LI E> RAFLY OF THE UN1VLR5ITY or ILLINOIS 580o6 LP 1870/75 PEOCEEDLNGS OP THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. (SESSION 1870-71.) November 3rd, 1870. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. The Rev. Samuel Mateer was elected a Fellow. The following Report, on the Additions to the Library since the last Report (Proceedings, 1869-70, p. xxxvii), was laid before the meeting : — The Publications of Scientific Bodies received since the date of the last Report (May 5th, 1870) have been the following : — Dexmaek : — • Royal Danish Society of Science, Copenhagen. Transactions (Skrifter), Ser. 5, viii. parts 3 to 7, ix. part 1 ; Proceedings (Oversigt over Forhandlinger), 1868, n. 5, 6, 1869, n. 3, 4, 1870, n. 1. SWEDEK : — Royal Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. Voyage of the Frigate * Eugenie : ' Hymen op tera. •Li^y. PROC. — Session 1870-71. h 11 pkoceedings of the Russia : — Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Memoirs, Ser. 7, xiv. parts 8, 9, xv. parts 1 to 8 ; Bulletin, xiv. n. 4 to 6, xv. n. 1, 2. Entomological Society of Eussia, St. Petersburg. Horae, vi. n. 4. Imperial Society of Naturalists, Moscow. Bulletin, 1869, i. n. 1, 2, ii. n. 3, 4. University of Kazan. Proceedings and Scientific Papers or Me- moirs (Izvestia i Utchenia Zapiski), 1865-69. Germany : — Eoyal Academy of Sciences, Berlin. Proceedings (Monatsbericbte), 1870, February to May. Imperial Academy of Sciences, Vienna. Transactions (Denk- schiiften), xxix. Proceedings (Sitzungsberichte), Physical Division, lix. n. 4, 5, Ix. n. 1, 2 ; Natural-History Division, lix. n. 3 to 5, Ix. n. 1, 2. Minutes of Meetings (Anzeiger), 1870. Imperial and Eoyal Geological Institute of Yienna. Transactions (Abbandlimgen), iv. n. 9, 10; Journal (Jahrbucb), xix. n. 2, xx. n. 1 ; Proceedings (Yerhandlungen), 1869, n. 6 to 9, 1870, n. 1 to 5, Eoyal Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Munich. Proceedings (Sitzungsberichte), 1869, ii. n. 3, 4 ; 1870, i. n. 1 to 3. Natural History Society of Bremen. Transactions (Abhandlungen), ii. part 2. Physico-economical Society of Konigsberg. Memoirs (Schriften), viii. to X. (1867-69). Natural History Society of Hanover. Proceedings ( Jahresberichte), 1867-69. Natural-History Society of Ehenish Prussia, Bonn. Transactions (Yerhandlungen), xxvi. Nassau Society for Natural Sciences, "Wiesbaden. Journal (Jahr- biicher), xxi., xxii. Natural-History Society of Briinn. Transactions (Yerhandlungen), vii. Dutch Netherlands : — Dutch Society of Sciences, Haarlem. Archives Ncerlaudaises, v. n. 1 to 3. Netherlands Entomological Society, The Hague. Journal of Entomology, Index to the first series of eight years; 2nd ser., iv. parts 3 to 6, V. parts 1, 2. Society for the Flora of the Netherlands and th^ ir£iiijnarii»e possessions. Minutes of the Anniversary mee^gs, 186^^^)-* * it / Belgittm : — "^i^^^ ^f Nni"^' y Royal Academy of Sciences, Bnissels. Memoires cou?(SwSfo,-4ter^'' xxxiv. ; 8vo, xxi. Bulletin, xx\'ii., xxviii. ; Annuaire, 1870. Pe- riodical Phenomena, 1867-68. Royal Botanical Society of Belgium, Brussels. Bulletin, viii. n. 3, ix. n. 1. France : — Botanical Society of France. Bulletin, x^ii.; Comptes llendus, n. 1 ; Revue BibHographique, B. Entomological Society of France. Annals, Ser. 4, ix. parts 2 to 4. Society of Natural Sciences, Strasbourg. Memoirs, vi. part 2 ; BuHetin, 1869. Imperial Society of Natural Sciences, Cherbourg. Memoirs, xiv. Asia : — Society of Arts and Sciences, Batavia. Transactions (Verhande- lingen), xxxiii. ; Journal (Tijdschrift), xvi. parts 2 to 6, xvii., xviii. part 1 ; Proceedings (Notulen), iv. part 2, v., vi., vii. part 1 ; Cata- logues of the Numismatical and Ethnological portions of their Museum. Royal Natural-History Society of Dutch India, Batavia. Natural- History Journal of Dutch India (Tijdschrift), xxxi. 1 to 3. Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta. Journal, Ser. 2, xxxix. (1870) ; History &c., parts 1, 2 ; Physical Science, parts 1, 2. Indian Government. Forest- Reports for British Burmah, 1867- 68 ; for the province of Oudh, 1868-09. ArsrEALiA ; — Entomological Society of New South Wales, Sydney. Transac- tions, i. part 5. Adelaide Philosophical Society. Annual Report and Transactions, 1870. Sorrn Ameeica : — PubKc Museum of Buenos Ayres. Annals, ii. part 1. Society of Physical and Natural Sciences, Caraccas. Yargasia, B.7. 62 iv proceedings oe the North America : — Smithsonian Institute, Washington. Contributions to Knowledge, xvi. ; Miscellaneous Collections, viii., ix. ; Annual Report and Pro- ceedings of Board of Eegents for 1868. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Proceedings, 1869, parts 3, 4 ; American Journal of Conchology, v. parts 3, 4. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. Proceedings, xi. n. 82. American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston. Proceedings, viii. Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings, xii., xiii. Lyceum of Natural History, New York. Annals, ix. American Museum of Natural History, New York. First Annual Report. Essex Institute, Salem. Act of Incorporation, Historical Notice ; Bulletin, i. (1869) ; Proceedings, vi. part 1 ; Annual Report of the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science, 1869 ; American Naturalist, iii., iv. n. 1, 2. Portland Society of Natural History. Reports of the Commis- sioners of Fisheries of the State of Maine, 1867-69. Chicago Academy of Sciences. Transactions, i. part 2. British Dominion : — Natural-History Society of Montreal. Canadian Naturalist, v. part 1. Great Britain and Ireland : — Royal Society. Philosophical Transactions, clx. part 1 ; Pro- ceedings, xviii. n. 119 to 122. Clinical Society. Transactions, iii. Geological Society. Quarterly Journal, xxvi. parts 2, 3. Linnean Society. Transactions, xxvii. part 2. Journal, Zoology, X. n. 48, xi. n. 49 ; Botany, xi. n. 53 to 55. Medical and Chirurgical Society. Proceedings, vi. n. 6. Quekett Microscopical Club. Fifth Report ; Journal, ii. n. 11, 12. Royal Agricultural Society. Journal, Ser. 2, vi. part 2. Royal Geographical Society. Proceedings, xiv. n. 2 to 4. Royal Institution. Proceedings, v. n. 7, vi. n. 1, 2. Royal Microscopical Society. Monthly Microscopical Journal to Nov. 1870. Royal Irish Academy. Transactions, xxiv. ; Science, parts 9 to 14; Antiquities, part 8 ; Literature, part 4. Royal Dublin Society. Journal, v. n. 39. tlXNEAN SOCIETY OF lOXDOy. V Bath Natural-History aud Antiquarian Field-Club. Proceedings, ii. part 1. Eoyal Cornwall Polyteclinic Society. 37tli Annual Eeport. Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society. Annual Keport, 1869-70. Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society. Transactions, 1869-70, Natural-History Transactions of Northumberland and Durham, iii. part 2. Plymouth Institution, and Devon and Cornwall Natural-History Society. Transactions, iv. part 1. The Scientific Periodicals taken in by, or presented to, the Society are the same as those enumerated in last year's Eeports (Proceedings, p. v), with the exception of ' The Entomologist,' and with the foUowing additions : — Krdyer's Naturliistorisk Tidsskrift, continued by Prof. Schiodte, Presented by Prof. Schiodte (from the commencement of Ser. 3). Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano. Presented by the Editor. Nature, weekly. Presented by the Publishers. The following back parts of Transactions and Journals have been purchased : — Imperial Society of Naturalists of Moscow. Nouveaux Me'moires, ii., or viii. of the whole series (1832). Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris, Ser. 1, i. to ix. (1824-26), completing our set. Adansonia, Paris, 8vo, edited by H. Baillon, i. to viii. (1860-68). The Biological Papers contained in the above Transactions, Pro- ceedings, and Journals (excepting old volumes or parts analysed in the Boyal Society's Index), and the separate works added to the Library since the last Report, are as follows : — ■ (This analytical enumeration is continued according to the plan adopted last year, and explained in Proceedings, p. vi.) Mammalia axd General Zoology : — • A. Agassiz. Notes on Beaver-Dams. Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist. Vi PBOCEEDUfGS OF IHE J. A. Allen. Notes on the Mammak of Iowa. Proc. Bost. Soc. Xat. Hist. xiii. "W. Andrews. On Zipluus Soiverbyi, 1 plate. Trans. R. Irish Acad. xxiv. P. J. van Benedeu. On the Balcenoptera of the Northern Atlantic. Bull. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxrii. — On commensalism ia the animal kingdom. Ibid, xxviii. E. V. Beneden. Eesearches on the composition and signification of the Egg, 10 plates. Mem. cour. Acad. Sc. Bruss. 4to, xxxiv. \"ind-River Mountains. Amer. Naturalist, iii. "W. J. Hays. The Mule Deer, 1 plate. Amer. Naturalist, iii. C. K. Hoffmann and H. "Wcijenbergh, jun. On the place of C7ii~ romys in the natural method. Arch. Neerland. v. . R. J. Lee. On the organs of vision in the common Mole. Proc. R. Soc. xviii. — Masius and — Vauloir. Experimental researches on the ana- tomical and functional regeneration of the spinal marrow, 2 plates. Mem. cour. Acad. Sc. Bruss. 8vo, xxi. mflTEAN SOCIETT OP lOSDOX. vii W. Peters. The Cheiroptera of Sarawak. Xat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xsxi. E. A. Philippi. On Felis cohcolo, Molina, i plate. — On a supposed new Stag from CTuli. TViegm. Arehiv, xxxvi. L, Sabaneef. Preliminan- sketch of the vertebrate fauna of the central Oural. Bull. Soc, Imp. Xat. Mosc. 1869. C. M. Scannon. On Sea-Otters. Amer. Xaturalist, iv. P. L. Sclater. Xote on JElian's Wart-Hog. Ann. Xat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. L. Stieda. On the central nervous system in Yertebrata, 4 plates. Zeitschr. wissensch. Zool. xx. Okxithologt : — J. BorsenkoTV. On the development of the egg in the Fowl. 2 plates. BulL Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1S69. J. F. Brandt. Observations on Akidce. BuU. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersb. xiv. E. Cones. On variation in the genus u^iotJius. — On the classifi- cation of Vater-Bii-ds. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1S69.— Orni- thological Notes. Amer. Natiu-alLst, iii. — Op. a chick with super- numerary legs. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xiii. W. H. DaU and H. M. Bannister. List of the Birds of Alaska, with notes and descriptions. Trans. Chicago Acad. Sc. i. S. E. Dole. Synopsis of the Birds hitherto described from the Hawaian Islands. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. D. G. Elliot. A new Pheasant from China. — A new Humming- bird of the genus CJin/solamjjis. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. "W. E. Endicctt. Popular Oi-nithological Papers. Amer. Natura- list, iii. A. Ernst. Contributions to the ornithological fauna of Venezuela, 1 plate. Yai'gasia, n. 7. E. A. Eversmann. Natural histoiy of the Birds of the Orenbom-g district. Mem. Univ. Kazan, 1S66 to 1S6S, forming a separate volume, Svo, 621 pages. J. C. H. Fischer. Short Ornithological papers. Eroyer's Tidsskr. Ser. 3, iii. A. Fowler. Popular Ornithological papers. Amer. Naturalist, iii. — Godwin- Austen. List of Bii'ds obtained in the Eiasi and North Cachar hUls. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxLx. J. Gould, A [new species of Sdsura. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. VIU PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. Homeyer. Eemarks on A. Romer's list of the Birds of Nassau. Journ. Nassau Naturh. Yer. xxii. A. 0. Hume. Additional notes on Indian birds noticed by Mr. Blanford. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxix. G. Jaeger. On conditions of growth exemplified in Birds, woodcut. Zeitschr. wissensch. Zool. xx. H. Jouan. On the Jabirii of Australia. — On the fauna of New Zealand, chiefly birds. Mem. Soc. Imp. Sc. Nat. Cherbourg, xiv. G. N. Lawrence. List of a collection of Birds from northern Yucatan. — List of Birds from Puna Island, Gulf of Guayaquil. — • Characters of new South- American Birds. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, ix. T. H. Potts. Notes on the breeding-habits of New-Zealand Birds, 3 plates. Presented by the Author. H. Eeeks. Notes on the Birds of Newfoundland. Canad. Na- turalist, V. A. Schwab. The Avifauna of Mistek and its neighbourhood. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Briinn, vii. E. Selenka. On the morphology of the muscles of the shoulder in Birds. Archiv. Neerl. v. E. B. Sharpe. On a collection of Birds from China and Japan. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. H. Stevenson. The Birds of Norfolk, vol. 2. Presented by the Author. E. Swinhoe. Pour new Birds from China. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. Yiscount AValden. New Birds from Southern Asia. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, v. Ibis, vi. n. 23. Ichthyology : — C. C. Abbott. Freshwater Fishes of New Jersey. Amer. Natu- ralist, iii. — Baudelot. On the comparative anatomy of the encephalum of Fishes, 2 plates. Mem. Soc. Sc. Nat. Strasb. vi. — On the texture of the anterior lobes of the Stickleback, examined in ordinary and in distilled water. Bull. Soc. Sc. Nat. Strasb. 1869. A. Fee. On the lateral system of the pneumo-gastric nerve of Fishes, 4 plates. Mem. Soc. Sc. Nat. Strasb. vi. — Guichenot. Eevision of the genera Pagellus, Lithognaihus, and Calamus, Mem. Soc. Imp. Sc. Nat. Cherbourg, xiv. IiINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. IX E. Hensel. On the Yertebrata of S. Brazil : Fishes of the province of Eio Grande do Sul. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi. J. Hyrtl. On the blood-vessels of the outer opercula of the branchiae of Polyptenis Laivadei, Steind., 1 plate. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ix. S. Legouis. On the pancreas of osseous Fishes (from the Comptes Rendus). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, v. F. Poej. Review of the Fishes of Cuba belonging to the genus Trisotrojj'is. — Xotes on the hermaphroditism of Fishes. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, ix. J. C. Schiodte. On the development and position of the eye in Flat-fish, 1 plate. Kroy. Tidsskr. v. F. Steindachner. PoJypterus Lapradel and P. senegalus from Senegal, 2 plates. — Ichthyological notes, 2 papers, 15 plates. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Yienna, Ix. W. Wood. Ichthyological notes. Amer. Naturalist, iii. Reports of the Commissioners of Fisheries for the State of Maine, 1867, 1868, 1869. Presented by the Portland Soc. Nat. Hist. Reptiles and Batrachia : — D. van Bembeke. On the development of Pelohates fusms, 5 plates, Mem. couronn. R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, 4to, xxxiv. A. Preudhomme de Borre. On a young Dermatemys Mawli. — On a new American Alligator, 1 plate. Bull. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxviii. E. D. Cope. Seventh contribution to the Herpetology of Tropical America, 3 plates. Proc. Amer. PhU. Soc. Pliiladelphia, xi. J. E. Gray. Phelsimia c/randis, a new Night-Lizard from Mada- gascar.— Testudo chihnsis, a new Chilian Tortoise. Ann. Nat Hist. Ser. 4, vi. A. B. Meyer. On the venom-apparatus of Snakes, more especially of CaUo])lm intestinalis and hivirgatus. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xxxi., and Wiegm. Archiv, xxxv, W. C. H. Peters. On the African Monitors. — Contributions to the Herpetological fauna of S. Africa, 1 plate. — On PJatemys tuberosa. a new Tortoise from British Guiana. Proc. (Monatsb.) R. Acad. Sc. Berhn, 1870. F. Stoliczka. On Indian and Malayan Amphibia and ReptOes, 4 plates. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxix. ; abstracted in Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. X PKOCEEDIK^GS OF THE MonuscA : — A. Adams. On some proboscidiferous Gasteropods of the seas of Japan. Ann. IS'at. Hist. Ser. 4, v. — On some genera and species of gasteropodons Mollusca collected by Mr. M'Andrew in the Gulf of Suez. Ibid. vi. E. Bergh. Contributions to a monograph of PleurophyUidia, 9 plates. — On the anatomy of the Phyllidia, 11 plates. Kroy. Tidsskr. Ser. 3, iv. W. G. Binney. Bibliography of North-American Conchology, part 2. Smiths. Misc. CoU. ix. "W. G. Binney and T. Bland. Notes on the lingual dentition of Mollusca. — Note on Vivijpara lineata. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, ix. — Land and freshwater shells of Nortli America, part 1, numerous woodcuts. Smiths. Misc. Coll. viii. T. Bland. Additional notes on the geographical distribution of land-shells in the West Indies. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, ix. W. T. Blanford. Contributions to Indian Malacology, continued. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1870.— On Georissa, Acmella, Iricula, and CyatTiopoma milium. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. Marq. L. de Fohn. On the classification of the shells of the family of Chemnitzidse. Presented by the Author. J. C. Galton. Anatomy of the Eiver-Mussel, 1 plate. Pop. So. Review, ix. H. H. Godwin- Austen. Descriptions of new Dij^hmmatincv from the Khasia Hills, 1 plate. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1870. A. A. Gould. Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts : Mollusca, 27 plates and numerous woodcuts. Presented by the Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, on behalf of the Commonwealth of Massa- chusetts. E. C. Greenleaf. On the double plate of Atdacodiscus orerfcinus. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. "W. Houghton. On two Land-Planarise from Borneo, woodcuts. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. J. G. Jeffreys. British Conchology, 5 vols., 1862-1869. Pur- chased. . Norwegian Mollusca. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, v. — Medi- terranean Mollusca. Ibid. vi. W. King. Histology of the testa of the class PalHobranchiata, 1 plate. Trans. E. Irish Acad. xxiv. A. Macalister. On the mode of growth of discoid and turbinated shells. Proc. Eoy. Soc. xviii. LI>'>'EA>' SOCIETY OF LO^DOy. XI TV". Meigen. On the hydrostatic apparatus of Nautilus pompilius. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi. E. S. Moore. A new -4cfuio?)o7H5, woodcut. Rep. Trust. Pcabody Acad. Sc. 1869. — Salt- and freshwater Clams, 1 plate ; and other Malacological papers. Amer. Naturalist, iii. G. H. Perkins. Molluscan fauna of New Haven. Proc. Post. Soc. Nat. Hist. xiii. T. Prime. On the names applied to Pisidium, a genus of Cor- bicularidae, with notes on species, woodcuts. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, ix, E. Eattray. On the anatomy, physiology, and distribution of Firolida?. Trans. Linn, Soc. xxvii. L. Eeeve. Conchologia Iconica, parts 282, 283. Purchased. E. E. C. Stearns. On a new Pedipes from Tampa Bay. Proc. Post. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. D. Zernoff. On the organs of smell in Cephalopods, 2 plates. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 18G9, i. Journal de Conchyliologie, Ser. 3, x. n. 3. — Malakozoologische Blatter, to July 1870. — American Journal of Conchology, v. parts 3,4. See also papers on Deep-Sea Dredgings, under Lower Akimals. CursTACEA AND Aeachs-ida : — E. V. Beneden. On the embryogeny of Crustacea, 2 plates. Bull. E. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxviii. V. Bergsoe. Philichthys Xipliice, 1 plate. — On the Italian Taran- tula. Kroy. Tidsskr. Ser. 3, iii. V. Bergsoe and F. Meinert. The Geopliila of Denmark. Kroy. Tidsskr. Ser. 3, iv. P. Bertkau. On the structure and functions of the upper jaw in Spiders, 1 plate. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi. G. S. Brady. Notes on Eutomostraca taken in Northumberland and Durham, 3 plates. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. iii. G. S. Brady and D. Eobertson. The Ostracoda and Foraminifera of tidal rivers, 2 parts, 7 plates. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. — Chantran. On the natural historj; of Crayfish (from the Comptcs Eendus). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. A. Dohrn. A new form of NaKjiUus gigas^ 2 plates. — On Mala- costraca and thek larvae, 3 plates. Zeitschr. wissensch. Zool. xx. E. D. Cope. On some new or Httle-known Myriapoda from the Southern Alleghanies. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. XU PEOCEBDINGS OF THE 0. Grimm. Embryology of PJithiriiis pubis, 1 plate, BuU. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, xiv. J. Lubbock. On Tliysanura, part iv. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. J. A. Herklots. Two new genera of Crustacea, EpicWiys and Iclithyoxenos, 1 plate. Archiv. Neerl. v. H. Kroyer. Contributions to the knowledge of Entomostraca, 18 plates. Kroy. Tidsskr. Ser. 3, ii. S. J. M'Intyre. The Pencil-tail, Polyxenus layiirus, 1 plate. Journ. Quek. Microsc. Club, ii. E. Meinert. Campodeoe, a family of Thysanura, 1 plate. Kroy. Tidsskr. Ser. 3, ii. — The Chilognatha of Denmark ; The Scolopendra and Lithobia of Denmark. Ibid. v. It. E. Mueller. The Cladocera of Denmark, 6 plates. — On the propagation of Cladocera, 1 plate. Kroy. Tidsskr. Ser. 3, v. M. F. Plateau. On the freshwater Crustacea of Belgium, 1 plate. Mem. cour. R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, 4to, xxxiv. J. C. Schiodte. The sucking-mouth of Crustacea, 2 plates. Kroy. Tidsskr. Ser. 3, iv. S. J. Smith. New or little-known American cancroid Crustacea. Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. J. Steenstrup. On Lesteira, Silenium, and Pegesimallus, three genera of Crustacea estabKshed by Kroyer, 1 plate. Proc. R. Dan. Soc. Sc. 1869. A. E. Verrill. Popularnotes on Crustacea. A mer. Naturalist, iii. E. P. Wright. New Sicilian Spiders, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, V. EXTOMOLOGY : E. Ballion. Remarks on some species of the ' Catalogus Coleo- pterorum ' of Dr. Gemmingen and B. v. Harold. — On Tentliredo fiavicornis and T. luticornis. BuU. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869. M. V. Bell. List of Coleoptera hitherto found in the neighbour- hood of Jaroslaw. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869. Dr. Bessels. Note on the development of Acaridse. BuU. R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxvii. P. Butschli. On the development of Bees, 4 plates. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. XX. A. Chapman. Pacts towards a life-history of RMjjiijliorus para- doxus, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. M. Chaudoir. Monographical essay on the genus Abacetus, Dej. BuU. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869. LDfNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. XIU — Cornelius. On Zahrus gibhus, Fabr., and its larvte. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soo. Rhen. Pruss. xxvi. E. T. Cressou. On Mexican Pompilidte. Proc. Best. See. Nat. Hist. xii. N. Erschoff. Notes on some Lepidoptera of Eastern Siberia. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869. A. Fuchs. Enumeration of the Butterflies of the neighbourhood of Oberursel. Journ. Nassau Soc. Nat. Sc. Jahrg. xxi., xxii. A. Gerstiicker. Orthoptera and Neuroptera of Zanzibar. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxv. A. Gaertner. On Coleophora albifuscella, ZeU., and 0. leucopen^ nella, Hiibn. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869. R. Grentzenberg. The Macrolepidoptera of the province of Prussia. Mem. Phys. Ecou. Soc. Konigsberg, x. 0. Grimm. On the asexual reproduction of a species of Chiro- nomus, and its development from an unfertilized egg, 3 plates. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersb. xv. A. E. Holmgren. Hymenoptera of the voyage of the frigate ' Eugenie,' 2 plates. Presented by the Roy. Acad. Sc. Stockholm. J. H. Kaltenbach. The German phytophagous Insects. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Rhen. Pruss. xxvi. "W. J. Kirby. On the generic nomenclature of Diurnal Lepido- ptera. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. x. C. L. Kirschbaum. The Cicadinae of the neighbourhood of Wiesbaden. Journ. Nass. Soc. Nat. Sc. xxi., xxii. — Landois. On the sounds emitted by Insects. — On a new American Silkworm, Saturnia Cecroina. Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Rhen. Pruss. xxvi. J. L. Leconte. Synonymical notes on North- American Coleoptera. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. De Selys Longchamps. Additions to the synopsis of Caloptery- ginoe. Bull. R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxvii. — Additions to the synopsis of Gomphinae. Ibid, xxviii. F. Meinert. The Danish species of Forjlcida, 1 plate. Xroy. Tidsskr. Ser. 3, ii. — On the larvae of Miastor, 3 plates. Ibid. iii. — On double sperm-vessels in Insects, 1 plate. Ibid. v. N. Melnikow. On the embryonal development of Insects, 4 plates. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxv. CS.Minot. American Lepidoptera. Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist. xiii. V. Motchoulsky. Enumeration and descriptions of new Coleo- ptera. BuU. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869. XIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Murray. On Coleoptera from Old Calabar. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, V. — List of Coleoptera received from Old Calabar, 2 plates. — Note on the egg of Rhipipliorus paradoxus. — History of the Wasp and Rhipijpliorus paradoxus (concluded), 1 plate. Ibid. vi. — On the geographical relations of the chief Coleopterous Faunae. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xi. E. Norton. Descriptions of Mexican Ants, woodcuts. Proc. Essex Inst. Salem, vi. E. Osten-Sacken. Monographs of Diptera of N. America, part 4, 4 plates. Smithson. Misc. Coll. viii. A. S. Packard, jun. On Insects inhabiting salt water, woodcuts. Proc. Essex Inst. Salem, vi. — List of hymenopterous and lepidopte- rous Insects collected by the Smithsonian Expedition to S. America. Ann. Eep. Trust. Peabody Acad. 1869. — Various popular entomolo- gical papers. Amer. Naturalist, iii. A. S. Packard, jun., and others. Record of American Entomo- logy for the year 1868. Presented by the Essex Institute, Salem. E. P. Paseoe. On Curculionidse (continued), 2 plates. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. x. J. E. Planchon and J. Lichtenstein. On PliyUoxerus or the Vine- disease, three papers. Presented by the Authors. A. S. Pitchie. Why are Insects attracted by artificial Hghts? Canad. Naturalist, v. C. Eitsema. On the origin and development of Periphyllus Testvdo. Arch. Neerl. v. ; Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. C. T. Eobinson. Lepidopterological Miscellanies, two papers, 1 plate. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, ix. A. Schenck. Description of the Bees of Nassau, 2nd Supplement. Journ. Nass. Soc. Nat. Sc. xxi., xxii. J. C. Schiodte. The Cerambyces of Denmark. Kroy. Tidsskr. Ser. 3, ii. — Observations on the metamorphoses of Eleutherata, 24 plates. Ibid, iii., iv., and vi. — The Buprestes and Elatera of Den- mark, 1 plate, and various short Entomological Papers. Ibid. iii. — Supplement to the Cerambyces, Buprestes, and Elatera of Denmark. Ibid. V. — On the Cimices living in Denmark. Ibid. vi. — On the morphology and classification of Ehynchota. Ibid. vi. ; Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. S. H. Scudder. Preliminary list of the Butterflies of Iowa. Trans. Chicago Acad. Sc. i. — Notices of Orthoptera collected by Prof. J. Orton in Ecuador and Brazil. — On the gigantic lobe-crested Grass- hoppers of South and Central America. — Eeport on Diurnal Lepido- UNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. Wf ptera collected iu Alaska in Lieut. Ball's Expedition. — On a new Cave-Insect from Xew Zealand. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. — On the larva and chrysalis of Pajjilio Itutuh(s. Ibid. xiii. — Cata- logue of Orthoptera of N. America described previous to 1867. Smithsou. Misc. CoU. viii. H. Shimer. Insects injurious to the Potato, woodcuts. Amer. Naturalist, iii. S. Solsky. Coleoptera of Eastern Russia. — The Staphylina of S. America and Mexico, n. 2. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869. Y. Strom. The Danish species of Orygia. Kroy. Tidsskr. Ser. 3, iii. — Synopsis of the Butterflies of Denmark. Ibid. iv. R. Trimen. On the occurrence of Astraptor illuminator, Murr., or a closely allied insect, near Buenos Ayres. 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Loew. Contributions to the history of the development of Penicillium, 3 plates. Pringsh. Jahrb. vii. L. Meyer. The Mosses of the neighbourhood of Hanover, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Hanover, 1867-69. S. Miklos. Az Erjedes es as iy Gomba-elmelet. Pamphlet, pre- sented by the Aiithor. J. Mnde. Supplementary notes on Asplenium and allied genera. — On Dicranodontium and its allies. Bot. Zeit. 1 870. A. Millardet. On CoUemacese, 3 plates. — On the germination of the zygospores in the genera Closterium and Staurastrum, and on a new genus oiAlgce cJilorosporece, 1 plate. Mem. Soc. Sc. Nat. Cherbomrg, vi. J. Mueller Arg. New Lichens. — Lichens of La Tournette and Pic Romand. Flora, 1870. Th. Nitschke. Outlines of a system of Pyrenomycetse. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Rhen. Prussia, xxvi. XXIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE G. de Notaris and F. Baglietto. Erbario Crittogamico Italiano, Ser. 2. — Enumeration of species and descriptions of new ones. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. ii. L. Pire. Revision of Belgian Acrocarpic Mosses. Bull. Soe. R. Bot. Belg. viii. N. Pringsheim. Further explanations on the result of his obser- vations on the pairing of zoospores. Bot. Zeit. 1870. L. Eeinhard. On the species of Oharacium found in the neigh- bourhood of Charkow, 1 plate. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mose. 1869. S. Bosanoff. On the influence of terrestrial attraction on the direction of the plasmodia in Myxomycetes, 1 plate. Mem. Soc. Imp. Sc. Nat. Cherbourg, xiv. J. Schumann. Supplement to Prussian Diatoms, 4 plates. Mem. Phys. Econ. Soc. Konigsberg, viii. and x. D. V. Shelesnow. On the occurrence of the "White Trufile in the neighbourhood of Moscow. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869. W. G. Smith. Clavis Agaricinorum. Presented by the Author. J. Walz. Contributions to the knowledge of Saprolegniese. Bot. Zeit. 1870. H. C. Wood. Descriptions of new Desmids. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1869. — Prodromus of a study of the freshwater Algae of eastern North America. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Philadelphia, xi. Paleontology : — T. Atthey. On the occurrence of palatal teeth of a CUmatodus in the low-main shale of Newsham. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. Darh. iii. A. BeU. New or little-known shells &c. of the crag formations. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. P. J. van Beneden. On a new Palcedaphus from the Devonian. Bull. Acad. R. Sc. Brussels, xxvii. G. Berendt. Supplement to the marine diluvial fauna of West Prussia, 1 plate. Mem. Phys. Econ, Soc. Konigsb. viii. A. Preudhomme de Borre. On some Chelonian remains from the tertiary deposits of the neighbourhood of Brussels. Bull. Acad. R. Sc. Brussels, xxvii. J. F. Brandt. On the hair of Rhinoceros tichorliinus. Bull. Acad. Imp. Sc. Petersb. xiv. — Further researches on the remains of Mam- mifers found in the caves of the Altai. Ibid. xv. A. Briart and F. L. Cornet. On the fossils of the Metile de Bracquegnies, 8 plates. Mem. cour. R. Acad. Sc. Bruss. 4to, xxxiv. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXV G. Burmeister. Monograph of Glyptodons of the public Museum of Buenos Ayres, 12 plates. Mus. Publ. Buenos Ayres, ii. E. D. Cope. Descriptions of extinct Fishes. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. — Synopsis of extinct Mammalia of the cave formations of the United States, 3 plates.— Second addition to the history of the Fishes of the cretaceous of the United States. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Philadelphia, xi.— Fossil Eeptiles of New Jersey. Amer. Naturalist, iii. Principal Dawson. On the primitive vegetation of the earth. Proc. Roy. Instit. vi. — V. Duisburg. Contributions to the Amber-fauna. Mem. R. Phys. Econ. Soc. Kouigsberg, ix. C. G. Ehrenberg. On the Bacillaria-'banks of the Californian Highlands. Proc. R. Acad. Sc. Berlin (Monatsber.), 1870. C. V. Ettingshausen. The fossil Flora of the tertiary basin of Bilin, part 3, 16 plates. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, xxix. — Con- tributions to the tertiary flora of Styria, 6 plates, Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ix. H. H. Godwin-Austen. Descriptions of new Diphmmatina from the Khasia hills, 1 plate. Joum. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1870. J. E. Gray. On the skeleton of Dioplodon sechellensis, woodcut. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. A. Hancock and T. Atthey. Description of a Labyrinthodont Amphibian from the coal-shale of Newsham, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. — A new Labyrinthodont Amphibian. — On Anthra- cosaurus. — On fossil Fungi. — On Climaxodon and Janassa, 1 plate. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. iii. A. Hancook and R. Howse. On Janassa bituminosa, 2 plates. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. Durh. iii. F. Kitton. Diatomaceous deposits from Jutland, 3 plates. Journ Quek. Microsc. Club, ii. L. de Koninck. On some remarkable palaeozoic Echinoderms. BuU. Acad. R. Sc. Brussels, xxviii. G. C. Laube. On the Echinoderms of the tertiary formation of the Vieentine, 7 plates. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, xxix. A. Manzoni. Italian fossil Bryozoa, 2 plates. Proc. Imp. Acad, Sc. Vienna, lix. A. Milne -Edwards. On the ornithological fauna of the Bour- bonnais during the middle tertiary period (from Comptes Rendus). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, v. C. Moore. On the mammalia and other remains from the LINN. PEOC. — Session 1870-71. d XXVI PROCEEBINGS OF THE drift deposit in the Bath basin. Proc. Bath Nat. Hist. Field- Club, ii. H. A. Nicholson. On the genus Climacograiysus, with notes on the British species, woodcuts. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. R. Owen. On the remains of a large extinct Llama from quater- nary deposits in the valley of Mexico, 4 plates. — On the molar teeth of the lower jaw of Macrauchenia ixitachonica, 1 jjlate. Phil. Trans, R. Soc. clx. C. F. Peters. The vertebrata in the miocene strata of Eibiswald in Styria : 1. Tortoises, 3 plates and 1 woodcut ; 2. AmpJiicyon, Viverva, and Hyotlierium, 3 plates. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, xxix. A. E. Reuss. Palaeontological studies on the older tertiary strata of the Alps, 20 plates. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, xxix. — The fossil Mollusca of the tertiary basin of Vienna, 18 plates. Trans. Geol. Inst. Vienna, iv. — On the fossil fauna of the Oligocene strata of Gaas, 6 plates. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc, Vienna, Hx. T. Rupert .Fones. On ancient Water-fleas of the ostracodous and phyUopodous tribes, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. iv. W. P. Schimper. Traite de Paleontologie vegetale, vol. ii., 20 plates. Presented by the Author. C. Schliiter. Fossil Echinoderms of North Germany. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Rhen. Pruss. xxvi. H. G. Seeley. Remarks on Prof. Owen's monograph of Dhnor- phodon, woodcuts. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. F. Toula. Some fossils of the coal-chalk of Bolivia, 1 plate. Proc. R. Acad. Sc. Vienna, lix. F. Unger. The fossil flora of Radobaj, 5 plates. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, xxix. J. Wright. On the teeth of the Ballan Wrasse, 1 plate. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. iii. E. G. Zaddack. On the amber of West Prussia and Pomerania, 1 plate. Mem. Phys. Econ. Soc. Konigsberg, x. Geological Society. Quarterly Journal, xxvi. — Geological Magazine, Miscellaneous : — L. Agassiz. Address on the Humboldtian Anniversary. Presented by the Boston Society of Natural History. R. Andreini. Anthropology, pamphlet, 4to : Algiers, 1870. Pre- sented by Mr. Darwin . LINNEAN SOCIETY 01*' LONDON. XXVll H. C. Bastian. Facts and reasonings concerning the heterogenous evolution of living things. Nature, ii. H. Cleghorn. Anniversary Address to the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 1869-70. Presented by the Author. W. A. Focke. The popular names of plants in the region of the lower Weser and the Ems. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bremen, ii. Forest Reports. British Burmah, 1867-68. — Province of Oudh, 1868-69. Presented by the Indian Government. L. Hapke. The popular names of animals in N.W. Germany. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bremen, iii. T. F. Hayden. Report of the United States Geological Survey of Colorado and New Mexico. — Geological Report of the exploration of Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers. Presented by the Author. L. Jenyns. Anniversary Address of the President of the Bath Natural-History Society, 1870. Presented by the Author. M. Johnson. Remarks on Dr. Bastian's papers on spontaneous generation. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. iv. Baron v. Liebig. On fermentation and the source of muscular power. Proc. R. Bav. Acad. Sc. Munich, 1869. H. Mueller. On the application of the Darwinian theory to flowers and flower-seeking insects. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Rhen. Pruss. xxvi. F. P. Porcher. Resources of the southern fields and forests, with a Medical Botany of the Southern States, 1869. Presented by the Author. R. Pulteney. Various MSS., chiefly on the botany of the neigh- bourhood of Loughborough. Presented by Dr. Hicks. Revue des Cours Scientifiques. Translation of the Anniversary Address of the President of the Linnean Society, 1870. Presented by the Editors. Samuel, Brothers. Wool and woollen manufactories of Great Britain. Presented by the Authors. — Voit. On the difi'erence between animal and vegetable nutrition. Proc. R. Acad. Sc. Munich, 1869. F, Wakefield. The Gardener's Chronicle for New Zealand. Pre- sented by the Author. The following papers were read : — 1. " Notes on a SoKtary Bee allied to the Genus Anthidium, Latr.," by J. P. Mansel Weale, Esq., B.A. XXVlll PROCEEDINGS OP THE 2. " Notes on some Species of Hahenaria found in South Africa," by the same. 3. " Notes on a Species of Disperis found in the Hagaberg, South Africa," by the same. 4. " Some Observations on the Fertilization of Disa macrantha," by the same. 5. " Some Observations on the mode in which certain Species of Asclepiadece are Fertilized," by the same. All communicated by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.R. & L.S. November 17th, 1870. Joseph D. Hooker, M.D., Vice-President, in the Chair. The follomng papers were read : — 1. " Contributions to the Natural History of the Passijloracece," by Maxwell T. Masters, M.D., F.R. and L.S. 2. " Notes on the White-beaked Bottle-nose {Lagenorhynclms albirostris, Gray)," by James Murie, M.D., F.L.S., late Prosector to the Zoological Society. December 1st, 1870. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. George King, M.B., the Eev. Frederick Silver, and Francis Lesiter Soper were elected Fellows. The following papers were read : — 1. " Supplementary note on Chinese Silkworm- Oaks,"^ by Henry Fletcher Hance, Ph.D., &c. 2. " On the source of the ' Eadix Galangse minoris ' of Pharma- cologists," by the same. Both communicated by the President. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXIX December 15th, 1870. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. James Cosmo Melvill, Jun., Esq., was elected a Fellow. Mr. Daniel Hanbury, F.L.S., exhibited fresh fruits of Tliladiantha dvhia, Bunge, a Cucurbitaceous plant from Northern China, ripened in the open air at Clapham, in November last. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. "On SabadOla from Caracas (Asagrcea officinalis, Lindl.)," by M. A. Ernst, of Caracas. Communicated by J. D. Hooker, M.D., V.P.L.S., &c. 2. A letter, dated Sierra Nevada, California, Oct. 28, 1870, from William Eobinson, F.L.S., to Dr. Hooker, on the Californian Pitcher- plant (Darlhigtonia calif ornica, Torrey). 3. " Carnivorous and Insectivorous Plants," by Mrs. Barber. Com- mimicated by Dr. Hooker. At a Meeting subsequently held, and which had been specially summoned for the Election of a Member of Council in place of Thomas Anderson, M.D., deceased, John Lindsay Stewart, M.D., was elected into the Council in his stead. January 19th, 1871. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Louis Bemays, Esq., the Rev. Arthur Eaggett Cole, M.A., George Curling Joad, Esq., Thomas Kirk, Esq., Dr. S. E. MaunseU, E.A., and Eoland Trimen, Esq., were elected Fellows. Mr. T. B. Flower, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of Caucalis latifolia, gathered by him in corn-fields, near Keynsham, Gloucestershire. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " Historical Notes on the Radix Galawja of Pharmacy," by Daniel Hanbury, Esq., F.E. & L.S. LINN. nioc. — Session 1870-71. e XXX PKOCEEDINGS OF THE 2. Letter from Mr. Atkin to Dr. Hooker on the vegetation of the Solomon Islands. 3. "Note on the genus Byrsanihus, GuiU., and its floral con- formation," by Maxwell T. Masters, M.D., F.R. & L.S. Eead, also, a letter from Baron Hochschild, the Swedish Minister, announcing, on the part of Mr, Oscar Dickson, of Gothenburg, the donation of documents relating to Linnseus's discovery of a mode of producing artificial Pearls ; and also transmitting, for the inspection of the Fellows, a photographic Album " In Memoriam Caroli a Linne," recently published in Sweden. February 2nd, 1871. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Charles Whitehead, Esq., was elected a FeUow. Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S., exhibited fruit-bearing specimens, preserved in fltiid, of the India-rubber plant of Tropical Africa {Landoljphia jlonda, Benth. ?), collected on the Congo River by Dr. Hilliard, and sent to the Royal Gardens, Kew, by Messrs. Sinclair and Hamilton ; also, two flowering specimens from the Kew Herbarium, collected by the late Mr. Barter during the Niger Expedition. The following paper was read, viz. : — '• Natural History of Deep-sea Soundings (2800 fathoms) between Galle and Java," by Capt. William Chimmo, of H.M.S. 'Nassau.' Communicated by Dr. Carpenter, F.L.S. &c. February 16th, 1871. George Busk, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair. Dr. Hooker, on behalf of the following Subscribers, presented to the Society a portrait, in oil, of the President, painted by Lowes Dickinson, Esq. ; and the Chairman, on the part of the Fellows of the Society, expressed their sense of obligation to the Subscribers. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXI and the gratification which he was sure would be generally felt at the reception of a portrait of one who had laboured so earnestly, and for so many years, to further, in every way, the interests of the Society. Dr. T. Anderson (the late). Edward Atkinson, Esq. Prof. C. C. Babington. Rev. Churchill Babington. A. H. Barford, Esq. J. J. Bennett, Esq. Prof. Bentley. Eev. M. J. Berkeley. John Blackwall, Esq. Dr. Bowerbank. Dr. Boycott. Sir H. J. J. Brydges, Bart. WiUiam Bull, Esq. Sir C. Bunbury, Bart. George Busk, Esq. Dr. Campbell. Henry CoUinson, Esq. E. W. Cooke, Esq. Rev. T. Cornthwaite. Wniiam Coulson, Esq. Charles Darwin, Esq. J. W. Dunning, Esq. Dr. Eatwell. M. P. Edgeworth, Esq. Thomas B. Flower, Esq. W. H. Flower, Esq. John Forster, Esq. WiUiam Francis, Esq. D. J. French, Esq. C. H. Gatty, Esq. Dr. J. E. Gray. Arthur Grote, Esq. Daniel Hanbury, Esq. Rev. H. Hawkes. I. Anderson Hemy, Esq. Robert Hogg, LL.D. Dr. Hooker. Robert Hudson, Esq. Prof. Huxley. Richard Kippist. J. Sutherland Law, Esq. Prof. M. A. Lawson. Henry Lee, Esq. Sir J. Lubbock, Bart. Sir C. Lyell, Bart. Rev. R. W. M«AU. Robert MacLachlan, Esq. George MacLeay, Esq. William Matchwick, Esq. John Miers, Esq. J. Traheme Moggridge, Esq. Major-General Munro. Sir R. I. Murchison, Bart. Prof. Oliver. F. P. Pascoe, Esq. Algernon Peckover, Esq. Dr. Prior. Henry Reeks, Esq. F. C. S. Roper, Esq. H. C. Rothery, Esq. W. F. Saunders, Esq. W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. Samuel Saywell, Esq. H. T. Stainton, Esq. Dr. J. L. Stewart. Andrew Swanzy, Esq. H. Fox Talbot, Esq. Dr. Thomas Thomson. Dr. Thwaites. John Yan Voorst, Esq. H. J. Veitch, Esq. J. G. Veitch, Esq. (the late). Dr. G. C. Wallich. James Yates, Esq. e2 XX.K.U PROCEEDINGS OF THE The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. "Bryological Remarks," by S. 0. Lindberg, M.D, 2. " Notes on the TremeUineous Fungi and their Analogues," by L. R. Tulasne, F.M.L.S., and C. Tulasne. March 2nd, 1871. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " On the Tamil popular names of plants," by the Rev. Samuel Mateer, F.L.S. 2. *' Contributions towards a knowledge of the Curculionidce, part 2," by Francis P. Pascoe, Esq., F.L.S. March 16th, 1871. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Lieut.-Colonel James Augustus Grant, C.B., C.S.I., &c., was elected a Fellow. The President exhibited specimens of Cwpania cinerea, Poeppig, collected by Mr. Spruce in Peru, with the observation that '' the embryos fall out of the seeds ; while the latter, with their aril, contained in the burst capsule, still remain on." Dr. Seemann, F.L.S., exhibited a beetle, allied to Dynastes and supposed to be the largest Coleopterous insect of America. This, the only specimen found, though much search had been made for others, was obtained from the Chontales mountains of Nicaragua, The following communications were read, viz. : — 1. Extract of a letter from General Munro, C.B., to Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S., dated H.M.S. 'Royal Alfred,' Caribbean Sea, February 21, 1871, and containing notes on the botany of Antigua, Trinidad, St. Vincent's (with its extinct volcano Souffriere), and other West- India Islands. 2, A letter from Henry Reeks, Esq., F.L.S., on the varieties of Aspidinm ocuhatum and angulare. The letter was accompanied by a series of specimens, all gathered at East Woodhay, near Newbury. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXUl 3. " Notes on Capparis galeata, Fresen., and C. Murmyi, J. Gra- ham," by N. A. Dalzell, Esq. Communicated by Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S. &c. AprH 6th, 1871. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. "Notes on the Styles of Australian Proteacece,'^ by George Eentham, Esq., F.R.S., Pres. L.S. 2. "On the Generic Nomenclatuxe of Lepidoptera,^^ by G. R. Crotch, M.A., Assistant Librarian in the University of Cambridge. Communicated by Alfred Newton, Esq., F.R. & L.S. April 20th, 1871. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Adolphus Frederick Haselden, Esq., "William Hatchett Jackson, Esq., and Albert Miiller, Esq., were elected Fellows. The following communications were read, viz. : — • 1. " Notes on a paper, by Mr. Andrew Murray, F.L.S., on the Geographical Eolations of the chief Coleopterous Faunae,'' by Roland Trimen, Esq., F.L.S., F.Z.S., M.E.S. 2. Extract of a letter from Mr. Murray, on the relations between the Fauna and Flora of South Africa and the Mediterranean element of the European region. May 4th, 1871. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Professor Oswald Heer, of Zurich, was elected a Foreign Member. Mr. F. P. Balkwill, F.L.S., exhibited a specimen of Floral Proli- fication in Jasione montana, found at Borisand, near Plymouth. XXXIV rROCEEDINGS OP THE The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " The phenomena of Protective Mimicry, and its bearing on the theory of Natural Selection, as illustrated by the Lepidoptera of the British Islands," by Raphael Meldola, F.C.S. Communicated by A. G. Butler, Esq., F.L.S. 2. " An attempt towards a Systematic Classification of the family Ascalaphidce," by Robert MacLachlan, Esq., F.L.S. May 24th, 1871. Anniversary Meeting, George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. This day, the Anniversary of the Birth of Linnaeus, and the day appointed by the Charter for the Election of Council and Officers, the President opened the business of the Meeting with the following Address : — Gentlemen, — Having now for the tenth time the honour of addressing you from this Chair on the occasion of your annual gathering, it has been my wish to lay before you a general sketch of the progress making in Systematic Biology, the foundation upon which must rest the theo- retical and speculative as well as the practical branches of the science, to report upon the efforts made further to investigate, esta- blish, and extend that foundation, and to convert the numerous quicksands with which it is beset into solid rock. This subject formed the chief portion of my Address of 1862, and again of those of 1866 and 1868 ; but on the present occasion I have had some difficulties to contend with. Mr. Dallas, to whose kindness I owed the zoological notes I required, has now duties which fully absorb his time ; and I have been obliged to apply to foreign correspondents, as well as to my zoological friends at home, for the necessary in- formation. They have one and aU responded to my call with a readiness for which I cannot too heartily express my thanks * ; and * The gentlemen to whom I am more especially indebted for the useful memoranda they have transmitted to me are : — Dr. Liitken, through Dr. Lange of Copenhagen, for Denmark ; Dr. Andersson and his zoological colleagues at Stockholm for the Scandinavian peninsula ; M. Trautvetter, and through him LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOIfDO>\ XXXV if there is some diversity in the extent and nature of the information I have received from different countries, which may prevent any very correct estimate of the comparative progress made in them, it is owing to the questions which I put having heen stated too gene- rally, and, though sent in the same words to my various correspon- dents, having been differently understood by them. In such a review, however, as I am able to prepare, I propose chiefly to con- sider the relative progress made by zoologists and botanists in the methods pursued and the results obtained, — in the first place as to general works common to all countries, and, secondly, as to those which are more particularly worked out in, or more specially relate to, each of the principal states or nations where biological science is pursued, prefacing this review by a few general remarks supplemen- tary to those I laid before you in my first Addi-ess in 1862. Since that time systematic biology has to a certain degree been cast into the background by the great impulse given to the more speculative branches of the science by the promulgation of the Darwinian theories. The great thunderbolt had, indeed, been launched, but had not yet produced its full effect. "We systematists, bred up in the doctrine of the fixed immutability of species within positive limits, who had always thought it one great object to ascer- tain what those limits were and by what means species, in their never- ending variations and constant attempts to overstep those limits, were invariably checked and thrown back within their own domain, we might at first have felt disposed to resist the revolutionary tendency of the new doctrines ; but we felt shaken and puzzled. The wide field opened for the exercise of speculative tendencies was soon overrun by numerous aspirants, a cry of contempt was raised against museum zoologists and herbarium botanists, and nothing was allowed to be scientific which was not theoretical or microscopical. But this has been carried, in some instances, too far. If facts without deductions are of little avaU, assumptions without facts are worse than useless. TTieorists in their disputes must bring forth the M. von Schrenk of St. Petersburg, for Russia ; Professor Troschel of Bonn for Central Europe ; M. Alois Humbert, through M. de Candolle, for Switzerland ; Sign. d'Achiardi on the part of Dr. Adolfo Savi, who was in attendance at his father's deathbed, for Italy ; M. Decaisne and his zoological colleagues at the Jardin des Plantes (who, in the midst of their severe tribulations, kindly answered my queries during the short interval between the two sieges) for France ; Professor Verrill, through Professor A. Gray, for the United States ; and at home I have most cordially to thank Dr. Sclater, Mi-. Salvin, Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys, Mr. Stainton, Mr. M'Lachlan, and others of our Fellows, who liave ever showed themselves most ready to reply to any questions I have put to them. XXXVl PEOCEEDINGS OF THE evidences they rely upon ; and these evidences can only be derived from and tested by sound systematic Biology, which must resume, and is resuming, its proper position in the ranks of science, controlled and guided iu its course by the results of those theories for which it has supplied the bases *. If the absolute immutability of races is no longer to be relied upon, the greater niunber of them (whether genera, species, or varieties) are at the present or any other geolo- gical period practically circumscribed within more or less definite limits. The ascertaining those limits in every detail of form, struc- ture, habit, and constitution, and the judicious appreciation of the very complicated relations borne to each other by the different races so limited, are as necessary as the supplementing the scantiness of data from the depths of Teutonic consciousness or by the vivid flashes of Italian imagination, or as the magnifying minute and as yet undeveloped organisms with a precision beyond what is fully justified by our best instruments. I am, however, far from denying, on the one hand, how much biological science has of late been raised, since it has been brought to bear, through well-developed theories and hypotheses, upon the history of our globe and of the races it has borne, and, on the other, how very much the systematic basis upon which it rests has been improved and consolidated by the assiduous use of the microscope and the dissecting-linife ; but I would insist upon the necessity of equal abihty being applied to the intermediate processes of method or nomenclature and classification, which form the connecting-link between the labours of the anatomist and the theorist, reducing the observations of the one to forms available for the arguments of the other. All three (the minute observer, the systematist, and the theorist), thus assisting each other, equally contribute to the general advancement of science ; and for all practical application the syste- matist's share of duty is certainly the most important. The quicksands to which I have alluded as besetting this the foundation of biological science may be classed as imperfect data and false data, imperfect method and false method. To show what pro- gress is making in removing or consolidating them, it may be useful to consider what these data are, and what are our means of fixing them so as to be readily available for use. It must, in the first place, be remembered that the races whose relations to each other we study can only be present to our minds in * The great importance of morphology and classification, the elements of systematic biology, has been forcibly illustrated by Professor Flower in his last year's introductory lectu)-e at the Boyal College of Surgeons. tnmEAK socTETV or loxdox. xxxvu an abstract form. In treating of a genus, a species, or a variety, it is not enough to have one individual before our eyes ; we must com- bine the properties belonging to the whole race we are considering, abstracted from those peculiar to subordinate races or individuals. We cannot form a correct idea of a species from a single individual, nor of a genus from a single one of its species. We can no more set up a typical species than a typical individual. If we had before us an exact individual representative of the common parent from which all the individuals of a species or all the species of a genus have descended — or, if you prefer it, an exact copy of the model or type after which the whole species or genus had been created — we should have no possible means of recognizing it. I once heard a lecture by a German philosophical naturalist of considerable reputa- tion in his day, in which he thought he proved that the common Clover was the type of Papilionaceae. His facts were correct enough, but his arguments might have been turned in favour of any other individual species that might have been selected. Suppose two individuals of a species, two species of a genus, two genera of a familj', in one of which certain organs are more developed, more differentiated, or more consolidated than in the other ; if we agree upon the question of which is the most perfect, a point upon which naturaKsts seldom do agree, how are we to determine which repre- sents the common parent or model ? whether the perfect one is an improvement upon or an improved copy, or the imperfect one a de- generacy from or a bad imitation of the other ? l^o direct evidence goes beyond a very few generations ; reasoning from analogy is impossible without dii'ect evidence to start from ; and the imaginaiy type without cither is the business of the poet, not of the naturalist. It follows that every such abstract idea of a race must be derived from the observation, by ourselves or by others, of as large a number of the constituent individuals as possible. However fixed a race may be, if fixed at all, in nature, that is not the case with our abstract idea of it : no species or genus we establish can be consi- dered as absolute ; it will ever have to be completed, corrected, or modified, as more and more individuals come to be correctly observed. Hence it is that a species described from a single speci- men, and even a genus established on a single species, always excites more or less of suspicion, imless supported by strong reasoning from analogy or confinned by repeated observation. Our means of observing and methodizing biological facts, of establishing and classif)ing those abstract ideas we caU varieties, species, genera, families, &c., consist in the study (1) of living jjOnx. PKoc. — Session 1870-71. / XXXVm PROCEEDINGS OP THE individual organisms, (2) of preserved specimens, (3) of pictorial delineations, and (4) of written descriptions. Each of these sources of information has its special advantages, but each is attended by some special deficiencies to be supplied by one or more of the others. 1. The study of living individuals in their natural state is without doubt the most satisfactory ; but very few such individuals can be simultaneously observed, for the purpose of comparison, and no one individual at any one moment can supply the whole of the data required, relating even to that individual. Some additional facilities in these respects are given by the maintenance of collections of living animals and plants, particularly ixseful in affording the means of continuous observation during the various phases of the life of one and the same individual, and sometimes through successive generations, or in facilitating the internal examination of organisms immediately after death, when the great physiological changes con- sequent upon death have only commenced. But there are drawbacks and difiiculties to be overcome, as well as a few special sources of error to be guarded against ; and in this respect, as well as in the progress recently made in their application to science, there is a marked difference between zoological and botanical living collections, or so-called gardens. The great drawback to living collections, especially zoological, is their necessary incompleteness. At the best it is individuals only, not species, and in. a few cases genera, that are exposed to observa- tion. Genera, indeed, can always be better represented than species, for a few species bear a much larger proportion to the total number contained in a genus than a few individuals to the total number which a species contains. "Whole classes are entirely wanting in zoological gardens, which are usually limited to Yertebrata. Of late years means have been found to include a few aquatic animals of the lower orders ; but insects, for instance, those animals which exercise the greatest influence on the general economy of nature, the obser- vation of whose life and transformations is every day acquiring greater importance, are whoUy unrepresented in zoological gardens. The shortness of duration of their individual lives, their enormous powers of propagation, the different mediums in which they pass the different stages of their existence, will long be obstacles to the formation of living entomological collections on any thing like a satisfactory scale. The cost, also, of the formation and maintenance of living collections is very much greater in the case of animals than of plants ; but, on the other hand, zoologists have the advantage of the attractiveness of their menageries to the general unscientific LINITEAN SOCIETY OF LOITOON. XXXUt but paying public ; and by judicious management some sacrifices to popular tastes are far outweighed by tbe additional funds obtained towards rendering their collections useful to science. The false data or errors to be guarded against in the observation, of living zoological collections are chiefly owing to the unnatural conditions in which the animals are placed. Ungenial climate, un- accustomed food, want of exercise, &c. act upon their temper, habits, and constitution ; and confinement materially modifies circumstances connected with their propagation. Such errors or false data are no doubt as yet very few and unimportant compared with those which have arisen from the reliance on garden plants for botanical obser- vations ; but as zoological gardens multiply and extend, they will have to be more and more kept in view. In my younger days there were already a number of small collec- tions of living animals, but almost all either travelling or local menageries, exhibited for money by private individuals, or small collections, kept up as a matter of curiosity for the benefit of the public, such as those of the Pfauen Insel at Potsdam, the park at Portici, or our own Tower menagerie. At Paris alone, at the Jardin des Plantes, in the flourishing days of the Jussieus and Cuviers, was the living zoological collection rendered essentially subservient to the purposes of science. Since then, however, matters have much changed. The Jardin des Plantes, which so long reigned supreme, has, by remaining stationary, sunk into a second rank. She may, indeed, be as justly as ever proud of her Milne-Edwards, her Brongniart, her Decaisne, and many others ; but, long out of favour Avith the government and the paying public, who transferred their patronage to the high-sounding Jardin d'Acclimatation, now no more, she has been almost abandoned to the resources of pure science, always of the most restricted in a pecuniary point of view. We, in the mean time, and, after our example, several Continental states or cities, have made great advances. The formation of our Zoological Society and Gardens opened a new era in the cultivation of the science. After various vicissitudes, the Society had the good fortune to secure the services of one who combined in the highest degree zoological eminence with administrative ability ; and this, our great living zoological collection, is now raised to the proud relative position which the Jardin des Plantes once held, and which there seems every reason to hope it will long maintain. With an annual income of about ,£23,000, the Zoological Society is enabled to maintain a living collection of about a thousand species of Verte- brata; and although some portion of the surplus funds is neces- /2 Xl PEOCEEDINGS OF THE sarily applied for the sole gratification of the paying public, yet a fair share is devoted to the real promotion of that science for which all the Fellows are supposed to subscribe — the accurate observation of the animals maintained, the dissection of those that die, and the pubhcation of the results. Physiological experiments are either actually made in the garden or promoted and liberally assisted (such, for instance, as those on the transfusion of blood, the effects or non-effects of which were recently laid before the Eoyal Society . by Mr. F. Galton) ; a very rich zoological library has been formed ; and last year's accounts show a sum of about ^1800 expended in the Society's scientific publications. Zoological gardens after the example of the London one have been established, not only in several of our provincial towns, but in various Continental cities, amongst which the more important ones, as I am informed, are those of Amsterdam, Antwerp, Hamburg, Cologne, Frankfort, Berlin, Rotterdam, and Dresden, the receipts of the one at Hamburg, for instance, amounting annually, according to the published reports, to between £8000 and £9000. There are also so-called gardens of acclimatization ; but these have not much of a scientific character; their professed object, indeed, is not so much the observation of the physiology and constitution of animals as their modification for practical purposes ; and practically they are chiefly known as places of recreation, and are not always very suc- cessful. The great one in the Bois de Boulogne, now destroyed, out of an expenditure in 1868 of about £7200 showed a deficit of about £1600. A smaller one at the Hague is enabled to pay an annual dividend to its shareholders. Living collections of plants have great advantages over those of animals ; they can be so much more extensively maintained at a comparatively small cost. In several botanical gardens several thousand species have been readily cultivated at a comparatively small cost, and species can be represented by a considerable mimber of individuals — a great gain, especially where instmction is the im- mediate object ; the lives of many can be watched through several successive generations, and great facihties are afforded for physio- logical experiments and microscopical observations on plants and their organs whilst still retaining more or less of life. On the other hand, the false data recorded from observations made in botanical gardens have been lamentably numerous and important. A plant in the course of its life so alters its outer aspect that each one can- not be individualized by the keeper of a large collection ; and at one period, that of the seed in the ground, it is whoUy withdrawn from LUTNEAN SOCrETT OF LONDON. Xl his observation : he is therefore obliged to triist to labels ; these are often mismatched by accident or by the carelessness of the workmen employed : or, again, one seed has been sown and another has come up in its place, or a perennial has perished and made room for a sucker or seedling from an adjoining species. The misnomers arising from these and other causes have become perpetuated and sanctioned by directors who, for want of adequate libraries or herbaria, or sometimes for want of experience or ability, have been unable to detect them. Plants have also been so disguised or essentially altered by cultivation, that it has become difficult to recognize their identity ; and new varieties or hybrids, which, if left to themselves, would have succumbed to some of the innumerable causes of de- struction they are constantly exposed to in a wild state, have been preserved and propagated through the protective care of the culti- vator, and pronounced at once to be new species. If, moreover, a misplaced label indicates that the seed has been received from a country where no plants of a similar type are known to grow, the director readily notes it as a new genus, and, proud of the disco- very, gives it a name and appends a so-called diagnosis to his next seed-catalogue, adding one more to the numerous puzzles with which the science is encumbered. So far, indeed, had this nuisance been carried in several Continental gardens, in the earlier portion of the present century, that, excepting perhaps Fischer and Meyer's and a few other first-rate indexes, the great majority, perhaps nine-tenths, of the new species published in these catalogues have proved un- tenable ; and from my own experience I am now obliged a priori to set down as doubtful every species established on a garden-plant without confirmation from wild specimens. Fortunately, the custom is now abating, and directors of botanic gardens are beginning to perceive that they do not add to their reputation by having their names appended to those of bad species. Living collections of plants, or botanical gardens, are of much older date than zoological ones, and since the sixteenth century have been attached to the principal universities which have medical schools, that of Padua dating from 1525, that of Pisa from 1544, and of Montpellier from 1597. The Jardiu des Plautes of Paris, which in botany even more than in zoology so long reigned supreme, was established in 1610, our own first one, at Oxford, in 1632. These university gardens, having been generally more or less under the control of eminent resident botanists, have contributed very largely to the means of studying the structure and affinities of plants, especially in those Continental cities where a milder or more xlii PROCEEDINGS OP THE steady climate has facilitated the maintenance of large collections in the open air or with little protection. Continental gardens hare also been long and are still made largely available for the purpose of instruction as well as of scientific experiments, of which the recent labours of Naudin and Deoaisne are an excellent illustration. For these scientific purposes the arrangement in large and small square compartments is peculiarly suitable ; and I confess that I have fre- quently had greater pleasure in witnessing the facilities afforded to zealous students in following up, book in hand, the straight rows of scientifically arranged plants in these formal university gardens than in watching the gay crowds that flock to the more ornamentally laid out public botanic gardens. I do not think that generally much advance has been made of late years in Continental botanical gardens. Those that I first visited in 1830 appeared to me to be but little improved when I again went over them in 1869. Some have acquired additional space, others have paid more attention to ornament ; but most of them have remained nearly stationary, and a few have even fallen back. In our own country wc have made great progress. Kew Gardens had, indeed, in former days rendered assistance to the in- vestigations of Eobert Brown and a few other favoured individuals ; but they were the sovereign's private property, and were kept very close, with little encouragement to science at large. But thirty years' unceasing exertions on the part of its distinguished directors, the two Hookers, father and son, have raised them to a point of scientific usefulness far beyond any other establishment of the kind at home or abroad. Of the large sums annually voted for it by Parliament a portion has, indeed, to be applied to mere ornament and to the gratification of visitors ; but yet, with all the drawbacks of our climate, and consequent expenditure in houses, a series of named species, representatives of all parts of the globe, far more numerous than had ever been collected in one spot, are there main- tained, freely exhibited to the public, and submitted to the exami- nation of scientific botanists. 2. Preserved specimens have the great advantage over living ones that they can be collected in infinitely greater numbers, maintained in juxtaposition, and compared, however distant the times and places at which they had been found; they are often the only materials from which we can obtain a knowledge of the races they represent ; although still consisting of individuals only, they can by their numbers give better ideas of species and other abstract groups than the almost isolated living ones ; and their careful preservation riNNEAJir SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlui supplies the means of verifying or correcting descriptions or delinea- tions which have excited suspicion. Their great drawback is their incompleteness, the impossibility of deriving from them all the data required for the knowledge of a race or even of an individual. It is owing to the frequency vrith which characters supplied by preserved specimens, although of the most limited and unimportant nature, have been treated as sufficient to establish affinities and other ge- neral conclusions which have proved fallacious, that the outcry I have alluded to has been raised against museums and herbaria by those very theorists whose speculations would fall to the ground if all the data suppHed by preserved specimens were removed from their foundations. In respect of these deficiencies, as well as in the means of sup- plying them, there is a great difference between zoological and botanical museums. Generally speaking, zoological specimens show external forms only, botanical specimens give the mean% of ascer- taining internal structure * ; and as a rule the characters most pro- minently or most frequently brought under the observer's notice acquire in his eyes an undue importance. Hence it is that external form was for so long almost exclusively relied upon for the classifi- cation of animals, whilst the minutiae of internal structure were at a comparatively early period taken account of by botanists ; and pala3ontologists are stiU led to give absolute weight to the most un- certain of all characters, outline and external markings of deciduous organs. External form, however, is really of far greater importance in animals than in plants ; the number, form, size, and proportions of limbs, the shape and colour of excrescences, horns, beaks, feathers, hairs, &c. in animals may be reckoned almost absolute in species when compared with the same characters in the roots, branches, and foliage and, to a certain extent, even in the flowers of plants. In plants, local circumstances, food, meteorological conditions, &c., act readily in modifying the individual and producing more or less per- manent races of the lowest degree (varieties) ; whilst animals in these respects are comparatively little affected, except through those slow or occult i)rocesses by which the higher races, species or genera, in all organisms are altered in successive ages or geological periods. Even relative position of external parts, so constant in animals, is less so in plants. Animals being thus definite in outline, and a very * By mter7ial structure is here meant the morphology of internal organs or parts usually included in the comparative anatomy of animals, not the micro- Bcopical structure of tissues, which is more especially designated as vegetable anatomy. Sliv raOCEEDETGS OF THE large proportion of them manageable as to size, their preserved specimens, carcasses or skins, can be brought together under the observer's eye in considerable numbers, exhibiting at once characters sufficient for the fixation of species, whilst, with a few rare excep- tions, a whole plant in its natural shape can never be preserved in a botanical museum. And although good botanical specimens have a general facies often sufficient to establish the species if the genus is known, yet the most experienced botanists have often erred in such determinations where they have been satisfied with external comparison without internal examination. Identification of species, however, is but a small portion of the business of systematic biology ; and for higher purposes, the classifi- cation of species, the study of their affinities, the preeminence of ordinary zoological over botanical specimens soon fails. Those cha- racters distinguished by Prof. Flower as adaptive are proportionately more prominent, and the essential ones derived from internal struc- ture are absent ; and not only do the former thus acquire undue importance in the student's eyes, but arguments in support of a favourite theory have not un frequently been founded on distortions really the result of bad preparation, although supposed to be esta- blished on the authority of actual specimens, and therefore very difficult to refute. Mounted skins of Tertebrata, showy insects in their perfect stage, shells of Malaeozoa, corals, and sponges neces- sarily form the chief portion of a museum for public exhibition ; but science and instruction require a great deal more : museum col- lections really useful to them should exhibit the animal, as far as possible, in all its parts and in aU the phases of its Hfe. This ne- cessity has been felt in modem times, and resulted in the establish- ment of museums of comparative anatomy, amongst which that of our own College of Surgeons has certainly now taken the lead. But I have nowhere seen, except on a very small scale, the two museums satisfactorily combined : the idea, however, is not a new one ; several zoologists have expressed their opinions on the desira- bleness of such an arrangement, which it is hoped will be duly con- sidered in the formation of the new Xational Zoological Museums about to be erected at South Kensington for the double purposes of exhibition and science. The requirements of the gazing public are sure to be well provided for ; and there is every reason to believe that the exertions of scientific zoologists will not have proved use- less,— that we shall, in the portion devoted to science and instruc- tion, see the sldns of Yertebrata preserved without the artist's distortion, accompanied, as far as practicable, by corresponding LTNlTEAJf SOCIETY OF LOKDON. xlv skeletons and anatomical preparations, as well as by the nests and eggs of the oviparous classes — insects with their eggs, larvae, and pupa?, shells with the animals which produce them, &c., — always with the addition, as far as possible, of the collectors' memoranda as to station, habit, ttc, in the same manner as herbarium speci- mens are now frequently most usefully completed by detached fruits, seeds, young plants in germination, gums, and other products. Here, however, wiU arise another source of false data, to be carefully guarded against — the mismatching of specimens, wliich in botauy has probably produced more false genera and species than the misplacing of garden labels. The most careful collectors have in good faith transmitted flowers and fruits belonging to different plants as those of one species, the fruits perhaps picked up from mider a tree from which they were believed to have fallen — or two trees in the same forest, with similar leaves, the one in flower, the other in fruit, supposed to be identical, but in fact not even con- geners ; and the mismatching at the various stages of drying, sort- ing, distributing, and finally laying in the specimens have been lamentably frequent. Collectors' memoranda, if not immediately attached to the specimens, or identified by attached numbers, have often led the natui-alist astray ; for collectors are but too apt, instead of noting down any particulars at the time of gathering, to trust to their memoiy when finally packing up their specimens. And so long as reasoning by analogy was never allowed to prevail over a hasty glance at a specimen and the memoranda attached to it, false genera and species arising from these errors were considered indis- putable. MagaUana of Cavanilles was till recently allowed mate- rially to invahdate the character of Tropoeoleas, overlooking the strong internal evidence that it was founded upon the fruit of one natural order carelessly attached to a poor flowering specimen of another. Zoological museums and botanical herbaria differ very widely in the resources at their disposal for formation, maintenance, and ex- tension of their coUeetions. Zoological museums are by far the most expensive, but, on the other hand, as exhibitions they can draw largely on the general public, whilst herbaria must rely mainly upon science alone, which is always poor ; both, however, may claim national assistance on the plea of instruction as well as of pure science ; and for practical or economic purposes the herbarium is even more necessary than the museum. The planning the new museums so as best to answer these several purposes for which they are required, has, I understand, engaged the attention of the Eoval Xlvi PKOCEEDINGS OF THE Commission on scientific instruction and the advancement of science, and our most eminent zoologists have been consulted ; any further observations on my part would therefore be superfluous. If our Government fail in their arrangements for the promotion of science, it will not be for want of having its requirements fully laid before them. I am unable to say what progress has been made of late years in Zoological Museums ; my notes on Continental ones were chiefly ■taken between the years 1830 and 1847, and would therefore be now out of date. It would, however, be most useful if some com- petent authority would undertake a tour of inspection of the more important ones, as in the great variety of their internal arrange- ments many a useful practical hint might be obtained ; and we much want a general sketch of the principal Zoological and Botanical col- lections accessible to science, showing in what branch each one is specially rich, and where the more important typical series are now respectively deposited. In Herbaria a few changes have recently taken place, which it may be useful to record. Paris (I mean, of course, the brilliant Paris of a twelvemonth back) had lost consider- ably. Of the many important private herbaria I had been fami- liar with in earlier days, two only, those of Jussieu and of A. de St.-Hilaire, had been secured for the national collection ; Webb's had gone to Florence ; J. Gay's, which would have been of special value at the Jardin, was allowed to be purchased by Hooker, and presented by him to Kew. The celebrated herbarium of Delessert is removed to Geneva, whilst his botanical library, one of the richest in existence, is locked up within the walls of the Institut. These are but partially replaced by M. Cosson's herbarium, which has much increased of late years, and to which he added last spring the late Schultz Bipontinus's collections, rich in Compositae. The national herbarium of the Jardin des Plantes is still one of the richest, but no longer the richest of all. The limited funds at the disposal of the Administration have allowed of their making but few acquisi- tions ; their staff is so small and so limited in the hours of attend- ance that the increase of the last twenty years remains for the most part unarranged ; and their library is most scanty. Science has been out of favour with their Governments of display. It would be out of place for me here to dwell upon the painful feehngs excited in my mind by the dreadful ordeal through which a country I have been so intimately associated with for more than half a century is now passing, feelings rendered so acute by the remembrance of the uniform kindness I have received from private friends, as weU as from LDTNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlvii men of science, from Antoine Laurent de Jussieu and his colleagues to the eminent professors of the Jardin, who have now passed through the siege, that I may he allowed to express an anxious hope that when the crisis is passed, when the elasticity of French resources shall have restored the wonted prosperity, the new Govern- ment may at length perceive that, even pohtically speaking, the de- mands of science require as much attention as popular clamour. The Delesserian herbarium has been well received at Geneva, where it has been adequately deposited in a building in the Botanical Garden, very near to the I^atural-History Museum now erecting. At Paris it had been for some time comparatively useless, owing to the attempt to class it according to Sprengel's Linnaeus ; but noAV an active amateur committee, Messrs. Jean Mueller, Renter, Rapin, and others, under the presidency of Dr. Fauconnet, have already made great progress in distributing the specimens under their natu- ral Orders : and Geneva, already containing the important typical collection of De Candolle, as well as Boissier's stores rich especially in Mediterranean and Oriental plants, has become one of the great centres where real botanical work can be satisfactorily carried on ; and as she has had the good sense to level her fortifications, she may accumulate national treasures with more confidence in the future. Munich had lost much of the prospects she had; the Bavarian Govern- ment failed to come to terms with the family of the late Von Mar- tins ; his botanical library has been dispersed, and his herbarium removed to Brussels, where it is to form the nucleus of a national Belgian collection. At Vienna the Imperial herbarium is now ad- mirably housed in the Botanic Garden, and is in good order, with the great advantage of a rich botanical library in the same rooms. At Berlin, where the Eoyal herbarium, like the zoological museums, has always been kept in very excellent order, want of space is greatly complained of since it has been transferred to the buildings of the University. At Florence, as we learn from the ' Giomale Botanico Italiano,' the difficulties with regard to the funds left by Mr. Webb for the maintenance of his herbarium have been overcome ; and it is to be hoped that the Uberal intentions of the testator, who made this splendid bequest for the benefit of science, will no longer remain so shamefully unfulfilled. To the above six may be added Leyden, Petersburg, Stockholm, Upsala, and Copenhagen as towns possess- ing national herbaria sufficiently important for the pursuit of systematic botany ; but when I visited them, now many years since, they were all more or less in arrear in arrangement. I know not how far they may have since improved. In the United States of Xlviii PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE America, the herbarium of Asa Gray, recently secured to the Har- vard University, now occupies a first rank. That of Melbourne in Australia, founded by Ferdinand Mueller, has, through his indefati- gable exertions, attained very large proportions ; and that of the Botanical Garden of Calcutta, under the successive administrations of Dr. Thomson and the late Dr. T. Anderson, had recovered in a great measure its proper position, which I trust it will henceforth maintain. Our own great national herbarium and library at Kew is now far ahead of all others ia extent, value, and practical utility ; originally created, maintained, and extended by the two Hookers, father and son, their unremitting and disinterested exertions have succeeded in obtaining for it that Government support without which no such establishment can be rendered really efiicient, whilst their liberal and judicious management has secured for it the countenance and approbation of the numerous scientific foreigners who have visited or corresponded with it. Of the valuable botani- cal materials accumulated in the British Museum during the last century, I say nothing now ; for the natural-history portion of that establishment is in a state of transition, and my own views as re- gards botany have been elsewhere expressed. I have only to add that we have also herbaria of considerable extent at the Universi- ties of Oxford, Cambridge, and at Edinburgh, and at Trinity Col- lege, Dublin, and to express a hope that the necessity of maintain- ing and extendiug them will be duly felt by those great educational bodies, if they desire to secure for their Professorial chairs botanists of eminence. 3. Pictorial representations or drawings have the advantage over Museum specimens that they can be, in many respects, more com- plete ; they can represent objects and portions of objects which it has been impossible to preserve ; they can give coloiu' and other charac- ters-lost in the course of desiccation ; they preserve anatomical and microscopical details in a form in which the observer can have re- course to them again and again without repeatiug his dissections ; and although, like a Museum specimen, each drawing represents usually an individual, not a species, yet that individual can by exact copies be multiplied to any extent for the simultaneous use of any number of naturalists ; whilst specimens of the same sjiecies in different museums are corresponding only, not identical, and im- perfect comparison and determination of specimens supposed to be authentic (i. e. exactly coiTesponding to the one originally described) have led into numerous eiTors. Drawings, moreover, by diagrams and other devices, can represent more or less perfectly the abstract LTNNEAN BOCIETr OP LON^DON. xlix ideas of genera and species ; they can exhibit the generic or specific characters more or less divested of specific or individual peculiarities. Drawings, on the other hand, are, much more than specimens, liable to imperfections and falsifications, arising from defective obser- vation of the model and want of skill in the artist ; and errors thus once established are much more diflScult of correction than even those conveyed by writing. A pictorial representation conveys an idea much more rapidly and impresses it much more strongly on the mind than any detailed accompanying description by which it may be modified or corrected, and is but too frequently the only evidence looked into by the more theoretical naturalist. This is especially the case with microscopical and anatomical details of the smaller animals and plants, the representations of which, if very elaborate and difficult to verify, usually inspire absolute confidence. Draw- ings are also costly, often beyond the means of unaided science, who here, again, as in the case of gardens and museums, is obliged to have recourse to the paying public : the public in return require to have their tastes gratified ; artistic effect is necessarily considered, thus increasing the cost, and removing the pictures still further fi'om the reach of the working biologist. It appears to me that collections of drawings systematically arranged have not generally met with that attention which they require from Directors of Museums, and that their multiplication in an effective and cheap form ought to be a great object on the part of governments, scientific associations, and others who contribute pecuniarily to the advancement of science. To be effective, the first requisites in a zoological or botanical drawing are accuracy and completeness ; it is a faithful representa- tion, not a picture, that is wanted. Many a splendid portrait of an animal or plant, especially if grouped with others in one picture, has been rendered almost useless to science by a graceful attitude or an elegant curve which the artist has soxight to give to a limb or to a branch ; and those analytical details which are of paramount importance to the biologist are neglected because they spoil the general effect. We next require from an illustration as from a de- scription that it should be representative or to a certain degree abstract ; and this requires that the artist, if not himself the natu- ralist, should work under the naturalist's eye, so as to understand what he delineates. Great care should be taken to select for the model an individual in a normal state as to health, size, &c., and in the selection and arrangement of the anatomical details, so as to represent the race rather than the individual — aU of which requires a thorough acquaintance with the questions to be attended to. It 1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE is true that the artist, working independently and copying mecha- nically, may serve as a check on the naturalist, who in minute mi- croscopic examinations may he apt to see too much in conformity to preconceived theories ; hut that is not often the case : the most satisfactory analytical drawings I have always found to he those made by the naturalist's own hand, and I have long felt how much my own inability to draw has detracted from the value of the botanical papers I have published. And, thirdly, when we consider that the great advantage of an illustration over a description is that the one gives us at a glance the information which we can only obtain from the other by study, we require that each drawing or plate should be as comprehensive as is consistent with clearness and precision. Out- line drawings, or portraits without structural details, often omit the essential characters we are in search of; where details are unaccom- panied by a general outline, we miss a great means of fixing their bearing on our own minds. Structural details may also equally err in being too numerous or too few, on too large or on too small a scale. If the plate is crowded with details of little importance, or which may be readily taken from the general outline, they draw off the attention from those which it is essential should be at once fixed on the mind ; and if enlarged beyond what is neces- sary for clearness, they require so much the more effort to compre- hend them, unless, indeed, they are destined to be hung up on the walls of the lecture room. I believe it to be the case with some drawings of the muscles of vertebrata, or of the internal structure of insects, as I know it to be with those of ovules and other minute parts of flowers of the late Dr. Griffith and others, that, with their very high scientific value, their practical utility is much inter- fered with by the large scale on which they are drawn. A great deal depends also on the arrangement in the plate, always keeping in mind that the object is not to please the eye, but to convey at one view as much as possible of comparative information without producing confusion. Biological illustrations in general have much improved in our time. It is true that some of the representations of animals and plants dating from the middle of last century will enter into com- petition with any modern ones as to general outline and facies ; but analytical details were almost universally neglected, and colouring, when attempted, was gaudy and unfaithful. At present, I beheve, we excel in this country in the general artistic effect, as, unfortu- nately also for the naturalist, in the costliness of our best zoological and botanical plates ; the French are remarkable for the selection LrNI^EA^ jOCiety of london. h arrangement, and execution of the scientific details (and as a model I may refer to some of the publications of the Paris Museum, such as the * Malpighiacege ' of Adrien de Jussieu), and also for the ex- cellent woodcuts illustrating their general and popular works ; the Germans and some Northern States for the admirable neatness of microscopic and other minutiae executed at a comparatively small cost, owing partially, at least, to the use of engraving on lithogra- phic stone. 4, Written descriptions are what we most chiefly rely upon to convey to the general or to the practical naturalist the results of our studies of animals and plants ; but descriptions are of two kinds, individual descriptions and descriptions of species, genera, or other races. The former are, like preserved specimens or delineations, materials for study ; like them they require in their preparation little more than artistical skill, guided by a general knowledge of the sub- ject : but abstract descriptions, whether specific or relating to races of a higher degree, require study of the mutual relations of in- dividuals and races and their consequent classification which con- stitute the science of systematic biology ; and this distinction should be constantly kept in view for the just appreciation of all descrip- tive works. Any tyro can with care write a long description of a specimen unimpeachable as to accuracy ; but it requires a thorough knowledge of the subject, and a keen appreciation of the bearing of the points noticed, to prepare a good description of a species. Por the latter to be serviceable it must be accurate ; it must be full without redundancy ; it must be concise without sacrificing clearness ; it must be abstractive, not individual ; and lastly, the most difficult qualifi- cation of aU, and that which constitutes the main point of the science, the abstraction must be judicious and true to Nature. The paramount importance of accuracy is too evident to need dwelling upon. "We are all liable to errors of observation. Imper- fect vision or instruments, optical deceptions, accidentally abnormal conditions of the specimen examined, hasty appreciation of what we see from preconceived theories are so many of the causes which have occasionally led into error the most eminent of naturalists, and require to be specially guarded against by repeated observation of different specimens, and constant testiug at every step by reasonings from analogy. Errors once established on apparently good authority are exceedingly difficult to correct, and have been the source of many a false theory. Where loose examination and hasty conclu- sions have been frequently detected, we can at once renounce all con- fidence in an author's descriptions, in his genera and species, un- ^>^. Ojor lii PROCEEDrXGS OF THE less confirmed from other sources ; but an accidental oversight on the part of a naturalist of established reputation is the most difficult to remedy, notwithstanding the eagerness with which some begin- ners devote themselves to hunting them out. No botanist was, I beKeve, ever more careful in verifying his observations over and over again, and in submitting them to the tests supplied by the ex- traordinary methodizing powers of his mind, than Hobert Brown ; no one has ever committed fewer of what we call blunders, or esta- blished his systematic theories on safer ground ; yet even he has been detected in a few minor oversights, eagerly seized upon by a set of modem speculative botanists, lovers of paradoxes, as justifying them in devoting their time and energies to the disputal of several of his more important discoveries and conclusions. The value of a description as to fulness and conciseness is prac- tical only, but in that point of view important. A description, how- ever accurate, is absolutely useless if the essential points are omitted, and very nearly so if those essential points are drowned in a sea of useless details. The difficulty is to ascertain what are the essential points, — and hence one of the causes of the superiority of Mono- graphs and Floras over isolated descriptions, such as those of Zoolo- gies and Botanies of Exploring Expeditions, which I insisted on in my Address in 1862 : in the former the author must equally examine and classify all the allied races, and thus ascertain the essential points ; in the latter case he is too easily led to trust to what he be- lieves to be essential. My own long experience in the using as well as in the making of botanical descriptions has proved to me how difficult it is to prepare a really good one, how impossible to do it satisfactorily from a first observation of a single specimen. How- ever carefuUy you may have noted every point that occurs to you, you will find that after having comparatively examined other speci- mens and allied forms you will have many an error to correct, many a blank to fill up, and much to eliminate. I have had more than once to verify the same species in two authors, the one giving you a character of a few lines which satisfies you at once, the other obli- ging you to labour through two or three quarto pages of minute de- tails from which, after aU, some of the essential points are omitted. But the great problem to be solved at every stage in systematic or descriptive biology, and that which gives it so high a scientific importance, is the due detection and appreciation of affinities and mutual relations ; and in this respect the science has made immense progress within my own recollection, and especially diuing the last few years. The gradual supplanting of artificial by natural classi- LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Uii iications has been too often commented upon to need repetition. It is now, I believe, universally admitted that a species is the totality of the individuals connected together by certain resemblances or affinities the result of a common descent. It is also acknowledged that for scientific purposes these species should be arranged in groups according to resemblances or affinities more remote than in the case of species, although here commences the great difference of opinion as to the meaning of these remoter affinities, whether they also are the result of a common descent, or of that supposed imita- tion of a type which I have above alluded to. For those, however, who have once connected affinity with consanguinity, it is difficult to recede from so ready an explanation of those mj'^sterious resem- blances and differences the study of which must be the ruling prin- ciple to guide us in our classifications. AU this has now been fully explained by more able pens than mine ; my only object in repeating it is to point out clearly the need of treating aU systematic groups, from the order down to the genus, species, or variety, as races of a similar nature, collections of individuals more nearly related to each other than to the individuals composing any other race of the same grade, and of abolishing the use of the expression type of a genus or other group in any other than a purely historical sense as a ques- tion of nomenclature*. If a genus has to be divided, our laws of nomenclature require the original name to be retained for that sec- tion which includes the species which the founder of the genus had more specially observed in framing his character ; and therefore, and for that reason only, it becomes necessary to inquire which was or which were the so-called typical species— the biologist's (or, as it were, the artist's), not Nature's type. Without repeating what I have often said of the comparative value of ^Monographs and Faunas or Floras over miscellaneous descriptions, I may observe that the immense progress made in the accumulation of known species henceforth diminishes still more the relative importance to science of the addition of new forms when compared with the due coUocatiou and correct appreciation of those already kno^vn. Much has been done of late years in the latter respect ; but yet some branches of biology, and perhaps entomology more, than any other, are very much in arrear as to supplying us with * For the purposes of instruetion some one species is often named as a type of a genus— that is to say, a.s fairly representing the most prevalent characters ; but to prevent any confusion with the imaginary type, it would surely be better to call it an exampJe, as, indeed, is often done. In geographical biology the word type is used again in anotlier sense, which, however, does not load to any inis- understnnding. Lixx. PRoc. — Session 1870-71. a lir PROCEEDINGS OF THE available data for investigating the history of species and their genealogy, their origin, progress, migrations, mutual relations, their struggles, decay, and final extinction. It is to be feared that in in- sects, as in plants, but too large a proportion of the innumerable genera and subgenera have been founded rather on the sortings of a collector than on the investigation of affinities ; and, indeed, that must in a great measure be the case so long as a large number are only known from their outv^ard form at one period only of their varied phases of existence. The days of a ' Systema Naturae ' or single work containing a synopsis of the genera and species of organized beings are long since passed away. Even a ' Species Plantarum,' now that their number at the lowest estimate exceeds 100,000, has become almost hopeless. The last attempt, De Candolle's ' Prodromus,' has been nearly forty years in progress ; the first portion has become quite out of date ; and all we can hope for is that it may be shortly completed for one of the three great classes. Animals might have been more manageable, were it not for the insects. Mammalia estimated at between 2000 and 3000 living species, Birds at about 10,000, Reptiles and Am- phibia under 2000, Fishes at about 10,000, Crustacea and Arachnida rather above 10,000, Malacozoa about 20,000,yermes, Actinozoa, and Amorphozoa under 6000, would each by themselves not impose too heavy a tax on the naturalist experienced in that special branch who should undertake a scientific classification and diagnoses of all known species ; and in one important branch, the Fishes, this work has been most satisfactorily carried out in Dr. Giinther's admirable genera and species of all known Fishes, published under the mislead- ing title of ' Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum,' and recently completed by the issue of the eighth volume. The sound philosophical views expressed in his preface to that volume (which, by some strange inversion, bears a signature not his own) can be appreciated by us all ; and zoologists are all agreed as to the care with which they have been worked out in the details. Insects are, however, the great stumbling-block of zoologists ; the number of described species is estimated by Gerstacker at about 160,000, viz. Coleoptera 90,000, Hymenoptera 25,000, Diptera 24,000, Le- pidoptera 22,000-24,000. Mr, Bates thinks that, for the Coleoptera at least, this estimate is too high by one -third ; but even with that deduction the number would exceed that of plants, and it is probable that the number of as yet undiscovered species in proportion to that of the described ones is far greater in the case of insects than in plants. We can therefore no longer hope for a ' Genera and Species ' LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. Iv of insects, the work of a single hand or, indeed, guided by a single mind. The great division of labour, however, now prevalent among entomologists may procure it for us in detail, with one drawback only, that the smaller the portion of the great natural class of Arthro- poda to which the entomologist confines his attention, the less he will be able to appreciate the significance of distinctive characters, and the more prone he will be to multiply small genera (that is, to enhance beyond their due the races of the lowest grade), to the great inconvenience of the general naturalist who has to make use of the results of his labours. A ' Genera Plantarum ' is stiU within the capabilities of a single botanist, although he must of course trust much to the observations of others, and therefore not so satisfactory as if he had examined every species himself. The last complete cue was Endlicher's, the result of several years' assiduous labour, but now thirty years old. Dr. Hooker and myself commenced a new one, of which the first part was published in 1862, and which might have been brought nearly to a close by this time had we not both of us had so many other works on hand to deter us, although the researches necessary for these other works have proved of great assistance in the ' Genera.' As it is, the part now nearly ready for press carries the work down to the end of Compositse, or about half through the Phgenogamous Plants. In regard to works of a stiU more general description, or exposition of the families or orders of plants, we have nothing of importance since Lindley's ' Vegetable Kingdom,' dated 1845, but republished, with some additions and corrections, in 1853 ; and Le Maout and Decaisne's ' Traite Generale,' mentioned in my Address of 1868, and of which Mrs. Hooker is now preparing an English trans- lation under the supervision of Dr. Hooker. Dr. Baillon has also commenced an ' Histoire des Plantes,' containing a considerable number of useful original observations and illustrated by excellent woodcuts ; but, as a general work, one portion is of too popular a character, and in some cases too diffuse, to be of much use to science, and, on the other hand, the generic characters are too technical for a popular work without any contrasted synopsis ; and its great bulk in proportion to the information conveyed will always be a drawback. I cannot believe that the author can have been a party to the unblushing announcement of the French publisher that it is to be completed in about eight volumes. If carried out on the plan of the first one, it must extend to four or five times that number. In Zoology Bronn's most valuable * Klassen und Ordnungeu des Thierreichs,' continued after his 9^ Ivi PROCEEDINGS OF THE death by Keferstein and others, which I mentioned in my Ad- dress of 1866, has advanced but slowly. The Amorphozoa, Acti- nozoa, and Malacozoa, forming the first two volumes, were then com- pleted ; and Gerstacker has since been proceeding with the Arthro- poda, commencing with the Crustacea, for the third volume, of which only the general matter and the Cirripedia and Copepoda are as yet published ; and three or four parts of a sixth volume for Birds have been issued by Selenka, treating the anatomical and other general matter in great detail. Another general work of merit, although on a smaller scale, has been proceeding as slowly. Of Cams and Gerstacker's ' Handbuch der Zoologie,' the second volume, contain- ing the Arthropoda, Malacozoa, and lower animals, had been already published in 1861 ; and to this was added, in 1868, the first half of the Vertebrata for the first volume, with a promise that the re- mainder should appear in the autumn, but which has not yet been fulfilled. Among the other recently published systematic zoological handbooks of which I have had memoranda as published in various Continental states, the most important are said to be : — Harting's, published at Tiel in the Netherlands, of which, up to 1870, only three volumes had appeared, containing the Crustacea, Vermes, Ma- lacozoa, and lower animals ; A. E. Holmgren's Swedish ' Handbok i Zoologi,' of which Mammalia were published in 1865 and Birds in 1868-71; and Claus's 'Grundziige' and Troschel's 'Handbuch' (7th edition) for University teaching in Germany, In a comparative sketch of the more partial Monographs, Faunas, and Floras, I had wished to direct my attention more especially to the means afforded us of comparing the plants and animals of different countries; and with this view one of the questions I addressed to foreign zoologists was, "What works or papers are there in which the animals (of any of the principal classes) of your country are compared with those of other countries ? " The answers to this query have not been generally satisfactory. Where the zoology has been well investigated, we have popular handbooks, elaborate memoirs, and works of high scientific value or splendidly illustrated. But short synoptical faunas, so useful to the general naturalist, and corresponding to the Floras we now possess of so many different countries, are very few ; the statement of the general geographical range of each species, so prominent a feature in many modern Floras, is still less thought of ; and indications of allied or representative races in distant countries are equally rare. We have, indeed, several excellent essays on the geographical distribution of animals (I had occasion to allude to several of them in my Address of 1869) ; but LIN>TEAIf SOCIETY OF LONDON. -Ivij they are in general chiefly devoted to discussions, with statements of such facts only as bear upon the author's conclusions, not records of all facts which may be useful to the geographical or general biologist. These must be collected from a great variety of separate works and papers, of which I have received long lists from Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, France, and the United States. As yet 1 have only had time to refer to a few which appeared to bear more immediately on the objects I had in view ; but I hope on some future occasion to return to the subject. In the mean time I must content myself with glancing rapidly over the different countries, taking them in the order adopted in my former Addresses, and endeavouring to show the progress making in supplying our de- ficiencies. Towards these deficiencies I would particularly caU the attention of entomologists and terrestrial malacologists ; for insects and land-sheUs are of all others the animals whose life and local stations are the most closely dependent on vegetation. In the following notes I refrain from entering into any details as to the zoological works or memoirs mentioned, as they are entirely superseded by the analysis given in the annual review inserted in Wiegmann's 'Archiv,' and more especially in our own admirably conducted 'Zoological Record,' which so strongly claims the support of every one interested in the promotion of Zoological Science. I. Denmaek. In geographical biology Denmark proper is of no great importance except as a connecting-link, on the one hand, between the Scandina- vian peninsula and Central Europe, and, on the other, as the separating barrier between the Baltic and the Xorth seas. Low and flat, without any great variety in its physical features, it is un- favourable for the production or maintenance of endemic organisms, and forms an inseparable portion of the region of Central Europe. But the Arctic possessions included in the kingdom, Greenland, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands, are of great interest ; and Denmark itself is remarkable for the number of eminent naturalists, zoologists as well as botanists, produced by so small a state. Its reputation in this respect, established by the great names mentioned in my review of Transactions in my Address of 1865, is berng weU kept up by Bergh, Krabbe, Liitken, Morch, Reinhardt, Schiodte, Steenstrup, and others in zoology ; whilst Lange, (Ersted, and Warming are among the few who now devote themselves more or less to syste • matic botany. Their general zoological collection, when I last visited it, many years since, was not extensive, although rich in northern Iviii PBOCEEDINGS OP THE animals and very well arranged under the direction of Steenstrup, and the insects in the Storm-Gade Museum were very numerous ; whilst at the University was deposited the typical collection of Fabricius. The Herbarium at the Botanic Garden, valuable for the types of Yahl and other early botanists, has been in modern times enriched by the extensive Mexican collections of Liebmann, the Brazilian ones of Lund and others ; whilst (Ersted's Central- Ame- rican and Warming's Brazilian plants are also at Copenhagen, but whether public or private property I know not. The botanical and zoological gardens are of no great importance ; but the biological publications are kept up with some spirit, especially the Transac- tions of the Eoyal Society of Science, Schiodte's continuation of Kro- yer's 'Tidsskrift,'andthe 'VidenskabeligeMeddelelser' of the Natural- History Society ; and some of the authors have adopted a practice strongly recommended to those who write in languages not under- stood by the great mass of modern naturalists, that of giving short resumes of their papers in Erench. On the most important contribu- tions to systematic zoology since those mentioned in my Address of 1868, I have received the following memoranda : — Prof. Eeinhardt, in publishing in the Transactions of the Eoyal Danish Academy (1869) nine posthumous plates, executed under the direction of the late Prof. Eschricht, illustrating the structure of various Cetacea, has accompanied them with short explanations. Prof. Eeinhardt has further published, in the ' Yidenskabelige Meddelelser ' for 1870, a list of the Birds inhabiting the Campos districts of Central Brazil ; " notes on the distribution, habits, and synonymy are copioxisly added ; and the introductory remarks on the geogra- phical distribution &c. are very suggestive, and ought to be trans- lated for the benefit of the friends of ornithology in England and elsewhere." The same ' Yidenskabelige Meddelelser' contains an essay by Dr. Liitkeu on the limits and classification of Ganoid Pishes, chiefly firom a palseontological point of view, accompanied by a synopsis of the present condition, in sytematical and geological re- spects, of that important branch of Palseichthyology. In MoUusca, Dr. Bergh has published, in Kroyer's ' Tidsskrift ' for 1869, one of his elaborate ianatomical and systematic monographs of the tribe Phyl- lidese, with many plates, of which a detailed notice is given in the ' Zoological Eecord,' vol. vi. p. 559. In Insects, Prof. Schiodte, in the same journal for 1869, has given an elaborate essay containing new facts and views on the morphology and system of the Ehynchota, analyzed in the ' Zoological Eecord,' vol. vi. p. 475. " To Dr. Krabbe we owe the description of 123 species of tapeworms found in Birds, LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. lix an elaborate monograph accompanied by ten plates, and printed in the Transactions of the Royal Danish Society for 1869, with a French resume " (noticed in * Zoological Record,' vol. vi. p. 633). In Echi- noderms, Dr. Liitken's valuable essays on varions genera and species of Ophiuridae, recent and fossil, with a Latin synopsis of Ophiuridae and Euryalidae, and a general French resume, forming the third part of his " Additamenta ad Historiam Ophiuridarum," in the Transactions of the Royal Danish Society for 1869, have been analyzed in the ' Zoological Record,' vol. vi. pp. 639, 642, &c. No contribution to systematic botany, of much importance, has appeared in Denmark since those mentioned in my Address of 1868. There exists no general Danish Fauna ; but I have a rather long list of detached works and essays from which the different classes of animals inhabiting Denmark may be collected. Of these the most recent are Collin's Batrachia, in Kroyer's ' Tidsskrift' for 1870, and Morch's marine MoUusca, "publishing in the ' Yidenskabelige Meddelelser ' for the present year. "With regard to Iceland, the only works mentioned are Steen- strup's terrestrial Mammals, or rather Mammal, of Iceland, in the ' Yidenskabelige Meddelelser' for 1867; Morch's Mollusca in the same journal for 1868. C. Miiller's account of the Birds of Iceland and the Faroe islands dates from 1862, and Liitken's of the Echino- derms from 1857 ; and I find no mention, of any special account, of the insects of the island ; whilst in Botany C. C. Babington has given us, in the 11th volume of our Linnean Journal, an excellent revision of its flora, the phsenogamic portion of which may now be considered as having been very fairly investigated ; and E. Rostrup, in the 4th volume of the Tidsskrift of the Botanical Society of Copenhagen, has enumerated the plants of the Faroe islands. II. Sweden and Noeavay. The Scandinavian peninsula is, on several accounts, of great in- terest to the biologist. It includes a lofty and extensive mountain- tract, with a climate less severe than that of most parts of the northern belt at similar latitudes ; and the uniformity of the geolo- gical formation is broken by the limestone districts of Scania. It thus forms a great centre of preservation for organic races between the wide-spread tracts of desolation to the east and the ocean on the west, and has therefore been treated as a centre of creation, whence a Scandinavian flora and fauna has spread in various directions. As the home of Linnaeus it may also be considered classical ground for systematic biology, the pursuit of which is now being carried on Ix PROCEEDI^'GS OF THE with spirit, as evidenced by sucii names as Holmgren, Kinber^, Liljeborg, Malm, Malmgren, G. 0. Sars, Stal, Thorell, and others in Zoology, and Agardh, Andersson, Areschong, Fries, Hartmann, and others in Botany, Two of the Academies to whose pubhcations Linnaeus contributed, those of IJpsala and Stockholm, continue to issue their Transactions and Proceedings ; and to these are now added the memoirs published by the University of Lund. They lost Linnseus's own collections ; and the Zoological Museum at IJpsala, when I saw it many years since, was poor ; that of Stockholm better, and in excellent order. In the Herbaria, Thunberg's and Afzelius's collections are deposited at Upsala, and Swartz's at Stock- holm, where the Herbarium of the Academy of Sciences has been of late years considerably increased under the care of Dr. Andersson , The Scandinavian Fauna and Flora have been generally well in- vestigated. The numerous Floras published of late years show con- siderable attention on the part of* the general public. I observe that Hartmann's Handbook is at its tenth edition ; Andersson has published 500 woodcut figures of the commoner plants, taken chiefly from Fitch's illustrations of my British Handbook ; and my lists contain many papers on Swedish Cryptogams. The relation of the Scandinavian vegetation to that of other countries has also been specially treated of by Zetterstedt, who compared it with that of the Pyrenees — and by Areschoug, Andersson, Ch. Martins, and others, as aUuded to in more detail in my Address of 1869, Many works have succeeded each other on the Vertebrate Fauna since the days of Lin- nseus ; amongst which those of Liljeborg as to Vertebrata in general and of Simdevall as to Birds are still in progress. The Crustacea, Mollusca, and lower animals have been the subjects of numerous papers, the marine and freshwater faunas having been more espe- cially investigated by the late M, Sars and by G. 0. Sars ; and Th. Thorell, in the Upsala Transactions, has given an elaborate review of the European genera of Spiders, evidently a work of great care, preceded by apposite remarks on their generic classification, and a general comparison of the Arachnoid faunae of Scandinavia and Britain, all in the English language although pubHshed in Sweden. This work, however, does not extend to species, beyond naming a type (by which I trust is meant an example, not the type) of each genus ; nor is the geographical range of the several genera given. There appears to be no general work on Scandinavian Insects, The Fauna and Flora of Spitzbergen have specially occupied Swedish naturalists. To the accounts of the Vertebrata by Malm- gren, and of the Lichens by T. M, Fries, have now been added, in LINNEAN aOClEIY OF LONDON. Ixi recent parts of the Transactions or Proceedings of the Eoyal Swedish Academy, the Insects by Holmgren, the MoUusca by Morch, the Phaenogamic Flora by T. M. Fries, and the Algae by Agardh. An excellent and elaborate monograph of a smaU but widely spread genus of Plants, entitled ' Prodromus Monographiae Georum,' by N. J. Scheutz, has appeared in the last part of the Transactions of the Academy of Upsala. Several interesting features in the geographical distribution of some of the species are pointed out, amongst which one of the most curious is the almost perfect iden-. tity of the Q. coccmeum from the Levant and the G. chilense from South Chile, the differences being such only as would scarcely have been set down as more than varieties had both come from the same country. The whole memoir is in the Latin language ; the specific diagnoses are rather long ; but the observations under each section and species point out the connexion with and chief differences from the nearest allies. The whole of the botanical literature published in or relating to Sweden has been regularly recorded in annual catalogues, inserted by T. 0. B. N. Krok in the ' Botaniske Notiser ' of Stockholm. III. K.USSIA. The chief interest in the biology of Russia consists in its compa- rative uniformity over an enormous expanse of territory. Extending over more than 130 degrees from east to west, and above 20 degrees from south to north, without the interposition of any great geolo- gical break in mountain * or ocean, all changes in flora and fauna in the length and breadth of this vast area are gradual ; whilst the mountains which bound it to the south and to the east, and the glacial characters of the northern shores, offer to the Russian natu- ralist several more or less distinct biological types, such as the Caucasian, the Central Asiatic, the Mantchurian, and the Arctic, all blending into the great Europeo-Asiatic type, and the three first- named, at least apparently, constituting great centres of preservation. By the careful discrimination of the various races which give to each of these types its distinctive character, the study of their mutual relations, of the areas which each one occupies without modification, of the complicated manner in which these several areas are interwoven, of the gradual changes which distance may * The celebrated chain of the Oural, wbich separates Asia from Europe, is, in the greater part of its length, too low and the ascent too gradual to hare much influence on the vegetation : the so-called ridge between Perm and Ekaterinburg is, according to Ermann, not 1600 feet above the level of the sea, and rises from land which, for a breadth of above 120 miles, is onlv 700 feet lower. Ixii PROCEEDINGS OF THE produce, of the cessation of one race and the substitution of another without apparent physical cause, the Russian, even without travel- ling out of his own country, can contribute, more than any other observer, valuable materials for the general history of races. In Botany I have on former occasions referred to Ledebour's 'Flora Rossica ' as the most extensive complete Mora of a country which we possess, and to the numerous papers by which it has been sup- plemented. Several of these are stiU in progress, chiefly in the Bulletin of the Society of IS'aturalists of Moscow ; and I have notes of local Floras, and lists from various minor publications. The last received volume of the Memoirs of the Academy of St. Petersburg includes the botanical portion of Schmidt's travels in the Amur-land and SachaUn, in which the geographical relations of the flora are very fuUy treated of — and the first part of a very elaborate ' Flora Caucasi ' by the late F. J. Ruprecht, which may be more properly designated Commentaries on the Caucasian Plants than a Flora in the ordinary sense of the word. It is an enumeration of species, with frequent observations on affinities, and a very detailed exposi- tion of stations in the Caucasus, but without any reference to the distribution beyond that region ; above 300 large 4to pages only in- clude the Polypetalse preceding Legiiminosae ; and the lamented death of the author will probably prevent the completion of the work. N. Kaufmann, Professor of Botany at the University of Moscow, an active botanist of great promise, whose death last winter is much deplored by his colleagues, had published a Flora of Moscow in the Russian language, which had. met with much success. In the zoology of Russia the most important recent work is Middendorflfs ' Thierwelt Sibiriens,' analyzed in the ' Zoological Record,' vi. p. 1, which, with the previously pubKshed descriptive portion and thebotany of the journey by Trautvetter, Ruprecht, and others, forms a valuable exposition of the biology of N.E. Siberia, a cold and inhospitable tract of country, where organisms, animal as well as vegetable, are perhaps poorer in species and poorer in individuals than in any other region of equal extent not covered with eternal snows, MiddendorfF's observations on this poverty of the fauna of Siberia, its uniformity and conformity to the European fauna, on the meaning to be given to the species, on their variability and on the multiplicity of false ones published, on the complexity of their respective geographical areas, on their extinction and replacement by others, \ IxiU specific relations, the variability, affinities, and geographical distri- bution of Mantchurian MoUusca are treated. The publications of the first meeting of the Association of Russian Naturalists include a review of the Crustacea of the Black Sea by Y. Czemiavski, an account of the Annnlata Chaetopoda of the Bay of Sebastopol by x^. Bobretzki, and a paper on the zoology of the Lake of Onega and its neighbourhood by K. Kesslar, including a review of the Fishes, Crustacea, and Annulata of the Lake of Onega, and of the Mollusca collected in and about the Lakes Onega and Ladoga, and a list of the Butterflies of the Government of Olonetz. The historical and scientific memoirs pubKshed by the University of Kazan, of which several volumes have recently reached us, include a systematic enumeration and description of the birds of Orenburg (329 species), with detailed notes of their habits &c., by the late Prof. E. A. Eversmann, edited after his death by M. N. Bogdanoff, forming an 8vo volume of 600 pages in the Russian language. There is not in Russia at the present moment sufficient encou- ragement on the part of the public to induce the publication of independent biological works beyond a few popular handbooks ; but the Imperial Academy of Petersburg has, on the other hand, been exceedingly liberaf in the assistance it affords, and active in its issue of Transactions with excellent illustrations, as well as of its Bulletin or Proceedings. The volumes recently received include J. E. Brandt's * Symbolse Sirenologicae ' and Researches on the genus Hyrax (re- viewed in 'Zoological Record,' v. p. 3, and vi. p. 5), A. Strauch's Synopsis of Yiperidse, with full details of their geographical distribu- tion, E. Metschnikoff"s Studies on the development of Echinoderms and Nemertines, and ^N". Miklucho-Maclay's Memoir on Sponges of the N. Pacific and Arctic Oceans, with remarks on their extreme variability inducing the multiplication of false species. In Botany, Bunge's Monograph of the Old-^Vorld species of Astragalus is the result of many years' labour and careful investigation. The 8 sub- genera and 104 sections into which this extensive genus is divided appear to be very satisfactory ; but the species (971) are probably very much too numerous, and we miss that comparison with American forms which, considering the very numerous cases of identity or close affinity, is essential for the due appreciation of the X. Asiatic species. Bunge has also published a monograph of the Heliotropia of the Mediterraneo-Oriental region in the Bulletin of the Society of Naturalists of Moscow, which continues its annual volumes. The parts recently received continue several of the botanical enume- rations ali-eady noticed, together with various smaller entomological papers. Ixiv PKOCEEBINGS OF THE IV. GEEMA.NT AND HoLLAND. Germany, or rather Central Europe from the Ehine to the Car- pathians and from the Baltic to the Alps, is, as to the greater part of it, a continuation of that generally uniform but gradually changing biological region which covers the Russian empire. It is not yet aflPected by those peculiar western races which either stop short of the Ehine and Rhone or only here and there cross these rivers with a few stragglers ; the mountains, however, on its southern border show a biological type diiferent from either of those which limit the Russian portion, indicating in many respects, as I observed in 1869, a closer connexion with the Scandinavian and high northern than with the Pyrenean to the west or the Caucasian to the east. The verifying and following up these indications gives a special interest to the study of German races, their variations and affinities. So far as formal specific distinctions are concerned, all plants and animals, with the exception of a few of those whose minute size enables them long to escape observation, may now be considered as well known in Germany as in France and England ; and in Germany especially the investigation of anatomical and physiological cha- racters has of late years contributed much to a more correct appre- ciation of those distinctions and of the natural relations of organic races. But much remains still for the systematic biologist, and especially the zoologist, to accomplish. Among^ the very numerous Floras of the country, both general and local, there are several which have been worked out with due reference to the vegetation of the immediately surrounding regions; but corresponding complete Faunas do not appear to exist. A few in some branches have been com- menced ; but in these, as in the numerous papers on more or less extended local zoology, as far as I can perceive, animals, and espe- cially insects, seem to be considered only in respect of the forms they assume within the region treated of, frequently with a very close critical study of variations or races of the lowest grades, but neglect- ing all comparison with the forms a species may assume or be represented by in adjoining or distant countries. Germany holds a iirst rank amongst civilized nations in I'espect of her biological works in most departments ; they probably exceed in biilk those of any other country. Her publishing scientific aca- demies and other associations, her zoological museums and gardens, her botanical herbaria and university gardens, her zoologists and botanists, of world-wide reputation, are far too numerous to be here particularized. She excels all other nations in the patient and LIXXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. Ixv persevering elaboration of minute details, although she must jield to the French in respect of clearness and conciseness of methodical exposition. Her speculative tendencies are well known ; and the great impulse given to them since the spread of " Darw'inismus " appears to have thrown systematic biology still further into the background ; the sad events of the last twelvemonth have also temporarily suspended or greatly interfered with the peaceful course of science. Thus the zoological works contained in the lists I have received are almost all dated in 1868 or 1869, and have been already analyzed in the reports of TTiegmann's ' Archiv ' and in the 5th and 6th vols, of the ' Zoological Record,' and the principal ones relating to exotic zoology wUl have to be referred to further on. In Systematic Botany also but little of importance has been pub- lished within the last three years, beyond the great 'Flora BrasUiensis,' which, since the death of Dr. v. Martins, has been actively proceeded with under the direction of Dr. Eichler, and to which I shall recur under the head of South America. Eohrbach has published a carefully worked out conspectus of the difficult genus Silene, and, in the ' Linuaea,' a synopsis of Lychnideae ; and Bcickeler, also in the ' Linnaea,' is describing the Cyperacese of the herbarium of Berlin — a work very unsatisfactory, considering the detail in which it is carried out, as it takes no notice whatever of the numerous pubhshed species not there represented, nor of any stations or information relating to those dgscribed other than what are supplied by that herbarium. It is not a monograph, but a collection of detached materials for a monograph. V. Switzerland. Switzerland comprises the loftiest and most extensive mountain- range of which the biology has been weU investigated — the Alps, which have lent their name to characterize the vegetation and other physical features of mountains generally when attaining or ap- proaching to the limits of eternal snows. The relations of this alpine vegetation, both in its general character due to climatological and other physical causes, and in its geographical connexion with other floras, have been frequently the subject of valuable essays, several of which I have mentioned on former occasions ; and it is most desirable that the results obtained should be verified by or contrasted with those which might be derived from zoological data, and more particularly by the observation of insects and terrestrial mollusca. As a first step, it is necessary that the plants and animals of the country should be accurately defined and classed in harmony Ixvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE with those of adjoining regions. This has been done for plants. The Swiss flora has been well worked up both by German and by French botanists ; it is included in Koch's Synopsis and some other German Floras. De CandoUe and other writers on the French flora had to introduce a large portion of the Swiss vegetation ; and the compilers of the rather numerous Swiss Floras and Handbooks* have generally followed either the one or the other, so that there remains but little difficulty in the identification of Swiss botanical races; but here, as elsewhere, methodical Faunas of the country are much in arrear. I have the following notes from M. Humbert of what has been published in this respect during the last three years. V. Fatio, ' Faune des Yertebres de la Suisse,' 8vo, vol. i. Mammi- feres, 1869 (reported on in * Zoological Record,' vi. p. 4) : the second volume, ReptUes, Batrachia, and Fishes, to appear in the course of the present year, the 3rd and 4th vols. (Birds) to foUow. " This Fauna is the first which has been published on the Vertebrata of Switzer- land. Hitherto there had only been partial and incomplete Cata- logues. The species are carefully described ; and there are numerous notes on their distribution and habits, from the author's observations made in all the Swiss collections and in the field. There are also interesting historical details upon certain animals which have more or less completely disappeared from Swiss territory, such as the stag, the roebuck, and the wild boar, as also on the mammifers whose remains have been found in recent deposits." G. Stierlin and V. de Gautard, " Fauna Coleopterorum Helvetica," in the Nouveaux Memoires of the Helvetic Society, xxiii. and xxiv., a catalogue with stations and often limits in altitude, supplementing Heer's ' Fauna * In the list of publications of the last three years only, sent me by M. A. de CandoUe, are the following new Swiss Botanical Handbooks : — J. C. Ducom- mun, ' Taschenbuch flu* den schweizerischen Botaniker,' 1 vol. 8to, of 1024 pages, with some analytical woodcuts : few details on stations. E. T. Simler, ' Botanischer Taschenbegleiter des Alpenclubisten,' 1 vol. 12mo, 4 plates : alpine species only. Tissiere (late Canon of St. Bernard, now deceased), ' Guide du Botaniste au Grand St.-Bernard,' 1 vol. 8to : a catalogue with detailed localities. J.Rhiner, 'Prodrom derWaldstadter Gefasspflanzen,' 1 vol. 8vo: a catalogue with details as to localities. Mortliier, ' Flore analytique de la Suisse,' 1 vol. ISmo : imitated from an older German ' Excursions-Flora fiir die Schweiz,' by A. Gremli. A new (3rd) edition of L. Fischer's ' Flora von Bern' and Fischer-Ooster's ' Rubi Bernenses ;' the latter woi'k, together with some contributions to the Swiss Flora of A. Gremli, adding 98 pages to the volumes of Batological literature we already possess, without advancing a step either in giving us a clear notion of what is a species of Bramble, or in facilitating our naming those we meet with, unless in the precise localities indicated by the several authors. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. IxVU Ccfleopteronim Helvetica.' H, Frey's catalogues of and notes on Swiss Microlepidoptera, in the ' Mittheilungeu ' of the Swiss Entomological Society. P. E. Miiller, Note on the Cladocera of the great lakes of Switzerland, from the ' Archives ' of the Biblio- theque Universelle, xxxvii. April 1S70. " In his excellent memoir on the Monoclea of the neighbourhood of Geneva, Jurine had only described the small Crustacea of ponds and swamps. He had not investigated the species which inhabit the Lake of Geneva, and he had also neglected some very interesting forms wMch are only to be met with in large expanses of water, such as BijUiotreplies longi- manus and Leptodora hyalina. M. Mueller points out the differences there are between the Cladocera of the centre of the lakes and those of the margins. The former, which float freely over the lake, have a peculiar stamp, marking also the marine Crustacea of open seas ; their bodies have an extreme transparency, and they show a great tendency to the development of long and rigid balancing organs. The latter, on the contrary, are little transparent, have stunted forms, and are without balancing or other elongations, which might interfere with their movements amidst sohd objects, such as stones and aquatic plants near the shores ; most of these littoral species show, moreover, a development of some organ that assists them in moving upon solid bodies. M. Miiller finds also a very great connexion between the Cladocera! faunas of Switzerland and Scandinavia." The Association zoologique du Leman, founded upon the model of the Ray Society, has for its object the publication of monographs relating to the basin of the Leman or Lake of Geneva — that is, the region comprised between Martigny and the Perte du Rhone, with the valleys of the affluents received by the Rhone in this portion of its course. It has been carried on as successfully as could have been expected from a scientific undertaking of this nature, reckoning at the present moment nearly 200 members. It has already published papers by A. Brot on the shells of the family of Naiada3, with nine plates ; by F. Chevrier on the Nyssae (Hymenoptera) ; by Y. Fatio on the Arvicola, with six plates ; by H. Foumier on the Dascillidge (Coleoptera), with four plates ; and is now issuing a more important work, the resvdt of long and patient investigation, G. Lunel's * Histoire NatureUe des Poissons du Bassin du Leman,' in folio, with twenty plates beautifully executed in chromolithography. Two parts, with eight plates, have already appeared ; and the work is in rapid progress. A specimen of the plates, received from M. Hum- bert, lies on the table of our library. I have also a rather long list Ixviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE of papers on the zoology of the same district or of the Canton "de Vaud, inserted in the Bulletin of the Societe Vaudoise of Natural History, and of others on the zoology of other districts, from various other Swiss Transactions, all of which are noticed iia our ' Zoological Record/ vols. v. and vi. To these must be added J. Saratz's " Birds of the Upper Engadin," from the 2nd volume of the Bulletin of the Swiss Ornithological Society, 1870. "The valley of the Upper Engadin commences at 1860 metres above the level of the sea, and ends at 1650 metres, where commences the Lower Engadin. The list, therefore, given by M, Saratz includes no point situate below that elevation. He classes the birds of this valley and of the moun- tains which enclose it into ; — 1, sedentary birds; 2, birds which breed in the Upper Engadine, but do not spend the winter there ; and 3, birds purely of passage. He enumerates 144 species, and gives upon every one notes of its station, times of passage, abundance or rarity, &c." Meyer-Diir has a short note in the ' MittheUungen ' of the Swiss Entomological Society (iii. 1870) on certain relations observed be- tween the insect-faunas of Central Europe and Buenos Ayres — a question worthy perhaps of some consideration in connexion with the above-mentioned coincidence of a Chilian and East-Mediterranean Oeum, and a very few other curious instances of identical or closely representative species of plants in the hot dry districts of the East Mediterranean, the central Australian, and the extratropical South- American regions. Swiss naturalists continue their activity in various branches of biology. E. Claparede's very valuable memoirs on Annelida Chaeto- poda and on Acarina have been fully reported on in the ' Zoological Record,' as well as Henri de Saussure's entomological papers, which have been continued in the more recently pubKshed volumes of the Memoirs of the Societe de Physique of Geneva and of the Swiss Entomological Society. In Botany, since I last noticed De Candolle's ' Prodromxis,' the 16th volume has been completed by the appear- ance of the first part, containing two important monographs — that of Urticaceae, by WeddeU, and of Piperaceae by Casimir de CandoUe, together with some small families by A. de Caudolle and J. Miiller. The social disturbances of the last twelvemonth have much delayed the preparation of the 17th volume, which is to close this great work ; but it is hoped that it will now be shortly proceeded with. Of Boissier s ' Flora Orientalis,' mentioned in my Address of 1868, the second volume is now in the printer's hands. Dr. G. Bernouilli, who had resided some time in Central America, has published, in the LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixix Memoirs of the General Helvetic Society (vol. xxiv.), a review of the genus Theohroma, after having compared his specimens with those in the herbaria of Kew, Berlin, and Geneva. YI. Italy and the Mediterranean Region. The biological interest of the Mediterranean Region, which in- cludes southern Europe, the north coast of Africa, and those lands vaguely termed the Levant, is in many respects the opposite of that of the great Russian empire. Extending from the Straits of Gibraltar to the foot of the Caucasus and Lebanon, over 40 to 45 degrees of longitude, by 10 to 12 degrees of latitude, from the southern declivities of the Pyrenees, of the Alps, the Scardus, and the Balkan, to the African shores, it shows, indeed, a certain uni- formity of vegetation through the whole of this length and breadth ; but it has evidently been the scene of great and frequent successive geological convulsions and disturbances, which, whilst they have wholly or partially destroyed some of the races most numerous in individuals, have at the same time so broken up the surface of the earth as to afford great facihties for the preservation or isolation of others represented by a comparatively small number of individuals. The consequence is that there is probably no portion of the northern hemisphere in the Old World, of equal extent, where the species altogether, and especially the endemic ones, are more numerous, none, I believe, which contains so many dissevered species (those which occupy several Kmited areas far distant from each other), and certainly none where there are so many strictly local races, species or even genera, occupying in few or numerous individuals single stations limited sometimes to less than a mile. In all these respects the Mediterranean region far exceeds, absolutely as well as rela- tively, the great Russian region, which has three times its length and twice its breadth ; it presents also, perhaps, almost as great a contrast to a more southern tract of uniform vegetation extending across the drier portion of Africa and Arabia as far as Scinde. This diversified endemic and local character exemplified in the plants of the Mediterranean region has, as far as I can learn, been observed also in insects. Of the three great European peninsulas which form the principal portion of the region, the Italian is the narrowest and has the least of individual character in its biology ; but it is the most central one, and, including its continental base with the declivity of the Alps, may be taken as a fair type of the region generally ; it is also by far the best-known. Italy was the first amongst European nations LINN. PROC. — Session 1870-71. h IXX PROCEEDINGS OK XHE to acquire a name in the pursuit of natural science after emerging from the barbarism of the middle ages ; and although she has since been more devoted to art, and has allowed several of the more northern states far to outstrip her in science, she has still, amidst all her vicissitudes, produced a fair share of eminent physiologists as well as systematic zoologists and botanists ; and within the last few years the cultivation of biology appears to have received a fresh impulse. It is only to be hoped that it may not be seriously checked by local and political intrigues, which appear to have succeeded, in one instance at least, in conferring an important botanical post on the least competent of the several candidates. Amongst the various publishing academies and associations mentioned in my Address of 1865, the Italian Society of Natural Sciences at Milan contains a considerable number of papers on Italian zoology ; and a few others in zoology and palaeontology are scattered over the publications of the Academies of Turin and Venice and of the Technical Institute of Palermo. From the lists I have received, there appear to have been recent catalogues of Sicilian and Modenese Birds by Doderlein in the Palermo Journal, of Italian Araneida and Modenese Fishes by Canestrini in the Milanese Transactions, and of Italian Diptera, commenced by Rondani in the Bulletin of the Italian Entomological Society. Malacology, so peculiarly important in the study of the physical history of the Mediterranean region, has produced numerous papers, chiefly in the Milanese Transactions, and in Gentiluomo's ' BuUettino Malacologico ' and ' Biblioteca Malacologica,' published at Pisa. I also learn that at the time of the decease of the late Prof. Paolo Savi, in the beginning of April, the manuscript of his * Ornitologia ItaKana' was complete, and had just been placed in the printer's hands. In Botany, Parlatore's elaborate ' Flora Italiana ' has continued to make slow progress. We have received up to the 2nd part of the 4th volume, reaching as far upward as Euphorbiacese, having com- menced with the lower orders. The old Journal of Botany ceased with the year 1847, as I presumed to have been the case when I mentioned it in 1865, and has since been replaced by a 'Nuovo GiornaleBotanicoItaliano,' which continues, with tolerable regularity, issuing four parts in the year, the last received being the 2nd of the third volume. The most valuable of the systematic papers it con- tains are Beccari's descriptions of some of his Bornean collections. Delpino, well known for his interesting dichogamic observations, as well as for some rather imaginative speculations, has also contri- buted to systematic botany a monograph of Marcgraaviaceae, but. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixxi unfortunately, without sufficient command of materials for the com- pilation of a useful history of that small but difficult group, and with a useless imposition of new names to forms which he thinks may have been already published, but has not the means of verifying, De Notaris, under the auspices of the municipality of Genoa, has published a synopsis of Italian Biyology, forming a separate octavo volume of considerable bulk. Of the other two great European peninsulas I have little to say, notwithstanding their great comparative biological importance. The Western or Iberian peninsula is the main centre of that remarkable Western flora to which I specially alluded in 1869, and which, more perhaps than any other, requires comparison with entomolo- gical and other faunas. But Spain is sadly in arrear in her pursuit of science. With great promise in the latter half of the last century, and certainly the country of many eminent naturalists, especially botanists, she has now for so long been subject to chronic pronun- ciamentos that she leaves the natural riches of her soil to be investi- gated by foreigners. Willkomm and Lange's ' Prodromus Florae His- panicge,' which, when I last mentioned it, was in danger of remaining a fragment, has since been continued, and, it is hoped, will shortly be completed by the publication of one more part. I have no notes on any recent zoological papers beyond Steindachner's Reports on his Ichthyological tour in Spain and Portugal, and the Catalogues of the Zoological Museum of Lisbon publishing by the Lisbon Academy of Sciences. The Eastern peninsula, Turkey and Greece, with the exception of some slight attempts at Athens, has no ende- mic biological literature, and, with its present very unsatisfactory social state, affords little attraction to foreign visitors. The Levant, in respect of botany at least, has been much more fully investigated ; but there, as in Turkey, much yet remains to be done ; and pending the issue of Boissier's second volume already mentioned, I know of nothing of any importance in the biology of the East Mediterranean region as having been worked out within the last two or three years. As an hiatus, however, and yet a link between the Indian and the European floras and faunas, it will amply repay the study to be bestowed upon it by future naturalists. VII. Fkance. France, without any special endemic character, unites within her limits portions of several biological regions, thus requiring from her naturalists the study of all the European floras and faunas in order rightly to understand her own. The greater part of her surface 7* 2 Ixxii PROCEEUINGS OF THE constitutes the western extremity of that great Eusso-European tract I have above commented upon, its flora, and probably also its fauna, here blending with the West-European type, which spreads more or less over it from the Iberian peninsula. To the south-east she has an end of the Swiss Alps, connected to a certain degree with the Pyrenees to the south-west by the chain of the Cevennes, but at an elevation too low, and which has probably always been too low, for the interchange of the truly alpine forms of those two lofty ranges. South of the Cevennes she includes a portion of the great Mediterranean region ; and the marine productions of her coasts are those of three different aquatic regions — the North Sea, the Atlantic, and the Mediterranean. The few endemic or local races she may possess appear to be on those southern declivities which bound the Mediterranean region ; and if the volcanic elevations of Central France have a special interest, it is more from the absence of many species common at similar altitudes in the mountains to the east or to the south-west, than from the presence of peculiar races not of the lowest grades, with the exception, perhaps, of a very few species now rare, and which may prove to be the lingering remains of expiring races. With so many natural advantages, French science, represented during the last two centuries by as great, if not a greater number of eminent men than any other country, has long felt the necessity of a thorough investigation of the biological productions of her ter- ritory. The French Floras, both general and local, are now nume- rous, and some of them excellent. The geographical distribution of plants in France has also been the subject of various essays as well as separate works. It is only to be regretted that in the Floras themselves the instructive practice of indicating under each species its extra-Gallican distribution has not yet been adopted. In zoology, no general fauna has been attempted since De Blainville's, which was never completed ; and none is believed to be even in contempla- tion ; but I have a long list of partial Faunas and memoirs on the animals of various classes of several French departments; and Rey and Mulsant are publishing, in the Transactions of two Lyons Societies, detailed monographs of all French Coleoptera. The progress of French naturalists in Biology in general up to 1867 has been fully detailed as to zoology by Milne-Edwards, in his ' Rapport sur les Progres de la Zoologie en France ;' and as to Syste- matic Botany by Ad. Brongniart in his ' Rapport sur les Progres de la Botanique Phytographique.' The recent progress as to both branches, as well as in regard to other natural sciences, has ajso LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixxiii been reviewed by M. Emile Blanchard in his aunual Addresses to the Meetings of the Delegates of French Scientific Societies, held every April at the Sorbonne from 1865 to 1870. The Societe Bo- tanique de France had also up to that time been active, and the pub- lication of its proceedings brought down nearly to the latest meetings, I am compelled, however, for want of time, to defer some details I had contemplated relating to the recent labours of French biologists ; but I cannot refrain from inserting the following note on a work mentioned only, but not analyzed, in the last volume of the * Zoological Kecord,' obligingly communicated to me with other memoranda by Professor Deshayes, Avhilst slowly recovering from a severe illness contracted during the German siege : — " In Mollusca we have also to regret that we have no complete work embracing the whole of this important branch of the animal kingdom. It is true that we make use of numerous works published in England, amongst which several are excellent, such as those of Forbes and Hanley, Gwyn Jeffreys, &c. Nevertheless I have to point out to you an excellent work piiblished in 1869 by M. Petit de la Saussaye. The author, a very able and scientific conchologist, is unfortunately just dead. He has had the advantage of preparing a general catalogue of tes- taceous MoUusea of the European Seas, possessing in his own col- lection nearly the whole of the species inserted, and of having received direct from the authors named specimens of the species foreign to the French coasts. This work is divided into two parts. The fijst is devoted to the methodical and synouymical catalogue of the species, amounting to 1150. In the second part, these species are distributed geographically into seven zones, starting from the most northern and ending with the hot regions of the Mediterranean. These zones are thus distinguished : — 1, the polar zone ; 2, the boreal zone ; 3, the British zone ; 4, the Celtic zone ; 5, the Lusi- tanian zone ; 6, the Mediterranean zone ; and 7, the Algerian zone. Some years since it would have been impossible for M. Petit to have established the fifth zone, for that nothing, literally nothing, was known of the malacological fauna of Spain. Its seas were until 1867 less known than those of New Holland or California. It was only in that year that Hidalgo published a well-drawn-up synonymic catalogue in Crosse and Fischer's ' Journal de Conchy- liologie.' " VIII. Britain. The British Isles have less even than France of an endemic cha- racter in respect of biology. They form, as it were, an outlying Ixxiv PKOCEEDINGS OF THE portion of regions already mentioned, the greater part, as in the case of France, belonging to the extreme end of the great Russo-European tract. Like France, also, they partake, although in a reduced degree, of that Western type which extends upwards from the Ibeiian peninsula. They are, however, completely severed from the Medi- terranean as from the Alpine regions ; their mountain -vegetation, and, as far as I can learn, their mountaia- zoology, is Scandinavian ; and if it shows any connexion with southern ranges, it is rather with the Pyrenees than with the Alps. The chief distinctive character of Britain is derived from her insular position, which acts as a cheek upon the passive immigration of races, and is one cause of the com- parative poverty of her fauna and flora ; the isolation, on the other hand, may not be ancient enough or complete enough for the pro- duction and presei-vation of endemic forms. As far as we know, there is not in phsenogamic botany, nor in any of the orders of ani- mals in which the question has been sufficiently considered, a single endemic British race of a grade high enough to be qualified as a species in the Linnaean sense. How far that may be the case with the lower cryptogams cannot at present be determined ; there is still much difficulty in establishing species upon natural affinities, and (in some Lichens and Fungi for instance) much confusion between phases of individual life and real genera and species remains to be cleared up. The study of our neighbours' faunas and floras is therefore necessary to make us fully acquainted with the animals and plants we have, and useful in showing us what we have not, but should have had were it not for causes which require investi- gation— such, for instance, as plants like Salvia pratensis, ia common European species to be met with in abundance the moment we cross the Channel, but either absent from or confined to single localities in England. There is no country, however, in which the native flora and fauna have been so long and so steadily the subject of close investi- gation as our own, nor where they continue to be worked out in detail by so numerous a staff" of observers. To the Floras we possess a valuable addition has been made within the last twelvemonth in J. D. Hooker's ' Students' Flora of the British Isles ' — the best we have for the purposes of the teacher, and in which the careful notation of the general distribution of each species is a great im- provement on our older standard class-books. H. C. AVatson's recently completed ' Compendium of the Cybcle Britannica ' treats of the geographical relations of our plants with that accuracy of detail which characterizes all his works. In zoology, although we tI>rNT;.U> a 05 CD ■~ 1 (M - ■ po w cq O 2 a -^ -c ^^ s o 2 -5 •*? 53 -3 £ r^ § '3 '-".2 o ■^ C C> s O g OQ ^ 2 83 t, "« o ^ 2 g - ° 1- O IB >> O ::3pt( •2a .2 «rt m o w !^PHh-3 2 1^ I— ' o;2;o IXXX PROCEEDINGS OF THE Receipts during the past year, including a Balance of ^250 9s. Id., carried from the preceding year, and an Investment of ^100 (Rail- way Debenture) repaid, amounted to £1564 2s. M., and that the total Expenditure during the same period amounted to £1128 5s., leaving a Balance in the hands of the Bankers of £435 17s, Qd. Mr. "W. W. Saunders, on behalf of the following Subscribers, pre- sented to the Society the cast of a bust, by Mr. Weekes, of J. J. Bennett, Esq., V.P.L.S. T. BeU, Esq. Dr. Bowerbank, F. Currey, Esq. Richard Kippist. John Miers, Esq. Algernon Peckover, Esq. Dr. Prior. W. W. Saunders, Esq. H. T. Stainton, Esq. Alfred White, Esq. James Yates, Esq. OBITUARY NOTICES. The Secretaries then laid before the Society the following Notices of Deceased Members. Dr. Thomas Andersok was Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Calcutta. He was a devoted student of natural history at Edinburgh, and selected the East-India Company's service as likely to afford him opportunities for the prosecution of those studies, as it had done to many others. On the occasion of Dr. Thomson leaving Calcutta, Dr. Anderson was appointed to the temporary charge of the Gardens ; and he afterwards succeeded to the office of Superintendent upon the retirement of Dr. Thomson. Before his appointment as Superintendent, Dr. Anderson had taken great interest in the introduction of Cinchona into Bengal. He visited Java and brought the first plants to Sikkim himself. As long ago as 1855 he wrote on the subject in the ' Indian Annals of Medical Science,' and recommended in particular the cultivation of the plant at Darjeeling, where, under his auspices, it has since suc- ceeded so well. After his appointment, (in addition to the proper duties of his post) he took charge of the Cinchona plantations, and spared no exertion to make them successful. The early years of Cinchona-cultivation in India were full of disappointment. The plantations were moved repeatedly before a suitable spot could be found ; and the subordinate gardeners at first gave much trouble. Dr. Anderson laboured indefatigably during this anxious time ; and his Reports describe the successful steps which were gained one by one, notwithstanding repeated disheartening failures, which would have LINNEAN SOCIKTT OF LOXDOX. Ixxxi discouraged a less euergetic mau. Dr. Anderson was frequently on horseback ten or twelve hours in the day, and often in continuous rain. He had to visit the close tropical valleys, and then to mount to Darjeeling, which he often reached chilled through and completely exhausted. It is thought that these journeys to the low-level plantations were the origin of the fever which fastened upon him, and which at last caused his death. His labours, however, were completely successful, so far as the object of the Government was concerned. When he left India in February 1869 he had over- come every difliculty in the cultivation of Cinchona succirnhra and C. Calisaya, and had left to his successors the easy task of extending the plantations by mere imitation. In February 1869 he was com- pelled to return to England on account of dangerous illness, though his friends feared lest his strength should prove insufficient to bear the journey. He reached his native land in a very weak state, but soon recovered sufficiently to enable him to prosecute his botanical work. He began in earnest at the ' Flora of India ; ' and there was good reason to hope that this greatly desiderated Flora would ere long be published. In the summer of 1870, however, he suffered a relapse, which compelled him to discontinue his labours ; and although he sought by quiet and rest to recover his health, he never rallied, and on the 26th of October last died at Edinburgh. Abstracts of Dr. Anderson's valuable Reports on the Cinchona Plantations have been printed at different times in Seemann's Journal of Botany, where is also to be found an interesting account of the terrible cyclone which in 1865 brought desolation to the gardens under Dr. Anderson's care. Besides these official communications. Dr. Anderson published the following papers on systematic botany : — " Florula Adenensis." Supplement to vol. v. Linn. Soc. Journ. (1860). " On Sphcerocoma, a New Genus of Caryopliyllece." Linn. Soc. Journ. vol. v. p. 15 (1861). " An Enumeration of the Species of Acanihacece from the conti- nent of Africa." Linn. Soc. Journ. vol. vii. p. 13 (1864). *' On a presumed case of Parthenogenesis in a Species of Aberia," I. c. p. 67. " On the Identification of the Acantluicece of the Linuean Her- barium," 1. c. p. 111. "An Enumeration of the Species of Ceylon Acanihacece," in Thwaites's ' Enum. Plant. Zeyl.' p. 223 (1864). "Aphelandm ornata from Brazil." Seemann's 'Journ. Bot.' vol. ii. p. 289 (1864). , Ixxxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE "On Two Species of Gidfiferte.^' Linn. Soe. Journ. vol. ix. p. 261 (1867). ''An Enumeration of the Indian Species of AcanfJuicece,'' 1. c. p. 425. Dr. Anderson was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 20th of January 1859. Xathaxiel BrcKLET, M.D,, was in practice in the medical profes- sion at Eochdale, in Lancashire. He was a Doctor of Medicine of St. Andrew's and Member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. He was also a Fellow of the Botanical Society of Edin- burgh. He died on the 13th of January 1871, aged 49, having been elected a Fellow of this Society on the 18th of April 1843. Robert Chaitbeks, LL.D.. was born at Peebles, on the banks of the Tweed, in the year 1802. His father, Mr. James Chambers, was a muslin-weaver, and at first a prosperous manufacturer, but he was eventually ruined by the competition of machine with hand-loom weaving. Robert Chambers received his early education at the Grammar School at Peebles. Being imable, from a painful defect in his feet, to join in the play of his schoolfellows, he became a quiet, studious boy. When he was twelve years old his father removed to Edinburgh ; and for two years afterwards the son went to a school kept by Mr. Benjamin Mackay, who was afterwards Head Master of the High School. Meanwhile the family had been reduced to poverty, and Robert Chambers was obliged to start in the world at the early age of fifteen. He gives some account of this part of his life in the preface to his collected works in 1847 ; and in a letter addressed to the late Hugh Miller, in 1854, he gives some more details of his early struggles. He says, " Till I proved that I could help myself no friend came to me. The consequent defpug, self- relying spirit in which at sixteen I set out as a bookseller, with only my own small collection of books as a stock — not worth more than two pounds, I believe — led to my being quickly independent of all aid : but it has not been all a gain ; for I am now sensible that my spirit of self-reliance too often manifested itself in an unsocial, unamiable light, while my recollections of ' honest poverty ' may have made me too eager to attain worldly prosperity.'' His elder brother "William having started as a printer and bookseller, the two com- menced a weekly Miscellany, called ' The Kaleidoscope : ' but it was discontinued at the end of 1821. Robert Chambers's next literary venture was more successful. The Waverley Novels being then in the height of their fame, he wrote a volume entitled ' Illustrations of the Author of Waverley,' consisting of descriptive sketches of the LINNEAN SOCIETY OV LONDON. Ixxxiii supposed originals of the novelist. The success of this book en- couraged him, when only twenty years of age, to compose his ' Traditions of Edinburgh,' many of the anecdotes in which he derived from Sir Walter Scott, with whom in his later years Kobert Chambers was on terms of close friendship. This work made his reputation, and other books followed in rapid succession from his pen. Among these may be mentioned ' Walks in Edinburgh,' ' Popular Rhymes of Scotland,' the ' Picture of Scotland ' (which was composed after extensive excursions on foot), the ' Histories of the Scottish Rebellions,' ' Life of James I.,' ' Scottish Ballads and Songs,' and a 'Biographical Dictionary of Distinguished Scotsmen.' Besides writing these works and attending to his regular business, Robert Chambers acted for some time as editor of the ' Edinburgh Advertiser ;' and in conjunction with his brother, he brought out the ' Gazetteer of Scotland,' a work involving immense labour. The latter end of the year 1831 was a critical period in the fortunes of the brothers Chambers. The agitation for Parliamentary Reform was accompanied by a move for the spread of education. Tlie Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge was started, with a formidable organization of chairmen, treasurers, committees, paid and honorary secretaries, and local agents. Amongst other publica- tions launched by this Society was ' The Penny Magazine.' A copy of the prospectus (which appeared a long time before the periodical itself) was seen by William Chambers, who had long been contem- plating a similar periodical ; and he forwarded to one of the chief promoters of ' The Penny Magazine ' several suggestions which, in his judgment, would have improved the chances of the project. No answer was returned to his letter ; and he determined to carry oiit his own idea, which took the form of ' Chambers's Edinburgh Journal.' The first number appeared on the 4th of February 1832, six weeks before the Society in London fulfilled its promise of a * Penny Magazine.' Success exceeded not only expectation, but the means of production. The projector had to call in the aid of his brother Robert for the editorship ; and all Edinburgh proved to be equal only to produce the Scotch edition, one of the largest printing offices in London being employed to work off the supply for England and the colonies. ' The Penny Magazine ' expired long ago. ' Chambers's Journal ' still flourishes among the widely read weekly periodicals of to-day. In spite of his engrossing literary occupations at home, Mr. Robert Chambers managed to see a good deal of the world. Being interested in geological subjects, and especially de- sirous to examine the action of glaciers, he visited Switzerland, Ixxxiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE Sweden and Norway, Iceland and the Faroe Islands, besides travel- ling through India and the United States ; and he published excel- lent popular accounts of his travelling experiences. The later period of Mr. Eobert Chambers's literary career includes the following among other works : — A ' History of the British Empire,' ' History of Scotland,' ' Cyclopaedia of English Literature,' ' Domestic Annals of Scotland,' 'Ancient Sea Margins,' a carefully edited edition of Burns's Works, and the ' Book of Days ' — a work of the nature of ' Hone's Every Day Book.' This book, which appeared in 1864, involved several years of research in the British Museum ; and this labour, associated as it was with some domestic calamities, acted injuriously upon the author's nervous system, and put an end to his literary labours, after he had worked incessantly for up- wards of forty years, and had produced nearly a hundred volumes abounding in original thought. On his return to Scotland he took up his residence at St. Andrews, where the Senatus Academicus of the University conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Laws. A memorial of Robert Chambers would hardly be complete without mention of the book called ' Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation,' published more than a quarter of a century ago, and which, by its advocacy of the view that the affairs of the world are subject to what has since been called the " reign of law," gave great offence in certain religious circles. Its real author may perhaps never be known, unless some evidence confirming that which already exists be left among Mr, Chambers's papers. The book has been ascribed to Mrs. Robert Chambers. The controversy which it en- gendered was most envenomed in the North ; and when, in 1848, Robert Chambers was elected to be Lord Provost of Edinburgh, he thought it better to withdraw in the face of the storm that was raised against him as the supposed author. Mr. Chambers was twice married, first to Miss Anne Kirkwood, of Edinburgh, who died in 1863, having borne him eleven children, nine of whom stiU survive. He afterwards married a widow lady named Frith, who died about a year ago. In social life Mr. Chambers was a universal favourite — hospitable, full of kindliness, and shrewd and amusing in conversa- tion. He died at St. Andrews, on the 17th of March 1871. He was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 4th of November 1858. Henry Denny was a native of Norwich, where he was born in the year 1803. He resided at Norwich until 1825, when he went to Leeds upon being appointed sub-curator of the Leeds Philoso- phical Society, a title which was afterwards changed to that of Curator and Assistant Secretary. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. IxXXV : y^ Mr. Denny was also Secretary to the "West-Riding Geological and ^ Polytechnic Society ; and he had just prepared for the press the Ee- port of the Transactions of this body before his last illness. To ^a^ two societies with which he was officially connected he frequently contributed papers. He was an entomologist of high standing, and in this branch of science published two works which have long been recognized as authorities. His first work, the ' Monographia Psela- phidarum et Scydmsenidarum Britanniae ' (1825), was dedicated to the famous naturalist Dr. Kirby, who was a private friend of the author, and was published at Norwich not long before Mr. Denny's removal to Leeds. It was the first treatise upon the Pselaphidae and Scydmsenidae which had appeared in this country. In the publication of his second and more important work, he was assisted by the British Association. The volume was entitled " Monographia Anoplurorum Britanniae — an essay on the species of parasitic insects belonging to the ' Anoplura ' of Leach, with the modern definitions and the genera according to the views of Leach, Nitzsch, and Burmeister " (1842). In the progress of the work the number of known species increased so rapidly as to preclude the publication of the book at the price announced in the prospectus. At the time when Mr. Denny was engaged on the work, the British Association had its meeting at Glasgow ; and upon the recommendation of Sir W. Jardine and Mr. Selby, the sum of £50 was granted by the Association to assist in furthering the knowledge of the British Anoplura. This sum was placed at Mr. Denny's disposal, Sir "W. Jardine, Mr. Selby, Mr. W. ZarreU, and Dr. Lankester being appointed trustees in connexion with the grant ; and when the work was issued it was dedicated to the two first-named gentlemen, and to Dr. R. K. Greville. Both the above-mentioned works were illustrated by highly magnified figures of the species described, the drawings having been executed with taste by Mr. Denny himself. Mr. Denny was a corresponding mem- ber of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and of the Syro-Egyptian Society of London. He was also an honorary mem- ber of the Philosophical Society of Dickinson College, Carlisle (Pennsylvania), and of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society. He was elected an Associate of this Society on the 19th of December 1843, and died at Leeds, on the 7th of March 1871, at the age of sixty- eight. The Venerable William Hale Hale, M.A., Archdeacon of Lon- don, and Master of the Charterhouse, was born on the 12th of September, 1795. His father, who died while he was very young, was a medical man. He became a ward of the late Mr. James LINN. PROC. — Session 1870-71. i ^ ixXXVi PROCEEDINGS OF THE Palmer, Treasurer of Christ's Hospital ; and it was within the walls of that institution that his early years were passed. At eight years of age he entered the Charterhouse School, at that time under Dr. Raine, and at the end of his school career passed to Oriel Col- lege, Oxford, where he took his bachelor's degree in Michaelmas Term 1817, obtaining a second class in both classical and mathema- tical honours. He was ordained deacon in 1818, and priest in the following year, by the then Bishop of London, Dr. Howley. In 1824 he became chaplain to Bishop Blomfield, then bishop of Chester (under whom he had served as afternoon and evening lec- turer at Bishopsgate), aud he continued to hold the same position on the promotion of Dr. Blomfield to the see of London. In 1823 he was appointed, mainly through the influence of Archbishop Howley and Bishop Blomfield, to the preachership of the Charterhouse. The duties of this post he continued to discharge until twenty-eight years ago, when on the death of Dr. Philip Fisher he was promoted to the mastership of that foundation. He was advanced by Bishop Blomfield successively to the archdeaconries of St. Alban's and of Middlesex, but was transferred in 1840 to the archdeaconry of London, to which was attached the post of a Canon Besidentiary of St. Paul's Cathedral. He also held the living of St. Giles's Cripple- gate from 1847 to 1857, when he resigned it. The archdeacon was ah active member of the Committee of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, and of other societies of the English Church. A great friendship existed between the archdeacon and Bishop Blom- field, founded on similarity of tastes and habits of judgment. Both belonged to the school of divines and theologians rather than of popular and attractive preachers. Archdeacon Hale, though so long resident in London, did not take a prominent part in City move- ments. His name seldom appeared in connexion with its strifes or its schemes ; for he had no taste for the platform. While he held the Cripplegate living, he was exemplary in the discharge of his duties as a parish clergyman, and he was active and vigilant in the oversight of his archdeaconry. His periodical charges to the clergy of London were looked for, and commented upon, almost as eagerly as those of the diocesan himself. They were always distinguished by solid good sense, and for the fearless manner in which he grap- pled with the current topics of the day. It was for these charges that he reserved his opinion, not only on the religious, but on the social questions of the day ; and no one reading those charges could fail to see that, though a silent, he was by no means an indifl^erent i LINKEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. IxXXvii observer of current events, and that he looked abroad upon life with discerning and intelligent eyes, and brought to bear upon passing events a cool, clear, and impartial judgment. Archdeacon Hale had a special fondness for antiquarian studies ; and it is to his learning in that direction that we owe the more important productions of his pen. He wrote a sketch of the history of the Charterhouse ; and he afterwards published what may be called a companion sketch of Christ's Hospital ; while for the Camden Society he produced ' The Doomsdays of St. Paul's,' and ' Registrum Privatum S. Mariae Wigo- niensis,' both works of great antiquarian interest. In his own professional studies he annotated an edition of the Four Gospels jointly with the late Bishop of Lichfield, and wrote several devotional works for the Society for Promoting Christian Know- ledge. Some of the articles in the Encyclopaedia Metropolitana ' were also contributed by him ; and in addition to his charges other tracts and sermons which he preached on different occasions were afterwards published. He died at the Charterhouse, on the 11th of November 1870. He was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 16th of June 1859. Alexander Henhy Halidat was born at Belfast, in 180 7. His early education took place at home. At the age of fifteen he was entered as a student at Trinity CoUege, Dublin, where he remained five years, obtaining the golden medal, the highest prize to which stu-- dents there could at that time attain ; he also took his M.A. degree. Subsequently he studied for the legal profession, and was called to the bar, but he very rarely practised. In 1843 he was appointed High Sheriff of the County of Antrim, and discharged conscientiously the duties of that office. At an early period of life he had shown a taste for natural history, more especially entomology, and at the age of twenty-one he published in the 'Zoological Journal' a local list of Coleoptera and Diptera. Soon after this, however, he appears to have devoted himself more especially to the order Diptera, then almost unstudied in this country ; and he published a series of valu- able papers thereon, which have received the highest encomiums from the most competent judges, the learned dipterologists Loew and Schiner. When Mr. Francis Walker was at work on the order Diptera for the series of the Insecta Britannica, he received much valuable assistance from Mr. Haliday, who contributed the characters and synoptical tables of the Diptera — of the Empidce, of the Syrphidce, and the whole of the Dolichopidce, These contributions, as recorded by Herr Loew in his introduction to the Monographs of the Diptera i2 IxXXViii PEOCEEDINGS OF THE of North America, published by the Smithsonian Institution, added considerable value to Mr. Walker's work. Not content with the study of Diptera, Mr. Haliday devoted much labour to the classification of the minute parasitic Hymenoptera belonging to the Chalcididce, Proctotrupidoe, &c. lanthem. Nat. Tijdschr. v. Ned. Ind. xxxi. N. J. Schcutz. Prodromus Monographise Georum. Trans. R. Soc. Sc. Upsala, Ser. 3, vii. F. Schultz. Observations on some Carices, 1 plate. Flora, 1871. — Schwcinfurth. Botanical notes of his Niam-Niam journey. Bot. Zeit. 1871. A. Senoncr. Enumprutiou of the plants which appear as weeds in C'irn-ficlds in Belgium. Bot. Zeit. 1870. 1 2 CXU PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE W. F. Suringar. A new species of An/ostcnDna, 1 plate. Trans. K. Acad. So. Amsterdam, Ser. 2, iv. J. E. Teysmann. On Lodoicea Sechellarum. Nat. Tijdschr. v. Ned. Ind. xxxi. E. E. Trautvetter. New species of Symphytum. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. ITosc. 1870, i. H. Trimen. On Bromus asper. Seem. Journ. Bot. viii. A. Unterhuber. The position of the scales of the fruit of Cera- tozamia Mexicaiia, Brongn. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, xx. K. de Yisiani. Observations on the Linnean Herbarium. Pre- sented by the Author. E. de Yisiani and E. Saccardo. Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of the Venetian territory. Atti E. Instit. Venice, xiv. — Walpers. Annales Botanices Systematicae, completion of vol. vii. Purchased. H. C. Watson. On the Thames-side Brassica. Seem. Journ. Bot. viii. Physiological and Miscellaiteotts Botaht : — H. Baillon. On the development of the leaves of Sarracenuv (from the Comptes Eendus). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. Mrs. Barber. On the fertilization and dissemination of Duvernoia aHiatodoides. Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. J. Baranetzky. Observations on the effects of light on vegeta- tion. Bot. Zeit. 1871. A. de Bary. On the waxy coating of the epidermis. Bot. Zeit. 1871. J, Borodin. On the structure of the apex of the leaf in some aquatic plants, 1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1870. D. Clos. Memoranda on various minor points and principles in Systematic Botany. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. E. 0. Cunningham. On the occurrence of pleiotaxy in the perianth of Philesia, woodcut. Journ. linn. Soc. xi, F. Delpino. Thoughts on Vegetable Biology. Pisa, 1867. Pre- sented by Mr. Darwin. — Ulterior observations on dichogamy in the vegetable kingdom, and Italian translation of Dr. C. Miiller's address on insect visitors of flowers. Presented by the Author. A. "W. Eichler. On the position of the leaves in some Alsodeicc, 1 plate. Flora, 1870. E. Frank. On the motion of chlorophyll grains towards the light. Bot. Zeit. 1871. LIXXEAX SOCIETY 0¥ I.OXDON. CXUl H. 11. Goeppert. On the degree of cold which vegetation in ge- neral will bear. Bot. Zeit. 1871. A. Grigorieff. On the anatomy of Phellodendron amureme, Rupr. Bot. Zeit. 1871. A. Gris. Comparative Anatomy of the pith of woody plants. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. Henfrey's Elementary Course of Botany, 2ad edition, by M. T. Masters. Purchased. H. Hoffmann. Researches on artificial sempervirescenee (from the "Wochenschrift of the Prussian Hort. Soc.). Presented by the Author. — Experiments on the causes determining the sexes in Spi- nacia oleraeea and Mercurialis annua. Bot. Zeit. 1871. F. Krasan. Studies of the periodical phenomena of life in plants connected with the flora of Griitz. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, XX. G. Kraus. On the formation of scorpioid inflorescences. Bot. Zeit. 1870. P. Magnus. Further observations on the mutual influences of the graft and the stock. Bot. Zeit. 1871. M. T. Mastei-s and J. H. Gilbert. Reports on experiments on the influence of manures on different species of plants. Presented by the Authors. T. Meehan. On bud-formation in Gi/mnocladiis. — On the flowers of Amlia and Hedeva (from Proc. Acad. jS'at. Sc. Philad.). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. "VV. Mitchell. On equations to the curved outlines of the leaves of plants, 1 plate. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. x. J. C. P. V. Moens. Researches on the Quina barks in Java. Xat. Tijdschr. v. Ned. Ind. xxxi. J. T. Moggridge. On petalody of sepals in Serapias, 1 plate. Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. H. V. Mohl. Morphological study of the leaves of Sciadopitys, Bot. Zeit. 1871. Fritz Mueller. On the modification of the stamens of a species of Begonia. Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. N. J. C. Mueller. Researches on some phenomena of growth, 1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1870. E. Royer. On the subterraneous parts of plants. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. S. Rosnnoff. On the morphology of the colouring-matter in plants, 1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1870. CXIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE G. Stengel. On the leaves of Lathrcea Squamana, 1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1871. A. Vogel. On the relation of phosphoric acid and guanin to vege- tation. Trans. Bavar. Acad. Sc. x. E. "Warming. On the development of the inflorescence in Eu- phorbia. Flora, 1870. Crtptogamic Botany : — F. Ardissone. Review of the Ceramii of the Italian flora. N. Giorn. Bot. Ital. iii. F. Arnold. The Lichens of Carniolia and the Littorale collected by J. Glowacki, 1 plate. — Lichenological excursions in Tyrol. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, xx. — Lichenological fragments, 1 plate. Flora, 1871. F. Baglietto. Synopsis of Tuscan Lichenology. N". Giorn. Bot. Ital. iii. A. de Bary. Eurotium, Erydplie, Ctcinnobolus, "with remarks on the sexual organs of Ascomyceta, 6 plates. Trans. Senckenb. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. R. H. Beddome. The Ferns of Southern India, 4to, 271 plates. Presented by Mr. Hanbury. M. J. Berkeley and C. E. Broome. Notices of British Fungi. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi., vii. — Fungi of Ceylon, Agaricusto Can- tharelJus. Jouru. Linn. Soc. xi. A. Braun, Later researches on the genera Marsilea and Pilidaria, woodcuts. Monatsber. Acad. Sc. BerKn, 1870. E. Braithwaite. Recent additions to the British Moss-flora, 1 plate. Seem. Journ. Bot. vii. C. E. Broome. Scleroderma Geaster, a new British fungus, 1 plate. Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. — Remarks on fungi of the neighbourhood of Bath. Proc. Bath Nat. Hist. Field-Club, 1871. J. B. Carnoy. Anatomical and physiological researches on fungi, 9 plates. Bull. See. Bot. Belg. ix. B. Carrington. On Dr. Gray's arrangement of Hepaticae. — On two new British Hepatieae. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. x. M. C. Cooke. Cashmir Morels, woodcuts. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. x. — On polymorphic Fungi, 1 plate. Pop. Sc. Rev. x. C. Cramer. On the development and pairing of zygospores in Vhthrix. Bot. Zeit. 1871. J. M. Crombie. New British Lichens. Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. G. Dickie. On the distribution of Algae. Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. LIXXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOJf. CXV J. E. Duby. New or little-known exotic Cryptogams, 4 plates. Mem. Soc. Phys, Hist. Nat. Geneva, xx. A. Geheeb. Ou Hypnum hydropteryx, Schimp. Bot. Zeit. 1871. E. Hampe. New Mosses from the Melbourne Herbarium, Aus- tralia. Linnaea, xxxvi. E. D. Harrop. On Phyllactidium pulchellum. Proc. R. Soc. Tasra. 1868-9. C. 0. Harz. On Ferments. Flora, 1871. F. Hazslinszky. The Spharice of the Eose, 1 plate. Trans. Zool.- Bot. Soc. Yienna, xx. H. Hoffmann. Myeological Reports, 1870. Presented by the Author. L. R. V. Hohenbiihel-Heuffler. On the supposed station for Hy- menopJiyllum Tunhridgeiise in the region of the Adriatic. Separate copy presented by the Author. E. V. Glinka Jauczewski. Morphology of Ascoboliis purpuraceus, 1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1871. L. Juranyi. On the structure and development of the Sporangia oi Psilotinn triquetnim. — On (Edoyonia. Bot. Zeit. 1871. J. Juratzka. New species of Mosses, | plate. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xx. J. Juratzka and J. MUde. Contributions to the museological flora of the Levant. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, xx. H. Karsten. On the hyphogonidian Fungi observed in the human ear, 1 plate. BuU. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1870, i. J. Klein. Myeological communications, 2 plates. Trans. Zool.- Bot. Soc. Vienna, xx. J. Kny. On the morphology of Chondriopsis ccerulescens, Crouan, and some peculiar optical phenomena in this Alga, 1 plate. Mo- natsber. R. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1870. A. v. Krempelhuber. Lichens of the voyage of the frigate ' Novara,' 8 plates. Purchased. — Lichens as parasites on Algae. Flora, 1871. W. Lauder-Lindsay. The Lichens collected in W. Greenland by R. Brown, 5 plates. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. Supplementary notes to the Lichen-flora of Greenland. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. x. E. Lees. On the forms and persistency of arboreal Fungi. — On remarkable Fungi and Algae of the Malvern district. Trans. Malv. Nat. Field-Club, i. W. A. Leighton. On the chemical reaction in the British species o{ Pertusaria. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. CXVa PROCEEDINGS OF THE H. Leitgeb. On the position of the leaves in Mosses. Bot. Zeit. 1871. P. Magnus, Contributions to the knowledge of the genus Najas, 4to, 8 plates. Berlin, 1870. Presented by Mr. Darwin. D. V. Martens. Kurzia crenacanthoidea, a new Alga, 1 plate. Flora, 1870. J. Milde. Ophioglosseae and Equisetacese of the Voyage of the Frigate ' K'ovara.' Purchased. W. Mitten. On Pottia. Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. J. Mueller. On Dufourea madreporiformis, Achar. Flora, 1870. W. Osier. On Canadian Diatomaceae. Canad. Naturalist, v. G. Passerini. Notes on Italian plants, including some new species of Puccinia. N. Giorn. Bot. Ital. iii. A. Pitra. On Sphctrobolus stellatus, 1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1870. "VV. W. Reichardt. Fungi, Hepaticee, and Mosses of the Voyage of the Frigate ' Novara,' 17 plates. Purchased. J. Ruckmann. On Fairy Rings. Presented by the Author. W. W. Saunders and W. G. Smith. Mycological Illustrations, part 1. Presented by Mr. Saunders. — Schroter. On Syncliytrice. Proc. Siles. Soc. 1869. S. Schulzer v. Miiggenburg. Mycological observations, with de- scriptions of new species, 2 papers, 1 plate. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, xx. W. G. Smith. Agaricus Georgince, a new species, 1 plate. Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. F. Baron v. Thiimen. Mycological notes from Greece. Bot. Zeit. 1871. J. "Waly. On the emptying of zoosporangia. Bot. Zeit. 1870. C. A. "Watkins. On Yeast and other Ferments. Journ. Quek. Microsc. Club, ii. V. B. Wittroch. Observations on Scandinavian Desmidiacese, 1 plate. Trans. R. Soc. Sc. Upsala, Ser. 3, vii. W. Wolff and P. E. R. Zimmermann. Chemical. and Physio- logical experiments on Fungi. Bot. Zeit. 1871. M. Woronin. Sphceria Lemanece, Sorduria Jitniseda, S. coprophila, and Arthrcbotrys oUgospora, 6 plates. Trans. Senckenb. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. G. Zanardini. New or rare Algae of the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas, 8 plates. Mem. R. Instit. Venice, xiv. J. E. Zetterstedt. The Mosses and Hepaticae of (Eland. Trans. R. Soc. Sc. Upsala, Ser. 3, vii. lixxban socieir of london. cxvu Paleontology : — A. Bell. Contributions to the Crag-fauna. Ann, Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. — Beyi'ich. On the basis of the Crinoidea brachiata. Monats- ber. E. Acad. So. Berlin, 1870, also translated into Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. E. Billings. On the structure of Crinoidea, Cystidea, and Blas- toidea. Canad. Naturalist, v., and Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, \'ii. H. B. Brady. On Saccammina Carteri, a new foramiuifer from the carboniferous limestone of Northumberland, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. H, Burmeister. On the pelvis of Megatlierium . Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, xx. — On Saurocetes argentinus, a new type of Zeuglo- dontidae, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. H. J. Carter. On fossil sponge-spicules of the greensand. — On the Coccolith, Melohesia unicellularis. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. J. D. Dana. On the supposed legs of the trilobite Asaphiis platy- ceplialus. Ann. Nat. Hist, Ser. 4, vii. G. M. Dawson. On Foraminifera from the Gulf and River St. Lawrence. — On spore-cases in coals, woodcuts. Ann. Nat. Hist, Ser. 4, vii. A. Dickson. The phyllotaxy of Lepidodendron and Knorria. Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. C. G. Ehrenberg. On large strata consisting of microscopical BaciUarise under and near the city of Mexico, 4to, 3 plates. Berlin, 1869. Presented by Mr. Darwin. G. v. Frauenfeld. Address on the extinct and expiring animals of the most recent geological period. Vienna, 1870. Presented by the Author. A. Hancock and T. Atthey, On a mandibular ramus of AniJira- cosaurus Russelli and on Loxomma and Archichthys, 1 plate. — On Dipterus and Ctenodits, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. J. Hopkinson. On a specimen of Diphgrapsus pnstis with re- productive capsules, woodcuts. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. W. King. On Agulhasia Davidsonii, a new PaUiobranchiate genus, plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. F. Kitton. Diatomaceous deposits from Jutland, 2 plates. Journ. Quek. Microsc. Club, ii. G. Kreift. A gigantic amphibian allied to Lepidosiren from Queensland, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870. CXVIU PROCEEDINGS OF THE K.. Owen. Ou the Fossil Mammals of Australia, part 3, 16 plates. Phil. Trans, clx. E. Parfitt. On an araneaceous Foraminifer from the carboniferous limestone of Devonshire, | plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. G. A. Pirona. The Hippuritidse of the Colle di Medea in the Frioul, 10 plates. Mem. R. Instit. Venice, xiv. H. J. Seeley. Additional evidence of the structure of the head in Ornithosaurs from the Cambridge upper greensand, 2 plates. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. 0. ToreU. Petrifactions of the Swedish Cambrian formation, 1 plate. Mem. Univers. Lund, 1869. S. V. "Wood. On the assumption of the adult form by the genera Cyprcea and Ringicula. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. H. Woodward. The tertiary shells of the Amazons Valley, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. A. de Zigno. Palaeontological Notes. Mem. R. Instit. Venice, xiv. Palseontographical Society's Publications, xxiv. Purchased, MlSCELLANEOTTS : C. Balfour. Timber Trees, Timber and Fancy "Woods and Forests of India, 3rd edition, 8vo. Presented by the Author. G. Bennett. Correspondence relating to the cultivation of silk laid before the New South "Wales Parliament. Presented by Mr. Bennett. Emil Blanchard. Six successive annual Addresses on the occasion of the distribution of prizes to the French Provincial Scientific Societies. Presented by Mr. Bentham. E. Clarke. On Systematic Botany and Zoology, table viii. and conclusion. Presented by the Author. R. V. Cotta, On the law of development of the Earth, 8vo. Leipzig, 1870. Presented by Mr. Darwin. R. 0. Cunningham. Notes on the Natural History of the Straits of Magellan, 8vo, 1871. Presented by Mr. Bentham. Forest Administration of India. Reports for the Central Pro- vinces, 1867-68, 1868-69, and 1869-70 ; for Canara, 1869-70 ; for the Bombay Presidency, 1869-70 ; for British Burmah, 1868-69 and 1869-70. Presented by the Government of India. J. Haast. Anniversary Address to the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, New Zealand. Presented by the Author. L. Baron v. Hohenbiihel-Heuffler. On Linnseus's views of the Descent theories. — Franz v. Mygind, the friend of Jacquin. Pre- sented by the Author. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. CXIX L. Jenyns, St. Swithin and other weather saints. — Address of the President of the Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field- Club, 1871. Presented by the Author. B. T. Lowne. On so- called spontaneous generation. Journ. Quek. Microsc. Club, ii. 0. Peschel. Few problems in Physical Geography, 8vo. Leipzig, 1870. Presented by Mr. Darwin. L. Netto. History of the Imperial and National Museum of Natural History of Rio Janeiro. — Contributions to the applied Botany of Brazil. — On the Botany of the Upper San Francisco River. — Short notes on the collection of Brazilian woods in the Interna- tional Exhibition of 1867. Presented by the Author. R. Schomburgk. Report as Director of Adelaide Botanic Garden for 1870. Presented by the Author. J. L. Soubeiran. Curiosities of Alimentation. Presented by the Author. P. Squire. Companion to the last edition of the British Pharma- copoeia. Presented by the Author. H. Ulrici. God and Nature, 8vo. Leipzig, 1866. Presented by Mr, Darwin. C. A. Zittel. Obituary notice of Christian Erich Hermann v. Meyer, the palaeontologist. Presented by the R. Bavarian Academy of Sciences. cxx INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS. SESSION" 1870-71. Page Address of the President, May 24,1871 xxxiv Anniversary Meeting, May 24, 1871, Report on xxxiv Artificial Pearls, Documents re- lating to Linnaeus' s discovery of a mode of producing, pre- sented XXX Aspidium aculeatum and angu- tare. Varieties of, from East Woodhay, exhibited by H. Eeeks, Esq., P.L.S xxxii Associate deceased Ixxviii Beetle, Large, allied to Dynastes, from tlie Chontales Moun- tains, Nicaragua, exhibited by Dr. Seemaun, E.L.S. . . . xxxii Bust of J. J. Bennett, Esq., V.P.L.S., presented .... Ixxx Caucalis latifolia, from corn- fields, near Keynsham, Grlou- cestershire, exliibited by Mr. T B. Flower, F.L.S. . . . xxix Council, Election of . . . xxix, Ixxviii Cvpania cinerea, Poepp., Speci- mens of, showing a remai'table pecuharity in the seed, exhi- bited by the President . . . xxxii Election of Council and Officers . Ixxviii Fellows deceased. List of . . . Ixxviii Financial Statement .... Ixxviii Floral Prolification, Specimen of, in Jasione montana, exhi- bited xxxiii Foreign Members, deceased . . Ixxviii India-rubber plant of Tropical Africa {Landolphia florida, Benth. ?), Fruit-bearing speci- mens of, exhibited by Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S xxx Insects retaining, in the imago state, the head of the larva, Page Drawings of, exhibited by Prof. Westwood, F.L.S. . . xciv Jasione montana, Specimen of Floral Prolification in, exhi- bited by F. P. Balkwill, Esq., F.L.S xxxiii Landolpliia florida, Benth., Spe- cimens of, exhibited by Dr. Hooker xxx Linnaeus. See Artificial Fearls and Photographic Album. Obitxtary Notices : — Anderson, Thomas, M.D. • . Ixxx Buckley, Nathaniel, M.D. . . Ixxxii Chambers, Robert, Esq. . . Ixxsii Denny, Henry, A.L.S. . . . Ixxxiv Hale, Archdeacon William . Ixxxv Haliday, A. H., Esq. . . . Ixxxvii Miquel, F. A. W., M.D., F.M.L.S Ixxxviii Peek, Richard, LL.D. ... xc Robinson, Charles A., Esq. . xc Veitcli, J. G-., Esq xc Yates, James, Esq xci Papers bead: — Atkin, Letter fi'om, to Dr. Hooker on the vegetation of the Solomon's Islands . . xxx Barber, Mrs., Carnivorous and Insectivorous plants . . . xxix Bentham, George, Notes on the styles of Australian Pro- teaceee xxxiii Cambridge, Rev. O. P., On British Spiders: supplemen- tary to a communication " On British Spiders new to Science," &c xciv Chimmo, Capt. W., Natural History of Deep-sea Sound- ings between Gralle and Java xxx Crotch, G. R., On the generic INDKX. CXXl Page Papees EEAD {continued) : — nomenclature of Lepido- ptera xxxiii Dalzell, N. A., Notes on Cap- paris galeata, Frcsen., and C. Murrayi, J. Grab. . . xxxiii Ernst, M. A., On Sabadilla from Caracas {Asagrcea offi- cinalis, Lindl.) xxix Hanbuiy, Daniel, Historical Notes on the ' Radix Ga- langse ' of Pharmacy . . . xxix Hance, H. F., Supplementary Note on Chinese SLIkworm- oaks xxviii , On the source of the ' Radix Galangse minoris ' of Pharmacologists . . . xxviii , Notes on some plants from Northern Chuia . . xciii Lindberg, S. O., Bryological Remarks xxxii MacLachlan, Robert, Attempt towards a systematic classi- fication of the family Asca- lapbidse xxxiv Mansel, J. P. See Weale. Masters, M. T., Contributions to the Natural History of the Passifloracese .... xxviii , Note on the genus Byr- santhus, Guill., and its floral conformation xxx Mateer, Rev. Samuel, On the Tamil popular names of plants xxxii Meldola, Raphael, The pheno- mena of Protective Mimi- cry, and its bearing on the theory of Natural Selection, as illustrated by the Lepi- doptera of the British Islands xxxiv Miers, John, On the Hippo- crateaceae of S. America . . xciii Munro, General, Letter to Dr. Hooker, dated 'Royal Al- fred,' Feb. 21, 1871, and containing notes on the Bo- tany of Antigua, Trinidad, St.Vincents, and other West- Indian Islands xxxii Murie, James, Notes on the White-beaked Bottle-nose {Lagenorhynclms alhiros- iris, Gray) xxviii Murray, Andrew, Extract of a letter from, on the relations between the Fauna and Flora Page Papers bead (continued) : — of S. Africa and the Medi- tei'ranean element of the European region .... xxiiii Pascoe, F. P., Contributions towards a knowledge of the Curcuhonida;, pt. 2 . . . xxxii Reeks, Henry, On the varieties of Aspidium aculeatum and A. angulare xxxii Robinson, WiUiam, Letter, dated Sien-a Nevada, Oct. 28, 1870, on the Californian Pitcher-plant {Darlingtonia californica, Torr.) . . . xxix Trimen, Roland, Notes on a paper, by Mr. A. Miin-ay, F.L.S., on the geographical relations of the chief Coleo- pterous Faunse .... xxxiii Tidasne, L. R. & C, Notes on the Ti*mellineousFungiand their analogues .... xxxii Weale, J. P. M., Notes on a Sohtary Bee alhed to the genus Anthidium, Latr. . . xxvii , Observations on the mode in which certain spe- cies of AsclepiadecB are fer- tilized xxviii , Observations on the fer- tilization of Disa macran- tha xxviii , Notes on a species of Disperis found in the Haga- berg, S. Africa xxviii , Notes on some species of Sabenaria found in S. Africa xxviii Photographic Album 'id Me- moriam Car. a Linne,' ex- hibited xxx Portrait of G. Bentham, Esq., P.L.S., presented .... xxx Publications presented, Reports on i, xciv Siler trilobtcm, Scop., from Cherry Hinton, Cambridge- shire, exhibited by Mr. Mel- vill, Jun., F.L.S xciii Tarantula Spider, Two living specimens of, from Madeira, exhibited by Mr. Howlett . . xciii Thladiantha dubia, Bunge, Fresh fruits of, ripened in the open air at Clapham, exhibited by Mr. Hanbuiy xxix Vice-Presidents nominated . . xciii PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. (SESSION 1871-72.) November 2nd, 1871. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. The following Report, on the Additions to the Library received since the last Meeting, was laid before the Society : — As usual, at your first assembling after the recess, the table is loaded with the Transactions, Proceedings, and other publications received since the close of the last session, many of them of great value to lis, although we cannot say that the whole, or even any thing near the whole, are directly connected with the sciences we take cognisance of. The number of non-biological works and papers in our libraiy has, indeed, so much increased of late, that when we re- arrange them in our new rooms it will be a matter of serious con- sideration to us whether we should not dispose, for instance, of such as are purely medical, physical, &c., and decline to receive any such for the future, so as to make more room for purely zoological, botanical, or paloeontological works, of which there are many of considerable bulk which we ought to purchase whenever our funds admit of our BO doing. Among the publications on our table the Russian ones continue LTNN. PEOC— Session 1871-72. b 11 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE to occupy a prominent place, on tliis occasion almost entirely zoolo- gical. From the * Memoirs of the Imperial Academy ' we may spe- cially mention J. F. Brandt's elaborate Contributions to the natural history of the Elk, its morphological and palseontological relations and geographical distribution, A. Strauch's Revision of the Sala- mandridse, "with detailed geographical considerations, and -various anatomical and physiological papers by A. Brandt, Spiro, E. Brandt, Metschnikoff, and others, the latter in the ' Bulletin.' There are also two parts of the ' Horse ' of the Russian Entomological Society. The University of Lund, which has of late years, in imitation of Academies, undertaken the regular publication of scientific memoirs, has sent us its volume for 1870, with interesting papers by C. A. Bergh on animal life in the Cattegat, and by Areschoug and Berg- gren on vegetable physiology. In separate publications, C. A. "Wester- lund has presented his ' Fauna of the Terrestrial MoUusca of Scandi- navia ' (in Swedish in 8vo, and in French in 4to), and Dr. Thorell an additional number of his ' Synonymy of European Spiders.' From Copenhagen we have two parts of the ' Botanisk Tidsskrift,' and one of the ' Proceedings of the Eoyal Danish Society.' The German and French contributions in general furnish lament- able evidence of the disastrous effects of the war. Their publications are few, and chiefly worked up, and even printed, before the events of last July twelvemonth. The Academy Naturae Curiosorum, now at Dresden, is, however, an exception ; the volume before us contains several valuable papers, amongst which, besides Boettcher's elaborate anatomical memoir on the organs of hearing in Mammals, we may particularly notice Hildebrand's detailed elucidation of the sexiial relations in Compositse, and more especially of the functions of the collecting -hairs of the style and the tardy exposure of the stig- matic surface, alluded to in the notes on the styles of Proteaceae printed in the last number of your Journal. There is also a con- tribution of one of our own active botanical FeUows, Mr. Moggridge's paper on OpTirys insectifera. The only other German biological papers on the table of any importance are the anatomical and phy- siological contributions to Kolliker's and to Wiegmann's zoological and Pringsheim's botanical journals. The Berlin Academy's annual volume is reduced to very small dimensions, being limited to Ehren- berg's paper on Californian Bacillariae. The ' Monatsbericht ' has been kept up, including, as usual, a few zoological contributions of our Foreign Member Dr. Peters. The Munich Academy's annual volume has nothing which concerns us, except a palseontological LUra^EAN SOCIETT OF LONDON. lU paper of Gumbel's. From the smaller towns we have publications of the Eoyal Society of Gottiiigen, of the Brandenburg Botanical Society, of the Natural-History Society of Prussian Ehineland, and of the Physico-Medical Society of "Wiirzburg, and some sheets of the ' Malakozoologische Blatter.' The Austrian Empire has naturally been less influenced by the European disturbance. From Vienna, besides several volumes re- ceived early in the year and noticed in our last reports, we have Transactions or Proceedings of the Imperial Academy and of the Geological Society, the former including Fitzingers detailed review of the Chiroptera and various anatomical and physiological papers, botanical as well as zoological, both series comprising, as usual, numerous paleeontological contributions. A new publishing JSTatural History and Medical Society has started at Innspruck a series of 8vo Proceedings, which it is to be presumed will be chiefly devoted to local biology. It is therefore with some regret that we observe that one of the two numbers before us is selected by Prof. Kerner for the publication of new species of Himalayan plants, as these Proceedings are so little likely to come under the notice of Indian botanists. The Transactions of the Natural-History Society of Bremen, now on the table, contain nothing of general interest. Dr. Eichler, the editor of j^lartius's ' Flora Brasiliensis,' now settled at Gratz, in the professorship of the late Dr. linger, there continues that important work, much encouraged by a flattering reception from the Emperor of Brazil. We purchase the work ; and amongst the parts now received are two contributions from our own Fellows — Mr. Baker's Connaraceae and Ampelideas, and Mr. A. W. Bennett's Hydroleaceae and Pedalinese. With these parts have also been sent a number of titlepages and indexes, which will enable us to place several volumes of this great work in the binder's hands. We have received Transactions, Memoirs, and Bulletins from various French Societies ; but all that are of any importance are dated in or before the early part of 1870. Amongst them we are parti- cularly obliged to the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes for several volumes of their valuable ' Nouvelles Archives,' which we have now complete as far as published ; and we have also to make our acknow- ledgment to the Academies of Lyons, Cherbourg, and Bordeaux. A few publishiug societies and journals at Paris contrived to struggle through the sieges, and we have already received new numbers of the ' Annales des Sciences Naturelles,' of the * Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France,' the ' Annales de la Societe Entomologique,' 62 IV PKOCEEDINGS OF THE and the ' Journal de Conchyliologie.' Dr. Baillon has resumed his ' Histoire des Plantes,' and published the Papaveraceaj, Caj)paride3e, and Cruciferae ; and M. Westphal-Castelnau, of Montpellier, has sent us his catalogue of his late father's rich erpetological museum. Of the Memoirs and Bulletin of the Brussels Academy several volumes are on the table, containing, besides various anatomico- physiological and a few systematic zoological papers, P. J. van Be- neden's detailed memoirs on the parasites and commensals of the larger fishes and Cetacea. From HoUand we have five parts of the * Archives Neerlandaises,' including a considerable number of papers of varied interest. Prom Switzerland, to the Transactions received before the recess we have now to add those of the Societe Yaudoise of Lausanne and of the Natural-History Society of Zurich. Prom Italy there are bulky volumes from the Istituto Yeneto, with but very little con- cerning our branches of knowledge. We have a new number of the ' Giornale Botanico Italiano,' hitherto edited by Beccari ; but as he is about to undertake another distant expedition, the journal has passed into the hands of Caruel, who has at length obtained a pro- fessorship worthy of his acceptance, having been appointed to suc- ceed the late Paolo Savi at Plorence. The annual North-American package, transmitted through the Smithsonian Institution, is as usual very valuable. Their own volume of Contributions to Knowledge is occupied by an elaborate memoir of L. H. Morgan, on the systems of consanguinity and affinity of the human family ; whilst the publications of the Ameri- can Philosophical Society, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences of Boston, the Boston Society of Natural History, the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, the Portland Society of Natural History, the Peabody Academy of Science, the Essex Institute of Salem, and the Connecticut Aca- demy of Arts and Sciences, as well as the ' American Journal of Conchology,' show how actively the American zoologists and palae- ontologists are pursuing the investigation of the numerous forms of animal life now in existence, or whose remains have been preserved, not only in their own vast territory, but also in the neighbouring Central- American States, with some attention also to the South- American fauna. The active continuation of the more popular biological periodicals, both in the United States and in Canada, affords evidence, moreover, of the general spread of the study of natural IINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. V history, especially zoology. In botany there is, however, but little in the volumes on the table besides Asa Gray's monographic revisions (Eriogoneae, Polemoniaceae, and Diapensiacete), always valuable, and these especially so, as being the result of the study of European herbaria during his last tour in the Old "World. There are on the table several numbers of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, containing several papers both on the zoology and the botany of Southern Asia ; and from Australia, Transactions and Proceedings of the lioyal SocietyofVictoria, the Entomological Society of New South Wales, and the Adelaide Philosophical Society. Mr. Brady, of Sydney, has sent us his tracts on Silk and on the Ailant Silkworm, Mr. G. Bennett has presented his tract on the introduc- tion of the Orange and others of the Citron tribe into New South Wales, and Dr. Schomburgk his Catalogue of the Adelaide Botanic Garden. At home the British Museum has made a valuable addition to our Library in the shape of a complete series of their Catalogues, in- cluding those which, like Dr. Giinther's Fishes, are so much more important than the title would imply. From the Royal Society we have the fifth volume of their great Catalogue of Scientific Papers, and from other Societies a part of the Transactions and a volume of the Proceedings of the Zoological, and Proceedings and Trans- actions of several others less connected with our own pursuits, as well as the usual continuations of the various Journals and regular serials presented to us or purchased. The British Association have sent the Liverpool volume of their Eeports ; and among local Societies there are the publications of those of Northumberland and Durham, of Liverpool, Plymouth, Cornwall, and of the Woolhope Field-Club. An important volume of the Ray Society's Publications con- tains Dr. Allman's Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids. Among separate works presented to us are the second voliime of Oliver's ' Flora of Tropical Africa,' Cooke's ' Handbook of British Fungi,' Moggridge's fourth part of his ' Flora of Mentone,' com- pleting the volume, Mrs. LyeU's ' Geographical Handbook of Ferns,' Mr. Newman's ' Illustrated Natural History of British Butterfiies,' Dr. Aitchison's ' Catalogue of the Plants of the Punjab and Sindh,' Dr. Brettschneider's ' Study and Yalue of Chinese Botanical Works,' besides separate copies of a considerable number of Transaction- papers sent in by their several authors. Two Zoological Numbers and one Botanical one of our own Journal VI PKOCEEDINGS OF THE have been sent out during the recess, and the concluding part of the twenty-seventh volume of our Transactions is now in the course of delivery. The following is the detailed enumeration of the Biological Papers contained in the above-mentioned Transactions, Proceedings, and Journals, and of the separate works added to the Library since the last Report : — Mammalia and Genekal Zoology: — J. Anderson. Three new Squirrels from Upper Burmah, 1 plate. — A new Cetacean from the Irawaddi, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. E. Bartlett. Notes on the Monkeys of Eastern Peru, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. P. J. V. Beneden. Cetacea, their commensals and parasites. BuU. R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxxix. — On a Balcenoptera captured in the Scheldt. Mem. E,. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxxviii. — V. Bisehoff. On the brain of a Chimpanzee, 1 plate. Proc. R. Acad, Munich, 1871. A, Boettcher, On the development and structure of the organs of hearing in Mammalia, 12 plates. Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. Dresden, xxxv. J. P, Brandt. Contributions to the natural history of the Elk, its morphological and palaeontological relations and geographical distri- bution. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, Ser. 7, xvi. — Remarks on the hair of the Mammoth. BuU. Imp. Acad. Sc, Petersburg, xv. W. BuUer. On the New-Zealand Rat, 1 plate (from Trans, N, Zeal. Inst.). Presented by the Author. J. W. Clark. On the skeleton of a Narwahl (Mo^iodon monoceros) with two fully developed tusks. Proc. Zool, Soc, 1871, E, Cyon. On the nervus depressor' of the Horse, 1 plate. Bull, Imp. Acad. Sc, Petersburg, xv, G, E. Dobson, New Malayan Bats. — A new Vespertilio. Journ, Asiat, Soc, Bengal, 1871, H. Emery, Physiological Notes, Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xii. L. J. Eitzinger. Critical Review of the Order Chiroptera. Proc. Imp. Acad, Sc. Yienna, Ix., Ixi,, Ixii, — George, Zoological Studies of the Hemione and other equine species. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xii, P, Gervais, On the cerebral forms of living and fossil Edentata, 5 plates, and Marsupialia, 2 plates. Nouv, Archiv, Mus, Paris, v, J, E. Gray, On the Berardius of New Zealand. Ann, Nat, Hist, Ser, 4, viii. LINNEAN SOCIEIY OF LONDON. VU — Hector. Notes on New-Zealand Eared Seals. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. H. Milne-Edwards. Note on a hybrid of a Hemione and Mare, 4 plates. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Par. v. St. G. Mivart. On Hemicentetes, a new genus of Insectivora, 1 plate and woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. J. Murie. Eesearclies upon the anatomy of Pinnipedia, 5 plates. Trans. Zool. Soc. vii. G. Nepveu. On the pacinian eorpuscules iu Apes, 1 plate. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, vii. "W. C. H. Peters. On the genera and species of Ehinohphi. — Supplement to the monographical review of the genus Atalaiolia. — On Lichenotus mitratus, a new species of Indri. Proc. E. Acad. Sc. BerHn, 1871. F. Prevost. On the existence of rudimentary horns in the head of the female Deer, 1 plate. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Par. v. P. L. Sclater. On Rhinoceros xinicoTrnis, woodcuts. — On rare or little-known animals in the Gardens of the Zoological Society, 4 plates. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. F. H. Troschel, Eeport on the contributions to the Natural History of Mammalia for 1869. "Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi. A. V. Winiwarter. On the organs of heariag in Mammalia, 1 plate. Proc. Imp. Sc. Vienna, Isi. Oknithologt : — J. Anderson. Eight new Birds from "Western China, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. B. H. Bannister. Sketch of a classification of American Anse- rinae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870. "W. Buller. Notes on various New-Zealand Birds, 3 plates (from Trans. N. Zeal. Inst.). Presented by the Author. E,. 0. Cunningham. On some points in the osteology of Rhea americana and R. Danvinii, 2 plates. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. D. G. Elliot. On an apparently new Argus. — Two new Humming- birds. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4. viii. — A new Pheasant from Burmah. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. W. H. Flower. On the skeleton of the Australian Cassowary, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. J. Gould. A new SpatJiura. — Two new Australian Birds. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. J. H. Gurney. On certain Abyssinian Birds. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. VUl PEOCEEDINGS OP THE J. E. Halting. On J. Barrow's collection of Arctic Birds. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. . The Ornithology of Skakespeare, 1 vol. 8vo. Presented by the Author. G. Hartlaub and 0. Pinsch. On a collection of Birds from Savai and Rarotonga Islands. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. — Jobert. Anatomical researches on the nasal glands of Birds, 2 plates. Ann. Sc, Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xi. — Marey. On the flight of Insects and Birds. Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 5, sii. W. Marshall. On the splanchnology of Rhinochcetus juhatus, Verr. et Desm., 1 plate. Archiv. Neerl. v. — On the elongated caudal feathers of Birds of Paradise. Ibid, vi. A. Milne-Edwards and A. Grandidier. New Observations on the ^^yornis of Madagascar, 11 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat, Zool. Ser. 5, xii. J. Murie. On the dermal and visceral structures of the Kagu, Sun-bittern, and Boatbill, 2 plates. Trans, Zool. Soc, vii, "W. V. Nathusius. On the egg-shells of ^jpyornis, Dinornis, Ap- teryx, and some Cryjpturida, 2 plates. Zeitschr. wiss, Zool. xxi. A. Newton. On some new or rare Birds' eggs, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. J. Orton. On the Condors and Humming-birds of the Equatorial Andes. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser, 4, viii. T, H, Potts, On the Birds of New Zealand, 6 plates (from Trans. N, Zeal. Inst.), Presented by the Author. E,. Ridgway. A new classification and three new species of North-American Falconidse. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870. P. L. Sclater. Notes on Tyrannula mexicana, Kaup, and T. harhirostns, Swains. — On some species of Dendrocolaptidse in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution. Proc, Zool, Soc, 1871. R. B. Sharpe. On the Birds of Angola, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. — Notes on the American Eider Duck, woodcuts, — On Alauda bimaculata, Menetr. — On some African Birds. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. T. H. Streets. Remarks on Huxley's classification of Birds. Proc. Acad. Nat, Sc, Philadelphia, 1870. C, J, Sundevall, On Birds from the Galapagos. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. T. M. Trippe. Notes on the Birds of Minnesota. Proc. Essex Inst. Salem, vi. LI>TrEAKr SOCIETY OF LO^^)OIf. IX H. B. Tristram. Notes on Sylyiads. Ann. Nat. Hist. Set. 4, viii. J. Verreaux. Descriptions of some ne^v species of Birds, 2 plates. Nouv. Archiv, 3Ius. Par. iv. — Descriptions of two new Birds from the collections of the Museum. Ibid. v. — On a new Promerojis, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. A. Yiscount Walden. A new TricliogJossus from Celebes, Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. Ibis for July and Oct. 1871. ICHTHTOLOGT : P. J. v. Beneden. The Fishes of the Belgian coasts, their para- sites and commensals, 6 plates. Mem. E. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxxviii. — The Echeneis and Xaucrates in their relations to the fishes they frequent. Bull. R, Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxx. C. A. Bergh. Observations on the animals of the Cattegat and Skagerack collected by the Expedition of the gunboat ' Ingegerd.' Trans. Univ. Lund, 1870. — Bocourt. New Eeptiles and Fishes. — A new Anolis. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Par. v. G. Canestrini. Zoological Notes. Atti 1st. Tenet, xvi. E. D. Cope. Contributions to the Ichthj'ology of the Maraiion. — Synopsis of the freshwater Fishes of N. Carolina. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. xi. R. 0. Cunningham. Notes on the Fishes &c. of the Voyage of the ' Nassau.' Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. F. Day. Monograph of Indian Cyprinidce, 1 plate. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871. A. Dumeril. Note on three Fishes in the collection of the Mu- seum of Paris. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Par. iv. — The Lophobranchia. Mem. Soc. Nat. Sc. Cherbourg, xv. F. GlU. On some new Fishes obtained by Prof. Ortou from the Maraiion and Napo rivers. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870. N. Grehant. Physiological researches on the breathing of Fishes. Ann. Sc.^Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xii. — Guichenot. New Fishes from China and Madagascar, 1 plate. Nouv. Archiv, Mus. Par. v. A. Giinther. On the young state of Fishes belonging to the family of Squamipinues. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii, C, Langer, On the lymphatic vessels of the skiii of some fresh- water Fishes, 1 plate. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vicuna, Ixii. X PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Murray. On the young stage of the Sterlet, Accipenser ru- tJienus. Proc. Zool. Sec. 1871. F. Poey. New species of Cuban Pish. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, ix. S. Powel. On some Fishes new to the American fauna found at Newport. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870. J. W. Putnam. On EuleptorlianipJms. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xiii. P. Steindachner. On the Fish-fauna of Senegal, 2 papers, 20 plates. — Ichthyological Notes, 5 plates. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ix., Ixi. F. Steindachner and R. Kner. On some Fishes from Viti. Proc. Imp. Acad. Se. Vienna, Ixi. F. H, Troschel. Report on the contributions to Ichthyology for 1869. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi. A. E. Verrill. On the food and habits of some Canadian marine Fishes. Canad. Naturalist, vi. Reptiles and Bateachia : — J. A. Allen. Notes on Massachusetts Reptiles and Batrachia. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xiii. J. Anderson. Reptilian accessions to the Indian Museum, Cal- cutta, 1865 to 1870, with descriptions of new species, — ^A new species of Sdncus. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871. — On some Indian Reptiles. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. — On Testudo Phayrei. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. — Bocourt. Descriptions of new Reptiles. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Par. V. W. BuUer. List of New-Zealand Lizards (from Trans. N. Zeal. Inst.). Presented by the Author. E. D. Cope. Eighth contribution to the Herpetology of N. America. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. xi. — Batrachia and Reptilia col- lected by J. A. M'Niel in Nicaragua and by C. J. Maynard in Flo- rida. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sc. 1869-70. R. 0. Cunningham. Notes on the Reptilia and Amphibia of the voyage of the ' Nassau.' Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. A. Dumeril. On the Reptilia of the menagerie of the Museum of Paris. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Par. v. J. E. Gray. On Trionyx Phayrei. — On Euchelemys. — On Scajpia Phayrei. — Notes on freshwater Tortoises. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. IINKEAN SOCIETY OF LOITOON. XI A. Giinther. List of Lizards belonging to the Sepidse. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. E. Klein. On the nerves of the Tadpole's tail, 1 plate. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Yienna, Ixi. W. V. Nathusius. Additions to the notes on the egg-shell of the Adder, 1 plate, Zeitschr. "wiss. Zool. xxi. \Y. C. H. Peters. On Dr. R. Abendi-oth's collection of Amphibia from the elevated regions of Peru. Proc. E. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1871. A. Preudhomme de Borre. A new African species of Varanus. Bull. R. Acad. Sc. Biiissels, xxix. S. Sireni. On the structure and development of the teeth in Amphibia and Eeptilia, 2 plates. Trans. Phys. Med. Soc. Wiii'z- burg, Ser. 2, ii. — Spiro. Physiologico-topographical researches on the spinal marrow of the Frog, 1 plate. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, Ser. 7, xvi. A. Strauch. Revision of the genera of Salamandridse, 2 plates. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, Ser. 7, xvi. F. H. Troschel. Report on the contributions to Herpetology for 1869. "Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi. A. Westphal-Castelnau. Catalogue of his late father's collection of Reptiles at Montpellier, 8vo. Presented by the Author. Ckustacea and Akachnida : — J. Anderson. On the occurrence of Sacculina in the Bay of Bengal. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. E. V, Beueden. Researches on the embryogeny of Crustacea, 2 papers, 2 plates. Bull. R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxix. P. J. V. Beneden. See Ichthyology. C. A. Bergh. Observations on the animals of the Cattegat and Skagerack collected by the expedition of the gunboat ' lugegerd.' Trans. Univ. Lund, 1870. G. S. Brady. Recent Ostracoda from the GuK of St. Lawrence. Canad. Naturalist, v. E. Brandt. The nervous system of Lepas anatifera, 1 plate. — On the young of Idothea entomon, 1 plate. Bull. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, xv. R. Buchhok. Remarks on the species of Dermaleichus, Koch, 6 plates. Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. Dresden, xxxv. G. Canestriui. Zoological notes. Atti Islit. Venet. xvi. XU PEOCEEBINGS OP THE E. 0. Cunningham. Notes on the Crustacea &c. of the voyage of the ' Nassau,' 1 plate. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. A. Dohrn. Eesearches on the structure and development of Ar- thropoda. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xsi. W. A. Hagen. Monograph of the N". American Astacidae, 11 plates. Catal. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. n. 3. — Synopsis Pseudoscorpionidum. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xiii. A. W. M. van Hasselt. Studies on the PJioJcus opilionoides, Schranck. Archiv. Neerl. v. C. HeUer. Eesearches on the Crustacea of Tyrol. Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Innspruck, i. J. A. Herklots. On some monstrosities observed in Crustacea, 1 plate. Archiv. Neerl. v. — Hesse. New or rare Crustacea from the French coasts, 1 plate. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser, 5, xi. — Leydig. On an Arguhis from the neighbourhood of Tubingen, 2 plates. "Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvii. E. L. Maddox. On some Parasites found in the head of a Eat, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vi, E. Metschnikoff. Embryology of Scorpions, 4 plates. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. A. Milne-Edwards. On some Crustacea from Celebes, sent by M. Eiedel, 2 plates. — On some new Crustacea of the family of Portunioe, 2 plates. — Eevision of the genus Thelphusa, 4 plates. — On some new species of the genus Sesanna. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Par. iv., V. A. S. Packard, Jun. Preliminary notice of new North- American PhyUopoda. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. M. E. Plateau. Isopodal terrestrial Crustacea of Belgium. Bull, E. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxix. — On the freshwater Crustacea of Bel- gium, 3 plates. Mem. Sav. Etr. E. xicad. Sc. Brussels, xxxv. E. Graham Ponton. New Parasites, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vi. S. J. Smith. Notice of Brazilian Crustacea collected by Prof. Hartt, 1 plate. — Notes on American Crustacea, 4 plates. Trans. Connecticut Acad. Arts and Sc. ii. — Crustacea collected in Central America by J". A. M'Neil. Eep. Peabody Ac. Sc. 1869-70. T. H. Streets. On some Crustacea of the genus Libinia. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870. T. Tliorcll. On synonyms of European Spiders, n. 2. Presented by the Author. LIXNT,AN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XUl J. "Wood-Mason. Contributions to Indian Carcinology, 2 plates. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871. Entomology : — H. J. van Ankum. On the nidification of Vespa germanica, Fabr. Archiv. Xeerl. v. W. S. Atkinson. Three new diurnal Lepidoptera from Western Yunan, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. — Ealbiani. On the generation of Aphida), 1 plate. Ann. So. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xi. T. J. Bold. Revision of the Coleoptera of Northumberland and Durham. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. iv. F. Braucr. Report on the contributions to the Natural History of Insects for 18G9. Wiegm. Arch, xxxvi. T. Buchanan-White. Fauna Perthensis : 1. Lepidoptera. Pre- sented by the Author. A. G. Butler. New exotic Lepidoptera. — Some new species and a new genus of Pieriufe, and list of species of Ixias, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.^New Lepidoptera from Mr. Wilson Saunders's collection. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. A. Chapman. The life-history of RMpipliorus paradoxus, 2 plates. Trans. Woolhope Field-Club, 1870. — Derbes. On the Aphides of the Pistacia, 2 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xi. W. H. Furlonge. The Pulex irriians. Journ. Quek. Microsc. Club, ii. A. Gaerstsecker. Contributions to the Insect-fauna of Zanzibar. Coleoptera. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvii. A. Gartner. The Geometrince and Microlepidoptera of the Brunn territory. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Brunn, viii. M. Gerard. On the free heat discharged by invertebrate animals and especially Insects. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xi. Y. Graber. On the structure of the female organs in Locustida and Acridia, 1 plate. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Yienna, Ixi. 0. v. Grimm. On the agamic reproduction of a Chironomus (from the Mem. Acad. Petersb.), 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. H. Landois. On the development of the wings of Butterflies in the larva and chrysalis, 1 plate. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. R. MacLachlan. Systematic classification of Ascalaphidoe. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xi. XIV PKOCEEDINGS OF THE — Marey. On the flight of Insects and Birds, woodcuts. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xi. E. Mayr. Formicidse Novogranatenses, 1 plate. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ixi. P. Moore, P. "Walker, and E. Smith. New Insects collected by Dr. Anderson in Yunan, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. — Mulsant. The tribe of GibbicoUa, 14 plates. Trans. Soc. Imp. Agric. Lyons, Ser. 4, i. E, Newman. Illustrated natural history of British Butterflies, 8vo. Presented by the Author. E. Oustalet. On the respiration of the chrysalis of LibeUulse, 3 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xi. A. S. Packard, Jun. Insects collected in Ecuador by Prof. J. Ortou. Eep. Peabody Acad. Sc. 1869-70. — Eecord of American Entomology for 1869. Presented by the Peabody Academy. F. P. Pascoe. Additions to Australian Curculionidae. — New genera and species of Longicorns, 1 plate. — Notes on Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species, 1 plate. Ann. Nat, Hist, Ser. 4, viii. A. Preudhomme de Borre. On Byrsax (^Boletophagus) gibbifer, Wesm. Bullet. R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxix. E. Reiter. Conspectus of the Beetle-fauna of Moravia and Silesia. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Brunn, viii. E. V. Eiley. Third annual report on the noxious, beneficial, and other Insects of Missouri, woodcuts. Presented by the Author. S. H. Scudder. On the synonymy of TJiecla calanus. Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist, xiii, S, H, Scudder and E, Burgess, On a symmetry in the appen- dages of hexapod Insects. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xiii. F, Smith, Catalogxie of aculeate Hymenoptera and Ichneu- monida of India and the archipelago. Journ, Linn, Soc, Zool, xi. E. Suffrian. Enumeration of Gundlach's Cuban CurcuUonidse (continued). Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvii. C. Thomas, Descriptions of Grasshoppers from Colorado. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870. E. Trimen. On the geographical relations of the chief Coleo- pterous Faunae. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xi. E. Yerson. On the anatomy of Bombyx Yama-mai, 3 plates. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Yienna, Ixi. F. H. Wenham. On the structure of PocZwm-scales, woodcuts. Monthl. Mierosc. Journ. vi. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOKDON. XV H. Weyenbergh, jun. On the mode of living of Eurytoma longi- jjennis, Walt. Archiv. Neei'l. v. Horae Societatis Entomologicse Eossicse, vii, part 4, viii. parts 1, 2. Annuaire do la Socicte Entomologique de France, x., and supple- mental monograph of Eucuemidse. Transactions of the Entomological Society of New South Wales, ii. part 2. Canadian Entomologist, iii. parts 1-6. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1871, parts 1-3, Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 1871, July to October. Entomologist, iv. MOLLTJSCA : — G. F. Angas. Descriptions of thirty-four new Australian Shells, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. C. A. Bergh. Observations on the animals of the Cattegat and Skagerack collected in the expedition of the gunboat ' Ingegerd.' Trans. Univ. Lund, 1870. H. T. Blanford. Undescribed species of Camptoceras and other Land-shells, 4 plates. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871. J, C. Cox. Seven new Australian Land-shells, 1 plate. — List of additional Mollusca from the coast of New South Wales. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. R. 0. Cunningham. Notes on the Mollusca &c. of the voyage of the ' Nassau.' Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. W. H. Dall. Hevision of the classification of Mollusca. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xiii. — On PompTiolyx, with a revision of the Limnseidte, 1 plate and woodcuts. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, ix. A. Lafont. On the fecundation of Cephalopodous Mollusca. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xi. G. and H. Nevill. New Mollusca from the Eastern Regions. Joum. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871. J. M. Percy. Researches on the generation of Gasteropodous MoUusca. Mem, Soc. Sc. Phys. Nat. Bordeaux, vi. L. Reeve. Conchologia Iconica, nos. 288, 289. Purchased. L. Smith and T. Prime. Report on the Mollusca of Long Island. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, ix. F. Stoliczka. On the anatomy of Cremnoconchus syJiadrensis, woodcut, — Terrestrial Mollusca from Tenasserim, 8 plates, Joum. Asiat, Soc. Bengal, 1871. Xvi PEOCEEDINGS OF THE A. Stuart. On the nervous system of Creseis acicula, 1 plate. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. F. H. Troschel. Report on the contributions to the natural his- tory of Mollusca for 1869. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi. C. A. Westerlund. Fauna of the terrestrial and freshwater Mol- lusca of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. Part 1. Terrestrial. Swedish edition 8vo, French edition 4to. Presented by the Author. Malakozoologische Blatter, xviii. sh. 4-6. Journal de Conchyliologie, x. part 4, xi. parts 1 to 3. American Journal of Conchology, vi. parts 1 to 3, Lower Animaxs : — G. J. AUman. Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids. Part i., 12 plates. Ray Society's publications. E. V. Beneden. Zoological and anatomical studies of the genus Macrostomum, 1 plate. Bull. R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xx. P. J. V. Beneden, See Ichthyology. C. A. Bergh. Observations on the animals of the Cattegat and Skagerack collected in the expedition of the gunboat 'Ingegerd.' Trans. Univ. Lund, 1870. A. Brandt. On BMzostoma Cuvieri, Lam., 1 plate. — Anatomico- histological researches on Sipuncvlus nvdus, Linn., 2 plates. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, Ser. 7, xvi. 0. Biitschli. Researches on the two Nematodes of Periplaneta (^Blatta) orientalis, 2 plates. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. H. J. Carter. Two new Calcispongice, and on the relation of Sponges to Corals, 2 plates.— A new Teiliya, and observations on Tethyadse, 1 plate. — Parasites of the Sponges. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. C. Cubitt. Floscularia cy clops, a new species, 1 plate. — A rare Melicertian, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vi. — Ehlers. On the Vermes collected by v. Heuglin in the sea of Spitzbergen (from Proc. Erlangen Phys. Med. Soc). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. J. E. Gray. Platasterias, a new genus of Astropectinidse from Mexico, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. — Note on Spongia lintei- formis. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. R. Greeff. Researches on the structure and natural history of Vortkellce, 5 plates. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi. — On Nematodes, Pro- tozoa, and Rhizopoda. Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Pruss. Rhineland, Ser. 3, X. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XVU E. Grube. Descriptions of some species of Leeches, 2 plates. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvii. P. Halting. On the genus Poterion, 4 plates (from Trans. Utrecht Soc. Arts & Sc). Presented by Mr. Darwin. T. C. Hilgard. Infusorial circuit of generations. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. \i. T. Hincks. Supplement to a Catalogue of Zoophytes of Cornwall and Devon, 2 plates. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. G. Hodge. Catalogue of Echinodermata of Northumberland and Durham, 4 plates. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. iv. C. T. Hudson. A new Kotifer, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vi. M. Johnson. Transmutation of form in certain Protozoa, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vi. A. Leuekart. Report on the contributions to the Natural History of the Lower Animals for 1868-69. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi. J. D. Macdonald. On the habit and structure of Pohjdstina. — Outline of a scheme of classification of Invertebrata. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. P. H. MacGillivray. Descriptions of new genera and species of Australian Polyzoa. Trans. R. Soc. Victoria, ix. E. Metschnikoff. On the embryology of some lower Animals. Bull. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, xv. — On the metamorphoses of some marine animals (Mitraria and Actinotroche), 3 plates. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi., K. Mobius. Whence do the deep-sea animals derive their nutri- ment ? Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi., and Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. G. Moquin-Tandon. On a new hermaphrodite chilopodous An- nelid. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. o, xi. B. Moss. Hsematozoa in the blood of Ceylon Deer, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vi. P. OwscyanikofF. The nervous system of Sea-stars, 1 plate. Bull. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, xv. E. Perrier. Observations on the relations of the ambulacral pores inside and outside the testa of regular Echinida. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Par. v. — On the pedicellariae and ambulacra of Asterias and Sea-urchins, 2 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xii. — On the organization of the worms of the genus Perichceta. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. W. Peters. On the Tcenia of the Rhinoceros described by Dr. J. Murie. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. LINN. PKOC. — Session 1871-72. e XVIU PEOCEEDINGS OF THE A. Polotebnow. On the origin and multiplication of Bacteria. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ix. A. de Quatrefages. On the arrangement of the muscular layers in Annelids, 2 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xi. A. Stuart. On the organization of Gregarina, 1 plate. Bull. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, xv. A. E. YerriU. Notes on the Eadiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. Trans. Con- necticut Acad. Arts & Sc. i. A. V. Yolborth. On Achradocystites and Cystohlastus, two new genera of Crinoidea, 1 plate. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, Ser. 7, xvi. E. V. Willemoes-Suhm. On a BdlanogTossus in the Baltic. Nachr. R. Soc. Sc. Gottingen, 1870. — On some Trematodes and Nemathel- minthi, 3 plates. — Biological observations on lower marine animals, 3 plates. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. PhLSNOGAMIC BOTAITT : — J. E. T. Aitchison. Catalogue of the Plants of the Punjab and Sindh. 8vo. Presented by the Author. H. Baillon. Histoire des Plantes : Papaveraceae, Cruciferse, Cap- paridese. Purchased. J. G. Baker. Martius's Flora BrasiKensis : Connaraceae, AmpeKdeae, 12 plates. Purchased. A. W. Bennett. Martius's Flora Brasiliensis : Hydroleacese, Pe- dalinese, 3 plates. Purchased. G. Bentham. Revision of the genus Cassia, 4 plates. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. L. B. Buckley. Remarks on A. Gray's notes on Buckley's Texas Plants. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870. A. de CandoUe. Note on Sarraceniacege. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xrii. J. Decaisne. On the genus Zamioculcas, Schott. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. J. C. Doell. Martius's Flora Brasiliensis : Gramineae (1st part), 11 plates. Purchased. J. Duval-Jouve. A new Carex from Montpellier. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. W. T. T. Dyer. On Brassica polymorpJia, Syme. Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. A. Engler. Martius's Flora Brasiliensis : Escalloniaceae, Cunonia- ceae, 5 plates. Purchased. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XIX A. Ernst. Notes from a botanical notebook (N. Granada). Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. A. Gray. Eevision of the Eriogoneae (with J. Torrey). — Reconstruc- tion of the Order Diapensiacese. — Eevision of the North- American Polemoniaceae. — Miscellaneous new genera and species. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sc. viii. D. Haubiuy. On Radix Galangce. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii. H. F. Hance. On the source of Eadix Galangce minorls. — On Chinese SQkworm-oaks. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii. — On Portulaca psammotropha. — On Fallopia, Lour. Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. C. Hasskarl. On some new Commelynaceae. Flora, 1871 . F. Hegelmaier. On Callitriche (systematical and geographical distribution), 1 plate. Trans. Bot. Soc. Brandenburg, 1867. — Second paper, ibid. 1868. — On the organs of fructification in Spiro- dela, 1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1871. E. Howard. A new Cinchona, 1 plate. BuU. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. A. Kerner. New Himalayan Plants. Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Inns- pruck, i. J. W. Klatt. Martius's Flora Brasiliensis : Irideae, 8 plates. Pur- chased. S. Kurz. New or imperfectly known Indian Plants. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871, also separate copies presented bj the Author. S. Kurz and others. On Anosporum. Flora, 1871. S. 0. Lindberg. Plantse nonmxLlae Horti Botanici Helsingforsensis (from Trans. Finn. Soc. Sc. xi.). Presented by the Author. M. T. Masters. Contributions to the natural history of Passi- floraceae, 2 plates. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. — On 5yr5ant7tws,Guillem. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii. C. F. Maximowicz. Eighth decade of Japanese and Mantchurian Plants. BuU. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, xv. F. A. G. Miquel. Enumeration of BegneU's Brazilian Piperacea). Archiv. Neerl. vi. J. T. Moggridge. Contributions to the Flora of Mentone. Part 4. Presented by the Author. — On Ophrys insectifera, L., 4 plates. Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. Dresden, xxxv. D. OUver. Flora of Tropical Africa, ii. Presented by Government. E. A. PhOippi. On Cortezia cuneifoUa and Flotovia excelsa. Bot. Zeit. 1871. A. Progel. Martius's Flora Brasiliensis : Cuscutaceso., 4 plates. Purchased. XX PKOCEEDITfGS OF THE H. G. Keiclienbach. Contributions to Orchidology, 6 plates. Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. Dresden, xxxv. E. Rohrbach. On the genus Typha, with a monograph of Euro- pean and some other species, 1 plate. Trans. Bot. Soc. Brandenburg, 1869. E. Schomburgk. Catalogue of the Plants cultivated in the Go- vernment Botanic Garden, Adelaide. Presented by the Author. A second copy presented by C. A. Wilson, Esq., of Adelaide. J. P. M. Weale. On a South-African Disperis. — On the fertiliza- tion of Disa macrantha. — On some South-African Hahenarics. — On the fertilization of some South-African Asclepiadese. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii. Physiological and Miscellaneous Botany : — F. W. C. Areschoug. Eesearches in Yegetable Anatomy, 4 plates. Trans. Univ. Lund, 1870. P. Ascherson. Delpino's Distribution of Plants according to the mechanism of their dichogamic fertilization. — On fertilization in Juncus bufonius and Salvia clandestina. Bot. Zeit. 1871. A. de Bary. On the waxy coating of the epidermis. Bot. Zeit. 1871. A. Batalin. New observations on the motion of the leaves of Oxalis. Flora, 1871. — On the effect of light on the development of leaves. Bot. Zeit. 1871. A. Beketoff. On the influence of climate on some resinous trees. Mem. Soc. Kat. Sc. Cherbourg, xv. A. W. Bennett. Further observations on Protandry and Protogyny. Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. G. Bentham. On the styles of Australian Proteacese, 2 plates. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii. P. Bert. Eesearches on the motions of the sensitive plant {Mi- mosa pudica, Linn.), woodcuts. Mem. Soc. Sc. Phys. Nat. Bordeaux, vi. A. Bolte. On some physiological phenomena observed in various plants. — ^Hybernacula of Vinca. — On the vegetation sprung up in the bed of a drained piece of water. Trans. Bot. Soc. Brandenburg, 1868. — Cauvet. On the structure of Cytinus and the action of its roots on Cistus. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. C. Cave, On the generating zone of appendicular organs. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXI D. Clos. On the ramification of Alismaceae. Bull. Soc. Bot. Ft. xvii. A. P. N. Francliimont. On the formation of resin in the plant- organism, especially that of turpentine. Flora, 1871. A. Geheeb. A monstrosity in Lilium Martagon. Bot. Zeit. 1871. E. Garland and JS". "W. P. Eauwenhof. Eesearches on chlorophyll and some of its derivatives. Archiv. Neerl. vi. Y. Godefroy. On the chemical composition of "Wood, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. H. A. Gceppert. On the period at which Plants actually die when kiUed by frost. Bot. Zeit. 1871. C. Gronland. Eesearches on the forms of the seeds of Pedicularis sylvatica and P. j)(ili(si)'is considered with reference to their develop- ment. Bot. Tidsskr. Copenhagen, iv. — Hanstein. On the phenomena of motion in the cell-nucleus with reference to the protoplasm. Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Pruss. Ehineland, Ser. 3, x. J. de la Harpe. On monstrosities in Cherries. Bull. Soc. Yaud. So. Nat. Lausanne, x. T. Hartig. On the development of the walls of Wood-vessels, 1 plate. Proc. Imp, Acad. Yienna, Ixi. C. Harz. On the origin of the fatty oil of the Olive, 2 plates. Proc. Imp. Acad. Yienna, Ixi. T. Hegelmaier. On various phenomena of development of the younger parts of Aquatic Plants. Bot. Zeit. 1871. F. Hildebraud. On sexual relations in Compositse, 6 plates. Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. Dresden, xxxv. — Experiments and observations on trimorphous species of Oxalis. Bot. Zeit. 1871. S. Kareltschikoif and S. Eosanofi". On the tubercles of Calli- triche autiim7ialis, 1 plate. Mem. Soc. Nat. Sc. Cherbourg, xv. G. Kraus. The origin of colouring-matter in the berries of So- lanum pseudocapsicum, 1 plate. Pringsh. Jahrb. viii. — On the noc- turnal distention of the bark of our trees. Bot. Zeit. 1871. J. Lange. On the form and sculpture of seeds in species of the same genus and in different genera, 3 plates. Bot. Tidsskr. Copen- hagen, iv. J. E. Leefe. On hybridity in SaVix. Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. P. Lev}\ On the collection of Caoutchouc in Nicaragua. — On the cultivation of the Arnotto. — On the cultivation of Indigo. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. XXll PEOCEEDINGS OF THE P. Magnus. Eemarks on Borodin's paper on the structure of the apex of the leaves of aquatic plants. Bot. Zeit. 1871. J. Meehan. Cross fertilization in Eupliorhia. — On the flowers of Aralia sjiinosa and Hedera Helix. — On the stipules of Magnolia and Liriodendron. — On Silphium laciniatum. — On Bud varieties. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870. E. Mer. On the physiological action of frost on Plants. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. N. C. J. Miiller. The anatomy and mechanism of stomata, 2 plates. Pringsh. Jahrb. viii. — On the phenomena of growth in roots, 2 plates. Bot. Zeit. 1871. J. Peyritsch. Monstrosities in UmbeUiferse, 4 plates. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ix. — Abnormal formations in Cruciferse, 3 plates. Pringsh. Jahrb. viii. E. Pfitzer. Contributions to the knowledge of the structures of the epidermis of Plants, 1 plate. Pringsh. Jahrb. viii. G. E. Seidel. On the development of Victoria regia, 2 plates. Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. Dresden, xxxv. H. Count Solms-Laubach. On the occurrence of oxalate of lime in living cell-membranes, 1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1871. — Uloth. On the germination of Seeds in ice. Flora, 1871. H. de Vries. On the influence of temperature on Plants. Archiv. Neerl. v. — On the permeability of the protoplasm of Red Beet. — On the death of vegetable cells from the eff'ect of a high tempera- ture. Ibid. vi. J. Wiesner. Contributions to the knowledge of Indian Textile Plants, with observations on the flner structures of the fibrous cells. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ixii. Crtptogamic Botany : — J. G. Agardh. The Algse of the expedition of the corvette ' Josephine,' 1 plate. — Chlorodyction, a new genus of Caulerpese, 1 plate. — The Algse of Chatham Island (from Trans. R. Acad. Sc. Stockholm). Presented by the Author. E. Arnold. Lichenological Eragments (continued). Elora, 1871. J. Baglietto. Tuscan Lichenology (continued). N. Giorn. Bot. Ital. iii. A. de Bary. On the process of fertilization in Chara, 1 plate. Proc. (Monatsber.) E. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1871. S. Berggren. Studies on the origin and development of Mosses, 1 plate. Trans. Univ. Lund, 1870. IINNEAX SOCIETT OF LOXDOX. XXlll R. Braitliwaite. Recent additions to our Moss-flora. Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. — On Bog-mosses. Monthl. Microsc. Jouru. vi. H. G. Bull and others. Various mycological papers. Trans. TToolhope Field-Club, 1S69, 1870. M. C. Cooke. Handbook of British Fungi, 2 vols. Presented by the Author. M. Cornu. On Mesocarpus pleuroearpus, De Bary. — On a new SaproJegniea, parasite on an (Edogonium. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. "W. T. T. Dyer. Fungi parasitic on Vacdnium Vitis-idcea. Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. E. Fournier. Two new Ferns from Mexico. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. L. Fuckel. SjTnbolte myeologicce, a synopsis of Rhineland Fungi, 6 plates. Journ. (Jahrb.) Soc. Hist. jS^at. Nassau, 1869-70. C. Gronland. On the Lichens of Iceland. Bot. Tidsskr. Copen- hagen, iv. J. Hogg. Mycetoma, the Madura or Fungus-foot of India, 1 plate. — The fungoid origin of disease. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vi. M. Johnson. The Monad's place in nature, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vi. J. J. Kickx. On the reproductive organ of Psihtum triquetnim, Sw., 1 plate. Bull. R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxix. J. Klein. On the crystalloids of some Florideae. Flora, 1871. L. Kny. Contributions to the history of the development of Ferns, 3 plates. Pringsh. Jahrb. viii. H. Leitgeb. On the ramification of Hepaticse. Bot. Zeit. 1871. S. 0. Lindberg. Critical review of the plates of the Flora Danica, Mosses (from Trans. Finn. Soc. Sc). Presented by the Author. K. M. LyeU. A geographical handbook of Ferns, 1 vol. 8vo. Presented by Mr. Bentham. N. Pringsheim. On the male plants and zoospores of the genus Bryopsis, 1 plate. Proc. (Monatsber.) R. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1871. E. Rose. Experiments on Podisoma fiiscum and P. clavariceforme. — On the Ergot of Rye. BuU. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. R. Ruthe. Mosses from the neighbourhood of Barwalde, with descriptions of new species. Trans. Bot. Soc. Brandenburg, ix. L. R. and C. Tulasne. Notes on tremellinous Fungi. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii. G. Zanardini. Xew and rare Alga) from the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas, 8 plates. Mem. Istit. Tenet, xv. XXIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE PiX^ONTOLOGT : A. Bell. Contributions to the Pauna of the Upper Tertiaries. Ann. ]N"at. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. H. B. Brady. On Saccamina Carteri, 1 plate. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. iv. E. D. Cope. Synopsis of extinct BatracMa, Eeptilia, and Aves of North America, 14 plates and numerous woodcuts. Trans. Amer. PhU. Soc. Ser. 2, xiv. — Various palseontologieal papers. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. xi. — Life in the Wyandotte Cave. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. C. G. Ehrenberg. On the progressing knowledge of Microscopic Life derived from the rock-forming Bacillarice of California, 3 plates. Trans. E. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1870. C. V. Ettingshausen. On the Possil Elora of Eadoboj, 3 plates. Proc. E. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ixi. P. Fischer. Eesearches on fossU Boring-sponges, 2 plates. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Par. iv. — On Pliosaurus grandis. Ibid. v. T. Fuchs. On the Conchylian Fauna of the Vicentine Tertiary, 11 plates. Trans. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, xxx. J. E. Gray. Notice of a fossil Hydraspide from Bombay. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. — Gumbel. Comparison of the Foraminiferous Fauna of the Marl of Gosau and the Belemnite Strata of the Bavarian Alps. Proc. E. Acad. Sc. Munich, 1870. — On the Foraminiferous Fauna of the Cement-marl of Ulm, 1 plate. Ibid. 1871. A. Hancock and T. Atthey, and A. Hancock and E. Howse. Va- rious papers on the Palaeontology of Northumberland and Durham, 3 plates. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. iv. J. de la Harpe. Fauna of the SideroUthic formation of the Canton de Vaud. Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat. x. J. Hopkinson. On a specimen of Diplograpsus pristis with repro- ductive capsules. Journ. Quek. Microsc. Club, ii. E. Lartet. On Trichomys BondweUi and other fossil Eodentia from the Parisian Eocene, 1 plate. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xii. G. C. Laube. The Fauna of the Trias beds of St. Castian, 7 plates. Trans. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, xxx. A. Manzoni. On the Marine Fauna of the Miocene beds of Upper Italy, 3 plates. — On Italian fossil Bryozoa, 10 plates. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ix., Ixi. C. Martins. On the glacial origin of the Peat-bogs in the Jura of Neufchatel. Presented by the Author. LINNEAX SOCIETY OF LOJfDON. XXY K. Mayer. On the Nummulites of Upper Italy. Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat. xiv. F. B. Meek. List of fossils collected by Dr. Hayden iu New Mexico. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. si. — Description of the fossils col- lected by the U.S. Geological Survey under C. King. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870. — Remarks on Lichenocrinus. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. F. B. Meek and H. A. "Worthen. On the relations of Synodadhi, King, to the proposed genus Septopora, Prout. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870. N. G. Nathorst. On some Arctic plant-remains found in the freshwater- claj's at Alnarp in Scania, 1 plate and map. Trans. Univ. Lund, 1870. E. T. Nelson. On the Molluscan fauna of the later Tertiary of Peru, 2 plates. Trans. Acad. Ai-ts & Se. Connecticut, ii. E. Parfitt. A new fossil Balanns. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. W. K. Parker, T. R. Jones, and H. B. Brady. On the nomencla- ture of Foraminifera, 3 plates. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. ; and a separate copy presented by the Authors. K. F. Peters. On the Vertebrata from the Miocene formation of Eibiswald in Styria, 3 plates. Trans. Imp. Acad. Sc. "Vienna, xxx. A. E. Reuss. On the Tertiary Bryozoa of Kischenew in Bessarabia. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ix. — On the Upper Oligocene Corals from Hungary, 5 plates. Ibid. Ixi. H. G. Seeley. A new PUsiosaurus from the Portland Limestone. — On some Chelonian remains from the London Clay. — On Acantho- pholis platypus, a Pachypod from the Cambridge Upper Green - sand, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. J. Steenstrup. On the contemporaneousness of the Bos primi- genius and ancient forests of Pimis syhestris in Denmark. Proc. R. Danish Soc. Sc. 1870. F. Unger. The fossil Flora of Szanto, in Hungary, 5 plates. Trans, Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, xxx. — On Plants from the Anthracite in Carinthia, 3 plates. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ix. — On fossil Typlias, 3 plates. Ibid. Ixi. A. WiiicheU. Notices of fossils from the Marshall group of the Western States. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. xi. H. Woodward. On a new fossil Crustacean from the Devonian rocks of Canada. Canadian Naturalist, vi. Memoirs (Abhandlungen) of the Imperial Geological Institution of Vienna, v. j)arts 1 & 2 ; Transactions (Verhandlungen), 1871, LiNX. PROC. — Session 1871-72. d XXVI PHOCEEDINGS OF THE parts 1-10 ; and Journal (Jahrbuch), xxi. parts 1 &: 2. Presented by the Society. Geological Society of London. Quarterly Journal, xxvii. part 3. Presented by the Society. Geological Magazine, July to November 1871. Presented by the Editor. MlSCELLAIfEOtrS : — G. Bennett.. On the introduction and uses of the Orange and others of the Citron tribe in New South Wales. Presented by the Author. C. Brady. On Silk. — On the Ailanth Silkworm. Presented by the Author. E. Bretschneider. On the study and value of the Chinese Bo- tanical Works. — On the knowledge possessed by the ancient Chinese of Western Countries. Presented by the Author. C. Hasskarl. Report on the Cinchona-cultivation in Java, 4th quarter, 1870. Flora, 1871. H. Jouan. Notes on the Archipelago of Comores and Seychelles, with rough lists of Animals and Plants. Mem. Soc. Nat. Sc. Cherbourg. — Mare)'. On the phenomena of Flight in the Animal Kingdom (from the Revue des Cours scientifique). Rep. Smiths. Instit. 1869. S. Mateer. On the Tamil popular names of Plants. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii. K. Mobius. Whence do the Deep-sea Animals derive their nutri- ment? Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. ; also Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. L. H. Morgan. On the systems of Consanguinity and Affinity in the Human Family, 14 plates. Smiths. Contrib. Knowl. xvii. Report of the Silk Commission of Lyons for 1867 and 1868. Mem. Soc. Imp. Agric. L^^ons, Ser. 4, i. C. Wright. On Darwinism. Presented by Mr. Darwin. Mr. Currey, Sec. L. S., exhibited dried specimens and photographs, communicated to him by Mr. Hanbury, of Clatlirus cancellatus, L., and Coins hirudinosKS, Cav. et Sech., both found in the garden of M. Thuret, F.M.L.S., at Antibes, in October last. The photographs, which are beautifully executed, and exhibit the plants in different stages of growth, are by Dr. E, Bornet. The Clathncs, though not nncoramon in the South of Europe, is rarely seen in England, where, however, it has been observed in the Isle of Wight, in Devonshire, LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXril and at Lyme Regis. The Colus was originally discovered by MM. Cavalier and Se'chier at Toulon, and described by them in the ' An- nales des Sciences ' for 1835, as a new genus, differing from ClatJims in the contents of the volva, in the absence of any foul smell, and in the branches anastomosing at the summit only, and not, as in Claihrus, from the base upwards. Colus differs from Colomarm ;\w\ Laternea in the network at the apex, formed by the anastomosing branches. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " On the origin of Insects," by Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F. E. and L.S. 2. " On Exocoetus voUtans," by Capt. Chimmo, of H.M.S. ' Nassau.' Communicated by H. T. Stainton, Esq., Sec. L.S. November 16th, 1871. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Edward John Beale, Esq., and Andrew Henderson, Esq., werp elected Fellows. Mr. Frederick Halsey Janson, F.L.S., exhibited dried specimens of Centanrea solstitialis, Linn., which he had found in October last in a cornfield above Combe Martin, North Devon. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. ''On the Floral Structure of Impatiens fulva, Nuttall, with especial reference to the imperfect self-fertilized flowers," by Alfred William Bennett, Esq., M.A., B.Sc, F.L.S. 2. " Florae Hongkongensis supplementum : a compendious Sup- plement to Mr. Bentham's Description of the plants of Hong Kong," by Henry Fletcher Hance, Ph.D. &c. Communicated by J. D. Hooker, Esq., M.D., F.R.S., V.P.L.S., &c. 3. "Remarks on the DollcJios unijlorus, Lamarck," by N. A. Dalzell, Esq. Also communicated by Dr. Hooker. PR0CEEDrNG8 OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXIX December 7th, 1871. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. The Rev. Andrew Johnson, M.A., and Marcus S. C. Rickards, Esq., were elected Fellows. Mr, Hanbury, F.L.S., exhibited a shoot of the common Olive (Olea europcea, L.), bearing fruit produced in the open air, against a south wall, at Clapham. Various examples of pearl-producing MoUusks, and of artificiaUj produced Pearls, were exhibited by William Match wick, Esq., F.L.S., by permission of the Science and Art Department, South Kensington, and of F. D. T. Delmar, Esq. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " Note on Amomwm angtistifolium, Sonnerat," by Daniel Han- bury, Esq., F.R. & L.S. 2. " On the Formation of British Pearls and their possible Im- provement," by Robert Garner, Esq., F.L.S. 3. ''On a Luminous Coleopterous Larva," by Hermann Bur- meister, M.D., F.M.L.S. 4. " On the Botany of the Speke and Grant Expedition," by Lieut.-Col. Grant, C.B., F.L.S., &c. December 21st, 1871. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Henry "Walter Bates, Esq., Harry Seeley, Esq., and the Rev. F. Augustus "Walker, were elected Fellows. Read, the commencement of a paper " On the Anatomy of the Xing Crab (LimuJus Polyphemus, Latr.)," by Professor Owen. F.R. & L.S. LINN. PROC. — Session 1871-72. e XXX PROCEEDINGS OF THE January 18th, 1872. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chaii\ The Rev. Joseph Lonis Bedford, B.A., Thomas R. Archer Briggs, Esq., Beujaniin Lowne, Esq., Sir James Paget, Bart., Thomas Heniy Potts, Esq., the Rev. Thomas Arthur Preston, M.A., William tSouthall, Esq., and Alfred Russell Wallace, Esq., were elected Fellows. The following papers were read, viz. : — - 1. The conclusion of Professor Owen's memoir " On the Anatomj- of the King Crab (Limulus Polyphemus, Latr.)." 2. "Australian Fungi, received principally from Baron F. von Mueller and Dr. R. Schomburgk," by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.8. February 1st, 1872. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Ferdinand Grut, Esq., W. Arnold Lewis, Esq., and George Wall, Esq., were elected Fellows. Read, the commencement of a paper " On the Classification and Geographical Distribution of the Compositce," by George Bentham, Esq., F.R.S., Pres. L.S. February 15th, 1872. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Professor G. J. Allman, M.D., Herbert Druce, Esq., WiUiam T. Thiselton Dyer, Esq., George Henderson, M.D., and C. WyviUe Thomson, LL.D., were elected Fellows. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " On the Habits, Structure, and Relations of the Three-banded ArmadiUo {Tolypeutes Conurus, Isid. Geoff. St.-Hilaire)," by Dr. James Murie, F.L.S, &c. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXI 2. "Note on a Chinese Gall, allied to the European Artichoke- gall, of Aphilothrix Gemma, Linn.," by Albert MiiUer, F.L.S. 3. "On the Geographical Distribution of the Diurnal Lepidoptera as compared with that of Birds," by "W. F. Kirby, Esq. Com- municated by H. T. Stainton, Esq., Sec. L.S. March 7th, 1872. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Charles Home, Esq., and William Sowerby, Esq., were elected FeUows. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " Eevision of the Genera and Species of Scillece andChlorogalece," by J. G. Baker, Esq., F.L.S. 2. " On the Development of the Androecium in Cochliostema , Lem.," by M. T. Masters, M.D., F.B. & L.S. 3. "On a hybrid Vaccinium, between the Bilberry and Crow- berry," by Eobert Garner, Esq., F.L.S. 4. " On the Marine Algae of the Island of St. Helena," by George Dickie, M.D., F.L.S. 5. " Eemarks on Mesotus, Mitten," by S. 0. Lindberg, M.D. Communicated by Eobert Braithwaite, M.D., F.L.S. 6. " New Leguminosce from Western India," by N. A. Dalzell, A.M. Communicated by Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S. &c. 7. " On the Fertilization of a Species of Salvia,^' by Mrs. Barber. Also communicated by Dr. Hooker. March 21st, 1872. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Charles James Breese, Esq., Frederick Arnold Lees, Esq., and Christopher Ward, Esq., were elected Fellows. Dr. Trimen, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of AmmopMla baltica, Link, a new British plant, collected last autumn on Eooss Links, Northumberland, by Mr. William Eichardson, of Alnwick. XXXU PEOCEEDINGS OF THE Read, the continuation of a paper " On the Classification and Geographical Distribution of the Gompositce,''^ by George Bentham, JEsq., F.E.S., Pres. L.S. April 4th, 1872. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Read, the conclusion of a paper " On the Classification and Geographical Distribution of the Compositce,'^ by George Bentham, Esq., F.R.S., Pres. L.S. AprH 18th, 1872. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff, Esq., M.P., was elected a Fellow. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " On Begonella, a new genus of Begoniaceae from NewGranada," by Professor Oliver, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. 2. " Descriptions of three new Genera of Plants in the Malayan Herbarium of the late Dr. A. C. Maingay," by the same. 3. " Note on the Determination of Camellia ? Scottiaiia and Ternstroemia coriacea, from Dr. WaUich's Herbarium," by W. T. Thiselton Dyer, B.A., B.Sc, F.L.S. 4. " On Zoojpsis, H. f. & T.," by S. 0. Lindberg, M.D. Com- municated by Robert Braithwaite, M.D., F.L.S. May 2nd, 1872. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Edward Chapman, Esq., William Hislop, Esq., and Alexander J. B. Beresford Hope, Esq., were elected Fellows, and Dr. Joseph Leidy and Professor de Notaris, Foreign Members. The following paper was read, viz. : — " Note on Alibertia," by Senor Joaquim Correa de MeUo, of Campinas, Brazil, translated by John Miers, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. Communicated by Daniel Hanbury, Esq., F.R.S. & L.S. LIlfNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXIU May 24th, 1872. Anniversary Meeting. George Bentham, Esq., President in the Chair. This day, the Anniversary of the birth of Linnseus, and the day appointed by the Charter for the Election of Council and Officers, the President opened the business of the Meeting with the following Address : — Gentlemen, In mj anxiety to advance as much as possible the systematic works I am engaged in, the ' Flora Australiensis ' and the ' Genera Plan- tarum,' I found that I had delayed so far beyond the usual period the preparation of the annual Address which seems now to be ex- pected from the Chair at all anniversary meetings of scientific societies, that I must beg of you to consider what I have now to lay before you not as a regular review of the progress of our sciences during the past years, but merely as a few notes upon biological works to which my attention happens to have been drawn, and which may serve to pass the time which must necessarily elapse before the close of the ballot. As a general summary of the current zoological literature the ' Zoological Record ' maintains its high value. The volume for 1870 has lately appeared under the new editorship of Mr. Newton, and the arrangements now made for its further prosecution are very hopeful ; yet I must again urge upon all our Fellows who as amateur zoologists or patrons of tbe science have joined our ranks, to give their further support to the " Zoological Eecord Association " in order to secure the continuance of this annual summary for the sake of the working members, to whom it is so essential. I would Linn. Peoc. — Session 1871-72. / XXnV PEOCITEDrN-GS OF THE also call attention to the sketch of the oruithological. ■^orks recently published or in progress contained in the last number of ' The Ibis,' an example "which it "were to he "wished "were regularly follo\red in all periodicals specially devoted to any branch of our sciences. The Eeports on the contributions to the various branches of zoology in- serted in "W^iegmann's ' Axchiv " under the editorship of, and some of them compiled by, Troschel, replace in some measure the ' Zoolo- gical Record ' for the German public, and are kept up nearly to the same period, some of the reports for IS 70 ha"dng already appeared ; they are also much to be commended, although they may not have quite the method and completeness of the ' Zoological Record.' I have farther to congratulate science in general on the near com- pletion of the Royal Society's great Catalogue of Scientific Papers, the sixth and last volume of "which is far advanced, and likely to be in our hands by the commencement of the next session of the Society. In Botany, Pritzel's excellent and much improved second edition of his ' Thesaurus ' is rapidly going through the press, and brings the repertory of separat-e botanical works do"wn to the year 1871. Current botanical publications are also generally noticed in various botanical periodicals, especially : — the ' Giomale Botanico Italiano,' edited by Prof. Camel; the 'Flora' of Ratisbon; the ' Botanische Zeitung,' continued since the death of v. Mohl by A. de Bary ; the ' Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France,' "which comprises perhaps the fullest bibliographical re"n.e"w ; and the ' Journal of Botany,' "which promises "well under the ne"w and active editorship of Dr. Trimen. But, "with the exception of Lichenography, the bibliography of "which is brought do"wn to the year 1870 in Krempel- huber's detailed History and Literature of lichenology, "we have no comprehensive references to Memoirs and Papers published since 1863, the term of the Royal Society's Catalogue, and "we feel much the "want of an annual summarv corresponding to the ' Zoological Record.' A "work has recently appeared "which has naturally attracted much of my attention as being intimately connected "with a branch of the science "which I have on several occasions taken as the subject of my annual Addresses, and as being the result of long and careful study of the great and varied mass of data collected by its laborious and distinguished author. I speak of Grisebach's Vegetation of the earth according to its climatological distribution, "with the secondary title of a Sketch of the comparative geography of plants, ' Die Vegetation der Erde nach ihrer klimatischen Anordnung, ein Abriss der vergleichenden Geographie der Pflanzen." The general scope LIXXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. XXXV and plan of the work has been recently noticed in an article in ' Nature ' (no. 128, April 11) ; it will therefore be sufficient for me now generally to state that it is in a great measure a development of the paper in Petermann's ' Mittheilungen/ mentioned in mj'^ Address of 1869, mapping out the globe into twenty-four regions of vegetation depending on physical and cKmatological considerations — that it does not touch upon botanical regions depending on com- munity of origin, which the author appears disposed wholly to ignore, or at any rate to relegate to the class of mere hypothesis as yet far too vague to serve as a foundation for any scientific conclu- sions— but that the undoubted influence of climatological and other physical conditions on the progress, dispersion, and life-history of species is here worked out with a care and detail deserving the attention of all physiologists, as well as of all cultivators of exotic plants. I shall on the present occasion confine myself to a few ob- servations on his views with reference to some of those regions or districts to which I had intended to call your attention in my last year's Address. One of the most interesting of these regions is the Japanese, or the greater part of Grisebach's Chino-Japanese region — that is, the Japanese islands and opposite coasts of the Asiatic continent. The peculiarities of its flora have been accounted for, upon considerations depending chiefly on origin, in a well-known paper by Asa Gray (Mem. Amer. Acad, new ser. vol. vi. p. 424), whose views are fully coincided in by Maximo wicz and others, but strongly objected to formerly by Miquel and now by Grisebach, who relies upon clima- tological and other physical considerations. It appears to me that this is a strong instance of the combined effects of the two agents, as explained in my above-mentioned Address of 1869 (p. 15 ; Proc. Linn. Soc. 1868-69, p. Ixxvii). The main features of this flora are the mutual intergrafting of northern and tropical types, and the number of highly differentiated endemic or widely dissevered mono- typic or almost monotypic races — the former due to physical, the latter to derivative causes. In the western moiety of the great Old- World continent the northern and tropical floras are widely separated by a double barrier — the great mountain- chain which runs with little interruption from the Atlantic to the Caspian bounding the Mediterranean region to the north, and the great .Ifrican and Arabian deserts which form its southern boundary. Here the only connexion observed from north to south consists in a few European types in- habiting the higher tropical African mountains. Xo tropical forms have been able to cross their northern barriers. In Central Asia /2 XXXVl PROCEEDWrGS OF THE the intermediate region disappears, the Himalayan chain alone limits the tropical flora, sonl'e of whose types ascend the warmer valleys, whilst a few of the northern ones extend along the mountains of the two great tropical peninsulas. In the extreme east this great mountain -chain disappears or, in receding, turns so far in a northern direction as no longer to oppose a definite impassable barrier running east and west. The climatological results, well explained by Grisebach (vol. i. p. 489 et seq.), come into play, enabling many tropical types freely to intermix with the northern ones, the former prevailing in the south, the latter in the northern portion of the region, but with a gradual, not an abrupt change. But with regard to the endemic or widely dissevered highly differ- entiated races (monotypic genera, sections, or very distinct species), Grisebach's views differ widely from those of Asa Gray and other modern naturalists who adopt more or less the theory of evolution. Grisebach, as already observed, entirely ignores community of origin of closely allied or representative species, and is but little disposed to take into consideration ancient dispersion under geological conditions different from the present ones. Each species he believes has arisen — he had formerly said been created, an expression he now abandons in order not to be supposed to prejudge a question which admits of no positive solution — each species has arisen in a particular spot (from what materials he thinks it vain to inquire), under the in- fluence of physical and other external conditions, and has spread ■jiore or less in every direction from this birthplace or centre as far as those external conditions have prevailed, and so far as its progress has been unopposed by insurmountable physical or clima- tological barriers. In conformity with these views he explains closely allied and representative species in a passage which I give at length for fear of misrepresenting him by an abstract. " The birth- place (Entstehungsort) of a plant species," he says, vol. i. p. 515, *' may be taken as the most perfect expression of the concordance between the physical life-conditions of the place and the organiza- tion of the plant ; for this suitability to given influences of inorganic nature gives the highest measure of the capability of preservation which life strives to attain. Upon these propositions is founded the conclusion, that the nearer the centres of different plants are placed geographically, and the less different are therefore their climatolo- gical conditions, the more similar must be their organization, or, what amounts to the same thing, the more species will have arisen in the same genus. This phenomenon is exhibited in all places where we can compare endemic species whose dispersion is limited ; LTNNliAN SUCIEXX OF LONDON. XXXVi but in islands which have a peculiar vegetation it is less pronounced than in continents. Prom any one point climate is gradually altered, like the radii of a circle, which gradually diverge more and more from each other from the centre to the circumference. In a continent the whole area of the circle may be supposed to be suited to the pro- duction of changes in organization ; in an archipelago it is inter- rupted by the sea, and here, therefore, few similar species have arisen. Another consideration to be taken into account is, that genera when compared with each other are unequally susceptible of change (veranderungsfahig) ; their species, therefore, to keep to the same metaphor, will be found arranged at greater or less distances from each other in the radii of the circle. If the area of the con- tinuous land is small, monotypes will have more readily arisen — ge- nera which, on the one hand, are verj' little or not at aU susceptible of change, and on the other hand can no longer subsist with a certain degree of cHmatological change. If in a more remote geographical distance the more important climatological conditions which these genera require are repeated, we may perhaps find in another part of the globe a second species ; and this generally explains the origin of the species which have been termed representative (vikariirende Arten). A precisely similar climate, however (exactly the same com- plication of the very varied phenomena towards which organisms bear themselves receptively), is never repeated in two distant points of the earth's surface ; and this may be taken as the foundation of the absolute unity of centres of vegetation — that is to say, of the proposi- tion that every species in its wanderings has issued from a single birthplace, which does not exclude the possibility of solitary excep- tions which might be imagined in plants of less receptivity," In all this it appears to me that if the writer refuses to admit of a descent from a common parent, we have a right to ask of him what is the previous organization upon which he imagines climate to have worked to produce allied species in one region and representa- tive species in distant regions ? — what are the previous genera which have changed? for upon that seems to hinge the whole of his argument in refutation of Asa Gray's hypothesis explanatory of the original connexion between the East- Asiatic and East- American floras. That every species had arisen in one spot, whether by differentiation or by creation, appears now to be tacitly admitted by all. Asa Gray, in accordance with Darwinian theories, supposes widely spread spe- cies to have been, under the different conditions of distant lands, gradually modified in different directions, so as to have produced distinct varieties or representative species ; Grisebach supposes these XlXviii PEOCEEDINGS OF THE different conditions to have independently produced distinct but similar species, by acting on organisms which had not been one and the same species ; but what else they may have been he seems to think beyond the reach of plausible conjecture. Leaving, however, these questions of origin aside, he strongly ob- jects to the classing representative with identical species in con- sidering geographical disti'ibution ; for the former appear in such absolutely dissevered distant regions that an interchange of species, even in early geological periods, seems impossible, as, for instance, in the case of several Ericas of the Cape and of Europe. It is on the contrary, he believes, almost always possible to deduce the actual progress of identical species from the form or phj'sical accidents of their homes and from the means of dispersion at their command (p. 519). He therefore, in combating Asa Gray's conclusion, com- mences by eliminating from his calculations, after the example of Miquel (" Over de Yerwantschap der Flora van Japan met Azie en Noord America," in Yersl. K. Akad. Amsterdam, ser. 2, ii.), aU re- presentative species, thus reducing Asa Gray's list of concordant races in Japan and eastern North America from 226 to 81 ; from these Grisebach subtracts 41, which are also inhabitants of western North America, and can still, he thinks, daily transmit their seeds, across the Pacific Ocean; 17 more are, in his opinion (supported by that of other botanists), either certainly not identical or doubtful, and to be added to the already eliminated representative species. Of the re- maining 23, he finds 21 which can bear a high northern climate and may yet be found in the Oregon or other imperfectly explored terri- tories of North-west America ; and the whole long list is thus re- duced to two species only, whose problematical disseverance in Japan and Eastern North America remains unexplained, — the one, Elodea petiolata, being a marsh plant, which as such possesses great migratory powers ; the other, Carex rostrata, from the White Moun- tains, awaits further researches on its geographical distribution. Even admitting the possibiUty of the greater early dispersion of these species in former geological periods propounded by Asa Gray, Grise- bach thinks that any such great antiquity of the Japanese flora is not estabhshed on so firm a ground as to supersede any attempts at finding other explanations limited to the results of forces still in activity in present times, and that accordingly the distribution of the species in question may be satisfactorily accounted for by the means of dispersion still available, if the data are viewed in the light he has placed them in. I should doubt, however, whether his mode of cutting up a long array of ascertained facts further increased IIM^EAN SOCIETY OP lOUDON. XXxix by subsequent researcbes, in order to make tbem agree witb pre- conceived tbeories, will carry any stronger conviction to Asa Gray's mind tban to my own, more especially as tbe presumed great anti- quity of tbe Japanese flora is not deduced from tbese facts alone, but is derived also from otber evidences, amongst wbich tbe peculiar cbaracter of the endemic monotypes bears a prominent part. With regard to Grisebacb's idea that representative and similar species are independently produced by similarity of climatological conditions, and that they afii'ord no conclusive evidence of community of origin, for that they are to be found in widely dissevered locali- ties between wbich it is impossible to conceive any continuity even in ancient geological periods, and with reference to the instance he adduces of the above-mentioned Heaths of the Cape and of Western Europe, I would recall to your minds some observations I made in my Address of 1869 (p. 25; ' Proceedings,' p. Ixxxvii) on the remark- able coincidence of several genera, and the near similarity of some species that exists between tbese two widely dissevered regions. I would now add that if it is difficult to imagine any ancient continuity which should readily explain this phenomenon, it seems equally difficult to account for it by any climatological similarity, if we consider how much Cape plants in general, accustomed to a pro- longed summer's sun, suffer from its want in the dull damp seasons of Western Europe. Another generalization of Grisebacb's, derived from the influence of climatological conditions on the production of species, and affecting the large number of genera in proportion to species of the Japanese region, is, that genera witb numerous species are characteristic of large plant-regions or systems of vegetation-centres which range from west to east, in contradistinction to those which run north and south — that there is in the former much more change in species than in genera, and the reverse in the latter — that we thus fiind very large genera much more readily in Asia than in America (instancing Astragalus as a genus unrivalled in this respect in America). Astra- galus, however, has about one sixth of its species in America, where it ranges from north to south, from the Arctic circle to Southern Chili ; and if we take the list of pbsenogamic genera which have from about 400 to 900 species each {Astragalus, Acacia, Eugenia, Vernonia, Eupatorium, Senecio, Enca, Solanum, Eupliorhia, Pliyl- lanthus, Croton, Piper, Carex, Panicum), none are exclusively Asiatic, and one only, or perhaps two {Astragalus and Carex), have more Europseo-Asiatic tban American species, and range east and west ; five {Eugenia, Vernonia, Eupatorium, Solanum, and Croton Xl PBOCEEDINGS OF THE predominate in America, and run as mucli north and south as east and west. Eriea, in the Old World, runs north and south, and is specially numerous (400 species) in the limited Cape region; so Acacia has nearly 300 of its species in the restricted Australian region. The large number of genera which have from 100 to 400 species in the Cape flora or in Australia militate, indeed, very much against the further proposition that genera have much fewer species in regions physically and climatologically restricted than iu those of extended areas under comparatively similar climates. Before quittingthe subject of the East- Asiatic biological regions and their connexion with Am erica, I would notice a very interesting disser- tation by our foreign Member J. F. Brandt on the Elk, included in the ' Memoirs' of the Petersburg Academy, received last autumn. After a careful review of a large mass of data, showing the identity of the now living Europseo- Asiatic Elk with the liviugElk of North America, with the comparatively recent fossil remains found in the temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and North Am eric a, and with the miocene Elk of the high north — after showing the wide area the animal occupied in Europe and Asia in early (historic) times, and discussing the period of its gradual disappearance from a great part of that area, he proceeds, in an Appendix, to pass in rapid review the connexion between the miocene Arctic flora and that of the present temperate Europseo-Asiatic and North-American regions. In this, whilst duly appreciating the labours of our distinguished foreign member Oswald Heer, upon which the resume is chiefly founded, he vindicates for H. R. Goppert, whom we are also proud to reckon amongst our foreign members, now of many years' standing, the merit of having been the first to point out (in 1853) the identity of several of these tertiary remains (amongst others, of the Taxodium distichtcm) with actual living species. A note by Maximowicz gives a summary of Asa Gray's above-mentioned views as supported by E. Schmidt in his * Flora of Sachalin,' although differed from by Regel (' Flora Ussuri- ensis'), an advocate of the Atlantis theory. To this Maximowicz adds that his own most recent researches have considerably increased the number of species and genera common to Eastern Asia and Eastern North America, and notably for this comparatively southern Japanese region, observing, however, that the flora of the more southern of the Kurile Islands, to the north of Japan, is as yet entirely unknown. A second short Appendix of Brandt's gives the little that is known of Arctic fossil insects, aU of which, he says in con- clusion, agrees well with the view that the present North-Asiatic and European as well as the North-American flora and fauna were IXNTNEAIT SOCIETY OF LONDON. xli mucli more northern in the tertiary times — that, in consequence of the gradual cooling down of the north, they partly died out, another part, with some exceptions, such as the Reindeer and the Arctic Fox, gradually migrated to more southern regions, where, after the loss of many members not capable of accommodating themselves to altered circumstances (nicht accomodationsfahiger GHeder), they have, although with continuously reduced numbers in genera and species, formed a great part of the present faunas and floras, thus supplying a compensation for the loss experienced in these their new homes of the expiring members of more southern miocene faunas and floras. The Eastern Archipelago (the study of whose fauna, as connected with the history of the great changes it has undergone by successive submersions and upheavals, has been rendered so interesting by the well-known labours of A. E.. Wallace) calls imperatively the atten- tion of botanists to the search of facts derived from its flora in confir- mation or refutation of these views. Unfortunately we are in this respect very much in arrear. The botany of New Guinea is almost wholly unknown ; and from Celebes we have but very Uttle. Sumatra, Java, the Philippines, Timor, and a part of Borneo have been more generally explored ; and large collections of their plants have been deposited, chiefly in the Leyden Herbarium, but also in considerable numbers in that of Kew and in some others ; but even these mate- rials have been but little worked up in a manner to be available for the geographical botanist. The two eminent Dutch botanists who had successively charge of the Leyden collections contributed much in various ways to the progress of the science, and especially to our knowledge of the flora of the principal Dutch islands, but without leaving any satisfactory general view of all that was known on that of the whole archipelago. Blume's ' Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nedcrlandsch Indie,' drawn up and published at Batavia when he was still very young, was a wonderful work considering the means at his disposal ; and after his retui'u to Europe he commenced eluci- dating with equal ability and in greater detail several orders con- nected with that flora (' Flora Javse,' 'Eumphia,' ' Museum Lugduno- Batavense ') ; but as general works all these remained incomplete. Miquel drew up a ' Flora Indise Batavae,' purposing to be complete as far as his materials allowed ; but it was far too hastily compiled, without the necessary critical examination of genera and species. Copying much from previous partial publications of various authors, without comparison with specimens independently described, the repetitions, bad species, and erroneous determinations are very nu- xlii PKOCEEDIKGS OF THE merous ; there is no comparison with the members of adjoining floras ; nor can I discover any clue to the principle upon which he has included in this Flora of Dutch India a selection of Nilgherry, Nepalese, and Chinese plants. N^o reliable statistics can therefore be derived from the work. Nor did Miquel himself enter much in any of his works on the question of the general distribution of plants over the archipelago. This is the more to be regretted as he showed that he was well able to cope with the subject in his excellent review of the flora of Sumatra as compared with its physical condi- tions and with that of the neighbouring island of Java, forming the Introduction to his supplemental volume of the above-mentioned ' Flora.' Since his lamented death, I have seen no signs of any Dutch successor likely to take up the study of the botany of the archipelago in any scientific point of view. In the mean time the rich stores col- lected by P. Beecari in Sarawak are, I am informed, in the course of distribution ; and that enterprising Italian naturalist has returned to the East with a view to the exploration of New Guinea and some others of the less-known islands. Grisebach, in his Indian Monsoon region, unites the archipelago with the East-Indian peninsulas and continent to the foot of the Himalayas, the island of Ceylon to the west, and the Society and the Marquesas and other coral islands to the east, embracing, as it were, the whole of Tropical Asia, or Sclater's Indian, with a portion of his Australian Palseotropical regions ; and certainly a cursory survey of the vegetation of this vast expanse of territory would appear to justify Grisebach's idea of its unity of character. It has also tolerably definite limits, determined on the north-west by the drier rocky East Mediterranean or Persian region, on the north by the great Himalayan chain, and on the east and south by a wide extent of ocean — the exceptions being chiefly the above-mentioned inoculation, as it were, into the Japanese flora to the north-east, and more or less of an intrusion across the ocean to the westward into Tropical Africa, and over a narrower interval of sea to the south-east into north-east Australia. The principal cause of this uniformity of character, so far as it goes, is well deduced by Grisebach from climatological and physical conditions, his observa- tions on the chief portion of the region, or East India proper, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to Malacca, being mainly derived from Hooker and Thomson's most instructive Introduction to their ' Flora Indica,' which, from a variety of causes, was unfortunately put a stop to after the issue of ihe first volume. It is now being re- placed by the ' Flora of British India,' under Dr. Hooker's editor- LDTNEAN SOCIETY OF LOKDOK, xliii ship, of which the first part, just published in a more concise form, gives a confident hope that it may be steadily and rapidly brought to a conclusion. We shall then have ample means of instituting a comparison of the Indian vegetation with that of Boissier's ' Flora Orientalis ' to the north-west, of Ledebour's ' Flora Rossica ' to the north, of Miquel's almost as complete though less methodical enume- rations of Japanese plants to the north-east, of the ' Flora Austra- liensis ' to the south, and of Oliver's ' Tropical African Flora ' to the west. The ' Flora Indica ' does not, however, extend to the eastern portion of Grisebach's Monsoon region, about which our information is so deficient, but where, as he observes, " the distribution of organisms involves one of the most remarkable problems in the darker regions of vegetation-centres." He further remarks that the flora of this eastern region, with the exception of the Timor group, is every- where Indian, and regulated by climatological conditions, the vegetation of New Guinea being, as he rather hastily supposes, " thoroughly similar to that of Borneo " — a result quite at variance with the distribution of animals as expounded by Wallace. As a possible explanation of this discrepancy, he proposes a hypothesis which, for fear of misrepresentation, I shall give at length: — " Thus the limits of particular fonns of plants and of animals in the Indian archipelago do not concur. Vegetation corresponds to climatological, the fauna to local (raumliche) analogies. This opens a wide field for speculations on the history of the globe. By a mere sinking of the land to an unimportant extent, Darwinism readily explains the origin of the fauna of these islands, but not the Indian character of the flora of New Guinea, which presupposes much greater up- heavals than the origin of the' fauna, calculated to give rise to equatorial rainy seasons. This hypothesis would derive the endemic marsupials of New Guinea from the Australian ones after the esta- blishment of the Torres Straits ; but it gives no explanation of the way in which the peculiar palms of New Guinea could have arisen from allied Indian genera. With more plausibility, although with little more foundation on ascertained facts, may be put forward another conjecture derived from the respective relations of plants and animals to the outer world. From their organization the former are much more dependent on climate, the latter on the vege- tation which serves them for food. If an extent of sea is converted into land, its climate (independently of its geographical position) will depend on the form of its coasts and on the relief of its surface. If, now, creative forces are pronounced, the forms of vegetation will be xliv PKOCEEDINGS OP THE suited to the climate. These forms correspond to the climate of the present day — as everywhere else, so also from the Malayan con- tinent to the South-Sea Islands. If we assume that in an earlier geological period the eastern portion of the archipelago did not yet possess its mountains, and was connected with Australia, so might the Australian climate have then extended to the archipelago ; but with the change in the climate the vegetation of the time must have disappeared. A new flora arose ; but in the fauna, which was less dependent on climate, the earlier types may have longer persisted. Perhaps the present period may be regarded as one in which the Australian forms of animals are in an expiring state, because the jungle-forests do not sufficiently correspond to their demands for food. It would appear as if creative activity only wakes up at specific points of time on specific points of the earth's surface, and that during the long pauses Nature's struggles are directed only to the retaining that which exists. Vegetation, as well as the animals which it feeds, must ever be considered in relation to the geological developments. During the time which has elapsed since the moun- tains and the moist climate of New Guinea have been established no new creation of Mammalia has taken place. Only very few Marsupials, and scarcely any other Mammalia, have been found on this great island. But in other classes of animals forms have arisen corresponding to the present vegetation, such as the Birds of Para- dise, which are unknown in Australia, but which in New Guinea hover over the forest tree-tops, whilst they can take shelter from the midday sun under the dense foliage. . . . The present type of organization was already cast in New Holland in the tertiary period, whilst the endemic plants and animals of New Guinea appear to be of much later origin." (Vol. ii. pp. 69, 70.) "Without admitting to its fullest extent the main fact relied upon, that there is no marked line separating the vegetation of the western and the eastern . portions of the archipelago corresponding to that laid down by Wallace for animals, a premature conclusion in the present state of our knowledge*, and still less entering into specu- lations as to the intermittent action of creative forces which I do not quite comprehend, we must agree with Grisebach that, so far as shown by the scanty data at our command, the uniformity is much greater in the botany than in the zoology of the whole archipelago. We may also admit with him that this comparative uniformity may be, in great measure, due to the uniformity of * Dr. Hooker has, for instance, remarked that no Dipterocarpese have been found to the east of Borneo. lUnTEAX SOCIETT OF LO>T)OIf. xlv climate acting more upon plants than upon animals. But there are other circumstances which may probably have favoured the continued action of natural selection through countless ages in procuring this result. Dr. Hooker has very plausibly suggested a greater geological antiquity in the plant races than in those of animals, especially the higher animals, under which the former, or the ancestors from which they are descended, had become established over a wide extent of continuous land before its disruption by suc- cessive upheavals and depressions had produced the present isolation. We must next take into account that this continuity of land need not be so great in the case of plants as of animals. The dispersion of the former is passive, and takes place chiefly in a dormant state, in which minuteness and enormous multiplication affords them opportunities for crossing seas and other barriers denied to the higher animals. Plant-races of accommodating (accomodations- fahiger) constitutions, as they successively arose and attained the full vigour of specific life, will have early spread over any continuous or but little broken area enjoying comparatively similar physical and climatological conditions, the western and eastern forms inter- mingling so as that the one should only gradually be replaced by the other — thus iu early ages repeating under the tropics the pheno- menon now observed in the northern temperate Europaeo-Asiatic region. These vigorous or accommodating races, whether new dif- ferentiations or foreign invasions, will at the same time have gra- dually expelled and replaced races which in tertiary or other previous periods had occupied the land under different conditions, and which now could only maintain themselves in the struggle for life in localities affording them in their reduced or weakened state special protection against the effects of the altered climate and the attacks of their vigorous competitors. Such localities, suited to ancient or expiring races of few individuals with varied but always special requirements, and generally slow of propagation, may be exemplified in the Mediterranean, the Japanese, and other regions abounding, as Grisebach terms it, in centres of vegetation ; they may be faintly traced in the Nilgherries and in Ceylon, but are in general very few in Grisebach 's Monsoon region ; and those few are as yet but little known or wholly unvisited. Kini-Balu, in Borneo, however, has, as we learn from Dr. Hooker, supplied a place of refuge for a certain number of Australian types ; and it maj' be conjectured that many more may have maintained themselves in those lofty mountains of New Guinea which have as yet been only seen from a distance. Continuity of vegetation probably existed in tertiary times between Ivi PROCEEDINGS OF THE Australia and a vast extent of land including more or less of both of Wallace's divisions of the Archipelago, How far subsequent changes which have influenced the present distribution of animals may have affected that of the forest vegetation can only be judged of when the floras of Borneo, Celebes, and New Guinea shall have been as well investigated and compared as have been those of Sumatra and Java. Tropical Africa, or Grisebach's Soudan, is, as a botanical region, separated from the Mediterranean region by the Sahara desert, and, southward, from the Cape region by the dry district north of the Gariep, termed by him the Kalahari, Geologists have expressed their belief that this continent has subsisted as land from the most remote antiquity. The large semiaquatic or singularly formed ter- restrial animals, the very distinct bird-races, the varied connexions of its entomology may all tend to support the hypothesis ; and many of the peculiarities of its vegetation, as far as known, appear to derive from it a plausible explanation, Grisebach, however, believes that these peculiarities are entirely independent of the geological history of Africa. He begins by remarking on the poverty of the flora of Soudan, especially when compared with that of other tropical regions of large extent, such as Brazil and tropical Asia — and this notwithstanding the wide dispersion over the region of certain genera and species, and, on the other hand, the indications of several special centres of vegetation within it. But these centres of vegetation, he says, have been very sparse in their productions, as well in the low- lands as in the mountains. He observes that, if the long duration of a continental existence from the earliest periods had any influence, it is difficult to conceive why single districts should have enjoyed such great advantages over others ; arid it is equally in contradiction to any ideas of a multiplication of organisms through the lapse of long periods, or of the expulsion of a more varied ancient vegetation by foreign invasions, when we see that most of the families of plants are so poor in their component parts, whilst Gramineae are so extra- ordinarily rich. If there had been any force in action causing the flora of tropical Africa to be transformed in one direction or another, how could it have dealt with different groups with effects so opposite ? " The more irregular," he adds, " the distribution and mode of operation of centres of vegetation appear to us, the more humble must remain our attempts at explanation, in face of the mysteries of the productive force, which does indeed suit that which it does bring forth to physical conditions, but does not actually call into being all that is susceptible of life." (Vol. ii. pp, 141, 142.) LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. xlvii This comparative paucity of species is probably real, but not to the degree that Grisebach was led to suppose from the scanty data he had access to. He does not appear, in making his calculations, to have yet seen even the first volume of Oliver's ' Flora of Tropical Africa;' and he judges chiefly from Hooker's 'Niger Flora' and Achille Richard's ' Flore d'Abyssinie,' which he regards as tolerably fair exponents of the vegetation of the two best-known districts of the region, now termed by Oliver Upper Guinea and Nileland. Comparing the plants of these two districts enumerated in the two volumes now published of Oliver's 'Flora' with the corresponding portions of the two above-mentioned works (the orders preceding Umbelliferae), we find the Abyssinian or Nilelaud species increased from 562 to 853, and those of Upper Guinea from 747 to 1091 ; and Grisebach would probably have to raise his number of 1650 Abys- sinian pheuogamous species to about 2500, and the 1870 from Upper Guinea, to about 2800. The total pheuogamous species in our her- baria now ready to be entered in the Tropical-African Flora cannot be far short of 8000 ; and there is, I think, little doubt that several thousands may be yet to be added to them from the vast tracts of country entirely unknown to botanists. But even this increased number may not be more than half of what could be sup- plied from the much smaller area included in the Brazilian empire, the extraordinary richness of whose natural productions, animal as well as vegetable, has been frequently commented upon ; it may also, as stated by Grisebach, fall considerably short of the probable number in his Indian Monsoon region, which, from the Himalaya to the north coast of Australia, has an extent in latitude about equal to that of the Soudan region, with a few more degrees of longitude, from the Indian peninsula and Ceylon to the extreme east of New Guinea. But might not this difference be in some measure accounted for by some of those considerations which he so positively rejects as irrelevant? If it be true that in plants the production through natural selection of new races from variation is favoured by changes in cUmatological and other physical conditions, whilst a long con- tinued uniformity of these conditions enables races once acclimatized through a long course of generations by that same natural selection to hold their own even long after they have become reduced or weakened by age — if we may further consider the number of highly differentiated, monotypic, or sparingly varied races endemic in Africa, and especially those which are intermediate between subgenera, genera, tribes, &c. which in all other countries are well defined, to be remnants of races of the highest antiquity, may we not regard Xlviii PEOCEEDINGS OF THE these remnants, coupled with the apparently slow multiplication of species, as the result of a continuous subsistence of the land from the earliest periods, with few or none of those great convulsions or gradual depressions and upheavals which have successively changed the configuration and climate of those Eastern regions with which Africa appears once to have been connected, and exposing them to successive destructions or modifications of their old vegetation and invasions of new races ? To Grisebach's notes on the connexions of the Tropical- African flora with that of other countries I should have but few observations to add. The intergrafting with the South- African flora along the eastern side of the continent may well be attributed to climate and other present physical conditions. The European character of the higher mountain vegetation of Abyssinia and the Cameroons may be indicative of the remains of that western flora, the mysteries of whose distribution north and south of the tropics I have on several occasions alluded to. The supposed evidences derived from the vegetable kingdom of a once existing connexion between West Tro- pical Africa and East Tropical America through an ancient Atlantis gradually disappear on further investigation, No traces of a Western- Atlantic or American vegetation were met with by Mann in the mountains of Fernando Po and the Cameroons, nor by Dr. Hooker in the Western Atlas of Morocco. The Tropical- American races found in Western Africa are chiefly confined to the coast region ; they are more generally identical than representative species ; and they may have been brought over in the course of ages by some of those means of transport which even now may occasionally occur, such as the Gulf-stream, as mentioned by Grisebach. You may recollect, for instance, a short notice by Dr. Dickie inserted in our Journal (Botany, vol. xi. p. 456) of a green floating mass, twelve to fourteen miles broad, crossed by Capt. Mitchell in the Atlantic, within 300 miles of the mouth of the Gambia, which had evidently, in Dr. Dickie's mind, come from some part of America within the influence of the Gulf-stream, probably passing between the Cape- Verd Islands and the mainland of Africa. Besides algse, the portions of this mass picked up by Capt. Mitchell and examined by Dr. Dickie contained, amongst other sub- stances, fruits, seeds and " seedling plants several inches long, aU with a pair of cotyledons, roots, and terminal bud, quite fresh"*. With regard to those American genera represented chiefly in Eastern * It may require, however, as suggested by Dr. Hooker, some further evi- dence to show that this green mass might not as well have been brought down from some African as from some American river. UNiraAJT SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlix Tropical Africa, to which I called your attention in my paper on Compositae, there are various considerations, requiring too much detail for me now to enter upon them, tending to show a greater probability of an ancient interchange having taken place far south of the tropics, or eastward over lands long since submerged, than across the Tropical Atlantic, A prevailing eastern element in the Tropical- African flora has, indeed, been frequently pointed out. An interchange with Continental India is so well marked north of the equator as to have been generally admitted : but south there are many distinct types represented only in Madagascar, Ceylon, Ma- lacca, the Archipelago, or Australia. This would lead one into speculations, put forward also by naturalists in other branches, as to a vast continent once bridging ovet the Indian Ocean, and extend- ing even far to the eastward into the Southern Pacific. Similar views derived from zoology have been recently put forward by Gran- didier, in a most interesting sketch of the physical geography and natural history. of Madagascar, contained in u. 46 (May 11) of this ., year's ' Eevue Scientifique.' This island, whose evident antiquity and long isolation, aided by its broken surface, has enabled it to become the seat or centre of preservation of a very large number oi endemic monotypes, shows also in its vegetation, besides African, many Archipelago and even Australian types. Grandidier believes that in zoology the more distant eastern connexion is at least as evident, if not more so than that with the almost adjacent African continent. In plants, the African connexion is decidedly predo- minant. I shall not attempt to follow Grisebach in discussing the peculia- rities of the remainder of his regions. We may observe throughout the same careful investigation of the climatic conditions and its in- fluence on the vegetative character of the individual plants (Vege- tationsformen) and on the general aspect of the whole vegetation they constitute (Yegetationsformationen), with the same high esti- mate or, we might say, overestimate of its efi'ects on the typical character of the species as compared with the complicated con- sequences of previous possession, foreign invasion, and natural selec- tion in the struggle for life (which he seems disposed to ignore), and with the same allusions to certain mysterious creative or productive forces beyond the reach of our inquiries. A closer examination of his regions shows them to be much better conceived in his phyto- climatic point of view than I had at first thought them to be when regarded as phyto-geographical regions; and although fvirther ex- plorations may cause him to modify their limits in several instances, LiiTN. Peoc. — Session 1871-72. g PROCEEDINGS OF THE yet, in regard to all of them, the data he has collected and methodized "will be found to be an important contribution to the scientific study of geographical distribution, the value of which is enhanced by copious references to the sources whence he has derived his infor- mation. Among these regions I only allude now to the Brazilian, for the purpose of calling your attention to the steady progress of the great work descriptive of one of the richest floras of the globe. The plan of the ' Flora Brasiliensis,' originally conceived by the emi- nent traveller, naturalist, and ethnologist Carl von Martins, was, with true German perseverance and energy, worked out by him to the end of his life ; and immediately before his death he had the satisfaction of concluding, under the enlightened patronage of the ruler of that empire, arrangements by which its regular continuance and, probably eai'ly conclusion were secured. The laborious and irksome task of editor, including the dealings with authors of un- certain habits and tempers, so well performed by Martius, has de- volved upon a worthy successor in the person of Dr. Eichler, who has also taken a distinguished part amongst the authors ; and a further stimulus has been given to it by the recent visit of the Emperor to the European continent. We all admired the intelli- gent activity as well as the affability displayed by him when in this country; and it was a matter of deep regret to me that my absence from town prevented my attending upon his Majesty when he visited these our rooms and insjDected our library and collections. When in Germany, his delicate attentions to the widow of v. Mar- tius, whom he styled " one of his oldest and best friends," and his cordial reception of Dr. Eichler at Yienna, will have done as much towards encouraging the editorial efforts, as the votes of the Bra- zilian chambers have contributed to the material progress of the work. The comjionent parts of this great Flora, by authors of dif- ferent abilities, appreciating differently the value of genera and species, and working at different times upon scantier or more co- pious materials, must necessarily be somewhat unequal, and may not, for instance, always give fair data for estimating the propor- tions to the general flora held by the different natural orders. But as a whole, including, as it does in the volumes already published, detailed descriptions of above eight thousand species, illustrated by nearly 1300 excellent folio plates, it is a national botanical monu- ment such as no other country can boast of, and doing equal honour to the Brazilian Government and to the German character. The successive parts issued of this Flora, form, indeed, now the chief con- tribution to systematic botany supplied on the continent, in addition lUfNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 11 to the few mentioned in my last year's address. Physiological and anatomical botany are, on the other hand, much more steadily worked out in Germany and in France than with us. Several im- portant papers have already, since the restoration of 2)eace, been pub- lished in Pringsheim's ' Jahrbiicher ' and in Hanstein's 'Botanische Abhandlungen,' both of them specially devoted to this branch of the science; and in France the recent numbers of the 'Annales des Sciences Naturelles ' are chiefly taken up with papers by Van Tieghem, De Gris, Trecul, and others, a more detailed notice of which would lead me too far for the present occasion. There are two general subjects upon which the bulky mass of literature continues, to receive considerable accessions both in this country and on the continent, without perhaps adding much to oux stock of information, and which would at any rate require long and patient study to extract what may be really of value ; these are Darwinism and so-called Spontaneous Generation. Dar'wdnism in some shape or other, or something under that name, enters more or less into almost all general discussions on points of natural history, especially on the Continent ; and so far as it is applicable to what the Germans call the "Descendenztheorie," it is being more or less tacitly adopted by the great majority of naturalists ; but in a general way, the comj)rehensive hypotheses propounded by Darwin in his various works are still the subject of much polemical discussion. Seidlitz, in his work entitled ' Die Darwin'sche Theorie,' fills thirty pages with the mere titles of the works, memoii's, or papers pub- lished on the subject since 1859 ; and to this enumeration many additions might be made. Amidst this great mass it might have been expected that I should select some to bring specially under your notice — that I should follow up the observations I made on the ' Origin of Species ' in my Address of 1863, and on the ' Va- riation of Animals and Plants under Domesticity ' in that of 1868, by some notice of the ' Descent of Man,' as well as of some recent works of other writers, such as Mivart's 'Genesis of Species;' but these have been already fully discussed by naturalists much more competent than a purely systematic botanist to deal with the ques- tion in the phase which it has now reached, and I have not met with any other work in which any connected series of observations have been methodized and brought to bear more directlj' on the general life-history of animals and plants. The detached observa- tions upon several points connected with Darwin's general theories, especially those relating to dichogamy and cross-fertUization in plants, continue to be very numerous, as well as the endeavours to 5-2 Ki PKOCEEDIKGS OF THE connect recent with geologically ancient races of both animals and plants, without, however, making any one move of importance to- wards the solution of the problems before us; and we are still anxiously awaiting from Mr. Darwin himself that long-promised second portion of his great digest which is to treat of the variations of undomesticated animals and plants. Spontaneous Generation has perhaps been of late the subject of more controversy in this country than abroad. Since Prof. Huxley, followed by Dr. Tyndall, placed the matter in so clear a light at the Liverpool Meeting of 1870, Dr. Bastian has returned to the charge. In his work entitled ' The Modes of origin of lowest Organisms,' he has published an account of numerous experiments further illus- trating his views in opposition to those of Huxley and Tyndall, and confirming, in his mind, the theory of Archebiosis, the name he gives to what is commonly called Spontaneous Generation. On the other hand, Mr. N. Hartley has communicated to the Eoyal Society (' Proceedings,' xx. No. 132) his experiments concerning the evolu- tion of life from lifeless matter, which appear to have been con- ducted with great care, and in some measure under the guidance of Dr. Odling and Prof. TjTidaU. From these he concludes that " so far as our present knowledge guides us, whether we term it sponta- neous generation, abiogenesis, or archebiosis, the process by which living things spring from lifeless matter must be said to be only ideal." The same number of these ' Proceedings ' contains abstracts of three papers by Dr. Grace Calvert on the development of proto- plasmic life, its influence on putrefaction, and the effect of various substances in promoting or arresting its progress, all of which papers are connected with, and in continuation of, his former experiments and conclusions tending to support the theory that this protoplasmic life is derived from invisible germs floating in the atmosphere. Dr. Bastian, at a later meeting of the Royal Society, again returned to the subject in a paper entitled " On some Heterogenetic modes of origin of flagellated Monads, Fungus-germs, and ciliated Infusoria," inserted at length in No. 133 of the ' Proceedings.' The experi- ments and observations here detailed are very interesting as to the development of these organisms in the pellicle that forms on in- fusions of organic matter when exposed to the atmosphere ; but they do not affect the question of the origin of the living components of the pellicle itself, which he considers to have been fully proved by his own former papers, as well as by the well-known experiments of Pouchet and others, to have been evolved from lifeless matter by archebiosis. A more extended work, giving the fullest details of LTinrEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. liii his views of the " Beginnings of Life " is announced ; but I have not yet seen it. If, then, spontaneous generation may as a theory in the minds of some persons have become referred to the class of paradoxes like the quadrature of the circle, yet it is still supported by so many na- turalists whose opinions are entitled to consideration, and there is so much to be said for as well as against it which appears unsusceptible of direct and positive proof, that it is likely to be long maintained as a subject of controversy, without any further much more definite result. But there is one question of a more practical nature, often supposed to be connected with it, which has excited, and is still calliiag for the serious attention of men of science, experience, and judgment, as well as of various Governments. I allude to those parasitical scourges which within the last thirty years have made such havoc in several important articles of European food and in- dustry. Thirty years since, and, I believe, up to the fatal year 1845, the potato-disease, the silkworm -pebrine, and the oidium of the vine were unknown in Europe ; and we can most of us remember how the sudden appearance and rapid extension of each in succes- sion produced the famine in Ireland, and the ruin of so many French and Italian silk-breeders and wine-growers of the Mediterranean region, Madeira, and Bordeaux, and how long men of science have been baffled in their efforts at ascertaining the true history of the attendant fungi and devising an efficacious remedy. The potato- disease appears now to have settled down into one of those chronic epidemics whose varying intensity, according to season and other circumstances over which we have little control, must enter into the calculations of every potato -grower. This useful tuber can no longer, indeed, be advantageously cultivated in that wholesale manner which induced the late Thomas Andrew Knight and others to attach to it so high an economic value ; but it may now again be fairly de- pended upon as an important article of household food. The pebrine of the silkworm, from the latest reports I have seen of the commis- sions of Lyons and other places, shows but little abatement of its intensity, although it has in some measure changed its character, and is, it is to be feared, through the carelessness or cupidity of in- terested dealers, spreading even into those eastern regions which have been looked to for the supply of " seed " free from the fatal germ. The oidium, on the contrary, has been got more under con- trol ; and experience now shows that, in many districts at least, its ravages can be checked or entirely stopped by means within the Kv PROCEEDINGS OF THE reach of every intelligent cultivator. But within the last few years a new plague has in the south of France excited even more alarm than the oidium itself, from its insidious invasion and complete de- struction of many of the most valuable vineyards ; this time, how- ever, the offending parasite is brought much more within the scope of direct scientific observation. The germs of the potato-fungus, of the pebrine, of the oidium are all invisible and inappreciable by any of our instruments ; the history of their diff'usion and early develop- ment, and even their very existence can only be judged of from their results and other circumstantial evidence ; whilst the Phylloxera vastatrix can be watched in every stage of its varied existence, from the first deposit of the fertilized eggs, through its several agamic generations, to the latest winged form. The researches, accordingly, which have been already applied to it have not been altogether barren of results, throwing some light even generally upon the origin and dispersion of these pests. Considerable sums of money, either from the French Government or from private subscriptions, have been applied to the purpose ; and the investigation has been chiefly carried on by our foreign member, Dr. J, E. Planchon, of Montpel- lier, assisted by M. J. Lichtenstein, a relative, I believe, of the late distinguished Prussian zoologist. These gentlemen, since the first discovery of the disease in France in 1868, have devoted much of their time to it. They have compared their observations with those of others, who in other countries have studied the insect, especially Mons. Laliman, of Bordeaux, Mr. Riley, of Missouri, and Prof. Westwood in our own country ; and they have now, in a pamphlet which, by some inversion of dates not uncommon abroad, is supposed to form part of the Proceedings of the session of the French scien- tific congress at Montpellier in 1868, given a resume of nearly five hundred memoirs, communications, or journal articles which have been published on the subject up to the close of last year (1871). The main facts given as having been hitherto elicited as proved or probable may be shortly resumed as follows: — The Phylloxera, like other Aphides, goes through a number of apterous generations of a single sex, but multiplying with enor- mous rapidity ; for one or two individuals will lay as many as five hundred eggs, fertilized without previous copulation. It also gives birth occasionally to a winged generation of both sexes, the females of which lay only two or three eggs each. The apterous Phylloxera is also dimorphous : — a smooth-bodied form living in little galls formed on the leaves of the vine, where it is LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Iv comparatively harmless ; and a tuberculate form living in the nodules it produces on the root-fibres, causing first the smaller and then the main roots to rot, weakening, in the first instance, and finally killing the whole vine. Each form has its winged generation. The insect is evidently of North-American origin, although the precise history of its transmission to this country has not been ascertained. It was first described by Asa Fitch, in the Trans- actions of the New- York State Agricultural Society for 1854; but living there chiefly on the leaves of the native vines, it had not attracted any peculiar attention. More recently, however, Mr. Eiley has found reason to attribute to the ravages of the subterranean form the ill success of the various attempts made to establish in America the European grape-vine. In England, where the intro- duction of the insect from America may be readily conceived. Prof. "Westwood's attention was first called to it in 1863, and again from various quarters in 1867 and 1868, whence resulted the above- mentioned account in the ' Gardeners' Chronicle ' for January 1869 (p. 109). "With us it does not appear to have much spread, and has therefore not called for any further observation, the damp soil, the mode of treatment, or other external circumstances proving un- favourable for the development of the underground form. But having by some means reached and established itself in the dry, naturally-drained vineyards of the south of France, its general character underwent a change ; natural selection at once gave an enormous preponderance to the underground over the epiphyllous form. It was first discovered there in July 1868 ; and by the close of that year its ravages caused a panic among the vine-growers in many parts of Lower Languedoc and Provence, similar to that which we may remember in this country on the rapid spread of the potato- disease in the autumn of 1845. It was immediately made the sub- ject of scientific investigation, which has ever since been steadily pursued. As one result Dr. Planchon inclines to believe that the oidium and the potato-disease, like the Phylloxera, and, in former days, the American blight of oiir apple-trees, had all been imported from America. It would seem that all these parasites, whether insects or fungi, capable of enormously rapid and extensive propa- gation, remain unnoticed so long as they are kept in check by the mutual relations of their constitution, habits, food, and other cir- cumstances in which they are placed — but that the moment a change, often very slight, in one or other of these conditions destroys the balance, they may at once and suddenly gain the upper hand, so Ivi PROCEEDDirGS OF THE as to be classed in the popular mind amongst those varied phenomena collectively designated as blights. That such a change is often the consequence of the transportation of the insect from one country to another may be regarded as more probable if Riley is correct in his belief that in America, as in Europe, introduced insects when once established are more noxious than indigenous ones. In the case of the Phylloxera some clue to the nature of the influencing alteration may be derived from the success attending one of the remedies applied — the inundation and continued submersion of the diseased vineyards during the winter months. The comparative dryness of the soil in the new over that of the original station of the insect has been the change which natural selection seems to have seized upon to effect the extraordinary development of the underground form, aided, perhaps, by some slight attendant change in its constitution. Prolonged, or even temporary inundation^ however, is not practicable in the majority of the south-of-France vineyards, nor, indeed, in any of those producing the best wines. Amongst other remedies, soot (the soot of wood-smoke I presume) promises to be one of the most efficacious applications. Amongst the various publications which these phenomena have called forth we may still see cropping up not unfrequently the popular notion that they are blights mysteiiously connected with meteorological conditions, against which it is vain to struggle ; but, fortunately, the need of separately investigating every one of them is becoming generally recognized. In France, Government has ap- pointed special commissions for inquiries into the silk- and vine- diseases. In Genuany the ravages committed by insects on their forests have been the subject of various works, published chiefly under the patronage of the Austrian Government and scientific asso- ciations. In North America Mr. Eiley, as Missouri State entomo- logist, makes annual reports on noxious insects to the Board of Agriculture of that State, pursuant to an appropriation for this purpose from the Legislature*. In Italy a special institution has been formed at Padua, under official patronage, for the study of cryptogamic parasites; and our Royal Horticultural Society is * Since writing the above I have seen a proof-sheet of a portion of the forthcoming fourth report of the Missouri State entomologist, Mr. Riley, in which he enters into further details of the history of the Vhylloxera, collected during a recent visit to Europe, as well as from closer observations on the subject made in America, where it appears to be acquiring more serious importance. I have not, however, yet seen enough of the report to learn what further conclusions Mr. Eiley may have arrived at. •MNITEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. IVii also making arrangements for the special encouragement of the study of economic entomology. To these and similar institutions it is the duty of science, in the interest of mankind, to giv^ its un- qualified support, to divest itself of all preconceived theories and prejudices, to avoid those polemical discussions which appear to have gone beyond the security they give for the exhibition of facts in all the various points of view they may bear, but impartially to study every detail connected with these scourges, which have so much increased during the present century, fostered, perhaps, by the advance of civiHzation and high cultivation. The President read a letter from Mr. J. J. Bennett, dated Mares- field, AprU 18th, 1872, requesting that, as he finds it impossible, while residing at so great a distance from London, to attend the Meetings, he might be allowed to resign his position as a Member of Council and a Vice-President ; adding that, after so many years of active connexion with the Society's affairs, it cost him no little pain to sever himself entirely from its business ; but that (being desirous of spending the remainder of his days in absolute retirement), he felt it to be his duty to do so, and could no longer defer performing it. . The Secretary reported that the following Members had died, or their deaths been ascertained, since the last Anniversary : — Fellows. Sir Roderick I. Murchison, Bart. Iltyd Nicholl, Esq. William Osborn, Esq. Berthold Seemann, Ph.D. J. D. C. Sowerby, Esq. Thomas Hawkes Tanner, M.D. Robert Armstrong, M.D. WiUiam Baird, M.D. James Charles Dale, Esq. George Robert Gray, Esq. Rev. William Hincks. Charles Home, Esq. Sir Oswald Mosley, Bart. Foreign Member. Hugo von Mohl, M.D. Associates. WiUiam Baxter. | Edward Jenner. The Secretary also announced that thirty-two Follows and two Foreign Members had been elected since the last Anniversary, At the Election which subsequently took place, George Bentham, Esq., was re-elected President ; William Wilson Saunders, Esq., Treasurer ; and Frederick Currey, Esq., and H. T. Stain ton, Esq., Secretaries. The following five Fellows were elected into the Linn. Proc. — Session 1871-72. h iviii PKOCEEDINGS OF THE Council, in the room of others going out, viz : — Eobert Braithwaite, M.D., J, Gwyn Jeffreys, Esq., E. MacLachlan, Esq., John Miers, Esq., anfl Daniel Oliver, Esq. Dr. Prior, on the part of the Committee appointed to audit the Treasurer's Accounts, read the Balance-sheet, by which it appeared that the total Eeceipts during the past year, including a Balance of .£435 17s. 6d. carried from the preceding year, amounted to .£1656 12s. Id., and that the total Expenditure during the same period, including the purchase of £180 Great Indian Penninsula Eailway Stock, amounted to £1459 3s. 9c?., leaving a balance in the hands of the Bankers of £197 8s. M. OBITUAET NOTICES. The Secretaries then laid before the Society the following Notices of Deceased Members*. William Baied, M.D., F.E.S., F.L.S., was the youngest son of the Eev. James Baird, and was born at the Manse of Eccles, in Ber- wickshire, in 1803. He received his education at the High School of Edinburgh, and afterwards studied medicine and surgery in the University of that city, and at Dublin and Paris. In the year 1823 Dr. Baird, having previously made a voyage to the "West Indies and South America, entered the maritime service <^ the East- India Company as surgeon, and remained in that service until 1833: during this period he visited India and China five times, and went also to other countries, and in all his voyages availed himself zealously of the opportunities which his position afforded for studying natural history. In 1829 Dr. Baird assisted in the foundation of the well-known Berwickshire Naturalists' Club, to which he was afterwards a frequent contributor. On quitting the East-India Company's service Dr. Baird practised his profession in London for some years, until, in 1841, he accepted an appointment in the zoological department of the British Museum, where he remained until his death. Dr. Baird's qualifications as a zoologist were of a high order, and his published writings are numerous and excellent; they consist * Besides the Fellows and Associates of the Society mentioned in the above Notices, information has been received of the death of Dr. Hugo von Mohl, Professor of Botany in the University of Tiibingen, a Foreign Member of the Society. Dr. v. Molil died on the 11th of April, 1872, but sufficient time has not elapsed for obtaining the particulars necessary for a biographical notice. LUTNEAIT SOCIETY OP LONDON. 00 o CO 00 C3 'i:. >» 'J^ rrjMXir-IO0600J>M * rH ^•rHiftOOONCOOO ^ r-l 1-1 i-l rH r-l IM rH i-l i-H P^ o 00 «rt m SfJ -^ -=< 1> <«eo : o o o o sD CO o I O O 00 O »0 CO -^ ert ^ 3 T=i O 00 i-O O V-O CO t^ lO 1-1 rH t> CO IM s -^3 iH iH CD iH s J 'B : « "S : Oh i s 2 o l» 53 P±d > s eo g 03 eo _ l-H -g •I- p ^ saw S-^rS «i-i o itions of of umal, &c ols and c bv othor o C O ositions . . al Contribi do. actions, Jo •st ou Cons ises repaid J omp nnu Do. rans iterc xpei M H >^ iH P^ g «rt t! ^ W -P5 "e3 ?=!2;t3 3 INTO CK C 1 t: § .q o OHfil o W ■« HWf^ O TJ ;^ S o ««H rS C S3 J .B m OOpi^O 7t2 IX PKOCEEDINGa OF THE chiefly of scattered papers on various subjects in the ' Edinburgh Philosophical Journal,' ' Loudon's Magazine of Natural History,' and its successor, the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' in the ' Zoologist,' and the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society.' His most important work was, however, the ' Natural History of the British Eutomostraca,' published by the Kay Society in 1850, a work of great ability and research. He was also the author of a popular ' Cyclopaedia of the Natural Sciences,' published in 1858, and of a valuable paper on Pearls and Pearl-Eisheries, as well as one on the luminosity of the Sea, published in ' Loudon's Magazine of Natural History.' During the latter years of his life his attention was principally directed to the Entozoa. As early as 1843 he had drawn up a cata- logue of those then known, which was published by the Trustees of the British Museum. Numerous papers on the same subject were also contributed by him to the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society,' and several papers on new Annelids to the ' Transactions ' and ' Journal ' of the Linnean Society. Latterly he was engaged in preparing a new and general catalogue of the Entozoa, for which he had accumulated a vast amo\int of material, and which, had he lived to bring his undertaking to a close, would doubtless have been a valuable contribution to science. But it is not merely by his publications that his attainments must be judged. His knowledge of natural history generally was exten- sive and profound, and his readiness in imparting it to others wiU long be remembered by those who were in the habit of studying at the British Museum. As a man of science he was highly esteemed by scientific men, and in private life he was much beloved on account of the unvary- ing amiability of his disposition and the kindliness of his manners. He was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 16th of February, 1847, and died on the 27th of January, 1872. William Baxter was formerly Curator of the Botanic Garden at Oxford, an office to which he was appointed as long ago as 1813. At that time botany at Oxford had sunk to its lowest level ; Sherard, Dillenius, and Sibthorp belonged to the past. Dr. Williams, who held the chair in the early part of Baxter's curatorshi]), was an elegant scholar and an amiable man, but added nothing to botanical science ; and for practical instruction in botany the undergraduates of that day had recourse to the teachings of Mr. Baxter. Among his pupils were many men who subsequently distinguished them- LTNlTEAlir SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixi selves in various ways, and some of whom, such as the present Bishop of Chichester, kept up their acquaintance with their in- structor up to recent times. It was at this period of his career that Mr. Baxter edited his ' British Botany,' a work in several volumes, devoted to the description and illustration of British plants. The illustrations are of unequal merit ; but the amount of information accumulated is extremely large, and bears witness, not only to great shrewdness of perception and accuracy of observation, but to in- defatigable zeal and labour. But it was in cryptogamic botany that Mr. Baxter specially excelled — in this proving himself a worthy compeer of his feUow labourers, Dawson-Turner, Borrer, Purton, and others. It is on record that he made great changes for the better in the Oxford Botanic Garden ; its level was so raised, that it was on longer flooded, and it was stored with rare plants to an extent that rendered it one of the most remarkable gardens of its time. The number of hardy herbaceous plants and of British plants under cul- tivation under Mr. Baxter's management was, considering the re- stricted space at his command, greater than that in almost any other establishment in the kingdom. On the death of Dr. "Williams, in 1834, Dr. Daubeny was elected to the professorship, and imme- diately proceeded still further to improve, and, indeed, remodel the garden, in doing which he was ably and energetically assisted by Mr. Baxter ; and the alterations that were carried into effect, with the modifications introduced by the present Curator, have rendered the Oxford garden, for its limited size, a very complete esta- bhshment. About twenty years since Mr. Baxter retired from his curatorship in favour of his son, Mr. W. H. Baxter, the present holder of the office. Mr. Baxter was admitted as an Associate of this Society on the 6th of May, 1817, and he died on the 1st of November, 1871 . in his 84th year. James Charles Dale, M.A., of Glanville Wootton, and Newton Montacute, Dorset, a Justice of the Peace, and in 1843 High Sheriff for the county, was born on the 13th of December, 1791. He was educated at "Wimborne and at Sydney Sussex CoUege, Cam- bridge, where he graduated in 1815. His love of natural history, particularly entomology, was shown from a child ; some of the insects in his British collection, which is the finest and largest known, were taken in the last century, and he followed his fa- vourite pursuit, assisted by his two sons, until within a few hours of his death. He had a large collection of foreign insects ; Ixii PKOCEEDrNGS OF THE his entomological journal was most carefully kept from 1808 until February 6, 1872, and is full of rare captures and valuable infor- mation. When at school he made a beautiful copy of Harris's butterflies, with additions of his own ; and though latterly com- plaining that stiffness of the joints rendered the capture and setting of insects not so easy as it used to be, Mr. Dale was, at 80 years of age, as enthusiastic an entomologist as he was in his youth. Mr. Dale was a British entomologist par excellence, and one of the very few who devote themselves to all orders. His collections (which include a large number of foreign insects) are enormous, and every specimen is so labelled that its exact history, whether it be of yesterday or fifty years old, was traceable by its possessor in a moment. The notes published by himself are chiefly -short, and scattered through the periodicals of nearly half a century. But it is in connexion with the late Mr, John Curtis that Mr. Dale's name wiU be handed down to generations of entomologists yet unborn. In the ' British Entomology ' his name is on almost every page, and it was from his collections that Curtis derived a vast portion of the material from which his elaborate work was prepared. The two worked hand in hand, and their names came to be considered as almost synonyms. N'ow that Curtis's own collection is unfortunately trans- ported to the antipodes, Mr. Dale's is of special importance ; for it enables the student, in very many cases, to verify species that might otherwise be doubtful. But for Curtis, Mr. Dale's name would probably be scarcely known beyond our own shores ; for he seldom entered the arena of scientific controversy. He was emphatically an English country gentleman, but (and the instances are rare) with a taste for ento- mology ; and his loss will be greatly regretted, not only by his own family and dependants, but by a numerous body of scientific friends. His death took place suddenly and without suffering on the 14th of February, 1872. Mr. Dale was one of the oldest Fellows of this Society, having been elected on the 3rd of February, 1818. George Robert Gray (Assistant Keeper of the Zoological De- partment in the British Museum, a naturalist of distinguished eminence, both as an entomologist and ornithologist, especially in the latter capacity, in which he took the highest rank) was bom at Chelsea, in July 1808, and early in life assisted the late Mr. Children, then Keeper of the Zoological Department, in the arrangement of his private collection of insects, which was one of the most exten- sive then existing. In 1831 he became an Assistant in the British LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOK. Ixiii Museum, in which, for many years, he had the entire charge of the noble collection of birds contained in it. His earliest contributions to science were made to the English translation, with large additions, of Cuvier's ' Animal Kingdom,' at that time in course of publication, under the superintendence of Mr. Griffith ; and he soon afterwards produced a ' Revision of the Phasmidse ' (4to), with illustrative plates, and other entomological publications, which are still regarded as valuable contributions to entomological science, to which he always continued to be much attached. But his leading works are those relating to ornithology. They commenced in 1840, by a * List of the Genera of Birds,' 8vo, privately printed, but largely dis- tributed by him, in which he enumerated 1005 genera, and indi- cated for each of them the type on which it was founded. In 1841 he published a second edition of this work, containing many additions and corrections; and in 1842 an Appendix, in both of which the number of generic divisions was increased to 1232. But his greatest work, and that on which his fame was principally founded, and which wUl always remain as a lasting memorial of his great ornithological knowledge, was ' The Genera of Birds,' in 4to, published in conjunction with the late David William Mitchell, who furnished the illustrations. This work, commenced in 1844, and completed in 1849, gives figui'es, beautifully executed, of about 800 genera, selected from those contained in his previous publi- cations as the most important, with carefully prepared distinctive characters, and under each genus an extensive list of the species belonging to it. It is the great work on which the science of ornithology now rests, and many public collections, both in Europe and America, have been arranged in accordance with it. It is executed with immense labour, and with an accuracy seldom equalled, and must be regarded as the greatest work on ornithology that has appeared in our times. The author was iudefatigable in his labours to complete and improve it ; and in 1855 he published what might be regarded as a third edition of his first-named work, under the title of a ' List of Genera and Subgenera of Birds,' in which he increased the number of divisions enumerated to 2403. Still more completely to show the present state of the science, he has since printed a ' Hand-list of the Genera and Species of Birds,' embracing, in addition, a comprehensive list of the species belonging to each division and subdivision as far as known to him. In all these publications it is scarcely possible to overestimate the laborious accuracy with which information was sought in every available Ixiv PKOCEEDINGS OF THE source, and brought together into a small compass for the benefit of the student, adhering throughout to what Swainson has termed " the inflexible law of priority," and thus giving to every author the credit which was justly his due. In this respect he was always most conscientiously anxious to show what had really been done by each individual and to what extent science had been benefited by him. A feelmg of oversensitiveness in this particular led him, perhaps, to feel too impatient at criticisms whi(;h appeared to him not suificiently to take into account the difiiculties attendant on such a task, or to make in too authoritative a tone suggestions which had been weU and thoroughly considered by him, and not adopted on account of higher principles which they seemed to him to contra- dict. Besides all these important publications on ornithology, and many contributions to the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society ' and to the ' Annals of IS^atural History,' he found time for a revision of some of the genera into which the Linnean genus Papilio had been subdivided, and for an elaborate account of all that had been written on insects parasitical on other insects and on plants. His life, in fact, was devoted to the earnest pursuit of science, to which he was devotedly attached, and in the furtherance of which he may be said to have laid it down ; for in the early part of the present year his brain seemed to be completely worn out with his labours, which he never remitted. Towards the end of April he was struck down by a eomj)lete loss of cerebral power ; and after lying for nearly a fortnight insensible, and apparently unconscious, he died on the Gth of May, without ever recovering sensibility. He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1845, and of the Royal in 1866. His natural-history proclivities may be said to have been born with him. His father, Samuel Frederick Gray, was a distinguished writer on chemistry, pharmacology, and botany; and his elder brother, John Edward Gray, is the Head of the Zoological Department in the British Museum. In his oificial capacity George Eobert Gray was remarkable for the courtesy and kindness with which he treated the visitors to the Museum ; and most of our leading zoologists, as well as numerous students of ornithology, will bear willing testimony to the readiness with which he commu- nicated his vast stores of information, and the soundness of his advice on zoological subjects. In private he was equally liberal and kind-hearted, and his many friends can testify to the generosity and good feeling which characterized him. To them, as well as to the world of science, his death will be a severe loss. i LINNEAN SOCEETT OF LONDON. Ixv The Eev. William Hincks was the second son of the Eev. Thomas Dix Hincks, LL.D., so well known for his varied scholarship and the important part which he played in connexion with educational movements in Ireland. The family was a large one. Dr. Edward Hincks, the Assyrian scholar, was the eldest brother ; and Sir Francis Hincks, the present Canadian Minister of finance, the youngest. "William Hincks was bom in 1793, at Cork, where his father was then settled as one of the ministers of the Presbyterian Congregation assembling in the Prince's-Street Chapel. He received his early education in his father's school, and at the age of sixteen proceeded to the College at York, which he entered in 1809. At the close of his college course, in 1814, he returned to Cork ; and on his father's removal, about that time, to Fermoy, he was elected as his successor by the Prince's-Street congregation. In 1816 he left Cork and settled in Exeter, as successor to Dr. Carpenter and colleague to the Rev. James Manning. In the following year he married Miss Maria Ann Yandell, by whom he had eight children, four of whom survive him. In 1822 he removed to Liverpool, to take charge of the Henshaw-Street congregation. The period of his residence in this town was probably the brightest portion of his ministerial Hfe. Surrounded by kind and congenial fi'iends, with ample scope for his untiring activity, with great social advantages and many oppor- tunities of gratifying his scientific tastes, he found in Liverpool much of what he most desired, and always regretted having left it. In 1827 he yielded reluctantly to the persuasions of some of the friends of the College, and undertook the tutorship in mathematics and philosophy and the management of the residence at York, as suc- cessor to the Rev. "William Turner, jun. In many ways his new position was less congenial to him than the one which he had left. He was peculiarly sensitive to the annoyances inseparable from the office which he held, and though profoundly interested in mental and moral philosophy, it can hardly be said that the mathematical portion of his duties was in harmony with his prevailing tastes ; but he threw himself into his new duties with the energy and in- difference to labour that were characteristic of all he did. During his residence in York (as, indeed, throughout his life) Mr. Hincks devoted himself with the greatest enthusiasm to natural-history pursuits. He was an accomplished botanist, and possessed a wide range of scientific knowledge. A keen collector, and finding some of his highest enjoyments in the field-work of the naturalist, he was also a philosophical student of his favourite science and kept Ixvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE pace with its progress. He took an active practical interest in the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, and thoronghly enjoyed the very pleasant fellowship which its meetings at that time afforded. He also held the office of Lecturer on Botany at the York School of Medicine. Mr. Hincks was an ardent politician. He belonged to the politi- cal school known as philosophical radicals, and held and maintained his opinions with the resoluteness and warmth that were natural to his character. He took a deep interest in all movements for the extension of popular rights and the elevation of the people ; and paid special attention to those economical questions which have assumed so much importance of late years. He continued to hold his tutorship at the college for twelve years ; hut in 1839 he resigned his office, and removed to London, At this time he received into his house young men who were studying in University College, to whom he acted as a tutor ; he also engaged in private teaching. In addition to these occupations he resumed ministerial work by taking charge of the Stamford-Street congre- gation, which was then in a very depressed condition, but was fortunate in possessing a small knot of earnest men and women, to whom he became warmly attached, and between whom and himself there always existed the most cordial relations. In 1842 he added to his already laborious duties by undertaking the editorship of the ' Inquirer ' newspaper. This paper owed its existence to a gentleman who, feeling strongly the importance of securing a weekly organ for the Unitarian body, proposed to supply the necessary capital, and, while retaining himself the proprietorship and general control, to entrust the literary management to a compe- tent editor. He offered the position to Mr. Hincks, on favourable terms ; and as the project commanded his hearty sympathy, he readily accepted it, and entered at once upon its duties. The first number appeared on July 9, 1842 ; but after the publication of the fourth number he was compelled to abandon the undertaking. At this juncture, Mr. Richard Taylor, the well-known printer, offered to assume the responsibilities of proprietor and publisher ; and by Mr. Hincks's exertions the ' Inquirer,' in little more than two months, attained a circulation of 600 copies weekly, and ultimately of nearly 1000. Mr. Hincks continued to conduct the ' Inquirer ' till about the middle of the year 1847 ; and on his retirement an influential committee was appointed for the purpose of raising a sum of money LINNEAN SOCIETT OF LONDON. Ixvii as a testimonial. On the 2nd of August, 1847, a pocket-book with .£450 was presented to him by the Eev. E. Tagart, in behalf of the committee, accompanied by expressions of warm personal regard. In the latter part of 1847 Mr. Hincks visited America, and made an extensive tour, with one of his sons, through the States and Canada, for the purpose of delivering scientific and other lectures. In 1848 he returned to England ; in 1849 his wife died. Soon after he obtained the appointment of Professor of Natural History in the jS^ew Queen's College at Cork, a position which had many attractions for him, which gave him comparative rest, and enabled him to devote himself more freely to his favourite pursuits. But he felt painfully the necessity of abstaining altogether from the exercise of his profession, imposed upon him by the terms of his appointment, and, being dissatisfied in some other respects with his position at Cork, he was glad, after a few years, to accept the Pro- fessorship of Natural History at University College, Toronto, which he held tiU within a few weeks of his death. Before leaving England he married again. This portion of his life was marked by a grievous calamity. The vessel which was conveying his goods to Canada was totally wrecked, a very large number of emigrants perishing with her, and almost all the memorials of his past life, his papers, including his materials for his college lectures (accumulated through many years), his Hbrary, his valuable herbarium, and other botanical collections, were lost. The blow was a severe one ; but he bore it with great heroism, and at once set to work with unbroken energy to repair the loss, so far as it was possible, and to prepare for his new duties, whilst stripped of all his resources but those he carried within himself. Almost up to the time of his death he fulfilled all the duties of his professorship, delivering lectures, devoting a large amount of time to practical work in the museum of which he was director, and keeping up with the sciences which he taught, besides pursuing various lines of original research. Besides his writings upon religious questions and questions of metaphysical and social science he pub- lished many papers on natural history and other subjects, chiefly in the ' Journal of the Canadian Institute.' Several of them wiU furnish material for the use of scientific men engaged in Canadian investigations ; as, for example, his paper entitled a " Specimen of the Flora of Canada," and another, " Materials for a Fauna Cana- densis." And besides these may be mentioned his papers : — " Natural History in its relations to Agriculture," " Considerations respecting Ixviii PKOCEEDINGS OP THE anomalous Vegetable Structures," " The Family of Faleonidse," " On some Questions in relation to the Theory of the Structure of Plants of the orders Brassicaceae and Primulaceae," "Eemarks on the Classification of Mammalia," " An attempt at an Improved Classifi- cation of Fruits," " The Struthionidae," " On Molluscous Animals," " The Grallatores," and " An Improved Arrangement of Ferns." In 1869 Mr. Hincks was elected to the Chair of the Canadian Institute, to which he was re-elected in 1870. Mr. Hincks belonged to a generation that has almost passed away, and represented a form of theological and philosophical opinion which has fewer adherents than it once had ; but his love of truth, his intellectual honesty, and his fearless trust in freedom were leading traits of his character, and points of contact with those from whom he differed most widely in opinion. For some time before his death he had been attacked by a depres- sing and, at intervals, most painful malady. He was fully aware of its serious nature, and felt that the end could not be distant and might come suddenly and soon. But he held bravely to his work, met his classes regularly, pursued his studies with unabated interest, and occupied himself with the latest scientific questions of the day, thankful that the power of working was still continued to him. At length his strength failed him ; in July or August he resigned his Professorship, and obtained the retiring pension, which he had so well earned, but which, as he pathetically wrote, " he was not likely to want." He died on the 10th of September, 1871, much regretted, having been a FeUow of this Society for more than forty-five years, the date of his election being the 17th of January, 1826. Chaeles Hokne, Esq., who died very shortly after his election as a Fellow of this Society, was formerly a Member of the Bengal Civil Service, from which he had lately retired. During his resi- dence at Mynpooree and other stations in the North-Western Pro- vinces he gave much attention to entomology and to the economic department of horticulture. He was a FeUow of the Entomological Society of London ; and after his return to England he contributed to the ' Transactions of the Zoological Society ' a paper " On the Habits of some Hymenopterous Insects from the North-West Pro- vinces of India," to which was annexed an appendix containing an account of some new species of Apidce and Vespidce collected by Mr. Home, and described by Mr. Frederick Smith of the British Museum. This paper is illustrated by four plates, from drawings by Mr. Home, of the insects and the very curious nests-of the " leaf- LINIfEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. Ixix cutter" and other beea. The volume for 1869 of the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society' contains two papers by Mr. Home, viz. : — 1. " Notes on the common Grey Hornbill of India (Meniceros bicornis),'" giving an account of its peculiar mode of incubation in holes of soft-wooded trees, the orifice of which the female partially closes with her excrement. 2. " Notes on Ploceus haya and its Nest : " this short paper is accompanied by a sketch of a date- palm, from which are suspended a considerable number of the bell- shaped nests, formed of woven grass, of the Baya, a bird of about the size of a sparrow. Mr. Home belonged to the Scientific Committee and was Vice- President of the Fruit Committee of the Eoyal Horticultural Society ; and his extensive knowledge of Indian forestry and agriculture, as well as of entomology, rendered him a very valuable member. His large collections were destroyed during the Indian mutiny ; but at its close he recommenced his labours, and succeeded in forming a valuable museum, especially of entomology. For a long time he was a Member of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, and contributed several papers to its Journal, principally on antiquarian subjects. On the 20th of March last Mr. Home was attacked by paralysis whilst attending a Meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society. He never rallied ; and died eight days afterwards at his residence at Norwood, at the age of forty-eight. He was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 12th of March, 1872, Edward Jenner, well known as an ardent and indefatigable botanist, had been for forty-seven years traveller for Messrs. Baxter, of Lewes, and connected with the ' Sussex Express.' An entirely self-taught man, he published several years ago a ' Flora of Tunbridge Wells,' a work considered to be one of great accuracy and utility, and copies of which are said to be now scarce. Mr. Jenner was also much interested in the study of the Microscopic Algae, and devoted con- siderable time to entomological pursuits. In the course of his busi- ness as a traveller, he obtained a thorough knowledge of the counties of Surrey, Sussex, and Kent, and he was always ready to afibrd information and assistance to any one desirous of investigating the natural history of the localities with which he was so familiar. Being well acquainted with the late Mr. Borrer, he had access to the invalu- able botanical collection at Henfield, and turned to the best advantage the opportunities for the study of plants which were thus aff'orded him. Early in the present year he was attacked by cold and cough, the Lxx PROCEEDINGS OF THE neglect of which led to his rather sudden death, which took place ou the 13th of March, 1872, being his sixty-ninth birthday. He was elected an Associate of this Society on the 5th of June, 1838. Sir Oswald Moslet, Bart., D.C.L., formerly M.P. for North Staf- fordshire, was the eldest son of Oswald Mosley, Esq., of Bolesworth Castle, in the county of Chester. Sir John Parker Mosley, the father of Mr. Oswald Mosley, was created a Baronet in 1781. Mr. Oswald Mosley died in his father's lifetime, and Sir Oswald Mosley, upon the death of Sir John, in 1798, succeeded to the title as second Baronet. Sir Oswald Mosley was much devoted to horticulture, and was at one time an active member of the Council of the Eoyal Horticultural Society. Sir Oswald died at his seat, Rolleston Hall, on the 25th of May, 1871, in his 87th year. He was elected a FeUow of this Society on the 16th of November, 1841. Sir Roderick Iiipet MuRCHisoif, Bart., K.C.B,, LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., &c., was the eldest son of the late Mr, Kenneth Murchison, of Tarradale, in Eossshire, North Britain. His mother was Barbara, eldest daughter of the late Mr. Kenneth Mackenzie, of Pairburn, in the same county, and sister of the late Sir Alexander Mackenzie, Bart., of Pairburn. He was born at his father's home in the High- lands, Pebmary 19, 1792, and received his early education as a boy at the grammar school attached to the Cathedral of Durham. Thence, in due course, having made up his mind to foUow the military pro- fession, he was removed to the Royal Military College at Great Marlow. Having studied for a few months at the University of Edinburgh, he obtained a commission in the Army in 1807, and, joining his regiment the following year, served in the 36th Foot with the Army in Spain and Portugal under Lord "Wellington, after- wards on the Staff of his uncle. General Sir Alexander Mackenzie, and, lastly, as captain in the 6th Dragoons. He took an active part ia several of the most important battles in the war, and earned the reputation of a brave and able officer. He carried the colours of his regiment at the battle of Vimiera, and afterwards accompanied the Army in its advance to Madrid and its junction with the force under Sir John Moore, and shared in the dangers and retreat at Corunna. At the end of the war his active mind needed employment, and he began to turn his attention in earnest to the pursuit of geological studies. His first contribution to science was a paper read by him before the Geological Society in 1825 on "The Geological Formation of the North-west Extremity of Sussex and the adjoining parts of LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ityi Hampshire and Surrey," which was published in the Society's * Transactions ' (vol. ii.). He afterwards made researches in Suther- landshire, where he examined the coal strata, and showed that it was a member of the Oolitic series ; and in the following year he again visited the Highlands in company with Professer Sedgwick, when they succeeded in showing that the primary sandstone of M'CuUoch was nothing more than the true Old Eed Sandstone, now also called " Devonian." The result of these researches was read before the Geological Society, and published in its 'Transactions,' vols. ii. & iii. In 1828 he studied the extinct volcanoes of Auvergne and the geology of North Italy, and he afterwards published as the results of those studies some memoirs on the excavation of valleys, as illustrated by the volcanic rocks of Central France and the Ter- tiary strata of Southern France. Under the advice of the late Dean Buckland, Mr. Murchison next explored the vast and regular deposits of remote periods, which are most prominently seen in Herefordshire and on the borders of "Wales, and which he afterwards called the Silurian system, after the SUures, who inhabited that part of our island. These researches he followed up by others in Pembrokeshire, to the west of Milford Haven ; and the results of his generalizations respecting the antiquity of the Si- lurian system, as underlying the "Devonian" system, was made public at the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1831, and subsequently published in the ' Transactions of the Geological Society,' and in a large work on the Palaeozoic Geology of England and Wales, which issued from the press in 1859. Further geological investigations in Devonshire and Cornwall followed, in the course of which, aided by Professor Sedgwick, Mur- chison definitely ascertained that the stratified rocks of those two counties are the equivalents of the Old Eed Sandstone, and he gave them the name of " Devonian." After having travelled for some time in Russia, Mr. Murchison in 1845 completed, in conjunction with M. de VerneuU and Count Von Keyserling, his magnificent work on the ' Geology of Russia and the Ural Mountains.' This consists of two volumes in quarto ; the first, relating specifically to the geological part of the subject, consisting of above 700 pages ; the second, in the French language, relating to the ' Palseontologie,' occupying more than 600 pages ; the whole copiously illustrated by geological maps and sections, and by accurate figures of organic remains. In 1846, not long after the publication of this work, Mr. Murchison was knighted by Her Majesty, the xlii PROCEEDINGS OF THE Emperor Nicholas having previously conferred upon him several Russian orders, including that of St. Stanislaus. His work on the geology of Russia was afterwards translated into Russian, and published in 1849. In tlys same year Sir Roderick received the Copley Medal from the Royal Society, in recognition of his having established the Silurian system in geology. About this time he undertook another (his sixth) visit to the Alps, and on his return published a memoir of some 300 pages in the ' Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,' upon " The Geological Structure of the Alps, Apennines, and Carpathian Mountains." In this memoir he established the fact of a graduated transition from Secondary to Tertiary rocks, and separated the great Nummulite formation from the Cretaceous deposits with which it had been confounded. This work has been translated and published in Italian. The uppermost series of the Palaeozoic rocks, reposing immediately upon the Carboniferous system, consists of those formerly known in England as the Lower New Red Sandstone, and the Magnesian Lime- stone, and Marl-slate. Sir R. Murchison, having satisfied himself that they constituted one natural group only, which, from its organic contents, must be entirely separated from all formations above, pro- posed in 1841 that the group should receive the name of the " Per- mian " system, from its extensive development in the ancient king- dom of Permia, in Russia; and this denomination has been universally adopted by geologists. In a memoir produced in 1855, in conjunction with Professor Morris, on the German Palseozoi(; rocks, he has returned to the subject of the Permian system, and shows that there is no break between it and the lowest system of the Mesozoic strata — the Triassic — which succeeds it in the ascending series. In 1854 Sir Roderick pu.bhshed his best-known work ' Siluria ; or, the History of the oldest Tcnow7i Rocks containing Organic Re- mains ; with a Brief Sketch of the Distribution of Gold over the Earth.' This volume includes a general view of the structure of the earth's crust, and more particularly of the more ancient series of strata, of which the Silurian system is the lowest ; and a summary of the author's general views of geological science, including the points on which he differed from his friend. Sir Charles Lyell, and from Professor Sedgwick. There is one other subject, in connexion with which the name of Sir Roderick Murchison will long be remembered in the world of science and of commerce, and that is the discovery of the gold-fields lUrNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixxiil of Australia. The first actual discovery of gold in Australia may possibly have been made by Count Strzelecki, as asserted in the ' English Cyclopaedia,' or by Mr. Hargreaves, or possibly by shepherds before either the one or the other name was noised abroad ; but for Sir Koderick Murchison must be claimed the credit of having inferred the presence of gold in the Australian monntain-ranges, from the analogy which their formation bore to the Ural Mountains, with the physical outlines of which he had made himself familiar, quite apart from any knowledge of the fact that gold had been picked up on the Australian continent ; and not only for this discovery ought his name to be remembered, but also for his having endeavoured (though with very little success at the time) to awaken the attention of the Home Government to the great importance of the subject to the interests of our colonies in the southern hemisphere. Sir Roderick, having acted for five years as Secretary of the Geo- logical Society, became President of that body in 1831-32, and again in 1842-43. He was one of the few scientific men who responded at once to the call of Sir David Brewster in 1830 to join in esta- blishing the British Association for the Advancement of Science, of which, for several years, he acted as General Secretary, and over whose meeting at Southampton, in 1846, he presided. He has from year to year taken the most active part in the business of the Geo- graphical Section at its annual meetings, and has communicated very many important papers on these occasions. In 1844 ho was elected President of the Royal Geographical Society, was re-elected in the following year, and again in 1852 and in 1856. He has held the Presidential chair of that society down almost to the present time, having been succeeded only a few months ago by Sir Henry Raw- linson. In 1855 he succeeded the late Sir Henry de la Beche as Director of the Museum of Practical Geology in Jermyn Street, which has owed its efficiency for the last fifteen years very largely to his energy and constant attention. It is almost needless to add that he received recognition of his discoveries in science from the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin, by the bestowal on him of their Honorary Degree ; and that he was a member of nearly aU the learned societies upon the Continent, including the Imperial Institute of France. He was also one of the Trustees of the British Museum, and Director-General of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom. In 1863 Sir Roderick Murchison was nominated a Knight Com- mander of the Order of the Bath (Civil Division), and in the following Linn. Pkoc. — Session 1871-72. i Ixxiv :PEOCEEDrisrGs or the year he received the prize, named after Baron Cuvier, from the French Institute, and at home the Wollaston medals, in recognition of his contributions to geology as an inductive science. To this it should he added that, in 1859, he was rewarded by the Eoyal Society of Scotland with the first Brisbane Gold Medal for his scientific classi- fication of the Highland rocks, and for the establishment of the remarkable fact that the cardinal gneiss of the north-west coasts is the oldest rock in the strata of the British Isles. He was created a baronet in January, 1866. Sir Koderick Murchison married, in. 1815, Charlotte, only daughter of the late General Francis Hugonin, hut was left a widower early in the year 1869. As he had no issue by his marriage, his title becomes extinct by his death. In August 1871, Sir Roderick was seized with loss t)f speech, accompanied with difficidty in swallowing. These symptoms gradu- ally, however, abated, and his general health continued good for two months, when he caught cold in taking a drive. This brought on a slight attack of bronchitis ; and under it he gradually and quietly sank, and died on the 23rd of October, 1871, leaving a name which will be indissolubly associated with his many and great discoveries in Geological Science. Sir Roderick was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 18th of December, 1827. Iltyd Nicholl, of The Ham, Glamorganshire, J. P., was born on the 19th of July 1785. He was the eldest son of Iltyd NichoU, D.D., of The Ham (Rector of Treddington, in Worcester- shire), and received the early part of his education at St. Paul's School, He married, August 11th, 1807, Eleanor, only child of George Bond, Esq., of Newland valley, Gloucestershire. Mr. K'ichoU was High Sherifi" for Monmouthshire in 1830. He died at Bath on the 22nd of October, 1871, at the age of eighty-six. Mr. Nicholl was elected a Fellow of ihis Society on the 19th of February 1828. William Osbokise, was the proprietor of the Fulham jS'urseries, well known for their extensive collection of coniferous and hardy trees. Mr. Osborne was for many years a very regular attendant at our Meetings. He was elected a Fellow on the 17th of January, 1843, and died in March of the present year. Berthold Seemani^^ was born on February 28, 1825, at Hanover. He was educated at the Lyceum of his native town, where the head-master at that time was the celebrated Grotefend, one of the earliest decipherers of cuneiform writing. It was from the son of this gentleman that young Seemann received his first lessons in Botany, and this soon became his chief study. He early acquired LDWEAN SOCIETY OF LOS'DON. IxXV some aptitude in writing, his first article having been written at the age of seventeen. Two years after this, in 1844, he came to Kew with the object of fitting himself for the work of a botanical collector, and worked in the garden under the then curator, Mr. John Smith. In 1846, upon the recommeudation of Sir "W. J. Hooker, he was appointed, by the Admiralty, naturalist to H.M.S. ' Herald,' Captain H. Kellett, C.B., which had been employed since June 1845 on a surveying expedition in the Pacific. He left England in August, and when he reached the city of Panama, in September, he found that the ' Herald ' and her consort the 'Pandora' had not returned from Yancouver's Island. Seemann profited by the delay to explore the greater part of the Isthmus, and collected materials which enabled him to produce the most complete general description of that country ever published. He discovered not only a number of new plants and animals, but also some curious hieroglyphics in Yeraguas, on which he afterwards read a paper before the Archfeological Institute of Great Britain. In the beginning of 1847, H.M.S. ' Herald ' returned from the North, and Mr. Seemann joined her on January 17th, and remained with her until the completion of her voyage round the world, during which three cruises to the Arctic regions, via Behring's Strait, were made. Seemann thus had the opportunity of exploring nearly the whole west coast of America, frequently making long journeys inland. His explorations in Peru and Ecuador, when he was ac^ companied by Mr. (now Captain) Bedford Pim, U.K., led him from Payta through the Peruvian deserts, and across the Cordillera of the Andes to Loja, Cuenca, and Guayaquil, and familiarized him with the magnificent scenery, vegetation, and population of a large section of the former empire of the Incas. Subsequently, he traversed several of the western states of Mexico, starting from Mazatlan, crossing the Sierra Madre, and pushing on to Durango and the borders of Chihuahua. At that time the Comanche and Alpache Indians were very troublesome, and Mr. Seemann narrowly escaped with his life. In 1848, the fate of Sir John Franklin began to excite apprehension in England, and the ' Herald,' accompanied by the ' Plover,' was directed to proceed to the Arctic regions, by way of Behring's Strait, to search for the missing voyagers. This gave an entirely new character to the expedition, which, up to this time, had been used simply for making hydrographical studies of the west coast of America. Three times did the ' Herald ' proceed to the Arctic regions, the second year, joined by the 'Enterprise' and i2 Ixxvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE * Investigator.' Mr. Seemann availed himself of these opportunities to collect materials for a Flora of the extreme north-west of Arctic America, and for the anthropology of the Esquimaux. The ' Herald' returned to England on June 6th, 1851. On Sir W. J". Hooker's recommendation, the Admiralty requested Mr. Seemann to publish the results of this voyage ; and he accordingly produced, early in 1853, the ' Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Herald, being a Circumnavigation of the Globe and Three Cruises to the Arctic Regions in Search of Sir John Franklin.' This book was in two volumes, and was translated into German, partly by Edward Yogel, the African traveller, and passed through two editions on the Con- tinent. The animals collected during the voyage were described by the late Sir John Eichardson in a quarto volume, and in the years 1852-1857 the botanical results appeared in Seemann's ' Botany of the Yoyage of H.M.S. Herald.' This contains accounts of the floras of "Western Esquimaux-land, the Isthmus of Panama, I^orth-western Mexico, and the island of Hongkong, with 100 plates by Fitch, In the preparation of this book the author had the advantage of the assistance of Sir "William and Dr. J. B. Hooker, the latter furnish- ing the analyses of the plates. About this time the degree of Ph.D. was conferred on Seemann by the Universit}' of Gottingen, and the Imperial German " Academia Naturae Curiosorum " made him a member under the name of *' Bonpland," — in accordance with the usual practice of the Academy. A few years later he was elected Adjunct or Vice-President for Hfe. In 1853 Dr. Seemann started, in conjunction with his brother the late "W. E. G. Seemann, a quarto botanical journal, in German, under the title ' Bonplandia.' This was published in Hanover, though edited in London, and was well supported by botanists of various countries. Its publication was closed on the completion of the tenth volume at the end of 1862. The year 1857 took Dr. Seemann to Canada as official representative of the Linnean Society at the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science at Montreal ; on that occasion he read a paper on " Parthenogenesis in Plants and Animals," and took the opportunity of becoming acquainted with British North America and the United States. In 1859, the Viti or Fiji Islands in the South Pacific Ocean were formally ceded, by their king and chiefs, to Great Britain; but before accepting the profiiered cession. Colonel Smythe, E.A., was commissioned by our Government to draw iip an official report on LIlOfEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixxvii the state and condition of these islands, and through the influence of Sir W. J. Hooker Dr. Seemann was asked to join the expedition. He left England in February 1860, and arrived at Yiti some months before Colonel Smythe. He explored this little-known group of islands, and accumulated large collections of plants and other objects of natural history. The substance of the letters written by him at that time, together with much additional matter and Dr. Seemann's official report " On the Resources and Vegetable Products of Fiji," which had been presented to both Houses of Parliament, was incorporated in a separate book published in 1862, under the title of ' Viti : an Account of a Government Mission to the Vitian or Fijian Islands.' A catalogue of all known plants of the group was printed in an appendix to this work, and some new species were described by Seemann in his ' Bonplandia ;' but he determined to produce a complete systematic book on the Fijian flora, and in 1865 commenced the publication of the ' Flora Yitiensis.' This is a quarto work, intended to be completed in ten parts, nine parts of which appeared in Dr. Seemann's lifetime. The tenth and con- cluding number is expected to appear immediately. The * Journal of Botany, British and Foreign ' was commenced at the beginning of 1863, on the relinquishment of the ' Bonplandia,' of which it was in some sort a continuation. Dr. Seemann con- ducted this journal at a considerable loss, and at the end of 1869 this loss and his many other engagements determined him to give it up. A strong effort was, however, made by some of the leading English botanists to keep the journal alive, and Dr. Seemann availed himself of the proffered assistance of Mr. Baker, of Kew, and Dr. Trimen, of the British Museum, in carrying it on. From this period the force of circumstances took Dr. Seemann more and more away from botanical and scientific work. In 1864 some French and Dutch capitalists availed themselves of his practical experience and intimate knowledge of tropical countries, to report on the resources and capabilities of a portion of the territory of Yenezuela. He left Southampton on the 2nd of February, and reached Caracas towards the end of the same month ; thence pro- ceeded to Porto Cabello, Chichirividei, and Tocuyo, and returned to Europe via Curagao and St. Thomas. During this expedition he had the good fortune to discover, on the banks of the Tocuyo, ex- tensive beds of anthracite, closely resembling Welsh steam coal in appearance, and valued in London at thirty shillings per ton. Dr. Seemann was elected in 1865 Honorary Secretary to the Ixxviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE International Botanical Congress, which was held the next year in London under the presidency of A. De Candolle ; but after de- voting himself for some months to the duties of his office, he was reluctantly obliged to tender his resignation, and again to leave England to explore with his former fellow-traveller, Captain Bedford Pirn, 'New Segovia and other parts of Nicaragua, for the Central American Association. He left England in March 1866, and returned in August with several new plants, which were considerably increased in number during his second visit in the following year. One result of these explorations was the purchase by some English capitalists of the JaVali gold-mine, in the district of Chontales, Nicaragua, and the company secured Dr. Seemann's services as managing director. The result has been disastrous to science. For the last three years of his life, the necessary long and frequent absences from England and attention to business matters isolated Dr. Seemann, and greatly interfered with his botanical work. Besides the Javali mine. Dr. Seemann had the management of a large sugar- estate near Panama. Still his friends, and he himself, hoped that all this was but temporary, and that when the mine had got into thoroughly good order, leisure and opportunity would be found for his return to scientific research. Besides his scientific works Dr. Seemann was a prolific writer on subjects of general literature and politics, and he was also the author of several short dramas, two or three of which have some popularity in Hanover, and of some pieces of music, of which art he possessed a good knowledge. In botany the groups which more especially engaged his attention were the genera Camellia and Thea, of which he published a synopsis in vol. xxii. of our Transactions, and other Ternstroemiacece ; the Crescentiacete, of which he published a mono- graph in vol. xxiii of our Transactions ; the Hederacece, a revision of which Order, reprinted from the ' Journal of Botany,' he pubhshed as a separate work in 1868 ; and the Bignoniacece, with which he intended to have pursued a similar plan. Besides the books already mentioned. Dr. Seemann was the author, amongst others, of the descriptions in English and German to the ' Paradisus Yindobonensis,' of an enumeration in German of the Acacias cultivated in Europe, of a ' Popular History of Palms,' a translation of which into German by Dr. BoUa has passed through two editions in that language. His ' British Eerns at one View ' (1860) has been a useful work to amateurs. Of detached papers in science, the Royal Society's Catalogue (to 1863) enumerates fifty- LDiTNEAJr SOCIETY OF LONDOX. Ixxix eight under Dr. Seeniann's name ; the first there given is one on descriptive botany in the Hegensburg ' Flora ' for 1844. Dr. Seemann started last summer for Nicaragua "with some mis- givings, having suffered severely from fever on his last previous visit. He, however, reached Javali at the end of July, after a rough journey through the swamps, in good health, but in the middle of September he was seized with fever. From this he never rallied ; his death, which happened after three weeks' illness, on October 10th, 1871, was somewhat sudden, and under circumstances which pointed towards some cardiac complication. The next day his body was buried close by his house at the mine, in the little patch of industry and civilization his energy had called into existence in the primeval forest, and surrounded by the tropical vegetation he knew so well. Dr. Seemann was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 16th of November, 1852. James De Carle Sowerby was the eldest son of James Sowerby, the founder of the scientific race of his name. His mother was a De Carle who belonged to a French family settled in Norwich. James Sowerby, tFe father, was the author of the ' English Botany,' upon which great work almost aU the Sowerbys have laboured, but none more assiduously than the subject of this memoir, who took it up in his own name on the death of his father in 1822. He in the same manner continued the equally celebrated * Mineral Conchologj\' It is no injustice to the several eminent botanists who, from Sir James Smith downwards, have been associated with the Sowerbys in the ' English Botany ' in furnishing the literary descriptions of the plants, to say that the great and enduring scientific merit of the work consists in the figures. These, in fact, not only reproduce the plants as they appear in nature to the uninstrueted eye, but they exhibit all the chief structural details which the scientific naturahst demands. These remain for ever, whilst descriptions and classifica- tions are doomed to change. The life of James De Carle Sowerby was spent from boyhood in intimate association with scientific and literary circles. As a lad his passion was chemistry, and he enjoyed the friendship of Faraday as a fellow-student. He was received as a favourite in the houses of Dawson Turner, the Hookers, Dr. Wollaston, Sir Joseph Banks, and many other distinguished naturalists. At an early period of his life he conceived the idea of founding the classification of minerals upon their chemical composition. He believed that che- mistry might offer a better basis of classification than the forms of IXXX PROCEEDLNGa OF THE the crystals. In carryiBg out Ms scheme, he analyzed the minerals, the description of which was published in his father's ' British Mineralogy ' and ' Exotic Mineralogy.' From 1823 to 1850 he con- tributed papers, principally relating to fossil conchology, to the 'Philosophical Transactions,' the 'Zoological Journal,' and the ' Transactions ' of the Linnean and Geological Societies. He named, arranged, and described the fossil shells for Professor Sedgwick, Sir Roderick Murchison, Dr. Bucklaad, Dr. Fitton, Mr. Dixon, and Colonel Sykes, all of whom gratefully acknowledge the assistance thus rendered them. In 1840 the " WoUaston Fund " was awarded to him by the Geological Society, to facilitate the prosecution of his researches in mineral conchology. The prize was presented by Dr. Buckland, who took the opportunity of paying a graceful tribute to the merits of father and son as accurate and enthusiastic observers of nature. He observed that the modern " rapid advance in geological knowledge arising from the introduction of the evidences of mineral conchology was largely due to the publications of the Sowerbys." In 1846 Mr. Sowerby was appointed Curator and Librarian to the Geological Society. These offices he was soon obliged to resign owing to the increasing demands made upon his time as Secretary to the Royal Botanic Society. This Society, with which his name has been identified from its institution in 1839, was founded by his cousin, Mr. Philip Barnes, F.L.S., who naturally sought the aid of one whose scientific reputation and connexions were so well calcu- lated to promote the success of his project. Mr. Sowerby's name is associated with that of his cousin, the Earl of Albemarle, Colonel Rushbrooke, and others, in the first charter granted to the Society. In this office much of his time was necessarily absorbed in adminis- trative labour, so that he found little leisure to continue his scientific pursuits. But still the infiuence of the secretary was always steadily exerted to promote the scientific utility of the gardens. A year or two before his death Mr. Sowerby retired from his office on a moderate pension, and he died on the 26th of August, 1871, at the age of eighty-four. He was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 18th of February, 1823. Thomas Hawkes Tanner, M.D., was the son of a former Secretary of the Army Medical Board. He was born in London, and educated at the Charter House, where he sustained an accident which caused a slight permanent lameness, and rendered his health somewhat delicate. In 1843 he entered the medical school of King's College, and in 1847 became M.R.C.S. and took the degree of M.D. at St. LIXXKAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. Ixxxi Andrews. After filling the office of resident house-physician in King's College Hospital, he commenced practice in Charlotte Street, Bedford Square, in 1848, and soon afterwards was elected Physician to the Farringdon-Street Dispensary. In 1850 Dr. Tanner hecame a Member of the Royal College of Physicians, and for a time lectured on Forensic Medicine at the Westminster Hospital. In 1857 he was elected Physician to the Hospital for "Women in Soho Square, and held that office for six years to the great satisfaction of the governors of the charity ; and it was here that he laid the foundation of the reputation he enjoyed later in life in the treatment of diseases peculiar to women. In 1858 Dr. Tanner took an aetive part in the formation of the Obstetrical Society of London, and acted as one of its honorary secretaries for five years. In 1860 he was, in conjunc- tion with Dr. Meadows, appointed Assistant-Physician for the Diseases of Women and Children to King's College Hospital, and here he did good work for three years ; but at the end of that time the mode in which certain alterations in the staff of the hospital were carried out led to the resignation of both the assistant-physi- cians, and Dr. Tanner was able to devote the whole of his attention to a largely increasing practice. About ten years ago he removed to Henrietta Street, Cavendish Square ; and since that time his practice rapidly expanded, owing doubtless in great measure to his success as a medical author, and still more to the personal qualities which attached his patients to him. As an author Dr. Tanner commenced his career as a writer of reviews in a medical paper, of which he was afterwards for a time subeditor. His ' Memoranda on Poisons ' was the result of his .short career as a teacher of foi-ensic medicine ; but the work which hiis made his name a household word in medical circles is his ' Practice of Medicine,' which first appeared in 1854 as one of Renshaw's small manuals. In this form the work was deservedly popular with the students of the day, and accompanied them into practice, so that four editions of the book in the manual form were exhausted in ten years. In 1 865 Dr. Tanner brought out a fifth and much improved edition, in one handsome octavo volume. This, again, was followed about a year since by a sixth edition, in two volumes, and the night- work involved in such literary labour probably caused the premature breakdown of Dr. Tanner's health. In addition to this work Dr. Tanner published a work on the ' Signs and Diseases of Pregnancy,' which has gone through two editions ; an • Index of Diseases and their Treatment,' being au Lixx. PRoc. — Session 1S71-7-. k Ixxxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE epitome of his * Practice of Medicine ;' a ' Practical Treatise on the Diseases of Infancy and Childhood,' of which a second enlarged edition has recently been edited by Dr. Meadows ; and a ' Manual of Clinical Medicine and Physical 'Diagnosis,' which has also been lately re-edited by Dr. Tilbury Pox. Dr. Tanner had suffered for years fi'om slight albuminuria and from frequent headaches, which prostrated him occasionally for days together. Last summer he became so ill that he was compelled to give up all work, and he left London for Brighton, where, after a series of convulsive attacks, he died on the 7th of July, 1871. He was elected a FeUow of this Society on the 17th of June, 1869. June 6th, 1872. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. The President nominated George Busk, Esq., J. D. Hooker, M.D., John Miers, Esq., and W. W. Saunders, Esq., Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year. PhUip Brooke Mason, Esq., and Frederick Isaac Warner, Esq., were elected Fellows. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " Observations on the Cutaneous Exudation of the Great Water Newt (Triton cristatus)," by Miss Eleanor A, Ormerod. Communi- cated by Andrew Murray, Esq., F.L.S. 2. " On some recent forms of Lagence from Deep-sea Di'edgings in the Japanese Seas," by F. W. Owen Rymer Jones, Esq. Commu- nicated by H. T. Stainton, Esq., Sec. L.S. June 20th, 1872. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. The President, before proceeding to the regnilar business of the evening, called attention to the very serioiis loss which the Society had sustained by the death of Mr. Thomas West, who, originallj- engaged as its Messenger and Collector, had, by his intelligence LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixxxiii and perseverance, gradually acquired a thorough knowledge of the routine business of the Society, and for many years past had proved a most valuable and trustworthy Assistant in the Libraiy. The following papers were read, viz. ; — 1. Extract of a Letter dated May 29, 1872, from Major-General Muuro, C.B., to Mr. Bentham. on the Botanical Characteristics of the Island of Jamaica. 2. " New Species of Musci collected by Dr. Thwaites in Ceylon," by William Mitten, A.L.S. 3. " Contributions towards the Knowledge of Curculionidae," pt. 3, by F. P. Pascoe, Esq., F.L.S. 4. " On the Structural Peculiarities of the Bell-bird {Chasmo- rJiynchns),''^ by James Murie, M.D., F.L.S. 5. " On the Fertilization of Impatiens parm-ft.ora, De C." by A. W. Bennett, Esq., F.L.S, 6. " On a new Fungus from India," by Frederick Currey, Esq., F.R.S., Sec. L.S. The following detailed enumeration of the Biological Papers con- tained in the Transactions, Proceedings, and Journals received, and of the separate works added to the Library, since the date of the last Report, November 2ud, 1871, was laid before the Meeting : — Majcmalia and Cteneral Zoology : — J. Anderson. Notes on Rodents from Yarkand, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1871. J. V. Barboza du Bocage. Notice of the characters and affinities of a new genus of West-African Mammifers, 2 plates. Mem. R. Acad. Sc. Lisbon, Ser. 2, iv. J. Beswick-Perriu. On the myology of the limbs of the Kinkajou {Cercoleptes caudivolvulus). Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. A. Brandt. On the skin of Rhytina horealis, 1 plate. Mem. Acad, Imp. Sc. Petersb. xvii. E. Brandt. On the bite of the Sore.v, 6 plates. Bull. Soc. Imp, Nat. Mosc. 1870, ii. V. Brooke. On Speke's Antelope and allied species of TrageJaphus, 1 plate and woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871- I- -2 Ixxxiv PHOCEEDINGS OF THE H. Burmeister. Notes on Ai-ctocephalus Hookeri, Gray. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. J. Chatin. On the salivary glands of the Tamandua A.nt-eater, 1 plate. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiii. G. V. Ciaccio. On the finer anatomy of the pacinian corpuscles in Man and other Mammifers and in Birds, 4 plates. Mem. II. Acad. Sc. Turin, xxv. G. E. Dobson. Four new Malayan Bats. — On some Khinolophidse and other Persian Bats, 1 plate. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871. — Nine new Indian and Indo-Chinese Vespertilionidae. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871. J. Eimer. The muzzle of the Mole as an organ of feeling, 1 plate. Archiv mikrosk. Anat. vii. D. G. Elliot. On various Felidae, with a new species from North-western Siberia, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. L. J. Fitzinger. Critical review of the Chiroptera (contiuued). Proc. Acad. Se. Vienna, Ixii., Ixiii. — Critical review of the Hemipi- theci and of the Bradypodes. Ibid. Ixii. W. H. Flower. On Risso's Dolphin (Grampus gri sens), 2 plates and woodcuts. Trans. Zool. Soc. viii. — On Phoca Jiisjpida. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. G. V. Frauenfeld. On the care of their young in Animals. Pre- sented by the Author. J. E. Gray. Notes on EwpJeres and Galidia. — On the Bradypodidae of the British Museum, 3 plates and woodcuts. — On the Cephalo- phoridse of the British Museum, 3 plates and woodcuts. — On the skull of a Roebuck in the British Museum. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. — Catalogue of the Ruminant Mammalia in the British Museiim. Presented by the Museum. J. Hector. On the New-Zealand Bottlenose (Lagenorhynchus danculus, Gray). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. E. W. H. Holdsworth. On a variety of Felis rubiginosa from Ceylon. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. J. Kolazy. On the habits of life of Mus rattus, var. alba. — On the nutrition of QryllotaVpa vulgaris. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. A. Milne-Edwards. On the placenta of Meminna, Gray. — On some Mammalia of East Thibet. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiii. — On the embryology and affinities of Lemuridae (from the ' Comptes Rendus '). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. J. Murie. On the female generative organs, viscera, and fleshy LIUNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. \ TiiX^i /-' /I r\ v parts of Hycmia brunnea, Thunb., 1 plate. — Anatomy of the Sea-lio^^- (Otaria juhata), 7 plates. Trans. Zool. Soc. vii. — Additional note ^ on the powder-downs of i27i»it»r7ieius ju6rt. Nat. Mosc. 1871, ii. UNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. IxXXVii T. Salvadori. New species of Birds of the genera Vrmiyer, Picas, aud Homoptila. Trans. (Atti) R. Acad. Sc. Turin, vi. — On Ceriornis Caboti. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. P. L. Sclater. On the Birds of Santa Lucia, W. Indies, 1 plate. — On rare or Httle-known Birds in the Gardens of the Zoological Society, woodcuts. — On the Birds of Lima, woodcuts. — Two new Parrots from the Gardens of the Zoological Society, 2 plates. — Addi- tional remarks on Pelicans, 1 plate. — A new Dove from the coral- reef of Aldabra, 1 plate. — On a collection of Birds from Oyapok. — Remarks on Myiozetetes and Conopias. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. P. L. Sclater and 0. Salvin. Revised list of Neotropical Laridae. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. R. B. Sharpe. Two undescribed European Birds. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. — A new long-tailed Titmouse from S. Europe. — Contributions to the Ornithology of Madagascar, 1 plate. — On the Bii'ds of the Cameroons, W. Africa, 1 plate and woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. R. Swinhoe. A new Chinese Gull, 1 plate. — Revised Catalogue of the Birds of China. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. V. V. Tchusi-Schmidhofen. Q-siNucifraga caryocatactes. — On the ornithological collection of the Zoologico-Botanical Society of Vienna. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. Viscount Walden. A new Porzana from the Himalayas. — On a supposed new Cuckoo fi-om Celebes. — On supposed new Birds from Celebes. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. — On the Birds of Celebes. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. Ibis, Ser, 3, ii. parts 5 and 6. Ichthyology : — R. Bleeker. On the Cyprinoideae of China, 14 plates. Trans. R. Acad. Sc. Amsterdam, xii. — Description of two new Labroidae. Arch. Neerl. vi. E. D. Cope. Contribution to the ichthyology of the Lesser An- tilles. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Ser. 2, xiv. — On the systematic relations of Missouri Fishes. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. F. Day, Report on the Fish and fisheries of the fresh waters of India. Simla, 1871. Presented by the Author, — Monograph of Indian Cyprinidse, part 2, 1 plate, Journ. Asiat. Soc, Bengal, 1871. — Notes on Indian Siluroid Fishes, — On Indian Fishes. — On fresh- water Siluroids of India and Burma. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871 . A. Giinther. Description of Ccratodv.s, a genus of Ganoid Fishes IxXXviii PROCEEDISGS OK THE from Queensland, 13 plates. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. clxi., translated in Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvii. — A new percoid Fish from the Macquarie river, 1 plate. — Report on Fishes recently received at the British Museum, 18 plates and woodcuts. — Examination of Day's Remarks on Indian Fishes. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. — Two new Fishes from Celebes. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. Fi. Klein. Researches on the first stages of development of the common Trout, 2 plates. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vii. C R. Klunzinger. Synopsis of the Fishes of the Red Sea. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. J. Knock. On the fertilization of the Sterlet. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1871, i. (j. Krefft. Description of Ceratodus Forsteri from Queensland, i plate. Wiegm. Arehiv, xxxvii. C. Liitken. Oneirodes EschrkJitii, a new Fish from Greenland, 1 plate. Proc. (Foi'handl.) R. Dan. Soc. Sc. Copenhagen, 1871-2, and Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. R. L. Playfair and — Letourneux. On the freshwater Fishes of Algeria. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. L. Sabaneef. Catalogue of the Fishes &c. of the Central Oural. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moso. 1871, ii. Repxilks and Baikachia : — J. Anderson. Two new Saurian genera. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871. — A new genus of Newts from Western Yunan, woodcut. — Note on Testudo Phayrei, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. — Note on Trionyx gangeticus, Cuv., and T. hurum, Hamilt. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. L. Beale. On the relation of nerves to pigment- and other cells in the Frog, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc. Journ, vii. J. E. Gray. On Rhinoclemmys mexicana, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. — On a four-bearded Water-Terrapin from N. Australia. — On Indian Mud-Tortoises {Trionyx). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. A. Giinther. A new Tejus from Mendoza, woodcut. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. — New Snakes in the collection of the British Museum, 7th part. — Description of some Ceylonese Reptiles and Batrachians. — Three new species of Eremias. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. J. Kolazy. Batrachiological notes. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. W. K. Parker. On the structure and development of the skiill of the common Frog, 8 plates. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. clxi. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixxxix W. C. H. Peters. New Reptiles from East Africa and Sarawak. — On some species of the herpetological collection of the Berlin Museum. Monatsber. R. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1871. L. Sabaneef. Catalogue of the Reptiles &c. of the Central Oural. BuU. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1871, ii. P. L. Sclater. Rare or little-known Testudinata in the Zoological Society's Gardens, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. J. Shortt. On the Cobra (from Journ. Med. Sc. Madras). Pre- sented by the Author. F. Steindachner. Herpetological notes, 8 plates. Proc. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ixii. ¥. Stoliczka. Notes ou Indian and Burmese Ophidians, 2 plates. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871. H. T. Ussher. On the habits of Vipera nasicornis. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. — Vautherin. On some points in the organization of Chelonia, 3 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiii. Ckusxacea and Akachnida : — A. Ausserer. On the Arachnid family TcrriteUarieae of ThoreU, 1 plate. — New species of Orbitellariese. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. J. Blackwall. On Canadian Spiders captured by Miss Hunter. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4. viii. G. S. Brady. Review of the Cypridiuidse of the European seas, 2 plates. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. G. S. Brady and D. Robertson. On the distribution of British Ostracoda, 2 plates. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. O. Butsclili. On the structure and development of the seminal threads in Crustacea and Insects, 2 plates. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. 0. P. Cambridge. Notes on Arachnida collected by Dr. 0. Cun- ningham in the China seas, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. S. Chantran. On the fecundation of the Crayfish (from the Comptes Rendus). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. E. Claparede. On the Copepod Crustacea parasitical on Annelida. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiii. C. Clans. The metamorphosis of Squillidae, 8 plates. Trans. R. Soc. Sc. Gcittingeu, xvi. — Researches ou the structure and affinities of Hy- perida, — of Nehalia. Proc.(Nachrichten) R. Soc. Sc. Gottingen, 1871 . C. Gould. On the distribution and habits of the large freshwater Crayfish {Aslacus) in Tasmania. Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania, 1870. XC PROCEEDiyBft OF THE E. Hesse. Memoir on Amei and their Praniza state, 4 plates. — On the means by which certain parasitical Crustacea preserve their species. Mem. pres. Inst, Fr. xviii. — New and rare Crustacea of the coast of France. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiii. W. F. Kir by. Notes on three species of Trap -door Spiders whose nests are in the Royal Dublin Society's Museum. Journ. R. Soc. Dublin, vi. F. Low. Zoological notes. Trans. Zool. Rot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. E. MetschnikoflF. On the Nauplius state of Eujplmusia, 1 plate. — On the development of Chelifer, 2 plates. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. A. Milne-Edwards. Note on Caloptrus, a new genus of Crustacea. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiii. E. Parfitt. Fauna of Devon (Crustacea), continued. Trans. Devon. Assoc, iv. J. Wood-Mason. On Indian and Malayan Telphusida (continued), 1 plate. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1871. Entomology: — A. Anthony. The markings of the battledore-scales of some Lepidoptera, 2 plates. Monthl. Microsc. Jouxn. vii. — Balbiani. On the generation of Aphides, 2 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiv. E. Ballion. Leptura Jageri, Hum., and Stenwa oxyptcra, Faldm. — A century of new Beetles from the Russian fauna. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1870, ii. — Catalogue of Dr. Gemminger's and Baron V. Harold's Coleoptera. Ibid. 1871, i. F. Brauer, On two new Mexican Insects. — On the habits of life and metamorphosis of Neuroptera. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. E. A. Brischke. The Hymenoptera of the province Prussia. Mem. R. Phys. Econ. Soc. Konigsberg, 1870. H, Burmeister. On a light-giving Coleopterous larva. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xi. A. G. Butler. Monograph of Lepidoptera included in Elymnias, 1 plate. — Revision of the species included in Terias. — On a small collection of Butterflies from Angola. — On a new genus allied to Apatura. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. Baron de Chaudoir. Monograph of Lcbeida, 3 plates. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1870, ii. — The same continued, 3 plates. — Remarks on the Catalogues of v. Harold and Gemminger. Ibid. 1871, i., ii. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XCl B. Clemens. The Tiiieina of North America. Edited and pre- sented by Mr. Stainton. N. Erschoff. Remarks on some of the species of Lepidoptera established by Eversmann. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1870, ii. — Contributions to the Lepidopterous fauna of Russia. Ibid. 1871, i. Dr. Forster, Monograph of the genus Hylceus. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. W. H. Furlong. On the internal structure of Piilex irritans. Journ. Quek. Microsc. Club, 1872. A. Gcrstaecker. Contributions to the Insect-fauna of Zanzibar (continued). Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvii. V. Graber. On polj^gamy and other sexual relations of Orthoptera, ■ — On the origin and structure of the sound-apparatus in Acridiu, 1 plate. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. — On the sound-apparatus in Locustida, 1 plate and woodcuts. — Anatomico-physiological studies on Phthii'ius ingidnalls, Leach, 1 plate. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxii. J. H, Hochhuth. Enumeration of the Beetles hitherto found in the Governments of Kiew and Volhynia. Bull, Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1871, i., ii. J. Hogg. On Gnats' scales (from Monthl. Microsc. Journ.). Presented by the Author. V. E. Jakovleff. Hemiptera of the Volga fauna. Scient. Mem. Univ. Kazan, 1864. W. T. Kirby. Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera, 1 vol. 8vo. Purchased. E. Kiinstler. On Insects noxious to our cultivated plants. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. "W. A. Lewis, A discussion on the law of priority in Entomolo- gical Literature, 1872. Presented by the Author. C. Lindemaun. Two new Curculionidae from Central Russia. — On the skeleton of Hymenoptera. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1871, i. H. Loew. European Diptera, vol. ii., or vol. ix. of Meigen's Diptera. Purchased. T. Low. Zoological notes. Trans. Zool, Bot, Soc. Vienna, xxi, J. Lubbock. On the origin of Insects. Journ, Linn. Soc, Zool, xi, J, Mann, On the Lepidopteral fauna of the Glockner region, with three new species. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. G. Mayr. On Belostomida. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi, 0. Mohnike, Review of the Cetonida of the Sunda Islands and the Moluccas, 3 plates. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvii. XCU PROCEEDINGH OF THE N. Nowicki. On Chlorops tceniopus, Meig., the scourge of wheat. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. F. J. S. Parry. Catalogue of Lucanoid Coleoptera (from Trans. Entom. Soc). Presented by the Author. F. P. Pascoe. Additions to Australian Curculionidse, part 2, Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. E. Perrier. On the eggs of Mantis religiosa. Ann. So. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiy. J. E. Planchon and J. Lichtenstein; The Phylloxera, facts ascer- tained, and Bibliographical review, with other papers on the subject. Presented by Mr. Bentham. F. Plateau. Eesearches on the position of the centre of gravity in Insects (from the Bibliothcque Universelle). Presented by the Author. J.Th. Ratzeburg. On the Ash-Beetle (^y/Zesmws/raxini). Trans. Bot. Soc. Prov. Brandenburg, xii. F. Rudow. On some Piqnj^ara parasitic on Chiroptera. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. E. Saunders. Synonymic and systematic catalogue of Buprestidae, ] vol. 8vo. Presented by the Author. H. de Saussure. Entomological Miscellanies, 2 papers, 4 plates. Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneva, xxi. J. Shortt. On the Tusseh Silkworm (from the Madras Journ. Med. Sc). Presented by the Author. C. Th. de Siebold. On parthenogenesis in Polistes gallim (from Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.). Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiii. F. Smith. Catalogue of the Aculeate Hymenoptera and Ichneu- monidse of India and the Eastern Archipelago, with introductory remarks by A. R. Wallace. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xi. C. Tschek. Ichneumonological fragments. — New Austrian Cynipida and their galls. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. F. "Walker. British Museum Catalogues : Hemiptera Hymeno- ptera, part 4. Presented by the Museum. H. Weyenbergh. On swarms of Flies. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. J. Winnertz. Fifteen new species of Sciara. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. T. V. WoUaston. On the Coleoptera of St. Helena. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii, — On Microxyhhius Westwoodii, Chevr., from St. Helena. Ibid. ix. Entomologist's Annual, 1872. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDON. Xclll Transactions of the Entomological Society, 1871 part 4 to 1872 part 2. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, December 1871 to June 1872. Entomologist, December 1871 to June 1872. Canadian Entomologist, iii. part 9 to iv. part 3. Annals of the Entomological Society of France, Ser. 5, i. Annals of the Entomological Society of Belgium, 1857 to vol. xiv. Journal (Tijdschrift) of the Netherlands Entomological Society, Ser. 2, vi. parts 9, 10. Transactions of the Entomological Society of New South Wales, ii. part 3, MOLLUSCA : — R. Bergh. Supplementary observations on PhUomyms. — On the MoUusca of the Sargassum Ocean, 3 plates. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soe. Vienna, xxi. J. Brazier. Notes on recently described Shells.- — On Dolinm and other Australian Shells. — Eight new Australian Land-Shells. — Seven new species of Helix and two fluviatile Shells from Tasmania. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. J. C. Cox. New land and marine Shells from Australia and the S.W. Pacific, 1 plate. — New Land-Shells from Australia and the Solomon Islands, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. T. Davidson. On Japanese recent Brachiopoda, 2 plates. Proc. ZooL Soe. 1871. P. Fischer. Observations on Aplysia. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiii. S. Hanley. A new Monocondylcea. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. E. Huegenin. On the eyes of Helix pomatia. Linn., 1 plate. Zcitschr. wiss. Zool. xxii. J. G. Jeffreys. The Mollusca of St. Helena. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. M. C. Jourdain. On the generation of Helix aspersa (from the Oomptes Rendus). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, \dii. W. Legrand. On the Land-Shells of Tasmania. Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania, 1870. G. Moquin-Tandon. Anatomical researches on the Umbrella mediierraneu, S plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiv. Baron de Castella de Paiva. Monograph of the terrestrial and freshwater Mollusca of Madeira, 2 plates. Mem. R. Acad. Sc. Lisbon, Ser. 2, iv. XCIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE W. H. Pease. Catalogue of the Land-Shells of Polynesia. Proc. Zool. Soe. 1871. L. Reeve. Conchologia Iconiea, parts 290-293. Purchased. E. A. Smith. List of species of Planaxis, with eleven new species. — On several species of Bullidae and a new PJanaoiis. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. — List of shells from W. Africa, with descriptions of new species, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. G. B. Sowerby. Thesaurus Conchyliorum, parts 29 & 30. Pur- chased. P. Stoliczka. Notes on terrestrial Mollusca from the neighbour- hood of Moulmein, 5 plates. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871. Journal de Conehyliologie, x. part B. Malakozoologische Blatter. Lower Animals : — G. J. Allman. On the homological relations of Ccelenterata, wood- cuts. Trans. R. Soc. Ediub. xxvi. G. S. Brady and D. Robertson. Two new British Holothuroidea, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. L. Canestrini. On the male of Cohitis Tcenia (fi'om the Italian). Wiegm. Arch, xxxvi. and Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. H. J. Carter. On the structure of Tethya dactyloidea, Cart., I plate. — On the reproduction of Sponges, and two new species of Tethya. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. — Cienkowski. On the formation of swarms in Noctiluca mili- aris, 2 plates. — Do. in RadiolarieaB, 1 plate. Archiv mikrosk. Anat. vii. E. Ehlers. Aulorhipis elegans, a new sponge-form, 1 plate. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. — On the development of Syngamus traehi- alis (from Proc. Phys. Med. Soc. Erlangen). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. J. E. Gray. Notes on Holopus and Pentacrinus, woodcuts. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. — On the genus Osteocella. — Notes on the classification of Sponges. — Jul-ella, a new Alcyonarian from Sir C. Hardy's Island. Ibid. ix. A. Greeff. Researches on the structure and development of Vorticellae. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvii., and Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. 0. Grimm. Contributions to the anatomj* of Intestinal worms. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. T. Hincks. Note on Prof. Heller's Catalogue of the Hydroida of the Adriatic. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. LINlfEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XCV H. James -Clark. The American Spongilla a eraspedote flagellate infusorian, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix., and Monthly Microsc. Joiirn. vii. W. S. Kent. Notes on Prof. James-Clark's Infusoria, with descriptions of new species. Monthly Microsc. Jouru. vi. — New and little-known Madrepores in the British Museum, 3 plates. — A new Sponge from N. Australia, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. A. Kolliker. Anatomico-systematical description of Alcyonaria, 7 plates. Trans. Senckenb. Nat. Hist. Soc. Frankfort, viii. A. Kowalewski. On the development of Worms and Arthropods, 12 plates. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sc. Petersb. xvi. — Further studies on the development of simple Aseidia, 4 plates. Archiv Mikrosk. Anat. vii. R. Kyle. On an Actinia, probably new. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. A. H. H. Lattey. Observations on the Polyzoa. Journ. Quek. Microsc. Club, 1872. C. Liitken. Antipathes arctica, a new coral from the Polar seas, 1 plate. Proc. (Forhandl.) Dan. Soc. Sc. Copenhagen, 1871, ii. J. D. Macdonald. On the anatomy of the nervous system of DipTiyes. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. W. C. Macintosh. On some points in the structure of TvMfex, 2 plates. Trans. K. Soc. Edinb. xxvi. A. Manzoni. Supplement to the Bryozoal fauna of the Mediter- ranean, 3 plates. Proc. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ixiii. P. Marchi. Monograph of the genetic history and anatomy of Spiroptera ohtusa, Rud., 2 plates. Mem. R. Acad. Sc. Turin. F. Marcou. Zoological and anatomical researches on marine free Nematoids, 12 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiii., xiv. E. S. Morse. On the early stages of TerehratvJina septenfrionalis, 2 plates. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. H. Nitsche. Contributions to the knowledge of Bryozoa. 3 plates and woodcuts. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. E. Perrier. Researches on the pedicellaria and ambulacra of Aifterias and Sea-urchins, 5 plates. — Do. of EehinoneMS. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiii., xiv. Gr. du Plessis. Medusiparous evolution of Clytia voluhilis, 1 plate. Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat. Lausanne, xi. A. Schneider. On Radiolaria, woodcuts. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. — Historj' of the development of Aureh'a aurita, 1 plate. Archiv mikrosk. Anat. vi. XCVl PROCEEDIXGS OF THE C. Semper, On the alternations of generations in stony Corals, G plates and woodcuts. Zeitsehr. wiss. Zool. xxii. F. Sommer and F. Landois. On the structnre of the sexual organs of Bothriocejihalus laius, 5 plates. Zeitsehr. wiss. Zool. xxii. L. VaiUant. On the anatomy of PontobdeUa, 4 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiii. — On the acclimatization and anatomy of Perichceta diffringens (from the Comptes Rendus). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, is. A. E. Verrill. On the distribution of marine animals on the coast of New England. — On the affinities of palaeozoic tahiilate Corals with existing species, woodcuts. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. J. G. Waller. On the so-ealled boring or burrowing Sponge, 1 plate. Journ. Quek. Microsc. Chib, ii. E.. V, Willemoes-Suhm, On the development of Polystoma inte- gerrimum and P. ocellatum, 1 plate. Zeitsehr. wiss. Zool. xxii. and Proc. E.. Soc. Sc. Gottingen, 1871, E. Zeller. Researches on the natural history and development of Polystoma intetjerrimum, Rud., 2 plates. — Researches on the development of Diphzoon paradoxum. Zeitsehr. wiss. Zool. xxii. Ph.exogamic Botany : — P. Ascherson. Enumeration of the marine Phanerogams col- lected by Beccari in the Indian Archipelago and the Red Sea. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. iii. — Phytographical observations (CJeis- tanthus, Scdvia, Cleistostigma, MotUia). Bot. Zeit. 1872. H. Bailion. Histoire des Plantes : Menispermaceae, Berbevidae, Nymphaeace«, Nyctagineae, Malvaceae, Phytolaccacese. Purchased. J. G. Baker. Symea, a new genus of Liliaceae from Chile, 1 plate. — Revision of the Cape species of Anthericum. Joum. Bot. 1872. J. Balderrama. Descriptive essay on the Palms of San Martin and Casanave. Rep. National Exhib. Bogota. J. H. Balfour. On the variation at different seasons of Hieracinm stoloniferwn, W. et Kit., 2 plates. — Remarks on the plants which furnish different kinds of Ipecacuanha. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. xi. A. W. Bennett. On the floral structure of Impatiens fulva, 1 plate. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii. A. Blytt. The Phanerogams and Ferns of the neighbourhood of Christiania, with notes on geographical distribution. Presented by the Author. A. Biickeler. Cyperaceae of the Berlin Herbarium (continued). Linniea, xxxvii. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XCVll J. Britten. Contributions to the flora of Berkshire (from Trans. Newbury Distr. Field-Club). Pi-esented by the Author. A. Brongniart and A. Gris. New and little-known New-Caledo- nian plants, Ann, Sc, Nat, Bot. Ser, 5, xiii, — On the Coniferae of New Caledonia, 2 papers. — On the genus Oarniera (Proteacege) . Bull, Soc, Bot, Fr. xviii, R, Brown (Campst.). The geographical distribution of Coniferfe and Gnetaceee (from Petermann's Mittheilungen). Presented by the Author. F. Buchenau, Critical Index of Butomaceae and Alismaceae, with a subsequent supplementary paper, — Contributions to the natural history of Junceae, 1 plate. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bremen, ii. — Gemination in the inflorescence of Alismaceae. Bot, Zeit, 1872. F. Buchenau and W. 0. Focke, The Salicornieae of the German coasts of the Baltic. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bremen, iii. A. Bunge. Revision of the genus Dionysia, Fenzl, Bull, Acad, Imp. Petersb. xvi. E. Bureau, New Caledonian Morese and Artocarpese, 1 plate, Ann, Sc. Nat. Bot, Ser. 5, xi,, xiii, M. D. Clos, On the genus Timhalia (Crataegus pyracantha) . Bull, Soc, Bot, Fr, xviii. N. A. DalzeU. On Capparis galeata, Fres., and C. Murrayi, Grah. — On Dolichos uniflorus, Lam. — On new Leguminosae from W. India. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii. J. Decaisne. Three new Asclepiadeae, 1 plate. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xviii. F. Delpino. Studies on the group of Artemisiaceae, an anemo- philous race of Compositae. 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Supplement to the Flora Vectensis (from Journ. Bot.). Presented by the Author. Ferd. v. Mueller. Contributions to the Flora of Tasmania. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1870. — The genus AlUzzia. Journ. Bot. 1872. J. Mueller. Confirmation of R. Brown's views of the involucre of Euphorbiaceag. — New Euphorbiacese. Flora, 1872. N. NeUreich. Critical synopsis of the Austro-Hungarian species, varieties, and hybrids of Hieracium. Proc. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ixiii. C. Noldeke. Flora of the islands of E. Friesland, including that of Wanderoog. Traus. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bremen, iii. — Radlkofer. Pausandra, a new genus of Euphorbiaceee. Flora, 1872. E. Regel. Revision of Cratcegus and other genera. — On some plants of the Botanic Garden, Petersburg. Trans. Imp. Bot. Gard. Petersburg, i. — Supplement to Semenoff's Plants. BuU. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1872 ; also separate copies presented by the Author. — Selonia, a new genus of Liliaceae (from Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc). Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xi. H. W. Reichardt. Flora of the Island of St. Paul's in the Indian Ocean. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. J. F. Robinson. Notes on British batrachian Ranunculi. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. xi. P. Rohrbach. Brazilian Tropseolacese, Caryophyllese, and allied Orders. Mart. Fl. Bras. — Systematical contributions to Caryo- phylleae. Linnsea, xxxvii. G. de Saporta and A. Marion. On a natural hybrid between Pistacia Terehinthiis and P. Lentisciis, 3 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xiii. Countess A. San Giorgio. Polyglott Catalogue of Plants, 1 vol. Pi'esented by Mr. Bentham. W. W. Saunders. Refugium Botanicum, iv. part 3, 4, v. part 1. Presented by Mr. Saunders. R. A. C. C. Scheffer. On some Palms of the group of Arecinae. Flora, 1872. 12 C PROCEEDINGa OF THE F. Schmitz. On the morphology of the flowers of EujpTiorhia, 1 plate. Flora, 1871. C. E,. Schiiltz Schultzenstein. On the placentation of Passijiora quadrangularis, 1 plate. Trans. Bot. Soc. Prov. Brandenburg, xii. C. Seeham. On the progress of Eloclea canadensis in the Upper Oder and its collision with Hydrilla dentata. Trans, Bot. Soc. Prov. Brandenburg, xii. E. Timbal-Lagrave. Study of the Hieracia of Lapeyrouse. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xviii. E. E. Trautvetter. Observations on Eadde's Turcomanian and Transcaucasian plants. — Conspectus of the flora of the Novaia- Zemlia islands. Trans. Imp. Bot. Gard. Petersburg. H. Trimen. Portuguese Juncese, with a new Luzula, 1 plate. Journ. Bot. 1872. E, de Yisiani. Florae Dalmaticee supplementum, 4to, 10 plates (from Mem. E. Istitut Venice). Presented by the Author. H. A. WeddeU. Notes on Cinchonas, 1 plate. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xi. & xii. A. Wigand. On Nelianhium sjjeciosum. Bot. Zeit. 1871. — WiUkomm. On the plant producing the Flores Lini Levantici. Bot. Zeit. 1872. Physiological and Miscellaneous Botant : — G. Arcangeli. Notes on the dimensions, growth, &c. of the trees in the Botanic Garden, Pisa. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. iv. J. Baranetzky. On the influence of certain conditions on the transpiration of plants. Bot. Zeit. 1872. A. F. Batalin. New observations on the motions of leaves in Oxalis. Trans. Imp. Bot. Gard. Petersburg, i. — Becquerel. Eesearches on relative temperatures in plants, the atmosphere, and the soil. Mem. Inst. France, xxxii. to xxxiv. A. W. Bennett. On mimicry in plants. Pop. Sc. Eev. xi. — Borodin. On the action of light in the distribution of chloro- phyl-grains in the green parts of Ihanerogams, 2 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xi. A. Braun. On the abnormal formation of adventive buds in Callio_psis tinctoria. Trans. Bot. Soc. Prov. Brandenburg, xii. F. Buchenau. On some interesting abnormal structures, 2 plates. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bremen, ii. — On the venation of the bracts of the Lime-tree. Ibid. iii. — Further observations on the fertilization of Jinicus biifonivs. Bot. Zeit. 1871. — Gemination in the inflo- LDTNEAN SOCIETT OF LONDON. CI rescence of Alismacese. — Peculiar structure of the extremity of the leaves in Scheuclizeria pahistris. — Development of the flowers in Compositae, 1 plate. Ibid. 1872. L. Cailletet. Can leaves of Plants absorb liquid water ? Ann. Sc. I^at. Bot. Ser. 5, xiii. — Cauvet. On the ^structure of Cytinus (continued). — On the structure of the African Ricinus. Bull. Soc. Bot. Pr. xviii. P. Deherain. Evaporation and decomposition of carbonic acid by leaves. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xi. A. Dickson. On some abnormal cones oiPhius Pinaster, 4 plates. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. xxvi. A. Dodel. On the transition of the dicotyledonous stem into the tap-root, 8 plates. Pringsh. Jahrb. viii. .P. Duchartre. A monstrosity in Cheiranthus Gheiri, 1 plate. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xiii. "W. T. T. Dyer. On the germination of Tropceolum, woodcuts. Journ. Bot. 1872. A. Engler. On epidermoidal utricular cells, 1 plate. Bot.Zeit. 1871. E. Faivre. Experiments on the wounds in the bark by circular incisions. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xi. A. P. N. Pranchimont. On the structures of the so-called resi- nous glands in plants. Ned. Kruidk. Archiv, Ser. 2, i. B. Frank. On the interchange of place of chlorophyl- grains and of the protoplasm in the cells of plants and on its causes internal and external. Pringsh. Jahrb. viii. A. Gras. On the taxonomy of Piedmontese Eanunculacese. Mem. R. Acad. Sc. Turin, xxvi. A. Gray. On the arrangement and morphology of the leaves of Baptisia perfoliata (from Silliman's Journal). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. A. Gris. On the pith of woody plants, 3 plates, Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xiii. — Hanstein. On the phenomena of motion in the ceU-nucleus with reference to the protoplasm. Bot. Zeit. 1872. F. Hildebrand. On the development of the pappus and other hairy appendages of seeds, 1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1872. H. Hoffmann. On the influence of the nature of the soil on vegetation (from Neue Landwirthsch. 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Proc. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ixii. W, Pfeffer, On the development of the flowers of Primulaceae and Ampelidese, 4 plates, Pringsh. Jahrb. viii. E. Pfitzer. On the insertion of crystals of oxalate of Ume in the epidermis of plants, 1 plate. Flora, 1872. L. A, Prenleloup. On the economical products of Zamias in San Domingo. Bull. Soe, Vaud. Hist, Nat, Lausanne, xi. LIjrNTL4.N SOCIETY OF lOITOON. CUl E. Prillieux. On the formation of icicles in the interior of plants. Ann. So. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xi. J. Eaulin, Chemical studies on vegetation. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xi. J". Eeinke. On the influence of coloured light on living plant- cells. Bot. Zeit. 1871. — On the structure of the roots of Pmus Pinea, 1 plate. Ibid. 1872. S. RosanoflF. On the deposit of silicic acid in some plants, | plate. — On the structure of the floating organs of Desmanthus natans. Bot. Zeit. 1871. J. Sachs. Studies on the growth of roots in length. Trans. Phys. Med. Soc. "Wurzburg, Ser. 2, ii. r. V. Schwind. On the consumption of heat in plant-life. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Yienna, xxi. J. Scott. Dimorphism in Eranthemum. Journ. Bot. 1872. ^ N. Stewart. Has colour in flowers a function to perform in the fertihzation of the ovule ? Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. xi. W. F. II. Suringar. A monstrosity in a Fuchsia, 1 plate. Nedu Kruidk. Archiv, Ser. 2, i. E. Tangl. Contributions to the knowledge of the perforations of the walls of vessels in plants, 1 plate. Proc. Acad. Sc. Yienna, Ixiii. F. Thomas. On the origin of galls and similar excrescences in plants. Bot. Zeit. 1872. A. V. Tomaschek. On a peculiar transformation of pollen, 1 plate. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1871, ii. A. Trecul. On the proper juices of the leaves of Aloes. — On the origin of lenticels. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xiii. P. Yan Tieghem. Anatomy of the flowers and fruit of the Mis- tletoe.— On the free vegetation of pollen and of the ovary, and on the direct fecundation of plants. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xi» — Researches on the symmetry of vascular plants, 6 plates. Ibid, xiii. M. V. Yintschgau. On the albuminous cells of Barley, 1 plate. Rep. Nat, Hist. Med. Soc. Innspruck, ii. H. de Yries. Researches on the influence of temperature on the phenomena of life in plants. Ned. Kruidk. Archiv, Ser. 2, i. J. Wiesner. On the waxy coating of the epidermis in plants, i plate. Bot. Zeit. 1871. C. Wright. The uses and origin of the arrangements of leaves in plants (separate copy). Presented by the Author. civ proceedings oe the Cbyptooamic Botany : — F. Ardissone. Studies on the Italian Algae Gigartineae. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. iii. F. Arnold. The Lichens of the Frankish Jura. Flora, 1871. — Lichenologicalfragnaents. Ibid. 1872. — Lichenological excursion in Tyrol, 1 plate. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. G. A. W. Arnott. Notes on Coeconeis, Nitzschia, and other Diatomacese. Published and presented by Dr. Cleghorn. J. G. Baker. A new Ceylonese Acrostichum. Journ. Bot. 1872. J. Baranetzky. On the development of Gymnoascus Beessii, 1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1872. M. J. Berkeley. On Australian Fungi from F. v. Mueller and E. Schomburgk. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii. Abbe Boulay. Geographical distribution of Mosses in the Yosges and the Jura. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xviii. R. Braithwaite. Monograph of European Bog-mosses, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vi., vii. 0. Brefeld. On the development oi Penicillmm. Bot. Zeit. 1872. Abbe Chaboisseau. On Nitella syncarjpa and Cliara connivens, 1 plate. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xviii. — Cienkowski. On Palmellaceae and some Flagellatse, 2 plates. Archiv Mikrosk. Anat. vi. F. Cohn. On the Bacteria question. Bot. Zeit. 1871. M. C. Cooke. Notes on Podisoma, 2 plates. — On nucleated sporidia. Journ. Quek. Microsc. Club, ii. M. C. Cooke and C. H. Peck. The Erysiphse of the United States. Journ. Bot. 1872. F. S. Cordier. On the genus Cordiceps. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xviii. M. Cornu. A new Syncliytrium. — Two new genera of Saprolegnieas. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xviii. J. M. Crombie. Notes on Ramalince in the herbarium of the British Museum. Journ. Bot. 1872. G. Dickie. On the marine Algoe of St. Helena. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii. J. E. Dubj. Select new exotic Cryptogams, 4 plates. Mem. Soc. Phys. Gen. xxi. J. "W. Edmond. Notes on the structure and measurement of the cells of Hepaticse. Trans, Bot. Soc. Edinb. xi. E. Fries. Icones Selectae Hymenomycetum nondum delineatorum, 60 coloured plates. Presented by the Royal Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. — QueUtia, a new genus of Lycoperdacese. Bot. Zeit. 1872. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. CV E. Hampe. On euccession in the production of Mosses. Trans Zool. Bot. Soc. Yienna, xxi. C. 0. Harz. Some new Hyphomyceta, 5 plates. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1871, i. — On the various forms of Trichothecium roseum, Link. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. H. Hoffmann. On Bacteria, 2 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xi. — Mycological Eeport (iii.) for 1871. 8vo. Giessen, 1872. Pur- chased. J. Hogg. Mycetoma, the fungus-foot disease of India, 2 plates. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vii, L. V. Hohenbiihel-Heuffler. Enumeration of the Cryptogams of Venetian Italy. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. E. V. Janczewski. On the parasitic habits of Nostoc lichenoides. — History of the development of the Archegonium. Bot. Zeit. 1872. J. Klein. On Pilobolus, 8 plates. Pringsh. Jahrb. viii. A. V. Krempelhuber, History and literature of Lichenology, vol. iii. Purchased. — Descriptions of Lichens from Amboina, 3 plates. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. "W. A. Leighton. The Lichen Flora of Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands, 1st and 2nd editions. Presented by the Author. H. Leitgeb. On the history of the growth oiRadula complanata. Proc. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ixiii. — On endogenous bud-formation in Hepaticae. Bot. Zeit. 1872. J. B. Letellier. Supplement to BuUiard's plates of Pungi. Pur- chased. S. 0. Lindberg. Bryological notes. — On Mesotus, Mitten. — On Zoopsis, Hook. f. and Thoms. — Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii, G. V. Martens. List of Algse collected by S. Kurz in Burma and the Andaman Islands. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871. J. A. Martindale. Lichenographical notes. Journ. Bot. 1872. D. Moore. On the loss of a large Pandanus, supposed to have been caused by a fungus, Melanconium Pandani. Journ, K. Soc. Dublin, vi. C. Mueller. New Australian Mosses, chiefly from Brisbane, with an Appendix by C. Hampe. Linnsea, xxxvii. J. Mueller. New Lichens. Flora, 1871. J. Murie. On the development of vegetable organisms in the thorax of living birds, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vii. W. Nylander. Monograph of RamaUna. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. eVl PKOCEEDINGS OF THE A. Ohlert. Synopsis of the Lichens of the province Prussia. — Lichenological aphorisms. Mem. E. Phys. Econ. Soc. Konigsherg, 1870. E. O'Meara. Recent researches in Diatomaceae. Journ. Bot. 1872. Gr. Passerini. Enumeration of Parmese Fungi. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. iv. — Peyritsch. On some fungi belonging to the family Laboulbenise. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. N. Priugsheim. On the copulation of zoospores, with remarks by De Bary, 2 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xi. M. Peess. On the raising of Collema glaucescens, Hoffm., by sowing its spores on Nostoe lichenoides, 1 plate. Monatsber. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1871. E. Rose and M. Cornu. On two new generic types of Sapro- legnieae and Peronosporese, 2 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xi. J. T. Rostafinski. On the pairing of zoospores. Bot. Zeit. 1871. C. Roumeguere. On MeruUus destruens, Pers., and Polyporus obducens, Pers., Hymenomyceta destructive of wood-work. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xviii. E. Schmitz. On the structure of the auxospores of Cocconema dstula. Bot. Zeit. 1872. S. Schulzer v. Muggeuburg. On Eungi on the branches of Quince-trees. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. S. Schwenderer. On Gonidia, 1 plate. Flora, 1872. H. Slack. On Podisoma fuscum and P. juniperi, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc. Jouni. vii. N. Sorokine. Researches on the development of Hylicostyhim Muscce, 1 plate. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1870, ii. J. G. Tatem. On the conjugation of Amoeba. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vi. A. Trecul. On the position of tracheae in Ferns. — Ramification of the rhizome of Aspidium quinquangulare. — On the proper vessels and on the tannin of some Ferns. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xi. G. de Yenturi. Mosses collected by 0. Beccari in Abyssinia. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. iv. A. Weiss. On the structure and nature of Diatomaceae, 2 plates. Proc. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ixiii. Palaeontology : — — Allmann. On the morphology and affinities of GraptoHtcs. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. LIIWEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. CVl E. Billings. On the genus Obelletina. Canadian Naturalist, Ser. 2, vi. A. Brandt. On fossil Medusce, 2 plates. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sc. Petersb. xvi. J. F. Brandt. Rosearches on the Cetacea of the Tertiary of central Europe and Asia. Bull. Acad. Imp. Sc. Petersb. xvi. G. Burmeister. Description of the genus Hophphonis. Ann. Mus. Publ. Buenos Ayres, ii. W. Carruthers. On the structure of the stems of arborescent Lycopodiaceae of the Coal-measures, 2 plates. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vii, E. D. Cope. Numerous palseontological papers in Proc. Araer. Phil. Soc. xii. J. W. Dawson. The fossil plants of the Devonian and Upper Silurian formations of Canada. Presented by the Author. — The Post-pliocene geology of Canada, 1 plate. Canadian Naturalist, Ser. 2, vi. A. Dickson. On the phyllotaxis of Lepidodendron. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. xi. C. G. Ehrenberg. On Whitney's latest explanations of the Cali- fornian BaciUaria rocks. Monatsber. R. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1871. E. V. Ettingshausen. The fossil flora of Sagor in Carinthia. Proc. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ixiii. E. L. H. Filhol. On the bones of Felis spelcea discovered in the cave of Lherm (Ariege), 17 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiv. W. H. Flower. On a subfossil Whale discovered in Cornwall. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. A. Hancock and T. Atthey. On various fish-remains in the Coal-measures at Newsham, 2 plates. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. 0. Heer. On Dnjandra Schranlii, Sternb. Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Zurich, XV. (1870). C. Meyer. Systematic and descriptive Catalogue of the Tertiary Mollusca in the Federal Museum of Zurich. Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Zurich, XV. (1870). R. Owen. On the fossil Mammals of Australia, part 4, 4 plates. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. clxi. Pala^ontographical Society, xxv. W. K. Parker and T. Rupert Jones. Nomenclature of Forami- nifera, part 15. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. C. W. Peach. On Antholites Pitcairnue and its fruit. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. xi. CVlll PKOCEEDINGS OF THE B. Kenault. Studies on eilicified plants from the neighbourhood of Autun, 12 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xi. A. E. Reuss. The Foraminifera of the septarian clay of Pietzpuhl. Proc. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ixii. R. V. Reuss. Pliymatocrinus speciosus, a new fossil crab from the Yienna Basin. Proc. Acad. Sc. Yienna, Ixiii. E. Sauvage. Synopsis of the tertiary Pishes of Licata (Sicily). Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiv. 0. Sehmit. On Coceoliths and Rhabdoliths, 2 plates. Proc. Acad. Sc. Yienna, Ixii. E. Sismondi. Contribution to the palaeontology of the Piedmont territory, 10 plates. Mem. Acad. Sc. Turin, xxv. H. Trautschold. The Klin Sandstone, with descriptions of the fossil plants contained in it, 5 plates. Mem, Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. xix. (xiii.). W. Yieary. A fossil Coral allied to MeruKna, Ehrenb., from the Upper Greensand of Haldon Hill, near Exeter, f plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. W. C. Williamson. On the organization of the Fossil Plants of the Coal-measures, 7 plates. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. clxi. Miscellaneous : — L. Agassiz. Letter concerning the discoveries to be expected from Deep-sea Dredging. Presented by the Author. J. Anderson. Report on the Expedition to Western Yunan, via Bhamo, and separate copies of his zoological papers above quoted from Proc. Zool. Soc. and Ann. Nat. Hist. Presented by the Author. H. C. Bastian. On some heterogenic modes of origin of flagellated Monads, fungus-germs, and ciliated Infusoria. Proc. R. Soc. xx. Bogota National Exhibition. Report on the exploration of the territory of San Martin. — Catalogues of the productions of the State of Antioquia. — Catalogues of the exhibitions of Naturalists. Pre- sented by the Exhibition. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs. Purchased as far as published. E. D. Cope. The method of creation of organic forms. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. xii. E. Cosson. Instructions to Botanical collectors. BuU. Soc. Bot. Fr. xviii. F. Crace-Calvert. On Putrefaction. Proc. R. Soc. xx. LLNNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDON. CIX A. Delondre. On the progress of Cinchona-plantations in India. — On Hmnenodictyon excelsum as a succedaneum for Cinchona. — On the Tea-plantations of the Nilgherries. Bull. Soc. Bot. Ft. xviii. E. Ferriere. Darwinism, 1 vol. Presented by Mr. Darwin. Forest Administration. Report on Punjaub, 1870-71. — On Pyin- kadoh forests of Arakan. Presented by the Adminstration. R. Glaisher. Reduction of the meteorological observations made at the Royal Horticultural Gardens at Chiswick in the years 1826- 1869. R. Hort. Soc. Journ. ii., iii. W. N. Hartley. Experiments concerning the evolution of life from lifeless matter. Proc. R. Soc. xx. Harvard CoUege Museum of Comparative Zoology. Report 1870. Presented by the College. C. KupfFer. On the primordial affinities of Ascidia and Verte- brata, from researches on the development of Ascidia canina, 2 plates. Archiv Mikrosk. Anat. vi. P. Levy. On the fall of Mahogany in Nicaragua. Bull. Soc. Bot. Er. xviii. C. Martens. On vegetable populations. — The creation of the organic world (from the ' Revue des Deux Mondes '). Presented by the Author. F. V. Mueller. Lecture on Forest culture in its relation to industrial pursuits. Presented by the Author. 0. A. Pasquale. Notices of the botanical labour and life of G. Gussone. Presented by the Author. J. B. Pettigrew. On the physiology of wings in Insect, Bat, and Bird, 6 plates. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. xxvi. M. J. Rossbach. On the rhythmical phenomena of motion in the simplest organisms, and their relation to physical agents and medi- caments, 2 plates. Trans. Phys. Med. Soc. Wurzburg ; and separate copy, presented by the Author. Rugby School Natural History Society. Report for 1871. Pre- sented by the Society. R. Schomburgk. The culture of Tobacco. Rep. Dir. Bot. Gard. Adelaide, 1871. G. Seidlitz. Die Darwinsche Theorie. The Darwinian Theory, including an enumeration of papers and works published on the subject since 1859. H. Trautschold. Trilobites as first born. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1871, ii. ex PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETT OF LONDON. — Vogel. On the fat contained in Yeast, and on the influence of germination in its production. Proe. E. Acad. Sc. Munich, 1871, ii. M. "Wagner. On the influence of geographical isolation and colonization on the morphology of Organisms. Proc. R. Acad. Sc. Munich, 1870, ii. S. W. Webber. Report on some forests in England and Scot- land. Presented by the Author. INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS. SESSION 1871-72. Additions to the Library, Re- ports on i, Ixxxiii Address of the President, May 24,1872 xxxiii Ammophila baltica, Link, a new British plant, Specimens of, from Rooss Links, Northum- berland, exliibited by Dr. Tri- men xxxi Anniversary Meeting, May 24, 1872, Report on xxxiii Associates deceased Ivii Centaurea solstitialis, Lmn., Dried specimens of, from a corn-field above Combe Mar- tin, North Devon, exhibited F. H. Janson, Esq., F.L.S. . xxvii Colus hirudiiiosus, Cav. & Sech., and Clathrus cancellatus, L., from a garden at Antibes, Spe- cimens and photographs of, exhibited xxvi Death of Mr. Thomas West . . Ixxxii Election of Council and Officers Ivii Fellows deceased. List of . . . Ivii Financial Statement .... lix Foreign Member deceased . . Ivii Obituaey Notices : — Baird, WUham M.D. . . . Iviii Baxter, WiUiam, A.L.S. . . Ix Dale, J. C, Esq Ixi Gray, G. R., Esq Ixii Hincks, Rev. Wilham . . . Ixv Home, Charles, Esq. . . . Ixviii Jenner, Edward, A.L.S. . . lix Mohl, Hugo von, M.D., F.M.L.S Iviii Mosley, Sir Oswald, Bart. . Ixx Murchison, Sir Roderick I., Bart Ixx Nicholl, Iltyd, Esq Ixxiv Osborne, William, Esq. . . Ixsiv Seemann, Berthold, Ph.D. Sowerby, J. De C, Esq. . . Tanner, T. H., M.D. . . . Olea europcea, fruit produced in the open air, at Clapham, ex- hibited by D. Hanbury, Esq., F.R. & L.S Papees head : — Baker, J. G., Revision of the genera and species of ScOlese and Chlorogalese .... Barber, Mrs., On the fertiliza- tion of a species of Salvia . Bennett, A. W., On the floral structure oilmpatiensfulva, Nutt., with especial refer- ence to the imperfect self- fertilized flowers .... , On the fertilization of Impatiens parviflora, DeC. Bentham, George, On the clas- sification and geographical distribution of Compositce Berkeley, Rev. M. J., Austra- lian Fungi, received princi- pally from Baron F. von MueUer and Dr. R. Schom- burgk Burmeister, Hermann, On a luminous coleopterous larva Chimmo, Capt., On JExoeoetus voUtans Correa de MeUo, Joaquim, Note on AUbertia, trans- lated by Jolin Miers, Esq. Currey, Frederick, On a new Fungus from India . . . DalzeU, N. A., Remarks on the Dolichos uniflorus. Lam. . , New Leguminosee from W.India Isxiv Ixxix Ixxx XXXI xxxi xxvu Ixxxiii XXX xxis xxvii xxxii Ixxxiii xxvii xxxi czu INDEX. Page Papeks read {continued) : — Dickie, George, On the marine Algae of St. Helena . . . xxxi Dyer, W. T. T., Note on the determination of Camellia ? Scottiana, and Ternstrcemia coriacea, from Dr. Wallich's herbarium xxsii Garner, Robert, On the forma- tion of British Pearls and their possible improvement xxix , On a hybrid Vaccinium, between the Bilberry and Crowberry xxxi Grant, Lieut.-CoL, On the Bo- tany of the Speke and Grant Expedition xxix Hanbury, Daniel, Note on Amomum angustifoUum, Sonn xxix Hance, H. F., Florae Hong- kongensis supplementum, a compendious supplement to Mr. Bentham's description of the Plants of Hongkong xxvii Jones, F. W. O. E., On some recent forms oiLagence from deep-sea di-edgings in the Japanese seas Ixxxii Ku-by, W. F,, On the geogra- phical disti'ibution of the diumal Lepidoptera as com- pared with that of birds . xxsi Lindberg, S. O.', Eemarks on Mesotus, Mitten .... xxxi , On Zoopsia, Hook. f. & T. . . xxxii Lubbock, Sir John, On the origin of Insects .... xxvii Masters, M. T., On the deve- lopment of the androecium in Cochliostema, Linn. . . xxxi Mello, Joaquim Correa de. — See Correa. Mitten, WUham, New speciea of Musci collected by Dr. Thwaites in Ceylon. . . . Ixxxiii Papers read {continued) : — Miiller, Albert, Note on a Chi- nese Gall allied to the Eu- ropean Artichoke-gall, of Aphilothrix Gemma, L. Munro, Major-Gen., Extract of a letter to Mr. Bentham on the botanical characteris- tics of the Island of Ja- maica ....... Murie, James, On the habits, structure, and relations of the Three-banded Armadillo {Tolypeutes Conurus, Isid. Geof. St.-HU.) , On the structural pecu- Harities of the BeU-bu-d Ohver, Prof., On Begonella, a new genus of Begoniacese from New Granada . . . , Descriptions of three new genera of Plants in the Malayan Herbarium of the late Dr. A. C. Mamgay . . Ormerod, Eleanor A., Observa- tions on the cutaneous ex- udation of the Great Water Newt {Triton cristatus) Owen, Bichard, On the ana- tomy of the King Crab (ii- mulus Polyphemus, Latr.) . Pascoe, F. P., Contributions towards the knowledge of the Curculionidse, pt. 3 . . Pearls, artificial, and pearl- producing MoUusks, exhi- bited by W. Matchwick, Esq., F.L.S. . . . . . Photographs of Colus hirudi- nosus and Clathrus cancel- latus exhibited .... Publications presented. — See Additions to the Library. Transactions, publication of a new part announced . , Vice-Presidents nominated Page Ixxxiii Ixxxiii Ixxxii Ixxxiii Ixxxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. (SESSION 1872-73.) November 7th, 1872. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. The Rev. C. W. Penny was elected a Fellow. The President read two letters, in her own hand, from Lady Smith (now in her 100th year), offering for the acceptance of the Society seventy-four letters, addressed to its Founder, by the late Alexander M'Leay, Esq., Secretary to the Society from 1798 to 1825. The letters were accompanied by a photograph from the portrait of Lady Smith, taken by Opie in 1798, signed, and bearing the date of her birth. May 11, 1773. Resolved, that the Special Thanks of the Society be presented to Lady Smith for this very valuable and acceptable donation. The President then read a letter from Dr. J. Fayrer, an- nouncing the donation of his magnificent work on the Poisonous Snakes of India ; for which the Special Thanks of the Society were also ordered. Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S., exhibited, from the Kew Museum, a 'Lisy. PROC. — Session 1872-73. b 11 PEOOEEDINGS OF THE beautiful series of photographs of trees &c. taken in the Botanic Garden, Brisbane, Queensland. The President exhibited, on the part of Mr. Martin Alford, a specimen of the " Hen and Chickens " Daisy, found by him in September last, apparently wild, at the edge of a grass-field near Bridgewater. The Secretary exhibited the fruit of a variety of Fyrus japo- nica, grown in the garden of Daniel Edwards, Esq., of TJckfield, Sussex. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " Note on the Buds developed on Leaves of Malaxis,^'' by George Dickie, M.D., E.L.S., Regius Professor at the Univer- sity, Aberdeen. 2. " On a Menispermaceous Plant, called by Yelloz Cissam- pelos Vitis, and figured in his * Elora Fluminensis,' vol. x.," by Senor J. C. De MeUo, of Campiiias, Brazil ; translated by John Miers, Esq., F.E. & L.S. Communicated by Daniel Hanbury, Esq., F.R. & L.S. 3. " Notes on Keropia crassirostris, Gmel.," by Thomas H. Potts, Esq., E.L.S. November 21st, 1872. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Cuthbert Cartwright Grundy, Esq., and Edward Harris, Esq., were elected Fellows. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " Catalogue of the Compositae of Bengal," by Charles Baron Clarke, Esq., M.A., F.L.S. 2. " On HydrotropTius, a new Genus of Hydrocharideae," by the same. 3. " On Diversitv of Evokxtion under one set of External Con- LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. lU ditious," by the Eev. John T. Gulick. Communicated by A. E. Walkee, Esq., F.L.S. December 5th, 1872. Q-eorge Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. George T. Porritt, Esq., was elected a Pellow. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " On the Skeleton of the Apteryx" by Thomas Allis, Esq., E.L.S. 2. " On new and rare British Spiders : 2ad Supplement," by the Eev. O. P. Cambridge, M.A. Communicated by H. T. Stain- ton, Esq., Sec. L.S. 3. " On two new Species oi Mycoporum, Elotow," by the Eev. W. A. Leighton, B.A., F.L.S. 4. "Eevision of the Genus Symphoricarpos,'* by Asa Gray, M.D., F.M.L.S. December 19th, 1872. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Frank Champneys, Esq., was elected a Fellow. Mr. W. G. Smith, F.L.S., exhibited a fine specimen of the rare Batarrea plialloides, Pers., one of four found in the grounds of the Earl of Egmont at Epsom. Mr. Smith also exhibited a complete series of drawings, in every stage of growth, of the nearly allied genera Clatlirus, Phallus, Cynophallus, and Geaster. Mr. T. B. Flower, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of ioSe/ia urens, L., gathered by himself on Kilmiugton Common, near Axmineter, S. Devon, in August last. ir ?s:>- r r--y JJ ---.. _--■ - , --•i -'- rr -f-. -,- -■ :_ - ]--^ - - ' • -'- ^ - - -^ V - :;. .J -T- - - - ■ - ^.:--- E. C. : :-: ;•_ - ( ' 31. 1'. . T,P L >>^ io. -f '>- -.-^Pri] - r T Tl VTi 1 THX — frs of WelicUtckia wdra- MA'ab. M.D., Prof. Bot. -^::^:ribr J.D.Hooker, ral Principles of nant-congtniction,* Jannaij 16tli, 1873. Ge«ge Boitliaffl, £^^ FresideiLt, in tlie Chair. €ie«ge Bidie, iLD., Bobext Brown, Esq., the Ber. WiUiani DftTies, 'Stedeaa^ Jmoscm HaBabmy, Esq., !!fornian S. EJerr, M J)., Joim Eredezid: Ado^hns M'Xair. Major B A., John E. Map- j^k^beA, B^^ and John SEhaw, M.D., were elected Fellows. Mr. Grofe, FJLi&, ediibibsd drawingB of two branched Palms, Coeat mu^rm and Pkemix imebfltfera. ErofiMBQg "Wiiweiton D^er, F.LlS., made avertkal comniimication on ^knuinnaM Khmtn/mM, Choisy, and exhibited a photogn^h of two flowering plants iAAgaee mwtffi ifii (over ninety Teais old) whieli had heea presented to the Bojal Hortieiiltaral Society by GalondlJeTOB. The Ibikfwing papers were read, riz. : — 1. « On the Beeent ST^crvris of Brazilian Ferns," bv J. G. Baker, Esq., FX.8. 2. "Ifote on yemadadrng, ISnlbL" br Asa Gray. M.D., F.L.S. Febnuoy 6th, 1873. George BentLari., Esq.. Prerident, in the Chair. llhe ^Sowing paper was read, riz. . — " Notes :-t:';7. 7 1 S rililMited ^peameas of iV»- •rflwjwdfeftp''""; ■■■-;.-, - :r.-..:, :;:■;- :":-t '>iirdfai of iHw Bkifal Bofaipie YraSemar TiaBtitca J^^, FJjlS., eddlntedat nmaAMe afeoaty rf XgKggjpfWir, Bdib-fiL, witiiancai^JEgnlbrlawcr; and made aome observxtians , iftcsidBDit, in lAie Ohair. Dr. Hodker, T.P.LlJSl, ecliiilhilted a lalfdpe cone of Jbnancnnw JBMbetIK, JEbMdL>, wlucii kad borne findti, for Hie firalt lime in Thgiand, at; tlie Bojral Gardens Kew, the tree wfcieb ptodneed itb being one of lliDm laised fioBB the seed oii%inalIbf Immg^ to lAis eoontiy, frtmi the Bnsbane Bange, hy Mr. J. H SSdwill, in IMSl The IbDowii^ poqper was lead, TIE. : — ^ On the P¥X^;ynium of Cmrex,'" hf Geoi^ge Bcntham, Maq^ F JLS., Pi^. L.S. Vi PEOCEEDINGS Of THE March 20tb, 1873. Greorge Beutham, Esq., President, iu the Chair, Henry Sullivan Thomas, Esq., was elected a Fellow. Dr. Hooker, Y.P.L.S., exhibited, from the Kew Museum, a portion of the wood of the Coifee-tree perforated by the Coffee- borer {Xylotrichus q^uadnipes) ; also specimens of the larvae and perfect insects. Mr. J. G-. Baker, E.L.S., exhibited a triandrous form of Salix fragilis, a typically diandrous species, sent by Mr. T. E. A. Briggs from the neighbourhood of Plymouth ; also specimens of new and rare British and Australian Algae, sent by Mrs. Merri- field, of Brighton. Eead: extracts from a pamphlet (communicated by E. S. Button, Esq., Agent- General S.A.) " On the 'Take-all' Corn- disease of South Australia," by Dr. Carl Miicke ; also from a letter " On the * Take-all ' and ' Eed Eust,' " addressed by the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, in December 1868, to Dr. J. H. Grilbert, and from a Eeport on the same subject to the Directors of the South- Austra- lian Company, by Messrs. Lawes and Gilbert (both printed in the Journal of the Eoyal Horticviltural Society, vol. ii. pt. 6). The Secretary then read a letter, dated the 10th instant, from the Eev. JMr. Berkeley, to whom Dr. Miicke's pamphlet had been forwarded by the President ; and a discussion afterwards followed, in which Mr. Bentham, Mr. Currey, Mr. M'Lachlan, Mr. A. Miiller, and Mr. Dutton took part. April 3rd, 1873. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. William Clarson, Esq., and Arthur Lister, Esq., were elected Eellows. The President announced that vol. xxviii. pt. 3 of the Transac- tions was ready for distribution to the Fellows. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Vll The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " On some new Fishes of India," by Francis Day, Esq.^ Surgeon, Madras Army, F.L.S., &c. 2. " Enumeration of the Fungi of Ceylon," by the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, F.L.S., and C. E. Broome, Esq., F.L.S.— Part II., con- taining the remainder of the Symenomycetes, with the other esta- blished tribes of Fungi. April 17th, 1873. G-eorge Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. John Francis Walker, Esq., M.A., was elected a Fellow. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. "Notes on the Development of the Perigynium in Carex pulicai'is,''' by "W. It. M'lSTab, M.D. Communicated by the Pre- sident. 2. " On the Morphology of the Perigynium and Seta in C«re.r," by W. T. Thiselton Dyer, Esq., B.A., F.L.S. 3. " On Burmese Orchidea? from the Eev. C. P. Parish," by Professor Eeichenbach. Communicated by the President. May 1st, 1873. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Professor Carl Nageli, of Munich, was elected a Foreign Member. Mr. Daniel Hanbury, F.L.S., exhibited cones, with ripe seeds, of Banksia marcescens, from the garden of M. Thuret, F.M.L.S., at Antibes, South of France. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " On the Genus Cinchona,'' by John Elliot Howard, Esq., F.L.S. 2. " On new Species of European Spiders," by the Eev. O. P. Cambridge. Communicated by H. T. Stainton, Esq., Sec. L.S. Vm PEOCEEDINGS OF THE May 24th, 1873. Anniversary Meeting. George Bentham, Esq., President, in tlie Chair. This day, the Anniversary of the birth of Linnaeus, and the day appointed by the Charter for the election of Council and Officers, the President opened the business of the Meeting with the follow- ing Address : — GENXLEMEIf, Whilst preparing a few notes on the recent progress of the study of Vegetable Anatomy and Physiology, I have been struck with the observation made by more than one critic in this country, and com- mented upon in some foreign journals, that we in England are in this respect some way behind our continental neighbours — that, for instance, the most important investigations and consequent dis- coveries relating to sexual propagation and the incipient history of cryptogamic plants and microscopic animals have been made in France and Germany — and that we are, in short, comparatively defi- cient in what the Germans are pleased specially to distinguish by the name of Scientific Botany and Zoology. Without admitting for a moment that there is less of science in the study of the compara- tive anatomy, the mutual relations and consequent natural arrange- ment, and the geographical distribution of the higher animals and plants than in that of microscopic structure, we may acknowledge that there may be some truth in the remark that, with few excep- tions, we have not excelled in that long, patient, and tedious devotion to one subject of limited extent from which such discoveries have usually resulted ; and the fact may be, in some measure, the result of our social habits and ideas. Our early education, the whole ten- dency of our lives, is generally dii^ected to the means of advancement in the world, if not always to the increase of income, at any rate to the raising of our social position in the eyes of those amongst whom we Kve. If the enormous increase in our commercial and industrial wealth be carefully investigated, it will be found to be in many respects deeply indebted to the recent progress of pure natural science ; and yet the necessar}'^ study of that pure science will neither UXNFAX SOCIETT OF LOXDOX. IX enrich the one who would devote himself to it, nor yet raise him in the estimation of his neighbours and associates, whilst it may seri- ously interfere with his means of bringing up his family, reduced as they become by the rapid increase in the expense of living. TN'^e have not in this country those numerous small professorships or government or municipal places in provincial towns, which give to a man of modest requirements sufficient leisure steadily to carry on his researches year after year without interruption. Content with what he has thus secured, many a continental naturalist looks for no further advancement ; he requires no relaxation but perhaps a few weeks in summer spent at a bathing-place ; he seeks his reward in the pubHcation of the results of his labours in Transactions or Journals, or a favourable report, without having to calciJate on pecuniary results. If we had any such places in this country, few Englishmen could be found to sit down in them to rest and be satis- fied ; and it has required some moral courage in those of our young men who, having enough to live upon, with a passion for science, have for its sake renounced all attempts to climb round after round on the social ladder. We have had, however, and still have such men. With aU our social drawbacks we have contributed our fair share to the progress of natural as well as of physical, mathematical, and other sciences. We have had our Robert Brown, and long before him oui' John Ray. Among our living zoologists and comparative anatomists I could name those who yield nothing to any of their continental rivals ; and above all we must remember that it is an Englishman who has, in this nineteenth century, brought about as great a revolution in the philosophic study of organic nature, as that which was effected in the previous century by the immortal Swede. With such names as Linnaeus and Darwin the northern nations can well hold their own in the presence of any scientific celebrities of Central Europe. One instance of the backwardness on our part, to which I have alluded, is afforded in the investigation of the progress of growth, and especially of the first formation and early development of the organized individual, which, under the new lights thrown upon the subject by the Darwinian theories, has been shown to have so im- portant a bearing on the solution of difficult questions in animal and vegetable physiology and affinities. I do not here mean the begin- ings of life in the abstract, the supposed creation of organized beings out of nothing in the midst of purely inorganic elements ; that per- tinaciously disputed proposition does not appear to have changed LiNif. PEoc. — >Session 1872-73. c X PROCEEDINGS OF THE its aspect through the volumes that have been published since my last year's address. I now refer to the first formation and early development in the living plant or animal of those parts which are to become distinct organs, buds, or new individuals — the his- tory of the gradual outgrowth of an organ or bud, or of a germ before and after fecundation, of the separation of the bud or germ from the parent, and of the early independent existence of the new individual. Organogenesis and Embryogeny, Nutrition and Eeproduction have undoubtedly of late years been investigated with more detail on the Continent than with us ; and although our great naturaKsts may not have been behindhand in studying results, we have been indebted for a large number of facts to continental ob- servations. In considering these observations it may not be uninteresting to keep in mind a perceptible difference between our two great scientific neighbours, the French and the Germans. Excelling in method, the French are unrivalled in clearness of exposition in Natural History, as in Mathematics, Jurisprudence, Philosophy, and other abstruse subjects. With a great readiness to seize the general bearings of the several facts or points they have before them, they will at once organize them into systems or theories, often successfully ; but they may be sometimes apt too readily to admit into these systems and theories elements which they have not verified, or not to wait for a sufficient confirmation by repeated observations of the original facts upon which they were founded. On the other hand, method and exposition are not among the distinguishing characters of German naturalists ; they have had no Jussieu, no De Candolle, no Cuvier, nor, in earlier days, had they a Tournefort or a Buffon ; but they are beyond all competition in laborious and patient investigation of details upon which aU reliable conclusions must be founded ; to them also we practically owe the greater number of important compila- tions. Genera and Species, Nomenclatures and indexes, Records, &c., equally requiring steady labour, with results not brilliant, but useful. Again, if the French are good theorists, the Germans are great speculators. If French theories may sometimes be found defective in detail, so German imagination is apt to wander too far from the facts from which it started. And this comparison of French method and German detail, of French theory and German speculation, will probably be found exemplified not only in their physiological researches and elementary works, but also in their monographs and other systematic publications. You, learn more IINXEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. Xl rapidly from a Frenchman ; the German supplies you with more materials for study ; and thus you derive equal benefit from both. The cause of this diiference it is not my province to inquire into. It may depend as much on social habits and language as on idiosyn- crasy ; or the three may mutually react upon each other ; and there are individual exceptions in both countries. Even the same indivi- dual may be difierent according to the country he resides in and the associates he is surrounded by. Kuiith, at Paris, produced the * Nova Genera et Species,' a great work, remarkable for the intuitive perception of genera and species, often from the most imperfect materials. The same Kunth, at Berlin, worked out his ' Enumeratio Plantarum,' a repertory of individual descriptions, without method or contrasting characters. My object, however, in these remarks is not the criticism of individuals, but merely to show the advantage of keeping these national peculiarities in view in judging of the results of recent labours in vegetable physiology. An important question in vegetable morphology, first brought forward by Robert Brown, and a subject of much controversy in later times, the gymnospermy of Conifers and their allies, has recently been placed in a somewhat new light by a German physiologist. The nucleus and, later, the seed proper (that is, the embryo and its albumen) are in these plants enclosed in fewer envelopes than in any other phsenogams. Many Monochlamyds or Monocotyledons have no perianth or stamens round their female organs ; but in all, except these Gymnosperms, the nucleus or embryo is enclosed in a simple or double integument within, but distinct or distinguishable from, a carpellary envelope. In Conifers and their allies the simple or double integument alone covers the nucleus. R. Brown, after a long series of careful ob- servations, published, in 1825, his conclusions that this simple or double integument corresponded to that of the ovule and seed in other Dicotyledons, and that Conifers have no ovary, style, or stigma*. Lindley observed, in 1845 (and left the observation unaltered in 1853), that " about the accuracy of this view there is at this time no difference of opinion." Since then, however. Payer and his dis- ciple Baillon, founding their conclusions upon organogenesis, have * Strasburger, in an historical sketch of the progress of the question, points out that Targioni-Tozzetti in 1810 enunciated views very similar to those afterwards developed by Brown. Published, however, in a journal whidi had but very little circulation, his notes remained almost unknown till attention was called to them by Caruel in 1865. Strasburger quotes the passage (with some typo- graphical errors), p. 174 of his ' Coniferen.' c2 Xll PEOCEEDINGS OF THE asserted that it is the seed-integument, not the carpellary envelope, that is deficient — a view which has been supported by Parlatore and others, refuted by Hooker, Caspary, Eichler, and others, and again taken up by Prof. Strasburger, of Jena, after a series of careful and detailed organogenetic observations, combined with genealogical, or, as they term it, phylogenetical considerations, in a remarkable essay entitled 'Die Coniferen und die Gnetaceen.' In the attempt to re- concile views apparently so opposite, taken by naturalists whom we should all consider of high authority, we must, perhaps, in some degree, take also into account a certain bias which may be obser- vable on either side. Prom the well-known accuracy of Brown's observations and the soundness of his views in every department of botanical science he entered into, there is a great disposition on the one side to rely absolutely on his conclusions ; whilst on the other hand French orgauogenesists, having broached theories which have proved of great importance in various homological questions, have been but too ready to set them up against all authority, without sufficient verification of detail. In the present case this verifica- tion of detail has been suppUed by Strasburger, who has combined it with general considerations now first brought to bear on the gymnospermy of Conifers. He proves to be an ardent disciple of Hackel, the greatest amongst Germauizers of Darwinism. The tes- timony in favour of the derivative origin of forms and organs has certainly received large accessions from the German accuracy and copious details of Hackel and his followers, but at the same time has been the occasion of a free display of German imagination, as I hope presently to show, in considering Strasburger's views of the homologies of Conifers, in conjunction with some parts of Hackel's last great work, the Monograph of Calcisponges. In the first place, we must be careful to consider what we mean by homologies of organs. They are of two kinds : — (1) the homo- logy of the several appendages to the axis of one and the same plant, which in zoology may be compared to the homology of the front and hind limbs or of the several vertebrae of one and the same animal ; and (2) the homology of the organs of two difierent plants, corre- sponding to the homology, for instance, of the wing of a bird with the fore leg of a quadruped. To the former class belong the various much-vexed questions on the distinction between axis and appen- dages, arising in the consideration of the flowers of Conifers as of many other orders ; but it is the latter class with which we are now more specially concerned in relation to Brown's gymnospermoiis LINKEAIf SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. XIU theory. lu Ms time this homology of organs was determined solely hy their similarity in position, development, structure, and other characters, as observed in the plants compared ; in the present day physiologists have to take into account the evidences, either of their hereditary derivation from a corresponding organ in a common parent, or of their being an early stage of development of organs which have further progressed in plants to which their own race are supposed to have given birth. It is in this respect chiefly that the arguments put forth by Strasburger differ from those of his predecessors. Jiut whilst giving him every credit for his patient and persevering elabo- ration of details, we cannot but see in his derivative arguments mxTch of purely imaginary mixed up with well-attested evidences. When in the higher races of phaeuogamous plants we meet with staminodia, carpidia, or other rudimentary or anomalous productions, we may justly, with Darwin, conclude that they are the hereditarj'^ represen- tatives of organs normally perfect in some parent race, but which, in consequence of other adaptations of the general economy of the plant, have, in the course of successive generations, become useless and gradually reduced or almost obliterated, if not modified so as to perform diff'erent functions. So when we find in a species, or group of species, some one organ specially modified in adaptation to special purposes, and thus difi^ering or progressing from the forms prevalent in the genus or order to which it belongs, without retrogression in other respects, and if we allow no fallacy to creep in as to what we mean by progress or retrogression, we may perhaps conclude that we have at the same time a specially modified race and unmodified de- scendants of the race it has sprung from. But it is hard to believe that Strasburger had any such solid foundations for his argument that the envelope of the nucleus of Conifers is genetically the same as the carpellary envelope of the higher Phgenogams. He does not, as far as I can learn, pretend that this envelope is the reduced re- presentative of organs more perfect in previous races ; for the pre- sumed ancestors of Conifers are crj-ptogamic. He rests solely upon the supposition that this envelope in Conifers is the first appearance of an organ further developed in the outer integument of their de- scendants, the Gnetaceae, and perfected in the carpels of their ulti- mate progeny, the higher Dicotyledons. But there seems to be very little beyond pure imagination upon which to foimd such a supposed pedigree ; and many reasons present themselves against the belief that the higher Dicotyledons can have descended from Gnetacese or Gnetaceae from Conifers, or that Conifers ever produced any races XIV PKOCEEDIKQS OF THE now existing out of their own order. As a postulate tinder the Darwinian theory, we may allow all to have had their origin in a common parent. "We may also, from the scanty evidences supplied by tertiary and cretaceous remains, believe that the parent races of some of our species, or perhaps genera, may have remained imchanged to the present day in company with their modified oifspring. Even of two nearly allied orders one may be more altered from the common stock than the other, and may be thus in a vague sense said to be derived from it and therefore more modern. Thus Cycadese may be supposed to be more ancient than Conifers, Araucarise more ancient than other groups of Conifers ; but the common parent of Conifers, Gnetacese, and other low Dycotyledons belongs to an age so remote as to have left no visible trace to guide us in our conjectures. Prom such conjectures, however, as have been indidgedin by phy- logenesists, I gather that the supposed earliest progenitor of the plant-races was a simple organism multiplying by internal growth and division, that at a later stage, besides growth in various direc- tions with a tendency to radiation, sexual elements had arisen, at first, perhaps, without other arrangement than their proximity. From that stage the progress towards the more perfect plant became mul- tifarious, some of the principal courses followed being the differen- tiation of the indefinitely growing axis and its definite appendages — the respective arrangement of the male and female element, of the female at the end of an axis or of one of its branches, and of the male on the appendages — the adaptation of the appendages to the various purposes of vegetation, of protection to the sexual elements, or of assisting them in their functions — the separation of the male from the female element, &c. 1 see no arguments to oppose to these different modes of gradual progress by means of natural selection through a long succession of untold generations ; but they cannot have followed the same sequence in all races of plants. In some the separation of sexes may have long preceded the development of floral envelopes ; in most of the higher Phsenogams the reverse has been the case. Phyllotaxy has become highly developed in several Cryptogams, whilst in some Phaenogams, far advanced as to sexual apparatus, the foliar system has remained in arrear. But in none of these courses have we any evidence of retrogression. We have no more reason to believe that sexes once separated are brought toge- ther again in future generations than that cellular plants should de- scend from those in which the vascular system has been perfected*. * The apparently exceptional case of unisexual flowers, supposed to have de- LINITEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XV And yet we must believe this if we admit Strasbui^er's pedigrees. We must suppose that races, after having once secured the advan- tages of a total separation of the two sexes and undergone modifica- tions suited to their separate requirements, have again returned to their primitive state of sexual proximity, and commenced a totally different series of modifications destined to counteract the evil effects of that proximity. A much more simple hypothesis would be that Conifers separated from the parent stock before the development of floral envolopes, the higher Dicotyledons before the separation of the sexes. The arrangement of the vegetative organs, or phyllotaxy, had probably acquired considerable perfection before the separation of either of these primary classes of Dicotyledons ; for we have the ver- ticiUate arrangement in alternating whorls in Frenelu, Ephedra, Ca- suarina, Calycopephis, Hippuris, and many others belonging to the most widely separated natural orders — the opposite and decussate leaves in various genera of Conifers and Gnetaceae, as well as in nume- rous orders, whether of Monochlamydese, Gamopetalae, or Polype- talae ; and in Conifers, as in the higher Dicotyledons, the whorled or decussate arrangement is variously broken up into the spiral, the al- ternate, or the scattered. But the reproductive organs having at that early stage taken the two directions of total separation of the sexes in the one and their union in the other within a set of floral envelopes, their progress was thenceforth in dift'erent directions, and homology in a great measure disappeared. In Coniferae this complete separa- tion of the sexes and fertilization through the agency of wind being established, natural selection would only promote the development of such floral envelopes as might be required for protection and would not interfere with the fertilizing process and would necessarily be very different in the male and in the female flowers. Accordingly one great point established by Strasburger and others is that in Coni- ferae and Gnetaceae there is no homology between the male and the female flowers. In the higher Dicotyledons the male elements took their place around the females, and axial appendages would be early established or modified for the various purposes of assisting, protect- ing, or controlling fertilization or maturation, all of which arrange- ments would become more and more complicated as the plants came to be benefited by cross fertilization through insect and other ex- Bcended from perfect hermaphrodite ones by the gradual abortion of one of the sexual elements, in which the abortive element is occasionally again perfected, is no real retrogression. An occasional perfect stamen in a female Euphorbia- ceous flower cannot be said to be a real return to hermaphroditism. XVI PEOCEEDIKGS OF THE temal agencies, or again simplified by partial abortions as the same purposes came to be answered by more or less perfect unisexuality or other means. If, then, we are right in concluding that Gnetacese cannot have descended from Conifers nor the higher Dicotyledons from Gnetacese, though all may have descended from a common stock, we cannot bat think that Strasburger has failed in proving any genetic homology in their floral envelopes. The question returns, therefore, to its old phase, to be determined by morphology, position, and functions. First, as to morphology. In phajuogamous plants, immediately around or amongst the sexual elements the outgrowths from the floral axis are of two kinds, either continuous and uniform or oblique all round the axis, or arising in several separate parts : the former are regarded sometimes as mere axial developments, sometimes as exceptionally single and one-sided foliar organs ; the latter as ap- pendages or leaf-organs, forming part of the general phyllotaxy of the plant. To the fonner class would be refeiTcd diacal ex- crescences and ovular integuments, to the latter carpellary elements. Strasburger shows that the disputed envelope in Conifers most fre- quently, though not always, appears at an early stage in the shape of two more or less distinct opposite protuberances, that it is con- sequently foliar, partaking of the phyllotaxial system of the plant, not axial nor exceptionally monophyllous and unilateral, and that it is therefore carpeUary, not ovular. But here we have another element of uncertainty, which has recently been the subject of much controversy, and to which I shall presently revert. The limits between axial dilatations and regu- larly formed appendages are not always definite, and occasionally are wholly obliterated ; and the present case may be included amongst those in which the distinction is ambiguous. Morphologi- cally the seminal envelope of Conifers shows a tendency to enter into the general phyUotaxial system of the plant ; but in several genera it retains the characters of an axial dilatation, or, as Stras- burger interprets it, a single leaf. In Gnetum there is a double inner integument, which he considers enturely ovular or seminal and monophyllous, whilst the outer one is, according to his view, carpellaiy, consisting of two leaf-organs in conformity with the general phyUotaxy ; but he admits (p. 119) that the outer one of the two ovular integuments is traversed by bundles of vessels similar to those of the external carpellary envelope, and " only aff"ords a further proof of the morphological connexion of the two." LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOITDON. XVll In position, the integument of the coniferous nucleus appears to me to be similar to that of the ovular envelope of the higher Dicotyledons, close around and on the axis terminated by the nu- cleus, not that of the carpellary leaves, which are on a different axis. Whatever be the theoretical origin of the ovule of the higher Dico- tyledons, on the margin or in the axil of the carpellary leaf, or on a prolongation of the central axis, its funicle, -which bears the integu- ment as well as the nucleus, is a branch, and therefore a secondary axis, and not the main axis of the flower, on which are placed the carpellary leaves. In function, the integument in question is purely ovular and seminal, the protection of the nucleus and embryo, not that of the carpellary leaves of the higher Dicotyledons, which bear each a separate stigmatic apparatus for the reception and transmission of the poUen-tubes to the nucleus. This, however, is a purely adaptive character, whose chief value is in respect of practical terminology. The result of the above considerations as to the homology of the integument of the nucleus of Conifers as compared with those of the higher Dicotyledons, if I have put them fairly, would therefore be, that genetic homology does not exist, moiphological homology is vague and doubtful, position indicates rather that of the ovular or seminal than of the carpellary integuments, so also does the secondary and adap- tive homology of function. Theoretically, therefore, we should say that the organ in question is not the exact homological representa- tive of either the carpellarj' or the seminal integument ; but prac- tically it is most useful and instructive to treat it as seminal. And as to the name of the two great subclasses of Dicotyledons, as all are agreed that they are essentially distinct, in that the one is de- prived of one of the two envelopes (carpellary and seminal) which exist in the other, the received names Gymnosperms and Angio- sperms appear to be really appropriate, as denoting a fact admitted by both sides, though differently interpreted ; whilst the proposed names Archisperms and Metasperms are founded on a theory which, under the above views, we cannot but quahfy as purely imaginary. A valuable portion of Strasburger's essay consists in his detailed illustration of the development of the flowers of Welwitschia, an important contribution to the completion of that history of this plant so thoroughly worked out by Dr. Hooker, so far as the materials at his disposal admitted, in his now celebrated paper in the twenty-fourth volume of our Transactions. Hooker had then XVm PEOCEEDINGS OF THE no flower-buds at his command ; and it was only some years later that he succeeded in procuring from Mr. Monteiro more satisfactory specimens, in various stages of development. The various works he was then engaged in prevented his resuming the subject himself; but he transmitted a series of these specimens to Professor de Bary ; and it was from these materials that Strasburger was enabled to trace the progress of the flowers from the earliest stage. After an evidently most careful examination, he has given the results, pp. 91 and 141 of his 'Coniferen und Gnetaceen.' The accuracy of his observations has been confirmed by Professor M'Nab, to whom Dr. Hooker had also communicated some of Monteiro's specimens, and who, after an equally careful independent examination, embodied the results in a paper read at our meeting of the 19th December last and now in the printer's hands, to which he afterwards added a note on the receipt of Strasburger's essay. The chief interest attached to this extraordinary plant lies in the probabiUty of its being the nearest approach to (the least modified amongst the descendants of) the original type or parent stock of Dicotyledons which has reached recent geological periods. If, as above, we suppose the original parent race of Dicotyledons to have been one in. which phyUotaxy had already become variously modified for the purposes of nutrition, but in which the sexual arrangements remained much in arrear, we may conjecture that amongst its immediate descendants there was a tendency to vary both in the relative arrangement of the sexual elements and in the development of floral appendages amongst and around them, combinations arising in both directions calculated to promote the welfare of the race. In the midst of the varied circumstances in which their descendants were placed in the course of their dispersion through successive ages, some profited by an increasing complexity in their floral deve- lopments counteracting the evils of sexual contiguity, others by a total separation of the sexual elements rendering their comparative exposure rather beneficial than prejudicial. From the former may have descended the higher Dicotyledons, from the latter the Conifers — the former ever increasing in the complexity of their arrangements, so long as they retained their hermaphroditism, simplifying them again, perhaps, in some cases by arrest or obliteration as they be- came more or less unisexual, the latter retaining rather more of their primitive simplicity. Wehuitschia does not absolutely belong to either, and may be a race which has come down to us with less of alteration from the early descendants of the common stock than LIimEAN SOCIETT OF LOITDOJf. XIX either of the others. Some progress had been made in both direc- tions. Sexual separation predominated, but not until some floral development had taken place ; and neither had been carried to the perfection exemplified ia the two great subclasses ; and the race would probably have become long since extinct had it not been established in a country which has apparently experienced since very early times less of the vicissitudes affecting organic life than any other, and had it not been at the same time endowed with other constitu- tional peculiarities, enabling it better than any other plant to bear with the physical conditions surrounding it. All this may be rejected as purely conjectural ; but surely Stras- burger's genealogical tree is equally so. My object is merely to show that the supposition that, of the three races now so distinct, Welwitschia, after the first variations, has remained the least modi- fied from the common stock, that the Conifers have undergone a greater progressive change in one direction, and the higher Dicoty- ledons a still greater advance in another direction, is more plausible than the assertion that Conifers are the parent race from which Gnetacese have directly descended, and that these, again, have en- gendered the higher Dicotyledons. The establishment of direct pedigrees or genealogical trees, in which the parent and descendant races are supposed to coexist in the present day, is a favourite speculation of the German school, especially since, after Hackel, it has adopted Darwinian views, car- ried in many instances far beyond what is warranted by the works of the great master himself. In plants at least, such pedigrees appear to be wholly inadmissible, so long as we have no geological record to justify them. If the image of a tree be really applied to the illustration of the parentage of plant-races, it must be very dif- ferently conceived. Taking, for instance, the Dicotyledonous class, we might suppose a tree, in which the trunk represents the common ancestor, forming in successive generations innumerable more or less diverging branches, the greater part of which perish either imme- diately or in the course of few or many generations, but some re- main as branches or common trunks for future ramifications. We may suppose the centre of the tree always to consist of those which retain most of the ancestral characters, the lateral branches diverging more and more as they have become more and more modified. These modifications, even the extreme ones, may be for a long time very slight ; but in the course of ages (as we may observe in varieties of modern species) some of them may have acquired a more marked XX . PROCEEDIJTGS OF THE character as well as more or less of fixity. We may suppose this to be going on through millions of ages, innumerable branches, whether near the centre or more or less distant from it, ceasing to grow or to branch out, leaving gaps in the upper part of the tree, partially filled up, perhaps, in a few instances by returning branches from the circumferential ones, and all decaying at the base, leaving only their upper extremities to continue the process in future ages. We should then have the present races represented by the countless branchlets forming the flat-topped summit of the Dicotyledonous tree — a hun- dred to a hundred and fifty thousand perhaps if we take into ac- count species only, ten times as many if we go into subspecies and varieties; the branches which immediately bore these present branchlets, as well as the lower more general ramifications, will have wholly disappeared from our view, or left only here and there the most fragmentary traces ; and the surviving branchlets them- selves will be most irregularly placed. Here we should see thou- sands crowded into compact patches definitely circumscribed at every point (Compositse, Orchidese, Graminese, &c.) ; there we should meet with enormous gaps, either quite unoccupied or a few solitary branchlets or small clusters isolated in the middle {Moringa, Aristo- loclda, Nepenthes, &c.). In other parts, again, irregular masses may be more or less connected by loosely scattered branchlets or clusters, obliterating all boundaries we might be disposed to assign to them (many of the bicarpellary gamopetalous orders, the several curvembryous orders, &ic.). In the imaginary construction of such a tree, all we can do is to map out the summit as it were from a bu'd's-eye view, and under each cluster, or cluster of clusters, to place as the common trunk an imaginaiy type of a genus, order, or class, according to the depth to which we would go. If we believe that this type, or original trunk-branoh, is exactly represented by (has descended unchanged to) one of the present branchlets, we place it immediately under that branchlet, as having been directly continuous with it, and regard the remainder of the cluster as the persistent summits of lateral ofi'sets. If we consider that the direct trunk-race of a cluster has become extinct in its precise form, and has left descendants only from its branches, we place it under one of the gaps in the cluster or under a vacancy outside the cluster, ac- cording to the conjectures we may think the most plausible, as de- rived from the relative structures, geographical relations, &c. of the present branchlets or other evidences we can bring to bear upon the question. Such circumstantial evidence will always be exceedingly LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXI vague and inconclusive ; and the assistance we can derive from the geological record is so exceedingly slight, especially if we descend below those tertiary times in which the ramification was not very materially different from that now exhibited, that in the construction of our tree much must be left to the imagination. Still, as real affinities and geographical relations come to be more carefully studied, and as here and there missing links are discovered, either among geological remains or still lingering in some unexplored region of the globe, we may yet hope gradually to obtain a fair out- line of the lost ramifications of our dicotyledonous tree, provided we are always on our guard against the common error of treating plausible conjectures as established facts. Hiickel, in his Calcisponges, may have had a much better founda- tion for his conjectural pedigrees than Strasburger in the Dicoty- ledons ; for many of their races of a very early stage of development appear to have descended to us unaltered, together with their primary slightly modified branches and many other later and later more and more diverging ramifications. The continuity through successive ages and geological periods of the medium in which they live (the bottom of salt water at moderate depths), their apparently absolute independence of climate, may have brought down to us many of these first ramifications of the Calcispongian trunk with com- paratively few gaps or well-defined and isolated clusters, thus pro- ducing that almost inextricable intricacy and indefiniteness in its genera and species which critical botanists of our days observe in the subspecies and varieties or minor ramifications of the Rubus fruticosus trunk, which Nageli has so well shown to be the case with the present species of Hieracimn, or which Carpenter illustrated in the genera and species of the very ancient race of Foraminifera. Hiickel has thus selected an excellent subject for his investigations, and, as far as I am able to judge, has carried them through in that masterly manner which, as attested by Huxley, characterized his former work on Radiolaria. The volume containing the systematic exposition and illustration of the Calcisponges bears evidence of the most careful and persevering research during the five years he has devoted to it, and is preceded by a most detailed account of the anatomy, organology, and physiology of the group, upon the merits of which it would be out of place for me to give an opinion. He has also entered into some general considerations, worthy of the study of all naturalists, as to the principles of natural and artificial classifications, the former founded on hereditary affinity, to be XXU •• PROCEEDINGS OF THE tested chiefly by internal structure, the latter depending on adaptive characters influencing outward form. The whole work appears to me to be a good illustration of the German peculiarities I have above alluded to — a searching investigation of facts, systematic, structural, and physiological, with a rather free play given to imagination and some confusion of ideas. His pedigrees, although more plausible than Strasburger's or Delpino's, are still conjectural only, unsupported by geological evidences, of which there appears to be none in Calcisponges * ; and if he is right in the necessity of keeping up an artificial system where the characters indicating natural affinities are too difficult or too vague (perhaps too ima- ginary) for practical use, yet I see no advantage in working out in detail two sets of genera and species, natural and artificial, with distinct names according to the light in which they are considered. I cannot see why the same object should be known to one naturalist by the name of Olynthus jprimordialis and to another by that of Ascetta primordialis. The general pedigree of the zoological king- dom (vol. i. p. 465) in a true heraldic form is certainly a very bold stroke; and the two pedigrees of Calcispongian genera (pp. 359 & 360), natural and artificial, quite pass my comprehension. The study of organogenesis, which may be said to have been first established as a distinct branch of the science in France, has been followed up among French naturalists by that of the development and course of the vascular system in phaenogamous plants and the higher Cryptogams. Casimir de Candolle, in his ' Theorie de la Feuille ' and other papers, Trecul and Van Tieghem, in various memoirs in the ' Annales des Sciences Waturelles,' the ' Comptes Eendus,' and other publications, have materially contributed to correct our theories of the outgrowth and arrest of development of the various parts of the plant as connected with the difierent functions they are called upon to fulfil in its general economy. But here, again, as is usually the case where some error has been detected in an esta- blished theory, the disposition has been to declare the whole theory false. There is no doctrine better established, no one which has been found more practically useful in the history of the life and relations of plant-races as well as of individuals, than that of the homology of appendicular organs as distinguished from the axis — a doctrine originally sketched out by Linnaeus t, poetically conceived * " No fossil Calcisponge is as yet known" (Hackel, Kalkschw. i. p. 341). t See " Prolepsis Plantarum," in the Amoenitates Academicae, ed. Schreb. vi. 324, where Linnreus shows by a number of examples the homology of bud-scales, leaves, bracts, calyxes, petals, stamens, and pistils. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOK. XXUl by Goetlie, and philosophically worked out by several of the most eminent botanists. Upon this depends the whole system of phyllo- taxy ; and many an important question of affinity must be decided by a due discrimination of appendicular and directly axial organs or parts. There are, however, cases where such a precise determina- tion has proved difficult or impossible. The leaves of Piniis, the outer casing of inferior ovaries, the floral cup of Myrtacece, some parts of Coniferous flowers above alluded to, the stamens of Euphorbia, &c. have led to much controversy as to whether they are axial or appendicular. Amongst other arguments it has been endeavoured to decide the question by tracing the development and course of the vessels. It has been found, however, that the main principles of growth and arrangement of the vessels are the same in both, and that in fact no positive line of demarcation in this respect can be drawn between an axial development and a true appendage. It is consequently argued that there is no real difference between a leaf-organ (or appendage) and a branch; and Trec\il (Comptes Rendus, 1872, Ixxv. 655) goes so far as to propose the suppression of the former term, and calling all the parts of a plant branches. To ignore in Nature all classification where no positive limits can be assigned, would be to abolish all method in its study. If we treat all the parts of a plant as physiologically the same, and only give them distinct names according to their functions, we put an end to all study of homologies and affinities, excepting such as are based on the very secondary adaptive characters. If a leaf or a part of a leaf is capable of being occasionally converted into an axis, if the end of an axis may occasionally develop iato a definite leaf, if there are a few cases in which the exact point where the sweUing of the axis terminates and the leaf-organ commences can- not be fixed, if the differentiation of the axis and its appendages is in many Cryptogams imperfect or null, these are not reasons sufficient for ignoring the real almost constant and important differences exhibited by the two classes in phaenogamous plants generally. At the same time, the demonstration of the susceptibility of rami- fication of the leaf-organ, which we chiefly owe to French natu- ralists, is a great point gained. If it takes place in a true vegetative leaf, it results in its conversion into a true bud-bearing axis ; if in the floral organs, they may still retain the determinate appendicular character. In this way may, perhaps, be explained the production of ovules on the margin or surface of carpeUary leaves, as suggested by Casimir de CandoUe, the anomalous multiplication of stamens in XXIV PROCEEDINGS OP THE certain flo-wers alluded to by Dr. Masters at one of our last winter meetings, the dedoublement by which Moquin-Tandon explained the position of the four longer stamens of Crucifers as being in fact one pair of stamens, each divided into two, a theory carried further by Meschaeff in a recent number of the Moscow Bulletin, who regards the four petals as one pair, each similarly divided into two, esta- blishing the binal decussate phyllotaxy throughout the flower, and several other anomalies which have long been under discussion. There is, perhaps, no one of Mr. Darwin's works which within the last ten years has called out a greater number of direct observers than his essay " On the various contrivances by which Orchids are fertilized by Insects." Sprengel's and other previous observations had been too little known or held too much in contempt to induce any followers ; but now the spell was broken, the facts brought forward in a clear and attractive style were so new and curious as to caU. for general attention ; and whilst they might, on the one hand, supply many a datum in support of the theory of evolution, they could yet be followed up without directly interfering with cherished doctrines of specific and local creation. The consequence has been an accumulation of most numerous and varied observations made in this country as on the Continent, in South Africa as in South America, published in a great variety of detached papers in Journals and Transactions in four or five different languages. It had become already a matter of difficulty to ascertain whether any appa- rently new and startling complication which presented itseK to the eye had not, in fact, been already recorded, or how far it favoured or interfered with any general laws which might have been already laid down. A few more general essays had, indeed, been drawn up by Delpino in Italy, by F. Hildebrand in Germany, and by Severn Axell (in a work I have not myself met with) in Sweden — all three from numerous and valuable personal observations, but aU three, especially Delpino's and Axell's, with a tendency to launch pre- maturely into theories and hypotheses. We have now, however, within the last fortnight, received from Germany a general work of a very different character. Hermann Mueller's ' Befruchtung der Blumen durch Insecten' proves to be just such a repertory and digest of recorded facts supported by original observations as is become absolutely indispensable for the further pursuit of inquiry in the same direction. The author is brother to Fritz Mueller, of Desterro iu South Brazil, so well known as a judicious and reliable observer, and as a warm supporter of Darwinian theories ; and LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXV Hermann Mueller himself proves to be an equally persevering and indefatigable collector of facts, having for the present purpose the great advantage of being evidently as well versed in entomology as in botany. It appears also that he has been already assisted by his son Hermann. As far as a hasty glance over the work enables me to judge, the principal general facts here first brought prominently into notice appear to be, the variety of insects which visit the same floAvers, the variety of flowers visited by the same insects, and the number of flowers which an insect, deceived by false appearances, visits in search of what is not to be found, all much greater than had hitherto been supposed. Besides the methodical record of all the facts he has been able to collect from German, Italian, Swedish, and British literature, H. Mueller commences with a short historical introduction, in which he does full justice to his predecessors, and concludes with some general considerations of a' remarkably sober character. He justly criticises the fanciful flights of Delpino's imagination, to which I have myself aUuded in former Addresses, and AxeU's theory that the develop- ment of the fertilizing arrangements in Phanerogams has been ahvays an advance, and still continues to advance, in one and the same direction towards perfection ; and, as far as I can see, his own conclusions are none but what are fairly deducible from the facts he records. With this book in hand, I cannot but strongly recommend the further pursuit of an inquiry still in a very early stage, to all naturalists residing in the country, and especially to those who may be located in regions which, like the Mediterranean, the South African, the South-west Australian, the subtropical and extra- tropical South American, and the Mexican, appear to maintain at once a great variety of locally restricted endemic plant-races, and a great number and variety of flower-seeking insects, in order that we may ascertain how far these two great supposed facts are confirmed by direct observation, and how far they may mutually have influ- enced each other. The present state of physiological and anatomical botany, with reference especially to its recent progress in Germany, is admirably expounded in the third edition of Julius Sachs's ' Lehrbuch der Botanik,' of which I am happy to learn that Mr. A. W. Bennett has promised us an English edition. As a repertory of the results of the laborious investigations which have been carried on of late years, and reported in a great variety of scattered, often inaccessible, pub - LINN. PEOc. — Session 1872-73. d PROCEEDINGS OF THE lications, this text-book is indispensable for those who would follow up this important branch of the science. It has evidently been worked up throughout with a thorough knowledge of the subject, and supersedes the necessity of my entering into any details of the rapid advance which has been established in various parts of the field. It requires, indeed, but little comment on the present occa- sion. The title may, perhaps, be too comprehensive. Great as are the questions here treated of, they do not constitute the whole of the science. Geographical botany is passed over in silence, and homo- logies and affinities are scarcely touched upon. Very little indeed is said of systematic botany in general — that branch which, because it was once falsely supposed to constitute botany par excellence, is now held in utter contempt by too many German physiologists, notwithstanding the fresh value imparted to it by the application of the theory of evolution. Even the short article devoted to the methodizing of Angiospermous Dicotyledons had better have been omitted, as it needlessly adds one more to the numerous systems which have been only proposed to be abandoned. It is very easy to find fault with the Candollean arrangement, but very difficult to substitute a better one ; and Julius Sachs's five classes are certainly no improvement on De Candolle's three or four. The weU-known objections to the Monochlamydeae and to the Calyciflorse may be perfectly justifiable ; but they are scarcely improved by raising a portion of the former into two great primary classes, or by re- modelling the latter so as to exclude Saxifragese and include Thymeleae and Proteaceae. Various other proposed approximations or severances, the exclusion from all classes as incertce seclis of some sixteen or eighteen orders, such as Polygonese, Santalacese, Loran- thacese, Picoideae, &c., and the total omission of others, such as Connaracese, Vochysiaceas, &c., are sufficient to show that inno- vation has been attempted without that practical study of the plants themselves which could alone have justified it. These observations, however, are by no means intended as any disparagement of the whole work, but merely as a guard against the notion that there is no science in botany, except in the physiology of plants. There is one part of Sachs's book which is an illustration of a very common readiness to take at once as proved any paradox or theory opposed to general belief, when a new discovery appears to afford some plausible argument in its favour. In the article Lichens, p. 266, he adopts as an established fact Schwendener's view that Lichens are Fungi parasitical upon Algae. This reminds me of the LINNEAX SOCIETT Oh' LONDON. XXVU eagerness with which thirty years ago German botanists accepted Schleiden's theory that the pollen-tnbe constituted the nucleus of the ovary instead of acting only as its fertilizer, and that the so- called male element was reaUy the female, Endlicher at once mo- difj'ing accordingly the terminology of the Supplements of his ' Genera.' Lichens in their internal texture consist of two classes of bodies, which have received the names of Hyphae and Gonidia, va- riously intermixed or arranged in distinct layers — the outer coating of the thallus consisting exclusively of hyphae (which, indeed, make up the great mass of the thallus), the gonidia being all entirely internal. The hyphae, it is now said, are the sole constituents of the real Hcheu ; the gonidia are accessory bodies, which, although in the thaUus intimately connected with the hyphae, are in some cases, when freed from the lichen, capable of independent existence and re- production. It has been shown that these gonidia in that state are exactly similar to, and even identical with, certain free bodies hitherto classed as Algae ; therefore, it is said, all lichen -gonidia are Algae. It has been seen in a course of careful observations that the hyphae attach themselves to the gonidia they surround, and some of these lose the green matter they contained ; therefore, it is added, these hyphae which constitute the thaUus derive their nutriment from the gonidia. Moreover the spores of a lichen {Collema) have been actually and successfully sown by Bees on an alga {Nostoc), which has gradually been converted into the Collema, thus proving the parasitism of the one on the other ; therefore, again, it is con- cluded, all lichens are parasitical on Algae, — a series of conclusions founded on a very small number of facts. If RhinanthtLS is a para- site, it does not follow, and no one would contend, that all Scrophu- larineae are so. Admitting in like manuer, for argument's sake, the parasitism of the Collema, and that it may be a normal one, that does not prove the parasitism of the great mass of lichens, which, to say the least of it, must be a very singular one. A true parasite feeds and lives upon its victim, without much injury when, as in the case of the Mistletoe or of certain epiphyllous fungi, it has fastened upon a plant vigorous enough to provide food for itself and its guest, as well as to resist the evil effects of the disturbance of its system — but more frequently, as in the case of the Orohanche priiinosa in Sicilian bean-fields, or of a large proportion of parasitical fungi, to the exhaustion and final death of the victim, followed by the pre- mature end of the parasite itself, if it has not had time to go through the last necessary phases of its life by the maturation of its seeds XXVUl PROCEEDINGS OF THE or spores. Here, however, we have the supposed parasite surround- ing and enclosing its presumed victim, cutting it off from all com- munication with the outer world from which it has to derive its nutriment ; and yet we are to believe that the poor prisoner not only sustains its own life and feeds its host, but flourishes, grows, and multipHes. If the lichen feeds upon the enclosed gonidia, what do the gonidia feed upon ? If there reaUy is parasitism in the case, which is very doubtful, might it not be compared to that of Nema- todes ? and may not the gonidia be the parasites, the lichen the host ? or may not the gonidia be mere stages of existence of certain lichens falsely ascribed to Algae ? The whole question is a very curious one ; and the facts ascertained do great credit to the skill and acuteness of Schwendener and others ; but they require much more observation and study before the conclusions derived from them can be taught as an established theory*. And whatever be the result, the group of lichens is so distinct in its vegetative characters, and at the same time so extensive and varied a one, that it seems more methodical to treat it, as heretofore, as a distinct class, than to absorb it in that of fungi, notwithstanding the close affinitj^ shown by its reproductive organs. Sachs's Lehrbuch was above ten months printing ; and during that time several important works bearing on some of the questions treated of reached him, too late to be made use of. He has taken care to refer to them in his Preface ; and stUl later a considerable gap in our knowledge of the reproductive system of the higher cryp- togams has been partially filled up by the discovery of very young plants of Lycojpodium annotinum, reported by J. Pankhauser in the first pages of the * Botanische Zeitung ' for the present year. He traced these young plants to an underground prothallium, of which he found one still in a sufficiently perfect state to show a'ntheridia and traces of the archegonia. It thus became evident that Lyco- jpodia, long associated geuerically with Selaginella, and which, owing to our ignorance of their germinating process, are still allowed to remain next to that genus, are, in fact, much more nearly allied to Ophioglossese. I am happy to observe that the Edinburgh Botanical * Since writing the above I learn from Professor Dyer that Mr. Archer of Dublin lias gone through a series of very careful observations with relation to this question, and has consigned the results, accompanied by a full history of the different views entertained by the various physiologists who have written upon it, in an article now printing for the forthcoming part of the ' Monthly Mi- croscopical Journal.' LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XX] X Society has offered a premium for tlie prosecution of this interesting inquiry. With the encouragement given by that Society and our own, with our London Microscopical Societies, and with such observers as Darwin, M'l^ab, Dickson, and Dyer, and others, in general physiology, and Berkeley, Broome, Currey, Dickie, O'Meara, Ai'cher, and others in Ciyptogamic structure, we may hope that Britain may yet be allowed to distinguish herself in the study of vegetable physiology and anatomy, as she has in that of the ana- tomy of the higher and of the general history of the lower orders of animals. It was moved by Dr. Allman, seconded by Dr. Boycott, and carried unanimously, that the Thanks of the Society be given to Mr. Saunders on his retirement from the Office of Treasurer, with an expression of the Society's deep regret on losing his valuable ser\ices in that capacity. It was moved by Dr. Hooker, seconded by Mr. Grrote, and unanimously resolved, that the following Address be presented to Lady Smith on the completion of her 100th year on the 11th instant : — Deaii Lady Smith, — We, the President and Fellows of the Linuean Society of Loudon, assembled at the Anniversary Meeting on the 24th of May, 1873, beg permission most warmly and sincerely to congra- tulate Tom* Ladyship on the completion of the hundredth Anni- versary of Your Ladyship's birth, in health and in the enjoyment of all your faculties. The rare occurrence of such an event, so happily completed, gives a striking testimony of the value of a good constitution, combined with a quiet, useful, and peaceable life, and with sustained activity and intelligence of mind, in pro- longing life, and in rendering its continuance desirable. We re- joice that it has been given to the Widow of our excellent Founder and first President, to whose zeal, energy, and devo- tion we are indebted for our existence, and for the most valu- able part of our collections, to survive to so great an age, and to testify by her continued interest in the Society, and more parti- cularly by her recent present of numerous and valuable Letters, Liss. piioc.^ — Session 1872-73. c XXX PE0CEEDING3 OF TUB her respect botli for liis Memory aud for the Institution of which he was the Founder, and which, we are happy to say, still conti- nues to prosper under the guidance of his successors. That Tour Ladyship may long continue to enjoy all the bless- ings of which life is capable at your , advanced age is our most fervent wish. Signed, on behalf of the Meeting, G-EOEGE Bektham, President. To Pleasance, Lady Smith. The Secretary reported that the following Members had died since the last Anniversary, viz. : — Fellows. John Forster, Esq. Thomas C. Jerdon, Esq. Eobert Mac Andrew, Esq. Joshua SutclifFe, Esq. Friedrich "Welwitsch, M.D. Eobert Wight, M.D. Foreign Member. John Torrey, M.D. The Secretary also announced that twenty-three Fellows and one Foreign Member had been elected since the last Anniversary. At the election which subsequently took place, George Bentham, Esq., was elected President ; Daniel Hanbury, Esq., Treasurer ; and Frederick Currey, Esq., and H. T. Stainton, Esq., Secretaries. The following five Fellows were elected into the Council, in the room of others going out : — viz., Gr. J. Allman, M.D., Daniel Han- bury, Esq., St.-G-eorge J. Mivart, Esq., F. P. Pascoe, Esq., and Henry Trimen, M.B. Mr. Alfred "White, on the part of the Committee appointed to audit the Treasurer's Accounts, read the Balance-sheet, by which it appeared that the total Receipts during the past year, inclu- ding a Balance of 36197 8s. 4id. carried from the preceding year, amounted to ^1866 4s. 4i. ; and that the total Expenditure, in- cluding the purchase of ^180 Great Indian Peninsula Eailway Stock, amounted to 361469 Qs. 2d. ; leaving a Balance in the hands of the Bankers of ^396 16s. Id. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDO^S". o CO C30 ^ OQ 'J^ ft? * r-l rH r-< ~ O N C3i CO TTt (M •^ d^o'^Hooo MpqOMWpqpqo ti 00' : o o o o o CO o I «D r-l -^ CO ;D «5 (M lO 00 r-l M 05 1> i-l ^^ ^ an "§ •^ a> s e /»< OS ta m «3 >? n-i <" N O 'o t- •« ^^JS rii 6h^ a o itions Contr d tions, a g a. 5 o -^ O p. M « .3 m o fl CD CO 00 r-l ft 125 O ert srt H Is ^ O S XXXU PROCEEDINGa OF THE OBITUARY NOTICES. The Secretaries then laid before the Society the following Notices of Deceased Members. John Foester was born August 4th, 1793, at Lambeth, where his father was then practising the medical profession. He was educated at St. Paul's School, and afterwards became a student at the then United Hospitals of Guy's and St. Thomas's. He remained there an unusually long period, during which time he devoted much atten- tion to chemistry, and up to his later years he took great interest in every thing connected with that branch of science. His name will always be associated with the first practical application of the salts of strontia and baryta to theatrical purposes. He was appKed to by the managers of Astley's Theatre to provide, for a piece then about to be produced called the " Blood-Red Knight," some easier method of burning strontia than the one then in use, and he invented what is now known as " red fire." Soon after leaving the hospital Mr. Forster commenced to study botany ; but his devotion to science was unavoidably of short duration, on account of his being compelled to take upon himself the arduous duties of a general practitioner, owing to the deaths of his father and his brother. After 30 years of practice, and when he found that his eldest son (now one of the surgeons of Guy's Hospital) did not intend to join him, he retired from business ; and in 1851 he left Lambeth and thenceforth resided at Netting Hill until his death. During his pro- fessional career Mr. Forster was a frequent attendant at the meetings of the Linnean Society, and he never found any lack of occupation after leaving his profession. He became a member of the Royal Institution and a regular attendant at the lectures there. Visits to the country in search of objects for his microscope, and the study of astronomy in company with the late Sir James South, filled up the time of a naturally vigorous-minded and healthy man, to whom illness was unknown until the attack of pneumonia which carried him off, after a duration of 14 days, on the 10th of April, 1873. Mr. Forster was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 7th of December, 1819. Thomas Cavekhill Jekdon was the son of Mr. Archibald Jerdou, of Bonjedward, Roxburgh, and was born in 1811. In 1835 he linxt;ax society of london. xxxm entered the service of the Hon. East-India Company as Assistant Surgeon in the Presidency of Madras. In 1844 he published his first work on zoology, the ' Illustrations of Indian Ornithology.' Mr. Jerdon's name, however, will be best known to ornithologists by his work on the ' Birds of India,' which was published in 1862-64. This book has proved of incalculable service in promoting the study of ornithology in India. The edition was speedily sold : and it is believed that it was the author's intention to have published a second edition, incorporating all the materials that he had since collected, both by his own observations and those of others. The " Supple- mentary Notes to the Birds of India," published in ' The Ibis,' and continued down to the end of the Timaliidce, were intended to prepare the way for this second edition. 'Sir. Jerdon had special facilities granted him by the Indian Government to enable him to briiig out the ' Birds of India ; ' and in collecting the material for his work he visited the greater part of India, and also Assam and Burmah. His knowledge of birds was very great ; but he studied them not by amassing their skins, as is the usual and, perhaps, the best way, but by committing, as it were, their peculiarities to memory, with the aid of copious notes and sketches. Mr. Jerdon was elected an Honorary Member of the Zoological Society in 1864 ; and on his return to England, at his own request, he was placed on the list of Ordinary Members. He died on the 12th of June, 1872, at Upper Norwood, after a long and tedious illness, originally contracted in Assam, and which not even the change to the climate of Europe enabled him to shake off ; and by his death the science of ornithology has lost one of its most zealous supporters. Mr. Jerdon was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 21st of January, 1864. Robert Mac Andrew was born at "Wandsworth in March 1802. His father, who was a native of Elgin, in Scotland, had settled in business in London, and had married in England. The death of his father in 1821 caused Robert Mac An drew to inherit a share of his business and the accompanying occupation and responsibility early in life, in fact very soon after completing his education at Fulham. The death of a brother a few years later led to his removing to Liverpool, where he resided till 1856, engaged in commercial pursuits. He married his cousin. Miss MacAndrew, in 1829, soon after settling in Liverpool. About the year 1834, the cares of business engrossing less of his attention than before, he began to collect shells, and soon LINN. pRoc. — Session 1872-73. f XXXIV PROCEEDINGS OF TEE took a keen interest in the stndy of tlieir forms and natural history. For upwards of ten years before the attention of others was directed to his pursuits, and before he had formed the acquaintance of any of his scientific friends, he had been working steadily at his favourite science. At this period of his life he had to travel much in Spain and elsewhere on business. As his collections grew in size, he saw the desirability of obtaining specimens by other means than by merely collecting on the shore or by searching for laud- and fresh- water species, and he was one of the first to devote much time to deep-sea dredging. He first began with an open boat, then took to a sailing-boat, and subsequently fitted out two yachts, in which he cruised half the year or more, and in which way he discovered many undescribed species of MoUusca. After he had collected for about ten years, and when his discoveries began to attract some attention, he made the acquaintance of the late Professor Edward Forbes, and their friendship was most intimate during Edward Forbes's life. By him he was introduced to many conchologists and others eminent in natural history. Mr. MacAndrew attended the meetings of the British Association for many years, and was much interested in all the proceedings in Section D. He continued to collect with unceasing assiduit)'. He cruised in the British seas, Wales, Scotland, the Channels, and the deep-sea banks off" the Hebrides, Shetland, &c., and he also explored the coasts of Spain, Portugal, the Mediterranean, Norway, the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands, and the Red Sea. He was constant in his visits to the British Museum, where he was assiduous in the comparison of specimens ; and up to the last week of his life he worked in arranging and adding to his collections. Mr. MacAndrew retired from business in 1867, having, however, for many years ceased to take a very active part in commercial pursuits. As regards his scientific work he may be said to have been quite self- educated. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1853, and in 1872 the " Prix Savigny " of the French Academy for 1870 was divided between him and M. Issel, of Genoa, a gold medal being awarded to each, — to Mr. MacAndrew for his Report on the Testaceous MoUusca of the Gulf of Suez, published in the ' Annals of Natural History ' in 1870 (vol. vi. p. 429) ; to M. Issel for his work ' Malacologia del Mar Rosso,' published at Pisa in 1869. Mr. Mac- Andrew's contributions to science, contained in numerous detached papers, are extremely valuable. In the Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool are to be found papers by him on marine dredging and on the geographical distribution of Testa- LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXV ceous MoUusca in the North-east Atlantic and neighbouring seas. A report on the same Mollusca, and on the physical conditions affecting their development, was made by him to the British Association iu 1856. To the * Annals of Natural History ' Mr. MacAndrew contri- buted numerous papers on the Mollusca and other marine animals observed on the coasts of Spain, Portugal, Barbary, Malta, Southern Italy, the Canary Isles, Madeira, and elsevs^here ; and also papers on the comparative size of marine Mollusca in various latitudes of the European seas, and on the division of the European seas into pro- vLuces with reference to the distribution of marine Mollusca. In 1860 he furnished the British Association with a list of the British Marine Invertebrate Fauna. His extensive and valuable collection of shells is bequeathed to the University of Cambridge. Mr. Mac- Andrew died at his residence, Isleworth House, on the 22nd of May, 1873. He was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 6th of April, 1847. Joshua Suxcliffe, of Fir Grove, Burnley, Lancashire, was born at Halifax, in Yorkshire, on the 10th of AprU, 1812. He was admitted a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, on the 11th of May, 1835, but appears to have given up medical practice for, many years past. Mr. SutclifFe was one of the oldest Fellows of the Linnean Society, having been elected on the 6th of May, 1 834. He died on the 10th of January, 1873. Dr. John Torret was bom in New York in the year 1796, and from his earliest manhood was connected with the institutions of science and learning in that city. His contributions to botanical science commenced when he was quite young. His earliest work, published by the Lyceum of Natural History in New York, was a catalogue of plants growing spontaneously within 30 miles of that city. This work appeared in 1819, at a time when good botanizing- ground, now covered with bricks and mortar, was to be found close to New York. In 1826, Dr. Torrey published a compendium of the flora of the Northern and Middle States, containing generic and specific descriptions of all the plants, exclusive of the Cryptogamia, theretofore found in the United States north of the Potomac. Dr. Torrey then extended his investigations to the Northern States east of the Mississippi ; and in 1824 he produced a flora of the northern and middle sections of the United States, being a systematic arrangement and description of the plants then known in the United States north of /2 iXXvi FROCEEDINGS OP THK Virginia. Of this work only one volume appeared. Afterwards, in elabo- rating Dr. James's collections made in Long's expedition, Dr. Torrey opened up the botany of the Colorado Rocky Mountains ; and in 1827 the results were giren in the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History, under the title " Account of a Collection of Plants from the Eoeky Mountains and adjacent countries." In 1831 he published a Catalogue of North-American genera of plants, arranged according to the orders of Lindley's introduction to the natural system of botany, and in 1836 a monograph of North- American Gyperacece, to which is ap- pended a monograph of the North-American species of Rhynclio- spora by Dr. Asa Gray. In conjunction with Dr. Asa Gray, Dr. Torrey prepared a Flora of North America, containing descriptions of all the known indigenous and naturalized plants growing north of Mexico, the first volume of which, comprising the polypetalous division of the Dicotyledons, was published in 1838. Three parts of a second volume, ending with the Compositse, appeared between 1841 and 1843. The first volume of a work entitled ' A Flora of the State of New York,' comprising lianunculaceiV and Ericacece, was published in 1843. Besides the above works other detached papers were pub- lished by Dr. Torrey. Amongst others thei'e is in Silliman's Journal a notice of the plants collected by Douglass in 1826 round the great lakes and the upper waters of the Mississippi ; and the Proceedings of the American Association contain papers on the plants discovered by Col. Fremont in California, and on the structure and affinities of the genus Batis. In the Smithsonian Contributions (xi. 1854) Dr. Torrey published observations on Batis maritima, Linn., and ou Dnrlingtonia califcn-nica, a very curious new species of Pitcher-plant from Northern California (1850, 1854). " Plantae Fremontianae," or descriptions of plants collected by Col. Fremont in California, also appeared in the Smithsonian Contributions. It must not be for- gotten, in estimating Dr. Torrey 's labours, that although his distin- guished position in science was derived from botany, his livelihood came from chemistry, which he pursued, if not with equal devotion, yet with genuine love. In the year 1824, soon after his marriage, he accepted the Chair of Chemistry, Mineralogy, &c, at West Point ; in 1827 he was removed to that of Chemistry and Botany in the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, to which, a few years later, were added the duties of a similar chair at Princetown College. About twenty years ago he relinquished the latter, upon an urgent request from the then Secretary of the Treasury to take charge of the Assay Department in the Government Assay Office. LIXNEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. XXXVll After this He soon gave up his duties at the Medical College, but was made a trustee of Columbia College, of which the Medical School became a department, and to which he gave not only invaluable services, but also his vast botanical collections and choice library. To these useful and needful services he gave his days (his nights to botanical researches) quite to the last. Up to a few weeks before his death his light could be seen untU near midnight in the herbarium of Columbia College ; and until a few days before he died he signed, although with feeble hand, the official report of the daily work at the Assay Office, faithful to every duty and every detail to the last. He died from an attack of pneumonia on the 10th of March, 1873. Dr. Torrey was elected a Foreign Member of this Society on the 7th of May, 1839. Fkiedrich Welwitsch was born in the year 1807. He was one of a large family, his father being the owner of an extensive farm, and surveyor of a district in Carinthia, in the Austrian Empire. WTien quite a boy, Welwitsch acquired his first taste for Botany, which he carried with him to school, and used to bring home with him in the holidays the plants he had found. His father en- couraged him and helped him to make out the names of his dis- coveries b)' means of an old herbal, and an apothecary in the town where he resided also assisted him in his early botanical studies. In due course he was sent to the University of Vienna, being in- tended for the legal profession. But the irresistible tendency towards natural science drew him from the law, and he made no progress. His father in displeasure withdrew his allowance from the young student, who was then left to himself, and is said to have for a time supported himself by writing critiques on the theatres. With a view to a more congenial living, however, Welwitscli entered the Medical Faculty of the University, and at the same time pursued Botany ^vith increased assiduity. His first publication was " Observations on the Cryptogamie Flora of Lower Austria," published in the ' Beitrage zur Landeskunde' of Vienna for 1834, which obtained a prize offered by the mayor of the city. Somewhere about this period he was employed bj' the Government to report on the cholera in Savoy, and this mark of confidence reconciled his father to his change of profession. For a while Welwitsch travelled with a nobleman as tutor, and then returned to Vienna to complete his studies. In due course he graduated in Medicine, his thesis being ** A Synopsis of the Nostochmece of Lower Austria," printed in ]*3*i. XXXVUl PROCEEDINGS OF THE In 1839 Dr. "Welwitsch was commissioned by the Tnio Itineraria of Wiirtemberg, of wMch he was a member, to explore and collect the plants of the Azores and Cape-Yerd Islands. He accordingly left Vienna in the summer of that year, and came to England, whence he sailed at once for his destination. In July he arrived at Lisbon, where he found himself imavoidably detained ; and ultimately made arrangements for remaining in Portugal through the winter instead of proceeding to the Atlantic islands. In a few weeks he acquired a good knowledge of the Portuguese language, and then devoted himself to the investigation of the flora of the country. He never returned to Austria, nor, indeed, left the country of his adoption till 1853, except for short visits to Paris and London. During this period he had the care, at different times, of the Botanic Gardens of Lisbon and Coimbra, and was superintendent of the Duke of Palmella's gardens at Cintra and in Alemtejo, as weU as having the general supervision of the Duke's gardens throughout Portugal. He also explored a great part of the kingdom, and made very large collections. No less than 56,000 specimens were sent to the TJnio Itineraria for distribution, and complete series were deposited in the herbaria of the Academy of Sciences at Lisbon and at Paris. The lower plants were the objects of Dr. "Welwitsch's special study. In the neighbourhood of Lisbon, in the years 1847-52, he added 250 of the larger Fungi to those enumerated in Brotero's ' Flora ' ; and in his zeal after Algae, in which he found the Tagus very rich, he was accustomed to spend hours " up to his waist in water " day after day. In the second volume of the ' Actas ' of the Lisbon Academy (1850) he published the " Genera Phycearum Lusitanae," and other results of his work in the Cryptogamia were published in 1858 in an " Enumeration of the Musci and Hepaticae collected in Portugal in ] 842-50 by Dr. Welwitsch," by Mr. Mitten, and in " Notes on the Fungi," by the Eev. M. J. Berkeley. He himself published little else on Portuguese plants ; but his working copy of Brotero's ' Flora Lusitanica ' is filled with valuable notes and additions. Besides his botanical investigations. Dr. Welwitsch devoted considerable time to the mollusca and insects of Portugal, and formed large collections. It was in 1850 that the Government of Queen Dona Maria first resolved to explore the Portuguese possessions on the West Coast of Africa, with the double object of obtaining scientific information on the products of the country and of forwarding its material interests. The project was laid before the Cortes in that year, and received the royal assent. Dr. Welwitsch was selected to carry out the scientific LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXIX part of the scheme, and in 1851 proceeded to London to make pre- parations for his voyage. After some months spent here, during which he received most valuable advice as to botanical travelling from llobert Brown and other botanists, he returned to Lisbon ; and it was not until August 1853 that he started on his important mission, fully equipped, accredited with fuU powers by the home Government, and with complete liberty of action. How well the king had chosen was abundantly proved in the next seven years, during which Dr. "Welwitsch showed an amount of enthusiasm, perseverance, and en- durance of hardships which could scarcely be surpassed. He reached Loanda, the capital of Angola, in the beginning of October, 1853 ; and making that town the base of his operations, he at once undertook excursions in every direction, collecting plants especially, but also Hymenoptera, beetles, and other insects, as well as MoUusca and the higher animals. His attention was naturally first directed to the country near the coast, which he carefully ex- plored from the mouth of the Quizembo, a little to the north of Ambriz (about 8° S.), to the mouth of the Cuauza (about 9° 30' S.). He devoted nearly a year to the thorough investigation of this mari- time zone, and then started for the interior, following the course of the Bengo. Having reached the district of Golungo-Alto, he fixed himself at a place in its centre, about 125 miles from the coast, and situated in a mountainous region, called Sange, whence he made expeditions, often extended to great distances. Two years were spent here in arduous explorations through almost impenetrable forests, during which Dr. "Welwitsch suffered repeatedly and severely from endemic fevers, scurvy, and ulcerated legs ; but he never abandoned his work. In 1856 Dr. Welwitsch left Golungo-Alto, and travelling south- west through the district of Ambaca, which he found fixll of novelties, reached that of Pungo-Andongo in October. Of this stage of his explorations he has given a graphic sketch in the first number of Mr. Andrew Murray's ' Journal of Travel and Natural History,' in a paper on the " Black Rocks" of the district, from which it received its old name of the Presidio das Pedras negras. The annual blackening after each rainy season of these masses of gneiss, 300 to GOO feet in height, he found to be caused by the immense increase and spread downwards of a minute filamentous alga {Sc)jtonema cJwyogntjjhictim) existing in ponds at the summit. Making Pungo-Andongo a centre, he passed eight months in traversing the district in every direction, crossing the range of xl PROCEEDINeS OF THE Pedras de Guinga, the bauks of the Lombe and the Cuige, and penetrating as far as the islands of Calemba, in the Cuanza, and the immense forests which stretch from Quisonde to Condo, near the cataracts of the river Cuanza. This point, about 250 miles from the coast, was the furthest to the east which was reached. On his way back to Pungo-Andongo, Dr. Welwitsch visited the salt lakes of Quitage and the magnificent forests on the right banks of the Cuanza, and during a short stay at Pungo-Andongo explored the woods beyond the Rio Luxillo and in the direction of Cambambe. After this he returned to his old station of Golungo-Alto, and ultimately to Loanda, reaching it in August 1857. Up to this time the territory explored by Dr. Welwitsch com- prised a triangle, of which the base, of about 120 geographical miles, occupied the coast, whilst the apex was the point already mentioned at Quisonde, on the right bauk of the Cuanza. During his period of illness and forced inaction at Loanda, he corresponded with botanists ; and in June 1858 drew up a valuable record of his travels, in the form of a Mappa Phyto-geographica, or tabular view of his botanical collections. This was published at Lisbon, under the title of " Apontamentos Phyto-geographicos sobre a Flora da Provincia de Angola na Africa Equinocial," in the ' Annaes do Conselho Ultramarino ' for December 1858. From this paper we learn that he had collected and ai^anged 3227 species of plants (to which 510 were afterwards added) in Angola proper. Under each family is given the whole number of species collected, followed, in columns, by the number in each of the three regions (littoral, montane, and high tableland) into which for scientific purposes he divided the country. This is followed by lists of the cultivated plants in each family, and notes on the distribution and most characteristic species found. Many new species are fii'st mentioned or described in the appendix which concludes this concise but com- prehensive treatise. Successful as had been the scientific results of these travels, they had been attained only at the price of shattered health, and rest N^as absolutely necessary. A short trip to the district of Libongo, north of Loanda, was the only journey made till June 1859, when his health having been somewhat restored, though still suffering from fever, Dr. Welwitsch recommenced his explorations in another direction. His intention was to investigate the littoral region of Benguela and Mossamedes only ; but his travels, fortunately for science, extended over a greater extent of country. After a short LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xli time passed at Benguela, in lat. 12° .30' S., he proceeded by sea to Mossamedes (Little Fish Bay, lat. 15° S.), where the magnificent climate speedily recovered him, and he gradually extended his journeys, first along the coast as far south as Cape Negro, the port of Pinda, and the Bay of Tigers (lat. 17° S.), and afterwards, as the spring (October) approached, inland to the elevated plateau called Huilla, about 80 miles from the coast, which rises to the height of from about 5800 to 6000 feet above the sea-level. A short sketch of the vege- tation of the coast-region is given in a published letter to Dr. Hooker (Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot. vol. v. p. 182), written after Dr.Welwitsch's return to Loanda. The remarkable differences between its flora and that of the coast of Angola proper are very striking even at Benguela, and at Mossamedes an entirely new littoral vegetation appeared; here he found " a motley mixture of various floras, with a prevailing correspondence to those of Senegambia and the Cape of Good Hope. .... At a distance of a mile from the coast, however, the forms cha- racteristic of the Cape flora are lost ; the vegetation becomes with every step richer in purely tropical forms, which are especially deve- loped on the banks of the Bero, in a variety one would never have imagined in so apparently dry a coast-region." Further south this dryness becomes more and more excessive, and the flora poorer and poorer, chiefly consisting of Eupliorbice. As Cape Negro (lat. 15° 40' S.) is approached, the coast rises to form a perfectly level plateau of about 3000 or 4000 feet in height, and extending over six mUes into the country, composed of a calcareous tufa scattered over with loose sandstone shingle. The vegetation on this arid waste is scanty enough ; but it was here that Dr. Welwitsch disco- vered that remarkable plant which has rendered his name familiar to every botanist, and has formed the subject of Dr. Hooker's well- known memoir (Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxiv. 1863) — \h.QWelivitscMa mirabilis, since found in very similar country by Baines andAndersson in Damara Land, near Walvisch Bay, some 500 miles south of Cape Negro. Thg vegetation of the highlands of HuiUa, though bringing to light no such wonder as the WelwitscMa, produced quite as strong an impression on the mind of the traveller. He started from Mossamedes at the beginning of October, and following the banks of the llio Mayombo, reached Bumbo, on the slopes of the Serra de Chella, and crossing that chain at a height of about 4200 feet, found himself on the tableland at the end of the month. In a letter to Dr. Hooker he says : — " The entire appearance of the landscape, the aspect of Xlii PROCEEDINGS OF THE forest and plain, indeed the whole character of the vegetation, was at once and entirely changed, as though by magic. I fancied myself in a strange world. Every thing about me would recall the delightful outlying mountains of Switzerland, did not-niunerous Melastomacece, Apocynece, Combretacece, &c. remind me of the tropics." Over 2000 species were collected in the province of Benguela by Dr. Welwitsch, whose investigations in this attractive country were put an end to by a native war ; and Dr. Welwitsch recrossed the Serra de CheUa, and returned to Mossamedes and Loanda, whence, suifering with fever and dysentery, he embarked for Lisbon with his immense collections, arriving in the Tagus in January 1861. His herbarium is undoubtedly the best and most extensive ever collected in Tropical Africa, whether we look to the intrinsic interest of the plants themselves, the care and judgment displayed in their selection and preservation, or the extent of the collection both in number of species and series of specimens. The botanists who have had the opportunity of working with Dr. Welwitsch's materials uni- versally bear witness to their completeness and excellent conservation; added to which he was in the habit of (in most cases) carefully describing their essential characters when gathered, so that his tickets convey an amount of information scarcely ever to be found in such collections. After his return to Portugal, he commenced the more critical examination of his African herbarium ; but, in the absence of collec- tions, books, and qualified men in Lisbon, little could be done towards naming and arranging them. It was absolutely necessary to proceed to one of the great scientific centres, and London was selected. After a visit to the International Exhibition of 1862, Dr. "Welwitsch returned to Lisbon, and commenced the removal of the greater part of his collections, with which, in the next year (1863), he arrived in London, the Portuguese Government having arranged that for the superintendence of the work of examining, naming, and publishing the plants, and to defray the attendant ex- penses, Dr. Welwitsch should receive a regular grant which he con- sidered sufficient. He at once set to his work, and also entered into various arrange- ments with societies and individuals for engraving plates and pub- lishing descriptions ; but hardly had two years passed when, to use his own words in the instructions to his executors, " a false and calumnious attack was made upon me in the Portuguese House of Parliament. Some one asserted that I was selling the Angolan col- LnwBAN SOCIETY OF Loin)ON. xliii lections and living in splendour on the proceeds; " and " ■without the slightest inquiry, and in the absence not only of aU proof, but of any attempt to procure proof, on the mere ipse dixit of a reckless accuser, I was condemned unheard ; and the first and last intimation that I received of the matter from them was a curt notice, that did not reach me till six months after the attack, that my subsidium had been cut ofi'. . . . I have been left to proceed with my work in London without the slightest allowance or remuneration, and have had to pay out of my own means the expenses of my various publications, to which, on the faith of my promised subsidium, I had committed myself; and when I have sent to the Portuguese Government copies of my works, I have never been gratified by the smallest expression of approval, or with any recognition of my self-sacrifice and devotion." It is only proper to put these facts on record, as they afibrd a clue to much of Dr. "Welwitsch's conduct and character during the last few years of his life in London. Not that he ever withdrew his hand from his work. He worked at his collections without intermission from early morning till late at night, in spite of frequent fevers and other reminders of his tropical life, and was indefatigable in making himself acquainted with all that was published in botanical and entomological science, and naming and arranging his collections in accordance ; but he felt deeply the unworthy conduct of the Govern- ment of the country in whose service he had sacrificed the best part of his life, and he became suspicious and averse to society. With the exception of a visit to Paris in 1867, in connexion with the Exhibition there, he lived constantly in London, alone and absorbed in his work, in spite of ill-health sufiicient to have caused most men to seek rest and quiet. It was not, however, tUl the summer of 1872 that there was any reason for anxiety. A fire at that time in the house where he lodged, and the narrow escape of his collections, which were scorched and blackened by the smoke, produced a severe nervous shock, and soon after he became seriously ill. It soon be- came evident that his disease was a fatal one ; nevertheless he con- tinued to work, and the singular strength of his constitution was exceedingly striking ; but at last he was obliged to give up, and after a painful illness of about six weeks, during which he was cheered by the visits of some of his London botanical friends, he died on the evening of the 20th October. The funeral at Kensal Green on the 24th was attended by a number of scientific men and a representative of Portugal. xliv PROCEEMJfGS OF THE. Besides the memoirs and papers already mentioned on African. Botany, Dr. Welwitsch, since his residence in London, published several others, the most important of -which is the " Sertum Ango- lense " in the Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxvii. (1869), with twenty-five plates by Pitch. There are also two papers in the Journal of the Liunean Society (Botany), " On a remarkable Species of C?ssits from the south of Ben- guela," &c. (viii. p. 65), and "Observations on the Origin and Geogra- phical Distribution of Gixm Copal in Angola " (ix. p. 287), and a paper on African Lorantliacecn in the ' Gardeners' Chronicle ' for July 1st, 1871. In conjunction with Mr. Currey he published the first part of '*■ Fungi Angolenses" (Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxvi. p. 279), containing a number of new species ; and his collections have been the foundation of several monographs and memoirs by various authors. Dr. Welwitsch was elected an Associate of the Linnean Society on the 2nd of December 1858, and a Fellow on the 4th of May 1865. Robert Wight, the twelfth child in a family of fourteen, was born at Milton, Duncra HUl, East Lothian, on July 6, 1796, his father being a Writer to the Signet in Edinburgh. He was educated at the High School of Edinburgh, received a surgeon's diploma in 1816, and took his degree in medicine at the University in 1818. After making several voyages as surgeon to a ship, one of which was to America, he obtained an appointment in the East-India Company's medical service, and went out to Madras in 1819. He joined the 42nd N. I., of which his brother James was subsequently colonel, then stationed in the Northern Division. A few years later, in 1826, Dr. Wight was appointed to succeed Dr. Shutcr as "Naturalist" at Madras ; and whilst occupying that important position he formed extensive collections in the difi'erent departments of natural history, and made a prolonged tour of investigation in the southern produces, the outline of which is marked in the map of India pubKshed in Wallich's ' Plantse Asiaticse rariores.' In 1828 Dr. Wight was appointed garrison-surgeon at Negapatam, where for two years and a half he was engaged in medical duties ; but his botanical ardour was not diminished. He diligently explored the province of Tanjore ; and at Negapatam a large collection of plants was made. He exemplified great generosity in the formation of his collections, numerous duplicates being provided when possible, often at the cost of much trouble and expense to himself, for subsequent distribution to other botanists. Special acknowledgment of his LIXNEAX SOCIETY 05 LONDOX. xlv liberality is made in the * Musee Botanique de Delessert,' p. 142. This earlier extensive herbarium he afterwards took to the East-Iudia Company's Museum, Leadenhall Street, and the numerous duplicates were distributed by himself, in 1832 and 1833, along with Dr.Wal- lich's collection, to various bodies in Britain and Europe interested in the promotion of science. The details of this collection, of which a lithographed catalogue, comprising 2400 species, was issued in 1833, are enumerated in the ' Prodromus ' of Wight and Arnott, and many of the specimens are described in that work. It was at Negapatam that Dr. Wight formed the wish of publishing an illustrated work on Indian plants, similar to Sowerby's ' English Botany.' Many of the figures and descriptions made on the spot were published in 1830-32 by Sir W. Hooker in the ' Botanical Miscellany,' vols. ii. and iii., and in the companion to the ' Botanical Magazine,' under the head of " Illustrations of Indian Botany, particularly of the Southern Parts of the Peninsula " ; but the pubKcation in this form ceased on account of the expense. Dr. Wight obtained leave to return to England on sick certificate in 1831, when suffering from the effects of jungle-fever ; but he still kept up in India his private establishment of plant-collectors and a draughtsman. During this furlough of three years he lived chiefly in Edinburgh, and, in conjunction with the late Dr.G. A. Walker- Arnott, prepared the ' Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae OrientaHs,' con- taining descriptions of the plants found in the peninsula of British India, arranged according to the Natural System, a work highly praised by Drs. Hooker and Thomson in the introduction to their ' Flora Indica.' One volume only was published, the work having been interrupted by Dr. Wight's return to India in 1834, when he was appointed to the 33rd regiment N. I, at BaUary, of which he continued in medical charge for three years. Early in 1836 Dr. Wight was removed from military duty, and employed in the Eevenue Department to inquire and report on the cultivation of cotton, tobacco, senna, and generally of all Indian products, an appointment involving a large amount of correspondence with district officers, and also a careful personal observation of many points not detailed in reports. The results of the experimental farm at Coimbatore, which Dr. Wight superintended from 1842 to 1850, are summarized in Royle's work on the ' Culture and Commerce of Cotton in India.' His reports and correspondence on this subject are very voluminous, and his protracted exertions in the experimental farm yielded a store of xlvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE valuable facts and observations, which have had an important bearing on the progress of this great industry. In 1838 the 'Illustrations of Indian Botany' was commenced, and simultaneously its companion, the ' Icones Plantarum Indise Orientalis.' The ' Illustrations ' comprise a series of memoirs on the Natural Orders, full of important information with regard to species, and valuable notes on their affinities : the work commenced as soon as the names of 100 subscribers were recorded ; it terminated with the end of the second volume and 182nd plate, in 1850. In the ' Icones ' the letterpress usually contains only the description of the species, though in the later volumes occasional general details are given, especially in those Natural Orders which are not included in the ' Illustrations.' The plates of the ' Icones ' are uncoloured, and amount to 2101, a surprising number to have been completed in fifteen years. The Government of Madras subscribed for fifty copies of both works, otherwise they could not have been completed. Dr. Wight remained at Coimbatore till March 1853, when he finally retired from the public service. On the occasion of his leaving India there was a great gathering of his friends and admirers in Madras, and a valedictory address was presented to him by the committee of the Agri-Horticultural Society. After his return to England, increasing deafness and failing health appear to have prevented him from resuming descriptive botany. In 1853 he purchased the estate of Grazeley Lodge, near Reading, where he entered on agricultural pursuits with great zeal and success. His farm of 66 acres was much improved by his skilful treatment, and in 1860 he delivered a spirited address to the Farmers' Club at Reading. In 1861 and 1862 Dr. Wight wrote a series of articles in the • Gardeners' Chronicle,' on the subject of cotton -farming, explanatory of the American and East-Indian methods, with suggestions for their improvement. To conduct the great works by which Wight's name will ever be remembered required, in a tropical climate, qualities of no ordinary stamp. In addition to an extensive knowledge of botany, Wight possessed extraordinary industry, with great physical power of en- durance ; difficulties did not easily thwart him, and he laboured steadily from early morning till late at night with few intermissions. At one time he had about twenty natives employed in a large room of his house, colouring the plates for his ' Illustrations ' and mixing their own colours. Of these, two were specially esteemed by their kind master — Rungia and Govindoo. The former prepared the LINIfEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. plates for the first three volumes of the * Icones ' ; and of Go^feiae^t, j t* Dr. Wight writes as follows : — " I have dedicated it (* Govindooia ') to the artist whose facile pencil produced the drawings for the greater part of the plates of the last three volumes of this work, and whose skill in analytical delineation is, I helieve, as yet quite unrivalled among his countrymen and, but for his imperfect knowledge of per- spective, rarely excelled by European artists " (' Icones,' vi. 34). Dr. "Wight was in the habit of recording meteorological phenomena in the diary which he kept during all his wanderings. He was in con- stant communication with the leading European botanists, and on terms of warm friendship with Brown, Royle, Liudley, the Hookers, Wallich, and others. Allusion has already been made to his great liberality in collecting and distributing duplicates for botanical friends ; and good evidence is afi'orded of his public spirit and ardent love of his favourite science by his incumng heavy pecuniary risk in the publication of costly illustrated works, which have been now long out of print. Dr.Wight was married, in 1838, to a daughter of L. G. Ford, Esq., of the Medical Board, Madras, and is survived by his widow, four sons, and a daughter. In private life Dr. Wight was a man of great generosity and cordiality. Throughout his career he was most liberal and kind in communicating information and rendering assistance to young students of his favourite science ; he thereby endeared himself to many as a fast and firm friend. When failing health precluded him from working, he was always eager to help any who wished to avail themselves of the use of his herbarium, and was more anxious for the promotion of botany than for his own celebrity in connexion with it. The first serious symptoms of illness appeared in April 1869, and he passed away without suffering on the 26th of May, 1872, at Grazeley Lodge, near Reading. When in the future it falls to the lot of some historian to sketch the history and progress of Indian Botany, there will be few names worthy of being placed in the same rank with Robert Wight. Dr. Wight was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 17th of January, 1832. xlviii PROCEEDINGS) OF THE June 5tli, 1873. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. The President nominated George Busk, Esq., J. D. Hooker, M.D., John Miers, Esq., and W. W. Saunders, Esq., Vice-Presi- dents for the ensuing year. Frederick Hovenden, Esq., John Ellor Taylor, Esq., and F. Buchanan White, M.D., were elected Eellows. Dr. Prior, F.L.S., exhibited a mallet and ball used at Mont- pellier in the ancient game of" Jeu de Mail ; " the handle of the mallet made of Celiis australis (Micocoulier), the head of Quercus Ilex. The following paper was read, viz. : — " On the Lecythidace*," by John Miers, Esq., F.E.S.,V.P.L.S., &c. June 19th, 1873. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. John Kinton Bond, Esq., B.A., John C. Bowring, Esq., Thomas E. Cheeseman, Esq., and William Saville Kent, Esq., were elected Fellows. Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S., exhibited an extensive series of photo- graphic views, taken in the Botanic Garden, Adelaide, and pre- sented to the Kew Museum by the South Australian Government. Mr. Daniel Hanbury, F.L.S., exhibited a plant of Amomum Melegueta, Eoscoe (" Grains of Paradise ") which had borne fruit in his garden at Clapham. The fruit diflered considerably, both in form and colour, from that figured iu Koscoe's ' Scitamineae.' The President exhibited, on the part of Mr. G. C. Joad, F.L.S., plants of Medicago trihuloides, Lam., from Algeria, in which some of the fruits had been singularly modified by the action of a species of Smut ( Ustilago). LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlix The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " On the Development of the Gynoeeiuin of, and the Method of Impregnation in, Primula vulgaris, Huds.," by Prof. P. Martin Duncan, M.B., F.E.S., &c. Communicated by Dr. Hooker, F.L.S., V.P.L.S., &c. 2. " On the Subalpine Vegetation of Kilima Njaro, E. Africa," by J. D. Hooker, M.D., C.B., V.P.L.S., &c. 3. " On the JVIariue Algse of Barbadoes," by G-eorge Dickie, M.D., F.L.S., &c. 4. " Contributions towards a Knowledge of the Curculionidae, Part. IV.," by P. P. Pascoe, Esq., P.L.S. The following is the detailed enumeration of the Biological Papers contained in the Transactions, Proceedings, and Journals received since the last Report, and of the separate works added to the Library : — Mammalia and General Zoology : — H. Allen. On the appendicular skeleton of Vertebrates. Proc. Acad. iS'at. Sc. Philadelphia, 1872. J. Anderson. Notes on Rhinoceros sumatrensis, Guv. — On the external characters of Macacus brunneus, woodcuts and 1 plate. — A supposed new Monkey from the Sunderbunds. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, and separate copies presented by the author. C. J. van Beneden. On the milk-teeth of Otana pusilla. Bull. Acad. Sc. Brussels, Ser, 2, xxxi. C. Bert. Measurements of a young Gorilla. Mem. Soc. Sc. Phys. Nat. Bordeaux, vii. 1. W. T. Blanford. Zoology of the eastern and northern frontiers of Sikkim. Jouru. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1872. E. Blyth. On the Asiatic species of two-horned Rhinoceros. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x. E. J. Bonsdorff. Comparison of the Os coracoideum of birds with the clavicula of Mammalia. Proc. R. Swed. Acad. Stockholm, xxvi. J. Brandt. A new classification of Balcenoida. BuU. Acad. Imp, Sc. Petersburg, Ser. 7, xvii. V. Brooke. On Hydrajjotes inermis, woodcut. — A new Gazelle from LINN. PROC. — Session 1872-73. g 1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Eastern Africa, 1 plate. — On the Royal Antelope and allied species, 1 plate. — A new Antelope, Nanotragus tragulus, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. G. Burmeister. Comparative description of the skeletons of Olyptodon and ScJiizopleura, 6 plates. Ann. Mus. Publ. Buenos Ayres, ii. H. Burmeister. On my so-called Glohiocephalus G-rayi. — On Balcenoptera patachonica, and P. intermedia. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, X. E. Charlier. Observations on animal teratology, 2 plates. Mem. Soc. E. Sc. Liege, Ser. 2, iii. J. Chatin. On the myology of HycemoscTius, 3 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 4, x. J. W. Clarke. On the visceral anatomy of the Hippopotamus, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. J. G. Cooper. Recent additions to the fauna of California. — Geograjjhieal distribution of the fauna of California. Proc. Acad. Sc. California, iv. E. Coues. Notes on the Natural History of Fort Macon and its vicinity. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc, Philadelphia, 1871. W. H. Dale. New Cetacea from the coast of California. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, xi. G. E. Dobson. On the osteology of Trimnops persic^is, 1 plate. — On the osteology of some species of Bats. — Five new species of Rhinolophine Bats. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1872. — On the Asiatic species of Tapliozous, GeoiFr. — On some species of Cheiroptera collected by W. Theobald in Burma. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1872. D. G. Elliott. On Felis pardinoides, J. E. Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. P. Fischer. Documents relating to the history of Balcena biscay- ensis. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. ser. 5, xv. L. J. Fitzinger. The natural family of Dasypoda. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ixiv. — The natural family of Manes. Ibid. Ixv. W. H. Flower. On recent ziphioid Whales ; with a description of the skeleton of Berardius Arnouxi, 3 plates. Trans. Zool. Soc. viii. — On the anatomy of Nmidinia hinotata. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. A. H. Garrod. On the placenta of the Hippopotamus. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. T. G. Gentry. On a hybrid Macacus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Philadelphia, 1872. UNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. li P. Gervais, On the cerebral forms in living and fossil Carnivora, 3 plates. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Paris, vi. — On the anatomy of Balae- nida. Ibid. vii. B. Gilpin. On the Mammalia of Nova Scotia. Trans. Nov. Scot. Instit. Halifax, iii. J. E. Gray. Catalogue of Cetacea inhabiting or visiting the seas surrounding the British Islands. Presented by the Author. — A new- Tapir from Ecuador, 2 plates. — A young Tapir from the Peruvian Amazons, 1 plate. — Sea-bears of New Zealand and Australia, wood- cuts.— Description of the younger skull of Eumetopias Stclleri, wood- cuts.— On Arctocephalus cinereus, and Gypsojphoca. — On Projnthecus, Indris and other Lemurs, 3 plates and woodcuts. — On Fossa Daubea- tonii, 1 plate, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. — A new Propithecus and the Fossane from Madagascar. — On the double-horned Asiatic Rhinoceros {Ceratorliinus). — On the Guemul. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, X. — On Berardius and other ziphioid Whales. — On the Guemul of Patagonia, two communications. — On the geographical distribution, migrations, &g. of Whales and Dolphins, — Notes on the Whales and Dolphins of the New Zealand seas. — On the dentition of Rhinoceros. On Pigs and their skulls, and on a new species. Ibid. xi. E. M. H. Holdsworth. A new Cetacean from the West coast of Ceylon. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. W. H. Hudson. On the habits of the Vizcacha {Lagostomus tri- diodactylus). Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. J. Hutton. On the Bats of the North-western Himalayas. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. J. Hyrtl. On the renal basin in Mammalia and Man, 7 plates. Trans. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, xxxi. — Jobert. Comparative anatomy of the organs of feeling in divers Mammalia, Birds, Fishes, and Insects, 8 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xvi. J. E. H. Kinberg. On arctic Phocacese. — On some bones found in the neighbourhood of Hastefjord. — Various osteological papers. Proc. R. Swed. Acad. Sc. Stockholm, xxvi. J. Kolazy. Contribution to the life-history of the Sea-hog (Cavia Cobaya, L.). Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxii. J. KoUmann. On the structure of Elephants' teeth, 1 plate. Trans. R. Bavar. Acad. Sc. Munich, xi. W. Kowalewsky. Osteology of the Hyopotamidae. Proc. R. Soc. xxi. A. Maealister. Myology of the Cheiroptera, 4 plates. Phil. Trans. lii , PROCEEDINGS OF THE R. Soc. clxii. — Myology of Sarcophilus ursinus. — Anatomy of the Derriah (Cynocephalus hamadryas). — Muscular anatomy of the Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x. — IS^otes on the broad-headed Wombat (Phascolomys latifrons), woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. A. W. Malm. The Cetacea of the Swedish Museums in 1869, 6 plates. Trans. R. Swed. Acad. Sc. Stockholm, ix. C. Martins. Comparison of the pelvic and thoracic limbs in Man and animals (from Diet. Encycl. Sc. Medic). Presented by the Author. A. Milne-Edwards. A new Semnopithecus from Cochinehina, 1 plate. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Paris, vi. — A new Tatou {Scleropleura Bruneti), 1 plate. Ibid. vii. — The embryology and physiological affinities of Lemuridae. — The Melanesian variety of Mus decumanus. — The conformation of the placenta in Tamandua tetradactyla, 1 plate. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. ser. 5, xv. — A new Armadillo with incomplete shield (Scleropleura Bruneti). Ibid. xvi. A. Milne-Edwards and A. Grandidier. A new insectivorous Mammifer from Madagascar. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xv. St. G. Mivart. Man and Ape, 1 plate, woodcuts. Pop. Sci. Review, xii. J. Murie. On the form and structure of the Manatee (Manatus americanus), 10 plates, — On the organization of the Caaing Whales {Globiocephalus melas, Traill), 9 plates. Trans. Zool. Soc. viii. — On the Indian Wild Dog, woodcuts. — On the Macaques, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. W. C. H. Peters. On a collection of small Mammalia made by Monteiro in Angola. Proc, Zool. Soc. 1872. — On the species of the Cheiropterous genus Megaderma. — On the Bats belonging to the Mormopes group. — On some new Bats. — On Vespertilio calcaratus, a new genus of Bats. Proc. (Monatsber.) R. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1872. R. A. Philippi. On Felis guina, MoUn. and others, 2 plates. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxix. R. Redtel. On the nasal process of Rhinolophus hippocrepis, 1 plate. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxiii. A. Rosenberg. On the development of the skeleton of the ex- tremities in some Vertebrata, characterized by the reduction of their muscles, 3 plates, Zeitschr. wissensch. Zool, xxiii. A. Sanson. A hybrid of the Hare and Rabbit, 1 plate. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xv. E. M. Scammon. A new species of Balcenoptera. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, ^^^^'^'^i^-^P D ( J. ISchobl. The external ear of the Hedgelmg, 1 plate, .^^jkhiv '-^P mikrosk. Anat. viii. Ij fn^DAT^x P. L. Sclater, Revised List of the Vertet^te Aniliraftr«i-Aiiir\ \ gardens of the Zoological Society. Presented EKthe Sociel; Quadrumana found north of Panama, 2 plates.-^n '^uadrumana collected by Mr. Buckley in Ecuador, 1 plate. — Additions to the Menagerie of the Zoological Society, several communications, 10 plates. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. — On Propiihecus bicolor and Rhinoce- ros lasiotis. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x. — On Cervus cMlensis and C. ontisiensis. Ibid. xi. H. G. Seeley. On the origin of the vertebrate skeleton. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x. F. Stoliczka. Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1872. E. Swinhoe. Chinese Mammals observed near Ningpo. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. F. H. Troschel. Report on the contributions to the Natural History of Mammalia for 1871. Wiegm. Archiv. xxxviii. — ■ Turner. On the occurrence of Ziphius curvirostris in the Shetland seas, and a comparison of its skuU with that of Mesoplodon Sowerbyi, 2 plates. Trans. R. Soe. Edinburgh, xxvi. Zoological Record for 1871, pt. 1 & 2 (1873). Zoologist, July 1872 to June 1873. Ornithology : — J. Anderson. Notes on the raptorial Birds of India : two com- munications. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. V. Ball. Notes on a collection of Birds made in the Andaman Islands by G. E. Dobson. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1872. W. T. Blanford. Zoology of the eastern and northern frontiers of Sikkim. — Birds from Sikkim, 2 plates. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1872. W. E. Brooks. Notes on the Ornithology of Cashmir. — A new Meguloides. — Two undescribed Cashmir Birds. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1872. H. Buckley. New or rare Birds' Eggs. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. H. Burmeister. Synopsis of Lamollirostres of the Argentine Republic. ^Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. J. G. Cooper. Recent additions to, and geographical distribution of, the fauna of California. Proc. Acad. Sc. California, iv. E. Cones. Notes on the Natural History of Fort Macon and its liv rBOCEEDINGS OF THE vicinity. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1871.— The Yellow- headed Blackbird, woodcut. — Bullock's Oriole, woodcut. — The Long- crested Jay, woodcut. Amer. Naturalist, 1871. — Studies of the Tyrannidse. — Materials for a Monograph of Spheniscidae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1872. A. David. Catalogue of Chinese Birds. Nouv. Archiv. Mus* Paris, vii. — A new Paradoxornis. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x. 0. Pinseh. On a collection of Birds from the coast of the Chino- Japanese seas. — On tlie Birds collected in Australia by Fr. Amelia Dietrich. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxii. — On Ogden's Synopsis of the genus Chettusia. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1872. A, H. Garrod. On the mechanism of the gizzard in Birds, wood- cuts.— On the anatomy of the Huia bird, Hetercdoclia GouJdi, wood- cuts.— On the tongue of Nestor. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. A. H. Garrod and F. Darwin. On an Ostrich lately living in the gardens of the Zoological Society, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, H. H. Godwin-Austen. Third list of Birds of Khasi and Garo hill-ranges. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1872. J. Gould. Two new Birds. — ^Three new Humming-birds. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x. W. H, Gregg. Catalogue of the Birds of Chemung County. Proc. Acad. Sc. Elmira, i. G. Gulliver. On the oesophagus of the Pied HornbiU (Toccus mela- noleucus). Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. A. Giinther. On a deformed example of Gariama cHstata, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, x. G. Hartlaub. Report on the contributions to the natural history of Birds during 1871. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxviii. G. Hartlaub and 0. Finsch. Fourth collection of Birds from the Pellew and Mackenzie Islands. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. E, W. H. Holdsworth. Catalogue of Birds found in Ceylon, 4 plates. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. W. H. Hudson. On the Birds of the Rio Negro of Patagonia, 1 plate. — On the habits of the Swallows of the Argentine Republic. — On the habits of the Churinche {Pyrocejjlialus ruhineus). — On the Swallows of Buenos Ayres. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. H. Jouan. On the Birds of Lower Cochinchina. Mem. Soc. Sc. Nat. Cherbourg, xvi. G. N. Lawrence. New Birds of the families Troglodytidae and Tyrannida). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1871. — New Birds from Mexico, Central America, and South America. — Three new LnrarEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Iv American Birds. — New Birds of the genera Ictei'us and SynaUaxis. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, x. A. J. Lee. On the sense of sight in Birds. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, X. — Marey. On the flight of Birds and Insects. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xv. E. S. Morse. On the tarsus and carpus of Birds, 2 plates. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, x. E. Mulsant and J. Verreaux. New Humming-Birds. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyons, xviii. J. Murie. On the skeleton of Todus, 1 plate. — On the cranial appendages and wattles of the Horned Tragopan, 2 plates. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. A. Newton. On certain species of Falconidae, Tetraonidae, and Anatidse. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1871. A. Ogden. Synopsis of the genus Chettusia. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. PhUadelphia, 1871. W. K. Parker. On the development of the skull in the Crow, 3 plates. Monthl. Microscop. Journ. viii. ; — in the Tit and Sparrow- hawk, 3 plates ; — in Turdus, 3 plates. Ibid. ix. A. V. Pelzeln. On a Collection of Birds from the Aru Islands and the Moluccas. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxii. — Salvadori. Note on Garrulits Lidiliii ; — on Fmujilla citri- , nella. Atti (8vo) Acad. Sc. Turin, vii. H. Saunders. A new green Woodpecker from South Europe. — Occurrence o£ Faho harbarus and Cypselus ;pallidus in Europe. — On Anser cdhatics. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. A. V. Schklarewsky. On the cerebellum and canales semicirculares of Birds. — On the arrangement of the ganglia of the heart in Birds. Proc. (Nachr.) R. Soc. Sc. Gottingen, 1872. P. L. Sclater. On Kaup's Cassowary, Casiiarius Kaujol, and other species of the genus, 1 plate. — Additions to the Menagerie of the Zoological Society, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. J. E. Semper. Birds of Santa Lucia. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. E. B. Sharpe. Bii'ds of Madagascar, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. — New Birds in the national collection. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x. — On the Peregrine Falcon from Sardinia. — On the same from the Magellan Straits. — On a new Turkey- Vulture from the Falk- land Islands, and a new genus of Old-World Vultures. Ibid. xi. F. Stoliczka. Birds inhabiting Kachh. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1872. ■Ivi TROCEE DINGS OF TILE C. J. Sundevall. The Birds of the islaad of St. Barthelemy from the coUectious of Dr, von Goes. — The Birds of Porto Eico from the collections of Herr Hjalmarson. — Synopsis of the genera Dendroeca and Certhiola. Proc. R. Swed. Acad. Sc. Stockholm, xxvi. B,. Swinhoe. Two new Pheasants and a new Garndcuv from China. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. — A new Nettaptis (Cotton-Teal) from the river Yangtse in China. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, xi. J. Verreaux, Note on the new Birds collected by A. David in East Thibet, 1 plate. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Paris, vi. — On the Birds collected by A. David in China. Ibid. vii. Vise. Waldeu. List of the Birds known to inhabit the island of Celebes ; with an Appendix, 10 plates. Trans. Zool. Soc. viii. — On a new Timatus from eastern India. — Two new Birds from the Philippine Islands. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x. J. B. V. Wiekevoort-Crommelin. Notes on some Ducks observed in HoUand, supposed to be hybrids. Archiv. Neerl. vii. Ibis. Ser. 3, ii. Nos. 7 & 8, & iii. Nos. 9 & 10. Ichthyology : — R. Beavan. Two imperfectly known Cyprinoid Fishes from the Punjaub, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, E. Bleeker. On the genus Moronopsls, Gill. Archiv. Neerl. vii. — Carbonnier. On the reproduction and development of the Telescope fish of China (from the Comptes Bendus). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser, 4, xi, E, D. Cope. Fishes of the Ambyiacu river. Proc. Acad, Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1871. E. Coues, Notes on the natural history of Fort Macon and its vicinity. Proc. Acad, Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1871. G. B. Crivelli and L, Maggi. The organs of reproduction in Eels. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxviii, C Dareste. On the natural affinities of the Balistidse. Ann. Nat. Hist, Ser. 4, x, F. Day. Monograph of Indian Cyprinidse. — On Fish collected by Dr. Stoliczka in Kachh. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1872 ; and separate copy of the first presented by the Author, B. Dybowski, On the Fish-fauna of the Amur territory. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxii, T. Gill, On the homologies of the shoulder-girdle of the Dip- noans and other fishes. Ann, Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, xi. — On Coitus (jrcerilandicus, Fabr. Proc. Acad, Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1872. LINNEATI SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ivii 0. Grimm. On the organs of hearing in the Sturgeon. Proc. (Nachr.) R. Soc. So. Gottingen, 1872. G. Gulliver. On the size of the red corpuscles of the blood of 8almonidae. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. A. Giinther. Nannostomus, a new genus of Characinoid fishes from Demerara. — On a drawing of Barhus Beavani, woodcuts. Proc. Zool Soc. 1872. — Two new Fishes from Tasmania. — On some Fishes from the Philippine islands. — New Reptiles and Fishes collected by J. Brenchley. — On Psammoperca and Cnedon. — On a large siluroid from the Upper Amazon. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, X. — A Ganoid Fish {Ceratodus) from Queensland, 1 plate, Pop. Sc. Review, xi. W. Houghton. On the Silurus and Glanis of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, xi. M. N. Joly. On the metamorphosis of osseous Fishes, especially of the genus Macropoda (from the Comptes Rendus). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x. J. J. Kaup. On the family Triglidae. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxix. C. B. Klunzinger. Fish-fauna of South Australia, 1 plate. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxviii. J. M'^Coy. A new Australian species of Thyrs'ites. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, xi. A. W. Malm. Three fishes new to the Scandinavian fauna. Proc. R. Swed. Acad. Stockholm, xxvii. P. E. W. Oberg. Acantholabnis Couchi, Cuv., a fish new to Scandinavia. Proc. R. Swed. Acad. Stockholm, xxvii. J. (Ellacher. On the development of osseous fishes ; from obser- vations on the eggs of the Trout, 2 plates. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxii. ; second paper, 4 plates. Ibid, xxiii. P. Panceri. On certain appendages to the branchiae of Ce- pJmloptera Giorna. Proc. R. Acad. Sc. Naples, 1867. — On the abundance of the Lepidopus in the markets of Naples. Ibid. 1868. W. K. Parker. On the development of the face of the Sturgeon. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. ix. W. C. H. Peters. Scomhracottus, a new genus of fishes of the family of Cataphracti from Vancouver's Island. Proc. (Monatsber.) R. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1872. F. Poey. Fishes of Cuba of the family Percidse and of the sub- family Spariui, 3 plates. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, x. T. W. Putnam. Synopsis of the family Heteropygii. Ann. Rep. Iviii PR0CEEDIKG3 OF THE Peabody Acad. Sc. Salem, 1871. — The blind fishes of the Mammoth Cave, 2 plates. Ibid. 1872. S. Robin. Eeport on Dnfosse's Memoir on the noises produced by European Fishes (from the Comptes Eendus). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, X. A, Schneider. On the developmental history of Petromyzon (from Trans. Upper Hess. Soc. jS'at. and Med.). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, xi. H. S. Thomas. Report on pisciculture in South Canara, 1870. Presented by the Author. Eeptiies AifD Baxrachia : — J. Anderson. On Manouria and Scnpia, two genera of Land- tortoises, woodcuts. — On some Persian, Himalayan, and other rep- tiles, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872 ; and separate copies of the papers presented by the Author. — On Tnonyx giganteus. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x. P. Bocourt. New Saurians from South America. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Paris, vi. — Some new Gerrhonotes from Mexico and Central America. Ibid. vii. E. Brandt. On the ductus caroticus of the Alligator lucius sive mississijoensis. Bull. Acad. Imp. Sc. Petersburg, xvii. 0. Cartier. Studies on the finer structure of the skin of Eeptiies, 2 plates. Trans. Phys. Med. Soc. "VViirzburg, Ser. 2, iii. J. J. Cooper. Geographical distribution of the fauna of Cali- fornia. Proc. Acad. Sc. California, iv. E. D. Cope. Herpetology of tropical America. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1871. A. Duges. A new Axolotl, 1 plate. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, XV. Th, Einer. Eesearches on the eggs of Eeptiies. Archiv mikrosk. Anat. viii. J. Fayrer. The Thanatophidia of India ; a description of the venomous Snakes of the Indian Peninsula, folio, 31 plates. Pre- sented by the Author. J. V. Fischer. Staurotypus marmoratus, a new species, 1 plate. Wiegm, Archiv, xxxviii. A. Grandidier. New Eeptiies from Madagascar. Ann. Sc. Nat., Zool. Ser. 5, xv. J. E. Gray. Catalogue of Shield-Eeptiles in the British Museum, with a Supplement and woodcuts. Presented by the Author. — On the genus Glielymys and its alHes from Australia, 3 plates, woodcuts. LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. Kx • — A new Land- tortoise from Celebes. — On Act'memys marmorata. Lord, from British Columbia. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. — On Emys nigra from Upper California. On the genera Manouria and Scapia. — On the Mud-tortoises of India.' — On Sj^cdulemys Lasalce, a new genus of Hydraspidae from Eio Janeiro. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x. — Additional note on Spatulemys Lasalce. — On the bones of the sternum of Chelonians, 3 plates.' — Observations on Chelonians. — Notes on Tortoises. — On a Freshwater Tortoise from Borneo. Ibid, xi. J. B. Greene. The poisonous snakes of India, 1 plate. Pop. So. Review, xii. A. Giinther. Two species of Hydrosaurus from the Philippine Islands, 2 plates. — On the EeptUes and Amphibians from Borneo, 6 plates. — On two species of Hyla. — On the black Snake of Robber Island, South Africa. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. — New Reptiles col- lected by J. Brenchley. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x. — Two new Austra- lian Frogs. — A new Saurian allied to Pseudopus. — A new snake from Madagascar. — On Ceratoplirys and MegalopTirys. Ibid. xi. A. Horvuth. On the effect of cold on Frogs and their muscles. Trans. Phys. Med. Soc. AViirzburg, Ser. 2, iv. J. Jullien. On the respiration of Psammodromi (from the Comptes Rendus). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, xi. C. Koch. Forms and metamorphosis of the ecaudate Batrachia of the Lower Main and Lahn. Rep. Senckenb. Nat. Hist. Soc. Frankfort, 1871-72. F. Leydig. On the organs of sense in Snakes, 2 plates. Archiv mikrosk. Anat. viii. W. C. H. Peters. On the Batrachians collected by Spix in Brazil. — On some Amphibia collected by Dr. A. B. Meyer in Gorontalo and on the Togia islands. — On a collection of Batrachia from Neu Friburg, in Brazil. — A new Lizard discovered by Dr. Meyer in Luzon. — New Batrachians and Saurians, 1 plate. — On Ilydrus fasciatus, Schneider, and other marine Snakes. Proc. (Monatsber.) R. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1872. — Reptiles collected by Wahlberg in Damara Land. Proc. R. Swed. Acad. Sc. Stockholm, xxvi. A. Saunders. On the myology of Liolepis Belli, woodcuts. Proc. ZooL Soc, 1872. J. Shortt. The Tuckatoo and Bish Kopra, 1 plate. Presented by the Author. F. Stoliczka. Notes on Indian Lizards, 2 plates. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal. 1872. — NewReptilia and Amphibia from North-western Ix PKOCEEDINGS OF THE Punjab. — New Reptilia and Amphibia from Kaehh. — On Burmese Reptilia. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1872. r. H. Troschel. lleport on the contributions to Herpetology for 1871. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxviii. CkTJSTACEA and ARACHIflDA : — — Balbiani. On the development of Phalangida, 2 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xvi. E. van Beneden. On the development of Gregarinae (from Journ. Zool.) Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4. x, B. Bergh. On an Aplysia from Greenland. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxii. P. Bertkau. On the organs of respiration in Araneae, 1 plate, Wiegm. Archiv, xxxviii. G. S. Brady. Non-parasitic marine Copepoda of the North-east coast of England, 5 plates. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northnmb. and Durham, iv., also Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x. with 2 plates. F. Brauner. Contributions to the knowledge of PhyUopoda. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ixv. A. J. Butler. Gonyleptes, list of species, and descriptions of new ones. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, xi. 0. P. Cambridge. On British Spiders, 3 plates. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii. — Spiders of Palestine and Syria, 4 plates. — Twenty-four new species of Erigone, 2 plates. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. — A new family and genus and two new species of Thelyphonidae, 1 plate. — On the habits and distribution of Lycosa itigens. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, X. « C. Claus. On the male of the genus Limnadia. On the natural history of Froneina sedentaria, Forsk. — On the structure and de- velopment of Apus and Branchipus. Proc. (Nachr.) R. Soc. Sc. Gottingen, 1872. — On the structure and systematic place of Nebalia, 1 plate ; and the first two of the above papers repeated, with 4 plates. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxii. — New observations on Cypridina. Ibid, xxiii. E. D. Cope. Crustacea and insects from the "Wyandotte cave, woodcuts. Amer. Naturalist, 1872. W. H. Dall. Three new parasitical Crustacea (from Proc. Californ. Acad.) Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, xi. E. Ehlers. On the Sarcoptida, parasites on Birds, 2 plates. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxiii. 0. Grimm. On the reproduction and development of Arthropoda. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, Ser. 7, xvii. LnfNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixi A. "W. M. vau Hasselt. On the Eresiis ammlatus, Hahn. — On the copulation of the smallest species of Spiders. Archiv. Neerl. vii. — Hesse. Eare and new Crustacea of the coasts of France, 2 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xv, N. and E. Joly. A supposed Crustacean on -which Latreille formed his genus Prosojiistoina, and which is a true hexapod insect, 1 plate. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xvi. C. L. Koch. Arachniden, 16 vols., 1831 to 1848 ; and the Arachnid family Drassidae, parts 1 to 7. Purchased. — On the Arachnida of the Canary Islands. Rep. Senckenb. Nat Hist. Soc. Frankfort, 1871-72. R. Kossmann. On the anatomy of parasitic Crustacea, 3 plates. Trans. Phys. Med. Soc. Wiirzb. Ser. 2, iii. B. T. Lowne. Notes on the development of the nervous system of the Annulosa, | plate. MonthL Microsc. Joum. viii. A. W. Malm. Two new Amphipoda from the Bohus Land, 1 plate. Proc. R. Swed. Acad. Stockholm, xxvii. E. V. Martens. The Cuban Crustacea in the collection of J. Gundlach, 2 plates, Wiegm. Archiv, xxxviii. A. Milne-Edwards. Revision of the genus Gallianassa. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Par. vi. — New freshwater Crabs from Madagascar. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xv. — Anatomical investigations of the Limula. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, xi. J, T. Moggridge. Trap-door Spiders (with Ha;rvesting Ants). Presented by the Author. C. J. Neumann. The Hydrachnida of West Gothland, with de- scriptions of new species. Proc. R. Swed. Acad. Stockholm, xxvii. H. A. Nicholson. Animals dredged in Lake Ontario, 1872. Canad. Joum. Sc, Montreal, xiii. A. M. Norman. On the discovery of- Ligidiwn agile, Pers. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, xi. R. Owen. On the anatomy of the King-crab, Limulus polyphemus, Latr. 4 plates. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii. A. S. Packard, jun. Bristle-tails and Spring-tails. Plates and woodcuts. Amer. NaturaKst, 1871. F. Plateau. On Belgian Myriapods. Presented by the Author. F. PoUock. On the habits of some Madeiran Spiders. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x. C. 0. V. Porath. Results of a zoological tour in Scania and Bleking in 1868. Proc. R. Swed. Acad. Stockholm, xxvi. — Some Myriapods from the Azores. Ibid, xxvii. Ixii PKOCEEDnfGS OP THE C. Semper. On the genus Leudfer, 1 plate. Zeitsclir. wiss. Zool. xxii. — V. Siebold. On parthenogenesis in Arthropoda. Proc. R. Bavar. Acad. So. Munich, 1871. C. Simon. New or little-known South-European Arachnida. Mem. Soc. R. Se. Liege, Ser. 2, iii. W. Stimpson. !N^otes on North American Crustacea. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York. x. T. H. Streets. Five new Crustacea from Mexico. — Catalogue of Crustacea from the Isthmus of Panama. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1871. — Notice of some Crustacea from the Island of St. Martin. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1872. A. Stuxberg. Contributions to Scandinavian Myriapodology. Proc. E. Swed. Acad. Stockholm, xxvii. T. Thorell. Remarks on synonyms of European Spiders, Pre- sented by the Author. — New Holland Aranea. Proc. R. Swed. Acad. Stockholm, xxvii. C. Vogt. On BrancMpus and Arfemia (from Archiv. Sc. Bibl. Genev.). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser, 4, x. R. V. Willemoes-Suhm. On a new genus of Amphipodous Crus- tacea. Proc. R. Soc. xxi. Entomology : — — Balbiani. . On the generation of Aphides, 2 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xv. H. W. Bates. Observations on the longicorn Coleoptera of Tropical America. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, xi. T. Beling. The metamorphosis of Bhyphus punctatus and R.fenes- tratus. "Wiegm. Archiv, xxxviii. — Three new species of Sciara. — On the dipterous genera Bihio and Dilojphus. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxii. J. Bold. Hemiptera Heteroptera of Northumberland and Durham Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. and Durh. iv. 0. de Bourmeister-Radoszowsky. Supplement to Gerstsecker's article on Hymenoptera in 1869, 1 plate. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, 1872. A, G. Butler. Synonymic list of the species of the old genus Pieris. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. — A new genus of heterocerous Lepi- doptera, 1 plate. — Monograph of the genus Thelyphonus. — On Cri- nodus Sommeri and Tarsolepis remicauda. — New Myriopoda of the familj' Glomeridje. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x. UNITEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixiii F. Chapuis. Synopsis of Scolytidae. Mem. Soc. K. Sc. Liege, Ser. 2, lii. Baron de Chaudoir. Observations on some genera of Scarabidae, with descriptions of new species. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, 1872. C. Claus. On sterile bee-eggs. Zeitschx. wiss. Zool. xxiii. E. D. Cope. Insects from the "Wyandotte Cave, woodcuts. Amer. Naturalist, 1872. A. Costa. A new Coccus and some Blattidse, 1 plate. Trans. R. Acad. Sc. Naples, iii. — On the secretion of honey-dew from the leaves of Rosa Banl-sice. Proc. R. Acad. Sc. Naples, 1867. E. Delessert. On autophagy in Catei-pillars. Bull. Soc. Yaud. Sc. Nat. Lausanne, Ser. 2, xi. — Berber. On the Aphidiae of Pistacia Terebinihus. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xv. 0. J. FShraeus. Coleoptera of Caffraria collected by Wahlberg. Proc. R. Swed. Acad. Stockholm, xxvii. G. V. Frauenfeld. Zoological Miscellanies. — On Phylloxera vas- tatrix. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Yienna, xxii. A. Fuchs. Observations on Lepidoptera. Joum. (Jahrb.) Nat. Hist. Soc. Nassau, "Wiesbaden, xxv., xxvi. Y. Gruber. On the blood-corpuscles of insects, 1 plate. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Yienna, Ixiv. — Preliminary report on the propulsa- tory apparatus of insects, 1 plate. Ibid. Ixv. A. E. Grote. Four papers on North American Moths. Bull. Soc. Nat. Sc. Buffalo, i. A. Guenee. Note on divers Lepidoptera of the Geneva Museum, 1 plate. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneva, xxi. M. Haliday. A new Curculionida. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyons, xviii. C. Heinemann. On the organs of light in luminous beetles of Yera Cruz. Archiv mikrosk. Anat. viii. L. V. Heyden. Report on the insects collected in Teneriffe bj- Dr. Noll and Dr. Grenacher. Rep. Senckenb. Nat. Hist. Soc. Frankfort, 1871-72. D. F. Heynemann. On the French species of Geomalaciis. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4. xi. J. H. Hochhuth. Enumeration of Beetles found in the Govern- ments of Kiew and Yolhynia. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, 1 872, ii. A. E. Holmgren. Contributions to the insect-fauna of Boar Ixiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE Isli^nd and Spitzbergen. Trans. R. Swed. Acad. Stocklaolm, Ser. 2, viii. E. Joly. On the first state of Palingenia Boeselii, 1 plate. — ^On a supposed Crustacean of which Latreille made the genus Prosopistoma. Mem, Soc. Sc. Nat. Cherbourg, xvi (the latter paper also Ann. Sc. Nat, Zool. Ser. 5, xvi., with 1 plate). — On a new case of hyperme- tamorphosis established in Palingenia Virgo in the state of larva. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser, 5, xv. J. M. Jones. On Nova-Scotian diurnal Lepidoptera. Trans. Nov. Scot. Instit. Nat. Sc. Halifax, iii. W. R. Kirby. On the geographical distribution of diurnal Lepi- doptera as compared with that of Birds. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xi. 55. — On the species of Saturnida or ocellated Silkworm-moths in the collection of the Eoyal Dublin Society, Journ R. Soc. Dublin, vi. C. Koch. Two new Asilida. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxii. C. Kraepelin. Researches on the structure, mechanism, and de- velopment of the sting of bee-like insects, 2 plates. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxiii. H. Landois. On the organs of German Grasshoppers analogous to the so-called sound-apparatus of Cicadese, 1 plate. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxii. J. L. Leconte. On Platypsyllidae, a new family of Coleoptera. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. J. Leidy. On a mite in the ear of an Ox. Proc, Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1872. E, de Selys-Longchamps. Synopsis of Cordulinse. Bull. R. Acad. Sc. Belg, Brussels, Ser, 2, xxxi. T. Low. On Diasjiis Visci, Schrenck, 1 plate. Trans. Zool.- Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxii. J. Lubbock, On the origin and metamorphosis of Insects. Nature, viii. H. Lucas. Madagascar Lepidoptera of the genera Cliaraxes and Cycligrammo. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xv. F. M'Coy. On the appearance in Australia of Danais Archijipus. Ann, Nat, Hist. Ser. 4, xi. R. M'^Lachlan. Instructions for the collection and preservation of Neuropterous Insects. Presented by the Author. — On some Phrj^ganidae and a Clirysopa. BuU. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, 1872, ii. — Catalogue of British Neuroptera. Trans. Entom. Soc. iv. B. P. Mann, The white Coffee-leaf-miuer in Brasil^ woodcuts. Amer. Naturalist, 1872, LINNEAN SOCICTY OF LOXDON. IxV J. Mann. Seven new Microlepidoptera. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxii. — Marey. On the flight of Insects and Birds. Ann. So. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xv. S. A. de Marseul. Monograph of Mylabridae, 6 plates. Mem. Soe. R. So. Liege, Set. 2, iii. J. A. Marshall. Catalogue of British Chrysididae, Ichneumonidae, Bracouidae, and Evauidce. Trans. Entom. Soc. iv. G. Mayr. The occupiers of the Oak-galls of Central Europe. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxii P. Milliere. New Caterpillars and Lepidoptera, 8 plates. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyons, xviii. J. T. Moggridge. Harvesting Anis and Trapdoor Spiders, 8vo. Presented by the Author. 0. Mohnicke. The Cetonida of the Philippine Islands, 6 plates. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxix. F, Moore. New Indian Lepidoptera, 3 plates. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. F. Morawitz. Contribution to the Bee-fauna of Germany. Trans, Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxii. V. Motschoulsky. New Coleoptera. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, 1872, ii. A. Mueller. On the manner in which the ravages of the larvae of a Nemotus on Scdix cin&rea are checked by Picromerus bidens. Pre- sented by the Author. — On a Chinese Artichoke-gall. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xi. E. Mulsant. Monograph of the tribe of GibbicoUa, 14 plates. Ann. Soc. Imp. Agric. Lyons, 1868. — Of the tribe of Lamellicornia. Ibid. 1869. E. Mulsant and A. Godard. New Coccinellida, Coleoptera, &c. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyons, xviii. E. Mulsant and — Lichtenstein. On the metamorphosis of Ves- perus Xatartii. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyons, xviii. E. Mulsant and — PeUet. A new Buprestida, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyons, xviii. E. Mulsant and C. Rey. New Coleoptera, a new Pentanomida, and new Lygea^, Aphodus, and other insects. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyons, xviii. — Natural History of the Bugs of France. Mem. Acad. Se. Lyons, xviii. E. Mulsant and Valery-Mazet. On Pelopccus sphilfer. Ann. Soc, Linn. Lj'ons, xviii. Lixx. PBOc. — Session 1872-7."». /< Ixvi PBOCEEDIN^GS OF THE A. S. Packard, jun. Record of American Entomology for 1870. Presented by the Peabody Academy of Science. — Embryological studies on Dipla.v perithemis and the Thysannrous genus Isotoma, 3 plates ; and on Hexapodous Insects, 3 plates. Mem. Peabod. Acad. So. Salem, i. — New American Moths. Rep. Peabod. Acad. Sc. Salem, 1871. — Embryology of Clirysopa. — Crustaceans and Insects of the Mammoth Cave, woodcuts. Amer. Naturalist, 1871. P. P. Pascoe. Contributions towards a knowledge of Curculionidae, 4 plates. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xi. — Australian Curculionidee, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x., xi. — New genera and species of Coleoptera, 1 plate. Ibid. x. F. Plateau. What is the wing of an Insect ? — Physico-chemical researches on aquatic Articulata. — On the mode of adherence of the male to the female Dytiscidse during copulation. — On Belgian Myri- opoda. Presented by the Author. — Experimental researches on the position of the centre of gravity in Insects. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x. A. Preudhomme de Borre. Catalogue of a small collection of larva-sheaths of Bavarian Phryganidse (from Bull. Soc. Entom. Belg.). Pi-esented by the Author. L, Qusedvlieg. An anomaly in Hestia. Belia, West, (from Bull. Soc. Entom. Belg.). Presented by the Author. E. Reitter. Revision of the European species of Meligethes, 8 plates. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Briinn, ix. P. M. Reuter. Synopsis of Swedish Berytidas. Proc. R. Swed. Acad. Stockholm, xxvii. C. R. Rilej*. On the grape-disease {Phylloxera). Amer. Natu- ralist, 1872. C. Ritsema. On Onnodes Sommeri and Tarsolepis remicauda. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x. A. Rossler. On some Microlepidoptera found in gardens. Journ. (Jahrb.) Nat. Hist. Soc. Nassau, Wiesbaden, xxv. & xxvi. J. van Rossum. On the liquid of the larvae of Cimhex. Archiv. Neerl. vii. G. W. Royston-Pigott. On the spherules which compose the ribs of the scales of the Red-Admiral Butterfly. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. ix. M. Rupertsberger. Contributions to the life-history of beetles. — Two new larvae of Carabida. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Yienna, xxii. J. R. Schiner. Entomological Miscellanies. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxii. ■S. H. Seudder. Systematic revision of some of the American Rutterflies. Rep. Peabod. Acad. Sc. Salem, 1871. LINNKAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. IxTU F. Smith. Catalogue of British Hymenoptera aculeata. Trans. Entom. Soc. iv. — New fossorial Hymenoptera. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, xi. C. Stal. The hemipterous species of Fabricius determined and described from specimens preserved at Copenhagen and Kiel. Trans. R. .Swed, Acad. Stockholm, vii., viii. — Enumeration of all hitherto known Hemiptera. Ibid. vii. — Contributions to the knowledge of Membraciderna. Proc. R. Swed. Acad. Stockholm, xxvi.— The Hemiptera of the Philippine Islands, 3 plates. Ibid, xxvii, 0. Staudinger. Three new Austrian Lepidoptera. Trans. ZooL- Bot. Soc, Vienna, xxii. E. Suffrian. Gundlach's Cuban Curculionida (continued). Wiegm. Archiv, xxxii. J". G. Tatem. Notes on new AcareUi, | plate. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. viii. C. Thomas. Contributions to Orthopterology. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1871. C. Tschek. On some Cryptoidse, chiefly of the Austrian fauna. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxii. F. Walker, Catalogue of Hemiptera Homoptera in the British Museum, part 5. Presented by the Museum. H. D. J.Wallengreu. Entomological notes. Proc. R. Swed. Acad. Stockholm, xxvii. P. C. Zeller, On N orth- American Microlepidoptera, 2 plates. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc, Vienna, xxii, Hora3 of the Entomological Society of Russia, Petersburg, viii, no. 3 to ix. no. 2. — Entomologische Zeitung, of the Entomological Society of Stettin, 1869 to 1872.— Journal (Tijdschrift) of the Netherlands Entomological Society, Leyden, Ser. 2, vii, parts 1-6, — Annals of the Entomological Society of Belgium, Brussels, xv, — Transactions of the Entomological Society of N. S, Wales, ii, part 4, — Canadian Entomologist, Ontario, iii, part 7, to v. part 4. Pre- sented by Mr. Reeks. — Transactions of the Entomological Society, 1872, parts 3-5. — Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, July 1872 to June 1873. Presented by the Editors. — Entomologist, nos. 112-117 (1873). Presented by Mr. Newman. — Entomologist's Annual for 1873. Presented by Mr. Stainton. — Papers respecting Phylloxera vastatrix. Presented by Dr. Hooker. MOLLUSCA : — H, Adams. New shells collected in the Red Sea by R. M<^Andrew, h 2 Ixviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE and fourteen new marine or land-shells, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. G. F. Angas. Ten new land and marine shells, 1 plate. — A new Vohita, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. J. Bland. A new species of Mollusca of the genus Helicma. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, x. J. Bland and W. G. Binney. Notes on the genus Pineria. — Lin- gual dentition of Helix turhiniformis and other teiTestrial Mollusca, 1 plate. — On the systematic arrangement of North-American terres- trial Mollusca. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, x.— On the lingual dentition of certain species of North- American land-shells. Proc. Acad. Nat, Sc. Philadelphia, 1872. W. T. Blanford. Monograph of Himalayan and other Indian ClausiUce. Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1872. J. Brazier. Some new land and marine shells from the Solomon Islands, "Western Polynesia, and Australia, ^ plate. — Observations on the habits of certain Volutes. — List of Cyprseidse found on the coast of New South Wales. — Three new marine shells from Australia, 1 plate. — Six new land-shells from Australia. — On Australian land- sheUs. — On Cassididse of the coast of New South "Wales. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. H. E. Carlton. Shells of Antioch and vicinity. — Shells of Truckee river and vicinity. Proc. Acad. Sc. California, iv. T. A. Conrad. Descriptions of new species of Gli/cimeris from North Carolina. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1872. J. G. Cooper. Freshwater univalves of the "West Coast. — Shells of the western slope of North America. Proc. Acad. Sc. California, iv. — New Californian Pulmonata. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1872. A. Costa. Two genera of Nudibranchiate Mollusca, 1 plate. Trans. E. Acad. Sc. Naples, iii. E. Coues. Notes on the Natural-History of Fort Macon and its vicinity. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1871. J. C. Cox. New land-shells from Australia and the South-Sea Islands, ^ plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. "W. H. Dall. Notes on Californian MoUusca. Proc. Acad. Sc. California, iv. ; repeated in Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, xi. G. P. Deshayes. New terrestrial and freshwater Mollusca from East Thibet. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Paris, vi., vii. P. Fischer. Revision of the species of Vaginula, 1 plate. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Paris, vii. LDTNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixix W. Fleming. Anatomy of the feelers of land-snails, and on the neurology of Mollusca, 1 plate. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxii. "W. M, Gabb. Description of some new genera of Mollusca. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. PhUadelphia, 1872. R. Gamer. On the formation of British pearls, and their possible improvement. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xi. A. Garritt. New shells from the South-Sea Islands. Proc. Acad. Sc. California, iv. — Mitridoe collected at Rare tonga, Cook's Island. — New shells from the South-Sea Islands. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. B^ H. Godwin -Austen. New Indian land and freshwater shells, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. E. Grube. The Planaria of the Baikal Region, 2 plates. TViegm. Archiv, xxxviii. E. T. Higgins. New shells discovered by Mr. Buckley in Ecuador, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. J. G. JefiBreys. The Mollusca of Europe compared with those of Eastern North America. Ann. Nat. Hist, Ser. 4, x. W. Kobelt. Mollusca-fauna of Nassau, 9 plates. Journ. (Jahrb.) Nat. Hist. Soc. Nassau, Wiesbadeu, xxv. & xxvi. P. Langerhans. The development of the Gasteropoda (Opistho- branchia), 1 plate. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxiii. J. Lea. Three new species of exotic Unionidae. — Twenty new species of United-States Unionidae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia, 1871. — Twenty-nine species of United-States Unionidae. Ibid. 1872. J. Lewis. Shells of Herkimer and adjacent counties. — Shells of Tennessee. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia 1872. C. M. Maplestone. Notes on Yictorian Mollusca and their palates, 3 plates. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. viii. A. Metzger. The inarticulate marine animals of the East Fries- land coast. Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Hanover, xxi. H. N. Moseley. Anatomy and histology of the land Planarians of Ceylon. Proc. R. Soc. xxi. H. A. Nicholson. Animalo di edged in Lake Ontario, 1872. Canadian Journ. Sc. Montreal, xiii, P. Panceri. On the organs of secretion of sulphuric acid in Gasteropods, 4 plates. Trans. R. Acad. Sc. Naples, iv. — On larvae of Alciopidae, parasites on Cydippe densa. — On the salivary organs of Dolium and other Mollusca. Proc. R. Acad. Sc. Naples. T. Prime. Notes on Corbiculadse in the cabinet of the Jardiu des Plaiitcs, Paris. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, x. IXX PROCEEDINGS OF THE L. Eeeve. Conchologia Iconiea, n. 293-303. Purchased. C. Semper. On the growth of Lymnrge, 2>ote on the buds dereloped on leares of Malaxi-s ii , On the "Marine Algae of Barbadoes xlis Duncan, P. M., On the de- Telopment of the grnsecium ol and the method of im- pregnation in. Primula vul- garis, Huds. . . . . . x1i\ Dyer, W. T. T., Observations on a Monstrosity of LaJia elegant, with a nearly regu- lar flower T , On the Morphology of the perigynium and seta ia Carex vii , On Ternsirctmia Kha^y- ana, Choisy (verbal com- munication) ir Gray, Asa, Eevision of genus Symphoricarpos .... iii , Xote on Xemacladus, 2sutt IT Gulick, Eer.J.T., On diversity of evolution under one set of external conditions . . ii Papees eead (continued) : — Hooker, J. D., On the sub- alpine vegetation of EiUma !Njaro, E. Africa .... Howard, J. E., On the genus Cinchona Leighton, W. A., On two new species of Mi/coporu/n, Flot. M'Xab, W. E., On the de- velopment of the flowers of Jf 'el tcifschia miraiilis, Hook. f. , Xote on the development of the perigynium in Carex pulicaris Masters, M. T., Eemarks on the general principles of Plant-construction . . , Xotes on AristolocliiaceaB Miers. John, On Lecvthidacese Miieke, Carl, On the " Take- all " Corn-disease of South Australia Pascoe, F. P., Contributions towards a knowledge of the CurculionidiB, Part 4 . . Potts, T. H., yotes on Keropia crassirosfris, Gmel. . Eeichenbach, Prof., On Bm-- mese Orchideae from the Eev. C. P. Parish . . . Saunders, Edward, Descrip- tions of Buprestidae collected in Japan by G^eorge Lewis, Esq " Take-aU " Corn-disease, Dis- cussion on WeddeU, H. A., On a new African genus of Podoste- maceae Photographic views, taken in the Botanic Garden, Adelaide, ex- hibited bv Dr. Hooker, T.p.L.s. : Photographs of trees Irom the Botanic Garden, Brisbane, ex- hibited by Dr. Hooker . . . Poiri-settia pulcherrima, in fruit, Specimens o^ from the Grar- den of the Eoyal Botanic Society, exhibited by W Uiam Sowerby, Esq., F.L.S. . . . Publications presented, Eeport on . ... Pt/rus japoniea, var., Fruit of^- ripened at Uckfield, exhibited by F. Currey, Esq., Sec. L. S. i Salixfragilis, A triandrous form Page xlix xlviii xlix xlviii xUx Page of, exhibited bj J. G. Baker, Esq., F.L.S Ti Smith, Lady, Letters from, offering for the acceptance of the Society 74 letters from the late Alexander M'Leay to Sir James Smith i , Address of Congratulation to, on the completion of her 100th year xxix Transactions, Pubhcation of vol. xsviii. pt. 3 announced . . Treasurer, Tote of thanks to, on his retirement from Office Vice-Presidents, Nomination of . Xylotrwhus quadrupes, the Coffee-borer, Specimens of the larrse and perfect insects ex- hibited by Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S Page XXIX xlvui PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. (SESSION 1873-74.) November 6th, 1873. G-EOEGE Bentham, Esq., F.E.S., President, in the Chair. Before the commencement of the regular Proceedings, the Pre- sident delivered the following Address on the present position of the Society and its relation to Government : — Gentlemen, It is now seventeen years since the Government first recognized the claims of our Society to encouragement and assistance on the part of the State, as one which devoted itself to scientific pursuits unremunerative to its members, but tending, directly or indi- rectly, to public benefit ; and since then a sense of the justness of such claims on the part of pure natural science has become gra- dually more general. We are no longer in the days when a Peter Pindar could turn the Royal Society and its President into ridicule as boiling fleas to ascertain whether they turned red like lobsters. The ' Times,' instead of a short leader dismissing the British Association Meetings in a similar strain of banter, devotes daily, during the time of its session, half a dozen columns to the LINN. PROC. — Session 1873-74. h 11 PBOCEEDINQS OF THE details of it proceediags. And our own department in natural science is now admitted to be one of the most important branches of general science, specially important in its relation to our mate- rial prosperity. Our food and raiment, the essentials of life, are derived exclusively from the animal and vegetable kingdoms ; and biological products contribute largely to many of our luxuries ; whilst, on the other hand, some of the greatest calamities with which we are afflicted are due to the rapid development of animal or vegetable life. Many are the associations, under Government as well as individual patronage, devoted to the improvement and increase of useful animals and plants ; and of late attention has been also devoted to the arrest of the ravages of the noxious ones, the balance of natural selection being disturbed by the inter- ference of agriculture and animal education. The due study of the means of restoring this balance, of turning it more and more in our favour, of calling in to our aid more and more of the hitherto neglected available species or of the hitherto latent pro- perties of those already in use, of checking the progress of blights and murrains, requires a thorough knowledge of the animals and plants themselves ; and that thorough know^ledge can only be ob- tained by the scientific study not only of particular animals and plants supposed a priori to be useful or noxious, but of all ani- mals and plants, which it is the special province of our Society to promote. And in this respect I think it will be generally ad- mitted that we have not been neglectful of our duty, and that we have done our part in rendering effective the support we luive of late years received from Grovernment, as well as from individuals, and in establishing a sound claim for its increase and continuance. Besides the aid afforded to scientific researches by our largely augmented library, the great value of the papers published in the recent volumes of our Transactions and Journal has been acknow- ledged abroad as well as at home. It is in our Society, for in- stance, that the great Darwinian theories were first promulgated ; and it must be recollected that the five or six hundred copies of our publications regularly sent out place the researches they ex- hibit at once at the disposal of the leading followers of the science in all parts of the world. It is true that these great additions to our efficiency are not entirely due to Grovernment patronage, but are the direct results of the reforms introduced by Dr. Hooker in 1855. Those reforms, however, would have lost much of their efi'ect had we remained confiued to our old quarters in Soho LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON". HI Square, Cramped for space in tliose obscure and diugy rooms, it required a strong devotion to science to induce an adequate at- tendance at our meetings ; and, saddled with a heavy rent, we could neither purchase books for our library nor find room on our shelves for those presented to us. In the spring of 1856, however, an opening was made for our obtaining rooms in Burlington House. I was then on the Council, and joined heartily in the conviction of the importance of availing ourselves of the opportunity, notwithstanding the heavy expense it might entail, which I felt confident we could cover by a subscription amongst our Fellows. Our President undertook the preliminary negotiations ; and at the meeting of * our Council on June 11 a letter was officially communicated to us addressed by the Secretary of the Treasury to the President of the E/oyal Society, allowing the temporary location in Bur- lington House of the Linnean and Chemical Societies, with the Eoyal Society, upon certain conditions — those which afi'ected us being that the Royal Society should be put in possession of the main building of Burlington House on the understanding that they would, in communication with the Linnean and Che- mical Societies, assign suitable accommodation therein for those bodies, and that the Eellows of the three Societies should have mutual access to their three libraries for purposes of reference. Our Society, at a Special General Meeting held on the 17th of the same month, authorized the Council to take the necessary steps for carrying out the proposal of the Groverument ; and in the following February (1857) the Eoyal Society assigned to us the rooms which we have since occupied under the above condi- tions. A subscription was organized which ultimately amovmted to nearly £1100, sufficient to defray all expenses of parting with our old rooms and fitting up the new ones, with a very small sur- plus which was carried to the general account. In the same month of February I was associated with our then active and zealous President and Secretary, and with Mr. "Wilson Saunders, as a Eemoval Committee ; and on Tuesday, June 2, the Society was enabled for the first time to meet in their new rooms. Our position, however, although so great an improvement upon Soho Square, was not yet quite satisfactory. It was provisional only, and imder the wing, as it were, of the Eoyal Society, and liable at any time to be exchanged for a worse or a better one, as the case might turn out. This uncertainty is now removed. The 12 iv PEOCEEDINGS OF THE Government, rightly understanding the relations which ought to prevail with the scientific societies judged to be deserving of their support, obtained from Parliament adequate means for providing ample accommodation for the six societies here located, without re- serving any right of interference with or control over their scien- tific operations. Thus our new quarters have assumed a perma- nent and independent character ; the rooms have been built and fitted up expressly for our Society ; and, having followed out all the arrangements, I feel bound to acknowledge the efi'ective manner in which the liberal intentions of Grovernment have been promoted and carried out in detail by the architects, Mr. Barry and the late Mr. Bankes. "When the plana for the new building were first being prepared (some six or seven years since), we were applied to for particulars of the accommodation we should require for our library and meetings, for the transaction of the business of the Society, and for the residence of our librarian and porter. "We were not consulted, it is true, about the general arrangements in relation to the other Societies ; and we have to regret the ces- sation of that close juxtaposition and intimate intercourse with the Eoyal Society which was so agreeable to us ; but in all other respects our requisitions were fully complied with in the plans prepared and sent to us for approval ; and the only alteration since made has been the curtailment of a portion of the basement premises in favour of the Post Office, which rather inconveniently limits the stowage-room for our stock of Transactions. With this sole exception, we have tbe space we asked for ; and the book- shelves and -such other fittings as have been provided by Grovern- ment have been worked out in the most satisfactory manner. Our removal here has necessarily been attended with consider- able expense, the precise amount of which cannot yet be calcu- lated, but it will probably exceed £600. The Council have, how- ever, not thought it necessary to call for any special subscription. The investments made during the past year have been partially with a view to the present occasion ; and the gradually increasing sale of our publications and the general appreciation of the value of our labours have been so far adding to our receipts that we closed last session with a much larger balance in hand than usual ; and we hope to clear ourselves of the liabilities we are incurring without reducing our invested funds much below £2000. At the same time we must not conceal from ourselves that we shall be called upon for a considerable increase in our expendi- LISNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. V ture. Our enlarged accommodation, combined with high prices, will add much to our household expenses. We are threatened with a repeal of the Act which exempts us from parochial rates. Nearly the whole of our library having within the last three weeks passed through my hands, I have become convinced that it will require a large outlay in binding as well as in filling up gaps to render it really efiicient. And, above all, we must bear in mind that the chief means we have of promoting the scien- tific objects for which we are associated, the only way in which we can render them available to our numerous Fellows resident in our colonies is through our publications ; and heavy as have been of late years our printer's and artists' bills, they will and ought to become heavier and heavier still. To render fully available the assistance we have received from Grovernment, we require conti- nued and increased support from our Fellows and from the scien- tific public. "We reckon already among our Fellows the great majority of those who have acquired a name in zoology or botany, and I earnestly hope that all men of means who take a sincere in- terest in biological pursuits will think it a pleasure as well as a duty to contribute, directly or indirectly, to the support of the Linnean Society of London. With regard to future arrangements in the new phases of life into which the Society has entered, the Council has kept in view three great objects — the endeavour to render our Meetiugs at- tractive, the extended usefulness of our library, and the steady maintenance of our publications. On Meeting-nights the library will be open at 7 o'clock, the Chair will be taken in the Meeting- room at 8 o'clock, as at present ; and after the Meeting the Fel- lows will adjourn to tea in the Council-room upstairs, opposite to, and in direct communication with, the library. The extended shelf- room in the library has enabled a classification of the books to be made which will render those most frequently consulted much more readily accessible than heretofore ; and as evidence that there is no relaxation in our publishing department, I have to announce that besides the two Numbers of our Journal, one in Zoology and the other in Botany, which have been sent out since our last Meeting, two new Parts of our Transactions are in the course of delivery, the concluding one of volume xxviii. and the second of Colonel Grrant's volume xxix. The first part of volume xxx. is in the printer's hands. VI PEOCEEDINGS OF THE It was moved by Dr. Hooker, seconded by Mr. Grwyn Jeffreys, and carried unanimously that " The Linnean Society beg to express their thanks to Her Majesty's Grovernment for the en- couragement offered to their scientific pursuits in providing accommodation for them in Burlington House, and their sense of the handsome and effective manner in which the liberal inten- tions of the Government have been carried out." The President read from the Chair certain alterations in the Bye-laws proposed by the Council, which, in accordance with the Charter, must be read at three consecutive Meetings, and then balloted by the Fellows. Thomas A. O'Donnell, M.D., was elected a Fellow. Professor Thiselton Dyer, P.L.S., exhibited specimens from the Kew Herbarium of Dipterocarpus Camellatus, Hook, f., from Labuan, and of a new species, collected by M. L. Pierre in Cambodia ; also a rhizome of Sydnora angolensis. The following paper was read, viz. : — 1. " On Sydnora americanay By Dr. J. D. Hooker, V.P.L.S. In this paper Dr. Hooker reviewed in some points, in conse- quence of recent more complete opportunities of examination, his account of the structure of Sydnora americana, as given in his monograph of Eafflesiacege in De Candolle's * Prodromus,' in which he had not done full justice to De Bary's previous description. A very great difficulty is presented, from the point of view of the theory of evolution, in the occurrence of the two allied species Mydnora africana and americana, both root-parasites, widely sepa- rated geographically (the one in South Africa, the other in South America), but so closely resembling one another in every point of their structure, that it is impossible to look upon them otherwise than as very nearly related genetically. The only connexion sug- gested is through Cytinus, another nearly allied genus of root- parasites, species of which are natives of South Africa as well as of both South and North America. LINNEAlf SOCIETY OF LOIv^DON. VU November 20th, 1873. G-EOEGE Bektham, Esq., F.E.S., President, in the Chair. John Berger Spence, Esq., was elected a Eellow. Professor Thiselton Dyer, F.L.S., exhibited a Grourd of the Sooly Qua {Luffa cegyptiaca), grown in this country ; also speci- mens of the wood and bark of Taxodium sempervirens. Mr. T. B. Flower, F.L.S., exhibited dried specimens of Phalaris paradoxa, L., gathered by him in July last in cultivated fields near Swanage, Dorset. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. '* On the Summer Flora of Monte Argentaro, on the borders of Tuscany." By Henry Grroves, Esq. Communicated by D. Han- bury, Esq., F.E.S., Treas. L.S. 2. " On the Alg» of Mauritius." By Gr. Dickie, M .D., F.L.S., Professor of Botany in the University of Aberdeen. The total number of species recorded is 155. These include 17 well-known European species, most of which are cosmopolitan, 23 South-African species, 12 Australian, 15 East-Indian, and 14 species found also in the Eed Sea, while 12 are peculiar to the seas surrounding the island. 3. " On a peculiar Embryo of Delphinium.^' By the Eev. C. A. Johns, F.L.S. The peculiarity of the structure consisted in the non-sepa- ration of the two cotyledons, the plumule forcing itself through a chink in the undivided cotyledon. Dr. Masters stated that this peculiarity is well known to occur occasionally in Eanunculacese, as well as in plants belonging to some other natural orders. 4. " On the Buds of Malaxisr By G. Dickie, M.D., F.L.S. This is supplementary to the paper already published in the Journal of the Society, vol. xiv. p. 1. 5. " Contributions to the Botany of the ' Challenger ' Expedi- tion," No. 1. By H. N. Moseley, Esq. Communicated by Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S. This instalment related to the Algae of St. Thomas and Bermuda. 6. Extract from a Letter from Mr. Boon to Dr. Hooker, \iii PKOCEEDINGS OF THE written from St. Kitts, West Indies, giving an account of a lu- minous fungus observed on the leaves of Spermacoce, vphicli had since been submitted to the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, F.L.S., who considered it to be a species of Didymivm. December 4th, 1873. Geobge Bentham, Esq., !F.E..S., President, in the Chair. J. Home, Esq., Sub-Director of the Botanic G-arden, Mauritius, was elected a EeUow. Dr. J. D. Hooker, Pres. E.S., Y.P.L.S., exhibited an authentic photograph of Bqfflesia Arnoldi, sent by Dr. Scheffer, Curator of the Botanic Gardens in Buitenzorg, Java. Dr. Trimen, F.L.S., exhibited a dried specimen oiBumex maxi- mus, Schreber, gathered by the Hon. J. L. "Warren in the neigh- bourhood of Lewes, Sussex. The following paper was read, viz. : — 1. " Eevision of the Genera and Species of Tulipese." By J. G. Baker, Esq., E.L.S. In this tribe of Liliacese the author iucludes the caules- cent capsular genera with distinct perianth-segments and leafy stems bulbous at the base, viz. Fritillaria, Tulipa, Lilium, Calochortus, MrytJironium, and Lloydia. After referring to the literature of the subject and pointing out the great want of a better systematic arrangement of these important plants both by the botanist and the horticulturist, Mr. Baker proceeds to describe the characters of the different organs seriatim. In the structure of the underground stems there are four leading types: — 1. A squamose perennial bulb, consisting, when mature, of a large num- ber of thin flat scales tightly pressed against one another and ar- ranged spirally round a central axis which is not produced either ver- tically or horizontally, as exemplified in all the Old- World species of Lilium. 2. In most of the species oi Fritillaria we have a pair only of hemispherical scales, half as thick as broad, pressed against the base of the flower-stem, these scales being the bases of single leaves which die down before the flower-stem is produced. 3. An annual laminated tunicated bulb occurs generally in Tulipa, Calo- LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. IX cJiorfus, and Eu-Lloydia. 4, In the section Gageopsis of Lloydia we have a truncated corm. The leaves are very uniform through- out the tribe, with the exception of a section oi Lilium {Cardiocri- num) with long clasping petioles and very large broad leaves with a deep cordate base and reticulated venation. The perianth- leaves are all coloured, except in Calochortus, in which the three outer segments are sepaloid and lengthened into points. The stamens are always six in number and nearly equal in length, hypogynous, and the dehiscence of the anther never properly in- trorse, but lateral, exactly as in ColcJiicum. In the capsule Calo- chortus differs from the other genera in its septicidal dehiscence. As regards the connexion between Liliacese and Colchicacese Mr. Baker is disposed to lay less stress than before on the exist- ence of any sharp line of demarcation between the orders, all the characters usually ascribed to the latter order being found in some of the genera of Liliacese. As to its geographical distribu- tion, the tribe is spread throughout the north temperate zone ; only one species, Lloydia serotina, is really boreal and alpine ; the southern limits are Mexico, the Philippines, South China, the Neil- gherries, and the southern borders of the Mediterrrnean ; the prin- cipal concentration of species is in California and Japan ; nearly all are hardy in this climate. Lilium, with 46, and Fritillaria, with 55 species, have the distribution of the tribe, the latter stopping eastwards at the Rocky Mountains, while the former reaches the Atlantic sea- board ; Tulipa, with 48 species, is restricted to the Old World, reaching from Spain, Britain, and Scandinavia to Japan and the Himalayas ; Calochortus, with 21 species, is confined to Mexico and the west side of the Eocky Mountains. Of the 5 species of JErythronium, 1 is confined to the Old "World and 4 to the New ; the 3 species of Gageopsis are oriental and Siberian ; while Lloydia serotina is the most widely spread of all Liliacese, and a unique instance of a petaloid Monocotyledon of the north temperate zone with almost universal high-mountain and arctic distribution. December 18th, 1873. Geoege Bentham, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The Eev. John Robinson Porter and Harry Bolus, Esq., were elected Fellows. X PROCEEDINGS OP THE Dr. Hooker exhibited a magnificent zoophyte from Bermuda, sent by General Lefroy, probably a species of Antipathes ; also a six-lobed Seychelles Cocoa-nut (^Lodoicea SeycJiellaruni) and two tazzas made from the shell of a Seychelles Cocoa-nut sent from the Seychelles by Mr. Swinburne Ward to the Kew Mu- seum ; also some small boxes from Mauritius and Madagascar made from some grass -haulm ; and two walking-sticks from Bermuda made of the " cedar-wood " of commerce {Juniperus hermudiana). Mr. Bowring exhibited an inflorescence of an orchid with a re- markable smell, probably a BulhopTiyllum. In accordance with the Charter, the President read for the second time the alterations in the Bye-laws proposed by the Council. The following papers were then read, viz. : — 1. " Contributions to the Botany of the ' Challenger ' Expedi- tion," No. 2. By H. N. Moseley, Esq. On the Vegetation of Bermuda and the surrounding sea. Communicated by Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S. About 160 species of flowering plants were gathered on the island ; but of these, not more than 100 were certainly native. Those of West-Indian origin were probably brought, as G-risebach had suggested, by the Gulf-stream or by cyclones, there being no winds blowing directly from the American coast which would be likely to carry seeds, which might, however, be conveyed from the continent by migratory birds. A note by Prof Thiselton Dyer appended to the paper stated that 162 species sent over by Mr. Moseley had been determined at the Kew Herbarium, of which 71 belong to the Old World, while 2, an Erytlircsa and a Spirmithes, were plants hitherto known as confined to localities in the United States. A discussion on the origin of the Bermudan flora and the mode of transport of seeds by winds, currents, and migratory birds ensued, in which the President, Mr. J. G. Baker, and Prof. Thiselton Dyer took part. 2. " Changes in the Vegetation of South Africa, caused by the introduction of the Merino Sheep." By. Dr. Shaw, F.L.S. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XI The original vegetation of the colony is being in many places destroyed or rapidly deteriorated by over-stocking and by the ac- cidental introduction of various weeds. Among the most im- portant of the latter is the Xanthium spinosum, introduced from Europe, the achenes of which cling to the wool with such tenacity that it is almost impossible to detach them, and render it almost imsaleable. It spreads with such rapidity that in some parts legislative enactments have been passed for its extirpation ; and where this is not done, it almost usurps the place of the more useful vegetation. The President stated that Xanthium has in the same manner de- teriorated the pastures in Queensland ; whilst in the south of Europe, where it is equally abundant, it does not appear to cause such injurious results. Though generally distributed through Europe, the plant is probably of Chilian origin. 3. Extract from a letter from Osbert Salvin, Esq., F.E.S., to Dr. Hooker, dated Guatemala, Oct. 6, 1873. Mr. Salvin is engaged in collecting plants on the slopes of the Volcan de Fuego, 5000 feet in elevation, and within an easy ride of a volcano 13,000 feet above the level of the sea. He hopes to secure all the plants between the elevations of 3500 and 8500 feet. Many of the species appear to have a vertical range of as much as from 2000 to 3000 feet. January 15th, 1874. Geoege Bentham, Esq., E.E.S., President, in the Chair. Samuel Jennings, Esq., Calcutta, Dr. George Watt, Calcutta, Eobert Pitzgerald, Esq., Deputy-Surveyor-General of New South Wales, and J. E. M. H. Stone, Esq., were elected Fellows. Dr. Hooker, Pres. E.S., exhibited a very beautiful series of spe- cimens of fossil Copal, the product of Trachylohium Horneman- nianum, with a scorpion, spiders, beetles, and other insects im- bedded in it, some specimens of recent Copal from the same plant. Xii PEOCEEDrS'GS OF THE and some fruits of a Momordica, all forwarded from Zanzibar by Dr. Kirk, F.L.S., for the Kew Museum. A framed Plate of coloured drawings of edible and poisonous British Fungi, presented to the Society by Thomas Walker, Esq., F.L.S., was exhibited. Before proceeding to the regular business of the Society, the President again read, and explained the purport of, the alterations in the Bye-laws agreed to by the Council, which, in accordance with the Charter of the Society, had been hung up in the common meeting-room and read by the President at two suc- cessive general Meetings of the Society. The following are the said alterations * : — Chap. I. Sect. IV. p. 12. Eor "between" substitute "inclu- ding." Chap. IV. Sect. V. p. 15. For " the Secretary " substitute " one of the Secretaries." Chap. XII. Eepeal Sects. I., II., and III., pp. 21, 22. Chap. XII. Sect. VII. p. 22, to be Sect. I., and the word " Li- brarian" to be inserted before " Clerk ; " and at the end of the Section the following words to be added : " provided that the po- sition of the present Librarian, elected by the Society, be not thereby affected." Chap. XV. Sect. II. p. 24. After the words " shall be entitled to one copy of such Part " omit the remainder of the Section. Chap. XVII. Sect. II. p. 25. For " and by the rest of the * The effect of these alterations is as follows : — (a) to reduce the number of Meetings at -which the names of Fellows to be elected must be suspended, from five to three ; (6) to repeal the Bye-law by which no person who shall be chosen to any office in the Society to which any salary or emolument is annexed shall be a FeUow of the Society, or, if such person be a Fellow, that he shall cease to be so upon his election to, or acceptance of, any such office ; (c) to remove the election of Librarian in future out of the hands of the general body of Fellows, and to place it in the hands of the Council ; {d) to give to Fellows the right of receiving all Transactions and other publications of the Society published after the time of their election, provided all payments due to the Society have been paid, instead of only after they have paid one yearly contribution ; (e) to amend the regulation respecting the signing of the Diploma of Foreign Members and the Deeds under the Common Seal of the Society. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XUl Members of the Council present," substitute " and countersigned by one of tbe Secretaries." W. Carrutbers, Esq., F.E.S., moved, and H. Gr. Seeley, Esq., E.L.S., seconded, '' that the proposed alterations in the Bye-laws &c. be put to the Meeting seriatim;" but the President declined to put the motion to the Meeting. After some further discussion the ballot was taken, when the numbers appeared — for the proposed alterations 41, against 21 ; and it having been further ascertained that there were not more than 66 Fellows present at the time, the President declared the proposed alterations adopted by the Society. The following papers were then read, viz. : — 1. *' On some Species of Japanese Marine Shells and Pishes which inhabit also the North Atlantic." By J. &wyn Jeffreys, Esq., P.E.S. The mollusca noticed by the author were procured by Captain St. John in H.M.S. ' Sylvia,' during the years 1871 and 1872, on the coasts of North Japan. His dredgings varied between 3 and 100 fathoms. After passing in review the works of naturalists who had described the marine shells of Japan, and especially the ' Mollusca Japonica ' by Dr. Lischke, with reference to those species which are common to Japan and Europe, Mr. Jeffreys proposed to record from Captain St. John's dredgings thirty-nine species, and to give the range of depth for such of them as he had obtained in the ' Porcupine ' expeditions of 1869 and 1870. He then offered an explanation of the occurrence of the same species in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, by suggesting that it was probably owing to involuntary transport by tides and currents, and not to voluntary migration. Very little is known about the direction and force of deep-sea currents ; but high northern species might be transported on the one side to Japan and on the other to Europe by a bifurcation of the great Arctic current, which has been traced as far south as the Straits of Gibraltar in the course of the ' Porcupine ' expeditions. The entry of northern species into the Mediterranean may be accounted for by the former existence of a wide channel or, rather, an open sea between the lower part of the Bay of Biscay and the Grulf of XIV PEOCEEDINGS OF THE Lyons, which has been satisfactorily proved on geological grounds to have been formed since the Tertiary epoch. A list of the moUusca referred to in the paper was given, with critical re- marks, as well as a list of twenty-two species of fish which Dr. Giinther communicated as common to the Japanese Seas and the North Atlantic or Mediterranean. After the reading of the paper, Captain St. John was called on by the President, and stated that he hoped in future cruises to be able to obtain further results, and to visit the warm as well as the cold streams. Dr. Carpenter, F.E.S., made some general remarks on Ocean- currents, especially with reference to the zones of temperature in the North and South Atlantic. He stated that it has been ascertained that water of 40° F. comes nearer to the surface in the equatorial regions than in the north and south tempe- rate zones. There are, he believes, zones of all temperatures in all deep seas, such as that of 33° F. observed by Capt. St. John between Socotra and the Seychelles. He hoped that Capt. St. John would in his future expeditions be able to obtain a very valuable series of observations of deep-sea temperatures. Dr. Gr, J. Allman, F.R.S., bore testimony to the great import- ance of the results obtained by Captain St. John, and referred to a magnificent collection of Hydroids brought home by him, a de- scription of which Dr. Allman hoped on a future occasion to be able to lay before the Society. The specimens all belonged to forms hitherto undescribed ; and he entered into some descrip- tion of one of the most remarkable of them. 2. " Note on Japanese Brachiopoda." By Thomas Davidson, Esq., F.E.S, Communicated by J. Qwyu Jefii-eys, Esq., F.E.S. February 5th, 1874. Geoeqe Bentham, Esq., F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The President was in the act of signing the Minutes of tlie LINNEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON. XV last Meeting, wlieu a Fellow of the Society rose and proposed to submit a question, justifying his so doing by reference to Chap. IX. of the Bye- Laws. The President ruled that this would be irregular, as the then present Meeting could only proceed with its ordinary business, which was (as defined by Sect. VI. of Chap. XIII. of the Bye-Laws) " to read and hear letters, reports, and other papers on subjects of Natural History." Some further discussion then arose, and the President, not considering that he had the support of the Meeting, left the Chair. February 19th, 1874. J. GrWTN Jefeeeys, Esq., F.E.S., in the Chair. H. J. Elwes, Esq., Alex. "Wm. Maxwell Clark-Kennedy, Esq., Robert "Warner, Esq., Thomas Eogers, Esq., Alexander Peckover, Esq., and H. C. Lang, Esq., were elected Fellows, The Chairman announced, that a Special General Meeting would be held on Thursday the 5th of March at 8 p.m., " to consider alterations in the Bye-Laws of the Society." The following papers were then read : — 1. " Systematic List of the Spiders at present known to inhabit Great Britain and Ireland." By the Eev. O. P. Cambridge. Presented by H. T. Staintou, Esq., Sec.L.S. During the last five years a constant communication and inter- change of typical examples of spiders has been going on between Dr. T. ThoreU, of Upsala, Dr. Koch, of Nurnberg, M. Eugene Simon, of Paris, the writer, and others, with a view to a determi- nation of the synonymic identity of the species recorded as in- digenous to Europe, but principally to Sweden, France, Germany, and England. The results of this investigation have been pub- lished by Dr. Thorell in a most laborious and exhaustive work lately completed, ' On the Synonyms of European Spiders.' The efiect of this work is to give priority to names of many British spiders described by Mr. Blackwall and the writer other than the names they bear in the works of those authors. The time there- XVI PROCEEDINGS OF THE fore appears to have arrived when a list, complete to the present time, of the known spiders of Great Britain and Ireland under the names to which, according to the laws of priority, they appear to be entitled, seems to be a desideratum. Dr. Thorell, indeed (Syn. Eur. Spid. p. 471), gives a list of British spiders ; but it is complete only to the date of Mr. Blackwall's work, ' Spiders of Grreat Britain and Ireland,' since the publication of which the number of known indigenous species has increased by nearly one half. The systematic arrangement of Mr. Blackwall has not been adopted in this list, appearing, as it did, to be too artificial and based on insufficient (though in some respects convenient) cha- racters, and, moreover, never to have found favour with other ara- neologists. The present arrangement (though it has no preten- sions to finality) is the result of a long and tolerably careful study of spiders from many and widely distant regions of the world. It begins at the opposite end to that where Dr. Thorell and Dr. Koch begin their systematic arrangements ; but it is, in the main, not very discordant with that of the former of these authors, as put forth in his valuable work * On the G-enera of Eu- ropean Spiders,' a work to which the writer is indebted for many most valuable hints on the classification of the Araneidea. 2. " Some observations on the Vegetable Productions and Eural Economy of the Province of Baghdad." By William Henry Colvill, Surgeon-Major H.M. Indian Eorces, Civil Service, Baghdad. Communicated by Dr. Hooker. 3. " Note on the Bracts of Crucifers." By M. T. Masters, Esq., M.D., E.R.S. The subject was divided by the writer into two branches : — 1. The absence of bracts in Crucifers. In the majority of cases this is so complete that even in the earliest stages of development ob- served by Payer no trace of bracts is seen. Different explanations of the phenomenon have been given by different morphologists. A. P. De CandoUe attributes it to congenital suppression of the parts ; Godron to pressure acting from within outwards, result- ing from the dense manner in which the young flowers are packed together ; Norman and Eichler consider that the bracts are abor- tive, but potentially present, the latter writer combating Godron's view by the consideration that on the one hand the bracts are LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. XVU absent where the inflorescence is so loose that no pressure can be exerted, and, on the other hand, in some cases where the flowers are densely crowded the bracts nevertheless exist. 2. The occasional presence of bracts in Cruclfers. About fifty illustra- tions of this were named. A few species, as Sisymbrium supinum and Mrsutum, have normally bracts to every flower ; in others their occurrence is only occasional ; where the raceaie shows a tendency to branch into a panicle, they may often be found at the base of the secondary divisions of the inflorescence ; in Arabis Turrita the lowermost pedicels have bracts at their base, the in- termediate ones have bracts springing from their outer surface above their base, while the uppermost have none at all. The writer then discussed the various theories which have been pro- posed to account for the variation in the position of the bracts when present, viz. at the base or on the side of the flower-stalk above the base. The causes assigned for the latter apparently anomalous position were stated by different botanists to be the following : — 1. Partition or subdivision of the axis ; 2. Congenital union, or lack of separation between the bract and the pedicel ; 3. Upraising of the bud and its bract. Anatomy gives no evi- dence of partition ; but it does afibrd in some cases the evidence of fusion, or rather of inseparation, as in some of the Cruci- ferae examined by Dr. Masters ; while in the case of Sedum, Solanvm, and Spiraa the peculiar arrangement of the bract seems to be owing to the third cause above mentioned. March 5th, 1874. Special General Meeting. G-EOEGE Busk, Esq., E.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. The Chairman stated the question for the discussion of which the Meeting had been summoned, and then called on Mr. Car- ruthers, who moved a resolution, " That a Committee be ap- pointed to consider the Bye-Laws, and to suggest to the Council such alterations, omissions, and additions as they may think de- sirable." This resolution was seconded by Mr. "W. S. Dallas, LTNN. PROC. —Session 1873-74. c XTUl PEOCEEDniTGS OT THE F.L.S. Major-G-eueral Stracbey, E.E.S., tliereupon moved, as an amendment, " That inasmucli as it appears that there are differ- ences of opinion in the Society as to the legality of the altera- tions of the Bye-Laws made at the Meeting on the 15th January last, (1) This Meeting, retaining complete confidence in the Pre- sident and Council of the Society, requests them to obtain the opinion of some legal authority whether those alterations are legally binding on the Society or not. (2) That if the opinion bo that the said alterations are legally binding, no further steps be taken in reference to them. (3) That if the opinion be that the said alterations, or any of them, are not legally binding, the Council be requested to take the necessary proceedings for setting aside the vote of the 15th January." This was seconded by Mr. C. J. Breese, F..L.S. A second amendment was moved by ISIr. J. E. Harting, F.L.S. , " That, the case having been submitted to counsel, the opinions thereon be read for the information of the Meet- ing ;" but this amendment was subsequently withdrawn. After much discussion. General Strachey's amendment was put by the Chairman to the Meeting, and was declared to be carried by a majority of 57 votes agaiast 39. The amendment was then put as a substantive motion, and carried. Before the close of the Meeting Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P., F.E.S., proposed, and jNIt. Carruthers, F.E.S., seconded, a resolu- tion expressive of tlie deep sense entertained by the Society of the eminent services rendered both to the Lkmean Society and to Science by the President during his long tenure of that Office, which resolution was carried unanimously by acclamation ; and the Meeting closed with a Vote of Thanks to the Chairman. March 19th, 1874. Dr. Gr. J. Allman, F.E.S., in the Chair. Alfred AValker, Esq., and Edwyn C. Eeed, Esq., of Santiago, were elected Fellows. The foUowiug papers were read, Aiz. : — LINNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. XIX 1. " Observations on Bees and "Wasps." By Sir John Lub- bock, Bart., M.P., F.E.S. The paper commenced by pointing out, with reference to the power of communication with one another said to be possessed by Hymenoptera, that the observations on record scarcely justify the conclusions which have been drawn from them. In support of the opinion that ants, bees, and wasps possess a true language, it is usuaDy stated that if one bee discovers a store of honey, the others are soon aware of the fact. This, however, does not neces- sarily imply the possession of any power of describing localities, or any thing which could correctly be called a language. If the bees or wasps merely follow their fortunate companions, the matter is simple enough. If, on the contrary, the others are sent, the case will be very diiferent. In order to test this, Sir John kept honey in a given place for some time, in order to satisfy himself that it would not readily be found by the bees, and then brought a bee to the honey, marking it so that he could ascertain whether it brought others or sent them, the latter, of course, im- plying a much higher order of intelligence and power of commu- nication. After trying the experiment several times with single bees and obtaining only negative results, Sir John Lubbock procured one of Marriott's observatory-hives, which he placed in his sitting-room. The bees had free access to the open air ; but there was also a small side or postern door, which could be opened at pleasure, and which led into the room. This enabled him to feed and mark any particular bees ; and he recounted a number of experiments, from which it appeared that comparatively few bees found their own way through the postern, while of those which did so the great majority flew to the window, and scarcely any found the honey for themselves. Those, on the contrary, which were taken to the honey, passed backwards and forwards between it and the hive, making on an average, five journeys in the hour. Sir John had also in a similar manner watched a number of marked wasps, with very similar results. These and other observations of the same tendency appear to show that, even if bees and wasps have the power of inform- ing one another when they discover a store of good food, at any rate they do not habitually do so ; and this seemed to him a strong reason for concluding that they are not in the habit of communi- cating facts. c2 XX PEOCEEDINGS OF THE • When once wasps liad made themselves thoronglily acquainted with their way, their movements were most regular. They spent three minutes supplying themselves with honey, and then flew straight to the nest, returning after an interval of about ten minutes, and thus making, like the bees, about five journeys an hour. During September they began in the morning at about six o'clock, and later when the mornings began to get cold, and continued to work without intermission till dusk. They made, therefore, rather more than fifty journeys in the day. Sir John had also made some experiments on the behaviour of bees introduced into strange hives, which seemed to contradict the ordinary statement that strange bees are always recognized and attacked. Another point as to which very different opinions have been propounded is the use of the antennae. Some entomologists have regarded them as olfactory organs, some as ears, the weight of authority being perhaps in favour of the latter opinion. In expe- rimenting on his wasps and bees, Sir John, to his surprise, could obtain no evidence that they heard at all. He tried them with a, shrill pipe, with a whistle, with a violin, with all the soiinds of which his voice was capable, doing so, moreover, within a few inches of their head ; but they continued to feed without the slightest appearance of consciousness. Lastly, he recounted some observations showing that bees have the power of distinguishing colours. The relations of insects to flowers imply that the former can distinguish colour ; but there had been as yet but few direct observations on the point. An interesting discussion followed, in which Mr. Eobert Warner, Major- General Strachey, Mr. A. W. Bennett, Prof. Newton, Prof. Thiselton Dyer, Mr. D. Hanbury, Mr. Elliot, of New York, and others took part. 2. " On Oniscigaster WaTceJieldi, a singular insect from New Zealand, belonging to the Eamily Ephemeridse, with Notes on its Aquatic Conditions." By E. M'Lachlan, Esq., E.L.S. The author gives full diagnoses of the new species and genus, founded on this remarkable insect, forwarded by Mr. C. M. Wake- field from Christchurch, Canterbury Settlement, New Zealand. He has also had the opportunity of examining two individuals of LINNEAN SOCIETY OT LOTSTBON. XXl the aquatic conditions of the insect. These are of different ages, and may be termed " larva " and " nymph " respectively, the larger individual having strongly developed rudimentary wings, and being evidently nearly mature, while the smaller one possesses only the thoracic lobes which indicate the position of the wings. Tliese two states are described in detail. This remarkable insect would appear to be common at Christ- church, the cast subimaginal skins being no rarities sticking on walls, windows, &c. The Eev. A. E. Eaton considers the genus allied to Siphlurus, and points out that the structure of the aquatic conditions shows the creature to be of active habits, swimming freely among water-plants in search of its prey, and not semi- fbssorial as is the case with some members of the family. The great lateral expansion of the margins of the abdominal segments is without a parallel in any known perfect insect of the group. The author concludes by tracing the relations of Latreille's genus of Branchiopod Crustacea, Prosopistovia, according to the ob- servations of N. and E. Joly, two French entomologists (father and son), who have rediscovered the creature, and who point out that there is scarcely any doubt as to the genus having been founded on the aquatic conditions of some species of Ephemeridae. Some discussion as to the relationships of Oniscigaster took place, in which the Rev. A. E. Eaton (present as a visitor) and Sir John Lubbock took part. April 2ud, 1874-. J. GvrtN Jbffeeys, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair. J. H. Mangles, Esq., was elected a Eellow. The following paper was read : — 1. " On the Morphology of the Skulls in the Woodpeckers (Picidse) and the Wrynecks (Tungidse)." By W. Kitchen Parker, E.R.S. Communicated by the President. Tfxn PEOOEEDINGS Or THE The present paper is one of a series in hand, in which the writer has endeavoured to work out thoroughly the facial characters of cer- tain types of birds, in harmony with the view given by Professor Huxley in his well-known paper " On the Classification of Birds " (Proc. Zool. Soc. April 11, 1867). His own mode of research is much more like that followed by the distinguished author of that paper than that pursued by ornithologists proper. Without undervaluing their excel- lent labours, yet there are many things which are seen first and first understood by the embryologist, and not by the zoologist as such. Professor Huxley, in the paper just referred to, separated the forms now under consideration into his group " Coleomorphse," aud gives (p. 467) a very valuable summary of their characters. It was sought in that paper to bring into more or less zoological contiguity such birds as have a similar structure of the facial and, especially, of the palatal bones. The group-terms " Schizogna- thae " (p. 426), " DromseognathEe " (p. 425), &c. are very important, although some of them are of very wide application. It was the first thought of the author of this paper that the Woodpeckers would easily find a place amongst the non-passerine aerial birds ; but examination of their palatal structures soon dis- pelled this opinion. They are more allied to the " Passeringe " than most of the Zygodactyles ; but it is to the embryos of that type, and not to the adult, that they are related. The " Pas- serinse " themselves are well termed "^githognathous " (p. 450). This huge group is in hand at present. Large materials have been added to the stores of the writer by Osbert Salvin, Esq., who also has assisted greatly in the matter of the Picidee. He is also indebted to Dr. Murie, Mr. D. Bartlett, and Mr. W. J. Williams. Most of the non-passerine birds that seem to come nearest to the Woodpeckers have a very solid palate ; they are " Desmogna- thous;" others, as the Humming-birds and Goatsuckers {Gapri- mulgtis'), are " Schizognathous ; " whilst the Swift {Cypselus) is as perfectly "^Egithognathous " as the Swallows. But the Wood- peckers retain that non-coalesced condition of the palatal struc- tures which we see in the Lizards, very unlike that great fusion of parts towards the mid line which occurs in most of the higher birds. They have also an unusually arrested condition of the pa- latal part of the upper jaw-bone (maxillary), which is characteristic of the Lizard, and unlike the bird-class generally — and bones super- LDTN-EAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXlll added to the palate (" vomers," " septomaxillaries," &c.) ; these are persistently iu paired groups, more in number, and altoge- ther more e\ndently embryonic and Lacertian than the homolo- gous parts of other birds. The writer therefore seeks to introduce a new morphological term for these birds as a group, having rela- tion to their face, namely the term " Saurognathae ; " for none of Professor Huxley's terms is appropriate for this type of palate. The writer has been able to work out these parts in the nestlings of Yunx torquilla, in four stages of Gecinus viridis, in the young of Picus minor, and in the adult of P. major, JP. analis, Hemilopkus Julvus, and I*icumnus minutits. April 16th, 1874. H. Teimen, Esq., M.B., iu the Chair. G. E. Dobson, Esq., Staff-Surgeon, Netley, was elected a Fellow. The Chairman proposed Dr. Allman. Dr. Trimen, Mr. James Ince, and Mr. H. T. Mennell as Members of the Committee for auditing the Treasurer's account. A letter was read from Professor Parlatore, of Florence, in- viting the Society to send representatives to the International Horticultural and Botanical Congress to be held in that city in May. On the motion of Mr. A. Murray, seconded by Pro- fessor Thiselton Dyer, Dr. Masters, Mr. George Maw, and Mr. Hiern were accredited by the Society to the Congress. A note was read from Professor Oliver on a fruit collected on the return route from Coomassie by Lieutenant De Hoghton, and forwarded by Major Bulger, which proved to belong to Du- boscia, a remarkable genus of Tiliacese, only known to us pre- viously from specimens collected on the river Muni by Mr. Gustav Mann in 1862, and described by Bocquillon in 'Adansonia,' vii. 50. xxiv PEOCEEDINGS OF THE Mr. A. Murray exhibited some remarkable specimens of sili- cified wood from N.W. America, one of which had a peculiar charred appearance. Professor Thiselton Dyer remarked that Mr. Murray's speci- mens were extremely similar to the sHicified wood of Lough Neagh ( Cwpressoxylon FritcTiardi). The specimens with a deeply discoloured interior, he thought, had not necessarily undergone any thing like charring from fire, but had probably been parti- ally converted into lignite by slow decay before silicification. The Lough Neagh wood was attributed to the Miocene ; but the fragments were found imbedded, like Mr. Murray's specimens, in a clay, and this was of late Tertiary age. Professor Busk compared the substance to jet, and described a bed of lignite in the north of France in which a similar phenome- non was presented, the interior part of the wood being converted into charcoal, while the exterior part retained its original condition. Mr. J. Gr. Baker exhibited specimens from the Kew Herbarium of Clieilantlies farinosa and Dalhousiw. The fern described by Sir "William Hooker as C. DalJiousice was gathered in the Hima- layas by Lady Dalhousie, and precisely resembles the well-known G. farinosa in every respect except the absence of the waxy cover- ing on the back of the frond. Specimens have since been found intermediate in character ; and Mr. Baker now exhibited some from New Granada agreeing precisely with the Himalayan form, ■which confirm the view that G. Dalhousice can no longer be main- tained as a distinct species. Professor Thiselton Dyer exhibited, from the Kew Museum, a fine series of the fruits of various species of Dipterocarpus and also of Dryohalanops aromatica, Gsertn. fil., together with an unfolded embryo of the latter plant. The remarkable wings possessed by the fruits of the Dipterocarpeae seemed to be adapted to the occasional transport of the fruits by strong gusts of wind. It was, however, stated by Indian observers that the seeds very rapidly lost their capacity for germination. Dr. Cleghorn agreed that this was the case, and that in India the Sal {Shorea rohustd) could not be distributed to places at any distance from the forests by means of its seeds. The reason appeared to be that germination generally commenced before the fruits fell from the trees. LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXV Mr. Bull stated that he liad grown Shorea in this country from seeds sent to him covered with wax. The following papers were then read, viz. : — 1. " Contributions to the Botany of H.M.S. ' Challenger ' Ex- pedition." Communicated by Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S. Nos. III. toXIY. No. III. " Notes on Freshwater Algae collected in the Boiling Springs at Euruas, St. Michael's, Azores, and their neighbour- hood." By H. N. Moseley, Esq. In the valley of Fvu'nas are two distinct sets of hot springs — one at the village, and the other at a distance of two or three miles, on the shore of the lake. lu the priucipal one of the springs at the latter locality ebullition is constantly going on, and no Algge were found in it. At a short distance is another spring of sulphurous intensely hot, but not boiling, water ; and the water is here co- vered to the depth of almost 1| inch by a shining substance com- posed entirely of OscillatoricB mixed with a Botryococcus and a few skeletons of Diatomacese, including a species of Navicula. Close by these sulphurous springs are shallow pools of hot water edged round with a Botryococcus. At the other set is a sulphurous spring of boiling-hot muddy water. Immediately below is a swamp of hot mud, also full oi Botryococcus unmixed with Oseillatorice. The exact temperature of the hot springs was not taken. The Algse appear to resemble those described by Eabenhorst as growing in warm springs iu Europe. In a warm stream of about 95° E. a Conferva was found growing amongst the fibres of a moss. The neighbouring lake of Eurnas contains several patches from which sulphurous gas is discharged, and is rich in various Algse, such as Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Hydrodictyon, &c. No. IV. " Note on the foregoing communication." By Pro- fessor Thiselton Dyer, E.L.S. The Diatoms sent home by IVIr. Moseley were submitted to the Eev. E. O'Meara, who found them to belong to species of tl'e most frequent occurrence in fresh water, apparently in no way affected by the high temperature of the water. XXYl PEOCEEDINOS OF THE No. V. " Notes on some Collections made by Mr. Moseley at Furnas." By "W. Archer, Esq. The Algse are mostly common species, several of them British, belonging to the genera Botryococcus, Spirogyra, Mesocarpus, Buh hoclicete, (Edogonium, &c. A portion of a rush was also found, apparently differing in no way from Juncus acutiflorus \ also re- mains of Entomostraca and Ehizopoda. No. VI. "Notes on Plants collected at St. Vincent, Cape- Verdes." By H. N. Moseley, Esq. As complete a collection as possible was made of the plants, every day being spent in searching for specimens ; also a few from St. lago. No. VII. " Enumeration of Algse collected by Mr. Moseley at the Cape-Verdes." By G. Dickie, M.D., F.L.S. Three new species were described. No. VIII. " Enumeration of the Fungi collected during the Expedition of H.M.S, ' Challenger,' February to May 1873." By the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, F.L.S. No. IX. " Notes on Plants collected at St. Paul's Eock." By H. N. Moseley, Esq. Darwin and Hooker have described the absolute barrenness of this island. Very few seaweeds were found living in the constant heavy surf. Where the water was comparatively smooth, a few green AJgse were found, and a green Chlorococcum on the concretions of guano. This was the only aerial plant found on the island, and it was accompanied by the pupa of the pupiparous fly described by Darwin. In the stagnant water are a few OscillatoricB and Diatoms. No. X. " Enumeration of the Algae collected by Mr. Moseley at St. Paul's Eock." By Or. Dickie, M.D., F.L.S. About eighteen species are described, including six possibly new ones. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, XXVll No. XI. " Notes on Plants collected at Eernando Noronha." By H. N. Moseley, Esq. The only published description of plants from this island is by "Webster in his narrative of Foster's voyage in the ' Chanticleer.' Darwin mentions only two. No. XII. "Enumeration of Algae collected by Mr Moseley at Eernando Noronha." By G. Dickie, M.D., F.L.S. Eive or six new species are described. Excluding three or four species, mostly cosmopolites, and the smaller species from rock- pools, the Algse are most nearly related to those of the Mexican Gulf. No. XIII. " Enumeration of Algse collected by Mr. Moseley in 30-fathoms water at Barra Grande, Pernambuco," By G. Dickie, M.D., F.L.S. No. XIV. " Enumeration of Algse collected by Mr. Moseley in Bahia." By G. Dickie, M.D., F.L.S. May 7th, 1874. Geoege Busk, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair. Isaac Vaughan, Esq., F.Z.S., was elected a FeUow. Professor Thiselton Dyer exhibited a fruit of Telfairia oceiden- talis, Hook. f. Dr. W. C. Thomson wrote in a note accompany- ing the specimen, " The seeds ai'e used parched by the natives of Calabar, and the young leaves and shoots much prized as a green vegetable. The native name is Ubong ; and from the fruit of the Aristolochia Goldieana, Hook, f., having some resemblance to it, that plant is called Ubong-edop, signifying the antelope's or the wild Ubong." With reference to the fruit of the Aristolochia, hitherto undescribed. Dr. Thomson writes as follows : — " I have XXVIU PEOCEEDINGS OF THE seen it, but only so far back as 1859 1 cannot trust myself to say more than that the fruit was of a red-brown colour, 5 or 6 inches long, and six-celled, with six well-marked ridges, giving it tlie resemblance traced to the Telfairia. I fenced in the plant to get the fruit matured ; but finding one day half of it eaten away, I secured and bottled the remaining half. In the other two W.- African species, A. triactina and A. Mannii, the fruit is ribbed." Mr, J. E. Jackson exhibited a piece of the wood of the copal- tree {Trachylohium Hornemannianum) from Zanzibar riddled by white ants. After ^having been some time in tbe Kew Mu- seum, the living creatures were found in the copal and sent to Mr. r. Smith, who determined them to belong to a species of Termes or white ant, Eutermes lateralis, Walk. Great' interest in tbe specimen presented was expressed by entomologists present, who had never seen a white ant alive, Mr. E. M'Lachlan remai-king tbat a species introduced in this way to the Botanic Grardens at Yienna had become a great pest in the hothouses. The following papers were then read, viz. : — 1. " On the Discovery of Phylica arborea, a tree of Tristan d'Acunha, in Amsterdam Island, in the South-Indian Ocean ; with an enumeration of the Phanerogams and Vascular Cryptogams of that Island and of St. Paul's." By Dr. J. D. Hooker, V.P.L.S. Labillardiere stated in 1791 that the islet of Amsterdam (gene- rally confounded with that of St. Paul), lat. 37° 52' S., long. 77" 35' E., in the Indian Ocean, was covered with trees, while that of St. Paul, only fifty miles south of it, is destitute of even a shrub. The nature of this arborescent vegetation was unknown until H.M.S. ' Pearl ' touched at the island in the summer of 1873, when Commodore Goodenough brought off" a specimen of what he states to be the only tree growing in the island, together with a fern in an imperfect state. The former proves to be the I^hylica arborea of Tristan d'Acunha, and the fern a frond of a Lomaria. Amsterdam Island and Tristan d'Acunha are separated by about 5000 miles of ocean, and are nearly in the same latitude ; and Dr. Hooker discusses the various hypotheses which suggest themselves to account for the extraordinary fact of the occurrence LI^JTEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXIX of the same species in such widely separated localities, viz. winds, birds, oceanic currents, and a former continuous land-connexion, all of which present great diflBculties, B-eichardt gives, in the ' Verhandl. der k. k. Gesellsch. der Wissen.' of Vienna for 1873, a list of eleven plants collected on St. Paul's Island ; one of these appears to be Spartma arundinacea, a plant also only known else- where as a native of Tristan d'Acunha. Near the hot springs on St. Paul's Island Lycopodium cernuum is found, an interesting example of the occurrence of a tropical species under special con- ditions beyond its normal range, a phenomenon of which other instances also occur. Mr. A. W. Bennett suggested a fourth possible explanation of the occurrence of the Phylica in two such remote localities, viz. its accidental or intentional transport by human agency — an hypo- thesis which he thought was strengthened by the similar occur- rence of a second species, Spartina arundinacea, and by the fact that of the eleven species recorded by Eeichardt as growing on St. Paul's Island, he considered that nine had been introduced. 2. "Additions to the Lichen-Flora of New Zealand." By Dr. J. Stirton. Communicated by Dr. Hooker, Y.P.L.S. The lichens here described were collected by John Buchanan, Esq., of the Colonial Museum, Wellington, N.Z., and include a large number of species now described for the first time. The lichen-flora of New Zealand is an unusually rich one ; but while the phanerogamic flora of the islands diverges widely from that of countries in a corresponding European latitude, their cryptogamic flora shows closer affinities, and this is especially the case with regard to the lichens. In the Angiocarpous section there is a singular discrepancy in the colour of the spores of several species from New Zealand from that of lichens which in other respects must be identified with them from other parts of the world. 3. " Enumeratio Muscorum Capitis Bonse Spei." By J. Shaw, M.D., E.L.S. The general results arrived at in this paper are summed up as follows : — 1. The great majority of the Cape mosses are of northern-hemisphere types, a few being cosmopolites. 2. Some Australian and New-Zealand forms are represented — a much larger proportion than is the case with flowering plants. 3. XXX PBOCEEDINGS OP THE Many forms are strictly localized to particular soils and con- ditions of climate. 4. The Moss-flora of the Cape is charac- terized by an almost total absence of alpine forms. 4. " Contributions to the Botany of the ' Challenger ' Expedi- tion." Communicated by Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S. No. XV. " Notes on Plants collected in the Islands of the Tristan d'Acunha Grroup." By H. N. Moseley, Esq. The only published accounts of the flora of Tristan d'Acunha are by Da Petit Thouars in his ' Melanges,' and by Captain Car- michael in the ' Transactions of the Linnean Society,' vol. xii. The area of the island is sixteen, and not two, geographical square miles, as stated in Grrisebach's ' Vegetation der Erde.' The fruit of Phylica arborea is described as being eaten by birds. In- accessible Island, four square miles in extent and twenty-three miles from Tristan d'Acunha, was also visited, probably for the first time by any European naturalist. No. XVI. "List of Algffi collected by Mr. H. N. Moseley at Tristan d'Acunha." By G. Dickie, M.D., E.L.S. Two new species are described. 5. " On a new Australian Sphaeromoid {Cyclura venosd); and Notes on Dynamene rubra andZ). viridis.''^ By the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing. Communicated by "W. "W. Saunders, Esq., V.P.L.S. This form belongs apparently to a new genus. It was found in Sidney Harbour, under stones at the lowest ebb-tides. 6. " Descriptions of five new Species of Gonyleptes.'" By A. a. Butler, Esq., E.L.S. These are additional to the monograph of the genus already published by the writer. 7. " Observations on the IPruit of NitopJiyllum versicolor.'^ By Mrs. Merrifield. Communicated by E. Currey, Esq., Sec. L.S. The paper contains a description of the coccidia of this species, hitherto unknown, although the plant was described in 1800. LINNEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON. XXXI 8. "On Rieracium silhetense, DC." By C. B. Clarke, Esq., F.L.S. The writer disagrees with Mr. Beutham's identification of this species with Ainslicea angustifolia, Hook. f. et Thorns. 9. "Notes on Indian Gentianaceae." By C. B. Clarke, Esq , F.L.S. The paper contains a list of Indian Grentianacese, with remarks on those species, especially the Bengal ones, of which the writer has sufficient materials to justify any. The sources are his own herbarium, that of Mr. Kurz, and the collection belonging to the Calcutta Botanic Grardens. 10. " On some Atlantic Crustacea from the ' Challenger ' Expedi- tion." By E. V. "Willemoes-Suhm. Communicated by Professor WyviUe Thomson, F.E.S. Among the many deep-sea crustaceans which have been brought up either by the dredge or the trawl during the ' Challenger's ' cruise in the Atlantic, the most interesting are described in the present paper — in addition to descriptions of both sexes of the interesting Nebalia from the shallow water of Bermuda, some re- marks on the male and the structure oi Cystosoma {Thaumops), and some additions to our knowledge of the natural history and development of a land-crab from the Cape-Yerdes Islands. More detailed descriptions of these forms are given than in the papers already printed elsewhere, as well as an attempt to settle their systematic position. The paper is divided into seven parts, as follows: — (1) on a blind deep-sea Tanaid; (2) on Cystosoma Neptuni {Thaumops pellucida) ; (3) on a Nehalia from Bermudas ; (4) on some genera of Schizopoda with a free dorsal shield ; (5) on the development of a land-crab ; (6) on a blind deep-sea Astacus; (7) on Willemoesia (Grrote), a deep-sea Decapod allied to Oryon. PBOCEEDINGS OF THE Anniversary Meeting, May 25th, 1874. G-EOEGE Busk, Esq., Vice-President, in tlie Chair. After the usual preliminary business the Treasurer read the financial statement, the receipts and payments for the year being as under (see p. xlii). The Secretary stated that the death of twelve Fellows of the Society (viz. : — Philip Barnes, Esq. ; Frederic Bird, M.D. Eobert Cole, Esq. ; Henry Deane, Esq. ; J. T. Dickson, Esq., M.B. James Fischer, Esq. ; Rev. Dr. Grarnier, Dean of Winchester Albany Hancock, Esq. ; T. N. E. Morson, Esq. ; J. L. Stewart, M.D. ; Thomas Turner, Esq. ; Francis C.Webb, M.D.) and of three Foreign Members (viz. : — Prof. Louis'Agassiz, F.M.E.S. ; Greorge Eittervon Frauenfeld; Carl Friedrich Meissner, M.D.) had been ascertained to have taken place during the year, that four Fellows (viz. : — A. Adams, Esq. ; Eev. A. E. Cole ; H. Hailey, Esq. ; and J. Shaw, M.D.) had withdrawn and twenty-seven had been elected during the past year. The Chairman announced, on the report of the scrutineers appointed for the purpose, that the following gentlemen were elected Officers of the Society for the coming year, viz. : — Presi- dent, Gr. J. Allman, M.D. ; Treasurer, Daniel Hanbury, Esq. ; Secretaries, Frederick Currey, Esq., and St. George J. Mivart, Esq. ; that Eobert Braithwaite, M.D., J. D. Hooker, C.B., M.D., J. G. Jefireys, LL.D., Daniel Oliver, Esq., and W. W. Saunders, Esq., were removed from the Council, and the following five gentlemen elected in their place, viz. : — Major-General Strachey; W. T. T. Dyer, Esq.; J. E. Harting, Esq.; W. P. Hiern, Esq. ; J. J. Weir, Esq. It was resolved unanimously : — " That the Secretaries be re- quested to convey to Mr. Bentham the cordial thanks of the Society for his invaluable services throughout the thirteen years LINNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXlll during which he has occupied the President's Chair, to express to him the regret with which the Fellows contemplate the loss of his services, and to assure him that the zealous interest which he has taken in the welfare of the Society and the great efforts which he has made, with so much liberality and success, to increase its prosperity and usefulness, will always be held in grateful remem- brance. It was also unanimously resolved : — " That the thanks of the Society be given to Mr. Stainton on his retirement from the office of Secretary, with an expression of the Society's deep regret on losing his valuable services in that capacity." The Senior Secretary laid before the Society the Obituary Notices, printed at p. xliii. June 4th, 1874. G. J. Allman, M.D., President, in the Chair. The President nominated Gr. Bentham, Esq., Gr. Busk, Esq., J. Miers, Esq., and D. Hanbury, Esq., Vice-Presidents of the Society for the year ensuing. The President exhibited a number of living specimens of fire- fly {Luciola ifalica) recently taken by himself in the neighbour- hood of Turin, calling attention to the remarkable synchronous emission of flashes of light by numerous individuals, and pointing out that the phosphorescence is a phenomenon not of darkness merely, but of twilight or night. Dr. "W. Gr. Earlow exhibited and described microscopical pre- parations made in the botanical laboratory of the University of Strasburg, illustrating a remarkable asexual development from the prothallus of PteHs cretica. In the centre of the cushion or thickest part of the prothallus were a number of scalariform ducts, the prothallus bearing a number of antheridia, but no archegonia. From these ducts a leaf is developed directly, after which a root is also developed, and last of all a stem-bud. A comparison was drawn between this growth, which was observed in this species only, and the b\ids ordinarily produced from the LTNN. PEOC. — Session 1873-74. d XXXIV PEOCEEDINGS OF THE protonema of a moss. Normally the prothallus of a fern is en- tirely destitute of vascular tissue of any kind. Professor Thiselton Dyer described tte structure of the flowers of Pringlea and Lyallia, which had recently been sent to this country for the first time by Mr. Moseley, and which had been dissected by Professor Oliver and subsequently by himself. Pringlea possesses no petals whatever. The stamens are normal, with flattened filaments gradually narrowed upwards. Glandulae are altogether absent. The stigma is flattened and hairy. Lyallia has the flowers solitary in the axils of the overlapping leaves. The pedicel is furnished with two subopposite lateral bracts. The perianth consists of four free membranous leaflets arranged in two decussating pairs. The stamens are variable ; but com- monly there is one anterior and two posterior, with minute gland- like swellings of the torus between their insertion. The bifurca- tion of the stigma is apparently oblique to the median line of the flower. The ovary is one-celled, with about three erect basal ovules. Pirst placed in Portulacese, and subsequently amongst the Polycarpese in Caryophyllacese, its final place would probably be found to be in Alsinese near Colobanthus. Dr. Hooker then stated that whereas in a former communica- tion he had pointed out that two of the peculiar plants of Tristan d'Acunha reappeared in nearly the same latitude in Amsterdam Island, he had now to call attention to the no less remarkable latitudinal extension, more to the south, of that very remarkable plant Pringlea. Mr. Moseley had had the good fortune to get this on Marion Island more to the west, and on Heard Island more to the east of any known station for it. They had specie cimens in the Kew Herbarium from the Crozets. He thought that these facts were very important additions to the geogra- phical botany of the great southern oceanic region. He could not agree with Mr. Bennett's suggestion that the Tristan d'Acunha plant might have been introduced by human agency into Amsterdam Island. Several peculiarities in the structure of Pringlea, the absence of petals and of the usual glands between the bases of the stamens, the exserted anthers, and the papiUge of the stigma extended into a tuft of hairs, appear to point to this plant (a native of a country where there are no winged insects) LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXV being a wind-fertilized member of a class of plants tbat are ordi- narily fertilized by insects. The following papers were then read, viz. : — 1. Contributions to the Botany of the ' Challenger ' Expedition (presented by Dr. J. D. Hooker, C.B.) : No. Xlla. " Challenger Lichens " (Cape-Verdes). By Dr. J. Stirton. No. XVIIa. " Letter from Mr. H. N. Moseley to Dr. Hooker, dated Cape Otway, Australia, March 16, 1874. On the Botany of Kerguelen's Land, Marion, and Heard Islands." No. XVIII. " List of hitherto unrecorded Species from Ker- guelen's Land, Marion, and Heard Islands, with a Note on Lyallia Kerguelensis, Hook, f." By Professor Oliver. "Synopsis of the Mosses of the Island of St. Paul." By W. Mitten, A.L.S. (Appendix to Dr. Hooker's paper " On St. Paul's Island Plants.") 2. " On the Restiaceae of Thunberg's Herbarium." By M. T, Masters, M.D., F.R.S. At the time that the author published his monograph " On the South- African Restiaceae" in the Journal of the Society, vol. viii, p. 211, and vol. x. p. 209, he had had no opportunity of examining the type specimens described by Thunberg. The few figures published by that naturalist are excellent ; but his descrip- tions are often so imperfect that not even the sex of the plant is mentioned. In common therefore with all who had previ- ously studied these plants, the author had to guess at the species intended by Thunberg. Lately, however, by the kindness of the authorities at Upsal, Thunberg's African collections have been transmitted to Kew for examination ; and the author availed him- self of the opportunity to study the Eestiacese. The paper now read contains a list of these specimens, with their names, syno- nyms, and such rectifications in the nomenclature as the exami- nation rendered necessary. d2 XXXVi PEOCEEDINGS OF THE 3. " On Napoleona, Omphalocarpum, aud Aster antlios." By J. Miers, Esq.,V.P.L.S. The plants forming tlie small group of the Napoleonece are eon- fined to two very heterogeneous genera — one from Africa, the other from Brazil. Napoleona was discovered in 1787 at Owaree bv Palisot-Beauvois ; AsterantJios was established in 1820 by Desfontaines, when he associated it with Napoleona as a group belonging to Symplocinece. These plants have been ever since a complete puzzle to botanists, who have assigned to them remotely dissimilar positions, the last being that given by the authors of the ' Grenera Plantarum,' who make them a subtribe of Lecy- thidese, one of their tribes of Myrtacese. A careful examination of these plants has convinced the author that most botanists have been wide of the mark in regard to their true affinity. In his analysis of Napoleona he separated carefully the several parts which constitute the flower, which are arranged in four distinct whorls, all fixed on the outer margin of a short erect annular epi- gynous disk ; the external whorl is the corolla, which is orbicular with many strong subulate nerves confluent around their base, and terminating in as many short lobes that divide the circumfer- ence. The other parts within the corolla have been called the corona, and form three whorls. The outer one consists of about seventy narrow pointed segments somewhat shorter than the corolla, all free to the base, where they are attached to the disk, at some distance from which a prominent vesicle is seen on each upon its median nerve ; so that when the corolla is removed a moniliform ring of seventy vesicles is distinctly observed on the under side of these radiating segments — an important feature which has been overlooked by all botanists with one exception, and which perhaps ofi'ers a key to the nature of the whole struc- ture. The second whorl of the corona, when the other parts are removed, is seen to consist of about forty similar but broader seg- ments, all confluent for half their length into a depressed globe or cup ; the free portions of the segments, being incurved, meet in the centre ; when this globular cup is viewed from below, a similar moniliform ring of forty vesicles, similar in diameter to the former one, is distinctly seen upon the nerves of the segments. The third or inner whorl consists of twenty free similar segments somewhat broader than the last, all curving inwards in a horse-shoe form, so that their extremities all converge around the stigma, each of WNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXSVU the extremities bearing a fertile anther fixed extrorsely upon the tip of the segments — a very important feature. The ovary is quite inferior, crowned on its outer edge with five thick triangular sepals, which are valvate in aestivation ; it is from 5- to 12-celled, each cell containing two or four superposed collateral ovules fixed in the axis. The indehiscent fruit is a depressed globe umbili- cated in the centre, where it is crowned by the persistent sepals ; it has a more or less thin coriaceous pericarp divided by distinct dissepiments into cells varying in number in the several species ; in most cases only a single seed is perfected in each cell, which is oblong, compressed, and reniform on one margin where it is at- tached to the axis of the fruit ; and upon its reniform sinus a broad cicatrix is seen, denoting the place of its adhesion to the angle of the dissepiments — a feature hitherto unnoticed ; the seed is covered by a very thin dark integument, which encloses an exalbumiuous embryo consisting of two large fleshy cotyledons and a short radical embedded within them at the ventral sinus- All the plants of Napoleona are reduced to two species by the authors of the ' Genera Plantarum,' and to one only by Profes- sor Lawson; but in the present memoir many differences are pointed out, in the habit of the plants, in the form and character of the leaves, the colour and size of the flowers, the number of parts in their whorls, the thickness of the pericarp in the fruits, the number of cells, the shape of the seeds, the presence of pulp (said to exist) in many, and its total absence in others — which constant differences point to the existence of seven good species, here described in detail. Upon the evidence thus brought together concevning Napoleona, the author remarks that there is nothing in its structure to show the slightest relation to Myrtaceae, that it is equally irreconci- lable with the Barringtonieaa and with Lecythidese ; and in conse- quence of these negative results we must search elsewhere for its true affinity. This led the author to examine OmpJialocarpum, a genus from the same region as Napoleona, and whose flowers and fruit, of similar form, grow upon the trunks of the trees. This genus has been generally regarded as belonging to Sapotaceae ; but the authors of the * Grenera Plantarum ' place it in Teru- stroemiacese. A full analysis of its flowers, and also of its fruit and seeds, is here shown in detailed drawings, which seem to prove beyond question that the genus belongs to Sapotaceae. On comparing this structure with that of Napoleona, many unex- XXXVIU PEOCEEDrN'GS OF THE pected points of analogy present themselves : they both have fas- ciculated flowers growing upon the trunks of trees, out of brac- teolated nodules ; they have a calyx of five sepals, a corolla quite gamopetalous in one case, pseudo-gamopetalous in the other, both furnished with phalanges of fertile stamens bearing extrorse anthers, as well as sterile stamens placed in separate phalanges in one case, concentrically disposed in the other, a plurilocular ovary with few ovules fixed in the axis of the cells, an indehiscent plurilociilar fruit, orbicular, depressed, and umbilicated at the apex, seeds marked by a ventral scar where they are attached to the axis. But, on the other hand, great differences exist in the aestivation of the sepals, in the corolla completely gamopetalous in one case, pseudo-gamopetalous in the other, in the arrange- ment of the staminodes, in a disk epigynous in one, perigynous Ln the other, in the ovary, which is superior in the one and inferior in the other, in the seeds being albuminous in one case, exal- buminous in the other. Under these circumstances Napoleona cannot belong to Sapotaceee ; but as it offers so many points of resemblance, and as it cannot find a place in any known natural order, it must remain the monotype of a distinct family, to be placed in juxtaposition with Sapotacese. In regard to Aster antJios, the author shows by analytical figures that it bears no resemblance in any of its features to Napoleona, except its orbicular corolla, which is differently constructed ; the calyx is quite dissimilar in form ; the flowers show no trace of a corona ; there is no analogy in the form, structure, or posi- tion of the stamens ; the ovary is superior, not inferior ; it has a long slender style, and an extremely different stigma ; its fruit is unknown. A strong resemblance exists in the form of its calyx to that represented by Wight in an Indian species of Rho- dodendron. There seems nothing, therefore, to separate Asteran^ thos from other genera of Ehododendrese, except its more rotate corolla. Criticisms on some of the debatable points raised in this paper were made by Dr. Hooker and Professor Thiselton Dyer. LINNEAir SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXIX June 18, 1874. Gr. J. xIllman, M.D., President, in the Chair. E. Birchall, Esq., James Leathern, M.D., and J. Harbord Lewis, Esq., were elected Fellows. Mr. D. Hanbury, Treas. L.S., exhibited branches of Olivp grown in the open air at Clapham, some bearing flowers, others nearly ripe fruit ; also a specimen of Rlieum officinale, Baill., now grown in this country for the first time, the source of the true medicinal Turkey Eliubarb, aud pointed out the characters in which it differs from other species of the genus. Dr. Hooker made a communication on the subject of some Indian Garcinias to the effect : — (1) That the G. indica, Chois. {pur- purea, Eoxb.), had been placed in a wrong section in Anderson's review of the genus in the ' Flora of British India.' (2) That the plant referred to under G. GrffitMi as the true Gamboge-plant of Siam is identical with G. Morella, var. pedicellafa, of Han- hvLTj (Linn. Trans, yol. xxiv. p. 489, t. 50), whicli Dr. Hooker regards as a distinct species, and proposes that the name of G. Hanburyi sliould be given to it. (3) That the G. hrevirostris of Scheffer is identical with G. eugenicefolia of Wallich. (4) That the name of G. ovalifoJia, Hook, f., must give place to the previously published G. ovalifolia of Oliver's ' Flora of Tropical Africa ;' and the Indian plant must take the name of spicata, it being a form of XantJiocJiymus spicatus, W. & A. Professor Thiselton Dyer exhibited a young oak-plant with three cotyledons, which had been sent to him by Mr. Cross, of Chester ; also a pitcher-like development of a leaf of the common cabbage, from Harting, Sussex, sent by Mr. H. C. AVatson to the Kew Museum. IVIr. A.W. Bennett,F.L.S., exhibited drawings of the style, stigma, and pollen-grain of Pringlea antiscorhutica. Hook, f., describing the remarkable manner in which the poUen of Pringlea differs from that of other nearly allied Crucifers, being much smaller and per- fectly spherical, instead of elliptical with three furrows. This he considered a striking confirmation of Dr. Hooker's suggestion xl PEOCEEDINGS OP THE that we have here a wind-fertilized species of a family ordinarily fertilized by insects, an hypothesis which is again confirmed by the total absence of hairs on the style of Pringlea. An extract was read of a letter from Harry Bolus, Esq., F.L.S., to Dr. Hooker, dated Graaf Eeinet, April 4th, 1874, in which he comments adversely on some of the reasonings contained in G-rise- bach's ' Vegetation der Erde ' in favour of the theory of " inde- pendent centres of creation." Grrisebach, relying chiefly on an observation of Burchell's, makes the Orange Eiver the boundary between the Cape and Kalahari proviuces, a boundary which Mr. Bolus shows to be untenable, at least in certain portions. Grrise- bach unites the Kanoo flora with that of the Cape province ; while Mr. Bolus doubts whether it does not differ more from this than from the Kalahari. The Eoggeveld, and indeed the whole Kanoo, by its predominance of shrubby Compositse, seems to incline more to the desert type of plants than to the richer Cape flora. The following papers were then read, viz. : — 1. " On the Eesemblances between the Bones of Typical Living Eeptiles and the Bones of other Animals." By Harry Q-. Seeley, Esq., E.L.S. 2. " On the Auxemmese, a new Tribe of Cordiacese." By J. Miers, Esq., Y.P.L.S. This new tribe of Cordiacese is remarkable for the atropous development of its ovules and seeds : besides this character, it is notable for the extraordinary growth of its calyx in the fruit, in some cases amounting to thirty times its original size. The tribe consists of six genera — Auxemma, a new genus from Brazil ; Sa- cellium of Bonpland, from Ecuador ; Patagonula of Linnaeus, of still older date, from South America; Hymenesthes, Paradigma, and PlethostepJiia from Cuba. In Auxemma the calyx takes the largest development, appearing like a large bladder, 5-angled and deeply plicated, as in Physalis, in the centre of which is a fleshy drupe the size of a sloe-plum, which contains a muricated osseous nut, 4-angled, 4-celled, or, by abortion, sub-2-celled ; a single seed is fixed in the bottom of each cell by a small hilum, which cor- responds with the chalaza, so that it has no raphe ; the embryo, without albumen, has a small superior radicle and large longitu- dinally plicated cotyledons. Sacellium corresponds with Auxemma I.IN5BAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. xU in tlie vesiciform enlargement of the calyx and in its fruit. In Pataffonula the enlargement of the calyx assumes another form, its segments becoming thickened, greatly lengthened, and radiately expanded ; it has a similar, though smaller, fruit. In ParacUgma and Plethostephia the calyx swells and thickens, so as to enclose its fleshy drupe in both cases with a rough osseous 2- or 4-celled nut, witli erect atropous seeds, as in Auxemma. 3. "A Revision of the Suborder Mimosese." By Gr. Bentham, Esq., LL.D., V.P.L.S. 4. " On some Fungi collected by Dr. S. Kurz in the Yomah Eange, Pegu." By F. Currey, Esq., F.E.S., Sec. L.S. 5. " Notes on the Letters from Danisb and Norwegian Natu- ralists contained in the Linnean Correspondence." By Prof. J. C Schiodte, of Copenhagen. LiNif. PBGC. — Session 1873-74. xlii ^3 t-l •O00O«5r-tt><35O PROCEEDINGS OF THE 00 o «C r-1 N CD O CO CO 00 5^ &2 '^ •S^ ft^ CO IC =rt m 'S h5 f^ O tc M W M O CO CD O U5 ift e -u> di -§ ■^ m a fil e ^ a :OOOOooooooo : r-l -wOO-^eCQOOJWiWSOO 3«DO'#00Q005r-(ifliT5IO •^cqWr-lrHOt-i-llOCDin •S i-l -* CD N rH m P^l S id •-' o ert«rt OQ «« !<^ rS dt-s d . o ^ o o a -T! g AJ _y ' 1,2 t**! srt .2 o ' r-t O -t? S'3 S^i^ 6 ' i so O B ■" — ^*-' «^-t •'rj Si § ° <=« O C. O (B c X 'e o « rH iH Hi CD h3 1^ pc) 1 Is ■S .p^ >> &^E^ U [>H>H o P^P5 i^il^i o f^P^ ID WW 3 nd o eii TS g P Oh PhO ^ LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xHii OBITUAEY NOTICES. LoFis John Eodolph Aoassiz was born on the 28th of May, 1807, in the Parish of Mottier, between the lakes of Neufchatel and Morat. His father was the Protestant Pastor of this Parish. At the age of thirteen he entered the gymnasium of Biel, where lie gave evidence of ability which attracted the special notice of his teachers. After be had been at Biel nearly four years he was removed to the Academy of Lausanne, as a reward for his pro- ficiency in science. He afterwards studied medicine and natural science at Zurich, Heidelberg, and Munich, taking the degree of M.D. at the last-mentioned place. During his residence at Heidelberg and Munich he studied with special care the science of comparative anatomy, for his proficiency in which he became subsequently distinguished. In the year 1826 Martius, the eminent Bavarian naturalist, entrusted to Agassiz the editing of an account of nearly 120 species offish, many of them little known, which Martius and his travelling companion Spix had collected in Brazil, the study of which led Agassiz to make further researches into the nature and classification of fislies, more especially of the SalmonidaB and the freshwater fishes of central Europe. He published the first part of an elaborate work on this subject, with illustrations, at Neufchatel in 1839, a second and third part fol- lowing after a few years' interval. He had already devoted much attention to the subject of fossil fishes, and had published the results of his studies in a work entitled ' Eecherches sur les Poissons fossiles ' (Neufchatel, 1833-41). He next came to England to study the fossil strata of the country and its treasures, publishing in 1844 an elaborate account of those dis- covered in the Old Eed Sandstone of the Devonian system. The direction of his studies at this period may be traced in the titles of his next publications — ' Description des Echinodermes fossiles de la Suisse,' ' Monographie des Echinodermes vivants et fossiles,' ' Etudes critiques sur les Mollusques Fossiles,' and ' Memoire sur les moules des Mollusques.' From these studies he passed to another branch of natural history — the study of the glacial system of his native mountains ; and he published, in 1840, at Neufchatel, his 'Etudes sur les Glaciers,' which suddenly made him famous, and opened a subjoci. e2 xliv PEOCEEDINGS OF THE of philosophical inquiry to which little attention had been directed up to that time. He entered more fully into the same subject in a second work, published by him at Paris in 1847 — ' Eecherches sur les G-laciers.' For some years M. Agassiz held the Professorship of Natural History at Neufchatel, where many of his works were published, and where he had the constant assistance of the active and zealous local Society of Natural History. In the year 1846 M. Agassiz left Europe for the United States, where he gave a successful course of lectures at the Lowell In- stitute. In 1847 he was appointed to a similar Professorship in the University of Cambridge, Massachusetts. He held this appointment until 1850, devoting himself for some time thereafter to the arrangement of his natural-history collections. In 1851 he explored the State of New Tork, and in the next year he was aj)pointed Professor of Comparative Anatomy in the Medical College of Charlestown in South Carolina ; but he resigned the latter post after two years and returned to Cambridge. Id 1854 he published, in conjunction with Messrs. Gould and Perty, the work entitled ' Universal Zoology and Greneral Sketches of Zoology, containing an account of the structure, development, and classification of all. types of animals living and extinct.' He also published in America his ' Tour of Lake Superior.' In the winter of 1865, Agassiz, who had long been engaged with untiring zeal in the cultivation of his favourite pursuits, Avas com- pelled by bad health to rest from work and seek change of scene and climate. " Europe," he says, " was proposed ; but he thought that although a naturalist miglit derive much enjoyment from contact with the active scientific life of tlie Old "World, there would be little intellectual rest." He was attracted towards Brazil by a lifelong desire. Erom the time when, after the death of Spix, Agassiz had been employed by Martins to describe the fishes they had brought with them from their celebrated Brazilian journey, the wish to study the fauna of those regions had been to Agassiz an ever-recurring thought, a scheme deferred for want of oppor- tunity, but never quite forgotten. But Agassiz was unwilling to visit Brazil on a mere vacation-tour. To him, as to all true scientific workers, complete rest was distasteful. On the other hand he was conscious that he could effect little working alone. " I could not forget," he wrote, " that had I only the necessary means, I might ^make collections on this journey which would place the Museum LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xly in Cambridge (U. S.) ou a level with tlie first institutions of the kind. But for this a working force would be needed ; and I saw no possibility of providing for such an undertaking." Whilst he was still considering where to apply for aid in this emergency, Mr. Nathaniel Thayer, unasked, offered to pay all the expenses, personal and scientific, of six assistants. Agassiz accepted this munificent ofier ; and it may be remarked in passing that, subsequently, Mr. Thayer did much more than he had promised, continuing to meet all the expenses which were incurred until the last specimen was stored in the Cambridge Museum. The assistants who sailed with Agassiz were : — Mr. James Burkhardt, the artist ; Mr. John G-. Anthony, conchologist ; Mr. Frederick C. Hartt and Mr. Orestes St. John, geologists ; Mr. John A. Allen, ornithologist ; and Mr. G-eorge Sceva, the preparer of specimens. The results of this well-known expedition will be in the recol- lection of most naturalists. They are described by Agassiz and his wife in the work entitled ' A Journey in Brazil.' Agassiz justly remarked that they served to show " that their year, full as it was of enjoyment for all the party, was also rich in permanent results for science." After this voyage Agassiz devoted a large share of his time to the examination of the immense Brazilian collections stored in the Museum at Cambridge. Before long, however, his health, which had at no time been robust, began to show signs of failing again, and the work of examination proceeded more slowly than he had hoped and anticipated. His scientific activity, how- ever, was not over. He took a part in the great controversies of the day, gave a series of lectures in New York on the geology of the American continent, and in the autumn of 1871 joined an exploring-expedition to the South Atlantic and Pacific shores of the continent. A careful exploration was made of the celebrated Sargasso sea, and a nest-building fish was discovered in that vast bed of oceanic vegetation ; and other important contributions were made to natural science. Agassiz received fewer distinctions from European Societies and Universities than many less distin- guished men of science. The Academy of Sciences at Paris awarded him their prize, however, and ofiered him a scientific professorship (which circumstances induced him to decline), and he also received the Cross of the Legion of Honour. His natural simplicity of character made him very generally beloved ; and in our own Society his name will always be remembered as one of the most distinguished of our Foreign Members. He died early xlvi PBOCEEDINGS OF THE in the present year, having been elected a Eoreigu Member on the 7th of May, 1844. Mr. Philip Barnes died on the 24th of February, 1874, at the age of 82. He was a native of Norwich, and a cousin of the Sowerbys. Thirty -four years ago he founded the Eoyal Botanic Gardens in the Eegent's Part, and at the time of his death he was the oldest Fellow of the Liunean Society, having been elected on the 16th of March, 1824. Fbedeeic Bied, Doctor of Medicine, was elected an Associate of the Linnean Society in March 1840, and became a Fellow on the 4th of December, 1872. He took the degree of Doctor of Medicine at St. Andrews in 1841, in which year he also became a Fellow of tho Royal College of Physicians at Edinburgh. In 1859 he was elected a Member of the Eoyal College of Physicians of London. Dr. Bird was Lecturer on Midwifery and Diseases of Women and Obstetric Physician to Westminster Hospital. He was also Senior Physician to the Westminster Maternal Charity and the Metropolitan Free Hospital. He was the author of papers in the ' Medical Gazette ' on the successful removal of ovarian tumours, and also of reports in the ' Medical Times ' on the practice illus- trative of the diagnosis, treatment, and pathology of ovarian tumours. He died on the 28th of April, 1874, at the age of 56. Henet Deane was born at Stratford, in the parish of West Ham in Essex, on the 11th of August, 1807. His parents being members of the Society of Friends, he was brought up in that persuasion and continued a Member thereof until his marriage in 1843. His father sent him to a large Friends' school at Epping, conducted by Isaac Payne, where, amongst his other schoolfellows, were Henry and Edwin Doubleday, who have since become so distiuguished as entomologists. Their father was fond of collecting birds and insects, and the sons followed his tastes, and they in their turn communi- cated the same to many of their companions, Mr. Deane amongst the number. From the time he left school in 1821, he was for four years without any special education. His father's business was neither suited to his taste nor physical constitution, and he did but little in it. This state of inactivity would have been injurious to his LINNJiAN SOCIETY Or LONDON. xlvii interests in life but for the close friendship which subsisted between his father and Mr. John Gibson, one of the firm of Howard, Jewell, and Gibson (now Howards and Sons), whose eldest son and Mr. Deane were great friends and constant companions. Mr, Deane had the run of their laboratory and premises, and thus acquired a taste for manufacturing chemistry. At the age of eighteen he was apprenticed for three years to a chemist and druggist at Reading, Mr. Joseph Pardon, who had served his time with Mr. Shillitoe, of Tottenham, who was Mr. Deane's uncle. Mr. Fardon was a kind and considerate friend and master, and while with him Mr. Deane was occupied in such humble employment as powdering alum, ginger, and nutgalls, grinding and mixing paints, polishing the shop scales, counter, and bottles, and opening and shutting the shop. He had to open shop summer and winter at six o'clock in the morning, a practice which he continued with his own hands for many years after he went to Clapham. To him activity was a necessity ; and lie rather liked these tasks than otherwise, and he saw no indignity in performing duties required by his master, which were in their nature not only honest but calculated to improve him in the knowledge of his business; for while grinding prussian blue or powdermg roots and seeds he pondered over their physical constitution, and after- wards studied their natural history. Mr. Deane considered that this habit of doing any thing that was required of him was not only of immediate benefit to himself, but that in after years it rendered him more apt in teaching those placed under his care, and certainly gave him an idea of the nature and requirements of the trade in country places, such as London itself could not aff'ord. After he had served his time at Reading he got a situation at John Bell and Co.'s, in Oxford Street, where he soon found that he was unacquainted with the practical duties of a large business, and found it heavy work with his average daily labour of fourteen hours. He was much encouraged by the fi'iendship of both the late Jacob and Frederick Bell, to whom he said that he owed a deep debt of gratitude for their many acts of consideration towards him, and for the opportunities placed in his way for improvement, especially for allowing him to attend lectures at the Eoyal Institution by Faraday and Brande. Mr. Deane was attached to the establishment in Oxford Street for about five years ; but there was an interval of about two years, during which he was at home endeavouring to manage and improve Xlviii PROCEEDINGS OE THE the business of his father, who had become paralyzed and incapable of attending to it. In the autumn of 1837 he took the business at Clapham, having been assisted by several friends, especially by the late Eichard Hotham Pigeon, vs^hose large pecuniary aid was afforded in the most liberal and trusting spirit. In 1841 on the establishment of the Pharmaceutical Society he became one of its first Members, but took no active part in its formation. In 1844i he was requested to become one of the Board of Examiners. Mr. Deane was for nearly twenty years member of the Council, and was President during a somewhat troubled and difficult period in the existence of the Society. His services on the Pharmacopoeia Committee will be remembered by those associated with him at the time ; and although the College of Physicians, at whose insti- gation the Committee was formed, had not the opportunity of utili- zing the practical information obtained thereby, the labour was not thrown away ; for many preparations of the British Pharmacopoeia issued by the Medical Council bear traces of it. It should not be forgotten that Mr. Deane was the first President of the British Pharmaceutical Conference ; and the fact of his being chosen for that office is testimony of the high estimation in which he was held by the leading pharmacists of the kingdom. In 1840 the Microscopical Society was formed, and he joined it on its foundation. In 1845 he made the discovery of the existence of Xantliidia and PolytJialamia in the grey chalk of Polkestone, a bed below the common white chalk. The first Meeting of the new society which Mr. Deane attended was at 338 Oxford Street, when he read a short paper on " Dis- placement as a Method of preparing Tincture, &c. ; " and although the value of the paper was not highly estimated by its author, he nevertheless believed that it set many chemists to work in experi- menting upon that method of preparing tinctures and extracts. The process has since that time become more completely understood and consequently more successful. His next contribution was a paper entitled " Experiments on Senna," which was noticed by both Dr. Pereira and Dr. Royle ; and he subsequently wrote (besides many smaller ones) papers on opium preparations and extract of ■meat, in which he was assisted by H. B. Brady, by whose ready pen and pencil (Mr. Deane has observed) their interest was greatly ausmentetl. LINNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlix In 1854 the College of Physicians applied to the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society for aid in the preparation of a new Phar- macopoeia, and a Committee was formed to assist in this object. As President, Mr. Deane was Chairman of the Committee ; and at the special request of the Chairman of the Pharmacopoeia Com- mittee of the College of Physicians, Dr. P. Parre, he retained that position, as the medium of communication between the two bodies, until the Eoyal Medical Council was appointed. The death of Mr. Deane occurred on the 4th of April, 1874, at Dover, where he had been detained for a day or two by stress of weather on his way to visit his son in Hungary. Walking from his hotel to the boat he was attacked by sudden pain in the region of the heart, and in a few minutes had ceased to exist. The remains of the deceased were removed from Dover to the house where his wife's parents had lived and died, at Coglinge, near Shorncliffe, and were interred in the neighbouring village of Cheriton. Mr. Deane will always be remembered as liaving been in the foremost rank of those enlightened men who set themselves the task of dispellmg the thick darkness which surrounded phar- macy thirty years ago, and who by his work in the Pharmaceutical Society has done so much for the advancement of his favourite science. Mr. Deane was elected a Pellow of this Society on the 6th of November, 1855. John Thompson Dickson, Doctor of Medicine, was a Master of Arts of the University of Cambridge. He became a Mem- ber of the Eoyal College of Surgeons in 1863, and in 1868 he was elected a Member of the Eoyal College of Physicians. Dr. Dickson was Lecturer on Mental Disease at Gruy's Hos- pital, Physician to the Infii-mary for Epilepsy, and Superinten- dent of St. Luke's Hospital. Besides various Hospital Eeports, Dr. Dickson was the author of an essay entitled " Matter and Force considered in relation to Mental and Cerebral Pheno- mena," beiug the substance of a paper read by the aiithor be- fore the Medical Society of London in March 1874. He also wrote, in the ' British Medical Journal,' in 1869, a paper " On the Nature of the Condition known as Catalepsy ;" and in the same Journal, in 1870, another paper " On the Nature of the Condition called Epilepsy." In 1871 Dr. Dickson wrote some 1 PBOCEEDINQS 01' THE interesting letters to the ' Standard ' newspaper on the subject of the poisonous nature of the aniline dyes used for colouring stock- ings. He stated that he had in his own possession eleven sam- ples of stockings and socks dyed with aniline pigments, all of which had given rise to arsenical poisoning, the colours being various shades of red, orange, brown, and violet. Dr. Dickson's death was sudden and distressing. It was known that he suffered from serious mitral disease ; but for some time prior to his death he had seemed to be in better health than usual. On the 5th of January last he was reading in his carriage on his return from visiting a patient, when his wife, who was with him, observed that he bent forward and remained in that position as though looking for something on the floor. He re- turned no answer when spoken to, and on being raised was found to be dead. He was in his 33rd year. Although comparatively young, he had done good work in the department of mental science ; and if his life had been prolonged, might have been ex- pected to occupy a prominent position in the field of psychology. He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society on the 4th of Eebruary, 1864. James Pischee, Esq., was elected a PeUow of the Linnean Society on the 17th of January, 1867. He was a gentleman who, although not himself a contributor to science in the way of pub- lication, was always greatly interested in natural history generally, and especially in botany. He died of fever and congestion of the lungs at Salem, Madras, on the 21st of February, 1873. Geoege Eittee von Feauenfeld. This distinguished Aus- trian naturalist was the Keeper of the Eoyal Museum at Vienna, and for many years the active and energetic Secretary of the well- known Zoologico-Botanical Society in that city, by the Members of which his death has been felt as a severe loss. The exertions of Herr von Frauenfeld in the cause of natu- ral history are evidenced by the long list of contributions to Science entered under his name in the Eoyal Society's Cata- logue. Most of these were published in the * Transactions ' of the Society mentioned above ; but several of them appeared in Haidinger's ' Berichte,' in the Eeports of the Academy of Vienna and of the Geographical Society there, and in other publications. They relate principally to entomology and malacology ; but the LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. ll author also wrote upon general zoological subjects, and many of his papers contain accounts of his travels in different parts of the world during the voyage of the Austrian frigate ' Novara,' to which he was for some time attached. He contributed to the Greographical and other Societies at Vienna his reminiscences of (amongst other places) Eio Janeiro, the island of St. Paul, New Zealand, Tahiti, Shanghai, Manilla, Ceylon, the Cape of Good Hope, and Madras ; and in the ' Transactions of the Zoologico-Botanical Society ' are to be found detailed accounts of the Nicobar Islands and of the so-called Sdgspdn Sea. He appears to have paid little attention to Botany ; but in the year 1854 he visited the coast of Dalmatia, and in the same year communicated to the Zoologico-Botanical Society a paper entitled "An Enumeration of the Algse of the coast of Dalmatia." Herr von Frauenfeld died on the 8th of October, 1873, after a short illness, supervening, we have been informed, upon a surgical operation. The esteem and respect entertained for him by the Society to which he had been so long attached was shown in a marked manner by the attendance at his funeral, which took place on the 10th of October last, when the President delivered an address, in which the merits of the deceased naturalist and the great services he had rendered to the Society were eloquently brought forward. Herr von Frauenfeld was elected a Poreign Member of the Linnean Society on the 5th of May, 1870. The Yery Eeverend Thomas G-aenieb, D.C.L., Dean of Win- chester, was the senior member of the University of Oxford, and one of the oldest, if not the very oldest, of that long-lived body the English Clergy. He was the second son of the late Mr. George Garnier, of Eookesbury Park, Hampshire, by Margaret, fourth daughter of Sir John Miller, fourth baronet, of Proyle, in the same county. The late Dean was born at Wickham, in Hampshire, on the 26th of February, 1776. He was educated at "Winchester CoUege, and afterwards at "Worcester College, Oxford, where he entered in October 1793. There were no schools of classical or mathematical honours in those days, and his name does not appear recorded among the lists of Chancellor's prizemen ; but in November 1796 he was elected to a Fellowship at All Souls' CoUege. He took his degree of Bachelor of Civil Law in the year 1800, some five years before the late Dr. Lushiugton attained the same rank in academical standing. In 1807 he was presented by his relative, lii PKOCEEDINGS OF TUE Dr. Brownlow North, then Bishop of Winchester, to the living of Bishopstoke, and in the early part of the year 1840, on the death of Dr. Eennell, he was promoted to the deanery of Winchester. He continued to take his part as Dean in the services of the cathedral until some time after he had completed his ninetieth year. Dean Garnier married in the year 1806, Mary, daughter of the late Mr. Caleb Hillyer Parry, M.D., of the city of Bath, and sister of the late well-knovs^n Arctic navigator. Sir William Edward Parry, E.N. By her he had a family of two daughters and four sons. His eldest son was lost many years ago in Her Majesty's ship ' Delight,' off the island of Mauritius ; another, Henry, was a dis- tinguished officer of the Madras Cavalry ; another, John, in holy orders, died when only twenty-five years of age, while Fellow of Merton College, Oxford; and another, Thomas, the survivor of the four, having for some years held the rectory of Trinity Church, Marylebone, was promoted in 1860 to the Deanery of E-ipon, and subsequently transferred to that of Lincoln, but died a few months after his translation to the latter dignity in December 1863. Before Dr. Garnier entered the office of Dean of Winchester, and whilst he was rector of Bishopstoke, the rectory gardens were for a long time the resort of the lovers of horticulture ; and the rector exerted himself to bring the laity and clergy into frequent and useful connexion. His hospitality and his zeal in encouraging public institutions, such as the Museum (to which he was a frequent contributor) and the Mechanics' Institute, were of the greatest advantage to the inhabitants of Winchester ; and the students of the Training College for Masters were, by his frequent prizes for distinguished merit and other acts of consideration towards them, familiarized with the name of " the Dean," and were able to appre- ciate the value of the combination of personal worth with the tenure of high ecclesiastical office. In 1868 Dr. Garnier resigned the Eectory of Bishopstoke, and in October 1872 he resigned the Deanery of Winchester. Dr. Garnier was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 16th of October 1798. He was the last survivor of those who paid the original rate of subscription, viz. £.1 Is. annually. When his proposer, Sir Joseph Banks, recommended him to pay a life com- position, which was then only £10 10s., he declined to do so, saying he did not consider his life worth ten years' purchase. After paying the annual subscription of £1 Is. for sixty years LIJs'If£A.N SOCIETY OF LONDON. lui he generously sent the Society a cheque for 20 guineas, being double the amount for which he was entitled to compound. He died on the 29th of June, 1873, at the Close at Winchester, at the age of 97. Albany Hakcock was a naturalist who made the district in which he resided famous in scientific circles. He was one of the founders of the Natural-History Society of Newcastle, and always took an active interest in its welfare, enriching the Museum of the Society by his untiring exertions, and being always ready to aid by his judgment and advice the arrangement of its collections. He was one of the founders of the Tyneside Naturalists' Field- Club, and was a constant contributor to its Transactions. He was also a Member of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle, and for many years a Member of its Committee. At the Meeting of the British Association in Newcastle in. 1863 he was an active Member of the Local Committee ; and to his eiforts, aided by those of his brothei', Mr. John Hancock, was mainly due the gathering together of the splendid collection of works of art and science which graced the exhibition during the visit of the Association. His papers in the ' Transac- tions ' of the Tyneside Field- Club and the ' Natural-History Transactions' are many and valuable, amongst which may be mentioned those written in conjunction with his friends Mr, Thomas Atthey and Mr. E. Howse, " On the Fauna of the Coal- Measures and Marl-Slate of the District around Newcastle." But his contributions were not confined to the Transactions of the scientific societies of the neighbourhood in which he lived. The ' Philosophical Transactions,' and the Transactions of the Lin- nean, Zoological, and Geological Societies, and the 'Annals of Natural History ' afford abundant evidence of his scientific acti- vity ; and his great abilities as a draughtsman enabled him to illus- trate his papers with plates of unusual beauty. His gi*eatest work, written in conjunction with his friend Mr. Joshua Alder, and published by the Eay Society, is a ' Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.' This work, which was finished in 1855, won at once for its authors a world-wide recantation, and was cer- tainly one of the finest monographs ever published in this or any other country. The plates which accompany this work are too well known to naturalists to require any special mention ; and those illustrative of anatomical details display Mr. Hancock's ability in liv PBOCEEDIKGS OP THE a most marked manner. The two friends were also engaged on a work on the British Tanicata, which, after the death of Mr. Alder, it was hoped Mr. Hancock would have been able to finish ; but failing health interfered much with its progress ; and his last long and painful illness put a stop to its completion. In 1858 the Eoyal Society awarded Mr. Hancock the Eoyal Medal in recognition of his scientific labours ; and in 1866 the Zoologico-Botanical Society of Vienna conferred upon him and Mr. Alder the Diploma of Honorary Fellows. In private life Mr. Hancock was greatly respected. He was a genial and amiable man ; and amongst those who were privileged to enjoy his friendship his loss will be deeply felt. He was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 6th of March, 1862, and died on the 24th of October, 1873. Gael Friedeich Meissnee (formerly written Meisnee) Pro- fessor of Medicine in the University of Basle, was born at Berne, in Switzerland, on the 1st of November, 1800. "When a young man he appears to have paid some attention to zoology, as some of his earlier writings in the Eeports of the Basle Academy and in the * Bibliotheque Universelle ' relate to zoological subjects. From the year 1837, however, he devoted himself esclusively to botany, paying special attention to the orders Leguminosce, Pro- teaceee, Thymelece, and JPolygonecB, of which (in Lehmann's ' Plantae Preissianse ') Dr. Meissner described the species which occur in western and middle Australia. His contributions to botanical science appeared chiefly in the ' Linnaea,' the ' Botanische Zeitung,' and Dr. Hooker's 'Journal of Botany.' In the 14th volume of De Candolle's ' Prodromus ' he furnished the accounts of the Poly- gonecB, Proteacece, and ThymeleacecB ; and in the 15th volume of the same work he described the Lauracece and the Sernandiacecs. The description of the same five families in Martius's ' Flora Bra- siliensis,' and the accounts of the Convolvulaeece and Ericacece in the same work, were also written by Dr. Meissner. To Wal- lich's * Plantae Asiaticse Eariores ' Dr. Meissner contributed a synopsis of the species of the Polygonece in the Indian Herbarium of the Linnean Society. On the 16th of January, 1855, there was read before the Linnean Society the introductory part of a paper by Dr. Meissner entitled "New Proteacece of Australia," which paper was afterwards published in Hooker's ' Journal of Botany ' (vol. vii. 1855). The materials for this paper were mainly derived LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Iv from the later series (fifth and sixth) of Drummond's Swan-river collections, Dr. Meissner having carefully examined the Protea- cecB in the Linnean Society's herbarium during a visit which he paid to England in 1850. One other communication was made by Dr. Meissner to the Linnean Society, being a paper on some new species of ChamtBlauciece, which was read on the 20th of November, 1855. In 1866 Dr. Meissner again visited England, when he attended the International Botanical Congress ; and he was present at the dinner of the Linnean Society at Willis's Rooms on the 24th of May in that year. On his return from this visit, Dr. Meissner was taken seriously ill, and had some diffi- culty in reaching home. He shortly afterwards resigned his appointment of Curator of the Botanic G-arden at Basle ; and we have been informed that his health was never completely restored. He died at Basle on Saturday the 2nd of May, 1874, after a prolonged and painful illness, in his 74th year. Dr. Meissner was elected a Foreign Member of the Linnean Society on the 5th of May, 1857. Thomas Newborn Robert Moeson was born at Stratford-le- Bow, and received his early education at Stoke Newington. Having lost his parents while he was yet young, and being left without family-guardian or connexions, he was thrown to a great extent upon his own resources ; but with a mind remarkable for activity and power of perception, he overcame the difficulties of his early life, became the founder of a business of the highest re- putation, and formed acquaintances, which ripened into intimate friendship, with some of the greatest chemists and philosophers of the time in which he lived. When only 14 years of age he was apprenticed to an apothecary in Fleet Market (now Farringdon Street); but he had no liking for medical practice, and therefore adhered to the pharmaceutical rather than the medical and sur- gical part of the business. His predilection lay in the direction of chemistry ; and this was probably favoured by the circumstance of his being thrown into association with men of kindred tastes, who formed a small Society for the investigation of scientific sub- jects, and whose meetings were held in the neighbourhood of Fleet Street. It was here that he first made the acquaintance of Fara- day, and acquired so strong a bent in favour of scientific chemistry that he determined to make its application, as far as possible, the aim of his future pursuits. After the expiration of his appren- Ivi PEOCEEDINGS OF THE ticesliip he went to Paris, and entered tbe establishment of M. Planche, a pharmacien, with whom he lived for some years. He thus acquired a thorough knowledge of the French language as well as French pharmacy, and made the acquaintance of men whose friendship he cultivated in later years. He was still a young man when he returned to London and established him- self in business as a chemist and druggist in the house in which he had been apprenticed in Farringdon Street, the late pro- prietor, Mr. Morley, having retired from the retail department which was previously associated with his practice. The chemist and druggist of those days was generally a che- mist only by name ; but not so Mr. Morson. In a little room at the back of his shop was produced the first sulphate of quinine made in England ; and the same may be said of morphia. Nor were these operations merely experimental. From entries in his ledger it appears that he supplied sulphate of quinine to a wholesale druggist at 8s. a drachm, and morphia at 18s. a drachm. His chemical knowledge and manipulative skill were now bring- ing him into notice, and he was frequently applied to for rare chemicals. But the premises in Farringdon Street did not admit of the cultivation of this branch of the business. He moved from Farringdon Street to Southampton Eow, and soon after- wards purchased premises in Hornsey E-oad, where he built a laboratory for the manufacture of creasote, morphia, and other chemical products. Mr. Morson' s fame has not been merely that of a manufacturer. He was a man of enlarged mind and cultivated intellect. Thrown upon the world in early life with absolutely no relations, he was nevertheless surrounded by men of talent and high position, with whom he associated on terms of mutual friendship. He was a Member and regular attendant at the Meetings of the Eoyal In- stitution, and a prominent Member of the Society of Arts. His house was a place of resort for men of genius, where chemists, naturalists, artists, patrons of science and art, with many others of kindred tastes fou.nd hospitable reception and congenial asso- ciations. "We find him in the foremost rank of those who origi- nated the Pharmaceutical Society ; and there was no one more frequently consulted or whose opinion carried greater weight among his fellow workers in the cause of pharmaceutical rege- neration. Mr. Morson at this period had a European reputation as a LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ivii manufacturing chemist ; and his character in this respect, toge- ther with his acquaintance with many of the scientific celebrities of the continent, as well as his familiarity with the IVench lan- guage, fenabled him to render great service to the young Society, in the development of which he took a lively interest. Many foreigners of repute, attracted by the proceedings of English pharmacists, were entertained by Mr. Morson. Guibourt, Cap, Liebig, Mitscherlich, Bose, and many others of similar stamp have been guests at various times at Southampton Eow, Queen Square, or Hornsey, and have been indebted to Mr. Morson for an intimate acquaintance with the Pharmaceutical Society, its provisions, and proceedings. Mr. Morson was for many years on the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society, and for a still longer period was a member of the Board of Examiners ; and he used to be a very constant attendant at the evening meetings of the Society. In ISM he was elected Vice-President of the Society, and for four successive years he continued to fill this office, after which he was made President for a year, and again for about two years in 1859-60. Mr. Morson retired from the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society in 1870 ; but his interest in the objects and operations of the Society remained undiminished ; and up to the time at which his last severe illness commenced he was almost a daily visitor at Bloomsbury Square. His health, however, had visibly failed for many months before his death, and he often expressed himself as sensible that his end was approaching. In the early part of January last he had an attack of paralysis, from which he never recovered ; and he died at his residence in Queen Square, Blooms - bury, on the third of March last, in his 75th year. He was elected a FeUow of this Society on the 5th of December, 1848. Dr. J. LiNDSAT Stewart was a native of Forfarshire, and re- ceived his medical education in Glasgow, where he was a pupil of the late Professor G. A. Walker-Arnott. After graduating, he proceeded in 1856 to the Presidency of Bengal as Assistant Sur- geon. He was present at the siege, assault, and capture of Delhi in 1857 ; and in 1858 he joined the expedition to the Tuzufzai country. In 1860-61 he officiated for Dr. "W". Jameson as Su- perintendent of the Botanic Garden, Saharumpore, and of the Government Tea-plantations in the North-western Provinces and the Punjab ; and in 1861 he was employed in arranging a LINN. PEOCi— Session 1873-74. f Iviii PEOCEEDINGS OP THE system of forest-conservancy in the land of the five rivers. His position at Saharumpore gave him an excellent opportunity of becoming acquainted with the vegetation of the Terai and North- west Himalaya ; and afterwards at Bijnour he studied the' flora of the EohUkund forests and of the outer valley between the Granges and Sardah. As Conservator of Forests in the Punjab, his duties took him to all parts of that province; and he extended his journeys to the adjoining province of Sindh, to Kashmir, and to the arid, treeless, but botanically most interesting inner Hima- layan tracts on the Upper Indus, Chenab, and Sutlej rivers, which adjoin Turkestan and Thibet. During his journeys, under the most difiicult circumstances, he maintained with great persistence his habit of taking copious notes on the spot ; and in this manner he accumulated an immense store of valuable information regard- ing the natural history, the properties, uses, and the vernacular names of the plants of North-west India. The results of these researches are embodied in numerous papers published in the Journal of the Eoyal Greographical Society, the Asiatic Society of Bengal, the Agri-Horticultural Society of India, and the Trans- actions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. A most inter- esting account of the vegetation of the extreme north-west corner of the Punjab and the hills beyond it, which he studied during the Yuzufzai campaign, is contained in his " Memoranda on the Peshawur Valley, chiefly regarding its Flora " (Jouru. As. Soc. 18G3), and in his " Notes on the Flora of Wurzuristan " (Journ. Eoy. Geo. Soc. 1863). In the ' Journal of the Agri-Horticultural Society of India ' appeared " The Subsiunlik Tract, with special reference to the Bijnour Forest and its Trees" (vol. xiii. 1865), " Journal of a Botanising Tour in Hazara and Khajan " (vol. xiv. 1866), and "A Tour in the Punjab Salt Range " (vol. i. new ser. 1867). His last communication, " Notes of a Botanical Tour in Ladak or "Western Thibet," appeared in the ' Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh ' (vol. x. 1869). In addition to these and other papers in diff'erent journals and reviews, his offi- cial reports while at the head of the Forest Department in the Punjab contain the record of a large amount of accurate observa- tions on the arborescent vegetation of that province ; and in 1869, before coming home on furlough, he published a most useful work on the trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants of economical value growing in the Punjab. This work, entitled ' Punjab Plants,' contains systematic and vernacular names and notes on the geo- LINKEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. llX graphical distributiou and uses of upwards of 800 species. In another respect also Dr. Stewart rendered great service to the cause of forest-administration in India ; for he commenced the large and now flourishing plantations in the plains of the Punjab. In 1869, after twelve years of unremitting labour, mental and bodily, Dr. Stewart returned to England, and the Grovernment of India entrusted him with the preparation at Kew of a Forest Flora of Northern and Central India ; and with a view to include the principal trees and shrubs of those districts which Dr. Stewart had not visited, a young forest-officer, Mr. Richard Thompson, was, at his suggestion, deputed to collect plants and notes in Oudh and the Central Provinces. To this great work, which purposes to give an account of the natural history of the trees and principal shrubs and climbers in the forests. Dr. Stewart devoted a large part of his furlough ; and he would doubtless have completed it in a satisfactory manner if his health had not given way. He was naturally of a highly nervous temperament ; and during the latter part of his residence in England it was evident to his friends that his general health was much impaired. This was further apparent on his return to India, when, after a few months of office work, sickness obliged him to move (June 1873) from Lahore to the Hill Sanitarium at Dalhousie, where he gradu- ally sank from paralysis and died on the 5th of July, 1873, at the age of forty-one. Post-mortem examination revealed ex- tensive tubercular deposit in the brain. He was kind and ge- nerous to all who required his help ; and his loss is regretted by a large number of friends in India and in this country. Dr. Stewart was a Member of numerous learned Societies, and, among others, he was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and of the Royal Geographical Society. He was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 10th of January, 1865. Thomas Tuenee, Hon. Fellow of the Royal College of Sur- geons, died on the 7th of December, 1873, in his 81st year. He was the author of a work called ' Outlines of Medico- Chirurgical Science,' of ' Observations on Aneurism and Haemorrhage,' of a ' Treatise on the Dislocation of the Astragalus,' &c., and of a ' Retrospect of Anatomy and Pliysiology.' Mr. Turner was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society on the 6th of June, 1843. Ix PROCEEDINGS OF THE Fbanois CoeniElius Webjj, M.D., F.E.C.P., was born at Hoxton ou the 9th of April, 1826. He went first as a scholar to King's College School ; but on the removal of his family to Devonshire, he passed to the Grammar School at Devonport. His school-days over. Dr. Webb was apprenticed as a surgeon to Dr. J. Shepherd, of Stonehouse, Plymouth, with whom he passed, according to the good old practice, the probationary term of professional life, learning to dispense medicines, performing simple operations, and gleaning a notion or two of the art of pre- scribing for the sick. Prom Stonehouse he came to London in 1843 ; he joined the Medical School of University College, where he soon became known as an industrious and distinguished student. During his first year he took two certificates of honour, one in anatomy and one in anatomy and physiology. In 1844-45 he took the first silver medal in anatomy and physiology and the first silver medal in botany ; in 1845-46 the first silver medal in medicine ; in 1846-47 the first silver medal in surgery and the gold medal im midwifery. In 1847 he acted as dresser to Listen, and as clinical clerk to Dr. Taylor ; and in the same year he passed his examination at the Royal College of Surgeons, and was enrolled a Member of that corporation. Admitted into the profession. Dr. Webb went to Leicester, where he acted as assistant to Mr. Bowmar, living with him for the period of three years, and adding largely to his own practical knowledge. In 1849 -50 he proceeded to Edinburgh, and gradu- ated in the University of Edinburgh in 1850. In 1851 he returned to town and took up the license of the Apothecaries' Company, of which Company he subsequently became a Member, and was twice elected one of the staff of examiners. On completing his examinations. Dr. Webb settled in London in Great Coram Street, EusseU Square. He purchased here a general practice, and for a long time continued to carry out the work of general practice with zeal and fidelity. The first public medical appointment held by Dr. Webb was that of Physician to the Islington Dispensary. Afterwards he became Physician to the Margaret Street Dispensary for Con- sumption, and later still Physician to the Great Northern Hos- pital and to the London Diocesan Home. He gave up general practice, and joined the Royal College of Physicians as a Member in 1859. His election to the Pellowship of his College occurred so lately as 1873. LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixi In 1857-58 he became a teacher of medical science by his elec- tion as Lecturer on Medical Jurisprudence in the Old Qrosvenor Place School of Medicine, founded originally by Mr. Lane as the St. Greorge's School of Anatomy and Medicine, and the last of the private schools in London. In the year 1861 the Faculty of the School unanimously voted that Dr. Webb should be invited to deliver the introductory lec- ture at the opening of the Session 1861-62. He undertook the task, and chose for the subject of his discourse " The Study of Medicine, its Dignity and Eewards." The success of Dr. Webb as a lecturer in a school of medicine led to his election as Lecturer to the Metropolitan School of Dental Science in Cavendish Square. The career of Dr. Webb as a public teacher was short. Both the schools with which he was connected closed a few years after ]ie joined them, and he never joined another. Dr. Webb, as a writer, commenced about the year 1857, his first important literary effort being an article on the " Sweating-Sick- ness in England," published in the 'Sanitary Review and Jour- nal of Public Health ' for the month of July of that year, and afterwards republished in a separate form. This article at once stamped its author as a writer of much learning and of art and judgment in the order of descriptive literature. The history of the sweating-sickness was followed by another kindi'ed essay, en- titled "An Historical Account of Gl-aol Fever." This essay was read before the Epidemiological Society on Monday, July 6, 1857, and excited great interest. The essay was printed in the * Trans- actions ' of the Society. In 1858 an essay on " Metropolitan Hygiene of the Past " was written by Dr. Webb for the * Sanitary Review.' It was published in that journal in the January Num- ber, and was afterwards reprinted. It is a brief and masterly survey of the sanitary condition of London from the time of the Norman Conquest until our own era. Following upon these efforts there came from Dr. Webb's pen a review of papers relating to the death-rate of England, of Moquin- Tandon's ' Elements of Medical Zoology,' and of the ' Teeth in Man and the Anthropoid Apes,' in which the various publica- tions on that subject by Professor Owen are carefuUy and philo- sophically considered ; and to the last review was added an essay " On the Teeth in the Varieties of Man." The connexion of Dr. Webb with the Metropolitan School of Ixii PEOCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Dental Science led him to contribute to a journal called the * Dental Eeview,' in which was republished the great work of John Hunter on the teeth, with notes appended to the text bearing on modern research in relation to the same subject. The notes ap- pended to the first part of this undertaking were contributed by Dr. Webb. A few years later Dr. Webb became one of the editors of the * Medical Times and G-azette,' of which he ultimately became the chief editor. His death was very sudden. He had some time past suffered from bronchial disease and from feebleness of the heart ; but for the last three years he had been better in health, though subject to occasional attacks of extreme feebleness after exertion, with passing symptoms of angina pectoris. On the evening of the 25th of December, 1873, after reaching his home, on the occasion of some slight physical exertion, he complained of numbness in the left hand and arm, and to relieve the symptom went to the piano- forte and played for nearly an hour. Later he wrote and read untn past midnight ; then he retired to bed, and, with a re- turning pain in his chest, died all but instantaneously and without a struggle. He was elected a Pellow of this Society on the 21st of January, 1858. PROCEEDINGS or THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. (SESSION 1874-75.) November 5th, 1874. Prof. Allman, M.D., LL.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair. William H. Archer, Esq., E-egistrar- General of Victoria, Regi- nald A. Pryor, Esq., and WUliam Wright Wilson, Esq., were elected Eellows. The following papers were read : — 1. " Revision of the Genera and Species of Asparagaceae, a sec- tion of the Natural Order Liliace^e." By J. G. Baker, Esq., E.L.S., Assistant in the Herbarium, Royal Gardens, Kew. The paper was illustrated by Plates of three new genera, viz. Campylandra, Gonioscyplia, and Speirantha ; and by a fourth Plate showing the peculiar structure of the stigma, and its relation to the other parts of the flower, in Plectogyne. 2. " Notice of a Floating Island in Derwentwater Lake, formed of Matted Boots of Lobelia Dortmanna, Linn." By .T. E. Howard, Esq., F.L.S. LTim. PKOC. —Session 1874-75. b 11 PROCEEDINGS OF THE November 19tli, 1874. Prof. ALLMATf, M.D., LL.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair. E, Brough Smyth, Esq., was elected a FeUow. Mr. Daniel Hanbury, Treas. L.S., exhibited specimens of the rose from which Attar of Eose is distilled on the southern slopes of the Balkan. They were obtained by Mr. Vice-Consul Dupuis, of Adrianople, and were referred by Mr. J. Gr. Baker to Uosa gallica, Linn., var. damascena, Miller, The following papers were read : — 1. " On the Structure and Systematic Position of Stephanoscy- pJius mirabilis, the type of a new order of Hydrozoa, Thecome- dusce." By Dr. AUman, P.E.S., Pres. L.S. 2. " Monographic Sketch of the Durione*." By M. T. Mas- ters, M.D., P.E.S. & L.S. December 3rd, 1874. Prof Allman, M.D., LL.D., P.E.S., President, in the Chair. Sir Edmund Buckley, Bart., M.P., James Brogden, Esq., James Cowherd, Esq., Patrick Duffy, Esq., C. C. Dupre, Esq., A. M. Eoss, M.D., and S. "W. Silver, Esq., were elected Eellows. The President read a letter from the Eev. John Hellins, Exe- cutor of the late H. Dorville, Esq., announcing the bequest, by Mr. Dorville, of a miniature portrait of the late Col. Montagu, E.L.S., together with interleaved and annotated copies of his ' Or- nithological Dictionary ' and ' Testacea Britannica,' the coloured drawings from which the original illustrations of these works were made, and several volumes of his unpublished manuscripts. Ordered that the Special Thanks of the Society be presented to the Executor and Eesiduary Legatee for this valuable bequest. LINNEAir SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ill The following paper was read : — "On the Classification of the Animal Kingdom." By Profes- sor Huxley, Sec. E.S., F.L.S, December 17th, 1874. Prof. Allman, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. James Deane, Esq., and "William A. Shoolbred, Esq., were elected Fellows. Mr. Hanbury, Treas. L.S., exhibited, from the garden of the Palazzo Orengo, near Mentone, flowering branches of two re- markable species of Kleinia, \erj similar in appearance — the K. odora, Eorskahl, from Arabia, and K. anteuphorhium, DeC, from South Africa, species rarely seen in flower in our plant-houses, but which flower freely at Mentone in the open air. ^ Dr. Prior, P.L.S., exhibited, on the part of W. Surtees, Esq., a flowering branch of the Glastonbury Thorn from Trinfield, Taunton. Mr, Jackson, A.L.S., exhibited, from the Museum of the Eoyal Grardens, Kew, a beautiful series of photographs of South- African scenery, from paintings by T. Baines, Esq. The following papers were read : — 1. " On the Habits of Bees, Wasps, and Ants." By Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P., E.E.S., F.L.S., «fec. 2. " Diagnoses of New Genera and Species of Hydroida." By Dr. Allman, F.R.S., Pres. L.S., «fec. January 21st, 1875. Prof. Allman, M D., LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. Captain F. Henderson, AUan James Hewitt, Esq., Duncombe &2 iv PROCEEDTNOS OF THE Pyrke, jun., Esq., and Howard Saunders, Esq., were elected Fellows. The following papers were read : — 1. " The Pathology of the Oak-gall, and its relation to other Morbid Grrowths." By W. Ainslie HoUis, M.D, Communicated by Dr. Hooker, C.B., Pres. E.S., E.L.S., &c. 2. " Lichens of the ' Challenger ' Expedition, from Bahia, Ker- guelen's Land, &c." By Dr. Stirton. (Contributions to the Bo- tany of the ' Challenger,' No. XXI.) 3. "Additions to the Lichen Elora of New Zealand and the Chatham Islands.^' By the same. Both communicated by Dr. Hooker. Mr. Andrew Murray, E.L.S., exhibited, in illustration of Dr. Hollis's paper, an extensive series of G-alls, being part of the col- lection in preparation for the Museum at Bethnal Grreen. February 4th, 1875. Prof Allman, M.D., LL.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair. Captain Gilbert Mair and Llewelyn Powell, M.D., were elected Fellows. The following papers were read : — 1. Contributions to the Botany of the 'Challenger.' — No. XXII. — "Algae collected by H, N. Moseley,Esq., at Simon's Bay, C.Gr.H., Seal Island, Marion Island, Kerguelen's Island, &c." By G-eorge Dickie, M.D., F.L.S., &c. 2. Ditto. — No. XXIII. "Enumeration of Fungi collected during the Expedition of H.M.S. ' Challenger,' 2nd Notice." By the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S. 3. Ditto.— No. XXIV. " On the Insects (chiefly Apterous) of LTNNEAN SOCIETT OF LONDON. V Kerguelen; and Further Notes on the Plants." By H. N. Moseley, Esq., M.A. (In a Letter to Dr. Hooker, Pres. E.S., &c.) 4. Extract of a Letter, on Ariscema speciosum, &c., from Mr. J. Gammie to Dr. Hooker, dated Darjeeling, May 19, 1874. 5. Extract of a Letter on the Botany of the Seychelles, dated November 12th, 1874, and addressed to Dr. Hooker. By John Home, Esq., F.L.S., Subdirector of tlie Botanic Gardens, Mau- ritius. 6. Extract of a Letter from J. B. Balfour, Esq., Botanist to the Expedition to Rodriguez to observe the Transit of Venus, dated Eodriguez, November 3, 1874, and containing Notes on the Bo- tany of the island, addressed to and communicated by Dr. Hooker, Pres. E.S., E.L.S. 7. " On the Origin of the prevailing Systems of Phyllotaxis." By the Eev. Greorge Henslow, M.A., E.L.S., &c. Dr. Hooker, Pres. R.S., exhibited an extensive series of drawings and photographs taken during the ' Challenger ' Expedition ; and Professor Dyer, in illustration of Mr. Moseley's " Notes on the Insects and Plants of Kerguelen," called attention to a photograph showing the Kerguelen Cabbage {Pringlea antiscorhutica, Br.) in different stages of growth. February 18th, 1875. Prof. Allman, M.D., LL.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair. Marcus Manuel Hartog, John Hopkinson, jun., Esq., and Edward P. Eamsay, Esq., were elected Fellows. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " On the Structure, Affinities, and Probable Source of the Large Human Fluke (Distoma crassum, Busk)." By Thomas Spencer Cobbold, M.D., F.E.S., F.L.S., &c. 2. " On the External Anatomy of Tanais vittatus, occurring with Limnoria and Clielura terebrans in excavated Pier-wood." vi PROCEEDINGS OF THE By J. D. Macdonald, M.D., F.E.S., &c. Communicated by W. T. T. Dyer, M.A., F.L.S. March 4th, 1875. Prof. Allman, M.D., LL.D., P.E.S., President, ia the Chair. Wniiam John Joshua Scofield, Esq., was elected a Fellow. Mr. Thomas Atthey and Mr. William Botting Hemsley were elected Associates. Mr. Hanbury, Treas. L.S., exhibited a drawing of an exceedingly beautiful Fungus, apparently an undescribed species, belonging to the section Hymenophallus, from Central America. Dr. Hooker, Pros. E.S., exhibited a specimen of a remarkable Fungus (Polyporus destructor) obtaiaed from the timber of the ship ' Egmont.' Mr. Baker, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of a new species of Cape Drimia, in which the bulb was represented by a dense epigseous rosette of fleshy obovate-spathulate scales, like the leaves of some species of Saioorthia, flat on the face and hemi- spherical at back ; also, on behalf of Mr. Hemsley, a set of specimens of Flatamcs, to illustrate the difference between the oriental and occidental species. Mr, Jackson, A.L.S., exhibited, from the Museum of the Royal G-ardens, Kew, stems of Hydnophytum formicarii/m from Sumatra, oi Myrmecodia armataivova Java, of another species of Myrmecodia from Australia, and of some other E-ubiaceous and Melastoma- ceous plants in which ants form their nests. Professor Dickson made some observations, illustrated by mi- croscopic specimens, on the development of the embryo in Tro- ■pcEolum speciosum. The following papers were read : — 1. " Notes on the Gamopetalous Orders belonging to the Cam- LIITNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOK. VU panulaceous and Oleaceous Groups." By Greorge Bent ham, Esq., F.E.S., V.P.L.S. 2. " On Plants in wliich Ants make their Homes." By John E. Jackson, A.L.S. 3. "On the Structure of the Seed in CycadesB." By TV. T. Thiselton Dyer, Esq., M.A., F.L.S. March 18th, 1875. Prof. Allman, M.D., LL.D., E.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Eev. Thomas "W". Daltry, M.A., Spencer Le Marchant Moore, Esq., and Alfred Smee, Esq., were elected Eellows. Mr. Eothery, F.L.S., exhibited several beautiful chromo-litho- graphic views of trees ; also a portfolio and press which he had employed in drying botaaical specimens during a recent journey in the United States. The following papers were read : — 1. " On thirty-one Species of Planarians, collected partly by the late Dr. Kelaart, F.L.S. , in Ceylon, and partly by Dr. CoUingwood in the Eastern Seas." By Cuthbert Collingwood, M.D., F.L.S. 2. "Similitudes of the Bones in the Enaliosauria. — On the Eesemblances of Ichthyosaurian Bones with those of other Aai- mals." By Harry G. Seeley, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., &c. April 1st, 1875. Prof. Allman, M.D., LL.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The President, on taking the Chair, said, '* I cannot allow the business of the evening to commence without one word expressive of the deep sorrow which we all feel in the death of one of our moat distinguished Fellows and ablest Officers. In our late Vm PEOCEEDINGS OF THE Treasurer we tad a man of refined and cultivated mind, of honest and straightforward purpose, and of a simplicity and kindliness of character that endeared him to all who knew him. Mr. Hanbury has been taken away from us at a time of life when we might still have looked forward to much and valuable work ; and it now only remains for us to accept in sorrow the loss which deprives the Society of a conscientious and efficient Officer, and many of us of a valued friend." Lord Arthur John Edward Eussell, M.P., "W. Duppa Crotch, Esq., M.A., the Eev. Thomas Eoulkes, James William Davies, Esq., M.E.C.S., Alexander Macmillan, Esq., and Greorge Ferguson Wilson, Esq., were elected Eellows. The following papers were read : — 1. " Notes on Octopus vulgaris, Lam." By W. S. Mitchell, LL.B., E.L.S. 2. " On the Connexion of Vegetable Organisms with Small- pox." By E. Klein, M.D., Assistant Professor at the Laboratory of the Brown Institution. Communicated by W. T. Thiselton Dyer, Esq., E.L.S. April 15th, 1875. Prof. Allmaf, M.D., LL.D., E.E.S., President, in the Chair. Alexander Dickson, M.D., J. F. Duthie, Esq., and Henry Clifton Sorby, Esq., were elected Fellows. The following papers were read : — 1. " Notes on the Nature and Productions of several Atolls of the Tokelan, Ellice, and Gilbert Groups, South Pacific." By the Eev. Thomas Powell, F.L.S. 2. " List of Plants collected in New Guinea in 1873, by Dr. A. B. Meyer, and sent to Kew, December 1874." By Daniel Oliver, Esq., F.E.S., F.L.S. LINNEAJS" SOCTETT OF LONDON. IX 3. Contributions to tlie Botany of the ' Challenger.' — No. XXV. " On the Diatomaceous Gatherings made by H. N. Moseley, M.A., at Kerguelen's Land." By the Eev. E. O'Meara, M.E.I.A. Communicated by Dr. Hooker, C.B,, Pres. E.S,, F.L.S., &c. 4. Ditto.— No. XXVI. "Letter from H. N. Moseley, Esq., to the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., on an Edible Chinese Sphceria, known as ' Winter-worm Grass,' Parasitic on certain Larvse." 5. Ditto.— No. XXVII. " The Musci and Hepatic^ collected by H. N. Moseley, Esq., Naturalist to H.M.S. * Challenger.' " By WiUiam Mitten, A.L.S. 6. " Notes on Algae from the Island of Mangada, South Pa- cific." By George Dickie, M.D., F.L.S. May 6th, 1875. Prof. Allman, M.D., LL.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair. Frederick Hungerford Bowman, Esq., William Kitchen Parker, Esq., Eobert E. Peterson, M.D., and Charles Henry Wade, Esq., were severally elected Pellows ; and Professor Alexander Agassiz, M. H. E. Baillon, Dr. Ferdinand Colin, Professor Filippo Parla- tore, and Professor Armand de Quatrefages were elected Foreign Members. The following papers were read: — 1. "The Anatomy of two Parasitic Forms of Tetrarhynchidae." By Francis H. Welch, Esq., F.E.C.S. Communicated by Pro- fessor Busk, V.P.L.S. &c. 2. " Notes on the Lepidoptera of the Family Zygsenidse, with descriptions of new Genera and Species." By A. G. Butler Esq., F.L.S. 3. *' On the Characteristic Colouring-matters of the Eed Groups X PEOCEEDOfOS OF THE of Alg«." By H. C. Sorby, Esq., F.E.S., F.L.S., Pres. E. Micr. Soc, &c. May 24th, 1875. • Anniversary Meeting. Prof. ALLMAif, M.D., LL.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair. This day, the Anniversary of the Birth of Linnaeus, and the day appointed by the Charter for the Election of Council and Officers, the President opened the business of the Meeting with the fol- lowing Address : — Gentlemen, I BELIEVE that the object contemplated by the Addresses which it has been the custom for your Presidents to deliver year after year to the Fellows of the Linnean Society will be best fulfilled by making them as much as possible the exponent of recent progress in Biological Science. The admirable Addresses with which my distinguished predecessor has, during his long tenure of ofl&ce, so greatly enriched our Journal afford an example as regards the ex- position of botanical research, which may well be followed in Biology generally. The field, however, which thus offers itself is so wide, the activity in almost every department so intense, that the neces- sity of restricting the exposition within a limited area becomes im- perative if it be expected to produce any thing like a definite picture instead of a vast assemblage of images, confused and ill-defined by their very multiplicity, and by the condensation which would be inseparable from their treatment. "While thus imposing on myself these necessary hmits it is almost at random that I have chosen for this year's Address some account of the progress which has recently been made in our knowledge of the CiLiATE Infusoria — a group of organisms whose very low position in the Animal Kingdom in no way lessens their interest for the philosophic biologist, or their significance in relation to general morphological laws. To enable you to form a correct estimate of the value of recent researches, it may be well to bring before you in the first place, as shortly as possible, the chief steps which have led up to the present standpoint of our knowledge of these organisms. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XI It is scarcely necessary to remind you that the first important advance which, during the present century, was made in our know- ledge of the Infusoria dates from the publication of the great work of Ehrenberg *, whose unrivalled industry opened up a new field of research when, by his expressive figures and well-constructed dia- gnoses, he made us acquainted with the external forms of whole hosts of microscopic organisms of which we had been hitherto en- tirely ignorant, or which were known only by such figures and de- scriptions as the earlier observers with their very imperfect micro- scopes were able to give us. Ehrenberg, however, as we are all aware, did not content himself with portraying the external forms of the microscopic organisms to whose study he had devoted himself, but sought also to determine their internal structure, of which scarcely any thing had been hitherto known. In this direction, no less than in the other, the perse- verance of the celebrated microscopist never flagged ; but unfortu- nately at the very commencement of his researches he slid into a misleading path, and was never again able to find the right one. Every one knows how Ehrenberg, in accordance with preconceived notions of the high organization of all animals, attributed to the Infu- soria a complicated structure ; how, while he rightly distinguished them from the Rotiferae, with which they had been confounded by previous observers, he yet regarded them as intimately related to these representatives of a totally different type ; and how, in attri- buting to them a complete alimentary canal with numerous gastric offsets, he took this feature as their most important character, and designated them by the name of Polygastrica ; and it is probably a matter of surprise to many of us that with the overwhelming mass of evidence which subsequent research has brought to bear against the truth of the polygastric theory, the great Prussian observer should still adhere with undiminished tenacity to his original views. Among the authors who, since the publication of the *Iufu- sionsthierchen,' have contributed most to a correct estimate of the morphology, physiology, and systematic position of the Infusoria, the names of Dujardin, Von Siebold, Stein, Balbiani, Claparede and Lach- mann, and most recently Haeckel stand out conspicuous. The way to a philosophic conception of the Infusoria and of other beings which occupy the lowest stages of life was undoubtedly opened up by Dujardin f when he drew attention to a peculiar form * Die Infusionsthierchen als vollkommene Organismen. Leipzig, 1838. t " Sur rOi'ganisation des Tufiisoires," Ann. des Sci. Nat. 1838 ; and ' Hist. des Infusoires,' Parif. 1841. xii PJIOCEEDINGS OF THE of matter of semifluid consistence and of nitrogenous composition, and which, though totally undifferentiated, is yet endowed with pro- perties essentially characteristic of vitality. To this remarkable sub- stance he gave the name of " sarcode." The sarcode of Dujardin has of late years been described chiefly under the name of " protoplasm," and its wide extension and importance in the economy of all living beings, whether plants or animals, has been recognized as one of the most comprehensive facts in biology. After Dujardin, the first who, from a strong position, offered battle to the authority of Ehrenberg was Carl Theodor von Siebold*. Von Siebold rejected in toto the polygastric theory, and so far from admitting a complexity in the organization of the Infusoria, he re- garded them as realizing the conception of almost the very simplest form of life, and attributed to them the morphological value of a cell. Let us see what is involved in this most significant comparison. The essential conception of a cell is, as you know, that of a more or less spherical mass of protoplasm, with or without an external bounding membrane, and with an internal nucleus or differentiated and more or less condensed portion of the protoplasm. It was to a form of this kind that Siebold compared the body of an Infusorium. He called attention to the soft protoplasmic mass of which the body mainly consists, to the external firmer layer by which this is sur- rounded, and to the variously shaped body differentiated in the protoplasm, to which Ehrenberg had gratuitously attributed the function of a male generative organ. Here then were, according to Siebold, the protoplasm body-substance, the bounding membrane, and the nucleus of a true cell. The morphological value thus attributed to the true Infusoria (under which were included the Flagellata) was extended by Siebold to Amceba and its allies ; and to the whole assemblage thus consti- tuted he assigned the position of a primary group of the animal kingdom to which he gave the name of Protozoa, whose essential character was thus that of being unicellular animals. He then divided his Protozoa into those which had the faculty of emitting pseudopodial prolongations of their protoplasm (Amceba, &c.) and those in which the place of the pseudopodia was taken by vibratile cilia or by lash-like appendages. To the former he gave the name of Rhizopoda ; to the latter he restricted that of Infusoria ; and, lastly, he divided the Infusoria into the mouth-bearing Stomatoda * Siebold, ' Lehrbucli cler vergleichendeu Anatomic,' 1845. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XIU (Ciliata) and the mouthless Astomata (Flagellata) . From every point of view Von Siebold's conception of the morphology of the Protozoa, and his sketch of their classification, however much this may have been subsequently modified, must be regarded as marking out an epoch in the history of Zoology. Shortly after this the unicellular theory was strongly supported by Kblliker *, and received further confirmation from the researches of Stein f, who, however, was unable to accept it to its full extent. "With an industry almost equal to that of Ehrenberg, Stein had the advantage of the more philosophic views of organization which had emanated from the newer schools of Biology ; and to him we are indebted not only for more accurate views of the structure of the Infusoria, but for the first important contributions to our knowledge of their develop- ment ; and though the opinion which he at one time entertained that the true AcinetcB are only stages in the development of the higher Infusoria has been abandoned by him, he has^ nevertheless, demon- strated the presence, in an early period of the development of certain species, of peculiar pseudopodial processes resembling the charac- teristic capitate appendages of the AmietcB, an observation of impor- tance in its bearing on the relations of these last to the true Infu- soria. No doubt can remain, after Stein's observations, that the Infusoria in their young state have the morphological value of a simple cell ; and it is only after their development has become ad- vanced, and that a marked differentiation has begun to manifest itself in this primordial condition, that there can be any difficulty in accepting their absolute unicellularity. About this time Balbiani drew attention to some very important phenomena in the life-history of the Infusoria J. It had been known even to the early observers that the Infusoria multiplied themselves by a process of spontaneous fission. They had been frequently observed in the act of transverse cleavage, and had also been noticed in what appeared to be a similar cleavage taking place in a longitudinal instead of a transverse direction. Balbiani, how- ever, showed that this apparent longitudinal cleavage had, in many cases, an entirely different significance — that it was, in fact, not the cleavage of a single individual, but the conjugation of two distinct ones ; and he connected this phenomenon with what he regarded as a true sexual act. * Zeitschr. f. wissensch. Zool. 1849. t Stein, ' Der Organismus der Inf usionstliiere,' 1 867. I Balbiani, " Recherches sur les organes generateurs et la reproduction des Infuaoires," Coraptes Rondus. 1858, p. 383. XIV PEOCEEDINGS OF THE It was then known that, besides the nucleus which occupied a con- spicuous position in the protoplasmic mass, there existed in many Infusoria another differentiated body, similar to the nucleus, but smaller, and either in close contact with it, or separated from it by a greater or less interval. To this body the ill-chosen name of "nucleolus" had been given. Now Balbiani's observations led him to believe that, under the influence of conjugation, this so-called nucleolus underwent a change, and developed in its interior a mul- titude of exceedingly minute filaments or rod-like bodies, to which he attributed the significance of spermatozoa ; while at the same time the nucleus became divided into globular masses, which Balbiani regarded as eggs, and in which he believed he could recognize a germinal vesicle and germinal spot. AVe should thus, according to this interpretation, have in the Infusoria the two essential elements of sexual differentiation, the spermatozoon and the egg. Stein, though differing from Balbiani in certain details, accepts, in its general facts, the sexual theory, and maintains the spermatic nature of the rod-like corpuscles to which the nucleolus appears to give rise. But however real may be the phenomena described by Balbiani and by Stein, the correctness of assigning to them a sexual signifi- cance may be called in question ; and it is certain that subsequent observation has not tended to confirm the hypothesis that we have in the Infusoria true eggs fecundated by true spermatozoa. Claparede and Lachmann, two able and indefatigable observers fresh from the school of the great anatomist Johannes Miiller, now entered the field, and their joint labours have given us a most valuable work on the Infusoria*. In this an entirely new view of the morphology of the Infusoria has been introduced. Receding widely from the unicellular theory of Siebold, they approximate towards the views of Ehrenberg in assigning to the Infusoria a comparatively complex structure ; but instead ^of adopting the polygastric theory of the Prussian microscopist, they attribute to the Infusoria a single well- defined gastric cavity, occupying the whole of the space limited ex- ternally by the outer firm boundary-walls of the softer protoplasmic mass ; while this mass is regarded by them as nothing more than a sort of chyme by which the gastric cavity is filled. According to this view, the nearest relations of the Infusoria would be found among the Zoophytes, and their proper systematic seat would be in the primary group of the Ccelenterata. * Claparede et Lachmann, 'Etudes siir les Infusoires et les Ehizopodes.' Geneve, 1858-1861. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XV Though few zoologists will now be prepared to accept the conclu- sions of the Genevan naturalist and his associates, the ccelenterate rela- tions of the Infusoria have recently found an advocate in Greeff *. In an elaborate memoir on the Vorticellce, Greeff sees in the very well- marked distinction between the external or cortical layer and the in- ternal soft body-substance, a proof of the views maintained by Claparede and Lachmann ; and he considers this position still further confirmed by the presence in Epistylis flavicans of numerous oval or piriform, brilliant, well-defined capsules, which are generally distributed in pairs below the outer layer, and which, under the influence of a stimulus, emit a long filament, thus closely resembling the thread- cells so well known as characteristic elements in certain tissues of the Ccelenterata. It must be here remarked that the presence of similar bodies in the Infusoria, where they have been described under the name of trichocysts, has long been known. Though varying in form, they all possess a more or less close resemblance to the thread-cells of the Ccelenterata. Their presence undoubtedly indicates a step upwards in the differentiation of the organism, but, as we shall presently see, it offers no valid argument against its unicellularity. In his admirable * Principles of Comparative Anatomy ' f , Gegen- baur expresses doubts as to the sexual nature of the reproductive phenomena of the Infusoria, and is disposed to regard the so-called embryo-sphere in the light of a proliferous stolon from which several embryos are in some cases thrown off. Arguing from the Acineta- like form of the young in the higher Infusoria, as shown by Stein, and comparing the transitory condition of this with the permanent condition of the true Acinetce, he believes that we are justified in regarding the Acinetce as the ancestral form from which the proper Infusoria have been derived. He further compares the contractile vesicle and its canals in the Infusoria with the water-vascular system of the worms, and believes that a parentage with these higher forms is thus indicated. Gegenbaur, moreover, expresses himself strongly against the unicellular theory. He regards, however, the absence of distinct cell-nuclei in the substance of the Infusoria as affording evi- dence of their composition out of several " Cytodes," or non- nucleated protoplasm masses, rather than out of true nucleated cells. Still more recently Biitschli has given us the results of observa- * Greeff, " Untersuchungen iiber den Bau und die Naturgeschichte der Vorti- cellen," Archiv fur Naturg. 1870. f Grundzijge der vergleichenden Anatomie, 1870. XVI PEOCEEDINGS OF THE tions on the conjugation of Paramecium aurelia*. He is led, how- ever, to doubt the validity of the sexual interpretation of the conju- gation. He found that in certain cases in Paratnecium aurelia and in P. colpoda the so-called spermatic capsule into which the nu- cleolus had become converted had entirely disappeared, without any evident change in the nucleus ; and he concludes that fecundation of the bodies regarded by Balbiani as eggs cannot be here enter- tained. Indeed he will not allow that we have evidence entitling us to regard the appearance of filaments io the interior of the nu- cleolus as affording any indication of true spermatozoa. He offers no explanation of this appearance ; but he calls attention to the fact that both Balbiani and Stein noticed that in transverse division of the Infusoria (a phenomenon with which conjugation can have nothing to do) the nucleolus frequently enlarges and acquires a lon- gitudinal striation, like that of the nucleolus in the supposed pro- duction of spermatozoa during conjugation, Balbiani, it is true, main- tains that this striation during cleavage is only superficial ; but it never- theless affords an argument against assigning any more important significance to the very similar appearance in the case of conjugation. On the whole, it would appear that the spermatozoal nature of the striae visible in the nucleolus of the conjugating individuals (even admitting that these striae represent isolatable filaments) has not by any means been proved ; while the phenomenon of conjugation in the Infusoria would seem to correspond rather with the conjugation so well known in many lower organisms, where it takes place with- out being in any way connected with the formation of true sexual products. In the same memoir the results of observations on some other points in the structure and economy of the Infusoria have also been given by Biitschli. He records the occurrence of minute crystal- like laminae in the interior of a marine Infusorium (Stroynbidium sulcatum), rendered remarkable by a conspicuous girdle of tricho- cysts which surround its body. The crystal-like corpuscles seem to be of the nature of starch ; for on the application of iodine they assume a beautiful violet colour. It does not appear from Biitschli's account of these bodies that they have not been introduced from without ; and the chief interest of the obser\'ation seems to be in the discovery of an amylaceous body assuming a crystalline form. He had previously met with similar bodies in a parasitic Infusorium (^Nyctotherus ovalis) as well as in a Gregarina (G. blattariun). * O. Butscbli, " Einiges iiber Infiisorien,' Archiv f. mikroskop. Anat. 1873. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Xvii He also describes, under the name of Polykricos Swartzii, a new- Infusorium which he frequently found in the fiords of the south coast of Norway and in the Gulf of Kiel, and which he regards as especially interesting, from the fact that, with a true infusorial orga- nization, it contains, irregularly distributed in the outer layer of the body, numerous capsules indistinguishable from the true Coelenterate thread-cells. These bodies, however, are never included in a special investment; and he justly regards their presence as affording no argument against the unicellular nature of the Infusoria. He lays it down as a probable distinction between the trichocysts of the In- fusoria and genuine thread-cells, that the former have the power of ejecting their contained filament from both ends of the capsule ; while we know that in the thread-cell it is only one end which gives exit to it. This double emission of a filament appears to have been observed by Biitschli in the trichocysts of a large Nassula ; but the distinction is certainly not a generally valid one. There is no doubt that in the majority of cases the trichocyst emits its filament from only one end of its capsule, exactly as in the thread-cells of the Coelenterata ; and it is hard to see in what respect the bodies noticed by Biitschli in his Polykricos Swartzii essentially differ from true infusorial trichocysts. In conclusion he declares himself strongly in favour of the uuicellularity of the Infusoria. The reproductive process was lately followed by myself through some of its stages in a very beautiful Vorticellidan * obtained abun- dantly from a pond in Brittany, The zooids which form the colonies in this Infusorium are grouped in spherical clusters on the extremi- ties of the branches. They present near the oral end a large and very obvious contractile vesicle, and have a long cylindrical nucleus, curved in the form of a horseshoe. In the internal protoplasm are also imbedded scattered green chlorophyl-granules. No trace of the so-called nucleolus was present in any of the specimens ex- amined. Among the ordinary zooids there were usually some which had become encysted in a very remarkable way, and without any pre- vious conjugation having been noticed. These encysted forms were much larger than the others, and had assumed a nearly spherical shape ; the peristome and cilia-disk had become entirely withdrawn, the contractile vesicle was still obvious, but had ceased to manifest contractions : brownish spherical corpuscles with granular contents, probably the more or less altered chlorophyl-granules of the un- * British Association Reports, 1873. LINN. PBGC. — Session 1874-75. a XVIU PROCEEDTNGS OF THE encysted zooid, were scattered through the parenchyma ; and the nucleus was not only distinct, but had increased considerably in length. Round the whole a clear gelatinous envelope had become excreted. In a later stage there was formed between the gelatinous envelope and the cortical layer of the body a strong, dark brown, apparently chitinous case, the surface of which, in stages still further advanced, had become ornamented by very regular hexagonal spaces with slightly elevated edges. In this state the chitinous envelope was so opaque that no view could be obtained through it of the included structures ; and in order to arrive at any knowledge of these it was necessary to rupture it. The nucleus thus liberated was found to have still further increased in length, and to have become wound into a convoluted and comphcated knot. Along with the nucleus were expelled multitudes of very minute corpuscles with active Brownian movements. In a still further stage the nucleus had become irregularly branched, and at the same time somewhat thicker and of a softer consistence ; and finally it had become broken up into spherical fragments, each with an included corpuscle resembling a true cell-nucleus, in which the place of a nucleolus was taken by a cluster of minute granules. In this case the original nucleus of the vorticellidan had thus be- come broken up into bodies identical with the so-called eggs of Balbiani : but this was anaccompanied by any conjugation or by the formation of any thing which could be compared to spermatozoal filaments. What I believe we may regard as now established in the pheno- mena of reproduction in the Infusoria is that, besides the ordinary reproduction by spontaneous fission of the entire body, the nucleus at certain periods, and after more or less change of form in the In- fusorium-body, becomes broken up into fragments, each including a corpuscle resembling a true cell-nucleus, and that this takes place without necessarily requiring the influence of conjugation or the action of spermatozoa ; that these fragments, after their liberation from the body of the Infusorium, become developed (still without the necessity of spermatic influence) directly or indirectly into the adult form. Whether proper sexual elements ever take part in the life-history of the Infusoria remains an open question. Everts* has given an account of observations which, with the * Everts, '■ Untersuchungen an Vorticella nebulifera" Sitziingsberichte der physikaliseh-medicinisc'hen Societat zu Erlangen, 1873. LIXNEAN SOCIETT OF LOXDON. XIX view of testing the statements of Greeff, he made on Vorticella nebulifera. GreeflP, as we have seen, attributed to the Yorticellce a true ccelenterate structure ; and Everts, by his own investigations, has convinced himself of the untenableness of this view, and has been led to regard the Vorticellce as strictly unicellular. He recognizes the distinction between the cortical layer, which forms not only the periphery of the body, but the whole of the stalk on which this is supported, and the central mass in which the nutri- ment is deposited, collected into pellets and digested. The nucleus is imbedded in the inner side of the cortical layer, which is itself differentiated into certain secondary layers. Everts's account of the structure of Vorticella is thus entirely in accordance with the con- ception of it as a cell with a parietal nucleus — a cell, however, in which differentiation is carried very far without the essential cha- racter of a simple cell being thereby lost. Everts regards the external wall as corresponding with the ecto- derm, and the internal softer body-substance with the endoderm of higher animals. If by this the author meant to indicate a ho- mological identity between the structures thus compared, it is plain that he would have taken an entirely mistaken view, based on a misconception of the essential nature of au ectoderm and endo- derm. These membranes are essentially multicellular, and are always results of the segmentation of the vitellus in a true ovum. They can therefore never be attributed to a unicellular animal, in which no true segmentation-process ever takes place. In his rejoinder, how- ever, to an elaborate criticism of his memoir by Greeff he explains that he intended to compare the two layers of the Infusorium-body analogically, not morphologically, v.ith an ectoderm and endoderm. The same author has further made some interesting observations on the development of Vorticella. He has noticed that reproduction is here ushered in by a longitudinal cleavage, in which, after divi- sion of the nucleus, the body of the Vorticella becomes cleft into two halves still seated on the common stalk. Each of these develops near its posterior end a wreath of vibratile cilia, while the peristome and the cilia-disk over the mouth are entirely withdrawn, and then breaks loose from its stem and swims freely away. These free- swimming Vorticellce now encyst themselves, the cilia disappear, and the contents of the encysted animal acquire a uniform clearness, with the exception of the nucleus, which persists unchanged. In the next place the nucleus breaks up into eight or nine pieces, and then the wall of the cyst becomes ruptured and gives exit to these frag- c2 XX PROCEEDINGS OF THE ments, which now appear as spontaneously moving spherules. These increase in size, develop on one end a cilia-wreath, within which a mouth makes its appearance, and the free-swimming nucleus-fragment becomes gradually changed into a form which entirely agrees with the Trichodlna grandinella of Ehrenberg. These TrichodincB now multiply by fission, first developing a pos- terior wreath of cilia, and then dividing transversely between the anterior and posterior wreaths. After this each fixes itself by the end on which the n)outh is situated, a short stem becomes here developed, and the cilia-wreath gradually disappears. Then upon the free end the peristome and cilia-disk make their appearance, and the growth of the stem completes the development. Everts remarks that in this process we have au example of alter- nation of generations. There is one point, however, in which he has overlooked its essential difference from a true alternation of genera- tions— namely, the absence of any intercalation of a proper sexual reproduction. Ray Lankester* has subjected to spectrum-analysis the blue colouring-matter of Stentor cceruleus. This occurs in the form of minute granules in the cortical layer of the animal ; and Lankester finds that it gives two strong absorption-bands of remarkable inten- sity considering the small quantity of the matter which can be sub- mitted to examination. He cannot identify these bands with those of any other organic colouring-matter, and to the peculiar ])igment in which he finds them, he gives the name stentorin. He has also examined the bright green colouring-matter o( Sientor Miilleri, and finds that instead of giving the stentorin absorption- bands it gives a single band like that of the chlorophylloid matter of Hydra viridis and of Spongilla. Ray Lankester f also described, under the name of Toi'quatella typica, a remarkable marine Infusorium, which, though quite desti- tute of true cilia, can scarcely be separated from the proper Cililta. With the general structure of the ciliate Infusoria, the place of a peristomal cilia-wreath is taken by a singular plicated membrane which forms a wide, frill-like, very mobile appendage surrounding the oral end of the animal, and projecting to a considerable distance beyond it. The author regards Toi'quatella typica as the type of a distinct section of the Ciliata, to which he gives the name of Calycata. Of all the authors who since Von Siebold have applied themselves * Quart. Jouni. Micr. Sci. 1S73. t Ibid. 1874. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOIf. XXI to the iuvestigation of the lut'usoria, Haeckel must be mentioned as the one who has brought the greatest amount of evidence to bear on the question of their unicellularity. In a verv elaborate paper which has quite recently appeared*, and which is remarkable for the clear- ness and logical acuteness with which the whole subject is treated. Prof. Haeckel, resting mainly on the observations of others and partly also on his own, argues in favour of the unicellularity of the Infusoria from the evidence afforded both by the phenomena of their development and by the structure of the mature organism. He confines himself chiefly to the Ciliata (which, indeed, he regards as the only true Infusoria), while he considers the unicellularity of the Flagellata as too obvious to require an elaborate defence. The value of this paper will be obvious from the analysis of it which 1 now propose to give. In stating the argument derived from development, Haeckel does not accept as established the alleged sexual reproduction of the In- fusoria ; and he believes it safest to regard as non-sexual spores the bodies (Keimkugeln) which result from the breaking up of the nucleus, and which Balbiani regarded as eggs. These bodies consist of a little mass of protoplasm usually desti- tute of membrane and including a nucleus, within which one or more vefringent granules, admitting of comparison with a true nucleolus, may sometimes be witnessed — characters which are all those of a simple genuine cell. From this spore the embryo is developed by direct growth and differentiation of parts ; but however great may be the differentiation, there is never any thing like the formation of a tissue. The development of the Infusoria is thus entirely in favour of the unicellular theory. This theory, however, is just as strongly sup- ported by the study of their mature condition ; and here Haeckel gives an admirable exposition of the structure of the true or ciliate Infusoria. The parts which are common to all Ciliata, which first differentiate themselves in the ontogenesis or development of the spore, are the cortical layer, the medullary parenchyma, and the nucleus, which is situated on the boundary between the two. The differentiation of the protoplasm of the naked spore into a clearer and firmer cortical substance, and a more turbid, granular, and softer medullary sub- stance, corresponds entirely with what we see in Amoeba and the * Haeckel, " Zur Morphologie der InfuBorien,"Jenais3he Zeitsch, Band vii. Heft 4. 1873. XXll PROCEEDINGS OF THE parenchyma- cells of higher animals. These two products of diffe- rentiation are designated by Haeckel " exoplasm" and " endoplasm." The exoplasm is originally a perfectly homogeneous and structure- less, colourless, hyaline layer, distinguishable from the turbid granular soft protoplasm of the internal body-mass by containing in its com- position less water, by absence of included granules, and by its high independent contractility. All the mobile appendages of the body, the cilia, bristles, spines, hairs, hooks, &c., are nothing but struc- tureless extensions of this exoplasm, and participate in its contrac- tility. In this respect they entirely correspond to the cilia and flagella of the cells which form the ciliated epithelium of multi- cellular animals. In many Ciliata we find this cortical layer or exoplasm itself sub- sequently differentiated into distinct strata. In the most highly differentiated Ciliata four layers may be distinguished as the result of this secondary differentiation of the exoplasm. These are : — 1, the cuticle layer; 2, the ciha layer; 3, the myophan layer; 4, the trichocyst layer. The cuticle is nothing but a lifeless exudation from the surface. In the majority of Ciliata there is no true cuticle, and in those which possess it it presents itself under various forms, as seen in the thin, chitine-like, hyaline, homogeneous pellicle of Paramecium and Tri- chodina, the outer elastic layer of the stem of the Vorticellinse, the protective sheath of Vaginicola, the chitine-like cases of the Tintin- nodese and Codonellidae, the beautiful lattice-like siliceous shells of the Dictyocystidse and many other shells, cases, and shield-like protections*. * In the same niimber of the ' Zeitschrift ' Haeckel ("Ueber einige neue pelagische Infusoi-ien ") clcBcribes some highly interesting Infusoria which spend their lives in the open sea, and are distinguished by the possession of variously formed shells. His attention was first directed to them by finding their elegant empty shells in the extracapsular sarcode of Radiolaria. These pelagic Infu- soria appear to belong to two different groups, which stand nearest to the Tin- tinnodea of Claparede and Lachmann. He designates them as Bidyocystidm and CodoncUida. The family of Dictyouystidse is based on Ehrenberg's Dictyocysta, and is cha- racterized by the possession of a siliceous perforated lattice-like shell, so closely resembling that of many Radiolaria, that Haeckel at first mistook it for the shell of one of these. The shell is in all the species bell-shaped or helmet-shaped, and the body of the animal, which is fixed to the fundus of the bell, and can be projected far bc_)ond its margin, has a wide funnel-shaped peristome, on whose edge are two concentric wreaths of strong cilia. He describes four species, distinguishing them by characters derived from their siliceous latticed shell. Ll>'Ki;A>' SOCIETY OK I,0^'1>0^^ Tlie cilia layer occurs in all Ciliata ; it lies immediately bweatk ^^t-j, the cuticle, where this is j)resent, and the whole of the cilia »^i^^/. other mobile appendages are its immediate extensions. Those niust^??-^^- *>. therefore perforate the cuticle or its modifications, when such pro- tective coverings exist. The myophan layer is identical with that which most autliors de- scribe as a true muscular layer. It has been demonstrated in most of the Ciliata. It appears as a system of regular parallel fine striae in the walls of the body, and in the Vorticellinae occupies also the axis of the stem, where it forms the characteristic " stem-muscle " of these animals. There can be no doubt that these striae represent contractile fibres, which, by their contraction, effect the various form- changes of the animal. They are thus physiologically analogous to muscles. From a morphological point of view, however, we must regard them as only differentiated protoplasm-filaments. In the morphological conception of true muscle its cell-nature is absolutely indispensable. The so-called muscle-fibrils of the Infusoria never show a trace of nucleus. They can be viewed only as parts of a cell due to the differentiation of the sarcode-molecules of its proto- plasm ; and as they are thus only sarcode lines, Haeckel designates them by the term "myophan," as indicating a distinction from proper muscle. The trichocyst layer occurs also in many Infusoria, but not in all. It is a thin stratum of the exoplasm lying immediately on the endo- plasm, and including in certain species the trichocysts. The pre- sence of these bodies, which possess a striking resemblance to the thread-cells of the Ccelenterata, has, as we have already seen, been urged as an argument in favour of the multicellularity of the Infu- soria. But, as Haeckel argues, no evidence of multicellularity can be derived from this fact. The thread-cells of the Ccelenterata are themselves the products of a cell ; and we often find many of them The family of the CodonellidEe, based on the genus Codonella, Haeckel, is also provided with a bell-shaped case ; but this, instead of being formed of a siliceous lattice-work, consists of a ehitine-like organic membrane, through which siU- ceous particles are scattered. The family is, however, chiefly characterized by the peculiar form of its peristome. This is funnel-shaped, and provided on its margin *ith a thin collar-like expansion. The free edge of this collar is ser- rated, and each tooth carries a stalked lobe of a piriform shape, regarded bv Haeckel as probably an organ of touch. At some distance behind the circle of piriform lobes is situated a ring of long, strong, whip-Uke cilia, which form powerful swimming-organs. The three species dos/ribod are distinguished bv the form of their chiliuous cases. XXIV PEOCEEDINGS 01" THE originating in a single formative cell, quite independently of the nucleus ; the formative cell may, in this respect, be compared with the entire body of the Infusorium. It is the endoplasm, or internal parenchyma of the Infusoria, that has given rise to the most important differences of opinion ; and in his account of this part of the Infusorian organism, Haeckel chiefly directs his criticism against the views advocated by Claparede and Lachmann and by GreefF. These authors, as we have already seen, compare the Infusoria with tlie Coelenterata, and regard the endoplasm, not as a real part of the body, but merely as the contents of the alimentary canal — as a sort of food-mash or chyme contained in a spacious digestive cavity, whose walls are at the same time stomach-wall and body-wall, and into which the mouth leads by a short gullet. As Haeckel urges, however, it needs only a correct conception of the intestinal cavity throughout the animal kingdom, and of its distinction from the body-cavity, in order to show the xmtenableness of this position. The main point of such a conception lies in the fact that the intes- tinal cavity and all extensions of it (gastrovascular canals &c.) are always originally clothed by the endoderm, or inner leaflet of the blastoderm, while the body-cavity is always found on the external side of the endoderm, and between this and the ectoderm, or outer leaflet of the blastoderm. The body-cavity and intestinal cavity of animals are thus essentially different; they never communicate with one another, and always arise in quite different ways. Again, the contents of a true intestinal cavity consist only of nu- tritious matter and water — in other words, of chyme ; while the fluid which fills the body-cavity is never chyme, but is always a liquid which has transuded through the intestinal wall, and which may be called chyle, or blood in the wider sense of the word. Haeckel has thus taken, I believe, the true view of the intestinal and body -cavities of animals. He had already advocated it in his work on the Calcareous Sponges. It necessarily involves a belief in the homological identity of organization between very distant groups of the animal kingdom — a belief which all recent embryological research has only tended to confirm. It follows from this view that the cavity of the Coelenterata would represent an intestinal cavity only, while a true body-cavity would be here entirely absent. This way of regarding the cavity of the Coelenterata is at variance with the conclusions of most other axiatomists, who regard the coclenterate cavity as representing a LINNEAN SOCIETV OF LOXDON. XXV true body-cavity, or a body and intestinal cavity combined. I had myself" long entertained the generally accepted opinion that the cavity of the Coelenterata represents a body-cavity. I must, how- ever, now give my adhesion to the doctrine here advocated by Haeckel, and regard the pro{)er body-cavity of the higher animals as having no representative in the Coelenterata. I beheve that this is supported both by the facts of development and by the structure of the mature animal. Indeed the body-cavity first shows itself, as Haeckel has pointed out, in the higher worms, and is thence carried into the higher groups of the animal kingdom. If such be the real nature of a true intestinal cavity and of a true body-cavity, it is plain that neither the one nor the other can exist in the Infusoria ; for there is here nothing which can be compared with either the endoderm or the ectoderm. The whole, then, of the alleged chyme of the Infusoria is nothing more than the internal soft protoplasm of the body. It is quite the same as in Amoeba and many other unicellular animals. The peculiar currents which have been long noticed in the endo- plasm of many Infusoria must be placed in the same category with the rotation of the protoplasm observed in many organic cells. Von Siebold, indeed, had already compared the eudoplasm-currents of the Infusoria to the well-known rotation of the protoplasm in the cells of Chara. The presence of a mouth and anal orifice in the ciliate Infusoria has been urged as an argument against the unicellular nature of these organisms. The so-called mouth and anus, however, admit of a comparison, not in a morphological, but only in a physiological sense, with the mouth and anus of higher animals. They are simple lacunae in the firm exoplasm, and have, according to Haeckel, no higher morphological value than the " pore-canals" in the walls of many animal- and plant-cells, or the micropyle in that of many egg-cells. KoUiker had already compared them to the excretory canal of unicellular glands. Since, therefore, they do not admit of a comparison with the orifices of the same name in the higher animals, Haeckel proposes for them the terms " Cytostoma " and " Cytopyge" So also the presence of a contractile vesicle and of other vacuoles affords no solid argument against the unicellularity of the Infusoria. The physiological significance of the contractile vesicles has been variously interpreted. According to Haeckel, however, these little cavities combine two different functions of nutrition — namely, respi- XXVI PEOCEEBINGS OF THE ration and excretion. They are in all cases destitute of proper walls, and they have been long recognized as, morphologically, no- thing more than lacunae filled with fluid. Regular contractile ve- sicles, differing in no respect from those of the ciliate Infusoria, are often found in the Flagellatae and in the swarm-spores of many Algse. Besides the constant and regularly contracting vacuoles, there occur also others less constant and less regularly contracting. These are found in the softer endoplasm, while the constant and regularly contracting vacuoles occur for the most part in the firmer exoplasm. One is just as much a wall-less vacuole as the other, and the differ- ence between them is to be traced to the difference of consistence in the surrounding protoplasm. Haeckel regards the less constant ones as the original forms from which the others have been phylo- genetically derived — that is, by a process of inheritance and modifica- tion through descent. The last and most important of the parts which enter into the formation of the Infusorium-body, namely the nucleus, is next dis- cussed. Viewed from a morphological point, it has been already demonstrated that the nucleus is in all Ciliata originally a single simple structure, resembling in this respect a true cell-nucleus. As the Infusorium-body approaches maturity, we find that, with its advancing differentiation, peculiar changes occur in the nucleus, just as in the rest of the protoplasm ; but these changes are entirely parallelled by differentiation phenomena which are known in other undoubted cell-nuclei, as, for example, in the germinal vesicle of many animals, in the nuclei of many unicellular plants, the nuclei of many parenchyma-cells of the higher plants, and the nuclei of many nerve-cells. The mature Infusorium -nucleus is often vesicle-like, and consists of a delicate investing membrane and fine granular contents, precisely as in the differentiated nucleus of many other cells. In many Ciliata, if not in all, there is within the young nucleus a dark more refringent corpuscle, which has quite the same relations as the nucleolus of a true cell-nucleus. Regarded from a physiological, no less than from a morphological point of view, the infusorium-nucleus and true cell-nucleus admit of a close comparison with one another. It may be considered as established by the concurrent observations of all investigators that the nucleus of the Infusoria performs the functions of a reproductive organ, though the opinions entertained as to the mode in which it thus acts are extremely divergent. LINNEAlf SOCIETT OF LONDON. XXVU It is now admitted that in tlie reproduction of unicellular organ- isms, both in the animal and vegetable kingdom, the nucleus takes an important part, and by its division as a primary act ushers in the division of the rest of the protoplasm. Even in the cells which form constituents of tissues the part played by the nucleus is alto- gether similar, its division always preceding the division of the cell itself. In quite a similar way does the nucleus behave in the ciliate Infusoria. The non-sexual reproduction of the Infusoria by divi- sion is perhaps universal. In such cases the division always begins . by the spontaneous halving of the nucleus ; and this is followed by a similar division of the surrounding protoplasm, exactly as in tl\e ordinary simple cell. Another phenomenon in which the nucleus plays an important part is named by Haeckel "spore-formation." Under this desig- nation he comprehends all those cases in which, the idea of a previous fecundation being rejected, the nucleus breaks into numerous pieces, and each of these, apparently by becoming encysted in a portion of the protoplasm of the mother body, shapes itself into an independent cell, a so-called germ-globule (Keimkugel). Now this is a true spore, just as much so as the spores, which arise quite in the same way, in unicellular plants. The whole process is to be regarded as a case of the so-called endogenous multiplication of cells. Most authors, however, take a different view of the nucleus. Fol- lowing Balbiani, they regard it as an ovary, and to the fragments into which it breaks up they assign the significance of eggs ; while the so-called nucleolus, which lies outside the nucleus, is believed to be a testis in which spermatozoa are developed for the fecundation of the eggs. We must bear in mind, however, that this " nucleolus" has been hitherto found in but a disproportionately small number of species, while the spermatozoal nature of the apparent filaments which have been noticed in it has by no means been proved ; and we have already seen that some observed facts, such as those adduced by Biitschli, are opposed to the view which would assign to them the nature of true spermatozoa. As Haeckel remarks, however, even though the so-called nucleolus be really a testis fecundating the eggs or fragments derived from the breaking up of the nucleus, this would afford no valid argu- ment against the unicellularity of the Infusoria ; for precisely the XXVIU PKOCEEDINGS OF THE same sexual differeatiation and reproduction are found in unicellular plants. It may now, then, be regarded as proved that the process by which the body of the ciliate Infusorium attains a certain degree of differentiation is repeated not only in other unicellular organisms but in many parenchyma-cells both of plants and animals. The dif- ference, as Haeckel with much force points out, between the differen- tiation-process of these parenchyma-cells and that of the Infusorium- body consists in the fact that in the parenchyma-cells the differentia- tion is a one-sided one, conditioned by the division of labour in the organism of which they form the constituents ; while in the Infu- sorium it is a many-sided one related to all the different directions in which cell-life manifests itself, and resting on a physiological division of labour among the " plastidules " or protoplasm-molecules. In other words, the differentiation-processes which in multicellular organisms are found distributed among different cells, are united in the single cell of the ciliate Infusorium, thus leading to the forma- tion of an animal very perfect in a physiological point of view, but which morphologically does not pass the limit of a simple cell. In some rarer cases the Infusorium-body is found to enclose two or more nuclei ; and Haeckel admits that such Infusoria must strictly be regarded as multicellular, since the nucleus in itself alone deter- mines the individuality of the cell ; but these exceptional cases have no significance for the main conception of the infusorial organism. The multiplication of the nucleus exerts almost no influence on the rest of the organization ; and such "multicellular Ciliata " are to be compared with the colony-building forms of the Acinetse, Gregarinse, Flagellatae, and other undoubtedly unicellular organisms. In conclusion, Haeckel considers the systematic position of the Infusoria. That they are genuine Protozoa, having no direct relation to either the Coelenterata or the Worms, must be now admitted. To this result we are led in the most convincing way by all that we know of their development. In all the animal types which stand above the Protozoa the multicellular organism is de- veloped out of the simple egg-cell by the characteristic process of segmentation, and the cell-masses so arising differentiate themselves into two layers — the endoderm and ectoderm, or the two primary germ-lamellae *. Resting on the fundamental homology of these two layers in all the six higher types of the animal kingdom, Haeckel * The cuinparisou of the eudodcrm and ectoderm of the Coeleuterata to the two primary germ-lamellse of the Vertebrata was first made by Huxley. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXIX had already * directed attention to the fact that all these types pass in their development through one and the same remarkable form, to which he gave the name of Gastrula, and vphich he regards as the most important and significant embryonal form of the whole animal kingdom. This Gastrula consists of a multicellular, usually oviform, uniaxial body enclosing a simple cavity, the primordial stomach or intestine-cavity, which opens outward on one pole of the axis by a simple orifice, the primordial mouth, and whose walls are composed of two layers — the endoderm or inner germ-lamella, and the ectoderm or outer germ-lamella. This larval form has now been shown, by the researches of Haeckel, Kowalevsky, Ray Lankester, and others, to occur in members of all the six higher primary groups of the animal kingdom ; and Haeckel, in conformity with what he has called the biogenetic fun- damental lawf (the recapitulation of ancestral forms in the course of the development of the individual), had already in a former work;}: concluded in favour of a common descent of all the six higher types from a single unknown ancestral form, which must have been constructed essentially like the Gastrula, and to which he gave the name of Gastrjea. From this common descent the Protozoa alone are excluded, these not having yet attained to the formation of germ-lamellse or of a true intestinal cavity. He regards this difference between the development of the Pro- tozoa and that of all the other animal types as so important that he founds thereon a fundamental division of the whole animal kingdom into two great primary sections — the Protozoa and the Metazoa. The former never undergo segmentation, never develop germ-lamellae^ and never possess a true intestinal cavity ; the latter, which includes all the other types of the animal kingdom, present a true segmen- tation of the egg-cell, have all two primary germ-lamellae (endoderm and ectoderm), a true intestine formed from the endoderm and a true epidermis from the ectoderm ; they all pass through the form of the Gastrula or an embryonic form capable of being immediately deduced from it, and (hypothetically) are all descended from a Gastrsea. The only Metazoa which in their existing condition have no intestine are the low worm-groups Cestoda and Acanthocephala ; but these form only an apparent exception ; for the loss of their * Die Kalkschwamme, 1872. t Qenerelle Morphologie. t Die Kalkschwamme. XXX PKOOEEDIXaS OF THE intestinal canal is a secondary occurrence caused by parasitism, and Haeckel regards them as having descended from worms in which the intestine was present. Several years ago Haeckel united into a separate kingdom, under the name of Protista, certain low organisms, some of which had been previously placed among the Protozoa, while others had been assigned to the vegetable kingdom. To this neutral group he refers the Monera, the Flagellatse, the Catallactse, the Labyrinthulese, the Micromycetse, and the Acytariae and Radiolarise. After the elimi- nation of these, there remain as genuine Protozoa, the Amoebinse, the Gregarinse, the Acinetse, and, above all, the true Infusoria or Ciliata. The union of the Protista into a distinct kingdom equivalent in systematic value with the animal or vegetable kingdom, can, how- ever, scarcely be maintained. We already know enough of some of them to justify our assigning these to one or other of the two gene- rally accepted organic kingdoms ; and there can be little doubt that did we know the whole Jiistory of tlie others and were able to formu- late the essential difference between the animal and vegetable kingdom, these, too, would be referred without hesitation either to the one or to the other, some passing to the former and others to the latter. The group of the Protista is thus at best but a provisional one, based partly on our ignorance of the structure and life-history of the beings which compose it, and partly on our inability to assign to the ani- mal its essential difference from the plant. Haeckel, however, has done well in specially directing attention to it; and in his admirable researches on many of the organisms which he has thus grouped together, he has largely contributed to our knowledge of living forms. I have thus dwelt at considerable length upon this important paper of Haeckel' s, because I think that it not only brings out in a clear light the essential features of infusorial structure and physi- ology as demonstrated by recent research, but that it goes far to set at rest the controversy regarding the unicellularity and multicellu- larity of the Infusoria. Balbiani has quite recently published a very interesting account of the remarkable Infusorium long ago described by O. F. Miiller under the name of Vorticella nasuta, and more recently taken by Stein as the type of his genus Didinium. The animal, which is somewhat barrel-shaped, with an anterior « LIU>'EA>' SOCIKTY OF LOXDON. XXXI and a posterior wreath of cilia, has one end continued into a pro- hoscis-hke projection, which carries tlie oral orifice on its summit, while an anal orifice is situated on the point diametrically opposite to this. There is a very distinct cuticle, though the rest of the cor- tical layer is very thin and can scarcely be optically distinguished from the internal parenchyma, which exhibits manifest currents of rotation. These flow in a continuous sheet along the walls from the anal towards the oral side, and on arriving at the mouth, turn in towards the axis, and then flow backwards along this until they complete the circuit by once more reaching the anal side of the body. No trichocysts are developed in the walls of the body. The contrac- tile vesicle is large and is situated near the anal end ; it presents very distinct pulsations, and Balbiani is disposed to believe in a com- munication between it and the exterior. During the act of digestion a tubular cavity can be seen running through the axis of the body and connecting the oral and anal ori- fices. This is regarded by Balbiani as a permanent digestive canal. The postoral or pharyngeal portion of this tube possesses a very re- markable feature — namely, a longitudiual striation caused by rigid, rod-like filaments, which are developed in its walls, and which can b? easily detached and isolated by pressure, or by the action of acetic acid. They then resemble some common forms of the raphides developed in the cells of plants. The function of these rods becomes apparent when the animal is observed in the act of capturing its prey. The Didinium is eminentty voracious and car- nivorous, and when in pursuit of other living Infusoria, such as Paramecium, the prey may be seen to become suddenly paralyzed on its approach. A careful examination will then show that the Didinium has projected against it some of its pharyngeal rods; and to the action of these bodies the arrest of motion is attributed. A curious cylindrical tongue-like organ is now projected from the mouth towards the arrested prey, to which it becomes attached by its extremity. By the retraction of this tongue, the prey is now gradually withdrawn towards the mouth, engulfed in the distended pharynx and pushed deeper and deeper into the axial canal, where it is digested, and the eff"ete matter ultimately expelled through the anus. From ail this Balbiani concludes against the unicellular doctrine. He sees in the axial cavity a permanent alimentary canal, and in the surrounding parenchyma a true perigastric space filled with a liquid which corresponds with the perigastric Hquid of the Polyzoa and of XXXll PROCEEDINGS OE THE *" many other lower animals. He is not, however, disposed to make too broad a generaUzation and to insist on the presence of an alimentary canal distinct from a body-cavity in all the other Infusoria. Here, however, he falls in with the views of Claparede and Lachmann and of Greeff, and maintains that as a rule the digestive and body-cavity in the Infusoria are confounded into a single gastrovascular system. Independently, however, of the untenableness of the conception of a united digestive and body-cavity, it does not appear to me that Balbiani makes out any case against the unicellularity of the Infu- soria. He admits that, except in the pharyngeal and anal portion, there is no evidence of a differentiated wall in his so-called digestive canal ; and even though it be conceded that the middle portion of this canal constitutes a permanent cavity in the parenchyma, it would not differ essentially from other lacunae permanently present in the protoplasm of many undoubtedly unicellular organisms. It has been already remarked that a communication between these lacunae and the external medium is parallelled in many simple cells ; and these external communications in Didinitim present no feature essentially different. The pharynx appears to be bounded by an inflection of the cor- tical layer ; and I believe we may regard the rod-like corpuscles here present as a peculiar modification of the trichocysts, which, in many other Infusoria, are developed in the cortical layer of the body. The projectile tongue-like organ is one of the most remarkable features of Diclinium ; we must know more, however, than Balbiani has told us of it before we can decide on its real import. It is not improbably a pseudopodial extension of the protoplasm. Balbiani has followed the Bidinium through the process of trans- verse fission. This is preceded by the formation of two new wreaths of cilia, between which the constriction and division take place, each half, previously to actual separation, developing within it such parts as it had lost in the act of division. The only part which in this act becomes divided between the two resulting animals is the nucleus. The so-called nucleolus was not seen by Balbiani ; and though he observed two individuals in conjugation by their opposed oral surfaces, he never witnessed any thing like the formation of eggs or embryos. I believe I have now laid before you the principal additions which during the last few years have been made to our knowledge of the In- fusoria ; but though it will be seen that the labourers in the special fields of microscopical research to which I have confined this address LTSTNEAN SOCIETY OP LOI^DON. XXXlU have been neither few nor deficient in activity, it must not be imagined that this subject has been exhausted, or that many ques- tions, more especially such as relate to development, do not yet await the results of future iuvestis-ations for their solution. The Secretary reported that the following Members had died, or their deaths been ascertained, since the last Anniversary, N. L. Austen, Esq. Bhau Dajee, M.D. William Felkin, Esq. Sir Stephen Grlynne, Bart. Eobert E. Grant, M.D. J. E. Gray, Ph.D. Daniel Hanbury, Esq. Kobert Hardwicke, Esq. W. H. Hughes, Esq. Sir William Jardine, Bart. Fellows. Eev. C. A. Johns. Rev. Charles Kingsley. Sir Charles Lyell, Bart. William Macdonald, M.D. John Martin, Esq. J. T. Moggridge, Esq. Eev. Henry Eookin, M.A. J. W. Eussell, D.C.L. a. E. Tate, M.D. E. C. Woods, Esq. FOEEIGN MeMBEBS. M. Gustave Thuret. ] Jeffries Wyman, M.D. Associates. Mr. W. B. Booth. | Mr. Thomas Corder. The Secretary also announced that forty-three Fellows, five Foreign Members, and two Associates had been elected since the last Anniversary. At the Election which subsequently took place, G. J. Allman, M.D., was elected President ; J. G. Jeffreys, LL.D., Treasurer and Frederick Currey, Esq., and St. George Mivart, Esq., Secre- taries, for the ensuing year. The following five Fellows were elected into the Council, in the room of others going out : — viz. J. D. Hooker, M D., J. G. Jeffreys, Esq., Major-General Scott, E. B. Sharpe, Esq., and Charles Stewart, Esq. Dr. Boycott, on the part of the Committee appointed to audit LINN, pitoc, — Session 1874-75, 4 XXXIV PEOCEEBINQS or THE '5^ Oh ft^ ©SC00OC'lrHi>00X> ?0(X)050oO'*C5QOeo r-i CO t~- a \a i-i i-i I-H C-1 00 r-l t^ p 00 •1-1 a «\ s '—' 1^ ^ T-! e C c« 03 02 ^'-^ 03 OS t-r-H CO , 1> M Si 00 00 to rH -* 00 r-l Si -^ - e ^ S a! *-' in CO —1.3 .3 " o3£3 «Sea!i,jacFi g Ph^ ^ & g 2 c g f5 P^ O ri s pq pq a r^ ti CO l-H lOOOOrHOOJO I -t=OOOi— iiMOOmO ;3 r-H i-H r-f rH glMi>OO.t^i-lO>0 +? (M (M i;D (M rH «rt CO ^ 00 i l-H 1-5 00 r3 t-:if=q 1 ^^ OQ g:^ O Ed H 0) p^hi o 'TS a s o ^a T) a OS rll .s o o S a -a pq H O O pqg LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXV the Treasurer's Accounts, read the Balance-sheet, by which it appeared that the total Receipts during the past year, including a Balance of £651 13s., carried from the preceding year, amounted to £2286 10s. 8d., and that the total expenditure during the same period amounted to £1468 7s. 7d., leaving a Balance in the hands of the Bankers of £818 3s. Id. Dr. Boycott called the attention of the Pellows to the desira- bility of rendering the Evening Meetings of the Society more in- teresting; 'and suggested the nomination of a thii-d Secretary, whose duty should be to communicate with the Fellows at large with the view of procuring the Communication of Papers and the Exhibition of Specimens. The suggestions of Dr. Boycott were shortly discussed by Dr. Hooker and other Fellows present, and the President stated that the subject should receive the best at- tention of the Council. June 3rd, 1875. Gr. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The President nominated G-eorge Beutham, Esq., Greorge Busk, Esq., J. D. Hooker, M.D., and J. G. Jeffreys, LL.D., Vice-Presi- dents for the ensuing year. Henry Chichester Hart, Esq., Leslie Jones, M.D., and William Phillips, Esq., were elected Fellows. Professor Dyer, F.L.S., exhibited living specimens o? StepJiano- sphcBra Jluviatilis, Cohn, from Bury Head, county Wicklow ; com- municated by "W. Archer, Esq. Dr. Trimen, F.L.S., exhibited specimens oi Zannicliellia poly- pacar, Nolte, from Kirbister Loch, Orkney, sent to him by Dr. Boswell Syme, and of Carex ornitliopoda, "Willd., from Miller's Dale, Derbyshire, collected this spring, by Mr. John Whitehead ; and made some remarks upon their affinities, character, and history. LINN. PROc. — Session 1874-75. e XXXVl PllOCEEDIKGS OF THE Mr. Pascoe, F.L.S., exhibited a beautiful series of specimens of Crustacea from the Bay of Naples. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " On the Barringtoniacese." By John Miers, Esq., F.R.S., r.L.s. 2. "On Fairy-rings." By J. H. Gilbert, Ph.D., F.E.S. Communicated by W. T. Thiselton Dyer, Esq., E.L.S. 3. " Note on specimens of a Hibiscus, allied to H. rosa-sinensis, collected by Dr. Kirk in East Tropical Africa." By Daniel Oliver, Esq., E.E.S., E.L.S. June 17, 1875. G. J. Allman, M.D., E.E.S., President, in the Chair. Dr. Prior, E.L.S., exhibited a specimen of Myrsine Urvillei, A. de Candolle, raised from seeds received from New Zealand, under its native name of Matapo. Three seedlings, which were planted in the open ground at Halse House, near Taunton, in the autumn of 1870, have since stood quite unprotected, and are now about 6 or 7 feet high. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " On GincJiona calisaya, var. anglica.'^ By John Elliot Howard, Esq., E.R.S., E.L.S. 2. " On the Occurrence of Staminal Pistillody in an Acanth." By S. Le Marchant Moore, Esq., E.L.S. 3. "On the Affinities and Alexipharmic Properties of Aristo- lochiacese." By Benjamin Clarke , Esq., E.L.S., M.E.C.S. 4. " On the Anatomy of Amphioxus.'" By E. Eay Lankester, M.A., E.E.S. Communicated by W. T. T. Dyer, Esq., E.L.S. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXVll 5. " Monograph of the Lepidopterous Genus Castnia and some, allied Qroups." By J. 0. Westwood, Esq., F.L.S. 6. " On the Subfamilies Antichlorlnse and Charideinse." By A. G. Butler, Esq., E.L.S. 7. " On Valencinia Armandi, a new Nemertean.' By W. C. M'Intosh, M.D., E.L.S. OBITUAET NOTICES. Nathaniel Laurence Atjsten was elected a Fellow on the 20th of January, 1870. He died on the 9th of August, 1874, from the effects of a fall from his horse, in the 28th year of his age. William. Beattte Booth was a native of Perthshire, and was educated in the art of gardening at Scone Palace, under his uncle, Mr. Beattie. When about twenty years of age, in February 1824, he entered the garden of the Horticultural Society, at Chiswick, as a labourer in the arboretum department, and was transferred in August of the same year, as an under-gardener, to the experimental department. While employed at Chiswick he assisted Dr. Lindley in laying out the garden, and also in planting the trees forming the arboretum. In July 1825 he was appointed garden clerk, which post he occupied for several years. During this period he commenced the meteorological observations for which Chiswick afterwards became renowned ; and these were continued by him up to June 1830, when they were taken up by the late Mr. Eobert Thompson. In 1830 he assisted Mr. Alfred Chandler in the publication of his ' Illustrations of the Camellieae,' which was published in numbers, the drawings being made by Mr, e2 XXXVIU PItOCEEDINGS OF THE Chandler and the descriptions by Mr. Booth. In 1830 Mr. Booth went to Carclew, as gardener to Sir Charles Lemon, Bart., and new kitchengardens, with flower-gardens and shrubberies at- tached, were formed under his direction. During this period Mr. Booth's name frequently appears in the 'Botanical Eegister' at- tached to descriptions of new plants flowered at Carclew, and which he communicated to Dr. Lindley. Amongst other now familiar plants JEcheveria secunda was thus named and first described by him, the description appearing in the ' Botanical Eegister ' for 1838, and a figure in the volume of the same work for 1840 (t. 57). Mr. Booth continued to superintend the gardens and estates at Carclew until 1853. In 1858, in consequence of the death of Dr. Eoyle, certain changes were made in the official stafi' of the Horticultural Society. At that time Dr. Lindley was appointed to succeed Dr. Eoyle, while the post of Assistant-Secretary was handed over to Mr. Booth, who for some few years thereafter conducted the business arrangements of the Society with an ability and courtesy which did much to make the Society popular. On the removal of the Society to South Kensington the increased business incidental to the more enlarged operations of the Society — now the Eoyal Horticultural — was too much for Mr. Booth's failing health, and he consequently resigned his post. He after- wards lived in retirement, but continued his services to the Society as a member of the Floral Committee, at which, however, his attendances, owing to infirmity, were few. Mr. Booth was elected an Associate in 1825, and died on the 18th of June, 1874, at the age of 70. Me. Thomas Coedee was elected an Associate on the 15th of January, 1838, and died on the 15th of October, 1874. De. BnAU Dajee was born in 1823, in the village of Manjeren, near Sawunt Warree. His parents were in poor circumstances, and when he was about seven years of age they came to Bombay, bringing him with them. He was first placedin the native Education Society's Schools in Bombay, and afterwards went to the Elphin- stone College. There he took a foremost place amongst the scholars, and was noted for his ability and unremitting application to his studies. The highest scholarships were taken by him, and he was specially rewarded with a gold medal. "When his studies were concluded he was appointed Assistant Professor of Chemistry LINXEA>' SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXlX and Natural Philosophy at the College. About this time (1842) a prize of 600 rupees was offered by Government for the best essay in English and Guzerathi on Female Infanticide. This prize Bhau Dajee gained; and the essay, which has since been published, has always been looked upon as one of the best contributions on that subject. He commenced his studies at the Grant Medical College, under Dr. Morehead, in IS'IS. The college had only then been established for a short time. His success here was again most marked, and gained for him the lasting friendship of many distin- guished members of the medical profession. He received his diploma in 1851. He soon created a name for himself as a clever and rising medical practitioner, and quickly found himself in pos- session of an extensive practice amongst all classes. His time was divided between his medical duties and his historical and philo- logical researches. From the first he took a great interest in all public questions, especially those which affected the interests of his fellow-countrymen. He, with Dr. Birdwood, was instrumental in the establishment of the Gardens and Victoria and Albert Mu- seum, Bombay. The Bombay Association, too, may be said to owe its existence to his energy ; he was the first secretary, and always took a deep interest in the discussions of the society on Indian affairs and measures. A considerable portion of his income was expended in procuring rare and A^aluable MSS. from Cashmere, Orissa, Benares, and Soiithern India. These he carefully trans- lated and annotated, and numbers of the translations and remarks appeared in the scientific journals of the day both in India and in Europe. He was President of the Bombay branch of the East- India Association, and up to the time of his illness constantly took part in the discussions of that body. His exertions in the cause of native female education procured for him the respect and gra- titude of his more advanced fellow-countrymen. He established the Literary and Scientific Society, Bombay, and became its first President. His exertions to procure a recognized system of female education amongst the Hindoos was rewarded by a collection made by his admirers of some 12,000 rupees, which, at his request, was expended in establishing a school which has ever since been known by the name of " Bhau Dajee' s Girls' School." He was elected a member of the Bombay Board of Education in 1852. He also filled the presidential chair of the Grant Medical College Society. As Vice-President of the Bombay branch of the Eoyal Asiatic Society, he devoted a considerable portion of his spare time to fur- Xl PROCEEDINGS OE THE thering the interests of the society, and to the museum he pre- sented many valuable contributions. "With all the leading public questions of his time Bhau Dajee was familiar, and invariably took part in their discussion. One of his latest and most important dis- coveries in medical science was the cure for leprosy, which he was on the point of perfecting when seized with paralysis. While ill he was most anxious that his manuscripts should be collected and got ready for publication. This duty will, it is said, be performed by his brother, Dr. Narayen Dajee, himself an accomplished scholar and well-known medical practitioner. As an antiquary Dr. Bhau Dajee had a high reputation through- out India. He probably saw more of India than any other Hindoo traveller. In 1S62 he, with Mr. Cursetjee Nusserwanjee Cama and others, travelled through Madras, Calcutta, and a great part of Northern India; in 18G4 he went with the Honourable Mr. Newton, C.S., through portions of Kattywar and Eajpootana ; in 1866 he travelled through Central India and Orissa. Sir Erskine Perry, used to take him vrith him on short trips to places of interest ; and when Lord Northbrook, two years ago, was travelling over Central India, he took Dr. Bhau Dajee with him to the Caves of Ellora and the antiquities on the Eoza plateau. The records of many able papers on the subject of ancient inscriptions and coins in India were communicated by him to the Bombay branch of the Eoyal Asiatic Society. Dr. Bhau Dajee was elected a Fellow on the 2nd of November, 1865, and died on the 31st of May, 1874, in his 51st year. "William Felkin, Esq., Justice of the Peace, was elected a Fellow on the 2nd of June, 1840. He died at the Park, Notting- ham, on the 29th of September, 1874, at the age of 79. Sib SiEPHEif EiCHAED GxTNisE, the ninth baronet, of Hawarden Castle, Flintshire, and Lord-Lieutenant of that county, was the elder son of the eighth baronet (who bore the same Christian name), and was born on the 22nd of September, 1807. His mother was the Hon. Mary Neville, second daughter of the second Lord Bray- brooke, by Catherine, youngest daughter of the Eight Hon. George Grenville and sister of the first Marquis of Buckingham. At the early age of eight years he succeeded to the baronetcy on the death of his father, which took place on the 8th of March, 1815. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he was third class LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xli in classics in 1828, and graduated M. A, in 1831. Since 1845 Sir Stephen Grlynne occupied tlie position of Lord-Lieutenant of Flintshire, which county he represented in Parliament from 1831 to 1811, and again from May 1842 till 1847. The deceased baronet was never married, and, as there are no collateral male heirs, the baronetcy (which was created in 1661) becomes extinct. His only brother, the Eev. Henry Glynne, rector of Hawardeu, died in 1872, leaving only two daughters. His eldest sister (Catherine) is the wife of the Eight Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M.P., and his younger sister (Mary) was the late Lady Lyttleton who died in 1867. The first baronet of this ancient Welsh family was the son of Sir John Glynne, Kut., who was Lord Chief Justice under Oliver Cromwell, but was subsequently knighted by King Charles II. after the restoration. Sir Stephen Glynne was elected a Fellow on the 7th of December, 1830. Egbert Edmond Grant was the seventh son of Alexander Grant, Esq.", Writer to the ' Signet.' He was born in his father's bouse in Argyle Square, Edinburgh, on the 11th of November, 1793. His mother's maiden name was Jane Edmond. It ap- pears, from a memorandum in Dr. Grant's handwriting, that he was sent from home to be nursed, and saw little of either of his parents during his infancy and childhood. He had eight brothers and three sisters, all of whom died before him ; and as none of them left any children. Dr. Grant was the last survivor of his family. When about ten years old he was placed at the High School of Edinburgh, where he continued for five years. In 1808 his father died ; and in November of that year Dr. Grant became a student in the University of Edinburgh. In the following November he entered on his curriculum of medical study, and he also studied Natural History under Professor Jameson, and attended the lec- tures of some of the extra-academical teachers. After completing his course of medical study, he in 1814 took his degree of Doctor of Medicine, and published his inaugural dissertation ' De San- guinis Circuitu.' In the mean time he had obtained (in May 1814) the Diploma of the College of Surgeons, and in November of the same year he was elected one of the Presidents of the Medical Society of Edinburgh. Eather inore than a year after taking his degree Dr. Grant went xlii PROCEEDINGS OF TUE to the Continent, where he spent upwards of four years. He re- turned to Edinburgh in the summer of 1820, and took up his re- sidence in his native city. At a later time he became a Pellow of the Edinburgh College of Physicians j but he seems not to have engaged in medical practice. He had early imbibed a taste for Comparative Anatomy and Zoology, and now devoted himself as- siduously to the prosecution of those branches of science, both by continued systematic study and by original research. Dr. Grant published various interesting anatomical and physiological obser- vations on mollusks and zoophytes ; and his name will always be associated with the advances of our knowledge concerning the structure and economy of sponges. Dr. Grrant remained in Edinburgh till 1827, and in the mean time communicated the results of his various scientific inquiries to the ' Edinburgh Philosophical Journal ' and the ' Memoirs of the Weruerian Society,' of which he became an active member. He was also (in 1824) elected a Eellow of the Eoyal Society of Edinburgh. In June 1827 Dr. Grant was elected Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Zoology in the newly founded University of Lon- don, afterwards University College. He entered on his duties in London in 1828, and in October of that year delivered his inau- gural lecture, which was published at the time and went through two editions. In this office he continued up to the time of his death, during which long period of forty -six academical years he never omitted a single lecture. Up to the last Session (1873-74) he continued to give five lectures a week ; but, sensible of failing strength, he pi'oposed to reduce the number to three in the next Session (which he was not destined to see). lu 1833 Dr. Grant delivered a gratuitious course of forty lectures on the structure and classification of animals to the members of the Zoological Society. In 1837 he was appointed EuUerian Professor of Physiology in the Royal Institution, which office he held for the usual period of three years. At a later time he was appointed by the Trustees of the British Museum to the Swiney Lectureship on Geology, the tenure of which is limited to five years. In 1841 he delivered the Annual Oration before the British Medical Association. In 1836 he was elected a Eellow of the Royal Society of London. He was also a Eellow of the Zoological and Geological Societies. Dr. Grant's vacations were spent sometimes in Scotland, but LINJfEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOK. xliii chiefly abroad, in France, Germany, Belgium, and Holland. He had a great taste for the study of languages, both practical and philological, and 3poke the principal European tongues fluently. Dr. Grant's lectures were reported in the early Numbers of the ' Lancet ' (1833-31), and he afterwards published a treatise on Comparative Anatomy which embodied the substance of them. The work came out in parts, but was not completed. He was also the author of the article "Animal Kingdom " in Todd's ' Cy- clopa?dia of Anatomy.' The titles and dates of his commnicatious to periodical works are given in the Royal Society's ' Catalogue of Scientific Papers.' They are thirty-five in number, and ex- tend from 1825 to 1839. In August 1874 Dr. Grant sufli"ered from a dysenteric attack, for which at first he would have no medical advice ; and although subsequently, by appropriate treatment, the virulence of the disease was subdued, his strength was exhausted, and he died on the 23rd of that month at his house close by Eustou Square. Dr. Grant was never married. He knew of no surviving re- latives. Three of his brothers, whose deaths he has recorded, were military officers. Of these, James, a Lieutenant in the German Legion, fell at the seige of Badajoz in 1811 ; Alexander, Captain in the Madras Engineers, died in the Burmese war in 1825 ; and Francis, Captain in the Madras Army, died at Edin- burgh in 1852. By his will Dr. Grant bequeathed the whole of his pro- perty, including his collections and library, to University Col- lege, in the service of which he had sj)ent the greater part of his life, and to the principles of which he was sincerely at tached. He was elected a Fellow on the 21st of November, 1820. Dr. John Edward Gray was born at Walsall in the year 1800, so that at the time of his death he had just completed his 75th year. He was the son of Mr. S. F. Gray, the author of the well- known ' Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia,' and the grandson of Mr. Samuel Gray, a seedsman in Pall Mall, who possessed consi- derable scientific knowledge, translated the ' Philosophia Bota- nica ' of Linnaeus for his friend Mr. Lee, of Hammersmith, and assisted him in the composition of his ' Introduction to Botany,' xliv PEOCEEDIlfGS Or THE ■which first made known the labours of the great Swedish naturalist to English readers. Dr. Grray may thus be regarded as belonging to a family in which natural-history tastes were hereditary. According to his own account he was a weakly and ailing child, confined to his chair for eight months in the year, and never eating animal food. At a very early age he says he began the world, to provide for himself and help his family. He was originally intended for the profession of medicine ; but his studies were very early turned specially to natural history, the first overt indication of which was a book published in the father's name, but of which the substance was furnished by the son. This book deserved a better fate. It met with a most unworthy reception at the hands of some of the leading botanists of the day, and their oppo- sition was strong enough to mar the success of a book which, had it had fair play, would have constituted really an epoch in the history of botany in this country. As it was, its merits were recognized only after the lapse of time, when much that it contained had been published elsewhere, and when many of the crudities of a young and inexperienced author had necessarily become more apparent by the progress of science in the interval. In 1819 Dr. Grray had joined the London Philosophical Society, which num- bered the late Mr. Faraday among its members, and in 1820 he was a member of the Philosophical Society of London, a Society established in 1810 under the patronage of the Duke of Sussex. The old Entomological Society of London, the successor of the Aurelian Society, established in 1806, at this time held its meet- ings at No. 87 Hatton Garden ; and in 1822 Dr. Gray became a Eellow and Secretary of that Society, which was soon afterwards expanded into the Zoological Club of the Linnean Society. As the Eellowship of the Linnean Society was an essential qualifica- tion for being a Member of the Zoological Club, John Edward Gray was excluded from it ; for although he had been proposed as a Eellow of the Linnean Society by such men as Haworth, Vigors, J. E. Stephens, Joseph Goodall, Latham, Griffith, and Salisbury, he was rejected by a large majority in a very full Meeting on the 16th of April, 1822. The reasons for the rejec- tion of a young naturalist who had already given evidence of no ordinary powers and attainments both in zoology and botany can- not now be precisely ascertained ; but the reason actually assigned for his rej ection is paltry. He was accused of having insulted the Pi'esident of the Society, Sir James Edward Smith, by quoting the LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON". xlv ' English Botany ' as Sowerby's, Sir James having been employed by Sowerby to write the text for his plates. Whatever may have been the cause of his rejection, the fact itself certainly had a great influence upon Dr. Gray's character. It is easy to understand that the circumstance of being thus igno- miniously and unfairly rejected must have been a bitter disap- pointment to a young and enthusiastic naturalist ; and there re- sulted an antagonism between him and those whom he thought his enemies in the matter, and it has been said that he thus became over-given to controversy. In 1826 the Zoological Club was developed into the Zoological Society, which Dr. Gray at once joined, and he was one of its most active Fellows until ill health confined him to his house. In the mean time, in 1824, he had become an assistant in the Natural-History Department of the British Museum, of which he was appointed Keeper in 1840, on the resignation of Mr. Children. With this great national establishment his life was afterwards inseparably connected. In 1826 he married the widow of his cousin, the only son of Dr. E. W. Gray, his granduncle, a former Secretary of the Eoyal Society ; and this lady, who survives to mourn his loss, assisted him in all his subsequent labours, and is herself the author of tlie well-known ' Eigures of Molluscous Animals.' For more than fifty years Dr. Gray's life was one of un- ceasing activity. Considerably more than a thousand books, memoirs, and notes on almost all departments of zoology, attest the extraordinary versatility and energy of his mind. His ear- liest efi"orts, when little more than a boy, were devoted to the science of botany, in which he, with the cooperation of his father, was the first to introduce the Jussieuan Natural Sys- tem to English Botanists. It may be a question whether his efforts for this purpose, in the ' Natural Arrangement of British Plants,' were not the cause of that rejection by the Linnean Society of which we have already spoken. But even the exertions necessary to produce the vast mass of written zoological papers which bears his name did not exhaust his activity ; and we find him showing a strong interest in such varied matters as sanitary and metropolitan improvements, education, prison discipline, the abolition of imprisonment for debt, the improvement of the treatment of lunatics, and the open- ing of Museums, libraries, picture-galleries, and gardens to the Xlvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE public. Dr. Grray claimed to have beeu the original proposer of the system of a low uniform rate of postage to be prepaid by stamps — a system carried out by Rowland Hill, and now adopted all over the world. He took much interest in the question of the adoption of a decimal scale of coinage, weights, and measures in this country ; and between 185i and 1857 published numerous articles and pamphlets on this subject. In considering the immense mass of work published by Dr. Grray, the zoologist may sometimes be incliued to wish that its amount were less, and that the author had given himself more time for the full elaboration of the various subjects that he took up. In too many instances he hastened to put the results of his researches into shape before he had really completed them ; hence further investigations led him to modify the views which he had expressed only a short time previously, and thus two or three papers on the same subject, perhaps the classification of some tribe or family of animals, would follow each other in rapid suc- cession. It would undoubtedly have been better, both for zoology and for his own future fame, if the outcome of the same amount of study had been represented by half, or even a quarter, of the amount of literature which now stands in Dr. Grray's name. But there is one labour of his from which no such deduction is to be made. From his appointment as an Assistant in the British Mu- seum until the close of his life, but more especially since his having been made Keeper of the Natural-History Department he devoted himself with unflagging energy to the development of the collection under his charge ; and mainly by his exertions it has grown from the rudimentary state in which it existed in the days of Dr. Leach, to the magnificent proportions which it has now attained. His knowledge of species and genera in those groups to which his attention was particularly directed was perhaps unrivalled. His great services in this respect met with more direct recognition abroad than in this country : in 1852 he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Munich ; and in 1860 the large Grold Medal of merit was conferred upon him by the King of Wiirtem- berg, on his declining the ofl'er of an order of knighthood which had been made to him. His merits were also acknowledged by many foreign Societies and Academies, which enrolled him in the lists of their honorary and corresponding members. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia paid him this honour LENNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, xlvii as early as 1829 ; and he was subsequently elected to analogous positions by scientific bodies in Boston, Moscow, Eome, Paris, Darmstadt, Lyons, Turin, Strasbourg, Lund, and other places. He was also a Pellow or Member of nearly all the Natural-His- tory Societies in London. As a botanist he worked, even in later life, at the seaweeds, and published various memoirs on them. The International Horticultural Exhibition and Botanical Con- gress of 1866, which was at first looked upon rather coldly by some of our great naturalists, found a warm advocate and a very liberal supporter in Dr. Gray, who contributed not slightly to the success of the undertakg Dr. Grray some time since resigned his post at the British Museum, which he had filled with so much honour to himself and advantage to the Institution, and where in his capacity as Director of the chief zoological collection in Britain and by his personal exertions in various ways, he exercised a wide-spread influence. He was always ready to facilitate the study of the splendid col- lections under his charge, and to give advice and assistance to earnest students ; and although an acquired or natural causticity of manner sometimes raised a prejudice against him, those who knew him well never failed to find in Dr. Grray a warm-hearted, judicious, kind, and firm friend. He was elected a Fellow on the 7th of April, 1857. Egbert Harbwicke, the well-known publisher of works relating to natural history and scientific subjects, was a member of a family which had resided at Dyke, near Bourne, in Lincolnshire, for more than 200 years. He was the third sou of the late Mr. Wil- liam Hardwicke of Dyke. Mr. Eobert Hardwicke died on the 8th of March, 1875, at the age of 52 years. He was elected a Fellow on the 17th of December, 1863. Daniel Hanburt, F.E.S., was born on the 11th of September, 1825. He was the eldest child of Mr. Daniel Bell Hanbury, who for many years was a valued member of the Council of the Phar- maceutical Society and for eleven years its Treasurer. In early life he showed superior ability, and attained a considerable degree of proficiency in classical studies and also in water-colour drawing. In the year 1841 he commenced his business training under the xlviii PROCEEDINGS OP THE firm of Allen, Haiibury, and Barry, of wliich his father was an active member. In the year 1844 he studied at the laboratory of the Pharmaceutical Society. In January 1850 he made his first contribution to the 'Pharmaceutical Journal' on "Turnsole." From that time to the present his papers are scattered thickly through the volumes of that Journal, numbering, according to the index, sixty-one, the last being in an article entitled " Cinchona or Chinchona," published on the 13th of February in the present year. The series of papers on Chinese Materia Medica, published in the years 1860-62, were highly esteemed by those most capable of appreciating them, and afibrd a characteristic example of accurate and careful research. The work upon which he had been engaged for many years in conjunction with Professor Fliickiger, the ' Pharmacographia,' was completed and published last year. This work is a storehouse of reliable information to which future generations will have recourse, and it is by his part in this important work that he will hereafter be best known. No one can read the historic sections of the book without being struck by the vast variety and extent of reading to which they bear witness. Narratives of travels were especially attractive to him. lie took nothing at second hand, and his library contained many Latin vo- lumes of the early Portuguese, Dutch, and Spanish voyagers. Whilst alluding to his writings mention must be made of the important part he took in the preparation of the ' Pharmacopoeia of India,' a work involving much labour. He was also one of those deputed to draw up the Admiralty manual of scientific inquiry. Botany was the science to which he especially devoted his atten- tion. Besides several papers in the Journal of our Society he contributed to the Transactions the following papers : — " Note on Cassia moscJiata, H. B. & K.," xxiv. 161 ; " On the species of Garcinia which affords Gamboge in Siam (G. morella),'' xxiv. 487 ; and, with Mr. Currey, " Eemarks on Sclerotium stipitatum and similar Productions," xxiii. 93. Occasionally he contributed an article to the literary periodicals. A paper containing curious information on Frangipani in ' Notes and Queries,' and another on the botanical origin and country of Myrrh, published in ' Ocean Highways ' for April 1873 will be remembered by some of our readers. He occasionally contributed to the 'Athenceum ;' and he wrote for the ' Academy ' a review of LIXNEA.N SOCIETY OF LOKDON. xlix " The Countess of Cinclion and the Cinchona genus." He served on the juries of the International Exhibitions in 1862 and 1867, and in the former year acted as Secretary to the Jury on Vegetable Products, the proceedings of which were conducted in French. He was also a Fellow of the Chemical Society, and a member of its Council in the year 1869. In the year 1867, on his first nomination, he was elected a Fellow of the Koyal Society, and a member of its Council in 1873. Of the Pharmaceutical Society he was a warm supporter almost from its origin. For many years (from June 1860 to May 1872) he rendered very valuable services as an examiner, often at great personal inconvenience, and he was a very constant attendant at the evening meetings, to the usefulness of which he often con- tributed. In 1870 he retired from business. He was fond of travelling, and in the year 1860 he visited the Holy Land with Dr. Hooker, and of late years he frequently spent considerable time at the resi- dence of his brother near Mentone. Here he took great delight in introducing into the beautiful gardens the vast variety of inte- resting plants which can there be acclimatized. In his frequent travels he seemed to have acquired something of the continental practice of using but little meat in propor- tion to the vegetable food taken. His diet was always spare, and it may be doubted whether his health did not suffer from the abstemiousness of his habit of Hviug, coupled with the con- stant strain to which he subjected his mental powers. Though never robust, his health rarely impeded his activity, and slight ailments were resolutely disregarded. There were no indications of approaching illness until he was attacked with a severe rigor about the 6th of March ; this was followed by serious inflam- mation of the mouth, and on the subsidence of this local affec- tion symptoms of typhoid fever appeared. On the 18th his condition first caused serious alarm. "With little apparent change his strength gradually failed, and he died on the evening of the 24th of March, in his 50th year. Mr. Hanbury remained to the last a member of the Society of Friends, amongst whom he had been brought up. He was elected a Fellow of our Society on the 5th of December, 1855, frequently served on the Council, and held the ofiice of Treasurer at the time of his death. The universal regret felt upon this event cannot be better expressed than in the words of our President, Dr. All- 1 PBOCEEDINGS OP THE man, who, at the meetiBg on the 1st of April, 1875, said: — "In our late Treasurer we had a man of refined and cultivated mind, of honest and straightforward purpose, and of a simplicity and kindliness of character that endeared him to all who knew him. Mr. Hanbury has been taken away from us at a time of life when we might still have looked forward to much and valuable work ; and it now only remains for us to accept in sorrow the loss which de- prives the Society of a conscientious and efficient officer, and many of us of a valued friend." In what high esteem he was held upon the Continent is shown by the remarks of M. Naudin, in the ' Eevue Horticole,' where, after alluding to the part taken by Mr. Hanbury in the ' Pharmaco- graphia,' and to his death, M. Naudin says : — " C'est un malheur pour la science qu'il cultivait avec intelligence et ardeur, mais il se survivra a lui-meme par I'important travail auquel il a consacre sa vie, et par les souvenirs qu'il laisse dans le coeur des uombreux amis qu'il s'etait faits par la delicatesse de ses sentiments, sa ge- nerosite et I'amenite de son caractere." Mr. W. HuGHEs-HuaHES, a son of the late Mr. John Hewitt, was born in the year 1792, and was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1827, about which time he also assumed the name of Hughes in lieu of Hewitt, after his maternal grandfather, Mr. "William Hughes, of Clapham, Surrey. In 1830 he entered Par- liament as one of the' Members for the City of Oxford, for which constituency he continued to sit, first as a " moderate reformer," and afterwards as a " moderate conservative," down to the Gre- neral Election of 1837. Soon after entering Parliament he ceased to practise at the bar, and in 1832 was chosen an Alderman of London, but resigned his gown after holding it only a few months. He was a Grovernor of Christ's Hospital, a Vice-President of the Society of Arts, and the author of an edition of De Lolme's cele- brated work on the Constitution of England, with notes. He Avas a Magistrate and Deputy-Lieutenant for Hampshire, and a Magistrate for Middlesex and Westminster. Mr, Hughes- Hughes married, in 1814, Maria, youngest daughter of the late Mr. Eichard Y. Eield, of Brixton Eise, Surrey. He died on the 10th of October, 1874, at the age of 82, having been elected a Eellow on the 7th of March, 1826. Sir William Jabdine, Bart , F.E.S., was the sixth Baronet of LINITEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. ll Applegirth, but the heir of a family much more ancient than the Baronetcy, which was created in 1762. He was the son of the fifth Baronet, to whom he succeeded in 1821, by the daughter of Mr. Thomas Maule, the representative of the Earls of Panmure. He was born in Edinburgh in 1800, and was educated at the Uni- versity of Edinburgh. Early in life he evinced a decided taste for scientific pursuits, especially for natural history in all its varied branches ; and this taste was maintained to the close of an active and energetic life. He was a good botanist and geologist ; but his chief strength lay in his knowledge of animals, and especially of birds. He was a keen sportsman, and most of his information was acquired in the field and by the river-side ; for the sportsman was always subsidiary to the naturalist. The labours of the deceased baronet extend over nearly half a century. In 1825 he commenced, in conjunction with the late Mr. Selby, of Twizell, the publication of the ' Hlustrations of Ornithology,' which seems to have been his earliest contribution to natural history, and almost immediately became recognized as one of the leading zoologists in Scotland, if not in the United Kingdom. In 1833 he under- took a still more important work, ' The Naturalist's Library,' forty volumes of which appeared in the course of the next ten years, and served to popularize in a most remarkable manner zoological knowledge among classes to whom it had hitherto been forbidden through the high price of illustrated works. With this publica- tion, though its value may have been impaired by the progress of science. Sir "William's name will always be identified ; for, having as contributors Selby, Swainson, Hamilton Smith, Eobert Schom- burgk, Duncan, William Macgillivray, and others, he was yet not only the author of a large proportion of the volumes, but to each he prefixed the life of some distinguished naturalist. His labours are too extensive to speak of in detail : it is sufficient to notice his excellent edition of Alexander Wilson's 'American Ornitho- logy,' the establishment of the ' Magazine of Zoology and Botany ' (afterwards merged in the 'Annals of Natural History '), and of the ' Contributions to Ornithology.' Sir William's expedition with his friend Selby, in 1834, to Sutherlandshire, a country then less known to naturalists than Lapland, gave a great impulse to the study of the British fauna and flora, and almost marks an epoch in the history of biology in this island. Though orni- thology was his favourite pursuit throughout life. Sir William was not merely an ornithologist — other classes of the animal LINN. PROC. — Session 1874-75. / lii PltOCKEDlXGS OF THE kingdom had a fair share of his attention, and he was a re- cognized authority on all points of ichthyology. Botany and geology were also studied by him to advantage, and the science last named he enriched by his splendid 'Ichthyology of Annan- dale,' the chief materials for vrliich were found on his own ancestral estate. The owner of a fair estate in Dumfrieshire, where he ge- derally resided, he took a leading part in the public business of the county, and he was especially active during the prevalence of cattle-plague there. He was one of the Commissioners appointed to investigate the salmon fisheries in 1860, and he was an active Member of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Although Natural History, especially ornithology, was his favourite pursuit, he took great interest in antiquarian re- searches, as well became the Laird of Spedlin's Castle — the old border baronial tower which looks down upon the comparatively modern mansion of Jar dine Hall — a castle drawn by Grose, who tells the strange story of the ghost by whicb it was haunted. In social life Sir "William Jardine was most genial; all his learning sat lightly upon him; and the smile which lighted up his face was as sweet as it was frequent. He was elected a Fellow on the 17th of January, 1826, and died on the 21st of November, 1874, in his 75th year. The Eet. Chaexks Alexandee Johns, was born in ISll, and graduated in 1841 at Trinity College, Dublin, where he took four Vice-Chancellor's prizes in Grreek and Latin verse. Having been ordained in 1841, he held the Curacy of Tarnscombe for two years, when he became Chaplain to the National Society's Central Training Schools at Westminster. In 1843 he was appointed Head Master of Helston G-rammar School, Cornwall, and after- wards, from 1849 to 1856, he held the Curacy of Beenham, being also engaged in conducting a preparatory school for Eton and Harrow. Mr. Johns was elected the first President of the Hamp- shire and Winchester Scientific and Literary Society. Among his best-known works are his ' Botanical Eambles,' ' The Forest- Trees of Britain,' ' A Week at the Lizard Point,' ' Eambles in the British Isles,' ' Flowers of the Field,' ' Gardening for Children,' ' British Birds in their Haunts,' and ' Home Walks and Holiday Bambles.' Not the least successful of his works were those written specially for children. He died at his residence, Winton LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOIfDOTf. lui House, Winchester, on the 28th of June 1874*, having heen elected a Fellow on the 15th of March, 1836. Sib Chaeles Ltell, Bart, was born at Kiunordy, in Forfar- shire, on November 14, 1797. Having received his early educa- tion at Midhurst, in Sussex, he entered Exeter College, Oxford, and graduated B.A. in 1819, and M.A. in 1821. While studying at Oxford, he had the advantage of hearing the geological lectures of Dr. Buckland. On leaving the University, he studied for the Bar, but never practised that profession, his tastes having been led by Dr. Buckland' s lectures to the study of geology as a science. In 1824 he was elected an Honorary Secretary of the Geological Society of London, of which he was one of the earliest Fellows. On the opening of King's College, London, a few years later, he was appointed its first Professor of G-eology. He had already contributed some important papers to the ' Transactions of the Geological Society,' including one " On a Eecent Formation of Freshwater Limestone in Forfarshire, and on some Eeceut Depo- sits of Freshwater Marl, with a Comparison of Recent with Ancient Freshwater Formations, and an Appendix on Gyrogo- nites, or Seed-vessel of Chara ;" also one " On the Strata of the Eustic Clay Formation exhibited in the Cliffs between Christ- church Head, Hampshire, and Studland Bay, Dorsetshire ; " ano- ther " On the Freshwater Strata of Hordwell Cliff, Beacon Cliff, and Barton Cliff, Hampshire ; " and an elaborate paper " On the Belgian Tertiaries." Li 1827 he contributed to the ' Quarterly ' a Review of Mr. Poulett Scrope's ' Geology of Central France,' the perusal of which is said first to have stimulated him to pre- pare and publish ' The Principles of Geology.' The first volume of this treatise appeared in 1830, the second in 1832, and the third in 1883. But before the work was completed, a second edition of the earlier volumes was called for and produced. After the ' Principles ' bad passed through five editions, a change was effected in the structure of the work, certain chapters on geolog}% strictly so called, being separated and reproduced in an amplified form, under the title of the ' Elements of Geology,' whilst the remainder retained the old title. In the ' Elements ' he de- scribed those monuments of ancient changes through which the earth and its inhabitants have passed, whilst in the ' Princi- ciples ' he confined himself to the study of those forces which are in constant operation around us, and which help us b}- fair ana- /2 liy PBOCEEDINGS OF THE logy to interpret the records of the rocks. In 1851 the ' Ele- ments ' appeared in a modified form, having been recast and pub- lished under the title of a ' Manual of Elementary Greology.' Twenty years afterwards the form of the work again changed ; the theoretical discussions were omitted, and the entire body of facts condensed into considerably smaller bulk. In this form it was entitled ' The Student's Manual of Geology,' and immediately took its place as the most complete and compact geological text- book in the English language. Already some time previous to the publication of this work Mr. Lyell had been chosen a Vice-President of the Geological Society ; and in 1828 he had undertaken a journey into the volcanic regions of central Erance, visiting Auvergne, Cantal, and Velay, and con- tinuing his journey to Italy and Sicily. He published the results of this expedition in the ' Edinburgh Philosophical Transactions,' and also in the 'Annales des Sciences Naturelles.' Sir Charles Lyell had travelled and seen much. Thus in early manhood he explored many parts of Norway, Sweden, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany and Spain, including the volcanic regions of Catalonia. In 1836 he visited the Danish islands of Seeland and Monen to examine the cretaceous and tertiary strata. In 1841 he was induced to cross the Atlantic, partly in order to deliver a course of lectures on his favourite science at Boston, and partly in order to make observations on the structure and formation of the Transatlantic continent. He remained in the United States for a year, travelling over the Northern and Cen- tral States, and extending his journey as far southward as Caro- lina, and northward to Canada and Nova Scotia, his exploration ranging from the basin of the St. Lawrence to the mouths of the Mississippi. On returning from this journey he published his ' Travels in North America,' a work of considerable interest to other persons besides geologists, and showing that he could extend his observations to the stratification of society around him as well as that of the earth beneath his feet. He paid a second visit to America in 1815, when he closely examined the geological forma- tion of the Southern States and the coasts that border on the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, and more especially the great sunken area of New Madrid whieh had been devastated by an earthquake thirty or forty years previously. Upon reaching England he published his ' Second Visit to the United States,' a companion to his former work. . . LINNEAI* SOCiEXi' OF LONDON. IV Among Sir Charles Lyell's greatest and most popular works must be mentioned liis celebrated treatise ' On the Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man,' the first edition of which appeared in 1863. Nor should it be forgotten that he contri- buted in the course of his active life about eighty papers to various scientific journals. All his writings were marked by rare vigour of reasoning, by great wealth of illustration, and by remark- able clearness of diction. It is therefore hardJy surprising that his geological works have been among the most popular, although the most scientific, of their class. It is scarcely necessary to catalogue Sir Charles Lyell's long list of scientific honours. He was elected President of the Geological Society in 1836, and again in 1850. The Society's Wollaston Medal was awarded to him in 1866, not merely for the high value of his literary work, but also in recognition of his original re- searches in the classification of the tertiary formations. He re- ceived the Eoyal Society's Copley Medal in 1858, having received the Society's gold medal five-aud-twenty years previously. Sir Charles presided over the Bi-itish Association at tlie Bath Meeting in 1864<, having been President in the Geological Section at New- castle in 1838, at Glasgow in 1840, at Birmingham in 1 849, and at Aberdeen in 1850. In 1848 he was knighted, in recognition of the great value of his scientific labours, and in 1864 he received a baronetcy. Sir Charles Lyell was married, in 1832, to Mary Elizabeth, the eldest daughter of Mr. Leonard Horner, himself a distinguished geologist. For more than forty years Lady Lyell was the con- stant companion of the great geological teacher, accompanying him in all his travels, aiding him in his literary labours, and sym- pathizing with him at every step of his researches, Eew men have ever been more thoroughly devoted to their special subject than Sir Charles Lyell was to geology. In whatever direction his studies might appear to be tending, he skilfully caused them to converge to a common focus, the great end of all his researches being the development of a sound geolo- gical philosophy. It was he who expounded to us the great prin- ciples of the Huttonian system, and taught us to interpret the history of the past by the careful study of the present. Most geologists of this age have gained their first insight into the prin- ciples of the science from Sir Charles's writings, and many of them have been iruided in their researches bv his kind! v counsel. Ivi PBOCBEDIN&S OF THB By the death of Sir Charles Lyell they have lost at once a master and a friend. Sir Charles Lyell was elected a Fellow on the 16th of March, 1819. Charles Kingsley, eldest son of the Eev. Charles Kingsley Sector of Chelsea, was born at Holne Vicarage, on the borders of Dartmoor, June 12, 1819. The Kingsleys are an ancient Che- shire family, and there is a certain Kingsley of Kingsley to whom the author of ' Westward Ho I ' has alluded as his ancestor in the time of the Civil Wars, who joined the Parliamentary Army under Cromwell, and afterwards that of Charles II. under Monk. Charles Kingsley's health as a child and boy was not robust, and on this account the intention of sending him to Rugby was re- linquished. He was, after having been prepared by the Eev. Derwent Coleridge, educated at King's College School, iu the Strand, whence he passed to Magdalen College, Cambridge, in 1839, Of this Society he was elected a Scholar, and subsequently gained College prizes for Latin and English Essays. As school- boy and undergraduate, he laid in that store of local knowledge and sympathies which he reproduced with such rich and varied eflect in the best of his fiction. He was told, upon the authority of his medical adviser, that he should live as much in the open air as possible, and he faithfully followed and intensely enjoyed the prescribed regimen. In his later essays he has informed us that these rambles of his youth-over the expanse of Dartmoor and Exmoor, or along the northern and rocky coast of his native couiity, from the mouth of the Lyne to Ilfracombe, from lltia- combe to Clovelly, and thence till the soil of the Cornish land was reached — were the most effective elements in his early edu- cation. He was an indefatiguable walker, and these pedestrian excursions were generally taken alone. So he read English his- tory with the opportunity of illustrating some of its most glow- ing episodes by the presence of the very scenery amid which they took place. Many parts of the county of Devon are in- debted for something of popularity and prestige to the works of Kingsley. He may be even said to have done for it what Sir Walter Scott did for Scotland ; and the labour was iu the same degree one of patriotism and enthusiastic love. On the whole, the life of the late Canon was comparatively un- eventful. It was the career of an industrious clergyman and a LIXNEAX SOClETr OF 1,0XDU>'. 1> prolific author. But the ouly oceafions on which he figured pro- uiinently in his own personality before the public were those on which he took part in some controversy, such as his encounter with Dr. Newman, or at the time of the attack upon Governor Eyre. For some time after he graduated at Cambridge Kiugsley studied for the law in Loudon. The occupation, however, was from the first essentially uncongenial, and in 1813 he took Orders, and was appointed to the curacy of the living of which he died the rector. While at Cambridge Kiugsley had power- fully come under the influence of that intellectual school which Tennyson, his senior by some ten years, had, with the Arthur Hallam immortalized in 'In Memoriam' and others, helped to found. From his experience of the labouring-classes in agri- cultural districts gained in Devonshire and elsewhere, and from the close observation that he had bestowed on the state of the poor in great cities like London, Mr. Kiugsley had already grown to sympathise with their wants and aspirations, and was determined to do what be could to supply the one and to advance the other. The " Condition of England " question was not then settled ; the relations that existed between capital and labour, employed and employer, rich and poor, were much those described by Mr. Disraeli in ' Sibyl.' And the practical knowledge that the young clergyman possessed was quickened and intensified by the literary and imaginative training through which he had gone. His first work was a poem published in his thirty-first year. ' The Saint's Tragedy ' is the story of Elizabeth of Hungary, Land- gravine of Thuringia and a saiut of the liomish Calendar. As a whole, it has been said to be of unequal merit, but that some of the lyrics which it contains are of rare sweetness and power. It embodies an earnest protest against mediaeval superstitions and the exaggerated miraculous powers and achievements ascribed to Elizabeth of Hungary and her contemporaries, while it is penetrated by a strong feeling of admiration for certain aspects of the theological life of the period. 'Alton Locke, Poet and Tailor, an Autobiography,' published twenty-four years ago, is the first contribution made by Canon Kingsley to the department of fiction. ' Teast ' followed in 1851, and was immediately supplemented by a pamphlet, the republica- tion of a lecture on the 'Application of Associative Principles and Methods to Agriculture.' It has been said that each of these works advocates a system of things which would result in a Iviii PEOCEEDINaS OF THE regime of Christian socialism. Alton Locke becomes a Chartist because he sees in masters and rulers the true natural foes of the workers and the governed ; just as he is almost driven into infi- delity by the perfunctory and lifeless manner in which clergy- men discharge their pastoral and ecclesiastical duties. So long as competition exists in its present aggressive and embittering shape, Chartism and E-evolution must be always imminent — that is the central principle of Mr. Kingsley in these three produc- tions. Both in the pamphlet and in the lecture he undertakes to show how this course of extreme competition may be re- moved. The futility of his own scheme was practically recog- nized by Mr. Kingsley himself, who in his later works ignored his earlier crotchets. In 1857 he gave the world ' Two Tears Ago,' a fiction similar in purpose to 'Alton Locke.' ' Westward Ho ! ' came out in 1854. In it the religious influences of the Elizabe- than era, the services which Elizabethan Protestantism rendered to the cause of political as well as religious freedom, were brought out by Mr. Kingsley in a manner that won it instant recognition as a novel that was a worthy commentary upon the time to which it relates. In the two years that preceded the appearance of ' Westward Ho ! ' Mr. Kingsley had published two works of a different cha- racter, ' Phaeton ' and * Hypatia,' the former a dialogue on the subject of religious doubts, the latter a romance a pro'pos oi t\ve attempted pagan Alexandrian revival. The lectures which Mr. Kingsley delivered immediately after this on 'Alexandria and her Schools ' showed how considerable was his knowledge of a subject in which direction his studies had only led him at a comparatively late period. Other works followed in swift succession ; ' Grlaucus, or the Wonders of the Shore,' was a collection of marine studies, ' The Water Babies ' was destined to exercise an influence that is already appreciable, and ' The Three Eishers ' long since acquired an immortality. In his later years Mr. Kingsley chiefly devoted himself to his lectures at Cambridge, and to his sermons and treatises on questions of theological controversy or of social and sanitary interest. He wrote "Hereward" in 'Good Words;' but that was a novel by no means to be compared with ' West- ward Ho! ;' he has given us a graphic sketch of his. trip to the tropics in 'At Last ;' ' Eoman and Teuton,' ' The Begime Ancien ' (both purely historical), and a collection of papers on topics con- pected with, public health, public cleanliness, and the necessity of LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. lix pure air and pure water under the appropriate title of * Health and Education.' But bis mind was chiefly engaged with graver subjects ; and the discourses he delivered at the Cathedral churches of Chester and Westminster will be the most con- spicuous monument of his later years. It was in 1864 that the dispute between Canon Kingsley and Dr. Newman was developed out of a paper by the former on Mr. Fronde's history in the January Number of ' Macmillan's Magazine.' The occasion of C. K.'s — the initials attached to the article — unfavourable com- ment on the great Oratoriau was an extract from Dr. Newman's sermon on ' Wisdom and Innocence,' which had been preached in 1844. " Truth, for its own sake," remarked the Canon, " has never been a virtue of the Eoman Catholic clergy. Father Newman informs us that it need not be, and that, on the whole, it ought not to be ; that cunning is the weapon which Heaven has given to the saints wherewith to withstand the brute male force of the wicked world which marries and is given in marriage." Of this allegation Dr. Newman complained as " a grave and gra- tuitious slander." A note was appended to the next Number of ' Macmillan's Magazine,' in which regret was expressed by Canon Kingsley that he should have misunderstood Dr. Newman. " While I feel, then," wrote Dr. Newman a little afterwards, " that Mr. Kingsley's February explanation is miserably insuffi- cient in itself for his January enormity, still I feel also that the correspondence which lies between these two acts of his consti- tutes a real satisfaction to those principles of historical and lite- rary justice to which he has given so rude a shock. Accordingly I have put it into print, and make no further criticism on Mr. Kingsley." Professor Kingsley replied on the whole merits of the case in a pamphlet, entitled ' What, then, does Dr. Newman mean ? ' which composition in turn elicited the famous 'Apologia.' There has been much, and perhaps useless, discussion as to the theological school with which Canon Kingsley was associated. It has been said that he thought that the teaching of Mr. Maurice gave the solution of the great problems of the day ; that Chris- tianity thus expounded might welcome without a trace of mis- giving the advances of scientific inquiry in every department of knowledge ; that it dissolved the fetters which a mistaken dog- matism had imposed upon men's minds and upon their natural impulses. This may or may not have been the case ; but it seems probable that Church of England Divines, those at leai?t of the It PKOOEEDINGS OF THB High Church party, would have looked upon Mr. Kingsley's opi- nions aa far more nearly orthodox than those of the Maurician creed. One thing is plain, that he viewed with the most profound aversion that which Mr. MacColl has called " The caricature of Christianity which the Calvinistic system substituted for the old Catholic theology," and that he looked upon modei-n Puritanism and its repulsive eschatology as the cause of the gravest injury to the Church. This, however, is not the place to discuss theo- logical questions or opinions. Whatever Mr. Kingsley's views may have been, his memory will be revered as that of one of the brightest, the kindest, the most manly of mankind. Few men loved so many things and people. He loved all inanimate and all animal nature ; he loved and honoured a man wherever he met him, so long as he was vigorous, straightforward, and honourable : and before and above all things he loved the great English nation, of which he was a most characteristic product : he loved its laws, its institutions, its Church, and the good men of every class con- tained in it ; and above all, he loved the heroic and magnani- mous chapters in its history, and wislied that peace might be within its walls and plenteousness within its palaces. His death has deprived many persons in all classes of society of a valued friend, and has removed prematurely from English literature a writer who can ill be spared. Canon Kingsley was elected a Fellow on the 16th of December, 1856. "William Macdonalb, M.D., F.E.S.E., was Professor of Na- tural History in the University of St. Andrews. At an early age he inherited the property of Ballyshear, one of the finest estates in Kintyre, Argyllshire, and devoted himself to improving his native county at the expense of a large portion of his private fortune. He will be gratefully remembered by the residents of Kintyre and their descendants for his liberal and successful ex- ertions in securing a system of free public roads unequalled in any part of Scotland. At an early age he studied medicine in Edin- burgh, and passed with honours, but he never practised, although he was always deeply interested in the science. In the year 1849 he was offered, and accepted, the Chair of Natural History in the old College of St. Andrews, which position he filled for twenty- four years. He was a member of nearly ail the principal scien- tific Societies iu Great Britain, and at the time of his death was LINXJiAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. ixi the oldest member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the Royal College of Physicians. During the last three years he had been rapidly failing, and died on the 1st of January 1875, at an advanced age, on the morning of the new year, respected and regretted by his many friends. This notice will be interesting to many of his old tenants aud their descendants and others who are residents of the United States. They will remember him better as " Ballyshear " than by his later title of " The Profes- sor." Of his large family of eleven children, only three sons sur- vive him. The eldest, Godfrey Macdouald, is a prominent rail- road official in Chicago, and is Vice-President of the St. Andrew's Society of Illinois. The two younger sons are both officers in the British Army, and have served with distinction in India, where they are at present stationed. Amongst other scientific subjects. Dr. Macdonald wrote upon *' The Structure of Fishes," " On the Unity of Organization as ex- hibited in the Skeleton of Animals," " On the Vertebral Homo- logies as applicable to Zoology," and " On the V^ertebral Homolo- gies in Animals." Dr. Macdonald was elected a Fellow on the 4th of April, 1826. John Trahekne Mogghiuge died on the 24th of November, 1874, at the age of thirty- two, at Mentone, where the state of his health had compelled him to spend the winter for several years past. He was a naturalist who had given evidence of considerable powers of observation and research, and his works on " Harvesting- Ants and Trap-door Spiders," and his " Contributions to the Flora of Mentone " (the latter beautifully illustrated by his own hand) contained important additions to our knowledge of different branches of science. A love of uatui al history was with him here- ditary, being the grandson of Dillwyn, the monographer of the ConfervaB, and joint author, with Turner, of the ' Botanist's Gruide.' He was elected a Fellow on the 21st of January, 1869. Hugo ton Mohl* was born on the 8th of April, 1805, at Stuttgart. His father, Ferdinand von Mohl, was a man of great activity and ability who at different times held various important * Von Mohl died ia 1872. At the time of the publication of the Proceedings for that year no materials were at hand for a biographical account of him. Since then other circumstances have led to delay in the preparation of the above obituary notice, for the substance of which I am indebted to the ' Botanische Zeitung.' — Sec. L.S. Ixii PEOCEEDEEfGS OF THE political offices. His mother, a daughter of the Finance Minister of Wiirtemberg, was an accomplished woman, to whom, under his father's superintendence, von-Mohl was indebted for much of his early education. He was afterwards for twelve years a student at the Grymnasium at Stuttgart, where the instruction was prin- cipally confined to the dead languages, especially Latin, and where science and modern languages were almost entirely ne- glected. Von Mohl's predilection for natural science was mani- fested when he was quite a boy ; and whilst at the Grymnasium he occupied his leisure time in studying botany and mineralogy. His strong constitution enabled him to undertake long excur- sions, resulting in extensive collections, not only of phgenogamous plants, but of mosses and the lower cryptogams, which he care- fully dissected and examined under the microscope. He devoted also a considerable time to the study of mathematics, especially optics. In the autumn of 1823 Von Mohl went to the University of Tubingen and commenced the study of medicine. He graduated iu 1828, and it was his father's wish that he should adopt medi- cine, and especially surgery, as his profession. Von Mohl, how- ever, thought otherwise, and the father yielded to the son's wishes. The latter went for a time to Munich, and there the congenial society of such men as Schrank, von Martins, Zucca- rini, and Steinheil, and the abundance of scientific materials for his favourite study, conspired to convert what was intended for a visit into a lengthened residence. In 1831 Von Mohl was nomi- nated first Assistant at the Botanical Garden of St, Petersburgh, an oflice which he never entered upon, owing to his having been chosen in 1832 to be Professor of Physiology at the then existing Academy at Berne. In 1834, upon the appointments conse- quent upon the foundation of the new University of Berne, he was passed over, and in the spring of 1835, upon Schiibler's death, he returned to Tiibingen in the capacity of Professor of Botany. Prom this time Von Mohl was only occasionally absent from Tiibingen, except in the year 1843, when, on account of his liealth, he made a lengthened stay in the Southern Tyrol and iu Italy. In that year he sufiered from a catarrhal affection, which occa- sioned much anxiety, and induced his physician to recommend a warm climate, which restored him to health. At a later period of life, at the commencement of his 60th year, he suffered from pleu- ritis ; but from this, as well as from the bad effects of an attack of tll^NEATf SOCIETY OF LOTTDO". Ixui dysentery, he recovered, and regained bis former health and fresh- nesss. At the beginning of May 1 871 it was noticed that he ex- hibited a certain absence of mind and anxiety, and he informed a friend that it had arisen from an attack of vertigo, the effects of which he could not get rid of, and which he thought might be a warning of apoplexy. In the course of the year this discomfort and anxiety had disappeared, and he seemed to be in his usual health ; but on the morning of the 1st of April, 1872, he was found dead in bis bed. Yon Mohl may almost be said to have been a self-taught man. At Stuttgart, in his early youth, his studies were to some extent guided by Frolich (the monographer of the GentianecB and Rie- racid), with whom, as well as with Zuccarini, Steinheil, and Amici, he maintained friendly relations until his death. His acquaint- ances, however, were few; he lived a great deal alone, and was never married. Those persons, however, who were on inti- mate terms with him found in him a cheerful and genial compa- nion, deeply learned in the subjects which were the main employ- ment of his life, but besides that, full of information in literature and art, music excepted, for which he had a decided aversion. To give anything like a full account of Von Mohl's writings would be (as has been recently observed) to write a history of vegetable physiology. His separate publications, of which a cata- logue has been given in the ' Botanische Zeitung," were ninety in number. He only wrote two " books " (so to speak), viz. his ' Mi- crographie ' (or an introduction to the knowledge and use of the microscope) and the well-known ' Vegetable Cell.' His other writings appeared from time to time as detached papers, some- times published separately, but for the most part in journals and periodicals. Some only of these papers can here be noticed. In 1827, when a student at Tiibingen, he first appeared as an author in his essay " On the Structure of Climbing Plants," and a year afterwards he wrote his " Inaugural Dissertation " on the Pores of Cellular Tissue. The latter was the beginning of the series of invaluable publications upon vegetable histology, in which the structure and chemical composition of cell-membrane, the nature of protoplasm, cell-division, and cell-development, were succes- sively discussed and explained. His first contribution to vege- able anatomy was the essay " De Palmarum Structura,' ' published in 1831, and this was soon afterw^ards followed by the communi- cation to the Academy of Munich " On the Structure of the Stem Ixiy PfiOCEEDTNQS OP THB of the CycadesB, and its relation to the Stems of Coniferae and of Tree-Ferns." His later works on anatomy had reference princi- pally to the structure of Dicotyledonous trees and G-ymnosperms. In 1834 he wrote upon the Structure and Form of Pollen G-rains, but this work was hardly considered worthy of his reputation. The construction and use of optical instruments was always one of his favourite subjects ; and he contributed to the ' Linnsea ' (in 1842) some observations on the determination of the Size of Microscopical Objects, and (at different times) to the 'Botanische Zeitung ' some remarks upon the conservation of microscopical preparations, and on the examination of cellular tissue by polar- ized light. In the department of morphology Von Mohl wrote on the sym- metry of plants, on the male flowers of the Coniferae, on the spo- rangium and spores of Cryptogams, and on the structure of Scia- dopitys. Other subjects, such as the authority for generic names, the influence of soil upon the distribution of Alpine plants, and Linnseus's views as to the theory of descent, also engaged his attention; and vegetable pathologists are indebted to him for his remarks upon the diseases of the vine and the mulberry. The above account, incomplete as it unavoidably is, will be suf- ficient to show the extent and value of Von Mohl's scientific labours. No small addition to these labours was involved in the constant and active interest which he took in the ' Botanische Zeitung.' The high scientific position which that periodical holds is to a great extent due to Von Mohl's editorship and super- intendence. Von Mohl was elected a Foreign Member on the 2nd of May, 1837. The Eev. Henbt Eookin, M.A., died on the 18th of January 1875, in his 73rd year. He was formerly Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, and for forty years was Incumbent of Upton Grey in Hampshire. He was elected a Fellow on the 2nd of December, 1834. Jesse Watts Eussell, D.C.L., F.E.S., died on the 26th of March, 1875, at the age of 88. He was elected a Fellow on the 4th of November, 1823. George Ealph Tate, M.D., was born at Alnwick on the 27th LINXEAW SOCIETY OF LO^DO:<. \XY of March, 1835. He was the eldest son of George Tate, F.G.S., author of ' The History of Alnwick.' When quite a boy, he en- tered, with interest, into his father's scientific pursuits, more espe- cially in the branches of botany and conchology ; and his know- ledge of the flora of his native county was, even from an early age, remarkable and extensive. In 1850 he entered the University of Edinburgh as a stu- dent of medicine. He gained the gold medal for botany in 1853, and in 1855 passed his examination for a surgeon's degree. He was at that time fully prepared for the examination for M.D., but being only 19 years old, he had to wait awhile; meantime he obtained the appointment of House-Surgeon to the Alnwick Infirmary, which he retained till 1858. In the interim he had taken his degree of M.D., and in March 1858 joined the Army as Assistant Surgeon in the Royal Artillery. He was stationed at Hong-Kong for two years : and while there he, with some other officers, went on an excursion of some months into the interior of the country, and made a collection of plants in the province of Shantung, the botany of which is comparatively unknown. This collection, comprising about 800 specimens, is now in the Royal Herbarium at Kew. On his return to England he was stationed in the Isle of "Wight for some years. He married, August 2nd, 1866, Miss "Way, eldest daughter of David Way, Esq. Mrs. Tate was almost as enthusi- astic a botanist as himself, and accompanied her husband in all his researches and wanderings after plants. He succeeded in discovering a few new plants in the Isle of Wight (communicated to, and published by Mr. A. G-. More in his ' Supplement to Bromfield's Flora Vectensis '). In the autumn of 1868, while stationed for a few weeks at Gos- port, Dr. Tate caught a severe cold which brought on a disease that quite invalided him and rendered him unfit for active duty. He therefore was placed on permanent half-pay, and re- turned to the Isle of Wight. Erom thence he moved to Torquay ; but the climate proved unsuitable to him, and in the summer of 1872 he found a pleasant country home at Fareham in Hampshire. But his health slowly declined ; and on September 14, 1873, he bad an attack of paralysis from which he never recovered. For six years before, his death failing health had precluded much literary labour. In 1867 he published, in conjunction with Mr. J. G. Baker, F.L.S., Assistant Curator of the Herbarium Ixvi PEOCEEDTIfGS OF THE at Kew, a ' Flora of Northumberland and Durtam.' About the year 1869 he began a book which he proposed to call 'A Handbook of British Medical Botany.' He worked at this for three winters ; but when it was more than half finished, was com- pelled, through failing health, to give up his task. His herba- rium, which he had begun to collect as far back as 1853, was an interest to him to the last. He was constantly adding to it until it contained about 1500 British species. He also made, while at Torquay, a collection of Devonshire MoUusca. Had his physical strength equalled his mental vigour, there might have been a longer record of a life which promised so much. He died on the 23rd of September, 1874 at the age of 39, having been elected a Fellow on the 17th of June, 1869. GrTJSTAV Adolph Thueet belonged to an old French Protestant family which fled to Holland upon the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. His father, Isaac Thuret, was the first of the family who returned to France, having come to Paris as Consul General from Holland ; and his third son Grustav Adolph was born there on the 23rd of May, 1817. After careful education at home, he attended the lectures at the School of Law, and worked with so much in- dustry that at the age of twenty-one he obtained the degree of Licen- tiate. During his University career he travelled at dififerent times in Switzerland, Germany, Holland, and England ; but he passed the greater part of his time at his father's residence at Rentilly, near Lagny (Seine et Marne). The study of the law, however, was not to his liking. He had a great love for music, and happened to make the acquaintance of M. A. De Villers, who, besides being an enthusiastic musician, was also an amateur botanist who had taken excursions with Adrien de Jussieu. De Villers induced Thuret to study botany, and taught him the first rudiments of the science. Thuret diligently collected the plants of his own imme- diate neighbourhood, and determined them as well as he could with the aid of Bautier's 'Flora of Paris' or De Candolle's 'Flora of France,' By the aid of De Yillers he obtained, when necessary, the assistance of M. Deca^sne. In the winter of 1839 Thuret went to Paris, and asked for Decaisne's assistance in the study of botany, in which his progress was so rapid that in a compara- tively short time he was in a position to undertake independent investigations. At this time Decaisne was engaged in the study of the Algae, and his pupil, as he became initiated into this branch LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. IxVli of the science, learnt at the same time how much there then re- mained to be discovered in that branch of the vegetable kingdom. In the winter of 1840 Thuret went to the East and brought some marine Algae from the Bosphorus. In the following summer he was at Lyons, where he studied geology under Fournet, making excursions in company with Seringe and Jordan. At this time he was working hard at the microscope, the result of which was his first work on the antheridia of Chara. In Octo- ber of the same year he went as Attache to the Erench Embassy at Constantinople. Here he studied the phaenogams, and in the collection which he made there Boissier found some novelties. In the middle of October in the following year he went on furlough, travelling in Syria and Egypt ; but having been taken seriously ill at Thebes, he returned to France. At this time he thought it necessary to make bis plans for the future, and determined to enter the Civil Service. Fortunately for science, his attempts to do this were not successful, and he constructed for himself a labo- ratory at Eentilly, and commenced working earnestly at the mi- croscopic investigations of the Algae, the result of which was his two works ' On the Motile Organs of Alg* ' (1843), and ' The De- velopment of Nostoc ' (1844). In the year 1844 Thuret, in com- pany with Decaisne, made his first algological excursion to the sea- coast for the purpose of studying the reproductive organs of the FucacecB, the result of which was their joint work published in the same year. In the following year the two friends went to Arromanches. Here they discovered for the first time the zoo- spores of Chorda Filum, L., and ascertained that the so-called spores of the brown Algae were probably reproductive organs or sporangia. From this time Thuret went to the sea-coast every year, sometimes in Normandy and sometimes in Britanny, either alone or in company with Riocreux, and collected materials for the essay for which in 1850 the prize of the Academy of Paris was awarded. This work was entitled ' Eecherches sur les Zoospores des Algues et les Antheridies des Cryptogames.' In the next year he settled at Cherbourg with the view of studying the phy- siology of the Algae, and where during his first winter residence he made his discovery of the fructification of the Fueacece, a work of the greatest importance, of which it may be said that it afforded the first direct proof of the sexuality of the Algae. From Cher- bourg he made expeditions sometimes to Biarritz and sometimes to the Mediterranean, which excursions produced his other essays LINN. PEOC. — Session 1874-75. g Ixviii PROCEEBINQS OP THE on the antheridia of Algae and on Bornetia, as well as tbat on the germination of Gylindrospermum. About this time he estab-^ lished the Natural History Society of Cherbourg, which has done such good service to science. It was here that M. Le Jolis, under his guidance worked out his beautiful treatise on the Laminarice. The climate of Cherbourg, however, had a most in- jurious effect upon his health, and he suffered so severely from asthma that, under medical advice, he felt compelled to seek a southern residence, and, with a view to his favourite studies, he fixed upon Autibes, where upon a dry hill covered only with a few distorted olive-trees he set up his residence. Here he built a villa, and constructed a garden in which every thing which intelli- gence, good taste, and industry could provide were to be found. Every year he made excursions to the sea-side, sometimes in com- pany with Dr. Bornet and sometimes with M. Hiocreux. Almost every one of these visits Avas devoted to a special study. The systematic limits so difficult to be defined of the numberless spe- cies of Polysiplionia and Ectocarpus, the development of Mividaria hullata and Poly ides, the fructification of the Floridecd, and many other subjects were undertaken and satisfactorily determined. The most important joint work of Thuret and Bornet, and the only one which has yet been published relating to the impregna- tion of the Floridece, appeared in 1867. It is known that his prize essay, as it appeared in the ' Annales des Sciences,' was only an extract from his entire observations. It was intended that the latter should be published as soon as the fifty folio plates which were to accompany them were printed. He had also in contem- plation to publish in parts, accompanied by illustrative plates, the observations undertaken jointly by him and Dr, Bornet. His last work, intended for the 'Annales des Sciences,' was an analy- tical key to the genera of JVostocace. Unhappily the publication of these latter works was interrupted by his unexpected death ; but it is hoped and believed that Dr. Bornet, his friend and com- panion for twenty-three years, will complete the publication of these works and carry on Thuret's observations. Thuret's repu- tation attracted many foreign botanists to his residence at An- tibes : Woronin, Famintzin, Janczewski, Farlow (Professor at Cambridge, TJ.S.), Cornu, and others resorted there for guidance and information. On the 10th of May in the present year M. Thuret left his home at Autibes in apparently in good health, but died at Nice a LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONUOX. Ix'xX few hours afterwards from an attack of angina pectoris. His deatli leaves a gap in the ranks of algologists which it will be dif- ficult to fill. M. Thuret was elected a Foreign INIember on the 6th of May 1869. Egbert Carb Woods -was born on the 31st of July, 1816, and "was the son of William AVylie Woods, of Burgh in the county of Lincoln. He left England for India when very young, but before quitting his native country he had given evidence of his love for work and his abilities to do what he undertook in a proper manner by his contributions to the publications of several learned Societies. Before he was twenty-two he was Begistrar and one of the Council of the Meteorological Society of London, and a Corresponding Member of the Botanical Society ; and he had contributed papers to both those Societies. Amongst these are ' Directions for making Meteorological Observations on Land and at Sea,' a ' Syn- optical Chart of Meteorological Phenomena at Eight Principal Stations in Great Britain during the year 1837,' a 'Meteorologi- cal Summary for 1835 and 1S36, at Kendal, Westmoreland,' and also a ' Notice of a Lunar Rainbow seen in London, on Sunday the 27th of July, 1838.' Mr. AVoods also, after he left London, published a work on ' Education and the Philosophy of the Human Mind ' and a treatise called 'Tabulae Meteorologicse,' which met with great success.' Shortly after his arrival in Bombay he founded, or at all events was the first editor of the ' Bombay Courier,' a paper which for a long time was the leading journal of Western India ; and during his residence in Bombay he was chosen Ho- norary President of the Xative Improvement Society in' that Pre- sidency, and was elected to several other institutions of a similar kind which, under the fostering care Mountstuart Elphinstone, then Governor, flourished in Bombay. Whilst living there in 1841 Mr. Woods married, and three years after removed to Sin- gapore. About three years after his arrival he commenced busi- ness in the Supreme Court, and in 1863, after twenty-five years successful practice, was admitted to the bar at Gray's Inn on the 6th of June, 1863. In the interim Mr. Woods had started the ' Straits Times,' first as a weekly, and subsequently as a daily paper in Singapore, and during the stirring events which occurred while owned and edited by him, the ' Straits Times ' enjoyed a high reputation. The first Number of the ' Straits Times ' was pub- IXX PEOCEEDIKGS OF THE lished soon after the proceedings of Sir James Brooke in Borneo had attracted public attention. In the ' Straits Times ' Mr. Woods wrote a series of Articles on this matter which were re- published in 1850 ; and now that more than a quarter of a cen- tury has elapsed since the events referred to, a perusal of the pamphlet may be useful to those who are interested in the ques- tion whether or not Sir James Brooke committed a mistake when he treated the Serebas and Sakarran Dyaks as sea-pirates. During the thirty years of his life in Singapore Mr. Woods took part in almost every movement of a public character which required his assistance. He was (at different times) the Hono- rary Secretary of the Sailors' Home, a hard-working member of the Municipal Commission, Honorary Secretary of the Committee appointed to report on the Straits Assessment, Honorary Secre- tary of the Committee to report on the Straits Transfer Question in 1863, one of the Trustees of the Eaffles Institution, &c. ; in all such honorary public offices his services were freely and ably exercised. He prepared several of the memorials to Parliament on the vexed question of the Colonial currency, successfully re- sisting the attempted introduction of the rupee, and assisting in the legalization of the dollar currency, while the mercantile com- munity were saved much trouble by the Analytical Digest of the Indian Merchant Seamen's Act of 1859, in the compilation of which he was of very great assistance. He was very active in carrying out public improvements calculated to add to the orna- ment or convenience of Singapore ; and the public offices which he filled were important and honourable. He was at one time Deputy Sheriff, at another time he acted as Attorney Greneralfor the Straits, and died at the age of 53, Acting Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court at Singapore. He was elected a Fellow on the 3rd of December, 1863. Jeitbies Wtman was the third son of Dr. Eufus Wyman, Phy- sician to the M'Lean Asylum for the Insane at Charlestown. He was born on the 11th of August, 1814, at Chelmsford, in Mid- dlesex county, Massachusetts, not far from the present city of Lowell. He received the rudiments of his education at Charles- town in a private school, but afterwards went to the Academy at Chelmsford, and in 1826 to Phillips Exeter Academy, where he was prepared for college. He entered Harvard College in 1829 and graduated there in 1833. He was not remarkable for general LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. IxXl scholarsliip, but was fond of chemistry, and his preference for anatomical studies was then already developed. Some of his companions rememher the interest wliich was excited among tliem by a skeleton which lie made of a mammoth bull-frog, supposed to be one of those still preserved in his museum of compara- tive anatomy. His skill and taste in drawing, as well as his habit of close observation of natural objects, were manifested even in boyhood. An attack of pneumonia during his last year in college caused much anxiety, and perhaps laid the foundation of the pulmonary affection which burdened and finally shortened his life. To re- cover from the effects of the attack and to guard against its re- turn, he made, in the winter of 1833-31, the first of those pilgri- mages to the coast of the Southern States which in later years were so often repeated. Returning with strength renewed in the course of the following spring, he began the study of medicine, and about two years afterwards he was elected house-student in the Medical department, at the Massachusetts G-eneral Hospital, a responsible position, advantageous for the study of disease, and well adapted to sharpen a young man's power of observation. In 1837, after receiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine, he looked about among the larger country towns for a field in which to practice his profession. Fortunately for science, he found no opening to his mind ; so he took an office in Boston and accepted the honourable, but far from lucrative, post of Demonstrator of Anatomy under Dr. John C. Warren, theHersey Professor. His means were very slender, and his life abstemious to the verge of privation ; for he was unwilling to burden his father, who, indeed, had done all he could in providing for the education of two sons. The turning-point in his life, i. e. an opportunity which he could seize of devoting it to science, came when Mr. John A. Lowell offered him the Curatorship of the Lowell Institute, then just brought into operation. He delivered a course of twelve lectures upon Comparative Anatomy and Physiology in the winter of 1840-41 ; and with the money earned by this first essay in in- structing others, he went to Europe to seek further instruction ior himself He reached Paris in May, 1841, and studied Human Anatomy at the School of Medicine, and Comparative Anatomy and Natural History at the Garden of Plants. Later in the year he went to London, but was recalled by the illness of his father, who died before Dr. Wyman reached Halifiix. Ixxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE He resumed his residence in Boston, and devoted himself mainly to scientific work under circumstances of no small discou- ragement. But in 1843 the means of a modest professional liveli- hood came to bim in the offer of the Chair of Anatomy and Phy- siology in the medical department of Hampden-Sidney College, established at Eichmond, Yirginia. One advantage of this posi- tion was that it did not interrupt his residence in Boston except for the winter and spring ; and during these months the milder climate of Eichmond was even then desirable. He discharged the duties of the Chair most acceptably for five sessions, until, in 1847, he was appointed to succeed Dr. Warren as Hersey Professor of Anatomy in Harvard College. Here in the formation and perfecting of his museum arranged upon a plan both physiological and morphological, no pains Avere spared. In the summer of 1849 he accompanied Captain Atwood of Provincetown in a small sloop upon a fishing voyage high up the coast of Labrador : in the winter of 1852, going to Florida for his health, he began his fruitful series of explorations and collec- tions in that interesting district. In 1854, accompanied by his wife, he travelled extensively in Europe, and visited all the mu- seums within his reach. In the spring of 1856 he sailed to Suri- nam, penetrated far into the interior in canoes, made important researches upon the ground, and enriched his museum with some of its most interesting collections. Again, in 1858-59, accepting the invitation of Captain J. M. Porbes, he made a voyage to the La Plata, ascended the Uraguay and the Parana in a small iron steamer which Captain Porbes brought upon the deck of his vessel ; then, with his friend G-eorge Augustus Peabody as a companion, he crossed the Pampas to Mendosa, and the Cordilleras to San- tiago and Yalparaiso, whence he came home by way of the Peru- vian coast and the Isthmus. By such expeditions many of the choice materials of his museum and of his researches were gathered at his own expense. And in Dr. Wy man's case we have an example of what one man may do unaided, with feeble health and feebler means, by persistent and well-directed industry, without eclat, and almost without obser- vation. Throughout the later years of Professor Wyman's life a new museum claimed his interest and care, and is indebted to him for much of its value and promise. In 1866, when failing strength demanded a respite from oral teaching, he was named by the LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixxiii late George Peabody one of the seven Trustees of tlie Museum and Professorship of American Archseology and Ethnology which this philanthropist proceeded to found in Harvard University ; and his associates called upon him to take charge of the establishment. For this he was peculiarly fitted by all his previous studies, and by his predilection for ethnological inquiries. These had already engaged his attention, and to this class of subjects be was there- after mainly devoted with the sagacity, skill, diligence, and suc- cess which his seven Annual Reports abundantly testify. The later years of his life showed the too rapid progress of his fatal pulmonary disease, which change of climate was incompetent to arrest. In August, 1874, he left Cambridge for his usual visit to the "White Mountain region, by which he avoided the autumnal catarrh ; and there, at Bethlehem, New Hampshire, on the 4th of September, a severe hemorrhage from the lungs closed his valu- able life. The Koyal Society's ' Catalogue of Scientific Papers ' enume- rates sixty-four by Professor Wyman alone, and four in conjunc- tion with others ; and some notice, brief and cursory though it must be, of his published papers should form a part of this account of his life. His earliest publication, so far as is known, was an article in the ' Boston Medical and Surgical Journal ' in 1837, signed only with the initials of his name. It Is upon " The Indistinctness of Images formed from Oblique Eays of Light," and the cause of it. In January 1841 there appeared his first recorded communica- tion to the Boston Natural History Society, " On the Cranium of a Seal." The first to the American Academy is the account of his dissection of the electrical organs of a new species of Torpedo in 1 843, part of a paper by his friend Dr. Storer, published in ' Silliman's Journal.' In the course of that year he wrote, in con- junction with Dr. Savage, the memoir, on the Black Orang or Chim- panzee of Africa, Troglodytes niger. Three other papers of that year on the Anatomy of two yLollusca, (Tebennophorus carolinensis and Glandina iruncata), and " On the Microscopic Structure of the Teeth of the Lepidostei, and their analogies with those of the Labyrinthodonts," should also be mentioned. Although not of any importance now to remember, it may be interesting to mention his report to the Boston Natural History Society on the so-called Hydrarclws Sillimani of Koch, a factitious Saurian of huge length, successfully exhibited in New York and Ixxiv PBOCEEDINGS OF THE elsewhere under higli auspices, but wbicli Dr. Wyman exposed at sight, showing that it was made up of an indefinite number of A'arious cetaceous vertebrae belonging to many individuals which (as was afterwards ascertained) were collected from several localities. But the memoir by wbicb Professor "Wyman assured his posi- tion among the higlier comparative anatomists was that commu- nicated to and published by the last-mentioned Society in the summer of 1847, in which the Grorilla was first named and intro- duced to the scientific world, and the distinctive structure and affinities of the animal so thoroughly made out from the study of the skeleton, that tbere was, as Professor Owen remarked, "very little left to add, and nothing to correct." Amongst others of Dr. Wyman's more noticeable contribu- tions to science may be mentioned his investigations of the ana- tomy of the Blind Fish of the Mammoth Cave. The series began in the year 1843 with a paper published in ' Silliman's Journal,' and closed with an article in the same Journal in 1854. Although Dr. Tellkamph had preceeded him in ascertaining the existence of rudimentary eyes and the special development of the fifth pair of nerves, yet for the whole details of the sub- ject and the minute anatomy, we are indebted to Professor Wyman. An elaborate memoir on the anatomy of the nervous system of Bana pipiens, published in the ' Smithsonian Contributions ' in 1852 should also be mentioned. And next to this in extent and value may be ranked Professor Wyman's paper on the De- velopment of the Common Skate, Raia Batis, communicated to the American Academy in 1864 and published among its memoirs. The most noteworthy of his shorter papers are his " Observa- tions on the Development of the Surinam Toad," and the same on "Analleps Gronovii;^' the paper "On some unusual Modes of G-estation ;" his " Description of a Double Poetus," in the ' Bos- ton Medical and Surgical Journal,' March 1866 ; a very import- ant morphological paper " On Symmetry and Homology in Limbs," published in June, 1867, and " Notes on the Cells of the Bee " in the ' Proceedings of the American Academy ' for January, 1866. The spirit of two aphorisms attributed to Dr. Wyman, viz. " The isolated study of anything in natural history is a fruitful source of error," and "i\/b single experiment in pJiysiology is worth any- thing,^' is well exemplified in his experimental researches upon LINNEAN SOCIETy OF LONDON. IxXT " The formation of Infusoria in boiled solutions of organic matter enclosed in hermetically sealed Axssels and supplied with pure air," and its supplement, " Observations and experiments on living Organisms in Heated Water," published in the 'American Journal of Science and Arts,' the first in the year 1862, the other in 1S67. Milne-Edwards, insufficiently appreciating Dr. Wy man's scien- tific position, questioned the accuracy of the first series because they did not agree with those of Pasteur, and thought the difter- ence in the results depended upon a defective mode of conducting the experiments. As Dr. "\Yymau remarks in a note to the second series, " the recent experiments of Dr. Child of Oxford and those reported in ' this communication are sufficient answer to the criticisms of IM. Edwards." Without further following this dis- cHssion, it may be said that the question of abiogenesis stands to- day very much where Professor Wyman left it seven years ago. It may be asked how an anatomist, physiologist, and morpho- logist like Professor Wyman regarded the most remarkable scien- tific movement of his time, the revival and apparent prevalence of doctrines of evolution. As might be expected, he was neither an advocate nor an opponent ; but he was clear from the begin- ning, that evolutionary doctrines were essentially philosophical and healthful, " in accordance with nature as commonly manifested iu her works," and that they need not disturb the foundations o!:" natural theology. Dr. Wyman was elected a Foreign Member on the 6tb of May, 18G0. LINN. PKOc- Session 1874-75. .Ixxvii INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS. SESSION 1874-75. Accounts, Auditor's Report on . Address of the President, May 24,1875 ....... Anniversary Meeting, May 24, 1875, Report on Attar of Rose. See Rosa da- mascena Associates deceased Bequest of a miniature porti'ait of the late Col. Montagu, toge- ther with annotated copies of his works Carex ornithopoda, Willd., Spe- cijnens from Miller's Dale, Derbyshire, exhibited by Mr. Ti'imen Crustacea, from the Bay of Naples, exhibited by Mr. Pas- coe, F.L.S Drawings, an extensive series of, taken during the ' Challenger' Expedition, exhibited by Dr. Hooker, Pres. R.S Drimia, Specimens of a new Cape species, exhibited by J. Gr. Baker, Esq., F.L.S. . . . Election of Council and Officers Evening Meetings, Suggestion by Dr. Boycott, for rendering them more interesting . Fellows deceased. List of . Financial Statement . . Foreign Members deceased Fungi exhibited. See Symeno- phalus and Polyporus . Galls, Extensive series of, exhi- bited by A. Murray, Esq., F.L.S . Glastonbury Thorn, Flowering branch of, exliibited by Dr. Prior, F.L.S Page XXXV XXXV xxxiii xxsiv xxxiii Haubury, Daniel, Treas. L.S., Death of. vu Hydnophytum formicarum, Stems of, from Sumatra, exhi- bited by Mr. Jackson, A.L.S. vi Hymenophallus, Drawing of an exceedingly beautiful species, apparently undescribed, exhi- bited by Mr. Hanbui-y, Treas. L.S vi Kleinia, Flowering branches of two remarkable species, from the garden of Palazzo Orengo, near Mentone, exhibited by Mr. Hanbury, Treas. L.S. . . iii Montagu, Col., Bequest of anno- tated copies of his Ornitholo- logical Dictionary and Testa- cea Britannica, coloured draw- ings, and several volumes of his MSS ii Myrmecodia armata from Java, and another species from Aus- tralia, exhibited by Mr. Jack- son, A.L.S vi Myrsine Urvillei, A. de C, Spe- cimen of, exhibited by Dr. Prior, F.L.S xxxvi Obituaet Notices : — Austen, Nathaniel Lawrence, Esq xxxvii Booth, William Beattie, A.L.S. xxxvii Corder, Thomas, A.L.S. . . xxxviii Dajee, Dr. Bliau xxxviii Felkin, WiUiam, Esq. ... xl Glynne, Sir Stephen R., Bart. xl Grant, Robert Edmond, M.D. xli Gray, John Edward, Ph.D. . xliii Hanbury Daniel, Esq. . • . xlvii Hardwicke, Robert, Esq. . . xlvii Hughes, WiUiam Hughes, Esq. 1 Ixxviii Obituary Ts'otices {continued) •- Jardine, Sir WiUiaai, Bart. . ' Johns, Rev. Charles Alexander Kingsley, Eev. Charles . . Ljell, Su- Charles, Bart. . . Macdonald, William, M.D. . Moggridge, John Ti-aheme, Esq. Molil, Hugo von, M.D.,F.M.L.S. Rookin, -Eev. Henry . . . EusseE, Jesse Watts, D.C.L. Tate, George Ralph, M.D. . Thnret, Gustav Adolph, F.M.L.S . Woods, Eobert Carr, Esq., . Wyman,Jeffries,M.D.,E.M.L.S. Papees bead : — Allraan, G. J., On the struc- ture and systematic position of Stephanoscyplms mirahi- Us, the type of a new Order of Hydrozoa (Thecomedusse) , Diagnoses of New Genera and Species of Hydroida Baker, J. G., Revision of the Genera and Species of Aspa- ragacese Balfour, J. B., Extract of a letter from, addressed to Dr. Hooker Bentham, George, Notes on the Gamopetalous Orders be- longing to the Campanula- ceous and Oleaceous groups Berkeley, Rev. M. J., Enumera- tion of Fungi collected dm-ing the Expedition of H.M.S. 'Challenger' (2nd notice) . Butler, A. G., Notes on the Lepidoptera of the Zygse- nidse : with descriptions of new genera and species . . , On the subfamilies Anti- clilorinse and Charidrinse Clarke, Benjamin, On the affi- nities and Alexipliarinic pro- perties of Ai'istolochiacese . Cobbold, T. S., On the struc- ture, affinities, and probable source of the large human Fluke {Distoma crassum, Busk) CoUingwood, Cuthbert, On thirty-one species of Plana- rians, collected, partly by the late Dr. Kelaart, in Cey- lon, and partly by Dr. Col- lingwood in the eastern seas Dickie, George, Alga? collected 1 lii Ivi liii Ix Ixi Ixi Ixiv Ixiv Ixiv Ixvi Ixix Ixx IX xxxvii Papees eead {continued) : — by H. N. Moseley, Esq., of H.M.S. ' ChaUenger,' at Si- mon's Bay, C. G. H., Seal Island, Marion Island, Ker- guelen's Island, &c. ... iv , Notes on Algae from the Island of Mangadia, South Pacific ix Dickson, Alexander, On the development of the embryo in Tropeolum speciosuni . vi Dyer, W. T. T., On the struc- ture of the seed in Cyca- dese vii Gammie, J., Extract of a letter — to Dr. Hooker, on Ariscema speciosum. &c v Gilbert, J. H.,on Fairy-rings, xxxvi Henslow, Rev. George, On the origin of the prevailing sys- tems of Phyllotaxis ... Y Hollis, W. A., The Pathology of the Oak-gall, and its re- lation to morbid growths . iv Home, John, Extract of a letter to Dr. Hooker . . v Howard, J. E., Notice of a floatmg island in Derwent- water Lake i , On Cinchona calisaya, var. anglica xxxvi Huxley, T. H., On the Classi- fication of the Annual King- dom iii Jackson, J. R., On plants in which Ants make their homes vii Klein, E., On the Connexion of Vegetable organisms with Small-pox viii Lankester, E. Ray, On the Anatomy of Amphioxv.s . xxxvi Lubbock, Sir John, On the habits of Bees, Wasps, and Ants iii Macdonald, J. D., On the ex- ternal anatomy of Tanais ivV^afes, occurring withi?>«- noria and CheJitra terebrans in excavated pier- wood . . r M'Intosh, W. C, on Valenci- Ilia Armandi, a new Nemer- tean xxxvii Masters, M. T., Monographic sketch of the Durionese . . ii Miers, John, On the Barriug- toniaceee xxxv Ixxix Papees eead {continued) : — Mitchell, W. S., Notes on the Octopus vulgar is, Lam. ]Mitteii,,Wilham, on the Musci and Hepaticse collected by H. N. Moseley, Esq.. Natu- ralist to H.M.S. 'ChaUen- ger Moore, S. L. M., On the oc- currence of Stamiual Pistil- lody in an Acanth . . . Moseley, H. N., On the Insects (chiefly Apterous) of Ker- guelen ; and further notes on the Plants , Letter to the Eev. M. J. Eerkeley, on an edible Chi- nese Sphceria Oliver, Daniel, List of plants collected in New Guuiea in 1873 by Dr. A. B. Meyer . , Note on specimens of a Hibiscus, allied to -ff. Rosa sinensis, collected by Dr. Kirk in East Tropical Africa O'Meara, Eev. E.,on the Dia- tomaceous gatherings made by H. N. Moseley, M.A., at Kerguelen's Land . . . Powell, Rev. Thomas, Notes on the natm-e and produc- tions of several Atolls of the Tokelan, EUice, and Gilbert groups, S. Pacific Seeley, H. G., Similitudes of the bones in the Enahosau- ria (on the resemblances of the Ichthyosaurian bones with those of other animals) Sorby, H. C, On the charac- teristic colouring-matters of the red groups of Algae . . Stirton, J., Lichens of the ' Challenger ' E xpedition , from Bahia, Kerguelen's Land, &c , Additions to the Lichen- flora of New Zealand and the Chatham Islands Page ', Page Papees bead {continued) : — Welch, F. H., The anatomy of two parasitic forms of Tetra- rhyncliidse ix Westwood, J. O., Monograph of the Lepidopterous genus Castnia, and some allied groups xxxvii Photographs taken diu*ing the ' Challenger ' Expedition, exhibited by Dr. Hooker, Pres. R.S v Plants, Melastomaeeous and Eu- biaceous, in which Ants make their nests, exliibited by Mr. Jackson, A.L.S vi Platanus, A set of specimeus, to illustrate the difference be- tween the oriental and occi- dental species, exhibited by Mr. Hemslcy vi Polyporus destructor. Specimen obtained from the timbers of the ship 'Egmont,' exhibited by Dr. Hooker, Pres. E.S. . . vi Pringlea antiscorhvtica. Photo- graph of, exhibited .... v Rosa gallica, var. damascena, the species from which Attar of Eose is distdled, exhibited by Mr. Hanbury, Treas. L.S. . ii South-African Scenery, Photo- graphs of, from paintings by T. Baines, Esq., exhibited by Mr. Jackson, A.L.S iii StepJianosphceraJluviatilis, Cohn, fi'om Bury Head, county Wick- low, exhibited by Prof. Dyer . xxxv Trees, Chromohthographic views of, exliibited by Sir. Eothery, F.L.S. ........ vii Tropeolum speciostim, Microsco- pic specimens, illustrating the development of'the embryo in, exliibited by Prof. Dickson. . vi Vice-Presidents nominated . . xxxv ZannicJiellia polycarpa, Nolte, Specimens of, sent by Dr. Boswell Syme from Orkney, exhibited by Dr. Trimen . . xxxv ADDITIONS LIBEARY OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY. RECEIVED FROM JUNE 17, 1870, TO JUNE 15, 1871. Titles. Doxors, Academies and Societies. Adelaide : — Botanic Garden. See Schomburgk, R. Philosophical Society. Annual Eeport and Transactions for the year ending Sept. 30, 1869. 4to. Adelaide, 1870. C. A. Wilson, Esq. Amsterdam : — Kon. Akademie van Wetenschappen. Verslagen en Mededeelingen, Afdeeling Natuurkunde. 2''^ Eeeks, 4^^ Deel. 8vo. Amsterdam, 1870. . Afd. Letterkunde. 12'''= Deel. 8vo. /6wZ., 1869 Jaarboek voor 1869. 8vo. Ibid. Processen-Verbaal van de gewone Vergaderingen der Aka- demie, van Mei 1869-April 1870 (1869-70, Nos. 1-10). 8vo. Ibid. The Academy. Batavia : — Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten eu Wetenschappen. Verhandelingen. Deel 33. 4to. Eatavia, 1868. ADDITIONS TO THE LIBBARY. Scssion 1870-71. a 11 additions to the iibraet. Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). Batavia (continued) : — Eataviaasch Genootscliap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Yolkenkunde. Deal 16 Afl. 2-6, 17 Afl. 1-6, & 18 Afl. 1. 8vo. Ihid. 1866-68. Notulen van de Algemeene en Bestuurs-vergaderingen van het B. G. Deel 4 Afl. 2, Deel 5, 6, en 7 Afl. 1. 8vo. Ibid. 1867-69. Catalogus der Ethnologische nnd Xumismatisohe Afdeeling van liet Museum. 8vo. Ihid. 1 868-69. The Society. Kon. Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie. Natuurkundig Tijdsehrift voor N. I. Deel 21, 22 Afl. 1 & 2, 23 Afl. 4-6, 24 Afl. 5 & 6, 25 (Afl. 1-6), 29 Afl. 5 & 6, 30 Afl. 1 & 2, & 31 (Afl. 1-6). 8vo. Batavia, 1860-70. The Association. Bath :— Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club. Proceedings. Vol. 2, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Bath, 1870-71. The Club. . See Jenyns, L. Berlin : — Kon. Akademie der Wissenschaften. Abliandlungen, aus dem Jahre 1869. I. Philosophische & Historische. II. Physikalische & Mathematische. 4to. Berlin, 1870. Monatsberichte, fiir Mai-December 1870, und Febr. -April 1871. 8vo. Ibid. Yerzeichniss der Abhandlungen der Akademie, von 1710 bis 1870. 8vo. Ibid. 1871. The Academy. Yerein zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues in den Kon. Preuss. Staaten. Wochenschrift : redigirt von Prof. Dr. Karl Koch, Jahr- gang 13. 4to. Berlin, 1870. The Society. Berwickshire : — Naturalists' Wub. Proceedings. Vol. 7, No. 2. Svo. (Edinburgh, 1870.) The Clfr.' .additions to the library. ul Titles, Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). Boston, Mass. : — American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Proceedings. Vol. 8, sheets 1-17. 8vo. Boston (1869). The Academy. Society of I^atural HistorJ^ Proceedings. Yol. 12, sheets 18-27, and vol. 13, sheets 1-14. 8vo. Boston, 1869-70. The Society. Separate publications. See Agassiz, Louis, & Goxdcl, A. A. Bremen : — NaturwissenschaftHcher Yerein. AbhandluQgen. Band 2, Heft 2. 8vo. Bremen, 1870. The Association. Breslau : — Schlesische Gesellschaft fiir vaterlandische Cultur. Abhandlungen. Abtheilung fiir Naturwissenschaften und Medicin, 1869-70. 8vo. Breslau, 1870. Jahresbericht 47. 8vo. Ihid. 1870. The Society. Briinn : — Naturforschender Yerein. Yerhandlungen. Band 7. 8vo. Briinn, 1869. The Association. Brussels : — Societe R. de Botanique de Belgique. BuUetin. Tome 9, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1870. The Society. Societe Entomologique de Belgique. Annales. Tome 13. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1869-70. The Society. Buenos Ayres : — Museo Publico. Anales: por German Burmeister, M.D. Entrega 7 (=Tomo 2, Entr. 1). 4to. Buenos Aires, 1870. The Editor. Calcutta : — Asiatic Society of Bengal. Journal. New Series, vol. 39, Nos. lGO-62. 8vo. Calcutta, 1870. a 2 it additions to the libkaet. Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). Calcutta (continued) : — Asiatic Society of Bengal. Proceedings. Nos. 4-11 for 1870, and Nos. 1 & 2 for 1871. 8vo. Calcutta, 1870-71. The Society. Canada : — See Montreal and Toronto. Caracas : — Sociedad de Ciencias Pisicas y Naturales. Yargasia. Boletin de la Sociedad. Tomo 1, No. 7. 8vo. Caracas, 1870. The SociEir. Chicago : — Academy of Sciences. Transactions. Vol. 1, pt. 2. 8vo. Chicago (Illinois), 1869. The Academy. Copenhagen : — Botaniske Forening, Botanisk Tidsskrift ; redigeret af H. Xiserskou. Bind 4, Haefte 1. 8vo. Kjobenhavn, 1870. Pxtechased. Kongl. Danske Yidenskabernes Selskab. Skrifter. 5** Eaekke. Katuryid. og Mathemat. Afdeling. Bind 8, Hft. 6 & 7, & Bd. 9, Hft. 1-4. 4to. Kjobenhavn, 1869-70. Oversigt over det Kgl. D. Y. S. Forhandlinger, &c. 1868, No. 6, 1869, Nos. 3 & 4, and 1870, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Ibid. 1868-70. The Society. Devonshire : — Association for the Advancement of Science, &c. Report and Transactions. Yol. 4, Pt. 1. Plymouth, 1870, The Association. Dublin : — Royal Dublin Society. Journal. No. 39, completing vol. 5. 8vo. Dublin, 1870. The Society. Edinburgh : — Botanical Society. Transactions and Proceedings. Yol. 10, Pt. 2. 8vo. Edin- burgh, 1870. The Society. additions 10 the libraky. v Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies {continued). £dixiburgh (continued) : — Eoyal Society. Transactions. Vol. 26, Pt. 1 (for the Session 1869-70). 4to. Edinburgh (1870), Proceedings. Session 1869-70. (Vol. 7, Nos. 80 & 81.) 8vo. Ibid. The Society. Scottish Arboricultural Society. Transactions, edited by John Sadler, F.E..P.S., Secretary. Vol. 6, Pt. 1, 8yo. Edinburgh, 1871. The Editor. Frankfurt a. M. : — Senckenbergische Naturforschende GeseUschaft. Abhandlungen. Band 7, Hft. 3 & 4. 4to. Frankfurt a. M., 1870. Bericht, 1869-70. 8vo. Ibid. 1870. The Society. Geneva : — Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle. Memoires. Tome 20, partie 2. 4to. Geneve, 1870. The Society. Haarlem : — Societe Hollandaise des Sciences. Archives Neerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, redigees par E. H. von Baumhauer, &c. Tome 5, Livr. 1-3. 8vo. La Haye, 1870. The Society. Hague : — Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereenigiag. (See Leyden.) Halifax, N. S. :— Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science. Proceedings and Transactions. Vol. 2, Pt. 4. 8vo. Halifax, N. S., 1870. The Institute. Hanover : — Naturhistorische GeseUschaft. Jahresbericht, 18, 19, & 20. 4to. Hannover, 1869-70. The Society. vi ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. Titles, Donors. Academies and Societies {continued). Hobart Town : — Eoyal Society of Tasmania. MontUy Notices of the Papers and Proceedings, for 1868 and 1869. 8vo. Hobart Town, 1869-70. The Society. India : — Forest Reports. Forest Report of the Bombay Presidency for the year 1869-70. 8vo. Poona, 1870. Progress Report of Forest Administration in British Burmah for 1867-68, 1868-69, & 1869-70, by Capt. W. J. Seaton, M.S.C. 8vo. Calcutta, 1870. Adminstration Report of the Canara Forests for the year 1869-70. 8vo. Bombay, 1870. Report of Forest Administration in the Central Provinces for 1867-68, 1868-69, & 1869-70. Fcap. fol. Calcutta and Nagpore, 1870. Report of Forest Administration in the Province of Oudh for 1868-69, by Capt. E. S. Wood. 8vo. Calcutta, 1870. Administration Report of the Sind Forest Department for 1869-70. 8vo. Bombay, 1870. The Secretary of State for India. Kazan : — University. Izvestia i Utchenia Zapiski, &c. Pts. 1 & 2 for 1864, Pt. 6 for 1865, Pts. 1-6 for 1866, Pts. 1-6 for 1867, Pts. 1 & 2 for 1868, and Pts. 1-4 for 1869. 8vo. Kazan, 1866-69. The University. Konigsberg : — Konigl. Physikalisch-okonomische Gesellschaft. Schriften. Jahrg. 8, 9 und 10. 4to. Konigsberg, 1867-69. The Society. Leeds : — Philosophical and Literary Society. Report (50th Annual) for ] 869-70. 8vo. Leeds, 1870. The Society. ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRART. Vll Titles. Donoks. Academies axd Societies (continued). Ley den : — Xedeiiaudsche Entomologisclie Yereenigiiig. Tijdsclirift voor Entomologie. Serie 2, Deel 4, Aflev. 2, Deel 5, All. 2-6, & Deel 6, Afl. 1. 8vo. Gravenhage, 1869-71. The Association. Ijondoii : — Clinical Society. Transactions. Vol 3. 8vo. London, 1870. The Society. Entomological Society. Transactions. Parts 2-5 for 1S70. 8vo. London, 1870. The Society. Geological Society. Quarterly Journal. Vol. 26, Pts. 3 & 4, and Vol. 27, Pts. 1 & 2. 8vo. London, 1870-71. The Society. London Institution. Journal. Vol. 1, Xos. 1-6. 8vo. London, 1871. The Institution. PalaBontographical Society's Publications, Vol. 24. 4to, Lon- don, 1871 (including) : — 1. Binney, E. W. Flora of the Carboniferous Strata. Part 2. 2. Davidson, Thomas. British Possil Brachiopoda. Part 7, No. 4 (Silurian). 3. Owen, Richard. Fossil Mammalia of the Mesozoic For- mations. 4. "Wood, 'S'. N. Monograph of Eocene Mollusca, Part 4, No. 3 (Bivalves). 5. Wright, Thomas. Monograph of the British Fossil Echinodermata from the Cretaceous Formations. Yol. 1, Pt. 4. Purchased. Pharmaceutical Society. Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions. 3rd Series, Yol. 1, Nos. 1-50. 8vo. London, 1870-71. The Society. Quckett Microscopical Club. Journal. Nos. 11-14. 8vo. London, 1870-71. Eeport, 5th, and List of Members. 8vo. Ihid., 1870. The Club. viii ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued), London {continued) : — Eoyal Institution. Proceedings. Vol. 5, Pt. 7, and Vol. 6, Pts. 1-3. 8vo. London, 1869-71. List of Members, Report of the Visitors, &c., in 1869. 8vo. Ibid. 1870. The Institution. Royal Society. Philosophical Transactions. Vol. 160. 4to. London, 1870. Proceedings. Nos. 120-128. 8vo. Ihid. 1870-71. Catalogue of Scientific Papers (1800-63). Vol. 4. 4to. Ibid. 1870. Catalogue of Transactions, Journals, &e. 8vo. The Society. Royal Agricultural Society. Journal. 2nd Series. Vol. 6, Pt. 2, and Vol. 7, Pt. 1. 8vo. London, 1870-71. The Society. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Journal. New Series. Vol. 5, Pt. 1. 8vo. London, 1870. The Society. Royal Geographical Society. Proceedings. Vol. 14, Nos. 2-5, and Vol. 15, No. 1. 8vo. London, 1870-71. The Society. Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society. Medico-Chirurgical Transactions. Vol. 53 (=2nd Series, vol. 35). 8yo. London, 1870. Proceedings. Vol. 6, Nos. 6 & 7. 8vo. Ibid., 1870-71. The Society. Royal Microscopical Society. Monthly Microscopical Journal. Nos. 19-30. 8vo. London, 1870-71. The Society. Society of Arts. Journal. Nos. 917-68. 8vo. London, 1870-71. The Society. Zoological Society. Transactions. Vol. 7, Parts 3-5. 4to. London, 1870-71. Proceedings (with Illustrations). Pts. 1 to 3 for 1870. 8vo. Ibid., 1870. The Society. Lund : — Universitet. Ars-skrift. (Acta) for 1869. Mathematik och Naturvetenskap. 4to. Lund, 1869-70. The University. addiiiona to the librauy. ix Titles. Donobs. Academies and Societies (continued). Maine, U. S. : — lleports, for 1S67, 1868, and 1869, of the Commissioners of Fisheries of the State of Maine. 8vo. Augusta, 1869-70. The Poktland Society of Natukal History. Malvern : — Naturalists' Field Club. Transactions (Vol. 1), 1853-70. Pts. 1-3. 8v^o. Worcester, 1870. Edwin Lees, Esq., F.L.S. Montreal : — Natural History Society. Canadian Naturalist and Quarterly Journal of Science. New Series. Vol. 5, Nos. 1-3. 8vo. Montreal, 1870-71. The Society. Moscow : — Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes. EuUetin. Tome 43, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Moscou, 1870. The Society. Nouveaux Memoires. Tom. 2 (Tome 8 de la Collection). 4to. Ibid., 1832. PuBCHASED. Munich : — Ktin. Bayerische Academie der Wissenschaften. Abhandlungen der Mathem.-physikal. Classe. Band 10, Abth. 3. 4to. Miinchen, 1870. Sitzungsberichte. 1870. Band 1, Hft. 2-4, und Band 2, Hft. 1. 8vo. Ibid., 1870. The Academy. Newcastle-on-Tyne : — Natural History Society of Northumberland and Durham. Transactions. Vol. 3, Pt. 2. 8vo. Loudon, 1870. The Society. x. addrxions to the libkaey. Titles. Donors. Academies aj^ d Societies (continued). New South Wales :— See Sydney. Silk, Correspondence relating to the Cultivation of (Presented to the Colonial Parliament by G. Bennett, M.D., Hon. Sec. Acclimat. Soc. N. S. W.). Fcap. fol. 1870. . Another Edition. 8vo. Sydney, 1870. G. BEifNETT, M.D., Sec. Acclimat. Soc. ? New York : — Lyceum of Natural History. Annals. Yol. 9, Sheets 10-20. Svo. (J^ew York), 1869-70. The Lyceum. Paris : — Societe Botanique de France. Bulletin, Tome 17, Comptes Eendus des Seances, No. 2, and Bevue Bibliographique, B. Svo. Paris, 1870. The Society. Petersburg : — Academic Imp. des Sciences, Me'moires. 7^ Serie, Tome 14, Nos. 8 & 9, and Tome 15, Nos. 1-8. 4to. St. Petersburg, 1869-70. BuUetin. Tome 14, Nos. 4-6, & Tome 15, Nos. 1 & 2. 4to. Ihid., 1869-70, The Academy. Soeietas Entomologica Eossica, Horse. Tom. 6, No. 4, & Tom. 7, Nos. 1-3. Svo. Petropoli, 1870, The Society. Philadelphia : — Academy of Natural Sciences. Proceediugs, Nos. 3 & 4 for 1869. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1869, American Journal of Conchology. Yol. 5, Pts. 3 & 4. Svo. Ihid., 1869-70. The Academy. American Philosophical Society. Proceedings. (Yol. 11), No. 82. Svo. Philadelphia, 1869. The Society. Pljonouth : — See Devonshire. Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society. Annual Report and Transactions. Yol. 4, Pt, 1, Svo. Ply- mouth, 1870. The Society. additions to the libraky. xi Titles. Donoks, Academies and Societies (contimied). Regensburg : — Kon. Bayerische Botanisclie Gesellscliaft. Flora. Neue Eeihe. Jahrg. 28, Nos, 12-31, und Jahrg. 29, Nos. 1-10. 8vo. Regensburg, 1870-71. PUKCHASED. Rugby :— Rugby School Natural History Society. Report for the year 1870. 8vo. Rugby, 1871. Dk. Kitchener, F.L.S. Salem, Mass. : — Essex Institute. Bulletin. Yol. 1. 8vo. Salem, 1869-70. Proceedings and Communications. Vol. 6, Pt. 1 (1868). 8vo. Ibid., 1870. Act of Incorporation, Constitution, and By-laws. 8vo. Ibid,, 1855. Historical Notice, By-laws, &c. 8vo. Ibid., 1866. Record of American Entomology, for the year 1868. Edited by A. S. Packard, Jun., M.D. 8vo. Ibid., 1869. The Institute. Peabody Academy of Science. American Naturalist. Vol. 3 (Nos. 1-12), and Vol. 4, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Salem, Mass., 1869-70. Annual Report (1st) of the Trustees. 8vo. Ibid., 1869. The Academy. Stockholm : — Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademieu. K. S. Fregatten ' Eugenie's ' resa omkring Jordeu, under Befal af C. A. Virgin, tiren 1851-53, Haft 12. Zoologie, No. 6, Insekten. 4to. Stockholm, 1868. The Academy. Strasburg : — Societe des Sciences Naturelles. Bulletin. 2 Anuoc, Nos. 8-10. 8vo. Strasburg, 1869. The Sociktt. Xll AUDITIONS TO THE LIBBARY. Titles. Donobs. Academies and Societies (continued). Sydney : — Entomological Society of Kew South Wales. Transactions. Yol. 1, Pt. 5. 8vo. Sydney, 1866. W. Mac Leat, Esq., F.L.S. Toronto : — See also Journals. Canadian Entomologist. Canadian Institute. Canadian Journal of Science, Literature, and History. ^Ifew Series. Nos. 72 & 73. 8yo. Toronto, 1870-71. The Institute. Turin : — R. Accademia delle Scisnze. Atti. Vol. 5 (Disp. 1-7). 8vo. Torino, 1869-70. . Appendice ad Yol. 4 (Minerali Italian!). 8vo. Ibid., 1869. Bolletino Meteorologico ed Astronomico del E. Observatorio. Anno 4. obi. 4to. Ibid., 1869. Notizia storica dei lavori fatti daUa Classe di Scienze Fisiche e Matematicbe, negli anni 1864 e 1865. .8vo. Ibid., 1869. The Academt. Upsal : — Royal Society of Sciences. Nova Acta. Series 3. Yol. 7, fasc. 1 & 2. 4to. Upsalise, 1869-70. The Society. Venice : — Regio Istituto Yeneto di Scienze, Lettere, ed Arti. Memorie. Yol. 14 parte 3, e Yol. 15, pte. 1. 4to. Yenezia, 1870. Atti. Serie 3, Tomo 14, Disp. 6-10, & T. 15, Disp. 1-9. 8vo. Ibid., 1868-70. The Institute. Vienna :— Kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenchaften. Math. Nat. Classe. Denkschriften. Baud 29. 4to. Wien, 1869. Sitzuugsberichte. Abth. 1, Bd. 59, Hft. 3-5, & Bd. 60, Hft. 1 & 2. Abth. 2, Bd. 59, Hft. 4 & 5, und Bd. 60, Hft. 1 & 2. 8vo. Ibid., 1869. additi0it8 to the library. xul Titles. Donors. AcADEMTES AND SociETrES (^otitimted) ; — Vienna (continued) : — Kaiserl. Akademie der "Wissenchaften. Math. Nat. Classe. Anzeiger, Jahrg. 7, Xos. 13-29, & Jahrg. 8, Nos. 1-6 & 10- 14. 8vo. Ibid., 1870-71. The Academy. Eeise der CEsterreichischen Fregatte ' Xovara ' um die Erde in 1857-9, &c. Botanisclier Theil. Band 1. — 1. Flechten, bearbeitet von A. V. Krempelhiiber. — 2. Pilze Leber- und Laubmoose, von Dr. H. W. Eeichardt. — 3. Gefass-Kryptogamen, von Dr. Georg Mettenius. — Ophioglosseen & Equisetaceen von Dr. Jul. Milde. 4to. "Wien, 1870. Ptirchased. K. K. Geologiscbe Reichs-Anstalt. Abhandlungen. Band 4, Abth. 9 & 10. (=Hornes, If., MoritZy Dr., & Reuss, A. E. Fossilen Mollusken des Tertiar-Beckens von Wien, Bd. 2, :N'os. 9 & 10.) 4to. Wien, 1870. Jahrbuch. Bd. 19, No. 2, & Bd. 20 (Nos. 1-4). 8vo. Ihid., 1869-70. Yerhandlungen. Jahrg. 1869, Nos. 6-9, & J. 1870 (Nos. 1^18). 8vo. Ihid. The Institute. K. K. Zoologiseh-Botanische Gesellschaft. Verhandlungen. Band 20. 8vo. Wien, 1870. The Society. Warwickshire : — Natural History and Archaeological Society. Annual Eeport (34th). 8vo. Warwick, 1870. The Society. Washin^on : — Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. 16. 4to. Washington, 1870. MisceUaueous Collections. Yols, 8 & 9. 8vo. Ibid., 1869. Annual Report of the Board of Eegents for 1868. 8vo. Ihid., 1869. The Institutiox. "Wiesbaden : — Nassauischer Yerein fiir Naturkunde. Jahrbiicher. Jahrg. 21 & 22. 8vo. Wiesbaden, 1867-68. The Association. xiv additions to thb library. Titles. Donors. Journals : — » Adansonia : Recueil periodique d' Observations Botaniques ; redige par le Dr. H. Baillon. Tomes 1-8. 8vo. Paris, 1860-68. Ptjechased. Annales Botanices systematicse. See "Walpers. Annales des Sciences Naturelles. 1''* Serie. Tomes 1-9, par MM. Audouin, Ad. Brongniart, et Dumas. 8vo. Paris, 1824- 26. Purchased. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 4th Series, Nos. 31-42. 8vo. London, 1870-71. Dr. Prancis, F.L.S. &e. Archivfiir Natiirgescliichte; gegriindet von A. F. A. "Wiegmann; fortgesetzt von W. F. Ericlison &c. Jahrg. 34, Hft. 6, J. 35, Hft. 2, 5, & 6, und J. 36, Hft. 2-4. 8vo. BerHn, 1868-70. Purchased. Athenaeum. Parts 510-21. (=Nos. 2223-74.) 4to. London, 1870-71. The Publisher. Botanical Magazine. 3rd Series : conducted by J. D. Hooker, M.D., F.R.S., L.S. &c. Nos. 307-18. 8vo. London, 1870-71. Purchased. Botanische Zeitung. Redaction, H. von Mohl und A. de Bary. Jahrg. 28, Nos. 25-52, und Jahrg. 29, Nos. 1-21. 4to. Leipzig, 1870-71. Purchased. Canadian Entomologist: edited by the Bev. J. S. Bethune. Vol. 1, Nos. 10-12, & Yol. 2, Nos. 1 and 6-12. 8vo. Toronto, 1869-70. Henry Reeks, Esq., F.L.S. Canadian Naturalist and Quarterly Journal of Science. See Academies &c., Montreal. English Botany. See Smith, J. E. Entomologist : edited by E. Newman, Esq., F.L.S. No. 85. 8vo. London, 1870. The Editor. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine : conducted by M. G. Knaggs, M.D., R. M'Lachlan, Esq. &c. Nos. 74-85. London, 1870- 71. The Editors. Flora. — See Academies. Regsenburg. Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette. Nos. 23-53 for 1870, and Nos. 1-23 for 1871. 4to. London. Purchased. Geological Magazine : edited by Henry Woodward, F.G.S. &c. Vol. 7, Nos. 7-12, and Vol. 8, Nos. 1-6. 8vo. London, 1870-71. The Editor. abditioxs tu the library. xv Titles. Donors. Journals (continued) :-r- Giornale (Xuovo) Botanico Italiauo. Pubbl. da Od. Beccari. Vol. 2, Nos. 3 & 4, and Yol. 3, Xos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Firenze, 1870-71. The Editor. Ibis ; a Quarterly Journal of Ornithology. New Series : edited by Alfred Xewton, M.A., F.L.S. &'c. (Vol. G.) Nos. 23 & 24. Svo. London, 1870. . 3rd Series : edited by Osbert Salvin, M.A., F.L.S. Xos. 1 & 2. Svo. Ihkl., 1871. Purchased. Jahrbiicher fiir wissenschaftliche Botanik : herausgegeben von Dr. N. Pringsbeim. Band 7, Heft 4. 8vo. Leipzig, 1870. Purchased. Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club. See Acad. &c. London. Journal de Conchyliologie ; public sous la direction de MM. Crosse et Fischer. 3* Serie, Tome 10, Xo. 3. Svo. Paris, 1870. Purchased. Journal of Botany, British and Foreign : edited by Berthold Seemann, Ph.D., F.L.S. &c., assisted by J. G. Baker, F.L.S., and H. Trimen, M.B., F.L.S. Xos. 91-102. 8vo. London, 1870-71. Purchased. Linnaea : ein Journal fiir die Botanik : herausgegeben von Dr. Aug. Garcke. Xeue Folge, Band 2, Heft 4-6, und Band 3, Heft 1. Svo. Berlin, 1870-71. Purchased. Malakozoologische Blatter ; als Fortsetzung der Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie ; herausgegeben von Dr. Louis PfeiiFer. Band 16, Bogen 13-16, Bd. 17, Bog. 1-9, und Bd. 18, Bog. 1-3. Svo. Cassel, 1869-71. Purchased. Monthly Microscopical Journal. See Acajdemtes &c. London, E,. Microscopical Society. Nature : a weekly illustrated Journal of Science. Nos 33-84. Svo. London, 1870-71. The Publisher. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift ; stiftet af Henrik Kroyer ; udgivet af Prof. J. C. Schiodte. E^kke 3. Bind 1-5, und Bd. 6, Hft. 1 & 2. Svo. Kjobenhavn, 1861-69. The Editor. Xederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief : onder redactie van TV. F. E. Suringar en M. J. Cop. Deel 5, Stuk 4. Svo. Leeuwar- den. Purchased, Xuovo Giornale. See Giornale. XYl ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARr. Titles. Donors, Journals (continued) : — Pharmaceutical Journal. See Academies &c.. Liondon, Pharmaceutical Society. Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 4th Series, Nos. 264-76. 8vo. London, 1870-71. Dr. Francis, P.L.S. &c. Popular Science Review : edited by Henry Lawson, M.D. Nos. 36-89. Svo. London, 1870-71. The Publisher, Robert Hardwicke, Esq., F.L.S. Revue des Cours Seientifiques de la France et de I'Etranger. Direction, Eug. Yung et Em. Alglave. 7 annee. Xo. 41. 4to. Paris, 1870. The Editors. Scientific Opinion. Kos. 85-87. 4to. London, 1870. The PrBLisHER. Tijdsclirift voor Entomologie. See Academies &c. Leyden, jS'ederlandsche Entomol. Yereeniging. Tijdschrift voor Tndische Taal-, Land-, en Yolkenkunde. See Academies &c. Batavia. Tijdschrift (Natuurkundig) voor Nederlandsch Indie. See Aca- demies &c. Batavia. Vargasia. See Academies &e. Caracas. Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie : herausgegeben von C. T. von Siebold und Albert KoUiker. Band 20, Heft 4, und Bd. 21, Hft. 1. 8vo. Leipzig, 1870. Purchased. Zoologist: edited by Edward Newman, F.L.S. 2nd Series, Nos. 58-69. 8vo. London, 1870-71. Purchased. Agassiz, Louis. Address delivered on the Centennial Anniversary of the birth of Alexander von Humboldt. Svo. Boston, 1869. Boston Natural History Society. Allemao, F. F., Serrao, A., Netto, Lad., &c. Breve Noticia sobre a CoUecgao das Madeiras do Brasil (Bois du Bresil) apre- sentada na Exposigao Internacional de 1867. Svo. Rio de Janeiro, 1867. Dr. L. Netto. [i^adreini, R.^ Anthropologie. Analyse des deux memoires de G. B. Ercolani sur la structure, la fonction, &c. du placenta des Mammiferes ; et de la These d'Ed. Bruch sur I'appareil de la generation chez les Selaciens. 4to. (Alger, Juin, 1870.) 9 Atkinson, Edward. On some points of Osteology of the Pichi- ADDiriO>'^S TO THE LIBRARY. XVll Titles. DoNORt^. ciego {ChIam)/do2)Jiortis truncatus, Harlau). 8vo. (Journ. Anat. and Phys., vol. 5.) 1870. The Author. Audotiin, Ed. Aunales des Sciences Nat. See Journals. Baillon, JI. Histoire des Plautes. Tome 2, Fam. 10-12, coni- l)letii)g vol. 2. 8vo. Paris, 1870. Purchased. . Xatural History of Plants ; translated by M.M. Hartog. Vol. 1. 8vo. London, 1871. Messrs. Heeve & Co. , Ed. Adansonia. See Journals. Baker, /. G. See von Martius. Flora Brasil. Balfour, Ediv. The Timber Trees, timber, and fancy woods, as also the Forests, of India and of E. and S. Asia. 3rd ed. 8vo. Madras, 1870. Secretary of State for Ixiha. Baruffaldi, GiroJamo. II Canapajo. 4to. Bologna, 17-11. James Yates, Esq., F.ll. & L.S. Bauer, Ferd. lUustrationes Florae 'Novse Hollandiaj : s. Icones Generum qua) in Prodromo Florae Nova; Hollandia^, &c., de- scripsit Eobertus Brown. Xos. 1-3. Fol. Loudini, 1813. J. J. Beitnett, Esq., Y.P.L.S. Baumhauer, E. H. von. Archives Ts'eerl. «Sc. See Academies ic. Haarlem, Soc. HoU. d. Sc. Beddome, B. II. The Ferns of Southern India : being descrip- tions and plates of the Ferns of the Madras Presidency. Pts. 1-20. -Ito. Madras, 1863-04. D. Hanbcry, Esq., F.ll. & L.S. Bennett, Geo. See New S. Wales. Silk, correspondence re- lating to. Bentham, George. Flora Australiensis. Vol. 5 (Myoporinea; to Proteacese). 8vo. London, 1870. The ArinoR. . See von Martius. Flora Brasil. Bethune, C. J. S.. Ed. See Journals : Canadian Entomologist. Binney, W. G., Ed, See Gould, A. A. Blanchard, Emile. Discours lus aux seances tenues a la Sor- bonne, en Avril, 1805, 1867, 1868, 1869, and 1870. 8vo. Paris, 1865-70. . Eapport sur les travaux soientifiques des Soeietes Savantes publics en 1865. 8vo. {Ihid., 1866.) (j. Bentham, Esq., Pres. L.S. Borre, A. P. de. Considerations sur la classification ct la distri- bution geographique de la fam. des Cicindeletes. (Ann. Soc. Entom. Belg., tome 13.) 8vo. The ArxnoR. ADmXIOXS TO THE LIBRARY. — ScSsioU 1870-71. b XVlll ADDITIONS TO THE LIBBARY. Titles. Donoks. Brongniart, Ad., Ed. Ann. Sc. Kat. See Journals. Brown, liobert. (Campst.) Descrij)tions of some new or little- known Oaks from N.W. America. (Ann. Nat. Hist. Apr. 1871.) The Author. Buckman, James. On the nature of Fairy Rings. 8vo. London, 1870. The Author. Caldwell, J. Report on New Caledonia. Fop. folio. (Mauritius?) The Author ? Carpenter, B. W., JeflFreys, J. G., and Thomson, Wyville. Report on the Scientific Exploration of the Deep Sea, in H.M.S. ' Porcupine,' during the summer of 1869. 8vo. London, 1870. The Reporters. Charlesworth, Ediv. The Stone-horing problem. ]2mo. Lon- don, 1869. i sheet. The Author. Clarke, Benj. On systematic Botany and Zoology ; including a new arrangement of phenogamous Plants &c. Obi. fol. Lon- don, 1870. The Author. Cotta, Benihard von. XJeber das Entwickelungsgesetz der Erde. 8vo. Leipzig, 1867. Charles Darwik, Esq., F.R. & L.S. Cunningham, E. 0. Notes on the Natural History of the Strait of Magellan and "West Coast of Patagonia. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1871. G. Bentham, Esq., Pros. L.S. Delpino, Federico. Ulteriori osservazioni sulla Dicogamia nel Regno Yegetale. Parte 2, fasc. 1. 8vo. Milano, 1870. The Author. Dumas, — , Ed. Ann. Sc. Nat. See Journals. Bhrenberg, C. G. Ueber machtige Gebirgs-Schichten vorherr- schend aus mikroskopischen Bacillarien, unter und bei der Stadt Mexico. 4to. Berlin, 1869. C. Darwin, Esq., F.R. & L.S. Sichler, A. G. Flor. Brasil. See v. Martius. Sversmann, E. Natural History of the Birds of Orenbourg. (Rossice). 8vo. Kazan, 1866-68. University op Kazan. Flower, T. B. Flora of Wiltshire. No. 13. 8vo. (Devizes.) The Author. Frauenfeld, Georg, Ritter von. Die ausgestorbenen und ausster- benden Thiere der jiingsten Erdperiode. 12mo. Wien, 1870. . Kiirzer Bericht meines Ausfluges von Heihgenblut, iiber Agram, an den Plattensee : mit Beschreibung einiger Meta- morphoseu und einer ucuen Clausilia. 8vo. Ibid., 1870. additions to the libeabt. xix Titles. Donors. Frauenfeld, G. Uebcr Vertilgung des Raj^skafers. 8vo. 1870. . Ueber den "VVert der Vogel iu bezug auf das Vogelschutz- gesetz. 8vo, Wien. The Attthok. Funck, H. G. Cryptogamische Gewachse ; besonders des Ficlitel- gebirgs. Heft 1-33. 4to. Leipzig, 1806-27. James Yates, Esq., F.R. & L.S. Gervais, Paul. Cetacees des Cotes Francaises de la Mediter- ranee. (Comptes Rendus do I'Acad. Sc, tome 59.) 4to. Paris, 1864. . Nouvelles remarques sur les Poissons fluviatiles de I'Algerie. {Ibid., tome 63.) 4to. Ihid., 1866. G. Bentham, Esq., Pres. L.S. Gilbertj /. H. See Masters, M. T. Gould, Aiix). A. Eeport on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts. 2nd edition, edited by W. G. Binney. 8vo. Boston, 1870. The Comstonwealth oe Massachusetts. Gould, Nathaniel. On the Pines of Canada. (From the Nautical Magaz., 1833.) 8vo. James Yates, Esq., F.E. & L.S. Giinther, A. C. L. G., Ed. Eecord of Zoological Literature, 1869. Vol. 6. 8vo. London, 1870. Purchased. Haast, Julius. Moas and Moa Hunters : Anniversary Address delivered March 1, 1871, at the opening of the session of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, New Zealand. 8vo. Christchurch, 1871. The Author. Harvey, W. H. Phycologia Australica : or a History of Austra- lian Sea-weeds. 5 vols. 8vo. London, 1858-63. Purchased. Hayden, F. V. Geological Eeport of the Exploration of the Yellowstone and Missouri Elvers, under the direction of Cap- tain W. F. Eaynolds, Engineers, 1859-60. 8vo. Washington, 1869. . Preliminary Field Eeport of the U. S. Geological Survey of Colorado and New Mexico. 8vo. Ihid., 1869. The Author. Menfrey, ArtJiur, Elementary Course of Botany. 2nd Edition, by M. T. Masters, M.D., F.E. & L.S. 12mo. London, 1870. Purchased. Homes, M. Fossilen Mollusken, &c. See Academies &c. Vienna, Geol. E.-Anstalt. Hoffmann, Herm. Ueber Kalk- und Salz-pflanzen. (Landw. Versuchsstationen, cd. Dr. F. Nobbe, Bd. 13.) 8vo. 1870. b2 xx additions to the library, Titles. Donors. Hoffmann, //. Mykologische Berichte. 8yo. Giessen, 1871. . UntersuchuDgen iiber kunstliche Sempervirenz ; ein Beitrag zur Akklimatisationslehre. (Berlin Woclienschrift, No. 3, 1871.) 4to. The Author. Hohenbiihel-Heufler, Ludivig, Preiherr von. Franz von My- gind, der Freund Jacquin's. (Yerh. d. k, k. Zool.-Bot. Ges. in Wien, Bd. 20.) 8vo. Wien, 1870. . Die angebliche Fundorte von Hymen ophyllnm tunbridgense, Sm., im Gebiete des Adriatischen Meeres. {Pad., 1870.) 8vo. The Author. Hooker's Icones Plantarum. 3rd series, edited by J. D. Hooker, M.D., F.E. & L.S. Part 4. 8vo. London, 1871. George Bentham, Esq., Pres. L.S. Hornschuch, Fr. See Nees v. Esenbeek, C. 0. Jeffreys, J. G. British Conchology : or an account of the Mol- lusca which now inhabit the British Isles and the surrounding seas. 5 vols. 12mo. London, 1862-69. Purchased. Jenyns, Pev. Leonard. Addresses to the Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club, Feb. 18, 1870, and Feb. 20, 1871 . 8vo. Bath, 1870-71. . St. Swithin and other Weather Saints. 8vo. Ibid., 1871. The Author. Konig, Charles. Icones Fossilium seetiles. Cent. 1. Sm. fol. (Londini, 1825.) J. J. Bennett, Esq., Y.P.L.S. Kroyer, //., Ed. Naturhist. Tidsskrift. See Journals. I»ange, Joan. Prodr. Florae Hispan. See 'Winkomm, M. Lawson, Peter, and Son. List of Plants of the Fir Tribe. Sm. 4to. Edinburgh, 1851. James Yates, Esq., F.R. & L.S. Lichtenstein, J. Maladie de la Yigne. See Planchon, J. E. Iiinnseus, Car. Copies of various documents relating to his dis- covery of a mode of producing Artificial Pearls. (MS.) Mr. Oscar Dickson, of Gothenburg. Magnus, P. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Gattung Naias, L. 4to. Berlin, 1870. C Darwin, Esq., F.R. & L.S. Martins, C. P. jrh. de, and Eichler, A. Q., Ed. Flora Brasili- ensis. Ease 49. Cyathaceae et Polypodiaceae, a J. G. Baker. Ease. 50. Swartzieae et Caesalpinieae, a G. Bentham. Fol. Lipsioo, 1870. Purchased. Masters, M. T., and Gilbert, J. H. Reports of experiments made in the gardens of the lioyal Horticultural Soeictj', at ADBITIOJfS TO THE LIBRARY. XXI Titles. DojfORs. Chiswick, in 1869, on the influence of various manures on dif- ferent species of plants. 8vo, London, 1870. Dr. Masters, F.R. & L.S. Meyer, Ad. Bemh. Das Hemmungsnerveusvstera des Hcrzens. 8vo. Berlin, 1869, C. Darwin, Esq., F.R. & L.S. Meyer, C. E. H. von. Denkschrift von. See Zittel, C. A. MichauTC, Andre. Histoire des Arbres Forestiers de TAmcrique Septentrionale. Pins et Sapius. 8vo. Paris, 1810. . Noyers (Juglans). 8vo. Ihkh, 1811. James Yates, Esq., E.R. & L.S. Miklos, Sontag. Az Erjedos es az Uj Gomba-Elmelet, &c. Pest, 1870. Miiller, Enn. Applieazione della Teoria Darwiniana ai Fiori ed agli Insetti, Visitatori dei Fiori. Versione del Tedcsco e anno- tazioni di Fed. Delpino. (BuU. See. Entomol. ItaL vol. 2, 1870.) The Translator. Nees von Bsenbeck, C. G., Hornschuck, Fr., und Sturm, Jac. Bryologia Gerroanica: oder Beschreibung der in Deutsch- laud und in der Schweitz wachsenden Laubmoose. Th. 1 & Th. 2, Abtb. 1. 8vo. NUrnberg, 1825-27. James Yates, Esq., F.R. & L.S. Netto, Ladislau. Additions a la Flore Bresilienue. Itineraire Botanique dans la Province de Miiias Geraes, 8vo. Paris, 1866. . Investigagoes historicas e scientificas sobre o Museu Imperial e Nacional do Rio de Janeiro. 8vo. Rio, 1870. . Apontamentos relatives a Botanica applicada no Brasil. 8vo. Ihid., 1871. The Author. Packard, A. S. Record of Amcr. Entomology. See Academies &c. Salem, Mass. Essex Institute. Peschel, Oscar. Neu Probleme der vergleicbenden Erdkunde als Versueh einer Morphologic der Erdoberflache. 8vo, Leipzig, 1 870. C. Darwin, Esq., F.R. & L.S. Planchon, J. E. La Phthiriose, ou Pediculaire de la vigne ehez les anciens, et les Cochenilles de la vigne chez les modernes. (Bull. Soc. d. Agri. 1870.) 8vo. Planchon, J. E., and Lichtenstein, J. Maladie de la Vigne, Conseils pratiques contre le Phylloxera, 8vo. Montpellier, 1870. . Maladie de la Vigne. Le Phylloxera, Instructions pratiques addressees aux Viticulteurs, &c, 8vo. Ibid., 1870. The Attthors ? XXll ADDITIONS TO THE LTBRAEY. Titles, Donors. Porcher, F. Peyre. Eesources of the Southern Pields and Forests, Medical, (Economical, and Agricultm-al. 8vo. Charlston, 1869. The Atjthoe. Potts, T. H. Notes on the breeding-habits of New-Zealand Birds. (Eead before the "Wellington Philosophical Society, July 17, 1869.) 8vo. Wellington. The Axjthoe. Prior, R. G. A. On the popular names of British plants. 2nd edition. 8vo. London, 1870. The Author. Pulteny, Bicli. Opusculum Botanicum, locos plantarum natales circa Loughborough et in agris adjacentibus sponte nascentium exhibens. MS. 4to. Loughborough, 1749. (Iconibus pictis.) . A Catalogue of some of the more rare plants found in the neighbourhood of Leicester, Loughborough, and in Charley Forest. 8vo. MS. (Printed in Mchol's History of Leicester- shire.) . A methodical distribution of plants, according to Mr. Eay's method : together with a compleater method of classing the Mosses : improved by Dr. Dillenius. MS. 4to. (1749). . General view of the writings of the late celebrated Linne. (Original MS.) 8vo. J. B. Hicks, M.D., F.L.S. Reeve, Lovell. Conchologia Iconica. Pts. 284-7. 4to. London, 1870. Purchased. Reichenbach, H. G. Beitrage zur systematischen Pflanzenkunde. 4to. Hamburg, 1871. G. Bentham, Esq., Pros. L.S. Roscoe, W. Address delivered previous to the opening of the Botanic Garden, Liverpool, May 3rd, 1802. 8vo. Liverpool, 1802. Jas. Yates, Esq., F.R. & L.S. Salm Dyck, Prince Jos. de. Caetese in Horto Dyckensi cultae, anno 1849. 8vo. Bonnse, 1850. (Cum litt. autogr.) Jas. Yates, Esq., F.E. & L.S. Saunders, Edward. Species of the genus Buprestis, L., de- scribed previous to 1830. 8vo. London, 1870. The Author. Saunders, W. W., Ed. Eefugium Botanicum : or Figures and Descriptions, from living specimens, of new or little-known plants of botanical interest. Yol. 3, part 3, & vol. 4, parts 1 & 2. 8vo. London, 1870-71. The Editor. Saunders, W. W., Smith, W. G., &c. Mycological illustrations ; being figures of new and rare Hymenomycetous Fungi. Part I. 8vo. London, 1871. W. W. Saunders, Esq., Y.P.L.S. Schibdte, J. C, Ed. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift. See Journals. additioks to tde library. xxiu Titles. Donors. Schmidt, Oscar. Die Spongien der Kiiste von Algier. 3tes Supplement. 4to. Leipzig, 1868. C. Darwin, Esq., F.E,.«&L.S. Schomburgk, B. lleport, as Director of the Adelaide Botanic Garden, 1870. Fcap. fol. Adelaide. . (Lecture, to the Chamber of Manufactures, on plants, i. Prodomus Florce Hispauicte. Yol. 2, pars 3. 8vo. Stuttgart, 1870. Purchased. "Wissett, Robert. Treatise on Hemp : with observations on the Sunn Plant of India (Crotalaria juncea). 4to. London, 1808. James Yates, Esq., F.E. & L.S. Wood, E. 8. See Academies &c. India, Forest Reports. Zittel, C. A. Denkschrift auf C. E. H. von Meyer. 4to. Munchcn, 1870. The Academy of Sciences, Munich. ADDITIONS LIBEARY OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY. RECEIVED FROM JUNE 16, 1871, TO JUNE 20, 1872. Titles. Donoks. Academies and Societies. Adelaide : — Botanic Garden. See Schomburgk, E. Philosophical Society- Annual Report and Transactions for the year ending Sept. 30, 1870. 4to. Adelaide, 1871. C. A. Wit,son, Esq. Amsterdam : — Kon. Akademie van "Wetenschappen. Verhandelingen. Deel 12. 4to. Amsterdam, 1871. Verslagen en Mededeelingen. Afdeeling Natuurkunde. 2^^ Reeks, 5^^ Deel. 8vo. Ibid., 1871. . Afd. Letterkunde. 2'>« Reeks, 1st Deel. Svo. Ibid., 1871. .Jaarboek voor 1870. 8vo. Ibid. Processeu-Verbaal van de gewone Vergaderingen der Aka- demie. 1870-71. Nos. 1-10. 8vo. Ibid. The Academy. ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. Scssion 1871-72. ti 11 additions to the libeaey. Titles. Donoks. Academies and Societies (continued). Basel : — Naturforscliende Gesellschaft. Verhandlungen. Theil 5, Heft 3. 8vo. Basel, 1871, The Society. Batavia : — BataA-iaaseh Genootsehap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Tijdscluift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkiuide. Deel 19 Afl. 1-6. 8vo. Batavia, 1869-70. Notulen van. de Algemeene en Bestuurs-vergaderingen. Deel 7, Nos. 2-4, & Deel 8, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Ibid, 1869-70. The Society. Berlin : — Kon. Akademie der Wissenschaften. Abhandlungen, aus dem Jahre 1870. 4to. Berlin, 1871. Monatsberichte, fiir Jan.-Dec. 1871, & Jan. & Feb. 1872. 8ro. Ibid., 1871-72. The Academy. Botanischer Yerein fiir die Provinz Brandenburg und die angrenzenden Lander. Verliandlungen, Jabrg. 9-12. redigirt von Dr. P. Ascherson. 8vo. Ibid., 1867-70. The Association. Yerein zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues in den Kon. Preuss. Staaten. Woehenschrift, Jahrg. 14, 1871. 4to. Berlin. The Society. Berwickshire : — Nateralists' Club. Proceedings. Yol. 6, No. 3. 8vo. (1871 ?). The Club. Bogota : — Exposicion Nacional del 20 de Julio, 1871. Catalogo del Estado S. de Antioquia. 8vo. Bogota, 1871. Informe de los Esploradores del Territorio de San Martin. 8vo. Ibid., 1871. Catalogo de los Objetos enviados por la Sociedad de Natur- alistos Colombianos. 8vo. Ibid., 1871. Ensayo descriptive de las Palmas de San Martin i Casanare, por Jenaro Balderraxua. 8vo. Ibid., 1871. additions to the library. ul Titles. Donoks. Academies aih) Societies (contmued). Bogota (continued) : — Exposicion Nacional del 20 de Julio, 1871 (continued). Catalogo de las Collecciones mineralogica i jeologica, de Li- borio Zerda. 8to. Ibid., 1871 . The Exhibition ? Bonn : — Naturhistorischer Yerein der Preussischen Rheinlande, &Q. Yerhandlungen, Jahrgang 27. 8vo. Bonn, 1870. The Association. Bordeaux : — Societe des Sciences Physiques et Xaturelles. Memoires, Tome 6, cahiers 3 ife 4, & Tome 8, cahiers 1 & 2. 8vo. Paris, 1868-72. The Society. Boston, Mass. : — American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Memoirs. New series. Vol. 10, part 1. -Ito. Cambridge and Boston, 1868. Proceedings. Vol. 8, sheets 18-37. 8vo. (Boston), 1869-70. The Academy. Harvard College. See Cambridge. Society of I^atural History. Memoirs. Vol. 2, part 1. 4to. (Boston), 1871. Proceedings. Vol. 13, sheets 15-23. 8vo. 1869-70. The Society. Brandenburg s — Botan. Verein. See Berlin. Bremen: — Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein. Abhandlungcn. Band 2, Heft 1 & 3, und Band 3, Heft 1. 8to. Bremen, 1869-72. Jahresbericht 6 «fc 7. 8vo. Ibid., 1871-72. Bericht iiber das Naturhistorische Cabinet und die Bibliothek des Museums. 8vo. Ibid., 1871. The Association. Brunn : — T^aturforschender Verein. Verhandlungen. Band 8, Heft 1 & 2. 8vo. Briinu, 1870. The Association. a2 iv additions to the libeaby. Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). Brussels : — Academie Roy. des Sciences, &c. de Belgique. Memoires. Tome 38. 4to. Bruxelles, 1871. Memoires couronnes et Memoires des Savants Etrangers. Tomes 35 & 36. 4to. Ibid, 1870-71. Bulletins. 2^ Serie. Tomes 29 & 30. 8vo. Ibid., 1870. Annuaire. 37*^ annee. 12mo. Ibid., 1871. Observations des phenomenes periodiques. 4to. 1869. The Academy. Societe Entomologique Beige. Annales. Tomes 1-14. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1857-71. The Society. Buenos Ayres : — Miiseo Publico. Anales: por German Burmeister, M.D., &c. Entrega 8 & 9. (Tomo 2, Entrega 2 & 3). 4to. Buenos Aires, 1871. The Editor. Calcutta : — Asiatic Society of Bengal. Journal. New series. Vol. 40, part 2. 8vo. Calcutta, 1871. Proceedings. Kos. 3-13 for 1871, and No. 1 for 1872. 8vo. Ibid., 1871-72. The Society. Cambridge, Mass. : — Harvard College Museum of Comparative Zoology. Annual Eeport of the Trustees ; and Report of the Director for 1870. 8vo. Boston, 1871. Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum, No. 3. (Hagen, H. A., Monograph of North American Astacidce). 4to. Cambridge, 1870. The Mitsetjm. Canada. See Montreal and Toronto : — Geological Survey of See Dawson, J. W. Canadian Entomologist. See Journals. additions to the library. v Titles. Do>^or3. Academies and Societies (continued). Cherbourg : — Societe des Sciences Naturelles. Memoires. Tome 1, livr. 3 & 4, and Tome 15. (2^me Serie, Tome 5). 8vo. Paris, etc., 1853-70. Catalogue de la Bibliotheque de la Societe. Partio 1. Svo. Cherbourg, 1870. The Societit. Christiauia : — Norwegian University. See Blytt, A. Connecticut : — See New Haven. Copenhagen : — Botaniske Forening. Botanisk Tidsskrif t ; redigeret af H. Kiferskou. Esekke 1 , Bind 4, Htefte 2 & 3 ; and E«kke 2, Bind 1, Hiefte 1. Svo. Kjobenhaven, 1870-72. Purchased. Kongl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. Skiifter. Naturvidensk. og mathem. Afdeling. Ilaekke 5, Bind 9, Hft 5. 4to. Kjobenhavn, 1871. Oversigt over det Kgl. D. V. S. rorhandlinger, &c. 1870, Ko. 3, and 1871, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Ibid. The Soclbiy, Cornwall Polytechnic Society ; — See Falmouth. Devonshire : — Association for the Advancement of Science. Report and Transactions. Yol. 4, pt. 2. 8vo. Plymouth, 1871. The Association. Dresden : — Academia Caes. Germanica Naturae Curiosorum. Nova Acta (Verhandlungen). Tom. 35. 4to. Dresdae, 1870. The Academy. Dublin : — Royal Dublin Society. Journal. No. 40. Svo. Dublin, 1872. The SociBir. vi additions to the libeaby. Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). Edinburgh : — Botanical Society. Transactions and Proceedings. Vol. 11, pt. 1. 8vo. Edin- burgh, 1871. Thb Society. Royal Society. Transactions. Yol. 26, pts. 2 & 3. 4to. (Edinburgh.) Proceedings, Session 1870-71. (Yol. 7, Nos. 82 & 83). 8vo. Edinburgh. The Society. Falmouth : — Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society. Annual Reports (38 & 39). 8vo. Falmouth, 1870-71. The Society. Frankfort a. M. : — Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Abhandlungen. Band 8, Heft 1 & 2. 4to. Frankfort a. M., 1872. Bericht, 1870-71. 8vo. Ihid., 1871. The Society. Geneva : — Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle. Memoires. Tome 21, partie 1. 4to. Paris & Bale, 1871. . Table des Memoires contenus dans les tomes 1 a 20. 4to. Geneve, 1871. The Society. Gottingen : — Konigl. GeseUschaft der Wissenschaften. Abhandlungen. Band 15 & 16. 4to. Gottingen, 1871-72. Nachrichten, aus den Jahreu 1870-71. 8vo. Ihid. The Society. Haarlem : — Societe HoUandaise des Sciences. Archives Neerlandaises des Sciences Exaetes et Naturelles. Tome 5, Livr. 4 & 5, et Tome 6, Livr. 1-5. 8vo. La Haye, 1870-71. The Society. Hague : — Nederlandsche Entomologische Veroeniging. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. 2(^« Serie, Decl 6, Afl. 2-6. 8vo. Gravenhage, 1871. The Society. additions to the library. vu Titles. Donoes. Academies and Societies (continued). Hobart Town, V. D. Land:— Eoyal Society of Tasmania. Monthly Notices of Papers and Proceedings for 1870. 8vo. Hobart Town, 1871. The Society. India : — Forest Reports. Report ou the Pyinkadoh (Xylia dolabriformis, Eth.) Forests of Aracan. Fcap. fol. Eangoou, 1870. Report ou Punjab Forest Administration for 1870-71. Fcap. fol. India Oeeice. Indiana : — Geological Survey of. See Cox, E. T. Innsbruck : — Naturwissenschaftlich-medizinischer Verein. Berichte. Jahrg. 1, Hft. 1 & 2, und Jahrg. 2, Hft. 1-3. 8vo. Innsbruck, 1870-72. The Association. Kazan :^ University. XJtchenia Zapiski. 1864, Nos. 1 & 2. Svo. Kazan, 1865. Izvestia i XJtchenia Zapiski. 1868, Nos. 3-6. 8vo. Ibid., 1870. The University. Kew:— Royal Gardens, Report ou. See Hooker, J. D. Konigsberg : — Kon. Physikal.-okonom. Gesellsehaft. Schriften. Jahrg. 11, Abth. 1 & 2, 4to. Konigsberg, 1870-71. The Society. Lausanne : — Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles. Bulletin. Nos. 63-67. 8vo. Lausanne, 1870-72. The Society. Leyden : — Nederlandsche Botanischo Vereeniging. Nederlandsch Kruidkun dig Ar chief ; ondcr rcdactic van Dr. AV. F. R. Suringar, &c. 2^*^ Serie, Dcel 1, Stuk 1. Svo. Nijmegeu, 1871. The Association. viu additions to the libkary. Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). Lisbon : — Academia Real das Sciencias. Memorias. Classe de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas, c Naturaes. Nova Serie. Tomo 4, Parte 1 & 2. 4to. Lisboa, 1867-70. Catalogo das Publicagoes da Academia. 8vo, Ibid., 1865. The Academy, Liverpool : — Literary and Philosophical Society. Proceedings. Nos. 23 & 24. 8vo. London, &c., 1869-70. The SociBi'T. London : — British Association for the Advancement of Science. Report of the 40th & 4l8t Meetings. 8vo. London, 1871-72. Thb Association, British Museum. Catalogues of Zoological Specimens, &c. London. I. Veetebrata. 1. Catalogue of the bones of Mammalia (E. Gerrard). 8vo, 1862. 2. of Monkeys, Lemurs, and fruit-eating Bats. By Dr. J. E. Gray F.R.S. &c. 8vo. 1870. '3. of Carnivorous, Pachydermatous, and Edentate Mammalia. By Dr. Gray. 8vo. 1869. 4. of Seals and Whales. 2nd edition. By Dr. Gray, F.L.S. &c. 8vo. 1866. 5, . Supplement. By Dr. Gray. 8vo. 1871. 6. of British Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. &c. 8vo. 1863. 7. Hand-list of Genera and Species of Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. &c. Parts 1-3. 8vo. 1869-71. 8. Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia. By Dr. Albert Giinther. 8vo. 1858. 9. of Shield Reptiles, Supplement to. Part 1. By Dr. Gray. 4to. 1870. ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. IX Academies and Societies (contimied). London (continued) : — British Museum (continued). 10. Catalogue of Apodal Fish. By Dr. Kaup. 8vo. 1856. 11. of the Fishes. By Albert Giinther, M.D. &c. Vols. 1-8. (Vols. 1-3, Acanthopterygian). 8to. 1859-70. 12. of the Mammalia and Birds of New Guinea. By J. E. & G. R. Gray. 8vo. 1859. 13. of the Birds of the Tropical Islands of the Pacific Ocean. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. 8vo. 1859. 14. of the Specimens and Drawings of Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, and Fishes of Nepal and Tibet. 2nd edition. 12mo. 1863. 15. List of Specimens of Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. Part 3, section 2-4, and part 5. 12mo. 1859-68. 16. Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes. By Dr. A. Giinther. 12mo. 1858. II. Annulosa. 17. Catalogue of Amphipodous Crustacea. By C. S. Bate, Esq. 8vo. 1862. 18. of Hemiptera Heteroptera. By F. Walker, F.L.S. Parts 1-4. 8vo. 1S67-71. 19. of Orthopterous Insects. Part 1. Phasmidae. By J. 0. Westwood, F.L.S. 4to. 1859. 20. of Blattarie®. By F. Walker, F.L.S. 8vo. 1868. . Supplement (with No. 21, part 1). 21. of Dermaptera Saltatoria. By F. Walker. Parts 1-5. 8vo. 1869-70. 22. of the Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries. By T. V. WoUaston, M.A., F.L.S. 8vo. 1864. 23. of Madeira. By T. V. WoUaston. 8vo. 1857. 24. of HispidEe. Part 1. By J. S. Baly, F.L.S. 8vo. 1868. 25. of Halticidse. Part 1. By the Rev. Hamlet Clark. 8vo. 1860. 26. Specimen of a Catalogue of Lycsenidae. By W. C. Hewitson. 4to. 1862. 27. Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera (Satyridte). By A. G. Butler. 8vo. 1868. X ADDITIONS TO THE LIBBAKY. Academies and Societies (continued). IiOndon (continued) : — British Museum (continued). 28. Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera described by Fabricius By A. G. Butler. 8vo. 1869. 29. of Coleopterous Insects. Part 9. Cassididse. By C. H. Boheman. 12mo. 1856. 30. of Neuropterous Insects. By Dr. H. Hagen. Part 1. Termitina. 12ino. 1858. 31. List of Specimens of Neuropterous Insects. Part 4. Odonata. By F. Walker, P.L.S. 12mo. 1853. 32. List of specimens of Homopterous Insects. Supplement by P. Walker. 12mo. 1858. 33. List of specimens of Lepidopterous Insects, by F. Walker. Pts. 9-35. 12mo. 1856-66. 34. List of specimens of Dipterous Insects, by F. Walker. Pt. 5, Suppl. 1, and Pt. 6, Suppl. 2. 12mo. London, 1854. 35. Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects, by F. Smith. Pts. 5-7. 12mo. 1857-59, 36. Catalogue of British Fossorial Hymenoptera. — Formicidse and Yespidae, by F. Smith. 12mo. 1858. III. MOLLUSOA. 37. List of the MoUusca. Pt. 2.— Olividse. 12mo. 1865. 38. Catalogue of Mazatlan Shells, collected by F, Eeigen, described by P. P. Carpenter. 12mo. 1857. 39. Catalogue of Auriculidae, Proserpinidse, and Truncatel- Udffi, by Dr. L. Pfeiffer. 12mo. 1857. IV. Miscellaneous. 40. Catalogue of the British non-parasitical Worms, by George Johnston, M.D. 8vo. 1865. 41. Catalogue of Sea-pens or PennatulariidaB, by J. E. Gray, Ph.D. 8vo. 1870. 42. Catalog-ue of Lithophytes, or Stony Corals, by Dr. Gray. 8vo. 1870. 43. List of British Diatomacese, by the Rev. W. Smith. 12mo. 1859. 44. Guide to the Collection of Minerals. Svo. 1870. 45. Index to the Collection of Minerals. Svo. 1870. additions to the library. xi Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). London (continued) : — British Museum (continued). 46. Catalogue of the Collection of Meteorites, by N. Story- Maskel}Tie. 8vo. 1870. The Trustees oe the British Museum. Clinical Society. Transactions. Vol. 4. Svo. London, 1871. The Society Entomological Society. Transactions. Pts. 1-5 for 1871, and Pts. 1 & 2 for 1872. 8vo. London, 1871-72. The Society. Geological Society. Quarterly Journal. Vol. 27, Pts. 3 & 4, and Vol. 28, Pts. 1 & 2. Svo. London, 1871-72. The Society. London Institution. Journal. Nos. 7-15. 8vo. London, 1871-72. The Institution. Palaeontographical Society's publications. Vol. 25. 4to, London, 1872; containing: — 1. Binney, E. W. Flora of the Carboniferous Strata. Pt. 3. 2. Dawkins, W. Boyd, and Sanford, W. A. Pleisto- cene Mammalia, Pts. 4 & 5. 3. Owen, Richard. Supplement to the Eeptilia of the Wealden (Iguanodon). No. 4. 4. Wood, S. V. Supplement to the Crag Mollusca. Pt. 2. 5. Woodward, H. Fossil Merostomata. Pt. 3. Purchased. Pharmaceutical Society. Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions. 3rd Series, Nos. 51-103. 8vo. London, 1871-72. Calendar for 1872. 8vo. Ibid., 1872. The Society. Quekett Microscopical Club. Journal. No. 15-18. Svo. London, 1871-72. Keport, 6th, and List of Members. Svo. Ibid., 1871. The Club. Ray Society. See Allman, 0. J. Royal Society. Philosophical Transactions. Vol. 161, Pts. 1 *fe 2. 4to. London, 1871. Xll ADDITIONS TO THE LIBBAKT. Titles. Donoes. Academies ajtd Societies (continued). London (continued) : — Eoyal Society (cGntinued). Proceedings. Nos. 129-134. 8vo. London, 1871. Catalogue of Scientific Papers (1800-63). Vol. 5. 4to, Ibid., 1871. List of Members, Nov. 30, 1871. 4to. The Sociexy. Eoyal Agricultural Society. Journal. 2nd Series. Vol. 7, Pt. 2, and Vol. 8, Pt. 1. 8vo. London, 1871-72. The Society. Koyal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Journal. New Series. Vol. 5, Pt. 2. 8vo. London, 1871. The Society. Koyal Geographical Society. Journal. Vol. 40. 8vo. London, 1870. Proceedings. Vol. 15, Nos. 2-5, and Vol. 16, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Ibid., 1871-72. The Society. Eoyal Horticultural Society. Journal. Vol. 2, Pts. 7 & 8, and Vol. 3, Pts. 9 ife 10. 8vo. London, 1870-72. Reduction of the Meteorological Observations at the gardens, Chiswick, in 1826-69, by James Glaisher, F.R.S. &c. 8vo. Ibid., 1871. The Society. Eoyal Institution. Proceedings. Volume 6, Parts 4 and 5. 8vo. London, 1871-72. Additions to the Library from July 1870 to July 1871. 8vo. Tke Institution. Eoyal Medical and Chirurgical Society. Medico-Chirurgical Transactions. General Index to the first 53 volumes. 8vo. London, 1871. Proceedings. Vol. 6, No. 8. 8vo. Ibid., 1871. The Society. Eoyal Microscopical Society. Monthly Microscopical Journal. Nos. 31-42. 8vo. London, 1871-72. The Society. Society of Arts. Journal. Nos. 969-1021. 8vo. London, 1871-72. The Society. additions to the librasy. xi 11 Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued), IiOndon (continued): — Zoological Society. Transactions. Vol. 7, Pts. 6-8, and Vol. 8, Pt. 1. 4to. London, 1871-72. Proceedings. Pts. 1-3 for 1871. 8vo. Ibid., 1871. The Society. Iiund : — Universitet. Ars-skrift, (Acta) for 1870. Mathematik och Naturvetenskap. 4to. Lund, 1870-71. The Ftsiograpiska Sallskapet, Lund. lay on :— Academic Imp. des Sciences. Memoires. Lettres, Tome 14. 8vo. Paris and Lyon, 1868-69. The Academy. Societe Imp. d'Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle, &c. Annales. 4"« Serie, Tome 1. 8vo. Lyon, 1869. The Society. Maine, U. S. :— Report for 1870 of the Commissioners of Fisheries of the State of Maine. 8vo. Augusta, 1870. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., Maine. Manchester : — Literary and Philosophical Society. Proceedings. Vol. 11, Nos. 1-13. 8vo. 1871-72. The Society. Melbourne :— See Victoria. Montpelier : — Botanic Garden. Index Seminum Horti Monspeliensis, Anno 1871. 4to. C. Martins, Hort. Pr^f. ? xiv additions to the library. Titles. Doitoes. Academies and Societies {continued). Montreal : — Natural History Society. Canadian Naturalist and Quarterly Journal of Science. New Series. Vol, 5, No. 4, and Vol. 6, Nos. 1-3. 8vo. Montreal, 1871-72. The Society. Moscow : — Botanic Garden. See Regel, E. Societe Imp. des Naturalistes. Nouveaux Memoires. Tome 13, Livr. 3. 4to. Moscou, 1871. Bulletin. Tome 43, Nos. 3 & 4, Tome 44, Nos. 1-4. 8vo. Ihid., 1871-72. The Society. Munich : — Kon. Bayerische Academic der Wissenschaften. Sitzungsberichte. 1870. Band 2, Hft. 2, 3, & 4, und der Mathem-physikal. Classe. 1871. Hft. 1&2. 8vo. Mun- chen, 1870-71. Almanach fiir das Jahr 1871. 12mo. Ihid. The Academy. Newcastle-on-Tyne : — Natural History Society of Northumberland and Diu'ham. Transactions. Vol. 4, Pt. 1. 8vo. London, &c. 1871. The Society. New Haven, Connecticut : — Academy of Arts and Sciences. Transactions. Vol. 1, Pt. 2, and Vol. 2, Pt. 1. 8vo. New Haven, 1867-71 . The Academy. New South Wales : — See Sydney. New York : — Lyceum of Natural History. Annals. Vol. 9, Sheets 21-26. 8vo. (New York), 1870. The Lycefm. additions to the libeakt. xv Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). Orleans, Vermont : — County Society of Natural Sciences. Archives of Science &c. Vol. 1, Nos. 1-3. 8vo. Newport, Orleans Co., Vermont, 1870-71. The Societt. Paris : — Societe Botanique de France. Bulletin. Tome 17, Eevue Bibl. D, Comptes Rendus des Seances, No. 3. Svo. Paris, 1870-71, and Tome 18, Comptes Eendus des Se'ances, No. 1, and Revue Bibl. C. Bulletin. Tome 17, Session extraordinaire a Autun-Givry, Juin, 1870. Svo. Paris, 1871. Rappoit par M. A. Delondre sur le Bombardement du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, par I'armee Allemande, en Janvier, 1871. 8vo. Ibid. The Society. Institut de France. — Academic des Sciences. Memoives. Tomes 29, 32, 34, 35, 36, & 37. 4to. Paris, 1864-70. Memoires presentes par divers Savants. Math. & Phys. Tomes 18 & 19. 4to. Ibid., 1865-68. The Institute. Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. NouveUes Archives. Tome 4, Fasc. 3 & 4, et Tome 5, Fasc. 1-4. 4to. Paris, 1868-69. The Museum. Societe Entomologique de France. Aunales. 4^ Serie, Tome 10, and Partie supplementaire (Monographic de la famille des Eucnemides, par le Victor H. de Bonvouloir). 8vo. Paris, 1870-71. . 5« Serie, Tome 1. 8vo. Ibid., 1871. The Society. Petersburg : — Academie Imp. des Sciences. Memoires. 7" Serie, Tome 16, & Tome 17, Nos. 1-10. 4to. St. Petersburg, 1870-71. Bulletin. Tome 15, Nos. 3-5, and Tome 16, Nos. 1-6. 4to. Ibid., 1870-71. The Academy. xvi additions to the libeary Titles. Donoks. Academies and Societies (continued). Petersburg (continued) : — Jardiu Botanique &c. Eeport on TpxAw &c. Tome 1, No. 1. 8vo. St, Petersburg, 1871. E. R. de Teautvettee, on part of Garden. Soeietas Entomologica Rossica. Horffi. Tom. 7, No. 4, and Tom. 8, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Petropoli, 1870-71. The Society. Philadelphia :— Academy of Natural Sciences. Proceedings. Nos. 1-3 for 1870. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1870, American Journal of Conchology. Yol. 6, Pts. 1-3. 8yo. Ibid., 1870-71. The Academy. American Philosophical Society. Proceedings. Nos. 83-87. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1870-71. Transactions. New Series. Vol. 14, Pts. 1 & 3. 4to. Ibid., 1870-71. The Society. Plymouth : — Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society. Annual Report and Transactions. Yol. 4, Pt, 2. Svo. Ply- mouth, 1871. The Society, Portland, Maine. Nat, Hist. Soc : — See Maine. Regensburg : — Kon. Bayerische Botanische GeseUschaft. Flora, Jahrg, 53, Nos. 5-7, Jahrg. 54, Nos. 11-31, and Jahrg. 55, Nos. 1-14. Svo. Eegensburg, 1870-72. PlTRCHASED. Rio de Janeiro. Museum : — See Netto, Ladisl. ADDITIOIiS TO THE LIBRAET. XVll Titles. Donors. Academies ajtd Societies (continued). Rugby :— Rugby School Natural History Society. Report for the year 1871. 8vo. Rugby, 1872. F. E. KiTcnENEE, Esq., F.L.S. Salem, Mass. : — Essex Institute. BuUetin. Vol. 2, Nos. 1-12. Svo. Salem, Mass., 1870. Proceedings and Communications. Vol. 6, Ft. 2 (1868-71). Svo. Ibid., 1871. Record of Entomology for the year 1869. Edited by A. S. Packard, Jun., M.D. Svo. Ibid., 1870. The Ls-stitute. Peabody Academy of Science. American Katuralist. Vol. 4, j!^os. 3-12, and Vol. 5, No. 1. Svo. Salem, Mass., 1870-71. Annual Reports (2nd & 3rd) of the Trustees for 1869 & 70. Svo. Ibid., 1871. The Academy. Stockholm : — KoDgl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien. See Fries, Elias. Sydney : — Entomological Society of New South Wales. Transactions. Vol. 2, Pts. 2 & 3. Svo. Sydney, 1871. The Societt. Toronto : — Canadian Institute. Canadian Journal of Science, Literature, and History. New Series. Nos. 74 & 75 (=Vol. 13, Nos. 2 & 3). Svo. Toronto, 1871-72. The Institute. Turin : — R. Accademia delle Seienze. Atti. Vol. 6, Dispensa 1-7. Svo. Torino, 1870-71. Memorie. Serie 2, Tomo 25 e 26. Scieuze Fisiche e Mate- matiche. 4to. Ibid., 1871. additions to the library. — Session 1871-72. b svul additions to the library. Titles. Doitors. Academies akd Societies (contimied). Turin (continued) : — R. Accademia delle Scienze (continued). Bolletino Meteorologico ed Astronomico. Anno 5. obi. 4to. Torino, 1871. The Academy. Venice : — Regio Istituto Yeneto di Scienze, Lettere, ed Arti. Memorie. Vol. 15, parte 2. 4to. Venezia, 1871. Atti. Serie 3, Tomo 15, Disp. 10, e Tomo 16, Disp. 1-10, Serie 4, Tomo 1, Disp. 1. 8vo. Ibid., 1870-72. The Institute. Victoria : — Royal Society. Transactions and Proceedings. Vol. 9, Pt. 2. 8vo. Mel- bourne, 1869. The Society. Vienna z — Kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenchaften. Math. Nat. Classe. Denkschriften. Band 30. 4to. Wien, 1870. Sitznngsberichte. Abth. 1, Bd. 60, Hft. 3-5, Bd. 61, 62, & 63. Abth. 2, Bd. 60, Hft. 3-5, Bd. 61, 62, & 63. 8yo. Ibid., 1870-71. . Register zu den Banden 51-60. 8vo. Ibid., 1870. Anzeiger, Jahrg. 8, ISTos. 15-29, and Jahrg. 9, Nos. 1-12. 8vo. Ibid., 1871-72. The Academy. K. K. Geologische Reiehs-Anstalt. Abhandlungen. Bd. 5, Hft. 1 «& 2. 4to. Wien, 1871. Jahrbnch. Bd. 21, Nos. 1-4. 8vo. Ibid., 1871. Verhandlungen. Jahrg. 1871, Nos. 1-5 & 7-18. 8vo. Ibid. The Institijte. . Separate Publication. See Hauer, Franz. K. K. Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft. Verhandlungen. Bd. 21. 8vo. Wien, 1871. Separate Publications. See Frauenfeld, G. von ; Kiinst- ler, G. ; and Nowicki, Max. The Society. additions to the library. xix Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). "Washington : — Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. 17. 4to. "Washington, 1 871. Annual Report of the Board of Regents for 1869. 8vo. Ibid., 1871. The Institution. Wiesbaden ; — Nassauischer Verein fiir Naturkunde. Jahrbiicher. Jahrg. 23 & 24. (=Fiickel, L., Symbolge MycologicEC. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Rheinischen Pilze.) 8vo. Wiesbaden, 1869-70. The Association. Woolhope : — KaturaHsts' Field Club. Transactions for 1869 & 70. 8vo. Hereford, 1870-71. George Benthaji, Esq., Pres. L.S. Wiirzburg : — PhysLkalisch-Medicinische Gesellschaft. Yerhandluugen. Neue Folge. Bd. 2, Hft. 1-4. 8vo. Wiirzburg, 1871-72. The Societt. Zurich : — Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Yierteljahrsschrift. Jahrg. 14 & 15. 8vo. Ziirich, 1869-70. The Soctett. Journals : — Annales des Sciences Naturelles. 5"°^ Serie. Zoologie. Tomes 11-14. Botanique. Tomes 11-13, and Tome 14, Nos, 1-4. 8vo. Paris, 1869-72. Purchased. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 4th Series, Nos. 43-54. 8vo. London, 1871-72. Dr. Francis, F.L.S. &c. Archiv fiir Mikroskopische Anatomic ; herausgegeben von Prof. Max Schultze. Bd. 6 & 7. 8vo. Bonn, 1870-71. Purchased. Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte; gegriindet von A. F. A. Wiegmann; fortgesetzt von W. F. Erichson &c. Jahrg. 36, Hft. 5 & 6, und Jahrg. 37, Hft. 1-3. 8vo. Berlin, 1870-71. Purchased. 62 xx additions to the library. Titles. Donors. Journals {continued) : — Athenteum. Pts. 522-33. (=Nos. 2275-2326.) 4to. Loudon, 1871-72. The Pttblishee. Botanical Magazine. 3rd Series : conducted by J. D. Hooker, IT.D., F.E.S., Y.P.L.S., &c. Nos. 319-330. 8vo. London, 1871-72. Purchased. Botanische Zeitung. Redaction, H, von MoM und A. de Bary. Jahrg. 29, Nos. 22-52, und Jahrg. 30, Nos. 1-22. 4to. Leipzig, 1871-72. Purchased. Botanisk Tidsskrift. See Academies, Copenhagen, Botan. Porening. Canadian Entomologist : edited by the Rev. J. S. Bethune. Yol. 3, Nos. 1-6 & 9-12, and Yol. 4, Nos. 2 & 3. 8vo. London (Ontario), 1871-72. Henry Reeks, Esq., E.L.S. Canadian JSTaturalist and Quarterly Journal of Science. See . Academies &c., Montreal. English Botany. See Smith, J. E. Entomologist: edited by E. Newman, Esq. E.L.S. Yol. 4. (=Nos. 49-72), and No. 92. 8vo. London, 1868-71. The Editor. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine : conducted by H. G. Knaggs, M.I)., R. M'Laehlan, Esq. &c. Nos. 86-97. 8vo. London, 1871-72. The Editors. Flora. See Academies, Regensburg. Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette. Nos. 24-52 for 1871, and Nos. 1-24 for 1872. 4to. London. Purchased. Geological Magazine : edited by Henry \Yoodward, E.G.S. &c. Yol. 8, Nos. 7-12, and Yol. 9, Nos. 1-6. 8vo. London, 1871-72. The Editor. Giornale (Nuovo) Botauico Italiano : diretto da Od. Beccari e T. Caruel. Yol. 3, Nos. 3 & 4, and Yol. 4, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Eirenze e Pisa, 1871-72. The Editor. Ibis. 3rd Series : edited by Osbert Salvin, M.A., E.L.S. (Yol. 1 .) Nos. 3 & 4, and (Yol. 2) Nos. 5 & 6. 8vo. London, 1871-72. Purchased. Jahrbiicher fiir wissenschaftliche Botanik : herausgegeben von Dr. N. Pringsheim. Band 8, Hft. 1-3. 8vo. Leipzig, 1871- 72. Purchased. ADDITIONS TO TniC LTBEARY. XXl Titles. Donors. Journals (continued) : — Journal de Coiichyliologie ; publie sous la direction de MM. Crosse et Fischer. 3^ Serie, Tome 10, No. 4, Tome 11 & Tome 12, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Paris, 1870-72. Purchased. Journal of Botany, British and Poreign: edited by Berthold Seemann, Ph.D., P.L.S., &c., H. Trimen, M.B., P.L.S,, and J. G. Baker, F.L.S. Nos. 103-114. 8vo. London, 1871-72. Purchased. Linnsea : ein Journal fiir die Botanik : herausgegeben von Dr. Aug. Garcke. jSTeue Folge, Bd. 3, Heft 2. 8vo. Berlin, 1872. Purchased. Malakozoologische Blatter ; als Fortsetzung der Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie ; herausgegeben von Dr. Louis Pfeiffer. Band IS, Bogen 4-15, und Bd. 19, Bog. 1-6. 8vo. Cassel, 1871-72. Purchased. Monthly Microscopical Journal. See Academies, Liondon, B. Microscopical Society. Nature : a weekly illustrated Journal of Science. Nos. 85-137. 8vo. London, 1871-72. The Publisher. Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief. See AcADEiiiEs, Leyden, Nederl. Botanische Yereeniging. Nuovo Giornale. See Giomale. Pharmaceutical Journal. See Academies, London, Pharma- ceutical Society. Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 4th Series, Nos. 277-82. 8vo. London, 1871. Dr. FRAifcis, F.L.S. &.c. Popular Science Review : edited by Henry Lawson, M.D. Nos. 40-43. 8vo. London, 1871-72. R. Haedavicke, Esq., F.L.S. Revue Scientifique. 2« Serie, Nos. 24 & 25. 4to. Paris, 1871. The Editor. Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie : herausgegeben von C. T. von Siebold und Albert Kolliker. Bd. 21, Hft. 2-4, and Bd. 22, Hft. 1 & 2. 8vo. Leipzig, 1871-72. Purchased. Zoological Record for 1870. See Newton, Alfred. Zoologist : edited by Edward Newman, F.L.S. &c. 2nd Series, Nos. 70-81. 8vo. London, 1871-72. Purchased. Xxii ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRAET. Titles. DoifOBs. Agardh, J. O. Om de under Korvetten ' Josephine's ' expedition, sistliden sommar, insamlade Algerne. (Ofversigt af K. V. A, Forhandl., 1870.) 8vo. . Chlorodictyon ; ett nytt Sliigte af Caulerpeernes grupp. {Ihid., 1870.) 8vo. . Om Chatham oarnesAlger. (Ibid., 1870.) 8vo. The Author. Agassiz, Louis. Letter concerning Deep-sea Dredgings, addressed to Prof. B. Pierce, Superintendent U.S. Coast Survey. 8vo. The Author. Aitchison, J. E. T. Catalogue of the Plants of the Punjab and Sindh. 8vo. London, 1869. The Author. Allman, G. J. Monograph of the Gymuoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids. Part 1, folio. London, 1871. (Ray Society Publi- cation.) Purchased. Anderson, John. Report on the expedition to Western Yunan, via Bhamo. 8vo. Calcutta, 1871. . Description of a new Cetacean from the Irawaddy River. (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1871.) 8vo. . Note on the occurrence of Sacculina in the Bay of Bengal. {Ihid., 1871.) 8vo. . On three new species of Squirrel from Upper Burmah and the Kakhyen Hills. {Ihid., 1871.) 8vo. . On some Indian Reptiles. (/&«?., 1871.) 8vo. . On eight new species of Birds from Western Yunan, China. (Ihid., 1871.) 8vo. , Description of a new genus of Newts from Western Yunan. {Ihid., 1871.) 8vo. . Note on Testudo Phayrei, Blyth. (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871.) 8vo. . Note on some Rodents from Yarkand. (Ihid., 1871.) 8vo. . Description of a new species of Scincus. (Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, May 1871.) 8vo. -. On the Saurian genera Eurylepis and Plocoderma, Blyth; with a description of a new species of Mahoida, Pitz. {Ihid., Sept. 1871.) 8vo. The Author. Anderson, Thomas, Obituary of. See Balfour, J. H. Arnott, G. A. W. Notes on Cocconeis, JSHtzschia, and some of the allied genera of Diatomacece. (Read before the Nat. Hist. Soc, Glasgow, Mtirch 31, 1868.) 8vo. Mrs. Arnott. additions to the libbary. xxul Titles. Do>'oes. Baillon, H. Histoire des Plantes. Tome 3, Families 13-18, et Tome 4, Fam. 24-6. 8vo. Paris, 1871-72, Ptjkchased. Baker, J. G., Ed. See Journal of Botany. Balderrama, Jenaro. Ensayo descriptivo de las Palmas de San Martin i Casanare. 8vo. Bogota, 1871. The Author? Balfour, {J. H.), On the yariation, at different seasons, of a Hieracium considered to be H, stoloniferum, Waldst. and Kit. (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb., Vol. 11.) 8vo. The Author. . Obituary j^otice of Thomas Anderson, M.D., F.L.S. (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb., 1870-71.) 8vo. The Authoe. Beccari, 0., Ed. Giornale Bot. Ital. Bennett, George. On the introduction, cultivation, and oeconomic uses of the Orange, and others of the Citron-tribe, in New South Wales. 8vo. (Sydney?, 1871.) The Author. Bethune, Eev. J. S., Ed. See Journ., Canadian Entomologist. Blytt {A.). Christiania omegns Phanerogamer eg Eregner, med angivelse af deres Udbredelse. 8vo. Christiania, 1870. B. T^oewegiak Us^iyersity, Christiania. Bonvouloir, H., Yicomte de. Monographie de la famUle des Eucnemides. See Acade^iies, Paris, Soc. Entomol. Horckhausen, 21. B. Botanisches Worterbuch ; vermehrt von Dr. F. (jr. Dietrich. 2Bande. 8vo. Giessen, 1818. Purchased. Brady, Charles. On the AUant Silkworm. 8vo. Sydney, 1868. . Silk. 8vo. Ihid. ? (1871). Dr. George Bekis^ett, F.L.S. Bretschneider, E. On the study and value of Chinese Botanical Works ; with notes on the history of plants and geographical Botany, from Chinese sources. 8vo. Foochow (1870). . On the knowledge possessed by the ancient Chinese of the Arabs and Arabian Colonies and other Western Countries. 8vo. London, 1S71. The Author. Britten (James). Contributions to a Flora of Berkshire. (Trans. Is'ewb. Dist. Field Club.) 8vo. (1871.) The Author. Bronn, H. G. Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs, wissen- schafthch dargcsteUt in Wort und Bild. Bd. 1, Bd. 2, Bd. 3, Lief. 1 & 2, Bd. 5, Lief. 1-16, and Bd. 6, Abth. 4, Lief. 1-6. 8vo. Leipzig und Heidelberg, 1860-70. Purchased. Brown, Robert. Die Geographische Yerbreitung der Conifcren und Guetacecn. (Petermann's Gcogr. Mitth., 1872, Hft. 2.) 4 to. The x^uthor. xxiv additions to the libeaey. Titles. Donoes. BuUer, Walter. On the New-Zealand Rat. (Trans. New Zealand Institute, Vol. 3.) 8vo. . List of the Lizards inhabiting New Zealand; with descrip- tions. (Ihicl, 1870.) Svo. . Critical Notes on the Ornithological portion of Taylor's * New Zealand and its Inhabitants.' {Ihicl., 1870.) Svo. . Notice of a species of Megapode in the Auckland Museum. {Ihicl., 1870.) 8vo. . On Zosterojjs lateralis in New Zealand ; with an account of its migrations. {Ihicl., 1870.) Svo. . On the structure and habits of the Huia {Heteraloclia Gouldi). Ihid. Svo. . On the Xatipo, or Venomous Spider of New Zealand. {Ihid., 1870.) Svo. . Notes on the genus Deinacrida in New Zealand. {Ihicl., 1870.) Svo. . Further Notes on the Ornithology of New Zealand, {Ihid., 1870.) Svo. The Atjthoe. Bnrmeister, G. See Academies, Buenos Ayres. Camel, T., Ed. Giorn. Bot. Ital. Caspary, Rohert. Ueber die Flora von Preussen. Svo. Konigs- berg, 1863. Purchased. Clemens, Dr. BracJi-eny-idge. Tineina of North America; with notes by the Editor, H. T. Stainton, F.E.S., Sec. L.S. Svo. London, 1872. The Editor. Cooke, M. C. Handbook of British Fungi. 2 Vols. 12mo. London &c., 1871. The Atjthoe. Cox, E. T. First Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Indiana. Svo. Indianopolis, 1869. (With Maps and coloured section.) The Author. Dawson, J. W. The Fossil Plants of the Devonian and Upper Silurian formations of Canada. Svo. Montreal, 1871. The Atjthoe. Day, Francis. Report on the Fish and Fisheries of the Fresh Waters of India. Svo. Simla, 1871. . On Buchanan Hamilton's original drawings of Fish in the Library of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. (Proc. As. Soc. for Sept. 1871.) Svo. The Author. Delpino, Federic/o. Studi sopra un Lignaggio Anemofilo delle additions to the librarv. xxv Titles. Donoes. Compostc ; ossia, sopra il gnippo dclle Artemisiacee. 8vo, Fircnze, IS 71. The Author. Dietrich, Albert. Flora Marchica ; oder Beschreibiing der in dor Mark Brandenburg wildwachsenden Pflanzen. 12mo. Berlin, 1841. Purchased. Duchartre, P. Observations sur Ic genre Lis {LUium, Tourn.). 8vo. Paris, 1870. The Author. Eichler, A. G. Flora Brasil. v. IVEartius, C. F. P. Eisengrein, O. A. Die Familie der Schmetterlingsbliitbigen oder Hiilseuge-wiicbse ; mit besondercr Hinsicht auf Pflanzen- physiologie. 8vo. Stuttgart and Tubingen, 1836. Purchased. Engelmann, Georg. Icones Florum Antholyticorum. 8vo. Francofurti ad Moenum, 1 832. Purchased. Engler, Dr. A. Monographie der Gattung Saxifraga. 8vo. Breslau, 1872. Purchased. Ferriere, Emile. Le Darwinisme. 12mo. Paris, 1872. C. Darwin, Esq., F.R. & L.S. Frauenfeld, Georg, Eitter von. Die Pflege der Jimgen bei Tbieren. 12mo. Wien, 1871. . Der Vogelschutz. (Verb. d. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges., 1871.) 8vo. . Die Gruudlagen des Yogelscbutzgesetzes. 8vo. "Wien, 1871. The Author ? Fries, EUas. Icones selectse Hymenomj'cetum nondmn delinea- torum (sub ausp. E.eg. Acad. Scient. Holmiensis editae). Fasc. 1-6. Fol. Holmiffi, 1867-70 ? The Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. Fiickel, L. Ebeinisclie Pilze. See Academies &c., Wiesbaden, Nassauiscber Yerein. Gilibert, J. E. Histoire des plantes d'Europe et e'trangeres ; on Elemeus de Botanique Pratique. 2''^ edition. 3 Tomes. 8vo. Lyon, 1806. Purchased. Goeppert, H. R. Uebersicht der fossilen Flora Schlesiens. See Wimmer, F. Grabowski, Helnrkh. Flora von Oberschlesien uud dcm Gesenke. 8vo. Breslau, 1843. Purchased. Gray, J. E. Synopsis of tbe species of Starfish in tbe British Museum. ("With figures of some of the new species.) 4to. London, 1866. Purchased. XXVI ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRAEY. Titles. DoifORS. Gray, J. E. Catalogue of Euminant Mammalia {Pecora, L.) in the British Museum. 8vo. Ibid., 1872. The Tetjstees. Grisebach, A. Die Vegetation der Erde, nach ihrer klimatischeu Anordnuug. 2 Bande. Svo. Leipzig, 1872. Purchased. Guppy, R. J. L. Notes on a visit to Dominica. (Proc. Scient. Assoc. Trinidad, Dec. 1869.) 8vo. . Annual Address, as President of the Scientific Association. {lUd., Oct. 1869.) 8vo. . N'otes on some new forms of Terrestrial and Fluviatile MoUusca found in Trinidad. (Amer. Journ. Conch., 1870.) Svo. The Author. Elall, T. M. Topographical Index to the Fellows of the Geological Society. 8vo. Loudon, 1872. The Author. Harting, J. E. The Ornithology of Shakespeare critically examined &c. 8vo. London, 1871. The Author. Harting, P. Memokesurle genre Poterion. 4to. Utrecht, 1870. Charles Darwin, Esq., P.R. & L.S. Mauer, Franz, Eitter von. Zur Erinnerung an "Wilhelm Haidinger. Svo. Wien, 1871. The Geological Association, Yienna. £f o^mann, H. Ringelungsversuche. (iUlgem. Forst- und Jagd- Zeitung.) 4to. 1871. | sheet. . Hexenbesen der Kiefer. (Ibid.) 4to. -^ sheet. - — — . Einfluss der Bodenbeschaffenheit auf die Yegetation. (Neue Landwirthsch. Zeitung, Jahrg. 21.) 8vo. Glogau, 1871 ? . TJeber Holzschwamm und Holzverderbniss. (AUgem. Forst- und Jagd-Zeitung, 1872.) 4to. . TJeber Aufbewahrung Mikroskopiseher Priiparate. (Yerh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. in Wien, 1871.) 8vo. The Author. Ho£Pmann, Hermann. Mykologische Berichte. 3. fiir 1871. Svo. Giessen, 1872. Purchased. Hogg, Jabez. On Gnat's Scales. (M. Microsc. Journ., 1871.) Svo. . Mycetoma : the Fungus-foot disease of India. (Ibid., 1872.) The Author. Hooker, J. D. Report on the progress and condition of the Royal Gardens, Kew, during the year 1870. Svo. London, 1871. The Author. , Ed. Sec Journals, Botanical Magazine. ADDITIONS 10 TUE LIBRAEY. XXVll TiTi-Es. Donors. Hutton, (F. W.). Catalogue of the Birds of New Zealand, with diagnosis of the species. 8vo. Wellington, N. Z., 1871. The Author? Jones, T. E. See Parker, TF. K. Kirby, W. F. Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera. Svo. London, 1871. Purchased. Klrempelhuber, {A. von). Geschichte und Literatur der Liche- nologie. Bd. 3. 8vo. Miincheu, 1872. Purchased. Kiinstler, Gustav. Die unseren Kulturpflanzen schiidlichen In- sektcn. Svo. Wien, 1871. The Author? Kurz, Salpig. On some new or imperfectly known Indian Plants. (Journ.As. Soc. Beng.Yols. 39 ife40.) 8vo. (Calcutta), 1870-71. . Gentiana Jajschkei reestabhshed as a new genus (Jceschlea) of Gentianeoe. (Ibid., Vol. 39.) Svo. 1870. The Author. Leighton, Kev. TF. A. Lichen-Flora of Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands. 12mo. Shrewsbury, 1871. . . 2nd edition. 12mo. Ibid., 1872. The Author. Letellier, J. B. L, Figures des Champignons ; servant da Sup- plement aux planches de BuUiard. Livr. 1-18. 4to. Paris, 1830. Purchased. Lewis, W. A. Discussion on the Law of priority in Entomo- logical Nomenclature ; with strictures on its modern applica- tion. Svo. London, 1872. The Author. Lindberg, 8. 0. Plantse nonnuUse Horti Botanici Helsingforsi- eusis. Ex Act. Soc, Scient. Fennic. s.) 4to. Helsinforsise, 1871. . Eevisio critica Iconum in opere ' Flora Danica ' Muscos illustrantium. (Ibid.) 4to. Ibid., 1871. The Author. Lindsay, IF. L. The Physiology and Pathology of Mind in the Lower Animals. Svo. Edinburgh, 1871. The Author. Iioew, //. Europ. Dipteren. See Meigen, J. W. Lowe, lilclid. Thos. Manual Flora of Madeira and the adjacent islands of Porto Santo and the Desertas. Vol. 2, part 1. 12mo. London (1872 ?). The Authoe. Lyell, li. M. Geographical Handbook of all the known Ferns ; with tables to show their distribution. Svo. London, 1870, G. Benthaji, Esq. Pres. L.S. Martins, Charles. Observations sur I'origine glaciaire des Tour- bieres du Jura Neuchatelois, et do la vegetation spcciule qui les caractcrise. 4to. Montpellicr, 1871. xxvin additiojs's to the libeart. Titles. Dodoes. Martins, Charles. La Creation du Monde Organise, d'apres les jSTaturalistes Anglais et Allemauds de la nouyelle ecole. (Re^^le des Deux Mondes.) 8vo. Paris, 1871. . Les Populations Yegetales ; leur Origine, leur Composition, leurs Migrations, &c. (Ibid.) 8vo. Paris, 1872, The Author ? Martius, C. F. Ph. de, Sichler, Au(/. Gid., &c. Plora Brasi- liensis. Enumeratio plantarum in Brasilia hactenus detec- tarum. Ease. 51-6. folio. Lipsise, 1871-72. Pttechased. Meigen, J. W. System atische Beschreibung der bekannten Europaischen zweiilligeligen Insecten. 9ter Theil. 8vo. Halle, 1871. ( = Loew, H. Beschreibung Europaischer Dipteren, Bd. 2.) Pttechased. Miers, John. Contributions to Botany ; iconographic and descrip- tive. Vol. 3. (Menispermacese.) 4to. London, 1864-71. The Author. Mitchell, Sir T. L. Journal of an Expedition into the interior of Tropical Australia, in search of a route from Sydney to Car- pentaria. 8yo. LondoD, 1848. Purchased. Moggridge, J. T. Contributions to the Flora of Mentone, and to a winter flora of the Kiviera. Part 4. 8vo. London, 1871. The Author. Mohl, Hugo von. Grundziige der Anatomic und Physiologie der Yegetabilischen Zelle. 8vo. Braunschweig, 1851. Purchased. More, {A. G.). Supplement to the Flora Vectensis, (Journ. of Bot.) 8vo. London, 1871. The Author. Mueller,, Baron FenL von. Forest Culture in its relation to In- dustrial Pursuits. Lecture dehvered June 22, 1871. 8vo, (Melbourne.) The Author. Miiller, Fi'itz. Bestaubungsversuche an Abutilon-Arten. 8vo. 1871. C. DARwm, Esq., F.E. & L.S. Netto, Ladislau. Investigacoes historicas e scientificas sobre o Museu Imperial e ]S"acional do Eio de Janeiro. 8yo. Eio de Janeiro, 1870. . Apontamentos relatiros a Botanica applicada no Brasil. 8vo. Ihkl. 1871. The Director of the Imperial akd National Museum. Newman, Edward. Illustrated Natural History of British But- terflies : the figures drawn by E. Willis ; engraved by John Kirchner. 8vo. London, 1871. The Author. additions to the libkart. xxix Titles. Donors. Newton, Alfred, Ed. Hecord of Zoological Literature for 1870. Vol. 7. 8vo. Loudon, 1871. Purchased. Nowicki, Dr. J/a.r. Ueber die "Weitzeuverwiisterin, CMorops tceniopus, Meig., uud die Mittel zu ilirer Bekampfung. 8vo. Wieu, 1871. The Author? Oliver, Daniel. Flora of Tropical Africa. Vol. 2. 8vo. London, 1S71. H.M. Office of "Works. Packard, A. S., Ed. Record of American Entomology. See Academies, Salem. Parker, W. K., Jones, T. B., &c. On the Nomenclature of the Foramiuifera. (Ann. Nat. Hist, for Sept. 1871.) 8vo. The Authors. Parry, Major, F. J. S. Catalogue of Lucanoid Coleoptera, (Trans. Entom. Soc, 3rd Ser., Vol. 2.) 8vo. 1864. and Eevised do. ; with Eemarks on the Nomenclature. Part 1 (Ibid., 1870.) 8vo. The Author. Pasquale, Gius. Ant. Documenti Biografici di Giovanni Grussone, Botanico Napolitano. 4to. Napoli, 1871. . Su di un ramo mostruoso deUa Opuntia fulvispina. 4to. Ibid., 1871. The Author. . Di alcuni effetti deUa caduta di cenere sulle piante, nell' ultima eruzione Yesuviana, osservati in Napoli. (Rendic. deUa R. Accad. deUe Scienze, fis. e matem., fasc. 5, 1872.) 4to. (Napoli ?) The Author ? PfeifFer, Louis. Flora von Nieder-Hesseu und Miinden. Neue Ausgabe. 2 Bande. 12mo. Kassel, 1855. Purchased. Planchon, J. E. Des limites naturelles des Flores, et en parti- culier de la Florule locale de MontpeUier. 8vo. MontpeUier, 1871. Gr. Bentham, Esq., Pres. L.S. Planchon, J. E., & Ijichtenstein, J. Maladie de la Yigne. Le Phylloxera. Instructions pratiques sur la maniere d'ob- server la maladie, &c. 8vo. MontpeUier, 1870, , . Conseils sur le traitement des vignes atteintes du Phylloxera. (Messager du Midi.) 8to. 1871. , . Le Phylloxera de la Yigne en Angleterre et en Irlande. 8vo. MontpeUier, 1871. , . Le Phylloxera. Faits acquis et revue bibliographique. 8vo. Ibid., 1872. G. Bentham, Esq., Pres. L. S. xxx additions to the librae y. Titles. Dojtobs. Plateau, (FelLv). Eecherches experimentales sur la position du centre de Gravite chez les Insects. Svo. Geneve, 1872. The Atjthoe, Plinii Secundi. Naturalis Historia. Tom. 1-3. Svo. Lugduni Batav.. 1668-69. G. Bexthatx, Esq., Pres. L.S. Potts, T. H. Notes on the Birds of New Zealand. Part 2. (Trans. N. Z. Instit., Yol. 3., 1S70.) Svo. The ArraoE. Pringsheim, N., Ed. Jahrb. fiir Wiss. Bot. See Joxumals. Quetelet, Ad. Notice snr Sir John F. "W. Herschel. Svo. The AriHOS? Reeve, LoveTl. Conchologia Iconica. Parts 288-93. 4to. London, 1871. Pttrchased. Regel, E. Eevisio specierntn Cratsegorum, Draeaenarum, Horke- liarum, Laricum, et Azaleariim. Svo. . Animadversiones de plantis vivis nonmillis Horti Bot. Imp. Petropolitani. Svo. The AriHOK. Regel, E. et Herder, F. ab. Supplementum 2 ad enumera- tionem Plantamm in regionihus Cis- et TransiHensihus a cl. Seminovio anno 18.57 coUectariim. Ease. 1. Svo. Moskau, 1870. M. Regel. Reichard, Joan. Jac. Elora Moenofrancofurtana. Partes 2. Svo. Erancof. ad Moeniim, 1772-78. Poichasei). Riley, C Y. Third Annual Eeport, on the Noxious, Beneficial, and other Insects of the State of Missouri. Svo. Jefferson City, Mo., 1871. The ArrnoE. Ross, Alex. M. Catalogue of Birds, Insects, and Squirrels col- lected in the vicinity of Toronto, Canada. Svo. Toronto, 1871. The ArxHOB. Rossbach, Dr. 21. -J. Die Bhythmisehen Be^-egungserschei- nungen der einfachsten Organismen, und ihr Yerhalten gegen Physikalische Agentien und Arzneimittel. Svo. "Wurzburg, 1872. The AnnoE ? Roth, Alh. GuiJ. Novae Plantamm species, praesertim Indise Ori- entalis, ex coU. Dr. Benj. Heynii. Svo. Halberstadii, 1821. Png CHASED. Salvin, Oshert, Ed. Ibis. See Journals. San Giorgio, La Contessa di. Catalogo poliglotto deUe piante. Svo. Firenze, 1870, G. Bektham, Esq., Pres. L. S. additioxs to the libkart. xxxi Titles. Doxoes. Saunders, Echvard. Catalogus Buprestidarum synonymicus et systematicus. Svo. London, 1S71. The Atjthok. Saunders, W. W., Ed. Eefugium Botanicum. Vol. 4, pt. 3, and Vol. 5, pt. 1. Svo. London, 1S71. The Editob. Savi, Paolo. ' Alia memoria di.' Anon. Schomburgk, RkhanJ. Catalogue of the plants under cultivation in the Government Botanic Garden, Adelaide, S. A. Svo. Adelaide, 1S71. The ArxHOK. . . Another copy, presented by C. A. "Wjxsox, Esq. . The culture of Tobacco. Svo. Adelaide, 1872. . Eeport as Director of the Adelaide Botanic Garden. 1871. Ecap. foi. Ibid., 1872. The AriHOK. Schultes, J. A. CEsterreichs Flora ; ein Handbueh auf botan- ischen Excursionen. 2to Auflage, 2 Theile. 12mo. "Wien, 1814. Purchased. Schultze, Max, Ed. Arehiv fur ITikroskop. Anat. See Journals. Seidlitz, Georg. Die Darwinsche Theorie. Elf Vorlesungen iiber die Entstehung der Thiere uud PHanzen durch Xaturzlichtung. Svo. Dorpat, 1871. C. Dap.m-ix, Esq., E.E. & L.S. Shortt, John. The HOI Ranges of Southern India. Parts 2 & 3. Svo. Madras, 1870-71. . The Cobra. (Madras Joum. of Med. Sci.) Svo. . Brief account of the Tusseh Silkworm ; with drawings of the Insect. (Ibid.) 1871. Svo. The Authoe. Smith, J. E., & Sowerby, James. English Botany. 3rd edition ; by J. T. BosAvell Syme, LL.D., E.L.S., &c. ]S"os. 81-83. Svo. London, 1871-72. The Publisher, Eobeet Haedwicke, Esq., F.L.S. Sowerby, ((?. B.). Thesaurus Conchylioruni. Parts 29 & 30. Svo. London, 1870-71. Pttbchased. Thorell, T. Eemarks on synonyms of European Spiders. Xo. 2. Svo. Epsala, &c. (1S71). The ArrnoK. Trimen, Henry, Ed. See Journal of Botany. Visiani, Rob. de. Florae Dalmatica) supplementum. 4to. Ve- netiis, 1872. The AriHOR. xxxll additions to the libraet. Titles. Donoes. Webber, J. W. On some Forests in England and Scotland. Fcap. fol. The Author? Westerland, G. A. Fauna MoUuscorum terrestrium et fluviati- lium SuecisD, N'orvegise, et Danise. I. Landmolluskerna. 8vo. Lund, 1871. •. Expose critique des MoUusques de terra et d'eau douce de la Suede et de la Norvege. 4to. Upsal, 1871. The Author. "Westphal-Castelnau, Alfred. Catalogue de la Collection de Eeptiles de feu M. Alexandre Westphal-Castelnau. 8vo. Mont- pellier, 1870. The Author. "White, F. B. Fauna Perthensis. Part 1, Lepidoptera. 4to. Perth, 1871. (Published by the Perthshire Society of Natural Science.) The Author ? "Wiegmann, A. F. Ueber die Bastard-erzeugung im Pflanzen- reiche. 4to. Braunschweig, 1828. Purchased. ■Willkomm, Heinr. Moritz. Die Strand- und Steppengebiete der Iberischen Halbinsel, und deren Vegetation. 8vo. Leipzig, 1852. Purchased. Wimmer, Friedrich. Neue Beitrage zur Flora von Schlesien ; nebst einer Uebersicht der Fossilen Flora Schlesiens, von H. R. Goppert. 12mo. Breslau, 1845. Purchased. Wright, Chauncey. Darwinism ; being an Examination of Mr. St. George Mivart's ' Genesis of Species.' 8vo. London, 1871. C. Darwik, Esq., F.R. & L.S. . The uses and origin of the arrangements of leaves in plants. 4to. 1871. The Author. Zerda, Liborio. Catalogo de las Colleeciones mineralogica e jeo- logica. 8vo. Bogota, 1871. The Author. Anon. : — Alia memoria di Paolo Savi. 8vo. Pisa, 1871. The President. ADDITIONS LIBRARY OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY. RECEIVED FEOM JUNE 21, 1872, TO JUNE 19, 1873. Titles. Donoks. Academies and Societies. Amsterdam : — Kon. Akademie van Wetenschappen. Verslagen en Mededeelingen. Afdeeling Natuurkunde. 2"^^ Reeks, 6'^^ Deel. 8vo. Amsterdam, 1872. Jaarboek voor 1871. 8vo. Ibid. Processen-Verbaal van de gewone Yergaderingen der Aka- demie, van Mai 1871-April 1872. 8vo. Ibid. Tboe Academy. Batavia : — Eata'ST.aasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. Verhandelingen. Deel 34, 35, & 36. 4to, Batavia, 1870- 72. Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Yolkenkunde. Deel 18, Afl. 2-6, & Deel 20, Afl. 3. 8vo. Ibid., 1871- 72. addiiions to the libraky. — Session 1872-73. a 11 additions to the libkary. Titles. Donoes. Academies and Societies (continued). Batavia (continued) : — Batayiaasch Genootschap van Kunsten, &c. (continued). Notulen van de Algemeene en Bestuurs-vergaderingen van het B. G. Deel 8, pp. 66-95, Deel 9 & Deel 10, N'os. 1-3. 8vo. Ibid., 1871-72. Vervolg. Catalogus (1'*^) der Bibliothek van het B. G. 8vo. Ibid., 1872. The Societt. Bath :— Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club. Proceedings. Vol. 2, Nos. 3 & 4. 8vo. Bath, 1872-73. The Clvb. — -. See Blomefield, Bev. L. Berlin : — Kon. Akademie der Wissenschaften. Abhandlungen, aus dem Jahre 1871. 4to. Berlin, 1872. Monatsberichte, fiir Marz-Dec. 1872, & Jan. 1873. 8vo, Ibid., 1872-73. The Academt. Botanischer Yerein fiir die Provinz Brandenburg, &c. Yerhandlungen. Jahrg. 13. 8vo. Berlin, 1871. The AssociATioiir. Verein zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues in den Kon. Preuss. Staaten. Wochenschrift ; redigert von Prof. Dr. Karl Koch, Jahrg. 15. 4to. Berlin, 1872. Dr. Karl Koch. Bonn : — Naturhistorischer Yerein der Preussischen Rheinlande. Yerhandlungen. Jahrgang 28 & 29, Halfte 1. 8vo. Bonn, 1871-72. The Association. Bordeatix : — Societe des Sciences Physiques et NatureUes. Memoires. Tome 8, Cahiers 3 & 4. 8vo. Paris &c., 1872. The Society. Bremen : — Naturwissenschaftlicher Yerein. Abhandlungen. Band 3, Heft 2 & 3. 8vo. Bremen, 1872-73. The Association. additions to the libbary. ul Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). Briinn : — NaturforsclierLder Yerein. Yerhandlungen. Band 9. 8vo. Briinu, 1871. The Association. Brussels : — Academie Key ale des Sciences, &c. de Belgique. Memoires. Tome 39. 4to. Bruxelles, 1872. Memoires couronnes et autres Memoires. Collection in 8vo. Tome 22. 8vo. Ibid., 1872. Bulletins. 2« Serie. Tomes 31-34. 8vo. Ihid., 1871-72. Anuuaire. 38^ & 39^ annee. 12mo. Ihid., 1872-73. Centieme Anniversaii'e de Fondation. 2 tomes, Svo. Ihid., 1872. The Academy. Observations des Phenomenes periodiques pendant I'annee 1870. (Extr. du Tome 39 des Memoires.) 4to. Notices extraites de TAnnuaire de I'Observatoire E. do BruxeUes pour 1873, par M. Quetelet. 12mo. M. Qtjeielet. Societe Entomologique de Belgique. Annales. Tome 15. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1871-72. The Society. Societe R. de Botauique de Belgique. BuUetin. Tome 10 (Nos. 1-3) & Tome 11, Nos. 1-3. Svo. Bruxelles, 1871-73. The Society. Buenos Ayres :— Museo Publico. Anales : por German Burmeister, M.D., ifec. Entrega 10 & 11. (Tomo 2, entr. 4 & 5.) 4to. Buenos Aires, 1872-73. The Editor. Buffalo : — Society of Natural Sciences. Bulletin. Vol. 1, No. 1. 8ro. Buffalo, 1873. The Society. Calcutta : — Asiatic Society of Bengal, Journal. New Series. Vol. 41, Part 2, Nos. 1-4. Svo. Calcutta, 1872. a 2 iv additions to the library. Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). Calcutta (continued) : — Asiatic Society of Bengal (continued). Proceedings. Nos. 2-10, 1872, & Ko. 1, 1873. 8vo. Ibid., 1872-73. The Society. Sep. publ. See Dalton, E. T. Cambridge, Mass. : — Harvard College ; Museum of Comparative Zoology. Annual Report of the Trustees, and Eeport of the Director for 1871. 8vo. Boston, 1872. Illustrated Catalogue, No. 7. Revision of the Ecliini, pts. 1 & 2, by Alexander Agassiz. 4to. Cambridge, 1872. The Museitm. Canada : — See Montreal and Toronto. Cherbourg : — Societe des Sciences Naturelles. Memoires. Tome 16. (2^ Serie, Tome 6.) 8vo. Paris, 1871-72. The Society. Christiania : — Norwegian University. See Bljrtt, A., & Schiibeler, F. 0. Copenhagen : — Botaniske Forening. Bofcanisk Tidsskrift ; redigeret af H. Ejserskou. Rsekke 1, Bind 3, Hft. 3 & 4, & Bind 4, Hft. 4 ; & Esekke 2, Bind 1, Hft. 2, 3, &4. 8vo. Kjobenhavn, 1869-72. Purchased. Kongl. Danske Yidenskabernes Selskab. Skrifter. Naturvidensk. og Mathem. Afdeling. Raekke 5, Bd. 9, Hft. 6 & 7. 4to. Ibid., 1871-72. Oversigt over det Kgl. D. Y. S. Forhandlinger, &c. 1871, No. 3, & 1872, No. 1. 8vo. Ihid. The Society. Devonshire : — Association for the Advancement of Science. Report and Transactions. Yol. 5, Pt. 1. 8vo. Plymouth. 1872. The Association. Dublin : — Royal Dublin Society. Journal. Yol. 6, No, 2. 8vo. Dublin, 1872. The Society. ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). Edinburgh : — Botanical Society. Transactions and Proceedings. Vol. 11, Pt. 2. 8vo. Edin- burgh, 1873. The Society. Royal Society. Transactions. Vol. 26, Pt. 4. 4to. Edinburgh, 1872. Proceedings, Session 1871-72. (Vol. 7, No. 84.) 8vo. Ibid., 1872. The Society. Hrlangen : — Physicalisch-Medicinisehe Societat. Sitzungsberichte. Heft 4. 8vo. Erlangeu, 1872. The Society. Frankfurt a. M. : — Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Bericht, 1871-72. 8vo. Frankfurt a. M., 1872. The Society. Geneva : — Societe de Physique et d'Histoire NatureUe. Memoires. Tome 21, Partie 2. 4to. Paris & Bale, 1872. The Society. Gottingen : — Konigl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. Abhandlungen. Band 17. 4to. Gottingen, 1872. Nachrichten, aus den Jahre 1872. 8vo. Ibid., 1872. The Society. Haarlem : — Societe Hollandaise des Sciences. Archives Neerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et NatureUes. Tome 7, Livr. 1-5. 8vo. La Haye, 1872. The Society. Halifax, U. S. :— Nova-Scotian Institute of Natural Science. Proceedings and Transactions. Vol. 3, Pts. 1 & 2. 8vo. Halifax, U. S., 1872. The Society. vi additions to the iibraky. Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). Hanover : — Naturhistorische Gesellschaft. Jahresbericht 21 , 8vo. Hannover, 1871. The Society ? Hobart Town : — Eoyal Society of Tasmania. Monthly Notices of Papers and Proceedings for 1871. 8vo. Hobart Town, 1872. The Society. See Abbott, Francis. India : — Forest Eeports. Eeport of the Bombay Presidency, including Sind, for the year 1870-71. 8vo. Bombay, 1872. Eeport on the administration of the Forest Department in the several provinces under the Government of India, 1870-71 & 1871-72; with appendices. By Lieut.-Col. G. F. Pearson, Officiating Insp. Gen. of Forests. Fcap. fol. Calcutta, 1872. The India Office. Kazan : — University. Izvestia i Utchenia Zapiski, &c. Pts. 5 & 6 for 1869, Pts. 1-6 for 1870, and Pts. 1-6 for 1871. 8vo. Kazan, 1871-72. Utchenia Zapiski. Tom. 8. 8vo. Ibid., 1872. The Univeksity. Kdnigsberg : — Konigl. Physikal.-okonomische GeseUschaft. Schriften. Jahrg. 12, Abth. 1 & 2 ; & Jahrg. 13, Abth. 1. 4to. Konigsberg, 1871-72. The Society. Lausanne : — Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles. Bulletin. 2' Serie. Vol. 11, No. 68. 8vo. Lausanne, 1873. The Society. Leyden : — Nederlandsche Botanische Yereeniging. Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief ; onder redactie van Dr. W. F. E. Suringar, &c. 2<^e ggrie, Deel 1, Stuk 2. 8vo. Nijmegen, 1872< The Association. ADDITIONS TO THE LIBKARY. vii Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). Ijeyden (continued) : — Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. 2^^ Serie. Deel. 7 (Afl. 1-6). 8vo. Gravenhage, 1872. The Association. Liege : — Societe Roy. des Sciences. Memoires. 2^ Serie, Tome 3. Svo. Liege, 1873. The Society. Ijiverpool : — Literary and Philosophical Society. Proceedings, Nos. 25 & 26, with Index to Vols. 1-25. Svo. London, 1871-72. The Society. London : — British Museum. Catalogues of Zoological Specimens, 1. Catalogue of Shield Reptiles. Part 2. By J. E. Gray, F.R.S, &c. 4to. London, 1872. 2. . Appendix to ditto. Pt. 1 (Testudinata). By the same. 4to. Ihid., 1872. 3. — ■- — of the Specimens of Hemiptera Heteroptera. By Francis Walker, F.L.S. Part 5. 8vo. Ibid., 1872. The Tktjstees. Entomological Society. Transactions. Pts. 3-5 for 1872, and Pts. 1-3 for 1873. 8vo. London, 1872-73. Sep. j)ubl. : — 1. Catalogue of British Neuroptera. Compiled by R. M'^Lachlan, Sec. Ent. Soc. &c., and the Rev. A. E. Eaton, B.A. 8vo. Ihid., 1870. 2. British Hymenoptera (Aculeata). Compiled by F. Smith, Esq., Assist. Zool. Dept. Brit. Mus. 8vo. Ibid., 1871. 3. (Chrysididge, Ichneumonidse, Braconidse, and Evaniidse). By the Rev. T. A. Marshall, M.A., F.L.S. Svo. Ibid., 1872. The Society. vm additions to the librart. Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). London (continued) : — Geological Society. Quarterly Journal. Vol. 28, Pts. 3 & 4, and Yol. 29, Pts. 1 & 2. 8vo. London, 1872-73. The Socieit. London Institution. JournaL Nos. 16, 17, & 18. 8vo. London, 1872-73. The I>^sTrrtrTiON. Palseontographical Society's publications. Yol. 26. 4to. London, 1872; containing: — 1. Duncan, P. M. Monograph of British Fossil Corals. 2nd Series, Pt. 3. 2. Lycett, John. Monograph of the British Fossil Trigoniae. Xo. 1. 3. "Woodward, Henry. Monograph of the British Fossil Crustacea. Ord. Merostomata. Pt. 4. 4. Wright, Thomas. Monograph on the British Fossil Echinodermata from the Cretaceous Formations. Yol. 1, Pt, 5. Purchased. Pharmaceutical Society. Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions. 3rd Series, Nos. 104-155. 8vo. London, 1872-73. Calendar for 1873. 8vo. Ibid., 1873. The Societt. Quekett Microscopical Club. Journal. Nos. 19-22. 8vo. London, 1872-73. The Club. Eay Society. See Allman, G. J. Royal Institution. Proceedings. Yol. 6, Pt. 6, and Yol. 7, Pt. 1. 8vo. London, 1872-73. The Institution. Eoyal Society. Philosophical Transactions. Yol. 162, Pt. 1. 4to. London, 1872. Proceedings. Nos. 135-44. 8vo. Ibid., 1872-73. Catalogue of Scientific Papers (1800-63). Yol. 6. 4to. Ibid., 1872. The Society. Royal Agricultural Society. Journal. 2nd Series. Yol. 8, Pt. 2, & Yol. 9, Pt. 1. Svo. London, 1872-73. The Society. additions to the libbahy. ix Titles. Donoes. Academies and Societies (continued). Iiondon (continued) : — Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britian and Ireland. Journal. New Series. Vol. 6, Pts. 1 & 2. 8vo. London. 1872-73. The Society. Royal Geographical Society. Journal. Vol. 41. 8vo. London, 1871. Proceedings. Vol. 16, Nos. 3-5, and Vol. 17, No. 1. 8vo. London, 1872-73. Classified Catalogue of the Library, to Dec. 1870. 8vo. Ibid., 1871. The Society. Royal Horticultural Society. Journal. New Series, Vol. 3, Pts. 11 & 12. 8vo. London, 1873. Proceedings. Vol. 1, pp. 77-747 (end). 8vo. Ibid., 1859- 61. The Society. Royal Microscopical Society. Monthly Microscopical Journal. Nos. 43-54. 8vo. London, 1872-73. The Society. Society of Arts. Journal. Nos. 1022-73. 8vo. London, 1872-73. The Society. Zoological Record Association. List of Scientific Journals, with abbreviated Titles. 3rd issue. 8vo. London, 1873. The Editoe. Zoological Society. Transactions. Vol. 8, Pts. 2-5. 4to. London, 1872-73. Proceedings. Pts. 1-3 for 1872. 8vo. Ibid, 1872-3. . Index, 1861-70. 8vo. Ibid., 1872. Catalogue of the Library. 8vo. Ibid., 1872. Revised List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately living in the Gardens of the Society. 8vo. The Society. London, Ontario : — See JouENAis. Canadian Entomologist. Lyon : — Academic des Sciences. Memoires. Sciences, Tome 18. 8vo. Paris et Lyon, 1870- 71. The Academy. x additions to the library, Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). Lyon (continued) : — Societe d' Agriculture, Sciences Naturelles, s to the libkaki'. x1s5 Titles. Donoks. Carlson, F. F. Miunesteckning cifver E. G. Geijer. 8vo. Stock- holm, 1870. The Academy op Sciences, Stockholm. Christy, H. See Lartet. Cleghorn, Hugh. Obituary Notice of Dr. Eobert Wright. Svo. Edinburgh, 1873. The Author. Cooke, M. C, Ed. Grevillea. See Journals. Dalton, E. T. Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal. Fol. Calcutta, 1872. Government of Bengal, through Asiatic Society. Dana, James D. Corals and Coral Islands. Svo. London, 1872. Purchased. Day, Francis. Monograph of Indian Cyprinidne. Part 6. (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 41.) Svo. 1872. The Author. Duncan, P. M. See Academies, London, Palseontogr. Soc. . Description of the Madreporaria dredged up during the Expeditions of H.M.S. ' Porcupine ' in 1869 & 1870. (Zool. Trans, vol. viii. pt. 5.) 4to. London, 1871. The Author. Eaton, Rev. A. E. See Academies, London, Entomol. Soc. £]ichler, A. G. Flora Brasil. See Martins, C. F. P. de. Fayrer, J. The Thanatophidia of India : being an account of the Venomous Snakes of the Indian Peninsula »S:c. Fol. London, 1872. The Author. Flower, T. B. Flora of Wiltshire, IS'o. 14. Svo. (Devizes.) The Author. Frauenfeld, Georg, Pitter von. Zoologische Miscellen. No. 16, 2" Hiilfte, und No. 17. (Yerh. Zool.-Bot. Verein, Wien, 1872.) Svo. . Phylloxera Vastatrix. Svo. 1872. . Die Frage des Vogelschutzes. 12mo. Wien, 1872. The Author. Gosse, P. //. Actinologia Britannica. A History of the British Sea-Anemones and Corals. Svo. London, 1860. Purchased. Gregg, W. H. Catalogue of the Birds of Chemung County, New York. Svo. Elmira, N. Y., 1870. The Author ? Haeckel, (Ernst). Die Kalkschwarame. 3 Biiude. Svo. Berlin, 1872. Purchased, Hahn, C. W., & Koch, C. L. Die Arachniden : getreu nach der Natur abgebildet und beschrieben. Bd. 1-16, Svo. Niirnberg 1831-48. Purchased. 62 xx, additions to the libbart. Titles. Donors. Hansteiu, Joh. Botanische Abhandlimgen aus dem Gebiet der Morphologie und Physiologic. Band 1 & Band 2, Hft. 1. 8vo. Bonn, 1871-72. Pfkchased. Hector, James. Reports of Geological Explorations duringl871-72. 8vo. Wellington/ N. Z., 1872. . Annual Eeports (6 & 7) on the Colonial Museum and Labo- ratory. 8vo. Ihid., 1871-72. Geological Survey oe New Zealand. Hiem, W. P. A Theory of the forms of floating leaves in certain Plants. 8vo. 1873. , Monograph of Ebenacese. (Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. vol. 12.) 4to. Cambridge, 1873. The Author. Hofl^ann, H. Pflanzen-missbildungen. 8vo. Bremen. The Author. Hooker, J. D. Plora of British India. Part 1. 8vo. London, 1872. H.M. Secretary of State for India. Hooker's Icones Plantarum. 3rd Series ; edited by J. D. Hooker, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., «fec. Vol. 2, Parts 1 & 2. 8vo. London, 1872-73. Geor&e Bentham, Esq., Pros. L.S. Hutton, F. W. Catalogue of the Echinodermata of New Zealand, with diagnoses of the species, 8vo. New Zealand, 1872. Geological Survey, New Zealand. Keys, J. W. iV, Flora of Devon and Cornwall. See Academies, Plymouth. Koch, C. L. Uebersicht des Arachniden-Systems. Hft. 1, 2, Hft. 3, Abth. 1-3, Hft. 4, Abth. 1-5, and Hft. 5. 8vo. Niirn- berg, 1837-50. Purchased. . Die Arachniden. See Hahn, C. W. Koch, Karl. Dendrologie. Baume, Straucher &c., welche in Mittel- und Nord-Europa, im freien cultivirt werden. Theil 2, Abth. 1. 8vo. Erlangen, 1872. The Author. Koch, Ludtvig. Die Arachniden-Familie der Drassiden. Hft. 1-7. 8vo, Niirnberg, 1866-67. Purchased. Kolliker, A. Weitere Beobachtungen iiber das Vorkommen und die Verbreitung typischer Eesorbtionsflachen an den Knochen. 8vo. Wurzhurg, 1872. The Author ? Koninck, L. O. de. Nouvelles recherches sur les Animaux Eos- siles du Terrain Carbonifere de la Belgique. l^''* partie. 4to. Bruxelles, 1872. (Mem. Acad. R. So. Belg., tome 39.) The Author. additions to the libkart. xxi Titles. Donoks. Iiartet, E., Christy, H., &c. Eeliquiae Aquitauicse. Part 11. 4to. London, 1873. Executors of H. Christy, Esq., E.L.S. Laube. Eehinoidea. See Academies, Vienna, K. K. Geol.- Anstalt. Iiedebour, Carl F. von. Reise durcli das Altai-Gebirge und die Soongorische Kirgisen-Steppe. 2 Theile, 8vo, nnd Atlas, 4to. Berlin, 1829-30. G. Bentham, Esq., Pres. L.S. Le Maout, Em., & Decaisne, J. General System of Botany, descriptive and analytical, translated by Mrs. Hooker ; the orders arranged, with additions, an appendix on the natural method, and a synopsis of the orders, by J. D. Hooker, C.B., F.E..S., L.S., M.D., &c. Dr. Hooker, Y.P.L.S. Lewis, T. R. On a Hcematozoon inhabiting Human Blood ; its relation to Chiluria and other diseases. 8vo. Calcutta, 1872. Dr. Shortt, F.L.S. Lewis, T. R., & Cunningham, D. D. Report of Microscopical and Physiological Researches into the nature of the agent or agents producing Cholera. Svo. Calcutta, 1872. Dr. Shortt, E.L.S. Liais, Emmanuel. Climats,Geologie, Eaune et Geographic Botanique du Bresil. Svo. Paris, 1872. The Brazilian Government. Lindemann, E. Prodromus Elorae Chersonensis. See Academies, Odessa, Soc. of Nat. of New Russia. Loscos, Francisco, y Pardo, Jose. Serie imperfecta de las plantas Aragonesas espontaneas ; particularraente de las que habitan en la parte Meridional. Ed. 2. Svo. Alcaniz, 1866-67. Don E. Loscos. Lowe, T. R. Manual Flora of Madeira and the adjacent Islands. Vol. 1, pts. 4 & 5. 12mo. London, 1868. The Author. Lycett, John. Brit. Eoss. Trigonise. See Academies, London, Palaeontogr. Soc. McLachlan, R. Instructions for the collection and preservation of Neuropterous Insects. Svo. London, 1873. The Author. . See Entomol. Soc. Marsh, 0. L. On the structure of the skuU and limbs in Mosasauroid Reptiles. (Amer. Journ. Sci. & Arts, vol. 3, 1872.) Svo. . On a new subclass of Eossil Birds (Odontornithes), and on the gigantic fossil Mammals of the order Dinocerata. (Ibid., vol. 5, 1873.) Svo. The Author. XXll ADDIXIOIfS XO XHE LIBRAET. Tihes, Donors. Marshall, Rev. T. A. See Acadeiqes &c., London, Entomol. Soc. Martins, Charles. Sur rorigine glaciaire des Tourbieres du Jura JSTeuchatelais &c. (Bull. Soe. Bot. France, tome 18.) 8vo. 1871. .. Index Seminum Horti Monspeliensis, 1872. 8vo. . Tin NaturaHste philosophe : Lamarck ; sa vie et ses ceuvres. 8vo. Paris, 1873. . Comparaison des Membres Pelviens et Thoraciques chez I'Homme et chez les Mammiferes. 8vo. Ihid., 1873. The Atjxhoe ? Martins, C. F. Ph. de, Eichler, Aug. Gid., &c. Plora Brasi- liensis. Enumeratio Plantarum in Brasilia hactenus detec- tarum. Ease. 57-71 , and Index &c. of Vol. 13, Part 1, and Vol. 14, Part 2. Eolio. Lipsife, 1872-73. Puiichased. Meehan, Thomas. On the effect of ' girdling ' Sequoias and other Coniferae. (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1872.) . On Numerical Order in the branching of some Conifei-se. {Ibid., 1872.) 8vo. . Notes on 'Pine Needles' and on the Hypothesis of Evolution. {Ihid., 1872.) 8vo. . On dioecious plants of the common Asparagus. (/6icZ., 1872.) 8vo. . On the spawn of the common Mushroom, Agaricus campestns. {Ibid., 1872.) 8vo. TheAtjihor? Miklos, Dr. Szontagh. Karpati Kerek. 4to. Pest, 1870. . Elesztokerzode's &c. 8vo. (Ibid., 1870.) . Milio-eves tiet. 8vo. {Ibid., 1872.) The Author. Moggridge, /. T. Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders. 8vo. London, 1873. The Author. Mticke, Carl. The Take-All Corn-disease of Australia. 8vo. Melbourne, 1870. E. S. Dtjtton, Esq. MtLUer, Albert. On the manner in which the ravages of the larvae of a Nematus, on Salix cinerea, are checked by Ficromerus bidens, L. (Trans. Entom. Soc, 1872.) 8vo. . Contributions to Entomological Bibliography up to 1862. No. 1. {Ibid., 1873.) 8vo. The Author. Mueller, Baron Ferd. von. Select plants, exclusive of timber trees, eligible for Victorian Industrial culture. 8vo. Melbourne, 1872. The Author. additions to the library. xxiu Titles. Doctors. Oersted, A. S. Bidrag til Kundskab oro Egefamilien i Nutid og Fortid (=K. D. Vidensk.-Selskabs Skrifter, Bd. 9, Hft. 6). 4to. Kjobenhavn, 1871. The Society? Packard, A. S., Jim., Ed. Records of American Entomology for 1870. 8vo. Salem, 1871. . for 1871. See Salem, Peabody Academy Report. Peabody Academy, Salem. "PaxlsLtOYey Filippo. Flora Italiana. Vol.5, pte. 1. 8yo. Firenze, 1873. Purchased. Peacock, R. A. How a National Museum of Natural History migbt be built and arranged with advantage. 8vo. London, 1872. The Author. Pearson, Lt.-Col. G. F. Report on the Administration of the Forest Department in the several Provinces under the Govern- ment of India. See Academies (Stc, India. Plateau, Felix. Qu'est ce que I'aile d'un Insecte ? 8vo. . Recberches physico-chymiques sur les Articules Aquatiques. Partie 1. 4to. Bruxelles, 1870. Partie 2. 8vo. /6/f?., 1872. . Sur le mode d'adhereuce des males de Dytiscides aux femelles pendant Facte d'accouplement. 8vo. (Gand, 1872.) . Materiaux pour la Faune Beige. 2" Note. JVIyriapodes. (BuU. Acad. R. Belg. 2^ Serie, Tome 33.) 8vo. BruxeUes, 1872. The Author. Quaedvlieg, Louis. Description d'une anomalie observee chez un exemplaire de Hestia Bella, Westw. (Ann. Soc. Entom. Belg., tome 14). 8vo. 1871. The Author. Reeve, Lovell. Conchologia Iconica. Parts 294-301. 4to. London, 1872-73. Purchased. Regel, E. Plantse a Burmeistero prope Urlask collectae. 8vo. The Author. Sachs, (JuUns). Lehrbuch der Botanik. 3'^ Auflage. 8vo. Leipzig, 1873. Purchased. Saunders, W. W., Ed. Refugium Botanicum. Vol. 5, pt. 2. 8vo. London, 1872. The Editor. Saunders, W. W., Smith, W. G., &c. Mycological Illustrations ; being figures and descrii^tious of new and rare Hymenomycctous Fungi. Part 2. Svo. London, 1872. W. W. Sauxders, Esq., V.P.L.S. xxiv additions to the library. Titles. Donors. Schimper, W. Ph. Traite de Paleontologie Vegetale. Tome 2, Partie 2. 8vo. Paris, 1870-72. . . Atlas de Planches. Livr. 4, Tab. 76-90. 4to. Ibid., 1870-72. The Author. Schomburgk, R. Report on the progress and condition of the Botanic Garden and Government Plantations, 1872. Fcap. fol. Adelaide, 1873. C. A. Wilson, Esq. . Papers read before the Philosophical Society and Chamber of Manufactures. Ibid., 8vo. 1873. The Author. Schriibeler, F. C. Die Pflanzenwelt Norwegens : ein Beitrag zur Natur- und Culturgeschichte Nord-Europas, Allgemeiner Theil. 4to. Christiania, 1873. Er. Norwegian University at Christiania. Schiiltze, 3Iax. Archiv fiir Mikroskop. Anat. See Journals. Seemann, BertJwld. Flora Vitiensis. Parts 1-10. 4to. London, 1865-73. Purchased. Shortt, John. The Tuckatoo and Bish Kopra. (Madras Monthly Journ. of Med. Sci.) 8vo. The Author. Smith, Frederick. See Academies, Iiondon, Entomol. See. Strasburger, Edouard. Die Befruchtung bei den Coniferen. 4to. Jena, 1869. . Die Coniferen und die Gnetaceen. 8vo. Ditto, Atlas. 4to. {Ibid., 1872.) . Ueber Azolla. 8vo. (Ibid., 1873.) Purchased. Thomas, //. S. Eeport on Pisciculture in South Canara. 8vo. London, 1870. The Author. Thorell, T. Remarks on synonyms of European Spiders. N"o. 3. 8vo. Upsala (1872). The Author. "Wagner, Moritz. The Darwinian Theory, and the law of the Migration of Organisms : translated by James S. Laird. 8vo, London, 1873. The Publisher? Weddell, H. A. Sur les Podostemacees en general, et leur distri- bution geographique en particulier. 8vo. Paris, 1872. The Author. Wiegmann, A. F. A. Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte. See Jour- nals. Woodward, Henry. British Fossil Crustacea. See Academies, London, Palaeontogr. Soc. additions to the libeaey. xxv Titles. Donoks. Wright, Thomas. British Cretaceous EcMnodermata. See Aca- demies, London, Paoclontogr. Soc. Anon : — Phylloxera Vastatrix, Papers relating to. Feap. fol. 1872. Dr. HooKEE, Y.P.L.S. &c. Engraved Portrait, by Alexander Seott, of Eear-Admiral Sir James Clark Ross, D.C.L., F.R. & L.S. ; from the painting, by Stephen Pearce, in the Royal Hospital, Greenwich. Admieal Oumaxey, C.B. &c., xheough Dr. HooKEE, F.R.S., V.P.L.S., kc. ADDITIONS LIBRARY OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY. RECEIVED FROM JUNE 20, 1873, TO JUNE 19, 1874. Titles. Donors, academtes aot) societies. Adelaide : — Philosophical Society. Report and Transactions, for the two years ending Sept. 30, 1872. 4to. Adelaide, 1873. The SociEir. Amsterdam : — Kon. Akademie van Wetenschappen. Verslagen en Mededeelingen. Afdeeling Natuurkunde. 2'** Reeks, Deel 7. 8vo. Amsterdam, 1873. Jaarboek voor 1872. 8vo. Ihid. The Academt. Auckland, N. Z. : — Acclimatisation Society. Report and Financial Statement, for the year ending Feb. 28th, 1873. 8vo. Auckland, N. Z., 1873. The Society? Institute. Report for the year ending Feb. 17th, 1873. 8vo. Ibid. The Insxixtjxe ? additions to the library. — Session 1873-74. a 11 additions to the library. Titles. Don-oes. Academies and Societies {continued). Basel:— Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Yerhandlungen. Tbeil 5, Hft. 4, and Theil 6, Hft. 1. 8vo, Basel, 1873-74. The Society. Zoologischer Garten. Geschaftsbericlit (l^*") des Verwaltungsrathes. 4to. Basel, 1874. Herb A. MtiLLER, Director. Batavia ? — Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en "Wetenschappen. Notulen van de Algemeene en Bestunrs-vergaderingen van het B. G. Deel 10, No. 4, & Deel 11, Ko. 1. 8vo. Batavia, 1873. The Society. Kon. Natuuxkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie. Katunrkundig Tijdsehrift voor Nederlandsch Indie. Deel 32, Afl. 4-6. 8vo. Ibid., 1873. The Institution. Berlin t — Botanischer Verein fiir die Provinz Brandenburg, &c. Yerbandlungen. Jabrg. 14 & 15. 8vo, Berlin, 1872-73. The Association.- Kon. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenscbaften. Abbandlungen, aus dem Jabre 1872. 4to. Berlin, 1873. Inbaltsverzeicbniss der Abbandlungen, aus den Jabren 1822-72. 8vo. Ihid., 1873. Monatsbericbte fiir Februar, und fiir Mai bis December, 1873, und fiir Januar bis Marz, 1874. 8yo. Ibid., 1873-74, The Academy. Yerein znr Beforderung des Gartenbaues in den Kon, Preuss. Staaten, Monatsscbrift. Jabrg. 16. 8vo. Berlin, 1873. The Association. Bonn : — Naturbistoriscber Yerein der Preussiscben Ebeinlande und Westpbaliens. Yerbandlungen. Jabrg. 29, 2'^ Halfte, & Jabrg. 30, 1^*« Hiilfte. Svo. Bonn, 1872-73. The Association. additioxs xo xhe librart. hi Titles. Doxoks. AcABEMTES Ain) SOCIETIES (co7itinued). Bordeaux : — Societe des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles. Memoires. Tome 7, Tome 9, Caliier 2, & Tome 10, Cahier 1. 8vo. Paris &c., 1869-74. The Society, Boston, Mass. : — American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Memoirs. New Series. Vol. 9, Pt. 2. 4to. Cambridge, 1873. Proceedings. Vol. 8, Sheets 52-85 (pp. 409-680). 8vo. Boston & Cambridge, 1873, The Academy. Society of Natural History. Memoirs. Vol. 2, Pt. 2, Nos. 2 & 3. 4to. Boston, 1872-3. Proceedings. Vol. 14, pp. 225 to end, and Vol. 15, Pts. 1 & 2. 8vo. Ibid., 1872-73. The Society. Brunn : — Naturforschender Verein. Yerhandlungen. Bd. 10 & 11. 8vo. Brunn, 1872-73. The Associahon. Brussels : — Societe R. de Botanique de Belgique. BuUetin. Tome 12, Nos. 1-3. 8to. Bruxelles, 1873-74. The Society. Societe Entomologique. Annales. Tome 16. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1873. Comptus rendus. No. 92-8. 8vo. Ibid., 1873-74. (The Society ?) Buffalo : — Society of Natural Sciences. BuUetin. Vol. 1, No. 2-4. 8to. Buffalo, 1873-74. The Society, Calcutta : — Asiatic Society of Bengal. Journal. New Series, Yol. 42, Part 2, Nos. 1-3. 8vo. Calcutta, 1873. Proceedings. Nos. 5-10, 1873, & No. 1, 1874. 8vo. Ibid. The Socieit. «2 iv ADDITIONS TO THE IIBEARY. Titles. Donoes. Academies and Societies (continued). California : — Academy of Sciences. See San Francisco. Cambridge, Mass. : — Harvard College ; Miiseum of Comparative Zoology. Illustrated Catalogue, No. 7. Revision of the EcMni, by Alexander Agassiz, Pts. 3 & 4. 4to. Cambridge, 1873. The College. Cherbourg : — Societe des Sciences Naturelles. Memoires. Tome 17. (2* Serie, Tome 7.) 8vo. Paris, &c., 1873. Catalogue de la Bibliotheque de la Societe. 2 Partie, l^t'e Livr. 8vo. Cherbourg, 1873. The Society. Connecticut : — Academy of Arts and Sciences. Transactions. Yol. 2, Pt. 2. 8vo. New Haven, 1873. The Academy. Copenhagen : — Kongl. Danske Yidenskabernes Selskab. Skrifter. 5*^ Ra^kke. Naturvidensk. og Mathem. Afdeling. Bind 9, Hft. 8 & 9, & Bind 10, Hft. 1-6. 4to. Kjobenhavn, 1872-73. Oversigt over det Kgl. D. Y. S. Porhandlinger, &c., i aar. 1872 & 1873, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Ibid. (1872). The Society. Devonshire : — Association for the Advancement of Science. Report and Transactions. Yol. 6, Pt. 1. 8vo. Plymouth. 1873. The Association. Dublin : — Royal Irish Academy. Transactions. Yol. 24. Science, Pts. 16 & 17, and Yol. 25, Pts. 1-4. 4to. Dublin, 1870-73. additions to the library, v Titles. Donors. AcABEiriES AND SOCIETIES {continued). I>ublin {continued) : — Proceedings. Vol. 10, Pt. 4. 8vo. DubHn, 1870. . 2nd series. Vol. 1, Nos. 2-8. Svo. lUd., 1871-73. The Academy. Royal Geol(^cal Society of Ireland, Journal. Vol, 13, Pt, 3. (N. S. Vol. 3, Pt. 3.) 8vo. London, 1873, The Socxety. Edinburgh : — Botanical Society, Transactions and Proceedings. Vol. 11, Pt, 3, 8vo. Edin- burgh, 1873- The Soceeiy. Eoyal Society. Transactions, Vol. 27, Pt. 1 (for the Session 1872-73). 4to. (Edinburgh?) Proceedings, Session 1872-73. (Vol. 8, No. 85 & 86.) 8vo. (Ibid.) The Society. Crlangen : — PhysikaHsch-Medicinische Societat, Sitzungsberichte, Heft 5. 8vo. Erlangen, 1873. The Society. Frankfurt a. M. : — Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Abhandlungen. Band 8, Hft. 3 & 4, und Bd. 9, Hft. 1 & 2. 4to, Frankfurt a. M., 1872-73. Bericht, 1872-73. 8vo, Ibid., 1873. The Society. Geneva : — Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle. Memoires. Tome 22 & 23, Partie 1. 4to. Paris & Bale, 1873. The Society. Giessen : — Oberhessische Gesellschaft fUr Natur- und Heilkunde. Bericht 14. 8vo. Giessen, 1873. The Society, vi additions 10 the libkaey. Titles. Donoks. Academies and Societies (continued). Gottingen : — Koiiigl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. Abhandlungen. Band 18. 4to. Gottingen, 1873. Naclirichten, aus dem Jahre 1873. Svo. IhicL, 1873. The Societx. Haarlem ; — Societe HoUandaise des Sciences. Archives Neerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles. Tome 8, Livr. 3 & 4. Svo. La Haye, 1873. The Society. Sep. piibL See Bosgoed, B. M. Hague : — Nederl. Entomol. Yereeniging. See JUeyden. Hanover : — Naturhistorische Gesellschaft. Jahresbericht 22. Svo. Hannover, 1872. The Society. Hobart Town : — See Tasmania. India : — Forest Eeports. Administration Eeports of the Forest Department of the Bombay Presidency, including Sind, for 1871-72. Svo. Bombay, 1873. The India Oepice. Innsbruck : — Naturwissenschaftlich-Mediziniseher Yerein. Berichte. Jahrg. 3. 8vo. Innsbriick, 1873. The AssociAiiON. Jena : — Medicinische Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft. Jenaische Zeitschrift fiir Medicin iind Naturwissenschaft. Bd. 1-7. Svo. Leipzig, 1864-73. Pttrchased. Kazan : — Societe des Naturalistes de la Nouvelle Russia. Zapiski, &c. Tome 2, Pt. 1. Svo. Odessa, 1873. The Society. ABDIIIOJS'S TO Till; UBKAKI. VU Titles. Donoes. Academies and Societies (continued). Kazan {continued) : — University. Izvestia for 1872. 8vo. Kazan, 1873. Izvestia i Utchenia Zapiski. Tome 40, Nos. 1-6. 8vo. Ibid., 1872-73. The Univeksitt. Kdnigsberg : — Kunigl. Physikal.-dkonomische GeseUschaft. Sehriften. Jahrg. 13, Abth. 2. 4to. Konigsberg, 1871-72. The Society. Ijausannej — Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles. Bulletin. 2'= Serie (Vol. 12), No. 69-71. 8vo. Lausanne, 1873-74. The Society. Iieyden : — Nederlandsche Botanische Vereeniging. Nederlandsch Kruidkundig ArcMef. — Yerslagen en Mede- deelingen ; onder redactie van Dr. W. F. E. Suringar, &c. 2de Serie, Deel 1, Stuk 3. 8vo. Nijmegen, 1873. The Association. Nederlandsclie Entomologische Vereeniging. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. Serie 2, Deel. 8. 8vo. Gra- venhage, 1872-73. The Association. Lisbon : — Academia Heal das Sciencias. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas, e Naturaes. Tomo 1-3. 8vo. Lisboa, 1868-71. Sep. pnbl. See Ribeiro, /. S. The Academy. Liverpool : — Literary and PhilosopMcal Society. Proceedings. No. 27. 8vo. London, 1873. The Society. London : — British Association for the Advancement of Science. Eeport 42nd. 8vo. London, 1873. The Association. viu additions xo tke libeaex. Titles. Dokoes. Academies aitd Societies (continued). Iiondon (continued) : — British Museum. Catalogue of the Specimens of Hemiptera Heteroptera. By Francis Walker, Ksq. Parts 6-8. 8to. London, 1873. Hand-list of the Edentate, Thick-skinned, and Euminant Mammals. By Br. J. E. Gray^F.K.S. &c. 8vo. Ibid, 1873. of the Shield Eeptiles. By the same. 8vo. Ihid., 1873. The Teiistees. Entomological Society. Transactions. Pts. 3-5 for 1873, and Pt. 1 for 1874. 8vo. London, 1873-74. The Society. Geological Society. Quarterly Journal. Vol. 29, Pts. 3 & 4, and Vol. 30, Pts. 1 & 2. 8vo. London, 1873-74. The Socxety. PalsBontographical Society. Publications. Yol. 27. 4to. London, 1874; containing: — 1. Davidson, TJiomas. Monograph of the British Fossil Brachiopoda. Yol. 4, Pt. 1. Supplement to the recent Tertiary and Cretaceous Species. 2. O'we!!., BicJiard. Monograph of the Fossil Eeptilia of the "Wealden and Pui'beck Formations. Supplement, Nos. 5 & 6. 3. . Monograph of the Fossil Eeptilia of the Mesozoic Formations. Pt. 1. 4. "Wood, S. V. Supplement to the Crag Mollusca. Pt. 2. Bivalves. 5. WrigLit, Thomas. Monograph of the British Fossil Echinodermata from the Cretaceous Formations. Yol. 1, Pt. 6. PxmCHASED. Pharmaceutical Society. Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions. 3rd Series, Nos. 156-207. 8vo. London, 1873-74. Catalogue of the Library. 8vo, Ibid., 1873. Calendar for 1874. 8vo. Ibid. The Society, Quekett Microscopical Club. Joiu-nal. Nos. 24-26. Eeport 8th, &c. 8vo. London, 1873-74. The Club. ADDITIONS TO TBffi LIBKAKT. IX Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). Iiondon (continued) : — Royal Society. Philosophical Transactions. Vol. 162, Pt. 2, and Yol. 163, Pts. 1 & 2. 4to. London, 1873-74. Proceedings. (Vol.21.) Nos. 145-52. 8yo. Ibid., 1873-74, The Society. Royal Agricultural Society. Journal. 2nd Series, Yol. 9, Pt. 2, & Yol. 10, Pt. 1. 8vo. London, 1873-74. The Society. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britian and Ireland. Journal. New Series, Yol. 7, Pt. 1. 8vo. London, 1874. The Society. Royal Geographical Society. Journal. Yol. 42. 8vo. London, 1872. Proceedings. Yol. 17, Nos. 2-5, and Yol. 18, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Ibid., 1873-74. The Society. Royal Horticultural Society. Journal. New Series, Yol. 4, Pts. 13 & 14. 8vo. London, 1873-74. The Society. Royal Microscopical Society. Monthly Microscopical Journal. Nos. 55-66. 8vo. London, 1873-74. The Society. Society of Arts. Journal. Nos. 1074-1125. 8vo. London, 1873-74. The Society. Zoological Society. Transactions. Yol. 8, Pt, 6. 4to. London, 1873. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings. Pts. 1 & 2 for the year 1873. 8vo. Ibid. The Society. London, Ontario : — Entomological Society. Report for 1872. By the Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A., and others. 8vo. Toronto, 1873. Henky Reeks, Esq., E.L.S. Canadian Entomologist. See Jouenals. Lund : — University. Acta (Ars-skrift). Mathematik & Naturvetenskap. 4to. Lund, 1871-72. The XInreksity. x additions to the library. Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). Lyon (continued) : — Societe d' Agriculture, Sciences Naturelles, &c. Annales. 4^ Serie, Tome 2. 8vo. Lyon, 1870. The Societt. Societe Linneenne. Annales. Nouvelle Serie, Tome 18. 8vo. Paris, 1872. The Society. Manchester : — Literary and Philosophical Society. Proceedings. YoL 11, Kos. 14 & 15, and Vol. 12, N'os. 1- 11. 8vo. Manchester, 1872-73. The Society. Montreal : — Natural History Society. Canadian Naturalist and Quarterly Journal of Science. New Series. Yol. 6, No. 4, and Vol. 7, No. 1. 8vo. Montreal, 1872. The Society. Moscow : — Societe Imp. des Naturalistes. Bulletin. Tome 45, Nos. 1-3. 8vo. Moscou, 1872. The Society. Munich : — Kon. Bayerische Academic der Wissenschaften. Abhandlungen der Mathemat.-physikal. Classe. Band 11, Abth. 1. 4to. Miinchen, 1871. Sitzungsberichte. Math.-nat. Classe. 1871, Heft 3, and 1872, Heft 1 & 2. 8vo. Ibid., 1871-72. . Inhaltszverzeichniss zu Jahrg. 1860-70. 8vo. Ibid. 1872. The Academy. Naples : — Societa Reale. Accademia delle Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche. Atti. Vol. 3 & 4. 4to. Napoli, 1866-69. Rendiconto. Anno 6 (fasc. 6-12), 7 (fasc. 1-12) and 8 (fasc. 1-12). 4to. Ihid., 1867-69. The Academy. additions to the library. xi Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). Newcastle-on-Tyne : — Natural History Society of Northumberland and Durham. Transactions. Vol. 4, Pt. 2. 8vo. London, 1872. The Society. New South Wales : — See Sydney. New York : — Lyceum of Natural History. Annals. VoL 9, No. 13 (pp. 407 to end), and Vol. 10, Nos. 1-7. Svo. New York, 1870-72. Proceedings. Vol. 1, Sh. l-]5. 8vo. (Ibid.) 1870-71. The Lyceum. New Zealand : — Geological Survey. Reports &c. See Hector, /., and Hut- ton, F. W. Odessa : — Society of Naturalists of New Eussia. Zapiski etc. (Memoirs). Vol. 1,. Pt. 1-3, and supplements. (E. Lindemann, Prodromus Florae Chersonensis, & Index plantarum usualium Floras Chersonensis.) Svo. Odessa, 1872-73. The Society. Palermo : — R. Istituto Tecnico. Cons^ di Perfezionamento. Giomale di Seienze Naturali ed Economiche. Vol. 2, Fasc. 1. 4to. Palermo, 1866. The Institute. Paris : — Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. Nouvelles Archives. Tomes 6 & 7. 4to. Paris, 1870-71. The Museum. Societe Botanique de France. Bulletin. Tome 17, C. R. des Seances, No. 4 ; Tome 18, Comptes Rendus des Seances, Nos. 3 & 4, et Revue Bibliogr. D & E; et Tome 19, C. R., Nos.1-3, et Rev. Bibl. A, B, C, & D. Svo. Paris, 1871-72. The Society. Xll ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). Petersburg : — Academie Imper. des Sciences. Memoires. 7^ Serie, Tome 17, Nos. 11 & 12, and Tome 18, Nos. 1-7. 4to. St. Petersbourg, 1871-72. Bulletin. Tome 17, ^^os. 1-3. 4to. Ibid., 1871-72. The Academy. Botanic Garden. Transactions (Trudy). Vol. 1, No. 2, and Vol. 2, No. 1 . 8vo. St. Petersbourg, 1872-73. Dr. Trautvetter, on the part of the Garden. Societas Entomologica Eossica. Horce. Tom. 8, Nos. 3 & 4, and Tom. 9, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Petropoli, 1871-72. The Society. Philadelphia : — Academy of Natural Sciences. Proceedings for 1871 & 1872. 8vo. Philadelphia^ 1871-72. American Journal of Conchology. Vol. 6, Pt. 4, & Vol. 7. 8vo. Ibid., 1871-72. The Academy. American Philosophical Society. Proceedings, No. 89. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1873. The Society. Plymouth : — ■ Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society. Annual Report and Transactions. Vol. 3, Pt. 3, & Vol. 4, Pt. 3. 8vo. Plymouth, 1869-72. (Inch Keys, J". TF. A^., Holmes, K M., &c., Flora of Devon and Cornwall. — Continuation.) The Institution. Regensburg : — Kon. Bayerische Botanisehe GeseUschaft. Flora. Jahrgang 55, Nos. 15-36, & Jahrg. 56, Nos. 1-15. 8vo. Eegensburg, 1871-73. Purchased. Rugby :— Hugby School Natural History Society. Eeport for 1872. 8vo. Eugby, 1873. Dr. Kitchener, F.L.S. Russia, New : — See Odessa. AJ)DI1I0NS TO THE LIBRARY. Xlll Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). Salem, Mass. : — Peabody Academy of Science. Memoirs. Vol. 1, Nos. 2 & 3. 8vo. Salem, Mass., 1871-72. Annual Report (4th) of the Trustees for the year 1871. 8vo. Salem, 1872. American Naturalist. Vol. 5, Nos. 2-12, and Vol. G, Nos. 1-11. 8vo. Ibid., 1871-72. The Academy. Sep. publ. See Packard, A. S. San Francisco : — Californian Academy of Sciences. Memoirs. Vol. 1, Pts. 1 & 2. 4to. San Francisco, 1868. Proceedings. Vol. 4, Pts. 1-4. 8vo. Ibid., 1869-72. The Academy. Stettin : — Entomologiseher Vereiu. Entomologische Zeitung. Jahrg. 30-33. 8vo. Stettin, 1869-72. The Association. Stockholm : — Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien. HandHngar. Ny Foljd. Bd. 7, Hft. 2, Bd. 8, & Bd. 9, Delen 1. 4to. Stockholm, 1868-71. Ofversigt. Arg. 26 & 27. 8vo. Ibid., 1870-71. Lefnadsteckningar, ofver efber 1854 afiidna Ledamoter. Bd. 1, Hft. 2. 8vo. Ibid., 1870. See Carlson, F. F. The Academy. Sydney :— Entomological Society of New South Wales. Transactions. Vol. 2, Pt. 4. 8vo. Sydney, 1872. The Society. Toronto : — Canadian Institute. Canadian Journal of Science, Literature, and History. New Scries, No. 76-78 ( = Vol. 13, No. 4-6). 8vo. Toronto, 1872-73. The Institute. xiv additions to the library. Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). Turin : — 11, Accademia delle Scienze. Atti. Vol. 7 (Disp. 1-7). 8vo. Torino, 1871-72. The Academy. Upsal : — Koyal Society of Sciences. Nova Acta. Series 3, Vol. 8, Fasc. 1. 4to. Upsaliae, 1871. Sep. publ. See Thorell, T. The Society. Venice ; — Regio Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere, ed Arti. Memorie. Vol. 16, Pte. 1, & Vol. 17, Pte. 2. 4to. Veuezia, 1871 & 1873. Atti. Serie 4, Tomo 1, Disp. 2-5. 8vo. Ibid., 1871-72. The Institute. Vienna : — Kaiseri. Akademie der "Wissensehaften. Math. -Nat. Classe. Denkschriften. Bd. 31 & 32. 4to. Wien, 1872. SitzungsbericMe. Abth. 1, Bd. 64 & 65, and Abtb. 2, Bd. 64. 8vo. Ibid., 1871-72. . Register zu den Banden 61-64. 8vo. Ibid., 1872. Anzeiger, Jahrg. 9, Nos. 17-29, & Jahrg. 10, Nos. 4-11. 8vo. Ibid., 1872-73. The Academy. K. K. Geologische Eeichs-Anstalt. Abhandlungen. Band 5, Hft. 3. (=Iiaube, Echinoiden der Tertiarablagerungen.) 4to. Wien, 1871. Jahrbucb. Bd. 22, Nos. 1-4. 8vo. Ibid., 1872. Verhandlungen. Jahrg. 1871, No. 6, und J. 1872, Nos. 1-18. 8vo. Ibid., 1872. . General-Register der Bd. 11-20. 8vo. Ibid., 1872. The Institute. K. K. Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschafb. Verhandlungen. Bd. 22. 8vo. Wien, 1872. The Society. Washington : — Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report for the year 1870. 8vo. Washington, 1871 . The Institution. addiiions to the librabv, xv Titles. Donoes. Academies ajtd Societies (continued). Wiesbaden : — Nassauischer Yerein fiir Naturkiinde. Jahrbiicher. Jahrg. 25 & 26. 8vo, Wiesbaden, 1871-72, The Association. Winchester : — Scientific and Literary Society. Eeport of Proceedings &c. for 1870-71. 8vo. "Winchester, 1872. The Society? Wurzburg : — Physikalisch-Medicinisclie GeseUschaft. Verhandlungen. H^eue Folge, Band 3, Hft. 1-4, & Band 4, Hft. 1. 8vo. Wiirzbuxg, 1872-73. The Society. Journals : — American Naturalist. See Acad., Salem. Annales des Sciences Naturelles. 5'= Serie. Zoologie, Tomes 15 & 16. Botanique, Tome 14, Nos. 5 & 6, & Tomes 15 & 16. Svo. Paris, 1872. PtmcHASED. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 4tli Series, Nos, 55- 66. Svo. London, 1872-73. Dr. Francis, F.L.S. &c. Archiv fiir Mikroskopische Anatomic ; herausgegeben von Prof. Max Schultze. Band 8, und Namen- und Sacb-register zu Bd. 1-8. 8vo. Bonn, 1871-72. Pfechased. Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte ; gegriindet von A. F. A. Wiegmann; fortgesetzt von W. F. Erichson &c. Jahrg. 38, Heft 1-3, & 39, Hft. 1. 8vo. Berlin, 1872-73. Purchased. Archives Neerlandaises. See Acad., Haarlem, Soc. Holland. Athenaeum. Pts. 534-45. (=No8. 2327-79.) 4to. London, 1872-73. The Publisher. Botanical Magazine. 3rd Series : conducted by J. D. Hooker, M.D., F.R.S., V.P.L.S., &c. Nos. 331-42. 8vo. London, 1872-73. Purchased. Botanische Zeitung. Redaction, A. de Bary, G. Krauss. Jahrg. 30, Nos. 23-52, und J. 31, Nos. 1-22. 4to. Leipzig, 1872-73. Purchased. Botanisk Tidsskrift, See Academies, Copenhagen, Botan. Forening. xvi additions to the library. Titles. Donors. Journals (continued) : — Canadian Entomologist: edited by the Rev. J, S. Bethune. Yol. 3, Nos. 7-8, Vol. 4, Nos. 1, 2, & 4-11, & Vol. 5, Nos. 1-4. 8vo. London (Ontario), 1871-73. Henry Reeks, Esq., F.L.S. Canadian Journal of Science. See Acad., Toronto. Canadian Naturalist and Quarterly Journal of Science. See Academies &c., Montreal. Entomologist. Nos. 112-117. 8vo. London, 1873. E. Kewman, Esq., F.L.S. Entomologist's Annual for 1873. 8vo. London, 1873. H. T. Stainton, Esq., Sec. L.S. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine : conducted by H. G. Knaggs, M.D., R. M'Lachlan, Esq., F.L.S., &c. Nos. 98-109. 8vo. London, 1872-73. The Editors. Flora. See Academies (fee, Regensburg. Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette. Nos. 25-52 for 1872, and Nos. 1-24 for 1873. 4to. London. Pxtechased. Geological Magazine : edited by Henry "Woodward, F.G.S. tfec. Vol. 9, Nos. 7-12, and Vol. 10, Nos. 1-6. 8vo. London, 1872-73. The Editor. Giornale (Nuovo) Botanico Italiano : diretto da T. Caruel. Vol. 4, Nos. 3 & 4, and Vol. 5, Nos. 1 & 2. Svo. Pisa, 1872-73. The Editor. GreviUea. A Monthly Record of Cryptogamic Botany and its Literature : edited by M. C. Cooke, M.A. Vol. 1. (Nos. 1- 12). 8vo. London, 1872-73. The Editor. Ibis. 3rd Series : edited by Osbert Salvin, M.A., F.L.S., &c, (Vol. 2) Nos. 7-10. 8vo. London, 1872-73. Purchased. Jahrbiicher fiir wissenschaftliche Botanik : herausgegeben von Dr. N. Pringsheim. Band 8, Hft. 4. 8vo. Leipzig, 1872. Purchased. Journal de Conchyliologie ; publie sous la direction de MM. Crosse et Fischer. 3^ Serie, Tome 12, No, 3 & 4, and Tome 13, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Paris, 1872-73. Purchased. Journal of Botany, British and Foreign : edited by H. Trimen, M.B., F.L.S., and J. G. Baker, F.L.S. &c. Nos. 115-126. 8vo. London, 1872-73. Purchased. additions to the library. xvu Titles. Doxors. Journals (contintced) : — Liiinaea : ein Journal fiir die Botanik : herausgegeben von Dr Aug. Garcke. Xeue Folge, Bd. 3, Heft 3-5. 8vo. Berlin, 1872. Purchased. Malakozoologische Blatter: herausgegeben von Dr. Louis Pfeiffer und Dr. W. Kobelt. Band 19, Bog. 7-13, und Bd. 20, Bog. 1-13. Svo. Cassel, 1872-73. Purchlised. Monthly Microscopical Journal. See Academies, London^ R. Microscopical Society. Nature : a weekly illustrated Journal of Science. Xos. 138- 189. 8vo. London, 1872-73. The Publisher. Nuovo Giornale Botanico. See Giomale. Pharmaceutical Journal. See Academies, lK>ndoii, Pharma- ceutical Society. ■ Popular Science Eeview: edited by Henry Lawson, M.D. Nos. 44-47. Svo. London, 1871-72. E. Hardwicke, Esq., F.L.S. Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Yolkenkunde. See Academies &c., Batavia, Batav. Genootschap. Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie : herausgegeben von C. T. von Siebold und Albert Kolliker. Bd. 22, Hft. 3 «fe 4, und Bd. 23, Hft. 1 & 2. Svo. Leipzig, 1872-73. Purchased. Zoological Record for 1871. Pts. 1 & 2. Edited by A. NeAvton, M.A., F.R.S., &c. Purchased. Zoologist : edited by Edward Newman, F.L.S. &c. 2nd Series, Xos. 82-93. Svo. London, 1872-73. Purchased. Abbott, Francis. Result of five years' Meteorological Observations for Hobart Town. 4to. Hobart Town, 1872. Royal Society of Tasmania. Agardb, C. A. [Icones Algarum Europaearura.] Svo. [Leipzig, 1828-35.] J. C. Galton, Esq., M.A., F.L.S. Agassiz, Alexander. Application of Photography to Illustrations of Natural History. Svo. 1871. 2 pp. . Revision of the Echini. See Academies tfec, Cambridge^ Mass. Allman, G. J. Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids. Conclusion of Part 1, and Part 2, folio. London, 1872. (Ray Society Publication.) Purchased, additions to the library. — Session 1872-73. h xviu additions to the m beaky. Titles, Donors. Anderson, John. Ou Memo aria and Sccipia, two genera of Land- Tortoises. (Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872.) 8vo. . Notes on Rhinoceros sxmiatrensis, Cuv. (Ibid., 1872.) 8vo. • . Eurther remarks on the external characters and anatomy of Macamts briinnens. (Ibid., 1872.) 8vo. . Ou some Persian, Himalayan, and other Eeptiles. (Ibid., 1872.) 8vo. . The Authok. Baillon, ff. Histoire des Plantes. Tome 3, FamiUes 19-23, et Tome 4, Fam. 27-35. 8vo. Paris, 1871-73. Purchased. Baily, W. H. Figures of characteristic British Fossils. Part 3. 8vo. London, 1871. The Author. Bentham, G., & Hooker, J. D. Genera Plantarum : ad exem- plaria imprimis in herbariis Kewensibns servata, definita. Yol. 2, pars 1. 8vo. Londini, 1873. The Authors. Bemays, Louis. The Olive and its products. 8vo. Brisbane, 1872. The Author. Blomefield, Rev. Leonard. Address, as President, to the Bath Natural Histoiy Society and Antiquarian Field Club, Feb. 19, 1872. 8vo. Bath, 1872. . Local Biology : followed by remarks on the Faunas of Bath and Somerset. 8vo. Ihid., 1873. The Author. Bljrtt, A. Bidrag til Kundskaben om Vegetationen i den lidt sydfor og under Polarkredsen liggende Del af Norge. (Yidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. fiir 1871.) 8vo. University of Christiania. Boissier, Edm. Icones Euphorbiarum : ou, Figui-es de 122 species du genre Euphorbia, &c. Fol. Paris, 1866. The Author. -. . Flora Orientalis. Yol. 2. 8vo. Genevfe &c., 1872. Purchased. Borre, Alph. Prudhomme de. Catalogue . . . d'une petite collection de Fourreaux de Larves de Phryganides de Baviere. (xlnn. Soe. Entom. Belg., tome 14.) 8vo. 1871. The Author. Britten, James. List of Lincolnshire Plants (from AYhite's His- tory, Gazetteer, &c. of Lincolnshire). | sheet. 8vo. The Author. Brown, (Robert). Remarks on the formation of Fjords and Canons. (Journ. R. Geogr. Soc, 1871.) 8vo. The Author. Bulger, George E. Notes of a tour from Bangalore to Calcutta, thence to Delhi and to British Sikkim. 8vo, Secunderabad, 1869. The Author. additions to the uwuky. x15 Titles. Donobs. Carlson, F. F. Miunesteckning tifver E, G. Geijer. 8vo. Stock- holm, 1870. The Academy of Sciexces, Stockholm. Christy, H. See Lartet. Cleghorn, ILujJi. Obituary Xotice of Dr. Robert Wright. Svo. Edinburgh, 1873. The Author. Cooke, M. C, Ed. Grcvillea. See Journals. Dalton, E. T. Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal. Fol. Calcutta, 1872. Goverxmext of Bengal, through Asiatic Society. Dana, James D. Corals and Coral Islands. Svo. London, 1872. Purchased. "D^y, Francis. Slonograph of Indian Cyprinida^. Part 6. (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 41.) 8vo. 1872. The Author. Duncan, P. M. See Academies, London, Palceontogr. Soc. , Description of the Madreporaria dredged up during the Expeditions of H.il.S. ' Porcupine ' in 1869 & 1870. (Zool. Trans, vol. viii. pt. 5.) 4to. London, 1871. The Author. Eaton, Rev. A. E. See Academies, London, Entomol. Soc Eichler, A. O. Flora Brasil. See Martins, C. F. P. cle. Fayrer, J. The Thauatophidia of India : being an account of the Venomous Snakes of the Indian Peninsula &c. Fol. London, 1872. The Author. Flower, T. B. Flora of Wiltshire, ^o. 14. Svo. (Devizes.) The Author. Frauenfeld, Georg, Hitter von. Zoologische MisceUen. No. 16, 2*« Halfte, und Is^o. 17. (Verb. Zool.-Bot. Verein, Wien, 1872.) Svo. . Phylloxera Yastatrix. 8vo. 1872. . Die Frage des Vogelschutzes. 12mo. Wien, 1872. The Author. Gosse, P. H. Actinologia Britannica. A History of the British Sea-Anemones and Corals. Svo. London, 1860. Purchased. Gregg, W. H. Catalogue of the Birds of Chemung County, New- York. Svo. Elmira, N. Y., 1870. The Author? Haeckel, (Ernst). Die Kalkschwiimme. 3 Bande. Svo. Berlin, 1872. Purchased. Hahn, C. W., & Koch, C. L. Die Arachniden : getreu nach der Natur abgebildet und bcschrieben. Bd, 1-16. Svo. Niirnberg 1831-48. Purchased. 62 xx additions 10 the libbart. Titles. Donors. Hanstein, Joh. Botanische Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiet der Morphologie und Physiologie. Band 1 & Band 2, Hft. 1. 8vo. Bonn, 1871-72. Purchased. Hector, James. Eeports of Geological Explorations duringl871-72. 8vo. Wellington, N. Z., 1872. . Annual Eeports (6 & 7) on the Colonial Museum and Labo- ratory. 8vo. Ihid., 1871-72. Geological Survey of New Zealand. Hiern, W. P. A Theory of the forms of floating leaves in certain Plants. 8vo. 1873. . Monograph of Ebenacese. (Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. vol. 12.) 4to. Cambridge, 1873. The Author. Hoffiuann, H. Pflanzen-missbildungen. 8vo. Bremen. The Author. Hooker, J. B. Flora of British India. Part 1. 8vo. London, 1872. H.M. Secretary op State for India. Hooker's Icones Plantarum. 3rd Series ; edited by J. D. Hooker, M.D., P.E.S., L.S., &c. Vol. 2, Parts 1 & 2. 8vo. London, 1872-73. George Bentham, Esq., Pres. L.S. Hutton, F. W. Catalogue of the Echinodermata of New Zealand, with diagnoses of the species. 8vo. New Zealand, 1872. Geological Survey, New Zealand. Keys, J. W. N. Flora of Devon and Cornwall. See Academies, Plymouth. Koch, G. L. Uebersicht des Arachniden-Systems. Hft. 1, 2, Hft. 3, Abth. 1-3, Hft. 4, Abth. 1-5, and Hft. 5. 8vo. Nurn- berg, 1837-50. Purchased. . Die Arachniden. See Hahn, C. W. Koch, jBTarZ. Dendrologie. Baume, Strauche^&c.,welcheinMittel- und Nord-Europa, im freien cultivirt werden. Theil 2, Abth. 1. 8vo. Erlangen, 1872. The Author. Koch, Ludwig. Die Arachniden-FamUie der Drassiden. Hffc. 1-7. 8vo. Niirnberg, 1866-67. Purchased. KoUiker, A. Weitere Beobachtungen iiber das Yorkommen und die Verbreitung typischer Eesorbtionsflachen an den Xnochen. 8vo. Wiirzburg, 1872. The Author? Koninck, L. G. de. Nouvelles recherches sur les Animaux Fos- siles du Terrain Carbonifere de la Belgique. l^""* partie. 4to. Bruxelles, 1872. (Mem. Acad. R. Sc. Belg., tome 39.) The Author. additions to the libbart. xxi Titles. Donors. Iiartet, E., Christy, H., &ic. lleliquiae Aquitanicse. Part 11. 4to. London, 1873. Executors of H. Christy, Esq., E.L.S. Laube. Echinoidea. See Academies, Vienna, K. K. GeoL- Anstalt. Ledebour, Carl F. von. Eoise durch das Altai-Gebirge und die Soongorische Kirgisen-Steppe. 2 Theile, 8vo, nnd Atlas, 4to. Berlin, 1829-30. G. Bentham, Esq., Pros. L.S. Le Maout, Bin., & Decaisne, J. General System of Botany, descriptive and analytical, translated by Mrs. Hooker ; the orders arranged, with additions, an appendix on the natural method, and a synopsis of the orders, by J. D. Hooker, C.B., F.R.S., L.S., M.D., &c. Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S. Lewis, T. R. On a Hcematozoon inhabiting Human Blood ; its relation to Chiluria and other diseases. 8vo. Calcutta, 1872. Dr. Shorit, E.L.S. Lewis, T. R., & Cunningham, D. D. Report of Microscopical and Physiological Researches into the nature of the agent or agents producing Cholera. Svo. Calcutta, 1872. Dr. Shortt, E.L.S. Liais, Emmanuel. Climats, Geologic, Faune et Geographic Botanique du Bresil. 8vo. Paris, 1872. The Brazilian Government. Lindemann, E. Prodromus Florae Chersonensis. See Academies, Odessa, Soc. of Nat. of New Russia. Loscos, Francisco, j Pardo, Jose. Serie imperfecta de las plantas Aragonesas espontaneas ; particularmente de las que habitan en la parte Meridional. Ed. 2. Svo. Alcaniz, 1866-67. Don F. Loscos. Lowe, T. R. Manual Flora of Madeira and the adjacent Islands. Vol. 1, pts. 4 & 5. 12mo. London, 1868. The Author. Lycett, John. Brit. Foss. Trigoniae. See Academies, London, Palaeontogr. Soc. McLachlan, R. Instructions for the collection and preservation of Neuropterous Insects. Svo. London, 1873. The Authoe. . See Entomol. Soc. Marsh, 0. L. On the structure of the skuU and limbs in Mosasauroid Reptiles. (Amer. Journ. Sci. & Arts, vol. 3, 1872.) Svo. . On a new subclass of Fossil Birds (Odontornithes), and on the gigantic fossil Mammals of the order Dinocerata. (Ibid., vol. 5, 1873.) Svo. The Author. xxu additions 10 ihe librart. Titles. Donors. Marshall, Rev. T. A. See Acadejues &c., London, Entomol. Soc. IVIartins, Charles. Sur I'origine glaciaire des Tourbieres du Jura Neuchatelais &c. (Bull. Soc. Bot. France, tome 18.) 8vo. 1871. Index Seminum Horti Monspeliensis, 1872. 8vo. . Un NaturaKste philosophe : Lamarck ; sa vie at ses ceuvres. 8vo. Paris, 1873. . Comparaison des Membres Pelviens et Thoraciques chez rHomme et chez les Mammiferes. 8vo. Tbid.^ 1873. The Author ? Martins, C. F. Ph. de, Eichler, Aug. Gul, &c. Flora Brasi- liensis. Enumeratio Plantarum in Brasilia hactenus detec- tarum. Fasc. 57-71, and Index &c. of Vol. 13, Part 1, and Yol. 14, Part 2. FoHo. Lipsi», 1872-73. Ptochased. Meehan, Thomas. On the effect of ' girdling ' Sequoias and other Coniferse. (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1872.) . On Numerical Order in the branching of some Coniferse. (Ibid., 1872.) 8vo. . Notes on 'Pine Needles' and on the Hypothesis of Evolution. (Ibid., 1872.) 8vo. . On dioecious plants of the common Asparagus. (Ibid., 1872.) 8vo. . On the spawn of the common Mushroom, Agaricus campestns. (Ibid., 1872.) 8vo. The Author? Miklos, Dr. Szontagh. Xarpati Kerek. 4to. Pest, 1870. . Elesztokerzodes &c. 8vo. (Ibid., 1870.) . MUio-eves ^^let. 8vo. (Ibid., 1872.) The Author. Moggridge, J. T. Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders. 8vo. London, 1873. The Author. Miicke, Carl. The Take-All Corn-disease of Australia. 8vo. Melbourne, 1870. F. S. Dutton, Esq. Miiller, Albert. On the manner in which the ravages of the larvae of a Nematus, on Salix cinerea, are checked hy Picromerus bidens, L. (Trans. Entom. Soc, 1872.) 8vo. . Contributions to Entomological Bibliography up to 1862. No. 1. (Ibid., 1873.) 8vo. The Author. - Mueller, Baron Ferd. von. Select plants, exclusive of timber trees, eligible for Victorian Industrial culture. 8vo. Melbourne, 1872. The Author. additions to the library. xxiu Titles. Donors. Oersted, A. S. Bidrag til Kundskab era Egefamilien i Nutid og Fortid (=K. D. Yidensk.-Selskabs Skrifter, Bd. 9, Hft. 6). 4to. Kjobcnhavn, 1871. The Society? Packard, A. S., Jun., Ed. Records of American Entomology for 1870. 8vo. Salem, 1871. . for 1871. See Salem, Peabody Academy Report. Peabody Academy, Salem. "ParlsLtorey Filipjw. Flora Italiana, Vol. 5, pte. 1. Sxo. Fh-enze, 1873. Purchased. Peacock, R. A. How a National Museum of Natural History might be built and arranged with advantage. 8vo. London, 1872. The Author. Pearson, Lt.-Col. G. F. Report on the Administration of the Forest Department in the several Provinces under the Govern- ment of India. See Academies &c., India. Plateau, Feliv. Qu'est ce que I'aile d'un Insecte ? 8vo. . Recherches physico-chymiques sur les Articules Aquatiques. Partie 1. 4to. BruxeUes, 1870. Partie 2. 8vo. Ibid., 1872. . Sur le mode d' adherence des males de Dytiscides aux femeUes pendant Facte d'accouplement. 8vo. (Gand, 1872.) . Materiaux pour la Faune Beige. 2^ Note. Myriapodes. (BuU. Acad. R. Belg. 2^ Serie, Tome 33.) 8vo. BruxeUes, 1872. The Author. Quaedvlieg, Louts. Description d'une anomalie observee chez un exemplaire de Hestia Bella, Westw. (Ann. Soc. Entom. Belg., tome 14). 8vo. 1871. The Author. Reeve, Lovell. Conchologia Iconica. Parts 294-301. 4to. London, 1872-73. Purchased. Regel, E. Plantae a Burmeistero prope Urlask coUectae. 8vo. The Author. Sachs, (Jul'ms). Lehrbuch der Botanik. 3'* Auflage. 8vo. Leipzig, 1873. Purchased. Saunders, W. W., Ed. Refugium Botanicum. Vol. 5, pt. 2. 8vo. London, 1872. The Editor. Saunders, W. W., Smith, W. G., &c. Mycological Illustrations ; being figures and descriptions of new and rare Hymenomycetous Fungi. Part 2. Svo. London, 1872. W. W. Saunders, Esq., V.P.L.S. xxiv additions to the library. Titles. Donors. Schimper, W. Ph. Traite de Paleontologie Vegetale. Tome 2, Partie 2. 8vo. Paris, 1870-72. . . Atlas de Planches. Livr. 4, Tab. 76-90. 4to. Ibid., 1870-72. The Author. Schoinburgk, B. Report on the progress and condition of the Botanic Garden and Government Plantations, 1872. Fcap. fol. Adelaide, 1873. C. A. "Wilson, Esq. . Papers read before the Philosophical Society and Chamber of Manufactures. Ibid., 8vo. 1873. The Author, Schubeler, F. G. Die Pflanzenwelt Norwegens : ein Beitrag zur Natur- und Culturgeschichte Nord-Europas. Allgemeiner Theil. 4to. Christiauia, 1873. E,. Norwegian Unitersitt at CHRiSTi.i.NiA. Schultze, Max. Archiv fiir Mikroskop. Anat. See Journals. Seemann, Berthold. Flora Vitiensis. Parts 1-10. 4to. London, 1865-73. Purchased. Shortt, John. The Tuckatoo and Bish Kopra. (Madras Monthly Joura. of Med. Sci.) 8vo. The Author. Smith, Frederick. See Academies, London, Entomol. Soc. Strasburger, Edouard. Die Befruchtung bei den Coniferen. 4to. Jena, 1869. . Die Coniferen und die Gnetaceeu. 8vo. Ditto, Atlas. 4to. {Ibid., 1872.) . Ueber Azolla. 8vo. (Ibid., 1873.) Purchased. Thomas, H. S. Eeport on Pisciculture in South Canara. 8vo. Loudon, 1870. The Author. Thorell, T. Remarks on synonyms of European Spiders. 'So. 3. 8vo. Upsala (1872). The Author. "Wagner, Moritz. The Darwinian Theory, and the law of the Migration of Organisms : translated by James S. Laird. 8vo. London, 1873. The Publisher? "Weddell, H. A. Sur les Podostemacees en general, et leur distri- bution geographique en particulier. 8vo. Paris, 1872. The Author. Wiegmann, A. F. A. Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte. See Jour- nals. Woodward, Henry. British Fossil Crustacea. See Academies, London, Palaeontogr. Soc. ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRAST. XXV TiTLKS. DOXOKS. Wright, Thomas, British Cretaceous Echinodermata. See Aca- demies, London, Paa^lontogr. Soc. Anon : — Phylloxera Yastatrix, Papers relating to. Fcai). fol. 1872. Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S. &c. Engraved Portrait, by Alexander Scott, of Eear- Admiral Sir James Clark Ross, D.C.L., F.R. & L.S. ; from the painting, by Stephen Pearce, in the Royal Hospital, Greenwich. Admiral Ommanev, C.B. &c., through Dr. Hooker, F.R.S., V.P.L.S., kc. ADDITIONS LIBRARY OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY. RECEIVED FROM JUNE 20, 1873, TO JUNE 19, 1874. Titles. Donoes. academxes and societies. Adelaide : — Philosophical Society. Report and Transactions, for the two years ending Sept. 30, 1872. 4to. Adelaide, 1873. The SociETy. Amsterdam : — Kon. Akademie van Wetenschappen. Verslagen en Mededeelingen. AfdeeKng Natuurkunde. 2'^" Reeks, Deel 7. 8vo. Amsterdam, 1873, Jaarboek voor 1872. 8vo. Ibid. The Academy. Auckland, N. Z. : — Acclimatisation Society. Report and Financial Statement, for the year ending Feb, 28th, 1873. 8vo. Auckland, N. Z., 1873. The Society? Institute. Report for the year ending Feb. 17th, 1873. 8vo. Ibid. The Institute ? ADDITIONS TO THE LIBEARY. ScSsion 1873-74. « 11 ADDITIOIfS TO xnE LIBRARY. Titles. Doxoes, Academies and Societies (continued). Basel : — Naturforschende Gesellschafb. Verhandlungen. Theil 5, Hft. 4, and Tbeil 6, Hft. 1. 8vo. Basel, 1873-74. The Societt. Zoologiseher Garten. Geschfiftsbericht (l^'^"") des Verwaltungsrathes. 4to. Basel, 1874. Herr a. Mullee, Director, Batavia t — Bataviaasch Genootseliap van Kunsten en "Wetenschappen. I^otulen van de Algemeene en Bestuurs-vergaderingen van het B. G. Dcel 10, No. 4, & Deel 11, No. 1. 8vo. Batavia, 1873. The Society. Kon. Natuiirknndige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie. Deel 32, Afl. 4-6. 8vo, Ibid, 1873. The Institution. Berlin t — Botanischer Yerein fiir die Provinz Brandenburg, &e. Yerbandlungen. Jabrg. 14 & 15. 8vo. Berlin, 1872-73. The Association.. Kon. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenscbaften. Abbandlungen, aus dem Jabre 1872. 4to. Berlin, 1873. Inbaltsverzeicbniss der Abbandlungeii, aus den Jabren- 1822-72. 8vo. Ibid, 1873. Monatsbericbte fiir Februar, iind fiir Mai bis December, 1873, und fiir Januar bis Marz, 1874. 8yo. Ibid, 1873-74, The Academy. Yerein zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues in den Kon, Preuss. Staaten, Monatsscbrift. Jabrg, 16. 8vo. Berlin, 1873. The Association. Bonn s — Naturbistoriscber Yerein der Preussiscben Ebeinlande uud Westphaliens. Yerbandlungen. Jabrg. 29, 2'^ Halfte, & Jabrg. 30, 1''^ Hiilfte. 8vo. Bonn, 1872-73. The Association,. ADBIT10X8 TO THE LIBRARY. Ill Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies {continued). Bordeaux : — Societd des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles. Memoires. Tome 7, Tome 9, Cahier 2, & Tome 10, Cahier 1. 8vo. Paris &c., 1869-74. The Society. Boston, Mass. : — American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Memoirs. New Series. Yol. 9, Pt. 2. 4to. Cambridge, 1873. Proceedings. Vol. 8, Sheets 52-85 (pp. 409-680). 8vo. Boston & Cambridge, 1873. The Academy. Society of Natural History. Memoirs. Yol. 2, Pt. 2, Nos. 2 & 3. 4to. Boston, 1872-3. Proceedings. Yol. 14, pp. 225 to end, and Yol. 15, Pts. 1 & 2. 8vo. Ibid., 1872-73. The Soctety. Briinn : — Naturforschender Yerein. Yerhandlungen. Bd. 10 & 11. Svo. Brunn, 1872-73. The Association. Brussels : — Soeiete R. de Botanique de Belgique. Bulletin. Tome 12, Nos. 1-3. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1873-74. The Society. Soeiete Entomologique. Annales. Tome 16. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1873. Comptus rendus. No. 92-8. 8vo. Ihid., 1873-74. (The Society ?) Buffalo :— Society of Natural Sciences. BuUetin. Yol. 1, No. 2-4. Svo. Buffalo, 1873-74. The Society. Calcutta : — Asiatic Society of Bengal. Journal. New Series, Yol. 42, Part 2, Nos. 1-3. 8vo. Calcutta, 1873. Proceedings. Nos. 5-10, 1873, & No. 1, 1874. 8vo. Ihid. The Society. a2 iv additions to the library. Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). California : — Academy of Sciences. See San Francisco. Cambridge, Mass. : — Harvard College ; Museum of Comparative Zoology. lUustrated Catalogue, No. 7. Revision of the Echini, by Alexander Agassiz, Pts. 3 & 4. 4to. Cambridge, 1873. The College. Cherbourg: — Societe des Sciences Naturelles. Memoires. Tome 17. (2^ Serie, Tome 7.) 8vo. Paris, &c., 1873. Catalogue de la Bibliotheque de la Societe. 2 Partie, l^re Livr. 8vo. Cherbourg, 1873. The Society. Connecticut : — Academy of Arts and Sciences. Transactions. Vol. 2, Pt. 2. 8vo. New Haven, 1873. The Academy. Copenhagen : — Kongl. Danske Yidenskabernes Selskab. Skrifter. 5'^ Easkke. Naturvidensk. og Mathem. Afdeling. Bind 9, Hft. 8 & 9, & Bind 10, Hft. 1-6. 4to. Kjobenhavn, 1872-73. Oversigt over det Kgl. D. V. S. Forhandlinger, &c,, i aar. 1872 & 1873, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Ihid. (1872). The Society. Devonshire: — Association for the Advancement of Science. Report and Transactions. Vol. 6, Pt. 1. 8vo. Plymouth. 1873. The Association. Dublin :— Eoyal Irish Academy. Transactions. Vol. 24. Science, Pts, 16 & 17, and Vol. 25, Pts. 1-4. 4to. Dublin, 1870-73. additions to the libbary. v Titles. Donobs. Academies and Societies (continued). I>ublin (continued) : — Proceedings. Vol. 10, Pt. 4. 8vo. Dublin, 1870. . 2nd series. Vol. 1, Nos. 2-8. 8vo. Ibid., 1871-73. The Academy. Eoyal Geological Society of Ireland. Journal. Vol. 13, Pt. 3. (^. S. Vol. 3, Pt. 3.) 8vo. London, 1873. The Society. Edinburgh : — Eotanical Society. Transactions and Proceedings. Vol. 11, Pt. 3. 8vo. Edin- burgh, 1873. The Society. Royal Society, Transactions. Vol. 27, Pt. 1 (for the Session 1872-73). 4to. (Edinburgh?) Proceedings, Session 1872-73. (Vol. 8, No. 85 & 86.) 8vo. (Ibid.) The Society. Urlangen : — PhysikaKsch-Medicinische Societiit. Sitzuugsberichte. Heft 5. 8vo. Erlangen, 1873. The Society. Frankfurt a. M. : — Senckeubergische Naturforschende GeseUschaft. Abhandlungen. Band 8, Hft. 3 & 4, und Bd. 9, Hft. 1 & 2. 4to. Frankfurt a. M., 1872-73. Bericht, 1872-73. 8vo. Ibid., 1873. The Society. Geneva : — Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle. Memoires. Tome 22 & 23, Partie 1. 4to. Paris & Bale, 1873. The Society. Giessen : — Oberhessische GeseUschaft fiir Natur- und Heilkunde. Bericht 14. 8vo. Giessen, 1873. The Society. vi akditioks to the libkaey. Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). Gottiugen : — Koiiigl. Gesellscliaft der Wissenschaften. Abhandlungen. Band 18. 4to. Gottingen, 1873. Nachrichten, aus dem Jahre 1873. 8vo. Ibid., 1873. The Society. Haarlem t — Societe HoUandaise des Sciences. Archives Neerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles. Tome 8, Livr. 3 & 4. 8vo. La Haye, 1873. The Society. Sep. publ. See Bosgoed, D. M. Hague : — Nederl. Entomol. Yereeniging. See JLeyden. Hanover : — Naturhistorische GeseUschaft. Jahresbericht 22. 8vo. Hannover, 1872. The Society. Hobart Town : — See Tasmania. India : — Forest Eeports. Administration Eeports of the Forest Department of the Bombay Presidency, iachiding Sind, for 1871-72. 8vo. Bombay, 1873. The India Oppice. Xnnsbrixck : — Naturwissenschaftlich-Mediziniseher Yerein. Berichte. Jahrg. 3. 8vo. Innsbriick, 1873. The Association. Jena : — Medicinische Naturwissenschaftliche GeseUschaft. Jenaisehe Zeitschrift fiir Medicin imd Naturwissenschaft. Bd. 1-7. 8vo. Leipzig, 1864-73. PtmcHASED. Kazan : — Societe des Naturalistes de la Notivelle Russie. Zapiski, kc. Tome 2, Pt. 1. 8vo. Odessa, 1873. The Society. ABDIIIONS XO THE LIBKAKY. Vll Titles. Donoes. Academies and Sociexies (continued). Kazan (continued) : — University. Izvestia for 1872. 8vo. Kazan, 1873. Izvestia i Utchenia Zapiski. Tome 40, Nos. 1-6. 8vo. Ibid., 1872-73. TnE Universixt. Konigsberg : — Kcinigl. Physikal.-okonomische GeseUschaft. Sehriften. Jahrg. 13, Abth. 2. 4to. Kouigsberg, 1871-72. The Society. liausanne* — Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, BuUetin. 2" Serie (Vol. 12), No. 09-71. 8vo. Lausanne, 1873-74. The Society, Leyden: — Nederlandsche Botanische Vereeniging. Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief. — Yerslagen en Mede- deelingen ; onder redactie van Dr. W. F. E. Suringar, (fee. 2de Serie, Deel 1, Stuk 3. 8vo. Nijmegen, 1873. The Association". Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. Serie 2, Deel. 8. 8vo, Gra- venhage, 1872-73. The Association. Lisbon : — Aeademia Eeal das Sciencias, Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas, e Natuxaes. Tomo 1-3. 8vo. Lisboa, 18G8-71. Sep. publ. See Ribeiro, J. S. The Academy. Liverpool : — Literary and Philosophical Society. Proceedings. No. 27. 8vo. Loudon, 1873. The Society. London : — British Association for the Advancement of Science. Eeport 42nd. 8vo. London, 1873. The Association. vm additions to the libeakx. Titles. Donoes. Academies aitd Societies (continued). London (continued) : — British Museum. CatalogTie of the Specimens of Hemiptera Heteroptera. By Francis Walker, Esq. Parts 6-8. 8yo. London, 1873. Hand-list of the Edentate, Thick-skinned, and Euminant Mammals. By Br. J. E. Gray,r.E.S. &c. 8vo. Ibid., 1873. of the Shield Eeptiles. By the same. 8vo. Ihid.y 1873. The Teitstees. Entomological Society. Transactions. Pts. 8-5 for 1873, and Pt. 1 for 1874. 8vo. London, 1873-74. The Society. Geological Society. Quarterly Journal. Vol. 29, Pts. 3 & 4, and Vol. 30, Pts. 1 & 2. 8vo. London, 1873-74. The Societt. Palseontographical Society. Publications. Vol. 27. 4to. London, 1874 ; containing : — 1. Davidson, Thomas. Monograph of the British Fossil Brachiopoda. Vol. 4, Pt. 1. Supplement to the recent Tertiary and Cretaceous Species. 2. Owen, RicJiard. Monograph of the Fossil Eeptiha of the "Wealden and Purbeck Formations. Supplement, I^os. 5 & 6. 3. . Monograph of the Fossil Eeptilia of the Mesozoic Formations. Pt. 1. 4. Wood, S. V. Supplement to the Crag Mollusca. Pt. 2. Bivalves. 5. Wright, Thomas. Monograph of the British Fossil Echinodermata from the Cretaceous Formations. Vol. 1, Pt. 6. Pfkchased. Pharmaceutical Society. Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions. 3rd Series, Nos. 156-207. 8vo. London, 1873-74. Catalogue of the Library. 8vo. Ihid., 1873. Calendar for 1874. 8vo. Ibid. The Society. Quekett Microscopical Club. Joiu-nal. Nos. 24-26. Eeport 8th, &c. 8vo. London, 1873-74. The Club. additions to the libeakt, ix Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). London (continued) : — lloyal Society. PhilosopMcal Transactions. Vol. 162, Pt. 2, and Vol. 163, Pts. 1 & 2. 4to. London, 1873-74. Proceedings. (Vol. 21.) ]!foe. 145-52. 8 vo. /Z>/cZ., 1873-74. The Society. Eoyal Agricultural Society. Journal. 2nd Series, Vol. 9, Pt. 2, & Vol. 10, Pt. 1. 8vo. London, 1873-74. The Societv. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britian and Ireland, Journal. New Series, Vol. 7, Pt. 1. 8vo. Loudon, 1874. The Society. lloyal Geographical Society. Journal. Vol. 42. 8vo. London, 1872. Proceedings. Vol. 17, Nos. 2-5, and Vol. 18, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Ibid., 1873-74. The Society. Royal Horticultural Society. Journal. New Series, Vol. 4, Pts. 13 & 14. 8vo. London, 1873-74. The Society. Eoyal Microscopical Society. Monthly Microscopical Journal. Nos. 55-66. Svo. London, 1873-74. The Society. Society of Arts. Journal. Nos. 1074-1125. 8vo. London, 1873-74. The Society. Zoological Society. Transactions. Vol. 8, Pt. 6. 4to. London, 1873. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings. Pts. 1 & 2 for the year 1873. 8vo. Ibid. The Society. London, Ontario : — Entomological Society. Report for 1872. By the Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A., and others. 8vo. Toronto, 1873. HenPvY Reeks, Esq., E.L.S. Canadian Entomologist. See Jouenals. Lund : — University. Acta (Ars-skrift). Mathematik & Naturvetenskap. 4to. Lund, 1871-72. The Univeksity. x addixioxs to the librakx. Titles. Donoks. Academies and Societies (continued). Lyon: — Academie Imp, des Sciences. Memoires. Sciences, Tome 19. 8vo. Lyon, (fee, 1871-72. The AcADEMr. Societe d' Agriculture, Sciences Naturelles, &c. Annales, 4" Serie, Tome 3. 8vo. Lyon, &c., 1871. The Society. Societe Linneenne. Annales. Nouvelle Serie, Tome 19. 8vo. Paris, &c., 1872. The Society. Manchester : — Literary and Philosophical Society. Memoirs. 3rd Series, Yol. 4. 8vo. London, 1871. Proceedings. Vols. 8-10. (Session 1868-9 to 1870-71), Yol. 12, No. 12, & Yol. 13, Nos. 1-11. 8vo. Ibid, 1869-74. The Society. Marlborough : — College of Natural History. Reports 17 & 18. 8vo. Marlborough, 1873-74. K.EV. T. A. Pbesxon, President. Montreal i — Natural History Society. Canadian Naturalist and Quarterly Journal of Science. Yol. 7, Nos. 2-4. 8vo. Montreal (1873-74). ' The Society. Moscow : — Societe Imp. des Naturalistes. Bulletin. Tome 45, No. 4, et Tome 46, Nos. 1-3. 8vo. Moscou, 1873-74. The Society. Munich : — Kon. Bayerische Academie der Wissenschaften. Abhandlungen. Mathemat.-physikal. Classe. Band 11, Abth. 2. 4to. Miinchen, 1873. Sitzungsberichte. Math.-physikal. Classe. 1872, Hft. 3, and 1873, Hft. 1 & 2. 8vo. IhicL, 1872-73. The Academy. AUDITIOXS TO XnE LIBRARY Titles. W _ Doi>^ ^®^^ Academies and Societies {continued). H IjIdIa/* R Y Naples : — \k Societa Recole. Accadcmia delle Scienze Fisicl^^Ji^temaucne. Atti. Vol. 5. 4to. Napoli, 1873. ^^^i'-.^l-.^S^ Rendiconto. Anno 9-11. 4to. lUd., 1870-72. The Academy. Newcastle-on-Tyne : — Natural History Society of Northumberland and Durham. Transactions. Vol. 5, Pt. 1. 8vo. London, &c., 1873. The Society. New York : — Lyceum of Natural History. Annals. Vol. 10, Nos. 8-11. 8vo. New York, 1872-73. Proceedings. Vol. 1, Sheet 19. 8vo. Ihld., 1871. . 2nd Series, Vol. 1, Sheets 1 & 2. 8to. Ihkl. (Jan. to March, 1873). The LYCEFai. Ohio:— Geological Survey. Eeport of Progress in 18G9. Pts. 1-3. By J. S. New- berry, E. B. Andrews, and Edward Orton. 8vo. Columbus, 1870. in 1870. By J. S. Newberry, Chief Geologist, and Assistants. 8vo. Ihid., 1871. (With Maps of Grouped Sections.) Report of the Geological Survey of Ohio. Vol. 1, Pt. 1. Geology, and Pt. 2. Palaeontology. 8vo. Ibid., 1873. ("With a Volume of Maps.) Wm. Holdeit, Esq. Paris : — Academie des Sciences. Comptes rendus des Seances. Tomes 66-75. 4to. Paris, 1868-72. The Academy. Societe Botanique de France. Bulletin. Tome 18, C. R. des Seances, No. 2 ; Tome 19, Re-vnie Bibliogr. E, et Session Extraordinaire; Tome 20, C. R. dos Seances, Nos. 1 &2, et Revue Bibliogr. A-E ; et Tome 21, C. R. des Seances, No. 1. Paris, 1872-74. The Society. Xii ADDITIONS TO THE IIBKAEY. Titles, Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). Paris (continued) : — Societe Eutomologique de France. Aunales. 4^ Serie, Tome 10, Partie supplementaire (Eucne- mides), Cahier 2 «& 3 ; et 5" Serie, Tome 2. 8vo. Paris, 1872. Bulletin des Seances. No. 14. Bvo. 1873. The Society. Petersburg : — Academic Imper. des Sciences. Memoires. 7^ Serie, Tome 18, Nos. 8-10, & Tome 19, Nos. 1-7. 4to. St. Petersbourg, 1872-73. Bulletin. Tome 17, Nos. 4 & 5, & Tome 18, Nos. 1 & 2. 4to. Ibid., 1872. The Academy. Jardin Botanique. Eeport on (Trudi). Tome 2. 8vo. St. Petersbourg, 1873. The Director, Dr. Tkauivettee. Societas Entomologica Eossica. Hor£e. Tom, 9, Nos. 3 & 4. 8vo. Petropoli, 1873. The Society. Philadelphia : — American Entomological Society. Transactions. Vols. 2 & 4. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1868-73. The Society. American Philosophical Society. Transactions. Kew Series, Vol. 14, Part 2, and Vol. 15, Part 1. 4to. Philadelphia, 1871-73. Proceedings. Vol. 12, No. 88, and Vol. 13 (Nos. 90 & 91). 8vo. (Ibid.) 1872-73. The Society. Plymouth : — Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society. Annual Report and Transactions. Vol. 4, Pt. 4. 8vo. Plymouth, 1873. The Institittion. See Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science. additions to the library. xiu Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). Regensburg : — Kon. Bayerische Botanischc Gesellscliaft. Flora. Jahrgang 56, Nos. 16-30, & Jahrg. 57, N'os. 1-10. 8vo. Eegensburg, 1873-74. Purchased. Rugby:— Rugby School Natural History Society. Eeport for 1873. 8vo. Rugby, 1874. Dr. Kitchener, F.L.S. St. Louis, Missouri : — Academy of Science. Transactions. Yol. 3, No. 1. 8vo. St. Louis, 1873. The Academy. Salem, Mass. : — Peabody Academy of Science. Annual Report (5th) of the Trustees for the year 1872. 8vo. Salem, Mass., 1873. American Naturalist. Vol. 6, No. 12, Vol. 7, and Vol. 8, No. 1. 8vo. Ibid., 1872-74. The Academy. San Francisco : — Californian Academy of Natural Sciences. Proceedings. Vol. 1 (1854-57). 2nd Edition. 8vo. San Francisco, 1873. . Vol. 4, Pt. 5, and Vol. 5, Pts. 1 & 2. 8vo. Ibid., 1873-74. The Academy. Stettin : — Entomologischer Vereiu. Entomologische Zeitung. Jahrg. 34. 8vo. Stettin, 1873. The Entomological Society, Stettin. Switzerland : — Allgemeine Schweitzerische Gesellschaft. Neue Denkschriften (Nouveaux Memoires). Bd. 24 & 25, 4to. Zurich, 1871-73. The NATURroRSCH. Gesellschaft, Basel. xit additions to the librakt. Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). Switzerland (continued) : — Allgemeine Schweitzerische Gesellschaft (continued). Verhandlungen (=Acte3 de la Soc. Helvet. ifec). Jahres- versammlung 56. Jahresbericht, 1872-73. 8vo. Schaff- hausen, 1874. The Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Basel. Tasmania : — Eoyal Society. Monthly J^otices of Papers and Proceedings for 1873. 8vo. Hobart Town, 1874. The Society. Toronto : — Canadian Institute. Canadian Journal of Science, Literature, &c. Vol. 14, Nos. 3 & 4. 8vo. Toronto, 1874-75. The Institute. Turin :— R. Accademia delle Scienze. Atti. Vol. 9 (Disp. 1-5). 8vo. Torino, 1873-74. The Academy. United States : — See also Washington. Geological Exploration of the 40th parallel, made by order of Congress. Report of. Vol. 5, Botany, by Sereno Watson, Prof. D. C. Eaton, and others. 4to. Washington, 1871. The Authors. United States Exploring Expedition, during the years 1838-42, under the command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. Vol. 17 (Pt. 2?), Botany. 1. Lower Cryptogamia. 2. Phseno- gamia of the Pacific Coast of N. America (by the late Dr. Torrey). 4to. Philadelphia, 1862-74. Dr. Asa Gray, F.M.L.S., on the part of the Herba- rium OF THE Harvard University, Cambr., Mass. Upsal : — Regia Societas Seientiarum. Nova Acta. Series 3, Vol. 9, Ease. 1. 4to. Upsali®, 1874. The Society. ADDinOlfS TO THB LIBRARY, XT Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). Victoria : — Geological Survey. 1. Prodromus of the Palaeontology of Victoria ; by F. M'^Coy. Pt. 1. 8vo. Melbourne, 1874. 2. Reports of Progress, jS^'os. 1 & 2; by R. B. Smyth, F.G.S., &c. Report on the Mineral Resources of Ballarat ; by R. A. F. Murray, &c. 8vo. Ihid., 1874. 3. Observations on new Vegetable Fossils of the Auriferous District; by Baron F. von Mueller, C.M.G., M.D., &c. 8vo. Ibid., 1874. The Survey. Royal Society. Transactions. Vol. 10. 8vo, Melbourne, 1874. The Society. Zoological and Acclimation Society. Proceedings (Vol. 3), 1874. 8vo. Melbourne, 1874. Baron v. Mueller, F.L.S., &c. Vienna : — Kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften. Math. -Nat. Classe. Denkschriften. Band 33. 4to. Wien, 1874. Sitzungsberichte. T*^ Abth., Bd. 68, Hft. 3-5, Bd. 69, Hft. 1-5, & Bd. 70, Hft. 1 & 2. 8vo. Ibid. 1874. Anzeiger. Jahrgang 11, Nos. 15-20. 8vo. Ibid., 1874. The Academy. Reise der CEsterreichischer Fregatte ' Novara ' um die Erde, in den J. 1857-59, unter den Befehlen des Commodor B. von WiiUerstorf-Urbain. — Zoologischer Theil, Bd. 2, Abth. 2. Lepidoptera, von Rud. Felder uud H. F. Rogen- hofer. Heft 4. Atlas, 4to. Wien, 1874. Purchased. K. K. Geologische Reichs-Anstalt. Abhandlungen. Band 7, Hft. 1 & 2, & Band 8, Hft. 1. 4to. Wien, 1874-75. Jahrbuch. Bd. 24, Nos. 2-4, & Bd. 25, No. 1. 8vo. Ibid., 1873-75. Verhandlungen, 1874, Nos. 7-13 & 16-18, & 1875, Nos, 1-5. 8vo. Ibid. The Association. Zoologisch-Botanischer Verein. Verhandlungen. Band 24. 8vo. Wien, 1874. The Association. xvi additions to the library. Titles. Donoes. Academies and Societies {contimied). "Warwick : — Warwickshire IS'aturalists' and Archaeologists' Field Club. Proceedings for 1874. 8vo. Warwick. The Club, Washington : — Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. Annual Report for 1873. See Hayden, F. V. Bulletin. No. 1. 8vo. Washington, 1874. Miscellaneous Publications, No. 4. Synopsis of the Flora of Colorado ; by T. C. Porter and J. M. Coulter. 8vo, Ihid., 1874. Dr. F. V. Hayden, IJ.S. Geologist in Charge. Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Yol. 19. 4to. Washington, 1874. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vols. 11 & 12. 8vo. Ihid., 1874. Annual Eeport of the Board of Regents for the year 1872. 8vo. Ihkl., 1873. The Institution. Wellington, N.Z. :— Colonial Museum and Laboratory. See Hector, James. "Wiesbaden : — Nassauischer Verein fiir Naturkunde. Jahrbucher. Jahrg. 27 & 28. 8vo. Wiesbaden, 1873-74. The Association. Winchester : — Winchester and Hampshire Scientific and Literary Society. Journal of Proceedings and Annual Report. Vol. 1, Parts 2-4. 8vo. Winchester, 1873-75. The Societt. Wiirttemburg : — Verein fiir vaterlandische Naturkunde. Wiirttembergische Naturwissenschaftliche Jahreshefte : her- ausgegeben von Dr. W. Hofmeister, Dr. F. V. Krauss, &c. Jahrg. 30, Hft. 2 & 3. 8vo. Stuttgart, 1874, The Association. additio:ns to the librart. xvu Titles. Donors. Academies and Societies (continued). "Wurzburg : — Physikalisch-medicinische Gesellschaft. Verhandlungen. Neue Folge, Band 7, & Bd. 8, Hft. 1 & 2. 8vo. "Wiirzburg, 1874. The Society. Zurich : — Natvirforschende Gesellschaft. Vierteljahrsschrift. Jahrgang 18. 8vo. Ziirich, 1873. The Society. Zwickau : — Verein fiir Naturkunde. Jahresberichte fiir 1871-73. 8vo. Zwickau, 1872-74. The Association ? Journals : — Adansonia : redige par le Dr. H. Baillou. Tomes 9 & 10. 8vo. Paris, 1868-73. Pttrchased. Annales des Sciences NatureUes. 5^ Serie. Botanique, Tome 19, No. 6, & Tome 20, Nos. 1-6. Zoologie, Tome 20, Nos. 3-6, & 6« Serie, Tome 1, N'os. 1-4. 8vo. Paris, 1874-75. Purchased. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 4th Series, Nos. 79-90. 8vo. London, 1874-75. Dr. Prancis, F.L.S. &c. Archiv fiir mikroskopische Anatomic : herausgegeben von Dr. Max Schultze. Bd. 10 (Hft. 1-4), & Supplement-Heft. 8vo. Bonn, 1873-74. Purchased. — ■ : herausgegeben von v. la Yalette St. George und W. Waldeyer (Fortsetzung von Max Schultze's Archiv). Band 11, Heft 1 & 2, & Supplement-Heft. Svo. Ibid., 1874-75. Purchased. Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte : gegriindet von A. F. A. "\Vieg- mann ; fortgesetzt von AV. F. Erichson &c. Jahrgang 40, Hft. 2 & 3, und J. 41, Hft. 1 & 2. Svo. Berlin, 1874-75. Purchased. Archives Ne'erlandaises. See Acad., Haarlem, Soc. Holland. Botanical Magazine. 3rd Series : conducted by J. D. Hooker, M.D., C.B., Pres.R.S., F.L.S.,&c. Nos. 355-66. 8vo. London, 1874-75. Purchased, additions to the library. — Session 1874-75. 6 xvin additions to the libkaiiy. Titles. Donors. Journals (continued) : — Botanische Zeitung. Redaction, A. de Bary und G. Krauss. Jahrg. 32, Nos. 20-32 & 38-52; und Jahrg. 33, N"os. 1-19. 4to. Leipzig, 1874-75. Purchased. Canadian Entomologist : edited by William Saunders. Vol. 6, Nos. 1 & 5-12, & Vol. 7, Nos. 1-3. 8vo. London, Ontario, 1874-75. Henry Reeks, Esq., F.L.S. Canadian Journal of Science. See Acad., Toronto. Canadian Naturalist. See Acad,, Montreal. Entomologist : edited by Edward Newman, Esq., F.L.S. Vol. 5. 8vo. London, 1870-71. Purchased. Nos. 113, 121, 122, 124, 127, & 131-143. 8vo. Ihid., 1873-75. The Editor. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine : conducted by H. G. Knaggs, M.D., R. M'^Lachlan, Esq., F.L.S,, H. T. Stainton, Esq., F.L.S., &c. Nos. 122-133. 8vo. London, 1874-75. The Editors. Flora. See Academies &c., Regensburg. Florist and Pomologist; a Pictorial Monthly Magazine of Flowers, Fruit, &c. : conducted by T. Moore, F.L.S., and Wm. Paul, F.R.H.S. New Series, Nos. 85-90. 8vo. London, 1875. T. Moore, Esq., F.L.S. Garden ; an illustrated weekly Journal of Gardening in all its branches ; conducted by WiUiam Robinson, F.L.S. Vols. 1-7. 4to. London, 1872-75. The Editor. Gardeners' Chronicle. Nos. 25-52 for 1874, and Nos. 53-76 for 1875. 4to. London. Purchased. Geological Magazine : edited by Henry Woodward, F.G.S. &c. Vol. 11, Nos. 7-12, and Vol. 12, Nos. 1-6. 870. London, 1874-75. The Editor. Giornale (Nuovo) Botanico Italiano : diretto da T. Caruel. Vol. 6, Nos. 3 & 4, and Vol. 7, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Pisa, 1874-75. The Editor. Grevillea : a Monthly Record of Cryptogamic Botany and its Literature : edited by M. C. Cooke, M.A. Nos. 22 & 25-28. 8vo. London, 1874-75. The Editor. Hardwicke's Science-Gossip ; an illustrated Medium of Inter- change and Gossip for Students and Lovers of Nature : edited by M. C. Cooke and (from 1873) J. E. Taylor, for 1865-73, and Nos. 109-116 for 1874. 8vo. London, 1866-74. Dr. Hooker. C.B., Pres.R.S, &c. additions to the library. xix Titles. Dokors. Journals (continued) : — Hardwicke's Science-Gossip. Nos. 117-126. 8vo. London, 1874—75. The Publisher. Hedwigia; ein Notizblatt fiir kryptogamisclie Studien : redigirt von Dr. L. Rabenhorst. Ed. 1-13 & Bd. 14, Nos. 1-5. 8vo. Dresden, 1852-75. Purchased. Ibis. 3rd Series : edited by Osbert Salvin, M.A,, F.L.S., &c, Nos. 15-18. 8vo. London, 1874-75. Purchased. Jabrbiicher fiir wissenscbaftliche Botanik : herausgegeben von Dr. N. Pringsheim. Band 9, Hft. 3 & 4, & Bd. 10, Hft 1. 8vo. Leipzig, 1874-75. Purchased. Journal de Concbyliologie ; publie sons la direction de MM. Crosse et Fischer. 3^ Serie, Tome 14, Nos. 3 & 4, and Tome 15, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Paris, 1874-75. Purchased. Journal of Botany, British and Foreign: edited by Henry Trimen, M.B., F.L.S., assisted by J. G. Baker, F.L.S. &c. Nos. 139- 150. 8vo. London, 1874-75. The Editor. Linnsea : ein Journal fiir die Botanik : herausgegeben von Dr. Aug. Garcke. Neue Folge, Bd. 4, Heft 3-6, & Bd. 5, Hft. 1. 8vo. Berlin, 1874-75. Purchased. Malakozoologische Blatter: herausgegeben von Dr. Louis Pfeiffer. Band 22, Bogen 5-7. 8vo. Cassel, 1874. Purchased. Monthly Microscopical Journal. See Academies, London, R. Microscopical Society. Nature : a weekly illustrated Journal of Science, Nos. 242- 293. 8vo. London, 1874-75. The Publishers. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift; stiftet af Heinrich Kroyer : udgivetaf J. C. Schiodte. R^kke 3, Bind 7, 8, & 9. 8vo. Kjobenhavn, 1870-74. The Editor, Prof. Schiodte. Pharmaceutical Journal. See Academies, London, Pharma- ceutical Society. Popular Science Review: edited by Henry Lawson, M.D. Nos. 52-55. 8vo. London, 1874-75. The Publisher, R. Hardwicke, Esq., F.L.S. Quarterly Journal of Conchology : conducted by W. Nelson and J. W. Taylor. No. 3. 8vo. London, 1874. The Publisher, R. Hardwicke, Esq. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science : edited by J. F. Payne, M.B., E. Ray Lankester, M.A., & W. T. T. Dyer, M.A. NewSeries. Nos.55-58. 8vo. London,] 874-75. Purchased. &2 xx additions to the libkaet. Titles. • Donors. Journals (continued) : — Wiirttembergische naturwissenschaftliche Jahreshefte. See Acad., Wurttemberg. Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie : herausgegeben von T. C. von Siebold und Albert KoUiker. Bd. 24, Hft. 3 & 4, und Bd. 25, Hft. 1-3. 8vo. Leipzig, 1874-75. Purchased. Zoologist : edited by Edward Newman, F.L.S. &c. 2nd Series, Nos. 106-117. 8vo. London, 1874. Pttrchased. Afzelius, Adam, & Elgenstierna, N. M. Genera Plantarum Guiuiensium. 4to. "Upsaliae, 1804." MS. D. Hanbtjey, Esq., Treas. L.S. Agardh, C. A. Icones Algarum Europsearum. 8vo. Leipsic, 1828-35. Purchased. o Agardh, J. G. TiU Algernes systematik. (Lunds Univ. Ars-skrift, Tom. 9, 1872.) 4to. The Author. Agassiz, Alexander. Embryology of the Ctenophorese. (Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sc, vol. 10, no. 3.) 4to. Cambridge, Mass., 1874. The Author. Agassiz, Louis. Commemorative Notice of. See Ii3nnan, Theod. Baden-Powell, B. H. See Acad., India, Forest Reports. Baillon, H. Histoire des Plantes. Tome 5. Earn. 42-5. Mo- nogr. des Terebintbacees, Sapindacees, Malpighiace'es et Meli- acees. 8vo. Paris, 1874. Purchased. , Ed. Adansonia. See Journals. Bate, C. S., & Westwood, J. 0. History of the British Sessile- eyed Crustacea. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1863-68. Purchased. Batsch, A. J. G. 0. Analyses Florum e diversis plantarum gene- ribus, &c. Yol. 1, fasc. 1 &2. (Blumenzergliederungen.) 4to. Halse Magdeburgicse, 1 790. D. Hanburt, Esq., Treas. L.S. Beale, Lionel, M.B. Protoplasm : or Matter and Life. 3rd edit. 8vo. London, 1874. W. H. Ince, Esq., F.L.S. Beddome, R. H. Flora Sylvatica for Southern India. 2 vols. (Pts. 1-28.) 4to. Madras, (1869-73?). . Icones Plantanim Indiae Orientalis : or Plates and Descrip- tions of new and rare plants from Southern India and Ceylon. Vol. 1. (Pts. 1-15.) 4to. Ihkl., 1868-74. . The Ferns of Southern India. 2nd edition. 4to. Ibid., 1873. . The Ferns of British India : being Figures and Descriptions of Ferns from all parts of British India (exclusive of those additions to the librart. xxi Titles. Donors. figured in the preceding work). Parts 1-23. 4to. Ibid., 1865 -70. The India Office. Bentham, George. On the recent progress and present state of Systematic Botany. (Eeport of Brit. Assoc, for 1874.) 8vo. The AtTTHOK. Bischo£P, Dr. Tli. L. W. von. Ueber den Einfluss des Freiherrn J. von Liebig auf die Eutwicklung der Physiologic. 4to. Miin- chen, 1874. Academy of Sciences, Munich. Blytt, Axel. Norges Flora : eller Beskrivelse af de i Norge vildt- voxende Karplanter. Del 2. 8vo. Christiania, 1874. E. jSTor-wegian University at Christiania. Boissier, E. Plantarum Orientalium novarum decades 1 & 2. (Ex Florae Orient, vol. 3.) 8vo. Genevae, 1875. The Author. Borre, A. PreudJwmme de. v. Preudhomme, Bowerbank, /. S. Monograph of the British Spongiadse. Vol. 3. Svo. London, 1874 (Ray Soc. publ.). Purchased. Brandis, Dietr. Supplement to Reports on Forest Management in France, Switzerland, and Lower Austria, 8vo. (London, 1874.) The India Office. : See Stewart, J. L. Burmeister, German. See Acad., &c., Buenos Ayres. Busk, George. Catalogue of the Cyclostomatous Polyzoa in the Collection of the British Museum. 8vo. London, 1875. The Author. Carus, C. A., & Gcrstacker, C. E. A. Handbuch der Zoologie Band 1, Halfte 2. 8vo. Leipzig, 1875. Purchased. Caspary, Robert. Nymphseaceae a Fridr. Welwitsch in Angola lectae. (Torn. Sc. Math., &c.. No. 16. Lisboa, 1873.) Svo. The Author. Christy, Henry. See Lartet, Ed. Clark, W. S. Observations on the phenomena of plant-life. 8vo. Boston, 1875. The Author. Clarke, C. B. Commelynaceae et Cyrtandracese Bengalenses (pan- els aliis ex terris adjacentibus additis). Folio. Calcutta, 1874. Dr. Hooker, C.B., Pres. R.S., .Sec. Collingwood, Cuthhert. The Sulphur-springs of Northern For- mosa. (Proc. Geol. Soc. 1867.) 8vo. . On the Geological Features of the Northern part of Formosa and of the adjacent Islands. (Proc. Geol. Soc. 1867.) 8vo. . List of Birds collected by Mr. Cuthhert Collingwood during a XXll ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. Titles. Donors. Cruise in the China and Japan Seas ; with Notes by R. Swia- hoe, F.Z.S. (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870.) 8vo. Collingwood, Cuthhert. Observations on the Microscopic Alga which causes the discoloration of the Sea. (Trans. Microsc. Soc, vol. 16.) Svo. . Recurrent Animal Form and its significance in systematic Zoology. (Ann. Nat. Hist., August 1860.) Svo. . On the Nudibranchiate Mollusca inhabiting the Estuary of the Dee. {Ihicl., Sept. 1860.) 8vo. . Note on the Existence of Gigantic Sea-Anemones in the China Sea. {Ihkl., Jan. 1868.) Svo. . Observations on the Distribution of some species of Nudi- branchiate Mollusca in the China Sea. (Ibid., Feb. 1868.) Svo. . Contributions to British Ornithology, Nos. 1 & 2. (Proc. Lit. and Phil. Soc. Liverpool, 1861 & 62.) Svo. . The Historical Fauna of Lancashire and Cheshire. (Ibid., May 1864.) Svo. . Visit to the Kibalan Village of Sano Bay, N.E. Coast of Formosa. Svo. 1867. ' The Author. Commelin, Caspar. Prseludia Botanica. Accedunt Plantarum rariorum et exoticarum in Prselud. Bot. recensitarum Icones et Descriptiones. 4to. Lugduni Batavorum, 1715. Purchased. Cooke, M. C. Report on the Gums, Resins, Oleo-Resins, and Resinous Products of the India Museum, or produced in India. Fcap. fol. London (I. M.), 1874. The India Office, per Dr. F. Watson. . Synopsis of the Discoraycetous Fungi of the United States. (Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., 1875.) Svo. The Author. Coultas, Harland. What may be learned from a tree. 2nd ed. Svo. New York, 1863. Prof. Dyer, F.L.S. Coussmaker, Copt. G. The Tussur Silkworm. Svo. London, 1873. The Author. Cunningham, D. Douglas. Microscopic examinations of Air. Fcap. folio. (Calcutta.) Prof. Dyer, F.L.S. . Microscopical notes regarding the Fungi present in Opium- Blight. Svo. Calcutta, 1875. Dr. Shortt, F.L.S. ? Day, Francis. Report on the Freshwater Fish and Fisheries of India and Burma. Svo. Calcutta, 1S73. ADDITIONS TO THK LIBKARY. XXlll Titles. Donoes. Day, Francis. Report on the Sea Fish and Fisheries of India and Burma, 8vo. Ibid., 1873. The India Office. Dennet, Charles. On Vegetable Fibres (Rhea, Jute, New-Zealand Flax, &c.). 12mo (| sheet). Brighton, 1875. The Author ? Dobson, O. E. On the Andamans and Andaraanese. (Journ. An- thropol. Instit, 1875.) 8vo. The Author. Dresser, Christopher. Rudiments of Botany, Structural and Phy- siological. 8vo. London, 1860. Prof. Dyer, F.L.S. &c. Du Mortier, Barth. Car. Hepaticae Europae. Jungermannideae Europae, post semiseculum recensitae ; adjunctis Hepaticis. 8vo. Bruxellis et Lipsiae, 1874. The Author. Dybowski, B. N. See Acad., Petersburg, Soc. Eutomol. Ross. Fitzgerald, B. D. Australian Orchids (Part I.). Folio. Sydney. (1874?) The Author. Flinders, Matthew. Voyage to Terra Australis in 1801-3, in H.M.S. * Investigator." 2 vols. 4to. London, 1814. R. KippisT, Libr. L.S. Flower, r. 5. Flora of Wiltshire. No. 16. 8vo. Devizes, ] 874. The Author. Fliickiger, Friedr. A., Sf Hanbury, Daniel. Pharmacographia ; a History of the principal Drugs, of Vegetable Origin, met with in Great Britain and British India. Svo. London, 1874. The Authors. Fries, Elias. Hymenomycetes Europaei ; s. Epicriseos Systematis Mycologici, Editio altera. 8vo. Upsaliae, 1874. Purchased. Galton, J. C. Note on the Epitrochleo-anconeus, or Anconeus sextus, Griiber. (Journ. of Anat. & Physiol., vol. 9.) Svo. The Author. Gason, Samuel. The Deyerie Tribe of Australian Aborigines; edited by George Isaacs. 8vo. Adelaide, 1874. C. A. "Wilson, Esq. Gegenbauer, Carl. Manuel d' Anatomic Compare'e; traduit en Fran^ais sous la direction de Carl Vogt. 8vo. Paris, 1874. Purchased. Gibert, Ernest. Enumeratio Plantarum sponte nascentium agro Montevidcnsi. Svo. Montevideo, 1873. Dr. Hooker, C.B., Prcs. R.S. xxiv additioks to the libkaet. Titles. Donors, Gloyne, C. P. Notes on the genus Cylindrella, PfeifF. 8vo. (Leeds ?) The Atjthoe. Gordon, George. The Pinetum ; being a Synopsis of all the Coniferous Plants at present known. 2nd edition. 8vo. London, 1875. The Ptjblisheb, H. G. Bohn, Esq., F.L.S. Gray, J. E. Notes on Zoological Museums. 8vo. The Authok. . List of his books, memoirs, and miscellaneous papers ; with a few historical notes. 8vo. London, 1875. Mks. Gray. . See Acad., Lond., British Museum. Griffith, J. W., &{ Henfrey, Arthur. Micrographic Dictionary. 3rd edition, by J. W. Griffith, M.D., Martin Duncan, M.B., &c. 2 vols. (Text and Plates) in 1, 8vo. London, 1875. Ptjrchased. Grisebach, A. Plantse Lorentzianae. Bearbeitung der V^^ und 2*^^" Sammlung der Argentinischer Pflanzen des Prof. Lorentz zu Cordoba. (Abh. d. K. Ges. Wiss. Gott., Bd. 19.) 4to. Gottingen, 1874. The Author. . La Vegetation du Globe, d'apres sa disposition suivant les Climats ; traduit de I'Allemand, par P. de Tchihatchef. Tome 1, fasc. 1. 8vo. Paris, 1875. Dr. Hooker, C.B., Pres. R.S., &c. Grundy, Cuthbert. Notes on the Food of Plants. 8vo. London, 1871. Prof. Dyer, P.L S. Guppy, R. J. L. On the West-Indian Tertiary Fossils. (Geol. Mag., dec. 2, vol. 1, 1874.) 8vo. The Author. Haast, Julius. Researches and Excavations carried on in, and near, the Moa Bone Point Cave, Sumner Eoad, in the year 1872. 8vo. Christchurch, N.Z., 1874. The Author. Haeckel, Ernst. Die Radiolarien (Bhizopoda Eadiaria) mit einem Atlas. Fol. Berlin, 1862. Purchased. Hallier, Ernst. Phytopathologia. Die Krankheiten der Cultur- gewiichse. 8vo. Leipzig, 1868. Purchased. Hanbury, D. See Fluckiger, F. A. Hanstein, Joh. Botanische Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Morphologic und Physiologic. Bd. 2, Hft. 3. 8vo. Bonn, 1874. Purchased. Harley, Jo7m. On the action of Fool's Parsley (^thusa Cyna- ■pium). 8vo. (1874.) The Author. Hart, H. C. List of plants found in the Islands of Aran, Galway Bay. 8vo. Dublin, 1875. The Author. additions to the library. xxv Titles. Dokors. Hayden, F. V. Annual Report of the United States' Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, for the year 1873. 8vo. Washington, 1874. The Author. Hayne, Fr. G., Brandt, J.F., ^ Ratzeburg, /. T. C. Getreue DarsteUung und Beschreibung der in der Arzneykunde ge- brauchlichen Gewachse. Bd. 1-13. 4to. Berlin, 1805-37. Purchased. Hector, James. Annual Eeports (8 & 9) on the Colonial Museum and Laboratory, Wellington, New Zealand; with a List of Donations, &c., during 1872-74. 8vo. Wellington, N.Z., 1873-74. The Author. Henfrey, Arilmr. The Vegetation of Europe, its conditions and causes. Sm. 8vo. London, 1852. Purchased. Henslow, Rev. George. Phyllotaxis ; or the arrangement of Leaves in accordance with Mathematical Laws. 8vo. 1871. The Victoria IifSTiTUTE. HofiFmann, Hermann. Icones Analyticae Fungorum. Abbil- dungen und Beschreibungen von Pilzen, mit besonderer E.iick- sicht auf Anatomie und Entwickelungsgeschichte. Heft 1 & 2. (Obi. 4to.?) Giessen, 1861-62. F. CuRRET, Esq., F.R.S., Sec. L.S. . Zur vergleichende Phanologie Italiens. (Zeitsch. der oster- reich. GeseUsch. fiir Meteorol., Bd. 9, No. 20.) 8vo. Wien, 1874. The Author. Hofmeister, Dr. W. See Acad., "Wiirttemberg. Holdswoirth, E. W. H. Deep-sea Fishing and Fishing-boats : an account of the practical working of the various Fisheries around the British Islands. 8vo, London, 1874. The Author, Hooker, J. D. Flora of British India. Pts. 1-3. 8vo. London, 1 872-75. The India Office. (A second copy presented by the Author.) . Address to the Department of Zoology and Botany of the British Association, Belfast, August 21, 1874. 8vo. The Author. Hopkinson, John. On British GraptoHtes. (Journ. Quek. Microsc. Club, vol. 1.) 8vo. . On a specimen of Diplograpsu.'i prislis with reproductive capsules. (Ann. Nat. Hist., May 1871.) 8vo. xxvi additions to the libraky. Titles. Donors. Hopkinson, Jolin. On Callograptm radicans. {Ibid., October 1872.) 8vo. . On DexoUtes gracilis. (Geol. Mag., vol. 7, 1870.) 8vo. . On the structure and affinities of the genus Dicranograptus. (Ibid., vol. 7, 1870.) 8vo. . On Dicellograpsus. (Ibid., vol. 8, 1871.) 8vo. . On new species of Graptolites from the South of Scotland. (Ibid., vol. 9, 1872.) 8vo. . Keport of the Proceedings of the Geological Section of the British Association at Edinburgh, 1872. (Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. 2.) 8vo. . Excursion of the Geologists' Association to Watford, April 13th, 1872. (Ibid., vol. 3.) 8vo. . Excursion of the Geologists' Association to Eastbourne and St. Leonard's, May 23rd and May 24th, 1873. (Ibid., vol. 3.) 8vo. The Author. Horaninow, Paul. Tetractys Naturae; seu Systema Quadri- membre omnium Naturalium. 8vo. Petropoli, 1843. . Characteres essentiales Eamiliarum ac Tribuum Eegni Vege- tabilis et Amphorganici, ad leges Tetractydis Naturae conscripti. Accedit Enumeratio Generum magis Notorum, &c. 8vo. Ibid., 1847. D. Hanbury, Esq., Treas. L.S. Hunter, JoJin. See Acad., London, R. Coll. Surg. Irmisch, Thilo. Beitrage zur vergleichende Morphologic der Pflanzen. Abth. 1 & 4. 4to. Halle, 1854-63. Purchased. Jerdon, T. C. Mammals of India. 8vo. London, 1874. Purchased Johnston, J. F. W. Chemistry of Common Life. 2 vols. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1855. Prof. Dyer, F.L.S. Jordan, Alexis. Eemarques sur le fait de I'existence en Societe, a I'etat sauvage, des Especes Vcgetales affinies, &c. 8vo. Lyon, 1873. TheAuthor ? King, George. Report, for the year 1874, on the Royal Botanical Gardens, Calcutta. Fcap. fol. . Annual Report (12th) on the Government Cinchona planta- tions in British Sikkim. Fcap. fol. 1874. The Author. Kblliker, Albert. Ueber den Bau und die systematische Stellung der Gattung Umhellularia. 8vo. (Wiirzburg ?), 1874. . U cber die Entwicklung der Graaf'schen FoUikel der Sauge- thiere. (Verhandl. d. Wiirzb. Phys.-med. Gesellschaft, N. F., Bd. 8.) 8vo. 1874. additions to the libkaet. xxvll Titles. Donors. Kolliker, Albert. Die Pennatulide Umbellula, und zwei neue Typen der Alcyonarien. 4to. Wiirzburg, 1875. The Author? Labillardiere) J. J. Eolation du Voyage a la reclierche de la Perouse, pendant las anne'es 1791 et 1792, et pendant la l^'e et la 2^* annee de la Republique Frangaise. 2 tomes. 4to. Paris (with Atlas of 44 plates). R. Kippist, Libr. L.S. Lamarck, J. B. A. de. Encyclopedie Methodique. Botanique, continuee (du tome 5), par J. L. M. Poiret, Tomes 1-8. 4to. Paris, 1783-1808. . Supplement. Tomes 1-5. 4to, Ibid., 1810-17. . Illustration des Genres. Texte, Tomes 1-3, and supplement. 4to. Ibid., 1791-1823. Planches 1-1000. (PI. 1-900 in 3 vols., & PL 901-1000, with the Text to the lUustrations des Genres, Tomes 2 & 3.) Purchased. Lartet, ^., & Christy, -ff. Eeliquise Aquitanicse. Parts 15 & 16. 4to. London, 1874-75. The Executors of the late H. CimisTr. Lees, F. A. Eeport of the Botanical Locality Eecord Club for 1873. 8vo. London, 1874. The Eecoeder. Le Jolis, Avffuste. De la Eeduction des Flores Locales, au point de vue de la Ge'ographie Botanique. 8vo. (Paris ?) 1874. The Author. Lewis, T. i?. The Pathological significance of Nematode Hsema- tozoa. 8vo. Calcutta, 1874. and Cunningham, D. D. Eeport of Microscopical and Phy- siological researches into the nature of the Agent, or Agents, producing Cholera. 2nd series. 8vo. Ibid., 1874. Dr. Shoett, F.L.S. ? Liebig, Justus, Freih, von. See BischofF, Pettenkofer, and Vogel. Lowne, B. T. See Acad., London, E. Coll. Surg. Lyman, Theodore. Commemorative Notice of Louis Agassiz. (Annual Eeport of Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences for 1873.) 8vo. Mus. CoMP. ZooL., Harvard Coll., Cambr., Mass. McCoy, F. See Victoria, Geological Survey. McEwin, G. Description of the Adelaide Botanic Garden. (S. Austr. Eegister, March 1875.) 4to. | sheet. The Author ? XIVlll ADDITIONS TO THE LIBKART. Titles. Donors. Mcljachlaxi, Robert. Monographic Eevision and Synopsis of the Trichoptera of the European Fauna. Pts. 1 & 2. 8vo. London, 1874-75. The Author. Mansell-Pleydell, Jolm C. Flora of Dorsetshire. Svo. London, 1874. G. Bektham, Esq., F.E.S., V.P.L.S. Martius, G. F. P., Eichler, A. G., &c. Flora Brasiliensis, fasc. 63-65. (Polygalege, Euphorbiacese, Kutacese, Simarubese, and Burseracese.) Fol. Lipsiae, 1874. Purchased. Meissner, G. F. Enumeratio Plantarum quas in Australasia, an- nis 1838-41, collegit L. Preiss. Proteaceae et Thymeleae (cum notis mss. Auctoris). Svo. Hamburgi (1844). E. Kjppist, Libr. L.S. Micheli, Marc. Note sur les Onagrariees du Bresil ; et en parti- culier sur le genre Jussicea. Svo. Geneve, 1874. G. Bentham, Esq., F.E.S., V.P.L.S. MiddendorfF, Br. A. v. Sibirische Eeise. Bd. 4. Uebersicht der Natur Nord- und Ost-Sibiriens. Theil 2. Die Thierwelt Sibiriens. Lief. 2. 4to. St. Petersburg, 1874. Purchased. Moggridge, J. T. Contributions to the Flora of Mentone. 3rd edition. 8vo. London, 1874. The Author. . Supplement to Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders : with specific descriptions of the Spiders by the Eev. 0. P. Cambridge. Svo. Ibid., 1874. The Publishers, Messrs. Eeeve & Co. Montagu, George. Ornithological Dictionary. 2 vols. Svo. With Supi)lement to ditto. Svo. London, 1802-13. . Testacea Britannica : or Natural History of British Shells, (2 parts in 1 vol.) and Supplement. 4to. /52(^., 1803-8. (Both works interleaved and annotated by the Author.) Bequeathed by the late H. Dorville, Esq., together with the original drawings to the above works, and a miniature portrait of the late Col. Montagu, and several vols, of his MSS. Moon, Alexander. Catalogue of the Indigenous and Exotic plants growing in Ceylon, distinguishing the Esculent Yegetables, Fruits, Eoots, and Grains. 4to. Columbo, 1824. Purchased. Morren, Gharles & Edouard. Clusia : Eecueil d'Observa- tious de Teratologic Vegetale, Svo. Liege, 1852-74. M. E. Morren. additions to the library. xxix Titles. Donors. Morren, Edouard. L'Horticulture a I'Exposition Universelle de Paris de 1867. 8vo. BruxeUes, 1873. . Rapport Seculaire sur les travaux de Botanique et de Physi- ologic Vegetale (1772-1872). 8vo. (Acad. R. Sc. de Belg.) The Author. Miiller, Baron Ferd. von. Fragmenta Phytographise Australia?. YoU. 6 & 7. 8yo. Melbourne, 1867-71. The Author. . Vegetable Fossils of the Auriferous Districts. See Acad., Victoria Geological Survey. Murray, E. A. F. Mineral resources of Ballarat. See Acad., Victoria, Geological Survey. Nestler, C. G. Monographic de PotentiUa. 4to. Parisiis, 1816. D. Hanburt, Esq., F.E.S., Treas. L.S. Ortega, C. G. Novarum, aut rariorum Plantarum Horti Eeg. Matrit. descriptionum decades. " Matriti, 1797." MS. D. Hanburt, Esq., F.R.S., Treas. L.S. Pettenkofer, Dr. Max von. Dr. Justus, Freiherr von Liebig, zum Gedachtniss. 4to. Miinchen, 1874. The Academy of Sciences, Munich. Pettigrew, J. Bell. The Physiology of the Circulation in Plants, in the Lower Animals, and in Man. 8vo. London, 1874. Purchased. Plateau, Felix. Recherches sur les phenomenes de la Digestion chez les Insectes. 4to. Bruxelles, 1874. The Author. Poiret, J. L. M. See Lamarck. Porter, T. C. Synopsis of the Flora of Colorado. See Acad., "Washington, Geol. Survey. Potts, T. H. On Recent Changes in the Fauna of New Zealand. 8vo. Christchurch, 1874. . Notes on New-Zealand Birds. Part 4. 8vo. Wellington, N. Z., 1874. The Author? Preudhomme de Borre, A. Note sur les Geotrupides qui se rencontrent en Belgique. (Ann. Soc. Entom. de Belg., Tome 17, 1874.) 8vo. . De DoryjyJiora decemlineata. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1875. The Author. Pryor, R. A. Notes on a proposed re-issue of the Flora of Hert- fordshire. 8vo. Hertford, 1875. The Author. XXX ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRAEY. Titles. DoifOES. Purkinje, J. E. De Cellulis Antherarum Fibrosis ; necnon de Granorum Pollinarium formis. 4to. Vratislaviae, 1830. Purchased. Rabenhorst, L., Ed. Hedwigia. See Journals. Reeve, Lovell. Conchologia Iconica. Pts. 316-21. 4to. London, 1874-75. Purchased. Regel, E. AUiorum adhuc cognitorum Monographia. 8vo. Pe- tropolis, 1875. . Descriptiones Plantarum novarum et minus cognitanim in regionibus Turkestanicis, a el. P. & 0. Fedscbenko, Korolkow, &c., coUectis ; cum adnot. ad plautas vivas in Horto Imp. Bot. Petropolitano cultas, Fasc. 2. 8vo. The Author. Reichenbach, Ludov. & H. G. fil. Icones florae Germanicae et Helveticae. (Yol. Ic.titulo "IconograpbiaBotanica; seuplantae Criticae, Cent xi. Agrostograpbia Germanica.") 4to. Lipsiae, 1834. Toll. 2-21. 4to. Ibid., 1837-67. Vol. 22, Dec. 1-14. 4to. Ihid. Purchased. Richard, Louis Claude. Demonstrations Botaniques : ou Analyse du Fruit, considere en general : publiees par H. A. Duval. 12mo. Paris, ISOS. (Witb copious notes and corrections.) Purchased. Roeper, Joli. Zur Flora Mecklenburgs. Tbl. 1 &2. 8vo. Kos- tock, 1843-44. E. Kippist, Libr. L.S. Ross, A. M. Flora of Canada. 12mo. Toronto, 1875. . Forest Trees of Canada. 12mo. Ibid., 1875. The Author. Royle, J. F. Tbe Fibrous Plants of India, fitted for Cordage, Clotbing, and Paper. 8vo. London, 1855. Purchased. Sachs, Julius. Text-book of Botany, Morphological and Physio- logical : translated and annotated by A. "W. Bennett, M.A., B.Sc, F.L.S., and W. T. T. Dyer, M.A., B.Sc, F.L.S. Prof. Thiseltoij DrER, F.L.S. Sagot, P. Agriculture de Guiane Fran^aise, 1855-60. Svo. Cluny, 1873. The Author. St. Pierre, Germain de. Histoire Iconographique des Anomalies de rOrganisation dans le Begne vegetal. Livr. 1 & 2. Fol. Paris, 1855. Purchased. Salisbury, R. A. Botanical MSB. of. Mrs. Gray. additions to the libka.kt. xxxi Titles. Donoes. Sars, Mich. Beretniiig cm en i Sommeren 1849 foretagen Zoo- logisk Reise i Lofoten og Finmarken. 8vo. . Bidrag til Kundskaben om Middelhavets Littoral- Fauna : Reisebemaerkninger fra Italian. Afd. 1&2. Svo. Christiania, 1857. . Bidrag til Kundskab om CbristianiaQordens Fauna, No. 1. 8to. Ihid., 1868. Nos. 2 & 3, after Forfattarens afterladte Manuskriptar samlat og udgivat af bans Son, G. 0. Sars. Svo. Ibid.^ 1870-73. Purchased. and 6r. 0. On soma remarkable forms of Animal Life from the Great Deeps off the Norwegian Coast. (XJniv.-program for 1869.) 4to. Christiania, 1872. Pttrchased. Schimper, W. P. Traite da Paleontologia Vegetale. Tome 3. 8vo. Paris, 1874. And Atlas livr. 5 & 6. (PL 91-110.) 4to. Ibid. The Attthor. Schmidt, /• A. Anleitung zur Kenntniss der natiirlichen Familien der Phanerogamen. 8vo. Stuttgart, 1865. D. Hanbttrt, Esq., F.R.S., Treas. L.S. Schomburgk, Richard Eaport on the Progress and Condition of the Botanic Garden and Government Plantations during 1874 and 1875. Fcap. fol. Adelaide, 1874-75. The Atjthoe. Schott, H. G. Prodromus Sj^stematis Aroidearum. 8vo. Yindo- bonas, 1860. Purchased, Schultze, il/aar., Ed. Archiv fiir mikrosk. Anat. See Journals. Sharpe, R. B. See Acad., Lond., British Museum. Seeley, H. G. Index to the Fossil Remains of Aves, Ornithosau- ria, and Reptiles from the Secondary sj-stem of Strata, arranged in the "Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. 8vo. Cambridge, 1869. . The Ornithosauria ; an Elementary Study of the Bones of Pterodactyles from the Cambridge Upper Greensand. 8vo. Ibid., 1870. . Notes on Cambridge Palaeontologj'. (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Feb. 1861.) 8vo. . Notice of Opinions on the Stratigraphical position of the Red Limestone of Hunstanton. (Ibid., April 1861.) Svo. . Notes on Cambridge PalaDontology. (Ibid., 1861 & 62.) Svo. xxxll additions to the libkakt. Titles. Donoes. Seeley, H. 0. On Plesiosaurus macropterus, a new species from the Lias of Whitby. (Ibid., Jan. 1865.) 8vo. . On the Literature of English Pterodactyles. {Ibid., Feb. 1865.) 8vo. — — . On a new Lizard with Ophidian affinities from the Lower Chalk. (Ibid., Sept. 1865.) 8vo. . On Ammonites from the Cambridge Greensand. (Ibid., Oct. 1865.) 8vo. . On two new Plesiosaurs from the Lias. (Ibid., Nov. 1865.) 8vo. ■. Notice of Torynocrinus and other new and little-known fossils from the Upper Greensand of Hunstanton. (Ibid., March 1866.) 8vo. . Outline of a Theory of the Skull and the Skeleton. (Ibid., Nov. 1866.) 8vo. . Eemarks on the Potton Sands. (Ibid., July 1867.) 8vo. . The Method of Geology. (Ibid., Dec. 1867.) 8vo. . On Ornithopsis, a Gigantic animal of the Pterodactyle kind, from the Wealden. (Ibid., April 1870.) 8vo. — — . On Zoocapsa dolichorhamphia, a sessile Cirripede from the Lias of Lyme Regis. (Ibid., April 1870.) 8vo. , Eemarks on Prof. Owen's Monograph on Dimorpliodon. (Ibid., Aug. 1870.) 8vo. . Note on Prof. Cope's Interpretation of the Ichthyosau- rian Head. (Ibid., April 1871.) 8vo. . On a new species of Plesiosaurus from the Portland Lime- stone. (Ibid., Sept. 1871.) 8vo. . Note on some Chelonian Remains from the London Clay. (Ibid., Oct. 1871.) 8vo. . On Acanthopholis platypus, Seeley, a Pachypod from the Cambridge Upper Greensand. (Ibid. 1871.) 8vo. . The Origin of the Vertebrate Skeleton. (/6id, 1872.) 8vo. . On the Hunstanton Red Rock. (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Nov. 1864.) 8vo. . A sketch of the Gravels and Drift of the Fenland. (Ibid., Nov. 1866.) 8vo. . On Cetarthrosaurus Wallceri, Seeley, an Icthyosaurian from the Cambridge Upper Greensand. (Ibid., Nov. 1873.) 8vo. additions to the iibraet. xxxiu Titles. Donors. Seeley^ H. G. On Mtircenosaurus Leedsii, a Plesiosaurian from the Oxford Clay. Pt. 1. (Ibid, Aug. 1874.) 8vo. . The Rock of the Cambridge Greensand. (Geol. Mag., vol. 3, July 1866.) 8vo. . On the Collocation of the strata at RosweU Hole, near Ely, (Tbid., Aug. 1868.) 8vo. The Aijthob. Shortt, John. Hill Ranges of Southern India. Pt. 4. 8vo. Ma- dras, 1874. The Author. Smee, Alfred. My Garden ; its plan and culture : together with a general description of its Geology, Botany, and Natural His- tory. 2nd edition. 8vo. London, 1872. . The Mind of Man ; being a Natural System of Mental Phi- losophy. 8vo. Ibid., 1875. The Author. Smith, J. E. Review of the Modern State of Botany ; with par- ticular reference to the natural Systems of Linnseus and Jussieu. ("Botany." Supplementary article in Encycl. Brit.) 4to. (1817 ?)• D. Hanburt, Esq., E.R.S., Treas. L.S. Smyth, Robert B. Report of Progress. See Acad., Victoria, Geological Survey. Snellen van Vollenhoven, S. C. Pinacographia. Illustrations of more than 1000 species of N.W. European Ichneumonidae. Sensu Linneano. [Afbeeldingen, &c.] 4to. 'S Gravenhage, 1875. The Minister of the Interior, Netherlands. Sowerby, O. B. Thesaurus Conchyliorum. Pts. 31 & 32. 8vo. London, 1874. Purchased. Stewart, J. L., & Brandis, Dietr. Forest Flora, of N.W. and Central India. 8vo. Loudon, 1874 ; with a volume of Illus- trations, drawn by W. Fitch, F.L.S. 4to. Ibid., 1874. The India Office. Temminck, C. J. Monographies de Mammalogie. 2 tomes. 4to. Paris, 1827-41. Purchased. Thuillier, J. L. Le Botaniste Voyageur aux environs de Paris. 12mo. Paris, 1807. Prof. Dyer, F.L.S. Trimen, Henry. Botanical Bibliography of the British Counties. (Journal of Botany for 1874.) 8vo. The Author, additions to the librart. — Session 1874-75. c xxxiv additions to the libbabt. Titles. Donoeb. VaU (Martin). Eclogae Americanse : seu Descriptiones Plantarum, prsesertim Ameriese Meridionalis, nondum cognitarum ; fasc. 1 & 2. Pol. Havniee, 1796-98. . Icones lUustrationi Plantarum Americanamm, in Eclogis descriptarum, inservientes. Dec. 1-3. Fol. Ihid., 1798-99. PURCHASED. Van ZSedeu, F. W. Lijst der Planten die in de Nederlandsch Duinstreken gevonden zijn (Flore des Dunes maritimes de la Ne- erlande), 8vo. [Nederl. Kruidk. Archief ?] The Author? Vogel, Auff. Justus, Freih. v. Liebig ; als Begriinder der Agri- cultur-Chemie. 4to. Miinchen, 1874. The xicADEMT OF Sciences, Mttnich. Vogt, Carl, Bilder aus dem Thierleben. Svo, Frankfurt a. M., 1852. Purchased. "Waldstein, Franc, Comes, et Kitaibel, Paid, M.D. Descrip- tiones et Icones Plantarum rariorum Hungariae. Yol. 3. Fol. Viennae, 1802-12. Purchased. Warren, G. K. Essay, concerning Important Physiological Fea- tures exhibited in the Valley of the Minnesota Eiver. Svo. Washington, 1874. The Author ? Watson, Sereno. Eevisions of the Extratropical Korth American species of Lupinus, PotentiUa, and CEnothera. (Proc. Amer. Acad, of Arts & Sciences, vol. 8.) Svo. 1873. The Author. . See Trans. U. S. Geolog. Explor. Reports. Weddell, H. A. Florule Lichenique des Laves d'Agde. Svo. Paris, 1874. . Quelques mots sur la Theorie Algoli-Chemique. (C. R. des seances de 1' Academic des Sciences, tome 79.) 4to. Ihid., 1874. The Author. Westwood, J. 0. See Bate, C. S. White, Bev. Gilbert. Natural History and Antiquities of Selbome : the standard edition by E. T. Bennett, revised with additional Notes, by J. E. Harting, F.L.S. & Z.S. Svo. London, 1875. Purchased. "Willkomm, Maur., et Lange, Joan. Prodromus Florae Hispa- nicae ; vol. 3, Pars 1. Svo. Stuttgart, 1874. Purchased. additions to the library. xxxv Titles. Donors. Windsor, John. Flora Cravoniensis ; or a Flora of the vicinity of Settle, in Craven. 8vo. Manchester, 1873. The ExECtTTORS op the Author. Ziegler, Dr. Julius. Beitrag zur Frage der thermischen Ve- getations-Constanten. 8vo. Frankfurt a. M., 1875. The Author ? AsroN. The Octopus, and its habits in an Aquarium. By a F.L.S. 8vo. London. The Publisher. Bronze Medal, by Liunberger, of Linnaeus, struck on his death in 1778 by command of the King of Sweden. Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S. CHARTER AND BYE-LAWS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOiNDON. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 1874. CON T E N T S. Page CHAETEE, ...--- 5 BYE-LAWS. CHAPTEE I. Of the Election and Admission of Fellows, - - H CHAPTEE II. Of the Payments to he mads hy the Fellows, - - 13 CHAPTEE III, Of the Sonorary Members, - - - - 14 CHAPTEE IV. Of the Foreign 3£emhers, - - - - ib. CHAPTEE Y. Of the Associates, ----- 15 CHAPTEE VI. Of the Death or Withdrawing of Members, - • 16 CHAPTEE VII. Of the Causes and Form of Ejection, - - - ib. CHAPTEE VIII. Of the Election of the Council and Officers, - - 17 CHAPTEE IX. Of the President, ----- 19 CHAPTEE X. Cf the Treasurer and his Accounts, - - - ib. a2 4 CONTENTS. CHAPTEE XI. Page Of the Secretaries, ----- 21 CHAPTEE XII. OftJie Librarian and other Salaried Officers, - - ib. CHAPTEE XIII. Of the General or Ordinary Meetings of the Society, - 22 CHAPTEE XIY. Of the Meetings of the Council, - - - 23 CHAPTEE XV. Of the Manner of Pullication of the JPapers laid hefore the Society, - - - - - 24 CHAPTEE XVI. Of the the JBoohs and Papers of the Society, - - ib. CHAPTEE XVII. Of the Common Seal and Deeds, - - - 25 APPENDIX. No. 1. Form of a Balloting-List for the Council, - 26 '^0. 2. Form of a Balloting-List for the Officers, - 27 CHARTER OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. GrEOEGE THE THIED, by the Grace of God, of the Fnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, To all to whom these Presents shall come, greeting. Wheeeas Object of the several of Our loving Subjects are desirous of forming a Society for ^'"^ ^' the Cultivation of the Science of Natural History in all its Branches, and more especially of the Natural History of Great Britain and Ireland, and, having subscribed considerable Sums of Money for that Purpose, have humbly besought Us to grant unto them, and such other Persons as shall be approved and elected, as hereinafter is mentioned, Our Eoyal Charter of Incorporation for the Purposes aforesaid ; Know te, that We, being desirous to promote every Kind of Improvement in the Arts and Sciences, have, of Our especial Incorpora- Grace, certain Knowledge, and mere Motion, given and granted, ^^''"• and We do hereby give and gi-ant, that Our right trusty and right well beloved Cousin and Counsellor, George Earl of Dartmouth, Our trusty and weU beloved James Edward Smith Doctor of Physick, Thomas Marsham Esquire, Alexander MacLeay Esquire, Jonas Dryander Esquire, The Eeverend Samuel Goodenough Doc- tor of Laws, Aylmer Bourlce Lambert Esquire, Michard Anthony Salisbury Esquire, William George Maton Doctor of Physick, Thomas Furly Forster Esquire, Charles Hatchett Esquire, William Lewis Esquire, The Eeverend Thomas Bachett Clerk, John Sym- mons Esquire, and Thomas Young Doctor of Physick, and such others as shall, from Time to Time, be appointed and elected, in the Manner hereinafter directed, and their Successors, be and shaU; for ever hereafter continue and be, by virtue of these " Presents,' one Body Politic and Corporate, by the Name of " The Linnean Same"*^ Charter of the Linnean Society, Society of London ; " and them and their Successors for the Purposes aforesaid, AVe do hereby constitute and declare to be one Body Politic and Corporate, and by the same Name to have perpetual Succession, and for ever hereafter to be Persons able and capable in the Law, and have Power to purchase, receive, and possess any Goods and Chattels whatsoever, and (notwithstanding the Statutes of Mortmain), to purchase, hold, and enjoy, to them and their Successors, any Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments whatsoever, not exceeding, at the Time or Times of purchasing such Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments, respectively, the yearly Value, at a Eack Eent, of One Thousand Pounds in the whole, with- out incurring the Penalties or Forfeitures of the Statutes of Mort- main, or any of them; And by the name aforesaid, to sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded, answer and be answered unto, defend and be defended, in all Courts and Places whatsoever of Us, Our Heirs, and Successors, in all Actions, Suits, Causes, and Things whatsoever, and to act and do in all Things relating to the said Corporation in as ample Manner and Porm as any other our liege Subjects, being Persons able and capable in the Law, or any other Body Politic or Corporate,in 0 ur said United Kingdom of Grreat Britain andlreland, may or can act or do ; and also to have and to use a Common Seal, and the same to change and alter, from Time to Time, as they shall think fit. And We do hereby declare, and grant, that there shall be an indefinite Number of Pellows of the said Society ; and that they the said George Earl of Dartmouth, James Edward Smith, Thomas Mar sham, Alexander MacLeay, Jonas Dryander, Samuel Good- enough, Ayhner Bourke Lamlert, Michard Anthony Salishury, TVilliam George Maton, Thomas Furley Forster, Charles Satchett, William Leicis, Thomas Mackett, John Symmons, and Thomas Young, shall be the first Fellows of the said Society ; and that any Five, or more of them, all having been first duly summoned to attend the Meetings of the said Fellows, shall and may, on op before the Twenty-fourth Day of May, next ensuing the Date of these Presents, under their respective Hands' writing, appoint such other persons to be Fellows, Honorary Members, Foreign Members, and Associates, of the said Society, as they may respect- ively think fit, And We do further declare and grant, that, for the better Eule and Government of the said Society, and for the better Direction, Management, and Execution of the Business and Concerns thereof, there shall be henceforth for ever, a Council, President, Treasurer, and Secretary, of the said Society, to be elected in Manner hereinafter mentioned ; and that such - Charter of the Linnean Society. 7 Council shall consist of Fifteen Members, to be elected from among tbe Fellows, as hereinafter directed, whereof any Five shall 5 of whom to be a Quorum : And We do hereby nominate and appoint the said ^° * Ql^^"^""?- George Earl oi Dartmouth, James JEdward Smith, Thomas Marsham, named. Alexander MacLeay, Jonas Dryander, Samuel Goodenough, Aylmer Bourlce Lavibert, Richard Anthony Salisbury, William George Maton, Thomas Farley Forster, Charles Hatchett, William Leicis, Thomas Backett, John Symmons, and Thomas Young, to be the first Council ; the said James Edward Smith, to be the first President ; First Presideut the said Thomas Marsham, to be the first Treasurer ; and tlie said -p||.gj. ^^^^^^^ Alexander MacLeay, to be the first Secretary, to the said Society : tary. All and each of the aforesaid Officers and Counsellors to continue office" ill*^^ "' in such their respective Offices until the Twenty-fourth Day of 24th of May, May One thousand eight hundred and three ; and that the said James Fdward Smith shall have Power to appoint such Four The First Pre- Persons, from and amongst the Members of the said Council, to be point 4 Mem- Vice-Presidents of the said Society, as he shall think fit, until some bers of the other Persons shall be chosen in their respective Rooms, in the ^^ be Vice- Manner hereinafter mentioned. And it is Our further Will and Presidents. Pleasure, that the Fellows of the said Society, or any Twenty-one TheFellows or or more of them, shall and may, on the Twenty-fourth Day of May, a"y '-1 or more One thousand eight hundred and three, and also shall and may, on 24th of May the Twenty-fourth Day of May in every succeeding Tear, unless the 1803, and same shall happen to be on a Sunday, and then on the Day follow- afteVshaU by ing, assemble together at the then last, or other usual Place of Ballot, remoTo meeting of the said Society, and proceed, by Method of Ballot^ die Couifcil for to put out and amove any Five of the Mtoibers who shall have the.preceding composed the Council of the preceding Year; and shall and may, pfy'^'fi p j! in like Manner, by Method of Ballot, elect Five other discreet lows in their Persons from amongst the Fellows of the said Society, to supply ^^^ » the Places and Offices of such Five as may have been so put out and amoved ; it being Our Eoyal' Will and Pleasure, that One- third of the Members of the said Council, and no more, shall be annually changed and removed by the Fellows of the said Society : And, also, that they, the said Fellows, or any Twenty-one or more and shall elect of them, shall and may, at the Time and Place, and in Manner from amongst aforesaid, by Method of Ballot, elect, from among the Members President, of the said Council, when formed and elected, in Manner afore- Treasurer, and Sccrctarv lor said, Three fit and proper Persons, one of such Persons to be the Year en- President, another of such Persons to be Treasurer, and the other suing- of such Persons to be Secretary of the said Society, for the Tear ensuing ; And also, in like Manner, shall and may, in case of the Charter of the Linnean Society. Death of any of the Members of the Council, or of the President, Treasurer, or Secretary, for the time being, within the Space of Three Months next after such Death or Deaths, in like Manner, elect other discreet Persons, being Fellows of the said Society, to supply the Places and Offices of such Members of the said Council, or of the President, Treasurer, or Secretary, so dying : And also shall and may appoint such other Persons to be Officers of the said Society for the year ensuing, as they may think proper and necessary, for the transacting and managing the Business thereof. And it is Our furtherWill and Pleasure, that, so soon after the Elections aforesaid as conveniently may be, the Person who shall at any time hereafter be elected to be President of the said Society, in Manner aforesaid, may and shall nominate and appoint four Per- sons, being Members of the said Council, to be Vice-Presidents of Power of elect- ^}^q gaid Society for the Tear ensuing. And "We do further declare and grant, that, from and after the said Twenty-fourth day of May, Vacancies in the Council, &c. occasioned by Death, to be filled upwithin Three Months. Fellows to ap- point such other Officers as they may think fit. The President annually to ap- point four Vice-Presi- dents. moving Mem- bers, after the 24th of May next, vested in the Fellows, or any 11 or more of them now next ensuing, the Pellows of the said Society, or any Eleven or more of them, shall and may have Power, from Time to Time, at the Greneral Meetings of the said Society, to be held at the usual Place of Meeting of the said Society, or at such other Place as shall have been in that Behalf appointed, by and with the consent of the said Society as hereinafter mentioned, to elect such Persons to be Pellows, Honorary Members, Foreign Members, and Associates of the said Society, and all Fellows, Honorary Members, Foreign Members, and A ssociates, to remove from the said Society, as they shall think fit : And that the Council hereby appointed, and the The Council, Council of the said Society for the Time being, or any Five or more or any 5 or of them, all the Members thereof having been first duly summoned dl having been to attend the Meetings thereof,shall and may have Power, according summoned, to the best of their Judgment and Discretion, to make and establish ^ke bTc- ° ^"^^ Bye-Laws as they shall deem useful and necessary for the Laws, Begulation of the said Society, and of the Estate, Goods, and Business thereof; and for fixing and determining the Times and Places of meeting of the said Society, and also the Times, Place, and Manner of electing, appointing, and removing all Fellows, Honorary Members, Foreign Members, and Associates, of the said Society, and all such subordinate Officers, Attendants,and Servants, as shall be deemed necessary or useful for the said Society ; And also for filling up, from Time to Time, any vacancies which may happen by Death, Bemoval, or otherwise, in any of the Offices or Appointments constituted or established for the Execution of the Business and Concerns of the said Society ; and for regulating and Charter of the Linnean Society. 9 ascertaining the Qualifications of Persons to become Fellows, Honorary Members, Foreign Members, and Associates, of the said Society respectively, and also the Sum and Sums of Money to be paid by them respectively, whether upon Admission or otherwise, towards carrying on the Purposes of the said Society ; And such ^^^ ^^ ^^ijer Bye-Laws, from Time to Time, to vary, alter, or revoke, and make such Bye- such new and other Bye-Laws as they shall think most useful and *^^' expedient, so that the same be not repugnant to these Presents, or to the Laws of this Our Eealm : Provided that no Bye-Law here- but no Bye- after to be made, or Alteration or Eepeal of any Bye-Law which ^^^ shall ^be^' shall hereafter have been established by tlie said Council hereby btnding on the appointed, or by the Council for the time being of the said Society, fj^airhaye been shall be considered to have passed, and be binding on the said confirmed by Society, until such Bye-Law, or such Alteration or Eepeal of any ^^^<^* ^^^^ ^_ Bye- Law, shall have been hung up in the common Meeting-Room ing, 11 Fellows of the said Society, and been read by the President, or by any one ^^ ^®^®^ h^vag of the Vice- Presidents for the time being, at Two successive General Meetings of the said Society, and until the same shall have been confirmed by BaUot, by the Fellows at large of the said Society ; such Ballot to take place at the ensuing Meeting next after such two successive General Meetings of the said Society, EIeven,at least, of the Fellows of the said Society being present ; and provided that no such Bye-Law, or Alteration or Eepeal of any Bye-Law, shall be deemed or taken to pass in the affirmative, unless it shall appear, upon such Ballot, that Two-thirds of the Fellows present at such Meeting shall have voted for the same. Witness His Majesty at "Westminster, the Twenty-sixth Day of March, in the Year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and two. WILMOT. ,/9 BYE-LAWS \^ OF THE -rz; LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, AS CONFIRMED AT A GENERAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY HELD ON THE 6tH of JULY 1802; WITH ALTERATIONS AND ADDI- TIONS SUBSEQUENTLY MADE, AND CONFIRMED AT GENERAL MEETINGS HELD ON THE 21ST OF FEBRUARY, 1861, AND 15tH OF JANUARY, 1874. /> CHAPTEE I. Of the Election and Admission of Fellows. Section I. XLYEEY Fellow who intends to propose any Person to be a Fellow of the Society, shall, before such Person be proposed, make known to him the nature of the Obligation into which he is to enter, in the event of his being elected ; and also the Sum which is to be paid for Admission-Money, the rate of Annual Payments, and the Sum to be paid in lieu of Annual Payments, for the Use of the Society. II. Every Candidate for Admission as a Fellow shall be proposed and recommended by Three or more Fellows, who shall, at a Grene- ral Meeting of the Society, cause to be delivered to the Secretary a Paper, signed by themselves, specifying the Christian Name, Sur- name, Eank, Profession, Qualifications, and the usual Place of Residence of such Person ; all which shall be certified from their personal Acquaintance with him, or their Eoiowledge of his Cha- racter or Writings. III. No Person shall be proposed as a Fellow, or be capable of being elected as such, until he shall have fully attained the Age of Twenty-one Tears. IV. Each Recommendation of a Candidate for Admission as a 12 Sye-Laws of the Linnean Society. Fellow shall be hung up in the common Meeting-Room of the Society, the Date of the Day on which it shall be presented being previously written on it, and shall be read at Three successive General Meetings, including the Meeting at which the same shall be presented and the Meeting at which the Ballot for Election shall take place. V. No Person shall be declared to be elected a Fellow, unless he have in his Favour Two-thirds of the Number balloting. VI. Every Person chosen a Fellow shall have immediate Notice of his Election given to him by the Secretary, and shall appear personally for his Admission within the Space of Two Months from the Day of his Election, or within such further Time as shall be granted by the Council, upon special Application being made to them for that Purpose. VII. No Person elected shall be admitted a Fellow of the So- ciety, until he shall have paid his Admission-Fee, and signed the usual Obligation for the Payment of Yearly Contributions, or paid the Sum appointed in lieu of such Contributions. VIII. Every Person elected a Fellow of the Society shall, before his Admission, subscribe an Obligation in the following Words, viz. " We who have hereunto subscribed, do hereby promise, each for " himself, that we will endeavour to promote the Grood of The " Linnean Society of London, and to pursue the Ends for which the " same was instituted : That we will be present at the Meetings " of the Society, as often as conveniently we can, especially at the " Anniversary Elections, and upon extraordinary Occasions ; and " that we will observe the Statutes, Bye-Laws, and Orders of the " said Society. Provided that, whensoever any of us shall signify " to the President, under his Hand, that he desires to withdraw " from the Society, he shall be free from this Obligation for the " future." And if any Person should refuse to subscribe the said Obligation, the Election of that Person shall be void. IX. The Admission of every Fellow shall be at some Meeting of the Society in Manner and Form following, viz. The President, taking him by the Hand, shall say, " A.B. By the Authority and " in the Name of the Linnean Society of London, I admit you a " Fellow thereof." X. No Person shall be deemed an actual Fellow of the Society, nor shall the Name of any Person be printed in the Annual List of the Fellows of the Society, until such person shall have paid his Admission-Fee, and signed the usual Obligation for the Payment of Annual Contributions, or paid the Sum appointed in lieu of Bye-Laws of the Linnean Society. 13 such Contributions ; and no such Person shall have Liberty to vote at any Election or Meeting of the Society, before he shall have been admitted as directed in the preceding Section. CHAPTEE n. Of the payments to he made hy the Felloivs. Sect. I. All Fellows elected before the Twenty-fourth Day of May 1829, who have already paid their Admission-Eees, but have not paid Twenty Gruineas in lieu of all Annual Payments, shall pay to the Use of the Society the Annual Contribution of Two Gruineas. Provided, however, that every such Fellow may at any time compound for all future Annual Payments by paying the said Composition of Twenty Guineas, including the Annual Contri- bution which may be due at the Time such Composition shall be paid. II. All Fellows who shall be elected after the Twenty-fourth Day of May 1829, shall, before they be admitted, pay to the Use of the Society the Sum of Six Pounds for their Admission-Fee ; and if any Person refuse, or fail to pay the said Sum, his Election shall be void, unless the same be remitted, in whole or in part, by special Order of the Council. III. Every Fellow who shall be elected after the Twenty-fourth Day of May 1829, shall, besides the Admission-Fee, further con- tribute towards the Funds of the Society, previous to his Admis- sion, by paying the Sum of Thirty Pounds in lieu of aU future Payments ; or he shall sign an Obligation for the regular Payment of Three Pounds per Annum to the Society, so long as he shall continue a Fellow. IV. Every such Fellow so elected may at any time compound for his future Contributions by paying the Sum of Thirty Pounds in One Tear instead of the Annual Contribution for that Year ; in which Case his Obligation to make Annual Payments shall be void. Provided, nevertheless, that in case any Fellow be not usually resident within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, such Person shall within Six Months after his Election, or such other Time as the Council shall permit, and before he be admitted, pay, or cause to be paid into the hands of the Treasurer, the Sum of Thirty Pounds in lieu of Annual Contributions, or provide such Security for the Payment of the Annual Contribu- tions as shall be satisfactory to the Council. V. All Yearly Contributions shall be considered due and pay- 14 Bye-Laics of the Linnecm Society. able at each Anniversary Meeting, for the Tear preceding ; but no Pellow elected on or after the First Day of February in any Tear, shall pay the Annual Contribution falling due at the Anniversary Meeting of that Tear. YI. If any Fellow paying Yearly Contributions should fail to bring, or send in the same to the Treasurer, within Twelve Months after each Anniversary Meeting, unless the said Payment be re- mitted in whole or in part by special Order of the Council, his Obligation shall be put in Suit for the Eecovery thereof, and he shall be liable to Ejection from the Society; upon which the Council shall proceed as they may see Cause. CHAPTEE III. Of the IBLonorary Members. Sect. I. The Number of Honorary Members shall not exceed Four, besides such Members of the Royal Family as may express a wish to belong to the Society. II. When a Vacancy shall occur in the Number of Honorary Members, the Fellows shall, at the then next, or any succeeding Anniversary Meeting, as they shall think fit, elect, by open Yote, a distinguished Personage to fill such Vacancy ; provided that no such Personage shall be considered as elected unless Two-thirds of the Number of Fellows present shall have voted for him. III. As soon as may be after the Election of any Honorary Member, the President shall announce such Election to him by Letter, and at the same time transmit to him a printed Copy of the Statutes and Bye-Laws of the Society, with a List of the Members. CHAPTER IV. Of the Foreign Members. Sect. I. The Number of Foreign Members shall not exceed Fifty ; and no Person shall be proposed as a Foreign Member until a Vacancy shall have been actually declared to the Society. II. Each Certificate proposing a Candidate for Election as a Foreign Member shall be signed by Six or more Fellows, and shall specify his Christian Name, Surname, Titles, Works, Quality or Profession, and his Place of Residence. Such Certificate shall be presented at one of the Greneral Meetings of the Society, on or before the Seventh Day of February in every Tear ; and, after Sye-Law8 of the Linnean Society. 15 being read, shall be fixed up in the public Meeting-Eoom, where it shall continue until the Election, which shall take place at the Meeting immediately preceding the Anniversary. Each Certificate is also to be read at every Meeting of the' Society which may in- tervene between the Time of its being presented and the Day of Election. III. At the General Meeting immediately preceding the Anni- versary, the President, or Vice-President in the Chair, shall declare the Number of Vacancies, and the Number of Candidates proposed as aforesaid, who shall then be severally balloted for, in alphabetical Order ; and those Candidates who shall have the greatest Number of Votes shall be declared as elected : Provided, however, that no Person shall be considered as duly elected, unless he have in his Favour Two-thirds of the Number voting. IV. In case of an Equality of Votes in Eavour of Two or more Candidates, whose Number shall exceed the Number of Vacancies to be filled up from them, the excess of such Number shaU be ex- cluded by Lots, to be drawn by the President, or Vice-President in the Chair ; and the Person or Persons whose Names shall remain undrawn shall be declared to be duly elected. V. There shall be transmitted to each Foreign Member, as soon as maybe after his Election, a Diploma in the Latin Language,under the Common Seal of the Society, signed by the President or one of the Vice-Presidents, and countersigned by one of the Secretaries. VI. No British Subject, nor any Person usually residing in any of the British Dominions, unless he be an Ambassador from a Foreign Court, shall be elected a Foreign Member of the Society. CHAPTEE V. OftJie Associates. Sect. I. Not more than one Person in each Year shall be elected an Associate, until the total Number shall not exceed Twenty- five, to which Numberthe Associates shall thenceforward be limited. IT. The Associates shall include only such Persons as usually reside in the British Dominions. III. Every Candidate for Election as an Associate shall be pro- posed, recommended, and balloted for in like Manner, in aU Eespects, as is directed in the Second, Third, and Fourth Sections of Chapter I. respecting the Election of Fellows. IV. The Secretary shall, immediately after the Election of any 16 Bye-Law8 of the Idnnean Society. Person as an Associate, announce the same, by Letter, to the Person who may be so elected, and shall transmit to him a printed Copy of the Statutes and Bye-Laws of the Society, with the List of the Members. CHAPTER VI. Of the Death or Withdraioing of Members. Sect. I. Upon the Death or the voluntary "Withdrawing of any Fellow, Honorary Member, Foreign Member, or Associate, the Secretary shall note such Death or Withdrawing in the printed List of that Tear ; and the Death or Withdrawing of any Member shall be entered upon the Minutes of the Society at the then next Anniversary Meeting. II. No Fellow shall be understood to have withdrawn himself from the Society until he shall have paid all Arrears that may be due, and signified such his Intention by Letter, under his Hand, addressed to the President ; and if such Letter be not left at the Apartments of the Society, between the Twenty-Fourth Day of May in any Tear and the First Day of February next following, the Contribution of such Fellow shall be understood to be con- tinued for the Whole of the Tear in which he shaU have so with- drawn himself. CHAPTEE YIL Of the Causes and Form of Ejection. Sect. I. If any Member of the Society should, contemptuously, or contumaciously, disobey the Statutes or Orders of the Society or Council ; or should, by speaking, writing, or printing, publicly defame the Society ; or advisedly, maliciously, or dishonestly, do any Thing to the Damage, Detriment, or Dishonour thereof, he shall be liable to Ejection from the Society. II. Whensoever there shall be Cause for the Ejection of any Member from the Society, the President shall, at some Meeting thereof, propose the Ejection of such Member ; and at the next General Meeting the Question shall be put to the Ballot, and if Two-thirds of the Members present vote for it, the President shall cancel the Name of such Person in the Register, and at the same Time pronounce him ejected in these Words, viz. " By the " Authority and in the Name of the Linnean Society of London, " I declare A. B. to be now ejected and no longer a (Fellow, &c. Bye-Laios of the Linnean Society. 17 " as the Case may be) thereof." And the Ejection of every such Person shall be then recorded in the Minute-Book of the Society ; and his Name, as ejected, shall be read at the next Anniversary Meeting. III. All Persons ejected from the Society shall be thereby ren- dered incapable of belonging to it in future. CHAPTEE VIII. Of the Election of the Council and Officers. Sect. I. Every Fellow of the Society residing within the United Kingdom, and whose Residence may be known to the Secretary or Librarian, shall be summoned to the Anniversary Meetings for electing the Council and Officers for the Tear ensuing, by a Letter signed by one of the Secretaries ; and such Summons shall be sent by Post, to the House or Lodging of every such Fellow, a Week at the least before the Election, which by the Charter is directed to take place annually on the Twenty-fourth Day of May, being the Birth-Day of the celebrated Linnaeus ; unless that Day shall happen to be on a Sunday, and then on the Day following. And eacli Anniversary Meeting shall also be advertised in Two or more of the public JSTewspapers, at least One Week before the same take place. II. The Council for the Time being shall, before the Day of Election, cause to be prepared a sufficient Number of printed Balloting-Lists, according to the annexed Forms ; One of which (No. I.) is to contain the Names of such Persons as they shall recommend to be removed from and elected into the Council, and the other (No. II.) to contain the Names of such Persons as they shall recommend to fill the Offices of President, Treasurer, and Secretaries, for the ensuing Tear. III. On the Day of Election, the President, or in his absence a Vice-President, shall take the Chair precisely at Three o' Clock P.M., and shall immediately open the Business of the Day ; Two Balloting- Glasses being placed before the Chair. One of those Glasses shall remain open for receiving Lists for the Council until Four o'clock, and the other Glass shall remain open for receiving Lists for the Officers until Half-past Four o' Clock p.m., at which respective Times the Ballots shall be closed. IV. Balloting-Lists shall be delivered to every Fellow who shall apply for them ; and if any Fellow should not approve of the Persons therein named, but be desirous of giving his Vote for some other Person or Persons, he will strike his Pen across the 18 Bye-Laws oftlte Linnean Societi/. printed Name or Names of the Person or Persons of whom he may disapproA'e, and will write over against such printed Name or Names on the blank Side left and prepared for that Purpose, the Name or Names of the other Person or Persons for whom he may be desirous to give his Yote. Y. Each Fellow voting shall deliver his Balloting- List or Lists, folded up, to the President or Vice-President in the Chair, who shall, in his presence, immediately put such List or Lists into the respective Grlasses ; and the name of each Pellow who shall so deliver in his List or Lists shall be marked on a printed List of the Fellows, by one of the Secretaries, or by the Person officiating in his stead. YI. Yi/Tien the Ballot for the Council shall have been closed, the President or Yice- President in the Chair shall appoint Three Scrutineers, not Members of the Council, to examine the Lists, and report the Eesult of the Ballot : One of those Scrutineers shall open and read aloud each List deposited in the Balloting- Grlass, and file it, while the other Two Scrutineers shall mark the Names ; and when all the Lists shall be drawn and read, the Scrutineers shall cast up the Number of the Yotes for each Person, whether to be removed from or elected into the Council, and shall report the same to the President or Yice-President in the Chair, who shall then declare the Five Persons for whose Eemoval from the Council there shall be the Majority of Yotes, to be removed accordingly ; and the Five Persons for whose Election there shall be a Majority of Yotes, to be elected Members of the Council for the ensuing year accordingly. YII. "When the Members of the Council for the ensuing Tear shall have been declared, and not before, the President or Yice- President in the Chair shall appoint the same or Three other Scrutineers, not being Members of the Council, to examine the Lists and report the Eesult of the Ballot for President, Treasurer, and Secretaries ; and such Examination and Eeport being made agreeably to the Directions contained in the preceding Section respecting the Council, the President or Yice-President in the Chair shall declare those who have the Majority of Yotes to be the Pei'sons elected to the respective Offices. YIII. If any List should contain more than the proper Number of Names, or if any List for Officers should include the Name of any Person not being a Member of the Council, such List shall be set aside, and not taken any account of, by the Scrutineers in casting up the Number of Yotes. Bye-Laws of the Linnean Society. 19 IX. lu case of an Equality of Votes for the Eemoval from the Council, or for the Election of Two or more Persons, whose Number together shall exceed the Number to be removed or elected exclusive of those having a Majority of Votes, the Excess of such Number shall be secluded by Lots, to be prepared by the Scruti- neers and drawn by the President or Vice-President in the Chair ; and the Person or Persons whose Name or Names shall remain undrawn shall be declared to be removed from or elected into the Council, or elected to any of the Offices, as the Case may be. X. If Twenty-one Eellows at least do not appear and give in their Balloting- Lists during the Time limited for keeping the Ballot for the Council open, or if any Question should arise in the course of an Election, respecting the Forms thereof, and cannot be decided by the Eellows present, the Election shall be adjourned to the next convenient Day, of which Notice by Letter shall be given to all the Eellows of the Society, in tne same Manner as is directed in the First Section of this Chapter. XI. In case of a Vacancy in the Council, or among the Officers of the Society, happening during the Intervals of the Anniversary Elections, the Council shall appoint a Special Gi-eneral Meeting, for the Purpose of filling up such Vacancy ; and the Summons for such Meeting, and the Proceedings at it, shall, as far as Circum- stances will admit, be after the same Manner as is directed for the Anniversary Elections, CHAPTEE IX. Of the President. Sect I. The Business of the President shall be to preside in all the Meetings, and regulate all the Debates of the Society, Council, and Committees ; to state and put Questions, which shall have been moved and seconded, botb in the Affirmative and Negative, according to the Sense and Intention of the Meetings ; to call for Eeports and Accounts from Committees and others ; to check Irregularities, and to keep all Persons in the Meetings to Order ; to cause all Extraordinary Meetings of the Council and Com- mittees to be summoned when necessary ; and, generally, to exe- cute, or see to the Execution of, the Statutes and Bye-Laws of the Society. CHAPTEE X. Of the Treasurer and his Accounts. Sect. I. The Treasurer, or some Person appointed by him, shall b2 20 Bye-Laws of the Linnean Society. receive for the Use of the Society all Sums of Money dae or pay- able to the Society ; and out of such Money shall pay and disburse all Sums of Money which may be due from or payable by the Society ; and shall keep particular Accounts of all such Eeceipts and Payments. II. Every Sum of Money payable on account of the Society, amounting to Five Pounds or upwards, shall be paid by Order of the Council, signed by the President or Yice- President in the Chair, and registered by the Secretary. III. All Sums of Money in the Hands of the Treasurer, which there shall not be present Occasion for expending or otherwise disposing of for the Use of the Society, shall be laid out in such Government or other Securities as shall be approved of and directed by the Council. IV. The Treasurer shall keep a Yearly List of all such Pellows of the Society as shall have paid the Sum appointed in lieu of Annual Contributions ; and also of those who pay the Annual Contributions ; and in this List shall be noted the Times up to which the Annual Contributions shall have been paid, and the Arrears due from each Pellow respectively. V. The Treasurer shall also keep a Book of printed Check-Re- ceipts for Annual Contributions ; each Receipt to be signed by himself, and to be fiUed up with the Name of the Fellow paying, the Sum paid, and the Time paid to : these Receipts to be under- signed by the Person who shall receive the Money on the Trea- surer's behalf, who, upon the Delivery of the Receipt to the Fellow paying, is to enter upon that Part of the Check which shall be left in the Book the above Particulars, and also the Day of Payment. VI. The Treasurer shall demand the Annual Contributions, or cause them to be demanded, of such Persons as shall neglect to make their Payments for Six Months after they become due. VII. The Accounts of the Treasurer shall be audited annually, a short Time preceding the Anniversary Meeting, by a Committee consisting of the President and One of the Secretaries, and of Four Fellows of the Society, of whom Two shall be Members of the Council, and the other Two not Members thereof; such Four Auditors to be elected at One of the Two next preceding Greneral Meetings of the Society, upon the Nomination of the President ; the Election to be determined by a Show of Hands ; any Three of the Auditors to be a Quorum. The Report of the said Auditors shall be laid before the Society upon the Day of the Anniversary Bye-Laws of the Linnean Societi/. 21 Meeting, stating not only the Balance in the Treasurer's Hands, but also the general State of the Punda of the Society. VIII. The Treasurer shall take care that all "Writings relating to the Society's Funds and Property, the Obligations given by the Fellows, the Policies of Insurance, and other Securities, be lodged in the Society's Iron Chest, and be inspected by the Council once in every Tear. IX. The Society shall not, and may not, make any Dividend, Grift, Division, or Bonus in Money, unto or between any of its Members. CHAPTEE XI. Of the Secretaries. Sect. I. There shall be Two Secretaries, and, so far as may be practicable, the Duties of one of them shall be devoted to the Zoological, and of the other to the Botanical Proceedings of the Society. II. The Secretaries, or either of them, shall have Inspection over the Librarian, and other Salaried Officers and Servants of the Society. They shall, subject to the Direction of the Council, have the general Management of the Business of the Society, and conduct its Correspondence. III. The Editing and Printing of the Society's Transactions shall be entrusted to the Secretaries respectively ; each taking charge of the Papers belonging to his own Department. CHAPTEE XII. Of the Librarian and other Salaried Officers. Sect. I. The Council shall, from Time to Time, appoint such Librarian, Clerk, or other Salaried Officers as they may deem necessary for the Transaction of the Business of the Society ; provided that the position of the present Librarian, elected by the Society, be not thereby affected. II. The Librarian shall receive such Salary and Allowances as the Council may judge reasonable ; and shall not, under Pain of Dismissal, receive any Perquisite, or Profit whatever, ai'ising from bis Connexion with the Society, excepting that which shall be expressly allowed by the Council, and shall be subject to such Eules and Orders as shall, from Time to Time, be given to him by the President and Council. III. The Librarian shall have, under the Authority of the 22 Bjje-Laws of the Linnean Society. Council, the Charge of the Society's Library and Museum. He shall attend ou such Days, and at such Hours, as the Council shall direct, for the Accommodation of such Fellows, or other Members of the Society, as may be desirous of consulting them. IV. Any Eellow of the Society shall be allowed the Loan of Books from the Library, under such Eegulations, and with such Exceptions and Restrictions, as the Council shall, from Time to Time, determine. The Librarian shall not, without leave of the Council, permit any Article whatever to be taken out of the Library. CHAPTEE XIII. Of the General or Ordinary Meetings of the Society. Sect. I. The G-eneral or Ordinary Meetings of the Society shall be beld on the Third Thursday in January, the First and Third Thursdays in February, March and April, the First Thurs- day in May, and on the First and Third Thursdays in June, Novem- ber, and December, to begiu at Eight o' Clock in the Evening, and to continue about an Hour, at the Discretion of the President ; but there shall be no Meetings of the Society in the Months of July, August, September, and October, nor on the First Thursday in the Month of January. II. The Honorary Members, Foreign Members, and Associates shall have free Communication with the Society at their General Meetings. III. Each Fellow, Honorary Member, Foreign Member, and Associate, may introduce a Stranger at every Greneral Meeting of the Society, on delivering his Name to the President ; and the Name of every Stranger so introduced shall be entered in the Minute-Book, together vvrith the Name of the Member who shall introduce him, and who is to be accountable for his Conduct during his Presence at the Meeting. IV. In case of the Absence of the President, a Vice-President shall preside at every General Meeting ; and if neither the President, nor any one of the Vice-Presidents, be present, then the Chair shall be taken by some Member of the Council who may be present. V. When the Chair shall have been taken, the Minutes of the preceding Meeting shall be immediately read, and be signed by the Chairman of the Meeting, and the Presents on the Table shall be declared. VI. The Business of the Society in their General Meetings Bye-Lmvs of ihe Linnean Society. 23 shall be, to road and hear Letters, Reports, and other Papers, on Subjects of Natural History ; and also to view such Speciuiens of the Productions of Nature as shall be presented. VII. "Whenever, at a Greneral Meeting, the Votes, for and against a Question proposed, shall be found to be equal, in case the Question do not relate to an Election, or other Matter par- ticularly provided for in this respect by the Charter or Bye-Laws, the President, Vice-President, or Members of the Council in the Chair, shall have a double Vote. CHAPTER XIV. Oftlie Meetings of the Council. Sect. I. The Council shall meet at such Times as shall be ap- pointed by the President, or, in his Absence, by one of the Vice- Presidents ; due and sufficient Notice of each Meeting being pre- viously sent to every Member of the Council. II. The President, or one of the Vice-Presidents, shall preside at every Meeting of the Council. III. AVhen the Chair shall have been taken, the Minutes of the preceding Meeting of Council shall be read, and, if approved by the Members present, sliall be signed, in the fair Minute-Book, by the President or Vice-President in the Chair. IV. When any question shall be agitated at a Meeting of the Council, it shall be determined by open Vote, unless Two or more Members of the Meeting demand a Ballot ; and if there should be an Equality of Votes in either Case, the President, or Vice- President in the Chair, shall have a double Vote. It is however declared, that all Questions relative to Elections, or to the making or repealing of Bye-Laws, shall be determined by Ballot. V. When a Question shall have been determined upon in Council, which, agreeably to the Charter, must necessarily be approved of by the Fellows at large, the Resolution of the Council upon such Question, signed by the President, or Vice-President who may have presided at the Time, and by the Secretary, shall be read from the Chair, at the next General Meeting of the Society. VI. The Papers read at the Meetings of tlie Society shall be referred to the Council, who shall determine respecting their Publication ; and the Council shall have power to refer them to be reported upon, to any competent' Person, although he may not 24 Bye-Laws of the lAnnean Society, be a Member of the Council. All Questions relating to the Publication of Papers shall be decided in Council by Ballot, if any Member present shall so require. CHAPTER XV. Of the Manner of Publication of the Papers, laid hefore the Society. Sect. I. The Transactions and other Publications of tbe Society shall be printed at such Times, and in sucb Manner, as the Council for the Time being shall direct. II. Every Fellow whose Payments to the Society shall have been paid up to the Time of Publication of each Part of the Society's Transactions, or other Publications, shall be entitled to One Copy of such Part. III. No Pellow of the Society shall be entitled to receive, gratis, any Copy or Copies of the Transactions, or other Publica- tions, after Pive Years shall have elapsed from the Time of their Publication, unless the Council shall otherwise direct. CHAPTER XVI. Of the Books and Papers of the Society. Sect. I. There shall be kept a Book, called the Charter and Bye-Law Book, in which shall be fairly written the Copy of the Charter and Bye-Laws, and also the Obligation to be subscribed by the Pellows of the Society in their own Handwriting. II. There shall be kept a Book, containing the register of the Fellows of the Society, with the Times of their Election and Admission. III. There shall be kept Minute-Books for the Society and Council ; in which shall be entered all the Minutes, Orders, and Business of the Society and Council at their respective Meetings. IV. Any Fellow of the Society may, at proper Times, and in the Society's Apartments, have the Liberty of inspecting the Minute- or other Books of the Society ; but no Fellow shall take any Copy or Transcript of any matter contained therein, Avithout leave ob- tained of the Council. V. The original Copy of every Paper, after having been read before the Society, shall be considered as the Property of the Society, if there should be no previous Engagement with its Author to the contrary. Bye-Laivs oftlie lAnneayi Society. 25 CHAPTER XVII. Of the Conunon Seal and Deeds. Sect. I. The Common Seal of the Society shall be kept in an Iron Chest, having Three Locks, with Three different Keys ; of which One shall be in the Custody of the President, another of the Treasurer, and the Third of the Senior Secretary. II. Every Deed, or Writing, to which the Common Seal is to be affixed, shall be passed, and sealed in Council, and signed by the President, or Vice-President in the Chair, and countersigned by one of the Secretaries. 26 APPENDIX. No. I. Form of a Balloting-List for the Council. j^ LIST of the Persons recommended by the Council of the Linnean Society of London to be removed from, and elected into the said Council, at the Election of May 18 Five Members of the present Council recommended to be re- moved. A. B. C. D. 1 E. E. 1 G. H. L K. 1 rive Fellows recommended to be elected into the Council. L. M. N. 0. P. Q. 1 E. S. T. IT. ! Any Fellow who disapproves of any of the Names recommended above, is requested to strike out with his Pen such Names as he does not approve, and to write opposite to each Name so struck out, the Name of the Person for whom he chooses to give his Vote. B_t/e-Laws of the Linnean Society, 27 No. II. Form of a Balloting- List for the Officers. A LIST of the Persons recommended bj the Council of the Linnean Society of London to be appointed to the OiEces of President, Treasurer, and Secretaries of the Society, at the Elec- tion of May 18 Pkeside>"t Pbesident. B. A. TllEASUBER Teeasubeh. D. C. Seceetabies Seceetabies. F. E. H. G. Any Fellow who disapproves of any of the Names recommended above, is requested to strike out with his Pen such Names as he does not approve, and to write opposite to each Name so struck out, the Name of the Person for whom he chooses to give his Vote. LINNEAN SOCIETY. Alterations of Bye-laws. At a Special G-eneral Meeting of the Linnean Society held on the 5th of March, 1874, the following resolution was passed : — " That inasmuch as it appears that there are differences of " opinion in the Society as to the legality of the alter- "ations of the Bye-laws made at the Meeting on the " 15th of January last, this Meeting, retaining com- " plete confidence in the President and Council of the " Society, request them (1) to obtain the opinion of " some legal authority whether those alterations are " binding on the Society or not. (2) That if the opi- " nion be that the said alterations are legally binding, " no further steps be taken in reference to them. (3) " That if the opinion be that the said alterations, or " any of them, are not legally binding, the Council be " requested to take the necessary proceedings for set- " ting aside the vote of the 15th of January." In pursuance of the above resolution a Statement of the ques- tions at issue was prepared, and approved by the Senior Secretary on behalf of the President and Council, and by Mr. J. E. Harting on the part of those Fellows of the Society who disapproved of the proposed alterations of the Bye-laws. Application was made to Lord Hatherley requesting him to undertake the office of Arbi- trator, which his Lordship kindly consented to do. The following is a copy of the Case submitted to the Arbitrator, Statement of Case to be Submitted to the Arbitrator. Bt the Charter of Incorporation of the Linnean Society of London, of which a printed Copy is sent herewith (see pp. 6-8), a Council, President, Treasurer and Secretary, are nominated and appointed for the direction, management, and execution of the business and concerns of the Society (p. 6) ; and provisions are made : — Pirst. For the annual removal by the Fellows of five Members of the Council, and for the election from the Fellows of the Society of five others in their room, the time, place and manner of such election being specified (p. 7). Secondly. For the annual election by the Fellows from the Members of Council, of a President, Treasurer, and Secretary, the time, place and manner of such Elections being also specified (p. 7). Thirdly. For the appointment by the Fellows of such other persons (without a limit as to the range of selection) to be Ofiicers of the Society for the year ensuing, as may be thought proper and necessary for transacting and managing its busi- ness, without specifying the time, place and manner of such appointments (p. 8) ; and Fourthly. For the election by the Fellows of such persons as they shall think fit to be Fellows, Honorary Members, Foreign Members and Associates (p. 8), again without specifying the time, place or manner of such elections (p. 8). The Charter also empowers the Council to make Bye-laws for (amongst other things) fixing and determining the time, place and manner of electing, appointing and removing all Fellows, Honor- ary Members, Foreign Members and Associates of the said Society, and all other subordinate Ofl&cers, Attendants and Servants as shall be deemed necessary or useful for the said Society (p. 8). And it is provided (p. 9) that the Bye-laws may from time to time be varied or revoked, and other Bye-laws made so that the same be not repugnant to the Charter. A print of the Bye-laws by which, until the recent alterations hereafter referred to, the Society, has been regulated, accompanies the printed copy of the Charter. In exercise of the power above referred to, the Council recently proposed certain alterations in the Bye-laws, to which alterations, with the exception of those inserted in Manuscript at pp. 21 and 22 of the accompanying print of the Bye-laws, no objection has been taken. All the proposed alterations were hung up in the Meeting- room of the Society, and read by the President in the manner provided by the Charter. At the Meeting for the confirmation of the proposed alterations in the Bye-laws, which took place on the 15th January last, some of the Fellows strongly opposed the alteration which places the election of the Librarian in the hands of the Council, and the same Fellows also objected to the repeal of Section 1 of Chapter XII. of the Bye-laws (see p. 21). A Motion -was made and seconded that the proposed alterations should be put to the Meeting seriatim and not collectively, on the ground that the Charter in empowering the Council to make and alter Bye-laws, implies that such alterations shall be made seriatim, inasmuch as it provides (p. 9) that no " Bye-law " (i. e. any single Bye-law) " hereafter to be made, or alteration , or repeal of " any Bye-law, shall be binding on the Society, until such Bye- " law, or such alteration or repeal of any Bye-law, shall have " been approved by two-thirds of the Fellows present at a Greneral " Meeting." The President refused to put this Motion upon the following grounds : — 1st. That the initiation of alterations in the Bye-laws rests solely with the Council, and that if any one of the alterations should be rejected the whole must fall to the ground, or at least go back to the Council for reconsideratiou . 2nd. That upon all previous occasions of alterations in the Bye-laws, the proposed alterations had been put to the Meeting for confirmation or rejection en masse. 3rd. That it would be irregular to put the alterations seriatim. The proposed alterations were then put to the Meeting en masse, and upon the ballot being taken the votes of forty-four FeUows out of sixty-six (the whole number present) were in favour of the alterations, and (one not voting) the votes of the remaining twenty- one were against the alterations, and it was declared that the alterations were carried. Those Fellows of the Society who disapprove of the alterations in the Bye-laws, maintain that the proceedings of the 15th of January were invalid upon the following gromids : — 1st. That under Chapter IX. Section 1 of the Bye-laws, the President was bound to put to the Meeting a question which had been moved and seconded, viz. a Motion that the proposed alterations in the Bye- law's be put to the Meeting seriatim. 2nd. That the resolutions for the alterations of the Bye- laws ought not to have been put to the Meeting en masse, and that not putting them seriatim was con- trary to the terms of the Charter. 3rd. That the repeal of Sections 1, 2, and 3, Chapter XII., of the Bye-laws and the alteration of Section 7 of the same Chapter, the effect of which is (inter alia) to take the election of Librarian out of the hands of the FeUows and place it in the bands of the Council, were in contravention of the terms of the Society's Charter, and consequently illegal. 4th. That by the provisions of the Charter the power of appointing the subordinate Officers, A.ttendants, and Servants is vested in the Fellows at large ; and that the Council have no more power to appoint such Officers than to elect Fellows, Honorary Members, &c., the appointment of the former and the election of the latter being governed by the same Clause of the Charter (p. 8). 5th. That the Librarian is a subordinate Officer necessary for the transacting and managing the business of the Society ; and that according to the Charter he need not be a Fellow, and must be elected by the Fellows ; and, as a matter of fact, in both these respects the Charter has been up to the present time conformed to; and although it is admitted that the Librarian has not been annually appointed, it is contended that this has been an irregularity, and that the annual ap- pointment of the subordinate Officers as provided for by the Charter affords a proper security against the Society being burthened with incompetent Officers. The Council and those Fellows of the Society who approve of the alterations maintain the validity of the proceedings of the Meeting of the 15th of January upon the following grounds : — 1. That the power of making Bye-laws is vested by the Charter in the Council, and that the Fellows at large can only adopt or reject the Bye-laws laid before them by the Council. That it was not necessary that the altered Bye-laws should be put to the Meeting seriatim, and that the proper and legal course was to put them en masse. 2. That the President cannot be bound to put to any Meeting any question which, although moved and seconded, it would be irregular for him to put, and that he was there- 5 fore justified in refusing to put tlie question " that the proposed alterations be put seriatim" or at all events that, as a majority of two thirds of the Fellows present chose to allow the President's motion to be put and to accept the alterations en masse, no objection can be taken on this point, there having been no violation of the Bye-laws. 3. That the repeal of Sections 1, 2, and 3 of Chapter XII. of the Bye-laws and the alteration of Section 7 of the same Chapter are not in contravention of the Society's Charter. That the Librarian is not, and never has been, an annual Officer ; and that there is nothing in the Charter to the efiect that the Fellows shall appoint or remove him. That in fact the Charter leaves the matter to be dealt with by the Bye-laws, which Bye- laws may be altered from time to time. And further that if the Librarian must necessarily be elected by the Fellows at large, then the same rule must extend to every Officer and Servant of however low a grade in the employment of the Society (even to domestic Servants), which would render the management of the affairs of the Society almost impracticable. At a Special General Meeting of the Society held on the 5th March last the following resolution was carried by a majority of the Fellows present, " That inasmuch as it appears that there are " differences of opinion in the Society as to the legality of the " alterations of the Bye-laws made at the Meeting on the 15th of " January last, this Meeting, retaining complete confidence in the " President and Council of the Society, request them (1) to obtain " the opinion of some legal authority whether those alterations " are binding on the Society or not. (2) That if the opinion be " that the said alterations are legally binding, no further steps "be taken in reference to them. (8) That if the opinion be that " the said alterations, or any of them, are not legally binding, the " Council be requested to take the necessaryproceedings for setting " aside the vote of the 15th of January." In pursuance of this Eesolution, and if agreeable to your Lordship, the President and Council of the Society request the favour of your Lordship's opinion upon the following questions. 6 1st. Having regard to the terms of the said Charter and to the fact that the question " that the proposed alter- ations in the Bye-laws should he put to the Meeting seriatim " had been duly moved and seconded, was it necessary that the proposed alterations in the Bye- laws should be put to the Meeting seriatim ? or was it legal to put them (as they were put) en masse ? 2nd. Is the repeal of Sections 1, 2, and 3, or is the alter- ation of Section 7 of Chapter XII. of the Bye-laws in contravention of the Society's Charter or other- wise invalid ? 3rd. In the event of such alterations in Chapter XII. being invalid, are the other alterations in the Bye-laws which were proposed at the Meeting of the 15th January valid and binding without further vote of the Society ? 4th. Under all the circumstances above mentioned are the alterations in the Bye-laws purported to have been made at the Meeting of the IStli of January last valid and binding upon the Society? The following is a Co])y of Lord Hatherleys Award. I AM of opinion that the Council alone can originate a Bye-law or Bye-laws, and that it is competent to that body to offer the Bye-laws at any time agreed to by them, either as a body of new Law or as separate Laws. By presenting them and having them read as one body of Law, I think they sufficiently indicated their intent that it should be accepted or rejected as such, and that the President was therefore right in so offering them for confirmation. I do not think that any Motion by one of the Fellows, though seconded, for varying this arrangement by putting the several heads of the altered Law instead of laying the whole at once before the Greneral Meeting, was one which the President was bound to put ; for had it been carried, he would not have been justified in complying with the proposal. The Council might direct the Bye-laws to be hung up and read as separate laws ; but unless they did so, it was right to treat the whole as one enact- ment of the Council divided into several Chapters. With regard to the Librarian, it is necessary to consider the exact provisions of the Charter. Precise directions are given for the election (by ballot) of Fel- lows, President, Treasurer, and Secretary at the Annual Meetings of the Fellows, and for filling up vacancies in those Ofilces. They are also to appoint " such other persons to be Officers for the year " ensuing as they may think proper and necessary for the transact- " ing and managing the business thereof." There is no direction as to ballot with regard to this appointment of Officers for the business of the Society ; and I presume a vote might be taken in any other way authorized by any Bye-law. The Council must be Fellows of the Society ; and they have power to make Bye-laws : — 1st, for the regulation of the Society and of the estate, goods, and business thereof; 2nd, for fixing the time and place of Meeting and of electing and removing all Fellows, and all such subordinate Officers and Attendants as shall be deemed necessary or useful for the Society ; 3rd, for filling up from time to time any vacancies by death, removal, or otherwise in any of the offices or appointments constituted for the execution of the business and concerns of the Society. As regards Fellows, the Bye-laws are to extend only to time and place of Election, and not to filling the vacancies. I am of opinion that the Annual Meetings of the Society therefore would, until the present Bye-laws were passed, have appointed the persons whom they thought necessary (including the Librarian) to be Officers ; but I am further of opinion that not only the time and mode of Election originally, could be fixed by Bye-laws, but the filling up of vacancies in any office once established is expressly made subject to the Bye-laws. Moreover, no Bye-law is valid vmtil confirmed by ballot by the " Fellows at large," after ample notice and by consent of two-thirds of those present. Under these circumstances I am of opinion that the Bye-law in respect to the election of the Librarian is valid. The Council (being limited in its numbers) could not control by its own Bye-law alone the fuller powers of the general body ; but the Bye-law being on a subject fully within the competency of the Council, and having been confirmed in manner directed by the Charter, all possible ground of objection which might otherwise arise is re- moved. The cases of Corporate Elections (Maidstone, 3 Burr. p. 1834 ; Helston, 4 Burr. p. 2515) have usually turned upon the attempt of a Kmited Common Council to transfer by Bye-law the elections which the Charter directed to be by the Commonalty, to themselves, the Commonalty having no voice in the framing of Bye-laws. Here the Fellows who are in the position of tbe Commonalty have a veto on all Bye-laws ; the Council also con- sists of Fellows, and the only effect of the Bye-law is to transfer the Election from the whole body to some Members of that body, a course allowed as reasonable even in the Corporation Cases of Parliamentary Boroughs where the main body of th.e electors have had a voice in approving of the Bye-laws. It appears to me that the scope of the Charter was to leave the original appointment of necessary new Officers to the Annual Meetings, and, when the office had been created, to subject the regulations for filling up vacancies to Bye-laws. The difference of language as to the election hy ballot of the Fellows, President, Treasurer and Secretary, and the " appointment " of Officers, indi- cates this intention, and shows the choice of Officers to have been a subordinate part of the business of the Society, which might well be regulated by Bye-laws, and, as to the filling-up of the post when vacant, be handed over to the Council. On the whole case, therefore, I hold the repeal of the former Bye-laws as to the Librarian, and the new enactment, to be valid, and not contrary to the Charter. (Signed.) Hatheelet. July 22nd, 1874. 31 Great George St. LIST OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1877. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLKET STREET. LINxNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. PATRON. HEU SACRED MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA. b2 Date ot Election. | 1818. Dec. 15. 1866. Nov. 15. 1830. Jan. 19. 1876. Dec. 7. 1830. June 1. 18,53. Jan. 18. 1863. Mar. 19. 1866. Apr. 5. 1876. Jan. 20. 1875. Dec. 2. 1875. Dec. 16. 1844. June 18. 1856. Dec. 2. 1865. June 15. 1859. Dec. 1. 1861. Apr. 4. 1863. Apr. 16. 1868. Jan. 16. 1863. May 7. 1833. Mar. 19. 1871. Dec. 21. 1871. Nov. 16. 1856. Nov. 4., 1 *Ashburner, John F., M.D. Sovereign Life Office, 48 St. Jaines's-street. S.W. * Atkinson, Edward, Esq. M.R.C.S., F. Med. Soc. Lond. ; Led. Comjj. Anat. ^ Swg. Leeds School of Medicine ; Sur- yeon to the Leeds General Infirmary. Eldon House, Wood- house Lane, Leeds. *Atkinson, "William, Esq. 47 Gordon-square. W.C. Aveling, Edward B., D.Sc. Qt7 Maitlaud-park-road. N.W, *Babington, Charles Cardale, Esq. M. A., F.R.S. and G.S., Frof. Bot. in Univ. Cambr. 5 Brookside, Cambridge. *Babington, Rev. Churchill, B.D., Disney Professor of Ar- chcBology in Univ. of Cambridge. Cockfield Rectory, Sud- bury, Suffolk. *Baily, William Hellier, Esq. M.R.LA., F.G.S., Socc. Hist. Nat. Dresdce et Argentorati, et Reg. Leodii Corresp. ; De- monstrator in Palceontology to the R. Coll. of Science, and Acting Paleontologist to H.M. Geol. Survey of Ireland. 92 Rathgar-road, Dublin. *Baker, John Gilbert, Esq., Lecturer on Botany at the London Hospital ; Assistant in the Herbarium, Royal Gardens, Kew. 23 Gloucester-road, Kew. Baldock, John Henry, Esq. F.C.S. South Norwood. S.E. *Balfour, Francis M., Esq. B.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. *Balfour, Isaac Bayley, Esq. Sc.D., M.B., CM., F.R.S.E. 27 Inverleith-row, Edinburgh. *Balfour, John Hutton, M.D., F.R.S. L. and E., Hon. M.R.H.S., Reg. Prof Bot. 27 Inverleith-row, Edin- burgh. Ball, John, Esq. M.A., F.R.S., M.R.LA. 10 Southwell- gardens, S. Kensington. Baly, Joseph S., M.R.C.S. The Butts, Warwick. Barford, A. H., Esq. B.A. 1 Cornwall-terrace, Regent' s- park. N.W. *Barnard, Major R. Carey, late of H.M. Alst Reg. Bart- low, Leckhampton, Cheltenham. *Barnes, Richard Hawksworth, Esq. B.xl. Care of Messrs. Reeve and Co., Covent Garden. *Barrington-Ward, Mark J., Esq. M.A., Oxon., Corresp. M. Bot. Soc. Canada ; H.M. Inspector of Schools. United University Club. S.W. ; and St. W^inifred's, Lincoln. *Bastian, Henry Charlton, Esq. M. A., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S.. Prof Pathol. Anat. Univ. Coll. Lond. 20 Queen Anu.- street. W. *Bateman, James, Esq. F.R.S. and R.H.S. 9 Ilyde-park-gato South. W. ; Biddulph Grange, Congleton ; and Knypersley Hall, Staffordshire. *Bates, Henry Walter, Esq. Assist. Sec. R. Geogr. Soc. Savile-row. W. *Beale, Edward John, Esq. Stoneydeep House, Teddington- grove. S.W. Beaidsley, Amos, Es.q. M.R.C.8., F.G.S. Grange-ovcr-Saiids, Lancashire. Date of Election. 1866. June 21. 1865. Apr. 6. 1872. Jan. 18. 18.50. Feb. 19. 1815. May 2. 1868. Feb. 6. 1831. Dec. 20. 1870. Jan. 20. 1828. Nov. 18. 1849. Apr. 3. 1836. Apr. 19. 1871. Jan. 19. 1819. Feb. 16. 1874. June 18. 1859. Dec. 1. 1846. June 16. 1827. Apr. 17. 1876. Mar. 16. 1822. Nov. 19. 1876. Jan. 20. 1859. Mar. 3. 1860. Mar. 1. 1873. Dec. 18. 1873. June 19. 1839. Nov. 19. 1854. Mar. 21. 1877. Feb. 1. 1876. June 1. 1875. May 6. 1866. Feb. 15. 1873. June 19. 1859. Jan. 20. 1875. Dec. 16. Becker, Hermann, M.D. Park Browse House, The Lizard, Cornwall. Beckett, Thomas W. N., Esq. Hattanwelle, Rattotte, near Kandy, Ceylon. Bedford, Rev. Joseph Louis, M.A. 9 Bridge-place, Chester. *Bedinofeld, Rev. James. Bedingfeld, Eye, Suffolk. Bell, Thomas, Esq. F.R.S. and G.S., Prof. Zool. King's Coll. Lond. ; — Acad. Ccbs. Nat. Cur. Socius; — Socc. Hist. Nat. et Philom. Paris, Acad. Sc. Philad., Socc. Hist. Nat. Post., et Lit. et Sc. Hung. Corresp. Selborne, Hants. *Bennett, Alfred William, Esq. M.A., B.Sc, Lect. Pot. St. Thomas's Hospital., Lect. on Nat. Science, Pedford Col- lege. 6 Park Village East, Reo;ent's-park. N.W. *Bennett, George, M.D., F.R.C.S., Member of the Medi- cal Faculty of the University, Sydney, New South Wales. *Benson, Lieut.-Col. R., H.M. Indian Staff Corps. *Bentham, George, Esq. F.R.S. 25 Wilton-place. S.W. Bentley, Robert, Esq. M.R.C.S., Hon. F. and Prof. Pot. Kings Coll. Lond. ; Prof. Mat. Med. and Pot. to the Pharmaceut. Soc. of Great Pritain ; Prof. Pot. London Instit. 1 Tiebovir-road, South Kensington. S.W. *Berkeley, Rev. Miles Joseph, M.A., Hon. M.R.H.S., Acad. Cces. Nat. Cur. Soc. Sibbertoft, Market Harborough. Bernays, Lewis A., Esq. Clerk to the Legislative Assembly , Queensland. Parliamentary Buildings, Queen-street, Bris- bane, Queensland. *Bigelow, Jacob, M.D. Boston, New England. Birchall, Edwin, Esq. Woodside, Douglas, Isle of Man. *Bird, Peter Hinckes, Esq. F.R.C.S. and R.H.S. 1 Norfolk- square, Hyde-park. W. *Birkett, John, Esq. F.R.C.S. 59 Green-st., Grosvenor-sq. W. *Blackwall, John, Esq. Hendre House, near Llanrwst, Denbighshire. Blair, David, Esq. 11 Walton-street, Chelsea. S.W. Blomefield, Rev. Leonard, M.A., F.G.S. and C.P.S. 19 Bel- mont, Bath. Bloxam, George W., Esq. M.A. 44 Dacre-park, Lee. S.E. Blunt, George Vernon, M.D., Prof Med. Jurisp. Queen's Coll. Pirm. 7 Old-square, Birmingham. Bohn, Henry G., Esq. North End House, Twickenham. S.W. *Bolus, Harry, Esq. Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope. Bond, John Kinton, Esq. B.A. 42 Park-street, Plymouth. *Borrer, William, Esq. M.A. Cowfold, Horsham, Sussex. Boswell, J. T. Irvine B., LL.D. Balmuto, Kirkcaldy, N.B, Boulger, George S., Esq. Cressingham, Reading, Berks. *Boulth, William Hope, Esq. Surgeon, H.M. 2ndM. 1., Berham- pore, Madras. Bowman, Frederic Hungerford, Esq. F.R.A.S., F.G.S., &c. West Mount, Halifax, Yorkshire. *Bowman, William, Esq. F.R.S., F.R.C.S.E. 5 Chfford- street. W. *Bowring, John C, Esq. Forest Farm, Windsor Forest. *Boycott, Thomas, M.D. 46 Montagu-square. W. Boyd, William Christopher, Esq. Cheshunt, Herts. Date of Election. 1859. June 16. 1860. June 7. 1875. Dec. 2. 1859. Mar. 17. 1859. Mar. 17. 1863. Feb. 5. 1860. May 3. 1872. Mar. 21. 1872. Jan. 18. 1870. Apr. 21. 1864. Mar. 3. 1874. Dec. 3. 1876. Mar. 2. 1866. Feb. 1. 1876. Dec. 7. 1873. Jan. 16. 1833. Dec. 17- 1875. Dec. 2. 1874. Dec. 3. 1850. Feb. 5. 1845. Dec. 16. 1858. June 3. 1864. Jan, 21. 1866. Feb. 15. 1858. Jan. 21, 1833. Nov. 19, 1846. Dec. 1, 8 Bradford, Edward, Esq., Bep. Inspector-Gen. of Hospitals ; Hon. Sury. to the Queen. Harrow. N.W. Bradley, Charles Lawrence, Esq. F.R.C.S. Paradise-vow, Stoke Newington. N. Brady, George Stewardson, M.D., M.R.C.S., Corresp. M. Zool. Soc. Lond., and Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasg., Acad. Nat. So. Philad. et Socc. Limi. Bay on. et Bordigalens. Corresp.; Prof. Nat. Hist, in Utiiv. Durham, ^ College of Physical Science, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 22 Fawcett-street, Sunderland. Brady, Henry Bowman, Esq. F.R.S. and G.S. 29 Mosley- street, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Braikenridge, Rev. George Weare, M.A. Clevedon, Somerset. *Braitbwaite, Robert, M.D., M.R.C.S.E. TheFerns, 303 Clap- ham -road. S.W. *Brandis, Dietrich, Ph.D., F.R.S., Inspector-General of Forests, Calcutta. *Breese, Charles James, Esq. 1 Marquess-road, Canonbury. Briggs, Thomas R.Archer, Esq. 4 Portland- villas, Plymouth. *Britten, James, Esq. British Museum. W.C. Brodhurst, Bernard Edward, Esq. F.R.C.S. 20 Grosvenor- street, Grosvenor-square. W. Brogden, James, Esq. F.G.S., F.R.C.S. Sea Bank House, Porthcawl, near Bridgend, Glamorganshire. Brooke, Sir Victor Alexander, Bart. Colebrook-park, Fer- managh, Ireland. Broome, Christopher Edmund, Esq. Batheaston, Bath. Brown, George Dransfield, Esq. M.R.C.S. Henley-villa, Ealino;. W. Brown, Robert, Esq. M.A., Ph.D., F.R.G.S. 26 Guilford- road, Albert-square. S.W. *Buccleuch and Queensberry, Walter Francis, Duke of, K.G., D.C.L.,F.R.S.L.andE. Montague House, Whitehall. S.W. *Buchanan, John, Esq. Botanist to Geological Survey. Mu- seum, Wellington, New Zealand. *Buckley, Sir Edmund, Bart., M.P. Plas Dinas Mawddwy, Merionethshire. *Buckman, James, Esq. F.G.S. Bradford Abbas, Sherborne, Dorset. *Buckton, George Bowdler, Esq. F.R.S. Weycombe, Hasle- mere, Surrey. *Buckton, Woodyer Merricks, Esq. Hill House, Edgware. N.W. *Bulger, Lieut. -Col. George Ernest, late Idth Foot ; care of Messrs. G. W. Wheatley and Co., 156 Leadenhall-st.E.C. *Bull, Wilham, Esq. F.R.H.S., Socc. Hort. BeroL, BruxelL, Paris et Petropol., et Soc. Agric. et Bot. Gandav. Socius. King's-road, Chelsea. S.W. *Buller, Walter Lawry, C.M.G., Sc.D. Wanganui, Welling- ton, New Zealand. Bunbury, Sir Charles James Fox, Bart., F.R.S. and G.S. Barton Hall, Burv St. Edmunds. *Busk, George, Esq. F.R.C.S. E., R.S., G.S., & Z.S. 32 Harley-street. W. Vice-President. Date of Election. 1868. Feb. 6.|*Butler, Arthur Gardiner, Esq. F.Z.S., xAI.E.S., Corresp. Memb. ofSoc. Nat. ScL, Biifalo. Zoological Department, British Museum. W.C. 1854. Apr. 18. Bjeriej, Isaac, Esq. F.R.C.S. Seacombe, Birkenhead, Cheshire. 18.56. Dec. 2. *Carpenter, William Benjamin, C.B., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. and G.S., Hon. M.C.P.S., Socc. Biolog. et Philom. Paris. Sociiis ; — Acad. Sc. Lis fit. Paris., et Soc. Phil. Amer. Cor- resp.;— Registrar of the University of London. 56 Regent' s- park-road. N.W. Vice-President. 1861. Feb. 7. Carruthers, William, Esq. F.R.S. & G.S. British Museum ; and 4 Woodside-vilJas, Gipsy-hill. S.E. Vice-President. 1859. Nov. 3. Carte, Alexander, A.M., M.D., F.R.C.S.I. and R.G.S.I., M.R.I. A., V. P. Nat. Hist. Soc. Dublin ; Soc. Zool. Bat. Vindob. et Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. Corresp. ; Director of the Nat. Hist. Museum, Dublin. 1872. Dec. 19. Champneys, Frank H., Esq. M.B. St. Bartholomew's Hospital. E.C. 1835. Dec. 1. *Chance, Edward J., Esq. F.G.S. 59 Old Broad-street, City. E.C. 1846. Dec. 1. *Chapman, David Barclay, Esq. Roehampton. S.W. 1872. May 2. *Chapman, Edward, Esq. M.A. Frewen Hall, Oxford. 1873. June 19. Cheeseman, Thomas F., Esq. Auckland, New Zealand. 1868. Feb. 6. *Child, Gilbert W., M.A. Lee-place, Charlbury, Oxon. 1876. Apr. 5. *Chimrao, William, Capt. R.N., F. R. Astr. Soc, R.G.S., &c. Westdowne, Weymouth, Dorset. 1876. Dec. 21. Christy, Thomas, Jun., Esq. 64 Claverton-street. S.W. 1861. Nov. 21. Clapton, Edward, M.D., F.R.C.P., Physician to St. Thomas's Hospital. 10a St. Thomas' s-street, Southwark. S.E. 1874. Feb. 19. * Clark-Kennedy, Capt. Alexander William Maxwell. Cold- stream Guards. Carruchan, Dumfries, N.B. 1845. May 6. *Clarke, Benjamin, Esq. M.R.C.S. Mount Vernon, Hamp- stead. N.W. 1866. Jan. 18. *Clarke, Rev. Charles. 47 Charlotte-road, Birmingham. 1867. Dec. 5. *Clarke, Charles Baron, Esq. M.A., Barrister-at-Law. Careof T. P. Clarke, Esq., Andover. 1853. Jan. 18. *Clarke, Joshua, Esq. Saffron Walden, Essex. 1876. Apr. 6. Clarke, Rev. Robert Francis, M.R.C.S. 17 Hornton-street, Kensington. W. 1873. Apr. 3. Clarson, William, Esq. Melbourne, Victoria. 1851. Nov. 4. *Cleghorn, Hugh F. C, M.D. Stravithie, St. Andrews, N.B. 1857. Apr. 7. *Cobbold, Thomas Spencer, M.D., F.R.S., Soc. Phil. Amer. Corresp., Led. Zool. ^' Comp. Anat.at the Middlesex Hosp. Med. Coll. 42 Harley-street. W. 1858. Mar. 18. Cockle, John, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.S.E. and F.R.A.S. 7 Suffolk-place, Haymarket. S.W. 1848. Feb. 15. *Cogswell, Charles, M.t). 47 York-terr., Regent's-pk. N.W. 1867. June 6. Colebrook, John, Esq. M.R.C.S., Retired Surg. Madras Army. 1 Walton-place, Chelsea. S.W. 1865. June 15. *Colenso, Rev. William, M.A. Napier, New Zealand. 1853. Nov. 1. *Collingwood, Cuthbert, Esq. M.A., M.B., M.R.C.P., Soc. Reg. Phys.-oecon. Regiomont. Socius. Pembroke Villa. Central-hill, Upper Norwood. S. R. Date of Election. 1877. Apr. 5. 1857. Dec. 17. 1856. Nov. 18. 1864. Feb. 4. 1860. Feb. 16. 1874. Dec. 3. 1875. Dec. 2. 1868. Jan. 16. 1875. Dec. 16. 1870. June 16. 1876. Mar. 2. 1869. May 6. 1830. Jan. 19. 1875. Apr. 1. 1876. Feb. 17. 1870. Feb. 3. 1856. Apr. 15. 1849. Feb. 20. 1864. Dec. 1. 1875. Mar. 18. 1854. Mar. 7. 1875. Dec. 2. 1868. Nov. 19. 1873. Jan. 16. 1875. Apr. 1. 1839. Nov. 19. 1857. Dec. 17. 1869. Apr. 15. 1874. Dec. 17. 1863. Mar. 19. 1855. Dec. 18, 10 Constable, Rev. John, M.A., Principal of the Agricultural College, Cirencester. *Cooke, Edward William, Esq. R.A., F.R.S., G.S., R.G.S., and Z.S., Acadd. Bell. Art. Venet. et Holm. Sociiis. Glen Andred, Groombridge, Sussex; and iVthenseum Club. S.W. Cooke, Robert T. E. Barrington, M.B., M.R.C.S. Scar- borough, Yorkshire. *Cornthwaite, Rev. Tullie, M.A. The Forest, Walthamstow. ='=Coulson,William,Esq.F.S.A. lChester-ter.,Regent's-pk.N.W. Cowherd, James, Esq. Stoney Dale, Grange, Caniforth, North Lancashire. Cox, H.Ramsay, Esq. Thornleigh,Tysen-rd., Forest-hill. S.E. *Cox, James C, M.D. 130 Phillip-street, Sydney, N.S.W. Craven, Alfred E., Esq. Brookfield House, Folkestone. Crisp, Frank, Esq. LL.B., B.A. 5 Lansdowne-rd., Notting-hill. Croft, Richard Benvon, Esq. Retired Lieutenant, R.N., F.R.M.S. Ware," Herts. Crombie, Rev. James M., M.A., F.G.S. 1 Rockhall-ter- race, Cricklewood. N.W. *Crompton, Dickinson Webster, Esq. Birmingham. Crotch, Wm. Duppa, Esq. M.A. TheGreen, Richmond, Surrey. ^Cunningham, David Douglas, M.B., Surgeon H.M. Indian Army. Almorah, N.W. Provinces, India. Cunningham, Rob. Oliver, M.D., Prof. Nat. Hist., Queen's College, Belfast. *Currey, Frederick, Esq. M.A., F.R.S. 3 New-square, Lin- coln's-inu. W.C. ; and 2 Vanbrugh-park-road. S.E. Secre- tary. Dallas, William Sweetland, Esq. Assist. Sec. Geol. Soc. Burlington House. W. *Dalton, Henry Gibbs, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.S.E., Soc. Geol. Jence Soc. Hon. George Town, Demerara. Daltry, Rev. Thomas W., M.A. Madeley Vicarage, Newcastle, Staffordshire. *Darwin, Charles, Esq. M.A., F.R.S. L. &E., F.G.S. ; Hon. M.R.H.S. and R. Med. Cbir. Soc. ;—'pour le Merite' Eq.; — Acadd. Cces. Nat. Cur., Reg. Sc. Berol. etHolm., et Soc. Reg. Sc. Uvsal. Socius ; — Acadd. Nat. Sc. Pliilad. et Vindob: Corresp. Down, Beckenham, Kent. *Darwiu, Francis, M.B. Down, Beckenham, Kent. *Davies, Arthur Ellson, Ph.D., F.C.S. Heathdale, Overton, near Frodsham, Cheshire. Davies, Rev. William, B.A. Ystradffin, Llandovery, Carmar- thenshire. *Davis, James William, Esq. Chevinedge, Halifax. *Davis, Richard, Esq. F.R.H.S. 9 St. Helen' s-place, Bishops- gate-street. E.C. *Day, Francis, Esq, Surg. -Major, Madras Army. Kenilworth House, Pittville, Cheltenham. *Day, John, Esq. Tottenham. *Deane, James, Esq. 17 The Pavement, Clapham. S.W. *Dickie, George, A.M., M.D. University of Aberdeen. * Dickinson, Willi-am, Esq. Thorncroft, AVorkington. Date of Election. 1875. Apr. 15. 1836. Feb. 2. 1874. Apr. 16. 1832. Mar. 20. 1876. Dec. 21. 1861. Jan. 17. 1872. Feb. 15. 1861. Apr. 18. 1872. Apr. 18. 1874. Dec. 3. 1860. Feb. 2. 1874. Dec. 3. 1865. June 1. 1859. Dec. 1. 1875. Apr. 15. 1872. Feb. 15. 1854. Mar. 21. 1864. Apr. 7. 1859. Feb. 3. 1842. Apr. 19. 1866. Jan. 18. 1859. Jan. 20. 1859. Feb. 17. 1874. Feb. 19. 1869, Jan. 21. 1854. June 6. 1862. Feb. 6. 1867. May 2. 1857. Apr. 7. 11 *Dickson, Alexander, M.D., Professor of Botany. 1 Great Kelvin-terrace, Hillhead, Glasgow. *Dillwyn, Lewis Llewelyn, Esq. M.P., F.G.S. Hendrefoilan, Swansea. *Dobson, George Edward, B.A., M.B., Corresp. M. Zool. Sac. Lond. ^' Dublin. Staff Surgeon, Royal A^ictoria Hospital, Netley, Southampton. Douglas, W. D. R. See Robinson-Douglas. *Downes, Rev. John, M.A. Rectory, Hannington, Northampton. Drane, Robert, Esq. Queen's-street, Cardiff. Dresser, Christopher, Ph.D., F. Bot. Soc. Ed., Prof. Bat., Dejj. of Science and Art, S. Kens. Museum ; Tower Cressy, Aubrey-road, Notting-hill. W. Druce, Herbert, Esq. 1 Circus-road, St. John's Wood. N.W. ♦Duckworth, Henry, Esq. F.G.S. Columbia-road, Oxton, Birkenhead. Duff, Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant, Esq. M.P. York House, Twickenham. Duffy, Patrick, Esq. 4 Clifton-hill, St. John's-wood. N.W. Dunedin, Bishop of. See Nevill, Rev. S. T. ♦Dunning, Joseph William, Esq. M.A. 24 Old-buildings, Lincoln's-Inn. W.C. Du Pre, Charles C, Esq. Yonge House, Russell-road, Ken- sington. W. D'Urban, W. S. M., Esq. Albuera, St. Leonard's, Exeter. Durham, Arthur Edward, Esq. 82 Brook-street, Grosvenor- square. W. Duthie, J. F., Esq. B.A., Supe?-intendent of the Government Botanic Garden, Saharunpore, Bengal. *Dyer, William Turner Thiselton, Esq. M.A., B.ScAssistatit- ' Director, Royal Gardens, Kew. 1 1 Brunswick- villas, Kew - gardens-road, Kew. Dyster, Frederick D., M.D. Tenby, Pembrokeshire. Eassie, Wilham, Esq. F.G.S. Child' s-hill, Hendon. N.W. *Eatwell, William T. B., M.D., Surgeon, Bengal Army. Oriental Club. *Edgeworth, Michael Pakenham, Esq., late Beng. Civ. Serv. Mastrim House, Anerley. S.E. EUiot, Daniel Giraud, Esq. 342 Pearl-street, New York. ♦Elliot, Sir Walter, K.C.S.I., late Madras Civil Service. Wolfelee, Hawick, Roxburghshire. ♦Elphinstone, Howard Warburton, Esq. M.A. 2 Stone- buildings, Lincoln's-Inn. Elwes, Henry John, Esq. F.Z.S. 6 Tenterden- street, Hanover- square. W. ; and Preston House, Cirencester. ♦Farrer, Thomas Henry, Esq. 1 1 Bryanston-square. W. ♦Ferguson, William, Esq. F.G.S. Kinmundy, near Mintlaw, Aberdeenshire. Ferguson, William, Esq. Civil Service. Columbo, Ceylon. Fischer, Carl F., M.D., Soc. Zool.-Bot. Vindoh. Socius. Macquarie-street, Sydney, N. S. Wales. ♦Fitch, Walter Hood, Esq. Kew. c 2 Date of Election. 1874. Jan. 15. 1839. Jan. 15. 1862. Mar. 20. 1875. Dec. 2. 1829. Jan. 20. 1823. Nov. 4. 1868. Jan. 16. 1875. Apr. 1. 1844. Jan. 16. 1869. Apr. 1. 1858. Feb. 4. 1865. Feb. 2. 1869. Mar. 4. 1877. Feb. 15. 1856. Nov. 18. 1860. Mar. 15. 1866. Apr. 5. 1866, Mar. 15. 1847. Feb. 2. 1875. Nov. 18. 1877. Mar. 1. 1863. Nov. 19. 1876. Mar. 2. 1877. Mar. 1. 1870. Jan. 20. 1840. Nov. 3. 1849. June 19. 1833. Jan. 15. 1858. Nov. 18. 1871. Mar. 16. 1833. Jan. 15. 1850. Jan. 15. 12 Fitzgerald, Robert D., YtHq. Deputy Surve9jor-General,Bydney, N.S.W. * Flower, Thomas Bruges, Esq. F.R.C.S. 9 Beaufort-buildings West, Bath. *Flower, Wilham Henry, Esq. F.R.S., R.C.S., G.S. and Z.S., Conservatoi' of the Hunterian Museum, R. Coll. Surgeons, Lincoln' s-Inn-Fields. W.C. *Forbes, Frank B., Esq. Ord. Suec. Vasce Commend., Shang- hai, China. * Forrest, Richard, Esq. *Forster, Edward, Esq. Devon and. Exeter Institution, Cathedral-yai'd, Exeter. *Foster, Michael, M.D., Prcelector of Physiology , Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge. *Foulkes, Rev. Thomas, Chaplain Madras Army, Banga- lore. *Francis, William, Esq. Ph.D., F.G.S., F.R.A.S. Manor House, Richmond. S.W. *French, Rev. David John, F.Z.S., &c. Fry, Alexander, Esq. Thornhill House, Dulwich-wood-park, Norwood. S.E. *Galton, Capt. Douglas, R.E., D.C.L., F.R.S. and G.S. 12 Chester-street, Grosvenor-place. Galton, John Charles, Esq. M.A., M.R.C.S.E., Coronce Boruss. Ord. Dignit. St. Sidwell's Rectory, Exeter. Gardner, Edmund. Thomas, Esq. Hawk House, Sunbury. Garner, Robert, Esq. Stoke-upon-Trent. *Gatty, Charles Henry, Esq. M.A., F.G.S. Fellbridge-park, East Grinstead, Sussex. *Gayner, Charles, M.A., M.D., F.R.S.Ed. 1 New College- lane, Oxford. *George, John Bellamy, Esq. 37 Highbury-hill. N. * Gibson, George Stacey, Esq. Saffron Walden, Essex. Gilbert, Joseph Henry, Ph.D., F.R.S. Harpenden, Herts. * Gillies, Robert, Esq. Pres. Otago Instit. Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand. *Godman, Frederick DuCane, J^sq. 6 Tenterden-street. W. and Park Hatch, Godalming. *Gooding, Ralph, B.A., M.D., M.R.C.S., &c. Heath Lodge, The Grove, Blackheath. Goss, Herbert, Esq. M.E.S. Avenue, Surbiton-hill, Surrey. Goucher, John, Esq. 43 High-street, Shrewsbury. *Gough, George Stephens, Viscount, F.G.S.,M.R.i.A. Lough Cutra Castle, Gort, Galway. *Gould, Frederick, Esq. Kingston, Surrey. S.W. *Gould, John, Esq. F.R.S. and Z.S. 26 Charlotte-st., Bed- ford-square. W.C. Graham, Cyril C, Esq. 9 Cleveland-row, St. James's. *Grant, Lieut. -Col. James Augustus, C.B., C.S.I., F.R.S. 19 Upper Grosvenor-street. W. *Greene, Rev. John S. Copley, M.D. Boston, United States. *Grindrod, Ralph Barnes, M.D., LL.D., F.G.S. and R.G.S. Townsend House, Malvern, Worcestershire. Date of Election. 1846. Nov. 3. 1872. Nov. 21. 1872. Feb. 1. 1869. Dec. 2. 1857. Jan. 20. 1850. Jan. 15. 1877. Mar. 1. 1867. Mar. 21. 1859. Mar. 17. 1864. Jan. 21. 1862. June 5, 1850. Nov. 5. 1844. Jan. 16. 1873. Jan. 16. 1835. Jan. 20. 1843. Dec. 19. 1863. June 18. 1877. Feb. 15. 1872. Nov. 21. 1863. Jan. 15. 1859. Feb. 17. 1870. Jan. 20. 1875. June 3. 1868. Apr. 2. 13 Grote, Arthur, Esq. F.G.S. and R.A.S., Bengal Civil Service, Hon. M. Asiat. Soc. Beng. and Agri.-Hort. Soc. of India. Athenaeum Ckib. S.W. *Grundy, Cuthbert Cartwright, Esq. Bankfield, near Bury, Lancashire. Grut, Ferdinand, Esq. Sea'. Entomol. Soc. 9 King-street, Southwark. Guilfoyle, WilHam R., Esq. Corresp. M. R. Bat. Soc. Lond., Director of the Botanic Garden, Melbourne. Guise, Sir W. Vernon, Bart. F.G.S. Ehnore-court, Glouces- ter. *Gunn, Ronald Campbell, Esq. F.R.S. Penquite, Launceston, Van Diemen's Land. Giinther, Albert C. L. G., M.A., M.D., F.R.S., Keeper of the Department of Zoology, British Museum. W.C. Guppy, R. J. Lechinere, Esq. F.G.S. Government House, Port of Spain, Trinidad. *Gurney, Samuel, Esq. F.R.G.S. 20 Hanover-terrace, Re- gent's-park. N.W. Haast, John Francis Julius von, Ph.D., F.R.S. and G.S., 07'd. Austr. Francisci Josephi Eques ; — Acad. Ccbs. Nat. Cur., Socc. Geogr. et Zool.-Bot. Vindob., Reg. Bot. Ratisb.,Nat. Scrut. et Geol. Berol. Socius ; — Acad. Reg. Sc. Monac, Instit. Geol. Austr. et Socc. Geogr. Paris, et Sc. Nat. Ca- rohurg. Corresp. ; — Hon. M. R. Soc. N. S. Wales ^Victoi-ia ; Corresp. M. R. Soc. Tasmania ; Government Geologist and Director of the Ca7iterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand. Hallett, Major Frederic Francis. The Manor House, Kemp Town, Brighton. Hallett, William Henry, Esq. Buckingham House, Marine Parade, Brighton. Hamilton, Edward, M.D., F.G.S. 9 Portugal- street, Mount- street, Grosvenor-square. W. *Hanbury, Frederick Janson, Esq. 11 Warwick-rd., Up. Clapton. *Haukey, John Alexander, Esq. Balcombe- place, Cuckfield. *Hanley, Sylvanus, Esq., Soc. Zool.-Bot. Vindob. Socius. 27 Hanley-road, Hornsey-road. N. *Harley, John, M.D., F.R.C.P., Hon. F. King's Coll. Lond. ; Assist. Phys. and joint Lecturer on Physiology, St. Thomas's Hospital. 39 Brook-street, Grosvenor-square. W. *Harrington, Mark W., Esq., care of Alfred Senior, Esq., Jun., 12 Brownswood-villas, Finsbury-park. N. Harris, Edward Esq. Rydal Villa, Longton-gr., Sydenham. S.E. *Harris, Francis, M.D., Assist. Phys. St. Bartholomeid' s Hospital. 24 Cavendish-square. W. * Harrison, Charles Wm.,Esq. Whitmore's, Beckenham, Kent. Harrison, George, Ph.D., F.G.S. Albert-road, Meersbrook, near Sheffield. Hart, Henry Chichester, Esq., care of A. S. Hart, Esq., Trinity College, Dublin. Harting, James Edmund, Esq. 27 Carlton-hill, St. John's- wood. N.W. Date of Election. 1875. Feb. 18. 1842. Jan. 18. 1827. Apr. 3. 1875. Dec. 16. 1871. Nov. 16. 1875. Jan. 21. 1872. Feb. 15. 1865. Mar. 16. 1864. Mar. 17. 1836. Jan. 19. 1862, Jan. 16. 1875. Jan. 21. 1852. June 1. 1873. Feb. 20. 1876. June 1. 1876. Feb. 3. 1843. Dec. 19. 1862. Mar. 6. 1835. Feb. 3. 1861. May 2. 1856. Dec. 2. 1834. Nov. 4. 1875. Dec. 2. 1829. Nov. 3. 1S42. June 7. 14 Hartog, Marcus Manuel, Esq. B.Sc, B.A., care of Adolphe Hartog, Esq., 5 Portsdown-road-north, Maida-vale. W. *Hawkes, Rev. Henry, B.A. So nth sea, Portsmouth. *Heath, Josiah Marshall, Esq. Madras. *Hector, James, M.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Director of the Geo- logical Survey, Wellington, New Zealand. Henderson, Andrew, Esq. F.R.H.S. 24 Hamilton-terrace, St. John's-wood. N.W. Henderson, Capt. Frederick, H.M. \Q7thRegiment. 1 Gordon- villas, Chichester. Henderson, George, ^i.T)., Surgeon, Bengal Medical Service. Care of H. S. King and Co., 45 Pall Mall. *Henry, Isaac i\nderson, Esq. Hay Lodge, Trinity, Edinburgh. *Henslow, Rev. George, M.A. 7 Bentinck-terrace, Regent' s- park. N.W. Heward, Robert, Esq. Mrs. Dalley's, Broad-st., Wokingham. *Hewitson, William Chapman, Esq. Oatlands, Surrey. *Hewitt, Allen James, Esq. 72 Addison-road, Kensington. Hicks, John Braxton, M.D., F.R.S. 24 George-street, Hanover-square. W. *Hiern, William Philip, Esq. M.A. Castle House, Barnstaple. Higgin, Thomas, Esq. Ethersall, Roby, near Liverpool. Hillhouse, William, Esq. 5 Wellington-street, Bedford. Hillier, Rev. John, RLA., Ph.D. Sandwich, Kent. *Hills, Thomas Hyde, Esq. 45 Queen Anne-st., Cavendish-sq.W. *Hodgson, Brian H., Esq. F.R.S., Acad. Lit. Inst. Par. Cor- resp. ; late Be7ig. Civ. Serv. Alderley Grange, Wootton- uncler-Edge, Gloucestershire. *Hodgson, Thomas, Esq. See Arciier-Hind, T. H. Hogg, Robert, LL.D., F.R.H.S. 99 St. George' s-road, Pimlico. S.W. *Holdsworth, Edmund Wilham Hunt, Esq. 84 Clifton-hill, Abbey-road. N.W. * Holmes, Rev. Edward Adolphus, M.A. St. Margaret's, near Harleston. Holmes, Edward Morell, Esq. Curator of the Museum of the Pharmaceutical Society. 36 Arthnr-road, Holloway. N. *Holroyd, Arthur Todd, Esq. F.Z.S. Master's Office, Sydney, N.S.Wales. *Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton, M.D., R.N., K.C.S.L, C.B., D.C.L. Oxon., LL.D. Cantab., President of the Royal Society ; Hon. M.R.H.S., Bot. Soc. Lond., R. Med.-Chir. Soc, Camb. Phil. Soc, Bot. Soc. and Med. Soc. Edinb., Nat. Hist. Soc. Newcastle, Bengal Asiat. Soc. and New Zealand Institute ; — F.G.S. ; — Corresp. Member of the Nat. Hist. Soc. Dnbhn ; — Acadd. Amer. Bost., Cces. Nat. Cur., Beg. Sc. Holm., Belg., et Imp. Georg.Florent. ; Socc. Imp. Geogr. et Hortic. Vindob., Reg. Sc. Gottingce, Hafn. et Upsal., Reg. Bot. Ratisb., BruxelL, Holland., Harlem., et Carolmrg. ; Se^ickenburg . Nat. Scrutat. Francof, Vel- losianae Fluminensis, et Reg. Phys.-CEcon. Boruss. Socius ; — Acadd. Sc. Instit. Paris, Bo7ion., Berol., Vindob., Pe- tropol. et Monac, et Soc. Agricult. Paris. Corresp. ; Director, Royal Gardens, Kew. Date of Election. 1 1872. aiay 2. 1875. Feb. 18. 1873. Dec. 4. 1876. Mar. 2. 1859. Jan. 20. 1873. Juue 5. 1857. Feb. 3. 1868. Apr. 2, 1848. Jan. 18, 1864. Jan. 21, 1869. Mar. 18, 1829. Mar. 17 1858. Dec. 16, 1867. Apr. 4. 1859. Nov. 17. 1868. Jan. 1871. Apr. 16. 20. 1864. Jan. 21, J 83 7. Mar. 1865. Dec. 1874. Jan. 1871. Jan. 15. 19. Surrey House, Forest-hill. Preston Rectory, Welling- 15 Hope, Alexander J. B. Beresford, Esq., M.P. Arklow House, Connaught-place. W. ; and Bedgebviry-pk., Kent. Hopkinson, John, Esq. F.G.S., &c., Hon. Sec. Watford Nat. Hist. Soc. Holly Bank, Watford and Scientific Club, Savile-row. W. Home, John, Esq., Director of the Royal Botanic Garden, Pamplemousses, Mauritius. *Horniman, Frederick John, Esq. S.E. Houghton, Rev. William, M.A. ton, Salop. *Hovenden, Frederick, Esq. Glenlea, Thurlow-park-road, Dulwich. S.E. *Howard, John Eliot, Esq. F.R.S. Lordship-lane, Totten- ham. N. *Howse, Thomas, Jun., Esq. Highfield, Sydenham-hill. S.E. *Hudson, Robert, Esq. F.R.S., G.S., and Z.S. Clapham- common. S.W. Hughes, William R., Esq. Treasurer of the Borough, Bir- mingham. *Hulme, Frederick Edward, Esq. F.S.A. College, Marl- borough, Wilts. *Hurst, James Charles, Esq., at Dr. Turner's, Anerley-road, Upper Norwood. *Huxley, Thomas Henrv, LL.D. (Edin.), Ph.D (Brest.), M.R.C.S.E., Sec.R.S., F.G.S. and Z.S. ; Hon. F. R. Med.-Chir. Soc. ; — Stell. Pol. Suec. Eq., — Acad. Gees. Nat. Cur. Soc. ; — Acadd. Imp. Sc. PetropoL, Reg. Sc. Berol., Gott., Holm., Monac, et Nat. Sc. Philad. Cor- resp.; — Instit. Egypt. Soc. Hon.; — Prof. Nat. Hist., Royal School of Mines, S. Kensington Museum. 4 Marl- borough-place, Abbey-road. N.W. *Ince, Joseph, Esq. F.G.S., C.S., &c. road. Shepherd's Bush. *Ince, Wilham Henry, Esq. F.R.M.S. Brompton. S.W. 29 St. Stephen's- 27 Thurloe-square, Jackson, Benjamin Daydon, Esq. 30 Stockwell-road. S.W. * Jackson, William Hatchett, Esq. B.A. 7 Park-villas, St. Giles'-rd. E., Oxford ; & Pen Wartha, Weston-super-Mare. * Jameson, WiUiam, M.D., F.R.S.E., Surgeon Major H.M. Indian Army. *Janson, Frederick Halsey, Esq. 41 Finsbury-circus. E.C. Jeffreys, John Gwyn, Esq. LL.D., F.R.S. and Z.S., Treas. Geol. Soc, Soc. Nat. Scrutat. Berol. Soc. Hon. ; — Soc. Zool.-Bot. Findob. Socius ; — Acadd. Reg. Sc. Pelorit. et Panormit., Nat. Sc. Philad., Soc. Sc. Bayon., et Soc. Nat. Cur. Megalop. Corresp. Ware Priory, Herts ; and Athe- nseum Club. Treasurer and Vice-President. Jennings, Samuel, Esq. F.R.G.S., Corresp. Agri.-Hort. Soc. India. 58 Granville-park, Blackheath. Jenyns, Rev. Leonard. See Blomcfield. *Joad, George Curling, Esq. Oakfield, Wimbledou-pk. S.W. Date of Election. 1871. Mar. 7. 1859. Dec. 1. 1875, June 3. 1875. Apr. 1. 1861. Feb. 21. 1873. June 19. 1873. Jan. 16. 1870. Dec. 1. 1856. Dec. 16. 1864. May 5. 1871. Jan. 19. 1862. June 5. 1867. Dec. 5. 1866. Jan. 18. 1857. Nov. 19. 1848. June 6. 1866. Nov. 1. 1859. June 16. 1828. 1874. 1865. 1876, 1876, 1856 1869 1861 1874 1866 1868 Apr. 1 . Feb. 19. Nov. 2. .Feb. 3. • Dec. 7. .Nov. 18. • Jan. 21. .Dec. 5. . June 18. .Apr. 5. .Nov. 19. 16 Johnson, Rev. Andrevs^, M.A. St. Olave's Grammar School, Southwark. Jones, J. Matthew, Esq. President, Nova Scotian Instit. Nat. Sci.; M. Entom. Soc. Canad.; Corresp.M. Nat. Hist. Soc. New Brunsw., and of the Acad, of Sci. New Orleans : — Soc. Senckenburg . Nat. Scrutat. Francof Corresp. Hali- fax, Nova Scotia. Jones, Leslie H., M.D., L.R.C.P. & R.C.S.Ed. 3 Brighton- parade, Blackpool. Kellock, W. Berry, Esq. M.R.C.S. Stamford-hill. N. Kempton, H, Tattershall Knowles, Esq. 17 Cavendish- place. W. Kent, Wm. Saville, Esq. 3 Marine-terrace, St. Clement's, Jersey. Kerr, Norman Shanks, M.D. 42 Grove-rd., Regent' s-pk. N.W *King, George, M.B., Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta. Kingsley, George Henry, M.D., M.R.C.P. Southwood-Iaue, Highgate. N. *Kirk, John,M.D.,F.R.G.S., Corresp. M.Zool. Soc, Zanzibar E. Africa. Kirk, Thomas, Esq. Grafton-road, Auckland, New Zealand. *Kirton, William Henry, Esq. Assist. Surg. H.M. Bengal Medical Service. *Kitchener, Francis Elliott, Esq. M.A., L.L.M., Head Master of the High School, Newcastle, Staffordshire. Knaggs, Henry Guard, M.D. 189 Camden-road. N.W. Knight, Charles, Esq. F.R.C.S., Hon. M. Phil. Instit. of Can- terbury, N.Z., Auditor-General, Wellington, New Zealand. Knox, Arthur Edward, Esq. M.A. Trotten House, Petersfield. Krefft, Gerard, Esq. Corresp. M.Z.S. and of R. Soc. Tasm., M.R.S.N.S.W., Curator and Secretary of the Australian Museum, Sydney, N.S.W. *Lackersteen, Mark Henry, M.D., M.R.C.P., F.R.C.S., F.C.S., Surg. H.M. Bengal Army. 69 Hoghton-street, Southport, Lancashire. Lance, John Henry, Esq. F.R.H.S. Holmwood, . near Dorking, Surrey. Lang, Henry Charles, Esq. M.D., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. 41 Berners-street. Langley, J. Baxter, LL.D., M.R.C.S. 50 Lincoln's-Ln> Fields. W.C. *Lankester, Edwin Ray, Esq. F.R.S., Prof. Zool. Univ. Coll. Land., Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford. Laver, Henry, Esq. M.R.C.S. 1 Trinity-street, Colchester. *Law, John Sutherland, Esq. South Lodge, Southgate. N. *Lawson, Marmaduke Alexander, Esq. M.A., Professor of Botany, Oxford. *Leaf, Charles John, Esq. Old Change. E.C. Leathem, James, M.D. 10 Rodney-street, Liverpool. *Lee, Henry, Esq. F.G.S. The Waldrons, Croydon. Leefe, Rev. John Ewbank, M.A. Cresswell Vicarage, Morpeth. Date of Election. 1835. Nov. 17. 1872. Mar. 21. 1865. Nov. 16. 1861. Feb. 21. 1874. June 18. 1862. Mar. 20. 1858. Jan. 21. 1839. Jan. 15. 1873. Apr. 3. 1831. May 3. 1859. June 16. 1835. June 16. 1857. Feb. 3. 1851. June 3. 1872. Jan. 18. 1858. Jan. 21. 1875. Dec. 2. 1862. Nov. 6. 1865. Feb. 2. 1841. Jan. 19. 1877. June 21. 1863. Mar, 5. 1824. Nov. 16. 1862. Mar. 6. 1860. Jan. 19. 1866. Jan. 18. 1875. Apr. 1. 1877. June 7, 1873. Jan. 16, 17 *Lees, Edwin, Esq. F.G.S. Greenhill Summit, London-road, "Worcester. Lees, Frederick Arnold, L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S. Queen-street, Market Rasen, Lincoln. Leigliton, Rev. W^illiam Allport, B.A. Luciefelde, Shrewsbury. *Leudy, Capt. Augustus F., F.G.S. Sunbury, Middlesex. S.W. Lewis, J. Harbord, Esq. 145 Windsor-street, Liverpool. *Lilford, Thomas, Lord, F.Z.S. Lilford Hall, Oundle, North- amptonshire. *Lindsay, W. Lauder, M.D., F.R.S.E., Hon. M. New Zeal. Itistit. ; Assoc. Geol. Soc. Ed. ; Soc. Hist. Nat. Halensis Socius. ; — Soc. Sc. Nat. Garohurg. Corresp. Gilgal, Perth, N.B. *Lingwood, Robert Manikin, Esq. M.A., F.G.S. 6 Park- villas, Cheltenham. *Lister, Arthur, Esq. Leytoustone, Essex. *Llewelyn, John Dillwyn, Esq. F.R.S. &c. 39 Cornwall- gardens. S.W. ; and Penllergare, near Swansea. *LleweIyn, J. Talbot Dillwyn, Esq. Ynisygerwn, near Swansea. Lockwood, Rev. John W^illiam, M.A. Kingham, near Chip- ping Norton, Oxfordshire. Lowe, Edward Joseph, Esq. F.R.S., R.A.S., G.S., M.S., and Z.S. Highfield House Observatory, near Nottingham. *Lowell, John Amory, Esq. Boston, Massachusetts. Lowne, Benjamin Thompson, Esq. F.R.C.S., Lect. on Phy- siol, at the Middlesex Hospital. 49 Colville-gardens. W. *Lubbock, Sir John, Bart. D.C.L.,M.P.,F.R.S.andG.S.,Socc. Reg. Antiq. Hafn., Anthropol. Berolin., Sc. Nat. Caro- buig., Ethnogr. Paris et Ital. Soc. Hon. 15 Lombard- street. E.C. ; and High Elms, Farnborough, Kent. Lush, J. W. H., Esq. L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S. Fyfield, near Andover, Hants. *Lyall, David, M..T>.f Deputy Inspector-General of Hospitals and Fleets. 25 Oxford-gardens, Notting-hill. W. M-^All, Rev. Robert Whitaker. 28 RueCIavel, Belleville, Paris. *McClelland, John, Esq. F.G.S., Acad. Ccbs. Nat. Cur. Soc; Principal Inspector-Gen. Med. Bept., Bengal Army. Macdonald, John, M.D. Gothic House, Walton-on-Thames, Surrey. *M^Intosh, W. Carmichael, M.D., F.R.S.L. & E.,Cor. M.Z S Murthly, N.B. *Mackay, John B., Esq. Totteridge-green, Herts. N. *MacLachlan, Robert, Esq. F.R.S., Soc. Zool.-Bot. Vindob. Socius. 39 Limes-grove, Lewisham. S.E. *MacLeay, Sir George, K.C.M.G. Peudell Court, Bletchingley, Surrey. *MacLeay, William John, Esq., 31. Legisl. Assembly, Pres. linn. Soc. N.S. JF. Sydney, New South Wales. Macmillan, Alexander, Esq. Bedford-street, Covent-garden M^^Nab, W. R., M.D., Prof. Bot. R. Coll. of Science, Dublin. M'^^Nair, Major John Frederick Adolphus, R.A., A.C.E., Colonial Engineer, Straits Settlements, Singapore. Date of Election. 1875. Feb. 4. 1874. Apr. 2. 1866. Nov. 1. 1870. June 16. 1873. Jan. 16. 1864. Feb. 4. 1870. June 2. 1872. June 6. 1860. Dec. 6. 1866. May 3. 1870. Nov. 3. 1864. Mar. 17. 1871. Jan. 19. 1860. Mar. 15. 1870. Mar. 3. 1877. Feb. 15. 1877. Feb. 1. 1873. Feb. 20. 1870. Dec. 15. 1863. May 7. 1869. Mar. 4. 1875. Dec. 2. 1839. Apr. 2. 1856. Feb. 19. 1861. Jan. 17. 1850. Jan. 15. 1862. Mar. 20. 18 Mair, Capt. Gilbert, care of Dr. Buller, Wellington, New Zealand. *Mangles, James Henry, Esq. Valewood, Haslemere, Surrey. Manners, George, Esq. F.S.A. Lansdowne-gardens, Croydon. Mansel-Pleydell, John Clavell, Esq. Long Thorns, Blaudford, Dorset. Mapplebeck, John E,, Esq. Hartfield, Moseley, Wake Green, near Birmingham. Markham, Clements R., Esq. C.B., F.R.S,, Seer. R. Geoyr. Society; Acad. Cces. Nat. Cur. Soc. 21 Eccleston- square. S.W. Burton-on-Trent. , F.R.S., M.R.C.S. Mount Marshall, Rev. T. A., M.A. St. Mary's Rectory, Antigua, West Indies. * Mason, Philip Brooke, Esq. Masters, Maxwell T., M.D. Avenue, Ealing. W. Match wick, William, Esq. 38 Rich-terrace, Earl's-court, Old Bromptou. S.W. ; and S. Kensington Museum. W. *Mateer, Rev. S. The Mission House, Blomfield-street, Fins- bury. *Mathew, Gervase F., Esq. H.M.S. 'Britannia,' Dartmouth. Mauusell, Samuel Edward, M.D., Surgeon-Major, 75th Regi- ment, Care of Mr. Lewis, 136 Gower-street. AV.C. *Maw, George, Esq. F.S.A. and G.S. Benthall Hall, Broseley, Shropshire. *Medwin,Aaron George, M.D. 11 Montpelier-row,Blackheath. Meiklejohn, John William S., M.D., R.N., H.M. S. 'War- rior,' Portland, Dorset. *Melles, William, Esq. Sewardstone Lodge, Chingford. Melliss, John C, Esq. 7 Westminster Chambers. S.W. *Melvill, James Cosmo, Jun., Esq. B.x\. Care of Messrs. Benjamin Smith & Sons, Exchange, Manchester; and Kersal Cottage, Prestwich. Mennell, Henry Tuke, Esq. St. Duustan's-buildings, Great Tower-street. E.C. Mestayer, Richard, Esq. F.R.M.S. 7 Buckland-crescent, Belsize-park. N.W. *Miers, Edward John, Esq. Assist. Zool. Depaj-tmeiit, British Museum. Grove-road, Clapham-park. S.W. Miers, John, Esq. Ord. Bras. Rosce Bignit. et Commend. ; F.R.S., Acad. Cces. Nat. Cur., et Soc. Reg. Bat. Ratisb. Socius. 84 Addison-road, Kensington. W. Miles, Rev, Charles Popham, M.A., M.D., Honorary Canon of Durham Cathedral. Vicarage, Monkwearmouth, Sun- derland. * Millar, John, Esq. F.R.C.P.E., F.G.S. Bethnal House, Cam- bridge-road. N.E. *MiUigan, Joseph, Esq. F.G.S., R.A.S., &c. 6 Craven-street, Strand. W.C. Mivart, St. George Jackson, Esq. Ph.D.,F.R.S. & Z.S.; Prof. Biol. University Coll., Kensington, and Led. Comp. Anat. and Zool. St. MarysHosp.; Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. Cor- resp. 71 Seymour-street, W. ; and Wihnshurst, near Nutley, LTckfield, Sussex. Secretary. Date of Election. 1875. Nov. 4, 187/. Mar. 1. 1863. Feb. 19. 1861. Feb. 21. 1877. June 7. 1862. Feb. 6. 1868. Jan. 16. 1875. Mar. 18. 1851. Feb. 18. 1856. Feb. 5. 1865. Mar. 16. 1859. Jan. 20. 1876. Dec. 7. 1856. Jan. 15. 1840. Mar. 17. 1859. May 5. 1868. Feb. 20. 1861. May 2. 1849. Feb. 20. 1865. Dec. 7. 1863. Jan. 15. 1857. Mar. 3, 1867. June 6, 1876. Apr. 6, 19 *ModeHar, P. S. M., M.D., Native Surgeon, Manargoody Station, Tanjore District, Madras. Moggridge, Matthew, Esq. 8 Bina-gardens, S. Kensington. Moore, Charles, Esq. Director of the Botanic Garden,Sydnej, New South ^yales. Moore, David, Ph.D., M.R.I.A., Hon. M.R.H.S., Soc.Zool.- Bot. Vindob. Socins; Socc. Hist. Nat. Argeiit. et Bot. Belg. Corresp. ; Director, Botanic Garden, Glasnevin, Dubhn. Moore, Capt. George Peter, R.S.L.M. Gloucester-road, Teddingtou. Moore, John Daniel, M.D., L.R.C.P.E., Vhysicianto theLan- caster Infirmary. 3 Queen-street, Lancaster. *Moore, Robert W., M.D., Col. Surg., Adelaide, S. Australia. Moore, Spencer Le Marchant, Esq. Herbarium, Royal Gardens, Kew. Moore, Thomas, Esq. F.R.H.S., Curator of Botanic Garden, Chelsea. More, Alexander Goodman, Esq. M.R.I. A. 3 Botanic View, Glasnevin, Dublin. Morris, Joseph William, Esq. 16 Belmont, Bath. Mueller, Ferdinand, Baron von, M. and Ph.D., C.M.G., Ord. Danic. Dannebrog. et Austriac. Francisci Josejihi Fques.; F.R.S.andR.G.S., Hon. M. R. Soc. Vict. andTasm. ■,—Acad. CcBS. Nat. Cur., Socc. Nat. Scrutat. Halens. et Mosq., Reg. Bof.Ratisb.,et Reg. Sc. XJpsal. Socius; — Imji. Geol.Instit., Socc. Geogr. et Zool.-Bot. Viennce, et Soc. Imp. Hortic. Petrop. Corresp. : — Government Botanist, Melbourne. Muir, Henry Skey, M.D., M.R.C.S., Surgeon-Major, Army Med. Depart., Bengal. Mummery, John Rigden, Esq. 10 Cavendish-place. W. *Munro, Lieut.- General William, C.B., Knight of the Legion of Honour and of the Medjidie, Hon. M. Asiat. Soc. Bengal. Montys Court, near Taunton. Munroe, Henry, M.D. 19 Charlotte-street, Hull. *Murie, James, M.D., LL.D., F.G.S. 7 CI if ton- villas, Camden- square. N.W. Murray, Andrew, Esq. 67 Bedford- gardens, Kensington. W. Bishop of Dunedin, New 118 Albany- street. *Nash, Davyd W., Esq. *Nevill, Rev. Samuel Tarratt, D.D. Zealand. *Newbould, Rev. W. WilUamson, M.A. N.W. *Newton, Alfred, Esq. M.A., F.R.S. & Z.S., Acad. Imp. Sc. Petropol. Corresp., Prof. Zool. and Comp. Anat. in the University of Cambridge. Magdalene College, Cambridge. *Newton, Edward, Esq. M.A., C.M.G., Colonial Secretary, Mauritius. *Nicholson, Henry Alleyue, M.A., ^LD., D.Sc, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., Prof. Nat. Hist. University of St. Andrew's. West Port House, St. Andrew's, N.B, 1853. Feb. l.i Oliver, Daniel, Esq. F.R.S., Prof. Bot. Univ. Coll. Lond., Keeper of the Herbarium and Library, Royal Gardens, Kew. 20 Date of Election. 1876. Nov. 16. *Oman, John Campbell, Esq. State Eailway Department, Aijra, India. 1861. Feb. 21. *Ord,^ Christopher Knox, M.D., F.Z.S., L.R.C.S.E., Fleet- Surff. R.X. The Limes, Lewisham. S.E. 1877. Jan. IS. Ord, WilUam Miller, 31. D., M.R.C.P., Physician and Lec- turer on Physiol, at St. Thomas s Hosji. 7 Brook-street, Hanover-square. TV. 1836. Mar. 1. *Oweu, Eichard, C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.C.S.E., F.R.S. & G.S,, Hon. M.R.S.Ed., Hon. F.R. Coll. Surg, of Ireland ;— Ord. Boruss. 'pour le Jlerite' Eq. ; — Instit. Iinj). {Acad. Sc.) Paris; Acadd. Sc. Vindob., Petrop., BeroL, Taurin., Matrit., Hobn.,Monac.,XeapoI., BruxelL, Bonon.,Philad., Boston, et Amstelod. ; Socc. Reg. Sc. Hafn. et Upsal., Reg. Med. Vindob., Cces. Xat. Cur. Mosrp, Imp. Georg. Florent., Sc. Haarl., Traject., Phys. et Hist. Xat. Genec, Xat. Scrutat. Berolin., S,-c. ^'C, Socius. — Superintendent of the Xatural-History Departments in the British Mu- seum. Sheen Lodge, Richmond-park, ^lortlake. 1824. Apr, 6.'*0wen, Robert Brisco,M.D. Haulfre, Beaumaris, Anglesea. 1865. Apr. 6. *Owen, Major Samuel R. I., H. M. Bengal Army., F.A.S.L., F.R.M.S., Assoc. Kmg's Coll. Loud. 103 Charlotte-st., FitzroT- square. 1870. Apr. 7. 1845. Jan. 21. 1872. Jan. IS. 1876. Mav 4. 1875. May 6. 1842. Nov. 15. 1852. June 15. 1877. Mav 3. 1875. Nov. 18. 1876, Dec. 7. 1876. Nov. 16. 1874. Feb. 19. 1827. Feb. 20. 1872. Nov. 7. lS37.Mar. 7. 1870. Mar. 3. 1875. May 6 1875. June 3 1876. Feb. 3 1876. Dec. 7 1872. Dec. 5 1873. Dec. IS Packe, Charles, Esq. Stretton HaU, Leicester. *Packman, John Daniel Vittoria, M.D. Pao;et, Sir James, Bart., F.R.S. 1 Harewood-place, "W. *Parke, George Henry, Esq. F.G.S. Barrow-in-Furness. *Parker, William Kitchen, Esq. F.R.S., Eunterian Prof. Comp.Anat. ^-Physiol., R. Coll. Surg. 36 Claverton-street. S.W. Parry, Major Frederick John Sidney. 18 Onslow-square, South Kensington. S.W. Pascoe, Francis P., Esq. 1 Burlins:ton-rd.,Westbourne-pk.W. Paton, James, Esq. F. Bot. Soc.^Ed., F. Phil. Soc. Glasg., Sec, Curator of the Industrial Museum, Kelvingrove-pk., Glasgow. 1 Paul, William, Esq. F.R.H.S. Waltham Cross, Herts. Pearce, Horace, Esq. F.G.S. The Limes, Stourbridge. *Peck, R. Holman, Esq. Exeter College, Oxford. * Peck over, Alexander, Esq. Harecroft House, Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire. *Peckover, Algernon, Esq. Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire. *Pennv, Rev. Charles William, M.A. Wellington College, Wokingham, Berks. Perkins, Houghton, Esq. 25 Mortiraer-st., Cavendish-sq. W. Perrin, John Beswick, Esq. Assist. Demonst. of Anat. King^s j Coll. Lond., School of Med., 10 Faulkner-st., Manchester. I Peterson, Robert E., M.D. 4.") Warwick-road, Maida-hill. ■ Phillips, William, Esq. Canonbury, Kingslaud, Shrewsbury. , Pidgeon, Daniel, Esq. Holmwood, Putney-hill, Surrey. } Pirn, Greenwood, Esq. 31. A. Moukstown, near Dublin. *Porritt, George T., Esq. Huddersfield. * Porter, Rev. John Robinson, B.A. Wartling Vicarage, near Hailsham, Sussex. 21 Date of Election. 1872. Jan. 18. Potts, Thomas Henry, Esq. Ohinitahi, Canterbury, New Zealand. 1853. Feb. 15. *Powell, Lewis, M.D., F.S.A. and R.G.S., Civil Medical Ser- vice, ^Mauritius. 18/5. Feb. 4. | Powell, Llewelyn, M.D., Lecture)' on Biology in the Canter- ! bury College, Christchurch, New Zealand. ISfi/. Dec. 5. * Powell, Rev. Thomas, Samoa. 1875. Dec. 2.1 Power, Henry D'Arcy, Esq. 33 St. Paul's-road, Kenning- ton. 1859. May 5. *Prentis, Charles, Esq. Surgeon-Major, H.M. Bengal Army. 1 1 Upper Phillimore-place, Kensington. W. 1872. Jan. 18. Preston, Rev. T. Arthur, M.A. The Green, Marlborough, Wilts. 1851. May 6. *Prior, Richard Chandler Alexander, M.D. 48 York-terrace, Regent' s-park. N.W. 1874. Nov. 5. *Pryor, Reginald A., Esq. Baldock, Herts. 1875. Jan. 21., Pyrke, Duncombe, Jun., Esq. -Sffnv'-s^er-a^-Zaw. 26Clarence- square, Cheltenham. 1875. Feb. 18. Ramsay, Edward P., Esq. C.M.Z.S. Australian Museum, j Sydney, N.S.W. 1869. Jan. 21. *Ramsden, Hildebrand, Esq. M.A. Walthamstow. 1858. Dec. 2. Ratcliff, Charles, Esq. F.A.S., G.S. and R.H.S. Con- servative Club, St. James' s-street; and Wyddriugtou, Edg- baston, Birmingham. 1876. June 15, j *Rathboue, Theodore, Esq. M.A. Backwood, Neston, Cheshire. 1833. Dec. 3. *Read, William Henry Rudston, Esq. M.A., F.R.H.S. York- shire Club, York. 1865. Apr. 6. Redhead, Richard Milne, Esq. Springfield, Seedley, Man- chester. 1874. Mar. 19. Reed, Edwyn C, Esq. Museo Nacional, Santiago, Chile. 1866. Dec. 6. Reeks, Henry, Esq. Manor House, Thruxton, near Audover. 1875. Nov. 4. Renny, James, Esq. 3 Cranley-place. S.W. 1871. Dec. 7. *Rickards, Rev. Marcus S. C, B.A. 37 Cornwallis-cresceut, Clifton ; and Merton College, Oxford. 1849. Nov. 20. Ripon, George Frederick Samuel, Marquis of, E.G., F.R.S. &G.S., D.C.L. 1 Carlton-gardens. S.W. 1876. Feb. 3. Robertson, David, Esq. F.G.S., &c. 42 Kelvingrove-street, Glasgow. 1867. Dec. 19. Robertson, James, Esq. St. Margaret's Bank, Rochester. 1854. Nov. 7. Robinson, Thomas Fleming, Esq. F.R.G.S. Belmont Lodge, Weighton-road, Anerley. S.E. 1866. Apr. 19. *Robinson, William, Esq. 37 Southampton-street, Covent- ! garden. W.C. 1875. Dec. 2. * Robinson-Douglas, William D., Esq. Orchardton, Castle- i Douglas, N.B. 1827. Feb. 6. \ *Rodwell, WiUiam, Esq. 9 Catherine-place, Bath. 1828. Apr. l.]*Roe, John Septimus, Esq. Swan River, Australia. 1869. Feb. 18. ! Rogers, George, M.D., Ex. L.R.C.P., &c. 6 Portland-square, Bristol. 1874. Feb. 19. *Rogers, Thomas, Esq. F.R.M.S. Selmcston House, Thurlow- park-road. West Dulwich. 1859. June 16. Rolleston,George,M.D.,F.R.S.,Lt«acrePro/'(?5«oro/^??a0 >-0 >J T? X rH ^rHWr— ICOi— lOin O fn srt <1 be H i I— I OH aill) H §s HP? 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