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OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

From November 1802^ r6 JuNtf 1893

L 0 N D 0 X :

PRINTED FOR THE LINNEAN SOCIETY,

BURLINGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY. W.,

BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STRBBT.

/?^o,

2,> 5 5/

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(SESSION 1890-91.)

November 6tli, 1890.

Prof. Chaules Stewart, President, ia the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Alfred Taylor, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

Tbe President announced that a selection of 58 volumes had
been received from the Library of the late Mr. John Ball, a
Fellow of the Society, and that an appropriate label had been
placed in each of them in commemoration of the donor.

Mr. E. M. Holmes exhibited and made remarks on some little-
known seaweeds, including Monostroma Blythii and Capsosiphoii
aureolus, collected at Taymouth and on the Devonshire Coast.

Mr. Greorge Murray exhibited and described the peculiarities
of some Galls o^ Rhodymenia.

Prof. Greo. Bond Howes exhibited a specimen of Lima Mans,
with a byssus " nest " which it had spun in 21 days in a vessel
of sea-water in which it had been placed. Although constantly
watched by day and night, the act of spinning had not been ob-
served. (See Appendix, p. 30.)

On behalf of Mr. J. W. Willis Bund, Mr. Harting exhibited
and made some remarks upon a South Pacific Petrel {CEstrelata
torquata, Macg.), which had been shot in Cardigan Bay in
December 1889.

On behalf of Prof. Martin Duncan, who was unable to be

Llira'. SOC. PKOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1890-91. <,^ h

2 PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE

present, Mr. AV. Percy Sladen exhibited two microscopic prepa-
rations of the anibulacral ampullse of Echini, showing that each
ampulla is supplied by one offshoot from the main ambulacra!
water-vessel. (See Appendix, p. 30.)

Mr. Hartiug exhibited a specimen of the Baltimore Oriole
{Icterus Baltimore), Avhich had been lately obtained, at Balta
Sound, Shetland, but which he regarded as an escaped cage-bird.

The following paper was read : —

" A Contribution to the Study of the Eelative Effects of dif-
ferent parts of the Solar Spectrum on the Assimilation of Plants."
By the Eev. Prof. Henslow, M.A., E.L.S.

November 20th, 1890.

Prof Charles Stewart, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Joao Erancisco Braga, Esq., and the Eev. Edmund M'^Clure
were elected Eellows.

Mr. Greorge INIurray exhibited specimens of a freshwater
Delesseria (D. amhoinensis) previously unknown.

On behalf of Mr. Henry Hutton, of Cape Town, Mr. B.
Day don Jackson exhibited some follicles and seeds of a somewhat
rare Asclepiad {Dregia floribunda) ; and showed also, on behalf
of Mr. W. Matchwick, some ripened fruits of Ailantlius glan-
dulosa from a tree at Eeigate, said to be 100 years old.

Prof. E. 0. Bower exhibited several drawings of microscopic
sections of Carboniferous Eern sporangia, belonging to Prof.
"Williamson, and pointed out the peculiarities of their structure
and the singular uniformity of type which they exhibited. Eor
comparison with them he also showed sections of the sporangia
of Todea larhara ; and while hesitating to refer them to any
distinct genus, he thought that their Osmuudaceous affinity was
unmistakable.

Mr. J. E. Harting exhibited some original MSS. and water-
colour sketches of birds, fishes, and plants found in Sussex by
William Markwick, the friend and correspondent of Eev. Grilbert
"White, of Selborne, w^hich had been presented by him to the
Society in, his lifetime, and had been lost sight of for many
years. The drawings were sufficiently well executed to enable
the correct determination of several species which the author
had failed to identify.

LiyN"EA.X SOCIETY OF LOyOON".

The following papers were read : —

1. " On a browu Seaweed {Punctana, Grrev.)." By Prof.
T. Johasoa, F.L.S.

2. " Oil a Variety of Alectona Mlllari." By A. Vaugliau
Jeanings, F.L.S.

December 4tb, 1890.

Prof. Chaeles Stewart, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Surgeon-Major Arthur Barclay, E-ichard Bentley, Esq., William
Brown, Esq., William Ambrose Clarke, Esq., Walter Grill, Esq.,
Charles M'^Eae, Esq., William Henry Miskia, Esq., Henry Greorge
Plimmer, Esq., and Henry Williams, Esq., were elected Fellows.

The President exhibited some eggs of the Shell Slug {Testa-
cella haUofidea), and briefly described the habits and mode of
feeding of this moUusk. He also delineated and described the
feeding-tract of the Snail (Helix aspersa).

Mr. F. J. Greorge exhibited an autumnal flowering form of
Mercurialis pereniiis with stems 4 feet in length, which he had
found at Preston, Lancashire.

Mr. E. A. Eolfe exhibited and made some remarks on a
coloured drawing of Cycnoclies Sossianum, showing both male
and female inflorescence on the same pseudo-bulb.

INIr. J. E. Harting exhibited an immature example of Bona-
parte's Gull (Larus Philadelphia, Ord), of North America, which
had been shot on the Cornish Coast at Newlyn on the 24th
October last.

Mr. T. Christy exhibited and made remarks on some Coca
Leaves which had been forwarded from an East-Indian plan-
tation, and were found to be superior to any received from
South America.

Mr. John E. Jackson exhibited some native implements used
on the West Coast of Africa in the preparation of the astringent
substance known as Gambir.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Genus of Orchids, Bromheadia.'^ By Henry N.
Eidley, M.A., F.L.S.

2. " On the Vegetation of British Beluchistan." By J. H,
Lace, F.L.S., and W. B. Hemsley, A.L.S.

bit

4 PHOCEEDINGS OF THE

December 18th, 1890.

Prof. Charles Stewart, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The Eev. Thomas W. Pyles, August Wilhelm Kappel, Esq.,
Seth Lister Moslej, Esq., Eeginald "W. Phillips, Esq., Allan
Peter Swan, Esq., and Wilfred Mark Webb, Esq., were elected
Eellows.

Prof. T. Johnson exhibited and made remarks upon the male
and female plants of Stenogramme interrupta.

Mr. Clement Eeid exhibited specimens of Helix obvoluta from
new localities in Sussex ; and, by the aid of a specially prepared
map, traced the present very local distribution of this mollusk in
England.

Mr. E. M. Holmes exhibited some examples of G-alls formed
in Styrax Benzoin by an Aphis, CEtegopteris styracophila. He
also exhibited and described some new British Algae, Mesoglcea
lanosa and Myriocladia tomentosa.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Structure and Development of the Cystocarps in
Catanella Opuntia.'" By E. J. Harvey Gribson, F.L.S.

2. " On the Effect of Exposure on the Eelative Length and
Breadth of Leaves." By Geo. E. Scott Elliot, F.L.S.

January 15th, 1891.

Prof. Charles Stewart, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Leopold Field, Esq., Edwin Stephen Goodrich, Esq., Hugh
Sidney Streatfeild, Esq., John Symons, Esq., and Dr. Charles
Wilson were elected Fellows.

The President exhibited a bunch of holly berries, the middle
zone of which was remarkable for being perfectly black instead
of red, but which in no other respect looked abnormal. The
peculiarity was attributed to the effect of a fungus.

Mr. J. E. Hartiug exhibited a male specimen of the Wigeon
(Anas Penelope), which had been shot in Ireland, and had
a tassel of feathers about an inch in length depending from the
undftr side of the neck. The explanation suggested was that it
was the result of a former shot-wound, when the pellet, as often
happens, plugged the wound with feathers, and the skin had
grown round and below the obstruction.

LIXNEA.N SOCIETY OF LONDON. 5

The following papers were read : —

1. " On certain points in the Morphology of the Cystidea."
By P. Herbert Carpenter, D.Sc., F.L.S.

2. '• A Botanical Visit to the Lord Auckland and other Ant-
arctic Islands." By Thomas Kirk, F.L.S., in a letter commu-
nicated by Sir J. D. Hooker.

February 5th, 1891.

Prof. Chaeles Stewart, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

T. F. Bourdillon, Esq., Capt. Christopher Theodoe Pacey
Keene, and Prof. A. Milnes Marshall, were elected Fellows.

Thomas Hughes Buffham, Esq., was elected an Associate.

The vacancy among the Foreign Members, caused by the deatU
of Dr. Alexander von Bunge, having been announced by the
President, the following nomination was read, and the Certificate
ordered to be suspended: —

Prof. Carl Cramer, Stattehofen, Adlerburg, Ziirich, author
ot" numerous and important papers on Cryptogams, especially
Algae.

Mr. Clement Eeid exhibited and described some recent addi-
tions to the fossil Arctic flora of Britain.

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited and made remarks on some
specimens of honey: — (1) " Arbutus honey" from Turkey, said
to produce great drowsiness and sleep ; (2) " Eucalyptus honey "
from Mount Barker, Adelaide, said to possess valuable thera-
peutic qualities ; and (3) the so-called " Wool honey " from the
Euphrates, collected by natives from the leaves of the oak, which
would be more properly termed " honey dew," being formed
by Aphides and not by Bees.

Mr. J. E. Harting exhibited a living albino example of the
Common Frog {Rana temporaria), captured in Wiltshire in
September last, and remarked upon the infrequency of albinism
amongst the Batrachia and Eeptilia, of which he had only been
able to find four or five recorded instances.

The following papers were read : —

1. "The Tree-Ferns of Sikkim." By J. Gammie, Jun.
(Communicated by C. Baron Clarke, M.A., F.L.S.)

2. "A Eevise'd Classification of the Tunicata." By Prof.
W. A. Herdman, F.L.S.

3. "Hermaphrodite Genitalia of the Codfish." By Prof.
George Bond Howes, F.L.S.

6 PEOCEEDINGS OP THE

February 19tb, 1891.

Prof. Chables Stewart, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Prank Hill Perry Coste, Esq., Herbert Jones, Esq., and
i\lexander Horsburgh Turnbull, Esq., were elected Pellows.

The President then read the following proposed alterations iu
certain Bye-Laws, to be submitted to the Pellows for approval
on March 19th :—

Chap. I. Sect. 4.

Each Certificate of Pecommendation of a Candidate for
election as PelloAv shall be read at a General Meeting of the
Society, and then hung up in the common meeting room,
with the date on which it was read written thereon, for two
further meetings at least, before the date appointed for the
ballot.

Chap. I. Sect. 5.

No more than thirty persons shall be elected as Pellows
in any one year. The election shall take place at the Greneral
Meeting held on the first Thursday in May. The balloting
list shaJl contain the names of all the Candidates, arranged
iu the order in which they shall be received, and a copy shall
be supplied to every Fellow present at the meeting who shall
apply for it. Each Pellow voting shall put a mark opposite
the name he desires to vote for, and shall place his list so
marked in the balloting glass, which shall remain open until
half-past Eight o'clock. If any Pellow shall vote for more
than thirty names, his voting-paper shall be invalid. "When
the ballot is closed the President, or Chairman, shall appoint
three or more scrutineers to examine the lists and to report
the result to him, whereupon he shall declare the same, and
he may in case of need order a further ballot or ballots. JN"©
person shall be declared to be elected a Pellow unless he have
in his favour a majority of the Pellows voting. The Certi-
ficate of an unsuccessful Candidate may be resuspended on
the written request of one of his proposers.

Proposed Addition to tlie foregoing Section.

After the words " arranged in the order in which they shall
be received," add : —

" and an asterisk shall be placed opposite the names of
those thirty Candidates whom in the opinion of the Council it
is most desirable to elect into the Societv."

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 7

Chap. VIII. Sect. 3.

That "half-past three" and "four" be substituted for
" four " aad " half-past four," as the time for closing the
ballots for Couucil and Officers respectively.

Chap. YIII. Sect. 5.

To be rescinded, and the following substituted : —

V. Each Fellow voting shall place his balloting list or lists
in the respective glasses.

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited a number of food-nuts utilized
by the natives of ISorth Queensland, the species of which had
not been determined, since neither flowers nor foliage of the
trees producing them had been obtained.

On behalf of Mr. Arthur Eoope Hunt, the Secretary exhi-
bited a curiosity in the shape of an orange within an orange, and
remarked that a similar abnormality had been described and
figured by Dr. Perrier (Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. ix. tab. 2).

The following papers were read : —

1. "The Dillenian Herbarium at Oxford." By Greorge
Claridge Druce, F.L.S.

2. " On a Self-fertilizing Hermaphrodite Trout." By Charles
Stewart, Pres. Linn. Soc.

3. " Some points in the Life-historv and E-ate of G-rowth
of Tew Trees." By Dr. John Lowe, F.L.S.

March .jth, 1891.

Prof. Charles Stewart, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Thomas Butler Cato, Esq., and the Eev. Edgar Norman
Langham were elected Fellows.

The alterations in the Bye-Laws proposed by the Couucil to
be submitted to the Fellows at the next Meeting on March 19cli
were read the second time from the Chair.

Mr. D. Morris exhibited a dwarf species of Thrinax, which he
found growing plentifully in the Island of Anguilla "West
Indies, and was apparently undescribed.

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited the fruit of some undetermiued
species of tree which had been introduced into commerce by the
name of Monchona, but the origin of which had not been
ascertained.

8 PROCEEDIIfGS OF THE

Mr. J. E. Harting exhibited several instantaneous photo-
graphs (taken by Mr. "W. H. St. Quintin in Yorkshire) of a
living Great Bustard {Otis tarda), and gave a brief account of
the recent visitation of several of these birds to England. Between
December 9th and Eebruary 5th no less than seven had been
shot in Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Sussex, Hants, Wilts, and Car-
marthenshire.

The following papers were read : —

1. "A Morphological and Systematic Account of the Euca-
ceous Genus Tarhinaria.^'' By Miss E. Barton. (Communicated
by Dr. Dukinfield H. Scott, F.L.S.)

2. " On a new Species of Caulerpa, with observations on the
position of the Genus." By Geo. E. M. Murray, E.L.S.

3. " On the Genus Lerneonema, a Parasitic Crustacean." By
Dr. John Lowe, F.L.S.

March 19th, 1891.

Prof. Charles Stewart, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

John Hagger, Esq., the Eev. William Eoss, and William
Dickerson Wickes, Esq., were elected Eellows.

The President announced that the sense of the Meeting would
be taken by ballot on the proposed alteration of certain Bye-
Laws, of which due notice had been given as prescribed by the
Charter of the Society, these alterations having been also read
at the two preceding Meetings of the Society ; and after ex-
plaining their nature and object, he invited those present to
expjpess their opinion. A discussion followed in which twenty-
twp of the Eellows took part; and on the votes being counted,
it'^as found that the alterations proposed in respect to Sections 4
and 5 of Chapter I. of the Bye-Laws were not confirmed. Those
relating to Sections 3 and 5 of Chapter VIII. were confirmed as
follows : —

Chap. VIII. Sect. 3. That " half-past three " and " four " be
substituted for " four " and " halt-past four," as the time
lor closing the ballots for Council and OflBcers respectively.

Chap. VIII. Sect. 5. To be rescinded, and the following sub-
stituted : —

Sect. o. Each Eellow voting shall place his balloting
li st or lists in the respective glasses.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Eesearches on Earthworms of the Genus Lumhricus." By
Eev. Hilderic Friend, F.L.S.

2. " Hemiptera and Heteroptera of Ceylon." By W. Forsell
Kirby, F.L.S.

\ARY

LINXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 9

April 2n(], 1891.

Prof. Chaeles Stewaet, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The Rev. Prof. Heuslow exhibited specimens of Oxalis
cernua, Thunberg, a native of the Cape of Good Hope ; and
gave an account of its introduction into the countries bordering
the Mediterraneau, and the Canaries and Madeira, tracing its
present northern distribution. (See Appendix, p. 31.)

Mr. A. Barton Eendle, bavins: examined the specimens of
" Monchona " exhibited by Mr. Christy at a previous Meeting,
expressed the opinion that this trade product was the preserved
fruit of a palm, belonging to a species apparently undescribed.
It was stated somewhat vaguely by the importer to have come
from the South Pacific. Mr. Eendle also exhibited another
specimen of an orange within an orange, which differed from that
shown at a former Meeting, in that the inner orange possessed a
rind, and was not entirely enveloped by the outer one.

The President exhibited an abnormal specimen of a butterfly
{^Gonepteryx Mhamni) possessing five wings, or two hinder ones
on one side.

The following papers were read ■ —

1. " On Variation in the Ploral Symmetry of certain Plants
having Irregular Corollas." By W. and Anna Batesou. (Com-
municated by Francis Darwin, P.L.S.)

2. " On two new Genera of Orchids from the East Indies."
By H. X. Eidley, M.A., F.L.S.

April 16th, 1891.

Prof. Chables Stewaet, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

William Duppa Crotch, Esq., Joseph Alfred Hill, Esq., Walter
Bessemer Lougsdon, Esq., Dr. James Oliver, and Arthur Smith
Woodward, Esq., were elected Fellows.

The President announced that the following Auditors to

examine the Treasurer's accounts had been nominated by the

Council : —

T7 4-L n •; J I^i'- Dukinfield H. Scott.
±or the Council i -,^ ^ •, ai i 1 • 1

[ Dr. John Jieiklejohn.

TT^x #7.^ -p'^n^,..c I ^^^- John Jenner Weir.
^''"^^^^^^^^"^1 Mr. Ernest Clarke.

And by a show of hands these were elected.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Tlie following papers were read : —

1. " On Lichens collected in Victoria." By the E,ev. P. E. M.
Wilson. (Commnnicated by William Carruthers, F.E.S., F.L.S.)

2. " On the Life-history of two Species of Puccinia.''^ By
Surgeon-Major Arthnr Barcky, F'.L.S.

May 7th, 1891.

Prof. Chaeles Stewaet, President, iu the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The proposed sale of the Society's Carpological Collection to
the Science and Art Department for the sum of £20 was sub-
mitted for the approval of the Fellows, and was carried by show
of hands.

Marc Arnold Puffer, Esq., w^as elected a Pellow, and Dr. Carl
Cramer was elected a Foreign Member.

A panoramic arrangement for displaying drawings at Biological
Lectures was exhibited for Prof. E. J. Anderson.

Mr. John Young exhibited a nest of the Bearded Titmouse
(Calavrojyhihis hiarmiciis), which had been built in his aviary.
Several eggs were laid, but none of them were hatched.

Tlie Eev. E. S. Marshall exhibited several specimens of a
Cochlearia from Ben More, in Assynt, believed to be undescribed.

Mr. Eobert Drane forwarded for exhibition a plant of the
rayless Daisy found growing abundantly in the neighbourhood
of Cardift'; and an undetermined sponge dredged in about
40 fathoms off the coast of South AVales.

Mr. D. Morris drew attention to a Jamaica Drift Fruit re-
cently found on the coast of Devonshire. Although figured so
long ago as 1640 by Clusius, and sxibsequently noticed by other
observers, the plant yielding it had only lately been identified
by Mr. J. H. Hart, of Trinidad, as SacoglotUs amazonica. Mr.
Morris likewise exhibited specimens of the fruit of Catostemma
fra grans, received for the fir^t time from St. Vincent, showing
its true position to be among the Malvaceae, tribe Bombacese.

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited some Kola nuts, and made
remarks on the medicinal properties attributed to them.

The following paper Avas then read and discussed : —
'■ Anatomy . of the Mesostomata. — Part I. Pterygotus and
Slimonia.'" By Malcolm Laurie, F.L.S.

LIX^EAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 11

May 25th, 1891.

Anniversary Meeiinrf.

Prof. Charles Stewart, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Tbe Treasurer presented the Annual Statement of Accounts
duly audited, as shown on p. 12.

The Secretary read his Report of the deaths, withdrawals, and
elections of new Eellows for the past year as follows : —

Since the last Anniversary Meeting the deaths of 18 Fellows
had been reported, or their deaths been ascertained, viz. : —

James Backhouse. ; Henry Groves.

Peter Hinckes Bird. j Eobert Mason.

"William Hope Boulth. ! W. Kitchen Parker.

Thos. Rich. Archer Briggs. Houghton Perkins.

Alfred .J. Burrows. Theodore Eathboue.

"\V. Sweetland Dallas. ] Clifford Winslow Turner.

Rev. John Downes. John Way.

Charles H. Fawcett. j Tufteu West.

Robert Garner. Benjamin S. AYilliams.

FoEEIG^- Membebs (3).

Prof. Alexander von Bunge.

Prof. Carl Johann von Maximowicz.

Prof. Carl von Naegeli.

During the past official year 5 Fellows had withdrawn, viz. : —

Kenric Harold Bennett.
George Thomas Bettany.
C. Laurence Bradley.
George F. Dowdeswell.
Rev. Paul William AVyatt.

Five had been struck off for non-payment of arrear.>, and
38 Fellows and one Foreign Member have been elected.

During the past year there had been received as Donations
from private individuals to the Library 116 volumes (including
58 from the Library of the late Mr. John Ball) and 15(3
pamphlets and separate impressions of memoirs.

From the various Universities, Academies, and Scientific
Societies there had also been received in exchange and otherwise
225 volumes and 101 detached parts, besides 4G volumes and tJ
parts obtained by exchange and donations from the editors aud
proprietors of independent periodicals.

12

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

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LiyNE.vy SOCIKTV OF LOXDOK. 13

The Council, on the recommendation of the Library Committee,
had sanctioned the purchase of 168 volumes and 104 parts of
important works.

The total additions to the Library were, tlierefore, 555 volumes
and 367 separate parts.

The following was the number of books bound during the last
year: — In half-moroceo 218 volumes, in half-calf 6 volumes, in
full cloth 117 volumes, in vellum 25 volumes, in buckram 15
volumes, in boards or half-cloth 11 volumes, rebaeked (half-
morocco and cloth backs) 19 volumes, relabelled 25 volumes.
Total 436 volumes.

The Senior Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing the
elections, —

The President opened the business of the day, and the Fellows
present proceeded to ballot for the Council and Officers.

The Ballot for the Council having been closed, the President
appointed ]\Ir. H. T. Stainton, Mr. E. Morell Holmes, and
Mr. Herbert Druce to be Scrutineers, and the votes having been
counted aud reported to the President, he declared the following
members to be removed from the Council, viz. : — Mr. John
G-ilbert Baker, Mr. William Carruthers, Prof. P. Martin Duncan,
Mr. Edward B. Poulton, and Dr. Dukinfield H. Scott ; and the
following to be elected into the Council, viz. : — Mr. Charles
Baron Clarke, Prof. George Bond Howes, Mr. Arthur Lister,
Dr. St. George J. Mivart, and Prof. Francis Wall Oliver.

The Ballot for the Officers having been closed, the President
nominated the same Scrutineers, and the votes having been
counted and reported, he declared the result as follows : —

President, Prof. Charles Stewart.

Treasurer, Mr. Frank Crisp.

c, ^ • r Mr. B. Davdou Jackson.
Secretaries, | ^^^, ^ ^^^^^ g^^^^^^

The President then delivered his annual Address (his remarks
being illustrated by cartoons in pastel), as follows : —

Gentlemen, — I propose to offer you some remarks on
" Secondary Sexual Characters " ; by secondary I mean, of course,
those features by which different sexes often may be distin-
guished, but which are not concerned in reproduction. I intend
to deal with this question by taking examples from different
groups of plants and animals, beginning with the lowest. I have
been induced to select the above subject, as it receives illustration
from both plants and animals, and might in consequence prove of
interest to all sections of our Fellows.

Amongst the lower Algae perhaps the most instructive example

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

to be found is that of the well-kuown (Edogonium ciliatu/m.
During the time of its active vegetative growth the series
I of cells of this Alga, which are of considerable dimensions, are

/ green from the presence of chlorophyll. At this time the fila-

ments increase in number by ciliated zoospores, each formed by
the entire contents of one of the cells. As the conditions become
less favourable for vegetative activity, the zoospores give origin
to two forms of filaments ; of these one is distinguished by its
small diameter, the shortness of its constituent cells, and the
yellow colour presented by its endochrome. The protoplasm of
certain of the cells divides into two, each becoming ciliated, con-
stituting androspores. AVe have in these filaments the assump-
tion, to a certain extent, of male characters. Besides these,
there are others which in general appearance closely resemble
the last described, but which, instead of forming zoospores,
possess certain cells which increase in dimension : such cells con-
stitute oospores. Near the future orifice of these cells one of
the androspores settles, and grows into a minute male filament
ot' three cells only ; the protoplasm of the larger of the three cells
breaks up into antherozoids, on the further development of which
it is perhaps not necessary to dwell.

The noticeable points of this case are the assumption of sexual
. characters on the approach of adverse conditions ; the small size,
and relative absence of chlorophyll, in the male ; and the posses-
sion of normal secondary sexual male features by the asexual
filament which produces the androspores.

If we now turn to the higher Algfe, '• Carposporae," we find a
good example in CaJlojpliyUis lacinkita, for an opportunity of
examining which 1 am indebted to Mr. E. M. Holmes. We
shall see that the male is relatively small and pale in colour, with
the sexual organs, the antheridia, along the borders of the thallus.
The male is exceediugh^ rare ; the female is much larger and
altogether more robust in texture, thicker, and much deeper in
colour.

Among the Hepaticse we have Metzgeriopsis pusilla, where we
find the thallus producing at certain points male, and at others
female branches. If we examine the male branch, the leaflets
will be found relatively small, and bearing antherozoids on the
surface facing the stem ; in the female branches, however, the
leaflets are larger, Avith their margins often produced into spine-
like points, and with archegonia near theii- bases, gemmae being
often found at various points near their margin. All the features,
then, of the female branches show greater vigour.

In the higher mosses, Mnium ajffine has the male branches of a
paler colour, from their possessing less chlorophyll and fewer
leaves than the female ; the latter is more robust, has more
closely crowded leaves, which are darker in tint and form con-
spicuous tufts at the free end. Much the same characters are
presented by Leucohryum glaucum, Dicranum scoparium, &c. In

LtXNEAX SOCIETI OF LOXDOy. 1 5

certaia species of Sphagnum, such as S. sulsecicndum, tlie male
branches are commonly more sleuder, and in distinct tut'ts from
the female ; the individual branches of the male which acitually
bear the antheridia are commonly larger than the archegonia-
bearing branches.

Amongst Equisetacese the male pi'othallus is always much
smaller than the female. This may in part be due to the grow-
ing oospores in the latter being for some time dependent upon
it for their nourishment; again, in the Heterosporese, such as
Selaginella, it is the female which is the larger, and the male
which is smaller.

Turning now to the flowering plants, one finds, as in the
others, that though many show no such characters, yet, where
secondar}' characters are present, it is the female in which
vegetative vigour is most marked. In the Australian grass,
JBuchloc dactyloides, a slender graceful male is found, whereas the
female is of coarse-leaved, rank growth, the two having long been
referred to distinct species. In another Australian grass, Spiiiifex
hirsutus, much the same characters are present, but the female is
still less like the male, owing to the immense development of the
leaves at the extremity of its flowering stem, forming a tuft, often
exceeding a foot in diameter.

In Vallisneria spiralis the male plant is again usually much
smaller than the female, although its flowering stem produces
many flowers, in distinction to the single one borne by the female
form. In Asparagus, though flowers are always somewhat incon-
spicuous, the perianth of the male is the larger, although the leaves
generally are still more slender and the plant altogether smaller
than the female. In Ruscus aculeatus also the leaf-like branches
in the female are more narrow, but compensate for this by their
greater abundance.

In the interesting Ficus suhidata, an Indian sjjecies of fio-,
there is a marked difference between the sexes, the male being
an erect shrub growing on the ground, whereas the female is a
semiscandent epiphyte, exceedingly different in appearance.

Amongst the Orchidete, from the time of Darwin and even
earlier, marked differences between the male and female flowers
have attracted great attention, and since for years a plant may
produce racemes of either male or female flowers alone, the two
sexes have often been spoken of as belonging to different genera.
Ill the genus Catasetum we find excellent examples of this con-
dition ; the female branchlets are usually more robust, bearing
fewer flowers, which, with the stem, are more or less of a pre-
dominant green colour. The male flowers, borne on a more
slender stem, are more numerous, and, with the stem, have
commonly some more conspicuous colour, such as red or other
vivid tint.

Cannabis indica well displays the prevailing sexual characters
of plants, the male plant being smaller, both as to leaves and

1 6 VEOCEEDINttS OF TELE

stem, than the female, and I am informed by Mr. E. M. Holmes
that the male plant is generally found in the more outlyinsj
sterile portions of the fields. This suggestive feature may be
observed in the common hop, Sumulus Lupulus, in which the
female is larger, and the male similarly situated in the more
sterile regions.

If we now take some example from the animal kingdom, we
shall find more varied features presented by the male and female
respectively, there being far more disturbing influences at work
than is the case with the more simple plant. Amongst Eotifers,
as, for instance, in BracJiioniis ursularis, the male is often not
more than a sixth of the length of the female, and is little more
than a locomotive reproductive machine, it having no alimentary
canal, and its life of necessity being exceedingly brief, though
very active whilst it lasts, being spent in rapidly darting through
the water in search of its mate. The eggs from which the male
and female respectively emerge are exceedingly diflferent, the
male ova being rounded and not more than half the diameter of
the oval eggs of the female, and also being five times more
numerous. Again in Crustacea, amongst Isopods, we find some
extreme differences following the usual rule. In Anceus maxil-
laris the male is smaller, with legs far more developed and more
hairy than the female, and with powerful predaceous jaws ; in.
the female the last three segments of the cephalothorax are
greatly distended to lodge the ova, and the mouth-parts are of
a simple suctorial character, the limbs being feeble. In the
common Bopyrus squillarum, so often found in the gill-chamber
of prawns and shrimps, the male is almost microscopic in dimen-
sions, less than a millimetre, and spends its life as a parasite
attached to near the genital orifice of its relatively gigantic mate,
which is about half an inch in length, or about twelve times the
length of its partner. There is a curious exception met with in
the Isopods, nor am I able to interpret the exception ; it is that
of the common Lygia oceanica, in which the male exceeds the
female by one third, although the female, as in other Isopods,
has not only to carry her eggs, but also her young, when each is
about three millimetres in length. In Amphipods the difi"erences
between the sexes are often found to be very great, and have led
to numerous mistakes, the male being usually hairy and bearing
more specialized limbs, probably to assist in grasping the female.
For instance, Aora p^acilis is the male of Microdeuteropus
anomalus, and Ericlithonus difformis is the male of Dercothoe
punctata. In the Decapods a striking example is furnished by
Corystes Gassivelaunus (the Mask Crab), the males of which
species are far more numerous than the females, their chelae
being more than twice the length of those of the females. A
still more extreme difference is found in the sexes in certain
Cirripeds ; in Scalpellum regium the male is not more than a
millimetre in its greatest length, and, having no mouth, it is

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDON^. IJ

attached as a parasite to the integument of the female, which
sometimes attains the dimensions of more than four inches. The
life of each male being probably brief, one may often find the
dead bodies of as many as seven former husbands on each side of
the female.

Amongst the Arachnida the male is usually the smaller of the
two sexes. In Arrhenurus caudatus the male is small, more con-
spicuously and brilliantly coloured, with more hairy limbs, and
exhibits greater activity. In the higher Spiders, perhaps one of
the most instructive examples (for the knowledge of which we
are indebted to Mr. and Mrs. Peckham) is known as Astia
vittata. The male is sometimes of a uniform red colour and
somewhat smaller than the female, but, besides these males, there
are others in which the palpi, lateral and end portions of the
cephalothorax, and the whole of the abdomen are of a rich velvety
black, and with three tufts of black bristles standing up from
the middle of the red upper surface of the cephalothorax. The
behaviour of these two sorts of males in courtship is exceedingly
difierent, the black variety being always more appreciated than
the red male, the fore limbs of which are directed forwards
parallel to the ground, whereas the black or partially black male
raises himself oft' the gi'ound as high as possible on the three
hind pairs of limbs, the front pair being raised high in the air ;
the female always prefers the courtship of the last-mentioned
male.

Amongst Insecta it is nearly always the male which is most
conspicuous by colour or some extravagance in form, as, for
instance, in Diptei-a, the interesting Philippine-Island forms
Phytalmia cervicornis and P. alciconiis, which possess some most
remarkable horn-like projections on the head; in beetles also it
is the male in such forms as Ceratorrhina Morgan &c. which shows
remarkable horn-like projections on the head, thorax, &c. ; a
general prolongation of the head characterizes the male of
Rhyticephalus hrevicornis. In Acantliinodera Cumingii the male
is small and hairy, covered with light brown hairs, whereas the
female is destitute of such hairs ; we have again the special tufts
of hairs in the males of numerous butterflies and moths, as
Calopsilia ahurona, Calesia dasypterus, or the extremely deve-
loped palpi in Mastygopliora mirabilis. As to antennae, it is in
the male that they are most developed, as in Amphidasis prodro-
maria&c. amongst Lepidoptera, and amongst Diptera Ctenop)1iora
atrata. In beetles Polyphylla fullo furnishes an extreme ex-
ample.

The eyes, again, have diflferences, and are largest in the males .:
this is especially evident in Bibio pomone and many Tabanidje ;
the mandibles also are exaggerated in such forms as many
Lucanidse. The limbs, again, may differ in the sexes, as the
swollen thighs of the male in (Edomera, the long fore limbs of
Cyrtotrachelus, the hind limbs of Chrysophora. The apterous

LINK. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1890-81. C

1 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

condition presented b}' so many females is associated with their
other habits of concealing themselves when burdened with eggs or
engaged in laying them ; of these we have examples in Nyssia
hispidaria amongst Lepidoptera, various species of Mutilla in
Hymenoptera, and our common black-beetle amongst Orthoptera.
The wings of certain Lepidoptera are also sometimes distin-
guished by special lobes, as Lohophora hexapterata ; perhaps the
most extreme difference is found as regards the wings in that
remarkable group of highly modified beetles belonging to the
genus Sti/lops, in which the female is a limbless grub-like
creature parasitic in the abdomen of bees, whereas the male is
an active large-winged insect.

As regards sound-producing organs in this group, if it be con-
fined to one sex, it is the male which possesses them, as in
Cicadse, Acridae, &c.

Turning now to the Vertebrata, in fish it is almost invariable
that the male is more conspicuous from brilliant coloration, the
colours being intensified at the breeding-season. The genus
Girardiiius illustrates this very well. Special skin-appendages
are found distinguishing by their presence the males from the
females, as the warts on the head of the male of Discognathus
and the special process on the head of the male of Chimcera. It
is suggestive that the young of Myxine fjlutinosa is a male until
it has attained a length of 32-33 centimeti^es, and then assumi^s
the female state. In Glirysoplirys auratus the same individual is
stated to become male or female at difi'erent times of the year.
Not only do the males diff"er from the females by such integu-
mentary warts mentioned in Discognathus, but the teeth, which
are essentially of dermal origin, sometimes present marked dif-
ferences in the sexes, as in Raia clavata, in which the ma It-
has pointed teeth, whereas the female teeth are rounded fur
crushing.

In Amphibia the male Triton at the breeding-season shows tlu'
well-known immensely developed crest of skin, with the broi.d
swimming tail and the brilliant coloration, features which disti;;-
guish it from the simpler adornment of the female. "We havi
also the gular pouches so well developed in the male Eana escii-
lenta, the glandular patch on the fore limbs of Pelohates, th^-
immensely distensible subgular pouch of .HyZ« arhorea, but ii
most Anura the male is smaller than the female. In lizards ti ■
male is commonly the larger, brilliantly coloured, and more con-
spicuous than the female, as we see in Calotes nigrilahris & .
Amongst Bats secondary sexual characters are well known, as i ■
the special supranasal appendages of Phyllorhina, the gular pou' i
of TapJiozous longimanus, the special gular hairs of T. melanu-
pogon, the special tuft of coloured hairs with associated gland on
the shoulder oi Epomopliorus, or the curious sac on the win_ o.
Saccopteryx.

In Mammals the familiar crest or distensible chamber on th

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 9

liead of Cystopliora crisfata, ovthe nasal projection of Macrorhinus,
the spur and special glands on the hind limbs of 0 mithorhj ncluis
and Echidna may be given as tending to show some of the many
differences wliich distinguish the males irrespective of their repro-
ductive organs ; and although it is more usual to find the male
smaller, more brilliant, more active and conspicuous than the
female, yet entire groups may present, in certain features, a
reversal of this, the more common condition.

Mr. Herbert Druce then moved the following resolution,
Tiz. : — " That the thanks of the Society be given to the President
for liis excellent address, and that he be requested to allow it to
be printed." This, having been seconded by Mr. Charles Tyler,
was carried unanimously.

The Linneau Gold Medal for the year was then presented to
Dr. Edouai'd Bornet, of Paris, being received on his behalf by
M. Raymond Lecomte, Secretary to the French Embassy, who
made suitable acknowledgment of the honour done to his country-
man, and read a letter from Dr. Bornet.

The President said : —

In presenting to M. le Docteur Edouard Bornet the Gold Medal
of the Society, it is my duty, in accordance with the practice of
my predecessor, to refer to the scientific works which have con-
ferred distinction on his name. His earliest published botanical
papers related to the structure and life-history of fungi and
lichens, including researches on Meliola, on Ergot, on Ephebe,
and other lichens. But it is mainly through his series of bril-
liant researches into the life-histories of Algae that he has become
famous. Among the best known of those are the investigations
of the nature of the lichen gonidia, which led to the secure estab-
lishment of the theory of tlie dual nature of lichens. The part
played by M. Bornet in this remarkable investigation (viz. the
proof of the algal nature of these gonidia), which first opened the
eyes of naturalists to the phenomenon of Symbiosis, entitles him
to equal claims as regards the establishment of the theory with
Schwendener and De Bary. At the time of these discoveries
M. Bornet was no less busy in collaboration with his distin-
guished countryman M. Thuret in the elucidation of the life-
liistories, especially the fecundation, of the Floridese. It is not
too much to say that we owe to MM. Thuret and Bornet the
foundations of our knowledge in this department of phycology,
and to their example and methods later investigators are indebted
for success. In 1878 he edited and published the 'Etudes Phv-

C di

20 PEOCEEDIKGS OF THE

cologiques' of M. Tliuret, and in 1876-80 lie published the
* Notes Algologiques,' with their magnificent illustrations of the
structure aud life-history of Algae ; these books are the subject
of daily reference by all students of phycology. Since then
M. Bornet has published a steady stream of scientific papers of
exceptional interest, among which I would especially note his
various memoirs on the Protophyceae and on the Algae which
perforate calcareous bodies. His researches are in active pro-
gress, and even in course of publication, and we may happily
still look forward to further achievements by this distinguished
botanist, on whose behalf I now present this Medal.

M. Eaymond Lecomte having received the Medal on behalf
of M. Bornet, read the following letter of acknowledgment : —

" Monsieur le President de la Societe Linneenne : —

"En me decernant sa medaille d'or immediatement apres des
savants aussi eminents que MM. Hooker et de Candolle, la
Societe Linneenne me fait un honneur dont je lui suis d'autant
plus reconnaissant que ni le nombre ni I'etendu de mes travaux
ne me placent a un rang aussi eleve parmi les botanistes con-
temporains. La Societe a voulu sans doute, en m'attribuant une
aussi haute distinction, recompenser les efforts d'une vie con-
sacree toute entiere a la recherche de la verite, sans autre pre-
occupation que de la decouvrir et de I'exposer en toute simplicite
telle qu'elle s'est montree.

" Que la Societe veuille bien agreer I'expression de ma recon-
naissance.

" Je vous prie d'accepter pour vous-meme, Monsieur le Presi-
dent, I'hommage de mes sentiments respectueux.

" Ed. BoEifET, E.M.L.S."

The obituary notices of deceased Eellows were then read : —

James Backhouse was born 22nd October, 1825, at York,
where his father carried on the old-established nursery so long
known for its alpine plants as a strong and special feature.
The father's travels in South Africa and Australia are well
known ; with him the subject of our remarks was accustomed
to spend his holidays in exploring botanically the mountainous
parts of Wales and Scotland, and, with Richard Spruce, in
opening up the rich treasures of Upper Teesdale. At that time
trips of this kind were not so feasible as now; many of the
places they visited were accessible only by dint of toilsome
journeys on foot and rough fare at the end of each day. Back-
house's chief contribution to botanical literature was his ' Mono-
graph of the British Hieracia,' published in 1856, in which he
showed his keen discrimination of diff'erentiating characters.
Eor many of the later years of his life he was accustomed to
spend a part of his summer in Teesdale, generally at the High

LINNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. 21

.Force Inn, where " Mr. Backhouse's room " was in full view of
the Force itself. Geology was a favourite pursuit with him,
and he had many a rich find in the Teesdale region.

Mr. Backhouse died at his house in York 31st August, 1890;
his connexion with this Society dated only from 7th May, 1885.

TnoMAS Richard Aechee Beiggs, whose recent death will be
fresh in the memories of most here, was born at Fursdon, Egg
Buckland, near Plymouth, in May 1836. His health was rather
delicate whilst young, and it was not until he was about 15 years
of age that he showed any love for natural history ; then, how-
ever, he began to collect in many departments, at last coming to
confine his efforts to plants, of which he had so accurate a know-
ledge. He hardly stirred from home during his life, never for
more than a few days, so that his local knowledge was only
ijiupplemented by dried plants from other parts of the kingdom.
Beyond his scattered papers on sundry critical plants, he will be
best remembered by his admirable ' Flora of Plymouth,' on
every page of which is to be read his intimate acquaintance with
the various phases of the local vegetation. On the completion of
this book he presented a set of the Rubi therein mentioned to
the British ^Sluseum ; and since his death his herbarium has
been gone over by the authorities of Kew and the British
Museum with a view of securing the most valuable of his
plants.

Mr. Briggs was a bachelor, and latterly lived with a brother ;
in addition to his chosen study, he was active in helping on every
good work in his native parish. He died on 23rd January last
from inflammation of the lungs, due no doubt to the severe
winter through which he had passed, and was buried in Egg
Buckland churchyard. He was elected Fellow 18th January,
1872.

Alexandee von Bunge, who died at Dorpat on the 6th July
last in his 86th year, was the Nestor of Russian botanists. He
was born at Kiew on the 24th September, 1803, and went at an
early age to Dorpat, passing out from the Gymnasium there
when eighteen, in 1821 ; two years later he was the recipient of
a gold medal, and on 24th November, 1825, he took his degree of
M.D. at that University. Between the last two dates he had
travelled through the Baltic provinces, and then, having duly
qualified himself, he engaged in practice as a country doctor.
In 1830 the St. Petersburg Academy despatched him to China as
medical ofiicer of an expedition sent thither ; and on his return
be published, in the ' Memoires des Savants etrangers,' his well-
known " Enumeratio plantarum quas in China boreali collegit "
in 1831. This, with a conspectus of " Russian Gentians " in the
Moscow ' Memoirs ' in 1824, was his first contribution to scien-
tific botany ; and it is worthy of remark that Bunge's published

22 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

Botanical works, though few in number, are weighty, and were all'
issued in the publications of scientific societies, with the single
exception of his ' Indices Seminum,' which are merely small tracts.
In 1833 he was appointed extraordinary professor of botany at
Kasan, and three years afterwards he migrated to Dorpat, in
succession to Ledebour, a post which he held until his retirement
in 1867, when Willkomm succeeded him from that date till
1869.

Whilst holding this seat he next produced the " Eeliquiae
Lehmannianse," the first part in the Eiga ' Arbeiten,' and the
whole in the St. Petersburg ' Memoires ' in 1868-69.

His next important work was the ' Anabasearum Eevisio ' in
1862, a Monograph of Cousinia in 1865, and then his great work,
the elaboration of the Old- World species of the vast genus
Astragalus ; this forms two parts, the first in the St. Petersburg
' Memoires ' for 1S68, with a clavis, and the full descriptions with
localities in the volume for 1869, thus unfortunately entailing a
double quotation. The total number of his botanical productions
is stated to amount to thirty-five, besides some of medical
interest. Bunge was connected with this country by married
relatives ; he was elected Poreign Member of this Society 7th
May, 1863.

William Sweetland Dallas was born in London in 1824. As
a boy a love for nature began to mould his life and character,
and led him to devote himself to entomology. At an early age,
however, family circumstances, consequent on the death of his
father, obliged him to seek some definite means of gaining a
livelihood for himself, and with this end in view he was placed in
a business house in the city. Young Dallas soon found, however,
that such a Hfe was altogether uncongenial to him, and he again
applied himself to his favourite branch of science. As an
example of his industry and of the energy with which he worked
at this time, it may be stated that he made a transcript in the
reading-room of the British Museum of the whole of Pabricius's
' Entomologia Systematica,' together with a coloured figure of
each genus — an undertaking sufficient to have daunted the
ardour of many an enthusiast. Encouraged by Dr. John Edward
Grray and other naturalists, he was led to contribute papers to
the Entomological Society, and for ten or twelve years he was
occupied in preparing lists of insects for the British Museum
and in writing various excellent compilations, amongst which his
' Natural History of the Animal Kingdom ' is a well known and
justly appreciated work.

In 1858 he removed from London to York on his acceptance
of the Curatorship of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society's
Museum. The duties of this post he ably discharged for ten
years, continuing at the same time his numerous literary engage-
ments, and contributing a large number of papers to the ' West-

LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 2$

minster Review,' the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural History,'
the ' Philosopbieal Magazine,' and otlier periodicals.

In 186S Mr. Dallas again returned to London, having been
appointed Assistant-Secretary to the Geological Society, a post
whose arduous duties he continued to discharge with uncommon
tact and ability for twenty-two years, until struck down by
paralysis a few days before his death, which took place on the
29th May, 1890.

He was elected a Fellow of this Society in 1849.

A man of brilliant attainments and of rare geniality and kind-
ness of disposition, he was ever ready to help and advise all who
came to him for counsel. Few men, indeed, have had such a
power as Dallas had for gaining the hearts of those who came
into contact with him, and his memory will long be held in
affectionate regard by all who had tlie privilege to call bim
friend.

Henet Gthoves was the youngest son of Richard Groves,
druggist, of Weymouth, Dorset, where he was born in 1835, and
educated, mainly in London, at a priA'ate school. He was
apprenticed to his father, and, on completing his term, studied
in the Pharmaceutical Society's school till 1856, when he went
to be with Messrs. Bell & Co., after which be spent three years
Avith Mr. C. Delacre, of Brussels. On his return home he
assisted his father; but hearing of an opening in Florence he
went thither and took the business which had been begun by
Mr. Frazer at 15 Yia Borgognissanti, and for nearly 30 years
his pharmacy there became a resort for English visitors and
residents.

Mr. Groves's relaxation lay in the investigation of the flora
of the country of which he had become an inhabitant, and his
holidays were devoted to tours in the less known parts of the
Italian peninsula, undertaken in the height of summer, when
Florence is almost deserted by its visitors. As an example of
these trips may be cited his paper on the botany of the coast of
Japygia, which was issued in our Journal, vol. xxi., in 1885.
He bad married a Genoese lady in 1875, who thoroughly entered
into his pursuits, and cheerfully faced the discomforts of roughing
it in these little accessible districts, where shelter for the night
was frequently to be found only in some shepherd's hut or
some dry cave. As the fruit of these excursions ]\Ir. Groves
amassed a large collection of dried plants, and these have been
devised to a Tuscan botanical society. Besides these he wrote a
few papers on topics connected with his own calling, such as on
the Florentine Orris, the Italian Saffron, and the local Tuscan
popular remedies.

About ten years since his health became somewhat impaired,
followed not long since by a paralytic attack, from which he had
partially recovered, when a second stroke occurred on March 1st

24 PEOCEEDINGS OP THE

of the current year, whicli ended his life almost instantaneously.
His funeral took place in the Protestant cemetery outside the
Porta Eomana, and his body was followed to the final resting
place by a large concourse of sorrowing friends.

Cael JoHAisins' VON Maximowicz was born at Tula in 1827, but at
an early age went to St. Petersburg, where he received his chief
education at a Lutheran college. The year 1844 saw his removal
to Dorpat, and, after completing his studies at that place, he was
appointed assistant to the director of the botanic garden there,
at that time Alexander von Bunge, whose recent loss we have
also to-day to deplore. Here he stayed eight years, and then he
was transferred to St. Petersburg as Conservator of the Imperial
Botanic Garden, and the year after he was appointed to the
' Diana,' commissioned to procure plants iu a living state for the
gardens under his charge. The vessel sailed westward and
touched at Eio, Valparaiso, and Honolulu, when the outbreak of
the Crimean war forced the Eussian frigate to shelter on the
coast of Manchuria. Maximowicz here quitted the vessel in
order to explore the country lying on both sides of the river
Amur, and, after suffering much privation and many difficulties
(due in great measure to his scanty resources), he succeeded in
getting home by way of Siberia.

The first results of this journey were issued by Euprecht in
the ' Bulletin physico-mathematique de I'Academie Imperiale de
St. Petersbourg ' ; but two years having been devoted by the
explorer himself to the working up of his collections, he produced
in 1859 his important work, " Primitise PlorsB Amurensis ; Ver-
such einer Plora Amurlandes," in the ninth volume of the ' Me-
moires des Savants Etrangers ' of the Academy. The high
character of the work here j)ublished was consistently maintained
by Maximowicz in all his subsequent labours ; to him we owe
important contributions to our knowledge of the vegetation of
the far east of Asia, monographs on the Ehamnaceae, the Hy-
drangeas, and the Ehododendrons of the region, and numerous
detached j)apers in the ' Bulletin ' of the St. Petersburg Academy,
which were re-issued in the ' Melanges Biologiques ' of that
body. Much of the material for these labours was got together
in his second visit to the East, where, from 1859 to 1864,
he travelled through Manchuria and Japan, returning this
time by sea and visiting England on his way home. He was
then suffering from the remnants of a fever taken in Japan, from
which he was never afterwards entirely free.

Eegarded, and rightly so, as the highest authority on the flora
of that part of the Eussian dominions, he had the collections of
later travellers, such as Prjevalsky, Potanin, and others, passing
through his hands. The stress of official duties prevented his
finishing some of the work which he had in hand, and there does

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON

not appear to be anyone to step into his vaca
these enterprises to a successful issue.

He leaves behind him the reputation of a highly
man, a courteous correspondent, and a botanist of high s _
and accuracy. He was elected Foreigu Member May 6th, 1880

Carl von Naegeli, the intelligence of whose death has so
recently reached us, was born on the 27th March, 1817, at
Kilcliberg, near Ziirich, the son of a country doctor, who after-
wards rose to some distinction in the republic as Councillor of
State. Carl was first sent to school at an establishment founded
partly by the care of his father ; then he proceeded to the
Grymuasium at Ziirich, and finally to the then newly-instituted
University of the place. Here he came under the influence of
Loreuz Oken, and received so strong an impulse towards the
study of natural history that his leanings to the study of medi-
cine, for which profession he was intended by his father, sensibly
cooled. At length, thanks to the persuasion of his accomplished
mother, his father's unwillingness was overcome and Carl was per-
mitted to engage on a botanical career ; accordingly he set out
for Geneva, to study under the elder De Candolle and Oswald
Heer, the first product of his study being on the Swiss species
and hybrids of the genus Cirsium, which was afterwards incor-
porated in the second edition of Koch's ' Synopsis.' This was his
inaugural dissertation for tlie degree of Doctor, and was dedi-
cated to his friend and teacher Heer.

He married into a Zurich family in 1845, and in his wedding
tour visited this country, spending a considerable time in the
south-western counties, and there auiassing a large store of
material for his next work, ' Die neuen Algensysteme,' 1847. In
1847 Naegeli settled in Ziirich as Privatdocent in the TJuiversity,
also filling the post of professor of botany in the Veterinary
School, from which he Avas afterwards transferred to the High
School, where he did not long remain, for he accepted an
invitation to Freiburg-im-Breisgau, having declined a previous
ofier. He lived there from 1852 till 1855, when he took up the
position of professor at Zurich University; his greatly loved
mother died on the vei'y day of his induction.

Two years later he became professor at Munich, and retained
this chair during the remainder of his working life.

Soon after attaining the age of sixty he was much troubled by
attacks of giddiness and other nervous symptoms, which some-
times prostrated him. Au attack of iufluenza in 1889-90 greatly
enfeebled him ; but the t^unmier being spent among the moun-
tains he regained much of his accustomed strength, and a month
in the last winter passed iu the Riviera was wonderfully efficacious
in the apparent renewal of power ; but he had hardly returned
home when his death occurred with unexpected suddenness.

It now remains to mention some of the more important works

26 ' PROCEEDINGS OF THE

of his prime. In 1855-58 lie brought out the first and second
Hefts of his ' Pflanzenpbysiologische Unterschungen/ the second
of which contained his memoir on starch, Cramer writing the
third and fourth parts. Soon after this he issued his ' Beitrage
zur wissenschaftlichen Botanik,' the second and fourth parts of
which, in 1860-63, contained Schwendener's ' Untersuchungen
iiber den Flechtenthallus.' With the last-named he also pro-
duced a practical treatise on the use of the microscope, which
attained a second edition in 1877. The latest production is his
cooperation with Peter, ' On the Porms of the Pilosella Section
of the Genus Sieracium,' a work which cannot be ranked as
doing much more than cataloguing the protean forms of that
portion of a diflBcult genus, and Naegeli's share in the joint pro-
duction is probably small.

Dr. Naegeli died at Ziirich on the 10th of May, 1891, and was
cremated at the Central cemetery on the 13th, in the presence
of a large number of old friends and pupils, the funeral oration
being pronounced by his life-long associate. Dr. Carl Cramer.

William Kitchen Parker was born at Dogsthorpe, near
Peterborough, June 23rd, 1823. After going to the village
schools of Dogsthorpe and Werriugton, he v/as sent for a short
time to Peterborough Grammar School, and Avas then apprenticed,
at the early age of fifteen, to a chemist and druggist at Stamford.
At eighteen he was apprenticed to Mr. Costal, medical practi-
tioner, at Market-Overtou, and in December 1844 he came to
London and entered Charing Cross Hospital as a medical student.
Becoming acquainted with Dr. Todd, he had the privilege of
working in his laboratory at King's College, and acted for a
time as prosector at his lectui'es. He qualified as Licentiate of
the Society of Apothecaries in 1849, and commenced to practise
at Tachbrook Street, Pimlico.

His taste for natural history showed itself at a very early age,
for even during his apprentice days at Stamford he was au
ardent collector, carefully studying and dissecting every subject
he came across. It is therefore not surprising that throughout
life his intense love of nature led him to work at his favourite
biological studies with an ardour which his professional duties
neither damped nor diminished. His first published work was
upon the Poraminifera, a group upon which he afterwards con-
tributed a number of papers, many of them being written in
conjunction with other well-known workers.

His more important work, however, and that by which his
name will be best remembered, are his researches on the osteo-
logy and embryology of the V^ertebrata (especially of Birds and
Eeptiles) contained in a large number of memoirs published by
the Eoyal, Linnean, Zoological, and Microscopical Societies.
The Eay Society also published a valuable Monograph by him
on the Structure and Development of the Shoulder-girdle and
Sternum in the Yertebrata.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 2f

In 1866 Mr. Parker received a Eoyal Medal from the Eoyal
Society, and in 1885 the Bayly Medal from the Royal College of
Physicians. In 1873 he received the diploma as Member of the
Eoyal College of Surgeons, and was appointed Hunterian Pro-
fessor of Comparative Anatomy and Physiology. He was elected
a Pellow of King's Colleoe, Londou, in 1875.

He was elected a Fellow of this Society in 1875, and he was
also a Fellow of the Eoyal, Zoological, and Eoyal Microscopical
Societies, Honorary Member of the Philosophical Society of
Cambridge and of the Medical and Chirurgical Society. He
was also a Member of the Imperial Society of Naturalists of
Moscow, and Corresponding Member of the Imperial Geological
Institute of Vienna, and of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia.

Prof. Parker died suddenly, of syncope of the heart, whilst
visiting his second son. Prof. W. Newton Parker, at Cardiff,
July 3rd, 1890.

A man of great originality of thought and of indomitable in-
dustry, earnest and true in all he undertook, helpful to evex'yone
who consulted his vast stores of information, and beloved by all
who knew him. The record of his life is a worthy monument of
an honest seeker after truth.

Benjamin Samuel Williams was born in 1824, and was a suc-
cessful grower and exhibitor of plants, especially of Orchids. In
1851, whilst gardener to Mr. C. B. Warner, of the Woodlands,
Ware, he wrote a series of articles on the cultivation of orchids,
which became the nucleus,,of his popular work, ' The Orchid-
Grower's Manual,' which has gone through six editions. In
1854 he started in business in Upper Holloway, at first in con-
junction with Mr. Eobert Parker, but latterly with his sou,
Mr. Henry Williams, as partner. Much of the text to Warner's
' Select Orchideous Plants,' 1862, was due to Mr. Williams, and
he also wrote the descriptions to his own ' Orchid Album,' 1881,
a work which is now carried on by his son. He died after a long
illness on June 24th, 1890, and was buried at Highgate Cemetery
on the 30th of that month.

Mr. Williams was elected a Fellow of the Society on March 6th,
1879.

June 4th, 1891.

Prof. Chaeles Stewart, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Harold S. Ferguson, Esq., Arthur Coppen Jones, Esq., Prof.
William Somerville, Surgeon-Major Laurence Austin WaddcU,
and Prof. Walter Frank Weldou were elected Fellows.

28 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

The President took occasion to refer to the loss whicli the
Society had sustained by the recent death of one of its Vice-
Presidents, Prof. Peter Martin Duncan, whose genial presence
at the Meetings, no less than his valued contributions to the
publications of the Society, would, he felt sure, be missed by
€very one.

The President nominated Mr. Alfred "William Bennett, Dr.
Eobert Braithwaite, Mr. Frank Crisp, and Dr. St. George J.
Mivart, to be Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year.

Sir Walter Sendall, K.C.M.Gr., exhibited a curious Cocoon of
a Moth belonging to the genus Tinea, and made some remarks
on its construction and peculiar coloration.

The President exhibited a case of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera
to illustrate some of the more notable secondary sexual
characters in insects, and made explanatory observations
thereon.

Dr. John Lowe exhibited some eggs of Mantis religiosa which
he had found adhering to the underside of stones on mountain-
sides in the Eiviera.

On behalf of Mr. P. J. Hanbury a sterile form of Banunculus
acris was exhibited by Mr. W. H. Beeby, who made some remarks
on the same.

The followdng papers were read : —

1. " Observations on the Diseases of the Cocoanut Leaf." By
Michael Cresse Potter, P.L.S.

2. "Notes on some Arctic Comatulse." By P. Herbert Car-
penter, P.E.S., P.L.S.

3. " Notes on Crinoids from the Neighbourhood of Madeira."
By P. Herbert Carpenter, P.E.S., F.L.S.

4. " Eemarks on a Hermaphrodite Mackerel." By Prof.
Chas. Stewart, Pres. Linn. Soc.

June 18th, 1891.

Prof. Chaeles Stewaet, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed,

Charles WiUiam Slater, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

Mr. W. H. Beeby exhibited specimens of Sieracium pro-
tractum and other plants collected in Shetland.

LINNEiLN SOCIETY OF LONDOy. 2^

Mr. Stuart Samuel exhibited a dwarf specimen of Acer pal-
matum, and made some remarks on the dwarf trees artificially
produced by the Japanese.

Mr. R. V. Sherring showed some cases of dried Bananas, and
described a new method of preservation adopted in Jamaica to
save waste of small parcels of fruit which would be otherwise
unsaleable.

Mr. A. W. Bennett exhibited and made remarks upon a
specimen of Selaqinella Jepidophijlla, which was found to possess
remarkable vitality, and upon proper treatment to resume its
normal appearance after having been gathered some mouths.

Dr. E. C. A. Prior exhibited samples of spiked Star of Beth-
lehem, Ornitliogalum •pyrenaicum, and stated that although de-
scribed in British Floras as a rare plant, it is so abundant on the
hill pastures around Bath tliat it is brought to the market there
in large quantities under the name of French Asparagus, and
sold for a penny a bunch.

Mr. E. A. Eolfe showed two hybrid Odontoglossums with the
parent plants, viz. : — O. Wilckeanum (produced from O. crispum
and O. luteo-purpureum) and O. excellens (produced from O.
Pescatorei and O. triumplians) . These had first appeared as
natural hybrids out of imported plants, and the parentage was
subsequently ascertained under cultivation.

On behalf of Sir George Macpherson Grant, Mr. J. E. Harting
exhibited some curiously abnormal horns of the Eoe Deer (the
result of disease) which had been taken from an animal found
dead near Forres, ]S",B. For the purpose of comparison he ex-
hibited some normal heads of the Eoe from other parts of Scot-
land and from Germany, and made some remarks on the causes
of variation in the size and form of the antlers to which Eoe
Deer were peculiarly liable.

The following papers were read : —

1. "An Investigation into the True Xature of Callus." —
Part II. By Spencer Moore, F.L.S.

2. " The alleged Existence of Protein in the Walls of Vegetable
Cells, and the Microscopical Detection of Glucosides therein."
By Spencer Moore, F.L.S.

30 PBOCEEDEJfGS OF THE

APPE]!fDIX.

Prof. Gr, B. Howes exhibited a specimen of Lima Tiians with a
byssus " nest " which it had spun in the jar in which it was
exhibited. The animal was obtained from the Zoological Station
in Naples, and he owed it to the generosity of his pupil Mr. G.
AY. Butler, who had been recencly working there. The indi-
vidual was one of three which came into Mr. Butler's hands, and
when placed in a glass vessel of sea-water, kept constantly re-
newed from an adjacent tank, they each constructed a byssus
enclosure. Upon removal from the last-named each constructed
a second "nest," and one prepared a third. Mr. Butler had
watched the animals both by day and by night, in vain, to ob-
serve the act of spinning. The period occupied in the construc-
tion of the enclosure exhibited was twenty-one days ; for the
first day or two only a few scattered threads were formed, but by
the fourteenth day the trabecular work, although thin, sufficed
to imprison its originator. The filaments composing the com-
pleted "nest" were attached between the side and the bottom
of the jar, which was a round one ; they passed for the most
part obliquely, and were interwoven in an irregular and complex
manner, giving rise to a kind of feltwork, which was densest at
its point of attachment to the side of the jar. The area en-
closed was a crescentic one bounded on its convex side by the
p-lass : the apices of the crescent nearly met, and the imprisoned
animal had secured free play over about two thirds the surface
area of the bottom of the jar. The animals were observed to
swim freely within their " nests " when completed.

Professor P. Martin Duncans Exhibition.

The two microscopic preparations exhibited this evening (see
p. i) demonstrate the fact that each ambulacral ampuUa in the
Echini is supplied by one offshoot from the main ambulacral
water-vessel.

This fact was discovered by Gr. Valentin, and was recorded in
his ' Anatomic du genre Echinus,^ 1842, and the diagram given
in plate 7, fig. 136, of the work perfectly illustrated the meaning
of the author.

This distribution of one vessel to each ampulla, supplying a
tentacle, has been accepted and taught as true by all subsequent
naturalists up to last year.

Last year an able French naturalist, studying at the Lacaze-
Duthiers Marine Laboratory, not only stated that two vessels
supplied each ambulacrum, but drew, more or less diagramma-
tically, a representation of the results of his work.

As I had never seen a second vessel coming off and entering
an ampulla, I asked our President whether he had had any ex-
perience in the matter. His suggestion was to count the number
of ampullae in a part of an ambulacrum, and also the number of

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 3 1

lateral vessels whicli started from the main vessel to reaet the
ampullae. This method will do when there is no overlap of
ampullfe, and it proves that Valentin was correct. But the
second vessel is drawn by the French observer as if it were
I)laced over (or more properly, from the natural position within
the test, within or internal to) the very visible ordinary vessel.
It could hardly be counted.

I therefore dissected out a rectangular piece of soft parts
which included several ampullae, son* length of main water-
vessel, and all the lateral offshoots. The piece was transferred
to absolute alcohol, stained with picro-carmine, and cleared in
the usual manner. Owing to the action of the alcohol the
originally flabby morsel was made more rigid, but very fragile.
It was transferred in parts to the glass with great difficulty,
for the preparation could not be teased out without endangering
the perfection of the water-system. By using the flat remover
some fairly good pieces were safely transferred.

In one preparation two ampullae are seen, one to the right and
the other to the left ; each is supplied by a delicate water-tube,
and the water-tubes spring from a small portion of the main
water-vessel. In the second preparation two or three water-
vessels are seen, one above the other, and their ampullae have
been removed. In both preparations there is no evidence of a
second water-vessel springing from the main water-tube and
passing to an ampulla.

So far as Psammechinus, Strongylocentrotus, Salmacis, and
Temnopleurus are concerned, I have found Valentin's description
true.

The power to be used is that conveyed by a lens of 1-inch focal
distance, or one of |-inch. A good hand-lens will almost
suffice.

On the Northern Distribution of Oxalis cernua, Thunb.*
By the Eev. Prof. a. Henslow, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., &c.

[Read 2ncl April, 1891.]

This plant is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, and has often
been described by botanists who have studied the Cape flora f. It
has become distributed not only on the islands of the Atlantic,
as the Bermudas, Canaries, and Madeira, but along both the
north and south coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. At the pre-
sent day it is found at various places, from Egypt to Morocco,
and from Gibraltar to the Greek islands. The question is, bow
did it come to be so widely distributed throughout the Medi-
terranean region ?

* Thunbei-g, Biss. No. 12, t. 2. f. 2 (1794).

t E. (/., Harvey and Sonder, Flora Capensis, i. 348 ; and Thunb. Fl. Cap. ed.
Scliult. 537 (1825). Schultes describes Oxalis cernua as flowering at the Cape in
June and July. It has completely changed tiiis habit in tlie north, as it is in
full blossom all through the winter, from November to April.

32

PROCEEDINGS OE THE

No botanical author previous to this century ever refers to it
as growino' in the northern hemisphere. The first to allude to
it is Father Y. C. Giacinto, who mentions the plant as being
cultivated in the Botanic Garden at Valletta, Malta, in the year
1806. The title of his work is ' Index Plantarum Horti Botanici
Melitensis, anno 1806. — P. P. Carolus Hyacinthus'*.

The next in date to allude to it is Prof. Viviani, who records
it as oTowing in North Africa, viz. : " in pratis Cyrenaicse," in
1824, and named it 0. lihyca.

A. De CandoUe says, on the authority of Kelaart {Fl. Calp.
1846), that it was introduced into Gibraltar in 1826 (' Geographie
Botanique,' ii. p. 724) : A. P. de Candolle makes no mention of
it in his Essai elementaire de Geog. Bot., in Diet, des Sc. Nat.
vol. xviii. (1820), as occurring in S. Europe.

The next to notice it is Prof. Ch. Stephanus Zerapha, a con-
temporary of Giacinto's in Malta, who published his 'Florae
Melitensis Thesaurus ' in 1827.

It appears to have probably arrived in Egypt about that time,
as Youssouf Effendy is known to have introduced the Mandarine
orange from Malta about 1820. It only occurs, at the present
time, in the orange-gardens of Cairo and Esneh.

The above facts would seem to hint at the probability of Malta
havino- been the original source of its diftusion ; and the follow-
ing facts will, I think, establish it.

"We have it on the authority of Zerapha that his contemporary,
Dr. Giacinto, brought the individual plant from the Cape of
Good Hope, which is spoken of as having been cultivated in
Malta in 1806, for the information of his pupils ; and Maltese
botanists of a later date attribute the spread of it over the island,
at least, to this source. Thus J. C. Grech Delicata says of
Oxalis cernua,the " Haxixa ta I'Englisi," or the " English weed,"
as the Maltese now call it, in his ' Flora Melitensis,' p. 8 (1853) : —
" In campis et agris ubique. Indigena facta ab anno 1811."

That the subsequent general diffusion has had its origin in
Malta appears to be satisfactorily proved by the structure of the
plant itself. This species of Oxalis is naturally trimorphic at
the Cape, as dried specimens in the Kew Herbarium and that of
the Natural History Museum fully testify, examples of all
three forms, as well as of half-ripe fruiting plants, being pre-
served. On the other hand, it has never been known to bear
fruit in the northern hemisphere ; the flowers, with their pedicels,
after expansion disarticulate, leaving scars on the peduncle.
Moreover, the short-styled form is the only one described as
occurring anywhere around the Mediterranean. This is certainly
the only one in Malta, as I can myself testify from numerous
examinations of plants from all parts of the island.

* A copy of this work is in the public library at Valletta ; and I take this
opportunity of thanking Dr. A. Oaruana Gratto for kindly making researches for
me among the publications therein contained.

LINNEA.N SOCIETY OF LONDON. 33

Prof. Viviani thus describes it in his ' Florae Libycae Specimen,
sive plantarum enumeratio, Cyrenaicam, Peutapolim, Magaae
Syrteos desertuin et regionem Tripolitanam incolentium ' —
" Oxalis libyca, iu pratis Cyrenaicae . . . Capsulam maturam n:on
vidi." He gives a full description as well as a plate (No. XIII.).
Tlie double form also occurs, as it does iu Malta and the Cape, &c.

Of more modern writers, Moris, Fl. Sard. i. p. 363 (1837-
1843), speaks of it as growing in Sardinia ; and Munby mentions
it as growing iu Algeria in 1847.

Prof. F. Parlatore (1848), in his ' Flora Italiana,' describes it
as growing at Castagno, near Naples, in the greater part of
Sicily, in Corsica and Malta, as well as in Zante, near Smj-rna,
in Egypt and Algeria. In his description he says : — " Stylis dis-
tinctis, fere horizontalibus, capsula . . . seminibus . . .," stating
that he has never seen the fruit.

Mr. John Ball described this species in 1878 under the name
O. sericea (" Spicilegium Florae Maroccanae," Journ. Linn. Soc,
Bot. vol. xvi. p. 388), and alludes to the three supposed species —
O. sericea., L. fil. ; O. cernua, Thunb. ; and O. compressa, Jacq. —
as being only one, inasmuch as these three are but the short-
styled, mid-styled, and long-styled forms. Since he records the
plant himself as O. sericea, this implies that it is the short-styled.
form which grows near the city of Tangier. It often occurs
there also as double. Mr. Ball quotes the distribution given
above, and adds : — " in iusulis Canariensibus *, Madeira ... in
agro Tingitano et alibi in Africa boreali."

The last to allude to it, that I am aware of, are Aschersou and
Schweiiif urth. In the list of plants of " Middle North Africa "
(' Kufra,' p. 513, 1881), the former describes it as growing in
Cyrenaica, and regards it as a remarkable fact in geographical
botany that this species should have two sources ; for he appears
to regard it as indigenous t. In their 'Illustration de la Flore
d'Egypte ' (1889), these joint authors simply record it as
naturalized at Cairo and Esneh.

* It does not appear to have reached the Canaries before the year 1840 ; for
it is not mentioned by Webb and Berthelot in their ' Histoire Naturelle des
lies Canaries.' According to Lowe only the double form is found at Madeira
(' Manual of the Flora of Madeira, &c.' p. 100). The source of it in these
islands was probably direct from the Cape of Good Hope itself, and quite in-
dependently of the Maltese origin.

In De Candolle's ' Prodromus,' vol. i. p. 696, Oxalis cermia is described
" stylis brevissimis," which seems to imply that this author also only knew of
the short styled form.

Mr. N. E. Brown informs me that, contrary to Mr. Ball's views given above,
" 0. cernua, 0. sericea, and 0. compressa are three distinct species, and not
sexual forms of one species, and each is heterostyled."

t " Das Vorkommen dieser Cappflanze, welche seit mehrern Decennien auf
Culturboden des Mittelmeergebietes sich vielfach eingebiirgert hat (ich sah sie
in Sardinien, Unter- und selbst Oberagypten zu Esneh II), an ofFenbar urspriing-
lichen Fundorten unsers Gebietes ist eiue pflanzengeograpbisch sehr merk-
wiirdige Thatsache, da derartige Uebereinstimmungen zwischen Nord- und
Siidafrika selteu sind."

LINX. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1890-91. d

34

PROCEEDINGS OP THE

Having had an opportunity of examining Oxalis cernua in the
Maltese Islands in 1890 — as it is most abundant in Malta and
Gozo, but does not occur in Salmoue — -and again in Egypt in
1891, since it flowers from November to April, I found, as stated,
that the single form was invariably short-styled, the double form
beino- common in Malta, but not nearly to the same extent as
the single. Neither kind bears any fruit either in Malta or
Egypt as far as I could discover.

The last place where 1 have seen it is Cannes, in 1892. I am
informed by Dr. Battersby, of that town, that it has apparently
decreased of late years. A single plant in the garden of M. A.
Constant at Grolf Juan was accidentally introduced with some
palms, but from what locality it was not known. It was the
short-styled form, as usual. It is not mentioned in M. A. Eisso's
'Flore de Nice,' 1844.; but M. Ardoino, in his ' Elore du De-
partement des Alpes-Maritimes,' 1879, says : — " Cette plaute du
Cap de Bonne-Esperauce que j'avais souvent remarquee dans les
sentiers pierreux autour de Monaco, et qui me paraissait echappee
des jardius, vient d'etre retrouv ee a Meiiton, a A'"illefrauche, a Nice
et a Cannes. EUe est en train de se naturaliser chez nous."

In the Botanic Garden attached to the School of Medicine in
Cairo, I found Oxalis cernua cultivated in a pot, and a stray
plant was growijig in the garden. These two plants, however,
were the long-styled form, and not short-styled, as all those I
found in the orange-gardens in Cairo proved to be, and were
doubtless introduced from Malta. Hence it would seem that
while one plant was originally introduced from the Cape into
Malta about 1806, another has comparatively recently been in-
troduced from the same source into Cairo, whether accidentally
with Cape plants or intentionally the present Director could not
tell me.

The conclusion, therefore, seems to be convincing that, as the
same features, as far as botanists have recorded their observations,
appear to be characteristic of all the plants growing throughout
the Mediterranean region, they have all been derived from the
original individual specimen first brought to Malta by Prof.
Giaciuto at the beginning of this century.

That it should first reach the shores of Africa is only what
would be expected, as the Maltese have long had communication
in trade along the northern coasts *.

As the plant is never known to ripen its fruits in the northern
hemisphere, though it does so at the Cape, where all three forms,
as well as the " double " one, occur, it may be as well to describe the
means by which its extraordinary multiplication takes place, for
in Malta it is ubiquitous. It carpets the roadsides as well as all
the exposed open ground around Valletta, and might be taken at
a distance for turf. It insinuates itself between the loose stones

* The wbole number of plants recoi-ded by Ascherson in Tripoli and
Cyrenaiea is 917. Of these there are 217 wild plants common with Malta.

LINTTEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 35

of whicli all the walla iu Malta are composed, and appears at the
surface like a green fringe around each stone. It covers the tops
of the -R-alls in many places, as well as the lofty fortifications.
It not only forms luxuriant borders to the fields, but invades
the cultivated soil ; so that when, as is too often the case, the
weeds are not uprooted, a field will look as yellow as an English
meadow with buttercups. It is propagated entirely by bulbs.
If a large plant be dug up in January, growing, we will say,
amongst loose stony debris, it will be found to possess a long
tapering s^ewj *, throwing off thread-like lateral roots, and bearing
minute leaf-scales with small wliite bulbils at intervals, as well as
several larger ones at the crown below the cluster of leaves. The
fine thread-like rhizome extends downwards, sometimes to a
depth of more than a foot, and proceeds from a bulb of the
previous season, from which this vertical subterranean stem has
grown upwards. This bulb has outer, brown scales. Sometimes
there are two bulbs, connected by the stem, included within the
scales. The bulb itself consists of very thick scales, one over-
lapping the other, a cross-section of a scale having a crescent
shape. In many instances, when the plant grows as above, the
stem proceeds further downwards like a thread ; but after a
certain distance it suddenly increases in diameter, forming a
short rod-like structure about 1| to 2 inches long, with a bulb at
the end. This explains how it is enabled to reach great depths,
from which new plants arise in a subsequent season. On the
other hand, the great length of the subterranean stem explains
how the plant is enabled, so to say, to " climb up " between the
stones of the walls, thus accounting for the green fringe which is
often seen all round the stones in the lower part of the walls in
Malta.

Besides the bulbs thus formed in a vertical line, at all depths,
the oxalis often produces runners above-ground. They only
occur, however, on luxuriant plants, such as those growing by
the watercourse in the A\'^ied Encita, or in the rubbly ground
within the ditches of the fortifications, &c., or, again, iu the rich
soil of the orange-gardens at Cairo. The runners, however, do
not root like those of strawberries, but produce bulbs at the
nodes, so that a number of young plants can be produced at a
short distance from the site of the pai'ent plant.

It afl'ords certainly one of the most extraordinary instances of
a very extensive muUiplication, and that solely by the vegetative
system, indicating the tact that the assumption that intercrossing
of flowers by fertilization is necessary to ensure vigour is totally
unfounded f. It might be thought that, as it is only the short-
styled form which exists, the pollen might readily fall upon and
pollinate the stigmas, thus assuring at least self-fertilization. It
undoubtedly does fall down upon them, as there are ten anthers

* Not roof, as described by Mr. Ball, l. c.

t Just as is the case with Elodea canadensis iu this country.

d2

36 PBOCEEDHiTGS OF THE

well filled witli pollen, wliicli stand above the stigmas ; but
whether the latter be perfect or not has not been examined.
At all events, seed is never set, so it is practically impotent.

The double form is very common, though not to the same
extent, in Malta, and, as mentioned above, it occurs in N. Africa
as well as in the Atlantic Islands. It often has rather smaller
leaves, but I do not think this can be relied upon as a fixed
character ; the petals are sometimes more than fifty in number,
and are of an orange-yellow in colour, those of the ordinary form
being a golden yellow.

It may be added that the tendency to produce bulbs is to
some extent dependent on the growth of the plant. The gene-
rally infertile calcareous ground of Malta, where it grows by the
roadsides, &c., tends to induce the formation of bulbs, for they
are much fewer on a plant which grows luxuriantly, when it
spends its energies in the development of flowers and foliage.
Thus, in the orange-gardens of Cairo it does not spread as in
Malta, but the individual plants grow to a great size.

As an illustration of the production of bulbs under a check to
vitality, I may add that when specimens are being pressed for a
herbarium, a quantity of bulbs are always formed at the same
time at the crown of the vertical rhizome ; the vital energy, being
checked above, now expends itself in the formation of bulbs until
the whole plant is dead.

A final word on Oxalis corniculata, L. This species is very
widespread, and botanists of the last century ofteu allude to its
extension in the Mediterranean regions. It is a native of Malta,
but at the present time only to be found in gardens. It was
the opinion of the late Dr. Gulia, Professor of Botany in the Uni-
versity of Malta, that Oxalis cernua had driven it away from the
open ground. In Cairo, 0. corniculata is abundant in the
Esbekiyeh public gardens, where it occupies large patches in the
" turf," the latter being principally composed of Cyperus roiundus
and Lippia nodifiora, which it appears to displace. In the botanic
garden at Cairo, the two species were actually growing inter-
mixed as intruders in a border, and 0. cernua was certainly
overwhelming the 0. corniculata.

COKRECTION.

Dr. Eobert Brown, F.L.S,, writes with reference to the bust
ofLinnsDus mentioned in the Proceedings for 1887-88, p. 105,
and 1888-90, p. 27, as follows :—

" It seems to have been executed by a Danish sculptor named
Prior, though under what circumstances has still to be learnt.
If my information be correct, the bust was never actually cut in
marble, nor cast in bronze. It never went beyond the plaster, and
as Prior died within my memory, the portrait, which by all
accounts is a good one, must have been a composition from

paintings, engravings, or other busts and statues At all

events, Thorwaldsen had nothing to do with it."

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON 37

DoKATIOIfS TO LiBEAET, 1890-91.

Volumes and more important Pamphlets, exclusive of exchanges,
chiefly from private individuals.

Agardh, Prof. J. G. Nya bidrag till Algernes svstematik. Afdel vi. 4to.

Lund, 1890. " Author.

Alberg, A. The Floral King: a Life of Linnsua. 8vo. Lond., 1888.

W. Carruthers.
Allman. Q-. J. Report on the Hydroida collected during the Exploration of

the Q-ulf Stream by L. F. De Pourtales. 8vo. Cambridge, 1877.

Sir John Lubbock.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 6 ser. Vols, v., vi. Svo. Loud.,

1890. Dr. W. Francis.

Annual Report on the Public Gardens and Plantations of Jain;iiea for 1889.

fol., Jamaica, 1890. W. Fawcett.

Bagnall. J. E. The Flora ofWarwickshire. Svo. Lond., 1891. Author.
Bailey, F. M. A Synopsis of the Queensland Flora ; containing both the

Phjenogamous and Cryptogamous Plants. 3rd Supplement. Svo. Brisbane,

1890. Author.
. Catalogue of the Indigenous and Naturalized Plants of Queensland.

8to. Brisbane, 1890. Author.
. Contributions to the Queensland Flora. Nos. 1, 2. Svo. Brisbane,

1890-91. Author.

Batters, E. A. L. A List of the Marine Algae of Berwick-on-Tweed. Svo.

Alnwick, 1889. Author.

Bertoloni, A. Eariorum Italiae Plantarum Decas Tertia. Accedit Specimen

Zoophytorum Portus Lun:¥. 8vo. Pisis, 1810. The late J. Ball.

Besser, Dr. W. 0. J. G. Primitiae Florae Galiciae Austriacae Utriusque. Pars

1 & 2. 12mo. Viennae, 18u9. The late J. Ball.

BluflF, M. J., et Fingerhuth, C. A. Compendium Florae Germaniae. Sectio I.

Plantae phanerogamicae seu vasciilosae. Editio altera. Tomi 2. 12mo.

Norimbergae, lS3(>-38. The late J. Ball.

Blume, Dr. C. L. Enumeratio Plantarum Javae et Insularum Adjacentium.

Fasc. i., ii. Svo. Lugduni Batavorum, 1827-28. The late J. Ball.

Boerlage, Dr. J. G. Handleiding tot de kenniss der flora van Nederlandsch

Indie. P Deel, 2« stuk. Svo. Leiden, 1890.

Govt, of the Netherlands.
Boissier, Dr. E., mid Dr. E. Buhse. Aufzaehlung der auf einer Eeise durch

Transkaukasien und Persien ge.sammelten Pflanr.en. 4to. Moscaii, 1861).

The l?.te J. Ball.
Boletina da Sociedade Broteriana. Vol. rii., fasc. 4; to!, viii. fasc. 1, 2. 4to.

Coimbra, 1889-90. Prot. J. A. Henriques.

Botanical Exchange Club of the British Isles. Report for 1889. Svo. Man-
chester, 1890. Chas. Bailey.
Bovell, J. R. Report of the Results obtained on the Experimental Fields at

Dodds Reformatory, Barbados, for 1886-90. fol. Bridgetown, 1889-90.

Author.
Braithwaite, Dr. R. The British Moss-Flora. Part 13. Svo. Lond., 1,^90.

Author.
Brazier, J. (1) MoUusca trawled off Merimbula, New South Wales; (2)

Trochidffi and other Genera of South Australia, with their Synonyms. Svo.

Sydney, 1889. — (3) Notes and Critical Remarks on a Donation of SLells sent

to the Museum of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Svo. Edinb., 1889. Author.

38 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

Buckton, G. Bowdler. Monograph of the British Cicadiclge or Tettigid^e. Part 3.

8vo. Lond., 1890. Author.

Bunge, A. Plantas Abichianas ia itineribus per Caucasum Eegionesque Trans-

caucasicas Collectas. 4to. St. Petersburg, 1858. The late J. Ball.

Burnat, E., et Gremli, A. Les Roses des Alpes Maritimes. 8vo. Geneve et

Bale, 1879. The late J. Ball.

Caddy, Mrs. Florence. Through the Fields with Linnteus. 2 toIs. Bvo.

Lend., 1887. W. Carruthers.

Candolle, Casimir de. Eecherches sur les Inflorescences Epiphylles. 4to.

Geneve, 1890. Author.

Caruel, Prof. T. Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano. Vol. xxii. 8to. Firenze,

1890. T. Caruel.

Collingwood, C. Instinct and Eeason. 8vo. Lond., 1889. Author.

Cohneiro, Dr. M. Eesumen de los Datos Estadisticos concernientes a la

Vegetacion Espontanea de la Peninsula Hispano-Lusitana e Islas Baleares.

8vo. Madrid, 1890. Author.

Cosson, E. Compendium Flora Atlanticte. 8vo. Paris, 1881-87.

The late J. Ball.
— — . lUustrationes Florte Atlantic^. 4to. Paris, 1882-88.

The late J. Ball.
Courmelles, Dr. F. de. Les Facultes Mentales des Animaux. 8to. Paris,

1890. J. E. Harting.

Cowan, T. W. The Honey- Bee : its Natural History, Anatomy, and Pliysiologj.

8vo. Lond., 1890. ' Author.

Dawson, Sir J. William. On Fossil Plants from the Similkameen Valley and

other places of the Southern Interior of British Columbia. 4to. Montreal,

1890. Author.
Dede, J. The English Botanist's Pocket Companion. 8vo. Loud., 1809.

Roy. Astron. Soc.
Devaux, H. Du Mecanisme des Echanges Gazeux chez les Plantes Aquatiques.

8vo. Paris, 1889. Sir John Lubbock.

Distant, W. L. A Monograph of Oriental Cicadidie. Part 3. 4to. Lond.

& Calcutta, 1890. Trustees Ind. Mus.

Druery, Chas. T. Choice British Ferns : their Varieties and Culture. 8vo.

Lond., 1889. Author.

Dymock, W., C. J. H. Warden, and D. Hooper. Pharmaeographia Indica.

Parts 3 and 4. 8vo. Lond., Bombay, and Calcutta, 1890-91. Authors.
Entomologist. Vol. xxiii. 8vo. Lond., 1890. T. P. Newman.

Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Vol. xxvi. Bvo. Lond.. 1890. Editors.
Entomologist's Record. Vol. i., Nos. 4-12. 8vo. Lond., 1890-91. Editor.
Essex Naturalist. Vol. iv. 8vo. Buckhurst Hill, 1890. Club.

Fernald, H. T. The Relationships of Arthropods. 8vo. Baltimore, 1890.

Sir John Lubbock.
Ficalho, Conde de. Plantas Uteis da Africa Portugueza. 8vo. Lisboa, 1884.

The late J. Ball.
Fischer, Dr. Ed. Beitrage zur Kenntniss exotischer Pilze. 8vo. Dresden,

1891. Author.
Fleischer, Dr. J. G. Flora der deutschen Ostseeprovinzen Est-, Liv-, und

Kurland. 8vo. Mitau und Leipzig, 1839. The late J. Ball.

Fowler, Rev. Canon. The Coleoptera of the British Islands. Parts 43-49.
8vo. Lond., 1890. F. L. Soper.

Galeb, Osmau Bey. (1) Eecherches sur les Entozoaires des Insectes : Organi-
tation et Developpement des Oxyurides. 8vo. Paris, 1879. — (2) Note sur
le Xystrocera globosa. 8vo. Cairo, 1889. — (3) Note sur I'Organisation et le
Developpement d'une nouvelle Espece d'Entozoaire. 4to. Cairo, 1889.

Prof. G. Henslow.

Garden. Vols, xxxvii., xxxviii. 4to. Lond., 1890. W. Robinson.

Gardeners' Chronicle. 3rd ser.. Vols, vii., viii. 4to. Lond., 1890. Editor.

Giglioli, E. G. Prirao Eesoconto dei Eisultati della inchiesta ornitologica
in Italia. Parte terza ed ultima. Notizie d'indole generale, migrazioni, nidi-
ficazione, aliraentazione, etc. 8vo. Firenze, 1891. Author.

LTNNEAK SOCIETY OF LOXDON. 39

Girod, Dr. P. Les Societes chez les Animaux. 8to. Paris, 1891.

J. E. Harting.

Gobin, A. La Pisciculture en Eaux Salees. Svo. Paris, 1891.

J. E. Harting.

Godwin-Austen, Lieut.-Col. H. IT. Land and Freshwater Mollusea of India.
Parts 1-0. Text 8vo, Plates 4to. Lond., 1882-88. India Office,

Goodcbild, J. G. The Cubital Coverts of the Euoruitbse in Eelution to Taxo-
nomy. 8to. Edinburjjli, ISOO. Author.

Haeckel, Ernst. Phiukton-Studien. 8to. Jena, 1890. Sir John Lubbock.

Hampe, Prof". E. Eiiumeratio Muscoruni hactenus in provinciis Erasilieusibus
Rio de Janeiro et Suo Paulo detectorum. Svo. Havniae, 1879.

The late J. Ball.

Hansen, H. J. En Bidrag til Kundskaben om nogle Familier af isojiode Krebs-
dyr. 4to. Kjobenhavn, 1890. Sir John Lubbock.

Havter, H. H. Victorian Year-Book for 1889-90. Vols, i., ii. Svo. Melbourne,
1'S90. Author.

Heuislev. W. B. Introduction and Appendix to the Flora of Mexico and
Central America. Commentary on the Introduction and Appendix, bv 8ir
J. D. Hooker. 4to. Lond., 1888. The late J. Ball.

Henslow, Rev. Prof. G. The Making of Flowers. 8vo. Lond., 1891.

Author.

Herbich, Dr. F. Flora der Bucovina. Svo. Leipzig, 18o9.

The late J. Ball.

Herdman, W. A. Fourth Annual Report of the Liverpool Marine Biolugic-al
Station on Puffin I.sland. Svo. Liverpool. 1891. Author.

Ilinde, G. J. Notes on the Radiolaria from the Lower Palasozoic Rocks (Llan-
deiloCaradoe) of the South of Scotland. Svo. Lond., 1890. Author.

Hooker, Sir J. D. The Flora of British India. Part 17. Svo. Lond., 1890.

Author.

Hopkinson. John. (1) Reports of the Field Meetings of the Watford and
Hertfordshire Natural History Society in 187.5-87. Svo. Hertf., 1876-88. —
(2) Reports on Phenological Observations in Hertfordshire in 1876-86. Svo.
Hertf, 1878-89. — (3) List of Land and Freshwater Mollusea observed in
Hertfordshire. Svo. Hertf, 1881. — (4) Remarks on the Land Mollusea,
with Reference to their Investigation in Hertfordshire. Svo. Hertf., 1884.
— (5) A Naturalist's Calendar for the South-west of Hertfordshire. Svo.
Hertf., 1889.— (0) List of Birds observed in Hertfordshire during 1888. Svo.
Hertf., 1889. — (7) On Local Scientific Investigation in Connection with
Committees of the British Association. Svo. Hertf., 1890. — (8) Schedule of
Subjects of Local Interest. Svo. Hertf., 1890. J. Hopkinson.

Insect Life. Vol. iii. nos. 1-8. Svo. Washington, 1890 91.

Sir John Lubbock.

Ives, J. E. Echinoderms from the Northern Coast of Yucatan and the Harbor
of Vera Cruz. Svo. Philadelphia, 1890. Author.

Journal of Botany. Vol. xxviii. Svo. Lond., 1890. Jas. Britten.

Kanitz, Prof. A. Le Cardinal Havnald considere comme Botaniste. Svo.
Gaud, 1890. " Author.

Kirby, W. F. On the Employment of the Names proposed for Genera of
Orthoptera previous to 1840. Svo. Dublin, 1890. Author.

Koch, Prof. Dr. Karl. Wochen.schrift des V^ereines zur Beforderung des Gar-
tenbaues in den Koniglich Preussischen Staaten liir Giirtnerei und Pflanzen-
kunde. Jahrg. 12-15. 4to. Berlin. 1869-72. Dr. Maxwell T. Masters,

KoUiker, Prof. A. Zur feineren Anatomie des centralen Nervensystems.
Zweiter Beitrag : Das Riickenmark. Svo. Leipzig, 1890. Author.

Kranzlin, F. Xenia Orchidacea. Band iii. Heft 4. 4to. Leipzig, 1S90.

Author.

Le.squereux, L. Report on the Fossil Plants of the Auriferous Gravel D.posita
of the Sierra Nevada. 4to. Cambridge, 1878. Sir John Lubbock.

Lintner, J. A. 4th and 6th Rejiorts on the Injurious and otlier Insects of the
St;it^ of New York. Svo. Albany, 1888-1890. Sir John Lubbock.

40 PBOCEEDTNaS OF THE

Locard, A. Les Huitres et les Mollusques comestibles. 8vo. Paris, 1890,

J. E. Halting.
Lovell, E. Pambotanologia, or Herball. Svo. Oxford, 1659.

Roy. Astron. Soc.
Lowe, B. J. British Ferns and where found. Svo. Lond., 1891. Author.
MacGillivray, P. H. Descriptions of New or Little-known Polyzoa. Svo.

Melbourne, 1890. Author.

Macoun, J. Catalogue of Canadian Plants. Part 5. Svo. Montreal, 1890.

Author.
Maiden, J. H. Wattles and Wattle-Barks, being Hints on the Conservation and

Cultivation of Wattles, together with Particulars of their Value. Svo. Sydney,

1890.
Man, Dr. J. G. de. Carcinological Studies in the Leyden Museum. Svo.

Leyden, 1890. Author,
. Quatrieme Note sur les Nematodes libres de la mer du Nord et de la

Manche. Svo. Paris, 1890. Author.

Marsh, O. C. The Gigantic Ceratopsidas, or Horned Dinosaurs, of North

America. Svo. New Haven, 1891. Sir John Lubbock.

Martelli, U. Sail' Origine delle Lonicere Italiane. Svo. Firenze, 1891.

Author.
Massara, G. F. Prodromo della Flora Valtellinese, &c. Svo. Sondrio, 1834.

The late J. Ball.
Matheson, R. E. Special Report on Insects, Fungi, and Weeds injurious to

Farm Crops. Svo. Dublin, 1890. Sir John Lubbock.

Maximowicz, C. J. von. (1) Plantae Chinenses Potaninianaj nee non Piasezkianse.

Svo. St. Petersbourg, 1889. — (2) Enumeratio Plantarum hucusque in Mon-
golia nee non adjacente parte Turkestanife Sinensis Lectarum, fasc. 1. 4to.

St. Petersb., 1889. — (3) Flora Tangutica, sive Enumeratio Plantarum Regionis

Tangut (Amdo) Provincia Kansu, nee non Tibetise prtesertim Orientali-

borealis atque Tsaidam. Fasc. 1. 4to. St. Petersb., 1889. Author.

. Diagnoses Plantarum Novarum Asiaticarum. Svo. Petropoli, 1877-83.

The late J. Ball.
Mayr, Dr. Heinr. Monographieder Abietineendes JapanischenReiches. 4to.

Miinchen, 1890. Author.

Meyer, E. H. F. Synop.sis Luzularum Rite Cognitarum. Svo. Gottingse,

1823. The late J. Ball.

Milner, H. E. The Art and Practice of Landscape Gardening. 4to. Lond.,

1S90. ^ Author,

Mivart, Prof. St. George. Introduction Generale a I'Etude de la Nature. 8vo.

Louvain, 1891. Author.

Morandi, J. B. Historia botanica practica, sen Plantarum, quae ad usum medi-

cinse pertinent, nomenclatura, descriptio, et virtutes, &c. fol. Mediolani,

1744. The late J. Ball.

Moritzi, Prof. A. Systematisches Yerzeichniss der von H . Zollinger in den

Jahren 1842-44 auf Java gesammelten Pflanzen, nebst einer Kurzen Beschrcib-

ung der neuen Gattimgen und Arten. Svo. Solathurn, 1845-46.

The late J. Ball.
Mueller, Baron Ferd. von. Iconography of Australian Salsolaceous Plants.

Decade 1-6. 4to. Melbourne, 1889-90. Author.

Nolte, Dr. E. F. Noviti£e Florae Holsaticse, sive Supplementum Alterum Pri-

mitiarum Florae Holsaticse G. H. Weberi. Svo. Kilonii, 1826.

The late J. Ball.
Pascoe, F. P. The Darwiniari Theory of the Origin of Species. Svo. Lond.,

1890. Author.
. A Summary of the Darwinian Theoi-y of the Origin of Species. Svo.

Lond., 1891. Author.

Pearsm, W. H. List of Canadian Hepaticae. Svo. Montreal, 1890.

J. Macoun.
Perez J, La Theorie de Dzierzon. Svo. Bordeaux, 1880.

Sir John Lubbock.

LIKNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDOJT. 4 1

Perrin, G. S. Report upon the State Forests of Victoria, fol. Melbourne,
1890. Author.

Philippi, Dr. R. Florida Atacamensis, seu Enumeratio Plantarum, quas in
itinera per Desertum Atacamense Observatarum. 4to. Hsilis Saxonum, 18(iO.

The late J. Ball.

Pierre, L. Flore Forestiere de la Cochinchine. Fasc. 14, 15. fol. Paris, 18'JO.

Govt, of France.

Plateau, Prof. Felix. Les Myriopodes Marin.s et la Resistance des Arthropodes
a Respiration Aerienne a la Submersion. 8vo. Paris, 1890. Author.

Post, Dr. G. E. PlautJE Postiaure. Fasc. 1, 2. 8vo. Lausanne, 1890-91.

Author.

Presl, C. B. Cyperacea; et Gramineae Siculse. 8vo. Prague, 1820.

The late J. Ball.

Priem, F. L'Evolution des Animaux avant I'apparition de rhomme. 8vo.
Paris. 1891. J. E. Haxting.

Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada. Vol. vii. 4to.
Montreal, 1890. Society.

Ranisiy, E. P. Catalogue of the Australian Birds in the Australian Museum
at Sydney, N.S.W. Part ii. supplement iii. 8vo. Sydney, 1890-91.

Trustees Austral. Mus.

I Rev. S. T. Dictionary of the Language of the Micmac Indians. 4to.

Halifax, N.S.. 1888. Dominion of Canada.

Records of the Australian Museum. Vol. i. nos. 4, 5. 8vo. Sydney, 18'.'t».

Trustees Austi-cil. Mus.

Reid, Clement. The Pliocene Deposits of Bi'itain. 8vo. Lond., 1890.

Author.

Report of the Australian Museum for 1890. fol. Sydney, 1891. Trustees.

Report of the Botanical Exchange Club of the British Isles for 1889. 8vo.
Manchester, 1890. Chas. Bailey.

Report of the British Association (Leeds), 1890. 8vo. Lond., 1891.

Council Brit. Assoc.

Report on the Government Botanical Gardens and Parks for the year 1888-89.
fol. Mysore, 1890. J. Cameron.

Report on Government Botanical Gardens at Saharanpur and Mussooree for
1890. fol. Allahabad, 1890. Govt, of India.

Report of the Government Central Museum, Madras, for 1889-90. fol.
Madras, 1890. Govt, of Madras.

Report on the Horticultural Gardens, Lucknow, for 1890. fol. Lucknow, 1890.

Govt, of India.

Report on the Natal Forests, fol. Natal, 1889. Col. J. H. Bowker.

Reports of the Forest Department, Bombay Presidency, including Sind, for
1889-90. fol. Bombay, 1891. Govt, of India.

Reports of the Forest Department, Madras Presidency, 1889-90. fol. Madras,
1890. Govt, of Madras.

Richardson, Dr. B. W. The Asclepiad. Vol. vii. 8vo. Lond., 1890.

Author.

Ridley, H. N. Annual Report on the Botanic Gardens and Forest Depart-
ment, for 1890. fol. Singapore, 1891. Author.

. (1) The BurmanniaceK of the Malay Peninsula. 8vo. — (2) On the So-
called Tiger's Milk, " Susu Rimau " of the Malays. 8vo. — (3) On the Habits
of the Caringa {Formica gracilipcs, Grav). 8vo. Author.

Risso, A. Flore de Nice. Svo. Nu-c, 1844. The late J. Ball.

Rochel, A. Planta; Banatus rariores icouibus et descriptionibus illustrate.
Prsemisso tractatu phytogeographico et subnexis additamentis in termino-
logiam botanicam. fol. Pestini, 1828, Do.

Royal Botanic Society of London. Quarterly Record. Vol. iv. nos. 42-45.
8vo. Lond., 18iKj-9i. Society.

Royal Gardens, Kew. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information. Nos. 4,3-54.
Svo. Lond., 1890-91. Director Roy. Gard.

Retzius, Prof. G. Biologische Untersuchungen. Neue Folge. I. fol. Stock-
holm, 1890. Author.

42 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

Sadler, Dr. Jos. Flora Comitatus Pestiensis. Pars, i., ii. 8vo. Pestini, 1825
-26. The late J. Ball.

Salmon, Dr. W. The English Herbal. Vol. 2. fol. Loncl., 1710-11.

Mrs. Henry Crowley.
Schanht, Dr. Herm. Madeira nnd Tenerife. 8vo. Berlin, 1859.

The late J. Ball.
Schomburgt, Dr. R. Report on the Progress and Condition of the Botanic
Garden, S. Australia, for 1889. fol. Adelaide, 1S90. Author.

Schweinfurth, Gr. Plantse quadam Nilotic^, &e. 4to. Berolini, 18fi2.

The late J. Ball.
Science Grossip. Vol. xxvi. 8vo. Lond., 1890. Editor.

Scottish Naturalist. Nos. xxix -xxxiii. 8vo. Perth, 1890-91.

Prof. J. W. H. Trail.
Shore, Dr. Thos. W. Notes on the Origin of the Liver. 8to. Lond., 1891.

Author.

Smitt, F. A. Kritisk forteckning ofver Skandinaviens Hafs-Brj'ozoer. 8vo.

Stoc-kbohn, 1866-68. Sir John Lubbock.

Sprengel, K. Neue Entdeckungen im ganzen Umfang der Pflanzeukunde.

Band i.-iii. 8vo. Leipzig, 1820-22. The late J, Ball.

Stirling, Jas. Notes on the Hydrology of the Mitta Mitta, with reference to

the Topography and Geology of the Watershed Area. 8vo. Melbourne,

1890. Author.
Stos.sich, Prof. M. (1) Elminti della Croazia. 8vo. Zagreb, 1890.— (2)

Elminti Veneti raccolti dal Dr. A. Cunte de Ninni. 8vo. Trieste, 1S91. —

(3) II Genere Bhpharagus, Dujardiu. 8vo. Trieste, 1891. Author.

Studies i'rom the Museum of Zoology in University College, Dundee. Edited

by Prof. D'Arcy W. ThomiDson. Vol. i. nos. 7-12. 4to. Dundee, 1890.

Editor.
Taylor, A. J. Notes on Tasmanian Mosses, for Young Students. 8vo. Hobart,

1886. Author.

Thornton, R. J. Elements of Botany. Vol.2. 8vo. Lond., 1812.

Roy. Astron. Soc.
Timehri. Vol. i. 8vo. Domerara, 1882. W. Carruthers.

Tiniehri. New Series, vol. iv. 8vo. Demerara, 1890. J. J. Quelch.

Tournefort, J. P. Institutiones Rei Herbariae. Tomi 1-3. 4to. Paris, 1700.

Roy. Astron. Soc.
Tozzetti, O. Targ. Istituzioni Botaniche. 3rd ed. Tomi i.-iii. 8vo. Fi-

renze, 1813. The late J. Ball.

Transactions of the CrvjJtogamic Society of Scotland for 1890. 8vo. Perth,

1891. " Prof. J. W. H. Trail.
Transactions of the Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club.

Vol. vl. parts 1-3. 8ro. Lond.. 1890. Society.

Transactions of the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society. Vol. ii.

parts 4-7. 8to. Leicester, 1890-91. Society.

Trouessart, Dr. La Geographic Zoolugique. 8to. Paris, 1890.

J. E. Harting.
Veitch & Sons, Jas. A Manual of Orchidaceous Plants. Part7. 8vo. Lond.,

1891. Jas. Veitch.

Verlot, J. B. Catalogue Raisonne des Plantes Vascnlaires du Dauphine. 8vo.

Grenoble, 1872. The late J. Ball.

Verrall, G. H. A List of British Diptera. 4to. Lond., 1888.

Sir John Lubbock.
Verson, E., ed E. Bisson. Cellule Glandular! Ipostignmtiche nel Bomhyx

Mori. VI. 8vo. Padova, 1891. Authors.

Wade, W. Essay on Sallows. 8vo. Dublin, 1811. Roy. Dublin Soc.

Wagner, W. La Mue des Araign^es. 8vo. Paris, 1888.

Sir John Lubbock.
Walker, A. O. Report on the Higher Crustacea of Liverpool Bay taken in

1889. 8vo. Liverpool, 1890. Author.

Warming, Eug. Podostemaceee. 8vo. Leipzig, 1890. Author.

LINNEAIT SOCIETY OF LONDON. 43

Watson, S. (1) Miscellaneous Notes upon North- American Plants, chiefly of

the United States, with descriptions of New Species; (2) Descriptions of

New Species of Plants, from Northern Mexico, collected chiefly by JMr. C. G-.

Pringle, in 1888 and ISS'.l 8vo. Boston, 18'.»l». Author.

Watt, Ct. a Dictionary of the Economic Products of India. Vols. iii. and iv.

8to. Lond. and Calcutta, 1890. India Office.

Williams, F. N. The Pinks of Central Europe. 8?o. Lond., 18'JU.

Author.
Willkomm, M., et Job. Lange. Prodromus Florae Hispaniose. 3 vols. 8vo.

Stuitgartise, 18f>l-1880. The late J. Ball.

Wilson, J. The Mucilage and other Glands of the Plumbagineae. 8vo. Lond ,

1890. Author.

Wimmer, K., et H. Grabowski. Flora Silesiie. A''ol. 2. Svo. VratislaviiB

1827-29. The late J. Ball.

Wood-Mason, J. A Catalogue of the Mantodea. No. 2. 8ro. Calcutta, IS'.ll.

Trustees Ind. Mus.

Donation in aid of Publications.
1890. £ s. J.

Nov. 6. CoLLETT, Brig.-General H. Contribution
towards publitihing h pa])er on a Col-
lection of Plants from Upper Burma
aud the Shan States 50 0 0

I

PEOCEEDINGS

OF TEE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(SESSION 1891-92.)

November 5tli, 1891.

Prof. Chables Stewart, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. "William Lindsay Brown was elected a Fellow.

On behalf of a number of subscribers, Mr. Carruthers pre-
sented to the Society a half-length portrait in oils of Sir John
Lubbock, Bart., M.P., P.O., F.E.S., a former President, painted
by Mr. Leslie Ward, and the remarks which he made on the
services rendered to biological science by Sir John Lubbock
drew from the latter a grateful acknowledgment of the honour
conferred upon him.

Mr. E. M. Holmes showed some new Marine Algae from the
Ayrshire coast.

Mr. J. C. Grenfel showed some Diatoms with pseudopodia,
illustrating his remarks with diagrams.

The President exhibited and made some observations on a
tooth of the Walrus, which illustrated by the varying attrition
of its surface the successive periods of growth.

Mr. E. V. Sherring called attention to a large series of framed
photographs which had been taken under his direction in
Grenada, and illustrated the general character of the West
Indian Flora, as well as the physical features of that particular
island.

Mr. J. E. Harting exhibited a specimea of Wilson's Petrel,

46 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE

whicli had been picked up in an exhausted state in the County
Down on the 2nd October last, and had been forwarded for in-
spection by Mr. E. Patterson, of Belfast. Mr. Harting gave
some account of the species, and remarked upon the unusual
number of Petrels, Shearwaters, Skuas, and other marine birds
which had been driven inland to considerable distances by recent
gales.

The following paper was then read: —

1. " A Theory of Heredity based on Force instead of a special
form of Matter." By the Kev. Prof. Heuslow, M.A., F.L.S.

November 19th, 1891.

Prof. Chaeles Stewart, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting w^ere read and confirmed.

Mr. Samuel Jennings exhibited a collection of Wild Flowers
made by him in a recent tour through the Eocky Mountains,
California, and Mexico.

Prof. G. B. Howes exhibited some dissections of Fish Crania
made by his pupil Mr. E.. Burne, B.A., in whicb the parts of the
skeleton were so displayed that they might be studied in relation
to the rest of the head and to the leading cranial nerves.

Mr. Edgar F. Cooper exhibited specimens of a new variety of
Fotamogeton from Loughborough, lately described and figured
bv Mr. Alfred Fryer (Journ. Bot., Oct. 1891).

Mr. A. W. Bennett exhibited and made remarks upon some
specimens of Hydrodictyon utriculatiim, Eoth {H. reticuJatum,
De Toui), and some drawings of anomalous Cypri^ediuin and Disa.

The following papers were read • —

1. " Notes on the original Portraits of Linnaeus made during a
recent visit to Sweden." By "William Carruthers, F.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " On a new Fossil Plant from the Lower Coal-measures."
By Thomas Hick. (Communicated by William Carrutbers,
F.E.S., F.L.S.)

December 3rd, 1891.

Prof. Chaeles Stewaet, President, in tbe Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Messrs. William Henry Blaber, Walter Scott Campbell, Charles
Frost, James Keys, Thomas Morris Macknight, Albert Molineus,
William Henry Williams Stracban, Henry Herbert Suther-
land, and His Excellency Sir Walter Joseph Sendall were
elected Fellows.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 47

The Meeting having been declared special for the election of a
Councillor in the place of Dr. P. II. Carpenter, deceased, the
President announced that the Ballot would be taken to fill the
vacaucy thus caused, and would reuiaiu open till nine o'clock.

The President exhibited a series of specimens of a South-
American Beetle, showing the extremes of variation of colour
observable within the limits of a single species. He further ex-
hibited a remarkable instance of protective mimicry in another
species of beetle.

Mr. J. E. Harting exhibited a photograph of an abnorm:dly
situated nest of the Chimney Swallow {Hirundo rustica), which
had been built for the second time on a swinging hook in an
outhouse, and made some remarks on three recorded cases of
Swallows nesting in trees, a most unusual habit.

The President announced the recent Bequest to the Society by
the late Sir George MacLeay, K.C.M.Gr., of a marble bust of his
father, the late Dr. William Sharp MacLeay, formerly a Fellow
and Vice-President of the Society.

The following papers were then read : —

1. " A Contribution to the Freshwater Algge of the "West of
Ireland." Bv W. West, F.L.S.

2. " The Tick Pest in Jamaica." By Dr. W. H. W. Strachan.
(Communicated by W. F. Kirby, F.L.S.)

The Ballot for a Member of the Council having been closed,
the President appointed Mr. Charles Jas. Breese, Mr. Thomas
Christy, and Mr. Arthur Bennett, Scrutineers, and the votes
having been counted and reported to the President, he declared
Mr. George Brook to be duly elected.

December 17th, 1891.

Prof. Charles Stewart, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. James Rodway was elected a Fellow.

Mr. George Claridge Druce exhibited specimens of Sagina
intima (Don IMS.), var. alpina (Syme), gathered on steep rocky
places on the Cairngorm Mountains, and of lUecebrum verticil-
latum (Linn.), found near Wellington CoUege, Berks.

Dr. E. C. A. Prior exhibited some fruits of the Baobab (Adan-
sonia) and an undetermined species of Palm which had been
sent trom Matabele-land as good to eat, under the misleading
names of "Cream of Tartar Fruit" and " AVild Orange." He
read an extract from Oates'a "Matabele-land," describing the

4$ PEOCKEDINGS OF THE

natural growth and appearance of the Baobab as observed in
that country.

The Hon. W. B. Espeut exhibited some nests of Humming-
birds from Jamaica, and pointed out the variety of materials
used by the same species, though placed in the same tree (a man-
grove), the coloration in some cases being protective, in others
not.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On two new Species of Cumacea from New Zealand." By
G. M. Thomson, F.L.S.

2. " On the Development of the Head of the Imago of Chiro-
nomus." By L. C. Miall, E.L.S., and A. E. Hammond, E.L.S.

January 21st, 1892.

Prof. Charles Stewaet, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of tlie last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Messrs. Benjamin James Austin, Stanley Edwards, and
Erederick Turner were elected Eellows, and Mr. Thomas John
Moore, Curator of the Derby Museum, Liverpool, was elected
an Associate.

On a motion by the President it was unanimously resolved
that an expression of respectful svmpathy should be conveyed to
Her Majesty the Queen and to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, on
the loss sustained by the death of H.E.H. the late Duke of
Clarence and Avondale.

Mr. E. Woodward exhibited microscopic sections illustrating
the development of the teeth in the Marsupialia. He drew
attention to Prof. Kukenthal's recent discovery of supposed rudi-
mentary successors to all the teeth, thus showing that the adult
set of teeth must be regarded as belonging to the first or milk-
series, and not, as generally supposed, to the second or succes-
sional dentition. These statements he was able to confirm for
the incisors and several upper molars o^ DidelpJiys. In the Pha-
langer {TricJiosaurus) no trace of these structures was found in
connection with the molar teeth, but they were present with the
upper incisors. In no case did these rudimentary successional
teeth pass beyond the condition of simple downgrowths from the
enamel organs of the functional teeth.

Mr. J. W. Willis Bund exhibited a supposed hybrid between
the Common and the Eed -legged Partridge, but in the opinion
of Ornithologists present it was regarded as merely a variety of
the former species.

Mr. J. C. Mansel-Pleydell exhibited a pair of malformed horns

LINNEAJI SOCIETY OF LONDON. 49

o£ the Eoebuck found at Whatcombe, Blandford, Dorset, their
peculiar growth resulting from exostosis consequent upon injury
sustained while in the sensitive condition.

Mr. D. Morris communicated some further notes upon the
Tick Pest in Jamaica, upon which an animated discussion took
place.

The following papers were then read : —

1. " On the Development of the Caoutchouc-containing Cells
of Eucommia ulmoides, Oliver." By Frederick Ernest Weiss,
F.L.S.

2. "On the Lichens of Manipur." By Dr. Jean MUller.
(Communicated by W. T. Thiselton Dyer, F.R.S., F.L.S.)

February 4th, 1892.

Prof. Chaeles Stewaet, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

John Rattray, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

The President read a letter from Q-eneral Sir Dighton Probyn,
conveying the thanks of the Prince and Princess of Wales for
the expression of condolence with their Royal Highnesses in
their severe bereavement which had been forwarded by him on
behalf of the Society.

The vacancies on the list of Foreign Members caused by
the deaths of Prof. C. J. von Maximowicz, Prof. Carl G-. von
Nageli, Prof. Joseph Leidy, and Prof . Jean L'Armand de Quatre-
fages having been announced by the President, the following
nominations were made on the recommendation of the Council,
and the Certificates ordered to be suspended : —

Dr. William Grilson Farlow, of Harvard University.

Prof. Carl Eduard Goebel, of Munich.

Prof. Karl Mobius, of Berlin.

Prof. Christopher F. Liitken, of Copenhagen.

Mr. J. E. Harting exhibited Gould's coloured plate of a Hum-
ming-bird (Phaethornis longuemareus), of which species a pair
had made their nest in the drawing-room of Mr. Hamilton, of
Queen's Park, Trinidad. The nest was built in a Palm about
5 feet high, standing in a tub within the room. The first egg
was laid on the 27th December last, the second on December
29th, and a young bird was hatched on January 12tb. The
circumstance was regarded as quite unprecedented, though Mr.
D. Morris was able to quote a case which came under his own
observation in Jamaica, wherein a Humming-bird had built its
nest on the extremity of a saddle-bar in a verandah.

LDW. SOC. PEOCEEDINaS. — SESSION 1891-92. e

5© PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

Mr. Harting also exhibited some life-sized photographs of the
egg-cases of two species o£ Dog Pish (Sci/Uium), and made some
remarks on the mode of deposition and period of incubation as
observed in different aquaria.

The following papers were then read : —

1. "A Monograph of the Genus Biantlus'' By F. N. "Wil-
liams, F.L.S.

2. " On the Sponge-remains in the Lower Tertiary Strata near
Oamaru, Otago, New Zealand." By G. Jennings Hinde, Ph.D.,
and W. Murton Holmes. (Communicated by "W. Percy Sladen,
SecL.S.)

February 18th, 1892.

Prof. Chaeles Stewaet, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Messrs. Charles Chilton, John Humphrys, and Frederick
Arthur Askew Skuse, were elected Fellows.

The President exhibited specimens o£ Gystoccelia ionmaculata,
an Orthopterous insect from Namaqualand, in which the female
is far more highly coloured than the male, and made some
remarks on the stridulating apparatus of the insect. He further
exhibited specimens of ^a Crustacean, Ocypoda ceratopMhalma,
and communicated some interesting information thereon.

The following papers were then read : —

1. " On Bud-protection in Dicotyledons." By Percy Grroom,
B.A., F.L.S.

2. " A Eevision of Colenso's New Zealand Hepaticae." By
Prof. F. Stephani of Munich. (Communicated by W. T. Thiselton
Dyer, F.E.S., F.L.S.)

March 3rd, 1892.
Prof. Chaeles Stewaet, President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

An acknowledgment from the Home Secretary, in reply to the
address of condolence to Her Majesty the Queen on the death
of His Eoyal Highness the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, was
read from the Chair.

The President announced the presentation to the Society by
Sir Joseph Hooker, M.D., K.C.M.G-., of two medallion portraits
of Sir James Eoss and Dr. John Eichardson, whose names were
well known in connection with Arctic exploration. The Medal-

LUrtTEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Jl

lions were executed in 1843 by the late Bernhard Smith. A vote
of thanks to the donor was passed unanimously.

Mr. Clement Eeid exhibited a collection of fossil plants and
seeds which he had found associated with the bones of Ehinoceros
and other Mammals in the neighbourhood of Selsea and West
Wittering. By means of diagrams Mr. Reid showed the exact
position of the bed, and described the condition in which the
various specimens were deposited.

On behalf of ^Ir. W. E. Beckwith, of Shrewsbury, Mr. H.
Seebohm exhibited a specimen of White's T]irnsh{Turdus varius)
which had been shot near Shrewsbury on the 14th January last.
He pointed out that this species, which inhabits Eastern Asia,
belongs to the subgenus Oreocincla, an exclusively eastern group
of Ground Thrushes, and is the only one which is palaearctic and
migratory. It does not breed anywhere west of the Tenesei, and
its occurrence in Europe is accidental. Mr. Seebohm added that
it had been met with twice in Erauce, four times in Italy, three
times in Belgium, once or twice in Austria and Prussia, once in
Korway, thirteen times in Heligoland (between 1827 and 1884),
and about a score of times in the British Islands, including
three occurrences in Ireland and one in the extreme south of
Scotland.

On behalf of Mr. A. Craig-Christie, the Secretary exhibited
some specimens, as was supposed, of Lycopodium complanatum
collected in Scotland, on which it was suggested that the plant
might be regarded as British. In the opinion, however, of Mr.
James Groves, who had carefully examined the specimens, and
of other botanists present, they were referable to L. alpinum.
Mr. Groves pointed out the distinctive characters of both. Mr.
Carruthers was of opinion that L. complajiatum had been met
with in the South of England, but not within the last 10 years.
IVlr. E. M. Holmes was under the impression that he had seen it
growing a few years ago near Stroud.

The following paper was read : —

" On Variations in the Internal Anatomy and especially the
Genital Organs of the GamasincB.'' By Albert D. Michael, F.L.S.

March I7th, 1892.

Prof. Chaeles Stewaet, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. E. M. Holmes exhibited specimens of Phacelocarpus
disciger, a new species of seaweed from Cape Colony, collected
by Dr. Becker near the mouth of the Kowie Eiver. One of the
specimens exhibited bore antheridia, which have not previously

5^ i^BOCEEDINGS OF THE

been described in this genus. The species differs from those
already known in bearing the organs of reproduction on the
surface of the frond instead of on the margin.

Mr. Buxton Shillitoe exhibited and made some remarks upon
the flowers of Leucojum vernum and Selleborus viridis, both
gathered near Lyme Eegis.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Eesisting Vitality of the Spores of Bacillus Mega-
terium to the condition of Dryness." By Allan Peter Swan, F.L.S.

2. " Notes on the Zebras." By S. B. Carlill. (Communicated
by W. Percy Sladen, Sec.L.S.)

April 7th, 1892.

Prof. Chaeles Siewaet, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. Spencer Moore exhibited and made remarks upon some
samples of Mate or Paraguayan Tea recently brought by him
from South America.

Mr. J. Tristram- Valentine exhibited a skin of G-revy's Zebra,
recently brought from Somali-land by Mr. H. D. Merewether,
who had lately purchased it from a caravan arriving from the
southern Dalbahanta country to the S.E. of Berbera. Although
it corresponded in character and disposition of the stripes with
the type specimen from Shoa, and with a skin in the British
Museum from Berbera (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890, p. 413), it differed
in the stripes being brown upon a pale sandy or rufescent
ground, instead of black upon a white ground. It was suggested
that this might be the desert form, the type specimen repre-
senting the mountain form.

Mr. Tristram- Valentine also exhibited horns of Swayne's Har-
tebeest and Clarke's Antelope (both recently described species),
which, like the Zebra-skin, had been recently brought from
Somali-land by Mr. Merewether.

Mr, "W. S. D'Urban exhibited specimens of the Shell Slug
{Testacella Maugei) from Devonshire.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Phenomena concerned in the Production of Forked
and Branched Palms." By D. Morris, F.L.S.

2. " On Grland-like Bodies in the Bryozoa." By A. "W. Waters,
F.L.S.

LIKNEAN SOCIETY OP LOITOON. 53

April 21st, 1892.

Prof. Chaeles Stewaet, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. Henry Groves was elected a Fellow.

The President announced that the following Auditors to
examine the Treasurer's Accounts had been nominated by the
Council, and by show of hands these were unanimously elected : —

-r> ^7 /-, -7 f Dr. John "W. S. Meikleiohn.
For the Council \ ^^^^ j^^^ ^.^.^^ ^^^^^^^^^

V xi -n^ n f Mr. Charles James Breese.
For the FeUoios ^j-^_ ^^^^^ j)_ ^-^^^^^^

An example of an Australian bird {Gymnorhina) was exhibited
on behalf of Mr. TV. Else, Curator of the Torquay Museum. It
had been lately shot near Tor Abbey, Devonshire, after having
been observed all the winter, and had doubtless escaped from
confinement.

On behalf of Mr. Charles Head of Scarborough, two specimens
of the Whiskered Bat {Vespertilio mystacinus) taken in that
neighbourhood were exhibited.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On a Botanical Collection made by Mr. A. E. Pratt in
Western China." By W. Botting Hemsley, E.E.S., A.L.S.

2. " On the Relation of the Acarida to the Arachnida." By
H. M. Bernard. (Communicated by A. D. Michael, F.L.S.)

A Circular from the Italian Botanical Society, inviting botanists
to be present at the forthcoming Botanical International Con-
gress to be held at Genoa in September next, was laid before the
Pellows.

May 5th, 1892.

Prof. Chaeles Stewaet, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Messrs. Charles Arthur Barber, Frederick Enock, and Henry
Power were elected Fellows ; and Prof. WiUiam Gibson Farlow,
Prof. Carl Eduard Goebel, Prof. Karl Mobius, and Prof. Christian
F. LUtken were elected Foreign Members.

On behalf of Mr. Holt, Prof. G. B. Howes exhibited and made
remarks on a very interesting collection of the metamorphosing
larvae of flatfish.

54 PEOCIEDINGS OF THE

Mr. Curtis showed a photograph of sections of the Silver and
Douglas Firs, illustrating the relative rate of growth _in_ trees of
the same age, growing in the same soil, and under similar con-
ditions in all respects, the diameter of the one, Abies Bouglasii,
being nearly double that of the other.

Mr. George Murray exhibited spirit-specimens of AscotJiam-
nion intricatum, an organism described as a Siphoneous Alga,
but ascertained to be identical with an animal, namely Zoo5o;f?'yo;2
pellucidum, Ehrenberg. He also exhibited two specimens of a
Palm {Thrinacc Morrisii, C. H. Wright), peculiar to Anguilla in
the Leeward Islands ; and made remarks as to the results of the
recent Cryptogamic collections made by Mr. W. E. Elliott for the
West India Committee.

Mr. E. M. Holmes exhibited and made some observations on
an abnormal development of the calyx in a Primrose.

The President exhibited and explained a collection of Lepido-
ptera containing several examples of mimicry between protected
forms.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Lichenes Epiphylli Spruceani." By Dr. J. Miiller.
(Communicated by W. T. Tbiselton Dyer, F.E.S., F.L.S.)

2. " Notes on the Saturniidse, with descriptions of some new
Species in the British Museum." By William F. Kirby, F.L.S.

3. " Studies in British Worms."— Parts I. & II. By the Eev.
Hilderic Friend, M.A., F.L.S.

May 24th, 1892.

Anniversary Meeting.

Prof. Chaeles Stewaet, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Dr. John Meiklejohn, on behalf of the Auditors, presented
the Treasurer's Annual Statement of Accounts, duly audited, as
follows, p. 55.

The Secretary read his report of deaths, withdrawals, and
elections, and the condition of the Library, as follows : —

Since the last Anniversary Meeting 27 Fellows have died, or
their deaths been ascertained, viz. : —

ITNTTEAN SOCIETT OP LONDON.

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PEOCEEDINGS OP THE

Prof. Peter Martin Duncan.

Mr. Jolin Shaw.

Mr. Ferdinand Grut.

Mr. David Barclay Chapman.

Sir George MacLeay.

Surg. -Major Arthur Barclay.

Mr. Charles Smith "Wilkinson,

Eev. Percy "Watkins Myles.

Dr. Philip Herbert Carpenter.

Eev. Charles Popham Miles.

Mr. George Rogers.

Prof. Henry Nottidge Moseley.

Mr. Thomas Hyde Hills.

Mr. William Melles.

Dr. Charles Cogswell.
Mr. Thomas Higgins.
Mr. Walter Hood Pitch.
Sir William John MacLeay.
Mr. William Henry Hallett.
Col. James Augustus Grant.
Dr. George Henry Kingsley.
Mr. Henry Walter Bates.
Sir William Bowman.
Capt. William Chimmo.
Lord Arthur John Edward

Eussell.
Mr. Edward Miluer.
Mr. Charles Knight.

Associate.
Mr. Thomas Shearman Ealph.

PoEEiaN Membees.

Prof. Joseph Leidy.

Prof. Jean L'Armand de Quatrefages.

Dr. Sereno Watson.

During the past official year 8 Fellows have withdrawn, viz. : —

Mr. George Thom.
Mr. William Henry Miskin.
Eev. Andrew Johnson.
Hod. P. Stanley Dobson.

Mr. Francis Henry Hill

Guillemard.
Mr. William Cash.
Eev. Canon James Baker.
Mr. Charles Bagge Plowright.

And 20 Fellows, 1 Associate, and 4 Foreign Members have been
elected.

During the past year there have been received as Donations
from private individuals to the Library 52 volumes and 150
pamphlets and separate impressions of memoirs.

From the various Universities, Academies, and Scientific
Societies there have also been received in exchange and otherwise
173 volumes and 82 detached parts, besides 56 volumes and 31
parts obtained by exchange and donations from the editors and
liroprietors of independent periodicals.

The Council, at the recommendation of the Library Committee,
have sanctioned the purchase of 227 volumes and 152 parts of
important works.

The total additions to the Library were therefore 508 volumes
and 415 separate parts.

The foUowiug is the number of books bound during the past
year : — In half-morocco 223 volumes, in half-calf 21 volumes,
in full cloth 91 volumes, in vellum 20 volumes, in buckram

LINNEAJf SOCIETY OF LONDON. 57

7 volumes, in boards or half cloth 10 volumes, rebaeked (half-
morocco and cloth boards) 25 volumes, relabelled 40 volumes.
Total 437 volumes.

Tlie Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing the
elections,

The President opened the business of the day, and the Fellows
present proceeded to ballot for the Council and Ofl&cers.

The Ballot for the Council having been closed, the President
appointed Mr. Henry Trimen, Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, and
Mr. Thomas Christy to be Scrutineers, and the votes having
been counted and reported to the President, he declared the
following Members to be removed from the Council, viz. : —
Mr. Alfred William Bennett, Dr. Eobert Braithwaite, Mr.
George E. M. Murray, Prof. Francis "Wall Oliver, and Dr. David
Sharp. And the f ollovnng to be elected into the Council, viz. : —
Mr. E. A. L. Batters, Mr. William Carruthers, Mr. Herbert
Druce, Mr. Spencer L. M. Moore, and Prof. Dukinfield H. Scott.

The Ballot for the Officers having been closed, the President
nominated the same Scrutineers, and the votes having been
counted and reported, he declared the result as follows : —

President, Prof. Charles Stewart.
Treasurer, Mr. Prank Crisp.
o J • f Mr. B. Daydon Jackson.
^^^'■'^«^^^n Mr. W. Percy Sladen.

The President then delivered the Anniversary Address, as
follows : —

The Peesident's Anniveesaet Addeess.

Amongst living organisms, it is only those which are green from
the presence of chlorophyll, and a few Bacteria, that are capable of
forming the complex substances composing their bodies from
inorganic materials alone. All other creatures are directly or
indirectly dependent on these for some of their food-materials.

Not alone are animals and plants thus largely dependent one
upon another for food, for the importance of insect and, to a certain
extent, of bird agency in conveying pollen for the fertilization
of the seed has long been recognized. Animals also play an
important part in the necessary dispersion of plants, the seeds
and fruits of which are often specially modified by possessing
hooks, barbs, &c., favouring their temporary entanglement
amongst hairs or feathers. Besides the above-mentioned re-
lationships between living things, we find many cases in which
there is a very constant and close association of different forms,
an association which we may, following Van Beneden, con-
veniently divide into three groups, viz. : — 1st, Messmates or
Commensals ; 2nd, Mutualists or Symbiotic forms ; 3rd, Parasites.

58 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

The definition of these groups will, of course, be arbitrary ; tbey
will often shade off into one another, and tlie precise position of
any given example may be difiicult to determine.

I propose to-day to describe a few more or less familiar
instances of Commensal and Symbiotic forms. The term Com-
mensal I apply only to those groups in which one organism, the
self-invited guest, derives advantage from its host without being
injurious to it.

A deep-water hexactinellid sponge, GrateromorpJia Meieri,
shaped like a wine-glass, has its main body three or four inches
long, with its walls exceedingly loose, owing to the great develop-
ment of its canal-system. In almost every example of this
sponge may be found a remarkable worm, Syllis ramosa, which, I
believe, was first described in the Journal of this Society by
Prof. M'Intosh*. "When young, the embryo worm seeks shelter
in the canal-system of the sponge, where it is protected against
its numerous enemies, since the spicules, and sometimes the flesh
also, of sponges is objectionable to most animals. The water-
currents in the sponge bring to the worm the necessary food and
oxygen, so that there is no occasion for it to leave its home. By
a continued process of budding the worm acquires a much-
branched form, the branches extending into the various canals
of the sponge and projecting into the interior of its cup. The
form of the worm is quite incompatible with a free life, but
admirably fits it for its residence.

One of the Polychsetous worms, Eunice phylocorallia, has been
recently described by Miss Buchanan ; it has only been found
associated with a coral, Lopliohelia prolifera. The presence of
the worm in one place amongst the branches of the coral induces
an extension of the coenenchyma around it, forming a tube in
which the worm dwells in safety, deriving additional protection
by the surrounding hard branches of the coral with their stinging
polypes.

Crustacea, like the Annelida, form the favourite prey of many
animals ; we accordingly often find that they seek protection by
associating themselves with some other organism. Thus, in the
well-known instance described by Semper, we find a small crab,
Saplocarcinus marsiipialis, when quite young taking up its
abode in the fork of the branches of a coral, either a species of
Seriatopora or Pocillopora. The coral is stimulated to increased
growth and forms a gall-like structure ; in a cleft at the bottom
of this the crab dwells in security, feeding on such animals as
may wander into the space above, which is enclosed by the over-
arching branches of the coral.

The numerous species of Pergoma (one of the Cirripedia) find
protection by developing each in its own particular coral.

Coronula^ another member of the same group of Crustacea, is
fixed in a very beautiful way to the skin of certain species of
whale, gaining thereby free locomotion.

* Journ, Linn. Soc, Zool. vol. xiv. p. 720.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OV LOIfDON. 59

The small soft-shelled pea-crab, Pinnotlieres, is only found
sheltered in the mantle-cavity of some Lamellib ranch, to •^hich
the ancients tLouglit it acted as a sort o£ watch-dog, by adminis-
tering a nip to give warning of approaching danger.

The genera Pontonia and Jypton, again, are only found similarly
protected in the interior of some animal. Of the latter genus,
Jypton spongicola is only found concealed in the cavity of a
sponge, which it closely resembles in colour and degree of trans-
parency, and has a curious habit o£ making a sharp noise by
snapping its chel», apparently with the object of frightening
away its enemies.

Amongst the LameUibranchiata, Montacuta is found on the
spines of Spatangus, gaining 2:)rotection and free locomotion.
Modiolaria marmorata buries itself in the tough test of an
Ascidian.

Amongst Gastropods are many examples of associated forms
which may probably be considered as instances of Commensalism,
although the nature o£ their food being undetermined, they may
perhaps prove to be parasites, no apparent injury to their hosts
being evident.

Thus Capiilus crijstallinus is often found attached to the under
or actinal surface of the starfish LineJcia multiformis ; Styliger
Turtoni on ouv covimon. P^cTiinus miliaris ; Ampliiperas aciciilaris
on a Gorgonia, Pterogorgia pinnata. It is interesting to notice
that the shell of this Gastropod has a similar purple colour to
the Gorgonia.

To turn now to fish. The various species of Fierasfer are well
known to seek shelter in the interior of sea-cucumbers : thus
F. acus may often be seen in the aquaria at Naples hovering
about Solothuria tuhulosa, and on the slightest alarm plunging
head first through the mouth or anus of the Echinoderm, to
emerge again when its enemy has departed. Stromateus micro-
chirus and the young of many other fish may constantly be found
swimming under the umbrella of the larger Medusae, the urti-
cating nature of their host defending them against their numerous
enemies. Mr. Saville Kent has also called attention to two
species of Amphiprion, viz. A. bicinctus and A. Kenti, which are
only found swimming fi-eely in the digestive cavity of a large sea-
anemone, the first in Discoma Eaddoni, the second in D. Kenti.

We will now turn to some instances of Symbiosis, that is, of
forms associated for mutual advantage. In Lichens we have
familiar examples of such association, the nature of which was
first pointed out by Schwendener, his views being accepted by
most, although still denied by some lichenologists. According
to him the green cells, the gonidia of lichenologists, are algfe
which can live independently, but in the lichen are associated
with a fungus which can only maintain its life by their aid.
Again, the nodes on the roots of the Leguminosae are due to a
fungus by whose aid the higher plant is believed to be able to
avail itself of atmospheric nitrogen.

6o PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

Certain yellow and green cells found in many animals are in
most cases symbiotic algae. The yellow cells (Fhilozon, Greddes ;
Zooxanthella, Lankester) are examples. They are common in
Eadiolaria, in Orhitolites amongst the Eeticularia, and in the
Infusorian Ceratium ; in the Hydroids, Velella and Cassiopeia.
They are also found in a particular variety of AntJiea cereus and
in Gorgonia verrucosa.

Green cells, ZoocJilorella (Brandt), Ghlorella (Beyerinch), are
met with in Stentor, Hydra, Convoluta, &c. For purposes of
mutual advantage we find the alga Struvia delicatula associated
with a Halichondrine sponge ; TrentepoTilia spongopliila with the
sponge Epliydatia fluviatilis. Marchevetia spongioides (a red
alga) is similarly invested and modified in growth by a sponge.

Time will only allow of my mentioning two other instances of
symbiosis between plants and animals. There is the well-known
instance of the plants Myrmecodia and Sydnophytuon, the lower
parts of whose stems are swollen and hollowed out into a series
of intercommunicating chambers which open externally, in the
first instance, near the roots, and afterwards by additional
openings at their sides ; there is thus formed a natural formi-
carium utilized by three species of ant, viz., FJieidole megacephala,
Cremastog aster deformis, and Iridomyrmex cordatus. These ants
defend the plant, and have entirely lost the power of making a
home for themselves.

The bull's-horn acacia, Acacia cornigera, described by Belt, is
a most perfect instance of a plant modified in special relation to
the requirements of ants {Fseudomyrmex hicolor). Honey-glands
on the upper surface of the leaf -stalk supply the ants with food,
which is supplemented by little fruit-like bodies borne on the
extremities of the leaflets, whicb contain oil and granules of
aleurone, the hollow spines at the base of the leaf serving as a
home. It is impossible, within the limits of this Address, to
consider the numerous examples of symbiosis between animals,
of which hundreds of most interesting cases are known.

The Address was illustrated by coloured chalk drawings.

Dr. Eichard C. A. Prior then moved the following resolution,
viz. : — " That the thanks of the Society be given to the President
for his excellent Address, and that he be requested to allow it to
be printed." This, having been seconded by Mr. John Jenner
Weir, was carried unanimously.

The obituaries of deceased Members were then laid before the
Meeting by the Senior Secretary.

Obituabt Notices.

Bt the death of Aethue Baeclat at Simla on the 2nd August
last, this Society has lost one of its youngest Members and most
zealous workers. He was born at Edinburgh, 3rd August, 1852,

LINNEAK SOCIETY OP LONDON. 6t

and studied at the Universities of Edinburgh and G-lasgow, at
which latter he gained the Gold Medal for Botany in 1871. At
Glasgow he graduated three years later, and then pursued further
studies at "Wiirzburg, in 1875 entering the Indian Medical Service,
next as civil surgeon at Jessore, but gave this up on being ap-
pointed Professor of Physiology at the Medical College, Calcutta.
At the time of his death he was Secretary to the Surgeon-General
and Sanitary Commissioner, and had but just concluded his
travels with the Leprosy Commission, of which he was Secretary.

The memoirs he published are to be found in the Scientific
Memoirs of the Medical Officers of the Army of India, in the
' Journal of Botany,' and, perhaps the most important of all,
in our own Transactions.

He was elected Fellow in 1890 ; and the papers from his pen
already alluded to gave promise of a career of great activity and
research, which his unlooked for and early death has destroyed.

Heistit Walter Bates was born at Leicester on February 8th,
1825. Brought uj) by his father for a business career, he was
apprenticed, on leaving school at the age of fourteen, to a local
manufacturer. Notwithstanding his long working-hours, which
extended from 7 a.m. to 8 p.m., young Bates lost no opportunity
of improving his mind and of making up for the deficiencies of
his education, often studying till midnight, and often rising at
daybreak to snatch the time before his daily work began.

His taste for natural history, and especially for entomology,
developed speedily, and was without doubt fostered by his
friendship with Edwin Brown. He became an ardent collector
of Coleoptera, and published notes in the ' Zoologist ' upon the
species occurring in the neighbourhood of Leicester and iu
Charnwood Forest, his first communication appearing in 1843,
when he was about 18 years of age. About 1845 he made the
acquaintance of Alfred Bussel Wallace, who was then an English
master in a school at Leicester, interested in botany, but who was
led by the enthusiasm of his new-found friend to take up the
study of entomology.

On the death of the manufacturer to whom Bates had been
apprenticed, he left Leicester, and obtained a clerkship in the
office of the Messrs. AUsopp, of Burton-on- Trent ; but the occu-
pation was not congenial to him, and he subsequently abandoned
commercial pusuits on the invitation of Mr. Wallace to join him
in an exploring expedition to the Amazons.

The two friends arrived at Para in April 1818, and made joint
collections in that neighbourhood for nearly a year, when they
decided to separate. Bates left Para in November 1851 on his
now classical journey to Tapajos and the Upper Amazons, which
occupied seven years and a half, and during which he experienced
numberless privations and hardships. The narrative of his ad-
ventures is given in his delightful book ' The Naturalist on the
Amazons,' which was published at the special instigation of

62 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

Mr. Darwin ; and is not only one of the most fascinating works
of travel ever written, but a monument of English pluck and
perseverance.

During his travels, Bates sent home a number of articles
and extracts from his journal, which were published in the
' Zoologist ' between 1849 and 1858. In 1859 he returned to
England, after eleven years' absence, and energetically commenced
the working-out of his collections, which comprised over 14,700
species, of which no less than 8000 were new to science. Amongst
the papers which he then wrote one of the most important is
certainly his famous memoir entitled " Contributions to an Insect
Fauna of the Amazons Valley," which was published in the
' Transactions ' of this Society in 1862, wherein the theory of
mimicry of protective resemblances was first formulated. In
1864 he contributed to the ' Journal of Entomology ' an im-
portant paper on the Classification of the Ehopalocera, which
has been described as " the most philosophical and natural system
yet attained in the arrangement of any Oi'der of the Insecta."
He subsequently published a magnificent work on Coleoptera,
which occupies three quarto volumes in Messrs. Godman and
Salvin's ' Biologia Centrali-Americana.' He wrote a volume on
" Central America, West Indies, and South America," which
forms part of Stanford's ' Compendium of Greography and Travel; '
and he edited for Messrs. Cassell a valuable series of volumes
entitled ' Illustrated Travels.' In addition to all this, he was the
author of a great number of papers, chiefly on entomology, which
have appeared in the publications of this and other scientific
societies and in various serial journals.

In 1864 Bates became Assistant Secretary of the Eoyal Geo-
graphical Society, and continued to hold the post until his death ;
the universal esteem and the appreciation in which he was held is
eloquently recorded in the ' Proceedings ' of that Society.

He was elected a Fellow of this Society in 1871. He was also
a Fellow of the Royal Society and of the Entomological Society
(of which he twice filled the office of President). One of his
most valued honours was the Order bestowed upon him by the
late Emperor of Brazil in recognition of his services as an
explorer.

By the death of Henry Walter Bates on February 16, 1892,
science loses not only a great traveller, but a philosophic natu-
ralist of the first rank, and' one for whose memory it has been
claimed that he was probably the greatest, and certainly the most
loved and respected, entomologist of Ms time.

SiE William Bowman was born at Nantwich on July 20th,
1816. He was educated at Hazelwood School, Birmingham, and
afterwards as a pupil at the Birmingham General Hospital. In
October 1837 he entered King's College Hospital, and two years
later was appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy. In 1840 he was
elected Assistant Surgeon to that Hospital, and in 1846 to a

LINNEAJf SOCIETY OP LONDON. 6^

similar post in the Eoyal London Ophthalmic Hospital. In 1851
he became full Surgeon, a position which he also soon afterwards
attained in King's College Hospital. After practising for some
years as a general surgeon, he was induced, by the advice of his
friends, to devote himself entirely to the diseases of the eye.
In this branch of surgery he has established a brilliant and well-
earned reputation, both as an operator and as the successful
introducer of novel modes of treatment.

As a microscopist his manual dexterity was remarkable ; and
to him is due the credit of being the pioneer of microscope work
in the Medical School of King's College. His capacity for close
and careful observation was probably in a large measure inherited
from his father, Mr. John Eddowes Bowman, who attained con-
siderable distinction as a naturalist.

Sir "William Bowman contributed to the Eoyal Society some
important researches, which are now ranked as brilliant disco-
veries, on the structure and movements of Voluntary Muscle,
which were followed later by equally valuable investigations on
the structure of the Kidney, of the Mucous Membrane of the
Alimentary Tract, and other anatomical subjects, especially on
the Liver and the Eye.

He was elected a Pellow of the Eoyal Society in 184<1, and
subsequently served in the office of Vice-President. He received
one of the Eoyal Medals in 18J!2. Honorary degrees were con-
ferred upon him by the Universities of Cambridge, Dublin, and
Edinburgh ; and he was a Member of numerous medical and
scientific societies both in this country and abroad. In 1884
he was created a Baronet in recognition of his professional
eminence.

He was elected a Eellow of this Society in 1866. He died on
March 29, 1892, at Joldwynds, his house near Dorking, fi'om an
attack of pneumonia.

Philip Heebeet Caepentee, the fourth son of the late
Dr. William B. Carpenter, C.B., F.E.S., was, in every sense of
the word, a naturalist by birth. He ioherited to a remarkable
degree the love of nature, the clear logical reasoning, and the power
of ready exposition so eminently characteristic of his distinguished
fatlier. Born at Westminster on February 6th, 1852, he was
educated at University College School and Cambridge, where he
entered as Scholar of Trinity College in 1871, and graduated in
the First Class of the Natural Science Tripos in 1874, proceeding
to the further degrees, M. A. in 1878 and D.Sc. in 1884. Between
1875 and 1877 he studied at the University of Wiirzburg, and in
the latter year was appointed Science Master at Eton, a jjost
which he held until his death. Apart from his academic training,
Herbert Carpenter may be said to have been brought up in the
very atmosphere of research ; for at the age of sixteen he accom-
panied his father on the celebrated deep-sea dredging-cruize of
H.M.S. ' Lightning ; ' and in 1869 and 1870 he took part in the

64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

explorations carried out by the ' Porcupine.' And, again, in 1875
he was one of the scientific party on board H.M.S. ' Valorous '
which accompanied Sir George Nares' Arctic Expedition as far as
Disco, for the purpose of sounding and dredging in. Davis Strait
and the North Atlantic.

With such an education and an inborn love for natural history,
it is not surprising that Herbert Carpenter devoted himself with
enthusiasm to the work by which he has built up an imperishable
reputation. He was led to attach himself to the study of Echino-
derm Morphology, and especially to the selection of the Crinoidea
as the subject of his life's work, whilst studying in the laboratory
of Prof. Semper at Wiirzburg in 1875. Semper and Ludwig
having criticised certain statements of Dr. W. B. Carpenter
regarding the anatomy of Antedon, Herbert Carpenter not unna-
turally made himself acquainted with the points under discussion
as well as with the preparations upon which the views of his
father's critics were based ; and this resulted in the publication
of two papers wherein the contending opinions were reconciled.
Eurther work in the same direction, upon material furnished by
Prof. Semper, followed, and led to the production, after two
years of careful investigation, of Herbert Carpenter's important
memoir " On the Grenus Actinometra,'^ which was published in
1879 in the ' Transactions ' of this Society. Once launched in
these studies, which Carpenter grappled with such vigour and
enthusiasm, the direction of his life's work seemed determined.
The preparation of the Report upon the Comatulse collected
by the ' Challenger ' Expedition was placed in his hands by
Sir Wyville Thomson ; and on the latter's death in 1882, the
Eeport on the Stalked Crinoids, which Thomson had himself
intended to write, was also entrusted to Carpenter. These two
magnificent monographs, which appeared in 1884 and 1888, are
masterpieces of careful investigation, and are works upon which
British science will long look with pride.

Between 1875 and the time of his death a long array of papers
on recent and fossil Crinoids, as well as on general Echinoderm
morphology, were produced, which are printed in the publications
of this Society, and of the Eoyal, Geological, and Zoological
Societies, and in various English and foreign journals open to such
contributions. In addition to this, Carpenter was joint author
with Mr. Eobert Etheridge, junr., of the Catalogue of the
Blastoidea in the British Museum, which is a model of careful
descriptive palaeontology. The number of our Journal which,
by a sad coincidence, was published on the day of his funeral,
contained his last three papers. One of these treated of certain
points in the Morphology of the Cystidea and is a memoir full of
mature knowledge and critical reasoning, based on extensive
observation, which shows how ably he was proceeding to fulfil
the expectations of palaeontologists towards preparing a mono-
graph on that difficult group also.

He was elected a Eellow of the Eoyal Society in 1885 ; and he

LINNEAl^ SOCIETY OF LONBOX. 65

served on tlie Library Committee aud Council of this Society
from 1S87 to the time of his death.

Herbert Carpenter was a man of remarkable industry and
perseverance, ever full of enthusiasm iu his work ; few who have
done so much appeared to have a future before them so pro-
mising of rich results. His sad aud untimely death on the
22nd of October, 1891, at the early age of 39 has removed a
leader from the ranks of British biologists whose loss will be
mourned by all to whom his genial disposition aud sterling
goodness had bound him.

Capt. William CtiiM:MO was born in 3828, and entered the
Eoyal JSTavy in 1841. He obtained the rank of Lieutenant iu
1850, and of commander in 18G4; and he retired with the rank
of post-captain in 1873. He served in the first and second
China wars, against pirates iu Borneo, and for six and a halt
years was engaged in the 'Herald' in the search for Sir John
Franklin. Afterwards he led tlie successful search for Mr. Grregory
and his exploring party in Torres Straits. In addition to this,
he distinguished himself by the important physical and biological
observations which he made during the various surveying expe-
ditions on which he was subsequently employed for a long series
of years by the Hydrographical Department. Accounts of these
are published in the ' Journal' aud ^ Proceedings ' of the Eoyal
Geographical Society ; and he also published as separate works
the ' Voyage of H.M.S. Torch from Sydney to the Gulf of
Carpenteria and Batavia' (London, 1857), and the 'Natural
History of the Euplectella aspergillum (Venus's Flower-Basket)
from the Philippine Islands,' with plates (1878).

Captain Chiramo was Secretary to the Hydrographer of the
Admiralty from 1856 to 1858.

He was elected a Fellow of this Society in 1877. He was also
a Fellow of the Eoyal Geographical, Astronomical, and Meteoro-
logical Societies. He died on 30th of October, 1891.

Petes Maetin Duxca-N was born at Twickenham on April 20tb,
1824. After passing the early stages of his education at the
Grammar School of his native village and at a school in Switzer-
land, he entered, in the autumn of 1842, the Medical Depart-
ment of King's College, London, where he worked with distinction.
He took his M.B. (London) degree in 1846 ; and iu 1849 he was
elected an Associate of his College.

His duties as a medical practitioner began at Eochester,
where he acted as assistant to Dr. Martin until, on the purchase
of a practice at Colchester, he commenced on his own account.
"Whilst settled in Colchester he took an active interest in politics
and in municipal affairs, which resulted in his election in 1857
to the Mayorality of the borough, a testimony to his popularity
as well as to the appreciation in which he was held by his fellow
townsmen. His energetic personal endeavours to improve the

LIXN. SOC. PROCEEUIXGS. — SESSION 1891-92. /

66 PEOCEEDIKGS OF THE

institutioDS of tlie to-u-n are perpetuated in the adrairatle arrange-
ment of the Museum, whicli was carried out uuder liis direc-
tions in a manner far in advance of that met with in similar
provincial collections. He was also one of the founders of the
Essex Archaeological Society.

The devotion of such portions of his time as could be spared
from professional duties to the Municipality naturally left few
opportunities for original research. Nevertheless his first pub-
lisbed paper, entitled " Observations on the Pollen-tube, its
Growth, Histology, and Physiology," appeared in 1856 ; and
much scientific work, wliich bore fruit subsequently, was cer-
tainly undertaken during his residence in Colchester. About 1860
lie took a practice at ]31ackheath, where he was able to give
more time to purely scientific work, devoting himself especially
to the study of Corals ; and lie was finally led to practically
abandon medical practice in order to devote himself entirely to
original research. After leaving Blackheath he settled near
^Regent's Park, and in 1864 he was appointed one of the Honorary
Secretaries of the Zoological Society, an office he held for seven
years ; and in 1866 he was elected Fellow of the Eoyal Society.
In 1870 he was called to the Chair of Greology at King's College ;
and a Pellowship was conferred in 1871. Shortly afterwards he
accepted also the Professorship of Geology at Cooper's Hill, both
of which appointments he held until his death. In 1872 he
was elected Vice-President of the Geological Society, an office
which he held until his election to the Presidency in 1876 and
1877. In 1881 he was awarded the Wollaston Medal, the highest
honour which the Geological Society can bestow. He served
on the Council of the Eoyal Society from 1876 to 1878 ; was
President of the Geological Section of the British Association in
1879, and of the Microscopical Society from 1881 to 1883. He
served on the Council of this Society from 1888 to 1891, and was
Vice-President in 1890 and 1891 ; and in 1890 was invited to
accept the Presidency, an office which unfortunately he felt
obliged to decline on account of his then delicate state of health.
He died after a long and painful illness on the 28th of May, 1891.

The amount of work accomplished by Prof. Duncan was enor-
mous ; and his wide range of interests, as well as his grasp of
detail in many diverse spheres of knowledge, was remarkable.
His first published paper, which appeared in 1856, was botanical,
as previously mentioned, and between that date and 1874 he
produced several papers on vegetable physiology ; and still later
he worked out the parasitic Algss which he had discovered in
some Silurian corals. Duncan's chief biological work, however,
was zoological, the Corals and the Echini being the sj^ecial sub-
jects of his research; and his first important work was a series
of memoirs on the Eossil Corals of the West Indies, certainly
the most valuable contribution which had been made up to that
time to our knowledge of the later Tertiary Corals. This work
Tv^as followed by a long list of memoirs descriptive of the Coral

LINXEAN SOCIETY OP L0XD01S-, 67

faunas (especially the fossil) of England, Malta, Australia, Tas-
mania, Java, India, and Arabia. His work on the Echinoidea,
which was not less important and thorough, commenced with
the forms associated with the Corals he had described from
Australia and Arabia, and culminated in the monographs of
the Tertiary Echinoidea of India, published in conjunction
with a friend, in the ' Palaeontologia Indica,' between 1882 and
1886.

Prof. Duncan's palteontological work was by no means confined
to mere descriptive morphology and taxonomy ; for there is
scarcely one of his papers in which he does not discuss the aili-
nities of the faunas concerned, and the light they throw upon the
physical geograjDliy of the past. Bearing upon this aspect of his
work, and upon the relationship of zoological evidence to geolo-
gical problems, may be mentioned his papers on " The Physical
Greography of AVestern Europe during the Mesozoic and Cainozoic
Periods elucidated by their Coral Eaunas," " The Eormatiou of
main Land Masses," and " The Eauna of Alpine Lakes." The
views expressed in the last two memoirs are no less original than
striking.

In addition to his palaeontological work, he made many con-
tributions to zoology, chiefly on Corals and Echini, but also on
Ophiuroidea, Sponges, and Protozoa. Two of his most valuable
works, both of which were published by this Society, are the
"Eevision of the Madreporaria," issued in 1885, and the " Ee-
vision of the Grenera and Great Groups of the Echinoidea."
These two masterly memoirs may be said to contain the summary
of his life's work on the groups with which they deal. The
Eevision of the Madreporaria consisted of diagnoses of every
genus of Coral (excepting the Eugosa) and of a classification
which has not yet been superseded. The Eevision of the Echinoidea
treated of that group in a similar manner, and made a great
advance in our knowledge in a number of important details. The
application of his own brilliant discoveries on the structure of
the ambulacra, of the perignathic girdle, and of other anatomical
characters enabled him to place the classification on a surer
footing than has previously existed, by substituting order for
chaos, and a natural arrangement for arbitrary grouping.

In addition to his special w^ork. Prof. Duncan undertook a
large amount of popular literary work. He edited the six volumes
of Cassell's ' Natural History,' the recent issues of Lyell's ' Stu-
dent's Elements,' and the ' Micrographic Dictionary;' and he
wrote, amongst other things, a ' Primer of Physical Geography,'
a * Manual of Geology for the Indian Civil Service,' a volume of
biographies entitled ' Heroes of Science,' and a small popular
Natural History treatise, ' On the Sea-Shore,' as well as numerous
scattered papers, jjamphlets, and addresses. The list of his works
in the Eoyai Society Catalogue are 92 in number up to 1883,
without including those written in conjunction with others.

Prof. Duncan was an able lecturer aod a successful teacher,

/2

63 PEOCEEBINGS OP THE

He was also a firm friend and a wise counsellor, whose keen sense
of humour and genial kindness were alone sufficient to ensure
popularity. Apart from the record left by his work in the annals
of Science, his memory will be cherished by his fellow-workers
as that of a friend, beloved as well as honoured.

Iis" the death of Walter Hood Fitch the present generation
has to mourn the loss of a botanical artist whose productions are
almost inseparably connected with the memories of the botanists
noAV living and of the magnificent activities of Kew.

Born at Glasgow in 1817 on 28th February, young Fitch was
in early years set to work designing patterns for textile fabrics,
filling up his leisure by gluing down plants for the recently
appointed Professor, Dr. William Hooker, who was so struck by
some copies of outline plants he made from a volume which had
been lent, that he paid for the release of Fitch from the print-
works where he was serving his indentures.

Henceforward Fitch was associated with Sir William Hooker
in his botanical publications, and in the 'Botanical Magazine' his
name first appears in 1834. He migrated with Sir William to Kew
in 1841 ; and in that place he ended his days on January 14th,
1892.

It would be a long task to recite all the botanical works which
were illustrated by Fitch's ready and truthful peucil ; not only
a very large number of the ' Botanical Magazine ' plates were his,
but those also for the ' Icones Plantarum,' the quartos of Sir
Joseph Hooker of his 'Antarctic Travels,' the folios of ' Victoria
Eegia,' of Elwes's monograph of Liliiim, the ' Illustrations of
Himalayan Plants,' and Seemann's ' Herald ' and ' Flora Vitiensis ;'
while our own Transactions and Journals afford ample proofs of
the deceased artist's power.

He became Fellow 7th April, 1857; his botanical commemo-
ration is to be found in Fitchia, a Comj)Osite. He leaves a widow
and several sons, one of whom has already drawn several plates
for our Journal ; and a nephew, whose connexion with the
artistic work of the Society is of very long standing.

Col, James Augustus Geant Avas a son of the Eev. James
Grant, the parish minister of Nairn, where he was born on April
11th, 1827. He received his education at the Grammar School
of Aberdeen and the Marischal College. In 1846 he was
gazetted Ensign in the Sth Native Bengal Infantry, present at
the siege of Multan in 1847, and the battle of Gujerat in the
next year. In 1857, his regiment having mutinied, he was
attached to the force under General Havelock for the relief of
Lucknow, was wounded while in command of the rear-guard, and
was blockaded in that place for two months ; the following year
he was sent home on sick leave.

On his return to this country he found his old friend Captain

LINNEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOy. 69

Speke wa3 preparing to go back to Central Africa, to tlie south
shore of the A^ictoria Nyanza, to trace, if possible, its connexion
witb the N'ile. Grant volunteered to accompany him, and went
as second in command of the expedition. They left England in
1.S60 and returned in 1S63, having succeeded in their wishes, and
Grant brought with him a large collection of objects of natural
history, plants in particular. His volume ' A AValk across
Africa,' which appeared in 1S61, supplements the record by
Speke. The plants he brought home were sent to Kew for
identification, and were in the first instance worked over by
Mr. Hemsley, and when revised by Dr. Thomas Thomson were
appended as a supplement to Speke's ' Journal of the Discovery
of the Source of the Xile.' A full botanical account of the
collection was drawn up by Professor Oliver, and forms part of
the 29th volume of our ' Transactions,' the cost of the plates
being borne by Captain Grant.

The regretted death of his companion Speke took place in
18G-i, and immediately after Grant was offered the post of Consul
at Fernando Po ; this he did not accept, but the next year he
was apjiointed second in command of the 4th Ghoorka regiment,
then in the Himalayas. He served under Lord Napier of Mag-
dala in the Abyssinian Expedition, and early in 1868 he retired
from the Army.

He was elected Fellow of this Society March 16th, 1871 : was
also a Fellow of the Eoyal and Eoyal Geographical Societies,
and the recipient of many distinctions, including his service
medals, others from the King of Italy, the Pope (Pio Nono), and
the Patron's Medal of the Eoyal Society (1865). He died at his
residence, Househill, Nairn, on February 11th, 1892, from con-
gestion of the liver.

Feedi>'.^'d GsrT was born at St. Peter's Port, Guernsey, on
January 19th, 1820. He was educated at Edinburgh Academy
and University, and on leaving took a clerkship under his father,
Nicholas Grant, who was then Secretary to the " Palladium "
Insurance Office. In 1852 he became Secretary to " Marshall's
Charity," an institution which had for its object the augmentation
of the stipends of small Church livings. This position he held
until his death.

He was a devoted Entomologist, and had formed a large col-
lection of Coleoptera. It is through his long official connection
with the Entomological Society that his name Avill be best
remembered. His election dates back to 1816 ; he was on the
Council in 1856, and again Irom 1868 up to his death. He held
the office of Vice-President iu 1863 ; was one of the Secretaries
from 1871 to 1877, and Honorary Librarian from 1878 to 1891.
Mr. Grut was also for many years Secretary to the Entomo-
logical Club.

He was elected a Fellow of this Society in 1872, and frequently
attended the Meetings. He died on July 19th, 1891.

70 . PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

Geoege Henet Kingslet, son of the Eev, Charles Kingsley,
and brother of the well-known writer of the same name, was
born at Barnack, in Northamptonshire, in 1827. He was
educated at King's College, and studied medicine first at
St. George's Hospital and afterwards in Edinburgh and Paris,
graduating M.D.

He was an accomplished linguist, a keen sportsman, and an
accurate observer ; he Avas also an ardent student of Elizabethan
literature. He was the author of a delightful sketch of highland
stalking gossip, as well as of a volume of travel and adventure
in the Southern Seas, conjointly with the Earl of Pembroke,
Avhich has passed through a number of editions. He translated
a book of German Tales ; and he edited one of the Early English
3ianuscripts from the famous collection at Bridgwater House.

He was elected a Eellow of this Society in 1S56, but has not
contributed any paper to our publications. He died suddenly
of beart-disease at Cambridge on Eebruary 5th, 1892.

Joseph Leidt was born at Philadelphia on September 9th,
1823. In consequence of the taste he showed for drawing at
the age of sixteen, it was his father's intention to educate him
as an artist, but owing to the interest the boy took in natural
objects, and to his aptitude for dissection and anatomy, it was
determined that he should study medicine. With that object in
view he entered the University of Pennsylvania in 1S4;2, and
graduated M.D. in 1844. After practising for about two years,
he decided to abandon that side of his profession, and to devote
himself to original research and to teaching. He was appointed
Prosector to the Chair of Anatomy in his own University, and
ultimately, on the death of Dr. Horner in 1853, was elected
Professor of Anatomy, a position he held with the most distin-
guished success until his death, a period of nearly fort}^ years.

The wide range of subjects to which Leidy devoted his attention
is highly remarkable, and fully justifies the reputation accorded
vo him by his fellow-countrymen as their most distinguished
biologist. He was not only a master of the comparative
anatomy of recent forms of life, but has been aptly described as
the Cuvier of American palaeontology. He was, in addition, a
recognized authority upon the Protozoa, as well as upon the
Eutozoa, and his knowledge of concholo gy, botany, and mineralogy
was profound.

The list of his various papers and publications reaches the
extraordinary number of 553. Amongst such an enormous
catalogue of works it is almost impossible to specify the most
important, but certainly amongst the chief should be mentioned
his 'Elementary Treatise on Human Anatomy' (1861), his
' Contributions to the Extinct Fauna of the Western Territories'
(1873), and his ' Ereshwater Ehizopods of North America '
(1879).

lu iidditicn to his other appointments, Dr. Leidy held the

LINNEAX SOCIEXr OF LO^SDOy. 7 I

poafc of Professor of Natural History iu Swarthmore College, aud
iu 188-1 lie was made Director of the Biological Departmeut of
tlic Uuiversity of Peuusylvauia aud Professor of Zoology aud
Comparative Auatomy. He was President of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. He was a Poreign Member
of the Geological Society, and was awarded the Lyell Medal iu
1881. In 1880 the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by
Harvard University ; and in 1888 the Cuvier Medal was bestowed
upon him by the Academy of Sciences of Paris. He visited
Europe on four occasions ; and he was elected into innumerable
Academies and learned Societies in his own country and all over
the world.

He was elected a Foreign Member of this Society iu 1872.
He died on April 30th, 1891 ; beloved by all who knew him, it
has been truly said of this great man that he never made au.
euemy or lost a friend.

SiE "William: Macleat was born at Caithness on June 13th,
1820, and he was educated there and at the University of
Edinburgh. In 1839 he emigrated to Sydney to join his uncle,
the late Mr. Alexander Macleay, who for a number of years
occupied the position of Colonial Secretary of Isew South Wales.
In ISoli he was elected member of the Old Legislative Council,
and at the introduction of responsible government, was returned
to the Pirst Legislative Assembly. He occupied a seat in the
Legislature for more than thirty years, and during that period
he was a persistent advocate of all that tended to the progress
of his adopted country.

Sir William INlacleay was a munificent patron of natural
science, and exerted himself greatly to promote its encourage-
ment iu the Colony. In 1871^ he purchased and fitted out a
vessel for a scientific expedition to New Guinea, and the valuable
collection of specimens then obtained forms jjarfc of the Macleay
Museum of Natural History, which he presented to the Uni-
versity of Sydney. The value of the collection was estimated
at £23,000, and in addition to this a sum of £0000 was given
by Sir William Macleay to provide for the salary of the Curator.

It was mainly through the efforts of Sir AVilliam Macleay
that the Linneau Society of New South Wales was founded in
1875, and fi'om that time until his death he was its principal
support. He first supplied the rent for the habitation of the
Society, and contributed almost entirely the funds requisite ior
the purchase of a reference library. He subsequently not only
erected at his own expense the building which the Society now
occupies, but he has also transferred the building and the lease
of the ground upon which it stands to the Society, together with
a sum of £11,000 by way of endowment. To quote from the
speech of one of the Presidents of the Society, Sir AVilliam
Macleay also bore the greater part of the expenses of the
Society's publications, supplied the salaries of its ofiicers, fur-

>J2 PEOCEEDINGS OP THE

nisbed its specialists with abundant funds for their investigations
and their maintenance, and equipped the Society's rooms with
fittings, furniture, and apparatus for scientific research, further-
more, he was the chief instrument in obtaining the charter of the
Society, and he arranged to bequeath the sum of £35,000 for
the estabh'shment of four " Linnean Fellowships " of the annual
value of £400 each.

He was a Pellow of the Senate of the University of Sydney,
and he was Chairman of the first Eisheries Commission appointed
under the fisheries Act. About three years ago the honour of
knighthood was conferred upon him.

He was elected a Fellow of tins Society in 1866. He died on
the 7th of December, 1891. By the death of Sir William
Macleay, Australia loses a benefactor whose memory Science will
long delight to honour.

Henet Nottidge Moselet, the son of the late Eev. Henry
Moseley, P.E.S., Eector of Olvaston and Canon of Bristol, was
born at "Wandsworth on November 14th, 1844. He was edu-
cated at Harrow and Oxford, Avhere, under the late Prof. Eolle-
ston, his remarkable powers of observation and iuA^estigation
were nurtured and developed. He took his degree in 1868, and
afterwards studied medicine successively in A'^ienna, London, and
Leipzig. His first scientific memoirs were published whilst at
Leipzig, ' On the Nerves of the Cornea of Mammals,' and ' On
the Circulation in the Wing of the Cockroach.'

In 1871 he went as a member of the Government Eclipse
Expedition to Ceylon, where, in addition to the spectroscopic
observations with which he was charged, he also made a large
collection of Land-Planarians. The anatomy of these he worked
up afterwards at Oxford, and the results were published in the
' Philosophical Transactions ' of the Boyal Society. In 1872 he was
appointed one of the naturalists to the * Challenger ' Expedition,
and maintained that post throughout the voyage. In addition
to his zoological work, he undertook the collecting of plants
whenever the Expedition touched land; and whilst at the
Admiralty Islands he made important anthropological studies on
the inhabitants. At the Cape he set himself to find and collect
Feripatus, and from the study of living specimens he was enabled
to throw important light upon the anatomy and development of
that imperfectly-known animal, his investigations being embodied
in a memoir sent home during the cruise and published in the
• Philosophical Transactions.' To the ' Challenger ' series of
Eeports he contributed the memoirs on the Hydroid, Alcyo-
narian, and Madreporarian Corals collected during the voyage.

In 1879 he published his ' Notes of a Naturalist ou the
' Challenger,' ' which contains a vast mass of valuable notes and
observations on geographical, ethnological, biological, and phy-
sical subjects.

On the return of the ' Challenger ' Moseley was elected

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 73

Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, ■where he resided for about
three years working up the results of the Expedition. He was
elected Fellow of the Eoyal Society in 1877, and in 1879 was
appointed Assistant Eegistrar to the University of London,
which post he held until 1881, when, on the death of Prof.
Eolleston, he was elected to the Linacre Professorship of Human
and Comparative Anatomy at Oxford. The duties of this post
were fulfilled with most remarkable devotion and energy for
about six years, until ill-health compelled him to retire for a
rest, and he was unhappily never able to resume his work.

In 1884 he was President of the Biological Section of the
British Association at its meeting in Montreal, and whilst there
the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the McGill
University. He twice served on the Council of the Eo5'al
Society. In 1878 he published a small work on ' Oregon, its
Climate, Eesources, People, and Productions,' and to the pub-
lications of the Eoyal, of the Zoological, and of this Society, as
well as to various scientific Journals, he contributed many
papers embodying the results of his biological investigations.

He Avas elected a Fellow of this Society in 1880. He was
also a Fellow of the Zoological and Eoyal Geographical Societies,
and a Corresponding Member of the Geological Society of
California. He died on November 10th, 1891, after a long and
trying iUness.

Eev. Peect 'Watki>'^s Fe^ton Mtles was born at Kilmoe,
CO. Cork, on February 27th, 18-19, received his early education
at Tipperary Grammar School, and proceeded to Trinity College,
Dublin, where he graduated B.A., was ordained deacon in the
Church of England in 1870, and priest in 1873. After holding
several curacies he settled at Ealing in 1874, and devoted great
( nergy to fostering local natural history, amongst other things
helping to establish the Selborne Society, and editing its journal,
'Nature Notes,' in conjunction with Mr. James Britton.

His most important published Avork is the pronouncing
dictionary -which was appended to Nicholson's ' Dictionary of
Gardening,' and his review of Bennett and Murray's ' Handbook
(f Cryptogamic Botany,' which came out in ithe September
number of the 'Journal of Botany,' 1889.

He was elected Fellow, December 15th, 1SS7, and was a
constant frequenter of our meetings. He was first seized with a
premonitory illness in 1890, from Avhich he partially recovered,
but a second attack in June of last year warned his friends that
the end was not far off, and on 7th October, 1891, he died, his
funeral taking place at Han well.

Je.vn Lons AEiiAXD de Quateefages was born in 1810, and
fc^tudied medicine at Strasburg. He settled as a medical .prac-
titioner at Toulouse, and was appointed Professor of Zoology
tlicre. In 1855 he was elected to the Chair of Anthropology

^4 PEOCEEDIIfaS OF THE

and Ethnology ai the Jardin des Plantes, Paris. He was ad-
mitted to the Academy o£ Sciences in 1852, and was an honorary
member of many learned societies. Amongst his numerous
works perhaps the most celebrated are his ' Crania Ethnica ' and
' Etudes des Eaces Humaines.' He was also the author of a
laro-e number of important memoirs on various branches oi
zooloo-y, especially ou Annelides, Echinoderms, and Molluscs,
upwards of I-IO papers being cited in the Eoyal Society's
catalogue.

He was elected a Eoreign Member of this Society in 1875.
He died January 21st, 1892.

Lord Aethur John Edward Eussell, the second son of Major-
General Lord Greorge William Eussell, was born in 1821. He
was educated abroad, and did not enter any English University.
As a young man he travelled extensively in Europe and the East,
and even visited America, a comparatively uncommon undertaking
in those days. Destined for public life, his career as a politician
was commenced under the guidance of his uncle, Lord John
Eussell, the well-known statesman, to whom he acted in the
capacity of private secretary from 1849 to 1854. In 1857 he
entered Parliament as the representative of the borough of
Woodstock, a seat which he retained until his retirement in 1885.

As the natural outcome of bis early training, foreign affairs
specially attracted Lord Arthur Eussell's attention ; but he also
interested himself more or less actively in questions affecting the
relations of the State to religion and education. His knowledge
of the inner life of the various social and political circles on the
Continent, as well as in England, was extensive, and made him
" a man worth knowing," apart from his own genial kindness of
disposition and sound judgment.

Lord Arthur Eussell's relation to Biological Science was that
of a patron and admirer rather than a contributor. His fondness
for natural history associated him with this Society, into Avhich
lie was elected as a Eellow in 1875, and he served on the Council
from 188S to 1890. He was also a Eellow of the Zoological
Society ; and he held the office of Eoreign Secretary to the Eoyal
Greographical Society from 1875 up to the time of his death,
Avhich took place on April 4th, 1892.

Seee2s^o Watson, who was elected Eoreign Member of this
Society so recently as May 1st, 1890, died at Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts, on March gth, 1892, from the effects of an attack of
influenza, which had caused a dilatation of the heart.

He was born at East Windsor Hill, Connecticut, on December
1st, 1826, and after graduating at Tale in 1847, he became a
school-teacher in the Eastern States, and then a tutor in Iowa
University, at the same time studying medicine, continuing those
special studies from 1853 to 1855 with his brother at Quincy,
Illinois, with w^hom he practised for two years following the
last-mentioned date. Erom 185G to April 1861 he was Secretary

LIXyEA.N SOCIETY OF LOXBOX. 75

to the Planters' Insurance Compauy at Greensborongb, Alabama,
and then for some years became literary assistant to Dr. Henry
Barnard, of Hartford, Connecticut.

Although he bad a leaning to botany, dating from his medical
training, yet it was not till ho Avas lif ty-one years of age that be
took up its pursuit seriously. In 1S67 he was attached as a
volunteer botanist to the Expedition under Clarence King, which
was detailed to explore the 40th parallel, with Prof. W. AV, Bailey
as botanist in charge. In MarcK 186S Prof. Bailey resigned his
position, and AVatson stepped into bis place. The results of
the Expedition are to be found in the fifth volume of the official
report, which was principally worked up in the Tale Herbarium,
with occasional visits to the Harvard Herbarium to verify certain
types of western plants.

In 1870 he was appointed keeper of the Harvard Herbarium,
then under the control of our honoured Foreign Member, the
late Asa Gray, whose successor he became. Thenceforward
science has benefited by numerous memoirs from his pen, and
up to the time of his death no less than IS contributions to
American Botany have appeared, mostly in the Proceedings of
the American Academy, many of which are elaborations of large
and difficult genera. In 1S7S be published the first, and
unhappily the only, part of his ' Bibliographical Index to North-
American Botany,' containing the Polypetalae. The ' Synoptical
Elora ' then joins on, and it was hoped that Dr. AVatson Avould
complete the work by issuing his account of the Incompleta) and
. Monocotyledones, left unfinished by Dr. Gray's death ; but it
was not to be so ; and we have yet to lament the fragmentary
state of American phytology for that part of its flora.

The ' Botany of California ' was largely due to Dr. AVatson,
who took a share in the first volume, and a still larger one in
the second ; he also completed the publication of Lesquereux's
' Manual of the Mosses of North America,' which the autlior's
failing health did not permit him to do himself ; and, with Pro-
fessor Coulter, he brought out in 1&89 a new edition, the sixth,
of Gray's ' Manual of the Botany of the States.'

This large amount of work was possible partly on account of
the very few holidays he allowed himself. In 18SG he was
present at a meeting of this Society, but he only spent a few days
in this country, less than a week in all. A trip he made to
Guatemala in 1S85 for collecting was rich in results, but he
contracted malarial fever, from the eflccts of which he sufiered
during the remainder of his life.

He was buried on March 11th by his own request in Mount
Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass., the pall-bearers being his
colleagues in the University.

Chaeles Smith AV^ilkinsox was born in Northamptonshire in
1843. His iamily having emigrated to Melbourne in 18.j2, in
1809 he was a])pointcd to tlie Geological Survey of A'ictoria.

76 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

In 1874 lie became Geological Surveyor to the Department of
Lands, New South Wales, and in the following year he was ap-
pointed Government Geologist for New South Wales, an office
which he filled until his death.

His great experience in practical geology and mining was
highly appreciated in the Colony. His numerous geological
and other scientific papers are chiefly to be found in Official
Reports.

He was elected a Fellow o£ this Society in 1881, and. was
also a Fellow of the Geological Society. He was President of
the Linnean Society of New South AVales in 1884, and of the
Koyal Society of New South Wales in 1888. He died on
August 23rd, 1891.

The Linnean Gold Medal for the year was then presented to
Dr. Alfred Eussel AVallace, who, in appropriate terms, expressed
the gratification with which he received it.

The President announced the gift to the Society, by Dr. Eichard
Alexander Prior, of an oxy-hydrogen lantern for use at the
evening meetings, and moved that the cordial thanks of the
Society be given to Dr. Prior for his valuable present, which
motion was carried by acclamation.

June 2nd, 1892.

Prof. Chaeles Steavaet, President, in the Chair.

Tlie Minutes of the Anniversary Meeting were read and
confirmed.

Dr. John Eudd Leeson, Prof. William B. Scott, and Messrs.
Edward Heron- Allen, H. A. James, and EobertHedger AVallace
were elected Fellows.

Mr. Thomas Christy moved that a special vote of thanks be
accorded to the President and Officers of the Society for their
valuable labours during the past Session, and this, having been
seconded by Mr. Charles Breese, was carried unanimously.

The President nominated Mr. William Carrutliers, Mr. Charles
Baron Clarke, Mr. Frank Crisp, and Dr. St. George Jackson
Mivart to be Vice-Presidents during the ensuing year.

Mr. H. Bernard exhibited specimens and made remarks on
the probably poisonous nature of the hairs and claws of an
Arachnid {Galeodes).

On behalf of Captain Douglas Phillott there was exhibited a
curious case of malformation in the beak of an Indian Parrakeet
(Palcponiis forquatas). The upper mandible was so abnormally
decurved as almost to penetrate between the rami of the lower

LIXSEAIT SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 77

mandible, and altliougb tlie bird was apparently in good bealtb
at the time it was shot by Captain Phillott at Dera, Ismail
Khan, Punjab, in March last, it was evident that had it not
been killed then, death must soon have ensued from a severance
of the trachea by the sharp extremity of the prolonged
mandible-
Mr. D. Morris exhibited specimens of plants yielding Sissal
Hemp from the Bahamas and Yucatan, and pointed out their
distribution and mode of growth. He also exhibited and de-
scribed the preparation of a gut-silk from Formosa and
Kiungchow.

Mr. Scott Elliot gave a brief account of a journey he had
recently made to the West Coast of Africa, and described the
character of the vegetation of the particular region explored and
the plants collected by him.

Mr. .Tenner "Weir exhibited and made some remarks on a species
of Psyche.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Digappearance of Desert-Plants in Egypt." B\'
E. A. Eloyer, E.L.S.

2. "Further Studies on Insect Colours." By Frank Hill
Perry Coste, E.L.S.

A demonstration with the oxy-hydrogen lantern recently pre-
sented to the Society by Dr. Eichard C. A. Prior then took place,
a number of slides of birds illustrating the subject of mimicry and
protective coloration being shown by Dr. E. Bowdler Sharpe.

June IGtb, 1892.

Prof. Chaeies Stewabt, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Messrs. Francis Joseph Clarke, Theodore Cooke, and James
Mellor were elected Fellows.

Mr. F. Enock exhibited some specimens of the Mustard
Beetle, and gave an account of its recent depredations as ob-
served by himself. So numerous was it, that in walking down a
single row of mustard, a distance of sixty-five yards, he had
captured with a butterfiy-net upwards of 15,000, as he subse-
quently ascertained by counting a portion and weighing the
remainder. The crop of mustard thus afl'ected he regarded as
entirely destroyed.

Mr. E. I. Poccck exhibited and made some remarks upon a
species oi Peripatus {P. juliformis) from St. Vincent, of which
five specimens had been collected by Mr. U. H. Smith for the

78 PEOCEEDIJfGS OP THE

Committee investigating the fauna and flora of fhe Lesser
Antilles. The species was originally described so long ago as
1826 by the Eev. L. Gruilding (Zool. Journ. vol. ii.), but from
that time until the present no additional specimens had been
found there. As Gruilding's types had been lost and his de-
scriptions were wanting in detail, this re-discovery was of con-
siderable interest.

Mr. G-eorge Murray exhibited and described the type of a new
Order of Algee, to wbich the name of Splachnidium rugosum was
given.

The following papers were read : —

1. " A Contribution to Indian Carcinology." By Prof. J. E.
Henderson, F.L.S.

2. " The Thames as an Agent in Plant Dispersal." By H. B.
Guppy. (Communicated by "W. B. Hemsley, P.B.S., A.L.S.)

3. " On some Abnormal Developments of the Flowers of
Cypripediumy By Miss P. M. Ewart. (Communicated by
Prof. P. Wall Oliver, P.L.S.)

4. " Supplementary Notes on the Pauna of the Mergui
Archipelago." By E. I. Pocock. (Communicated by "W". Percy
Sladen, Sec.L.S.)

A further demonstration with the oxy-hydrogen lantern recently
presented by Dr. Prior then took place, a series of microscopic
slides showing sections of fossil plants being exhibited by
Mr. Carruthers, and a second series comprising various micro-
scopic objects were described by the President.

LINNEAK SOCIETY OP LONDON. 79

Donations to Libeakt, 1891-92.

Volumes and more important Pamphlets, exclusive of exchanges,
chiefly from private individuals.

Auiials and Magazine of Katuivil History. G scr. Vols.Tii.,viii. 8vo. Loncl.,

1S91. Dr. W. Francis.

Annals of the Eoval Botanic Garden, Calcutta. Vol. iii. 4to. Calcutta. 1891.

Dr. G. King.
Annual Eeport of the State Board of Horticulture of the State of California

for 1889. Svo. Sacramento, 189(». Sir John Lubbock.

Arnold, Dr. F. Die Liclienen des Fraejikischen Jura. 4to. Miinchen, 1890.

Zur Lichenenflora Ton Miinchen. Svo. Miinchen, 1891. Author.

Aubrey, John. The JN'atural History of Wiltshire. 4to. Lond., 1847.

J. E. Harting.
Australian Museum, New South Wales. Eecords, vol. i. nos. 8-10. Svo.

Sydney, 1891. Trustees,

Kcpdrt for 1891. fol. Sydney, 1891. Trustees.

Baily, F. M. Contributions to the Queensland Flora. Botany Bulletin, No. 4.

8vo. Brisbane, 1891. Author.

Bates, H. W. Coleoptera from the Great Andes of the Equator. Svo.

Lond., 1891. E. Whymper.

Bennett, A. Eecord of Scottish Plants for 1890. Svo. Perth, 1891.

Author.
Bennett, A. W. Freshwater Alga3 and Schizophycea: of South-west Surrey.

Svo. Lond., 1892. Author.

Boerlagc, Dr. J. G. Handleiding tot de kennis der flora van Nederlandsch

Indie. Deel 2, Stuk 1. Svo. Leiden, 1891.

Govt, of the Netherlands.
Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana. Yol. viii. fasc. 3, 4 ; vol. ix. fasc. 1, 2. 4to.

Coimbra, 1890-91. Prof. J. A. Henriques.

Bornet, Ed. (1) Note sur quelques Ecfocc/rpHs.—{2) Note sur YOstmcoblahe

imfkxa. Born, et Flab. — (3) Algues du Departement de la Haute-Vienne

contenues dans I'herbier d'Edouai-d Lamy de la Chapelle. Svo. Paris, 1891.

Author.
Braithwaite, Dr. E. The British Mo.ss-Flora. Part 14. Svo. Lond., 1892.

Author.
Brockbank, W. On the Permians of the N.W. of England.— Discovery of two

Plant-beds in the St. Bees Sandstone, at Hilton, Westmorland. Svo. Man-
chester, 1892. Author'
Buchanan, J. Y. On the Occurrence of Sulphur in Marine Muds and Nodules,

and its bearing on their Mode of Formation. Svo. Edinburgh, 1890.

Author.
Bugnion, Edouard. Eecherches sur le developpement postembryonnaire,

I'anatomie et les moeurs de V Enct/rius fiiscicollis. Svo. Geneve, 1891.

Sir John Lubbock
Bund, J. W. Willis. A List of the Birds of Worcestershire and the adjoining

Counties. Svo. Worcester, 1891. J. E. Harting.

Cameron, John. Catalogue of Plants in the Botanical Garden, Bangalore, and

its vicinity. 2nd edition. Svo. Bangalore, 1891. _ Author.

Candollc, Casimir de. Eecherches sur les inflorescences Epiphylles. 4to.

Geneve, 1890. Sir John Lubbock,

Caruel. Prof. T. Epitome Florre Europa:. Fasc. 1. Svo. Florence, 1892.

Author,

Nuovo Giornale Botanico-Italiano. Vol. sxiii. Svo. Firenze, 1891.

T. Caruel.
Catalogue of Scientific Papers (1874-1883). Coinpiled by the Eoyal Society

of London. Vol. ix. 4to. Lond., 1891. Royal Society.

So PEOCEEDIS'aS OE THE

Chilton, Cbas. (1) The Distribution and Varieties of the Freshwater Crayfish
of New Zealand. 8vo. Wellington, 1888.— (2) Revision of the New Zealand
Idoteida;. 870. Wellington, 1889. Author.

Christy, Miller. Why are the Prairies Treeless ? 8vo. Lond., 1892. Author.

Christy, Thos., and C. H. Leonard. Dictionary of Materia Medica and Thera-
peutics. 8to. Lond., 1892. Thos. Christy.

Colenso, Eev. W. (1) Descriptions of some newly-discovered Indigenous
Cryptogamic Plants. — (2) A Description of some newly-discovered Phteno-
gauiic Plants, being a further Contribution towards the making-known the
Botany of New Zealand. 8to. Wellington, 1889. Author.

Collins, R Howard. The Diminution of the Jaw in the Civilized Eaces an
effect of Disuse. 8vo. Lond., 1891. Author.

Conwentz, Dr. IL Die Eibe in Westpreussen, ein aussterbender Waldbaum.
4to. Danzig, 1892. Author.

Untersuchuugen iiber fossile Holzer Schwedens. 4to. Stockholm,

1892. Author.

Delpino, F. (1) Note ed Osservazioni Botaniche : I., IL Svo. Genova, 1889-

90. — (2) Contribuzione alia Teoria della Pseudanzia. Svo. Genova, 1890. —

(3) FioriMonocentriciePolicentrici. Svo. Genova, 1890.— (4) Sulla impol-

linazione dell' Arion Bracunculus, L. Svo. Genova, 1890. Author.

De-Toni, Dr. J. B. Sylloge Algaruni. Vol. ii. Bacillariea;. Svo. Patavii,

1892. Author.

Distant, W. L. A Monograph of Oriental Cicadida3. Part 4. 4to. Lond.

and Calcutta, 1891. Trustees Indian Mus.

Dyraock, W., C. J. H. Warden, and D. Hooper. Pharmacographia Indica.

Part 5. Svo. Lond., 1892. Authors.

Elliot, G. F. Scott. Flora of Dumfriesshire and Dumfries District. Part 1.

Svo. Loud., 1891. Author.

Entomologist. Vol. xxiv. SvO. Lond., 1891. T.P.Newman.

Entomologists' Record. Vol. ii. Svo. Lond., 1891. Editor.

Essex Naturalist. Vol. v. Svo. Buckhurst Hill, 1891. Club.

Fitzgerald, R, D. Australian Orchids. Vol. ii. pt. 4. fol. Sydney, 1891.

Author.
Foord, A. H. Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda in the British Museum.

Part ii. Svo. Lond., 1891. Sir John Lubbock.

Fowler, Rev. Canon. The Coleoptera of the British Islands. Parts 50-53.

Svo. Lond., 1891. F. L. Soper.

French, Chas. A Handbook of the Destructive Insects of Victoria. Part 1.

Svo. Melbourne, 1891. Author.

Garden. Vols, xxxix., xl. 4to. Lond., 1891. W. Robinson.

Gardeners' Chronicle. 3rd ser. Vols, ix., x. 4to. Lond., 1891. Editor.

Gerard, C. Linne i Upsala och i Amsterdam. Svo. Stockholm, 1878.

H. M. Gepp.
Gibelli, G., and S. Belli. Rivista Critica delle Specie di TrifoUum italiane. 4to.

Turin, 1891. Authors.

Grierson, G. A. Lessons from Fields and Lanes. Svo. York, 1892. Author.
Hart, J. H. Annual Report, Royal Botanic Gardens, Trinidad, for 1890.

fol. Port of Spain, 1891. _ Author.
Report on Forest Conservation for the Island of Trinidad, fol. Lond.,

1891. Author.
Earting, J. E. Bibliotheca Accipitraria. Svo. Lond., 1891. Author.
Essays on Sport and Natural History. Svo. Lond., 1883. Author.

Extinct British Animals. Svo. Lond.. 1880. Author.

• Glimpses of Bird Life. fol. Loud., 188 J. Author.

• Handbook of British Birds. Svo. Lond., 1872. Author.

Our Summer Migrants. Svo. Loud., 1875. Author.

Rambles in Search of Shells, Land and Freshwater. Svo. Loud., 1875.

Author.

Sketches of Bird Life. Svo. Lond., 1883. Author.

Hayter, H. H. Victorian Year-Book. Vols, i., ii. Svo, Melbourne, 1891-92.

Author.

LINlfEAN SOCIETY OP LOKDON".

8r

Herdman, W. A. Fifth Auuual Report of the Liverpool Marine-Biology

Station now on PufFin Island. 8vo. Liverpool, 1892. Author

Insect Life. Vol. iv. nos. 5 & 6. Svo. Washington, 1891.

Sir John Lubbock.
Jacobsen, J. C, et T. Rothe. Description des Serves du Jardin Botanique de

rUniversite de Copenhague, &c. fol. Copenhague, 1879. Sir Jas. Paget.
James, H. A. Hand-book of Australian Horticulture. Roy. Svo. Sydney, 1892.

Author.
Jamieson, Thos. On Root Hairs. Svo. Aberdeen, 1891. Author.

Journal of Botany. Vol. xxix. Svo. Lond., 1891. Jas. Britten.

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. N. S.

Vol. ii. nos. 1-3. Svo. Loud., 1891-92. Association.

Lawes, Sir J. B. Memoranda of the Origin, Plan, and Results of the Field

and other Experiaients, at Rothamsted. 4to. Lond., 1891. Author.

Lemstrom, S. Experiences sur riulluence de I'electricite sur les Veg6taux.

4to. Helsingfors, 1890. Author.

Leonard, Dr. C. H., and Tbos. Christy. Dictionary of Materia Medica and

Therapeutics. Svo. Lond., 1892. Thos. Christy.

Leverkiihn.Paul. Fremde Eier im Nest. Svo. Berlin, 1891. J. E. Harting.
Linne, Carl von. Stora Svenska man tecknade for folket af en Sweriges

dotter. Svo. Stockholm, 1863. H. M. Gepp.

Portrait of. Wm. Carruthers.

Maiden, J. H. Wattles and Wattle-Barks. 2nd ed. Svo. Sydney, 1891.

Author.

Makino, T. Illustrations of the Flora of Japan. Vol. i. nos. 10, 11 ; 2ud ed.,
Vol. i. no. 1. 4to. Tokyo, 1891. Author.

Marsh, O. C. (1) Notes on Triassic Dinosauria. — (2) Recent Polydactyle
Horses. Svo. New Haven, 1892. Author.

Martelli, U. II Black-Rot sulle Viti presso Firenze. Svo. Firenze, 1891.

Author.

• Parasitismo e modo di riprodursi del Cynomorium coccimum, L. Svo.

Genova, 1891. Author.

Maudsley, A. Nature's Weather Warnings and Natural Phenomena. Svo.
Lond., 1891. Author.

Miller, Phil. The Gardeners' Dictionary. " 2nd ed.," Vols. 1-3. Svo. Lond.,
1841. T. J. Briant.

Miskin, W. H. (1) A Revision of the Australian Sphingidaj. Svo. Brisbane,
1891. — (2) Synonymical Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Aus-
tralia, &c. Svo. Brisbane, 1891. Author.

Mobius, Prof. K. Beitriige zur Meeresfauna der Insel Mauritius und der Sey-
chellen. 4to. Berlin, 1880. _ Author.

Bruchstucke eiuer Rhizopodenfauna der Kielerbucht. 4to. Berlin,

1889. Author.

Die Tiergebiete der Erde, ihre kartographische Abgrenzung und museo-

logische Bezeichnung. 8vo. Berlin, 1891. Author.

Monteiro, Rose. Delagoa Bay, its Natives and Natural History. Svo. Lond.,
1891. J. E. Harting.

Mueller, Baron F. von. Iconography of Australian Salsolaceous Plants.
Decades 7-9. 4to. Melbourne, 1891. Author.

Naturalist. Vol. xvi. 8vo. Lond., 1891. Editors.

Nature. Vols. 44, 45. 4to. Lond., 1891-92. A. Macmillan.

Nordstedt, O. On the Value of Original Specimens. Svo. Padova, 1891.

A. Bennett.
Packard, A. S. On the Structure of the Brain of the Sessile-eyed Crustacea.
4to. Washington, 1884. Sir John Lubbock.

Parlatore, F. Flora Italiana. Vol. ix. parte 2. Svo. Firenze, 1892.

Prof. T. Caruel.
Pasquale, F. Su di una nuova teoria Carpellare. Svo. Naples, 1891. Author.
Planchon, Dr. L. Les Aristoloches. Svo. Montpellier, 1891. Author.

Radde, Dr. G. On the Vertical Range of Alpine Plants. Svo. Lond., 1891.

Author.
LIXN. see. moCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1891-92. CJ

Sz PEOCEEDINOS OF THE

Eamsay, E. P. Records of the Australiau Museum. Vol. i. nos. 8-10. Svo.

Sydney, 1891. Trustees.

Eeport of the Botanical Exchange Club of the British Isles for 1890. 8vo.

Manchester, 1891. Chas. Bailey.

Eeport of the British Association (Cardiff), 1891. Svo. Lond., 1892.

Council Brit. Assoc.
Eeport of the Department of Mines, New South Wales, for 1891. fol. Sydney,

1892. Secretary of Mines.

Eeport on the G-overnment Botanical Gardens and Parka for 1889-90. fol.

Bangalore, 1891. Govt, of India.

Eeport on Government Botanical Gardens, Saharanpur and Mussooree, for

1891. fol. Allahabad, 1891. Govt, of India.

Eeport of the Government Central Museum, Madras, for 1890-91. fol.

Madras, 1891. Govt, of Madras.

Eeport on the Government Horticultural Gardens, Lucknow, for 1891. fol.

Allahabad, 1891. Govt, of India.

Eeports of the Forest Department in the Bombay Presidency, including Sind,

for 1890-91. fol. Bombay, 1891. Govt, of India.

Eeports of Forest Department, Madras Presidency, 1890-91. fol. Madras,

1891. Govt, of India.

Eeports, Gold-fields of Victoria, for 1891. fol. Melbourne, 1891.

Govt, of Victoria.
Eeports on the Mining Industries of New Zealand for 1891. fol. Wellington,

1891. Govt, of New Zealand.

Eeports and Statistics of the Mining Department, Victoria, for 1891. fol.

• Melbourne, 1891. Govt, of Victoria.
Eeports, Scientific Eesults, Exploring Voyage of H.M.S. ' Challenger,' 1873-76.

Deep-Sea Deposits. 4to. Lond., 1891. H.M. Govt.

Eichardson, Dr. B. W. The Asclepiad. Vol.viii. 8vo. Lond., 1891. Author.
Eidley, H. N. (1) A Day at Christmas Island. — (2) The Grasses and Sedges
' of the Malay Peninsula. — (3) Occasional Notes. 8vo. Singapore, 1892.

Author.

Annual Eeport on the Botanic Gardens and Forest Department, Straits

" Settlements, for 1891. fol. Singapore, 1892. _ Author.

Eomanes, G. J. Darwin, and after Darwin. — I. The Darwinian Theory. 8vo.

• Lond., 1892. Author.
Eoyal Botanic Society of London. Quarterly Eecord. Vol. iv. nos. 46-48.

Svo. Lond., 1891-92. Society.

Eoyal Gardens, Xew. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information. Nos. 5.5-64.

Svo. Lond., 1891-92. Director Roy. Gardens.

Saint -Lager, Dr. (1) La Priorite des Noms de Planles. Svo. Paris, 1890. —
■ (2) Considerations sur le Polymorphisme de quelque especes du genre

Bupleuriom. Svo, Paris, 1891. — (3) La guerre des Nymphes suivie de la

nouvelle incarnation de Buda. Svo. Paris, 1891. Authcr.

Science Gossip. Vol. xxvii. Svo. Lond., 1891. Editor.

Sclater, W. L. List of Snakes in the Indian Museum. Svo. Calcutta, 1891.

Trustees Ind. Mus.
Scottish Naturalist. Nos. sxxiii., xxxiv. Svo. Perth, 1891.

Prof. J. W. H. Trail.
Simmonds, P. L. A Handbook of British Commerce. 8vo. Lond., 1892.

Author.
Stbk, C. G. Carl von Linne lefnadsteckning. Svo. Norrkoping, 1863.

H. M. Gepp.
Syme, D. On the Modification of Organisms. Svo, Melbourne and London,

1892? Author.

Tate, Prof. E. (1) A Eevision of the Flora of Eangaroo Island and other

Botanical Notes relating thereto. — (2) Plants of the Lake Eyre Basin.—

(3) The Gastropods of the Older Tertiary of Australia ; and others. Svo.

Adelaide, 1889. ' Author.

Taylor, A. J. A Chat about the iAborigines of Tasmania. Svo. Tasmania,

1891. ' Author.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 83

Thomson, Geo. M. Introductory Class-book of Botany, for use in New
Zealand Schools. 8vo. Wellington, 1891. Author.

Timehri. N. S., vol. v. Svo. Demerara, 1891. J. J. Quelch.

Transactions of the Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Fipld Club.
Vol. vi. parts 4-7. Svo. Lond., 1891-92. Society.

Transactions of the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society. Vol. ii.
pts. 8-11. 8vo. Leicester, 1891-92. Society.

Transactions and Proceedings and Report of the Eoyal Society of South Aus-
tralia. Vol. xii. Svo. Adelaide, 1891. Society.

Turner, F. The Forage Plants of Austraha, New South Wales. Svo. Sydney,

1891. Depart, of Agric.
Tutt, J. W. The British Noctuae and their Varieties. 2 vols. Svo. Loud.,

1891-92. Author.

— — Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera, Svo. Lond..

1S91. Author.

Vasey, Dr. Q-. Illustrations of North-American Grasses. Vol. i. Svo.

Washington, 1891. J. M. Rusk.

Vaughan, I. Strangeways' Veterinary Anatomy. 4th edit. Svo. Edinburgh,

1892. I. Vaughan.
Veitch & Sons, Jas. Manual of Orchidaceous Plants. Part 8. Svo. Lond.

1892. H. J. Veitch.

Verson, E. Altre Cellule glandulari, di Origine postlarvale (Cellule glaudulari

epigastriche). Svo. Padova, 1892. Author.

Verworn, Dr. M. Psjxho-physiologische Protisten-Studien. Svo. Jena, 1889.

Sir John Lubbock.
Wallace, A. R. Island Life. 2nd edit. Svo. Lond., 1892. Author.

Walters, Alan. Palms and Pearls, or Scenes in Ceylon, Svo. Lond., 1892.

R. Bentley.
Watt, Dr. G. Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, Vol. v. Svo.

Lond., 1891. Ind. Govt.

West, W. (1) The Desmids of Maine. Svo. Lond., 1888.— (2) List of Desmids

from Massachusetts, U.S.A. Svo. Lond., 1889.— (3) Freshwater Alga; of

Maine. 8vo. Lond., 1889.— (4) Freshwater Algte of North Yorkshire. Svo.

Lond., 1889.— (5) Contribution to the Freshwater Algte of North Wales.

Svo. Lond., 1890. Author.

Woods, H. Catalogue of the Type Fossils in the Woodwardian Museum.

Cambridge. Svo. Cambridge, 1891. Prof. T. McKenny Hughes.

Woodward, A. S. Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum.

Part ii. Svo. Lond., 1891. Sir John Lubbock.

Woolls, W. Plants Indigenous and Naturalised in the Neighbourhood of

Sydney, Svo, Sydney, 1891, Author.

Yarkaud Mission, Second. Scientific Results of. Coleoptera. fol. Calcutta,

1890. Indian Govt.

Yatabe, Dr. R. Iconographia Florae Japonica. Vol. i. pts. 1, 2. 4to. Tokyo,

1891-92. Author.

Yung, Prof. Emile, Contributions k I'Histoire Physiologique de I'Escargot

(Helix pomatia). 4to, Bruxelles, 1887. Sir John Lubbock.
Le Peuplement et la Terre et I'Evolution du Regne organique. Svo.

Geneve, 1889. Sir John Lubbock.

Donation in aid of Publbcation.
189]. £ s. d.

July 20. Elliot, Q-. P. Scott. Contribution to-
wards a paper on Madagarscar Plants ... GO 0 0

Lonation for purchase ofLtinfern,
1892.
March 4. Prior, Dr. B. C. A .......o 50 0 0

INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS.

SESSIONS 1890-91, 1891-92.

JSote. — The name of the Chaivmau at each Meeting is not indexed.

Ahics Dotiglasii, sections of (Curtis),

54-

Abnormal calj-x of Primrose (Holmes),
54 ; flowers of Cypripcdiu)ii (Ben-
nett) 48, (Ewart) 7S ; horns of
Eoedeer, 29.

Acarida and Ai'aclmida (Bernard), 58.

Accounts, 1890-91, 12; presented, 11;
1891-92, 55.

Acer •palmatum, dwarf specimen shown,
29,

Address, Presidential, 1891, 13-19;
1892, 57-60.

Africa, West Coast vegetation (Elliot),
77.

Ailanthus glandulosa, fruit shown, 2.

Albino Frog shown, 5.

Alcctona Millar i, 3.

Alga, supposed (Murray), 54.

Alga\ freshwater, of Ireland (West),
47 ; from Ayrshire coast, shown
(Holmes), 45 ; new British (Holmes),
4 ; new Order of (Murray), 78.

Alterations in Bye-Laws, proposed, 6 ;
read a second time, 7 ; confirmed in
part, 8.

Ambulacral ampulla3 of Echini (Dun-
can), I, 30.

AmpulliE of Echini (Duncan), i, 30.

yinas l^enelopc, tuft of feathers on neck,
4-

Anatomy of the Mesostomata (Laurie),
10.

Anderson, Prof. E. J., Panoramic dis-
play of drawings, 10.

Anguilla, dwarf Ihrincuv from, 7 ; (Mur-
ray), 54-

Antarctic Islands, botany of (Kirk), 5,
Antelope, Clarke's, horns shown (Tris-
tram-Valentine), 52.
Arachnida and Acarida (Bernard), 11

53-
Arbutus Honey, shown (Christy), 5.

Arctic Comatulaj (Carpenter), 28.

Ascothamnion intrkatum, shown (Mur-
ray), 54-

Asparagus, ' French,' from Bath, 29.

Assimilation as affected by Solar Spec*
trum, 2.

Associates, deceased, 56.

Assynt, Cochlearia from, 10.

Auditors elected, 1891, 9 ; 1892, 53.

Austin, B. J., elected Fellow, 48.

Ayrshire, Marine Algffi from, shown
(Holmes), 45.

Bacillus Megatcrium, vitality of spores

(Swan), 52.
Backhouse, J., deceased, u ; obituary,

20.
Bahamas, Sissal hemp from (Morris),

76.
Baker, J, G., removed from Council,

Baker, Rev. J., withdrawn, 56.

Ball, J., Donation from his Libraiy, i,

Balta Sound, Oriole from, 2.
Baltimore Oriole shown, 2.
Baluchistan, Vegetation of (Lace &

Hcmslcy), 3.
Bananas, dried (Sherring), 29.
Baobab fruits shown (Prior), 47.
Barber, C. A., elected, 53.

86

INDEX,

Barclay, Surg.-Maj. A., deceased, 56 ;

elected Fellow, 3 ; Life-history of

Puccinia, 10 ; obituaiy, 60.
Barton, Miss E., on Turbinaria, 8.
Bat, Whiskered, shown (Head), 53.
Bates, H. W., deceased, 56 ; obituary,

61.
Bateson, Anna & W., Variation in

Floral symmetry, 9.
Bath, ' French Asparagus ' from, 29,
Batters, E. A. L., elected Councillor,

57.
Beak of Parrakeet, malformed, 76.
Bearded Titmouse, nest, 10.
Becker, Dr., Phacelocarpus disciger

collected by (Holmes), 51.
Beckwith, W. E., White's Thrush

shown for, 52.
Beeby, W. H., Shetland plants shown,

28 ; sterile form of Eanunculus acris

shown, 28.
Beetle, Mustard (Enock), 77.
Beetles, showing variation (Stewart),

47-
Ben More, Cochlearia from, 10.
Bennett, A. W., abnormal Cypripcdiuvi,

48 ; elected Auditor, 5 3 ; Hydi-odic-

tifon shown, 46 ; nominated Yice-

Pres., 28 ; removed from Council, 57 ;

SelagineUa kpidophylla shown, 29.
Bennett, Arthur, appointed Scrutineer,

47.
Bennett, K. H,, withdrawn, 11.
Bentley, E., elected Fellow, 3.
Berks, Illecebrum from (Druce), 47.
Bernard, H. M., Acarida and Arach-

nida, 53 ; Galeodes shown, 76.
Bettany, G. T., withdrawn, 11.
Bird, P. H., deceased, 11.
Blaber, W. H., elected, 46.
Bonaparte's G-ull shown, 3.
Bornec, Dr. E., recipient of Linnean

Medal, 19; letter in acknowledg-
ment, 20.
Botanical Congress at Geneva an-
nounced, 53.
Boulth, W. H., deceased, 11.
Bourdillon, T. K., elected FeUow, 5.
Bower, F. 0., Fern sporangia recent

and fossil, 2.
Bowman, Sir W., deceased, 156; obituary,

62.
Bradley, C. L., withdrawn, 11.
Braga, j. F., elected Fellow, 2.
Braithwaite, Dr. E., nominated Vice-

Pres., 28 ; removed from Council,

57-
Breese, C. J., appointed Scrutineer, 47 ;

elected Auditor, 53; seconds vote to

Officers, 78,

Briggs, T. E. A., deceased, 11 ; obituary,

21.

British Worms (Friend), 54.
Bromheadia (Eidley), 3.
Brook, G., elected Councillor, 47.
Brown, Dr. E., on bust of Linnaius,

36.
Brown, W., elected Fellow, 3.
Brown, W. L., elected Fellow, 45.
Bryozoa, glands in (Waters), 52.
Bud-protection (Groom), 50.
Buffham, T. H., elected Associate, 5.
Bund, J. W. W., hybrid Partridge

shown, 48 ; South Pacific Petrel

shown, I.
Bunge, Prof. A. von, deceased, 11 ;

obituary, 21.
Burne, A., fish crania, 46.
Burrows, A. J., deceased, 11.
Bustard, Great, photographs shown, 8.
Bye-Laws, proposed alterations, fion-

firmed in part, 8 ; read from Chair,

6 ; ditto second time, 7.
Byssus " nest" of Lima hians (Howes)

I, 3°-

Cairngorm Mountains, Sagina from 1
(Druce), 47. 1

Calamophilus biarmiais, nest, 10.

California, plants from, shown (Jen-
nings), 46.

Callus, true nature of (Moore), 29.

Calyx, abnormal, of Primrose (Holmes),

54-
Campbell, W. S., elected, 46.
Canaries, Oxalis cernua in, 9, 31.
Caoutchouc-cells of Eucommia (Weiss),

49.
Capnosiphon aureolus from Devonshire

.shown, I.
Carboniferous Fern sporangia, 2.
Carcinology, Indian (Henderson),

78.
Cardiff, rayless Daisy from, 10.
Cardigan Bay, South Pacific Petrel

shot in, I.
Carlill, S. B., on Zebras, 52.
Carmarthenshire, Great Bustard in,

8. .

Carpenter, Dr. P. H., Arctic Coma-

tulse, 28 ; Crinoids from Madeira,

28; deceased, 56; obituary, 56;

morphology of Cystidea, 5 ; Coun-
cillor elected in room of, 47.
Carpological Collection sold, 10.
Carruthers, W .,comm. by (Hick), 46 ;

(Wilson), 10 ; elected Councillor, 57 ;

fossil plants shown by lantern, 78 ;

nominated Vice-Pres., 76 ; Portraits

of Linnaeus, 46 ; presentation of Por-

INDEX.

87

trait of Sir J. Lubbock, 45 ; removed
from Council, 13.

Cash, W., withdrawn, 56.

CatancUa Opunfia, cystocarps of, 4.

Cato, T. B., elected Fellow, 7.

Catosfcmma fragrans, fruit shown, 10.

Caulerpa (Murraj-), 8.

Cell-walls, protein in (Moore), 29.

Ceylon, Hemiptera and Heteroptera
(Kirby), 8.

Chapman, D. B., deceased, 56.

Chilton, C., elected, 50.

Cliimmo, Capt, W., deceased, 56 ;
obituarj-, 65.

China, Pratt's plants from (Hemslev),
53-

Chirononms, development of (Miall &
Hammond), 48.

Christy, T., appointed Scrutineer, 47,
57 ; East-Indian Coca, 3 ; food-nuts
of N. Queensland, 7 ; Kola-nuts
shown, 10; "Monchona," 7;' sam-
ples of honey shown, 5 ; vote of
thanks to Officers, 76.

Clarence and Avondale, Duke of, vote
of condolence on death of, 48.

Clarke's Antelope, horns shown (Tris-
tram-Valentine), 52.

Clarke, C. B., comni. by (Gammie), 5 ;
elected Councillor, 13 ; nominated
Vice-Pres., 76.

Clarke, E., elected Auditor, 9.

Clarke, F. J., elected Fellow, 77.

Clarke, W. A., elected Fellow, 3.

Clusius, Sacoglottis amazonica figured
by, 10.

Coal Measures, fossil plant from (Hick),
46.

Coca from the East Indies, 3.

Cochlear ia from Ben More, 10.

Cocoanut-leaf diseases (Potter), 28.

Cocoon of Tinea shown (Sendall),
28.

Codfish, hermaphrodite, 5.

Cogswell, Dr. C, deceased, 56.

Colenso, Eev. W., New Zealand Hepa-
ticaj (Stephani), 58.

Coleoptera shown by President, 28.

Collett, Gen., donation towards publi-
cation, 43.

Colours of Insects (Coste), 77.

Cumatulic, Arctic (Carpenter), 28.

Commensalism (Presidential Address),
57-60.

Congress, botanical, at Genoa, an-
nounced, 53.

Cooke, F., elected, 77.

Ccste, F. H. P., elected Fellow, 6;
Insect Colours, 77.

Council elected, 1891, 13 ; 1892, 57.

Councillor elected, in room of Dr. Car-
penter, 47.

Craig-Christie, A., Lycopodium shown
by, SI-'

Cramer, Prof. C, elected Foreign Mem-
ber, 10 ; proposed, 5.

Crania of Fish (Howes), 46.

"Cream-of-Tartar fruit," shown (Prior),
47-

Crinoids from Madeira (Carpenter),
28.

Crisp, F., nominated Vice-Pres., 28, 76 ;
re-elected Treasurer, 13, 57.

Crotch, W. D., re-elected Fellow, 9.

Cryptogams from West Indies (Mur-
ray), 54-

Cumaceafrom New Zealand (Thomson),

Curtis, — , sections of Firs, 54.

Cycnoches Bossianum, monoecious pseu-
dobulb of, 3.

Cypripedium, abnormal flowers of (Ben-
nett) 46, (Ewart) 78.

Cjstidea, morphology of (Carpenter),
5-

Cystocarps of Caianella Opnntia, 4.

Cystocoelia immamlata, shown (Stewart),
50-

Daisy, rayless, shown, 10.

Dallas, W. S., deceased, 1 1 ; obituary,
22.

Darwin, F., coram, by (Bateson), 9.

Vclesseria amboincnsis shown, 2.

Desert plants in Egypt, their disap-
pearance (Floyer), 77.

Devonshire, AlgiB from, shown, i ;
Gymnorhina from, shown, 53; Ja-
maica drift-fruit from, jo ; Testacella
Maugcl from, shown (D'Urban), 52.

Bianthv.s (Williams), 50.

Diatoms shown (Greufel), 45.

Dicotyledons, bud-protection in
(Groom), 50.

Bidclphys, teeth of (Woodward), 48.

Dillenius, Herbarium at Oxford (Drucc),

7-
Bisa, anomalous (Bennett), 46.
Diseases of Cocoanut-leaf (Potter),

28.
Dobson, Hon. F. S., withdrawn, 56.
Dog-fish, eggs of (Harting), 50.
Donation in aid of Publication (Collett),

43; (Elliot), S3.
Donations to Library, 1890-91, 37-43 ■

1891-92, 79-8 3.
Dorset, malformed horns of Eoebuck

from (Mansell-PIeydell), 49.
Douglas fir, sections of (Curtis), 54.
Dowdeswell, G. F., withdi-awn, 11.

INDEX.

Down, Co., Wilson's Petrel in, shown
(Harting), 4 5.

Downes, Eev. J., deceased, 11.

Drane, E., sponge from Welsh coast,
10 ; rdyless Daisy, 10.

Bregia florilnaida, fruits of, shown, 2.

Drift-fruit from Jamaica identified, 10.

Druce, G. C, Dillenian Herbarium at
Oxford, 7 ; Sagina and Illecebrum
shown by, 47.

Druce, H., appointed Scrutineer, 1 3 ;
elected Councillor, 59 ; thanks to
Pres., 19.

Duncan, P. M., ambulacral ampuUaj
of Echini shown, i, 30; death re-
ported, 28, 56 ; obituary, 65 ; re-
moved from Council, 13.

D'Urban, W. S., TestaceUa Maugci
from Devonshire shown, 52.

Uvrar^ Acer 2)almatum shown, 39.

Dyer, W. T. Thiselton, comm. by
(Mueller), 49, 54 ; (Stephani), 50.

Earthworms (Friend), 8.

Echini, ambulacral ampullre of, shown,

I, 30.

Edwards, S., elected, 48.

Egg-cases of Dog-fish (Harting), 50.

Eggs of Mantis shown (Lowe), 28; of

TcstaccUa, 3.
Egypt, disappearance of desert plants

in (Floyer), 77.
EUiot, Ct. F. S., African vegetation, 77 ;

Donation towards Publication, 83 ;

leaves as afl'ected by exposure, 4.
Elliott, W. E., Cryptogams coll. by

(Murray), 54.
Else, W., Gymnorliinci shown, 53.
Enock, F., elected Fellow, 53 ; Mustard

Beetle, 77.
Espeut, Hon. W. B., nests of Humming-
bird shown by, 48.
Esses, Great Bustard in, 8.
Eucalyptus Honey shown (Christy), 5.
Eucommkv uhnoidcs, caoutchouc-cells of

(WeissX 49.
Ewart, Miss F. M., abnormal flowers

of Cg'pripedium, 78.

Farlow, Dr. W. G., elected Foreign

Member, 49, 53.
Fauna of Mergui Arcliipelago (Pocock),

78.
Faweett, C. H., deceased, 11.
Fellows deceased, 11, 56; withdrawn,

II, 56.

Ferguson, H., elected Fellow, 27.
Fern sporangia, recent and fossil,

shown, 2.
Field, L., elected Fellow, 4.

Firs, sections of (Curtis), 54.

Fisli crania (Howes), 46.

Fitch, W. H., deceased, 56 ; obituary,

68.
Flatfish, larva; of (Holt), 53.
Flora of West Indies in photographs

(Sherring), 45.
Floral Symmetry, variation in (Bate-

sonl, 9.
Flowers, abnormal, of Cypripcdium

(Bennett) 46, (Ewart) 78.
Floyer, E. A., Desert Plants in Egypt,

77-

Food-nuts of North Queensland, 7.

Force, a cause of Heredity (Henslow),
46.

Foreign Members, elected, (1891) 10 ;
(1892) 49, 53; deceased, 56.

Forked Palms (Morris), 52.

Formosa, gut-silk from (Morris), 76.

Forres, horns of Eoedeer from, 29.

Fossil Fern-sporangia, 2 ; Flora, addi-
tions to, (Eeid) 5 ; plant, (Hick) 46 ;
plants and seeds from Selsea (Eeid)

51-

Freshwater Algag of Ireland (West), 47.

— Bdesseria shown, 2.

Friend, Eev. H., British Worms, 54 ;

on Lumhricus, 8.
Frog, albino, shown, 5.
Frost, C, elected, 46.
Fruit, drift, from Jamaica identified,

10.
Fruits of Baobab, &c., shown (Prior),

+7-
Fungus discolouring Holly-berries, 4.
Fyles, Eev. T. W., elected Fellow, 4.

Galcodes shown (Bernard), 76.
Galls of Ehodymenia shown, i ; on Sty-
rax Ben:;oin, 4.
Gamasinse, genital organs of (Michael),

Gambir-preparing implements, 3.
Gammie, jun., J., Tree-ferns of Sikkim,

5-
Garner, E., deceased, 11.
Genital organs of GamasinjE (Michael),

51 ; hermaphrodite, of Codfish, 5.
Genoa, Botanical Congress announced,

53-
George, F. J., Mercurialis perennis

flowering in autumn, 3.
Germany, horns of Eoedeer from, 29.
Gibson, E. J. H., on Catenella Oimntia,

4-
Gill, W., elected Fellow, 3.
Gland-like bodies in Bryozoa (Waters),

52-
Glucosides in Cell-walls (Moore), 29.

INDEX.

89

Goebel, Prof. 0. E., elected Foreign
Member, 53 ; proposed, 49.

Gonepteryx Ehamni, with five wings, 9.

Goodrich, E. S., elected Fellow, 4.

Grant, Col. J. A., deceased, 56 ; obi-
tuary, 68.

Grant, Sir G. M., abnormal Eoedeer
horns, 29.

Great Bustard, Photographs of, shown,
8,

Grenada, Photographs of, shown (Sher-
ring), 45-

Grenfel, J. C., Diatoms with pseudo-
podia, 45.

Grevy's Zebra, skin shown (Tristam-
Valentine), 52.

Groom, P., Bud-protection in Dicoty-
ledons, 50,

Groves, H., elected, 53.

Groves, H. (of Florence), deceased, 11 ;
obituary, 23.

Grut, R, deceased, 56 ; obituary, 69.

Guillemard, F. H. H., withdrawn, 56.

Gull, Bonaparte's, shown, 3.

Guppy, H. B., Plant-dispersal, j?,.

Gut-silk from Formosa (Morris), 76.

Gi/mnorhina from Devonshire, shown
-(Else), 53.

Hagger, J., elected Fellow, 8.

Hallett, Major W. H., deceased, 56.

Hammond, A. E., Chironomus, 48.

Hanbury, F. J., sterile form of Banun-
cuius acris shown, 28.

Hants, Great Bustard in, 8.

Hart, J. H., Jamaica di'ift-fruit iden-
tified by, ID.

Hartebeest, Swayne's, horns shown
(Tristram-Yaleutine), 52.

Harting, J. E., albino Frog, 5 ; Balti-
more Oriole, shown, 2 ; Bona-
parte's Gull, 3 ; Eggs of Dog-fish, 50 ;
Great Bustard photos, 8 ; Humming-
bird's nest in house, 49 ; Markwick's
MSS. shown, 2 ; Nest of Swallow, 47 ;
South Pacific Petrel shown, i ; Eoe-
deer, horns, 29 ; Widgeon with tassel
of feathers, 4 ; Wilson's Petrel shown,

45-
Head, C, Whiskered Bat shown, 52.
Helix aspersa, feeding-tract, 3.
obvoluta, its distribution in Sussex,

4-
Hcllehorus viridis from Lyme Eegis, 52.
Hemiptera of Ceylon (Kirby), 8.
Hemsley, W. B., British Baluchistan

vegetation, 3 ; coram, by (Guppy), 78 ;

Pratt's plants from China, 53.
Henderson, Prof, J. E., Indian Carci-

nology, 78.

Henslow, Eev. G., Spectrum and Assi-
milation of Plants, 2 ; Oxalis ccrnua
shown, 9 (printed, 31); Heredity
based on Force, 46.

Hepatica; of New Zealand (Stephani),
50.

Herdman, Prof. W. A., Classification of
the Tunicata, 5.

Heredity bused on Force (Henslow), 46.

Hermaphrodite Codfish, 5 ; Mackerel
(Stewart), 28 ; Trout (Stewart), 7.

Heron-Allen, E., elected, 76.

Heteroptera of Ceylon (Kirby), 8.

Hick, T., Fossil plant, 46.

Hkracium protract lun shown (Beeby), 28.

Higgins, T., deceased, 56.

Hill, J. A., elected Fellow, 9.

Hills, T. H., deceased, 56.

Hiude, G. J., Sponge-remains in New
Zealand, 50.

Hirundo rustica, nest of (Harting), 47.

HoUyberries, abnormal, 4.

Holmes, E. M., abnormal Calyx of
Primrose, 54 ; Alga; from Ayrshire
coast, 45 ; Algaj shown by, i ; ap-
pointed Scrutineer, 13 ; Galls on
Sfyrax Benzoin, 4 ; new British
Alga?, 4 ; Phacelocarpus discigcr from
the Cape shown, 51.

Holmes, W. M., Sponge-remains in New
Zealand, 50.

Holt, — , larva; of Flatfish, 53.

Honey, samples shown (Christy), 5.

Hooker, Sir J. D., comm. by (Kirk), 5 ;
Medallion portraits pres. by, 50.

Horns, abnormal, of Eoedeer, 29 ; of
Eoebuck, shown (Mansell-Pleydell),
49.

Howes, G. B., Dissections of Fish, 46 ;
elected Councillor, 1 3 ; Hermaphro-
dite genitalia of Codfish, 5 ; Larva;
of Flatfish, 53; " Nest " of Lima
hians, i, 30.

Humming-bird nests from Jamaica,
shown (Espeut), 48.

Humphreys, J., elected, 50.

Hunt, A. E., Orange within orange
shown, 7.

Hutton, H., Fruit of Bregia floribunda
shown, 2.

Hybrid Odontoglossums (Eolfe), 29.

Partridge shown (Bund), 48.

Hydrodictyon utriculatum shown (Ben-
nett), 46.

reticulatum, a synonym, 46.

Icterus Baltimore, shown, 2.
Illecchrnm vcrticillatuni in Berts

(Druce), 47.
Ind ian Carcinology (Henderson), 78 .

LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSIONS 1890-92.

90

INDEX.

Insect Colours (Coste), •j'j.

Jackson, B. D., Fruits of Ailanthus
glandulosa, z ; Fruits of Brcgia flori-
hunda, 2 ; re-elected Secretary, 13, 57.

Jackson, J. E., Gambir-prepariug im-
plements, 3.

Jamaica, dried banana from, 29 ; drift-
fruit identified, 10 ; Humming-bird
nests from (Espeut), 48 ; tick-pest in,
(Strachan) 47, (Morris) 49.

James, H. A., elected, 76.

Japanese dwarf trees (Samuel), 29.

Jennings, A. V., Alectona Millari, 3.

Jennings, S., Plants from N. America
shown, 46.

Jjhnson, Dr. A., withdrawn, 56.

Jjhnson, T., on Functor ia, 3 ; on 8tc-
nogramme interriipfa, 4.

Jones, A. C, elected Fellow, 27.

Jones, H., elected Fellow, 6.

Kappel, A. W., elected Fellow, 4.

Keene, Capt. T. P., elected Fellow, 5.

Keys, J., elected Fellow, 46.

Kingsley, Dr. G. H., deceased, 56 ; obi-
tuary, 70.

Eirby, W. F., comm. by (Strachan), 47 ;
Hemiptera and Heteroptera of Cey-
lon, 8 ; Notes on Saturniidaj, 54.

Kirk, T., Dotany of Antarctic Islands,

5-
Kiungchow, gut-silk from (Morris), 76.
Knight, C, deceased, 56.
Kola-nuts shown, 10.

Lace, J. H., and W. B. Hemsley, Vege-
tation of British Beluchistan, 3.

Langham, Eev. E. N., elected Fellow, 7.

Lantern, Demonstrations, 77, 78 ; Dona-
tion for (Prior), 83 ; gift of (Prior),
76.

Lams Philadelphia, shot at Tsewlyn, 3.

Larvae of Flatfish (Holt), 53.

Laurie, M., Anatomy of the Mesosto-
niata, 10.

Leaf of Cocoanut, diseases (Potter), 28.

Leaves as aifected by exposure, 4.

Licomte, E., receives Liunean Medal for
Boruet, 19, 20.

Lseson, J. E., elected Fellow, 76.

Leeward Islands, endemic Palm from,
shown (Murray), 54.

Leidy, Prof. J., deceased, 56 ; obituary,
70.

Lepidoptera, Mimicry in (Stewart), 54 ;
shown by President, 28.

Lerneonema (Lowe), 8.

Leucojum vernuni from LymeEegis, 52.

Librarv, accessions to, (IS'OO-Ul) 11, 13;
(1891-02) 56.

Library, Donations to, (1S90-91) 37-43 ;

(1891-92) 79-83.
Lichens, coll. by Spruce (Mueller), 54 ;

of Manipur (Mueller), 49 ; Victoria

(Wilson), 10.
Lima hians, "nest" of (Howes), i, 30.
Linnajus, bust of, by Prior, 36 ; portraits

of (Carruthers), 46.
Linnean Medal pres. (Bornet), 1 9 ; (A.

E. WaUace), 76.
Lister, A., elected Conncillor, 13.
Longsdon, W. B., elected Fellow, 9.
Lord Auckland Island, botany of (Kirk),

5-
Lowe, Dr. J., eggs of Mantis shown, 28 ;

growth of Yew, 7; Lerneonema, 8.
Lubbock, Sir J., Portrait presented, 45-.
Lumbricus (Friend), 8.
Liitken, Prof. C. F., elected Foreign

Member, 49, 53.
Lycopodiuin complanattim, 51.
Lyme Eegis, Leucojum verimm and Hel-

leborus viridis from, shown (Shillitoe),

52.

McClure, Eev. E., elected Fellow, 2.

Mackerel, hermaphrodite (Stewart), 28.

Macknight, T. M., elected, 46.

MacLeay, Sir G., deceased, 56; Dona-
tion by, 47.

MacLeay, Dr. W. S., bust of, presented,
47-

MacLeay, SirW. J., deceased, 56; obi-
tuary, 71.

McEae, C., elected Fellow, 3.

Madeira, Crinoids from (Carpenter), 28 ;
Oxalis cernua in (Henslow), 9, 31.

Malformed beakof Pan-akeet, 76 ; horns
of Eoebuck shown (Mansell-Pleydell),
49.

Manipur, Lichens of (Mueller), 49.

Mansell-Pleydell, J. C., Horns of Eoe-
buck shown, 49.

Mantis religlosa, eggs shown (Lowe), 28.

Markwick, W., drawings shown, 2.

Marshall, Eev. E. S., Cochlearia from
Assynt, 10.

Marshall, Prof. A.M., elected Fellow, 5.

Marsupialia, teeth of (Woodward), 48.

Mason, E., deceased, 11.

Masters, Dr. M. T,, appointed Scruti-
neer, 57.

Matabele-Land, palm-fruit from (Prior),

47-
Matchwick, W., Fruits of AilanthiS

glandulosa shown, 2.
Mate, or Paraguayan Tea (Moore), 52.
Maximowicz, Prof. C. J. von, deceased,

II ; obituary, 24.
Medal (Linnean) pros. (Bomet), 19;

(Wallace), 76.

INDEX.

91

MediteiTancau region, Oxalis ceriiua in,

9-
Meiklejolm, Dr. J., elected Auditor, 9,

53 ; presentation of Accounts by, 54.
Melles, W., deceased, 56.
Mellor, J., elected, 77.
Mercurialis perennis, autuiuu flowering,

3-

Mere wether, H. D., Skin and Horus
from Somali-laud shown, 52.

Morgui Ai'chipelago, fauna (Pocock), 78.

Mcsu//l(jea lanosa shown, 4.

Mesostomata, Anat. of (Laurie), 10.

Mexico, plants from, shown (Jennings),
46.

Miall, L. C, Chironomiis, 48.

Michael, A. D., coinm. by (Bernard),
5 3 ; elected Auditor, 5 3 ; Genital Or-
gans of G-amasina% 51.

Miles, Eev. C. P., deceased, 56.

Milner, E., deceased, 56.

Mimicry in Lepidoptera (Stewart), 54.

Miskin, W. H., elected Fellow, 3 ; with-
drawn, 56.

Mivart, Dr. St. G. J., elected Coun-
cillor, 13; nominated Vice-Pres., 28,
76.

Mobius, Prof. K., eleated Foreign Mem-
ber, 49, 53.

Molineux, A., elected, 46.

Monchona, (Chi-isty) 7, (Rendle) 9.

Monostroma Blythu from Devonshire
shown, I.

Moore, S. L. M., elected Councillor, 59 ;
Mate or Paraguayan Tea, 52 ; Nature
of Callus, 29 ; Protein in Cell-walls,
29.

Moore, T. J., elected Associate, 48.

Morris, D., Branched Palms. 52 ; Calo-
stcmma fragrans, fruits shown, 10 ;
dwarf Thrinax, 7 ; Humming-bird's
nest in house, 49 ; Jamaica drift-
fruit, 10 ; Sissal hemp, 76 ; Tick -pest
in Jamaica, 49.

Moselej-, Prof. H. W., deceased, 56 ;
obituary, 72.

^Mosley, S. L., elected Fellow, 4.
^Iiiellcr, Dr. J., Lichens of Manipur, 49 ;

Spruce's Lichens, 54.

Murray, R. G. M., yiscoikamnion and

Thfiiiax shown by, 54 ; Caidcrpa, 8 ;

Fresliwater Belesseria shown, 2 ; Galls

of lihudi/menia, i ; new Order of

Alga;, 78 ; removed from Council, 57.

Mustard-Beetle (Enock), 77.

ilyles, Eev. P. W. F., deceased, 56 ;

obituary, 73.
Myriocladla tomentosa shown, 4.

Naegeli, Prof. C. von, deceased, 1 1 ;
obituary, 25.

Namaqualaud, Cy&toccelia from, shown

(Stewart), 50.
Nest of Bearded Titmouse, 10 ; ot

Swallow (Harting), 47.
"Nest" oi Lima hians (Howes), i, 30.
Newly n, Bonaparte's Gull shot at, 3.
New-Zc^alaud Cumacea (Thomson), 48 ;

Hepatic;\! (Stephani), 50 ; Spongo-

reuiaius in (Hinde & Holmes), 50.
Norfolk, Great Bustard in, 8.
Nuts (Kola) shown, 10.
— used as food in Queensland, 7.

Obituary Notices, (1890-91) 20-27 ;

(1891-92) 60-76.
Ocijpoda ceratophthalma shown (Stew-
art), 50.
Odontoglossum hybrids (Rolfe), 29.

( 0. crlspum ; 0. cxcelleiis X ; 0. luteo-

piirpureum ; 0. Pescatorci ; 0. tri-

umphans; 0. WdJceaninn X ■)
(Eitrelata torqiiata from Cardigan Bay

shown, 7.
(E^cgopteris stracophila, galls made by, 4.
Officers elected, (1891) 13; (1892) 57 ;

Vote of thanks to, 76.
Oliver, Dr. J., elected Follow, 9.
Oliver, Prof. F. W., comm. by (Ewart),

78; elected Councillor, 13; I'emoved

from Council, 57.
Orange within an orange (Hunt), 7 ;

(Rendle), 9.
Oi'chids, anomalous (Bennett), 46 ;

(Ewart), 78.
Oriole, Baltimore, shown, 2.
Ornithogalumpyrcnaicuni, bunch shown

(Prior), 29.
Otago, sponge-remains in New Zealand

(Hinde & Holmes), 50.
Otis tarda, photos of, shown, 8.
Oxalis cernua, distribution of (Henslow),

9> 31-
Oxford, Dillonian Herbarivmi at
(Druce), 7.

Falmornis torquatus, malformed beak

of, 76.
Palm, endemic, from Anguilla, shown

(Murray), 54 ; fruit, from Matabele-

Land (Prior), 47.
Palms, Branched (Morris), 52.
Paraguayan Tea, or Mate (Moore), 52.
Parker, W, K., deceased, 11: obituary,

26. ^

Parrakeet, malformed beak of, 76.
Partridge, presumed hybrid, shown

(Bund), 48.
Patterson, R., "Wilson's Petrel in Ire-
land, 46.
Tcripatua jiil/fur/nis from St. Vincent

(Poeock), 77.

92

INDEX.

Perkins, H., deceased, it.

Petrel, South Pacific, shown, i ; Wil-
son's, shown (Harting), 45.

Phacclocarpus discigcr from the Cape
shown (Holmes), 51.

Phaethornis lonquemareus, nest of, 49.

Phalanger, teeth of (Woodward), 48.

Phillips, R. W., elected Fellow, 4,

Pliillott. Capt. D., malformed beak of
Parrakeet, 76.

Photographs of Grrenada shown (Sher-

riiig), 45-
Plant-assimilation under Spectrum, 2.
Plant-dispersal in Thames (Guppy),

78.
Plants from N. America shown (Jen-
nings), 46.
— , fossil, from Selsea (Reid), 51.
Plimmer, H. G., elected Fellow, 3.
Plowright, C. B., withdrawn, 56.
Poeock, R. I., Fauna of Mergui, 78 ;

Species of Peripatus, 77.
Portrait of Sir J. Lubbock presented,

45.
Portraits of Linnseus (Carruthers), 46 ;

of Sir J. Ross and Dr. Richardson

pres., 50.
Potter, M. C, Diseases of Oocoanut-

leaf, 28.
Poultou, E. B., removed from Councd,

13-
Power, H., elected, 53.
Pratt, A. E., Chinese plants (Hemsley),

President, election of, 13, 57; exhibitions

by, sec Stewart, C.
— , Vote of Condolence with Royal

Family, moved, 48 ; acknowledged,

49. 5°-
Presidential Address, (1891) 13-19;

(1892) 57-60.
Pi eston, autumnal flowering Mercurialis

from, 3.
Primrose, abnormal calyx of (Holmes),

Prior, bust of Lmrseus by, 36.

Prior, Dr. R. C. ^ ., Gif . of a Lantern, 76,
83 ; Fruits of Baobab &c., 47 ; motion
by, 60 ; Ornithogalum jayrenaicum,
bunch shown, 29.

Probyn, Sir D., letter from, 49.

I'rotein in cell-walls (Moore), 29.

Pseudopodia of Diatoms (Grenfel),

45-
Psyche, species of (Weir), 77.
Pt'erygotus, anat. of (Laurie), 10.
Publication, donation towards, (Collett)
- 43 ; (Elliot) 83.
Pucciiiia, Life-history of, 10.
Punctaria (Johnson), 3.

Quatrefages, Prof. J. L. A. de, deceased,
56 ; obituary, 73.

Ralph, T. S., deceased, 56.

Ea?ia temporaria, albino, shown, 5.

Eanunculus acris, sterile form of, shown,
28.

Rathbone, T., deceased, 1 1.

Rattray, J., elected Fellow, 49.

Reid, C, Additions to Arctic Fossil
Flora of Britain, 5 ; Distribution in
Sussex of Helix obvoluta, 4 ; Fossil
plants and seeds from Selsea, 51.

Reigate, Old, Ailanthus tree at, 2.

Rendle, A. B., ' Monchona,' 9 ; Orange
within an orange, 9.

Report, (1890-91) 11 ; (1891-92) 55.

lihiHh/mcnia-galls shown, i.

Richardson, Dr. J., Medallion of, pros.,

5°-

Ridley, H. N., on Bromheadia, 3.

Riviera, Mantis eggs from, 28.

Rocky Mountain plants shown (Jen-
nings), 46.

Rodway, J., elected, 47.

Roedeer, abnormal horns, 29.

Rogei's, G., deceased, 56.

Rolfe, R. A., Cycnoches liossianum,
mona?cious pseudobulb, 3 ; Hybrid
forms of Odontoglossum, 29.

Ross, Rev. W., elected Fellow, 8.

Ross, Sir J., Medallion of, pres., 50.

RufTer, M. A., elected Fellow, 10.

Russell, Lord A. J. E., deceased, 56 ;
obituary, 74.

Sacoglottis amazonica on Devonshire

coast, 10.
Sagina intima shown (Druce), 47.
St. Vincent, Catostemma fragrans fruit

from, shown, 10; Peripatus from

(Poeock), 77,
Samuel, S., Acer palmatum shown, 29.
Saturniida;, notes on (Kirby), 54.
Scott, Dr. D. H., comm. by (Barton), 8 ;

elected Auditor, 9; elected Councillor,

59 ; removed from Council, 13.
Scott, Prof.W. B.. elected, 7^.
Scrutineers appointed, (1891) 13; (1892)

47, 57-
Secondary Sexual Characters (Stewart),

13-19 ; Insects showing, 28.
Secretaries, election of, 13. 57.
Secretaries' Report, (1890-91) 11 ;

(1891-92) 55.
Seebohm, H., White's Thrush from

Shrewsbury shown, 51.
Seeds, fossil, from SeLsea (Reid), 51.
Selagenella lepido^hylla, vitality of,

29.

INDEX.

93

Selsea, fossil plants and seeds from
(Keid), 51.

Sendall, Sir W., Cocoon of Tinea, 28 ;
elected Fellow, 46.

Sexual Characters, Secondary, 13-19;
Insects showing, 28.

Sharp, Dr. D.,remoTed from Council, 57.

Sharpe, Dr. E. B., lantern demonstra-
tion by, 77.

Shaw, J., deceased, 56.

Sherring, E. V., dried Bananas, 29 ;
Photographs of Grenada shown, 45.

Shetland, Oriole from, 2 ; Plants shown
(Beebj), 28.

Shillitoe, B., Lcucojum vernv.m and
HcUcboriis viridis shown, 52.

Shrewsbury, White's Thrush from,
shown, 51.

Sikkim, Tree-ferns of (Gammie), 5.

Silver-fir, sections of (Curtis), 54.

Sissal-hemp plants (Morris), 77.

Skuse, F. A. A., elected, 50.

Sladen, W. P., Ampulla) of Echini
shown, 2 ; comm. by, (Carlill) 52,
(Hinde & Holmes) 50 ; re-elected
Secretary, 13, 57.

Slater, C. W., elected Fellow, 28.

SUmonia, anat. of (Laurie), 10.

Smith, B., Medallions by, pres.,'51.

Smith, H. H., Pcripafus coll. by, 77.

Solar Spectrum in relation to Plant-
assimilation, 2.

Somali-land, skin and horns shown
from (Tristram- Valentine), 52.

Somerville, Prof. W., elected Fellow,
27-

Spectrum in relation to Plant-assimi-
lation, 2.

Splachnidium rugo&um (Murray), 78.

Sponge from Welsh coast, 10.

— remains in Otago (Huide & Holmes),
50.

Spores of BaxMlus, their vitality (Swan),

Spruce, E., Lichens coll. by (Mueller),

54-
Stainton, H. T., appointed Scrutineer,

13-

Star of Bethlehem from Bath, 29.

Stenogramme inttrrwpta shown, 4.

Stephani, F., New Zealand Hepatica\ 50.

Stewart, C, Abnormal HoUy-berries, 4 ;
Cystocalia shown, 50 ; Goncpteri/x
Skamni with five wings, 9 ; Insects
exhibited, showing secondary sexual
characters, 28 ; Hermaphrodite
Mackerel, 28 ; Hermaphrodite Trout,
7 ; Mimicrj- in Lepidoptera, 54 ; pre-
parations shown by lanteAi, 78 ; re-
elected President, 13, 57; South

IlKS. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSIONS

American Beetles, 47 ; TestaccUa and
Hdix, 3 ; tooth of Walrus shown, 45.

Strachan, W. H. W., elected, 46 ; Tick-
pest, 47.

Streatfieid, H. S., elected Fellow, 4.

Sfyrax Bcncoin, galls of, 4.

Suffolk, Great Bustard in, 8.

Sussex, Great Bustard in, 8 ; Helix ob-
voluta in, 4 ; Markwick's drawings of
Birds &c., 2.

Sutherland, H. H., elected Fellow, 46.

Swallow's nest (Harting), 47.

Swan, A. P., elected Fellow, 4 ; Vitality
of the Spores of Bacillus Megaterium,
52-

Swayne's Hartebeest, horns of, shown
(Tristram-Valentine), 52.

Sgllium, eggs of (Harting), 50.

Symmetry, variation in floral (Bateson),
9-

Symons, J., elected Fellow, 4.

Taylor, A., elected Fellow, i.
Taymouth, Algaj from, shown, i. •
Teeth of Marsupialia (Woodward), 48.
Tcstacclla Italiotidea, eggs shown, 3.

— Maugei from Devonshire shown
(D'Urban), 52.

Thames and Plant-dispersal (Guppy),

78.
Thorn, G., withdrawn, 56.
Thomson, G. M., Cumacea; from New

Zealand, 48.
Thorwaldsen, bust of Linnjeus not by

him, 36.
Thrinax, dwarf species of (Morris), 7.

— Morrisii, shown (Murray), 54.
Tick-pest in Jamaica (Strachan), 47 j

(Morris), 49,
Tinea cocoon shown (Sendall), 28.
Titmouse nest, 10.
Todca barhara, sporangia shown, 2.
Tooth of Walrus sho\Tn (Stewart), 45.
Treasurer, re-election of, 13, 57.
Treasurer's Accounts, (1890-91) 12 ;

(1891-1892) 55.
Tree-ferns of Sikkim (Gammie), 5.
Trichosaurus, teeth of (Woodward),

48.
Trimen, H., appointed Scrutineer, 57.
Tristram-Valentine, skin and horns

from Somali-laud shown, 52.
Trout, hermaphrodite (Stewart), 7.
Tunicata, Classification of (Herdman),

5-
Turbinaria (Barton), 8.
TurnbuU, A. H., elected Fellow, 6.
Turner, C. W., deceased, 11.
Turner, F., elected, 48.
Tyler, C., thanks to JPres., 19.
1890-92. i

94

INDtX.

Variation in Floral Symmetry (Bate-
son), 9.
Yespertilio mystaoinus shown (Head),

S3-
Vice-Presidents nominated, 28, 76.
Victoria, lichens of (Wilson), 10.
Vitality ol' Bacillus spores (Swan), 52 ;

of Selaginclla Icpidophylla (Bennett),

29.

Waddell, Surg.-Maj. L. A., elected, 27.
Wales, Sponge from, 10.
Wallace, A. E,., Linnean Medal to, 76.
Wallace, R. H., elected, 76.
Walrus-tooth shown (Stewart), 45.
Ward, L., Portrait of Sir J. Lubbock by,

45-
Waters, A. W., Glands in Bryozoa,

52.
Watson, Dr. S., deceased, 56 ; obituary,

75-
Way, J., deceased, 11.
Webb, W. M., elected Fellow, 4/
Weir, J. J., elected Auditor, 9 ; motion

seconded by, 60 ; Species of Psyclie,

' 11-
W^eiss, F. E., Caoutchouc-containing

cells of Eticommia, 49.
Weldou, Prof. W. F., elected Fellow,

27.
West, T., deceased, 11.
West, W., Freshwater Alga; of Ireland,

47-
West Indian Flora photographed (Sher-

riug), 45-
West Wittering, fossil plants and seeds

from (Eeid), 51.
Whiskered Bat shown (Head), 53.

White's Thrush from Shrewsbury

shown, 51.
Wickes, W. D., elected Fellow, 8.
" Wild-Orange Fruit " shown (Prior),

47-

Wilkinson, 0. S., deceased, 56 ; obitu-
ary, 74.

WiUiams, B. S., deceased, 1 1 ; obituary,
27.

Williams, F. N., On Bianthus, 50.

Williams, H., elected Fellow, 3.

Williamson, Prof., Fossil Fern-spo-
rangia, 2.

Wilson's Petrel shown (Harting), 45.

Wilson, Dr. C, elected Fellow, 4.

Wilson, Rev. F. R. M., Lichens of Vic-
toria, 10.

Wiltshire, albino Frog from, shown, 5 ;
Great Bustard in, 8.

W^oodward, A. S., elected Fellow, 9,

Woodward, F., Teeth of Marsupialia,
48.

Wool honey shown (Christy), 5.

Worms, British (Friend), 54.

Wyatt, Rev. P. W., withdrawn, 1 1 .

Yew, growth of (Lowe), j.
Yorkshire, Great Bustard in, 8.
Young, J., Nest of Bearded Titmouse,

10.
Yucatan, Sissal hemp from (Morris),

77-

Zebra, Grevy's, skin shown (Tristram-
Valentine), 52.

Zebras, Notes on (Carlill), 52.

Zoohotryon j)dluciduiin shoM'n (Murray),
54-

PBI^JTED BY TAYLCE AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,

/

OF THE

LTMEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(SESSION 1892-93.)

November 3rd, 1892.

Prof. Charles Stewart, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The President read a letter from the Committee appointed to
promote the erection of a monument to the memory of the late
M. de Quatrefages, soliciting contributions in furtherance of
their object.

The Eev. Prof. Henslow exhibited an instrument used in Egypt
for removing the end of the Sycamore Fig, and gave some account
of the mode of cultivation.

Mr. A. Smith "Woodward exhibited and made remarks on some
supposed fossil Lampreys {Pseudospondylus Gunni) from the Old
Eed Sandstone of Caithness.

The Eev. E. S. Marshall exhibited some hybrid Willows from
Central Scotland believed to be rare or new to Britain.

Mr. G. N. Douglass exhibited the train of a Pea-hen which
had assumed the male plumage. The bird, which was reared at
the Castle Farm, Tilquhillie, near Banchory, N.B., was believed
to be about 30 years old at the time of its death, and for some
years previously had not laid any eggs. In the opinion of the
exhibitor and others present, the phenomenon was correlated
with disease of the ovaries. Similar cases had occurred with
fowls, pheasants, and black grouse, but very rarely with Pea-
fowl.

Mr. C. T. Druery exhibited some new examples of apospory in

LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINOS. — SESSION 1892-93. h

2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Ferns, viz. a specimen oi Athyrium Filix foemina,Ya,v. clarissima,
with pinnae showing development of prothalli by soral apospory,
and a seedling Lastrcua Fseudo-mas, var. cristata, showing pro-
thalli developed aposporously over general surface of frond (pan-
apospory).

Mr. J. E. Harting exhibited some live specimens of the Short-
tailed Field- Vole (Arvicola agrestis), and gave an account from
personal inspection of the serious damage done by this little
rodent upon the sheep pastures in the Lowlands of Scotland.

Mr. A. B. Eendle exhibited some seedling plants of the Sugar-
cane which had been raised iu this country by Mr. Veitch.

The discussion on several of these exhibits having continued
until a late hour, a paper by Prof. Henslow, on " A Theoretical
Origin of Endogens through an Aquatic Habit," was, by consent,
adjourned to the next Meeting on November l7th.

November 17th, 1892.

Prof. Charles Stewart, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. Frederick William Leslie was elected a Fellow.

The President having announced a proposal by the Council to
present a congratulatory Address to the Rev. Leonard Blomefield
(formerly Jenyns), M.A., F.L.S., on the occasion of the 70th
anniversary of his election as a Fellow of the Society, and in re-
cognition of his continuous and useful labours as a Zoologist, it
was moved by Sir William Flower and seconded by Dr. St. Greorge
Mivart, that the Address be signed and forwarded as proposed.
This was carried unanimously. In moving the resolution Sir
William Flower took occasion to sketch the scientific career of
Mr. Blomefield, who is now in his 93rd year, and to recapitulate
the works of which he is the author under his earlier and better-
known name of Jenyns. The Address, which was illuminated on
vellum, was then signed by the Fellows present.

Mr. Greorge Murray then exhibited and made remarks upon
Salicystis, a genus of Algse new to Britain, the species shown
being H. ventricosa, from the West Indies, and S. ovalis, from
the Clyde sea-area.

The following papers were read • —

1. " On a Theoretical Origin of Endogens through an Aquatic
Habit." By Eev. G. Henslow, M.A., F.L.S.

2. " On the Buprestidse of Japan." By George Lewis, F.L.S.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 3

December 1st, 1892.

Prof. Chables Stewabt, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. Arthur Pliilip Green, Mr. Albert Frank Stanley Kent,
the Rev. Andrew Bayne Morris, Mr. Horace Woollaston
Moiickton, and Mr. Frederick Gymer Parsons were elected
Fellows.

The President read a letter of thanks from the Rev. L. Blome-
field, in reply to the congratulatory Address which had been voted
to him and signed by the Fellows at the last Meeting, as
follows : —

" Belmont, Bath, November 22iid, 1892.

" Mt dear Mr. Harting,

" Thank you very miich for your letter received on
Saturday, and yet more for the very valuable congratulatory
Address from the Members of the Linnean Society generally,
which came safe to hand yesterday evening. In respect of this
last, I hardly know in what terms to make any adequate reply, or
therein express what I feel in the way of gratitude and thank-
fulness for so high a mark of esteem on the part of the Society
with which I have had so little intercourse for a long time back.
True it is that my connection with the Society, as far as member-
ship goes, has now lasted for the long term of seventy years,
longer, perhaps, than in the case of any other member ; but it
grieves me to think how little I have done personally for the
interests of the Society, how trifling the contributions I have
formerly made to its publications. When I open and inspect
the Journals which it puts forth from time to time (still so
liberally sent to me as they appear) and see the remarkable work
being done by others, often most elaborate researches into the
minute structure of the lower forms of animal and vegetable life,
my own doings in Zoology and Botany, fond as I am of the subject,
even now in extreme old age, seem as nothing. Yet the retrospect
is not without other reminiscences of a more pleasurable character.
It brings to my recollection departed friends whose names may
be found in the older lists of the Society, with some of whom I
joined in the pursuits that gave us so much pleasure, but who
have long since been called to their rest; I yet remain. If I
cannot claim acquaintance with many of the Fellows of the present
day, I shall always hold in grateful remembrance those who were
instrumental in getting up the congratulatory Address just re-
ceived, which shall always have a place on the walls of my study,
where there are several portraits of old Linnean Society Members,
including those of Mr.Macleay (father of Mr. Alexander Macleav),
who was, if I remember right, Secretary to the Society on the
evening on which I was admitted, Mr. Lambert, V.P., being in

1)2

4 PEOCEEDIKGS or THE

the Chair. Once more expressing my gratitude for the great
honour that has been done to me.

" Believe me, dear Mr. Harting,
" Sincerely yours,

" Leonaed Blomefield."

Messrs. H. and J. Groves exhibited specimens of several Irish
Characeae collected during the past summer. JS'itella tenuissima,
from Westmeath and Gralway, had not been previously recorded
from Ireland, and a larije form of iV. gracilis, from two lakes in
"Wicklow, had been only once previously met with. Referring to
the former, Mr. H. Groves remarked that, although it might be
expected to occur ia all the peat districts, it had only been found
ill two widely separated localities in England, viz., in the Cam-
bridgeshire Fens and in Anglesea.

Mr. Arthur Lister made some remarks on the nuclei of My-
cetozoa, exhibiting some preparations under the microscope.

Mr. E. Cambridge PhilUps forwarded for exhibition a hybrid
between Eed and Black Grouse, which had been shot in August
near Brecon.

Mr. J. E. Harting exhibited and made remarks on some
Coleopterous larvae which had been vomited by a child at Tintern,
and had been forwarded by the medical attendant, Dr. J. Taylor
Brown, for identification. The precise species had not been
determined, but it was considered to be allied to BIcqjs mortisaga.
Mr. Harting drew attention to the fact that cases of voiding
Coleopterous larvffi were mentioned by Kirby and Spence (' In-
troduction,' 7th ed. p. 71), and by the late Dr. Spencer Cobbold
in his work on ' Parasites ' (1879, p. 269).

Mr. D. Morris exhibited some tubers of Calatliea Allouia,
eaten as potatoes in Trinidad, where it is known as " Tapa Nam-
bour."

The following papers were read : —

1. " Notes on (Ecodoma cephalotes and the Eungi it cultivates."
By John H. Hart, E.L.S.

2. " On a small Collection of Crinoids from the Sahul Bank,
North Australia." By Prof. F. Jeffrey Bell. (Communicated
by W. Percy Sladen, Sec.L.S.)

3. " Descriptions of 26 new Species of Land-shells from
Borneo." Bv Edgar A. Smith. (Communicated by W. Percy
Sladen, Sec.L.S.)

December 15th, 1892.
Prof. Chaeles Stewabt, President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

LINireAJf SOCIETY OF LONDOJJ". 5

Mr. Lewis A. Bernays, Dr. Greorge Godfrey Gray, and Mr.
William Whitwell were elected Fellows.

The President announced the death of Mr. H. T. Stainton, a
Fellow and former Vice-President of the Society, and a distin-
guished Entomologist.

Mr. D. Morris exhibited a series of Botanical Photographs
from the West Coast of Africa, and gave some interesting details
about the appearance and mode of growth of some of the more
remarkable forest-trees and plants of that region.

The Secretary exhibited a large collection of photographs of
typical Lichens, which had been recently presented to the Society
by Prof. Arnold of Munich.

Oil behalf of Mr. George Swainson, Mr. A. E. Hammond
exhibited a microscope-slide projected on the screen showing an
aquatic Dipterous larva belonging to the genus Dixa. He
referred to the different views which had prevailed concerning
this or similar larvse : Eeaumur and De Geer having assigned
the prolegs to the dorsal surface ; while Staeger and. Meinert, on
the contrary, regarded that to which they were attached as the
ventral aspect of the larva. The question was one which could
be most conclusively settled by the determination of the position
of the ventral cord in living specimens. It was pointed out that
the comb-like anal plates possessed features which in allied forms
were characteristic not so much of the larval as of the pupal stage
of development.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Kotes on the Genera of Taxaceae and Coniferae." By Dr.
Maxwell T. Masters, F.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " Xote on the AflBuities of the Genus Madre^ora." By
George Brook, F.L.S.

3. " Note on the Lens of the Albino Eat." By Prof. Eichard
J. Anderson, F.L.S.

January 19th, 1893.
Prof. Chaeles Stewabt, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The following Eesolution was put from the Chair and carried
unanimously : —

" The Linnean Society desires to record its sense of the
loss Science has sustained by the deaths of Sir Eichard
Owen and Prof. West wood, and also its gratification at their
names having been numbered among the Fellows darin<'
their scientific career for the periods of 56 and 64 years
respectively."

'6 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

Mr. George Brook showed photograplis of Corals which he
had lately taken and had reproduced by permanent process at a
cost below that of lithography, with the added advantage of per-
mitting amplification by a hand-lens.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Auditory Organs of the Angel Fish, Rhina squa-
tina." By Charles Stewart, Pres. Linn. Soc.

2. "The Plants of Milanji collected by Mr. A. Whyte, aud
described by Messrs. J. Britten, E. Gr. Baker, and A. B. Eendle."
By W. Carruthers, P.E.S., F.L.S.

3. " Report on the Botany of tbe District traversed by the
Anglo-Prench Sierra-Leone Boundary Commission." By Gr. F.
Scott Elliot, F.L.S.

February 2nd, 1893.

Prof. Chaeles Stewabt, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. John Percival was elected a Fellow.

The vacancies on the list of Foreign Members caused by
the deaths of Dr. Hermann Burmeister and Mr. Sereno Watson
having been announced by the President, the following nomi-
nations were made on the recommendation of the Counci], and
the certificates ordered to be suspended : —

Prof. Dr. Carl Claus of the University of Vienna.

Monsieur Casimir de Candolle of Greneva.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Eeport on the Entomostraca from the Grulf of Guinea
collected by J. Battray." By Thos. Scott, F.L.S.

2. " Two new Species of Bhaxr By H. M. Bernard. (Com-
municated by W. Percy Sladen, SecL.S.)

3. " On the Division of Nuclei in the Mycetozoa." By Arthur
Lister, F.L.S.

4. "On the Structural Difi'erentiation of tbe Protozoan Body
as studied in Microscopic Sections." By J. E. S. Moore. (Com-
municated by Prof. Geo. B. Howes, F.L.S.)

February 16th, 1893.
Prof. Charles Stewaet, President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. Eichard Spruce was elected an Associate.
Mr. Clcmcut Eeid exhibited and gave an account of some

LINNEAN SOCIKTY OF LONDON. 7

seeds of Parndoxocarpus carinafus, an extinct Pliocene unci Pleis-
tocene plant from the Cromer Forest-bed, He also showed and
described some examples ot" Potainogeton headonensis, a new-
type of Pond-weed from the Oligocene strata of Hordle Cliff in
Hampshire.

Mr. J. E. Harting exhibited some dried plants of a so-called
Greek Tea, Slderitis theezans, Boiss., which, during his recent
visit to Thessaly, he had found to be extensively used there as an
infusion in lieu of tea. He also exhibited some photographs of
Thessalian scenery, showing the geological and botanical character
of the country bordering the great plain of Larissa.

Dr. Otto Stapf pointed out on the map the scene of Dr. Boru-
mueller's recent botanical explorations in Persia, and gave some
account of the flora of that region so far as has at present been
ascertained.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Lite-history of the^cidium on Paris quadrifolla.''''
By C. B. Plowright and W. Thomson. (Communicated by the
President.)

2. " Contribution to the Natural History of the Flower. —
No. I." By J. C. Willis, M.A. (Communicated by Francis
Darwin, F.R.S., F.L.S.)

3. "Studies of British Worms.— Part III." By the Eev.
Hilderic Friend, F.L.S.

March 2nd, 1893.

Prof. Charles Stewart, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Surgeon-Major Kanoba Eanchoddas Kirtikar, the Rev. James
Lament, Mr. Lewis Ough, and Mr. Walter George Ridewood
were elected Fellows.

A series of Resolutions passed at the recent Jubilee of the
Rothamsted experiments were read from the Chair for the
information of the Fellows, and subscriptions in aid of the pro-
posed Memorial were invited.

Mr. Miller Christy exhibited some photographs of the Ameri-
can Bison taken from living wild animals, and gave some account
of the present restricted distribution of the species.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Behring Sea Islands and their Flora." By J. M.
Macouu. (Communicated by Prof J. Macoun, F.L.S.)

2. " On the I'lui-a ufLhc Fastcru CuasL of the Mahiv Pcuinbula."'
By H. ^. Ridley, M.A., F.L.S.

8 PROCKEDINGS OF THE

March 16th, 1893.

Prof. Chaeles Stewaet, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. Eichard Thomas Baker, the Eev. John Bufton, Mr. John
Taylor, and Mr. William Henry Wilkinson, were elected Fellows,
and Mr. Thomas Moore was elected an Associate.

A curious freshwater Alga growing in a perfectly spherical
mass without any visible point of attachment, and described as an
fegagrophilous condition of CladopJiora, was exhibited by Mr. A.
W. Bennett, who stated that specimens had been found in English
and Welsh lakes as well as in Sweden, and that the peculiar form
of growth was difficult to explain. Mr. Gr. E. Murray suggested
that it might be due to the action of a current which would cause
a continuous revolution of the mass.

Mr, E. I. Pocock exhibited a nest, so called, of a Myriapod
received from Sierra Leone, and formed of a clayey earth which
had become hardened by exposure. It was suggested that it was
not a nest formed by the creature itself, but rather a case
fashioned by Ants for the purpose of entombing their enemy.

The following papers were read : —

1. "Botanical Eesults of the Sierra Leone Boundary Com-
mission." By &. E. Scott Elliot, E.L.S.

2. " Contributions to the Arthropod Eauna of the West Indies."
By E. Innes Pocock. (Communicated by the President.)

3. " Some Points in the Anatomy of Melongena melongena.'''
By J. H. Vanstone. (Communicated by Prof. George Bond
Howes, E.L.S.)

April 6th, 1893.

Prof Chaeles Stewaet, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Messrs. Erederick Harry Baker and Eichard Spiers Standen
were elected Eellows.

The President took occasion to refer to the great loss which
Botanical Science had sustained by the death, on April 4th, of
Prof. Alphonse de Candolle of Geneva, an announcement which
was received with profound regret. M. de Candolle was the
Senior Eoreign Member of the Society, having been elected in
Mav 1850, and was the recipient of the Society's Gold Medal in
1889.

LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX.

Mr. Clement Reid exhibited and made some rem
fruit of a South European Maple {Acer monspessulanum)
interglacial deposit on. the Hampshire coast.

Mr. E. Lloyd Praeger, who was present as a visitor, exhibited
some rare Britisli plants from the county Armagh, and gave an
account of their local distribution.

The following paper was read : —

" On a Collection of Plants from the region of Lhassa, made
by Surgeon-Captain W. G. Thorold in 1891, and a further Col-
lection from the Kuen-lun Plains made by Capt. H. P. Picot in
1892." By W. Betting Hemsley, P.R.S., A.L.S.

Dr. H. C. Sorby gave a demonstration with tlie oxy-hydrogen
lantern, and exhibited a number of slides which he had prepared
of small marine organisms, many of them extremely beautiful,
mounted transparently so as to show the internal structure.

April 20th, 1893.

Prof. Chaeles Stewabt, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. Aubyn B. E. Trevor-Battye was elected a Fellow.

The President announced that the following Auditors to

examine the Tr^-asurer's Accounts had been nominated by the

Council, viz. : —

t;. .7 ^ -7 f Dr. John W. S. Meikleiohn.
For tie Council | ^^ ^ ^ ^ Y,zXi^v^.

-ny J.1 -TMi \ Mr. Charles James Breese.
For the Fellows | ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^.^^^^^

On Mr. Breese stating his inability to attend, the name of
Mr. W. F. Kirby was, with that gentleman's consent, substituted
for it, and the Auditors thus nominated were, by show of hands,
unanimously elected.

The President took occasion to notice the retirement of Mr. F.
H. Kingston after 36 years' service as Lodge Keeper, and pre-
sented him with a testimonial in the shaj)e of a cigar-case con-
taining £35 in Bank Notes, which had been subscribed on his
behalf by all the Societies in Burlington House. The presentation
was suitably acknowledged by the recipient.

Mr.^J. E. Harting exhibited some photographs of Burlington
House with the gateway as it existed before the rebuilding in

lO PBOCEEDINGS OF THE

1868, and showing the old colonnade, which had since been de-
molished and was lying still uncared for in Battersea Park.

The following papers were read : —

1. " The Subterranean Crustacea of New Zealand, with some
Remarks on the Fauna of Caves and Wells." By Chas. Chilton,

r.L.s.

2. " Notes on the Anatomy, Physiology, and Histology of the
Chernetidse, with special reference to the Rudimentary Stigmata
and to a new form of Trachea." By H. M. Bernard. (Com-
municated by W. Percy Sladen, Sec.L.S.)

May 4th, 1893.

Prof. Chakles Stewart, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Messrs. John Buchanan and Charles Henry Nichols were
elected Pellows.

Prof Dr. Carl Claus, of Vienna, and Monsieur Casimir de
Candolle, of Geneva, were elected Foreign Members.

Dr. Bowdler Sharpe exhibited some new and rare birds from
Borneo, and made remarks upon the singular distribution of the
genera to which they belonged. On behalf of Miss E. M. Sharpe
he also exhibited the sexes, larvae, and cocoons of a rare Silk-
worm Moth {Oonometa fascia) from Lagos.

Prof. J. Bretland Farmer exhibited under the microscope some
preparations showing attraction spheres in spores of Hepatic£e,
and gave the result of his recent researches on the subject.

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited some curious variations in
foliage in plants of a Sierculia from Brazil reared from the same
pod, and showed also a specimen of Erythroxylon Coca in fruit.

Mr. W. Botting Hemsley showed two British plants which
were interesting on account of the localities, viz. Empetrum nigrum
from Dorset (where Mr. C. B. Clarke had seen it growing on
Poole Harbour spit, though it had not been included hitherto in
the county flora), and Scilla nutans, with prolonged bracts,
usually regarded as an introduced garden form, which had been
iound growing apparently wild in a wood near Ashford, Kent.

The following paper was read : —

" On the Nervous System of Myxine (/lutinosa." By Alfred
Sanders, F.L.S.

LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

May 24th, 1893.

Anniversary Meeting.

Prof. Chables Stewart, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The Treasurer presented the Annual Statement of Accounts,
duly audited, as shown on p. 12.

The Secretary read his report of deaths, withdrawals, and
elections, and the condition of the Library, as follows : —

Since the last Anniversary Meeting 16 Fellows had died, or
their deaths had been ascertained, viz. : —

Eev. Eobert Collie.

Mr. Charles Paunce De Laune.

Mr. Lewis Llewellyn Dillwyn.

Dr. Frederick D. Dyster.

The Hon. W. Bancroft Espeut.

Mr. Eobert D. Fitzgerald.

Mr. Edward Forster.

Mr. Harry Berkeley James.

Eev. Eobert Whitaker McAll.

Mr. William Match wick.

Sir Eichard Owen.

Mr. Henry Tibbats Stainton.

Mr. Thomas Jonathan Symonds.

Dr. Forbes Watson.

Prof. John Obadiah Westwood.

Eev. William Woolls.

Associate.
Mr. Thomas John Moore.

Foreign Members.

Dr. Hermann Burmeister.
Monsieur Alphonse de Candolle.

During the past year 22 Fellows had withdrawn, viz. : —

Mr. John Henry Baldock.
Mr. Charles A. Barber.
Mr. W. Bowles Barrett.
Eev. J. Louis Bedford.
Mr. John T. Carrington,
Mr. Thomas Bonner Chambers.
Mr. Eichard Benyon Croft.
Mr. Leopold Field.
Mr. J. Starkie Gardner.
Mr. J. Lawrence Hamilton.
Mr. Josiah Marshall Heath.

Eev. Charles Henry Lang.
Mr. Eobert Lendenfeld.
Mr. C. G. Warnford Lock.
Dr. George Williams Parker.
Mr. Francis Taylor Piggott.
Eev. George Edward Post.
Eev. Stuart O. Eidley.
Mr. Stuart M. Samuel.
Mr. E. W. H. Schenley.
Mr. Henry G. W. Stephens.
Dr. Peter Tates.

And 22 Fellows, 2 Associates, and 2 Foreign Members have been
elected.

12

PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

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o ® t o

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON". l3

Duriiif); the past year there had been received as Donations
from private individuals to tlie Library 64 volumes and 110
pamphlets and separate impressions of memoirs.

From the various Universities, Academies, and Scientific
Societies there had also been received in exchange and otherwise
205 volumes and 61? detached parts, besides 49 volumes and 16
parts obtained by exchange and otherwise from the editors and
proprietors of independent periodicals.

The Council, at the recommendation of the Library Committee,
had sanctioned the purchase of 309 volumes and 18.3 parts of
important woi-ks.

The total additions to the Library were therefore 627 volumes
and 373 separate parts.

The following is the number of books bound during the past
year : — In half-morocco 273 volumes, in half-calf 5 volumes,
in full calf 11 volumes, in full cloth 124 volumes, in vellum
17 volumes, in buckram 7 volumes, in boards or half-cloth
12 volumes, relabelled (half-morocco and cloth backs) 31 volumes.
Total 480 volumes.

The Senior Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing the
elections.

The President opened the business of the day, and the Pellows
present proceeded to ballot for the Council and Officers.

The Ballot for the Council having been closed, the President
appointed Mr. Frederick Justen, Mr. Albert D. Michael, and
Mr. John Jenner Weir, Scrutineers, and the votes having been
counted and reported to the President, he declared the fol-
lowing Members to be removed from the Council, i-iz. : —
Mr. Charles Baron Clarke, Mr. Arthur Lister, Dr. John "W. S.
Meiklejohn, Dr. St. George J. Mivart, and Mr. Spencer Le Mar-
chant Moore. And the following to be elected into the Council,
viz. : —Mr. John Gilbert Baker, Dr. Albert C. L. G. Giinther,
Mr. George R. M. Murray, Dr. Eichard C A. Prior, and Mr.
Howard Saunders.

The Ballot for the Officers having been closed, the President
nominated the same Scrutineers, and the votes having been
counted and reported to the President, he declared the result as
follows, viz. : —

President, Prof. Charles Stewart.

Treasurer, Mr. Frank Crisp.

„ . ■ \ Mr. B. Daydon Jackson.
Secretaries | ^^^ ^^ p/^^^ gj^^^^^

The President then delivered the Anniversary Address, as
follows : —

14 proceediifgs of the

Presidential Address.

I propose on this occasion to say a few words on a subject of
considerable interest, namely, some of the many means by which
sound is produced by animals. It is clear that this is an ex-
ceedingly important question, for, in ourselves, we koow that it
is largely owing to the fact of that complex sound-production
which we call speech that we hold our present, more or less,
prominent position amongst our fellow creatures of this world.
We know, also, that the production of sound must be of con-
siderable importance amongst other and lower forms, for so many
have that power ; and it is without question that those who can
intentionally produce sound have also the apparatus by which
it can be heard. The simplest form, perhaps, in which sound is
produced is by mere percussion, the striking of a portion of the
body upon some other external material — either the ground, or
rock, or wood ; or a sudden striking of two portions of the body
together, as we do when we clap our hands as a sign of applause,
or when we snap our fingers, and so forth. The clapping of the
hands in this country is recognized mainly as a sign of applause,
whereas in most parts of the East we know that it is a customary
mode of summoning an attendant to minister to our wants.
Now there is an animal, a small Macrurous crustacean (Alpheus),
which is fairly common over the world. One species, A. mega-
cheles, may not unfrequently be taken in burrows in hte sand in
Gruernsey and Jersey, and in tropical countries this genus is
even still more abundant. It is about 2 inches in length, and
has the usual appearance of a Macrurous crustacean (e. g.
Lobster). The left nipper is peculiarly modified, having a
process of the propodite hollowed out into a sort of groove, and
the dactylopodite, which can be closed upon it, is provided with
a smooth prominence that fits accurately into the groove when
the nipper is closed. Now if this little crustacean be annoyed
by any intruder in its burrow, or be caught by some collector,
the first thing it does is to suddenly close this nipper, and pro-
duce a noise as sharp and as loud as that made by snapping the
finger and thumb, or made by the breaking of a piece of glass.
It is evident that it is rather as a warning to an enemy to
frighten it off than for any other purpose ; at all events, it is
under such circumstances of alarm that the animal produces
this sound. It has not been heard to do it under more peaceful
conditions ; but when frightened or disturbed it invariably makes
it. The first occasion on which I heard this done it was not
this particular genus, but a very closely allied species, Typton
spongicola. It is a smaller crustacean than the Alpheus, and
was found in the hollow cavity of a brown sponge. On turning
over the sponge to look for the crustacean, the first indication 1
had of my friend was this sharp noise deep down in the inter-
stices of the sponge. On tearing it open I found the animal was
coloured the same as the sponge, and was evidently endeavouring

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 5

to frighten ine away from my purpose by making this particular
sound. It is not necessary- to dwell longer on this mechanism,
which has so close a resemblance to that which we ourselves use
in many acts of life.

I will now pass on to speak of a different contrivance present
in certain Crustacea, producing a sort of creaking sound, which is
made by what is known as a stridulating-, or creaking-apparatus.
Perhaps, on the whole, the simplest form of this stridulating- or
creaking-apparatus is that met with in a common tropical crab
known as Matuta picta. The upper border of the propodite of both
chela? has .two file-like surfaces which can be rubbed against the
carapace, producing a creaking sound very much of the same
character as would be caused if a piece of iron held in a vice
were filed. We have here, then, a very simple form of stridu-
latiug-apparatus in this Matuta. A somewhat more complex
one is met with in a tropical crab which is known as Ocypoda
ceratophthahna. This crab has a very square carapace, and the
eye-stalks are prolonged beyond the eye itself. Sometimes the
left chela, sometimes the right, is very large, and has a curious
ridge, which extends from above downwards on the surface of
the propodite nearest the carapace, provided with a most regular
and beautiful set of file-like teeth. The upper portion of the
ridge is provided with coarse teeth, but in the lower portion
we find that the teeth are very much finer. In this case we
probably have a stridulating-apparatus which is capable of
giving out two different kinds of sound. It is probable that
the coarser toothed region will give out a deeper note than the
finer region. It is hardly likely that the same note would be
produced, because I take it that these stridulating-organs are to
be compared, as regards the mechanism of sound-production,
rather to a Savart wheel than to any other sound-producing
organ ; that is to say, the resultant note is determined by the
number of blows given by these teeth, and will depend then upon
the rapidity with which the toothed surface is drawn over some
other part of the body, and also on the number of teeth upon
that surface.

There is one still more perfect stridulating-organ in the
Crustacea, which, though not presenting the complexity that we
see in the case of the Ocypoda, yet offers a very curious pro-
blem, of which I can give no solution, and I shall be very glad
if any of the Fellows here can throw light on the subject. In
the case of a very common crustacean indeed — the common spiny
lobster (Falimirus vulgaris), familiar to most of us as so often
displayed on our fish-stalls, — this spiny lobster has a very com-
plex organ for the production of sound. Those who have been
around our Cornish coast and have seen the large store-boxes in
which these and other Crustacea are kept until they are required
for the market, may have noticed, when these store-boxes are
brought out in order to yield up their contents for sale, a creak-
ing sound like a colony of frogs croaking. This croaking sound
is produced by the great antenna; of this Palinurus vulffar/n

1 6 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE

rubbing against a process between them. I have one here, wliich
is, however, not alive, but the mechanism of the sound-produc-
tion being still intact, and the body preserved in glycerine and
spirit, I think you will be able to hear the sound which these
curious creatures can produce when they are annoyed or dis-
turbed in any way. In life the crustacean would be found to
raise alternately first one and then the other antenna, and the
curious creaking sound is made.

Unlike most Crustacea, in Palinurus the first joint of the
antennae (which may be distinguished by the opening of the
antennary gland, or kidney) is fused with the carapace and its
fellow of the opposite side. The second joint is closely articu-
lated with the first externally but loosely on its inner side. This
second joint has its upper and inner border prolonged to form a
semicircular chitinous disc, which firmly grasps the upper border
of a wedge-shaped process formed either by the antennulary
sternite or fused first joints of the antennae, and which lies be-
tween the antennae. This wedge-shaped process has its base
above, with its lateral smooth surfaces forming part of a circle,
of which the external point of articulation of the antenna is the
centre. Close to its lower or posterior border is a shallow
groove. The chitinous process of the upper border of the antenna
has an oval file-like surface on its inner side, the direction of the
teeth being that in which it is moved. The file is guided by a
tubercle at its proximal border that fits the groove. The direc-
tion of the teeth of the file corresponding with its direction of
motion is the exceptional feature referred to, there being appa-
rently a condition of minimum friction between the file aud
the surface on which it rubs.

So far as I am aware, the sound-producing organ is in most
cases present in both sexes in Crustacea.

Amongst Myriapoda, I only know of two examples possessing
sound-producing organs. In the male of SplicBrotlierimn, from
Madagascar, a chelate organ (not supposed to be an appendage)
IS situated on each side of the anal opening. It has a file on that
part which is in contact with the overlying tergum, this latter
being roughened by minute elevations against which the file rubs.

The other case is that of Eucoryhas crotalus, from Natal ; in
this the three terminal joints of the last two appendages are
flattened out into leaf-like structures, which are said to produce
a sound either by being rattled together or upon the ground.

In insects there are many cases in which, without special
structure, sound is produced by snapping the jaws, bringing
other parts suddenly together, or striking with the head, &c.,
some resounding neighbouring body, as is the case with the
death-watch, &c.

Many beetles are provided with a stridulating-apparatus,
present in both sexes : the file-surface is on the abdomen and
thigh in Loniaptera ; in Necrophilus two files on the abdomen
are rubbed by the elytra ; in Batocera a file on the metathorax
is rubbed by the mesothorax, &c.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON". \\ I

.1

0U>

r--^HY

Amonp;st the Orthoptera a stridulating-organ is "fcoitmionly
present, but in the male only. The grasshopper has long beayiOJS.
known to make its chirping sound by rubbing the file, on the*^-^ss:
inner surface of its posterior femora, against the elytra as they
lie by the sides of the abdomen, the insect standing on its two
anterior pairs of legs when performing. In Ci/sfocoelia immacu-
lafa the abdomen of the male is immensely distended with air,
and its second segment lias a curved ridge of eight teeth, the
curve having the femorous articulation as its centre ; the part
of the femur in contact Avith this ridge is provided with a
finely toothed process. In C. sexguttuta the abdominal file
resembles that on the chela of Ocypoda^ the lower portion having
the teeth from five to six times as close as the upper.

In the crickets and their allies the stridulating-organ is found
on the overlapping portions of the elytra — the left having the file
on its under surface and at right angles to the axis of the body,
the right having a smooth ridge above in the axis of the body,
and with a tense resonating membrane on its outer and posterior
side ; the membrane is, in FseudopliyUus and Macrolyristes, partly
covered by a fold j^rojecting from its inner border, which, may
act like the sounding-board over a pulpit.

Amongst the Hymenoptera certain ants in Central Africa were
heard by Dr. Livingstone to emit a sharp creaking sound ; a
special ridged surface on the two peduncular segments of the
abdomen has since been described.

The most powerful and complex sound-producing organ in
insects is found in the Cicadidie ; it is of an entirely different type
to all previously considered. If we take as our example one in
which all parts are about equally developed, as, for ibstance,
Cicada australasice, we shall find on the upper and lateral surface
of the first abdominal segment a convex ridged membrane — the
drum ; to the middle of its inner surface is attached the short
and delicate tendon of a conical muscle that arises from the
sternites of the first and second segment ; the contraction of this
muscle pulls in the drum, the sudden recoil of the drum exciting
the sound-wave. The drum is coneealed and jjrotected by a
forward projection of the anterior border of the second segment,
named the cover. The ventral surface of the second segment, or
the membrane between it and the first, has a portion of the
cuticle exceedingly thin and tensely stretched ; this forms the
mirror ; it is often so thin as to decompose the light like a soap-
bubble ; it acts as a resonating organ in conjunction with the
general body of the insect. The mirror is jjrotected by a broad
plate-like prolongation of the metathorax called the operculum.
At the anterior border of the operculum is a strong spine, ' pes-
sellum,' projecting from the first joint, ' trochantin,' of the hind
leg ; it is thought that it checks undue depression of the oper-
culum. In Thoplia the chamber bounded by the cover is very
large, forming large pockets extending far backwards on either
side of the abdomen. In Dunduhia the operculum projects

LLNN. SOC. PUOUEEDIXGS. — SESSION' 1592-93. C

iS PEOCEEDIlS'ftS or THE

backwards often beyond tlae abdomen. In Cystosoma and Pi/clna
the cover is completely absent, and the abdomen greatly distended
with air.

The Cicadidfe, then, are provided, so far as the male is concerned,
with a sound-producing apparatus which is probably more
powerful tlian any contrived by man.. If we consider that,
23utting aside the whole body of the instrument, the actual
machiue itself, and not the general resonant body, is not more
than a quarter of an inch across ; yet the sound produced by a
few of these insects congregated together is so intense, so loud,
that it is quite impossible to hear one's self speaking ; and
it is said that at a very long distance indeed it is just as
if you were in some manufacturing town, and the whirl of
machinery was going on with the fullest vigour. I have also
heard the note described as being the same as that produced if
one attempted to sharpen the edge of a large sheet of tin across
the surface of a very rapidly revolving grindstone. I must say,
I do not think I should like a musical instrument of that
character.

I should probably weary you if I were to describe the sound-
producing organs of fish, Avhich are of a type different from any
other sound-producing organs ; but I will just point out the one
musical instrument which, so far as I am aware, corresponds with
these stridulating-organs. "We find this stridulating musical
instrument of man's invention, to the best of my knowledge,
only in New Gruinea, and there it is not often met with.
One of the native tribes use a very curious musical instru-
ment indeed. They take a gourd, which they hollow out after
cutting a hole at one end. Next they take the bone of a bird,
and notch it all over the surface so as to make it very rough ;
they then plug the end where they have cut it, and fasten m a
small delicate spine-like bone. This musical instrument is
played thus : — It is held so that the hand shoidd not check the
vibration ; the bone is put into the hollow vessel and is rubbed
against the edge of the opening so that it makes a creaking
sound. It is precisely equivalent, in all the fundamental features,
to a stridulating-apparatus. The violin does not exactly corre-
spond, but I think the instrument just described really does.

Dr. Robert Braithwaite then moved the following resolution,
viz. : — " That the thanks of the Society be given to the President
for his excellent Address, and that he be requested to allow it to
be printed." This, having been seconded by Sir J. K. Gribson-
Maitlaud, was carried unanimously.

The Linnean Grold Medal for the year was then presented to
Prof. Daniel Oliver.

Liy.VEAX SOCIETY OF LONDO:^. 1 9

The Presidext, in presenting tlie Gold ]Medal of the Society
to Prof. Oliver, said : —

It is now my exceedingly pleasing duty, acting on belialf of
tlie Society, to present, to that gentleman who has been con-
sidered by your Council a worthy recipient of the Gold Medal,
that most honourable distinction ; and. Professor Oliver, on
handing you the Gold Medal of the Linnean Society, it is my
pleasing duty to recall to the memory of the Fellows present your
many labours in Botany, which have more particularly induced
the Society to confer upon you this appreciation of your work.
First of all I would call attention to the very varied character of
your botanical work. In ISoO you discovered a species of y^ajas
in Ireland ; iu 1850 you published in our ' Transactions ' a paper
on the Structure of the Stem in certain Caryophyllece and Plum-
bagineoe, illustrated with plates drawn by yourself; and in lbt)2
you contributed to the ' Natural History Eeview ' a Memoir on
the Structure of the Stem in Dicotyledons, with a critical Biblio-
graphy of the subject. Tour series of eighteen papers in the
' Journal ' and in the ' Transactions ' of tliis Society deal with
all branches of Botany ; several, including the whole of the 29th
volume of our ' Transactions ' with its plates, illustrate the Flora
of Africa ; you have paid detailed attention to the Olacinese, the
Hamamelidap, and other imperfectly understood Orders. Tour
artistic talents enabled you to illustrate these Memoirs beauti-
fully and accurately. The second point I would mention is the
liigh excellence of this work. The investigations of more recent
workers have confirmed the accuracy of your observations and
conclusions established in these memoirs, in Hooker's ' Icones
Plantarum,' which you have now edited for three years wholly
yourself, and elsewhere. Then also, in 1S62, when geologists
were discussing the Atlantis hypothesis, you showed in the
' K^atural History Eeview ' that the Macaronesian Flora told
against the hypothesis, but that a close connection existed be-
tween the Flora of Macarouesia and that of temperate Xorth
America. The third point is that much of your work is, as yet,
unpublished ; it is enshrined iu the Kew Herbarium, where it
has been almost wholly prepared. The last point I need touch
upon is your educational works ; your ' Elementary Botany ' is
the most useful educational work we have, and has led many to
further study. Among the many successful pupils you have
trained as Professor of Botany for thirty years at University
College, London, not the least distinguished has been your
successor in the Professorial Chair.

PEorEssoR Oliver. — I need hardly say that I am very deeply
sensible of the singular honour which you and the Council do
me. I should be very sorry to say any word which might savour
of criticism, or call in question the discretion of the Council, but
I may be allowed to say this, that I am very conscious that I am
sadly undeserving of this distinction. So far as my work is cou-

c2

20 PROCEEDINGS OE THE

cerned, in the main it has been done solely in the discharge of
my official duties at Kew, where I have myself obtained help
from friends and colleagues, amongst others our distinguished
Fellows Sir Joseph Hooker, the late Mr. Bentham, and. from my
old colleague and our much honoured friend Mr. Baker. For
my own part tLe worst of it is that I feel that I cannot consider
myself worthy of this honour ; for this reason, that I am almost
absolutely destitute of the great hankering after research — the
getting behind things — characteristic of modern research ; I am
generally content to enjoy them in a passive sort of way. Another
act similar to this came to me some years ago at the hands of the
President of the Council of the Eoyal Society, who conferred a
Royal Medal upon me. Instead of exchanging it for some appa-
ratus for research, some rare book, or some powerful lens, I
exchanged it for a little water-colour drawing. I can hardly
persuade myself that I am a scientific man, and therefore having
any claim upon the Society. It remains for me to thank you
and the Council heartily for the honour which you have done
me.

The obituary notices of deceased Fellows and Foreign Members
were laid before the Meeting by the Secretaries.

Obittjaet jN'otices.

Heemann Cael Conead Buemetstee was born at Stralsund
in 1807. He studied Medicine at Halle, and graduated as Ph.D.
in 1829. In 1842 he was elected to the Chair of Zoology at
Halle in succession to Professor Nitzsch, and he held that post
until 1848. He then visited Brazil, and in company with Lund,
the Scandinavian naturalist, explored a large tract of country
and made extensive collections. On returning to Europe his
specimens were deposited, in the Halle Museum, and the results
of the journey were published in the ' Systematische Uebersicht
der Thiere Brasiliens,' and the ' Erliiuterungen zur Fauna Bras-
iliens.' Burmeister did not, however, remain long in Halle, but
again returned to South America and became Director of the
Museum of Natural History at Buenos Ayres, a post which he
held until shortly before his death. He published, in 1861, his
' Eeise durch die La Plata-Staaten,' which is regarded as the
standard work on the Vertebrates of the Argentine Republic.
During the last thirty years he has studied with unremitting
zeal the Fossil Mammalia of the same country, the results of his
work being mostly published in the * Anales del Museo Publico
de Buenos Aires.' He was also the author of a large number of
papers on Zoological subjects communicated to various European
scientific societies and journals. He was elected a Foreign
Member of this Society in 1851. He died at Buenos Ayres o.u
the 2ud of May, 1892.

LUnfEAX SOCIETY OF LOy DON. 21

"With the death o£ ALPnoysE be Caxdolle another link is
severed with the old school of systematic botanists, which have
formed so brilliant a line from the days of Jussieu onwards, and
of whom so few now remain. Biology has now necessarily be-
come so specialized that we shall never again see quite the same
race of giants which flourished in the middle period of this
century.

The subject of our notice was born in Paris, where his father,
the celebrated Auguste Pyrame de Candolle, was for the time
being. His family came originally from France, when the revo-
cation of the edict of Xantes drove so many of her worthiest
sons to enrich the national life and industries of more tolerant
countries. He was born on 27th October, 1S06, and although
brought up in the very atmosphere of Botany, he was trained for
the law, after taking his degree of Bachelier es Sciences at the
University of Geneva in 1S25. In 1S29 he received the degree
of LL.D. alter passing through the full curriculum of legal
studies, and on this occasion published a thesis on the preroga-
tive of pardon, of remai'kable power. It may be possibly due to
this early training in a rigid scliool of logic that the bent of his
later years was so often shown iu deciding technical questions of
nomenclature, as well as being due to his life-long career as one
of the editors of the ' Prodromus.' In 1831 he was appointed
honorary Professor of Botany in the Academy of Geneva, and
associated with his father in the administration of the botanic
garden, and also liad charge of the botanical excursions with the
students. Four years later he was raised to the rank of ordinary
professor in the room of his father, who resigned on account of
his health and the severe demands made upon his strength by
the ' Prodromus.' From 1841, when the decease of his lather
threw the full burden of the ' Prodromus,' the chair of botany,
and the oversight of the botanic garden on him, he carried out
his duties in this varied aspect till IboO, when certain events in
the city of Geneva caused his retirement aud the full devotion of
his powers to non-ofiicial work.

The first botanical work of our author was his admirable
'Monograph of the Campanulaceae ' (Paris, 1830), which may be
taken as a model of patient and zealous devotion to working out
a group of plants, in the method of the father's ' Systema,' ex-
tended and improved ; of this work Mr. Bentham has recorded
his opinion that by it Alphonse de Candolle has shown his right
to rank as one of the first of living systematists. From tliis
time it is impossible to enumerate the many important produc-
tions which came from his pen, they are well known to every
working botanist, and need only be briefly referred to here. A
noteworthy volume was that on the geography of plants published
in 1855 under the title of ' Geographic botanique raisonnee,'
■which still remains a trustworthy guide, although the advance of
knowledge since then has made a portion somewhat obsolete.
In the ' Prodromus,' besides the general conduct of the whole

2 2 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

from the scventli volume, Alplionse de Candolie must be credited
with the writing of 46 orders in whole or part, and of the Smi-
laceee in the ' Monographes ' (the succeeding series to the ' Prodro-
mus,' of which seven volumes are extant). His ' La Phytographie,
au I'art de decrire les Plantes' (Paris, 1880), is a volume which
is singularly interestiog on account of the many by-ways of
botanic lore into which it strays and the charm of its style. lu
this he adverts to some of the points raised since the publication
of the ' Lois de JNTomenclature botanique,' which itself was the
re-issue of a draft set of rules submitted to the Botanic Congress
assembled in Paris in 1866 and came out the year following.
Opinion has differed as to some of the 'laws' here promulgated,
but the majority of the methods advised are excellent, and it
would be strange if they were not, as they may be held to embody
the experience of the de Candolles, father and son, for tJiree
quarters of a century.

Por some years past Alphonse de Candolie had relinquished
actual work on plants owing to his sight showing traces of the
advance of age, but he retained to the last his vivid interest
in all questions which agitated botanists of the present day, and
his letters to within a very short period of his decease showed no
sign of feebleness. But towards the end of last year he acknow-
ledged, in corresj)ondence with his intimate Iriends, that without
any actual illness he had felt an actual step dow^nwards in
respect of strength ; still, with his hale old age, his family hoped
that the return of spring would enable him to shake off
these symptoms. Early this year he had an attack of that
mysterious and jDrostrating complaint, the influenza, which, fol-
lowed by acute pneumonia, terminated fatally on the 4th April,
1893. The news, which first arrived through a press agency,
was received the following evening in this room with every
feeling of profound regret.

The honours conferred on A. de Candolie were numerous, every
civilized country seemed solicitious of enumerating him among
those whom it delighted to honour. Doctor of Geneva, Oxford,
Cambridge, Bale, Heidelberg, and Bonn, recipient of many foreign
orders, Poreign Member of Academies and Societies, a list of
which would require some pages of this record, we must not
omit to recall that he was elected Poreign Member of this Society
so far back as 1850, and thus for some years past has been our
Senior Poreign Member ; in 1888 he received the Linnean gold
medal, his grandson being present to receive it on his behalf.

A full enumeration of the honours borne by the deceased,
and an equally full bibliography, has been published by Dr. Christ,
in the current number of the ' Bulletin de I'berbier Boissier,'
pp. 203-234.

The Eev. Pobeet Collie was born in Aberdeenshire not far
from Balmoral, and was trained for the ministry of the Presby-
terian Church, ordained about 1856, and, after spending ten

LIN'>'EAX SOCIEXr OF LOXDDN". 23

years in England, was commissioned bv the Free Churcli of Scot-
land to proceed to New South AV^ales. On his arrival in the
Colony he remained three months at Grafton, and then w:ia
elected minister of the NeAtown Church, where he lived until
his deatii, at the Manse, on the 18th April, 1892, having been
seized by paralysis during a lecture on the evening of June 19th,
1S91, from which he never recovered. His connection with this
Society dates from 1871.

Egbert DoroLvs Fitzgetia.lt>, Deputy Surveyor-General of the
Colony of Xew Soutli Wales, died at his residence Hunter's Hill,
near Sydney, on August 13th, 1892, after a short illness, in liis
G2nd year.

He became known botanically by his visit with Mr. Charles
IMoore to Lord Howe's Island, the flora of which spot was till
then very imperfectly known, and the endemic forms of plants
there found were then made public. The work by which his
reputation will be deservedly sustained is his splendid monograph
on the Australian Orchids, which began to be issued at Sydney
in 1876, and was not completed at the time of his death. The
admirable drawings in this folio were the product of his own
2)encil, and are such as only a naturalist on the spot could
have produced. A trifling blot iu it is that, in consequence of
the order adopted iu the issue of the parts, the citation of the
plates can only be made by a most cumbrous method, a fault
wliicli is but too common with authors whose attention is conceu-
trated upon the subject matter of their studies to the exclusion
of minor details. He was elected Fellow in 1871.

Thomas Jonx Mooee was born in London in 1821, and at the
age of nineteen was appointed assistant- curator of the Eurl of
Derby's Museum at Knowsley. When this collection was be-
queathed to the Corporation of Liverpool in 18-51, Mr. Moore
became curator, and he has held that post for forty years, until
his retirement on account of failing health iu 1891. To his
constant care and energy Liverpool is iu a large degree indebted
for the excellence of its museum, which now ranks as one of the
finest provincial institutions. Mr. Moore contributed numerous
notes on Zoological subjects to scientific journals, and he was a
generous helper to many workers. He took an active part iu
popularizing science, the Liverpool Free Public Lectures from
iSGo to 1884 being organized by him. He was also an enthu-
siastic supporter of all local projects devoted to the encourage-
ment of research.
• lie was elected an Associate of this Society on January 21st,
1892 ; and he died on the 31st October of the same year.

Sir. ErcnARD Owen, the youn^iest son of the late Mr. Eichard
Owen, of Fulmer Place, near Slough, Buckinghamshire, was born

24 PROCEEDINtfS OF THE

at Lancaster on the 20tli of July, 1804. He was educated at the
,Xancaster Grammar School, and from there went to Edinburgh
to study medicine, matriculating in 1824. In 1825 he yisited
Paris, where he made the acquaintance of Cuvier and other dis-
tinguished anatomists of that day. In 1826 lie came to London
and attended the medicine school of St. Bartholomew's Hospital,
where he acted as one of the prosectors to the celebrated
Abernethy. He was entered as a Member of the Royal College
of Surgeons in the same year, aud in 1827 he began practice on
his own account in Serle Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields.

Young Owen had originally intended to enter the Navy
Medical Service, but he relinquished that idea on the advice of
Mr. Abernethy, who had discerned Owen's special ability as an
anatomist, and Avho, subsequently (in 1828), interested himself
in procuring for his old pupil the aj)ointment of Assistant
Curator of the Hunterian Museum at the College of Surgeons;
Mr. Clift, a near relative of Hunter, being the chief Curator.
The duties attached to the post included the preparation of a
descriptive Catalogue of the contents of the great and justly
celebrated collection. This colossal work Owen had the satis-
faction of completing, his labours being given to the world in a
series of nine monumental volumes whose production had occupied
him from 1828 up to 1856.

In 1834 Owen was elected to the newly established chair of
Comparative Anatomy in St. Bartholomew's, and in 1836 he
succeeded Sir Charles Bell as Professor of Anatomy and Phy-
siology to the College of Surgeons. In the same year he was
also elected to the Hunterian Professorship, and on the death of
Mr. Clift, whose daughter he had married in 1835, Owen suc-
ceeded to the post of principal Curator of the Museum.

During the progress of his work at the College of Surgeons,
Owen made very extensive series of dissections of animals
obtained from the Zoological Society's Gardens in Regent's Park,
tiie results being embodied in a large number of valuable papers
published in the Proceedings of the Zoological and other Societies.
The amount of work produced during this period was enormous ;
amongst some of the more important publications may be men-
tioned his ' Odontography,' the ' Lectures on Comparative
Anatomy,' ' The Archetype and Homologies of the Vertebrate
Skeleton,' ' On the nature of Limbs,' on 'Parthenogenesis,' on
' The British Possil Reptiles,' on ' The Gigantic Possil Birds of
New Zealand,' on ' The Possil Mammals of Australia,' and on
'The Great Megatherium of America.'

In addition to this great amount of work in his own field of
study, Owen sat on various Health and Sanitary Commissions
appointed by Government; and he was also one of the Com-
missioners for the Great Exhibition of 1851 ; and in all of these
capacities he rendered valuable services to the nation at large.

In 1856 Owen's long connection with the College of Surgeons
was severed by his appointment as Superintendent of the

LI>'>'EAN SOCIETY OF LONDOIS'. Vv -^ ^J^/l j^

Department of Natural History in the British Mu^
many years previously additional space for storing and e5t
the National Collections had been most urgently needed, an?
the want had been repeatedly and pressingly emphasized in tlie
annual reports of the several Keej^ers. Tbe new Chief applied
his whole force of influence and intellect to obtaiu a worthy
habitation for the treasures under his charge, the result — after
niauy struggles between politicians and departraentalists — being
the sanction to the necessary jiarliamentary grant in 1872, the
erection of the present range of buildings at South Kensington,
and the removnl of the Natural History Department from
Bloomsbury. AVithconsummate'euergy Owen superintended the
new arrangement of ^the collections, which were opened to the
public in the spring of 1881, and thus saw the accomplishment
of an undertaking of which alone any man might be more than
justly proud.

He resigned his position as Director in 1883. Notwithstanding
his official duties, the period of 1856-80 was no less prolific in
papers and memoirs than the previous years had been. Amongst
these may be mentioned his large series of Monographs on
British Fossil Reptiles and on tlie Cetacea of the Eed Crag,
which appeared in the annual volumes of the Palaeontographical
Society, the memoir on the Fossil Eeptiles of South Africa, and
his Kede lecture ' On the Classification and Geographical Distri-
bution of the Mammalia,' and his ' Manual of Palaeontology.'
His papers published in the Proceedings of learned Societies are
more than 400 in number, and embrace subjects belonging to
nearly every class of the animal kingdom.

He was elected a Fellow of the Koyal Society in 1831<, and in
1842 received the Eoyal Medal, and in 181G the Copley Medal.
In 1851 the King of Prussia conferred upon him the Ordre pour
le Me'rite, and in 1855 the Emperor of the French the Cross of
the Legion d'Honueur. In 1873 the Emperor of Brazil gave
him the Imperial Order of the Rose, and the Queen conferred
upon him the Order of the Bath, of which Order he was made
a Knight Commander in 1883 on his retirement from the post
of Superintendent of the Natural History Museum. In 1882
the King of Italy sent him the Order of St. Maurice and St.
Lazarus. The Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin
conferred on him honorary degrees ; and his name occurs on
the lists of the honorary or corresponding members of most of
the Euroj)ean and American Societies. He was President of the
British Association in 1857 ; and he was elected President of the
Palaeontographical Society in 1877 in succession to Mr. Bower-
bank and held that post until his death. In 1859 he was elected
a Foreign Associate of the Institute of France in succession to
Robert Brown ; and Foreign Associate of the Paris Academy of
Medicine in 1874 in succession to Baron Liebig. He was
elected a Fellow of this Society in 1836 ; and on the Hundredth
Anniversary Meeting, on the founding of the Liuneau Medal,

26 - PEOCEEDiyQS OF THE

he was the first recipient. He died on December 18th, 1892, in
the 89th year of his ags.

O^Yen's stupendous industry, vast -wealth of knowledge, and
marvellous power of interpretation have left an indelible mark
upon the Science of the century, and entitle him to be ranked
as one of the greatest anatomists of the age.

Henet Tibbats Staintox, the eldest son of Mr. Henry Stainton
of Lewisham, was born in London on August 18th, 1822. He was
educated at home, but finally entered King's College for a short
time before going into business under his father. He early ac-
quired a taste for entomology, probably owing in great part to
his acquaintance with the Rev. AVilliam Johnson. Prom the
first his attention was directed to the Micro-Lepidoptera, and in
1848 he published iu the ' Zoologist ' a " Monograph of the
British Argyromiges." This was followed in 1849 by " An
Attempt at a Systematic Catalogue of the British Tineidse and
Pteroi^horidse," with a Supplement in 1851 ; the volume ou
" Tineina " in the ' Insecta Britannica ' series in 1854 ; ' A Manual
of British Butterflies and Moths,' 2 vols., 1857 and 1859; 'The
Katural History of the Tineinse,' in 13 vols., 1855-73, a work ia
four languages, published with the assistance of his friends
Mr. J. AV". Douglas, Prof. Zeller, and Prof. Frey. He was the
author of many papers on entomological subjects (including a
number of local faunas) published in the Proceedings of Societies.
He established several serial entomological publications, and he
exerted himself enthusiastically to spread and popukirize bis
favourite studies.

Iu 1848 he joined the Entomological Society, and held the post
of Secretary in 1850-51 and of Prt-sident in 1881-82, He was
elected a Fellow of the Eoyal Society in 1867, and was a
Member of the Council in 1880-82. He became a Fellow of the
Linnean Society in 1859, held the post of Secretary from 1869 to
1874, and was a Vice-President in 1883-85. He was Secretary
of the Bay Society from 1861-72 ; and he acted as Secretary of
Section D at the Meetings of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science in 1864, and from 1867-72.

He was instrumental in founding the Zoological Eecord Asso-
ciation in 1871, and acted as Secretary until the publication was
taken over by the Zoological Society in 1886.

Stainton will long be remembered as a genial and generous
friend, and a paiustaking industrious worker. He died at
Lewisham on December 2nd, 1892.

John Obamah Westwood was born at Sheffield on December
22nd, 1805. He was educated for the law, and practised for a
short time as a solicitor. His love for jSTatural History led him,
however, to relinquish his profession and to accept an appoint-
ment at Oxford concurrently with the presentation of the
Hopeian collection to the University Museum.

He was joint author with Bate of the ' History of the British
Sessile-eyed Crustacea.' It was, however, to Entomology that

LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON". 2 7

WestwoofI devoted liis long life and careful reaearcli. His
' Arc-ana Entomologica ' and ' Cabinet of Oriental Entomology,'
' The Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,' and his 'Introduction to
the Modern Classification of Insects,' may be justl}"" mentioned
as classical volumes. He was also the author of a large number
of papers published in the Proceedings of various scientific
Societies.

In addition to his entomological work Professor Westwood
was an ardent antiquarian, and liis works entitled ' Palajographia
Sacra Pictoria ' and ' Lapidarium Walliaj ' are testimonies of his
industrious and careful study.

He was elected Fellow of this Society on tlie 1st of May, 1S27.
He was one of the founders of the Entomological Society, and he
received the Eoyal Society's Gold Medal for his entomological
researches.

Professor Westwood was eminently lovable as a friend and
enthusiastic as a worker. He passed away, the Nestor of his
beloved science, on January 2nd, lb93, in the 87th year of his age.

Dr. "William Woolls was born in March, ISII, at "Winchester,
Hampshire, and was one of a numerous family, his father being
in business in that city ; he owed his early training chiefly to
two clergymen, the Jiev. Thomas Scard, master of Bishop's
AValtham School, and Kev. Thomas Westcombe, minor canon of
the cathedral. His father dying when William Woolls was
only sixteen, he had to turn his thoughts to some means of
livelihood, and tried for a cadetship in the Honourable East
India Company's service, but failing, he resolved to try his
fortune in the Colony of New South Wales, and landed in Sydney
at the age of 17. Some poems composed during his voyage
attracted the attention of Bishop Broughton, by whom he was
recommended to the Pev. EobertPorrest, the first head-master of
the King's School at Parramatta, and in 1832 Woolls acce])ted
an a>sistant mastership in the school. On leaving Parramatta
lie came to Sydney and supported himself for some time by
journalistic work and private tuition, when Mr. W. Cope, head-
master of Sydney College, oflered him the post of classical master
there, which offer was accepted. A disagreement between Woolls
and the managing committee of Sydney College having arisen,
he resigned and returned to Parramatta, v.here he opened a
school on his own account, remaining here for some years,
though he was pressed to take orders in the Church of England.
AV^oolls's first introduction to natural history was through a
former head-master of the King's School, the liev. James Walker,
and he eagerly followed it up, becoming acquainted with the
leading naturalists of Australia. His work on the plants of
Panamatta was published by the "C'niver>ity of Guttingen, from
whom he received the degree of Ph.D. His life passed tranquilly
until, at the mature age of 59, in the year 1873, he was admitted
to holy orders by the late Bishop Barker, and he was appointed
to the incumbency of Kichmond, Tasmania, and shortly after-

28 tROCEEDIKGS OF THE

wards to the E-ural Deanery of the same district. After ten
years of hard work in this place, he retired to Burwood, near
Sydney, giving assistance to the incumbent. A few days before
his death he was stricken with paralysis, and passed away ou
March 14th, 1893.

Dr. "Woolls was elected Fellow in 1865 ; besides his contri-
butions to contemporary literature, he was a prominent member
of the Linnean Society of New South Wales.

June 1st, 1893.
Prof. Chaeles Stewart, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the Anniversary Meeting, 24th May, were
read and confirmed.

Messrs. Eichard Assheton, "Walter Godfrey Axford, .Joseph
Gabriel, and Harold W. S. Wager were elected Pellows.

The President nominated Mr. John Grilbert Baker, Mr. William
Carruthers, Mr. Prank Crisp, and Dr. Albert C. L. G. Giinther to
be Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year.

Dr. John Lowe exhibited specimens of Hibiscus Horn sine?isis
and Abutilon frondosum (?), in which the petals had been punc-
tured by the Blackcap (Salvia africapilla), causing the exudation
of a viscid secretion, attractive to insects on which the bird preys.
This habit of the Blackcap is believed to have been previously
unrecorded. The observations in question were made at Oro-
tava, Teneriffe, during the month of March last.

The President announced that a letter had been received from
the Lower Ehine Natural History and Medical Society, inviting
the attendance of Fellows at their 75th Annual Meeting to be
holden at Bonn on the 2nd July next.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On some Polynesian Plants collected by J. Lister." By
W. B. Hemsley, F.E.S., A.L.S.

2. " A Eevision of the Fossil Genus Nipadites, Bowerb." By
A. B. Eendle, F.L.S.

3. " Observations on the Temperature of Trees in Colorado."
By Dr. Carl Baur. (Communicated by Dr. M. T. Masters,
F.E.S., F.L.S.)

4. " On the Manner of Feeding in Testacella scutulum.'' By
Wilfred Mark AVebb, F.L.S.

LrNNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDON". 29

June loth, 1893.

Prof. Chaeles Stewaht, President, in the Chair.

The IMinutes of the last Meetiug were read and confirmed.

Messrs. Frederick J. Jackson and Henry Halero Johnston
were elected Fellows.

Mr. A. W. Bennett exhibited some curious examples of revivi-
fication in ])lants, and made some remarks on the tentacles of
JJrosera rot undi folia and D. long if alia, specimens of which were
exhibited under the microscope.

The following papers were read : —

1. "On the Botanv of Mount Kina Balu." By Dr. Otto
Stapf. (Communicated by W. T. Thiselton Dyer, C.M.G.,
F.E.S., F.L.S.)

2. " Xotes on the British Tunicata."— Part II. By Prof. TV.
A. Herdman, F.E.S., F.L.S.

3. " On the Anatomy of a Plant from Senegambia." By Miss
A. L. Smith. fCommunicated by G. F. Scott Elliot, F.L.S.)

4. " On the African Species of the Genus Ficus." By George
F. Scott Elliot, F.L.S.

5. " Contributions to the Embryology of the Amentiferae." By
Miss M. Benson. (Communicated by Prof F. AV. Oliver, D.Sc,
F.L.S.)

30 PROCEEDTXGS OF THE

DOXATIOXS TO THE LiBEAKT, 1892-93.

Volumes aud more important Pamphlets, exclusive of exclianges,
chiefly from private iudividuals.

Afzelius, P. C. KoTitiiB Florae GotlaudicaB. Svo. Upsalife, 1844.

Rev. E. F. Gepp.
Agardh, Prof. J. G-. Analecta Algologica. 4to. LuikI, 181)2. Author.

Ahnfelt, A. Cnrl von Linue's Lefnadsmiunen teckiiade af honom sieli'. Svo.

Stockholm, 1877. Rev. E. F. Gepp.

Albert 1*^'" Prince de Monaco. Resiiltats des Carapagnes Scientifiques accom-

plies sur sou Yacht. Fasc. 2-4. fol. Monaco, 1892-93. Author.

Annals and Magazine of A^atural History. 6 ser. Vols, ix., x. 8to. London,

18v)2. Dr. W. Francis.

Arnold, Dr. F. Zur Lichenenflora von Miinelieu. Svo. Miincheu, 1892.

Author.
Australian Museum, Xew South Wales. Records, vol. ii. no. 1. 8vo. Sydney,

1892. Trustees.

Report for 1892. fol. Sydney, 1892. Trustees.

Bailev, F. M. Contributions to the Queensland Flora. Nos. 5-7. 8vo.

Brisbane, 1892-93. Author.

Lithograms of the Ferns of Queensland. Svo. Brisbane, 1892.

Author.
Baker, J. G. Handbook of the Iride.-e. Svo. London, 1892. Author.

Barboza du Bocage, Prof. J. V. Additions et Corrections a I'Ornithologie
d'Angola. 8vo. Lisbon, 1892. Author.

Bennett, A. W. On Vegetable Growths as evidence of the purity or impurity
of Water. Svo. London, 1892. Author.

Bertrand, C. E. Recherches sur les Tmesipteridees. Svo. Lille, 1885.

Sir John Lubbock.
Bertrand, C. E., et B. Renault. Recherches sur les Poroxylons. 8vo. Lille.

Sir John Lubbock.
Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana. Vol. x. Svo. Coimbra, 1892-93.

Prof. J. A. Henriques.
Bollettino della Societa Botauica Italiana, 1892. Svo. Firenze, 1892.

T. Caruel.
Bornet, E. Les Algues de P. K. A. Schousboe. Svo. Paris, 1892. Author.
Brooks, W. K. The Oyster. Svo. Baltimore, 1891. J. E. Harting.

Brown, H. T., and G." H. Morris. A Contribution to the Chemistry and
Physiology of Foliage Leaves. Svo. London, 1893. Authors.

Candolle, C. de. Begoniacea et Piperacese ins. S. Thomie. Svo. Coimbra,
1892. Author.

Sur les Bractees Floriferes. Svo. Geneve, 1893. Author.

Etude de VAction des Rayons Ultra-Violets sur la formation des fleurs.

Svo. Geneve, 1892. Author.

Caruel, Prof. T. K novo Giornale Botanico Italiano. Vol. sxiv. Svo. Firenze,

1892. T. CarueL

Chatin, J. La Cellule Animale. Svo. Paris, 1892. J. E. Harting.

Congres International d'Archeologie Prehistorique et d'Anthropolosie, 1892.

Svo. Moscou. 1892. A. W. Bennett.

de Zoologie, 1892. Svo. Moscou, 1S92. A. W. Bennett.

Cramer, Dr. C. Leber die geschlechtslose Vermehrung des Farn-Prothallium

namentlich durch Gemmen resp. Conidien. 4to. Zurich, 1880.

Sir John Lubbock.

Drei gerichtliche rhikroskopische Expertisen betrefFend Textilf'asern.

4to. Zurich, 1881. Sir John Lubbock.

Leber die verticellirten Siphoneen besonders Js'eo/neris und Cyinopolia.

4to. Ziirich, 1887. Sir John Lubbock.

LIXXE^X SOCIETY OF LOXDO>'. 3 I

Cramer, Dr. C. L'eber die vert icellir ten Siplioueen bc,-;onclprs Xco/nrris unci

Borndvlla. 4to. Z'irich. 1800. Sir John Lubbock.

L'eber Ca'.loglossa Lejjreurii (Mont. Harv.), J. G. Ai;anlli. 4to. Ziii-ich,

1891. Sir John Lubbock.

Deudy, A., and A. H. S. Lucas. An Introduction to tlje iStudj' of Botany.

8to. Molbourne, 1892. Authors.

Distant. W. L. A Monograpli of Oriental Cicadidtc. Parts .^-7. 4to. London

and Calcutta, 1892. Trustees Indian Mus.

DoUo, L. La Vie au sein des Mers. Svo. Paris. 1891. J. E. Harting.

Elliot, G. F. Scott, and Miss Catherine A. Raisin. Reports on Botany and

Geology of Sierra Leone. 8vo. London, 1893. Authors.

Entomologist. Vol. xxv. 8vo. London. 1892. R. South.

Entomologists' Monthlj' Magazine. Vol. xxviii, Svo. London, 1892.

Editors.
Entomologists' Record. Vol. iii. Svo. London, 1892. Editor.

Essex Naturalist. Vol. vi. 8\o. Buckhurst Hill, 1892. Club.

Farlow, W. G. (1) Notes on some species in tlie third and eleventh Centuries

of Ellis's North-American Fungi. Svo. Boston, 1883.— (2) The Task of

American Botanists. Svo. Phihulelphia, 1887. — (3) Biological Teaching in

Colleges. Svo. Philadelphia, 18S(i. — (-4) On some impurities of Drinking-

Water. Svo. Bo.ston, 18S0. Author.

Farlow, \V. G., and A. B. Seymour. A Provisional Host-Index of the Fungi

of the United States. Parts 1-3. Svo. Cambridge, 1888-91.

W. G. Farlow.
Floyer, E. A. Etude sur le Nord-Etbai. 4to. Caire, 1893. Author.

Gar^on. J. Bibliographie de la Technologic Chimique des Fibres Textiles.

Svo. Strasburg, 1893. P. L. Simmonds.

Garden. Vols, xli., xlii. 4to. London, 1892. 'W. Robinson.

Gardeners' Chronicle. 3rd ser. Vols, xi., xii. 4to. London, 1892. Editor.
Gill, W. Annual Progress Report upon State Forest Administration in South

Australia for the years 1889-92. fol. Adelaide, 1891-92. Author.

Goebel, Prof. K. Morpkologische und Biologische Studien. Svo. Leiden,

1890. Author.
Pflanzenbiologisehe Scbilderungen. Theil ii. Liefg. 1. Svo. Marburg,

1891. Author.
Hallier, H. Versuch einer natiirlichen Gliederung der Convolvulaceen auf

morphologischer und auatomischer Grundlage. Svo. Leipzig, 1893.

Author.
Hansen, Prof. C. Pinetum Danicum. Svo. London, 1892.

Sir John Lubbock.
Hart, J. H. Annual Report, Royal Botanic Gardens, Trinidad, for ls91.

fol. Port-of-Spain, 1892. Author.

Hartig, Dr. R. L^eber die bisherigen Ergebnisse der Anbauversuche mit

auslandischen Holzarten in den bayerischen Staatswaldungeu. Svo.

Miinchen. 1892. Author.

Hedin, Dr. Sv. Minne af von Linne fader och son. Svo. Stockholm, IStlS.

Rev. E. F. Gepp.
Heinricher, E. Biolosisclie Studien an der Gattung Lu//trcea. Svo. Berlin,

1893. '^ Author.

Hjelt, H. Kannedomen om Viixternas L'tbredning i Finland. Svo. Ilelsincr-

fors, 1891. Rev. E. F. Gepp.

Hjelt, O. E. A. Carl von Linne som liikare och bans betydelse for den medi-

cinska vetenskapen i Sverige. Svo. Hclsingfors, 1877.

Rev. E. F. Gepp.
Carl von Linne i hano forhallande till Albrecht von Ilaller. Svo.

Helsingfors. 1878. Rev. E. F. Gepp.

Hovelacque, Dr. M. Recherches sur le Lepidodendron scfdf/iiioidcs, Sternb.

4to. Caen, 1892. Sir John Lubbock.

Hudle.ston, W. H., and E. Wilson. A Catalogue of British Jurassic Gastero-
poda. Svo. London, 1892. Authors.
Huxley, T. H. L'Evolution et TOrigine des Especes. Svo. Paris, 1892.

J. E. Harting.

32 PEOCEEDIIfGS OF THE

Journal of Botany. Vol. xxx. 8vo. London, 1S92. Jas. Britten.'

Kappel, A. W., and W, Egraont Kirby. Beetles, Butterflies, Moths, and other

Insects. 8vo. London, 1892. _ Authors.

Lawes, Sir John Bennet. Memoranda of the Origin, Plan, and Eesults of the

Pield and other Experiments, at Eothamsted. 4to. London, 1892.

Author.
Licherdopol, Ion P. Fauna Malacologica a Eomaniei. 8vo. Bucharest, 1892.

Sir John Lubbock.
Linnaeus, C. Exercitatio de Nuptiis et sexu Plantarum. Edidit Job. Arv.

Afzelius. 8vo. Upsalise, 1828. o Rev. E. F. Gepp.

Grothlandska Resa, &c. Ahr 17-11. (New Edition by the Gothlandic

Newspaper.) 8vo. Visby, 1890. Rev. E. F. Gepp.

Eesten till Carl von Linne's Minne. 8vo. L^pgala, 1878.

Rev. E. F. Gepp.
Lintner, J. A. 7th Eeport on the Injurious and other Insects of the State uf
New York. 8vo. Albany, 1891. Sir John Lubbock.

Locard, A. La Peche et les Poissons des Eaux Douces. 8vo. Paris, 1891.

J. E. Harting.
LoTen, Sven. Echinologica. Bvo. Stockholm, 1892. Sir John Lubbock.
Lowne. B. T. The Anatomy, Physiology, Morphology, and Development of
the Blow-fly.— Part 4. 8vo. London, 1893. Author.

Lubbock, Sir John. On Seedlings. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1892. Author.
Liitken, Dr. C. F. Spolia Atlantica. 4to. Copenhagen, 1892.

Sir John Lubbock.
Lundstrom, A. N, Carl Linnaji resa tillLappland 1732. 8vo. Upsala, 1878.

Rev. E. F. Gepp.
Mcintosh, W. C. A Brief Sketch of the Scottish Fisheries, chiefly in their
scientific aspects, during the past decade, 1882-1892. 8vo. Dundee, 1892.

Author.

Magalhaes, Prof. P. S. de. Subsidio ao Estudo das Myiases. 8vo. Rio de

Janeiro, 1892. Author.

Man, Dr. J. Gr. de. Cinquieme note sur les Nematodes libres de la Mer du

Nord et de la Manche. 8vo. Paris, 1893. Author.

Marsh, O. C. Restorations of Claosaurus and Ceratosaurus. 8vo. New Haven,

1892. Author.
Masters, Dr. Maxwell T. Introductory Address on some features of interest in

the Order of Conifers. 8vo. London, 1892. Author.

List of Conifers and Taxads in Cultivation in the Open Air in Great

Britain and Ireland. 8vo. London, 1892. Author.

Mead, R. A Mechanical Account of Poisons in several Essays. 8vo. London,

1736. " J. E. Harting.

Mcbius, Prof. K. Ueber die Thiere der schleswig-holsteinischenAusternbanke,

ihre physikalischen und biologischen Lebensverhaltnisse. 8vo. Berlin, 1893.

Author.
Moreau, H. L' Amateur d'Oiseaux de Yoliere. Svo. Paris, 1892.

J. E. Harting.
Mueller, Baron F. von. Iconography of Australian Salsolaceous Plants.

Decade 10. 4to. Melbourne, 1891. Author.

Museu Botanico do Amazonas. Contribui9oes do. Vols. 1-4. 4to. Rio de

Janeiro, 1891-92. J. Barbosa Rodrigues.

Nature. Vols. 46, 47. 4to. London, 1892-93. A. Macmillan.

Naturalist. Vol. xvii. Svo. London, 1892. Editors.

Olsen, O. T. The Fisherman's Nautical Almanack for 1893. Svo. Grimsbj-,

1893. . Author.
Osten-Sacken, C. R. On the Characters of the three divisions of Diptera :

Nemocera vera, Nemocera anooiala, and Eremochteta. Svo. Berlin, 1892.

Author.
Pierre, L. Flore Forestiere de la Cochincliiue. Fasc. 17. fol. Paris, 1892.

Author.
Playfair, Lieut. -Col. Sir R. Lambert, and Dr. Robert Brown. A Bibliography
of Morocco, from the earliest times to the end of 1891. Svo. London, 1892.

Dr. R. Brown.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 33

Portraits of Scientific Men, Collection of. Collected by the late Lord Artiuu-
Russell. In 4 Solander cases. Lady Russell.

Post, Dr. G. E. Plautse Postianaj. Fasc. 3-5. 8to. Lausanne, 1893.

Author.
Report of the Australian Museum, New South Wales, 1892. fol. Sydney, 18y."» -f

Trustees.
Report of the Botanical Exchange Club of the British Isles for 1891. 8v(i.
Manchester, 1892. Chas. Bailey.

Report of the British Association (Edinburgh), 1892. 8vo. London, 1892.

Council Brit. Assoc.
Report of the Committee on Field Voles, Scotland, fol. Loudon, 1893.

J. E. Harting
Report of the Committee on Wild Birds Protection, fol. London, 1873.

J. E. Harting.
Report on Government Botanical Gardens at Saliaranpur and Mussooree tor

1892. fol. Allahabad, 1892. Govt, of India.
Report on the Government Botanical Gardens and Parks in Mysore for 1891-

92. fol. Bangalore, 1892. Govt, of India,

Report on the Government Horticultural Gardens, Lucknow, for 1892. I'ol.

Allahabad, 1892. Govt, of India.

Report on Insects and Fungi injurious to Crops, for 1892. 8vo. London, 1893.

Board of Agric.
Report on Rust or Mildew on Wheat Plants, for 1892. 8vo. London, 1893.

Board of Agric.
Report of the Rugby School Natural Histoi-y Society for 1892. 8vo. Rugby,

1893. Society.
Reports of the Forest Department in the Bombay Presidency, including Sind,

1891-92. fol. Bombay, 1893. Govt, of India.

Reports of Forest Department, Madras Presidency, 1891-92. fol. Madras,
1893. Govt, of India

Richardson, Sir B. W. The Asclepiad. Vol.ix. 8vo. London, 1892. Author.

Ridley, H. N. Annual Report on the Botanic Gardens and Forest Depart-
ment, for the year 1892. fol. Singapore, 1893. Author.

■Rodrigues, J. Barbosa. Plantas Novas Cultivadas no Jardim Botanico do Rio
de Janeiro, i., ii. fol. Rio de Janeiro, 1891-93. Author.

Euumeratio Plantarum in Horto Botanico Flumineusi Cultarum. 8vo.

Rio de Janeiro,' 1893. Author.

Relatorio sobre Trabalhos do Jardim Botanico, 1890, 1892, 1893. 8vo.

Rio de Janeiro, 1893. Author.

Royal Botanic Society of London. Quarterly Record. Vol. v. nos. 49-.^)2.
8vo. London, 1892-93. Society.

Royal Gardens, Kew. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, 1892. 8vi;.
London, 1892. Director Roy. Gardens.

Riidiger, Max. Wie wird Regen und Thau an den Baumen abgeleitet. 8vo.
Frankfurt am Oder, 1892. Author.

Save, C. Synopsis Florae Gothlandicse. 8vo. Upsalife, 1837.

Rev. E. F. Gepp.

Seeley, Prof. H. G. Researches on the Structure, Organization, and Classifica-
tion of the Fossil Reptilia. vii. 4to. London, 1892. Author.

Selenka, Dr. E. A Zoological Pocket-Book : or, Synopsis of Animal Classifica-
tion. 8vo. London, 1890. J. E. Harting.

Sicard, Dr. H. L'Evolutiou Sexuelle dans I'Espece Humaine. 8vo. Paris,
1892. J. E. Harting.

Sim, Thos. R. The Ferns of South Africa. 8vo. Cape Town and London,

1892. Author.
Stossicb, Prof. M. (1) I Distomi dei Mammiferi. 8vo. Trieste, 1892.— (2) 11

Genere Angiostomum, Dujardin. — (3) Note Elmintologiche. 8vo. Triei^le,

1893. Author.
Tepper, J. G. 0. The Blattaria? of Australia aud Polynesia. 8vo. Adelaide,

1893. ' Author.

LINN. SOC. 1»E0CKEDINGS. — SESSION 1892-03. d

J

34 ■PEOCEEDINGS Of THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.

Tepper, J. G. O. The Flora of Roebuck Bay, West Australia. 8vo. Adelaide,
1893. ' Author.

The Grryllacridfe and Stenopelinatidse of Australia and Polynesia. 8vo.

Adelaide, 1892. Author.

The PhaneropteridiB of Australia. 8vo. Adelaide, 1892. Author.

Thomson, J. P. British New Guinea. 8vo. London, 1892.

J. E. Harting.
Thunberg, C. P. Tal vid InTignings-Acten af den nya Akademiska Tra-

garden...25 Maji, 1807. 0. v. Linne's 100-arga Fodelse-dag. 8vo. Upsala,

1807. Rev. E. F. Gepp.

Tiniehri, N. S., vol. vi. 8vo. Demerara, 1892. J. J. Quelch.

Veitch & Sons, Jas. A Manual of Orchidaceous Plants. Part ix. 8vo. London,

1893. Authors.

Verworn, Dr. Max. Die physiologische Bedeutung des Zellkerns. 8vo. Bonn,

1891. Sir John Lubbock.

Walker, A. O. The Climate of the North Coast of Wales. 8vo. Chester, 1893.

Author.
Report on tbe Higher Crustacea of Liverpool Bay taken in 1888, 1889.

8vo. Liverpool, 1889-90. Author.

Revision of the Podophthalmata and Cumacea of Liverpool Bay. 8vo.

Liverpool, 1892. Author.

Warming, Eug. Note sur la biologie et I'anatomie de la feuille des Vellosiacees.
8vo. Copenhague, 1893. Author.

Lagoa Santa. 4to. Kjobenhavn, 1892. Sir John Lubbock.

Watson's Botanical Exchange Club. 8th Annual Report, 1891-92. 8vo.

York, 1892. T. A. Cotton.

Watt, George. A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India. Vol. vi.
parts 1 & 2. 8vo. London and Calcutta, 1892-93.

Secretary of State in Council for India.
Woolward, Miss F. H. Tbe Genus Masdevallia. Part 4. fol. London, 1893.

Marquess of Lothicin.

INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS.

SESSION 1892-93.

Note. — The name of the Chairman at each Meeting is not indexed.

Ahittihn frondosum shown, 28.
Accessions to Library, 13.
Address, Presidential, 14-18.
jEcidium on Paris quadrifolia (Plow-
right and Thomson), 7.
jEgagrophilous Cladophora, 8.
African Figs (Elliot), 29.

vegetation, photos of, shown, 5.

Albino rat, lens of (Anderson), 5.
Alga?, new to Britain, shown, 2.
Ameutiferae, embryology of (Benson),

29.
American Bison, photos shown, 7.
Anderson, Prof. E. J., Lens of albino

Eat, 5.
Angel-fish, auditory organs of (Stewart),

6.
Anniversary Meeting, 11.
Apospory in ferns, i .
Aquatic habit of Endogens (Henslow), 2.
Armagh, rare plants from, 9.
Arnold, F., photos of typical lichens, 5.
Arthropods of West Indies (Pocock), 8.
Arvicola a^rextls shown, 2.
Ashford, monstrous Scilla nutans

from, ic.
Assheton, K., elected Fellow, 28.
Associate, deceased, 1 1 .
Athyrium Filix-famina, apospory in,

2.
Attraction spheres in spores of Hepa-

tic;e, 10.
Auditors elected, 9.
Auditory organs of angel-fish (Stewart),

6.
Au.-;tralia, Crinoids from (Bell), 4.
Axford, W. Gr., elected Fellow, 28.

Baker, E. G., plants from Milanji, 6.
Baker, J. G., elected Councillor, 1 3 ;

nom. Vice-President, 28.
Baker, F. H., elected Fellow, 8.
Baker, R. T., elected FeUow, 8.
Baldock, J. H., withdrawn, 11.
Barber, C. A., withdrawn, 11.
Barrett, W. B., withdrawn, 11.
Batters, E. A. L., elected Auditor, 9.
Battye, A. B. R., see Trevor-Battye.
Baur, Dr. C, Temperature of Trees in

Colorado, 28.
Bedford, Rev. J. L., withdrawn, 1 1.
Behring Sea Islands, Flora of (Macoun),

7-
Bell, F. J., Crinoids from Sahul Bank,

4-
Bennett, A. W., Cladophora shown, 8 ;

revivification in plants, 29.
Benson, Miss M., Embryology of Amen-

tiferjB, 29.
Bernard, H. M., Cheruetidae, 10 ; new

species of lihax, 6.
Bernays, L. A., elected Fellow, 5.
Birds from Borneo (Sharpe), 10.
Bison, photos shown, 7.
Blackcap attacking flowers, 28.
Blaps morfUaya'^ , in a vomit, 4.
Blomefield, Rev. L., Address to, 2 ; his

reply, 3.
Bonn, Meeting of Naturalists at, 28.
Borneo, Birds from (Sharpe), 10.

Land Shells from (Smith), 4.

Bornmiiller's botauical tour in Persia,

7-
Braithwaite, Dr. R., vote of thanks to

President, 18.

2,^

INDEX.

Breese, 0. J., nominated Auditor, 9.

British Worms (Friend), 7-

Britten, J., Plants from Milanji, 6.

Brook, G-., Affinities of Madrepora, 5 ;
photos of Corals shown, 6.

Buchanan, J., elected Fellow, 10.

Bufton, Eev. J., elected Fellow, 8.

Biiprestidae of Japan (Lewis), 2.

Burlington House, photos of old build-
ing shown, 9.

Burmeister, Dr. H., deceased, ii; obi-
tuary, 20.

Caithness, fossil lampreys from, i.
Calathea Allouia tubers, shown, 4.
CandoUe, Alph. de, death announced,

8, 1 1 ; obituary, 21.
Candolle, Casimir de, nominated Foreign

Member, 6; elected, 10.
Carrington, J. T., withdrawn, 11.
Carruthers, W., nom. Vice-President,

28.
Chambers. T. B., withdrawn, 11.
Chernetidse (Bernard), 6.
Chilton, C, Subterranean Crustacea of

New Zealand, 10.
Christy, E. M., American Bison, 7.
Christy, T., elected Auditor, 9 ; Ster-

culia and Erythroxylon shown, 10.
Claclophora, segagrophilous condition,

8.
Clarke, C. B., Councillor, retired, 13;

Empetrum Jiigrum from Dorset, 10.
Claus, Prof. C., nominated Foreign

Member, 6 ; elected, 10.
Coleopterous larvse in a vomit, 4.
Collie, Rev. R., deceased, 11.
Colorado, Tree-temperature in (Baur),

28.
Conifers, Genera of (Masters), 5.
Corals, photos of, shown, 6.
Council elected, 13.
Councillors, retired, 13.
Crinoids from Sahul Bank (Bell), 4.
Crisp, F., elected Treasurer, 1 3 ; nom.

Vice-President, 28.
Croft, R. B., withdrawn, 11.
Cronier, fossil plants from, shown, 7.
Crustacea of New Zealand (Chilton),

Darwin, F., comm. by (Willis), 7.
Deceased Fellows, 11; Foreign Members,

II ; Associate, 11.
De Laune, C. F., deceased, 11.
Dillwyn, L. W., deceased, 11.
Dipterous larva shown, 5.
Dicca, larva of, shown, 5.
Donations to Library, 30-34.

Dorset, Empetrum nigrum from, shown,

10.
Douglass, G. N., Pea-hen with male

plumage, i.
Brosera longifolia shown, 29.

rotundifoUa shown, 29.

Druery. C. T., apospory in ferns, i.
Dyer, W. T. T., comm. by (Stapf), 29.
Dyster, Dr. F. D., deceased, 11.

Election of Council and Officers, 13.

Elliot, G-. F. S., African Figs, 29 ; Botany
of Sierra Leone Boundary Commis-
sion, 6, 8 ; comm. by (Smith), 29.

Embryology of Amentiferse (Benson),
29.

Empetrum nigrmn from Dorset, shown,
10.

Endogens, origin of (Henslow), 2.

Entomostraca from Gruinea (Scott), 6.

Eryfhroxi/lon Coca in fruit, 10.

Espeut, Hon. W. B., deceased, 11.

Farmer, Prof. J. B., spores of Hepatica;
shown, 10.

Fellows, deceased, 11 ; withdrawn, 11.

Ficus, African species (Elliot), 29,

Field, L., withdrawn, 11.

Field-vole shown, 2.

Fig (Sycamore), culture of, i.

Fitzgerald, R, D., deceased, 11 ; obitu-
ary, 23.

Flower, history of (Willis), 7.

Flower, Sir W., Address to Rev. L.
Blomefield, 2.

Foreign Members, elected, i o ; deceased,
II.

Forster, E., deceased, 11.

Fossil Acer, 9.

— Lampreys, i.

— Nipadites (Rendle), 28.
Friend, Rev. H., British Worms, 7.
Fungi cult, by (Ecodoma (Hart), 4.

Gabriel, J., elected Fellow, 28.
Gardner, J. S., withdrawn, 11.
Gibson-Maitland, Sir J. R., vote of

thanks to President, 18.
Gonometa fascia shown, 10.
Gray, Dr. G. G., elected Fellow, 5.
G-reek tea shown, 7.
Green, A. P., elected Fellow, 3.
Grouse, hybrid, shown, 4,
Groves, Messrs., Irish Characea3, 4.
Giinther, Dr. A. 0. L., elected Councillor,

13 ; nom. Vice-President, 28.

Halicystis ovalis shown, 2.

ventricosa shown, 2.

Hamilton, J. L., withdrawn, 11.

INDEX.

37

Hammond, A. R., larva of Dixa shown,

5-
Haiupshire, fossil Acer from, 9.
Hart, J. H., (Ecodoma cephaJotes, 4.
Harting, J. E., Coleopterous larva? from

a Tomit, 4 ; Field-voles shown, 2 ;

Greek-tea sbowu, 7 ; Photos of old

Burlington House, 9.
Heath, J. M., withdrawn, 11.
Hemsley, W. B., Empetmm nigrum &c.

shown, 10; Plants from Lhassa, 9;

Polynesian plants, 28.
Hensiow, Eev. G., cult, of S.vcamore

Fig, I ; Origin of Endogens, 2.
Hepatica?, spores shown, 10.
Herdman, Prof. W. A., Tunicata, 29.
Hibiscus Rosa-sine/isis shown, 28.
Hordle Cliff, fossil Potaniogeton from,

7-
Howes, G. B., comm. by (Moore), 6 ;

(Vanstone), 8.
Hybrid Grouse shown, 4.
Willows from Scotland, i.

Irish CharaceiE shown, 4.

Jackson, F. J., elected Fellow, 29.
Jackson, B. D.. elected Secretary, 13.
James, H. B., deceased, 11.
Japan, Buprestidae of (Lewis), 2.
Jenyns, E^v. L., see Bloraefield.
Johnson, H. H., elected Fellow, 29.
Justen, F., app. Scrutineer, 13.

Kent, A. F. S., elected Fellow, 3.
Kina-Balu. botany of (Stapf), 29.
Kingston, F. H., testimonial to, 9.
Kirby, W. F., elected Auditor, 9.
Kirtikar, Surg.-Mtij. K. R., elected Fel-
low, 7.
Kuen-lun, plants from (Hemsley), 9.

Lagos, Silkworm-moth from, shown, 10.
Lamont. E«v. J., elected Fellow, 7.
Lampreys, fossil, i.
Lang, Eev. C. H, withdrawn, 11.
Larva of Dixa shown, 5.
LarvsE in a vomit, 4.
Lastrcea Pseudo-mas, apospory in, 2.
Lendenfeld, R., withdrawn, 11.
Lens of albino rat (Anderson), 5.
Leslie, F. W., elected Fellow, 2
Lewis, G., Buprestidae of Japan, 2.
Lhassa, plants from (Hemsley), 9.
Library, accessions to, 13; donations

to. 30-34.
Lichens, photos, of types shown, 5.
Linnean Medal presented, 18.
Lister. A., Councillor, retired, 1 3 ; nuclei

of Mycetozoa, 4, 6.

Lister, J., Polynesian plants coll. by

(Hemsley), 28.
Lock, C. G. W., withdrawn, 11,
Lowe, Dr. J., Hibiscus and Abutilon

shown, 28.

McAU, Rev. R. W., deceased, 1 1.
Macoun, J. M., Behring Sea Islands

Flora, 7.
Macoun, Prof., comm. by (Macoun),

7-
Madrepora, its affinities (Brook), 5.
Maitland, Sir J. R. G., see Gibson-

Maitland.
Malay Peninsula, Flora of (Ridley),

7-
Marshall, Rev. E. S., hybrid willows,

I.
Masters, Dr. M. T., comm. by (Baiir),

28 ; Genera of Taxaceisaud Couiferse,

5-

Matchwick, A., deceased, 11.

Medal, Linnean, presented, 18.

Meiklejuhn, Dr. J. W. S., elected Audi-
tor, 9 ; retired Councillor, 1 3.

Melongena, anatomy of, 8.

Michael, A. D., app. Scrutineer, 13.

Milanji, plants from (Carruthers), 6.

Mivart, St. G. J., Address to Rev. L.
Blomefield, 2 ; retired Councillor,

13-
Monckton, H. W., elected Fellow, 3.
Moore, J., elected Associate, S.
Moore, J. E. S., Protozoan Body, 6.
Moore, S. L. M., retired Councillor,

'3-

Moore, T. J., deceased, 11; obituary,

23-
Morris, Rev. A. B., elected Fellow, 3.
Morris, D., Calathea Allouia shown,

4; Photos of vegetation of West

Coast of Africa shown, 5.
Murray, G., Halicystis new to Britain,

2.
Murray, G. R. M., elected Councillor,

13-
Mycetozoa, nuclei, 4, 6.
Myriapod's nest, 8.
Myxiiie glutinosa (Sanders), 10.

Nest of Myriapod, 8.
New-Zealand Crustacea (Chilton), 10.
Nichols. C. H., elected Fellow, lo.
Nipadites (Rendle), 28.
mtella gracilis shown, 4.

ienuissima shown, 4.

Nuclei of Mycetozoa, 4, 6.

Obituary notices, 20-28.
Q£dicoma cephalotes (Hart), 4.

38

IKUEX.

OiBcers elected, 13.

Oliver, Prof. D., Linnean Medal pre-
sented to, 19.

Oliver, Prof. F. W., comm. by (Benson),
29.

Origin of Endogens (Henslow), 2.

Ough, L., elected Fellow, 7.

Owen, Sir E., deceased, 11; obituary,
23 ; resolution of regret, 5.

Paradoxocarpus carinatus, shown, 7.
Paris quadrifolia, iKcidium on, 7.
Parker, Dr. Gr. W., withdrawn, 11.
Parsons, F. G., elected Fellow, 3.
Pea-hen assuming male plumage, i.
Percival, J., elected Fellow, 6.
Persia, recent exploration of, 7.
Phillips, E. C, hybrid Gi'ouse shown,

Picot, H. P., plants from Kuen-lun
(Hemsley), 9.

Piggott, F. T., withdravra, 11.

Plowright, C. B. & W. Thomson, iEci-
dium on Paris quadrifolia., 7.

Pocock, R. I., Arthropods of West
Indies, S ; nest of Myriapod, 8.

Polynesian plants (Hemsley), 28.

Post, Rev. G. E.. withdrawn, 11.

Potamogeton hcadoncnsis, shown, 7.

Praeger, R. L., rare plants from Ar-
magh, 9.

President elected, 13.

Presidential Address, 14-18.

Prior, Dr. R. C. A., elected Councillor,

n-

Protozoan body (Moore), 6.
Pseudos2W7idylus Gunni, from Caithness,

Quatref ages, proposed monument to, i .

Rau, albino, lens of (Anderson), 5.

Rattray, J., Entomostraca coll. by
(Scott), 6.

Reid, C, fossil Acer mons2)essulanum,
9 ; Paradoxocar'pus, &c. shown, 7.

Rendle, A. B., Nipadites, 28 : Plants
from Milan ji, 6 ; seedlings of Sugar-
cane shown, 2.

Revivification in plants (Bennett), 29.

Rhax, new species (Bernard), 6.

Rhina squatina, auditory organ of
(Stewart), 6.

Ridewood, W. G., elected Fellow, 7.

Ridley, H. N., Flora of Malay Penin-
sula, 7.

Ridley, Rev. S. O., withdrawn, 11.

Rothamsted Jubilee, reported, 7.

Samuel, S. M., withdrawn, 11.

Sanders, A., Myxine glutinosa, 10.
Saunders, H., elected Councillor, 13.
Schenley, E. W. H., withdrawn, 1 1.
Scilla nutans, monstrous, shown, 10.
Scotland, hybrid willows from, i.
Scott, T., Entomostraca from Guinea, 6.
Scrutineers appointed, 13.
Secretaries elected, 13.
Secretary's Report, 1 1 .
Seedlings of Sugar-cane shown, 2.
Senegambia, plant from (Smith), 29.
Sharpe, Miss E. M., Gonometa fascia

shown, 10.
Sharpe, R. B., Birds from Borneo, 10.
Sideritis tkee^a?is, shown, 7.
Sierra Leone, Myriapod's nest from, 8.
Boundary Commission,

plants of, 6, 8.
Silkworm Moth from Lagos shown, 10.
Sladen, W. P., comm. by (Bell), 4;

(Bernard), 6, lo; (Smith), 4; elected

Secretary, 13.
Smith, E. A., Land-shells from Borneo,

4-

Smith, Miss A. L., Plant from Sene-
gambia, 29.

Sorby, H. C, marine organisms, 9.

Sound-production in animals (Presi-
dential Address), 14-18.

Spores of Hepatic^, 10.

Spruce, A., elected Associate, 6.

Staiuton, H. T., deceased, 1 1 ; obituary,
26.

Standen, R. S., elected Fellow, 8.

Stapf, Dr. O , Botany of Kina Balu,
29 ; recent Botanical Exploration in
Persia, 7.

Stephens, H. G. W., withdrawn, 11.

Sterculia shown, 10.

Stewart, Prof. C, Auditory Organs of
Angel-fish, 6 ; comm. by (Plowright
and Thomson), 7 ; (Pocock), 8 ; elec-
ted President, 1 3.

Subterranean Crustacea of New Zealand
(Chilton), 10.

Sugar-cane seedlings shown, 2.

Swainson, G., Dipterous larva shown,

5-
Sycamore Fig, culture of, 1.
Sylvia atriL-apilla attacking flowers,

28.
Symonds, T. J., deceased, u.

Tapa Nambour, tubers eaten, 4.
Taxace£e, Genera of (Masters), 5.
Taylor, J., elected Fellow, 8.
Temperature of Trees in Colorado

(Baur), 4.
Tentacles of Lrosera, 29.
Testacella scufuluvi (Webb), 29.

INDEX.

39

Thessaly, photos from, shown, 7.

Thomson, W., and C. B. Plowright,
j5i]cidium on Pans qimdrifolia, 7.

Thorold, W. G., plants from Lhassa
(Hemsley), 9.

Treasurer elected, 13.

Treasurer's Accounts, 12.

Trevor-Battye, A. B. B., elected Fel-
low, 9.

Trinidad, Calafhea AUouia eaten in, 4.

Tunicata (Herdman), 29.

Vanstone, J. H., Melongcna, 8.
Vice-Presidents nominated, 28.
Vole, short-tailed, shown, 2.

Wager, H. W. S., elected Fellow, 28.
Watson, Dr. F., deceased, ii.

Webb, W. M., Tcsfacella scuttihon, 28.
Weir, J. J., appointed Scrutineer, 13.
West Indian Arthropods (Poeoek), 8.
Westwood, Prof. J. O., deceased, 1 1 ;

obituary, 26 ; resolution of regret, 5.
Whitwell, W., elected Fellow, 5.
Whyte, A., Pliints coll. by fCarruthers),

6.
Wilkinson, W. H.. elected Fellow, 8.
Willis, J. C, Hist, of Flower, 7.
Withdrawals, 11.

Woodward, A. S., fossil lampreys, i.
Woolls, Dr. W., deceased, 4; obituary,

27.
Worms, British (Friend), 7.

Yates, Dr. P., withdrawn, 11.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT. FLEET STREET.

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