. Inner antennae

BY -W, A. HAS'^ELL, M.A., B.So. 473

very broad at tlie base ; flagellum with, twelve segments. Outer
antennfe equalling tlie inner in length ; flagellura with eight
segments. Length ^ inch.

ITah. Port Jackson.

Sphroroma (?) anoniala, .<?^. nov., Plate XYL, fig. 4.
Bod}^ smooth, strongly convex, frontal region prominent ; last
segment of the thorax longer than the preceding five, produced
in the middle line behind to an obtuse angle ; first abdominal
segment witli a broad, shallow excavation in its posterior border,
defined on either side by a minute, spinous process. Last
abdominal segment with a transverse row of one central, larger,
and two lateral, smaller tubercles ; apex sub-acute, armed below
on either side with a minute acute process. Eami of abdominal
appendages ovate, sub-acute. Length 5/1 G inch.

Ilah. Port Jackson.

This species approaches Isocladus in the form of the last segment
of the thorax, and Cymodocea in that of the last segment of the
abdomen.

Sphperoma la)vis, .<y;. nov., Plato XYL, fig. 5.

Thorax nearly as broad as long, the first segment longer than
the others, all the segments grooved and bent slightly backwards
laterally — the lateral and posterior extremities of the segments
subacute. Terminal segment of the abdomen smooth, convex,
rounded distally. Caudal appendages narrow-lanceolate, blunt.
Length 3/16 inch. *

Hah. Bondi, near Sydney, on sandy beach.

Cymodocea pubescens, Milne-Mwards, fsp.J Plate XYIL, fig. 1.
J Sphseroma pubescens, 3I.-Edw., Hist. nat. Crust. III., 209.
Strongly convex, tomentose. Frontal lobe obtuse. Antero-
lateral angle of the fii'st thoracic segment produced below the eye
into a triangular acute lobe ; postero-lateral angle similarly

474 ON SOME NEW AUSTRALIAN MARINE ISOPODA

produced, rounded. Lateral angles of tlie following segments of
the thorax produced, curved backwards, sub-acute. Penultimate
segment of the abdomen produced behind into a rounded tubercle ;
a pair of sub-conical elevations on the last segment of the
abdomen ; notch very shallow, quadrangular ; lobe pointed.
Eamiof caudal appendages rather unequal, both extending beyond
the extremity of the segment, the outer the longer, the apex acute,
curved outwards, the outer border with a conical tooth ; the inner
sub-acute. Basal joint of superior antennae very broad, notched
distally for the' reception of the second joint. Flagellum of inner
antenuEe with twenty-seven articuli ; that of the outer pair with
twenty-one. Length of longest specimen one inch

Ilal). Port Jackson etc. ; common.

Cymodocea aculeata, sj;. nov., Plate XVI., fig. 6.

Body strongly convex, finely granular. First segment of the
thorax twice as broad as the rest. Last segment of the abdomen
with two prominent tubercles situated near the middle line, and
two smaller ones external to them. Terminal notch very deep,
quadrangular, the lateral processes triangular, central process
very prominent, projecting slightly beyond the extremity of the
lateral. Inner antennae with the basal joints very broad and
compressed, flagellum with twenty-two to twenty-five articuli.
Outer antennce rather longer than the superior pair ; flagellum
with about fourteen to sixteen articuli. Pami of caudal appendages
sub-equal, outer ramus sub-ovate, with the outer border straight,
the inner convex ; inner ramus oblong, emarginate. Length
9/16 inch.

Hal. Port Jackson.

Cymodocea mammifera, sp. nov., Plate XYIII., fig. 1.

Surface nearly smooth. Frontal lobe very small. Lateral
angles of the thoracic segments rather blunt. Penultimate segment
of the abdomen with two very small rounded elevations near its

BY W. A. HASWELL, M.A., B.Sc. 475

posterior margin. Second segment of the abdomen with a pair
of low, mammiform elevations towards its middle ; central lobe
triangular, longer than those bordering the notch. Eami of
caudal appendages sub-equal, pointed, sparsely ciliated. Length
f inch.

B'ab. Port Denison, Queensland.

Cilicaea tenuicaudata, sj). no v., Plate XVII., fig. 2.

Surface obscurely granular. Postero-lateral angles of the
segments of the thorax sub-acute Penultimate abdominal
segment obscurely tubercular ; median spine very long, extending
far beyond the extremity of the abdomen, narrow, blade-like,
bifurcate at the tip. Last segment of the abdomen with two
rounded mammiform elevations ; a deep mesial excavation at its
posterior extremity. Peduncle of caudal appendages with a short
spine representing the internal ramus; outer ramus ciliate,
narrow, slightly curved backwards, extending rather beyond the
extremity of the mesial spine, bifurcate at the tip. Flagella of
antennae each with about ten articuli. Length 5/16 inch.

S'ab. Port Jackson.

Cilicaea crassicaudata, sp. 9iov., Plate XYIL, fig. 3.
Surface finely granular. Postero-lateral angles of the thoracic
segments blunt. Penultimate segment of the abdomen slightly
swollen ; median spine rather short, not extending beyond the
middle of the uropoda, thick, clothed with short cilia, apex entire,
blunt. Last segment of the abdomen with two mammiform
elevations ; its posterior extremity deeply notched ; notch with a
low mesial lobe. Basal segment of the caudal appendages with a
blunt process on its inner border ; mobile ramus sub-cylindrical,
ciliated, curved inwards, extending beyond the extremity of the
median spine, apex rounded, entire; immobile ramus rudimentary.
Length ^ inch.

Sab. Holborn Island, 20 fathoms (a single specimen).
3 I

476 ON SOME NEW AUSTRALIAN MARINE ISOPODA,

Calyptura carnea, gen. et sp. nov., Plate XVII., fig. 4.

Moderately convex, granulated. Head of moderate size, rather
broader than long, eyes oval, received into a notch in the anterior
border of the first segment of the thorax. First segment of the
thorax broader than the succeeding five ; lateral angles blunt.
Last segment of the thorax produced into a broad shield extend-
ing beyond and concealing the abdomen, narrowing behind to a
blunt apex, convex anteriorly, nearly flat in its posterior half,
but with a slight median longitudinal ridge. Abdomen short,
bisegmented, concealed by the last thoracic segment ; last segment
with a quadrangular median posterior notch, in the centre of which
is a squarish lobe. Caudal appendages extending slightly beyond
the extremity of the last thoracic segment ; rami subequal, ciliated
on the edges, the inner the longer, truncate, with an angular
tooth on its inner border ; outer ovate, pointed, the extremity
slightly curved outwards. Inner antennae broad at the base,
separated by a small frontal lobe, flagellum of eleven or twelve
articuli. Outer antennae longer than the inner, flagellum of
fourteen or fifteen articuli. Colour crimson. Length ^ inch.

S'ah, Port Jackson ; common.

Genus Haliophasma (novum J.

Body sub-cylindrical, depressed, thoracic segments sub-equal.
Inner antennae much shorter than the outer, with multi-articulate
flagellum. Mandibles with a palp. Maxillipedes small, sub-
operculif orm. First pair of thoracic limbs large, sub-chelate, the
rest simple or the second imperfectly subchelate. Last pair of
abdominal aj^pendages broad, operculiform, biramous — the inner
ramus biartioulate, the outer scale-like. Terminal segment
squamiform.

Differs from Paranthura in the possession of well-developed
flagella in both pairs of antennae or the outer pair only, and in the
form of the second and third pairs of pereiopoda.

BY W. A. HASWELL, M.A., B.Sc. 4.17

Haliopliasma purpurea, S2). nov., Plate XVIII., fig. 2.

Head and first thoracic segment flattened ; last thoracic segment
shorter than the others. Inner antennae as long as the head,
slender ; flagellum rudimentary. Outer antennee nearly twice as
long as the inner pair ; the peduncle very stout, the flagellum
with seven articuli. First pair of thoracic limbs very thick ^ with
stout, ovate propodos and strong dactylos ; the following pairs
all non-subchelate rather short, decreasing in size posteriorly.
Terminal segment rounded at the apex, with three longitudinal
dorsal ridges. Colour reddish-purple. Length f in.

Hah. Port Jackson.

Haliophasma maculata, sj). noc, Plate XYIII., fig. 3.

Head and first segment of the thorax slightly flattened. Inner
antenna) as long as the head; flagellum with about twenty articuli.
Outer antennae twice as long as the inner; flagellum with numerous
articulations. First pair of thoracic limbs large, similar to those
of the preceding species ; following pairs rather long, the first
two prehensile. Terminal segment not longitudinally ridged.
Terminal segment, caudal appendages and caudal scale fringed
with long hairs. Colour light yellow, with black blotches.
Length f inch.

Mob. Port Jackson.

Paranthura australis, s/;. nov., Plate XVIIL, fig. 4.

Eyes very minute. Antennae extremely short, with rudimentary
flagella, the internal pair rather the longer. First pair of thoracic
limbs with the carpus somewhat produced superiorly and distally ;
propodos ovate, dilated proximally ; the palm armed with a row
five stout spinules. Second pair rather smaller than the first and
of similar shape ; palm armed with six ciliated spinules. Third
paii^ smaller than the second. Caudal scales sub-circular ; ramus

478 ON SOME NEW AUSTRALIAN MARINE ISOPODA,

of caudal appendages ovate, sub-acute, liaiiy. Terminal segment
rounded. Length about ^ an inch.

Sah. Port Jackson.

Paranthura (?) crassicornis, sp. nov., Plate XVIII., fig. 5.

Eyes very small. Internal antennje very short, about haKthe
length of the head; flagellum with several short articuli. External
antennae twice as long as the internal pair ; flagellum thick, twice
as long as the peduncle, composed of numerous articuli. First
pair of thoracic limbs larger than the others ; propodos ovate.
Second and third pairs rather smaller than the first, and of similar
shape. Following pairs sub-equal, with the dactylos long and
falciform. Length 5/16 inch.

JS^ah. Port Jackson.

Differs from Paranthura in the form of the outer antennae.

Genus Steneteium f novum J.

Body dorso-ventrally compressed; abdomen short, one-jointed.
Head with a short rostrum. Antennae inserted on the anterior
margin of the head ; internal pair very short ; external pair very
long, both with well-developed flageUa. Mandibles provided
with a palp. Maxillipedes expanded, operculiform. First pair
of thoracic limbs with a large prehensile manus ; following pairs
ambulatory. First pair of abdominal appendages broad,
operculiform. Caudal appendages biramous, inserted on the
border of the shield-like abdomen near the extremity.

Stenetrium armatum, sp. nov.., Plate XIX., fig. 1.
Cephalon armed on either side with a prominent dorso-ventraUy
compressed, acute spine, curved outwards and forwards. Antero-
lateral angles of the first thoracic segment produced forwards,
acute ; those of the second segment slightly produced ; postero-
lateral angle of the penultimate segment slightly produced
backwards. Penultimate segment of the abdomen rudimentary ;

BY W. A. HASWELL, M.A., B.Sc. 479

second as long as the three last thoracic segments, its lateral
border marked behind the middle by an angular notch, bounded
behind by an inconspicuous acute spine ; a short, rounded mesial
lobe at the posterior extremity. Eyes narrow, oblique. Internal
antennae scarcely as long as the three basal joints of the external
pair, flagellum longer than the peduncle. External antennae
about four times as long as the inner pair, longer than the body ;
basal joint of the peduncle produced externally and distall}^ into
a slender acute process ; second joint similarly produced, the
process ending in a hair-like appendage; flagellum about equalling
the peduncle in length, formed of numerous articuli which are
very short proximally and increase slightly in length towards the
distal end. Maxillipedes with the four basal joints forming a
broad operculum ; terminal joint well-developed. First pair of
thoracic limbs in the male very large ; ischium, meros and carpus
sub-equal, the meros produced inf ero-distally into an acute process;
propodos large, irregularly ovate, palm defined by a long acute
spine, and armed in addition with a bifid denticle situated about
its middle ; dactylos powerful, sub-acute. Following pairs of
thoracic limbs sub-equal. Inner ramus of caudal appendages
longer than the outer, both lanceolate, armed laterally with
slender hairs. Length ^ inch.

The female has the first pair of thoracic limbs smaller than in
the male, the palm unarmed, concave, defined by a projecting
acute angle.

Hal. Port Jackson, among algse a few feet below low- water
mark.

Stenetrium inerme, sp. nov., Plate XIX., fig. 2.

Head transverse, rostrum sub-acute. Lateral borders of anterior
thoracic segments not much produced, bilobed. Lateral border
of last abdominal segment entire ; with an obscure, rounded,
mesial lobe. Eyes rounded. Internal antennae very slender, less
than a quarter of the length of the external pair ; basal joint of

480 ON SOME NEW AUSTRALIAN MARINE ISOPODA,

the peduncle very short and broad, second narrower and slightly
longer, thii'd scarcely distinguishable from the flagellum ;
flagellum about twice as long as the peduncle. External antennae
longer than the body, the three basal joints of the peduncle short
and stout, the third the longest of the three and provided distally
and externally with a short, acute spine ; flagellum shorter than
the peduncle. Penultimate joint of the maxillipedes not expanded.
First pair of thoracic limbs large ; propodos sub-triangular in
outline, the palm transxerse, concave, armed with a few short
bristles, and defined by a prominent acute tooth ; dactylos much
longer than the palm. Following pairs of thoracic limbs decreasing
slightly in length posteriorly. Caudal aj)pendages with the inner
ramus longer than the outer, both broad-lanceolate, truncate,
with one or two lateral notches and a few long, slender setse.
Length about 5 16 inch.

Hah. Port Jackson.

Explanation of Plates XVI. -XIX.

In all the figures a — inner antennae ; h — outer antennae ; c —
first pair of pereiopoda ; d — mandibles ; e — first pair of maxillae ;
/ — second maxillae ; g — maxillipedes ; x — terminal segment or
caudal appendages.

Plate XYI.
Fig. 1. Codonopldlus argus, five times the natural size.
,, 2. Rocinela vigilans, natural size.
,, 3. Splimroma aspera, seven times the natural size.
,, 4. Sjyhceroma anomala, four times the natural size.
,, 5. Sjjlmroma Icevis, five times the natiu^al size.
,, 6. Cgmodocea aculeata, twice the natural size.

Plate XYII.
Fig. 1. C'jmodocea 2)i('i'iscens, ii^iwYdiX ^\zQ.
,, 2. CiUccva tenuicaudata, three times the natural size.
,, 3. Cilic(Ba crassicaudata, three times the natural size.
,, 4. Calgptura caniea, four times the natural size.

BY W. A. HASWELL, M.A., B.SC. 481

Plate XVIII.
Fig. 1. Cymodocea mammifera, tliree times the natural size.
,, 2. JIalio])hasma purpurea, tliree times the natural size.
,, 3. Salioplimma maculata, three times the natural size.
,, 4. Paranthura australis, nine times the natural size.
,, 5. Paranthura (?) crassicornisj five times the natural size.

Plate XIX.
Fig. 1. Stenetrium armatum, seven times the natural size.
,, 2. Stenetrium inerme.

Notes on recent Mollusca found in Port Jackson and on
THE Coast of New South Wales and other localities

WITH their synonyms.

By J. Brazier, C.M.Z.S., &c.

1. POLYTROPA STRIATA.

Biiccimmi striata, Martyn, Univ. Conch., pi. 7, ed Chenu., pi. 3,
fig. 1. Buccimmi orhita-lacunosa, Chem., Conch. Cab., X.,
fig. 1473; Buccinumlacunosum, Brug. Purpura ru(/osa,lj£im.. ,
An. Sans Vert., Vol. VII., p. 242. Purpura rupestris,
Valenciennes ; Purpura succincta, var.. Peeve, Conch. Icon.,
without figure. Pohjtropa striata, Hutton, in Jour de Conch.
1878, p. 19, and Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca, 1880,
p. 56.

Sal, Point Piper, Port Jackson ; Wallaroo, South Australia ;
Bondi Bay fW. S. Har graves J.

This somewhat common species is recorded by Professor Hutton
from Chatham Islands, Auckland Islands, Auckland to Stewart's
Island, and South Australia ; my specimen was obtained twenty
years ago at Wallaroo, by my kinsman Mr. E. C. Eossiter. Mr.
Angas could not have found it, as there is no record of it in his
MoUuscan Fauna of South Australia, (Proc. Zool. Soc, 1865.)

482 NOTES ON RECENT MOLLTJSCA,

The Purpura textilosa, Lam., mentioned by tlie Eev. J. E.
Tenison- Woods in his Census of Tasmanian Shells is this sj)ecies.
It has not been previously recorded from Port Jackson ; a specimen
in the Museum in the Hargrave's Collection, is labelled Bondi
Bay, Australia.

2. VOLVA DEPRESSA.

Ovulum depressum, Sowb., Jun. Pro. Zool. Soc, 1875, p. 128, pi.
24. fig. .

Sah. North-west coast of Australia fCapt. BenicheJ, Isle
Amede near Noumea, New Caledonia fR. C. RossiterJ. Bampton
Eeef (Brazier J.

I have two specimens of this very rare species obtained many
years ago on the Bampton Reef, found on a branch of Madrepora.
One specimen has been recently found by Mr. P. C. Possiter at
New Caledonia. Mr. Sowerby describes it as a narrow, depressed
Ovulum, produced in front, both ends attenuated and terminating
in two points, polished, very finely striated, white, tinged with
orange at the extremities ; base eoncavely depressed ; aperture
narrow, rather more open towards the hinder part.

The base is slightly tinged with light yellow in my specimens.
There is one specimen in the Hargrave's Collection in the
Australian Museum without locality. I may mention that the
French have taken possession of the Bampton Peef, Chesterfield
Peef and Islands, and consider them dependencies of New
Caledonia.

3. Nassa compacta.

Nassa compacta, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1865, p. 154.

Hah. Greorge's Bay, Tasmania fMr. Aug. SimsonJ. St. Vincent's
Gulf, South Australia fMr. Angas J.

This species I have very often had sent to me from the amateur
collectors of Tasmania, named Nassa rufocincta, A. Ad., the N.

BY J. BRAZIER, C.M.Z.S., ETC. 483

compada is a small tliick shell and allied to N. incrassata, Mull.,
found on the Engiish Coast.

The Nussa rufocincta, mentioned by the Tiev. J. E. Tenison- Woods
in his Census of Tasmanian Shells, Proc. Roy. Soc., Tasmania,
1877. p. 29, and found by Mr. R. M. Johnston at Pig Island,
Tamar, is I believe X. compada, Angas.

4. Anaciiis speciosa.

Columhella fAiiaditsJ speciosa, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1877, p.
35, pi. 5, fig. 3.

Hal. Port Jackson, New South Wales ; George's Bay, Tasmania
fMr. Aicg. SimsonJ,

This very pretty little species I received from Mr. Simson, it
agrees in every respect with the typical form from Port Jackson.

5. FaSCIOLARIA TRAPEZIUiT.

Miirex trapezium, Linn., Syst. Nat. ed 12, p. 1224. Faciolaria
trapezium, Lam., Am. San. Yert. tome 7, p. 119, Tenison-
Woods', Census of Tasmanian Shells, Proc. Eoy. Soc, Tas.,
1877, p. 30.

Hal. Amboina fRumphusJ. Great Indian Ocean fLamarckJ.
Philipx:)ine Islands f Cuming J. Brazil (i>' Orhigny ) . Port Wiseman
Florida Island, Solomon Archipelago, found on the Peef under
blocks of coral [Brazier).

This species never was found in Tasmania as quoted by the Eev.
J. E. Tenison- Woods, it may have been brought to Tasmania by
some of the Whale ships from the Pacific Islands, and fallen into
the hands of Mr. Legrand. During the cruise of H.M.S. Cura^oa
we collected a large number of specimens in a very short time.
I have another instance of foreign shells being introduced into
the Tasmanian Seas : Some twelve months ago Mr. Augustus
Simson, L.S., sent me a large 0/h"(9 for name ; some persons living
on Flinder's Island, Bass's Straits, gave it to him and distinctly
3 J

484 NOTES ON SOME RECENT MOLLTJSCA,

told him tliat they found it on the beach near their place ; when I
received the sj)ecimen I examined it very closely and detected a
great deal of plaster of Paris on the under side. I believe
the specimen had been taken off a fancy shell vrork box ; it was
Oliva ffihhosa, a species very common at Cejlon. About fifteen
years ago one of our Port Jackson fishermen brought me a large
specimen of Murex ramosus, Linn., and declared that he brought
it up in his fishing net at Yaucluse. It had the appearance of
having been in some garden for twenty years ; five shillings was
asked for it ; eventually the same specimen was sent to me as
being from the South Sea Islands. I could relate a good deal
about Port Jackson fishermen of the old school, boarding the
"Whalers and Island Traders and buying up all the old shells and
selling them to any Foreigner about Sydney as from Port Jackson.
When in a curiosity shop one day in Sydney a gentleman happened
to come in who wanted a collection of shells from Port Jackson,
of about 50 species that he picked out more than 25 came from
New Caledonia and Solomon Islands such as Stromhus canarmm,
U2)idromus gilherulus, Pterocera larnhis^ Cyprcea tigris, &c.

6. Neritina Souverbiana.

Neriiina Soiiverhiana, Montrouzier, Jour de Conch., 1863, Vol. XI.,
p. 75-175, pi. 5, fig. 5. Neritina {Vitta) pulcherrima, Angas,
non Mousson, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1871, p. 19, pi. 1. fig. 25.
Neritina {Vitta) pidcherrima, Braz., Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S.W.,
1877, Vol. IL, p. 21. Neritina Souverhiana, Von Martens, in
Martini an Chemnitz, Conchylien-Cabinet, pi. 23, fig. 29-31.

Sah. Sow and Pigs Eeef, Port Jackson, five fathoms ; Cape
Grenville, North-east Australia, twenty fathoms ; Evan's Bay,
Cape York, North Australia, seven fathoms ; Darnley Island,
Torres Straits {Brazier). Art and Pot Islands, New Caledonia,
found on marine ¥\ie\is {Montroti%ier).

1 quite agree with Dr. E. von Martens that Mr. Angas' N
pulcherrima, is only a synonym of JV. Souverhiana, Montr, I

BY J. BRAZIER, C.M.Z.S., ETC. 485

recently received three specimens from New Caledonia, and if
mixed iq) with my Port Jackson and Torres Straits examples they
could not be separated. M. Mousson described a Neritina
pulcherrima in the Journ de Conch., 1857, p. 164, from Menado,
in the Island of Celebes, but it is in no way related to iV.
Souverhiana, Montr.

7. SCALARIA GRAIS^TJLOSA.

Turritella granulosa , Quoy. Yoy. de 1 Astrolabe ZooL, pi. bb, fig.
29 — 30. Scalaria granulosa, Sowb., Thes. Conch., pi. 35, fig.
144. Scala {Opalia) granulosa, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc,
1865, p. 168.

Hah. Port Jackson under the inner North Head, five fathoms
{Brazier). Aldinga Bay, Guichen Bay, South Australia ( (x. i^.

Of this very rare species I obtained one fine living specimen some
time ago. During the winter gale of 1868 Mr. Hargraves
procured specimens at Lake Macquarie. When living the animal
ejects a fine violet blue liquid that stains the shell for many
months ; the animal of Scalaria Australis, does the same. The
Pev. Mr. Tenison-AVoods quotes aS'. granulosa from Bass's Straits
only ; it appears strange that this shell should only be quoted
from there when it was found by Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard and
Mr. G. Angas, in other parts of Australia. It is very rare at the
present time in Australian and European Cabinets.

8. Saxacavia Angasi.

Saxacavia Angasi, A. Adams. — Angas in Proc. Zool. Soc, 1865,
p. 643. Tryon, Jr. Catalogue of Saxicavida3, 1869, p. 59.
Peeve, Conch. Icon-, pi. 2. sp. 11.

Hal). Off Balls' Head, Port Jackson, eighteen fathoms, bottom
of broken shells and large living Ascidians, Cirripedes and sponge.

This fine species is covered with a fine thin yellowish-brown
epidermis, the specimen in my possession which I removed from

486 NOTES ox SOME RECENT MOLI.TJSCA,

a large piece of sponge is eighteen lines lon<r, thirteen lines broad,
at the posterior end finelj' wrinkled, anterior end smooth. It is
quite distinct in ever}^ respect and need never be confused with
Saxtcava australis.

9. Mercexaria paijcilamellata.

Mcrcenaria 2J((iicilamell((ta, Dunker, Novitates, Conchologicpe 1858,

p. 52, pi. 16, fig. 10, 11 — 12. Fenus alatus, Eeeve, Conch.

Icon., 1163, pi. 18, fig. 83. Chione {Circomplialus) alatus,

Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1867, p. 921. CaJlista Victorice,

Tenison-Woods, Proc. Eoy. Soc, Tas., 1876, p. 171,

JIah. New Holland {Lesclihe). Port Jackson Heads, AVoUon-

gong. Port Stephens and Lake Macquarie, New South Wales

{Angas, Eargraves, Brazier). Circular Head, North Tasmania ;

Cloudy Bay on the South of Bruny Island and Frederick Henry

Bay, Tasmania {Rev. II. D. Atlcinson). Swan Eiver {Eeeve) the

New Holland of the old authors.

The figures given of the adult specimf ns by Dr. Dunker are
very fine of this nearly smooth species, broadly rayed with pale
brown, with a few erect ridges at the posterior side. The young
shells are more or less distinctly ridged throughout. One specimen
that I have is more like Chione lamellata,, having six distinct ribs
and terminating at the anterior end in long points or prongs and
canaliculated on the upper side, prongs four lines long, length of
specimen fourteen, breadth ten lines ; another valve I have has
the prongs in the centre of the ribs ; two more specimens have
four lameUated ribs and two elongated canaliculated erect prongs
on each rib at the anterior end, length eleven, breadth seven lines;
one specimen with two small ribs wide apart each rib with three
prongs slightly curved down at the end : one nearly in the centre,
the other two near the anterior end and terminating in a broad
lamellated prong at the posterior end, length six, breadth four
and a-half liups. One specimen with four prongs on the edge of
a very indistinct rib : one lamellated jirong at the posterior end,

BY J. BRAZIER, C.M.Z.S., ETC. 487

the second nearly m tlie middle, third on the angle, fourth rather
long an the anterior end, length five, breadth three and a-half
lines ; another specimen having two thin, nearly obsolete slightly
lamellated ribs, with four prongs on each rib disposed in the same
manner as the previous specimen, this is the smallest of the series,
length four and a-half, breadth three and a-quarter lines. Adult
specimens measure twenty-six lines long, twenty lines broad, the
Tasmanian examjoles are a little broader.

The valves of this species are crenulated at the margins and
could be classed in either Mercenaria or Chione ; in Ccdlista the
margins are entire and never crenulated.

10. HeMICARDIA DOXACIFOR^^riS.

Cardium donaciforme, Schrpoter, Yin. 3. p. 68, pi. 7, f. 14. — Eeeve,
Conch. Icon., pi. 5, sp. 25. Cardium australiense, Eeeve,
Proc. Zool. Soc, 1844, p. 168. Cardium Donaciforme, Hanley
Catalogue Eecent Bivalve Shell, p. 144. Cardium australiense,
Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1867, p. 925.

Hah. Port Jackson Heads, Lake Mactj^uarie, Port Stephens,
New South Wales, {Brazier). Port Lincoln (Harvey).

The name given to this species by Peeve I think was quite
uncalled for. I doubt if it was found at Port Lincoln, South
Australia. Mr. Angas does not mention it in his list of South
Australian Shells, so he could not have found it. Mr. Bednall
or Professor Tate have not I believe met it there. I believe it is
confined to the east coast of Australia. During the Chevert
Expedition we did not procure any specimens, either in Torres
Straits or on the north-east coast. The late Mr. Cuming obtained
his specimen at the Philippine Islands, and none knew better than
Mr. Cuming the value of a new s]3ecies, so Mr. Peeve described
the Australian form as a new species on account of a slight
difference in colour. I have eighty specimens dredged out side
Sydney Heads, there are not two alike in colour or marking in
the series ; a very fine lot for a species maker. The specimens

488 EUCAIiYPTS OF THE COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND,

from Port Stephen are very fine, they measnre twenty-one lines
long, breadth fourteen lines. Erom Lake Macquarie, fifteen lines
long, ten lines broad. Sydney Heads, largest specimens eleven
lines long, six lines broad ; smallest specimens five lines long,
three lines broad.

I quote Mr. Eeeve's remarks on his so called species. ''This
shell may be chiefly distinguished from Cardium Bonacifonne to
which it is in many respects allied by the contracted flexuous
prolongation of the posterior portion, and by the peculiarity of
one half of the shell being conspicuously grooved whilst the other
half is smooth and shining."

This description corresponds to about five specimens out of
eight^'-three ; in old specimens there are very few grooves, others
again have radiating grooves from end to end.

Species of Eucalyptus ix the County of Cumberland : their
habitat and uses.

By the Eev. Dr. Woolls, D.D., E.L.S., &c.

Part IV.

Section lY. Pachyphlolf.

In referring to the species of this section, I think it necessary
to state that I have alwaj^s felt some difficulty respecting the trees
popularly termed " Stringy Barks," for, though they differ in the
size and shape of the leaves, the configuration of the fruit, and
the comparative value of their wood, yet they all agree pretty
well in the textiu^e of their bark and the shape and opening of
their anthers. AVhether placed under the cortical or artificial
system, therefore, they must stand close to each other. Until
very recently, the specific name of oUiqua was applied to all the
forms of Stringy Bark, and it is very remarkable that Mr-
Bentham, although he knew nothing of the trees excei^ting from
dried specimens and the notes of the collectors, saw that they all

BY THE EEV. DR. WOOLLS, D.D., F.L.S., ETC. 489

had a near alliance to tliat species {E. oUiqua). Thus, in
describing-^. capiteJla, he remarks ''nearly allied to E. oUiqua,
this species appears to differ slightly in the thicker leaves with
rather less oblique veins, and more essentially in the sessile
flowers and fruits, and in the shape of the fruit." Of E.
macrorrhjncha, he says, '' Although allied to E. oUiqua, this is
readily distinguished by the buds, and especially by the shape of
the fruit " ; whilst of E. eugenioidss, which he regarded as a variety
of E. piperita, or the common Peppermint, he adds '' This species
is sometimes di£B.cult to distinguish in the dried state from some
forms of E. oUiqua.''^ Under these circumstances, it seemed not
unreasonable to regard the three forms of Stringy Bark, as
varieties of the same species, differing from each other in
proportion to their proximity to the sea-coast, their elevation
above the sea-level, or the geological formation of the soil. This
view appeared to be confirmed by the fact that Willdenow, in his
^' Species Plantarum " published in 1799, places E. oUiqua amongst
the Port Jackson Eucalypts, and also by the consideration that
our early Botanists caUed the Stringy Bark by that name. It
was not until the publication of the third Decade of Baron
Mueller's Eucahjptographia that the amalgamation of the forms
under E. oUiqua seemed untenable, for that learned writer proves
beyond a doubt that the typical E. oUigua was first noticed in
Tasmania, and that, in its ordinary form, it scarcely extends to
New South Wales. Such being the case, it may be well, in the
present state of our inquiries, to speak of the three forms of
Stringy Bark found in different parts of the colony, as three
distinct species. Very little importance should be attached to the
shape and texture of the leaves or to the commercial value of the
timber, as constituting specific difference, but there is a difficulty
in combining forms which differ in the shape of their fruit. It
is true, that in some species of Iron Bark {E. siderophlora) and of
Mahogany {^E, resinifera), the fruit varies sometimes in shape and
size, but, then, the uniform shape of the leaves and the general

490 EXJCALYPTS OF THE COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND,

cliaracter of the wood prevent us from concluding that such
deviations are anything more than varieties of the same species.
With regard to size especially/this seems to be true, for, in damp
sandy places near the coast, the fruit of the latter is sometimes
three or four times as large as it is inland to the Blue Mountains.

1. E. capitella, (so called from the capitate flower buds of the
umbels) is the common form of Stringy Bark near the sea-coast,
and then, after passing over the county of Cumberland, it is found
again on the Blue Mountains, where it is distinguished from the
other form by the name of '^ Broad-leaved or Silvery Stringy
Bark." As found near Sydney, it is only a tree of moderate size,
but, according to Baron Mueller, it attains a height of 200 feet in
favourable localities to the South. The young seedlings of this
species, as well as those of E. eugenioides, and JE. macrorrhynclia,
are beset with minute tufts of hair, the leaves appear nearly
opposite, and the fruit is hemispherical. This tree was one of
the first Eucalypts made known to European Botanists, for it is
figured in White's Voyages to New South Wales, and is described
in Willdenow's '' Species Plantarum,^^ in which it is said to be
distinguished from other species by its capitate flowers. The
operculum is generally figured as hemispherical, but the form,
especially near Sydney, varies to conical. With regard to the
wood, different opinions are entained, for, whilst Sir W. Macarthur
( Catologue of the Natural and Industrial Products of New South
Wales, 1867), says that the coast species is preferable to that of
Camden, workmen generally speak more favourably of the kind
which occurs as a forest tree between the coast and the mountains.
Sir William gives 120 feet as the greatest height of E. capitella,
and he memtions as a curious fact that the Blacks had different
names for the coast and inland trees.

2. E. eugenioides, is the name now appropriated to the common
Stringy Bark from Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains. As Mr.
Bentham placed this species with E. piperita, there was some
difficulty in identifying it, but recent investigation has shown that

BY THE REV. DR. WOOLLS, D.D., F.L.S., ETC. 491

it is the same as E. scahra, E. penicellata, and E. acervida^ having
narrower leaves than the other Stringy Barks, and differing also
in the pale colour of the wood. The leaves are very unequal at
the base and the fruit is small, not capitate, and the rim
comparatively narrow. As a bush tree, Stringy Bark rises from
60 to 100 feet, and is associated with Box [E. hemifliloia) and
Grey Gum [E. teretieornis), having frequently a spreading habit,
and flowering regularly in the summer. It is a very useful tree,
for the wood is available for flooring boards, weather boards,
door-frames, shingles, fencing and paling, whilst the bark can be
utilized not only for covering rustic buildings, but also for the
manufacture of door-mats, paper, ropes, &c. I have been told
by practical men that Stringy Bark Shingles have been known to
last for 20 years, whilst a friend at Mudgee assures me that the
same tree, (as distinguished from the Red Stringy Bark), furnishes
a very durable timber, the posts of it having stood in the ground
for 40 years. The quality, however, differs according to the soil,
for, in some parts, it is not esteemed, whilst everywhere it is but
an indifferent wood for fuel. According to Baron Mueller, to
whom we are indebted for a technical description of the species
under the name of E. acervula, it occurs from Botany Bay to the
Macleay Eiver, and is allied systematically to E. piperita.

3. E. piperita, is the common Peppermint of Port Jackson, so
called, because in the early days of the colony, it was remarked
that the volatile oil extracted from the leaves had in its scent a
great resemblance to Peppermint. This tree which grows to great
size, though generally spreading in its habit and not remarkable
for its height, extends here and there from the coast to the Blue
Mountains. Its bark which is not so fibrous or thick as that of
Stringy Bark, covers the butt, but not the smaller branches, and
on account of its greyish appearance, it is sometimes called,
especially to the Southward, ''White Stringy Bark." Differing
from E. capitella and E. eugenioides in the shape of the fruit, the
comparative thinness of the leaves, and in their less obliquity at
3K

^

492 ETJCALYPTS OF THE COTJNTY OF CTJMBERLAND,

the base, there is also a marked dissimilarity in their seedlings,
for whilst the leaves of the young Stringy Barks are rough, nearly
opposite, and lanceolate, those of the Peppermint are smooth and
roundish. Mr. Bentham considered U. eiigenioides, or the White
Stringy Bark to be a variety of E. ])i])erita, but as the trees differ
not only in the parts specified but also in their bark, wood, and
habit, the opinion is inadmissible. The wood of the Peppermint
has a bad reputation, being regarded as useless for fencing and
carpentry, as well as for fuel. In the progress of inquiry, no
doubt, it will be found applicable to some industrial purpose, but
this is the character given to it by a recent writer : ^' Hard to
kill, hard to grub, difficult to burn, and useless for all splitting
purposes, it is a nuisance to the farmer, whether alive or dead."
The occurrence of the Stringy Barks and Peppermint seems to be
intimately connected with the geological formation of the soil, for
whilst E. ca^itella and E. piperita prefer what is termed the Sydney
sandstone or Hawkesbury Eocks, E. eugenioides, is the species
found most frequently on the Parramatta Beds. Thus, for
instance, E. capiteUa, is found in the neighbourhood of Port
Jackson, and then, again on parts of the Blue Mountains where
the formation is similar. The same remark may be made
respecting E. piperita, for, though occurring at Manly Beach, on
the Creeks to the north of Parramatta, and also on the rocky
banks of the Parramatta Eiver, it passes over a considerable
portion of tne County and appears again on the Blue Mountains.
I am not aware that E. macrorrhyncha is to be found on this side
of the Dividing Eange, but, on the sides of the hills beyond
Mudgee, it is one of the forms of Stringy Bark, preferring a
porphyritic whinstone and felspar. This subject was discussed
in a paper by Mr. W. Christie, read before the Eoyal Society in
November, 1876, in which my eminent friend the late Eevd. W.
B. Clarke, took an especial interest, but as I did not see Mr.
Christie's specimens, I can only observe, that one of the Stringy
Barks in New England prefers '' granite and elvanite soil," whilst

BiT THE KEY. DK. WOOLLS, D.D., F.L.S., ETC. 493

the other is found " where the rock approaches in its granular
character to the nature of sandstone." The latter appears to me
to be £. macrorrJii/ncha, as the seed vessel is reported to attain a
large size, but in order to form any definite opinion of geological
influences, the whole matter needs careful investigation.

On a youxg specimex of a Temnopleurxis.

By the Eev. J. E. Texison-Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S.

[Plate XV., figs. 3, 4, and 5.]

The species here described was dredged up from a few fathoms
at Port Denison. It appears to me to belong to the genus
Temnopleurus, and as far as I can judge belongs to a new species.
It is principally distinguished by the extent and depth of the pits
on the coronal i)lates. Unfortunately there are no perfect
specimens and the anal system is entirely wanting. There are
two single rows of large tubercles (primary) in each area, and
secondaries are scattered in irregular double lines on the ridges
between the sutural pits. On the ambulacral area this line is
close to the pores, which are a single row of double pores. On
the interambulacral area there is a very irregular line of
secondaries between the line of pores and the row of primaries.
The tubercles have a conspicuous smooth base and a rather large
area which is also smooth. The sutural pits are regularly oval,
and equally deep. The shape of the test is circular and depressed
not conical. The actinosome is large, round, without cuts and
the arches are broad, rather high, solid, united above and
connected with one another by hood processes.

Prof. A. Agassiz has given us such full information about the
young stages of Temnoplcurus that we are able to pronounce at
once upon any small urchins belonging to the genus. The
specimen in question does not belong to T. Hardwichii, as in that
species the sutural pits are altogether wanting on the actinal

494 DESCRIPTION OF A PARASITIC STNGNATUS,

surface, while here they are as conspicuous as on any part of the
test. Temnopleurus Reynaudi has a conical outline and the pits
are different. In T. tornematiciis, the secondary tubercles form
oblique lines and the portion of the ambulacral plates which lies
between the sutural cavities has a band-like character.

From all these circumstances I regard the urchin here figured
as new, I do not think we are dealing with a very young stage,
but as I cannot give any information or surmise about the adult
state, I name the species only provisionally and distinguish it as
Temno^ leurus cavernosa .

Description of a Parasitic Syngxatus.
By E. P. Eamsay, F.L.S., &c,

SyNGXATUS INTESTIXALIS, Sp. 710V.

Operculum with a ridge. Body elongate, quadrilateral, with
four distinct ridges, lateral line ridged, almost confluent with the
upper ridges of the tail ;* dorsal ridges of the body ending with
the dorsal fin, which is composed of thirty rays, rather high,
and occupies five of the caudal and half of the last body ring.
Body rings sixteen, nuchal ridge on three nuchal plates, the
dorsal ridge overlaps the caudal at the dorsal fin, and ends with
the last dorsal ray ; the lower caudal ridge continuous with the
abdominal ; the tail about half as long again as the body, the
anus in front of the dorsal, each ring ending in a small, sharp,
spine ; the folds of the egg pouch in the male occupy about
one third of the extent of the caudal j)ortion ; the snout is very
slightly shorter than the remainder of the head, the width of the
head at the gill covers is one third of the head — including the
snout.

Body flesh colour, dorsal ridges and caudal fin orange, fourteen
to sixteen dark bands on the body very indistinct on the under

BY E. P. RAMSAY, F.L.S. 495

side of the tail ; heaSTwith minute blackish, striae abovey black
dots on the snout, two black lines on either side of the gill covers
one on the centre of the throat, the first three rings with a broad
black band (or two confluent spots) below.

Hah. The intestinal cavity of Holothuri(B.

NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

Mr. Eamsay exhibited a tooth of a Marsupial allied to Diprotodon
for which he proposed the name of Sceparnodon from the adze-like
cbaracter of the upper incisor. Also several specimens of
Fierasfer (two species) and a number of Sygnathtdcc and an almost
colourless Eleotris, which had lived as ''Messmates" in the
interior of a large Hohthuria.

Mr. Brazier exhibited a beautiful species of Lepralia from the
Harbour, and the third part of the Conchology of New Caledonia,
by J. B. Gassies.

Mr. Hobson exhibited Mineral specimens from the Solomon
Islands, consisting principally of decomposed trap, calcspar, and
jasperised slate.

WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBEE 24Tn, 1880.

The Vice-President, W. J. Stephens, Esq., M.A., in the Chair.

The' Hon. Secretary announced that the Council had elected E.
B. Sanger Esq., of Adelaide a Corresponding Member of the
Society.

MEMBERS ELECTED.

Dr. Josex)h. Beattie, Parramatta.
Mr. Crofft, Survey Office.

496 LIST OF SPECIES OP POKCELLANA OR CYPR^A,

DONATIONS.

Meddelanden af Societas pro Pauna et Flora Fennica,
Mittheilungen aus der Zoologisclien Station zu Neapel, 1880.

Manual of New Zealand Coleoptera, by Oapt. T. Broun.

Mr. Brazier on behalf of J. H. Tbomson Esq., New Bedford,
Mass., presented tlie Society the following works, which, he
stated were of singular value to Australian Naturalists : Testacea
Nova Australiae, Morelet. Metz., 1857; and Molluscorum Novae
HoUandise specimen, Menke, Hanover, 1843.

papers read.

List of species of Porcellana or Oypr^a found in Moreton

Bay, Queensland.

By J. Brazier, O.M.Z.S., &c.

I have been requested by numerous correspondents in New
South Wales and Queensland to publish in the Proceedings of
this Society a Catalogue of the species of Cijprma found in Moreton
Bay, as the Conchological Works on the subject published in
England and Europe are very seldom to be found in the library
of young beginners. Last year I wrote a paper on the Moreton
Bay species of Cypr(2a and it was published in the English Journal
of Conchology, Vol. II., p. 317, a work seen only by a few in these
Colonies.

A few remarks on Moreton Bay may be of interest. It was on
the 17th of May, 1770, the celebrated circumnavigator. Captain
James Cook, dropped anchor from the bows of the good ship
'' Endeavour," in the waters of a large inlet on the eastern coast
of Australia, to which he gave the name of 'Moreton Bay,' in
honour of his patron the Earl of Moreton, the then President of
the Eoyal Society. The bay is an extensive sheet of water
separating Shadbroke and Moreton Islands from the mainland.
It is about forty miles long, north and south, and seventeen miles
broad. Stradbroke Island is thirty-three miles long, north and

BY J. BRAZIER, C.M.Z.S., ETC. 497

south, and seven miles broad. Moreton Island is twenty miles
in extreme length about north and south, and five miles in breadth
near the north end. Very few good working collectors have ever
visited Moreton Island, with its extensive range of long sandy
beaches with large stones that can be turned over at low water
spring tides. In the bay there are smaller islands and sandbanks
with shoals on which dredging can be carried on with but little
trouble. The only persons who did any good dredging in the bay
were the late Mr. Fred. Strange and young Mr. Spurling, who
unfortunately lost their lives in the service at Percy Island No.
II., by being killed by the aborigines.

This list is made out from those species collected by the late
Mr. Charles Coxen, of Brisbane, Queensland, he having paid
frequent visits to various parts of the bay. He was busy arranging
his valuable discoveries and corresponding with me up to the time
of his death in July, 1876. I am under great obligation to Mrs.
Coxen in her endeavours to assist me with the use of her lamented
husband's papers and notes.

CYPEiEA.

1. Cypr^a aselltjs, Linn.
Reeve, Conch, Icon., pi. 18, fig. 98.

Bribie Island ; one dead specimen found.

2. Cyprjea felina, Gmel.
Eeeve, pi. 19, fig. 105.

Stradbroke Island, on banks under big hiU.

3, Cyvuma carneola, Linn.
Eeeve, pi. 6, fig. 19.
Stradbroke Island ; one dead specimen found.

498 LIST OF SPECIES OF PORCELLANA OR OYPR^A,

4. CYPRffiA Isabella, Linn.
Eeeve, pi. 12, fig. 51.

Bribie Island ; one dead specimen found.

5. CYPR-ffiA MACULA, A. Ad.

Sowb. Tbes. Conch., pi. 32, fig. 380.

Shell of a greyish, colour, freckled with chestnut, dark spots round
the basal margin ; back with a conspicuous large chestnut blotch.

Stradbroke Island, on coral banks.

Sub Genus AEICIA.

6. CypB^A ANNULUS, Liuu.
Sowerby, Thes. Conch., pi. 26, fig. 252.

Stradbroke Island ; very common on all the banks off the island.

Mrs. Coxen says, " We had at one time 800 specimens a great
deal finer in colour than those figured by Mr. Sowerby in Thes.
Conch." I am of the same opinion, having obtained large
numbers from Port Denison and Torres Straits that put the
figure of Reeve and Sowerby into the shade.

7. Cypr^a Arabica, Linn.
Eeeve, Conch. Icon., pi. 1, fig. 2.

Stradbroke Island, on coral banks ; common.

8. Cypr^a caput- serpentis, Linn.
Eeeve, pi. 11, fig. 44.
Shell somewhat squarely ovate, depressedly flat ; teeth con-
spicuous, rather elongated, thirteen or fourteen on the inner and
outer lip ; blackish brown, back ornamented with unequal, round,
white specks and dots, pale fulvous spot at each extremity, base
dirty white.
Amity Point, Stradbroke Island ; few obtained.

BY J. BRAZIER, C.M.Z.S., ETC. 499

9. Cypr^a caput-anquis, Philippi.

This species T\^as sent to me for name and marked Moreton Bay ;
I consider Moreton Bay a very wide term. This was described by
Philippi, 1849, in the German Conchological Work, Zeitschrift
fur Malakozoologie, p. 24.

Shell oblong ovate, very much convex with the sides thickened
and angulated ; blackish-brown, convex at the base ; aperture
with sixteen teeth on each side, thicker on the outer side, interstices
milky-brown, back dotted with white, extremities whitish.

It might be taken for a variety of capiit-serpentis, but it is quite
distinct and was figured by Martin Lister in his Hist. Conch.,
1770, i3l. 701, fig. 49, and pi. 704, fig. 53.

Sub Genus LUPONIA.

10. Cypr^ea angustata, Gmel. (Non Gray).

Sowerby, Thes. Conch., pi. 28, fig. 296—297.

Colundra, north end of Moreton Bay, one dead specimen found.

I doubt this species having been found in Moreton Bay ; its
home is Tasmania. I have never seen the northern shell, but I
think Mr. Coxen's identification must be wrong, or Tasmanian
shells may have got mixed up with Moreton Bay examples of
other species.

11. Cyprea caurica, Linn.
Eeeve, pi. 11, fig. 46.
Dunwich, Stradbroke Island ; not common.

12. Cypr^a clandestina, Linn.
Eeeve, pi, 19, fig. 106.
Cyprcea moniliaris, Lamark.
Stradbroke Island ; found on the banks under big hill.
3 L

500 LIST OF SPECIES OF PORCELLANA OR CYPR^A,

13. Cypr^a cruenta, G-melin.

Reeve, Conch,, pi. 10, fig. 38.

Cyprma variolaria, Lam., C. morhillosa, Sol., MS.S., Dilln. Cat.,
Porcellana variola, Rumph.

Burleigh Heads ; one dead specimen found.

14. Cypr^a ebtjrna, Barnes.
Reeve, pi. 9, fig. 35.

Stradbroke Island ; very rare.

15. Cypr^a erosa, Linn.
Reeve, pi. 11, fig. 43.
Stradbroke Island ; found on coral banks.

16. Cypr^a errones, Linn.
Reeve, pi. 13, fig. 56.
Cyprma ovum, Gmel, C. siibflava, Gmel., C. olkacea, Lam.
Stradbroke Island ; common on aU the coral banks.,

17. Cyprma flaveola, Linn.

Reeve, pi. 18, fig. 95.

Stradbroke Island ; on the banks under the big hiU ; not
common. This species must not be confounded with the C.floA^eola
of Lamarck, which is the C. spurca of Linn., or the C. flaveola of
Born, which is the C. rufa.

18. Oypr-^ja helvola, Linn.
Reeve, pi. 15, fig. 72.

Cyprma citrina, Kiener, (non Gray.)
Stradbroke Island, under the big hill, not common.

BY J. BRAZIER, C.M.Z.S., ETC. 50l

Mrs. Coxen sent me this named C. cUrina, Gray, they are
both, quite distinct and need not be confused. C. citrina is very
rare, my sj^ecimen comes from Madagascar.

19. Cypr^a lutea, Gron.
Eeeve, pi. 20, fig. 110.

Cyprcda Hmnijlireysii, Gray.

Stradbroke Island, under big hill ; rare.

The two specimen in my collection received from Mrs. Coxen
are one inch in length ; the variety C. Riimphreysii is very rare,
it is banded with two milky blue zones.

20. CypryEA lynx, Linn.
Cypr(BaVanelli,Jjmn., C.squalma,(}m.el., C. Caledonu'a,CTasse.,Y8iY.

Stradbroke Island ; rare.

21. Cypr/"EA Saul^, Gask.
Eeeve, pi. 14, fig. 62.
Peel Island ; only one specimen found.

This magnificent and rare species was first procured from the
Philippine Islands, the specimen in my collection was obtained
by a native diver at Warrior Eeef, Torres Straits, six fathoms,
found on a branch of MiUepora.

22. Cypr^a sxjbviridis, Eeeve, pi. 13, fig. 48.
Southern end of Moreton Bay.

23. Cypr^a TIGRIS, Linn.
Eeeve, pi. 4, fig. 12.
Gyprccaflammea, Gmel., G. tiyrina, Gmel.
Peel Island ; not common.

502 LIST OF SPECIES OF PORCELLANA OR OYPR^A,

Mr. Samuel Stutclibiiry found a young living example beautifully
coloured, at Bribie Island in 1854. This is Mr. Coxen's note.

24. Cypr^a vitellus, Linn.
Eeeve, pi. 5, fig. 14.

Gyprcea dama, Humph., O. fulva^ Gmel.
Stradbroke Island ; rather common.

25. Cypr^a Walkeri, Gray.
Sowerby, Thes. Conch., pi. 18, fig. 123-125.

Peel Island ; two only have been found.

This rare species I obtained during the Chevert Expedition to
New Guinea in 1875, first at Palm Island, eleven fathoms sandy
mud bottom; Cape Grenville, North-east coast of Australia,
eight fathoms, white sand ; Darnley Island, Torres Straits, twenty
to thirty fathoms, white sand.

Mr. W. A. Haswell, M.A., B.Sc, dredged two examples off
Port Denison, October 1879.

26. Cypr^a xanthodon. Gray.
Sowerby, Thes. Conch., pi. 23, fig. 196, 197-513.
Dunwich, Stradbroke Island, on the coral banks ; rare.

27. Cypr^a zigzag, Linn.
Eeeve, pi. 18, fig. 97.
Peul Island ; only one found.

It is interesting to know that Mr. Coxen obtained this fine and
well known species in Moreton Bay, I believe it is the first
recorded Australian habitat.

I am of opinion that Forcellana of Eumphius, Amboyna Earit.
p. 113, 1705, should have priority over CtjprcBa oiJAxm.y Syst.
Nat., p. 1172, 1766. The following list will show the superiority
of Eumphius' claim :

BY J. BR.iZIER, C.M.Z.S., ETC.

503

1 . PorceUana aselU, ^
3. ,. carneola,

4.
13.
23.
24.

Isahella, •

variola, rl^umpli.

guttata,

salita, J ,, vitellus, ^

The numbers refer to the species mentioned in this paper, as
Cyprcda,

Cyprcea asellus, '\

„ carneola, )>-Linn.
,, Issahella,J
„ cruenta, Gmel.

" ^'^'''^ ] Linn.

Species of Eucalyptus in the County of Cumberland : their
habitat and uses.

By the Eey. Dr. Woolls, D.D., F.L.S., &c.

Part V.

Section V. Schizophloi^.

1 . E. panicidata, varies in the colour of the wood from white to
red, and, therefore, is sometimes called ''White," and sometimes
" Eed Ironbark," whilst, on the Blue Mountains, the j)ale variety
has the name of '' Brush Ironbark." Although this tree appears
in the interior in a stunted form, it rises in the counties of
Cumberland and Camden to the height of 120 feet, and the bark
is smoother and more uniform than that of the allied species. The
wood of E. paniculata, especially in the pale variety is very, hard
and tough, and, according to Sir W. Macarthur, is ''the most
valuable of all the Ironbarks," being highly prized by wheel-
wrights for shafts, spokes, and cogs or for any purposes where
strength and durability are requireu. The leaves vary in size
and shape from ovate-lanceolate to narrow-lanceolate, and, in
dried specimens, var. angustifolia is only to be distinguished from
E. crehra by having its outer stamens anantherous, although
practical men easily distinguish them by their wood and bark.
This tree prefers a better soil than some of its congeners, and, on
the Blue Mountains, it appears as a forest tree. Baron Mueller

504 ErCALYPTS OF THE COUNTY OF CUMBEBLAND,

justly remarks, in reference to it, '' tliat we can best distinguisli
JE. paniculata from E. mleroiMoia by the less deei3ly furrowed
bark, by the frequent difference in the coloration of the leaf -pages,
by the shorter calyx-lids, the sterility of the outer stamens, the
infraction of all filaments while in bud, the terminal openings of
the anthers, and the dilated stigm.a and perfectly enclosed fruit-
valves." Though nearly allied, however, the two trees stand in
different sections under the artificial system.

2. E. sideroiMoia, is the ''broad leaved*' or rough Ironbark,
one of the strongest and most durable of colonial timbers, and
originally called E. resinifera, because from it the Botany Bay
kino was procured very plentifully. The popular names of this
species are very confusing, as the term '' broad leaved " is equally
applicable to some forms of E. paniculata, whilst thatof ''Eed
Ironbark" is more suttable for E. crehra, as that species is more
uniform in the colour of its wood There are two forms of E.
sideropliloia, varying in the size of the leaves, flowers, and fruit,
and particularly in the length of the operculum. In the form,
which Mr. "Bentham ragards as typical of the species, the leaves
are sometimes lanceolate and somewhat falcate, the operculum
conical and rather longer than the calyx-tube, the fruit seldom
exceeding two lines, and the valves scarcely protruding. This
form seems to include a tree common in some parts of the country
and growing in company with the typical E. sideropliloia, but
called ''Black Box" and "Ironbark Box." Mr. T. Shepherd,
who for many years past has paid attention to our Eucalypts,
states "that the wood of the Black Box is so like that of the
common Ironbark that it may easily be mistaken for it ; but it is
not the least like the wood of the common Box. The saplings at
first sight are very like the Box, but the upper branches, unlike
those of the Box, have rough bark extending almost to their
extremities. When you strip off a piece of the bark, you find
that, after a minute or two, the juice, on exposure to the air, turns
red like that of Ironbark, whilst that of the Box remains a

BY THE REV. DR. WOOLLS, D.D., F.L.S., ETC. 505

yellowish white. Woodmen are in the habit of passing off
the wood of this tree under the name of Ironbark, and the
Government Inspectors do not notice any difference." The form
designated var. rostrata has the operculum about half an inch' in
length or more, the fruit four lines in diameter, and the valves of
the capsule somewhat prominent, whilst the rim is usually thicker.
The leaves, likewise, are larger and broader ; being frequently
more than six inches in length, and more than two in breadth.
Sir W. Macarthur remarks, in reference to this tree, '' It is
distinguishable by its very rough bark, in broad, deep, longitudinal
furrows, its very broad leaves, its smooth bark on the young
branches, and the different grain of the wood." So far as I have
had opportunities of observing, there does not appear to be much
difference in the quality of the wood in the varieties of this
species, but there is not the same uniformity in the bark. Though
inferior as a timber to that of E. pcmiculata, it is very much
esteemed for railway purposes, piles, and fencing, standing for
many years in the ground, and bearing a great amount of pressure.
It is not used for carpentry, as it is hard to work, and unsuitable
for boards or veneering, on account of its tendency to warp when
cut up as sawn stuff. For the most part, this tree indicates poor
soil, growing sometimes in stony places, especially in red sand
stone, where it appears to derive little nutriment from the ground.
In the neighbourhood of Parramatta, it is found in company with
E. crehra and E.pmiiculata, but between Eichmond and St. Mary's,
it is rather associated with U. sideroxijlon.

3. E. crehra, which is commonly known as the narrow-leaved
orEed Ironbark, is a tree of considerable size, rising to 100 or
120 feet in height with a proportionate diameter. Though
occurring frequently on poor soil, it is found on grassy flats in the
county of Cumberland, and also on the lower parts of the Blue
Mountains, as a forest tree. The leaves of this species are
lanceolate and sometimes very narrow ; the bark dark, hard, and
furrowed ; and the wood generally of a red colour. E. crehra

506 EUCALYPTS OF THE COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND,

flowers from October to the end of the year, and, in that respect,
is more regular than some of the allied species. Baron Mueller,
who has given an excellent figure of this tree, says that the
frequent occurrence of it through a large extent of East Australia
suggested the specific name. It appears from the observations
of that eminent writer, that this Ironbark extends from the
southern shores of the Gulf of Carpentaria, through the more
littoral and hilly tracts of Queensland to the vicinity of Port
Jackson and the Blue Mountains. According to the artificial
system E. crehra stands in the same section with E. siderophloia,
though, in its general character, it approaches more closely to the
narrow-leaved forms of E. paniculata. The wood is very hard
and durable, being largely used for fencing, railway purposes,
and wheel-wright's work. According to the experiments mentioned
by Baron Mueller, the wood is not so strong as that of E.
siderophloia, and that is the general impression of practical men ;
but, in order to form an accurate estimate of the comparative
strength of the respective woods, they should be nearly of the
same age, for old timber becomes somewhat brittle.

4. E. leucoxylon var. sideroxtjlon is the Eed-flowering Ironbark,
occurring for the most part on poor soil at South Creek, near
Bichmond, and between Parramatta and Liverpool. It is seldom
found, on this side of the Dividing Pange, to exceed 60 or 80
feet. The bark is very dark in colour, deeply furrowed, and,
abounding in kino. As the wood is the darkest of the Ironbark s
the specific name is very inappropriate, whilst the term sideroxylon
seems applicable to all the series. The Victorian and South
Australian tree, with which, according to the artificial system, our
Eed-flowering Ironbark is associated, has white wood and '' a
rough dark iron-grey bark " (F.v.M.), but both of the trees have
similar flowers and the upper branches white and smooth. Baron
Mueller suggested the name ruhiflora for our variety, but finding
that, beyond the Dividing Pange, the tree very frequently had
white flowers, he has returned to Cunningham's sideroxylon. The

BY THE REV. DR. WOOLLS, D.D., F.L.S., ETC. 507

wood of this Ironbark is the least esteemed of the four species, to
which our Ironbarks are now referred. Though more easily-
worked, and sometimes used for the naves of wheels, and also
for piles and posts standing in the ground (for which purposes it
seems adapted), it does not split well, nor is it considered durable.
When in flower, the smaller trees have an ornamental appearance,
for the blossoms resemble those of the Peach, and the drooping
foliage is somewhat pale and silvery. As far as I Lave observed,
this tree does not occur on the Hawkesbury Eocks, but prefers
the red sandstone.

Though the Eucalypts of the county of Cumberland do not rise
to the towering height of those in Victoria and Western Australia,
nor have any of the species acquired so much celebrity as the
far-famed E. glohidus, yet they afford timber for a great variety
of purposes ; whilst their leaves, resin, and bark may be utilized
in many ways which the progress of science is continually revealing.
It is to be lamented, that in the early days of the colony, so many-
valuable trees were destroyed in the process of burning off, and
that farms, in the neighbourhood of Sydney and Parramatta,
have been completely denuded of timber. The indiscriminate
destruction of such trees has not only deprived the cattle of
shelter, but, in some places, there is a scarcity of timber for
fencing or fuel, which will render it necessary ere long to reverse
the policy of former days, and to raise again, if possible, forests of
despised gum trees. I have long considered, that, on economic,
as well as on sanitary grounds, it is very imprudent to slay the
giants of the forest merely to get them out of the way, and I have
remonstrated especially on the folly of ring-barking valuable
Ironbarks for the temporary purpose of increasing the growth of
the grass. Such trees may yet be wanted, and it may take a
longer time to raise them than many suppose. And this leads
me to remark, in conclusion, that whilst some Eucalypts are
rapid in growth, others require centuries for their full develop-
ment. This consideration may account in some measure, for the

3 m:

508 EUCALYPTS OF THE COUNTY OF CmiBERLAKD,

very different opinions wliicli men of science have expressed on
the subject. The Eev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.S.,, andF.L.S.,
in a paper eatitled " Tasmanian Forests: their Botany and Economic
Value, ^"^ asserts, on the testimony of a gentleman who has had
great experience in such matters, that the tallest trees of the
forest, the giant timber of Tasmania, range from fifty-one to
seventy-five years old. Sir William Denison, on the other hand,
arrived at the conclusion, from observations which he made near
Hobartown, that ^. ^/oJ«^/w5 continues ''its upward growth in
deep nutritive soil for about 80 years, after which space of time,
the tree will onty enlarge in the girth of its stem and branches."
Baron Mueller regards this gum tree as a species of longevity,
but he thinks that Professor Langethral has erred greatly in
allowing it an age of 2300 years ! The fact is, as pointed out by
the Eev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, and also by the learned Baron,
little reliance can be placed on any estimate based on the rings
of wood added to the diameter each year, because ''the less
reo-ular intermediate rings between the annual layers of wood,
apt to be formed in trees of the zone of evergreen vegetation, are
easily mistaken for the results of a year's growth." Whatever
may be the ages of the Tasmanian Eucaljrpts, I believe that the
harder woods in the county of Cumberland are slow in growth,
and that centuries elapse before they reach their full proportions.
Some years since when I was residing in Parramatta, I came to
the conclusion (from observing trees which had sprung up since
the formation of the settlement, and also from measuring two
trees that had been planted by the late Miss Elizabeth Macarthur
half a century previously) that the growth of some species is by
no means rapid, and that the Ironbark (E. sideroxylon) had not
made more than a foot in diameter in fifty years. The Blackbutt
(E. inhdaris) and the Cumberland Blue Grum (E. salignaj are
generally regarded as trees of rapid growth, but I believe, as I
remarked in my " Gniirilution to the Flora of Australia,'''' p. 223,
that " differences of soil, the prevalence of drought, the ravages

BiT THE REY. DR. WOOLLS, D.D., F.L.S., ETC. 509

of insects and fungi, tlie damages arising from storms, and many
other causes of an injurious character, tend to retard the progress
of our gums, and to make their growth exceedingly irregular."
This, however, is a subject which remains to be fully investi-
gated, and I may add that it is one of considerable difficulty ; for
unlike many plants, which may be cultivated in the same sjil
and with similar conditions, our Eucalj-pts (numbering as they
do between 100 and 200 species and extending from nearly 40°
S. to nearly 10° N.) require very different soil and temperature
for their proper develoi^ment. Under these circumstances,
therefore, more reliance is to be placed in calculations formed on
the bases of natural growth in native forests, than on the rearing
of trees from seeds by any artificial process. This calculation,
indeed, might be partially effected, so far as some of the
Cumberland species are concerned, by the accurate measurement
of trees which have been known to spring up since the earh- days
in paddocks once cleared. It is true that the observation would
not extend to many sjiecies, but it would be important as ranging
over a period of eighty or ninety years The Tasmanian Stringy
Bark fE. oUiqiiaJ is reported to be a tree of very rapid growth,
attaining full proportions in fifty or sixty years ; but this cannot
be said of the Stringy Bark fE. eugenioides y, which has been
growing near Sydney and Parramatta since the beginning of the
century, and which yet appears to be only in its infancy. I have
never had sufficient leisure to go deeply into the question of the
comparative ages of our Eucalypts, but I hope, as Baron F. von
Muellei* proceeds with his Eucalyptograpliia, he will extend the
observations, which he has already made on the subject in
describing the properties of E. ghlidm. It is interesting to
notice from remarks of that eminent writer that some forms of
E. ami/gdalina (one of vvhich occurs in the western portion of the
county of Cumberland under the name E. radiataj are more rapid
in growth than the far-famed E. ghlidm. Let us hope that the
Baron may pursue this matter to a satisfactory conclusion, and

510 DESCRIPTIYE CATALOaUE OF ArSTRALIAN FISHES,

clear up tlie mystery whicli yet hangs over tlie ages of our gigantic
Eiicalypts. He lias already accomplished a great work in
publishing seven decades of his 'Eihcalijptograpliia. May he be
spared by a kind Providence to bring his labours to completion.

Descriptiye Catalogue of the Fishes of Australia.

By William INIacleay, F.L.S., &c.

Part II.

Division II. ACANTH. BEEYCIFOEMES.

Body compressed, oblong or elevated; head withlarge muciferous
cavities, covered with thin skin only, Yentral fins thoracic, with
one spine and generally more than five soft rays.

Family X. BEEYCIDiE.

Genus Moxocexteis, B1.

Muzzle blunt, round, protruding, with the cleft of the mouth
beneath ; eye moderate. Yilliform teeth in the jaws and on the
palatine bones, none on the vomer. Eight branchiostegals,
opercles scarcely denticulated ; suborbital bones with radiating
ridges. Scales large and forming a coat of mail ; several isolated
spines before the dorsal. Yentrals with two short rays, caudal
fin not forked.

Japan and Australia.

313, MoxocENTRis japoxicus, Cuv. & Yal.
Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 9.— Bleek, Atl. Ichth. Trachich.,pl. 2,f.4.
1). 6/11. A. 10. P. 13. Y. 1/2. L. lat. 13. L. transv. 2/4.
Anterior dorsal and ventral spines very strong and thick. Head
shorter than the height of the body.
Port Jackson, very rare.

BY W. MACLEAY F.L.S. 511

Genus Trachichthys, Shaw.

Muzzle very short, rounded, not protruding ; cleft of the mouth
oblique ; chin prominent ; eye large. Exceedingly fine villiform
teeth in both jaws, on the vomer, and on the palatine bones.
Eight branchiostegals, A strong spine on the scapular bone and
at the angle of the praeoperculum, a small one on the operculum ;
suborbital arch with radiating ridges. Scales ctenoid rather
small ; abdomen serrated. One dorsal fin ; ventral with six rays ;
caudal forked.

Australia and New Zealand.

314. TRACHiCHTnYS AusTRALis, Shaw.
Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p* 10.

D. 3/12r A. 2/10. P. 13.

Scales rough, those of the lateral line not larger ; the serrated
ventral keel composed of eight scales. The height of the body
not quite one haK of the length between the snout and the base
of the caudal.

New Holland (Gunther), Shaw's original specimen.

315. Trachichthys jacksoxiexsis, n. sp.

Trachichthys au&tralis, Castelnau, Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S. Wales,
Vol. III., p. 364.

Count Castelnau when he described this fish believed it to be
the T. australis of Shaw. It is however, evidently quite distinct,
the height of the body is rather more than half the length (with-
out caudal) and the ventral keel is composed of from nine to
eleven scales. Colour reddish, cheeks darker with a light band
on the posterior margin of the praeoperculum. All the fins, except
the pectoral, black, broadly margined with yellow.

Port Jackson.

512 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

316. TRAcniCHTHYS ELONGATus, Gunth.

Guiitli. Cat. Fislies I., ]). 10, -pi. I, fig. a.

D. 4/11. A. 3/9. V. 1/6. L. lat. about 65.

Scales rough, those of the lateral line not larger ; the serrated
ventral keel composed of eleven or twelve scales. The lielght of
the body one-third of the length between the snout and the base
of the caudal.

Australia, (young specimen, Gunth.) New Zealand.

Genus Beryx.

Muzzle short. Mouth very oblique. Eye large. Yilliform
teeth in the jaws and on the vomer and palatine bones. Opercles
serrated, praeoperculum without spine. Scales rather large. One
dorsal fin ; ventrals with seven or more rays ; caudal forked ; anal
with four spines. Air-bladder simple; pyloric appendages in
increased number (20-30).

Sea of Madeira, Indian and Australian Seas.

317. Beryx affinis, Gunth.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 13, pi. 2. — Casteln., Proc. Linn. Soc,
N. S. Wales, Vol. II., p. 225.

Nannegai of the Sydney aborigines.

D. 7/12. A. 4/12-13. V. 1/7. L. lat. 41-43. L. transv. 6/12.

(For full description see Castelnau, he. cit.)

East Coast of New South Wales.

Genus Myripristis, Cuv.

Muzzle short, cleft of mouth oblique. Eye generally large.
Villiform teeth in the jaws and on the vomer and palatine bones.
Eight branchiostegals. Opercular bones serrated. Operculum
with a sx^iue, prteoperculum without. Scales large, ctenoid. Two
dorsal fins, scarcely united ; ventrals with seven rays ; caudal

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 513

forked ; anal with four spines. Swim-bladder divided by a
contraction ; the anterior part extending to the otocrane. Pyloric
appendages in moderate number.

Tropical Seas.

318. Myripristis atjstralis, Casteln.
Eesearches on the Fishes of Australia, p. 4.

D. 10. 1/14. A. 4/13. L. lat. 33.

Height of body contained twice and one-fourth in the length
(without caudal) ; eye very large, a little over twice in the length
of the head ; the interocular space is twice and one-third in the
same ; the maxillary bone is not denticulated ; the operculum
forms posteriorly a small angle but has no spine, above the angle
it is striated and the edge is crenulate. The scales are large,
long, and strongly crenated. Caudal fin deeply forked. Colour
silvery-pink, beneath white, each scale of the back has a broad
edge of dark purple. Length four inches.

Cape York.

Genus Neomyeipristris, Castelnau.

Scarcely differs from Mijripristis except in its dentition, which
consists of a series of small, sharp, curved teeth in each jaw, with
transverse series of sharp teeth on the vomer and palatine bones.

Australia.

319. Neomyripristis a^i^nus, Casteln.

Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. II., p. 99.

D. 10. 1/15. A. 4/14. V. 1/7. P. 14. C. 19. L. lat. 35.
L. trans V. 9.

Height three times in the total length ; head thrice and a-third
in the same ; eye twice and one third in the length of the head,
which is very convex anteriorly ; the maxillar}^ is striated and
reaches to the vertical from the centre of the orbit ; the infraorbital

514 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

bone, proe operculum, and operculum are serrated, tlie latter lias a
rather long spine, beneath, which are two shorter ones, over the
long spine is a rather deep indent, surmounted by a spine of
moderate length. Colour in spirits of a brilliant golden hue, with
the back greyish, the head and fins bright yellow. Average length
of specimens two and a-quarter inches.

Torres Straits.

Genus Holocentrum, Artedi.

Muzzle moderate, cleft of mouth nearly horizontal, eye large.
Villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and palatine bones.
Eight branchiostegals. Opercular and suborbital bones serrated,
operculum with two spines, prteoperculum with a large spine at
the angle. Scales moderate, ctenoid. Two dorsal fins scarcely
united ; ventrals with seven rays ; caudal forked ; anal with four
spines, the third very long and strong. Swim-bladder simple,
oval ; pyloric appendages in increased number.

Tropical Seas.

320. HoDocENTRUM RUBRUM, Forsk.
Gunth. Cat. Fishes I., p. 35 .— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Trachich. pi. 3, f . 4.

D. n/12-13. A. 4/9. L. lat. 35-37. L. transv. 3/6. Csec.
pylor. 20. Yert. 11/16.

The height of the body is equal to the length of the head,
(opercular spine included) and three and a-half times in the total
length ; the space between the eyes is one-fifth of the length of
the head. The groove for the processes of the intermaxillary
much shorter than the diameter of the eye. Operculum with
two strong, prominent spines, the lower of which is the smaller.
The third, fourth, and fifth dorsal spines the longest ; the soft
dorsal fin rather higher than the spinous ; lobes of the caudal fin
equal ; the third anal spine very long and strong ; the ventrals
reach nearly to the anus and are rather longer than the pectorals.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 515

Scales scarcely striated. Eed, with eight whitish longitudinal
bands ; the outer edges of the caudal fin blackish ; the ventrals
whitish, black between the third spine and first ray.

Port Darwin.

This species has a very wide range throughout the Indian and
Chinese seas, but has never been mentioned before as Australian.

Genus Neoniphon, Casteln.

Two dorsal fins slightly united ; scales adherent, large and
ctenoid ; body oblong ; anal fin with three spines, the last of these
of very great size. Opercles with long spines. Teeth numerous,
villiform, none on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth ; ventrals
with seven raj^s.

Australia.

321. Neoniphon armattjs, Casteln.
Eesearches on the Fishes of Australia, p. 5.

Body elongate, somewhat convex above and almost straight
beneath ; height three times and two-thirds in the length without
the caudal fin, head twice and three-quarters in the same ; eye
very large, its diameter contained three times in the length of the
head, and equal to the length of the snout ; lower jaw longer
than the upper ; suborbital bone very strongly serrated ; cheeks
covered with rather small scales ; prseoperculum finely serrated,
with a long spine at the lower angle ; operculum crenulated and
armed on its upper part with two long spines ; upper part of head
naked, the frontal bones covered with radiating grooves posteriorly;
space between the eyes broad, with four feeble longitudinal
ridges. L. lat. 38-40. First dorsal fin with eleven spines ; the
third longest. Second dorsal 1/12 high and narrow; Anal 3/9,
the third spine equal to the height of the body ; caudal bilobed.
Colour pink, beneath silvery, top of head and back purplish ; an
obscure longitudinal stripe extends from the operculum to the
3 N

5 1 6 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

"base of the tail ; on tlie back, cheeks and lower part of the body
are numerous round spots, which form irregular lines, a very-
large black spot on the membranes between the first, second, and
third dorsal spines. Length of specimen 17 inches.

Cape York.

Division III. ACANTH. KUETIFOEME^.

One dorsal fin only, which is much shorter tlian the anal, which
is long. No superbranchial organ. One family only.

Family XI. KUETID^.

Genus Pempheris, Cuv. & Yal.

Body compressed, oblong ; eye large ; cleft of mouth oblique,
lower jaw prominent, snout very short. One short dorsal fin
with six spines. Anal elongate, scalj , with three spines. Scales
rather small. Yilliform teeth in the jaws and on the vomer and
palatine bones. Seven branchiostegals ; air-bladder divided into
an anterior and posterior portion. Pjioric appendages in
moderate number.

Indian Ocean, Australia, Tropical Pacific.

322. Pempheris compressus, White.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 508.

D. 6/10. A. 3/36. L. lat. 68.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length ; caudal
fin bilobed, the upper lobe much longer than the lower. Colour
rosy -brown, with a bright golden yellow lateral line, the anterior
edge of the dorsal fin, and the greater part of the anal and
ventrals black.

Port Jackson, Swan Elver.

323. Pempheris macrolepis, n. sp.
D. 4-5/12. A. 3/36. P. 16.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.8. 51 7

Height of body twice and two-thirds in the total length ; eye
very large, its diameter more than half the length of the head,
and covered with a loose skin. Scales large, more particularly
behind the pectoral fin ; lateral line extending to the extremity
of the tail and consisting of about sixty scales. Caudal fin
moderately forked. Colour silvery, with small brown spots
towards the back and tail, fins of a dullish colour. Eye yellow.

King Greorge's Sound. Port Jackson.

Genus Neopempheris, nov. gen.

Body oblong, compressed. Eye moderate ; cleft of mouth large,
slightly oblique ; teeth very numerous, small and acute in the
the jaws, on the vomer and palatine bones, with one or two series
of cardiform teeth in each jaw. Scales small.

Australia.

324. Neopempheris Eamsayi, n. sp., Plate XIY.

D. 4/16. A. 3/26. L. lat. 78. L. transv. 10/15.

Height of body about one-fourth of the total length, and length
of head one-fifth ; snout rounded and rather shorter than the
diameter of the eye ; space between the eyes convex and broader
than the orbit ; submandibular space narrow, that, and all parts
of the head, excejpt the front of the snout, closely covered with
minute silvery scales. The sj^ines of the dorsal fin increase in
length regularl}^ from the first to the fourth, and seem to be fixed
to the front of the first ray, the rays decrease in length as they
go backwards and the fin altogether has a falciform appearance ;
the anal is of similar shape, but longer ; both fins are covered
with minute scales ; the caudal is moderately eniarginato, the
pectorals are short, so are the ventrals, which are .situated just
under the pectorals. The colour is silvery witli the back from
the muzzle to the tail of a sti-cl blin'. tlic ]iii(> b-jt'-vccii tliat and

518 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

the silvery sides well defined ; tlie first six or seven dorsal rays
are deeply tipped with black. Length nine inches.

Kockingham. Bay (Mr. E-amsay's collection).

Q-enus Kurtus, B1.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with exceedingly small scales;
cleft of mouth wide, oblique, with the lower jaw prominent.
Praeoperculum denticulated. One dorsal fin with the spines
rudimentary ; anal with two spines ; ventrals well developed,
between them a horizontal backwards directed spine. Yilliform
teeth in the jaw, vomer and palatine bones. Seven branchiostegals;
pseudobranchiee none. Air-bladder present, enclosed by the ribs
which are dilated, convex, forming rings with each other.

East Indian Seas.

325. Kurtus Gulliveri, Casteln.
Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, Vol. IL, 233.
Norman Eiver (fresh water).

Division lY. ACANTH. POLYNEMIFOEMES.

Two rather short dorsal fins, somewhat remote from each other ;
free filaments at the humeral arch below the pectoral fins ; head
with the mucif erous system well developed. One family only.

Family XII. POLYNElVnD^.

Characters of the Division.

Genus Polynemus, L.

Two separate dorsal fins, the first with seven or eight spines,
all feeble ; the soft dorsal and anal nearly equal. Bands of
villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer, the palatine and
pterygoid bones. Prseoperculum serrated. Scales moderate or

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 519

rather small ; pyloric appendages sometimes in immense number.
Air-bladder of variable size and structure if present.
In most tropical seas. Entering rivers.

326. PoLYNEMTJS INDICX7S, Sbaw.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 326.

D. 8. 1/13-14. A. 2/L1-12. L. lat. 65. L. transv. 7/13.

Five pectoral appendages, some reaching beyond the tip of the
ventral fin ; caudal lobes sometimes produced into filaments, the
third dorsal spine filamentous. The distance beteen the root of
the ventrals and the anal, longer than the head ; a small prominent
spine above the angle of the preeoperculum.

Port Jackson (Gunther and Castelnau).

327. POLYNEMUS MACROCHIR, Guuth.

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd series. Vol. XX., p. 60.

D. 8. 1/12. A. 2/12. L. lat. 70.

Five pectoral appendages, three of which extend to the anal
fin ; pectoral fin nearly as long as the head, the length of which
is contained thrice and two-thirds in the length of the bod}^,
without the caudal fin, and is equal to the distance between the
root of the ventral and the anal. A distinct spine above the
angle of the prseoperculum. Coloration uniform.

Port Jackson.

328. PoLYNEMUS c^cus, Macl.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. II., p. 354, pi. 9, fig. 1.
Port Darwin. Length 18 inches.

Division V. ACANTH. SCI^^NIFOEMES.

The soft dorsal fin is more, generally much more, developed
than the spinous, or than the anal fin. No pectoral filaments ;
head with the muciferous system well developed.

520 DESCRIPTIYE CATALOaUE OF ATJSTKALIAN FISHES,

Family XIII. SCI^NID^.
Characters of the Division.

Genus Sci^na, Cuv.

Body oblong ; eye of moderate size, the space between the eyes
moderately broad and slightly convex ; muzzle convex, with the
uj)per jaw overlaj)pii]g the lower or with the jaws equal, and
with the cleft of the mouth horizontal or slightly oblique. The
outer series of the jaws generally contains larger teeth, never
large canines. No barbel ; the second spine of the anal fin more
or less indistinct. Pseudobranchiae ; air-bladder with appendages.
Pyloric appendages in small number.

All seas. Entering fresh waters.

329. Sci^NA ANTARCTICA, Castclu.

Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. I., p. 100.

? Corvina Novce, HoUcmdm, Steind., Sitzberg ak. Wiss. Wien,

1866, 53, p. 445, tab. 5, fig. 2.
The ''Jeiv Fish'' of Sydney, and ''King i^/s A " of Melbourne

Markets.
D. 9. 1/27. A. 2/7. P. 17. L. lat. 68.
This fish is said by Dr. Gunther and others to be identical with
S. aquila of Europe. Count Castelnau, however, points out some
important differences. In S. antarctica the maxillary does not
reach the eye, and the eye itself is proportionally smaller than in
aquila. The coloration also differs, in the Australian fish, the
back is blue changing to green, the sides and lower parts of a
dirty white, rather silvery ; dorsal, anal, and ventral fins reddish,
pectorals whitish with their extremity dark, some sinuosities or
notches at the angle of the prDeoperculum.

Steindachner's species is probably the same, but I have never
seen the description.

East and South Coasts of Australia.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 521

Genus Corvina, Cuv.

Scarcely differs from Scmna, excej)t in having the second anal
spine very strong.

330. COEVTN-A ALBIDA, CuV. & Val.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes II., p. 304.— Casteln., Proc. Linn. Soc, N. S.
Wales, III., p. 47.

D. 10. 1/24-25. A. 2/7. L, lat. 75. L. transv. 7/19.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the
head and four times and a-half in the total length ; the snout is
rather obtuse, convex, with the jaws equal in front, shorter than
the diameter of the eye, which is one-seventh of the length of the
head ; in both jaws an outer series of larger teeth. Prseoperculum
slightly denticulated, superscapula crenulated, coracoid entire.
The ventral and pectoral fins ecj^ual ; the caudal pointed. Color-
ation uniform, with an indistinct streak along the centre of
each scale.

Norman Eiver ; a large fish.

Genus Otolithtjs, Cuv.

Body oblong ; muzzle obtuse or slightly pointed with the lower
jaw longer. Two dorsal fins, the spines feeble, anal spines small.
Conical canine teeth, more or less distinct, either in both jaws, or
in the upper only. Preeoperculum denticulate or crenulated.
Scales moderate or small. Air-bladder with a horn-like process
on each side directed forwards in some, in others with numerous
lateral appendages. Pyloric appendages in small number.

Tropical seas entering rivers.

331. Otolithtjs atelodus, Gunth.

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist 1867, 3rd series. Vol. XX., p. 60.

OtolHlius teraglin, Macl., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, Vol. Y. p. 48.

522 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

I was not aware wlieii I described this Fisli under the specific
name which it bears among fishermen, that Gunther had previously
named it.

Division VI. ACANTH. XIPHIIFOEMES.
The upper jaw produced into a long cuneiform weapon.

Fai^iily XIV. XIPHIID^.

Body elongate, compressed, naked or covered with rudimentary
dermal jDroductions. Teeth none or rudimentary. Upper jaw
sword shaped. One or two dorsal fins without a distinctly spinous
portion. Ventrals absent or rudimentary and thoracic. Seven
branchiostegals ; pseudobranchi?e and air-bladder present; pyloric
appendages in great number. Vertebrae 12-14/12.

G-enus Histiophorus, Cuv. & Val.
Two dorsal and anal fins, the anterior one longest, and formed
of spinous and soft rays. Ventrals reduced to a single or two or
three spines. Scales none, sometimes rudimentary dermal
productions. Small teeth in the jaw and on the palatine bones,
none on the vomer.

Ocean Fishes.

332. Histiophorus gladius, Brouss.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 513. — Eamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.
AVales, Vol. V., p. 295, pi. 8.

Coast of New South Wales.

Division VIL ACANTH. TEICHIURIFOEMES.

Body elongate, compressed or band-like ; cleft of mouth wide,
with several strong teeth in the jaws or on the palate ; the spinous
and soft portions of the dorsal and anal fins are of nearly equal
extent, long, many rayed, sometimes terminating in finlets ; caudal
fin forked, if present. One family only.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 623

Family XY. TEICHIUEID^.

Characters of Division.

Genus Lepidopus, Gouan.

Body very elongate, band-like ; cleft of mouth, wide. One
single dorsal fin along the whole back ; caudal well developed ;
ventrals reduced to a pair of scales ; anal spines numerous, but
minute, or hidden beneath the skin. Scales none ; several strong
teeth in the jaws, teeth on the palatine bones ; no keel on the
tail. Eight branchiostegals. Air-bladder present ; pyloric
appendages in increased number.

All seas.

333. Lepidopus caudatus, AVhite.

Gunth. Oat. Fishes II., p. 341.— AUp. Proc. Eoy. Soc.Tas., 1875,

p. 86.

" The Seahhard Fish " of English Fishermen.
D. 102-104. A. 24-25. Otec. pylor. 23. Vert. 41/71.

The height of the body is fifteen times and a-haK in the total
length, caudal fin deeply forked. Anal spines in great number ;
minute if visible. Uniform silvery.

Tasmania.

Genus Trichiurus, L.

Body very elongate, band-like ; tail tapering to a point ; cleft
of the mouth wide. One single dorsal fin along the whole back,
caudal fin none ; ventrals reduced to a pair of scales or entirely
absent ; anal spines numerous, but minute or hidden beneath the
skin. Scales none. Strong teeth in the jaws, teeth on the
palatine bones, none on the vomer. Seven branchiostegals. Air-
bladder present ; pyloric appendages in increased number.

Warm Seas of both hemispheres.
3 0

524 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

334. TEicniURUS savala, Cuv. & Yal.

Guntli. Cat. Fislies II., p. 347.— MacL, Proc. Linn. See. N. S.
Wales, Tol. II., p. 354.

D. 112-130.

Tlie heiglit of tlie body is thirteen to sixteen times in tlie total
length, the length of the head six times and a-half to seven and
a-quarter in the same ; the diameter of the eye is three times and
a-half in the length of the snout, and equals the width of the
interorbital space which is quite flat. The colour is uniform
brilliant silvery white.

Port Darwin. (Macl. Mus.)

335. TKicnimrs haumela, B1.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 348.

D. 127-133.

The height of the body is fifteen to seventeen times in the total
length, the length of the head is six to seven times in the same ;
the diameter of the eye is twice and a-fifth in the lengtli of the
snout. Silvery, back blackish.

Port Jackson, and Newcastle.

Grenus Thyrsites, Cuv. & Yal.

Body rather elongate ; cleft of the mouth wide. The first dorsal
fin continuous, with the spines of moderate strength, and extending
on to the second. Two to six spurious fins behind the dorsal and
anal. The greater portion of the body naked. Several strong
teeth in the jaws ; teeth on the palatme bones. No keel on the
tail. Seven branchiostegals. Air-bladder present. Pyloric
appendages in moderate number.

Pelagic Fishes of almost aU seas,

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 525

336. Thyrsites atux, Cuv, & Val.
Gunth. Cat. Fislies II., p. 350.

Tke '^Barracootas

D. 20. 1/10. VI. A. 1/10. Yi. Vert. 37.

Ventral with one s^^ine and five rays ; the height of the body is
contained eight times in the total length, the length of the head
four times and a-half . The lateral line descends abruptly below
the posterior part of the spinous dorsal. Coloration uniform.

Tasmania, Bass' Straits, South Coasts.

337. Thyrsites micropus, M'Coy.

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1873, 4th series, Vol. XI., p. 338.

'' The Tasmanian King Fish.^^

D. 17. 4/12. YI. A. 2/11. IV. V. 1/1. P.14. C. 22 4/4.

Height of body five times in total length to centre of caudal
fin; head four times to end of lobes of the caudal; lower jaw
longer than the upper ; diameter of orbit one-fifth of the length
of the head, and one half of the length of the muzzle ; ventrals
slightly in advance of base of pectorals, about a-third of the
diameter of the eye in length, and with the ray bifurcate. Lateral
line bifurcate, the upper branch extending from above the
operculum, a little below the back, to the third finlet, the lower
leaving the upper one under the fifth dorsal spine, descending
with an abrupt curve nearty to the middle of the side, continuing
nearly straight to opposite the middle of the anal fin, from which
to the middle of the tail it describes three upward undulations.
Colour brilliant lead-grey, whitish below ; fins brownish. Surface
of body smooth, with very minute scales imbedded in the skin.
(M'Coy.)

Tasmania.

526 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

338. Thyrsites solandri, Ciiv. & Val.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 352.

D. 18. 1/8. II. A. 1/18. II.

The ventral is reduced to a single spine. The height of the

body is five times and a-half in the total length. Coloration

uniform.

Coast of New Holland (Cuv.)

Division YIII. ACANTH. COTTOSCOMBEIFOBMES.
Spines developed in one at least of the fins. Dorsal fins either
continuous or close together ; the spinous dorsal if present always
short, sometimes modified into tentacles or into a suctorial disk ;
soft dorsal always long, if the spinous is absent ; anal similarly
developed as the soft dorsal, and both generally much longer
than the spinous, sometimes terminating in finlets. Yentrals
jugular or thoracic if present, never modified into an adhesive
apparatus. No prominent anal papilla.

Family XYI. ACEONUEID^.

One dorsal fin with several pungent spines anteriorly ; one or
more bony spines on each side of the tail ; teeth compressed,
truncated or lobate, closely set in a single series. Herbivorous
Fishes.

Genus Acakthurus, B1.

A single series of lobate incisors, which are sometimes moveable,
in the jaws. A moveable spine in a groove on each side of the
tail. Ventral fins composed of a spine and generally five rays.
One dorsal fin, the spinous portion less developed than the soft ;
anal spines three. Scales minute, ctenoid, sometimes spiny.
Branchiostegals five'; pseudobranchiae well developed ; air-bladder
large, forked posteriorly. Intestinal tract with several circum-
volutions; five to seven pyloric appendages. Vertebra) 9/13.

Tropical seas.

BY "W. MACLEAY F.L.S. 527

339. ACANTHURUS TRIOSTEGUS, L.

Gunth. Cat. Eislies III., p. 327.

Teuthis austrahs, Gray, King's Survey Coasts of Aust. II., p. 435.

D. 9/23-25. A. 3/20. V. 1/5.

Height one half the length without caudal fin. Upper jaw with
seven lobate incisors on each side ; caudal spine small without
posterior projecting process ; the upper profile of snout concave.
Caudal fin subtruncate. Eeddish- violet, with five blackish brown
transverse bands, the anterior of which passes through the orbit ;
another streak of the same colour along the median line of the
snout ; two brown spots one above the other on the end of the
tail.

West Coast of Australia.

340. Ac.VNTHUEUS MATOIDES, Cuv. & Yal.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes III., p. 330, and Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1867
Vol. XX., p. 60.

D. 9/27-28. A. 3/25-28. Y. 1/5.

Height of body rather more than half the length without the
caudal fin. The distance of the nostril from the edge of the upper
jaw is two-thirds of the length of the head; the upper jaw with
seven or eight lobate incisors on each side ; caudal spine with a
process posteriorly pointing backwards ; upper profile of snout
convex in adult specimens. Colour brown ; the dorsal and anal
fins with dark blue longitudinal streaks.

Nicol Bay (Gunther).

341. ACANTIIURUS AXXULARIS, CuV. & Val.

Casteln. Eesearches on the Fishes of Australia, p. 29.
Height of body half the length without the caudal fin ; the
distance from the edge of the upper jaw is less than two-thirds of
the length of the head ; teeth very strongly crenulated, caudal

528 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

spine small, pointed forwards ; tlie anterior profile is nearly
straight ; caudal fin very stronglji emarginate. Black, with, a
bluish white band on the base of the tail, the upper and lower
margins of the tail and the upper margin of the pectorals are of
the same colour. Length six inches.

Cape York.

Dr. Gunther thinks this species is only the immature form of
A. matoides. Count Castelnau regards them as quite distinct.

342. AcAKTHUEUS GEAMMOPTILUS, Eichards.

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, IX., p. 176.— Gunth., Cat. Fishes

III., p. 335.
D. 9/20. A. 3/24.

Height of body two-sevenths of the length without the caudal
fin ; profile of snout rather convex ; nine lobate teeth on each
side of the upper jaw. Brown, with numerous undulated and
irregular bluish longitudinal lines ; a whitish band across the
basal portion of the caudal fin, posterior half of the pectoral
yellowish ; dorsal fin with five dark longitudinal lines ; anal with a
light line along and within the margin ; dorsal and anal fins with
a black spot posteriorly.

Port Essington, Port Darwin.

Genus Aceonueus, Cuv. & Val.

A single series of lobate incisors in the jaws. A moveable
spine in a groove on each side of the tail. Scales none ; skin
with vertical striee. Five branchiostegals.

Tropical Seas.

343. AcEoxuEUS foemosus, Casteln.

Proc. Zool. Soc, Yictoria, Yol. II., p. 104.

D. 9/30. A. 3/27,

BY W. MACLEAT, F.L.S. 629

Height of body tliree-fifths of the length without the caudal
fin ; head three times and a-third in the same ; the eye twice and
two-thirds in the head. The body is very compressed forming a
broad oval ; the anterior profile of the head convex, the crest
over the orbit serrated ; the lateral line is elevated, forming a
ridge, sinuous and curved strongly downwards towards the end
of the dorsal fin, to arch a little over the caudal spine. The tail
is forked, the ventral fins have six rays. Colour reddish-brown, aU
anterior to the base of the pectorals of a golden colour, four series
of large rounded black blotches on the back. From one to two
inches in length.

Torres Straits (Castelnau).

Genus PEioxunrs, Lacep.
A single series of compressed denticulated incisors in each jaw.
Tail with a series of several keeled, bony laminae on each side.
Scales minute. Branchiostegals five. Air-bladder large, forked
posteriorly. Intestinal tract with several circumvolutions ; pyloric
appendages five.

Pacific Ocean.

344. Peiontjrtjs miceolepidotus, Lacep.
Gunth. Cat. Fishes III., p. 347.
D. 8/22. A. 3/21. V. 1/5. Cfec. pylor. 5.
Snout moderately produced with the upper profile straight. A
series of six laminae on each side of the tail ; a pair of smaU ones
above and another below that series. Uniform brown or blackish-
brown.

Port Jackson.

Genus Naseus, Cuv. & Yal.
A single series of slightly compressed incisors, sometimes
denticulated, in the jaws. Tail with two (rarely one or three)

530 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

bony plates, distinct and sharply keeled in adults, indistinct or
absent in young specimens. Head sometimes with, a horn or
crest-like prominence. Ventrals 1/3. Dorsal spines four to six ;
anal two. Scales minute, rough like shagreen.
Indian and Polynesian Seas.

345. Naseus uxicorxis, Forsk.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes III., p. 348.

D. 5-6/31-28. A. 2/26-27. Ccec. pylor. 7-8. Yert. 9/12.

Forehead produced in a horn-like protuberance, longer or
shorter according to age, horizontal, and on a level with the upper
part of the orbit. Snout produced beyond the tip of the horn ;
the length of its upper profile, taken from the base of horn, is
more than twice the distance of the orbit from the first dorsal
spine. Teeth lightly compressed, tapering, not serrated. Height
of body two-fifths of the length without caudal fin. Two spini-
ferous plates on each side of the tail. Brownish grey ; dorsal
and anal fins with longitudinal blue stripes.

Torres Straits (Che vert Exp.)

346. Naseus axnulatus, Quoy & Gaim.

Gunth. Oat. Fishes III., p. 352. — AU. and Macl., Proc. Linn. Soc.
New South Wales, Vol. I., p. 340.

D. 5-6/28-29. A. 2/28-29. Ceec. pylor. 5.

Forehead with a projecting protuberance, situated below the
level of the centre of the orbits. Snout moderately produced ;
teeth very small, with a very fine serrature on the apical half ;
caudal plates very small, scarcely keeled. Brown ; anal fin with
one or two bluish longitudinal bands, dorsal and anal with a
narrow, and caudal with a rather broad, white edge. Young
specimens have a white ring round the tail.

Cape Granville (Chevert Exp.)

BY TV. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 631

Family XVII. CAEANGIDJE.

Body generally compressed, oblong, or elevated, covered with
small scales or naked. Dentition variable. The spinous portion
of the dorsal fin sometimes rudimentary, the soft dorsal and anal
of about equal size. Yentrals thoracic sometimes rudimentary.
Vertebra 10/14.

Genus Trachurus, Cuv. & Val.

Body oblong, slightly compressed, covered with very small
scales ; the lateral line with a band of high plates from beginning
to end. Snout extended. Two dorsal fins with a horizontal
anterior spine ; anal with two spines, separate from the soft
portion. No finlets. Teeth minute in the jaws and on the vomer
and palatine bones. Seven branchiostegals ; pseudobranchiae ;
air-bladder bifurcate posteriorly. Pyloric appendages in small
number.

All Seas.

347. Trachurus traohurus, Cuv. & Val.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 419.

Caranx declivis, Jenyns., Zool. Beagle Fishes, p. 68, pi. 14.

Horse Macherel of England ; the Yellow Tail of Sydney.

D. 8. 1/33. A. 2. 1/29. L. lat. 75.

The height of the body is about one-fifth of the total length,
the length of the head a little less ; the snout is longer than the
diameter of the eye, the maxillary reaches to, or slightly beyond
the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye ; the lateral line
becomes straight and strongly armed beneath the eighth dorsal
ray. A black blotch on the posterior margin of the operculum ;
tail yellow.

Coasts of New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania.

3 P

532 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

Grenus Caramx, Cuv. & Val.

Body more or less compressed ; mouth moderate. Tlie first
dorsal fin continuous witli feeble or rudimentary spines, a spine
directed forwards in front ; two anal spines separated from the
soft portion. Scales very small, lateral line with, an anterior
curved and a posterior straight portion, the latter with strongly
armed or keeled scales. Dentition feeble. Seven branchiostegals ;
air-bladder simple, bifurcate posteriorly ; pyloric appendages in
great number.

Almost all temperate and tropical seas.

348. Caranx nobilis, n. sp,

D. 7. 1/25. A. 2/23.

The height of the body is from three and a-half to four times
in the total length, the length of the head is a little less than the
height of the body ; the profile is slightly convex above the eye
and slightly concave above the snout. The maxillary bone does
not nearly reach the vertical from the eye, and its upper posterior
angle fits into a notch in the praeorbital bone. Teeth very small,
an outer series of small molar-like ones in the upper jaw ; none
on the palate. Eye moderate, about equidistant from the snout
and the extremity of the operculum, and about four diameters
apart. Breast scaly. The lateral line slightly bent, the keeled
plates commencing close to the tail. The pectoral fin reaches to
the sixth anal ray. The soft dorsal and anal fins are low and can
be completely received into a skinny sheath, the last ray of each is
longer than the others and semi-detached ; the caudal fin is forked,
the lobes long, spreading, and pointed. The general colour is a
silvery-yellow, with a bluish tint on the back. The opercular
spot apparently wanting; the fins are yellow, excepting the
caudal which is blackish on the outside. Length 24 inches.

Port Jackson.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 60S

349. CaRAJ^X ilALABARICUS, BL

Gunth. Oat. Fishes II., p. 436.
D. 8. 1/21-22. A. 2. 1/17. L. lat. 25-30.

Teeth, in the jaws, minute, villiform, arranged in bands ; teeth
on tho vomer, palatine bones, and tongue. Height of body twice
and a-quarter to twice and three quarters in the total length, the
length of the head three and two-thirds to four-times. Snout
obtuse, rather longer than the diameter of the eye ; lower jaw
longer than the upper : the maxillary bone reaches to or slightly
beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye ; the
prceorbital above the angle of the mouth not so high as the orbit.
Breast naked, the lateral line moderately bent, becoming straight
behind the middle of the second dorsal ; the plates little developed.
Fins pointed without filiform ray. Opercular spot brown ; the
dorsal and anal fins with a brown margin, ventrals and anal
whitish.

Australia, (Macgillivray's collection.)

350. Oaranx geobgianus, Ouv. & Val.

Gunth. Oat. Fishes II., p. 440.— Eichards, Fishes Ereb. & Terr.,

p. 135, pi. 58, fig. 1-3.

" White Trevalhj " of the Sydney Fishermen.

D. 8. 1/26-29. A. 2/1/22-24. L. lat. 20-25.

Teeth small in the jaws and on the vomer, palatine bones and
tongue. Height of body three and a-third to three and three-
quarter times in the total length, the length of tho head four to
four and a-half . Upper jaw a little the longer ; the maxillary
does not quite reach the vertical from the anterior margin of the
orbit. Breast scaly ; the lateral line follows the curvature of the
back and becomes straight below the middle of the soft dorsal ;
the plates little developed. Opercular spot and top of spinous
dorsal black.

All Australian Seas.

534 DESCRIPTIVE OATALOaUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

351. Caranx leptolepis, Cuv. & Val.

Gunth. Cat. Fislies II., p. 440.

D. 8. 1/24-26. A. 2. 1/20-23. L. lat. 25-30.

Teeth, of tongue and lower ja^ minute, none in the upper jaw,
or on the vomer and palatine bones. The height of the body is
nearly four times in the total length, the length of the head nearly
four and a-half. The jaws are equal, and the maxillary just
reaches the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Breast
scaly ; the lateral line moderately bent and becoming straight
under the middle of the soft dorsal, the plates little developed and
scarcely armed.

Australia, (Macgillivray's collection).

352. Carats^x Cheveeti, All. & Macl.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol I., p. 324, pi. 10, f. 1.
Katow, South Coast of New Guinea.

353. Caranx laticaudis. All. & Macl.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 325, pi. 10, fig. 2.
Hall Sound, South Coast New Guinea.

354. Caranx Papuensis, All. & Macl.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 325, pi. 10. fig. 3.
Hall Sound, South Coast New Guinea.

355. Caranx bucculentus, All. & Macl.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 326, pi. 11, fig. 1.
Cape Grenville.

356. Caranx edentulus. All. & Macl.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 327, pi. 11, fig. 2.
Percy Islands.

BY W. MACLEAY, E.L.S. 535

357. Oaranx speciostjs, Forsk.

Gunth., Cat. FisliesII., p. 444.

Caranx 2)ooloosoo, Eickards, Voy. Ereb. and Terr., pi. 58, f. 4 — 5.

D. 7. 1/18-20. A. 2. 1/15-16. L. lat. 15.

Teetli none or imperceptible ; height of body one-third of total
length ; the length of the head one-fourth ; breast scaly ; the
lateral line is bent and becomes straight below the anterior third
of the soft dorsal ; the plates are small. The lower jaw shorter
than the upper, the maxillary reaches the vertical from the
anterior margin of the eye. Silvery, with six brown vertical bars,
with six narrower stripes between ; the first bar through the eye.
Adult specimens uniform.

Torres Straits. (Small specimens Chevert Exp.)

358. Caranx hippos, L.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 449.

Caranx paraspistes, Eichards, Voy. Ereb. and Terr., Ichth., p. 136,
pi. 58, f. 6-7.

D. 7-8. 1/19-22. A. 2, 1/16-17. L. lat. 30-36.

Teeth of upper jaw in a villiform band with an outer series of
stronger teeth, lower jaw with a single series of small teeth,
intermixed with larger. Height of body three-times and a-fifth
in the total length ; the length of the head four times, and the
length of the pectoral fin three and three-quarters. Breast scaly,
the lateral line strongly bent, the straight portion begins abruptly
below the third dorsal ray and the plates are strongly developed.
The lower jaw is longer than the upper and the maxillary extends
to below the centre of the eye. Opercular spot none, or indistinct ;
top of the second dorsal fin blackish.

AU the Coasts and Seas of Australia.

536 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

359. Caranx valencien-nei, Casteln.

Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. II., p. 102.

D. 8. 1/23. A. 2. 1/20.

Prseoperculum very lightly serrated ; a series of villif orm teeth
in the jaws, with an outer series of larger teeth ; teeth on the
palate. Height of body twice and two-thirds in total length ;
length of head three times and two-thirds in the same ; the orbit
three times and three-fourths in the length of the head ; the snout
is longer than the diameter of the eye ; the lower ja^^' is longer
than the upper ; the maxillary does not nearly reach the vertical
from the anterior margin of the eye. The straight portion of the
lateral line is nearly half the length of the curved, is strongly
armed, and consists of forty six shields. Colour gilt, with the
upper part light blue ; fins yellow ; no opercular spot ; a short
oblique ridge on each side of the tail.

Knob Island, Torres Straits.

360. Caranx Gervaisi, Casteln.

Eesearches on the Fishes of Australia, p. 18.

Height of body one-fourth of the total length ; head contained
three times and a-half in the same ; diameter of eye a little over
three times in the length of the head ; teeth small, equal in both
jaws ;. a longitudinal keel strongly denticulated on the palate ;
body elongate ; lower jaw longer than upper ; lateral line strongly
arched under the first dorsal fin, the straight j)art formed of very
broad plates, nearly one-third the height of the body, and keeled.
Colour silvery, becoming slate-colour on the back ; opercular spot
visible ; fins hyaline ; the caudal bordered with black Length
six inches.

CapeTork, (Castelnau).

361. Caranx armatus, Cuv. and Val.
Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 453.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 537

D. 7-8. 1/20-21. A. 2. 1/16-17. L. lat. 20.

Bands of villiform teeth in the jaws, teeth on the vomer,
palatines and tongue. The first ray of the dorsal and anal fins,
and in males generally some of the middle ones, exceedingly
elongate and filiform. Height of body half the length. Snout
obtuse, equal to the diameter of the eye ; lower jaw longest ; the
maxillary reaches beyond the vertical from the anterior margin
of the orbit. Breast naked; lateral line moderately bent,
becoming straight below the posterior haK of the soft dorsal, the
plates little developed. Opercular spot brown, the body banded
in young specimens ; the fii-st ray of the dorsal and anal fins
generally black, ventrals blackish.

Cape York (Chevert Exp.)

362. Oaranx radiatus, n. sp.

D. 6, 1/23. A. 2. 1/19.

Small teeth in the jaws and on the vomer and palate. An
outer series of rather larger teeth in the jaws ; body compressed,
the height about one-third of the length ; snout more than the
diameter of the eye ; the maxillary reaching to the vertical from
near the middle of the eye. Scales small, adherent, covering the
whole body; lateral line much curved on the fii^st third, the straight
portion commencing below the commencement of the second
dorsal, strongly keeled and occupying forty-one scales. All the
rays of the dorsal and anal fins prolonged into filaments, with a
very large skinny sheath for their reception ; tail small, spreading,
and deeply forked ; pectorals extending to about the tenth plate
of the straight portion of the lateral line. Colour, (spirit
specimen) brownish-silvery.

Eockingham Bay (Eamsay's Coll.)

363. Caranx ciliaris, B1.
Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 454.— Jour. Mus. Q-odeff. Heft. V., t. 89.

538 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

D. 6. 1/19. A. 2. 1/10. L. lat. 15.

Teeth in villiform bands in tlie jaws, teetli on tlie vomer,
palatines and tongue ; height of body once and a-half in the total
length, the length of head three times and a-half ; the first dorsal
fin short and rudimentary^, the anterior rays of the second dorsal
and anal exceedingly elongate and filiform ; lower jaw longer
than upper ; the maxillary extends beyond the vertical from the
anterior margin of the eye. The width of the opercle is half its
height ; the lateral line is bent anteriorly, and becomes straight
below the middle of the soft dorsal, the plates very little developed.
Opercular spot and membrane between the first five dorsal rays
black. Body with six subvertical blackish bands, disappearing
with age.

Port Jackson. North Coast.

364, Carai^ gallus, L.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes II., p. 455.

GalUcMhjs major, Cuv. & Yal., Hist. Poiss. IX., p. 168, pi. 254.

B. 6. D. - 1/19. A. - 1/16'. L. lat. 8. Vert. 10/14.

Spines of dorsal and anal entirely absent ; the ventrals and the
anterior rays of the soft dorsal and anal fins very elongate,
filiform. Teeth as in C. ciliaris. Height of body about twice
in the total length ; the height of the prseorbital much more than
the diameter of the eye. The origin of the soft dorsal is the
highest point of the back, from which the profile descends rapidly
and is convex on the nape of the neck. Lower jaw prominent ;
lateral line strongly curved anteriorly, becoming straight
below the middle of the dorsal, the plates very little developed.
Scales none. Uniform silvery, immature specimens with vertical
bands.

Endeavour Eiver (Macl. Mus.)

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 539

Genus Seriola, Cuv.

Characters the same as Caranx, but with the body less compressed
and the lateral line not armed.

Nearly all temperate and tropical seas.

365. Seriola Lalandii, Cuv. & Yal.
Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 463.
'' King Fish " of Port Jackson.

D. 7. 1/32-34. A. 2. 1/20-21.

Scales very small ; height of body about four times and a-half
in the total length, head about the same ; snout elongate, twice
the diameter of the eye in length. Abdomen broad, not com-
pressed ; ventral fins moderate, their length twice and a-half in the
distance beteen their base and that of the anal fin ; the maxillary
reaches somewhat beyond the vertical from the anterior margin
of the eye. Coloration uniform.

Port Jackson. East Coast.

366. Seriola nigrofasciata, Eiipp.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 465.

B. 7. D. 5-6 1/31-33. A. - 1/15-17. CcGC. i)ylor. 7.

Scales exceedingly small, rudimentary. The height of the
body is three times and two-thirds in the total length, the length
of the head four times ; snout obtuse, equal in length to, or rather
shorter than, the diameter of the eye. Abdomen broad, not
compressed ; the ventral fins nearly as long as the head ; the
maxillary reaches to the vertical from the centre of the eye.
Back crossed by six broad brown bands ; the ventrals and top of
the dorsal and anal fins black.

Port Jackson (Castelnau.)
3 Q

540 DESCBIPTIVE CATALOGTJE OP AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

367. Seriola qigas, Gunth.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 446.

D. 8. 1/24. A. 2. 1/16.

Scales small ; lieight of body four times and four-fifths in the
total length, and equal to the length of the head ; the snout is
of moderate extent, twice the diameter of the eye and suhconical.
The maxillary reaches to the vertical from the anterior margin
of the orbit ; the ventrals are longer than the pectoral fins, but
do not reach the vent. The teeth form broad villiform bands ;
the band on the vomer is elongate and quadrangular, that on the
palatines broad and elliptical. The soft dorsal and anal fins are
elevated anteriorly, their height being more than half that of the
body. Coloration uniform, the sides sometimes dotted with brown.

Houtman's Abrolhos, West Australia.

368. Seriola graxdis, Casteln.

Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. I., p. 115.

*' Yelloio Tail " of the Melbourne Fishermen.

D. 6. 1/35. A. - 1/20.

Of long oval form, height of body four times in the total length,
the length of the head about four times and one-third ; and the
orbit seven times and one-third in the length of the head. Eye
oval and oblique ; lateral line wavy and marked on about 143
scales, the transverse line contains nearly 200 ; a keel on the
posterior part of the lateral line near the tail. Scales on the
posterior parts of the body larger ; dorsal spines very low ; second
dorsal and anal fins have their anterior rays much longer than
the others, giving a falciform appearance. Coloration dark blue
above, silvery grey below ; a yeUow longitudinal band on each
side ; fins yellowish-grey ; caudal yellow, darker in the centre ;
pectorals black with jellow edge; mouth flesh colour; eye
yellow.

Melbourne j Port Jackson (Castelnau).

BY Vr. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 641

369. Seriola hippos, Gunth.

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1876, 4tk series. Vol. XVII., p. 392.

** Samson Fish " of Sydney Fishermen.

D. 7/25. A. 2/17.

Scales minute, height of body twice and one-third in the length
(without caudal), the length of the head thrice and one-third ;
snout short and high; upper profile of the head parabolic,
(resembling Caranx hippos,). Jaws equal, the maxillary extends
to below the middle of the eye ; its extremity dilated, as broad
as the prajorbital. Eye far below the upper profile of the head ;
angle of prseoperculum rounded ; the fifth dorsal spine longest,
as long as the eye ; anterior rays of soft dorsal and anal fins
somewhat higher than the others. Caudal deeply forked; pectorals
broad, short, shorter than the ventrals. Silvery, back greenish.
The uj)per half of the body with five rather broad black cross
bands ; one in front, one below the spinous dorsal, and three
below the soft dorsal ; (these become indistinct in old specimens) ;
a similar but less distinct band above the eye ; spinous dorsal
and ventral fins black.

Port Jackson.

Genus Neptomentts, Gunth.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with cycloid scales of
moderate size ; the cleft of the mouth of moderate width ; snout
obtusely conical. Prceopercular margin obtusely crenulated.
The first dorsal fin continuous with seven feeble spines, the second
and anal more developed, with a scaly sheath at the base ; finlets
none ; anal spines indistinct. Pectoral fins much longer than the
ventrals. A series of minute teeth in the jaws ; palate toothless.
Six branchiostegals.

New Zealand and Australian Seas.

542 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OE AUSTRALIAN' FISHES,

370. Neptomenus brama, Gunth.
Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 390.

D. 7. 1/27. A. 2/21. L. lat. 88. L. transv. 16/25.
Heiglit of body three times and a-half in the total length ;
length of head four and a-half in the same ; snout obtusely conical,
equal in length to the diameter of the eye ; the maxillary feeble,
extending to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye ;
posterior edge of prreoperculum emarginate, the angle rounded.
Dorsal spines feeble, anal indistinct, soft dorsal and anal fins
rather low, with a scaly sheath at the base ; pectorals elongate
and pointed, ventrals rather short, attached to the belly by a
membrane ; caudal deeply forked. Colour greenish-silvery, with
narrow shining longitudinal streaks along the series of scales.

Tasmania.

371. Neptomenus dobula, Gunth.
Gunth., Proc. Zool. ^oc, Lond., 1869, p. 429.

D. 7. 1/40, A. 2. 1/23. Yert. 24.

The length of the head is three times and a-half in the total
length, (without caudal fin), the height of the body four times
and one-third. Scales small and deciduous. Pectoral fin not
quite so long as the head.

Tasmania.

372. XEPTOMEiXrs Travale, Casteln.

Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Yol. I., p. 119.

D. 0. 2/30. A. 2. 2/21. L. lat. 93.

Heiglit twice and two-thirds in the total length ; head four
times. Snout short ; eye large ; lower jaw longer than upper,
upper part of head naked ; cheeks and operculum scaly ; pra)-
operculum emarginate behind and wm-y liiiely denticulated and
rayed. Scales small and deciduous ; tail forked. General colour

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 543

bluisli-grey, lighter on the belly, a broad purplish spot on the
back behind the head ; sides sometimes covered with minute
dark dots.
Melbourne. Port Jackson? (Macl. Mus.)

Genus Ciiorixemus, Cuv. & Yal.

Body compressed, oblong ; cleft of mouth moderate or wide,
dermal productions small, lanceolate, hidden in the skin. Two
dorsal fins, the first formed by free S23ines in small number ; the
posterior rays of the second dorsal and of the anal, detached or
semi-detached, penicillated. Two anal spines separated from the
soft portion. Small teeth in the jaws, and on the vomer and
palatines. Branchiostegals seven or eight. Pseudobranchi?e.
Air-bladder bifurcate posteriorly ; pyloric appendages in great
number.

In most tropical seas.

373. Chorinemus lysan, Forsk.

Gunth. Cat. Pishes, II., p. 471.

Chorinemus Fursteri, Eichards, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, 1843,

XL, p. 24.

B. 8. D. 7. 1/19. A. 2. 1/18. Vert. 10/16.

Height of body four times in the total length, the length of the
head five and a-half times. The maxillary is very slightly
widened and rounded posteriorly and reaches far beyond the
vertical from the posterior margin of the eye ; the length of the
intermaxillary is more than half that of the head ; the snout is
obtuse, and about equal in length to the diameter of the eye.
A series of six or eight large, round, brown spots above the
lateral line.

Cape York. Torres Straits. (Chevert Exp.)

644 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

374. Chorinemus toloo, Cut. & Val.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 473.

D. 7. 1/19. A. 2. 1/18.

The height of the body is four times and the length of the
head five times and a-half in the total length. The maxillary
does not reach to the vertical from the posterior margin of the
eye. The snout is obtuse and about as long as the diameter of
the eye. A series of more or less distinct greyish spots along
the side of the body ; the top of the dorsal and anal fins and the
lobes of the caudal blackish.

Cape York (Chevert Exp.) South Australia (Castelnau).

Genus Temxodox, Cuv. & Val.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with cycloid scales of
moderate size ; cleft of mouth rather wide. Jaws with a series
of strong teeth ; teeth on the vomer and palatine bones. Prse-
operculum with some slight denticulations ; the first dorsal fin
with eight feeble spines, continuous ; the second and anal more
developed, covered with scales and without finlets. Branchiostegals
seven ; air-bladder simple ; pyloric appendages in great number.

Nearly all temperate and tropical seas.

375. Temnodon saltator, B1.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes II., p. 479.

'' Tailor'' of Sydney; '' Ski2) Jack " of Melbourne.

D. 8. 1/24-26. A. 1-2. 1/26-28. L, lat. 90-100. L. transv. 8/19.

Yert. 12/14.

The maxillary reaches to or nearly to, the vertical from the
posterior margin of the eye. Preeoperculum with a notch above
the angle and slight denticulations along the lower limb. Dorbul
spines very feeble. Coloration uniform.

Port Jackson. All Australian Coasts,

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 545

Genus Trachynotus, Cuv. & Yal.
Body compressed, more or less elevated, covered vvitli very
small scales ; cleft of mouth small, muzzle swollen above, obtuse.
Opercles entire. Two dorsal fins, the first composed of free spines
in small number, with an anterior horizontal one ; two anal spines
separated from the soft portion. No finlets. Small teeth in the
jaws and on the vomer and palatines, disappearing with age.
Seven branchiostegals, no pseudobranchiae. Pyloric appendages
in considerable or moderate number.

Nearly all temperate and tropical seas.

376. Trachynotus oyatus, L.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes II., p. 481. Many synonyms.

D. 6. 1/18-21. A. 2. 1/16-19.

Height of body from two to two and one-third times in the
total length, length of head five and a-quarter, and lobe of caudal
fin four times. Anterior rays of dorsal and anal fins more or less
produced. Coloration uniform, dorsal, anal, and caudal lobes
black.

Port Jackson. All Australian Coasts.

377. TRACHiTNOTus uAiLLONii, Cuv. & Yal.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes II., p. 484.

D. 6. 1/22. A. 2. 1/22.

The height of the body is three times and two-thirds in the
total length, the length of the head five times, and a lobe of the
tail three and a-third times. The anterior rays of the dorsal
reach beyond the middle of the fin, those of the anal, beyond
the end of the fin. A series of three or five black dots along the
lateral line, which is nearly straight. Dorsal, caudal, and anal
lobes black.

Port Jackson. Torres Straits (Chevert Exp.)

546 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OP AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

Genus Psettus, Ciiv. & Yal.

Body mucli compressed and elevated, snout rather short. One
dorsal fin entirely covered witli scales, Tvith. seven or eight spines ;
anal with, three ; ventrals rudimentary. Teeth villif orm, none on
the palate. Scales small. Six branchiostegals ; air-bladder
forked behind, pyloric appendages in increased number.

Indian and Polynesian Seas.

378. PsETTUS ARGEXTEUS, L.

Eichards, Yoy. Ereb. and Terror, p. 57, pi. 35. — Gunth., Cat.

Fishes II., p. 487.

D. 8/29. A. 3/29. L. lat. 75. Yert. 9/14.

The height of the body is once and a-half in its length (with-
out fins) ; the diameter of the eye is nearly one-third of the length
of the head. Silvery ; a blackish ocular band, indistinct in
mature specimens.

Port Jackson. All Australian Coasts.

Genus Plat.\:x, Cuv. & Yal.

Body much compressed and elevated ; snout very short. One
dorsal fin, with the spinous portion nearly entirely hidden and
generally formed of five spines ; anal with three ; ventrals well
developed with one spine and five rays. Teeth setiform, with an
external series of rather larger ones, notched at the top ; no teeth
on the palate. Scales moderate or small. Six branchiostegals ;
air-bladder simple.

Indian and iVustralian Seas.

379. Platax vespertilio, B1.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes II., p. 489.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Chsetod., pi.
18, fig. 2-3, and pi. 17, fig. 1.

P. 5/35-37. A. 3/26-28. L. lat. 64,

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 547

The height of the body is greater than the length (caudal fin
excluded) ; snout entirely obtuse, not prominent ; dorsal and anal
fins elevated ; the ventrals extending nearly to the middle of the
anal fin. Yentrals black ; a brown ocular band reticulated with
black.

Cardwell, Queensland (Castelnau).

380. Platax orbicularis, Forsk.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes IT., p. 490.— Macl. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S W.,

II., p. 353.

D. 3-5/36-37. A. 3/26-27. L. lat. 55-60.

Height of body less than its length, (without caudal) ; snout
prominent ; prseorbital a little narrower than the orbit ; dorsal
and anal fins moderately elevated, rounded ; ventrals not reaching
the anal fin, black at the base and the extremity. A more or less
distinct ocular band.

Port Darwin (Macl. Mus.)

381. Platax teira, Forsk.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 492.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Cheetod.,
pi. 17, fig. 2.

D. 5/31-33. A. 3/24-27.

Scales very small ; height of body more than its length (with-
out fins); snout entirely obtuse, not prominent. Dorsal and anal
fins exceedingly elevated in immature specimens, obtuse in adult
ones ; the ventral fins reach beyond the caudal, in adult specimens
scarcely to the anal. Yentrals black ; three blackish vertical
bands ; one through the eye, one over the shoulder to the belly,
and one from the dorsal to the anal j these bands disappear
with age.

Hall Sound, South Coast of New Guinea (Chevert Exp.)
3R

5 IS DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

Genus Zaxclus, Cuv. & Yal.

Body mueli compressed and elevated ; one dorsal fin witli seven
spines, tlie third very elongate. No teeth on the palate ; prse-
operculum without spine. Scales minute, rough. Air-bladder
present. Branchiostegals four. Pyloric appendages in increased
number.

Indian and Polynesian Seas.

382. Zancltjs cornutus, L.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II.. p. 493.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Cheetod., pi.

4, % 1-2.

B. 4. D. 7/41. A. 4/32. C^ec. pylor. 14. Vert. 9/13.

A pointed horn above each orbit in adult specimens ; the third
dorsal spine exceedingly elongate, filiform. Two broad black
cross-bands from the dorsal fin to the belly ; caudal fin black,
with the posterior margin white, crescent shaped.

Australia ? (old collection).

Genus Psexes, Cuv. & Yal.

Body compressed, elevated, covered with rather small cycloid
scales ; cleft of the mouth narrow, with the muzzle above swollen,
truncated and short. Two dorsal fins, the first continuous, the
second and anal more developed ; anal spines joined to the soft
portion. A series of small teeth in the jaws, none on the palate.
Six or seven braucliiostegals ; air bladder bifurcate posteriorly.

Indian and Australian Seas.

383. PsEXES leucurus, Jenyns.

Zool. Beagle, Fishes p. 73. — Gunth., Cat. Fishes II., p. 495.

X). 10. 1/27. A. 3/27.

BY W. MACLEAY, P.L.S. 549

The helglit of the body is t\TO and a-half times in the total
length. Fins black or dusky ; caudal whitish. From one to two
inches in length.

Tort Jackson (Gunther).

Genus Equula, Cuv. & Val.

Body more or less compressed, elevated or oblong, covered with
small deciduous cycloid scales. Mouth very protractile. Minute
teeth in the jaws, none on the palate. One dorsal fin. Five
branchiostegals ; pseudobrancliiee ; air-bladder large, terminating
in two short horns.

Indian and Australian Seas.

384. Equula edextula, B1.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 498.

Equula serrulifera, Eichards, Yoy. Erebus and Terror, Ichth., p.
137, pi. 59, fig. 12-14.

B. 5. D. 8/15-16." A. 3/14. Cecc. pylor. 2.

Height of body twice or twice and a-c[uarter in the total length,
the length of the head from four times to four and a-third ; the
upper profile is angular. A pair of small spines above the anterior
margin of the orbit ; the cavity on the head is quadrangular,
much broader anteriorly than posteriorly, its width between the
spines being once and two-thirds in its length. The lower pree-
opercular margin is serrated, and its length is one and two-fifths
that of the mandibula, which is very concave and ascends at an
angle of about 45°. The second dorsal spine is three quarters
the length of the head. Scales very small, but conspicuous.
Spinous dorsal without black ; base of the pectoral brownish.

Coasts of Australia (Eichardson) ; Endeavour Eiver (Macl.
Museum).

550 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

385. Equula interrupta, Cuv. & Val.

Guntli., Cat. Eishes II., p. 504.

D, 8/16. A. 3/14.

The height of the body is one-half the total length, the length
of the head is contained four times and two-thirds in the same.
No spines above the orbit ; the cavity on the head is triangular,
and twice and a-half as long as broad. The lower prseopercular
margin is minutely serrated ; the mandibula ascends in a vertical
line. Scales ratlier small ; the lateral line terminates below the
origin of the soft dorsal. Back with somewhat irregular vertical
blackish streaks, generally interrupted and forming spots.

Port Essington.

Family XVIIL, CYTTID^.

Scombroid fishes with two distinct divisions of the dorsal fin,
the spinous portion less developed than the soft. Body elevated,
covered witli veiy small or rudimentary scales or bony pro-
tuberances.

Genus Zeus, Cuv.

Body much compressed and elevated ; cleft of mouth wide.
Scales exceedingly small or entirely absent. Two contiguous
dorsal fins, the first with nine or ten spines ; the anal with three
or four spines ; a series of bony plates along the base of the
dorsal and anal fins ; another series on the abdomen. Minute teeth
in the jaws and on the vomer ; none on the palatine bones.
Seven brauchiostegals. Air-bladder large ; pyloric appendages
in very great number.

Mediterranean, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

386. Zeus australis, Pichards.

Zool. Voy. Erebus and Terror, pp. 36 and 138, pi. 25, f. 1.—

Casteln., Proc. ZjoL Soc, Victoria, Vol. I. p. 108.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 551

'' John Doreyy
D. 10/23. A. 4/22. Y. 1/6.

Height of body two and a-half times in the total length, head
three times in the same ; orbit five times in the length of the
head. A short pointed backwards spine at the root of each dorsal
spine. At the base of the soft dorsal and anal fins there are
about seven bony plates armed with one or two spines on each .
nine spinous plates between the ventrals and the anus. General
colour dark green, with yellow tinges on the sides of the head
and body. A large round black blotch about the middle of the side.

Port Jackson. Port Phillip.

Dr. Gunther regards this species as identical with the John
Dorey of Europe, Zeus faher.

Genus Cyttus, Gunth.

Body compressed and elevated, covered with very small scales ;
mouth protractile. Two contiguous dorsal fins, the first with eight
or nine spines, the anal with two. No bony plates along the base
of the dorsal and anal fins. Ventrals with one spine and six or
eight soft rays. Minute teeth in jaws and on vomer, none on the
palatines. Eight branchiostegals.

Madeira and Australia.

387. Cyttus austualis, Bichards.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes II., p. 396.

Capros aiidralis, Bichards, Yoy. Erebus and Terror, Ichth., p.

137, pi. 59, f. [-5.

B. 8. D. 9/28. A. 2/30. Y. 1/6.

The upper and lower profiles of the snout are straight. Scales
very small. The spines of the dorsal and ventral fins elongate
and flexible, those of the anal short. The ventrals can be received
in a sheath on the abdomen, and cover the vent. Silvery.

Tasmania, South Coasts of Australia.

552 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

Family XIX. COEYPHJENID^.

Scombroid fishes with, one long dorsal fin, without distinct
spinous division, and without teeth in the oesophagus.

Genus Coeyph.exa, Cuv. & Yal.

Body compressed, rather elongate ; adults with an elevated
crest on the skull ; cleft of the mouth wide. A single dorsal fin,
extending from the occiput nearly to the caudal fin, which is
deeply forked ; no distinct dorsal and anal spines ; the ventral
fins are well develojped and can be received partly in a groove in
the abdomen. Scales very small. Cardiform teeth in the jaws,
on the vomer and the palatine bones ; a patch of villiform teeth
on the tongue. Branchiostegals seven ; pseudobranchia^ and
air-bladder absent. Pyloric appendages exceedingly numerous.

Pelagic Fishes.

388. CoRYPH^NA prxcTULATA, Cuv. & Yal.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes II., p. 408.

D. 51. A. 25.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the
head, and one-fourth of the length of the body without the caudal
fin. The ten or twelve posterior rays of the dorsal and anal fins
have their extremities dilated and projecting beyond the
membrane, by which tLey are connected at the base. Silvery,
darker on the back, with scattered black dots. (Cuv.)

Port Jackson.

One specimen in the Australian Museum, perhaps not C.
pimctulata, but seems to resemble that species most.

Genus Beama, Eisso.
Body compressed and more or less elevated, covered with rather
small scales; cleft of the mouth very oblique, with the lower jaw
longest. Dorsal and anal fins elongate, the former with three or

BY W. MACLEAY F.L.S. 553

four, the latter with two or three spines ; caudal deeply forked ;
ventrals thoracic, with one spine and five rays. The jaws with
an outer series of stronger teeth, the teeth of the palatine bones
and of the vomer are easily lost. Opercles entire. Seven branchi-
ostegals ; air-bladder none . Pyloric appendages in small numb er .
Almost all seas.

389. Brama Eaii, B1.
Gunth., Cat. Fishes II., p. 408.— Cuv. & YaL, pi. 190. ^

D. 3/30-33. A. 2 '27. L. lat. 80-95. L. transv. 13/23. C«c.
pylor. 5. Yert. 16 '26.

The greatest height of the body is below the origin of the dorsal
fin, and is one-third of the total length ; the eye is situated in the
centre of the head ; the pectoral fins reach to the middle of tlie
anal fin. Coloration uniform.

Port Jackson (Castlenau.)

Family XX. NOMEID^.

Scombroid fishes with two dorsal fins, sometimes finlets ; caudal
fin forked. Scales cycloid, of moderate size ; body oblong.

Genus Nomeus, Cuv. & Yal.

Body oblong, rather compressed, covered with cycloid scales of
very small size ; cleft of mouth narrow. Lateral line without
armature. First dorsal fin with ten or eleven spines, the second
and anal more developed ; no detached finlets ; no separate anal
spines. Yentral fins long and broad, attached to the belly by a
membrane and can be received in a fissure of the abdomen. Teeth
small, forming single series in the jaws ; teeth on the vomer and
palatines. Pyloric appendages very numerous. Air-bladder
present ; branchiostegals six.

Tropical Atlantic, Indian and Polynesian Seas.

554 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

390. NoMEus GROxovii, Gm.

Gunth.. Cat. Fishes II., p. 387.

B. 6. D. 10. 1/26-27. A. 1/26-27. Y. 1/5. Yert. 16/25.

The maxillary reaches to below the anterior margin of the eye.
The ventrals extend to, and the pectorals beyond, the anal fin.
The upper parts brown, the brown colour forming several band-
like spots on the sides ; anal with three brown spots ; ventrals
black.

Australia (Gunther), probably Western Australia.

Genus Platystethus, Gunth.

Body oblong, compressed, scales moderate, smooth and minutely
serrated on the edge ; cleft of mouth narrow, oblique ; snout
obtuse, of moderate extent. Praeopercular margin entire. The
first dorsal fin continuous, with eight stout spines, the second and
anal much more developed and can be received in a scaly sheath ;
finlets none ; anal spines three ; pectorals and ventrals rather
short ; minute teeth in the jaws ; palate smooth. Branchiostegals
five or six.

Norfolk Island and New Zealand.

391. Platystethus cultratum, Forst.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes II., p. 391.

Seriola cidtrata, Richards, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1843, XL,

p. 169.
B. 5-6. D. 8. 1/24. A. 3/30. L. lat. 60. L. tr. 5/14. Yert. 25.

Uniform silvery, the edge of the abdomen rather sharp.
Norfolk Island.

Family XXI. SCOMBPJDiE.
Two dorsal fins ; either finlets, or the spinous dorsal composed
of free spines, or modified into a suctorial disk, or the ventrals
jugular and composed of four rays. Scales none or very small.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 555

Genus Scomber, Artedi.

Body elongate, cleft of mouth wide ; scales very small, equally
covering the body. Teeth small. Five or six finlets behind the
dorsal and anal fins. Two slight ridges on each side of the tail.
Seven branchiostegals ; air-bladder simple, sometimes absent ;
pyloric appendages in exceeding great number.

Almost all temperate and tropical seas.

392. Scomber australasicus, Ciiv. & Yal.

Gunth. Oat. Fishes II., p. 359.

D. 10. 1/11 V. A. 1. 1/11 V. L, lat. about 160.

The height of the body is five times and a-half in the total
length, the length of the head four and a-quarter. Teeth very
distinct. Back greyish-green ; sides and belly silvery. An air-
bladder.

King George's Sound (Guv. & Val.)

393, Scomber antarcticus, Casteln.

Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. I., p. 106.

" The Mackerel " of the South-east Coast of Australia.

D. 11. 1/11 V. A. 1/11 V. P. 20.

Height of body five times and a-quarter in the total length,
head four and a-quarter ; orbit five and a-half times in the length
of the head. The second dorsal spine the largest, the eleventh
very small ; the upper part of the prseoperculum is covered with
scales, some beneath the eye of a very elongate form. Teeth
smaU, hooked, and disposed in a line, on the palatine bones a
line of numerous teeth rather longer than those in the jaws. No
air-bladder. Colour dark greenish-blue above, silvery white
below ; back marked with blackish waving lines ; sides with a
longitudinal series of large roundish spots,|beneath them numerous
black dots.

Port Jackson, Victoria, and Queensland.
3S

556 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGrE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

G-enus Thynnus, Cuv. & Val.
Body oblong ; cleft of tlie moiitli wide. Tlie first dorsal
continuous with tlie spines rather feeble ; six to nine spurious
fins behind the dorsal and anal. Scales of the pectoral region
forming a corslet. Teeth rather small in the jaws and on the
vomer and palatines. A longitudinal keel on each side of the
tail. Seven branchiostegals. Air-bladder simple, sometimes
absent. Pyloric appendages in exceedingly great number.

All Oceans.

394. Thynnus affinis, Cantor.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 363.

D. 15. 3/10 VIII. A. 3/11 VII.

The height of the body is four times and a-half in the total
length, the length of the head three and three-quarters ; the
length of the pectoral fin is six times and a-half in the total.
Above blue, with oblique undulating blackish bands, directed
backward and upwards ; sides and bellji silvery ; the first dorsal
fin with a brownish spot.

Port Jackson (Macl. Mus.)

395. Thynnxts palamys, L.
aunth. Cat. Pishes II., p. 364.

'' The Bonita:'
D. 15. 1/12 VIII. A. 2/12 VII.

The height of the body is four times in the length to the middle
of the fork of the tail ; the length of the head three and a-half
in the same. The pectoral fin reaches to the vertical from the
tenth dorsal spine ; the length of the posterior margin of the
preeoperculum is once and two-thirds in that of the inferior. Back
bluish, on each side of the belly four brownish longitudinal bands.

Port Jackson (Castelnau), East Coast.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 557

396. Thynnus MacCoyi, Casteln.
Proc. Zool. Soc, Yictoria, Vol. I., p. 104.

D. 13-14. 1/13 IX. A. 1/13 IX.

Height of body one-f ourtk of tlie length ; body short and thick ;
lower jaw rather longer than the upper ; diameter of the eye
one-fifth of the length of the head. Scales very small, those of
the lateral line about 180 in number, being a little larger and
keeled. Colour bluish-black, with brown tinges on the sides of
the head. Length 23 inches.

Melbourne.

Genus Pelamys, Cuv. & Yal.
Body oblong or slightly elongate ; cleft of mouth wide. Dorsal
spines feeble : seven to nine dorsal finlets, six or more anal. Scales
of pectoral region forming a corslet. Teeth of moderate strength,
teeth on the palatines, none on the vomer. A keel on each side
of the tail. Seven branchiostegals ; air-bladder none ; pyloric
appendages dendritical.

Ocean Pishes.

397. Pelamys austealis, w. sj).
D. 19. 3/12 Yii. A. 3/12 vi.

Height of body about one-fourth of total length, snout pointed,
about three times the diameter of the eye in length ; the maxillary
extends beyond the vertical from the posterior margin of the orbit ;
teeth in the jaws rather strong and far apart; preeopercuUmi
strongly striolated ; lateral line wavy and nearly straight. Body
naked, caudal keels very strong. Bluish on the back, silvery on
the sides and belly, with seven or eight longitudinal brown bands
on the back and sides.

Port Jackson (Macl. Mus.)

568 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

Genus Auxis, Cuv. & Val.
Body oblong ; cleft of mouth wide ; the first dorsal fin continu-
ous, separated from the second, with the spines of moderate
strength. Seven to nine dorsal and anal finlets. Scales of the
pectoral region forming a corslet ; teeth very small, none on the
palate ; a keel on each side of the tail ; seven branchiostegals ;
no air-bladder ; pyloric appendages dendritical.

All Seas.

398. Auxis ROCHEi, Eisso.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes II., p. 369.

Auxis vulgaris, Cuv. & Val., Poiss., Vol. VIII., p. 139, pi. 216.

D. 10-11/12 VIII A. 12-14 vn. Vert. 39,

The height of the body is four times and a-haK (in young
individuals six times) in the total length, and equals the length
of the head ; the pectoral fin reaches to the end of the first dorsal.
Back blue, variegated with darker — uniform in old age ; belly
silvery.

West Australia (Castelnau).

399. Auxis Eamsayi, Casteln.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. III., p. 382.
'^ Sbrse Macherel^^ of the Sydney Fisherman.
Port Jackson.

Genus Cybium, Cuv.

Like the last genus, but with the teeth stronger and on the
palate, and no corslet on the pectoral region.
All Seas.

400. Cybium Commersoxii, Lacep.
Gunth., Cat. Fishes II., p. 370.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 559

D. 16. 2/15 ix-x. A. 2/15 ix-x.

Teeth triangular, strongly compressed, close together. The
height of the body is five and a-half times to seven in the total
length, the length of the head four to five times. Lateral line
curved under the first finlet. Above bluish, beneath silvery ; back
and sides with numerous oblong, vertical, brownish spots.

Port Jackson (Macl. Mus.)

401. Cybium guttatum, Cuv. & Val.

Cantor, Oat. p. 111.— Grunth., Oat. Fishes II., p. 371.

D. 16/19-20 viii-x. A. 21-22 vii-viii.

Teeth triangular and compressed. Height of body five times
in the total length, and about equal to the head. Above blue,
beneath silvery, back and sides with numerous brown spots and
longitudinal bands ; the greater part of the first dorsal fin black,
the remainder white.

Port Jackson (Macl. Mus.)

Genus Nauceates, Ouv.

Body oblong, subcylindrical, covered with small scales ; cleft
of mouth moderate ; a keel on each side of the tail ; spinous
dorsal reduced to a few free spines ; finlets none ; ventrals thoracic.
Villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and palatines. Seven
branchiostegals ; air-bladder small ; pyloric appendages in
moderate number.

All Seas.

402. Natjcrates ductor, L.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes IL, p. 374.

Naucrates Indicus, Less., Voy. Coq., Poiss., p. 157, pi. 14.

''The Pilot Fish:'

D. 3-6. 1/26-28. A. 2/16-17. Ciee. pylor. 12-15. Vert. 10/16.

560 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

Blmsh, with five to seven dark vertical bars.
Port Jackson.

Genus Elacate, Cuv.

Bod}" fusiform, covered witli very small scales ; liead depressed ;
cleft of mouth moderate ; no keel on the side of the tail ; the
spinous dorsal formed of free and small spines ; no finlets ;
ventrals thoracic. Yilliform teeth in the jaws and on the vomer and
palatines. Seven branchiostegals ; uo air-bladder ; pyloric
appendages dendritical.

West Indies. Indian and Australian Seas.

403. Elacate isIgra, B1.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 375.

The " King Fish " of the West Indies.

D. 8/28-35. A. 25-27. Vert. 12/13.

The height of the body is one-eighth of the total length ; caudal
fin obliquely truncated, with the u^Dper lobe longest. Back and
the upper half of the sides brownish or bluish-black, with a light
longitudinal band from above the orbit to the root of the caudal
fin.

Port Jackson (Macl. Mus.)

Genus Echeneis, Artedi.

Body fusiform, with very small scales ; head depressed ; the
spinous dorsal modified into an adhesive disk ; no keel on the side
of the tail ; finlets none ; ventrals thoracic. Villiform teeth on
the jaws, vomer, and palatines, and generally on the tongue.
Seven branchiostegals ; no air-bladder ; pyloric appendages in
moderate number.

All Seas.

BY W. MACLEAY, E.L.S. 561

404. ECHENEIS REMOEA, L.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 378.

" Suching Fish^'' of the EngKsh.

D. 16-18/22-24. A. 25. C^c. pylor. 6. Vert. 12/15.

The length of the disk is three times and one-sixth in the total ;
the width of the body between the pectorals five and a-haK.
Caudal fin subcrescentic ; dorsal and anal not continued to the
caudal. Mouth rounded. Colour brown.

Port Essington. Bass' Straits.

405. ECHENEIS NATJORATES, L.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes II., p. 384.— All. & Macl., Proc. Linn. Soc.
N.S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 321.

D. 22-25/33-41. A. 32-38. Vert. 14/16.

The length of the disk is four times and a-half to four and
three-fifths in the total, or twice the width of the body between
the pectoral fins ; caudal fin subcrescentic in mature, more or
less convex in immature, and very much produced in the middle
in young specimens, Mouth rounded with the lower jaw pointed.
Brown, generally a blackish band, edged with whitish, from the
snout, through the eye, along the side of the body and the tail,
sometimes uniform, sometimes irregular blotches instead of the
band.

Darnley Island (Chevert Exp.) North Coast.

Family XXII. TEACHINID^.

Body elongate, low, naked or covered with scales. Teeth in
viUiform bands, with pointed and conical canines in some of the
genera ; no molars or trenchant teeth. The infraorbital ring
does not articulate with the prseoperculum. One or two dorsal
fins, the spinous portion always much less developed, and shorter
than the soft ; the anal similarly developed to the soft dorsal ;
ventrals with a spine and five or six rays. GiU opening more or

562 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

less wide ; five, six, or seven brancliiostegals ; pseudobrancliise ; no
prominent anal papilla.

Group A. Urmioscopina.
Eyes on the upper surface of the head ; lateral line continuous.

Genus Katheto stoma, Gunth.

Head large, broad, and partly covered with bony plates ; body
somewhat cylindrical, cleft of mouth vertical. Scales none. One
continuous dorsal fin ; ventrals jugular ; pectoral rays branched ;
some bones of the head armed. Six branchiostegals ; air-bladder
none.

Australian Seas.

406. Kathetostoma l^eve, B1.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes II., p. 231.

'' Sto7ie Lifter " of Melbourne.
D. 17. A. 17. V. 1/5.

The length of the head is three times and two-thirds in the
total. Three spines on the inferior margin of the preeoperculum,
two below the mandibula, two on the throat. Colour in spirits
brownish above, yellowish below.

Tasmania. Melbourne.

Genus Leptoscopus, Gill.

Head as in Kathetostoma , but entirely covered with soft skin,
body elongate, mouth nearly vertical ; scales small, cycloid. One
continuous dorsal fin; ventrals jugular; teeth viUiform; no
canines. Opercles without external spines ; cavity of gills very
wide, partially opened above. Six branchiostegals ; pseudo-
branchiae ; no air-bladder.

Australian Seas,

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 563

407. Leptoscopus macropygus, Eichards.

Yoj. Erebus and Terror, Ichth., p. 55, j)!. 33, f. 4-6.— Gunth.,

Cat. Fishes II., p. 232.

D. 31. A. 36. L. lat. 86 (43).

The scales of the lateral line twice as large as those of the
adjoining series, each corresponding to two transverse series. The
upper half of the head and body olive, mottled with brown ;
lateral line brown.

Port Jackson.

Grroup B. Trachinina.

Eye more or less lateral. Head not cuirassed. Lateral line
continuous. Intermaxillary without larger tooth on its posterior
portion.

Genus Percis, B1.

Body cylindrical, elongate ; cleft of mouth slightly oblique ;
eye lateral, directed upwards. Scales small, ctenoid. Dorsal
fins more or less contiguous, ventrals a little before the pectorals,
the lower rays branched. Villifom teeth and canines in the jaws,
teeth on the vomer, none on the palatines. Operculum with two
small spines, praeoperculum entire or slightly denticulated. Six
branchiostegals ; pseudobranchiae. No air-bladder ; pyloric
appendages in small number.

Indian and Polynesian Seas.

408. Percis nebulosa, Quoy. & Gaim.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes II., p. 237.

D. 5/21-22. A. 19-20. L. lat. 85. Csec. pylor. 4. Vert. 10/20.

The height of the body is five times and a-haK in the total

length, the length of the head about four times ; the space between

the eyes is greater than their diameter. On each side two rows

of brown clouded spots, those above the lateral line being the

3 T

564 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGITE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

larger ; the spinous dorsal fin is deep black, with a vertical white
streak before the third spine and a small white spot posteriorly,
the second dorsal either white with four series of brown spots,
or brown with four series of white spots ; caudal with indistinct
whitish transverse lines.

Sharks' Bay (H.M.S. Herald). Depuch Island (Eichards.).

A species not uncommon in Port Jackson is generally believed
to be identical with this one. I think otherwise, but for the
present I defer the description of it as a distinct species.

409. Percis Allporti, Gunth.

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1876, 4th ser.. Vol. XVII., p. 394.

D. 5/21. A. 16. L. lat. 62. L. transv. 3^/15.

The height of the body is one-fifth, and the length of the head

one-fourth of the length (without caudal). Snout longer than the

eye, which is one-fourth of the length of the head. Spinous

dorsal fin continuous with the soft, the spines subequal in length ;

sometimes, probably in the male, the first spine is longest. Caudal

fin subtruncated. Greenish or yellowish-olive (in spirits), with

seven black cross-bars on the back ; an indistinct blackish blotch

on the root of the upper caudal rays. Upper half of the caudal

variegated with yellow and brown in the female ; in the male the

whole is uniform black.

Tasmania.

Genus Aphritis, Cuv. & Val.
Cylindrical, elongate ; cleft of mouth rather oblique ; eye
lateral. Scales rather small, minutely ciliated . Two separate
dorsal fins, the first with six spines, ventrals jugular. Villiform
teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and palatines ; no canines ; six
branchiostegals ; air-bladder none ; pyloric appendages in small
number.

South Pacific.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 565

410. Aphritis Uryillii, Ouv. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. Fishes II., p. 242.

D. 6/19. A. 25. L. lat. 65. Cpec. pylor. 4.

Palatine teeth. Caudal fin truncated. Eeddish, marbled with
brownish ; dorsal and caudal fins with series of red dots.

Fresh-waters of Tasmania.

Genus Pseud aphritis, Casteln.

Characters of Aphritis, but the scales rather large ; the first
dorsal fin with seven spines and a short fin of two spines in front
of the anal fin.

Australia.

411. Pseud APHRITIS Bassii, Casteln.
Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Yol. I., p. 92.

D. 8/20. A. 2/22. Y. 1/5.
Body elongate and subcylindrical ; height seven and one-third
times in the total length. Head conical, four times in the same ;
eye six times and three-quarters in the length of the head. The
lateral line is straight ; a groove extends along the summit of the
back, from the head to the dorsal fin ; the head is entirely covered
with scales ; the teeth are numerous, sharp and cardiform, and
the first dorsal is composed of one spine and seven rays. Brown,
with a very few faint transverse broad green bands on the back ;
side of head purple ; red in front of the eyes ; belly white, dorsal
fins hyaline marbled with yellow and brown ; caudal yellow with
transverse crimson bands ; anal pink; ventrals yellowish; pectorals
yellow, with several narrow crimson lines of spots ; eye yellow.

Bass's Straits (one specimen, Castelnau).

Genus (Sillago, Cuy.

Body somewhat cylindrical, elongate ; cleft of mouth small, the
upper jaw longest; eye lateral, somewhat directed upwards.

566 DESCHIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

Scales rather small, ctenoid. Two dorsal fins, the first with nine
to twelve spines ; ventrals thoracic. Villiform teeth in the jaws
and on the vomer, none on the palatines. Operculum terminating
in a point ; prseoperculum denticulated. The bones of the head
with the muciferous system developed. Six branchiostegals ;
pseudobranchise ; air-bladder simple ; pyloric appendages in
small number.

Indian and Australian Seas.

412. Sill AGO maculata, Quoy & Gaim.

Voy. Freyc. ZooL, p. 261, pi. 53, fig. 2.— Gunth., Cat. Fishes

II., p. 245.

The '' Whiting " of the Sydney Fish Market.

D. 11. 1/20. A. 1/21. L. lat. 70. L. transv. 5-6/7.

The height of the body is five times and a-half in the total
length, the space between the eyes is one-half the length of the
snout ; ventral spine feeble. On each side seven or eight blackish
blotches and a yellow longitudinal band ; the second dorsal fin
dotted with blackish.

Port Jackson.

413. SiLLAGO PUNCTATA, CuV. & Yal.

Quoy & Gaim., Yoy. AstroL, p. 671, pi. 1, fig. 1. — Gunth., Cat.
Fishes II., p. 245.

The " Whiting''' of the Melbourne Market.

D. 12. 1/26. A. 1/22. L. lat. 170. L. transv. 35. Ctec. pylor. 4.

The height of the body is eight times in the total length, the
length of the head four times and a-half. Body with numerous
black spots above the lateral line ; fins immaculate.

Hobson's Bay, Port Phillip. South Australia.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 567

414. SiLLAGO BASSENSIS, CuV. & Val.

Sillago ciliata, Gimth. and Ciiv. & Val., Cat. Fishes II., p. 245.
S. terrce-reginw, Casteln., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. II.,

1). 232. >S'. lassensis, Oasteln., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales,

Vol. III., p. 380.

"Trumpeter Whiting ^^ of the Fishermen.
Port Jackson ; Brisbane ; Cape York.

415. Sillago ciliata, Cuv. & Val., not of Gimth.

Casteln., Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. II., p. 113.

D. 11. 1/17. A. 2/16. L. lat. 63. L. transv. 16.

Height of body five times and two-thirds in the length to
extremity of the middle of the tail ; head three and a-half times
in the same ; eye five times in the head ; the space between the
eyes twice in the snout ; the second dorsal fin covered with minute
scales, also the caudal which is strongly emarginate. The colour
is white and silvery, with the back darker, no longitudinal white
or yellow streak on the sides : fins yellow edged with black,
excepting the anal and ventrals which are bright yellow ; the
second dorsal with a few obscure streaks.

North Australia. Torres Straits. Caj)e York.

416. Sillago gkacilis, AU. & Macl.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 279, pi. 6, fig. 2.
^Torres Straits.

Genus Isosillago, Macleay.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. III., p. 34.

417. Isosillago maculata, Macleay.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. III., p. 34, pi. 4, fig. 3.
King George's Sound.

568 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

Genus Neosillago, Casteln.

Cleft of mouth horizontal, with the lower jaw rather prominent.
Two dorsal fins, the first with five spines ; teeth on the palate,
long canine teeth ; pr^eoperculum entire, pectoral fins formed of
simple TELjs ; body and snout elongate, scales rather small.

418. Neosillago marmorata, Casteln.
Eesearches on the Fishes of Australia, p. IC.

D. 5/21. A. 17. L. lat. 75.

Height of bod}^ six times in the length (without caudal) head a
little over four times ; eye oblong, three times and three-fourths
in the length of the head, and once and a-quarter in the snout.
Teeth numerous, with strong curved canines in front ; spines of
first dorsal fin strong but low, the second dorsal high ; caudal
bilobed. Head and anterior part of body red, posterior white ;
six largo rounded obscure blotches on each side of tlie lateral line,
the membranes of the first dorsal fin black, the other fins
immaculate and white. Length 5 inches.

Port Walcott.

Genus Boviciithys, Cuv. & Yal.

Aspect cottoid, posterior portion of body compressed ; cleft of
mouth horizontal with the upper jaw rather longer; eye lateral,
more or less directed upwards. Scales none. Two separate
dorsal fins, the first with eight spines ; ventrals jugular ; the
lower pectoral rays simple. Yilliform teeth in jaws and on vomer
and palatines, no canines. Opercidum with a strong spine ;
prteoperculum and prteorbital not armed. Seven branchiostegals.

South Pacific.

419. BoviCHTHYS VARiEGATUS, Eichards.

Yoy, Erebus and Terror, p. 56, pi. 34, f. 1-4.— Gunth., Cat.
Fishes IL, p. 250.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 569

D. 8/18. A. 13.

The soft dorsal fin is as high as the body beneath ; the length of
the base of the spinous dorsal is equal to, or more than, one-half
of that of the soft ; eyes slightly directed upwards ; the width of
the interorbital space is half the length of the diameter of the
eye. Back with five brown cross-bars.

Port Jackson.

Gfroup C. Pseiidochromides.

Eyes more or less lateral. Head not cuirassed. Lateral line
interrupted or not continued to the caudal fin.

Q-enus Opisthognathus, Guv.

Body rather elongate, rounded anteriorly, slightly compressed
posteriorly ; upper profile of snout parabolic ; cleft of mouth large;
the maxillary produced backwards ; eye lateral, large. Scales
small ; lateral line not continued to the caudal. One dorsal fin
with the rays flexible ; ventrals jugular ; lower pectoral rays
branched. Cardiform teeth in the jaws, palate smooth. Opercles
not armed. Six branchiostegals ; the gill membrane joined
together inf eriorly ; pseudobranchiae, air-bladder small ; pyloric
appendages none.

Eed Sea, Indian and Australian Seas ; Coast of Brazil.

420. Opisthognathus maculatus, All. & Macl.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 280, pi. 9, fig. 3.
Palm Islands.

421. Opisthognathus darwiniensis, Macleay.
Proc. Linn. Soc, N. S. AVales, Vol. II., p. 355, pi. 9, fig. 3.
Port Darwin,

570 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

422. Opisthognathus jacksoniensis, n. sp.
D. 26. A. 17. P. 15.
Head very round ; body tapering and very compressed towards
the tail; space between tlie eyes about one-third of their diameter ;
maxillary broad and rounded behind, and reaching two-thirds of
the distance between the eye and the angle of the prceoperculum.
The lateral line extends from the back of the head close beneath
the dorsal fin till near its termination. Colour yellow, with blotches
of brown on the body, and with the head densely spotted and
reticulated with brown ; the lower margin of the maxillary and
the membranes of the branchiostegals, black ; the dorsal and
caudal fins spotted and variegated with brown, the anal black and
the pectorals round, expanded, and of a bright yellow.

Port Jackson.

Grenus Oichlops, Mull. & Troseh.

Head and body rather compressed, more or less elongate ; cleft
of mouth oblique ; eye lateral. Scales of moderate size, ciliated ;
lateral line interrupted. One dorsal fin with a few spines anteriorly;
ventrals inserted before or below the pectorals. Jaws with canine
teeth, vomer toothed, none on the X3alatines. Praeoperculum
entire. Six branchiostegals ; pseudobranchise and air-bladder
present ; pyloric appendages none.

East Indian Archipelago.

423. CiCHLOPS FILAMENTOSUS, W. Sp.

D. 2-3/23. A. 3/12. L. lat. 40.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length ; the
snout is less than half the diameter of the eye in length ; a pair
of very strong canine teeth in the lower jaw ; lateral line running
near the dorsal fin to near the end, and then recommencing below
it at about eight scales from the tail ; the rays of the dorsal,
caudal, anal, and ventral fins all prolonged into filaments. Colour

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 671

in spirits uniform sooty brown, with numerous minute blue spots
about the head.

Port Darwin.

424. CiCHLOPS LiNEATUs, Castolu.

JDampieria Imeata, Casteln., Researches Fishes of Australia, p. 30.

D. 1/27. A. 3/-?

Height one-fourth of the length, length of snout one and a-
half times the diameter of the eye ; mouth very oblique with strong
canines in both jaws ; dorsal and anal fins prolonged behind,
reaching over two -thirds of the tail. Colour in dried specimen
yellow with an orange tinge on the back ; sixteen narrow longi-
tudinal black stripes on the body, beginning about one-third of
its length, and extending to the base of the caudal ; the anterior
part of the dorsal is reddish with black spots ; the posterior part
black ; pectorals and ventrals yellow.

Dampier's Archipelago.

Count Castelnau in his '^Eesearches on the Fishes of Australia,"
gives a very elaborate description of this fish, making for its
reception a genus which he named Dampieria. I cannot, however
see sufiicient reason for separating it from Cichlops.

Grenus Stigmatonotus, Peters.

Body elliptical, moderately compressed ; mouth deeply cleft ;
preeoperculum toothed ; operculum armed, suborbital unarmed,
narrow, with large pores ; a band of small pointed teeth in the
jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones ; scales ctenoid, lateral
line incomplete. A long dorsal fin with fewer spines than rays.
Anal spines three. Ventrals 1/5, somewhat before the pectorals ;
gill opening wide ; branchiostegals six ; gills three and a-half ;
free threadlike pseudobranchise ; lower pharyngeals separated,
3 U

572 DESCmPTIYE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

425. Stigmatonotus austealis, Peters,
M.B. Ak. BerL, 1876, p. 838.— Zool. Eeg. 1876, p. 20, Pisces.
D. 11/17. A. 3/8. L. lat. 46.
Dick Hartog Island, West Australia in three fathoms.

Family XXHI. BATEACHIDiE.

Habit cottoid ; skin naked or with small scales, mucif erous
channels of head well developed. Teeth conical, small or of
moderate size. The spinous dorsal fin very short, the soft and
the anal long. Ventrals jugular, with two soft rays ; pectorals
not pediculated. Gill opening a more or less vertical slit before
the pectoral, rather narrow. G-ills three, pseudobranchise absent ;
an air-bladder.

G-enus Batrachus, B1.

Head broad, depressed ; body subcylindrical anteriorly and
compressed posteriorly ; skin naked, or covered with very small
scales. No canine teeth. Gill covers with several spines. The
spinous dorsal fin consists of three stout spines. Gill opening
narrow. Gills three ; pseudobranchiae none ; branchiostegals six;
air-bladder divided, pyloric appendages none. Vertebrge 1 2/17-27.

, Nearly all Coasts.

426. Bateachus dubius, White.

Eichards., Voy. Erebus and Terror, p. 16, pi. 10. — Gunth., Cat.
Pishes III., p. 169.

D. 3/18. A. 15. V. 1/2.

The length of the head is three times and a-haK in the length
of the body ; the width of the bony bridge between the orbits is
one-seventh of the length of the head and equals the diameter of
the eye, which is shorter than the snout. Gill covers with three
spines "directed backwards, two belonging to the operculum and
one or the prseoperculum. Vomer and palatine bones with a

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 573

single series of short conical teeth. Snout short, depressed, flat,
surrounded by a wreath of short tentacles ; the tentacles above
the orbit very distinct. The maxillary extends to below the
posterior margin of the orbit. A round foramen in the upper
part of the axil. Brown, marbled with darker ; some small, round
deep black spots on the side of the body ; dorsal fin with oblique
brown bands, pectoral with many round white spots.

Port Jackson. Australian Coasts.

427. Batrachus diemensis, Lesseur.

Eicharda., Voy. Erebus and Terror, p. 17, pi. 8, f. 1-2. — Gunth.,
Cat. Fishes III., p. 170.

D. 3/20. A. 15-17. V. 1/2.

The length of the head is contained three times and three-fourths
in the total ; the bony bridge between the orbits is narrow, its
width being one- eighth of the length of the head and much less
than that of the orbit, which equals the length of the snout.
Gill covers with four spines, two opercular and two subopercular,
one of the latter small, and nearly obsolete in old s]3ecimens.
Yilliform teeth in jaws, vomer, and palatines. Snout short, obtuse
(the upper profile parabolic) and surrounded by a wreath of
tentacles, those above the orbits well developed, ciliated. The
maxillary extends to below the middle of the orbit. No foramen
in the axil. The outer ventral ray much longer than the inner
one, tapering, nearly as long as the head. Brown marbled with
darker.

Port Essington. Port Darwin. Cape Grenville (Chevert Exp.)

428. Batrachus Dussumieri, Cuv. & Val.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes III., p. 169.— All. & Macl., Proc. Linn. Soc.
N. S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 335.

D. 0/20, A. 16. V. 1/2.

574 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

Length, of head three times and a-half in the total. Gill covers
with three spines directed backwards, two opercular, one sub-
opercular. The lower jaw and palate with narrow bands of
villiform teeth. Snout broad, depressed, flat, siuTOunded by very
short tentacles, that above the orbit very small. Brown, with,
three rather indistinct darker cross-bands. Fins immaculate.

Darnley Island (Chevert Exp.) very doubtful.

429. Batrachtjs striatus, Casteln.

Fseudobatrachus striatus, Casteln., E,es. Fishes Australia, p. 24.

D. 2/17. A. 14. V. 3.

Length, of head three times and a-quarter in the total length,
without caudal fin ; the space between the eyes five times in the
length of the head ; and equal to the diameter of the eye ; gill
covers with three spines, two opercular one subopercular. Teeth
short and conical. Tentacles round mouth and orbit rather short.
Skin of body very loose and covered, as also the bead, with strong
longitudinal striae. Colour brownish-black; length five and
a-half inches.

Cape York.

Count Castelnau made a genus of this under the name of
Pseudohatrachius, on account of the first dorsal fin being reduced
to two very small spines, hidden under the skin, though very
possibly the third may be too deeply hidden for recognition. If
this were sufiicient ground for division, we have already the
genus Thalassoi^liryne.

Family XXIY. PEDICULATI.
Head and anterior part of body very large, without scales.
Teeth in cardiform or villiform bands. The spinous dorsal fin
either composed of a few more or less isolated spines, or entirely
absent. Yentrals jugular with four or five soft rays ; the carpal
bones prolonged, forming a sort of arm for the pectorals. Grill

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 575

opening reduced to a small foramen, situated in or near the axil ;
gills two and a-half to tliree and a-half. No pseudobrancliise.

Q-enus BiiACHioiacHTHYs, Bleek.

Head large, liigh, compressed ; cleft of mouth, directed forwards ;
jaws with cardiform teeth ; palate smooth. Body smooth, or
covered with minute spines. Three slender dorsal spines, the
two posterior connected by a membrane with each other, and with
the soft portion ; the anterior modified into a tentacle, situated
above the snout. The soft dorsal is longer than the anal. Stomach
of moderate size ; no air-bladder or xoyloric appendages.

Tasmanian Seas.

430. Brachionichthys niRsiJTus, Lacep.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes III., p. 182.

D. 1. 2/19. A. 9. P. 7. Y. 1/4. Yert. 12/10.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length. Skin
rough. The anterior dorsal spine is free, terminating in a small
lobe ; the two others are joined into one fin, separate from the
soft dorsal. Brownish-grey, with brown dots ; a black spot on
the second, third, and fourth dorsal rays

Tasmania.

431. Brachionichthys l.evis, Lacep.

Cuv., Mem. Mus., p. 435, ^l. 18, f. 3.— Gunth., Cat. Fishes III.,

p. 182.
D. 3/16. A. 9. P.7. Y. 1/4.

Height of body one-fourth of total length ; skin nearly smooth,
covered with minute spines. The dorsal spines are connected
with one another and with the soft dorsal by a membrane, which
however is notched between the first and second spines, and
between the third and the soft dorsal. Peddish-brown.

Tasmania ?

576 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOatTE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

432. Brachionichthys politus, Eichards.

Chironectes politus, Eichards., Voy. Erebus and Terror, p. 16, pi.

9, %. 3.

D. 1. 2/17. A. 9. 0. 9. P. 9. V. 1/4.

I have not seen a complete description of this Fish, but the
skin is quite smooth, showing no roughness nor inequalities under
a lens. It cannot therefore, as Dr. Gunther suggests, be identical
with B. Icevis, described above.

Port Arthur.

Genus Antennarius, Commers.

Head very large, high, compressed ; cleft of the mouth nearly
vertical ; jaws and palate armed with cardiform teeth. Body
naked or covered with minute spines. The spinous dorsal fin is
composed of three isolated spines, the first modified into a tentacle
placed above the snout. The soft dorsal of moderate length,
longer than the anal. No cleft behind the fourthgill ; only half
of the anterior branchial arch provided with lamellae. No
pseud obranchise. Stomach very wide ; no pyloric appendages,
an air-bladder.

Tropical Seas.

433. Antennariijs marmoratus, Less.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes III., p. 185.— Journ. Mus. Godeflt., Heft. XI.,
pi. 100, fig. a.

Chironectes vittatus, Eichards., Voy. Erebus and Terror, p. 15, pi. 9,

fig. 3-4.

D. 3/12. A. 7. P. 10. Vert. 9/9.

The anterior dorsal spine is short, terminating in a small knob,
with a minute tentacle attached to it, sometimes it is very short
or entirely absent. The last dorsal extends beyond the root of
the caudal. Head and body with cutaneous tentacles, those on

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 577

the angle of the mouth, and on the belly the most conspicuous ;
each tentacle of the latter rooting in the centre of a round white
spot ; the second and third dorsal spines fringed on the top.
Ground colour, yellowish or reddish, largely marbled with brown ;
brown spots radiating from the eye ; most of the spots edged with
white. Eound white spots on the sides of the body, and more
crowded on the belly.

Port Jackson.

A species of wide range, very variable and with many synonyms.

434. Antennaritjs striatus, Shaw.

Nat. Misc. v., pi. 175.— Gunth., Journ. Mus. Godeff., Heft. XI.,

pi. 92, fig. B.

D. 3/12. A. 7. P. 10.

The anterior dorsal spine is as long or slightly longer than the
second, terminating in three long cutaneous flaps, the second and
third with a cluster of small cutaneous growths at their tips. Skin
very rough. Colour yellowish with many brown radiating streaks
over the head and body ; the fins are spotted besides.

Port Jackson ; common.

435. Antennaeius pinnioeps, Cuv. & Val.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes in., p. 190. — Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
1867, XX., p. 61.

D. 3/12. A. 7. P. 10.

The anterior dorsal spine as long as the second, terminating in
three lanceolate flaps. The dorsal fin terminates at a considerable
distance from the caudal. Skin rough, covered with small spines
and small cutaneous fringes. Yellowish, irregularly spotted and
streaked with brown ; streaks radiating from the eye ; a series
of large, round, brown spots along the middle of the dorsal ; the
dorsal and anal with round spots.

Sydney (Gunther).

578 DESCRrPTTVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

436. Antennarius coccineus, Less. & Garn.

Voy. Coq., Poiss., p. 143, pi. 16, f. 1.— Guntli., Cat. Fishes III.,

p. 191.

D. 3/12. A. 7.

Tlie head and snout are so short, that the cleft of the mouth
ascends in an oblique line, which is somewhat directed backwards.
The anterior dorsal spine is short, stiff, terminating in a small
simple tentacle, situated between the eyes. Skin rough, covered
vvith small spines without cutaneous fringes ; the third dorsal
spine nearly hidden in the skin. Red, clouded with blackish
and greyish ; region above the pectoral blackish.

Port Jackson (Macl. Mus.)

437. Antennarius urophthalmus, Bleek.

G-unth., Cat. Fishes III., p. 192.

Chironectes caudimaculatus, Eich., Voy. Erebus and Terror, p. 125,
pi. 60, f. 8-9.

D. 3/13. A. 8. P. 9.

Anterior dorsal spine rather short, terminating in a ciliated
flap ; the third dorsal spine is connected by a membrane with the
base of the soft dorsal. The dorsal and anal fins extend to the
root of the caudal. Skin rough, covered with small spines and
scattered cutaneous fringes, two at the chin being the longest.
Orange-coloured, densely spotted and reticulated with black, the
membrane between the caudal rays with transparent ocelli,
edged with black.

Port Darwin.

438. Antennarius Commersonii, Lacep.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes HI., p. 192.— Journ. Mus. Godeff ., Heft. XI.,
plates 100—106.

D, 3/13-14. A, 7-8. P. 9-11,

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 579

Skin very rough, covered with small spines. The anterior
dorsal spine much longer than the second, terminating in a fringed
lobe. The dorsal fin terminates near the caudal, the last rays
extending to the caudal fin. Nearly uniform black or brownish-
black, with some white spots ; pectorals and ventral fins white-
edged.

Port Darwin ; many varieties.

439. Antennarius tbisignattjs, Eichards.
Voy. Erebus and Terror, Fishes, p. 15, pi. 9, fig. 1.

D. 3/13. A. 7. C. 9. P. 9. V. 5.

The first dorsal spine is long, slender, and terminates in a
single cutaneous flap, the third is enveloped in the skin. Skin
rough. Colour greyish, with a purplish reflection, and a minute
reticulation of lighter lines. A round black spot at the base of
the dorsal fin near its middle, another above the anus, and a third
above the pectoral arm ; an irregular whitish mottled band extends
from the commencement of the soft dorsal to the rays of the
pectoral. A similar band encircles the root of the tail, on the
tail itself there are a number of transparent spots.

King George's Sound (Eichards.).

440. ANTENNARins FiLAMENTOSUS, Casteln.
Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. II., p. 65.

D. 3/13. A.8 P. 11.

The first dorsal spine is long, slender, and terminates in six or
seven long tentacles, with, on each side of it, another slender
filiform tentacle. Skin not spiny, but covered with large fringes,
the mouth is broad, the lips tuberculose. Colour light brown,
with several very large, black blotches on the body, but none on
the fins, nor on the lower parts of the body ; some silvery- white,
8V

580 DESCEIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

small and irregular spots on the cheeks, inside the mouth and the
tongue covered with white tubercles.

South Australia.

441. Antennarius subrotundatus, Casteln.

Eesearches Fishes of Australia, p. 25.

Body high ; upper profile circular, lower very convex, skin
covered with rough asperities ; tentacle of the snout terminating
in a short linear filament ; the second and third dorsal spines
about equal and very thick, and covered with asperities ; all the
fins immaculate. Body light yellowish-grey, with a double series
of oceUated spots on each side of the body, some of them visible
on the belly. An irregular whitish ring on the base of the tail ;
no cutaneous tentacles on the body.

Port Walcott, West Australia (Castelnau).

442. Antennarius asper, n. sp.

The first dorsal spine slender, ringed with black, much longer
than the second and terminating in a fringed knob, the next two
prominent and spinose. Skin very rough and spiny. Colour
yellow, spotted rather densely all over with brown ; about the
middle of the base of the dorsal fin a rather large, rounded, black
spot in the centre of a yellow space. Tail with three series of
transparent black-edged spots on the membrane between the rays,

Darnley Island (Chevert Exped.)

Mistaken by Dr. AUeyne and myself for ^. iirophthahms. (Proc.
Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 335.

Family XXV. COTTINA.

A bony stay for the angle of the prseoperculum, which is armed ;
the bone arising from the infraorbital ring. Body naked or
covered with ordinary scales, or incompletely cuirassed with

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 581

single series of plate-like scales. The spinous dorsal fin less
developed than the soft or than the anal.

Q-enus Platycephalus, B1.

Head broad, very depressed, more or less armed with spines ;
body depressed anteriorly, sub-cylindrical posteriorly ; covered
with ctenoid scales. Lateral line present. Two dorsal fins, the
first spine isolated ; ventrals thoracic but rather remote from the
root of the pectorals, no pectoral appendages. Jaws, vomer, and
palatine bones with bands of villiform teeth. Air-bladder none ;
pyloric appendages in moderate number.

Indian and Polynesian Seas.

443. Platycephaltjs insidiator, Forsk.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes IL, p. 177.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Platyc,

pi. 1, fig. 3.

D. 1. 6-7/13. A. 13. L,lat. 120. Ceec. pylor. 8. Vert. 12/15.

The length of the head is three times and three-quarters in the
total length, and its width between the prseopercular sj^ines once
and a-half in its length ; the distance between the eyes is one-half
the length of the snout. The upper surface of the head is quite
flat, the ridges being scarcely prominent. Two moderate prse-
opercular spines, the upper rather shorter than the lower. The
length of the second dorsal spine is less than half that of the head.
Lateral line smooth. The upper half of the caudal fin with two
oblique black bands, the lower with one or two.

Western Australia, North-west Australia, Cape York.

444. Platycephaltjs bassensis, Cuv. & Val.

P. tasmanius, Eichards., Voy. Erebus and Terror, p, 23, pi. 18,

f. 1-2.— Gunth. Cat. Fishes IL, p. 179.

The '' Red Flathead,'' Sydney Market.

D. 1. 7/14. A. 14. L. lat. 115.

582 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGrtJE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

The length of the head is three times and a-half in the total,
and its width between the prseopercular spines once and a-half
in its length. The space between the eyes is slightly concave and
one-third the length of the snout. The upper surface of the head
is flat, the ridges being scarcely prominent. Two praeopercular
spines, the lower much the longest ; the second dorsal spine is
rather less than half the length of the head. Lateral line smooth.
Colour reddish, with a number of obscure spots, larger on the
sides ; dorsal, ventral, and pectoral fins spotted with brown ; the
posterior portion of the caudal black.

Tasmania, Melbourne, Sydney.

445. Platycephalus ftjscus, Cuv. & Val.
Castelnau, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. III., p. 379.

The '' FlatheacV of the Sydney Market.
Port Jackson, Port Phillip.

446. Platycephalus l^yigatus, Cuv. & Val.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes n., p. 179. — Casteln., Proc. Zool. Soc. Victoria,
Vol. I., p. 84.

The '' Rock Flathead " of the Melbourne Market.

D. 1. 8/14. A. 14.

Head with the ridges scarcely visible, and without any spines ;
the upper prsDopercular spine is twice as long as the lower. The
space between the eyes is one-half only of their vertical diameter.
Brown above, white below ; anal fin white, the others spotted
with brown.

Western Port, Port Phillip, Western Australia.

447. Platycephalus proximus, Casteln.
Proc. Zool. Soc. Victoria, Vol. I., p. 85.
In general aspect like P. Icevigatm, but differs in having the
head broader in front ; the eye larger and more oVal ; the teeth

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. • 583

more numerous and finer ; and the spinous dorsal fin only 1/7.
Colour purplish-blue above, white beneath, with a few transverse
spots, upper half of pectorals and inner haK of dorsal fin black.
Melbourne ; scarce.

448. Platycephaltjs Eichakdsonii, Casteln.

Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. I., p. 82.

D. 1.7/14. A. 14.

Width of body six times, and length of head three and a-half
times in the total length ; orbit five times in the length of the
head, or six times to the end of the operculum. Head very flat
and broad, rounded in front, the tranverse line before the eyes
being once and a-half in the length of the head ; the lower jaw
longer than the upper ; the ridges on the top of the head
prominent and interrupted ; the prseopercular spines very strong,
the lower being a little the longest. Colour olive-brown with
numerous crimson spots, sides grey, belly white ; dorsal fins
spotted with brown ; caudal, ventral and pectoral fins with
transverse lines of orange with crimson spots ; the hinder part of
the tail black.

Melbourne,

449. Platycephaltjs Staigeri, Casteln.

Eesearches on the Fishes of Australia, p. 17.

D. 1.7/11. A. 11.

Q-eneral form elongate and narrow ; the length of the head is
one-third of the total length (without caudal) and its greatest
width half of its length ; the eye is four times and one -third in
the length of the snout, and the space between the eyes twice
and a quarter ; the superocular ridges are very high, sharp, and
serrated, forming in front of the eye a sharp hook, and running
posteriorly into several radiating ridges. Only one i)r£eopercular
spine. Colour almost black, with faint blacker transverse stripes ;

584 DESCRIPTIVE CATAIiOaUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

belly wlutish, fins yellow with small black spots and lines ; tbe
upper half of the first dorsal is black ; the anal is white termin-
ating in black tipped with orange ; sides of head marbled with
yellow.
Oueensland.

450. PLATYCEPHALrS CINEREXJS, Gunth.

Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1871, p. 661.

D. 1. 7/12. A. 12. L. lat. 120.

The length of the head is two-sevenths of the total, (without
caudal), its width between the preeopercular spines is once and
three-fourths in its length. Upper surface of head smooth, with-
out spines, except a minute one in front of the eye. Preeopercular
spines short, subequal in length, or the lower somewhat longer.
Maxillary teeth villiform in a broad band, with two pair of distinct
canine teeth behind on the side of the symphysis ; mandibulary
and palatine bands much narrower, with a series of longer conical
teeth ; vomerine band continuous, crescent shaped, narrowest in
the middle, broadest towards each extremity, where also some
larger conical teeth are mixed with the villiform teeth. Inter-
orbital space but slightly concave, scaly, its width equal to the
diameter of the eye, which is contained twice and one-third in
the length of the snout. Eye without tentacle ; the isolated dorsal
spine short and stifi. Upper parts nearly uniform blackish-ash ;
dorsal fins without spots, transparent ; caudal mottled with black,
without bands ; pectorals and ventral fins brown, with whitish
reticulations.

South Australia.

451. Platycephalus inops, Jenyns.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes II., p. 180.

D. 1. 7/12. A. 12.

BY W. MACLEAY, E.L.S. 585

The length of the head is nearly twice its own breadth, and
nearly one-third of the total length. Head without spines, pre-
senting the usual ridges, which however are not very salient,
the prseopercular spines very short, of equal length, the lower one
rounded off almost to nothing. Lateral line perfectly smooth.
Above uniform deep brown, beneath white, the two colours
separate by a well-defined line. First dorsal fin with a very
large deep brown blotch ; the second dorsal, caudal, and pectorals
spotted ; the anal and ventral uniform blackish-brown. (Jen.)

King George's Sound.

452. Platycephalus japonicus, Cuv. & Val.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 181.

D. 1. 7/12. A. 12. L. lat. 100. Yert. 12/15.

The length of the head is three times and a-fifth in the total
length, and its width between the preeopercular spines once and
four-fifths in its length ; the distance between the eyes is one-
fifth of the length of the snout, and concave. A series of spines
along the superciliary margin, a second from the eye to the
scapular, and a-third of two spines on the infraorbital ring, there
are a pair of turbinal, and a pau' of occipital spines besides. Two
prseopercular spines of rather small size, the upper the larger.
The length of the third dorsal spine is twice and a-third in the
length of the head. Lateral line smooth. A tongue-shaped
membranaceous flap below the preeopercular spines. Eeddish-
olive, dotted with brown ; six brown bars across the back ; the
first dorsal with a broad oblique blackish band ; the other fins
spotted with brown.

Port Darwin.

453. Platycephaltjs isaoanthus, Cuv. & Val.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes II., p. 183.
D. 1. 8/12. A. 12.

586 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGTTE OF ATJSTEALIAN FISHES,

The first dorsal spine rather long and slender ; the praeopercular
spines short and nearly equal ; sjpines on the crown of the head
and the orbit ; a pair of turbinal spines ; lateral line smooth ;
no tentacle above the orbit. Bro-^n, with obsolete cross-bands ;
all the fins dotted with brown.

Port Darwin, Palm Islands, CapeGrenville.

454. Platycephalus nematophthalmtjs, Gunth.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 184.

D. 1. 8/11 A. 11. L, lat. 105.

The length of the head is three times and a-half in the total
length ; the ridges of the head with some small spines. A tentacle
of moderate length above the orbit ; a single flat one below the
angle of the praeoperculum, none at the nostril. Praeopercular
spines rather short, of nearly equal size. Lateral line smooth.
Brownish with seven darker cross-bands on the back ; fins spotted
with brownish ; the spines and rays of the dorsal and caudal fins
crossed by fine black lines.

Port Essington. Port Darwin.

455. Platycephalus cirronasus, Eichards.

Voy. Erebus and Terror, p. 114, pi. 51, f. 7-10.— Gunth., Cat.
Fishes 11., p. 186.

D. 1. 8/12. A. 11. L. lat. 60.

Each nostril with a cirrus of moderate length. The length of
the head is one-third of the total, and its width between the prae-
opercular spines once and five-sixths of its length. The space
between the eyes is very concave, and four times and a-half in
the length of the snout. Prominent spines on the upper side of
the head, but none on the infraorbital ring. Two small spines
at the angle of the praeoperculum. Lateral line smooth. Pose-
coloured, with some violet spots along the base of the dorsal fin,

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 587

and some darker bars across tlie back of the tail. Fins dotted
with rose-colour.

Botany Bay. Port Jackson.

456. PlATYCEPHALUS CASTELNAm, n. sp.

D. 1. 7/14. A. 14.

Width of head between the prseopercular spines about one-
fourth of total length ; space between the eyes very slightly
concave and less than the diameter of the eye, the longitudinal
diameter of which is scarcely twice in the snout ; some strong
teeth on the vomer and symphysis of the upper jaw. Head scaly
to the muzzle, the ridges flat and very slightly spinous. The
pr?eopercular spines of moderate length, diverging, equal in
length and very acute, the ridges in which they terminate
parallel and well marked from the angle of the mouth and with
about eight slight quadrangular depressions between them.
Colour brown above with several indistinct darker cross-bands,
white below ; the line of demarkation on the side distinct but not
straight. Fins transparent, the soft dorsal, pectorals, ventrals,
and caudal more or less spotted with brown, appearing on the
tail to form cross-bands.

King George's Sound (Macl. Mus.)

Genus Neoplatycephaltjs, Casteln.
Form of Platycephalus, but having the villiform teeth very
numerous, and interspersed with sharp canine teeth on both jaws
and on the palatines.

If this genus be considered necessary, it will comprise P.
einereus, Gunth., and P. Castelnaui, mihi, and probably others
now placed in the genus Platycephalus.

457. Neoplatycephaltjs grandis, Casteln.
Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. I., p. 87.
3 W

588 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

D. 1. 8/14. A. 14.

Length of head three times and t^vo-thirds in the total ; orbit
seven and a-haK times in length of head ; the snout is rather
angular in front ; the upper surface of the head is smooth and
presents faint uninterrupted longitudinal ' lines ; praeopercular
spines strong, the lower nearly or quite twice the length of the
upper. Greneral colour pink-lilac, covered with numerous irregular
orange spots ; the sides yellow ; the fins are transparent and
rather grey ; their spines and rays are marbled with orange ; the
caudal has four transverse lines of rather large, rounded, orange
spots, and its end is black.

Melbourne ; not common. Length from 20 to 23 inches.

Grenus Lepidotrigla, Gunth.

Head parallelepiped, with the upper surface and the sides
entirely bony; body with scales of moderate size, regularly
arranged. Two dorsal fins, the first much shorter than the second.
Three pectoral filaments. Yilliform teeth in both, the jaws and
on the vomer, none on the palatine bones. Air-bladder generally
with lateral muscles, often divided into two lateral parts ; pyloric
appendages in moderate number.

Indian and Pacific Oceans. Mediterranean Sea.

458. Lepidotrigla papilio, Cuv. & Yal.

Gunth. Cat. Fishes II., p. 197.

D. 9/14. A. 14. L. lat. 55. Caec. pylor. 7.

Scales very regular, of moderate size, with spines on the free
margin, those of the lateral line with a spiny keel. Prseorbital
not projecting beyond the snout. The spines of the dorsal rather
strong and bent ; the spines along the base of the dorsal fin strong,
prominent, compressed. The pectoral reaches to the sixth anal
ray. The first dorsal with a black spot between the fourth and
seventh spines.

Port Jackson (Macl. Mus.)

BY "W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 589

459. Lepidotrigla phal^na, Cuv. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. Fishes II., p. 197.

D. 9/15. A. 14.

Scales very regular, of moderate size, with spines on the free
margin ; those of the lateral line with a spiny keel. Preeorbital
not projecting beyond the snout. The spines of the dorsal rather
slender and erect ; the spines along the base of the dorsal fins
slightly prominent. The pectoral with cross-streaks ; the first
dorsal with a black spot between the fourth and seventh spines.

Melbourne (Gunther).

460. Lepidoteigla sphynx, Cuv. & Yal.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes II., p. 197. — Casteln., Proc. Zool. Soc,
Victoria, Vol. I., p. 89.

D. 9/14. A. 14. Ctec. pylor. 7.

Scales as in the two previous species, lateral line with spiny
keel. The spines of the dorsal fin not strong, those along the
base of the dorsal fins strong, prominent, and compressed. The
first dorsal with a rather large, black, white-edged spot ; large
rounded black spots on the back and sides.

Melbourne, (Castelnau).

461. Lepidothigla vajn^essa, Eichards.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes II., p. 197.— Casteln., Proc. Zool. Soc. Yict.,

Vol. I., p. 89.

D. 11/17. A. 17. L. lat. 70. Ca3c. pylor. 8.

Scales very regular, of moderate size, those of the lateral line

with very distinct spines. The snout is rather short with the

upper profile concave. Preeorbital anteriorly with a triangular

spine. The pectoral fin spotted and reaching to the seventh anal

ray.

Port Arthur, Tasmania. Melbourne.

590 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF ArSTRALIAN FISHES,

Genus Trigla, Artedi.

Head paralleloj)iped, with, the upper surface and the sides
entirely bony ; body with exceedingly small scales, those of the
lateral line sometimes larger. Two dorsal fins. Three pectoral
filaments. Yilliform teeth in both jaws and on the vomer, none
on th.e palatine bones. Air-bladder generally with lateral muscles,
often divided into two lateral parts ; pyloric appendages in
moderate number.

Nearly all Seas.

462. Trigla pleuracanthica, Eichards.

Voy. Erebus and Terror, Ichth., p. 23, pi. 16, f. 1-4.— Q-untli.,

Cat. Fishes II., p. 202.

D. 8/14. A. 14. L. lat. 55.

Along the lateral line a series of imbricate, scaly plates, each
angularly bent, and the edge terminating in a strong spine ; the
other scales small. The snout of moderate extent with the upper
profile slightly concave, Traces of a black spot on the foiu'th,
fifth, and sixth dorsal spines.

Port Jackson. (Eichardson.)

463. Trigla kumu. Less. & Grarn.

Voy. Coquille, pi. 19.— Gunth., Cat. Fishes II., p. 204.

D. 9-10/16-17. A. 15. Csec. pylor. 6.

Scales extremely small, those of the lateral line without any
armature ; the snout is elongate, the upper profile straight ; the
space between the eyes concave, and less than the diameter of the
ej^e in width. Prc^orbital anteriorly with obtuse points ; no
prominent ridge along the prtcorbital and the angle of the pra3-
operculum ; no spine between the orbit and the superscapula.
The first dorsal spine smooth, or very little granular, the second
the longrst, and equal to the distance between the anterior nostril
and the angle of the praeoperculuiii. Tlie pectoral fin reaches

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 591

to tlie vertical from tlie tentli dorsal ray. Eecldish, pectoral fins
greenisK-blue witli a large black blotch and several wbite spots.

Port Jackson.

464. Trigla POLYOiiMATA, Eichards.

Trans. Zool. Soc, Vol. III., p. 87, pi 5, f, 2.— G-untb.. Cat.

Fisbes II., p. 204.

" The Flying Gurnet.'*^

D. 9/15. A. 14. C^c. pylor. 8.

Scales exceedingly small. Prseorbital, suprascapula, coracoid,
operculum, praeoperculum witb very long and strong spines ; the
space between tbe eyes very concave and ecj^ual to the diameter
of tbe eye in widtb. Dorsal spines ratber stout. Tbe pectoral
fin reacbes to tbe vertical from tbe tentb anal ray. Red, pectorals
greenisb beneatb reticulated witb blue, and witb, on tbe inner
side, two large, oblong, black, wbite-edged spots.

Port Jackson. Port Pbillip. Western Australia.

465. Trigla am^na, Casteln.

Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. II., p. 131.

D. 9/15. A. 14.

Scales very small, tbose on tbe lateral line witbout any armature;
snout elongate ; upper profile concave ; tbe anterior part of tbe
bead ratber bilobed ; tbe space between tbe eyes very concave,
and less in widtb tban tbe diameter of tbe eye. A crenulated
ridge in front of tbe orbit, tbe inferior part of tbe prseoperculum
forming a prolonged angle, but no point ; tbe j)ectoral fins reacb
to tbe vertical from tbe tentb anal ray. Colour lavender-grey,
witb tbe lower parts silvery and of a ligbt miiky-blue ; a black
blotcb from tbe first to tbe tbird dorsal spines ; pectorals olive-
green, witb numerous oblong spots of a dull cobalt, and a large
black blotcb near tbe inner- side.

West Australia. Length six to eight inches.

592 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

Genus Berldia, Castelnau.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. II., p. 229.

466. Beridia flaya, Casteln.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. II., p. 229, pi. 2.
Portland Bay, Victoria.

Family XXVI. CATAPHRAOTI.
Triglidce with, the body completely cuirassed with bony keeled
scales or plates. Pyloric appendages in small or moderate
number.

Genus Dactylopterus, Lacep.

Head parallelopiped, with the upper surface and sides entirely
bony ; scapula and angle of the pra)operculum produced into long
spines ; body with scales strongly keeled and of moderate size •
lateral line none. Two dorsal fins ; pectoral very long with the
lower portion detached and shorter. Granular teeth in the jaws,
none on the palate.

Nearly all Seas.

467. Dactylopterus oriextalis, Cuv. and Val.

Gunth., Cat. Pishes IL, p. 222.

D. 1/1/5/8. A. 6. Ctec. pylor. 19.

A long isolated ray-like filament behind the occiput, another
shorter one half way between the former and the dorsal fin, the
first dorsal spine detached from the others. The distance between
the eyes is one-third of the length of the head, and nearly equal
to that of the praeopereular spine ; the distance between the
two scapular spines is rather less than the depth of the notch
between. Pectoral fins spotted with brown and dotted with
bluish- white.

Port Jackson. Endeavour Eiver.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. . 593

Division IX. ACANTH. GOBHrOEMES.

The spinous dorsal or spinous portion of the dorsal always
present, short, either composed of flexible spines or much less
developed than the soft ; the soft dorsal and anal fins of equal
extent. Ventrals thoracic or jugular, if present, composed of one
spina and five, rarely four soft rays. A prominent anal papilla.

Family XXYII. GOBIID^.

Body elongate, low, naked or scaly. Teeth generally small,
sometimes with canines. The infraorbital ring does not articulate
with the preeoperculum. The two dorsal fins separated or more
or less united, the spinous portion being always the less developed
and composed of flexible spines ; the anal similarly developed as
the soft dorsal ; ventrals with one spine and five rays, sometimes
both ventrals united into a disk. Gill openings more or less
narrow, the gill membrane being attached to the isthmus ; four
gills ; pseudobranchise. A j)rominent papilla near the vent. Air
bladder generally absent. Pyloric appendages none.

Genus Gobius, Artedi.

Body more or less elongate, scaly. Teeth in several series in
the upper jaw, conical and fixed, generally small, sometimes with
canines. Two dorsal fins, the anterior with six, rarely with five
or more flexible spines, the posterior of greater, sometimes much
greater extent than the anterior. Anal fin similar to the posterior
dorsal in form and size, terminating at some distance from the
caudal. Ventrals united into a disk which is not attached to the
belly. Anal papilla generally distinct. Gill opening vertical,
of moderate width, the gill membranes united to the isthmus.
Branchiostegals five ; gills four ; pseudobranchise. VertebrEe
11-12/15-16.

Found in all seas and in many rivers.

594 DESCEIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF ATJSTRALIAN FISHES,

468. GoBius ORNATUs, Eiipp.

Guntli., Cat. Fishes III., p. 21.

G, inter stinctus, Eichards, Yoy. Ereb. and Terr., p. 3, pi. 5, f. 3-6.

D. 6. 1/10-11. A. 1/8-9. L. lat. 26.

Seven longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal
and the anal fin. The height of the body is six or seven times
in the total length, the length of the head four times and a-half ;
the head is rather broader than high, its width being one and
a-half times in its length. The eyes are very close together ;
their diameter is three times and a-half in the length of the head.
Snout obtuse, convex, as long as the eye. Crown of the head
scaly. The cleft of the mouth scarcely oblique, the jaws about
equal in length. All the teeth very small. Dorsal fins somewhat
lower than the body ; caudal rounded ; the upper rays of the
pectoral silk-like. Green, with numerous brown spots and yellow
dots ; all the fins, except the ventrals, dotted with black.

Port Darwin. North-west Australia.

469. GoBius GiURis, Buch.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes III., p. 21. Many synonyms.

B. 4. D. 6/9. A. 1/8. L. lat. 30-33. Vert. 11/16.

Nine or ten scales between the second dorsal and analfins. Snout
elongate, depressed, with the lower jaw prominent ; head broader
than high ; the teeth of the -outer series enlarged ; no canines.
Scales of neck much smaller than those on sides of body. The
height of the body is one sixth or one-seventh of the total length ;
the length of the head one-fourth. The interorbital space is fiat ;
and in immature specimens narrow. Dorsal fins about as high
as the body, the spines sometimes a little prolonged in adults.
The distance of the first dorsal from the eye, about equals that
of the snout from the prseoperculum. No silk-like pectoral rays ;
the ventrals reach nearly to the vent. YeUowish-brown with
more or less distinct brown bands across the back and with a

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 595

series of round, brown, blotches along the sides, Pectoral, dorsal
and caudal fins with series of brown dots, the former with a small
brownish spot on the upper part of the base ; generally a brown
cross-streak between the eyes.
Port Darwin (Macl. Mus.)

470. GoBius ALBOPimcTATus, Cuv. & Val.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes III., p. 25.

D. 6. 1/9. A. 1/8. L. lat. 35.

Ten longitudinal series of scales between second dorsal and
anal fins. Head broader than high ; no canine teeth. Height
of body five-times and a-half in the total length, the length of the
head four times and a-third. Snout somewhat longer than the
diameter of the eye ; interorbital space narrow. Dorsal fins not
very close together, the anterior lower than the posterior, which
is nearly as high as the body. The distance of the first dorsal
from the eye equals that of the snout from the praeoperculum.
Upper pectoral rays silk-like ; the ventral has the basal membrane
well developed, and does not extend to the vent. Scales on the
nape smaller than those on sides of body. Eeddish-brown (in
spirits) marbled with darker, sides of head and body dotted with
silvery, the dots forming series along the rows of the scales.
Dorsal and caudal fins greyish, dotted with black, the dots forming
three series on the anterior dorsal, and two on the posterior ; the
other fins uniform greyish.

Port Essington. Port Darwin.

f

471. G-OBius CRiNiGEE, Cuv. & Val.

Eichards, Yoy. Ereb. and Terr., p. 2, pi. 1, f. 3-4. — Gunth., Cat,
Fishes III., p. 29.

B. 4. D. 6. 1/9. A. 1/9. L. lat. 34.

Nine series of scales between second dorsal and anal fins.
Height of body one-sixth of total length, length of head one-
3X

596 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

f ourtli ; the latter is nearly half as high as long, a quarter less
broad than high. The eye occupies the second quarter of the
length of the head ; the width of the interorbital space is one
haK of the diameter of the eye. Snout short ; teeth small. Head
and neck naked. The dorsal fins equal in height, as high as the
body ; the second spine sometimes produced, filiform ; caudal
rounded ; none of the pectoral rays silk-like. Pale ochreous ;
head, body, dorsal, and caudal fins irregularly spotted with black,
some of the spots being very large ; caudal and anal fins with
black margins.

North-west Coast. Port Darwin. Darnley Island.

472. GfoBius DARNLEYENSis, All. & Macl.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. "Wales, Vol. I., p. 331, pi. 12, fig. 1.
Darnley Island (Chevert Exp.)

473. Q-OBius NiGEiPiNNis, AU. & Macl.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. AVales, Vol. I., p. 332, pi. 12, fig. 2.
Palm Islands (Chevert Exp.)

474. GoBirs maxillaris, Macl.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, Vol. II., p. 357, pi. 9, fig. 2.
Port Darwin.

475. GoBius FRENATTJS, Gunth.
Gunth., Cat. Fishes III., p. 39.

D. 6. 1/10. A. 1/10. L. lat. 35.

Ten series of scales between the second dorsal and the anal fin.
Height of body nearly six times in the total length, the length of
head four times and a-haK ; the head is higher than broad ; the
snout obtuse, convex, much longer than the eye ; the cleft of the
mouth oblique, jaws equal; the maxillary reaches the vertical
from the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth of the outer series

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 597

enlarged, a canine tooth on each, side of the lower jaw. The
width of the interorbital space is somewhat less than the diameter
of the eye, which is nearly one-seventh of the length of the head.
Head and nape naked. The dorsal fins are ecj[ual in height, and
lower than the body, the second, third, and fourth spines are the
highest, terminating in very fine short filaments ; caudal fin
rounded, one-fifth of the total length ; the ventral reaches nearly
to the vent ; none of the pectoral rays silk-like. Brown, (in
spirits) with darker spots ; head with indistinct darker spots ; a
blackish band edged with lighter from the maxillary to the lower
part of the root of the pectoral, another, narrower, and sometimes
indistinct, runs parallel to the former to the upper part of the
root of the pectoral ; dorsals with a transparent margin, the
anterior brownish, the posterior with oblique blackish lines ; the
upper half of the caudal with brown crescent shaped dots between
the rays, anal, ventral and pectoral blackish ; the latter with the
base of lighter colour and with two blackish spots produced by
the bands described.

Australia (Gunther).

476. GoBius BiFHENATUs, Kucr.
Kner., Yoy. Novara, Fishes, p. 177, pi. 7, fig. 3,

Gohius hassensis, Casteln., Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, I., p. 123.

D. 6/11. A. 11. L. lat. 38-40.

Height of body seven times and one-third in the total length ;
head four times and two-thirds ; eye four times and a-third in
length of the head ; no canine teeth. Head and nape naked ;
caudal fin as long as the head and pointed ; no silk-like pectoral
rays. Colour lightish- grey, rather darker on the back, a brown
band from the eye to the upper edge of the root of the pectoral
fin, a second descends obliquely from beneath the first, to the
lower part of the pectoral, both bands distinctly marked on the
base of the fin. The dorsal fins are marked by a longitudinal

598 DESCRIPTIYE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

narrow brown band ; the caudal lias several transverse series of
spots on its upper half ; tb.e anal and ventrals are wbite, without
spots ; pectorals yellowish. A series of large spots forming a
longitudinal line on the sides of the belly.
Melbourne. Port Jackson.

477. GoBius Castelnaui, n. sp.

Gohius fre7iatus, Casteln., Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, I., p. 123.

D. 6. 1/10. A. 1/10. L. lat. 36.

Height of body six times and one-third in the total length;
dorsal spines all soft ; one canine tooth on each side of the lower
jaw. Caudal fin rather rounded and subelongate. Of a light
green colour, with two irregular longitudinal black bands on the
operculum which curve downwards below the eye. There are
some light blue spots on the operculum, and a double longitudinal
series of similar spots on the body. The dorsal fins are green,
finely edged with black ; the caudal has the base reddish ; the
anal is of the general ground colour, but covered with very minute
black dots ; the ventrals are green with a large black blotch, the
pectorals are olive-green with the opercular bands marked on
their base.

Hobson's Bay (Castelnau).

Count Castelnau has given the foregoing description of a
Melbourne species, under the impression that it was the G.frenatus
of Gunther. It is evidently quite distinct and I have therefore
given it the name of its original describer.

478, G-OBius semifrenatus, n. sp

D. 6/11. A. 11. L. lat. 31.

Eight series of scales between the second dorsal and anal fins ;
height of body one-seventh of the total length ; space between
the eyes less than half their diameter ; length of snout more than
their diameter ; caudal fin pointed ; no canine teeth. Eeddish-

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.&, 599

brown, with, eight or nine fascia -like blotches on the sides, the
sides of the head are marked with brown bands as in G. frenatus,
there are numerous brown spots on the head and lips, and one
on the lower part of the ox^erculum, the scales of the body have
each a pale pearly or bluish spot ; the first branchiostegal also is
margined at the angle with black. The fins are for the most
pale and semitransparent ; both dorsals are dotted with brown ;
there are also minute brown dots on the rays of the tail, except
on the upper and lower margins and the extremity ; the ventrals
are sometimes darker in centre.

Port Jackson.

479. GoBius piCTiJs, Casteln.

Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, I., p. 124.

D. 8. 1/10. A. 1/9.

The height of the body is five and a-half times in the total
length; the lower jaw longer than the upper ; scales large; the
second dorsal spine longer than the others. Colour light lilac,
beneath white ; on the head are numerous small, brown spots,
and on the back and sides also there is a longitudinal line of
black spots with terminals and a large one at the root of the
caudal, on which are also two or three irregular black spots ;
the pectorals are yellow ; the ventrals white ; the eye is yellow
with an external red circle ; the first dorsal is white with two
broad, longitudinal brown bands ; the second dorsal is white,
diaphanous, with the spine brown and the rays variegated with
brownish red, and a broad terminal brown band ; the caudal has
three transverse brown-light-red bands ; the anal is white.

St. Kilda, Melbourne (Castelnau).

480. (jobixjs pulchellus, Casteln.

Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, I., p. 125,

D. 6/12. A. 1/9. L. lat. 23,

600 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

Height of body four times and three-quarters in the total length;
head three and a-half times. Eyes rather large, placed on the
upper surface of the head ; the first dorsal fin rounded, the third
spine longest, the caudal is rounded ; pectorals extending to nearly
the end of the first dorsal. Colour light grey, with the edges of
the scales brown, towards the belly opal and white ; head marbled
with white spots, operculum with very minute, black dots ; three
large, round, black spots on the sides — opposite the commence-
ment of the second dorsal, opposite its termination, and at the
root of the tail. The dorsal fins hyaline, spotted with brown, a
black sj)ot at the commencement of the first, and the second
margined with yellow. Caudal spotted with brown, the spots
forming five or six transverse lines, anal white, edged with black ;
pectoral yellow with very small dots.

"Western Port (Castelnau).

481. GoBius CAUDATUS, Castclu.
Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. II., p. 47.

D. 6/11. A. 11.

Height of body four times in the length (without caudal) ;
head four times ; eye three and a-half times in the length of the
head ; lower jaw longer than the upper ; teeth small, some rather
longer than others ; the fifth dorsal spine the longest, produced
into a short filament ; the last ray of the second dorsal and anal
fins somewhat elongate ; the caudal large, pointed, the central
rays produced into filaments ; half as long as the body. Colour
(dried) light brown, with obscure spots, a dark oblique band from
the eyes to the operculum ; fins diaphanous, an obscure band
along the middle of the first dorsal, the soft dorsal and anal
margined with black ; a few obscure transverse bands on the
caudal.

Melbourne (Castelnau).

482. GoBius MACULATUS, Oastcln.
Besearehes on the Pishes of Australia, p. 20.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 601

D. 6/12. A. 9. L. lat. 29.

Height of body about five times in the total length ; bead four
times ; eye less tban four times in tbe length of the head ; no
canines ; scales very large and strongly ciliated. General colour
light grey, with four longitudinal lines of well defined, oblong,
black spots, between which are numerous small white dots, placed
irregularly ; belly white ; all the fins dark with transverse lines
of white points ; ventrals black.

Queensland (Castelnau).

483. GoBius BuccATus, Cuv. & Yal.

Q-unth., Cat. Fishes III., p. 14.

D. 6. 1/11. A. 1/10.

Cheeks swollen. Head as broad as long and one-third broader
than high and one-fourth of the total length. Mouth nearly
vertical. The diameter of the eye is one-sixth of the length of
the head, and one-half of the width of the interorbital space.
None of the pectoral rays silk-like. Scales moderate. Entirely
reddish-brown, fins minutely spotted.

Sydney (Macl. Mus.)

484. GoBiTJS GiBBOsrs, n. sp.

D. 6/10. A. 10. L. lat. 25.

Head higher than its length, broad and rounded in front, with
the eyes small and two diameters apart ; the snout is very round,
the mouth in the centre, small and very oblique, teeth small and
very acute with small canines in the lower jaw. Height of body
about one-fourth of total length ; tail rounded. Scales large,
slightly ciliated, the top of the head and nape as far as the first
dorsal entirely naked. Colour uniform reddish-yellow, fins a
a little obscure.

Endeavour Eiver (Macl.sMus.)

602 DESCRIPTIYE CATALOGUE OF ATJSTRALIAN FISHES,

In the blunt rounded head this species has much the appearance
of a Goliodon, My sj)ecimens are from one to two inches in length.

485. GOBIUS LATERALIS, 71. Sp.

D. 6/9. A. 9. L. lat. 30.

Height of body one-seventh of the total length. Head some-
what flat ; the eyes oval, close together and looking upwards ;
mouth slightly oblique ; teeth minute ; no canines. Tail pointed,
wedge-shaped ; the posterior rays of the soft dorsal and anal fins
somewhat elongate, reaching to the caudal. Colour reddish-
yellow, indistinctly dotted and mottled with brown, on the head
there are also some lighter markings, the colour not showing in
spirit specimens, along the middle of each side of the body there
are five large, reddish-brown spots, the last on the root of the tail ;
the dorsal fins are both speckled with brown, the first spine of the
first dorsal with a black blotch ; the caudal has on its upper haK
about eight transverse series of brownish dots; the anal is margined
with black ; the ventrals are slightly blackish towards the apex, and
the pectorals are large, yellow and without spot.

King George's Sound (Macl. Mus.)

486. GrOBITJS FLAVIDIIS, n. sp.

D. 6/11. A. 9. L. lat. 40.

Height of body about one-sixth of the total length. Head
rather flat above, with the eyes near the top and close together ;
snout, about equal in length to the diameter of the eye, rounded
in front and with thick lips; teeth very small. Scales rather
small ; the dorsal fins about half the height of the body, the
membranes extending to the extremity of the spines and rays ;
tail rounded ; pectoral fins large, the upper rays silk-like. Colour
pale reddish-yellow, sometimes mottled with a deei3er shade of
yed ; fins white, but not very transparent, the two dorsals and

603

the caudal faintly spotted with, brown, the spots most distinct on
the first ray of each.

Port Jackson. Specimens about one and a-half inches long.

487. GrOBIIJS SCABRICEPS, n. sp.

D. 6/10. A. 10. L. lat. 24.

Height of body one-fourth of the total length. Head higher
than long, very convex above and very round in front ; the space
between the eyes equal to more than twice their diameter, mouth
small, very oblique ; chin very convex. Scales large, none on
the head, nape, and along the back at base of dorsal fins, the
head entirely covered with cutaneous short thread-like filaments,
thickest and longest on the under part of the head; the membranes
of the fins thick and opaque ; the tail rounded ; pectorals large ;
ventrals forming a very round disk . Colour uniform reddish-brown .

Endeavour Eiver (Macl. Mus.). One and a-haK inches long.

A very remarkable form, approaching nearest to G. gillosus,
mihi.

488. GrOBIUS NIGROOCELLATUS, Guuth.

Journ. Mus. Godefi., Heft. II., p. 101.
D. 6. 1/10. A. 1/9. L. lat. 27.

Eight longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal
fin and the anal. The scales behind the head are a little smaller
than those of the body. The height of the body is one-fifth of
the entire length, without the caudal fin, the length of the head
one-fourth. The eyes close together, of moderate size. Mouth
small, horizontal with overlapping upper jaw. Strong curved
canine teeth on the side of the under jaw. Snout shorter than
the eye. The upper rays of the pectoral fin silk-like ; the fin
itself as long as the head. All the fin-rays flexible, those of the
second dorsal about as high as the body beneath them. Caudal
fin of moderate length and rounded. The ventral fins reach
3Y

604 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN EISHES,

almost to the anal. Greyish-brown (in spirits) each scale with a
paler centre. Two rows of deep black, light-margined ocelli
along the side of the body — the upper row runs on the third
longitudinal row of scales; the under along the fifth. The
vertical fins are tipped with brown. A short, black, streak at
the base of the pectorals. Yentrals black in the middle, yellow
on the sides.

Bowen, Queensland. Length two and a-half inches.

489. G-OBius SAUROLDES, Castoln.
Proc. Linn. Soe. N.S. Wales, Vol. III., p. 48.
Norman Eiver.

490. GrOBIUS MICROPHTHALMUS, Guuth.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes III., p. 44, and note, p. 550.

D. 6/8. A. 7. L. lat. 27.

Ten series of scales between the origin of the posterior dorsal
and anal fins. Head and body very compressed, the height of
the body three times and three-fifths in the total length, the length
of the head four times. The depth of the head above the prae-
operculum is not much less than its length, and much more than
its width. Eye rather small, its diameter being one-seventh of
the length of the head, equal to width of the interorbital space,
and less than the extent of the snout. Cleft of mouth slightly
oblique, wide, reaching to the vertical from the posterior margin
of the eye, with the jaws equal in front ; a pair of small canine
teeth in the front of each jaw. Scales minutely striated and
ciliated. The two anterior dorsal spines are the longest, somewhat
produced, but much lower than the body. Caudal fin rounded ;
the pectoral has no silk-like rays, and reaches to the anal ; ventral
reaches to the vent, with the basal membrane well developed.
Brownish (in spirits) with irregular, narrow, oblique, darker
streaks ; the anterior dorsal fin with two black, longitudinal

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 606

stripes, the lower of which is dilated into a blackish blotch
posteriorly ; the second dorsal M'ith three rather irregnlar, serrated
blackish bands, with white spots between them ; caudal dotted
with brown ; anal blackish.

Australia (Q-unther) . Under two inches in length.

491. GoBius NUCHiFASciATUs, Guuth.

Journal Mus. GodefP., Band I., Heft. 4, p. 90,

D. 6/12. A. 9. L. lat. 25.

Nine longitudinal rows of scales between the second dorsal fin
and the anal. The length of the head is rather more than the
height of the body and is two-sevenths of the total length without
the caudal fin. The head is longer than high, and higher than
broad. Snout much shorter than the eye, which is of moderate
size. Cleft of the mouth oblique, reaching to beneath the middle
of the orbit, with a somewhat projecting under jaw. Eyes close
together. Two or three canine teeth on each side of the under
jaw. The head, and nape nearly to the dorsal fin without scales.
The ventral fins cover the anal. The dorsal fins are scarcely so
high as the body beneath them, but the second and third lajs are
prolonged into very fine filaments. Caudal fin rounded. Body
uniformly greenish, three grey, dark-bordered, oblique bands
over the nape, curved forwards on the side of the head. The
foremost under the eyes extends to the posterior end of the
maxillary bone. The second dorsal, the caudal, and the anal fins
finely spotted.

Bowen (Queensland). Length one and a-quarter inch.

B. Scales small, L. lat. 50 or more.

492. GoBius PAPUExsis, Cuv. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. Fishes III., p. 49.

D. 6. 1/12. A. 1/13. L. lat. 75-80.

606 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF ATJSTRALIAN FISHES,

Scales small anteriorly, becoming larger on tlie tail ; tlie height
of the body is one-seventh of the length (without caudal), the
length of the head one-fourth. The head is one-third longer
than high, and one third higher than broad ; the eyes are very
close together, their diameter being one-fifth of the length of the
head. Mouth oblique, the maxillary extending to below the
middle of the eye, teeth of the outer series enlarged. The length
of the caudal fin is one-fourth of the total, and is elongate and
pointed. Greyish brown, clouded with darker, a brown spot at
the root of the caudal fin, another at the base of the pectoral ;
dorsals with five reticulated lines.

Australia (Gunther).

493. GoBius CRAssiLABRis, Guuth.

Gunth., Cat. FishcKS III., p. 63. — Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
1867, XX., p. 61.

D. 6/11. A. 11. L. lat. 60.

Fifteen series of scales between the second dorsal and anal fins.
Height of body six times and a-half in total length ; length of
head three times and a-half. Head flat, depressed, as broad as
high; snout elongate; cleft of mouth horizontal, upper jaw
longest, lips thick ; teeth small ; the maxillary reaches to or
slightly beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye.
The width of the interorbital space equals the diameter of the eye,
which is one-sixth of the length of the head. Head naked, scales
of body smaller anteriorly. The dorsal fins lo \ver than the body,
caudal rounded, ventrals short, with a broad basal membrane.
Yellowish or brownish, sides of head and body with irregular
black spots, forming a band from the pectorals to the tail, at the
root of which there is a round, deep, black spot ; a black streak
superiorly on the base of the pectoral. Dorsal, caudal, and
pectoral fins dotted with brown, the dots being arranged in

BY W. MACLEAY, E.L.S. 607

longitudinal series in the first, and in transverse ones on the two
last ; ventral and anal blackish..

Australia (Grunther). Length five to six inches.

494. GoBiTJS Bynoensis, Eichards.

Voy. Erebus and Terror, p. 1, pi. 1, f. 1-2. — Gunth., Cat. Fishes

III., p. 70.

D. 6. 1/16. A. 1/15. L. lat. 65.

Height of body five times and a-half in total length, length of
head five times. Head higher than broad ; snout obtuse ; mouth
slightly oblique, teeth of outer series enlarged ; lower jaw with
a pair of canines. Width of interorbital space half the diameter
of the orbit, which is one-fifth of the length of the head. The
first dorsal fin is higher than the second and lower than the body,
its distance from the eye is more than that of the snout from the
prseoperculum. Caudal fin rounded ; none of the pectoral rays
silk-like. Greenish : back with four or five brownish-violet cross-
bands ; on each side of the head two brownish- violet, blue-edged
longitudinal bands, the lower of which terminates in a dark spot
on the upper part of the base of the pectoral fin ; neck with two
series of brown, blue-edged ocelli ; dorsal fins dotted with white ;
caudal with a brown spot on the upper part of its base ; anal
with violet margin ; the other fins rose-coloured.

Western Australia. Port Essington.

495. GoBirs Yoigtii, Bleek.
Gunth., Cat. Fishes III., p. 72.
D. 6. 1/10. A. 1/10. L. lat. 80.

Height of body seven times in the total length ; length of head
four times and four-fifths ; the head higher than broad ; the snout
convex, shorter than the eyes, which are very close together, and
one-fourth the length of the head. Mouth obHque, jaws nearly
equal, teeth of outer series enlarged, a pair of lateral canine teeth

608 DESCRIPTITE CATALOGrE OF ArSTRALIAN FISHES,

in the lower jaw. Head and neck naked. The first dorsal fin is
much higher, the second lower than the body ; the length of the
caudal is four times and a-quarter in the total. Grreenish : with
eight brownish cross-bands ; head with round, blue, darker-
edged spots ; the first dorsal spine broadly annulated with brown,
a black spot between the fourth and fifth spines ; the second
dorsal fin blue spotted, and with a blue longitudinal line near the
margin ; caudal orange-coloured, superiorly and inf eriorly violet,
superiorly with two oblique blue streaks ; the other fins violet.

Port Essington. Cape York.

496. GrOBiTJS FiLAMENTOsrs, Castoln.
Casteln., Researches on the Fishes of Australia, p. 19.

D. 6/11. A. 11. L.lat. 55.

Height of body seven times and one-third in the total length,
the head four times and two-thirds ; the diameter of the eye is
one-fifth of the length of the head, and twice the width of the
interorbital space ; the snout is longer than the eye ; the cleft of
the mouth oblique ; the maxillary reaches beyond the vertical
from the anterior morgin of the eye ; scales of body much larger
towards the posterior portion. The last spine of the first dorsal
fin terminates in short filaments ; the two first rays of the second
dorsal are somewhat prolonged, and the posterior rays are
prolonged beyond the base of the caudal. The caudal is pointed,
the middle rays elongate ; the pectorals are large, the rays
filamentary. Brownish-black (in spirits); the head bluish, the
fins black ; the dorsals, caudal, and anal bordered with yellow ;
the base of the pectorals and ventrals white.

South Australia.

497. GrOBius MicROLEPiDOTus, Castelu.

Casteln., Eesearches on the Fishes of Australia, p. 20.

Anterior dorsal fin with six spines ; scales very minute, about
85 in a lateral line ; height of body four times and a-third in the

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 609

length, (witliout caudal) ; the length of the head four times ; head
rounded in front ; space between the eyes equal to their diameter,
which is about one fourth of the length of the head ; four canine
teeth ; caudal fin elongate, pointed. Colour, obscure brownish-
olive, rather silvery beneath ; an obscure longitudinal band
extends from below the eyes to the base of the pectoral fins,
sometimes extending along the sides ; a black blotch is visible
on the base of the caudal fin.

Cape York, (Castelnau). Three inches long.

498. GoBius Mucosus, Gunth.

Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1871, p. 663, pi. 63, fig. a.

D. 6. 1/11. A. 10.

Scales very small and hidden below a thick mucous covering,
which envelops all parts, and forms on the snout and sides of the
head transverse and longitudinal ridges. Height of body one-
fifth of the length (without caudal), length of head two-sevenths.
Head rather depressed, its depth being one haK its length. Snout
moderately produced ; the posterior margin of the orbit occupying
nearly the middle of the head. The diameter of the eye equals
the width of the interorbital space, and is one-fifth of the length
of the head. Mouth small, subvertical, the angle at a consider-
able distance from the eye. Teeth very small, in bands, without
canines. Dorsal and anal fins not elevated ; caudal pointed,
longer than the head ; the pectorals reach the origin of the soft
dorsal ; the ventrals do not nearly reach the vent. Body
reticulated with, blackish ; all the fins except the ventrals with
blackish spots.

South Australia.

499. GOBITJS PLATYSTOMA, Q-UUth.

Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1871, p. 664, pi. 63, fig. b.
1). 6/10. A. 9. L.lat. 60.

610 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

Twenty series of scales between the origin of tlie second dorsal
fin and the anal. Head and anterior j)art of the body broad and
rather depressed. The broad, rounded snout j)rojects somewhat
over the large mouth. The height of the body is one-fifth of the
length (without caudal) the length of the head nearly one-fourth.
Eye small, only haK the width of the interorbital space ; the
maxillary extends to below the hind margin of the orbit. No
canine teeth ; head entirely naked ; dorsal and anal fins low ;
caudal obtusely rounded ; ventral short, terminating a great
distance from the vent, its basal membrane well developed ; the
free portion of the tail scarcely longer than deep. Brownish,
with some indistinct darker spots ; the spinous dorsal fin with a
dark spot behind.

Port Mackay.

500. GOBIUS CRISTATUS, n. sp.

D. 6/12. A. 12.

Height of body seven times in the total length, length of head
four times and a-half . Head slightly depressed, body compressed ;
eyes nearly their diameter apart, and about the same distance
from the snout; mouth oblique; teeth rather strong and numeroui,
strong canines in the lower jaw ; cheeks swollen ; a long skinny
flap or crest along the nape from the eyes to the dorsal fin ; scales
minute. The second, third, fourth, and fifth rays of the first
dorsal fin much prolonged and filamentose ; caudal large, acutely
rounded. Colour (in spirits) brownish-black, with indistinct
traces of spots and other darker markings ; the fins are not quite
so dark ; the first rays of both dorsals with a few black spots,
the pectorals entirely spotted, the ventrals black and very short.

Port Jackson. Abundant, four inches long.

Genus Apocryptes, Cuv. & Val.
Body elongate, covered with small scales which become larger
posterisrly ; gill-openings of moderate width. Teeth in a single

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 611

series, conical and fixed, with, canines in botli jaws, or at least in
the lower. The spinous portion of the dorsal fin separate from
or continuous with the soft. Ventral fins united, not adherent
to the belly. Pseudobranchi^e rudimentary. Vertebra© 12/15.

East Indian and Australian Seas and Rivers.

501. Apocryptes lineatus, All. & Macl.
Proc. Linn. Soc, N. S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 332, pi. 12, fig. 3.
Cape Grenville. Palm Islands. (Chevert Exp.)

502. Apocryptes bivittatus, Macl.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. II., p. 357, pi. 9, fig. 5.
Port Darwin.

503. Apocryptes macrophthalmus, Casteln.

Proc. Zool. Soc. Victoria, Vol. II., p. 87.

D. 5/27. A. 25.

Height of body eight times and a-quarter in the total length,
length of head five times ; eye four and a-half times in the length,
of the head ; snout very convex, and a little longer than the
diameter of the eye. Eyes prominent, on the upper part of the
head ; head broad behind ; upper jaw longest ; cleft of mouth
nearly horizontal and extending to beneath the posterior part of
th.e eji e. Teeth strong, canine-like ; some short tentaculte on the
lower jaw ; scales very minute, embedded in the skin. Body
narrow, compressed, not more than half the width of the head,
and tapering to the tail. Caudal fin lanceolate and united by a
membrane to dorsal and anal ; the last rays of the first, and the
first two of the second dorsal, somewhat filamentose. Colour a
light silvery grey, with the upper parts darker.

Port Darwin.
3 Z

612 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

G-enus Gobiosoma, Girard.

Scales none. Body elongate, cylindrical ; head not compressed ;
teeth small, villif orm or cardif orm. Two dorsal fins, the posterior
of greater extent. Anal similar to the soft dorsal ; venti'als
united to a disk, which is not attached to the belly. Gill opening
vertical, of moderate width, the gill membrane being united to
the isthmus.

Chiefly Atlantic Coasts of America.

504. Gobiosoma guttulatum, Macl.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. II., p. 357, pi. 9, fig. 6.
Port Darwin.

Genus Gobiodon, Bleek.

Body oblong, more or less compressed, naked ; head large,
elevated ; gill-openings of moderate width ; generally two canine
teeth near the symphysis of the lower jaw. Two dorsal fins ;
ventral fins united.

Coral Seas.

505. GoBioDON VERTicALis, All. & Macl.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. I., p. 333, pi. 12, fig. 4.
Darnley Island (Ohevert Exp.), in coral.

506. GOBIODON CERAMENSIS, Blcck.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes IH., p. 88.— Journ. Godeff., Heft. XIII., p.
182, pi. 109, f. D.

D. 6. 1/10. A. 1/9.

Height of body three times and a-half in the total length, the
length of the head four times and a-half. Head compressed, as
high as long ; snout obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye. Lower
jaw with smaU canine teeth. Dorsal fins much lower than the

SY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 61 5

body; caudal rounded. Entirely black or brown, with black
fins.

Darnley Island (Clievert Exp.)

507. GoBioDox ciTRixus, Eiipp.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes III., p. 87.— Journ. Mus. Godeif, Heft 13.,
pi. 109, fig. E.

D. 6. 1/10. A, 1/8.

Body short and compressed. Canine teeth none. Yellow ; a
blue black-edged streak along the base of the dorsal and anal
fins ; four transverse streaks of the same colour — two descending
from the eye, the third from the vertex to the opercles, and the
fourth in front of the pectoral fins.

Endeavour River (Macl. Mus.)

508. GOBIODON QUIXQUESTKIGATUS, CuV. & Val.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes III., p. 87. — Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1867,

XX., p. 61.
D. 6. 1/10. A. 1/9.

Body short, compressed, its height being one-third of the total
length ; head as high as long, with the anterior profile parabolic.
Ventrals short. Canine teeth. Yellow : head and thoracic
region with five vermilion transverse bands ; body with seven
longitudinal series of spots of the same colour.

Cape York, (Gunther).

509. GoBioDON ris^icoLOR, Castelnau.

Elleryia unicolor, Casteln., Proc. Zool. Soc, Yict., Yol. II., p. 95.

D. 6. 1/10. A. 10.

Height one-third of the total length. Head very convex and
compressed, with very minute bony prominences between the eyes.
Mouth very small and oblique ; eye very small. Colour

614 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGIJE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

Tiniforin pale yellowisli-red, tlie fins sometimes very slightly
darker ; a broad purplish spot at the root of the pectorals.
Endeavour Eiver. Cape Sidmouth.

Genus Periophthalmijs, B1.

Body subcylindrical, covered with ctenoid scales of moderate
size ; head oblong with the cleft of the mouth nearly horizontal
and with the upper jaw somewhat longer. Eyes very close
together, very prominent, with the outer eyelid very well
developed. Teeth conical, in both jaws vertical. Two dorsal
fins ; caudal with the lower margin obKquely truncated. Base
of pectoral fin large, muscular and scaly. Ventrals more or less
united. Grill- openings rather narrow ; branchiostegals five ; air-
bladder absent ; pseudobranchise rudimentary ; a slit behind the
fourth gill.

Low coasts and river mouths of tropical seas.

510. Periophthalmus Koelreuteri, B1.
Gunth., Cat. Fishes III., p. 97.

B. 5. D. 10-16/12, A. II. L. lat. 90-100. Vert.il/15.

The second dorsal fin with a black, generally white-edged,
longitudinal band on its upper half. The first dorsal not, or
sometimes in young individuals, only slightly produced. About
twenty teeth in each jaw. Ventrals separated from each other
in adult and immature specimens.

Port Darwin. Katow. Torres Straits.

511. Periophthalmus australis, Casteln.

Eesearches on the Fishes of Australia, p. 22. — Proc. Linn. Soc.
N. S. Wales, Vol. III., p. 48.

'' The Climhing Fish " of the Northern Queensland Settlers.

D. 3/12. A. 12. L, lat. about 50.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 615

Height of body about five times in tbe leng-th ; head three
three and two-thirds ; eyes very prominent, nearly united ;
anterior profile of head vertical and bilobed ; the superior portion
of the upper prolongated into a free angular appendage, the lower
portion very large and covering entirely the mouth ; teeth
composed of a series of canines apart from one another ; teeth on
the vomer and palate. Head scaly ; the first dorsal fin narrow,
high and filamentose ; the distance between the two dorsals great ;
the ventrals are separate for more than half their length. General
colour (in spirits) of a dark slaty-brown, with the lower parts
brilliant yellow ; the fins are fringed with yellow, and the anal
is entirely of that colour.

Cape York. Port Darwin. Northern Coasts of Queensland.
Attaining a length of 12 inches.

Genus Eleotkis, Gronov.

Body subcylindrical, scaly ; head oblong ; eyes of moderate
size, lateral, not prominent. Teeth small. Two dorsal tins.
Pectoral fins not very muscular at the base ; ventrals not united,
but near one another. Gill-openings of moderate width ; five or
six branchiostegals ; air-bladder large ; pseudobranchise ; a slit
behind the fourth gill. Anal papilla distinct.

Fresh- waters of all warm latitudes.

512. Eleotris ophiocephalijs, Cuv. & Yal.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes III., p. 107.— Journ. Mus. Godeff., Heft.
XIIL, p. 185, pi. 112, B.

D. 6. 1/8. A. 1/7. L. lat. 34-36. Vert. 12/14.

Twelve series of scales between the origin of the second dorsal
fin and the anal. Head entirely scaly, excepting the front part
of the snout ; scales on the upper surface of head rather larger
than those on the body. Height of body one-sixth of total length,
the length of the head one-fourth. Head obtuse, flat, depressed.

616 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGrE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

The diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the length of the head,
two-thirds of that of the snout ; and four-ninths of the width of
the interorbital space. The cleft of the mouth extends to below
the middle of the eye. Teeth in villif orm bands. Brownish, the
scales with a rather darker centre ; irregular series of pearl-
coloured spots along the lower part of the sides ; vertical fins
with whitish margins, the second dorsal and caudal with light spots.

Eockingham Bay.

513. Eleotris aporos, Bleek.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes III., p. 109. — Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,

1867, XX., p. 62.

Eleotris inacrolepidota, BL, Gunth., Cat. Fishes III., 111. — Journ.

Mus. Godeff., V., pi. 112.

D. 6. 1/8. A. 1/8-9. L. lat. 32-38. Vert. 12/13.

Ten or eleven series of scales behind the origin of the second
dorsal fin and the anal. Head entirely scaly, excepting the front
of the snout ; scales on the upper part rather larger than those
on the body. Scales minutely ciliated. Height of body is from
four to five times in the total length, the length of the head four
times. Head obtuse, flat, depressed. The eye occupies the third-
seventh of the length of the head, and is one-third of the width
of the interorbital space, (in adult specimens). The maxillary
extends to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye.
Brownish- olive (in spirits), with one or two rows of darker spots
along the side ; three oblique streaks from the eye to the opercles,
the upper leaving a spot on the base of the pectoral. Fins
blackish, the second dorsal and anal with white margin.

Port Denison. Cape York (Gunther).

514. Eleotris Darwiniensis, Macl.
Agonostoma darwiniense^ Macl. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol.
II., p. 360, pi. 9, fig. 8.
Port Darwin.

BY W. MACLBAY, F.L.S. 617

515. Eleotris mogurnda, Eichards.

Voy. Erebus and Terror, Fishes, p. 4, pi. 2, figs. 1 — 2. — Gunth.,

Cat. Fishes III., p. 111.

D. 8. 1/12-13. A. 1/13. L. lat. 48.

Fifteen series of scales between the origin of the second dorsal
fin and the anal. Scales of head and body equal, minutely ciliated.
Height of body five times in the total length, the length of the
head three times and three-quarters. The horizontal diameter of
the eye is one-sixth of the length of the head, and one-half the
width of the interorbital space. Snout moderate, rather depressed,
with the lower jaw prominent ; the maxillary extends nearly to
the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth villiform
in broad bands. Pale brown (in spirits) with a series of dark-
brown spots along the middle of the side ; three oblique, narrow
brown stripes from the eye to the gill-opening, the upper one
reaching on the base of the pectoral fin.

Port Essington.

516. Eleotris atjstralis, Krefft.

Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1864, p. 183.
D. 7. 1/8. A. 1/8. L. lat. 32.

Eight series of scales between the origin of the second dorsal
fin and the anal. Head scaly as far as the snout, obtuse ; lower
jaw prominent ; teeth in viUif orm bands. The height of the body
is four times and a-haK in the total length, the length of the
head four times and a-quarter ; tne horizontal diameter of the
eye one-half the width of the interorbital space. Colour yellowish
brown, covered with minute, black spots, which form five or six
longitudinal lines upon the sides ; base of pectoral fins with a
narrow, bright yellow band ; all the rays of the caudal spotted
with black ; second dorsal with three or four narrow, sometimes
indistinct bands. Anal papiUa as long as the horizontal diameter
of the eye, and nearly as broad. Length five inches.

Kivers and Creeks of East Coast of New South Wales.

618 DESCBIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AITSTRALIAN FISHES,

517. Eleotris Coxii, Krefft.

Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1864, p. 183.

D. 7. 1/9. A. 1/9. L. lat. 36-38.

Twelve series of scales between the origin of the second dorsal
fin and the anal. Head scaly, snout obtuse, with the lower jaw
prominent. The height of the body is five times and a-quarter
in the total length ; the length of the head more than four times ;
the horizontal diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the length of
the head, and equal to the width of the interorbital space. Bright
yellow : upper part and sides finely punctured with black, forming
a broad, sometimes indistinct streak upon the sides ; dorsals and
pectorals bright yellow at the base, the first punctured with black :
the belly whitish. Teeth viliform, in broad bands. Anal papilla
large, somewhat longer than broad. Length five and a-quarter
inches.

Eopes' Creek, Mulgoa, upper Hawkesbury Eiver.

518. Eleotris grandiceps, Krefft.

Proc. Linn. Soc, London, 1864, p. 183.

D. 7. 1/9. A. 1/9. L. lat. 38-40.

Twelve series of scales between the origin of the second dorsal
fin and the anal. Head very large, broad, depressed, without
scales ; lower jaw prominent ; teeth villiform. The height of the
body is five times in the total length, the length of the head three
times and a half. The diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the
length of the head, and nearly haK the width of the interorbital
space ; the pectorals reach to the origin of the anal fin. Greneral
coloration yellowish, punctured with black, in particular on the
upper part and sides ; snout blackish ; lower jaw sometimes
punctured with black also ; beneath whitish. Anal papilla very
small. Length three and a-half inches.

Upper Hawkesbury. Eastern Creek, Bronte.

BY W, MACLEAY, F.L.S. 619

519. Eleotris compressus, Krefft.

Proc. Zool. Soc, London 1864, p. 184.

D. 1/9-10 A. 1/10. L, lat. 28-30.

Eight series of scales between the origin of the second dorsal
fin and the anal. Body cyprinoid, compressed ; the height three
times and three-quarters in the total length, the length of the
head four times ; the horizontal diameter of the eye is one-fourth
of the length of the head, and is contained once and a-half in the
width of the interorbital space ; the snout is short, lower jaw
longest ; mouth rather small ; head scaly. Coloration reddish-
brown, with five or six indistinct cross-bands formed of close-
dotted black spots with which the scales are covered. The second
dorsal and anal fins are rather long, and more or less marked with
black at the base and top, the hinder part of the second dorsal is
also speckled with white. Anal papilla of moderate size and
forked.

Clarence Eiver. Port Denison. Length three and a-half inches.

520. Eleotris nudioeps, Casteln.

Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. I., p. 126.

D. 7. I/IO. A. 1/10. L. lat. 47.

Height of body six times in the total length, head three and
one-fourth times ; eye six times and one third in the length of
the head ; lower jaw considerably longer than the upper ; head
very large, very broad, being at its widest part one-half its length.
Mouth very broad ; the maxillary extends to below the centre of
the eye, the eyes about one third of the length of the head apart.
The teeth are numerous and cardiform, those of the lower jaw
larger ; teeth on the vomer and palatines and back part of the
tongue. Head naked, but rough and with longitudinal ridges.
Scales on anterior part of body very small. The last ray of the
dorsal fin longer than the others ; caudal fin long and rounded ;
pectorals two-thirds as long as the head and of eighteen ^rays.
4 A .

620 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOaiTE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

Colour liglit olive-green, whitish beneath ; head nearly black ;
the fii'st dorsal fin has two longitudinal bands of red spots, the
second has three or four of the same ; the caudal has numerous
transverse series of small red spots ; ventrals and anal white.

Yarra River.

521. Eleotris modesta, Casteln.
Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, Vol. II., p. 85.

D. 6. 1/8. A. 1/9. L. lat. 31. L. transv. 11.

Elongate ; height of body four times and four-fifths in the
total length ; length of head three times and a-half ; eye three
times in the length of the head. The snout is shorter than the
diameter of the eye, rather depressed, but not very broad ; the
cleft of the mouth is oblique, and does not reach to the vertical
from the anterior edge of the orbit ; head entirely scaly ; scales
of body large, striated and finely serrated. The first dorsal fin
somewhat produced into filaments. Colour light yellow, with
the upper parts rather brown ; a very small and obscure spot at
the upper angle of the base of the pectorals, and a dark faint line
along the body to the tail. The dorsal fins are marked with
irregular, oblique, transverse spots, and the extremity of the
second is black ; the caudal is transversely speckled with brown.

Port Darwin (Castelnau). Under two inches in length.

522. Eleotris Castelnaxh, Macl.
*Eleotri8 ohscura, Casteln., Proc. Zool Soc, Vict., Vol. II., p. 134.
D. 9?/9. A. 8. L. lat. 37-38. L. transv. 11.
Head large and broad, its length being four times in the total
length ; the space between the eyes is four times and two-thirds
in the length of tho head ; the widest diameter of the orbit is
one-sixth of the total length ; head naked, some elevated lines on

*Naine appropriated before by Schlegel, for a Japanese species.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 621

the pr^eoperculum. The lower jaw is longer than the upper ;
the teeth are small and disposed in numerous rows ; the throat
is much inflated ; the cleft of the mouth is rather oblique ; the
scales are striated and ciliated. The second dorsal and anal fins
are rather high, the caudal is elongate, rounded, and five times
in the total length. Colour dark brown (in spirits). Length
three inches.

Swan Eiver (Castelnau).

523. Eleotris pallida, Casteln.
Eesearches on the Fishes of Australia, p. 24.

D. 7/ . A. L. lat. 32.

Height of body three times and three-fourths in the total length
(without caudal) ; length of head three times. Lower jaw much
longer than upper ; eyes small ; scales large. Colour olive-yeUow,
a very faint blotch at the root of the tail ; head with three faint,
obscure, oblique bands from the eye to the opercle ; fins trans-
parent, caudal with transverse lines of black dots.

Cape York (Castelnau). Length three and a-half inches.

524. Eleoteis simplex, Casteln.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, Vol. III., p. 49.

Norman Eiver.

525. Eleotris planiceps, Casteln.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Yol. III., p. 49.
Norman Eiver.

526. Eleotris sulcaticollis, Casteln.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, Yol. III., p. 142.
Brisbane Eiver.

622 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGITE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

527. ELEOTEis ADSPERSA, Casteln.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, YoL III , p. 142.
Fitzroy Eiver.

528. Eleotris oxycephala, Schleg.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes III., p. 115. — Kner., Yoy. Nov., Fislies,

p. 185.

D. 6. 1/8. A. 1/8. L. lat. 48.

Pree operculum with a spine directed forwards. Thirteen series
of scales between the origin of the second dorsal fin and the anal.
The scales on the head are small and extend on to the snout ;
those on the cheeks are minute. Scales minutely ciliated. The
height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length of
the head one-fourth. The eye occupies the third eighth of the
length of the head, and is one-third of the width of the inter-
orbital space. Snout depressed, of moderate length, with the
lower jaw prominent ; the maxillary does not quite reach the
vertical from the centre of the eye ; teeth villiform forming bands.
Brownish, with scattered darker dots and lighter stripes along
the series of scales ; the lower parts minutely dotted with brown
and the lower part of the head with round white spots. Fins
with serrated brown bands. Length four to six inches,

Sydney (Kner).

529. Eleotris elevata, Macl.

"^JEleotris comj^resstis, Macl., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Yol.
II., p. 358, pL 9, fig. 7.
Port Darwin.

530^. Eleotris Mastersii, 7i. sp.
D. 7. 1/8. A. 9. L. lat. 38.

*Name previously used by Krefft.

BY W. MACIiEAY, F.L.S. 623

Ten series of scales between the origin of the second dorsal fin
and the anal. Height of body one-seventh of the total length ;
the length of the head one-fourth. Head flat ; snout longer than
the eye ; lips thick; lower jaw projecting; mouth oblique, not
reaching to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye ;
distance between the eyes more than their diameter. Scales
rather large, ciliated and some striated, extending on the top of
the head as far as the eyes ; fins large, caudal rounded ; anal
papilla broad and flat. Colour in spirits, yellowish-brown, with
round brown spots on the cheeks and upper part of the sides of
the body. Fins yellow : the dorsals spotted with brown, in about
three longitudinal series, the caudal minutely spotted with brown
on the rays in about eight transverse series.

Eopes' Creek (Macl. Mus.)

531. Eleoteis lineata, Casteln.

Researches on the Fishes of A.ustralia, p. 24.

D. 7/14. A. 14. L. lat. over 70.

Head three times and a-quarter in the length without the
caudal fin. Body elongate ; caudal fin pointed ; the fourth ray
of the first dorsal elongate, the thii^d slightly so. Coloiu' a light
lilac-grey ; a longitudinal pink stripe, narrowly bordered with
black, runs along the middle of the body, three similar stripes
run on the head and opercles below the eye ; the first dorsal fin
is also spotted in the same way, and the elongated ray is black ;
an obscure spot at the base of the caudal.

Cape York. Darnley Island (Chevert Exp.)

532. Eleotris etjsca, B1.

Grunth., Cat. Fishes III., p. 125. — Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
1867, XX., p. 62.

D. 6. 1/8. A. 1/8. L. lat. 60-65. Vert. 11/14.

624 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

Preeoperculum with a spine directed downwards. Sixteen
series of scales between tlie origin of tlie second dorsal fin and
the anal. Scales on top of the head small, extending to the space
between the eyes ; those on the cheeks minute. Scales ciliated.
Height of body one-fifth of the length, length of head one-fourth.
The eye occupies the third seventh of the length of the head and
its vertical diameter is one-third of the width of the interorbital
space. Snout depressed, short, with the lower jaw prominent,
the maxillary reaches to the vertical from the centre of the eye.
Teeth villiform forming bands, those of the outer series enlarged
of rather unequal size. Blackish-brown : the lateral scales some-
times with black centre ; the spots forming either more or less
regular longitudinal series, or a band along the middle of the
side ; dorsal and caudal fins with distinct, anal and pectoral with
rather indistinct, series of brown dots.

Australia (Gunth.)

533. Eleotris muralis, Cuv. & Yal.

Gunth., Cat. Fishes III., p. 130.— Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
1867, XX., p. 62.

B. 5. D. 6. 1/12. A. 1/12. L. lat. 80.

The second, third, and fourth dorsal spines produced into
filaments. The height of the body is one-eighth or one-ninth of
the total length, the width of the interorbital space is one-half of
the diameter of the eye ; teeth in single series of unequal size.
Brownish : head and body with red longitudinal bands ; back
with some irregular cross-bands. Fins yellow : the first dorsal
with a black spot behind the top of the third spine ; dorsal and
anal fins with red longitudinal bands, caudal with red and brown
spots.

Cape York. Darnley Island. Endeavour Eiver.

534. Eleotris t^niura, n. S2).
D. 6. 1/11. A. 11.

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 626

Scales very small. Height of body one-sixth, of the length,
length of head one-fifth. Snout convex, longer than the eye,
which is equal to the width of the interorbital space. Mouth
horizontal, reaching to below the middle of the eye ; teeth
cardiform. The last ray of the second dorsal fin extends to the
caudal, and the central rays of the caudal are elongated very
considerably. Colour in spirit, brownish-yellow, with three
bands as in muralis, on the sides of the head, and five or six large
transversely oblong, brownish spots along the middle of the side •
there are traces also of ocellated spots on the opercles. Fins
immaculate, yellow.

Low Island, Barrier Eeef .

535. Eleotris elongata, All. & Macl.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. L, p. 334, pi. 13, fig. 1.
Darnley Island.

Genus Aristetjs, Castelnau.
Proc. Linn. Soc, N. S. Wales, Vol. III., p. 141.
Fresh waters of Australia.

536. Aristetjs Fitzeoyensis, Castelnau.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. III., p. 141.
Fitzroy Eiver.

537. Aristeus fltiyiatilis, Casteki.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, Vol. III., p. 141.
Murrumbidgee Eiver. Eopes' Creek.

538. Aristetjs rtjeescens, n. sp.

D. 1/5 1/9. A. 1/20. L. lat. 30.

More elongate than the two foregoing species, the height of
the body being less than a-third of the length (without the

626 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

caudal) ; space between the eyes very flat, and smooth, about the
width, of two diameters of the eye ; mouth small, the inter-
maxillary roundly enlarged in front, making the cleft of the
mouth horizontal in the middle and oblique on each side ; pree-
operculum very short with a straight posterior edge; teeth
numerous on the edge of the maxillary and mandibulary bones and
on the vomer ; the spine of both dorsal fins strong, as also of the
anal; the rays of the first dorsal filamentary, tail slightly
emarginate ; ventrals short, near the anus ; anal papilla none or
very small. Colour reddish chestnut, with a very thin, sometimes
inconspicuous black line along each side of the body. Fins
immaculate.

Eivers of Northern Queensland.

539. Aristeus lineatus, n. sp.

D. 1/4 1/11. A. 18. L. lat. 30.

The same very compressed form as^. Fitzroyensis, mouth, head
and eye also almost the same, height of body one-third of length
without the caudal fin. Scales cycloid, larger behind than in
front ; the rays of the dorsal fins mostly ending in filaments, but
not much prolonged ; caudal fin rather long, emarginate. Silvery:
with a broad blackish band along the middle of each side, with
faint traces of a similar band on the back and belly ; the dorsal,
caudal, and pectoral fins faintly marked with black ; the ventrals
with the outer ray and the anal with the margin, deep black ;
the membranes of both of a carmine red tinge.

Eichmond Eiver. Length three inches.

G-enus Callionymus, L.
Head and anterior part of the body depressed, the rest sub-
cylindrical, naked. Head triangular, with the cleft of the mouth
narrow, horizontal, and with the upper jaw very protractile.
Eyes of moderate size, more or less directed upwards. Teeth

BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S, 627

very small, palate smooth. A strong spine at the angle of the
praeoperculum. Two dorsal fins, the anterior with three or four
flexible spines ; ventrals five-rayed, widely apart from each
other. Gill-openings very narrow, generally reduced to a foramen
on the upper side of the operculum ; branchiostegals six ; air-
bladder none ; pseudobranchise ; a sKt behind the fourth gill.

Fishes of nearly all seas, living on the bottom near the shore.

540. Callionymtjs calauropomus, Eichards.

Voy. Erebus and Terror, Fishes, p. 10, pi. 7, f. 4-5. — Gunth.,
Cat. Fishes III., p. 147.

D. 4/8. A. 7. C. 10.

Branchial foramen large, immediately above the extremity of
the operculum ; piseopercular spine bifid and curved upwards at
the apex. Dorsal fins not elevated ; lateral line wavy ; the middle
rays of the caudal fin very elongate in the male. Bronze-coloured
(in spirits), clouded with darker, dorsal fins spotted,

North-west Australia. Port Jackson. Port Phillip.

541. Callionymtjs Papilio, Gunth.

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1864, Vol. XIV., p. 197.

Callipnymus ocellifer, Casteln., Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, II., p. 49.

D. 4/7. A. 6. C. 11.

Prseopercular spine considerably shorter than the head, bifid
at its extremitj^ both points directed upwards. The rays of the
vertical fins long, those of the second dorsal longer than those of
the first, and nearly equal in length to the middle caudal rays,
which are not quite half as long as the body ; the last anal ray
prolonged. The ventral fin extends beyond the origin of the
anal. Body light brownish marbled with darker ; the lower part
of the sides of the trunk and tail with numerous pearl-coloured
vertical lines ; belly pearl-coloured. Sides of the head with
numerous small white ocelli, edged with violet. Both dorsal fins

628 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FISHES,

with large, irregular, rounded, wMtish spots, each with a narrow
violet edge ; there are fine white dark edged lines and dots within
the large spots ; a narrow black, blue edged spot behind the
the extremity of the first dorsal spine. Caudal and pectoral fins
with white dots, which are mixed with brown ones on the lower
half of the caudal. Oblique pearl coloured lines behind each
anal ray.

Melbourne.

542. Oallionymts calcaratus, n, sp.

D. 4/9. A. 8. C. 10.

Branchial foramen transversely oval, about as far apart as each
is distant from the praeopercular spine and much in advance of
the first dorsal fin. Head very flat ; eyes close together ; snout
rather truncately pointed ; prseopercular spine longer than the
longest diameter of the eye, strong, flat, with a strong spur on
the posterior half of the outer side pointing backwards, and three
on the inner side pointing inwards and backwards. Lateral line
wavy. Last dorsal ray somewhat prolonged. Tail elongate,
pointed. Colour cinerous, speckled and marbled faintly with
reddish-brown, yellow beneath ; the first dorsal fin hyaline with
a large, irregular, black or cyaneous blotch in the centre, the
second dorsal and caudal distantly spotted with brown. Yentrals
and the rays of the anal blackish. Length seven inches.

Port Jackson.

543. Callionymtjs lateralis, n. sp.

D. 4/8. A. 8.

Branchial foramen small, opening over the operculum only a
little in advance of the first dorsal fin. Head rather flat, eyes
close together, their diameter rather longer than the snout, which
is rounded and narrowed in front. Prseopercular spine scarcely
as long as the diameter of the eye, strong, rather flat, curved

BY W. MACLEAY, F.t.S. 62^

backwards and upwards into an acute spine at its extremity and
with a broad, triangular, flat, spine on the inner side near the
apex. Caudal fin pointed and rather long ; ventrals large,
reaching the second anal ray. Colour yellowish or reddish-
yellow ; minutely dotted with white, and with many indistinct
ocellated spots ; a line of about a dozen pearl-white, roundish
spots along the side of the abdomen under the lateral line, which
is extremely crooked. The first dorsal fin barred with blackish,
the second and caudal spotted, the anal blackish. Under three
inches in length.
Port Jackson.

NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

Mr. Brazier exhibited many specimens of a Filaria taken from
imported Salt Herrings.

-♦-♦■

WEDNESDAY, DECEMBEE 29th, 1880.

W. J. Stephens, Esq., M.A., Vice President, in the Chair.

donations.
Proceedings Eoyal Microscopical Society, Vol. III., parts 4 — 5,
from the Society.

Eucalyptographia, Decade VII., from Baron F. von MuUer,
K.C.M.a, etc.

Palaeontology of New Zealand, Part IV.

Monograph of Strombid Del. Mar. Eossa, 1876, by Issel and
Tapparone Canefri. — Pars III. and IV., Contribuzioni per una
Fauna Malacologique delle isole Papuane, by T. Canefri, 1876-77.
— Intorno ad Alcune Specie di Testacei Marini mal conoscuite o

6C0 ON SOME RECENTLY REDESCRIBED AUSTRALIAN SHELLS,

nuove dell' Isola Maurizie, T. Canefri, 1877. — Museum Pauluc-
cianum, Etudes Malocologiques, T, Canefri, 1879, from Mr.
Brazier.

papers read.

Remarks on some recently redescribed Australian Shells.

By J. Brazier, C.M.Z.S., &c.

1. Alexia merldionalis.

1877. — Auricula f Alexia J meridionalis, Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc,
New South. Wales, Vol. II., p. 26.

1878. — Alexia meridionalis^ Angas, (Brazier, MSS.) Proc. Zool.
Soc, p. 869.

Sal. Port Adelaide Creek, South AustraKa.

This species was fully described by me at the time I received it
in 1877 from Mr. Bednall, therefore I never gave it a MS. name.

2. MuREx (Pteronotus) Bednalli.

1877. — Murex f Pteronotus J Bednalli, Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc,
New South Wales, Vol. II., p. 6.
1880.— Tryon, Manual of Oonchology, Vol. II., p. 262.

1880. — Murex (Pteronotus) lednalli, Angas, Proc. Zool., p. 418,
pi. xl., fig. 2.

Sab. Port Darwin, North Coast of Australia.

Mr. Angas remarks on this species '' discovered by Mr. Bednall
and provisionally named by Mr. Brazier, which I have great
pleasure in figuring in the Society's Proceedings."

What Mr. Angas means by saying that this sx3ecies was pro-
visionally named by me I am at a loss to conjecture. The species
was named by me Bednalli, and fully described in the Proceedings
of this Society on the 29th January, 1877, and Mr. Angas has
the coolness to redescribe it without acknowledgement, in the

BY J. BRAZIER, C.M.Z.S., ETC. 631

Proceedings of tlie Zoological Society of London, on the 4tli of

May, 1880.

3. VOLTJTA BeDNALLI.

1878. — Voluta Bed7ialU, Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. "Wales,
Vol. III., p. 81, pi. Yiii., fig. 3.

1880. — Voluta (Aidlca) lednalli, Angas. Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 418,
pi. xL, fig. 1.

Sah. Port Darwin, North Coast of Australia.

A very good uncoloured figure was given of this species when
first described by me.

Mr. Angas, remarks on this species, ^' Mr. Brazier, of Sydney
has already bestowed on this beautiful shell the name of its
discoverer, Mr. W. T. Bednall ; and I have much pleasure in
retaining that name, and figuring it in the Proceedings of the
Zoological Society of London." I do not think that Mr. Angas
had any option in the matter of retaining the name, when I had
described, figured, and named it in the published Proceedings of
this Society two years previously.

On a new species of Regdcecus, from^Port Jackson,
By E. p. Kamsay, F.L.S., &c.

Regal^cus jacksonensis, s^. nov.
[Plate XX.]

The first five to seven spines of the dorsal fin detached, slender,
very small and hair-like ; they begin opposite the upper angle of the
gill-cover ; to opposite the vent are 75 rays, here they are longest
and about one-third the height of the body. Pectoral rays 14, the
first very small and short. Yentrals represented by a short, slender
tubercle on either side of a small triangular space opposite the
posterior base of the pectoral; pectorals small, falcate. The

632 ON A NEW SPECIES OF REGAL^CXTS,

height of the body at the vent is four and a-half times in the
distance from the snout ; length of the head four and a-quarter
to the vent ; the height of the head from the first dorsal ray is
less than the length ; the diameter of the eye three and a-half in
the length of the head. Greatest width of body half way
between snout and vent ; about seventy plates on the lateral line
to opposite the vent, an oblique line from between the seventy-
seventh and seventy- eighth ray, reaches to the seventieth plate ;
the plates form rounded tubercles over the angle of the operculum,
and lengthen as they approach the tail, where they become
oblong-linear in shape, all plates on the lateral line have a small
recurved spine directed backwards and situated on the centre
of each plate, these spines are largest on the caudal plates.
Above the lateral line osseous scutse form oblique bands from the
interspaces of the rays, and reach half way down to the lateral
line, the remainder of the scutes are roundish or somewhat
hexagonal, those on the abdominal line are conical pointed and
directed forwards. The length of the head, when the snout is not
produced is less than the height of the body. The membrane
between the dorsal rays is not attached to the back, but only at
the base of each ray. There are four teeth on either side of the
lower jaw, conical, not strong ; and five teeth on either side of the
upper jaw. General colour of burnished silver, a blackish line
along the base of the dorsal spines, down the snout and extending
on to the chin ; eye large, resembling a flattened disc of quick-
silver. Total length of the specimen (the end of the tail wanting)
is four feet eight inches, greatest height seven inches, the head six
and a-half, pectoral fin three and a-half.

This specimen was speared by Mr. Frederick Johnston, at
Manly Beach, in November last, and presented to the Museum
by that gentleman. I believe it is the first specimen of this rare
genus that has been obtained on the New South Wales coast.

It differs from all described species in having the dorsal rays
on the forehead reduced into weak, short, hair-like spines — there

BY E. P. RAMSAY, F.L.S. 633

is only a very short space between the detached anterior portion
of the dorsal rays and the rest of the fin.

The total length of this specimen restored would be about six
feet, the width about one inch, and the height seven inches with-
out the fin. Colour uniform, of burnished silver, no markings
or spots on the body, fin membranes opalescent, longest rays
about a-quarter of the height of the body.

Notes on some of the Habits and Customs of Atjstealian

Natives in Queensland.

By Dr. J. C. Cox, F.L.S.

The Natives of Australia are so rapidly disappearing, owing

to their altered habits and the evil influences which accompany

civilization, and so little is recorded of those habits, that any

authenticated facts regarding them are worthy of note ; I crave

no apology therefore for offering the few brief notes to this Society

which I have made regarding some of the tribes to the North of

Queensland.

It has been known for a considerable time that the male members
of some of the Native tribes which inhabit the North-west part of
Australia, and a few tribes also which inhabit that part of the
Continent to the North-west of Fort Bourke have an operation
performed on their genital organs when about ten or twelve
years of age, the object of which it is difficult to surmise. The
operation which I refer to is that of having their urethras slit up
from the posterior part of the meatus at the point of the glans
along the median line of the under surface of the penis as far
back as the scrotum. My friend Mr. Sydney Brown was the first
to call my attention to this curious custom, having observed it
amongst the tribes North-west of Fort Bourke, who gather and
use the narcotic plant known as Pitchcrie ; before being able to
make observations for himself, he had heard of this practice, but

634 HABITS AND CUSTOMS OF QUEENSLAND NATIVES,

it was described to him as a process of circumcision ; he soon,
however, convinced himself when he had an opportunity, that
such was not the case, but that it consisted of the more formid-
able operation mentioned. Mr. Brown is fully of opinion that
amongst the tribes he visited certain members of them were
left unoperated on. Since being informed of this custom by Mr.
Brown, I have had sent to me a very interesting pamphlet written
by Dr. Eichardson, who gives aminute account of this operation as
practised by the Natives in North-west Australia, making them
in reality Hypospodiacs.

Mr. Henry Bloomfield, while residing at Fort Constantino
Station on the Cloncurry Eiver, District of Bourke, 270 miles
south of Normanton on the Gulf of Carpentaria, and about 570
miles west of Townsville, observed that many of the Natives
residing there had been subjected to an operation of the same
kind, but that the custom was not at all universal. The Natives
however, which inhabit the heads of the Cloncurry have all been
subjected to this operation, and the same was • found to be
universal amongst the natives which inhabit the MacKinlay
Eange and the watershed, from thence west, except the tribes
known as the Calcadoon, Edgiree, Einooringoo, and Yallunga,
and possibly others. Mr. Bloomfield has no doubt that every
one of the males of these tribes have had this operation performed
on them, and that none of them have been left intact, as is
generally affirmed by persons who have been out in the districts
where these tribes reside — the term Bucks has been applied to
those of the males of these tribes who are supposed to have been
left perfect — from information obtained by personal inquiry Mr.
Bloomfield made himseK sure that any Natives amongst these
+ribes not operated on were only visitors from other tribes from
a distance, residing with them only temporarily. This oj)eration
of splitting up the urethra is done with a sharp flint, about the
age of puberty or at any rate before the young men of the tribes
are permitted to take gins. It was supposed by many who had

BY JAMES C. COX, M.D., F.L.S., ETC. 635

seen them, that these Natives had been circumeised, but such is
not the case, the prepuce being cut shrinks back as the wound
heals by cicatrization along the slit up urethra. It is asserted by
some of the white settlers of tliis district that many of the gins
undergo some operation to prevent them bearing children, but as
far as Mr. Bloomtield's observations went, he saw nothing to
corroborate this supposition ; they undergo however an operation
by which the nipples are cut off tlie breasts, with what object it
is difPicult to conjecture, but tliero seems good reason to believe
tliat the children born from such mothers are all given up fov
food to the tribe ; all these tribes Avere found to be undoubted
cannibals, possibly from necessity, as there is great difhculty in
their being able to procure much flesh of any kind, opossums
and kangaroo are scarce ; tlieir principal forjd b3ing rats, lizards,
snakes, birds, mussels, and roots. The Calcadoon and Mithure
tribes use spears with and without barbs, made ofhard wood,
but not so stout as spears found with other Natives, and they are
thrown with a AVomera ; they use also a Boomerang of a short
kind with equall}^ bent ends, but their principal way of capturing
the stronger kinds of game is by verj- long nets, made from thick
cord twisted by hand out of the bark of a shrub ; the seed of the
grass is collected by thrashing, and it is then rubbed into a flour
on a fctone and made into cakes. The stone tomahawk and flint
knife are the only cutting implements found amongst them. It
is an interesting fact that all these tribes were found in possession
of what is known as Pltchurie as it is not known to grow in the
district, but they did not smoke it, as Mr. Brown observed tliom
on the North-west of Fort Bourke, but chew it alone, a f[uid of
it was passed round from one to another to chew, and when tire 1
of it it is plastered behind the ears.

The gins of the Calcadoon tribe had the two front teeth always

knocked out, and both men and woaien have their noses perforated

and are tattood — they make their dilly bags generally of human

hair. The}" use snares of a peculiar kind for the capture of the

4 C

636

NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

wild tiirke}', these snares are about eigliteen inches long, one
end stif! and strong, made by twisting the feathers from the wing
of the turke}', the other end is limp and has a loop made of
human hair, these snares are tied on to the end of a spear and
hekl just above the grass by a native who creeps up to his ]}vey
disguised by fresh boughs tied round his head, and the bird
being naturally a stupid, inr[iii.sitive one comes to examine this
o1)jeet and permits itself to be snared.

NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

Dr. Cox stated that he had been requested by Mr. Ilenr}'
Bloomfleld to have the following facts published in regard to a
report which had gone the rounds of the daily papers in reference
to a statement said to have been made by Mr. Skuthorpe, to the
effect that half-caste natives had been seen by him amongst the
tribes of natives on the Herbert Eiver, in the North of Queensland.
He thought he could no do better than communicate those facts
through this Society. Mr. Bloomfield has been residing for
many months on the Port Constane Station, on the Cloncurry
Eiver, district of Bourke, Queensland, about 270 miles south of
Normantpn, on the Gulf of Carpentaria, and about 570 miles
west of Townsville. lie received the following information from
Mr. Thomas Cribb, who was with Mr. H. Skuthorpe on the
Herbert Eiver five years ago next Januar}^, and was with him
all the time Mr. Skuthorpe was out there. Mr. Cribb states that
ISEr. Skuthorpe had gone inside where Mr. Kirwin perished in
endeavouring to get to the Diamantina, and that there is not the
slightest foundation for the statement that half-caste natives had
been seen by them amongst the tribes of the Herbert. No
mention was ever made to Mr. Cribb of the presence of these
half-castes during the whole time^they resided together on the
Herbert. The names of the three tribes are Edgiree, AVanditta,
and Yalulunga. All these tribes are said to be circumcised, but

NOTES AXB EXHIBITS. 637

o

tliey are not. They have all unclergone an operation, causin
hypospadias, which gives the appearance of circmncision. Mr.
Cribb has resided on the Herbert Eiver and in the vicinity where
Mr. Skuthorpe was for the last few years, and has not only not
seen any half-caste amongst the tribes there, but has never heard
it mentioned that any did exist. These half-castes, said to have
been seen by Mr. Skuthorpe, were supposed b}^ him, it is said,
to be children of Classen, who was one of Leichhardt's party.

Mr. Cribb expects to be in Sydney in January, 1881, and can
be heard of at Sullivan and Simpson's office. Stock and Station
Agents. Mr. Thomas Cribb recommends those interested in this
matter to apply to Mr. Edkins, Mount Cornish Station, Lowen
Downs ; also to Mr. Johnstone, Manan Downs : and to Mr. Nat.
Powell, jun., of Bungendore.

Mr. Brazier exhibited Helix Guide i, and //. IlanxUteini from
New Guinea ; Tryon's Manual of Conchology parts YI. to YIII.,
completing Yol. II., with IIiirieincG and Piu'iniyum ; also three
species of Australian Sea Birds, viz., Xectris carneipet^, Prion
Turtur, and PcIiKjodroma fregata. lie stated that the beach at
Bondi, and other beaches along the coast both north and south of
Sydney were strewn with the bodies of these and other sea birds.

Dr. Cox exhibited three Stone xlxe-heads, a snare for catching
Bustards and some other articles of Aboriginal manufacture and
use from the Cloncurry Eiver.

-^-^

638

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING, JANUARY 27Tn, 188L

AV. J. Stcplieny, Esq., M.A., Vice-President, iu the Chair.

Dr. Alexandri of the University of Pisa, and Mr. Whittle,
were introduced as visitors.

PRESIDENT S ADDRESS.

On behalf of the President, the Yice-President read the
following address : — The time has again come round when the
duty devolves upon me to deliver the Annual Address to the
members of this Society. In doing so, I must first congratulate
3^ou on its steady and substantial progress. During the past
year we have issued a volume which will bear comparison with
aijy scientific serial for the extent and importance of the matter
contained. It has been most favourably received by the colonial
Press, and many letters from scientific friends in Europe bear
testimony to the high estimation in which our publication is held.
The volume for the past year will, I am sure, be equal in interest
to the last. Tlie numbers of our members are also on the increase.
Our exchanges with other Societies have augmented to that extent
that we see the necessity of having rooms and a library of our
own ; and when that is effected we shall receive valuable aid
from some of our members who have already promised donations
of books. The attendance at our meetings has been increased.
It is not at any time numerous, but in this particidar we must
not expect a different result from what is experienced by learned
Societies in Europe. Proportionably the attendance is small in
all those meetings where purely technical science is dealt witli.
We do not professs to give popular lectures. Our object is tlie
advancement of Natural Ilistor}' by original investigations. We
deal with the dry technicalities of scientific diagnosis, and seldom
is our knowledge of facts sufiicient in Australia to enable us to

president's address. 639

wander into the more interesting field of generalisation or theoretic
speculation. Tims we cannot expect to have around us more
than the few who have mastered the language of Science, or who
have gone far enough with observation to appreciate the careful
investigations of others. It is to be regretted that the number
of these is so few. But we hope to see a growing taste for these
pursuits, and there is evidence of it. There are few men who do
not share the regret of Thomas Carlisle, who, in one of his works,
plaintively exclaims : — " For many years it has been one of my
constant regrets that no schoolmaster of mine had a knowledge
of Natural History, so far, at least, as to have taught me the
grasses that grow by the wayside, and the little winged or wing-
less neighbours that are continually meeting me with salutation
that I cannot answer as things are." Even a moderate knowledge
of Natural History makes nature such a living book that all the
pleasures of the mind become manifoldly increased. The learned
J. Stuart Mill, when philosophy had landed him upon a cold dull
Pyrrhonism, said that once curiosity was satisfied life was not
worth having. Had he been a little of a Naturalist I think he
would scarcely have felt this, for curiosity is never satisfied in
this domain of knowledge. Each step in advance increases the
prospect of fields beautiful and new, and the voice of nature is
ever living. To use the idea of Macaulay, we ma}^ say it is a
philosophy which never rests. '^ That which was in the distance
yesterday is its goal to-daj^, and will be its starting-place to-
morrow."

The retrospect over the progress of our little Society brings me
to a subject which forces itself very much upon my mind on this
occasion, and that is the general progress of scientific investigation
in the Australian Colonies within the last few 3'ears. The time
has not yet come when anything like a history of our advancement
in this respect can be attempted. AYe can, however, make
comparisons which will show us how original thought and
investigation have gone on amongst us. Australia has had

640 PRESIDENT S ADDRESS.

singular advantages in its scientific history. Some of the most
eminent names on the roll of fame have been first knoTrn through
what they did on Australian shores. Sir Joseph Banks, liobert
Brown, Sir Joseph Hooker, Gould, Jukes, Swainson, and many
others are instances of this. I reserve for separate mention the
illustrious author of the ' Hora) Entomologica),' Mr. William
Sharp Macleay. At a time when the natural sciences were almost
in their infancy it is with satisfaction and just pride we read the
name of this illustrious Naturalist so often quoted. His reputation
was world-wide and his investigations all stamped with the mark
not only of genius, but with that accuracy and caution which
alone give a permanent foundation to scientific fame. All that
he acquired — and it was much — will always be associated with
Port Jackson, the oft-quoted scene of his labours. AVe may say
that he was truly the pioneer of Natural Science in Australia,
just as Sir Thomas Brisbane was the pioneer of Australian
Astronomy and Meteorology, and the Eev. AV. B. Clarke the
father of Australian Geology.

But while the East Coast of Australia thus received its share
and more than its share of attention, the South and West, the
Centre and the North, were comparatively neglected. This was
unfortunate in man}^ ways. Great as the interest is which attaches
itself to any portion of our continent, 3'et the East Coast possesses
these novel features in the least degree. The reason of this is
that the East Coast shares its peculiarities with other and often
well-known provinces. Thus, on the North Coast, there is a large
intermixture of the Asiatic element. Some of the plants have
been known since the days of tlie Portuguese navigators. Its
mollusean fauna is almost entirely Indian or Pliilippine. These
characters are less marked as the coast is followed to the South-
ward, but then they become mingled with some belonging to the
Pacific Islands, Now Zealand, &c. But the South Coast is in
every respect Australian. Ity fiora has few foreigners, and its
fauna, whether marine or terrestrial, has scarcely any at all.

president's address. Gil

This isolation extends even to the sea-fisli, to a certain extent.
Thoug'li the differences between Port Jackson and Port Philip as
regards temperature and situation are slight, 3'et the common
marine fishes are of different species. It is a remarhahle fact
also, that the Geology of the South and East Coasts are different.
In the East we have the main cordillera of our continent, which
varies but little in its character from Cape Howe to Cape York.
"\Vo have a central granitic axis with the usual porphj-ritic and
diabasic or dioritie djdces, and cappings. These metamorphie or
volcanic rocks are flanked by highlj'-inclined palaiozoic schists
and slates, Devonian rocks less inclined, altered, or not f ossilif erous
appear in places. These are succeeded by the upper and lower
coal measures. The whole are capped unconformably by almost
horizontal sandstones, known in New South Wales as the
Ilawkesbury formation. This is the order and character of the
range wherever I have visited or crossed it ; and this is the
sequence shown by all geological survey's. The Ilawkesbury
sandstone is fully developed in various places, and can be seen
in its best sections around the Endeavour Piver and on the upper
waters that flow into the Gulf of Carpentaria. On the Pacific
side of the range there are small outlines of the mesozoic rocks
in various places north of Cape More ton. They generally occur
on lowlands or where the main axis is less marked as a centre of
disturbance. These exceptions are so small that they do not
affect the general truth that our cordillera is paliieozoic in age,
and has been upheaved at the close of the palieozoic period.

On the South Coast the Geology is quite different. There is
no main axis. A few isolated ranges crop up in different parts
of the coast. These are never of large extent, except in the case
of the range which begins at Cape Jarvis. The pahTOzoic
rocks are not absent, but they occupy quite an insignificant position
in comparison with the immense development of tertiary formations.
The methods applied to the Geological investigation of the
Eastern range are quite useless here. In palroontological research,

642

as is well known, fo.=53ils of the earlier periods are common to
the whole world. In tertiarj^ palaeontology it is different.
Geographical provinces for molkiscan life are as distinct, or nearly
as distinct, as the}' are now. It thus happened that what was
done on the East Coast was no help whatever to rai^e the veil
from the Geology of the South Coast, and our southern Geolog}-
remained a sealed book until recently. Even now only a few
Xiages have been discovered. It has been my good fortune to l)o
connected a good deal with the development of our Australian
Geologj'. I have thought it might not be unbecoming in me to
relate in this address some facts connected with its histor3\
Though they belong to personal experience, they are the j^roperty
of our scientific history as well, and I do not think I overrate
their interest by recording them here. In 1855 I first saw some
of the tertiar}' fossils of South Australia. They were parti}' a
collection from the Eiver Murray, and what I saw dail}' exposed
in the limestone quarries near Government House in Adelaide.
No one could tell me much about them. I was referred to the
narrative of Sturt's journey down the Hiver Murray in 1830. In
those delightful volumes I found two lithographic plates of fossils
taken from the Eiver Murray. Beyond this there was no
information to be had. An attempt had been made b}' Captain
Sturt to identify some of the fossils with European tertiary remains
but the identifications were all incorrect except in the genera.
The only beds I had seen were the limestones at the quarries just
mentioned. Fossils were plentiful in them, but they have been
now nearly all removed. It was some months before I could
examine other beds. These were the limestone cliifs at Mount
Gambler and Mosquito Plains, where sections continually occur
in caves and extinct craters over hundreds of square miles. The
whole of the stone exposed is one mass of fossils. I can scarcely
describe my surprise when I first came to examine these rocks
closely. Shells are not numerous, but the rock for 100 feet or
more is made up of minute organisms — bryozoa for the most part,

ADDRESS. 643

but largely intermixed with f oraminifera and bracliiopoda. When
we consider what numbers of these organisms are required to
make up one cubical inch of such stone, the countless hosts in
hundreds of square miles is a bewildering thought. In the days
when I first examined these strata everything was in keepmg
with such silent records of geologic time. The cliffs and caves
were untouched, except by the hand of time. The country, then
called the new country, was scarcely settled upon, and one might
travel all day without meeting even a blackfellow. The varie-
gated cliffs were in their original state in those silent forests or
plains. In some few places weathering had exposed surfaces
like the Dover cliffs, and cj^uite as white and dazzling. For tho
most part the strata were weathered into rounded steps or terraces,
coloured yellow, red, or orange, and dotted over with the bushes
and creepers that grew abundantly upon them. Every one who
knows the graceful forms assumed by the calcareous bryozoa will
understand the world of wonder and beauty that was revealed by
a close inspection of the stone. It was easy to gather abundant
material for speculation, but I searched in vain for any clue by
which I could give them a name.

Palaeontology was not then the science it is now. D'Orbignj^
Eeuss, Hagenow, Michelin, and Busk had hardly given their
labours to the world, and their works were not accessible in the
Australian Bush. I did not care so much about giving a name
to all these remains as to be able to give a place in Greology to
the strata which contained them. What age were they ? Tertiary
I scarcely doubted, though there was much about them which
recalled the chalk or upper cretaceous of Euroi)e. But to what
place in the tertiary deposits to assign them I did not kow. I
made a large collection of the fossils, and sent them to London,
to Sir Charles Lyell, who had from the beginning given me
great help in my Geological studies. I had become acquainted
with him through Dr. Buckland, Dean of Westminster. I
mention both these names, for surely Greology owes more to them
4P

644 president's address.

than anyone in the history of its progress. They are justly the
pride of British Science — Sir Charles Lyell for his brilliant genius
in s^'stematising Geology, and the Dean for the way he made the
science attractive and popular. My parcel of fossils was not long
without an answer. The letter of Sir Charles has an interest
which will warrant my giving it in extenso. It ran as follows :

''Your letter preceded the packet of fossils by some six weeks,
but they have come to hand safelj'. I am very much interested
in them, and so are all to whom I have shown them, especially
Mr. Busk, who is our greatest authority on Bnjozoa, both living
and fossil. I have j)laced my collection in his hands, and he
promises to make them the subject of a paper to be read before
the Geological Society. I must leave it to himself to tell you
whether they are new or not. With regard to the question you
ask as to the age of these Australian beds, I find it very difficult
to give you a reply. You are certainly right in regarding them
as tertiary, but their position will depend upon their relation to
the existing marine fauna in Australia. This is a matter which
can only be undertaken by Naturalists in Australia. I am
informed that very little is known of the marine zoology of the
seas around your continent. Since your fossils arrived I have
made inquiry about a good collection of typical Australian marine
shells, but without success. Dr. Gray informs me that the best
authentic specimens in the British Museum are from the North
Coast. Of those said to be from South Australia the localities
given are not always to be relied upon. This may seem
disheartening to you, but if you will view it rightly it will open
a most encouraging field for your inquiries. "What I should
advise you to do is to make yourself thoroughly acquainted with
the marine zoology of South Australia, Without troubling
yourself with specific names, collect wherever you can and examine
collections of marine objects. Compare them with all the fossil
forms you know. By such means you will soon be in a position
to tell more of the age of your tertiary beds than the most learned

645

of our Palccoiitologists lu Europe could toll you, You will add
iu a valuable degree to the store of scientific knowledge, and for
a young Geologist I cannot well conceive a more inviting position.
I liope to hear more of your labours, and I will be happy to
render you any assistance in my power. Since writing the above
I have been informed by my friend Mr. Eamsay that there is a
geological survey about to be established in Victoria, South
Australia fsicj, under the direction of Mr. Selwyn, a young-
Geologist of great promise. Probably you can put yourself in
communication with him. — Yours, &c., Charles Lyell."

Here then, was a task for Geologists, if ever we wore to
pronounce positively on the age of our tertiary formations — to
ascertain what was the marine life of our South Australian Coast,
and so by comparison gradually to comprehend the history of the
great tertiary deposits. I trust I shall not intrude too much of
detail into this address if I briefly state the manner in which Sir
Charles Lyell's advice was followed. I was alone upon the field
with no professional aid near, so that for many years South
Australian Geology made no progress beyond what an amateur
could effect. I had before me an easy path by which to
commence inquiry. All round the coast from Cape Northumber-
land to Cape Jaffa there was a series of raised beaches ; for
twenty miles inland the soil for sixteen feet or so in depth was
one mass of shells. They were cj^uite loosely imbedded in a light
shell sand, and were but little changed in appearance, and for
the most "part retaining their colouring in a faint but easily
traceable way. It was not difficult to collect a large number of
species, and they were easily compared with the shells of the
coast near. I found only one point of difference, and that was
that the fossils were generally of larger size in the same species.
At that time I concluded that when the fossils had been entombed
the climate had been warmer ; but now I think differently.
Since I have examined the fauna of our tropical shores I find
that an increase of temperature affects diversely those species of

646

our soutliern shores -svliich stray into tlie northern seas. Some
undoubtedly grow larger, sucli as Acmcia marmorata; others are
dwarfed and stunted in their growth, such as Littorina pyramidata;
while others, such as Acmcea septiformis, are not affected at all by
heat. 'I do not pretend to solve the problem presented by these
shells, but I am quite convinced that our latest pliocene or post-
pliocene deposits contain shells of larger size than those which
occur on our coasts now. I did not find any species in the
deposits which I could not also find on the shores, but the converse
of this did not hold good. There were a good many shells on
the beach which were not to be found as fossils, though they may,
of course, have existed in pliocene times. They were rock species,
and we could not expect to find them in these sandy beds.

By these fossils a start was made in classification. Here, at
any rate, was one series of deposits that were of latest tertiary
age. They were lying conformably on the older limestones with
nothing in common with them — not even one shell, as far as I
could discover. I may mention here the difficulty I experienced
in naming the ordinary mollusca, except as to genera. If this
was a difficulty with the recent beds how much more so was it
with those of an older origin. Professor Busk named a few of
the Bryozoa, while Professor Rupert Jones, of the Military College
at Sandhurst, rendered me constant assistance. Professor P.
Martin Duncan described a good many of the corals. By these
aids much information was collected, though I hardly attempted
to definitely name any of the horizons. I thought I could leave
that and the determination of species to a more advanced state of
knowledge than we possessed, and so, in 1863, 1 published my first
work on the Tertiary Geology of Australia. I did not attempt
to name any species, which is a matter of regret to me now. I
expected aid from European men of Science, which never came.
In 1865 Mr. George French Angas published in the 'Proceedings
of the Zoological Society of London ' a list of the South Australian
Marine Mollusca, and described many new species. This did not

647

enumerate half or perhaps a quarter of those living on our coast,
but it was a great help. From that day it may be said the work
of classifying our rocks was begun in a systematic manner. I
refrain from referring in detail to what was effected by the
Victorian Geological Survey, or by Professor M'Coy in the
Exhibition reports, or my own paper before the Geological Society
of London in 1859. Mr. Selwyn, in his report of the Geological
Survey of the Cape Otway district, made the first attempt at the
classification of the tertiary deposits of Victoria, but the paleeon-
tology was not attempted until the publication of the * Decades, '
by Professor M'Co}^, some years later. I had described a few
species of Brachiopoda and Echini with some Pectens in the
Transactions of the Philosophical Society of Adelaide in 1865,
but the number of copies printed was so small that they were
scarcely known out of the Colony, and many of my species were
redescribed by foreign authors. Dealing with the Echini was
especially difficult. The whole class was in much confusion until
the ' Eevision ' of Agassiz appeared, and even then our Australian
species were not known. In 1866 I published for the Government
of South Australia an essay on the classification of the whole
tertiary deposits. My idea of the age of the beds was founded
less upon palteontological considerations than upon the position
of the beds with reference to more recent deposits. In some
respects m3 suggestions have not been generally accepted, and
now that I am in possession of better evidence I am not inclined
to insist on them. In 1870 Professor P. Martin Ducan undertook
to review the whole question of the age of our tertiary beds. His
essay appeared in the journal of the Geological Society, and was
of a most finished and elaborate character. His knowledge of
the position of the beds was derived from Mr. Selwyn's reports,
but, as is usual with those not familiar with the country, he
confused many widely separated formations, and made no
geographical distinction between Mount Gambler, in South
Australia, and Hamilton, in Victoria, places more than 100 miles

648 PRESIDEXT S ADDRESS.

apart, avIioso formatioiis aro widely distinct in every respect. In
an ingenious manner lie made some generalisations drawn from
comparison between the fossil corals and what he believed to be
the coral fauna of Australia. For the latter he had nothing to
depend upon but the very doubtful habitats in the work of
Edwards and Ilaime. It was not to be expected that such
conclusions would be of any value. Professor Duncan subsequently
made a vcview of the tertiary fossil ^rZ/m/ of Australia, comparing
them with existing forms on our coasts. In both these essays it
was abundantly evident that any conclusions must be imperfect
without a better knowledge of our living fauna. The difficulty
which I had experienced in the beginning was still the obstacle.
It seemed very clear that the problem would never be solved
unless the line of inquiry indicated by Sir Charles Lyell were
followed. In 1877 I tried to aid this by a complete census of the
marine mollusca of Tasmania, in which Colony I had named and
described a very large number of tertiary fossils occurring in a
small patch of tertiary age on the north coast of that island. But
whatever individual effort may have done, I think we owe more
to the Linna3an Society within the last few years than to all that
has been previously effected. Since its establishment we have
seen what I must be excused for calling immense strides made in
the knowledge of the marine zoology of our coasts. We have
now very complete information on our Mollusca and Crustacea,
our Fishes, Corals, Urchins, and Bryozoa. If the problem of the
age of our tertiary beds were to be dealt with now, general
conclusions could be formed which subsequent discoveries will not
disturb to any great extent. Such an attempt has been made by
Professor Tate, of Adelaide, as well as in essays of my own in the
Transactions of the Eo^^al Societies of Tasmania and New South
Wales. Professor P. Martin Duncan in his essay deprecates the
use of such terms as Pliocene, Miocene, and Eocene by Australian
Geologists, and prefers the terms Upper, Middle, and Lower
Cainozoic, as tending less to mislead in our present imperfect

649

knowledge. If I understand the objection, it refers to the danger
of error from supposing that what we call Pliocene or Miocene
was coeval or contemporaneous with formations in Europe bearing

the same name.

Professor Tate has woll pointed out that the terms suggested
bj Professor Duncan mean neither more or less than the terms
used in Europe, and there is just as much implied by their
employment. In this brief sketch of the history of Australian
Tertiary Paleontology I have shown, I think, how much the
Science has been retarded for want of such researches as our
Limicean Society is specially instituted to encourage. I may add
that the progress in every department of Natural Science in
Australia has been surprising since its influence has been felt.
It has not only stimulated observation, but has given that kind
of encouragement to systematic and technical records which has
made the only real progress that can be made in Australian
Natural History.

I should like, in concluding this address, to give a glance at
the progress of Natural Science during the pastj^ear, after having
dealt with the Australian history of our department of Science.
P)ut even a glance at one year's work is more than space will
permit me to give. It will, however, be in keeping with the
matter of this address if I refer to the researches of Mr. Sorby
on the metamorphism of calcareous rocks. His observations
were made public in his presidental address last year to tlio
Geological Society of London. They have a most important
bearing on our Australian tertiary rocks, but to make this clear
I must state some further facts relating to them. In nij^ first
acquaintance with the Mount Gambler limestones I noticed that
some shells were found only as casts — these by far the majority.
A few Pei'tens and BracMopoda were preserved with the shelly
matter unchanged. Corals, except the Oculinacea, were preserved
as casts only, while the Echini Vs^cvq always crystallised into calcite,
and so were their spines. These peculiarities were only seen in

-m't

650 PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

the Mount Gambler limestone ; but however far apart the localities
where the clei^osits were represented they never varied in character.
The formation is very extensively spread over thousands of
square miles of country, from the Eiver Murray to Gippsland,
but it does not always crop out on the surface. It is covered by
a formation in which all the shells are well preserved, and where
such things as casts are unknown. I do not propose to dwell on
the strong contrasts these deposits present, but merely draw
attention to the fact that in the lower Br3'Ozoan limestones the
majority of the shells and corals are always found as casts, and
a few have the shelly matter unchanged. I was astonished at
finding that the rule held good in the same formation in as remote
a locality as the Middle Island of New Zealand (Oamaru). It
appears that the same phenomenon is occasionally seen in Europe
and there the same shells fPectens, Brachiopoda, &c.) resist the
solvent, and are found entire. I must refer my readers to the
address of Mr. Sorby for a full account of this most singular case
of metamorphism, and for the details of the ingenious and
and brilliant researches >vhich have led to its explanation. The
results are briefly these : Mr. Sorby has found, b}^ careful analj^sis
that much of the carbonate of lime in Shells, Corals, Bryozoa,
Echini, &G., is present in a mineral or crystalline state, and not
merely organically combined. There are, I need hardly sa}^ two
well defined forms for the crystals of carbonate of lime — one
calcite, and another arragonite. It is in the latter form that the
mineral is found for the most j)art in shells, &c., the exceptions
being few. But arragonite is a very unstable form of the
combination of carbonic acid and lime, and thus it is easily
decomposed, and dissolves away or changes into calcite. The
latter mineral is a very stable form, and though the pseudo-
morphs of calcite in arragonite casts are numerous, the contrary
never happens, that is to say, arragonite is never formed at the
expense of calcite crj'stals. Furthermore, Mr. Sorby has found
that Shells, Corals, &c., whicli invariably occur as casts, are those

president's address. 651

.in wliich the carbonate of lime exists in the form of arragonite
or the unstable compound, while the permanent shells and coralg
such as Pecfens, Bnjozoa, Oculinacem, &c., are the forms in which
the carbonate of lime originally exists in the form of calcite.
Thf reason for this distinction is still veiled to us, and I suppose
will be found to depend on the explanation, which we have still
to discover, of the allotropism of the carbonate of lime. I may
mention that the metamorphism to which I refer seems to depend
on the extent to which the beds are calcareous. In the Murrayian
deposits (to use the appropriate distinctive term of Professor
Tate) or Middle Micc3ne, as they are represented at Muddy Creek,
AVestern Victoria, there is no metamorphism, but the beds,
though very calcareous, are largely mixed with the siliceous and
ferruginous remains of submarine volcanic rocks.

In conclusion, I may congratulate the members on the extensive
and untouched fields of investigation which are open to us in this
country. It is hard to turn into any path of Science without
being met half-way, as it were, with new and important
discoveries. A few days ago at Cleveland, in Moreton Bay, I
came across a basaltic bed, which had been partly cut away for
road purposes. Underneath I found a bed of shells, all of
existing sj^ecies, and such as inhabit Moreton Bay at present.
Here was direct evidence of the age of our modern dolerites of
the East Coast. They are Post-Pliocene, and this was the first
clue to their age from marine fossils which have been found on
the seaboard on this side of the Continent. I think it will show
hereafter that our so-called Pliocene fossil fruits are of an earlier
date, since we cannot suppose the change to have been so com-
plete in the vegetable kingdom, and none to have taken place in
the marine fauna, and that probably our dolerites of the interior
are of Miocene age. I intend to treat the subject more at length.
I merely indicate it now to show how easily we may add in an
important manner to the facts of Science in Australia. I must
again congratulate my fellow workers in this Society on their
4 E

652 OFFICE BEARERS.

industry and zeal. They have laboured so indefatigably that I
can look back to the period of my presidency as one which has
largely added to the reputation for usefulness and efficiency
which the Linnsean Society has gained."

A very cordial vote of thanks was accorded to the Eev. J. E.
Tenison-Woods for his very instructive and interesting address.
The Treasurer's statement showed: — Balance from 1879 and
receipts, £335 Is. Id.; expenditure, £291 lis. 4d. ; balance at
credit, £43 9s. 9d.

The Eules were amended, on the motion of the Hon. W.
Macleay, increasing the number of the Hon. Secretaries to two
and the Members of Council to eight.

The following gentlemen were then elected the Office Bearers
and Council for the year 1881.

President :

Dr. James C. Cox, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S.,

Vice-President :

Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S.

Hon. Secretaries :

The Hon. W. Macleay, F.L.S.,

W. J. Stephens, M,A.

Son. Tr easier er :
H. H. B. Bradley, Esq.

Council :

Dr. Alleyne.

E. p. Eamsay. F.L.S.

C, S. AViLKINSON, F.G.S.

W. A. Haswell, M.A., B.Sc.

Hon. James Norton, M.L.C.

J. Brazier, C.M.Z.S.

P. Pedley.

Hon. p. G. King, M.L.O,

-•-♦-

Plates X. and XI. of tliis Volume are omitted, the Paper
which, they were designed to illustrate having been lost.

INDEX TO VOL. V.

Pape

ra<:;e

Abrus prccatorius . .

9

Agriopus leuco-pcecilus

. 440

Abutilon indicuni . .

0

Aida inornata

. 349

oxycarpum

. 287

Aleurites moluccana

. 22

Acacia farnesiana . .

. 10

triloba

22

supporosa . .

. 288

Alexia meridioualis . .

. 630

Acanthoperca Gullivcri

. 342

Alopecias vulpes

. 96

Acanthums annularis

. 527

Alstonia constricta . .

13

grammoptilus .

. 528

scholaris . .

.. 13

matoides

. 527

Amarantus viridis . .

. 12

triostegus

. o27

Amathia convoluta . .

.. 43

Acbyranthes aspera . .

. 20

Ambassis Agassizii . .

.. 338

Acrostichum neglectum

. 32

agrammus . .

.. 338

repandum

33

Conimersonii

. 337

Acronurus formosus

. 528

elevatus . ,

. . 338

Acronychia Baueri . .

. 287

papuensis . .

.. 339

iEcidium apocygnatum

. 84

Amblypneustes griseus

.. 201

Acolocosma iridizona

. 225

ovum

. 201

marmaraspis

. 225

pallidus

. 201

Agaricus anguineus . .

. 60

Amla fasciata

.. 343

applicatus . .

. 60

hyalosoma

. . 345

aspratus . .

. 59

Ammannia indica . .

11

Baileyi
Beckleri ..

60

Amphiperas hordacea

.. 469

. 59

Amytis striatus

.. 191

Bowmanii . .

. 60

Anachis speciosa

. 483

campanulatus

. 61

Anagallis arvcnsis . .

12

campestris

. 60

Andropogou bombycinus

. 27

clypeolarius

61

Martini

. 27

corticatus . .

. 61

refractus

27

disseniinatus

60

schaenanthus

. 27

granulosus

. 61

Antecliinus fuliginosus

. 192

Guilfoylei

. 60

Antennaria scmiovata

. 92

liiascens . .

. 61

Antcnnarius aspcr . .

. 580

illuminans .

01

coccineus

. 578

loontoderew

61

Commersonii

. 578

mollis

GO

filamentosus

. 579

uudipes . .

61

marmoratus

. 576

oniscus

. 59

pinniceps

. 277

picreus

60

striatus

. 577

procerus . .

59

subrotundatus

. 580

^apineus . .

. 60

trisignatus

. 579

scyphiformis

61

urophthalmus

. 578

silenus

. 61

Anthias longimanus. . 2

94, 312

sordulentus

60

rasor . . 2

95, 311

umbelliferus

59

Eichardsonii

. 312

vaginatus . .

. 59

Antidesmas Dallachyanum

21

versipes . .

60

Aphareus roseus

. 386

Agenor modestus . .

. 368

Aphritos Urvillii

. 565

Agonostoma danvinicnsj

. 616

Apistomorpha argyrosema

. 247

Page

Pajie

Aploactes Milesii . .

. 440

Atylus megaloplithalmus

. 102

Schomburgliii

. 441

microdeuteropus

. 102

Aploactisoma SchombiirgJdi .

. 441

Atypus strigatus

. 398

Apocryptes bivittatus

. Gil

Auricula meridionaHs

. 630

lineatus

. 611

Auricularia albicans

. 76

macrophthalmus

611

lobata . .

. 76

Apogon aroubiensis . .

. 344

mesentrica

. 76

aterrimus . .

. 346

Auxis Ramsayi

. 558

Cookii

. 344

E-ochei

. 558

cndeha-tcGnia,

. 344

vulgaris

. 558

f asciatus . .

. 343

Avicennia officinalis . .

18

GiUii

. 347

Bactridium flavum . .

. 83

Guntheri . .

. 345

Backhousia myrtif olia

. 288

hyalosoma . .

. 345

Baloghia lucida

24, 287

uovpe-hollandite

. 345

Batrachus diemensis

. 573

operciilaris . .

. 346

dubius . .

. 572

quadrifasciatus

. 344

Dussumieii

. 573

Kuppellii . .

. 346

striatus . .

. 574

torresiensis

. 345

Bedella somnulentella

. 170

trimaculatus

. 346

Beridia flava

. 592

Victoripe . .

. 344

Beryx affinis

. 512

Apogonichthys adspersus

. 348

Biflustra armata

. 38

aprion

. 347

crassa

. 38

darnleyensis .

. 348

delicatula ..

. 38

GiUii

. 347

Bisporum monilioides

. 92

marmoratus .

. 348

Boletus ananasceps . .

. 65

polystigma .

. 347

pachypus . . ,

, 65

roseobrunneus

348

subtomentosus

. 65

Araclinoides placenta

. 203

Bostockia porosa

. 336

Arctocoma ursinella . .

. 171

Bovichthys variegatus

. 568

Arcyria cinerea

. 81

Bovista lilacina

. 79

nutans

. 81

Muelleri

. 79

punicea

. 81

Brachionichthys hirsutus

. 575

Argemone mexicana

3

Itevis

. 575

Aristeus fitzroyensis

. 625

politus

. 576

fluviatilis . .

. 625

Brama Rail

. 553

lineatus

. 626

Brasenia peltata

2

rufescens , .

. 625

Breviperca lineata . «

. 311

Aristolochia indica . .

24

Breynia australasite . ,

. 204

Aripis georgianus . .

. 350

Breynia oblongifolia

. 288

salar . . .

. 351

Buccinum lacunosum

. 481

Arses telescoplitlialmus

. 49

orbita-lacunotum .

. 481

Asclepias curassavica

. 13

striata . .

. 481

Aseroe rubra

. 78

Bucculatrix asphyctella

. 181

Aspergillus glaucus . .

. 86

eucalypti

. 179

Aspidium acuminatum

. 32

lassella . .

. 180

tenericaule

. 31

Bulimus caledonicus

. 190

Aspidophoreia diemenensis .

. 101

Cabarea lata , .

. 36

Asplenium caudatum

. 288

rudis

. 36

Aster axillaris

. 288

Ca3salpinia nuga

. 10

Asterina B alley i

. 89

Ciesioperca rasor

. 312

pelliculosa . .

. 89

Callantliias AUporti . .

. 310

Astropyga radiata . .

. 196

Callionymus calauroi 0 nus .

. 627

Atalopsycha atyphclla

. 177

calcaratus

. 628

111.

Pa-e

Pagfe

Callionymus lateralis

628

Cerbera odallum

13

papilio

G27

Clieilanthes Siebcri . .

29

Calophyllum inophyllum

4

tenuifolia

29

tomentosum

4

Cheiranthus Cheri . .

7

Calyptura carnea . .

476

Cheilocl ipterus quinquelineatus

348

Cantharellus aurantiacus

62

Chelmo longirostris . .

392

cibarius

62

margin alls..

391

concinnus

62

rostratus . .

391

Capros mistral is

551

tricinctus . .

392

Caranx armatus

536

trochilus . .

893

bucculentus . .

534

truncatus . .

392

Cheverti

534

Chilodactylus Allporti

424

ciliaris

537

annularis

425

declivis

531

aspersus

423

edentiilus . .

534

carponemus

422

galkis

538

fuscus

425

georgianiis . .

533

gibbosus

424

Gervaisi

536

macropterus . .

422

hippos

535

nigricans

423

laticaudis . .

534

nigripes

424

leptolepis

534

rubrofasciatus . .

424

malabaricus . .

530

spectabilis

424

nobilis

532

vittatus

424

papuensis . .

534

Chiloscyllium furvum

97

2)arasj)istes . .

535

Chironectes caudimaciilatiis , ,

578

pooloosoo

535

pollttis . .

576

radiatus

537

vittatus . .

576

speciosus

535

Chironemus georgianus

421

Valenciennei

536

maculosus

421

Carapa moluccensis . .

5

marmoratus

421

Carbasea cribriformis

37

Choreutis bjerkandrella

215

episcopalis

37

Ohorinemus Forsteri . .

543

Carcharias bracliyiirus

96

lysan . .

543

gangeticus

96

toloo . .

544

Macklotii

96

Chrysophrys australis

419

Carcharodon Rondeletii

96

liasta ■. .

418

Carex declinata

288

sarba . .

418

Cardiospermum halicacabum.

6

Cichlops filamentosus

570

Cassia absus

9

lineatus . . . ,

571

Ccdrela toona

5

Cilicsea crassicaudata

475

Cellepora f usca

40

tenuicaudata

475

granulosa . ,

40

Circinella iimbillata . .

86

fevis

40

Citriobatus pauciflorus

287

pumicosa . .

40

Cladium asperum . .

288

Cellularia cuspidata

36

Cladoderis australis. .

74

Cenangiuin lichnoideum

88

Cladosporium lierbarum , ,

86

Cenchino australis . .

288

papyricola

86

Centropogon australis

436

Clathrus crispus

78

echinatus

436

pusillus

78

marmoratus

437

Clavaria argillacea . .

76

robustus

. 436

aurea

76

scorpaenoides .

. 437

botrytis

76

Centropristes truttacciis

. 351

f astigiata . .

76

Ceutrostephanus Rodgersii .

. 196

flava

76

IV.

Clavaria rugosa
stricta
Clypeaster humilis . .
Cochlospermum gossypium
Codonopliilus argus . .
Commelyna cyanea. .
Comodica tetracercella
Couescharellina depressa

conica
Coprinus ephemcrus

stercoreus . .
Cordia latif olia

myxa
Coriscium tebellum . .

ocliridorsellum
Corticum arachnoidcum
cceruleuni . .
incaruatum
Iteve
nudum
olivaccum
Corvina albida . .

novce-holIandicD
Coryphsena punctulata
Crcnidens tephraoj^s . .

zebra
Crisia ebumeo-denticulata
eloBgata
incurva
terrse-reginae. .
Crobylopliora chrysidiella

daricella
Cromileptes altivelis . .
Cronartium asclepiadeum
Crossorhinus barbatus
Crucibulum vulgare
Cyanotis axillaris . .
Cyathus campanulatus
fimetarius . .
intermedius
Lesueurii . .
Cybium Commersonii
guttatum . .
Cymodocea aculeata

mammifcra
pubescens
Cynodon dactylon . .
Cyperus rotundus . .
Cyi)i"rea angustata . .
annulus . .
arabica
asellus
caledonica . .
caput-anguis

Pa2;e

76

76

203

4

471

287

255

41

42

61

61

14

14

1G7

166

75

75

75
521
520
552

410

410

35

35

35

35

178

178

319

85

97

80

82

82

82

82

558

559

473

473

473

28

27

499

498

498

497

501

499

Page

Cyprtea caput-serpeutis . . 49^

carneola . . . . 497

caurica . . . . 499

citriua . . . . 500

clandestina. . .. 499

cruenta . . . . 500

daoia . . . . 502

ebuma . . . . 500

erosa . . . . 500

errones . . . . 500

felina .. ..497

fiammea . . . . 501

flaveola . . . . 500

fulva , . . . /502

helvola . . . . 500

HumjJhreysli .. 501

Isabella .. ..498

lutea . . . . 501

lynx .r .. 501

macula . . . . 498

moniliaris .. .. 499

morbillosa . . . . 500

olivacea . . . . 500

ovum . . . . 500

Saulae .. ..501

SophiiB . . . . 444

squalina . . . . 501

subjlava . . . . 500

subviridis '. . . . 501

tigrina . . . . 501

tigris . . . . 501

VcoicUi .. ..501

variola . , . . 500

variolaria .. .. 500

vitellus .. .. o02

Walkeri .. ..502

xanthodon . . . . 502

zigzag .. .. 502

Cyrtopbium hystrix .. 104

Cyttus australis .. .. 551

Dactylopterus orieatalis . . 592

Dtedalea aspera .. .. 71

Bowmani .. ., 71

glabrescens .. 71

Sprucei .. .. 71

tenuis .. .. 71

Dampieria lineata .. .. 571

Datnia caudavlttata ,, .. 361

elliptica . , . . 363

Datura Leiclihardti . . .. 16

stramonium.. .. 16

Deeringia celosioides 20, 288
Dendrobinm pugioniformo . . 287
Desmodium brachypodum ., 288

Page

Dentex filifer

.. 383

Dinco'pns snpcrhus ..

.. 331

Diadem a setosum , .

.. 194

Diagramma affine ..

. 370

crassilabre

. 370

multivittatum

. 371

nitidum

. 371

polyttenia

. 371

reticulatum

. 371

Diaseris distorta

. 460

Freycineti . .

. 460

Mortoui

. 460

Dictyonema oeruginosum

. 75

Dictyoi)hora merulina

. 78

multicolor

. 78

Didymium f ariuaceiim

. 81

Diploprion bifasciatum

. 326

Doodia aspera

. 29

caudata

29

Drepane punctata . .

. 397

Duboisia Hopwoodii

. 17

myoporoides

. 17

Dales amblguns

. 354

auratus

. 354

Christ yi

. 355

Jlavescens

. 355

Haswellii

. 359

river inns .,

. 358

Echeneis naucrates . .

. 561

remora

. 561

Echinanthus testudiDarius ,

. 202

tumidus

. 203

Echinaraclinius parma

. 203

Echinocardium austiale

. 204

Echinometra lacunter

. 197

Echinothrix calamaris

. 195

Echinus damleyensis

. 202

magellanicus

. 202

Eclectus polycblorus

. 191

Eclipta alba , ,

. 12

Edelia viridis

. 341

vittata

.. 341

Ehretia acuminata , ,

.. 287

Elacate nigra

. 560

Eleotris adspersa .,

. 622

aporus

. 616

australis . . ,

. 617

Castelnaui . ,

. 620

compressus (

519, 622

Coxii • •

.. 618

darwiniensis

. 616

elevata

.. 622

elongata , ,

.. 625

fusca ,,

.. 623

4 F

Eleotris grandiceps
lineata
macrolepidota
Masters! . .
modesta
mogurnda . .
muralis
nudiceps . .
obscura

ophiocephalus
oxycephala
pallida
planiceps . .
simplex
sulcaticoUis
treniura
Eleusine indica
Elionurus citreus
Ellcryia nnicolor
Emmelichthys nitidus
Enoplosus armatus . .
Epicephala colymbetella
JSjjiiiej^hilHS bcelang . .
fascicttus
ocean icus
2)cerdaHs
Equula edentula

interrupta . .
serriilifcra . .
Erecthias acontistes . .
aellopliora
alteorrhoa
charadrota
chasmatias
chionodira
mystacinella
niphadopla
stilbella . .
subpavonella
Eremophila maculata
Ereunetis brontoctypa
iuloptera. .
selenophanos
Erythraea australis . .
Erythrichthys nitidus
Eschara hexagonalis
umbonata . ,
Eschatotypa melichrysa
Eucalyptus acmenoides 290,
angustifolia
amygdalina
botryoides 291,
capitella 290,
citriodora

Page

618
523
616
622
620
617
624
619
620
615
622
621
621
621
621
624

28

27
613
387
309
109
314
317
317
319
549
550
549
26G
270
267
268
264
268
263
270
265
269

18
259
260
259

14
387

41

41
257
463
293
293
293,464
293,490

10

29^

VI,

Eucalyptus corymbosa 291, 293, 467

Galaxias delicatulus . ,

crebra 290, 293, 505

f asciatus . .

diversicolor . . 293

Forsteri . .

eugenioides 290, 293,490

gracillimus

eximia .. 291,293

grandis

haemastoma 290, 293,449

Krefftii . .

hemipbloia 290, 293, 455

maculatus . .

largiflorens 290, 293, 457

obtusa

leucoxylon 290, 293, 506

ocellatus . .

longifoUa 291,293,456

olidus

maculata 288,291,452

omatus

micrantba . . 293

punctatus ..

obtusiflora 290,293,453

reticulatus . ,

paniculata 290, 293, 503

rostratus . .

pilularis 290, 293, 455

Schomburghii

piperita 290, 293, 490

scriba

polyanthema 290, 293,468

truttaceus ..

punctata 291,293,452

versicolor . .

radiata 290, 293, 448

"Waterhousei

resinifera 291,293,466

Galeocerdo Rayneri . .

robusta 291,293,465

Galeus austraiis

saligua 291,293,448

Gallichthys major ..

sideropbloia 290, 293, 504

Gastrolobium grandiflorum . .

sideroxylon 290,293

Geaster laginseformis

sieberiana 290,293,454

minimus . . . .

tereticornis 291,293,451

saccatus

viminaHs 291,293,450

striatus

youngiana

. 293

Genyoroge bengal ensis

Eucryphia Moorei . .

. 288

sebse

Euphorbia Drummondii

. 21

scapulare

Eupselia aristonica . .

. 218

Gerreomorpha rostrata

beatella . .

. 219

Gerres abbreviatus . .

carpocapsella

. 219

argyreus

melanostrepta

. 223

austraiis

percussana

. 219

bispinosus . ,

satrapella . .

. 220

carinatus

theorella ..

. 222

Cheverti

Evechinus chloroticus

. 202

filamentosus , .

Excsecaria agallocha

. 24

longicaudatus

Fasciolaria trapezium

. 483

melboumensis

Eavolus cffispitosus . .

. 71

ovatus

squamiger . .

. 71

oyena

Ficus rubiginosa

. 287

phUippinus ..

Flabellum tubuliferum

. 301

profundus . .

riagellaria indica . .

. 26

punctatus

Fusarium rubicolor . .

. 85

subf asciatus . ,

Galaxias alepidotus . .

. 46

Girella Blackii

alpinus

. 47

cyanea , ,

amoenus - , ,

. 47

elevata

attenuatus . .

46

Bamsayi

brevispinis . .

. 47

simplex

brocchus . .

. 46

tricuspidata., ,,

Coxii

. 45

zonata

cylindricus ,

. 47

Glaucosoma hebraicum . .

vu.

Page

Page

Glaucosoma scapulare ••

334

Gobius papuensis ...

... 605

Glyphipteryx acrothecta , ,

244

pictus

... 599

actinobola

241

platy stoma ...

... 609

Glyphipteryx asteriella

235

pulcbellus ...

... 599

asteronota

240

sauroides ...

... 604

astraproa

245

scabriceps ...

... 603

atristriella

230

semifrenatus

... 598

chrysolitlielJa ...

299

Voigtii

... 607

cbrysoplanetis ...

238

Goniocidaris tubaria

... 194

cometophora ...

231

Gracilaria adelina . . .

... 142

euastera

236

aellomacha

... 158

iochsera

243

sethalota ...

... 143

iometalla

232

albomarginata

... 165

leucerastes

239

alysidota . . .

... 161

meteora

237

auchetidella

... 143

palseomorpha . . .

242

autadelpba

... 147

transversella ...

246

cajnotbeta

... 148

triselena

234

calieella ...

... 150

Glyptauchen panduratus

434

cbalcoptera

... 151

Gobiodon ceramensis

612

didyinella

... 164

citrinus ...

613

ethela

... 152

quinquestrigatus ...

613

eumetalla

... 160

unicolor ...

613

eupetala ...

... 160

verticalis ...

612

formosa ...

... 153

Gobiosoma guttulatum

612

hoplocala

... 149

Gobius albopunctatus

595

laciniella . . .

... 164

bassoisis ...

597

lepidella ...

... 145

bifrenatus ...

597

lyginella ...

... 157

buccatus ...

601

mnesicala

... 156

bynoensis ...

607

nereis

... 163

Castelnaui ...

598

ocbrocephala

... 162

caudatus

600

cenopella ...

... 141

crassilaris ...

606

oi'dinatella

... 145

criuiger

595

plagiata . . .

... 144

cristatus

610

thalassias

... 158

darnleyensis

596

tricuneatella

... 146

filamentosus

608

xanthopbarella

... 141

flavidus

602

Grammistes orientalis

... 326

frenatus

596

Gratiola peduneulata

... 17

gibbosus

601

Guepinia spatbularia

.. 76

giuris

594

Guilandina bondueella

.. 5,9

interstinctus

594

Gulliveria fasciata . . .

.. 349

lateralis

602

f usea

.. 349

maculatus ...

600

Haliopbasma maculata

.. 477

maxillaris ...

596

purpurea

.. 477

microlepidotus

608

Halopbila Johnstonise

.. 37

microphtbalmus

604

Haloragis alata

.. 288

mucosus

609

Haplodactylus arctidens

.. 411

nigripinnis ...

596

lophodon

.. 411

nigroocellatus

603

obscurus

.. 411

nucbifasciatus

605

Hardcnbergia monophylla

8

ornatua

594

Helichrysum glutinosuui

.. 287

VlU.

rage

Helix gelata

446

Macldocksi

446

rockbamptonensis

445

Helminthostacliys zeylanica ...

28

Hclmintliosporium Eavenelii...

86

Helotes octolineatus

368

sexlineatus ...

368

Helotium terrestre ...

88

Hemescbara australis

41

Hemicardia donaciforme

487

lleniocbus macrolepidotus ...

394

varius

394

Hernandiabiyalvis ...

21

Ilerpestes mounieria

17

Heterocentrotu3 mammillatus

196

Heterodontus galeatus

97

Pbilippi

97

Hexagona erinigera...

71

Muelleri...

71

polygramma

71

tenuis

71

Hibiscus trionum ...

287

Hippiocbiietes cbrysaspis

253

Hipponoe variegata...

202

Hirneola auricula- juda; ...29,77

polytricba

77

ruf a

77

Histiopborus gladius 295, 522

Histiopterus labiosus

374

rccurvii'ostris

373

Holacautlius Duboulayi

395

sexstriatus

395

Homalogrystes Guntberi

354

Holoceutrum rubrum

514

Holoxenus cutaneus

438

Hoplognatbus Conway ii

419

Hydnangium australiensc

77

Hydrocbaris mov8Usra3nffi

25

Hydrolea zeylanica ...

14

Hydnuin gilvum

72

merulioides

73

Muelleri ...

72

nigrum

72

xantbum ...

72

Hygropliorus miniatus

61

porpbyriuus

61

Hymeuangium Moselei

92

Hymenocbajte cacao

75

rigidula

75

teuuissima

75

Hyperoglypbe porosa

372

Hypertropba tbesaurella

209

Hypocbnus rubro-ciuclus
Hypocrea membranacea
Hypoxylon augolense
cetrarioides
concentricum
cretaceum
rubicosum
rutilum ...
Idmonea irregularis...
marionensis
radians
Ileodictyon gracile ...
Illosporium flavellum
lonidium suffruticosum
Ipomoea hederacea .
paniculata .
pes-caprae ,
turpetbum.
Irpex flavvis

zonatus
Kathetostoma la)ve .
Kurtus Gulliveri
Kyllinga triceps
Lacepedia catapbracta
Lacbnocladium furcellatum
Lactarius subtomentosus
Laganum Bonami ...

depressum
Lageaaria vulgaris
Lamna glauca
Laportea gigas
Lascliia ca^spilosa
pustulata
Tbwaitesii
tremellosa
Lates antarcticus
calcarifer
colouoruin
curtus
darwiuiensis
nohilis ...
Ramsayi
eimilis
VictorioD
Latris bilineata
ciliaria
Eorsteri
becateia
inornata
Leutinus cyatbus
Dunalii
exilis

IX.

Pa-e

Page

Lentinus fasciatus ...

... 63

Ly thrum salicaria ...

11

V Lecomtei ..

... 63

Macrasimus aciculffiformis

62

pergamenus

... 63

calobates

62

subdulces ...

... 63

confer tus

62

siibundus ...

... 63

opacus ...

62

Tulpinus ...

... 63

primulinus

62

Lenzites Berkeley! ...

... 64

rbyticeps

62

betulina

... 64

rotula ...

62

deplanata ...

... 64

rufo-pallidus

62

faventinus ...

... 64

Macrozamia spiralis...

287

Palisotii ...

... 64

Macquaria australasica

359

striata

... 64

Malaisia tortuosa

287

Lepidopua caudatus...

... 523

Mallotus philipinensis

23

Lepidospcrraa elatius

... 288

Malurus callainus ...

191

Lepidotrigla papilio...

... 588

Lambertii ...

191

phalana

... 589

leuconotus

191

sphynx

... 589

leucopterus

191

Vanessa

... 589

Mangelia anomala ...

132

Lepralia assimilis ...

... 39

Maretia planulata ... ,.,

204

G-andyi

... 40

Marrubium rulgare...

19

irregularis...

... 39

Marsdenia flavescens

287

lunifera

... 40

Melarapsora pliyllodiorum ...

84

Malusii

... 38

Melastoma malabatliricum ...

11

Mortoni ...

... 40

Meliola amphitricha

91

pertusa

... 39

tetraceroe ...

91

Quadlingi ...

... 39

Melita australis

192

spinifera ...

... 39

Membranipora cervicornis

38

Leptoscopus macropygus

... 563

Laeroixii

38

Letlirinus clirysostomiis

... 412

magnilabris ...

38

cocosensis

... 414

pilosa

38

fasciatus,..

... 414

Rosselii

38

fusciceps...

... 414

Mentha satureioides

19

glypliodou

... 415

Mercenaria paucilamellata ...

486

harak

... 414

Mesoprion annularis

330

lioematopterus

... 413

carponotatus

328

laticaudus

... 413

cliirtah ... ,.,

330

latidens ...

... 416

enneacantJms

330

nematacanthus

... 412

ery thrums

330

papuensis

... 413

Johnii ...

329

punctulatus

... 414

metallicus

330

Eichardsonii

... 413

obscurus

331

sordidus...

... 414

Ophusenii

330

Livistonia australis ...

... 288

phaiotceniatus

330

Lobotes auctoram ...

... 375

roseigaster

331

somnolentus

... 375

rv.hellus ...

330

Lotella grandis

... 462

sanguineus

330

Luzula campestris ...

... 26

superbus

331

Lycoperdon brasiliensis

... 80

unimaculatus m

329

gemmatum

... 79

vitta

330

pusillum

... 79

waigiensis

320

Lycopodium plilcgmaria

... 28

Mcspilia globulus ... ,.,

2)1

Lycopus australis ...

... 19

Microperca Yarrse ,., ..,

308

X.

Miontirus lunatus ...

Page
... 347

Neptomenus travale

Moera crassipes

... 103

Neritina Souverbiana

Momordica balsaraina

... 12

Nomeus Gronovii ...

Monocentris japonicus

... 510

Notidanus indicus ...

Monochoria cyanea ...

... 26

Ocymum anisodorum

vaginalis

... 26

sanctum . . .

Morchella semilibera

... 87

Odontaspis americanus

Mulloides flavolineatus

... 404

Odontonectes erytbrogaster

Murex Bednalli

... 630

Oidium erysipboides

Murrayia brainoides

... 357

Tuckeri

cyprinoidea

... 357

Oligorus gigas

Q-untheri...

... 356

macquariensis

rirerina ...

... 358

Mitcbellii ...

Mustelus antarcticus

... 97

terrse-reginae

Mutinus papuasius ...

... 92

Oncbopora granulosa

Mycenastrum corium

... 80

immersa

Myriodon waigiensis

... 327

mutica ...

Myriogyne minuta ...

... 12

ventricosa

Myriozoum australiense

... 43

Opistbognatbus darwiniensis

Myripristis australis

... 513

jacksoniensis

Myristica insipida ...

... 21

maculatus

Nannoperca australis

... 342

Opostega gepbyrsea

rirerinse

... 342

orestias ...

Naseus annulatus ...

... 530

stiriella ...

unicornis

... 530

Otolitbus atelodus ...

Nasicus larvatus

... 49

teraglin ...

Nassa compacta

... 482

Ottelia alismoides ...

incrassata

... 483

Ovulum depressum ,.,

rufocincta

... 482

Pacbymetopon grande

Naucrates ductor ...

... 559

squamosum

indicus ...

... 559

Pagrus major

Nectria coccinea

... 90

unicolor

Nellia oculata

... 36

Panus incandescens...

Nelumbium specios^^m

2

viscidulus

Nemadactylus concinnus

"! 425

Parantbura australis

Neoantliias Guntheri

... 313

crassicornis

Neochsetodon yittatum

... 390

Paraploactes tracbyderma

Neocirrbites armatus

... 420

Parmelia perforata ...

Neolethrinus similis

... 415

perlata

Neomesoprion unicolor

... 332

Paxillus Muelleri ...

Neomyripristes amcenus

... 513

Pelamys australis ...

Neonipbon armatus...

... 515

Pempberis compressus

Neopempberis Kamsayi

... 517

macrolepis

Neoplatycepbalus grandis

... 587

Pentapus paradiseus

Neosehastes scorpcejioides

... 437

setosus

Neosillago marmorata

... 568

vitta

Neotepbrseops zebra . . .

... 410

Pentaroge marmorata

Nepentbes Bernaysii

... 185

Percis Allportii

Kennedyi

... 186

nebulosa

pbyllampbora

... 186

Periopbtbalmus australis

Neptomenus brama...

... 542

Koelreuteri

dobula

... 542

Peronella decagonalis

Page

.. 542

.. 484

.. 554

,.. 96

.. 19

,.. 19

.. 96

.. 352

,.. 87

.. 87

,.. 94

.. 352

.. 353
93,353

,.. 36

,.. 36

,.. 36

,.. 36

,.. 569

... 570

.. 569

... 176

.. 175

,.. 175

,.. 521
48, 521

... 25

,.. 482

,.. 406

,.. 407

... 417

... 416

... 63

... 63

... 477

... 478

... 441

,.. 28

... 28

... 64

... 557

... 516

... 516

... 385

,.. 385

... 384

... 439

... 564

... 563

... 614

... 614

... 203

XI.

Page

Page

Petalostigma quadrioculare .

.. 22

Plectropoma nigrorubrum .

. 322

Peziza ciuereo-nigra

.. 88

ocel latum

. 323

confusa

.. 88

Ricliardsonii

. 324

coi^rogera

.. 88

semicinctum

. 322

scatigena

.. 88

serratum

. 324

scutellata ...

.. 88

Susuki

. 323

vinosa-brunnea

, 88

variegatum

. 325

Phallus calyptratus...

.. 78

Plesiops

Bleekeri ...

. 400

Phsenorhina goliatb...

.. 105

cceruleo-lineatus

. 399

Plierusa Australia ... ,

.. 103

Plumbag

D capensis ...

. 12

Phillipsia subpurpurea

.. 88

zeylanica...

. 12

Pblebia radiata

.. 73

Podaxon

pistillaris ...

. 92

Plioma rosarum

.. 83

Polanisia

viscosa

3

Pbryganostola achlyoessa

.. 252

Polygonum aviculare

. 20

drosophaea

.. 249

barbatum

. 20

euthybelemna.

.. 250

bispidum

. 20

oxymachfera .

.. 251

orientale

. 20

Phyllacanthus annulifera

.. 193

plebeium

. 20

dubia

.. 193

Polynemus cEecus ...

. 519

parvispina

.. 194

indicus ...

. 519

Phyllantbus simplex

22

macrocbir

. 519

Phyllocnistes diaugella

!! 173

Polypodium aspidioides

. 32

iodocella

.. 174

pallidum

. 31

Physarum niitans ...

.. 81

pliymatodes

. 28

Piper novge-ho]landia3

.. 24

tenellum

. 288

Placostylus caledonicua

.. 190

Polyporu

s afflnis

. 66

Platax orbicularis ...

.. 547

arcularius

. 65

teira

.. 547

Armitii ...

.. 65

vespertilio ...

.. 546

australis ...

. 67

Platycephalus bassensia

.. 581

biretum ...

. 69

Castelnaui

.. 587

Broomei ...

.. 69

cinereus

.. 584

calceus ...

. 69

cirronasus

.. 586

cbilensis ...

. 69

fuscus

.. 582

cbrysoleucua

. 69

inops

.. 584

cicboraceus

. 68

insidiator

.. 581

cinereo-fuscua

. 68

isacantlius

.. 585

cinnabarinus

. 66

japonicus

.. 585

citreo-aurantius

. 67

laevigatus

.. 582

compressus

. 69

nematophtbalrt

lus 586

corrivalis

. 67

; Droximus

.. 582

dictyopua

. 66

; R.iehardsonii .

.. 583

dilatatua...

. 66

Staigerii

.. 583

elongatus

. 68

tasmanicus

.. 581

Eucalypti

. 69

Platycerium alcicorne

.. 288

ferruginoaua

. 69

Platystetbus cuttratum

.. 554

flabelliformis

. 66

Plectropoma annulatum

.. 322

flavua

. 69

cinctum

.. 324

floridanus

. 69

cyanostigma

.. 323

foedatus ...

. 67

dentex

.. 323

fruticum...

.. 67

leopardinum

.. 321

fulvua ...

. 69

maculutum

.. 321

funalis ...

. 67

Xll.

Pase

Page

Polyporu3 fuseolineatus

66

Pristiophorus cirratus

97

gallopavonis

68

Pristipoma hasta ...

369

^ibbosus...

69

inaculatum

369

liirsutus ...

68

Psammoperca fZa^«2"o/rfe5

307

igniarius...

68

macroptera

308

incrassatus

69

waigiensis

307

libum

68

Psenes leucurus

548

lilacino-gilvus

68

Pseudoambassis Castelnaui ..

339

lucidus ...

66

elongatus

339

luteo-nitidus

66

jacksoniensis

340

luteo-olivaceu3

68

Macleayi

339

luteu3

66

papuensis

339

melanopus

68

Earn say i

310

murinus ...

69

Pseudoaphritis Bassii

565

myclodes

69

FseudohatracJms stnatus

574

oblectans

65

Pseudolates cavifrons

307

obliquus...

68

Psettus argenteus ...

546

occidentalis

68

Psychrotria loniceroides

. 288

ochroleucu3

67

Pteris falcata

. 29

Peradenioe

69

paradoxa

. 29

peroxydatus

67

rotundifolia ...

. 29

Persoonii

68

Pterois volitans

. 435

picipes ...

66

zebra

. 435

placodes...

69

Pterouotus Bednallii

. 630

platotis ...

. 66

Pterostylis grandiflora

. 287

portentosus

. 67

Puciuea chondrilla ...

. 83

quadrans

. 66

straminis ...

. 83

radiatu3 ...

. 67

PufUnus gavius ... •

. 49

rbipidiiim

. 66

Purpura anomala ...

. 131

rim OS 113 ...

. 69

rugosa

. 481

rubidu3 ...

. 67

rupestris ...

. 481

rugosus ...

. 67

succincta ...

. 481

salicinus...

. 66

textiiosa ...

. 482

sanguineus

. 66

Pustulipora australis

. 35

scruposus

. 68

clavseformis

. 36

semidigitaliformis ..

. 67

delicatula

. 35

senex

. 68

fragilis ...

. 35

teplironotus

. 67

proboscidea

. 35

triclioloma

. 69

Radulum ...

.. 73

vaporarius

. 69

Kegala3cus jacksoniensis

. 631

venustus...

. 68

Kemirea maritima ...

.. 27

xanthopus

. 65

Eetepora cellulosa ...

.. 41

xerampelinus

. 69

Eetihornera f oliacea

. 36

zonalis ...

. 68

Ehina squatina

.. 97

Polysaccum olivaceum

. 80

Ehinobrissus apicalis

.. 204

pisocarpium

80

Ehizomorpha Harrimannii .

92

Polytropa striata ...

. 481

Ehytisma liypoxantliUQi

.. 89

Poronia oedipus

. 90

EicJiardsonia insignis

.. 374

Priacanthus Benmebari

. 337

Eicinus communis ...

.. 23

BleeJceri

. 336

Eiverina fluviatilis ...

.. 358

macracanthus .

. 336

Eocinela vigilans

.. 472

Prionurus microlepidotus

, 529

Eubus parviilorus ...

.. 10

SUI.

Page

! ^

Page

Ruppelia prolongata

... 401

Scyllium maculatum

... 97

Russiila emetica

... 62

Sebcea ovata

.. 14

fragilis

... 63

Sebastes Allporti

.. 429

rubra

... 63

percoides ...

.. 429

Salicornaria teniiirostris

... 36

Selenaria fenestrata . . .

. 42

Salmacis bicolor

... 200

maculata ...

.. 42

rarispina . . .

... 201

Sepenodium cbrysospermum

.. 92

Samolus Yalerandi ...

... 12

Seringea platypbylla

.. 287

Santalum obtusifolium

... 288

Seriolsi cutf rata

.. 554

Saxacavia Angasii ...

... 485

gigas

.. 540

Scalaria australis

... 199

grandis

.. 540

granulosa ...

... 485

hippos

.. 541

Scatopbagus argus ...

... 395

Lalandii

.. 539

multifasciatus

... 396

nigrofasciata...

.. 539

tetracantbus

... 306

Serranus alatus

.. 318

Scbmidelia serrata . . .

6

altivelis

.. 319

Scliizsea dichotoma ...

... 30

altivelioides

.. 316

Fosteri

... 30

argus

.. 315

Scbizopbyllum commune

. . 64

armatus ...

.. 320

Scbizoporella assimilis

... 39

australis ...

.. 313

Gandyi

... 39

hcenak

.. 314

Quadlingi

... 39

hontoo

.. 317

Sciaena antarctica ...

48, 520

carinatus ...

... 318

Scirpus lacustris

... 27

corallicola...

.. 316

Scleria litbosperma ...

... 27

crapao

.. 317

Scleroderma bovista...

... 80

Damelii ...

.. 317

geaster...

... 80

diacantbus

.. 317

pandanaceum

... 80

dispar

.. 316

strobilinum

... 80

foveatus ...

... 319

Scolopsis longulus ...

... 381

fuscoguttatus

.. 316

margaritifer

... 381

Gilbert! ...

.. 319

personatus

... 382

guttatus ...

.. 315

Scomber antarcticus...

... 355

juttulatusj...

... 318

australasicus

... 355

lexagonatus

.. 318

Scoparia dulcis

... 17

horridus ...

.. 316

Scorpsena bellicosa ...

... 433

lepidopterus

.. 321

bynoensis...

... 431

maculostis ...

.. 317

cardinalis...

... 431

marginalis...

.. 316

cruenta ...

... 430

megachir ...

.. 319

diabolus ...

... 433

merra

.. 319

militaris ...

... 430

myriates ...

.. 315

panda

... 432

nigrofasciatus

.. 314

sumptuosa

... 432

outalibi

.. 315

Scorpis (Bquipinnis ...

... 397

pacliycentrum

.. 314

georgianua ...

... 397

pantherinus

.. 317

lineolatus ...

... 397

rasor

.. 311

vinosa

... 398

stellans ...

.. 319

Scrupocellaria cervicornis

... 37

stigmopomus

.. 314

clypeata

... 37

suillus

.. 317

diadema

... 37

undulato-striatus

.. 318

Macandrei

... 37

Sesbania aculeata ...

8

oltecta

... 37

ajgyptiaca ...

8

XIV.

Sesbania grandiflora
^iametbis combinatana
melanopepla
oxycautbella
sycopola ...
Sicla cordifolia

rbombifolia
Sillago bassensis
ciiiata
gracilis
maculata
punctata
terrcB-regincp
Sistotrema irpieimum
Smilax glycypbilla ...
Solanum nigrum

steiligerum
Solea Macleayana ...
niicrocepbala . . .
Sopbora tomeutosa ...
Sorosporium eriacbnei
Spbajrecbinus austrabae
Spboerella destructiva
Spbseria polyascia ...
Spbaerodon grandocubs
lieterodon ...
latidens ...
Spbseroma anomala . , .
aspera ...
laevis
pubescens
Spbceropora fossa . . .
Spbenostoma cristatum
Sporotricbum densum
Stegommata leptomitella
sulfuratella
Stemonitis fusca ...
Stenetrium armatum

inerme ...
Stereum elegans

birsutum ...
illudens
lobatam
luteo-badium
nitidulum ...
ostrea

probficans ...
radiato-fissum
Scbomburgkii
striatum . . .
Sticta pulmonacea ...
Stigmatonotus austrabs

Pa^re

Page

7

Stilbum aurantiaceura

85

213

cinnabarinum

85

212

Stipa rerticillata

288

214

Stomopneustes atropurpurea ...

198

211

variolaris

199

4

Strobilomyces nigricans

64

4

Strongylocentrotus eurytbro-

567

grammus

199

567

Strycbnos lucida

13

567

nux-voraica

13

566

psilosperma

13

566

Sy nagris furcosus ...

383

567

teeniopterus

384

73

Synancidium borridura

442

26

Synaptura nigra

49

16

Syngnatbus intestinabs

494

287

Tabtrus assimibs ...

97

462

sylvaticus ...

97

462

Talorcbestia limicola

98

9

marmorata

99

92

pravidactyla

100

200

quadrimana

100

91

terrse-reginffi

98

91

Temnodon saltator ...

544

416

Temuopleurus cavernosa

449

416

Hardwickii

493

416

Reynaudii

494

473

tornematicus ...

494

472

Tepbrffiops Eicbardsonii

410

473

zeora ...

410

473

Tepbrosia purpurea .. .

7

42

Tetrantbera ferrugiuea

141

191

Tetraroge darnleyensis

439

92

Teutbis albopunctata

443

172

austral is ...

527

172

dobata

444

81

javus

442

478

nebulosa

444

479

notosticta ...

443

74

tumifrons ...

443

74

vermiculata

443

74

Tbalassorbinus platyrbyncbus

95

74

Tbecapbora globubgera

83

75

Tbelepbora congesta

74

74

dendritica

74

75

lamellata

74

74

pedicellata

74

74

Therapon caudovittatus

. 361

74

Cuvieri ...

. 362

75

elbpticus...

. 363

28

fasciatus ...

. 363

572

HiUii

. 363

XV.

Pa?e

Page

Therapon longulus .,, ,

. 367

Tricbosanthes palmata

. 11

niger

.. 365

Trigla amocna

. 591

nigripinris

.. 366

kiimu

. 590

percoides...

. S62

pleiiracantbica

. o90

Kichardsonii ,

. 36i

polyommata ...

. 591

servu3

. 361

Tulasnodea leprosa ...

. 92

terrte-regiBse

. 363

Typbaaugustifolia ...

. 26

theraps ...

. 360

Upeneoides roseus ...

. 403

trivittatus

. 361

treniopterus

. 403

truttaceus

. 366

tragula ...

. 402

unicolor ... ,

. 365

vittatus

. 402

TTirepterius maciilostis

. 421

yiamingii

. 403

Thynnu3 aflinis

. 556

Upeneus barberinus ...

. 405

MacCoyi ...

. 557

malabaricus

. 405

pelamys ...

. 556

porosus

. 405

Thyrsites atun

. 525

signatus ...

. 406

micropus ...

. 525

Uredo maydis

. 83

Solandri ...

. 526

Urena lobata

5

Tilletia caries

Si

Ustilago avicola

. 84

Tomla lierbarutn ...

. 82

bullata

. 84

Toxotus carpentariensis

. 399

carbo

. 84

jaculator ...

.. 399

emodensis ...

84

Tracliiclitliys aiistralis

. 511

segetum

. 84

elongatus

. 512

Yerticillium eximium

.. 87

jacksoniensis .

. 511

Viucentia Waterbousei

. 350

Tracliinops tseuiatus

. 300

Viucularia noTa)-liollandi£c ,

. 41

Tracliurus trachurus

.. 531

Yitex trifolia

18

Trachynotus Baillonii

.. 545

Voluta Bednallii ...

. 631

ovatus ...

.. 545

musica

. 469

Tracliypoma macracanthus .

. 325

Yolva depressa

. 482

Trametes acupunctatns

. 70

Xantbium spinosum

.. 12

coUiculosa

. 70

strumarium

.. 12

devexa

. 70

Xerotes fulvus

.. 64

lactineus ...

. 70

proximus ...

. 64

mollis

. 70

rawakensis ...

64

occidentalis

. 70

Xipbius gladius

. 295

perennis ...

. 70

Xylaria bypoxylon ...

. 90

phellinus...

. 70

pileiformis ...

. 89

pictus

. 70

polymorpba

. 90

pyrrhocreas

. 70

rbytidopbloea

. 90

rigida

. 70

tabacina

. 90

umbrinus...

. 70

Xylostroma giganteum

. 92

versatilis ...

. 70

Zanclus corniitus

. 548

Tremella lutescens ...

. 77

Zeodrius vittatus ...

. 422

Trichobasis rubigo-vera

. 83

Zeuglodon Harwoodii

. 299

Tricbiurus haiimela...

. 524

Zeus Australis

. 550

savala ...

. 524

Zizypbus jujuba

6

Tricliodesma zeylanica

.. 15

oenoplia ...

G

Tricliomanes yandineDse

. 30

Zygsena Lewinii

. 96

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«»!.2B

fiEGALAECUS JACKSONENSIS. Rams

S Sedff/ield^ cUh a* UtJv

PKOCEEDINGS

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vol.. v.,

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CONTENTS OF VOL. V., PART I.

Pagb.
Medicinal Plants of Queensland. By F. M. Bailey, F.L.S., &c.. . . 1

On Queensland Ferns, with description of two new species. By F. M.

Bailey, F.L.S., &c 29

On some Polyzoa from the Queensland Coast. By William A.

Haswell, M.A., B.Sc. Plates 1, 2, 3 \..: 33

Description of a new species of Galaxias, with remarks on the distribu-
tion of the genus. By William Macleay, F.L.S. , &c 45

On two hitherto undescribed Sydney fishes. By William Macleay,

F.L.S., &c 48

On the Fungi of New South Wales and Queensland. By the Rev. J.

E. Tenison- Woods, F.L.S., &c., and F. M. Bailey, F.L.S., (fcc. . . 50

Description of a new species of Ollgorus. By E. P. Ramsay, F.Gt.S.,

&c. Plate 9 93

Notes on Galeoeerdo Rayneri. By E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S., &c. Plate 4 95

On some new Amphipoda. By William A. Haswell, M.A., B.Sc, &c.

Plates 5, 6, 7 97

Notes and Exhibits 49, lOo

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CONTENTS OF VOL. V., PART III

Pi.GB.

Notes on Moore Park Borings. By James C. Cox, M.D., F.L.S.,

&c., with Plate '. 5

Notes on Plants in the vicinity of Mount Dromedary. By BaeonFeed.
vox Mfellee, K.C.M.G., F.E.S.. &c :

Eucaljpts of the County of Cumberland. By the Ret. De. Woolls,

F.L.S., &c., Part 1 2^.

On a rare species of Perch from Port Jackson. By E. P. Ramsay,

F.L.S.,&c 294

. Notes on Histiophorus gladius, with Plate. By E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S. 295

On a Molar Tooth of Zevglodon from the Murray River Tertiary Beds.

By E. B. SA^aEE, C.M.L.S., N. S. Wales 298

On a new species of Flahellum. By the Ret. J. E. Tenison- Woods,

F.a.S., &c 301

Descriptive Catalogue of the Fishes of Australia. By William

Macleay, F.L.S 302

Notes on Shells from the Solomon Isles and Australia. By J. Beaziee,

C.M.Z.S., &c 4M

Eucalypts of the County of Cumberland. By the Ret. De. Woolls,

F.L.S., &c., Part II .'. 448

Notes and Exhibits 280, 300, 458

i^y^

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CONTENTS OF VOL. V., PART IV

Tage.

On a ncAv species of Diaseris. By the Rev. J. E. Texison-AVoqds

F.G.S., F.L.S., Plate XV -459

Description of two r.ew species of Australian Fishes. By E. P.

Ramsay, T.L.S 462

Species of Eucalyptus in the County of Cumberland : their habitat

and uses. By the Ret. Dr. ^YooLLS, D.D., F.L.S, Parts III.,

IV., Y 463, 488, 503

On some new Australian Marine Isopoda, Part I. By William A.

HaWell, M.A., B.?c., Plates XVr.-XIX 470

Notes on recent MoUusca found in Port Jackson, and on the Coast of
New South Wales and o'lher localities, with their synonyms. By
J. Brazieb, C.M.Z.S 481

On a young specimen of a Temnoiolenrus. By (he Key. J. E. Tenison-

WooDS, F.G.S., F.L.S., -Plate XV '. 493

Description of a Parasitic -S.y^-7a/«s. By E. P. Ra:m3AY, F.L.S 494

List of species of PorceJlana or CijprcEa^ found in Moreton Bay,

Queensland. By J. Brazier, C.M.Z.S 496

Descrlptirc Catalogue of Australian Fishes. By WiLLlAlI Macleat,

F.L.S. , Part II., Plates XIII. and XIV 510

Remarks on some recently redescribed Australian Shells. By J.

Brazier, C.M.Z.S 630

On a new species of BegaJcBCus, from Port Jackson. By E. P. RamsAT

F.L.S, Plate XX 631

Notes on some of the Habits and Customs of Australian Natives iu

Queensland. By Dr. J. C. Cox, F.L S 633

Notes and Exhibits.. ...469,495,629,636

Annual Address by the Prcfident 638

Title Page, Contents, Index, &c. to Vol. V.

MBL WHOI LIBRARY