THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY 5SO.G LP mmmm w IBER 1906.] [Price 10s. PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 118th session. From November 1905 to June 1906. LONDON : printed for the LINNEAN SOCIETY, BUBLINGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY, W., BY TATIOB AND yBANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. rir PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 115th session. From November 1902 to June 190^ LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, BURLINGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY, W. 1903. PRINTED BY TATIOK AKD PEANCIS, KED IJON COUllT, FLEET STREET. ^^-'">%c. CONTENTS. List of Publications issued iv Proceedings of the 115th Session i Abstracts of Papers and Exhibitions 42 Additions to the Library 50 Donations ^—^ 79 Index 80 820494 Publications of the Society issued during the period, 1st July, 1902, to 31st July, 1903 :— Journal (Botany), Nos. 179-180, 21st Oct., 1902. No. 246, 30th July, 1903. „ 249, 1st January, 1903. „ 250, 1st April, 1903. „ 251, 30th June, 1903. „ (Zoology), No. 186, 1st May, 1903. „ 187, 30th July, 1903. Transactions (2nd Ser. Botany), Yd. VI. Part it., Jan. 1903. „ T., Jan. 1903. „ Ti., May 1903. (2nd Ser. Zoology), Vol. YIII. Part ix., Oct. 1902. X., Peb. 1903. „ XI., Feb. 1903. „ XII., July 1903. Vol. IX. „ I., July 1903. „ II., July 1903. Proceedings, 114th Session, 1901-1902, October 1902. List of [Pellows, Associates, and Foreign Members], 1902-1903. PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. (OXE HUNDRED A.^B FIFTEENTH SESSION, 1902-1903.; November 6th, 1902. Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Mr. William Soathworth was elected a Fellow of the Society. The following paper was read : — " Xotes on a Natural History Journev in Chile." Bv Henry J. Elwes, F.E.S., F.L.S. November 20th, 1902. Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Prof. Alfred William Alcock was elected, and Mr. Edward Augustus Bowles was admitted a Fellow of the Society. Mr. R. Morton Middleton, F.L.S. , gave an account of tue dissertation by Linnaeus on Siren lacertiaa, annotated by tne author, which he had found in a dealer's possession, and since then had been presented to the Society by tlie Treasurer. LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1902-1903. b 2 PROCEEDIXGS OF THE Mr. W. C. WoESDELL, F.L.S., showed a series of anomalous virescent flowers of Helenium autumnale, six strong plants in the garden at Friar Pai'k, Henley, the residence of the Treasurer, being thus affected. Mr. H. E. H. Smedlet, F.L.S., F.G-.S., exhibited large wax models of the fossil seeds of Steplianospennum aJcenioides aud Lar/enostoiiia, the latter occurring in the Lower Coal-Measures of Lancashire ; he also showed a model of a recent Cycad for comparison. The following papers were read : — 1. " On Digestion in Plants." By Prof. Sydney H. Vines, r.E.S., Pres. Linn. Soc. (See p. 42.) 2. " On the Eelation of Histogenesis to Tissue Morphologv.'' By Arthur G. Tausley, F.L.S. (See p. 43.) 3. " On the Stelar Structure of Schiztva and other Ferns."" By Leonard A. Boodle, F.L.S. (See p. 44.) December 4th, 1902. Mr. AViXLiAM CAREUinERS, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. The Eey. Thomas Verrier Alkiu, Mr. Leslie Gordon Corrie,_ Mr. Arthur Disbrowe Cotton. Mr. Eobert Laurence Heinig, Mr. Hugh Martin Leake, Mr. Harold Hart Mann, and Mr. Alfred AVilliam Oke were elected, and Mr. John Parkin, Prof. Alfred William Alcock, and Mr. Ernest John Lewis were aduiitted Fellows of the Society. The Kev. Johzn' Geeae.1), S.J., exhibited specimens of a Pohjgala from Gi'assiugton, in the AVest Eiding of Yorkshire, collected by Mr. Lister Eotheray from the locality discovered by Mr. John Cryer in May last ; the plant has been named P. amarella, Crantz. by Professor E. Chodat of Geneva. He also showed a monstrous form of Geum rivcde, Linn., from between Long Preston and Settle, detected by Mr. Eotheray ; the terminal flower was apparently normal, but about one inch and a half below the calyx there appeared a whorl of about twenty petaloid members, on extremely long " cla"ws," and surrounded by a series of leaf-like bracts. The discussion was carried on by Messrs. B. Daydon Jackson, W. C. Worsdell, Henry Groves, and A. Bennett. Mr. E. MoETOx MiDDLEToy showed an extremely well-developed fasciated stem of Asparagus ; and remarks on it were made by Dr. D. 8. Scott aud Mr. W. C. Worsdell. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 3 Dr. Geoege Hendehsox called atteution to a passage iu the Georsjics of Virgil (I. 73 seqq.), in which the poet, after recom- mending a system of fallouing, proposes as au alternative means of restoring the fertility of the soil, that before taking a second grain crop, the soil should be refertilized, by planting it with a leguminous crop. (See p. 45.) The following papers were read : — 1. " On some JSTew and Eare Corals from Funafuti." Bv Gilbert C. Bourne, F.L.S. 2. " The Morphology of the Flowers and Fruits of the Xiflosteum Section of Lonicera.'' By E. A. Xewell Arber, F.G.S. (Commu- nicated by Albert C. Seward, F.L.S.) 3. "Xote on Cco-cw Tolmiei, Boott.'' Bv C. Baron Clarke, F.R.S., F.L.S. 4. " On the Indian Phalangidae contained in the Indian Museum at Calcutta." Bv Herr C. With of Copenhagen. (Communicated by Dr. H. J. Hansen, F.M.L.S.) December ISth, 1902. Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Mr. Frederick Ernest Grant and Mr. John Graham Kerr were elected, and Mr. Arthur Disbrowe Cotton and Mr. Alfred William Oke were admitted Fellows of the Society. Mr. John Pinches sent for exhibition a sketch-book con- taining about 90 highly finished coloured drawings of British larvae, drawn by Mr. J. Standish. The following papers were read : — 1. " Notes on some Copepoda from the Faroe Channel." By Thomas Scott, F.L.S. 2. " The Amphipoda of the ' Southern Cross ' Antarctic Expedition, with remarks on Bipolaritv." Bv Alfred 0. Walker, F.L.S. 3. " The Deep-Sea Isopod Anuropus branchiatus, Bedd., and some remarks on Bathiinomus gigaateus, A. M.-Edw." By Dr. H. J. Hansen, F.M.L.S. ' Notice was given from the Chair that the next Meeting, to be held on Thursday, January 15th, 1903, at 8 p.m., would be made a Special General Meeting to consider the advisabihty of applying for a Supplementarv Charter. 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE January 15th, 1903. Mr, Frank Crisp, LL.B., B.A., Vice-President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Mr. Arthur Grove was elected a Fellow and Mr, Andrew Scott an Associate, and Mr. William Southworth and Mr. Hugh de Beauvoir de Havillaud were admitted Fellows o£ the Society. The Meeting having been made Special for the consideration of certain proposals, as announced from the Chair on the 18th December last, and communicated to the Fellows by Circular Letter of the 31st December, the Chairman explained, that the President was pi-evented from presiding by illuess, and briefly recapitulated the steps which had led to the proposals to be submitted for the consideration of the Fellows, which had been printed, and were in the hands of those present [and here re- printed]. The Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing, F.E.S., then moved : — " That this Meeting approving of the alterations in the constitution of the Linnean Society of London, as shown in the printed statement circulate 1, hereby authorizes the Council to take the necessary steps to C'btain a Supplementary Charter embodying the said alterations, and thereafter to prepare revised Bye-Laws in ac- cordance with the provisions of the new Charter." This was seconded by Dr. J. Eeynolds Green, and further discussed by Dr. J. Murie, Mr, Francis Darwin, Mr. H. J, Elwes. Mr, A, K. Coomaraswamy, Mr, W. Carruthers, Mr. A, G. Tansley, and Mr. W. M. Webb. The first alteration, adding the words " luithout distinction of sex '*' to the existing paragraph on page 5 of the Charter as printed, was put from the Chair, and the result of the Ballot was declared as follows : — In favour, 54 : not in favour, 17 ; and the motion was thereupon declared to be carried. The other alterations were explained by the Chairman, and discussed, Mr. James Groyes suggested that the remaining jilterations should be adjourned, on the ground of insuflicient notice. The discussion was continued by Mr. W. Bruce Bannermau, Prof, G. F. Boulger, Mr. V. I. Chamberlain, Mr. F. J. Hanbury, Dr, J. Murie, Prof. H. G, Seeley, Mr, E. M, Holmes, Mr, W. F. Kirby, Eev. T. E, E, Stebbing, and Mr. E. M, Middleton, Mr, James Groves's amendment not being seconded, was not put. The motion in favour of the adoption of the remaining alterations, as shown in the printed statement in the hands of the Fellows, was then put to the Ballot, the votes being : — In favour, 43 : not in favour, 3. Whereupon the Chairman declared the remaining alterations carried. LINXEAX SOCIETY OF LO>"DON. Chanr/es sm/gested in the Supjilemental Charter. (Additions or oniissions are shown by Italic t3'pe.) Present Charter. P.O. "... and such others as shall from Time to Time . . ." P. 6. " \^that there shall he an indrfi)iite dumber of Fellows of the said Society ; and'\ ". "... Treasui'er and Secretary . . ." P. 7. "... Council shall consist of Fifteen Members . . ." "... on the Twenty-fourth Day of May in every succeeding Year, unless the same shall happen to be on a Sunday, and then on the Day following, assemble together at the then last, or other usual Place of meeting of the said Society, and proceed, by Method of Ballot, to [put out and amove anij\ Five of the Members who shall have composed the Council of the preceding Year ; and shall and may in like Manner, by Metliod of Ballot, elect Five other dis- creet Persons fi-om amongst the Fellows of the said Society, to supply the Places and Offices of such Five [cs may have been so put out and amoved~\ ; it being Our Royal Will and Pleasure, that One-\third'\ of the Members of the said Council, and no more, shall \be'\ annually [changed and removed by the Fellows of the said Society] ; And, also, that they the said Fellows, or any Twenty - one or more of them, shall and may, at the Time and Place, and in Manner aforesaid, by Method of Ballot, elect, from among the Members of the said Council, when formed and elected, in Manner aforesaid, Three fit and proper Persons, one of such Persons to be President, another of such Persons to be Treasurer, and the other of such Persons to be Secretary of the said Society . . ." P. 8. "... Death of any of the Members of the Council, or of the President, Treasurer, or Secretary, for the time being, within the space of Three Months . . ." "... to elect such persons to be Fellows . . ." "... determining the Times and Places of Meeting; . . ." Suggested Changes. "... and such others without dis- tinction of sex as shall from Time to Time . . .'" Omit. "... Treasurer, and at least one Secretary . . ." "... Council shall consist of Twenty Members . . ." " . . . on the Twenty-fourth Day of May in every succeeding Year, unless the same shall happen to be on a Sunday, or Bank Holiday, and then on the Day following, or such other Day within the same week as the President shall fix, assemble together at the then last, or other usual Place of meeting of the said Society, and proceed, by Method of Ballot, to determine which Five of the Members who shall have composed the Council of the preceding Year shall retire ; and shall and may in like Manner, by Method of Ballot, elect Five other discreet Persons from amongst the Fel- lows of the said Society, to supply the Places and Offices of such Five retiring Members ; it being Our Royal Will and Pleasure, that One-fourth of the Mem- bers of the said Council, and no more, shall annually retire ; And, also, that they the said Fellows, or any Twenty- one or more of them, shall and may, at the Time and Place, and in Manner aforesaid, by Method of Ballot, elect, from among the Members of the said Council, when formed and elected, in Manner aforesaid. Three or more fit and proper Persons,, one of such Persons to be President, another of such Persons to be Treasurer, and the other or others of such Persons to be Secretary or Secre- taries of the said Society . . ." "... Death of any of the Members of the Council, or of the President, Treasurer, or any Secretary, for the time being, within the space of Six Months . . ." " . . .to elect such ))erson8 without distinction of sex to be Fellows . . ." " determining the Number of Fellows to be annually elected, and the Times and Places of Meeting . . ." 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE February oth, 1903. Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General and Special Meetings held on the 15th January were read and confirmed. Keferring to t-Q exhibition on 4th December, 1902, by Rev. John Gerard, of a monstrous form of Oeum rivale, Mr. B. Daydon Jackson exhibited specimens in further illustration of median pro- liferation, from the herbarium of Sir James Edward Smith, and the British collection in the possession of the Society. He also stated that the proliferous form was mentioned by C. Merrett, in his 'Pinax,' 1667, p. 22, as occurring "at Brearcliff, in a wood of Mr. Brearcliif, below his house," and by John Ray, in his ' Synopsis,' 1690, p. 89, as Carijophyllatamjloreamplopurjyureo quadruplici ant quintuplici serie petalorum (jbservavit D. Lawson prope Strickland magnum in Com. AVestmorland." This locahty is mentioned by J. Petiver in his ' English Plants,' tab. 40. fig. 4, in 1713, when figuring the plant as " Childing Avens." Later authors, as Relhan in his 'Elora Cantabrigiensis,' 1785, p. 200 ; ed. 3, 1820, p. 207 ; and Withering's 'Arrangement,' ed. 2, 1787, p. 538; ed. 3, 1796, vol. ii. p. 478, refer to this form ; the latter author also states that " when cultivated in a dry soil, the flowers are apt to become double or proliferous," op. cit. p. 478. Mr. C. H. Weight, A..L.S., on behalf of Sir W. T. Thiselton- Dyer, K.C.M.G., exhibited amphicarpic fruit in specimens of (1) Cardamine cJienopodifolia, Pers. ; (2) TrifoUum ptolymorplmm, Poir. ; and (3) Vicia amphiccupa^ Dorth. The President and Professor J. B. Farmer added some remarks, to which Mr. Wright replied. Mr. H. E. H. Smedlby, F.L.S., exhibited twelve wax models of longitudinal and transverse sections of the following seeds : — Stephanospermum al-enioides, Pachytesta from the French Permo- Carboniferous Formation, Lagenostoma from the English Coal- Measures, with the recent Torreya and Zamia, in illustration of Prof. Oliver's paper. The following paper was read : — •■ On Stephanospermum^ Brongn., a Genus of Fossil Gymno- spermatous Seeds." By Prof. F. W. Ohver, F.L.S. February 19th, 1903. Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Mr. John Clayton, of Bradford, presented a set of thirty- two photographs to illustrate the celebrated Cowthorpe Oak, near LINXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDON. 7 Wetherby, Yorkshire. From the time of John Evelyn this oak has been described, measured, and its age guessed at. Mr. Clayton, in a printed summary of 22 pages, gives an account of the various observers who have mentioned the oak in question, and many of the photographs are designed for comparison with other remark- able trees, amongst them the Crowhurst Yew in Sussex, the great Chestnut at Tortworth, and the Greendale Oak in Welbeck Park. In 1S93 careful measurements and photographs were made of the tree, on four different visits in January, April, June, and October. The author's deduction from these data is, that the age of the tree has been greatly over-estimated ; his own belief being that oOO years is the extreme limit of its age, from sapling to its present decrepitude and decay. Copies of the photographs and text have been limited to ten ; this copy being presented to the Society through Mr. William "West, E.L.S, The donor was voted the special thanks of the Society for his gift. Dr. Geoege Hexdeesox, F.L.S., offered " Some Eemarks on the possible uses of Essential Oils in the Economy of Plant-life." (See p. 46.) A discussion followed in which Mr. T. Christy, Mr. "\V. C. Worsdell, Mr. G. Massee, Mr. A. P. Young, Prof. J. Percival, and the President took part, and Dr. Henderson replied. The following papers were read : — 1. " On the Electric Pulsation accompanying Automatic Move- ments in Desmodium cfi/mns." By Prof. Jagadis Chunder Bose, CLE. (Communicated by the President.) 2. " On Cerataphis Latanke, a peculiar Aphid." By Miss Alice L. Embleton, B.Sc. (Communicated by Prof. G. B. Howes, Sec. L.S.) 3. " On Specialization of Parasitism in the Erysiphacese." By Mr. Ernest S. Salmon, F.L.S. March oth, 1903. Prof. Sydney H. Yines, E.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Mr. Joseph Burtt Davy, Dr. Felix Eugen Fritsch, Mr. Eobert Hall, and Mr. George Whitfield Smith were elected, and Mr. Arthur Gro^e was admitted a Fellow. Rev. T. E.E. Stebbing, F.E.S., exhibited a collection of Spiders and Wasps from Singapore, made by Mr. C. J. Saunders. (1) Spiders found in 11 clay cells built between the boards of a thin book standing upright on a book-shelf ; the space } inch broad by 5 inch high, and 4| to 5 inches long. Mr. Saunders 6 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE reckoned that each cell contained 10 or 11 spiders and a single grub. He says : — " I did not see the actual insect that made these cells, though its noise attracted me. I know the beast, however, and believe it to be of the same kind (? identical one) as the bee [wasp] in the tube. This bee flew on to my table near the sheif, and kindly investigated a cigarette-holder which I promptly closed up with my finger; I was able then to blow it into the tube. Many o£ the spiders, especially the larger ones, were alive, they could move their legs but not walk ; at least one little one let itself down into the tube by a thread." He found a small fly in one cell, and others later in a different set of cells. He remarks that the Chinese must have noticed the spider- trap ping habit, since they say of certain bees that they "adopt" spiders and bring them up as young bees. (2) Contents of another set of cells, built in a corner of the verandah, in two vertical rows, about 13 cells in all. The spiders were all of one kind, 56 in number, with three half-eaten and two skins. They were all in the upper cells. In the lowest four cells there were four hard grub-cases. In the two next above these there were two soft grub-cases. In all these no spiders, but some silk. Then came a grub with no spider, but a great deal of silk in its cell. Next a grub with part of a spider and a good deal of silk, and finally cells with plenty of spiders and one grub to each cell, smaller and smaller to the top. In other cells there were several specimens of the small fly and flv-pupae. Some sets of cells differed from the rest by each having a distinct cover to the opening. (3) Contents of a set of cells, the topmost of which was closed while Mr. Saunders was examining other sets. The day before had been wet, but even the topmost cell, which was not yet dry, contained a grub. In the lowest cell he found 1 grub eating a spider, with 9 other spiders. In the 2nd cell, 1 small grub and 7 spiders. In the 3rd cell, 1 small grub eating a large spider, and 6 other spiders. In the 4th cell, 1 tiny grub eating a large spider, and 8 other spiders. In the 5th (scax'cely dry), 1 tiny grub eating a spider, and 10 other spiders (including 2 pale spiders with greenish hairy legs). In the 6th (still wet), 1 tiny grub eating a pale spider, and 7 other spiders of the usual kind. The exhibitor also remarked, that in the family Crabronidae or Sphegidae Ammophila hh-suta, a British species of Sand-wasp, is said to provision its nest with spiders. The same habit has long been known in Pelapceus spirifex (Linn.\ belonging to the same family. Also in the family Pompilidnc, species of Pompilus are known to attack large spiders and make them a provision for their young ones. LINNEA.N SOCIETY 0¥ LOXUON. 9 Latreille, in 1802, quotes a letter from Cossigny to Eeaumur, desci'ibiag the behaviour of Pelopoeus spirifex to spiders in the Isle de Prance. Latreille named the geuus Peloj>osi(s, the mud- worker, or potter. The following papers were read : — 1. " On some Points in the Visceral Anatomy of the Chara- cinidse, with an Enquiry iuto the Relations of the ' Ductus pneumaticus ' in the Physostomi generally.'" By W. S. Rowntree, P.L.S. 2. "On the Anatomy of the Pig-footed Bandicoot (Clueropus castanotis)." By P. Gymer Parsons, P.L.S. 3. " Further Notes on the Lemurs, with especial reference to the Brain." By Dr. G. Elliot Smith. (Communicated by Prof. G. B. Howes, Sec. L.S.) March 19th, 1903. Prof. Sydkey H. Vines, P.R.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Mr. Joseph Burtt Davy was admitted a Fellow of the Society. Mr. Clement Reid exhibited drawings by Mrs. Reid of fruits and seeds of British Preglacial and Interglacial plants (Thalami- florae). In each case the specimens illustrated were the earliest known representatives of the species. Most of the plants are still living in Britain ; but among the Thalamiflorse from the Cromer Forest-bed occur seeds of Hypecoum, a genus specially characteristic of the Mediterranean region, and no longer found living nearer than Southern France. The fossil seeds coi'respond closely with the living Hypecoum penduhmi of Southern France, and either belong to that species or to a closely-allied extinct form. The seeds of all the species of Hypecoum are covered by a curious close mosaic of cubic crystals, apparently calcium oxalate, which fill square pits in the surface of the testa. Traces of these pits are still found on some of the fossil seeds. Mr. E. G, Baker, Dr. A. B. Rendle, and Prof. J. B. Farmer joined in a discussion on the exhibition, and Mr. Reid replied. The following papers were read : — 1. " On Poa laxa and Poa stricfa of our British Floras.'' By George Claridge Druce, F.L.S. 2. " The Botany of the Ceylon Patanas, Part II. — Anatomical Investigations of the Leaves of the Plants occurring in the Patanas.'" By J. Parkin, M.A., F.L.S., and H. H. W. Pearson, M.A., F.L.S. lO PEOCEEDIKGS OF THE April 2nd, 1903. Prof. SxDjSrEy H. Viis^es, E.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. The General Secretary alluded to the account of the Linnean Collections, given on the hundredth Aniversary of the Society, 24th May, 1888, and the statement that an interchange of speci- mens from the herbarium of Linnaeus, about 1785, for Banksian material, incorporated in the Smithian herbarium, had taken place (Proc. 1887-88, p. 28), but that the actual exchanges could not be traced. During the autumn of 1902, when examining some unbound letters and other MSS. which belonged to Sir J. E. Smith, a small octavo note-book was found [shown to the Meeting] headed " Desiderata Banksiana, Jan. 1785," and consisting of seventeen leaves, with names of plants in double columns, and on the last leaf a note in pencil thus : " circa 2000 ; Peb. 9th, communicata ex H. L. patris 81." Certain entries were obliquely marked down in red ink, and these being counted proved to be equal in number with those stated in the last-mentioned note, which were com- municated "ex H[erbario] L[iun8ei] patris." A few of these have been compared with the Linnean herbarium, to make certain that only duplicates were parted with by Smith in this exchange, by which, as has been previously stated, "... the herbaria of Banks and Smith were enriched at the expense of the Linnean herbarium " (Proc. 1887-88, p. 28, footnote). Mr. E. M. Holmes and Mr. P. N. "Williams made some remarks, and Mr. B. Daydon Jackson replied. The following papers were read : — 1. " A List of Marine Algye collected by Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner at the Maldive and Laccadive Islands." By Mrs. A. Gepp (Ethel S. Barton). (Communicated by Mr. A. Gepp, M.A., P.L.S.) 2. " The Comparative Anatomy of Cyatheacese and other Perns." By D. T. Gwynne Vaughan. (Communicated by Dr. D. H. Scott, Sec.L.S.) (See p. 47.) - April 16th, 1903. Eev. Thomas E. E. Stebbing, P.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Mr. Laurence Lewton-Brain was elected a Pellow of the Society. LINNEA^ SOCIETY OF LONDON. II Dr. Geoege Hendebson exhibited a coloured sketch of a withered leaf of Quercus incana, Roxb., and of slugs which ai'e found amongst the dead leaves. He stated that he had brought the drawing of the mollusc and leaf to show their strange resemblance both in colour and outline. He found these slugs common at Dalhousie in the Punjab, on ground which is always covered with the withered leaves of this oak. A few black slugs were to be found with the light-brown specimens, and whilst the latter seemed to escape the notice of birds, the former were taken. He adduced some instances of animals changing colour in accordance with their environments. The following papers were read : — 1. " On some Points in connection with the Ordinary Develop- ment of Vaucheria Eesting-Spores." B)^ Dr. H. Charlton Bastian, F.E.S., F.L.S. 2. " The Labial and Maxillary Palpi in Diptera." By Walter Wesche, F.R.M.S. (Communicated bv Mr. Greorge Massee, F.L.S.) 3. " Observations on Freshwater Hhizopods, with some Remarks on their Classification." By Prof. G-. S. West, F.L.S. May 7th, 1903. Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.R.S,, President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Mr. William Dennis, Mr. James Stuart Thomson, and Mr. Mon- ague Frank Hopson were elected Fellows of the Society. In view of the approaching Anniversaiy Meeting the Rev. Thomas R. R. Stebbing and Mr. George Sharp Saunders were elected by show of hands Auditors on behalf of the Council, and Mr. Horace W. Monckton and Mr. Charles Baron Clarke on the part of the Fellows. Mr. G. S. Saundehs exhibited living specimens of the Carnivorous Slug, TestaceUa haliotidea, which he bad received the previous day from Torquay. The following papers were read : — 1 . " The Ingolfiellidae, fam. nov. : a new type of Amphipoda." By Dr. H. J. Hansen, F.M.L.S. 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2. The Evolution of the Australian Marsupialia ; with Eemarks on the Eelationships of the Marsupials in general." By Mr. B. Arthur Beusley, (Communicated by Prof. G. B. Howes, Sec. L.S.) 3. " Copepoda Calanoida from the Faroe Channel and other parts of the North Atlantic." By the Eev. Canon Norman, F.E.S., r.L.s. May 25th, 1903. Anniversary Meeting. Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.E.S,, President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Dr. Felix Eugen Fritsch and Mr. Thomas George Hill were admitted Fellows of the Society. The Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing on behalf of the Auditors presented the accounts of the past financial year ending on the 30th April (see p. 13). Mr. Heney Gboves expressed a hope that Dr. Prior's legacy of £100 would be applied to the permanent benefit of the Society, and asked for information as to an apparent increase in the Salaries. The General Secretary pointed out that the usual employment of legacies was by the purchase of books for the Libraiy, each volume bearing a label of its origin from the testator in question ; he also stated that the apparent increase was due to a gilt of .£50 to Mr. Harting on his removal from the residential rooms belonging to the Society. The General Secretary read his report of deaths, withdrawals, and elections as follows : — Since the last Anniversary Meeting 12 Fellows had died or their deaths been ascertained : — Mr. Edwin Bostock. Mr. William Bull. Mr. J. AVilliam Groves. Mr. Charles C. P. Hobkirk. Mr. Alfred Vaughan Jennings. Mr. W.. T.Hume McCorquodale. Mr. Charles Maries. Eev. John James Muir. Dr. E. C. Alexander Prior. Sir Charles Shelley. Mr. Charles Marcus Wakefield. Eev. Thomas Wiltshh'e. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOJJDON. 13 Hs 10 H.'a 2 o o -J 5? o 3 2. S " = S ^ —• ^ »,f- o e: 5, o ^ — CD ►2 *- ?= 3 "§ 'o^> " O B o o 3 0) t>r s td S W *t3 wQt>>"=r'td S, o 3 S' S- », ^ 3 3 3 'D »* » 13 c :=. 3 3 3 » i I s:' S. S: ^ h^ 00 CO 1 O Oi O^ CD ^ ^' .a cc 4^ — ^ — , bn -IH- ►+-^00 S C c: C; :,T io ?> O O C 00 iD ?- 52 CO o g p 3 «-^ S g M - 3 =; p. o m P 0°' C 3- IS 2" a: 3 w o t^. 2" ^« O o-fS 3 ■^^ 3-3 c ii P g m ^ — &."' T! S3 3' OJ cr5 CO C 1- '-' o ?= 00 C -T CO ^ -^ g 3 0 3' crc 3 >. OjOch 3 P R (^ (■/? P c^ P y. 0 3 10 Vl tf^ 1-3 1 C5 OS Hi rf^ O I-" 00 4- /= H^ O LC C5 ^ .^ to ^ -3 <» to Oi 00 ;;x I QOh-C to Ci 05 to :;x C5 CO en 00 S M P ^ S & 5 "^ 2 ^ J^ CO o C2 O CO 14 PiiOCEEDINGS OE THE Associate. Mr. John Bain. Poeeign Members. Dr. Julius Victor Carus. | Monsieur Trangois Crepin. The following sixteen J^^ellows have resigned : — Mr, William Bruce Baunerman. I Mr. Charles Alphonse Le Doux. Mr. Frederick William Barbidge. ! Dr. John Lowe. Mr. Edgar Franklin Cooper. : Eev. Edmund McClure. Prof. Robert O. Cunningham. [ Major John E. A. McNair. Mr. Greorge Johnson Eookes. j Mr. Albert Molineux. Mr. George Arthur Grierson. ; Dr. David Thomson Playfair. Mr. Kenneth Hurlstone Jones. [ Mr. William Thomas Eabbits. Mr. Henry Laver. I Mr. Charles Topp, Twenty-eight Eellows (of whom 23 have qualified) have been elected. The Librarian's report was read as follows : — "During the past year 6S volumes and 162 pamphlets have been received as Donations from Private Individuals. "Erom the various Universities, Academies, and Scientific Societies, 274 volumes and 94 detached parts have been received in exchange and otherwise, besides 73 volumes and 42 parts obtained bv exchange and as donations from the Editors and Pro- prietors of independent Periodicals. " The Council had sanctioned the purchase of 171 volumes, and 96 parts of important works. " The total additions to the Library are therefore 586 volumes and 294 separate parts, " The number of books bound duriug the year is as follows :— In half-morocco 292 volumes, in half-calf 3 volumes, in full cloth 19.5 volumes, in vellum 21 volumes, in buckram 18 volumes, in bourds or half-cloth 15 volumes. Eelabelled (half-morocco and cloth backs) 32 volumes. Total 576 volumes." The General Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing the elections, The President opened the business of the day, and the Eellows present proceeded to vote by ballot for the Council and Officei-s. The ballot for the Council having been closed, the President appointed Mr. J. G. Baker, Dr. A. B. Eendle, and Mr. E. Morton LINXEAN SOCIETi' OF LONDOIS". 1 5 Middleton, Scrutineers, aud the votes having been counted by them they reported to the President, who thereupon declared the results as folio us : — Mr. William Caheuthers, Mr. Herbert Deuce, Mr. W. B. Hems LEY, Eev. T. E. K. Stebbing, and Mr. A. a. Tansley removed from the Council, and the following elected in their room • — Eev. E. A. Bullen, Mr. Charles Baron Claekb, Prof. J. B. Faemee, Dr. W. (x. Eidewood, and Mr. A. C. Sewaed. The Ballot for the Officers having been closed, the President appointed the same Scrutineers, and the votes having been counted by them, they reported to the President, who thereupon declared the following to be the Officers elected for the ensuing year :— President, Prof. Sydney Howaed Vines. Treasurer, Mr. Feank Ceisp. (V . . , • . f Prof. Geoege Bond Howes. [ Dr. DuKiNFiELD Heney Scott. The President then delivered his Annual Address. l6 PKOCEEDINGS OF TILE PRESIDENTIAL ADDSESS, 1903. In addressing the Fellows of the Society at their Anniversary Meeting for the third time, I feel that the occasion is one of more than usual interest, not untouched with pathos ; for this is doubtl<-ss the last Anniversary on which the assembled Eellows will all be of the same sex. The question as to the admission of Women to our Fellowship had already been raised when we met here a year ago, and, as I explained in my Address, the Council had taken steps to ensure that every Fellow should have an opportunity of expressing his opinion upon so important a matter. In due coarse a Special General Meeting was summoned for January 15 of this year, to discuss and vote upon the question, with the result that the proposal was carried by a large majority. The Society having thus committed itself to the new policy, the Council lost no time in taking the necessary steps to obtain the supplemental Charter and to adapt the Bye-laws to the altered circumstances. I regret that I am not in a position to announce to you today that we already possess the power to exert these new rights and privileges, nor can I tell you when that moment will arrive. That it is somewhat impatiently anticipated in certain quarters is shown by the fact that nomina- tions of Lady-candidates have ah-eady been sent in. The process of obtaining a Supplemental Charter is evidently one that cannot be hurried ; but 1 have little doubt that, should you again honour me with your confidence, it will fall to my lot to admit the first Lady-fel'ow. In this respect, at any rate, my tenure of office will be memorable. Regarding the matter, as I am bound to do, from the point of view of the welfare of the Society, I must confess that I am not altogether free from apprehension as to the future. We are making a somewhat heroic experiment, with no precedent, no working hypothesis, to suggest to us what the results are likely to be. If purity of motive can deserve success, then it should certainly be ours : for this revolution in our constitution is the expression of a sense of justice, of a desire to extend an equal recognition to all, whether men or women, who work in or for biological science. However, we must not shut oar eyes to the fact that the Society is passing through a serious crisis, and that it claims more strongly than ever all the support that the loyalty of its Fellows can give. The Session that is now closing has been of importance in the history of the Society, not only as regards this fundamental question, but also in the scarcely less important matter of ad- ministration. Tou will remember that a j'ear ago we made changes in the Executive, placing Mr. B. Daydou Jackson at the head of it with the title of General Secretary. Like other great public institutions, the Society had realised the need for higher LIXNEA^' SOCIEXi' OF LONDON. 17 efficiency, and reorganised aci-ordingly : it has, I think, been more fortunate than some of them in attaining its object. An ahiiost incredible amount of work has had to be done for the purpose oi rendering more accessible the books and collections of the Society, to the great convenience of Fellows making use of them. More- over, it has been of considerable advantage to the transaction of the business of the Society to have secured the regular attend- ance of a responsible officer who is also a member of Council and is therefore in a position to act with authority. The scientific work of the Society has shown increasing activity ; the supply of interesting and important papers calling for publi- cation having been such as to tax our financial resources to the utmost. In addition to the ordinary publications, the Society is issuing (with the assistance of a graut from the Royal Society) the concluding parts of Messrs. Forbes and Hemsley's " Enu- meration of Chinese Plants,'* forming "Vol. 36 of our Botanical Journal : the completion of this important work, which has been so long delaj'ed, is a matter of congratulation to all concerned. Daring the latter half of the Session the Society has most unfortunately been depi'ived of the valuable services of its Zoological Secretary, Professor Howes, who has been compelled by ill-health to give up work for a time, I know that I am only echoing the sentiments of all present today, when I express the sympathy which I feel for him, and the hope that he may soon be restored to his former health and usefulness. In Professor liowes's absence, the other officers of the Society have done their best to carry on his work, and in this the}" have been most kindly assisted by some of the Fellows. I take this opportunity of formally announcing that the Linnean Medal this year has been awarded by the Council to Dr. M. C. Cooke, who has been an Associate of the Society for over twenty -five years, and is so well known as a high authority in the department of Mycology. There must always be an element of sadness in our Anniversary Meetings, for it is then that we are reminded of the losses that the Society has sustained. This year the hand of death has fallen but lightly upon us, and yet we have much to regret. In Dr. Prior we have lost a Fellow of more than fifty years' standing, whose name will always be associated with this period of British Botany. He sliowed his unabated interest, in the welfare of the Society by a bequest of ,£100. He has fortunately left behind him an autobiographical sketch which reveals how active and interesting a life his was. Other old Fellows who have gone from us are Sir Charles Shelley, the Rev. T. Wiltshire, who was so long the Secretary of the Ray Society, and William Bull, so well known as a horticulturist : of more recent date were Charles P. Hobkirk, the eminent bryologist, and Charles Maries, the successful plant-collector. Until a short time ago, I had hoped that I might be able to announce at this meeting that all our Foreign Members LIKN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1902-1903. C 1 8 PHOCEEDINGS OF THE had beeu spared to us. But this hope was dispelled bv the intimation of the death, on March 10, of Juhus Victor Carus, Professor of Zoology in the University of Leipzig. He was elected a Foreign Member in 1885, and was especially well known as the historian of Zoology, as the translator into German of several of Darwin's works, and as one of the few foreign Professors who have been engaged in scientific work in British Universities. Within a few weeks the sad intelligence arriAed of the death of yet another of our Foreign Members, M. Francois Crepin, the distinguished Director of the Royal Botanic Garden in Brussels. M. Crepin had attained a deservedly high reputation as a systematic botanist, and was a leading authority on certain groups of plants, notably the genus Rosa. His election as a Foreign Member took place but two years ago ; every botanist here today feels, I am sure, as I do, a profound satisfaction that we did not fail to take advantage of that opportunity of showing our esteem and respect for the man and his work whilst he was yet with us. So recently have these two gaps been made in our list of Foreign Members, that it has not yet been possible to take the necessary steps to fill them. I have therefore no election of Foreign Members to announce to j'ou. Turning to finance, you have learned that the Treasurer has barely succeeded in making the two ends meet. It is more true even than it was last year, that the income of the Society is not nearly large enough to meet all the demands that might justifiably be made upon it. So abundant is the supply of really good papers that, had we the funds available, the bulk of our annual publications might well be considerably increased. A larger expenditure upon the Library, and a margin for the xip-keep of the Society's apartments, are both urgently needed. It is, I think, a healthy state of affairs in a Society like ours when the demands for really useful expenditure somewhat exceed the available funds : it is a sign of growing activity, and it enforces economv. But when the discrepancy becomes too great, then efficiency suffers. I do not say that we are yet in this pre- dicament, but we must make every effort to avoid it. I think that I have now brought before the Fellows all the chief events in the history of the Society for the past year, and have given them some idea of our present state and future prospects. But it is still a considerable time before the Ballot can close and we shall be statutably at liberty to separate. Of what can I profitably discourse to you, so that I may relieve the tedium of waiting ? I can think of nothing better than that I should tell you about a subject at which I have been working for some time past, and upon which I have already made com- munications to the Society. The subject is the digestion of proteids by plants. But I shall not by any means confine myself to plants : it will be absolutely necessary to say something about LINNEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 9 the remarkable facts recently brought to light with regard to proteid-digestion in animals. Let me, to begin with, very briefly trace the history of discovery concerning the digestion of proteids by plants. The first definite evidence of its occurrence was obtained as the i*esult of the investigation of insectivorous plants by Mr. Darwin, Sir Joseph Hooker, and Prof. Lawson Tait : in fact, the publica- tion of Mr. Darwin's book on ' Insectivorous Plants," in 1875, may be taken as the starting-point. Almost simultaneously a digestive ferment or enzyme was discovered by von Gorup- Besanez in the germinating seeds of various plants. This was followed, in 1879, by AVurtz's demonstration of the digestive activity of the juice of the Papaw, which was confirmed and extended by Dr. Martin a few years later. About this time, Hansen investigated the digestive property of the latex of the Fig-tree, which had been first observed by Bouchut in 1880. Shortly afterwards the digestive processes in germinating seeds were further investigated by Prof. Eeynolds Green. In 1891, Professor Chittenden published his important researches into the very remarkable digestive action of Pineapple-juice upon proteids ; and in the following year, Prof. Green discovered that a similar property was possessed by the juice of a species of Gourd {Cucumis utiltssimits). In 1896, I took up afresh the study of the digestive action of the liquid of the well-known insectivorous pitcher-plant Nepenthes, because the accuracy of the earlier observations on the subject bad been called in question. It had been stated by Prof. Dubois, amongst others, that the apparent digestive activity in this case was due, not to any enzyme secreted by the plant itself, but to the intervention of Bacteria. I made a number of experiments under antiseptic conditions, with the pitcher- liquid of Nepenthes, which seem to me to refute the theory of Bacterial action and to uphold the conclusions of the original observers. Having become once more interested in the subject, I proceeded to investigate in greater detail the digestive processes in Nepenthes and in other plants in which they were then known to take place, the results of which I shall presently give some account. But what is perhaps more important, I was led on to examine many plants and parts of plants in which such processes were not suspected, to see if any trace of them could be detected, and I succeeded in doing so in almost every case. I have ob- tained positive results with such fruits and parts of fruits as the Melon, the Grape, Orange-peel, the Banana : with the foliage- leaves of the Dahlia, the Lettuce, the Cabbage, the Spinach, and many others : with the bulbs of the Tulip and the Hyacinth : the tubers of the Potato and the Jerusalem Artichoke : the tuberous roots of the Beet, the Dahlia, and the Turnip ; as also with Yeast, and with the Mushroom among Fungi. I may in fact venture to assert that the presence of a protease, or proteid- c2 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE digesting enzyme or ferment, in the various parts of the plant- body is the rule rather than the exception. I must not omit to mention that my results had been — although quite unknown to nie — somewhat anticipated by the researches of Buscalioni and Fermi which were published in 1898. The method adopted by these authors for detecting digestive power consisted in observing whether or not the juices of various plants, or portions of their tissue, did or did not effect the lique- faction of gelatine, of course under strictly antiseptic conditions. Whilst their results and mine differ in many points of detail, they are entirely concordant as regards the main conclusion, the wide distribution of proteases in plants. The method employed by me was altogether different from that of Buscalioni and Fermi, and was devised in connection with the attempt to determine the nature and mode of action of the proteases of plants. At the time Avhen investigation in this direction first began, our knowledge of proteid-digestion in animals amounted roughly to this, that there were two enzymes concerned in the process — the pepsin of the stomach, the trypsin of the pancreas : that the former acted only in an acid medium, the latter most actively in an alkaline medium ; that the former merely converted the more complex proteids into simpler sub- stances of the same group, that is eflfected peptouisation ; whilst the latter not only peptonised but also decomposed the simpler proteids into non-proteid substances, that is effected proteolysis. It was from this point of view that Darwin and other observers of his time interpreted their discoveries as to the digestion of proteids by insectivorous plants. Inasmuch as the liquids of insectivorous plants were found to be active only when acid, it was naturally assumed that the enzyme which they contain must be closely allied to the pepsin of animals ; an assumption that was also made by von Gorup-Besanez with regard to the enzyme which he extracted from germinating seeds. The first divergent opinion was expressed by Wurtz, who found that the substance which he extracted from the Pap:iw, and called papain, was active not only in acid but also in neutral and alkaline media ; and he consequently suggested that it was allied rather with trypsin than with pepsin. This opinion was not conclusive, because Wurtz had not sufiiciently examined the products of papain-digestion. The missing evidence was supplied by the researches of Martin, who found leucin and tyrosiu among the products of digestion, substances which are characteristic of digestion by trypsin. Within a few years Prof. Eeynolds Green observed in the Lupin and the Castor-oil plant, that the protease of seeds is proteolytic like trypsin ; and he followed up this discovery by ascertaining that this is true also of the protease of the Kachri Gourd. In the meantime. Prof. Chittenden had demonstrated that the protease of the Pineapple possesses similar properties. Since then I have found, in Nepenthes, Yeast, the Mushroom, in fact in every one without exception, of the very LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONBOX. 2 1 nimjerous experiments made with various plants and parts of plants in which I have detected digestive action, that the enzymes act proteolytically. In view of this accumulating evidence, the only possible conclusion to be drawn is that the proteases of plants are essentially proteolytic : there is, in fact, no record of the existence in any plant of a merely or mainly peptonising enzyme. This conclusion has not been arrived at without contradiction. In the case of the pitcher-plant Nepenthes, the lafe Dr. Clautriau contested the accuracy of my results, asserting that here was an instance of simple peptonisation. However, I have never failed to obtain evidence of proteolysis in digestiA-e experiments with the pitcher-liquid, and can only suggest that the conditions of Dr. Clautriau's experiments were in some way unsuitable, probably because the necessary acid was not supplied. More recently Dr. Mendel has asserted that papain can peptonise but not proteolyse the higher proteids. tn a paper which is shortly to be published, I have shown, I think conclusively, that the cause of the divergence between Dr. Mendel's results and my own is that the antiseptic which he used in his experiments interfered with the action of the enzyme. I may now very briefly describe the methods which I have adopted for the purpose, (1) of detecting the presence of a protease, and (2) of determining the nature of its action. In the first instance, the method employed was the usual one of submitting some blood-fibrin to the action of the liquid, with due antiseptic precautions, and observing the more or less complete solution of it in the course of the experiment. It was in this way that the digestive activity of Nepenthes-\\C[\x\d, Papaw, of Pineapple-juice, and of solutions of papain, had been first discovered ; and it Mas in this ^ay that I detected it in the Yeast, the Mushroom, the Melon, and other plants. But in many cases the result was altogether negative, and for the moment I followed the usual course of accepting this as evidence for the total absence of digestive power in these cases. Confining my attention to the positive results, I endeavoured to ascertain, by an examination of the products of digestion, what had been the action of the protease in each case, whether merely peptonising or completely proteolytic. In devising a simple method for doing this, I remembered that one of the constant products of pancreatic digestion is a substance termed tryptophane, which gives a pink or violet colour on the addition of chlorine- water. As the presence of tryptophane is accepted as evidence of proteolysis effected by trypsin, it would also be evidence of proteolysis by vegetable proteases. I accordingly tested the liquids resulting from fibrin-digestions with the various plant- materials just mentioned, and in every case there was unmistak- able evidence of the presence of tryptophane. The conclusion is therefore inevitable, that in all these cases the enzyme is, like trypsin, capable not only of peptonisation but also of proteolysis. 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE I now returned to the consideration of the cases in which I had failed to observe the digestion of fibrin ; and on applying to tliem the tryptophane-test, 1 was somewhat surprised to find that it frequently gave a distinct and even strong reaction, especially when the material used consisted of pieces of the root, leaf, bulb, etc. under examination. It was clear that a protease was present which, though it did not act upou fibrin, digested the proteids contained in the juice or tissue of the plant itself. Seeing that these proteases, though possessing but slight peptonising power, were strongly proteolytic, 1 varied the mode of experiment by submitting to their action such simple proteids as albumoses and peptones, with most satisfactory results. I thus reached the further conclusion that whilst in certain plants (e. g. Pineapple, Papaw, Nepenthes, Teast, etc.) there are proteases which closely resemble trypsin in their mode of action, in the majority of cases there are proteases which differ from trypsin in that they cannot peptonise fibrin though they resemble trypsin in proteolysing albumoses and peptones. These pro- teases seemed to belong to an altogether new type of enzyme ; a consideration that led me to feel some misgiving as to my observations. Fortunately I happened, at this junctui'e, to hear of Cohnheim's recent discovery in the intestine of animals, of an enzyme possessing somewhat similar properties. This enzyme, to which he has given the name Erepsin, proteolyses albumoses and peptones, but cannot peptonise a more complex proteid than casein. I thus obtained confirmation of the surmise that the proteases which I had discovered were not tryptic, although they were proteolytic. I must not overburden with detail this slight sketch of the growth of knowledge with regard to the distribution and nature of proteases in both plants and animals. I will, however, venture upon a few remarks of a general nature. With regard to the distribution of the proteases in the body, they have been found, as I have said, in all parts of the plant — leaves, stems, roots, bulbs, tubers, fruits, seeds ; and the inference might be drawn that herein the plant differs from the animal organism, in which these enzymes are confined to the digestive tract. But this inference would be only partially true even of the higher animals. No doubt the enzymes are especially secreted by the digestive organs ; but recent researches, more especially those of Hedin, have shown that they are widely distributed throughout the tissues of the animal body. Then as to the I'elation to each other of the three known types of proteases — the peptic, the tryptic, the ereptic. The relation between trypsni and erepsin has already been sufficiently indicated. "With regard to pepsi«, it has long been generally held, though with some dissentients, that pepsin is an enzyme which can only peptonise but cannot further decompose proteids. But of late years there has been an accumulation of evidence tending to show that this view is too arbitrary : to show that pepsin can, as a LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 23 matter of fact, effect proteolysis, though much less active)}' thau trypsin. If this be established, the result will be that all these proteases will have been found to differ not in kind, but only in degree. They \^-ill form a series in which trypsin, acti^^e alike in peptonisation and in proteolysis, will occupy a central position: on the one hand will be pepsin, with its active peptonisation and slight proteolysis ; and on the other will be erepsin, with its active proteolysis and slight peptonisation. It may well be asked, what is the use to plants of the proteases distributed in their tissues ? The importance of these substances to insectivorous plants is sufficiently obvious ; and it is easy to imagine how they may be of service to plants like the Fungi which are parasitic or saprophytic in habit. In both these cases, so far as is known, they serve to supply the plant with organic nitrogenous food from without. But what is the physiological signiticance of these substances in the case of an ordinary plant which does not require to be supplied with organic nitrogen ? The reply to this question is briefly as follows. Normal green plants in their nutritive processes build up, from the simple materials of their food, organic nitrogenous substance which is stored in their tissues in the form of proteid matter that is often insoluble, and in any case is not readily diffusible. Consequently, when these stores of proteid are to be drawn upon for the purpose of growth, it is necessary that there should be some means by which they can be converted into substances which are both soluble and diffusible. This conversion is effected by the proteo- lytic enzymes. Their importance is strikinglj^ illustrated in a germinating seed, where the reserve materials, whether deposited in the cotyledons or in the endosperm, have to be made available for the nutrition of the growing embrj'^o. It is also clear in a germinating bulb or tuber, where the growth of the new shoots is dependent upon the reserves which these organs contain. But it is not limited to such cases as these. It is quite as great under the ordinary circnmstauces of the plant : for it is at all times necessary that the elaborated organic nitrogenous substance should be readily distributed throughout the body. Just as diastase, first discovered in seeds, has been found to occur in all parts of the plant-body where starch has to be converted into sugar, so the proteases are to be found wherever insoluble or indiffusible proteid has to be converted into the soluble and diffusible amidic acids, such as leucin, tyrosin, and asparagin. When the digestive activity of certain of the insectivorous plants, such as Xepenthes and Drosera, was first discovered, it was difficult to imagine how these plants should have developed the peculiar faculty of secreting proteases. But in the light of the subsequent discoveries of which I have endeavoui'ed to give you some account, the explanation is simple. If leaves generally, or at any rate commonly produce a protease, it ceases to be remarkable that this should take place in the leaves of insecti- vorous plants. The peculiarity of these plants is now limited to 2 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE this — that theii' protease should be poiu'ed out at the surface so as to digest proteids supplied from without by the captured insects : Avhereas in ordiuary plants the protease is retained within the tissues to digest, and so to render mobile, the proteids that are formed and stored there. Another consideration of general interest is the relation between the proteases of plants and the digestive processes of the animals that consume the plants. In our own case, the matter may not be of much importance, since most of our vegetable food . has been cooked before we eat it, and consequently the proteases have been destroyed. But in the herbivorous animals, more particularly the Ruminants, the case is altogether different. Here the vegetable food that has been eaten is placed under conditions that are altogether favorable to the action of the proteases which it contains, so that there is reason to believe that digestion in these animals is, in no small degree, a process of autolysis, the food providing at once the nutriment and the means of digesting it. To pass now to another part of the subject. Quite recently a very remarkable discovery has been made by Pawlow concerning the origin of one of the animal proteases, namely trypsin. It "s^as known that perfectly fresh and pure pancreatic juice had little or no digestive power, but the cause of this had not been traced. Pawlou 's experiments brought to light the fact that the addition of a small quantity of the intestinal secretion (snccus tntericus) to inert pancreatic juice immediately renders it active. The explanation of these facts is that in the pure pancreatic secretion, free trypsin is not present, but its mother-substance, trypsinogen, from which it has to be liberated. On the addition of intestinal juice, this liberation is effected by means of a substance which it contains, which Pawlow has termed Kinase^ and has aptly de- scribed it as a " ferment of ferments.'' Curiously enough, my thoughts had been turned in the same direction in the course of ray work on the proteases of plants. It had been known since the time of Schtinbein that the juices and tissues of various plants possess the property of causing tincture of guaiacum to turn blite either with or without the addition of peroxide of hydrogen. The reaction is one of oxidation ; and it has been ascertained of late years by Bertrand and others, that it is effected by certain definite substances termed oxidases and peroxidases. Various opinions have been hazarded as to the probable significance of these substances in the economy of the plant, but no coherent theory on the subject has yet been established. Incidentally I observed that whenever a juice or a tissue gave a good guaiacura-reaction, it also proved itself to be proteolytic. This observation was not altogether new : indeed at one time it had been thought that all enzymes reacted with gxiaiacum, whicli is not the case. But it led me to inquire into the meaning of this association of oxidase and enzyme in the plant. Is it a coincidence or a correlation ? — this is the problem LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 2$ thai I am now eudeavouriug to solve. I cannot yet say that I have succeeded, but I will so far take you into uiy confidence as to tell you what is my working hypothesis, I assume that we have here to do with a real correlatiou, and of this kind, that the substance giving the guaiaeum-i'eaction is of the nature of a ' Kinase ' ; that it is closely associated witli the pi'oteases because it liberates them from their zymogens ; and that it effects this liberation by a process that is essentially one of oxidation. It may not appear a difficult matter to put this hypothesis to the proof; but it is not quite so easy as it appears, for the reason that in the plant-body, where the physiological division of labour is far from complete, enzymes and oxidases are secreted by the same tissues and even by the same cells. Should I have the privilege of again addressing you a year hence, I may perhaps be able to tell you what the verdict of experiment has been, and J hope that it may have been recorded in my favour. But whether that be so or not, I may at least expect to be able to report that substantial progress has been made in the investigation of these substances which play so important a part in the meta- bolism of both plants and animals. Dr. 31. T. Masters then moAcd : — " That the President be thanked for his excellent Address, and that he be requested to allow it to be printed and circulated amongst the Fellows,'"' which was seconded by Mr. F. X. Williams, and carried. The President then addressed Dr. M. C. Cooke, and in pre- senting the Linnean Medal to him, specified the services which had moved the Council to make this award. The Presiden't said : — "Dr. Cooke, — The encouragement of the study of Systematic Botany has always been one of the chief objects of this Society ; and the list of the recipients of the Linnean Medal affords sufficient proof that eminence iu this department of botanical research meets with the highest recognition that it is in our power to accord. But whilst I find there many distinguished Phanerogamists,— Hooker, DeCandolle. Oliver, Baker, and King, and two Aloologists, Bornet and Agardh — there is but one, Ferdinand Juhus Cohn, who has any special claim to the title of Mycologist. It is a ]nost fortunate circumstance that an opportunity should have occurred to add to it a second Mycologist, seeing that the domain of Mycology is more extensive than that of any other of the provinces of the Vegetable Kingdom, or indeed than that of all of them taken together, and in view of the increasing scientific interest and economic importance of that branch of Botany. " Had the institution of the Linnean Medal taken place a few years earlier, no doubt one of the first awards would have fallen to Mycology in the person of Berkeley. But since his name does 26 PROCEEDIXGS OF THE not adorn our list, nothing can be more appropriate than that it should include that of one who was his collaborator and has proved himself to be his legitimate successor. To saj- this is to gi\Q high praise indeed : but it is justly merited. For more than forty years you have been unceasingly engaged in describing, depicting, naming, and classifying the enormous mass of material that has been submitted to you from all parts of the world ; and it is not too much to say, that few have contributed so materially as your- self to the reduction of the mycological chaos. You have enriched the literature of the science with many important works, among which the ' Mycographia ' and the ' Illustrations of the British Fungi' desei've special mention. But your crowning achievement is, I take it, the formation of your great mycological herbarium, copiously illustrated with drawings and notes, which is now, I am glad to say, a national possession safely deposited at Kew. "It is on these grounds that I have ventured to speak of you as Berkeley's legitimate successor ; and they also fully justify the ■action of the Council in awarding to you the Linnean Medal, which I now have the honour to present, with sincere congratulations and every good wish." Dr. Cooke made a suitable reply in acknowledgment, stating that his election as an Associate of the Society in 1877 was a ^reat encouragement to him in his scientific career, and this award was deeply gratifying to him. The General Secretary then laid the Obituary Notices of the past year before the Meeting, as follows, and the proceedings terminated. .JoHi!f Bain, an Associate since 2nd April, 1863, was born in Ireland on 9th May, 1815, of Scotch parents, his father, a gardener and land-steward, having settled there some time before. He followed his fathers calling, and served under William Anderson, in the old Physick Garden at Chelsea, which place he left to work at Trinity College Botanical Gardens, James Townsend Mackay being at that time curator, Mackay, author of ' Flora Hibeniica ' {Dublin, 1836), had laid out these gardens in 1806 for the Dublin IJniversity, and he attracted many of the best men of the day to serve under him. David Moore, afterwards of Glasnevin, and his younger brother Charles, afterwards at Sydney, were pupils of Mackay. Bain became foreman, and afterwards assistant-curator to Mackay, acting as amanuensis for the ' Flora Hibernica.' On the death of Mackay in 1862, Bain succeeded him, and under his energetic sway the gardens " took on a second lease of usefulness and popularity." Amongst those who bore testimonv to bis skill were Dr. G. J. Allmau, Prof. W. H. Harvey, Sir W". J. Hooker, and Dr. G. Gardner, the latter sending him original plants of LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 27 Cattlei/a lahiata and Zijgopetalum Maclcayl with other orchids found by him in Brazil. Besides his garden duties, Bain kept up his love for native plants, and even late in life he would walk many miles to point the station of a rare plant, such as Gentiana Pneumonanthe^ Listera coi'data, MaJaxis paludosa, and TricJiomanes radicans. He was the first to find Malva rotundifolia and Bordeum sylvaticum in the neighbourhood of Dublin. After more than fifty years' connection with tlie gardens of Trinity College, Dublin, he retired in 1878 or 1879 ; he never married, but in his retirement lived with a niece at Holyhead, where he died on Tuesday, 28th April, in the early afternoon, and was buried at Mount Jerome Cemetery, Dublin, on 1st May, 1903, beside his brothers Eobert and William, Dr. Mackay, and other friends. A portrait w^as published in Vol. 35 of ' The Garden,' in July 1889, the volume being dedicated to him. William Bull, the well-known nurseryman. King's Eoad, Chelsea, died on 1st June, 1902, after an illness of three days. He was born in 1828, and in his early life he was a traveller for the then famous firm of liollison, at Tooting, and in that capacity became known as an exceptionally able man. In 1861 he took over the premises and nursery stock of Weeks & Co. ; this was the be- ginning of his enterprising career. Ornamental plants, tender flowering plants, and orchids were his favourites ; but he also zealously took up any group of plants which attracted the attention of his customers. Thus, Aucuha japonica was exhibited by him in our rooms, in fruit, with the male and hermaphrodite flowers, on 20th February, 1868, and at the same time he pointed out the length of time during which the pollen retains its fertilizing- power. In June 1876 he also exhibited living plants of Liberian coffee, Coffea liberica, Hierii, which he introduced, and has since been widely brought into cultivation for estates on which 0. arabica is subject to disease. In 1880 he despatched Messrs. Shuttle- worth and Corder to Colombia for Orchids ; later he turned his attention to orchid hybridizing, and his annual orchid exhibitions were excellently managed. In the ' Gardeners' Chronicle' for 7th June, 1902, which has an excellent portrait with an obituary, it is related that, wishing to show a special Aroid, he brought it with him in his brougham, till its horrible steuch drove him to take a place on the box-seat by his coachman, and in this state the Aroid arrived at the editor's office. He was elected Pellow of this Society 15lh February, 1866, and in former years was a frequent attendant at our meetings ; he also belonged to the Royal Geographical and Zoological Societies. The distinction he prized most was that of a Victoria Medal of Honour, from the Royal Horticultural Society in 1897. As a man of business he was energetic and hard-working, a 28 PROCEEDIN^GS OF THE good employer, and eager in procuring new plants for cultivation : altogether a remarkable man, whose death has caused regret among a large circle of correspondents. Julius Victor Carus, Foreign Member since 7th May, 1885. has recently passed away, in bis eightieth year, for nearly a third of which period he was editor of the ' Zoologiscber Anzeiger.* He was born at Leipzig on 25tli August, 1823, and from 18-11 onwards pursued his medical and other studies at that University. Thence he went to study comparative anatomy at Freiburg in Baden, and in 1849 be was at Oxford, were he acted as conservator of the Museum of Comparative Anatomy, and thus acquired a command of our language. He returned to Leipzig in 1851 as Docent, and there he remained practically during the remainder of his life, making a break in 1873-74 while acting as locum tenens in Edin- burgh for Prof. Wyville Thomson, then Avith the ' Challenger." He was a man of great industry, but devoted his energies to the history of his science, translations, bibliographies, and the like, rather than to original research. He \\as a tool-maker, rather than a tool-user, a type of worker apt to be ignored, though made use of by others, whose gratitude, if existent, is apt to be evanescent. He translated many of Darwin's works into German, from 1866 onward, and communicated oversights in the original to the author, thus securing for the German versions a greater accuracy than in the original issue. 8ome of his more noteworthy productions may be mentioned, as his ' Zur nahern Kenntniss des Generationswechsels,' 1849 ; ' System der thierischen Morphologie,' 1853 ; ' Wertbestimmung der zoologischen Merkmale,' 1854 ; ' Prodromus Faunae Medi- terraneae,' 1884-1893, and ' Geschichte der Zoologie,' 1872 : with Gerstaecker, ' Handbuch der Zoologie,' 1875, and with Engelmann, his ' Bibliotheea Zoologica,' 1862. Britain was not unmindful of his merit : he was D.C.L. of Oxford, and M.D. of Edinburgh University ; his election as one of our Foreign Members took place eighteen years ago, and of the Zoological Society of London in 1897. He died on the 20th March, 1903, leaving a widow, a son and three daughters. Francois Crepin. — By the death, at Brussels, on the 20th of April, 1903, of Francois Crepin, Belgium has lost her doyen botanist. He was born at Eochefort, in the province of Namur, on Oct. 30th, 1830. Eochefort is a small country-town near the southern boundary of Belgium, situated in the valley of the Lesse, a tributary of the Mouse, surrounded by limestone hills. Here Crepin devoted himself at an early age to the study of botany and laid the foundation of his large collection of Eoses. His first publication, which appeared in 1859 in the Memoirs of the Eoyal Academy of Belgium, was entitled " Notes sur quelques plantes rares ou critiques de Belgique." This was followed by four others with the same title, extending down to 1865. In 1860 LIXXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOI^. 29 appeared the first edition of his ' Manuel de la Flore Belgique.' This is a small octavo volume of 23G pages, and contains, over and above descriptions of genera and species, directions for forming a herbarium, a bibliography of Belgian botany, an account of the geographical regions and their characteristic plants, a discussion on the nature of species, and a glossary of terms. It is an eminently useful and practical book, and did much to revive a love for botany in Belgium, which for many years had been almost entirely neglected. The ' Manuel' passed through several editions (the 5t!i in 1884), and the flora of Belgium being similar to that of England, has been found very useful in this countrx'. In the second edition the descriptive part is considerably enlarged, and a good deal of the subsidiary matter omitted. The number of indi- genous Belgian flowering plants and A'ascular cryptogams is, in this second edition, estimated at 1240. Cropin aluays took a moderate view of species, neither uniting nor dividing excessively. In 1861 he was appointed a professor at the State School of Horticulture at Ghent, a position which he held up to 1870. In 1862 the reviving love for botany led to the formation of the ' Socit'te I'oyale botanique de Belgique,' under the presidency of the veteran Dumortier. Crepin was at the beginning a member of the council, and after his removal to Brussels filled for nearly thirty years the office of secretary. The publications of this society now amount to forty volumes ; to these Crepin was one of the most prolific contributors, his papers ranging over a wide field, including, in addition to original papers, which very often deal with Roses, reviews and reports of excui'sions. The more important of his papers on Hoses were reprinted in a separate form under the title of 'Primitiae Monographise Eosarum.' Of these the second part, which contains careful original descriptions of the Asiatic E-oses, is the most valuable. In 1871 Crepin was appointed Curator of the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden at Brussels, and from that date to his death he lived in the metropolis. During his summer holidays he usually visited Switzerland, devoting his attention principally to the rich Kose-flora of the lower part of the Rhone vallej^ He was elected a Correspondent of the Brussels Academy in 1872, a Member in 1878, and a director of the scientific division in 1888. About 1873-75 he paid much attention to palaeontology, and contributed several papers on the subject to the Memoirs of the Academy. Many of the fossil plants in the Brussels Museum bear labels in his neat legible handwriting. In 187G he became Director of the Brussels Garden, and under his management both the living and dried collections were greatly increased. He paid two visits to England during his term of office, and annotated copiously the Roses at Kew and the British Museum. In 1879 Dumortier died, and Crepin wrote his elnge for the Memoirs of the Academy, as he did afterwards that of Decaisne in 1881, and Edouard Morren in 1887. He set his heart upon publishing a general monograph of Roses, and for this he accumulated a very 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE large collection and made careful studies in all directions. But although the book was advertised, failing health prevented him from publishing it, and compelled him, a short time before his death, to give up the directorship of the Botanic Grardens and the secretaryship of the Botanical Society. The best sketch of his general ideas on the classification of Eoses will be found in a paper which lie contributed to the London Eose Conference of 1889, which is printed in the eleventh volume of the new series of the ' Journal of the Eoyal Horticultural Society ' (page 217). His final views on the delimitation and definition of the innumerable European species — which should rank as species, which as mere varieties, and which as hybrids — are now, we fear, irretrievably lost. [J. Gr. Baker,] Charles Cobringtois" Prissick Hobkirk, a prominent Yorkshire naturalist, was born on 13th January, 1837, at Huddersfield, the only son of his father, David T. Hobkirk, who was engaged in the woollen trade. He entered the West Riding Union Bank in 1852, when 15 years of age, and rose to the position of Manager of the Dewsbury Branch of that bank in January 1884 ; in 1892 he quitted this position, but two years later he came back to Dews- bury as manager for the Dewsbury branch of the Huddersfield Banking Company ; in 1897 he retired from business-life, and lived at first at Horsforth and finally at Ilkley, where he died on 29th July, 1902, after a long and painful illness. It was in his own time, in the intervals of business, that he acquired his extensive knowledge of the natural history of his native county. In 1859 he brought out a volume, ' Huddersfield : its History and Natural History,' embodyitig in it a wealth of information on the fauna and flora of the district ; it reached a second and amplified edition in 1868. Erom 1864 to 1867 a series of ' The Naturalist ' came out at Huddersfield, having papers on British mosses from his pen ; in it he also described the forms of Crataegus oxyacantlia, and translated a paper by Deseglise on the Tomentosce section of Hosa. This venture ceased in the year last mentioned, but was revived in 1875, Hobkirk being one of the editors till 1884, when the Yorkshire Naturahsts' Union took over the magazine. During part of this period he was President of the Huddersfield Naturalists' Society, and actively pushed the interest of more than one other local association. In the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union Mr. Hobkirk was especially active and untiring in the cause he had at heart, and he was its President in 1892. Although he thus showed his catholicity of taste, he was essen- tially a bryologist. The volume by which he is best known, is his book ' Synopsis of British Mosses,' which came out in 1873, reaching a second edition in 1884 ; this was a most useful book to the British student, for whom Wilson's ' Bryologia ' was unobtain- able, and Dr. Braithwaite's 'Moss Flora' was not even begun. He was responsible, with Henry Boswell, for the ' London Catalogue of British Mosses,' published for the then active Botanical Locality Eecord Club ; the second issue of this came out in 1881. LINNEAK SOCIETY OF LOXDON. 3 I His wife and bis youngest son predeceased him, the latter a few weeks before his own death. His election into our Society took place on 7tb March, 1678. A portrait of biui is given in the April number of ' The 3«aturalist,' with au appreciative memoir supplying many additional touches, from the pen of an old friend, whose itlentity is scarcely concealed by the use of the simple initial, E. Alfred Vaughax Jexnixgs was born at Hampstead, educated at St. Paul's School, and what is now known as the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, studying under Prof. Huxley, and was proxime accessit for the Porbes Medal. Next he obtained an appoint- ment in the Geological Department of his College, and also as teacher of Biology to the evening classes at the Birkbeck Institution, which owed much to his enthusiastic labours. His health breaking down, he took a voyage to New Zealand, and, on his return, he was- attached for a brief period to the Eoyal College of Science, Dublin,, as Demonstrator of Botany and Geology. Four papers by him appear in our Journal, as noted below. His bodily heakh continued to fail, and at last the end came at Christiania, on 11th January, 1902. He was elected Pellow of this Society, 3rd May, 1888. An intimate friend writes that he " was an untiring collector in Zoology, Botany, and Geology, and the author of several original papers in each of these three branches of Natural Science. The illusti-atious to his papers, and his drawings in the Whitechapel Museum show considerable artistic ability. In disposition he was- modest and retiring, and very kindly and generous ; no student ever came to him for help and was refused. Had his brilliant brain been supported by proportionate bodily health, he would have achieved much, possibly as nuich as he was always hoping to be able to accomplish. For the last ten years his existence had been but a light for life, and his best friends can only be thankful that the fight is now ended." Most of the preceding information has been obtained from a sympathetic notice in the ' New Phytologist ' for January last. Mr. Grenville A. J. Cole has been kind enough to transmit a list of our deceased Fellow's papers : — 1. The Orbitoidal Limestone in North Borneo. Geol. Mag., Dec. 1888. 2. On a Variety of Alectona Millari (Carter). Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xxiii. (1891), pp. 531-539, pi. 13. 3. Cave-men of Meutone. Natural Science, June 1892. •I. On the true nature of " Jlobinsponr/ia 2^'i-)'((sitica," Duncan. Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xxv. (189G) pp. 317-319. 5. On a new genus of Foraminifera of the Family Astrorhizida\ Ih. pp. 320-321, pi. 10. 6. On the Structure of the Isopod genus Ourozeuldes, Milne- Edwards. Ih. pp. 329-338, pis. 13, U. 7. On the Structure of the Davos Valley. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Aug. 1898. 32 PIlOCEEDI2^GS OF THE 8. The Geologv of the Davos District. Quart. Journ. Gaol. See, Aug. 1S99. ■ 9. The Geology of Bad Nauheim and its Thermal Salt-springs. Geol. Mag., Aug. 1900. In conjunction with Mr. Grenville A. J. Cole : — 10. The Northern Slopes of Cader Idris. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, April 1889. With Miss K.M. Hall: — 11. Notes on the structure of TmesiiAerls. Proc. Eoyal Irish Academy, 27 April, 1891. With "Mr. Griffith J. Williams :— 12. On the Geology of Manod and the Moelwyns, North Wales. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Aug. 1891. Alexander Kowaletskt, the eminent Russian biologist, ^^■as born in 1840. He belonged to a family of which two other members attained scientific distinction : his brother Vladimir as a palaeont- ologist, and his cousin Sophie as a mathematician. In his seventeenth year, after a brief period of study in the St. Petersburg University, Alexander Kowalevsky went abroad, first working at chemistiy in Bunsen's laboratory in Heidelberg, and then studying zoology under Leydig at Tiibingen. In 1864 he went to Naples, where he worked Avith such ardour and success that, at the eai'ly age of twenty-six, his name became well-known .among biologists. Russian biologists were among the first to recognize the great significance of the Evolution theory in the domain of Embryology, and the chief advance made in this science during the sixties was due to Kowalevsky and MetschnikofF. In 1866, Kowalevsky pubhshed two closely allied series of researches on the development of Amphioxus and on that of the Ascidians, works which are remarkable not only for the novelty of the results obtained but for great clearness and accuracy. Kowa- levsky demonstrated the presence of the notochord in Aseidian embryos and caused quite a sensation by showing that these animals, until then supposed to be invertebrates, belong to the vertebrate phylum. In 1868, Kowalevsky was appointed professor at the Kazan Ujiiversity ; he remained there only one -year, during which he published his " Embryological Studies on the Worms and the Arthropoda," a work which testifies to marvellous energy and resolute conquest of difficulties, at a time when microtomes were hardly known and when carmine was the only stain. These embryological stvidies were epoch-making ; they established the uniformity of the first processes of development in all multilaminar animals and overthrew many views then prevalent. In Worms and Ai'thropods, as in Vertebrates, Kowalevsky demonstrated the laying down of the organs in the form of germinal layers, these latter containing the rudiments of the whole complex of organs. It was Kowalevsky wdio discovered in Phoronis, the Ctenophora, Sagitia, Lumbricus, and the Brachiopoda the embr3^onic stage since LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. ^;^ •well known as the Gastnda stage. Haeckel utilized his observations wlien he propounded his Gastro; theory. Kowalevsky himself, who only drew conclusions from strictly verified fact.s, refrained, as ii rule, from theorizing. Another well-known theory, the ccelomic theory, was founded on Kowalevsky'.s discovery that, in Ampliioxus, Surjkta, and the Bracliiopoda, the mesoderm develops in the form of protruding sacs from the ectoderm. He himself recognized the .significance of this discovery, but considered the establishment of a hypothesis premature. In 1S69, KovvaleAsky accepted a professorship at Kieff, where he was an active member of a new Society of Naturalists, to which he contributed many of his discoveries, among others that of the connection which exists betw een the alimentary and the spinal canals in the embryos of Sharks. This observation led to the revelation of a similar connection in all Vertebrate embryos. To this Society also, Kowalevsky communicated his discovery of the planaria-like female of Bonellia, vvhicli differs so greatly from the male form ; also the observations on the budding of Perophora, which have formed the basis of all more recent investi- gations into the budding of the Ascidiaus. Other papers threw important light upon the connection between the asexual processes of multiplication and the metagenesis of the Salpidae. It was during Jvowalevsky's sojourn at Kieff that the Brachio- poda, which were then classed as Molluscs, were carefully in- A'estigated by him. With this object, he visited the Eed Sea and Algiers, ardently pursuing his researches under great difhculties, spending days and nights in the boats of coral-fishers, sharing their poor fare and exposing himself to the burning sun and other discomforts. The brilliant results he obtained still place him in the first rank among investigators of this group of animals, which were considered by him to be closely related to the worms. In 1873 Kowalevsky accepted a chair in the Odessa University, and while there studied many marine forms, investigating the ontogeny of the Hydroids, the Acephala and the Actinia, the Alcyonaria and the Lucernaria, and many Molluscs. From 188-1 and onward, Kowalevsky worked on a somewhat difterent plan. Without renouncing morphological work, for he produced after this date excellent monographs on the metamor- phoses of the Diptera and the development of the Scorpions and the Solpugidse, he took up questions bordering on physiology and anatomy. He published many treatises elucidating obscure organs in various Invertebrates, using the method of injecting colouring- matter into the living organism, and thus revealing whole series of organs until then unknown, but of great significance for the life of the animals in their conflict with micro-organisms. These he called the blood-cleansing organs. In 1890 Kowalevsky settled in St, Petersburg at the Academy of Sciences, and while there laboured indefatigably in collecting funds for and oi'ganiziug the Marine Biological Station at Sebastopol, which he believed woidd be of great value as a centre LEfX. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. —SESSION 1902-1903. d 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE for the inA"estigation of thefauua of the Black Sea and of the Sea of Marmora. lu 1S93 he gave up lecturing and devoted himself entirely to research, spending nearly all his time in his laboratory and continually adding to his interesting discoveries. Some of the last months of his life Avere spent on Prince's Island in the Sea of Marmora, investigating the development of such forms as Hedyle, Chcetoderma and Psendovermes, his observations on which were published only after his unexpected death in November ] 901. Absolute devotion to Science and untiring energy in her service were the chief characteristics of Alexander Kowalevsky. He was an ardent evolutionist, and devoted himself to following out by the aid of the Evolution theory the many and complex problems of animal life. He modestly disclaimed praise for the enormous amount of work he accomplished, saying that he no more deserved praise than a sportsman, since science afforded him the same pleasure as sport affords the sportsman. All who knew him personally were impressed with his simplicity and modesty ; he was conciliatory and polite to all, except perhaps some few whom he regarded as the opponents of Science, and seemed to ignore the fact that he was himself a great scientific authority. The original character and great value of his work made his name celebrated in all countries of Europe, the scientific societies of which vied with one another in conferring honours upon him. He was elected Foreign Member of the Linnean Society, 1st May, 1884, and died at Odessa on 22nd November, 1901. [M. Beenaed.] Chables Maries was born at Stratford-on-Avou, and went to school at Hampton Lucy from 1861 to 1865, at the grammar- school under Prof. George HensloA\', after which he went to be with his brother at Lytham, remaining seven years in those nurseries. Mr. Maries spent some time in Messrs. Veitch's establishment at Chelsea, where his employer, Mr. H. J. Veitch, selected him to explore certain parts of China and Japan, known to be rich in flowering shrubs and trees, many not yet introduced into cultiva- tion in Europe. Besides these, he sent home herbaceous plants and conifers ; the latter were desci'ibed by Dr. Masters in our Journal (Botany, xviii. 1880, pp. 473-524). In this journey, leaving England in February 1877, he reached Shanghai, and went on to Japan, where he inspected the nurseries at Yokohama and Tedo, and began conifer-hunting at Nikko, rediscovering Abies Veitchi ; he lost over 20,000 specimens by wreck, ultimately reaching Yokohama, and sailing for Hong Kong on Christmas-day. He attempted to collect in Formosa, but was not successful. The following summer found him at Chin Kiang and Kiu Kiang ; at the latter place he was incapacitated by sun- stroke for two mouths ; he again visited Japan, and reached Hankow in December. He spent the next season on the Yantgze, and in the Ichang gorges ; amongst the 500 living plants sent home, was that curiosity the square bamboo, besides a large quantity of seeds of Conifers, Maples, Oaks, and other trees. LI>N£AN SOCIETY OF J.ONDO>'. 35 At the time of his death he was Superintendent of the gardens of the Maharajah of Grwalior, having previously been in charge of those at Durbhungah, India; passing away on 11th October, 1902, and leaving a widow and two children. He was elected Fellow on 3rd March, 1877. He also received the distinguished award of a Victoria Medal of Honour from the Eoyal Horticultural Society. His published papers were confined to gardening papers and the Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society ; but his title to lasting remembrance lies in his success as a plant- collector. The death of Dr. Eichaed Chandler Alexander Prior, who died at his residence, Eegent's Park, on 5th December, 1902, removes one of the most constant attendants at our meetings until increasing weakness confined him to his house and room. The following account is based upon memoranda drawn up in 1S99, when ninety years of age, by the subject of this notice. He \^ as born on 6th March, 1809, at Corsham in Wiltshire, his parents' surname being Alexander ; his horoscope Avas drawn on the day of his birth by Wm. Sainsbury, M.D., and carefully preserved. When eight years old, he was sent to the Eev. J. T. Lawes's school at Marlborough, and five years later to the Charterhouse, when the Eev. J. Eussell, D.D., was headmaster. At the age of 17 he went up to.Wadham College, Oxford, Dr. Symons being then subwarden, and took his degree in 1830. The same year, having decided to study medicine, he came to London, and began his studies at Mayo's Anatomy School, Great AVindmill-street, and also attended Faraday's chemical lectures. The next year, 1831, he entered St. George's Hospital, but his health broke down ; he had typhus fever the first winter, and continuing unwell, the following year went to Belgium for change of air, and then proceeded to AVeimar, where he spent the summer. The next medical season was spent at Berlin, and then, in 1833, he resumed his studies at St. George's Hospital. At this time he attended Dr. Eobert Dickson's lectures on botany, " to which I have to trace the greatest happiness of my subsequent life " being his own testimony. After one season at Edinbm'gh. Mr. Prior took his M.B. degree at Oxford, and settled in practice at Bath in 1836. But here, fate was against him : he was ill all the time he was in residence there, fifteen months. '•' A most malignant fever broke out in the street where I had hved, Edward Street, shortly after I left, and attacked the inmates of nearly every house on one side, many of whom died. It was then discovered that the main sewer was choked up, the cause, no doubt, of my constant indisposition while I hved there, and especially of the sore throats to which I was subject." He removed to Chippenham, became Fellow of the Eoyal College of Physicians in 1840, and in the spring of 1841, when he gave up the practice of medicine, he went to Gratz in Austria for three years. It was during his stay here that he contributed two papers, describing his excursions into . d2 ^6 PROCEEDIIS'GS OF THE Upper and Lower Styria, to the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, accompanied by a parcel of the plants mentioned. These papers were printed in the 'Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' vols, xvii, & xviii, for 1846. In the course of his rambles, he says : — " At an inn at the foot of the mountain [the Lantsch] the people spoke a jargon that I had great difficulty in understanding, and they had as much, I suppose, in comprehending me. The innkeeper told me, begging my pardon, that I did not speak Grerman very well, and should stay a month or two with him in the Breiteuau to learn the language. I asked him if he did not think I had better opportunities in Gratz. ' Oh no,' he said, ' they talk there according to booiv — Nach der Schrift.' " On the same page is a description of Vest, " the most untidy botanist ever known," and an account which Dr. Maly gave of his herbarium. The next year was devoted to botanising in Dalmatia, and its southern vegetation. Passing through France, he paid a flying visit to England in 1844, and in the autumn of the same year went to Italy. He spent the winter in Naples and visited Sicily the fol- lowing spring, collecting largely and getting personally acquainted with Grussone and oth(;r botanists. He remarks that he was "very much struck during his excursions in the south with the circum- stance that neither in the Kingdom of Naples, nor in Sicily, is there anything like the scattered hamlets and cottages that we find everywhere in England and Grermany — a result of the comparative insecurity of life and property, and a cause of the preference of southern people for the pleasure of a town life. Hence the little attention paid to natural history by them, both in ancient times and modern." In April 1846 he sailed for the Cape, and lived thirteen months in Capetown ; in 1847 going to Georgetown and TJitenhage. He was at the former place during the heavy rains of that spring, the heaviest for 22 years, causing inundations : " after which I went a journey over the Carroo in an ox-waggon, the effect of which I felt for several years in the singular habit of connecting all noises that I heard in my sleep with the cries of the wild animals of that desert. This seems the more strange, as I am not conscious that I ever dreamed of being aboard ship, although the circumstances of a sea-voyage are more striking to a landsman than are those attending a land-journey." He made large collections of plants, and came home in 1848. The love of travel prompted him the next year to sail in April for the United States, where he botanised till November ; then proceeded to Jamaica, and stayed till August. While in Jamaica he resided at Moneague, in the mountains of St. Ann's, and ascended the Blue Mountain Peak. He returned by way of New "York and Canada in the autumn of 1850, and reached England in November. He then took a house at Hammersmith, which remained his home for eight years, though he made occasional continental trips, visiting Germany, France, Denmark, Norway, and Italy. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 37 " lu the spring of 1859 my maternal uncle died, leaving me his landed property, requesting me to take his name, which 1 did, and thenceforth subscribed myself ' Prior.' Since my return from America iu 185U I have devoted myself more to literature than botany, finding, like many others, that after a rambling life in quest of plants it is very irksome to work them up in the cabinet." In 1859 he published translations of ' Ancient Danish Ballads ' in three volumes, and in 18G3 his ' Popular Names of British Plants,' ^^•hicll is now in its third edition. " Por forty years I have spent the summer half of the year at Halse, near Bishops Lydeard, seven miles west of Taunton, and the six winter months at York Terrace, London, occupying myself with literary pursuits, while the summer months were devoted to croquet " [he prided himself on his lawn at Halse House] " and antiquarian researches. A translation of ' Ancient Danish Ballads ' required a perusal of all the ballad literature that I could obtain. A small work upon the ' Popular Names of British Plants ' afforded me much amusement and no little labour in reading up old herbals. In these studies forty years have sped away very rapidly, and I am now (in 1899) ninety years of age, very feeble, but in the enjoyment of good general health. I find that I have out-lived all but one of my contemporaries [Nelson Goddard, Esq.], school-fellows, and college friends.'' These are the closing words of his autobiographic sketch. For some years past his increasing weakness had kept him away from the Society, but until he was long past eighty he used to attend the meetings regularly, and by virtue of his position as senior member of the Club took the Chair at the meetings of the Linnean Club iu the absence of the President. He was never married, but greatly admired the other sex, and was fond of paying them an old-world attention and deference, which recalled past manners. More than once he served on the Council ; and it is to him that the Society owes its optical lantern, a gift made in 1890 in acknowledgment of a long enjoyment of the Fellowship of the Society, which dated from 6th May, 1851. An attack of influenza was the actual cause of Dr. Priors death, which took place as recorded in the first paragraph. By will he left a legacy of .£100 to this Society, and his herbarium to the Eoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew. His estate passes to Sir Prior Goldney, Bart, Botanically our late Fellow is commemorated in the genus Prioria, dedicated to him by Grisebach (Flora British West Indies, p. 215) on account of his support of West Indian botany. Prioria copaifera was further investigated by Mr. Bentham, and figured in our ' Transactions,' xxiii. (1861) pi. 40. The Eev. Thomas Wiltshire, who died at his house, Granville Park, Lewisham, 27th October, 1902, was born in London on 21st April, 182G, the son of Sampson Coysgarne AViltshire and Sarah {nee Goodchild). His father was a man of business in the City and a Freeman of the Clothworkers' Company, who possessed much facility witii pencil and brush, an aptitude which reappeared 3° PEOCEEDINGS OF THE in our late Fellow. His father died while the son was young, and his mother married again. Mr. Wiltshire never went to school, but was prepared by a tutor for the university. He entered King's College in 1845, and obtained the mathematical prize in the following year ; then going to Cambridge. He graduated in 1850 from Trinity College, placed among the Senior Optimes in the Mathematical Tripos ; and in June of the same year was ordained deacon by Dr. Murray, Bishop of Eochester, and priest in December 1853 by Dr. Blomfield, Bishop of London, the vear of his proceeding M.A. He had married in 1850 ; and he threw himself into his parochial duties, first as curate at Eiddings in Derbyshire, next at Bromptou, and then at St. jS'icholas Olave, Bread- Street Hill, as Eector. When the site of this Eectory was wanted for the District Eaii\\"ay in 1868, he removed to Lewisham, where he spent the rest of his life, which remained connected with St. Clement's Eastcheap (Evening Lectures) and St. Nicholas Cole Abbey (Curate). The scientific side of Mr. Wiltshire's life may be stated as beginning with his election into the Geological Society in 1856. In 1869 he unsuccessfully stood as candidate for Professor of Geology at King's College, London ; but in 1872 he became Lec- turer in Geology there, Assistant Professor in 1881, and full Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in 1890 : he became Eellow of that College in 1889, and retired from his Chair in 1896. His first pamphlet, ' The Eed Chalk of England,' appeared in 1859, followed in 1862 by 'The Ancient Flint Lnplements of York- shire ' : in 1869 he brought out his ' Chief Groups of the Cephalopoda' and 'The Eed Chalk of Hunstanton.' From 1863 to 1901 he was Secretary to the Palaeontographical Society, and held similar position in the Eay Society from 1872 to the day of his death. He was active also in technical education, and was a member of the Council of the City and Guilds of London Institute, representing the Clothworkers' Company, of which he had become Freeman and subsequently Master. He was elected Fellow of our Society, 21st December, 1865 : and was also Fellow of the Eoyal Microscopical (1857), the Eoyal Astronomical (1860), the Eoyal Geographical (1866) ; a Life Member of the Society of Arts (1888), and of the Geological Society of France (1870). He was one of the founders of the Geologists' Association, and President, 1859-60. The British Association also claimed him as a member. The " Wiltshire Collection " of fossils was presented by him in 1893 to the LTniversity of Cambridge, and placed in the Wood- wardian Museum ; this collection consisted of many thousand specimens, and was especially rich from the Lower Greensaud, Gault, Upper Greensand, and Chalk. The " Wiltshire Collection '' of minerals was presented in 1897, and is now in the Mineralogical Museum, Free School Lane ; it numbers 2800 specimens. In 1899, following these gifts, he received the Degree of Sc.D. from his old University. Finally may be mentioned, a gift was made to LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 39 the University to found a Prize for proficiency iu Geology and Mineralogy, eligible to those who have passed Part 1. of the Natural Science Tripos and not of more than ten Terms' standing. On Christmas Eve, 1901, he fell when returning home, suffering a compound fracture of the right thumb ; but the end was approaching, though he died practically in harness to the last. He preached on Sunday evening, 26th October, 1902, at St. Cle- ments, and came home in apparent good health ; between one and two in the morning he complained of severe pain in the chest, but was relieved by some simple remedies, and he lay down to sleep again, during which he quietly passed away, without again waking, from angina pectoris. The writer has to thank Mr. E. W. Wiltshire, son of our deceased Fellow, for much of the foregoing information. June 4th, 1903. Mr. George Sharp Saunders in the Chair. The Minutes of the Anniversary Meeting, 25th May, were read and confirmed. Messrs. Edward Alexander Newell Arber, George Wallace Eustace, and Robert Alexander Robertson wei*e elected, and Mr. Montague Frank Hopson was admitted a Fellow of the Society. The Chairman announced that the President had appointed the following to be Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year : — Mr. Frank Crisp, Mr. C. B. Clarke, Prof. .1. B. Farmer, and Mr. A. O. AValker. Dr. HocKEX, F.L.S., of Diinedin, New Zealand, reminded the Societv that the next biennial meeting of the Australasian Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science will be held at Dunedin, in January 1904 ; and that the Members would welcome any Fellows of the Linnean Society who might be able to pay a visit to New Zealand on that occasion ; every facility for travelling at special rates to visit the celebrated scenery will be afforded by the New Zealand Gov^ernment, and Dr. Hocken will be happy to give detailed information to prospective visitors. Mr. R. Morton Middleton, F.L.S., exhibited a holograph letter from Linnaeus to Philip Miller, dated Upsala, 3 August, 1763, and read a translation of the same. A few remarks were added by the General Secretary. Mr. Y. N. Williams, F.L.S., showed a series of 100 drawings of British CompositsD, 20 being Hieracia, drawn in pen-and-ink by Mr. E. AV. Hunnybun, of Huntingdon, an accomplished artist and British field-botanist. 40 PROCEEDINGS OE THE Sir DiETKiCH Beaxdis, K.C.I.E., F.R.S., F.L.S., exhibited spe- cimens of Gelsemium eler/ans which Mr. Smales, Deputy Conservator of Forests, had sent him from Upper Burma. It is known there, as well as in China, as a most deadly poison. Mr. Smales writes : " Very deadly creeper ; decoction of roots kills instantly, leaves also fatal." The alkaloid seems to be similar to strycliniue and gelsemine, the product of species of Strxjclinos and of the North- American shrub, Gelsemium semper vir ens, both of the Order Loganiacese. He also exhibited a most remarkable specimen received from the Tharaundi Forests in Lower Burma : a hollow cylinder, about 12 inches high and just under 3 inches in diameter, of a soft but tough white leathery substance, which had grown as the lining of a Bamboo-joint. This was identified by Mr. G. Massee, F.L.S., from the presence of characteristic conidia on the inner surface of the cylinder, with Polyporus anthehninticus, Berk., which forms thick irregularly-shaped masses on old Bamboo culms near the ground. An analogous case, to which Mr. Massee drew attention, is that of the Pohjjiorus which grows on Samhucus nvjra, the mycelium of which is often found in the white pith of the Elder, sometimes entirely displacing the pith. Colonel Geobge Colomb sent for exhibition a fragment of a branch of a Thorn, which had been given to him by Mr. Thorns, gardener in Hyde Park. This branch shows the mischief done to thorns near London by larvae which had been identifi:ed as those of the Wood Leopard Moth, Zeuzera yEsculi, Linn. The House- Sparrow was stated to destroj^ numbers of the perfect insect on their emergence. Further remarks were contributed by Dr. D. Sharp, the Chairman, and Mr. E. M. Holmes. The following papers Avere read : — 1. "The Anatomy and Development of Comt/s infelix, Embleton, aHymenopterous Parasite of Lecanium hemisplicericum." By Alice L. Embleton. (Communicated by Dr. D. Sharp, F.E.S., F'L.S.) 2. "Notes on the Transition of Opposite Leaves into the Alternate Arrangement : a new Factor in Morphologic Obser- vation." By Dr. Percy Groom, F.L.S. (See p. 48.) June 18th, 1903. Prof. Sydket H. Vixes, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting x^ere read and confirmed. Messrs. Albert "William Bartlett, John Clayton, and David Thomas were elected, and Messrs. E. A. Nexxell Arber and George Wallace Eustace were admitted Fellows of the Society. A volume of portraits of eminent men of science, compiled by Dr. E. C. A. Prior, about 1854, was presented to the Society by LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 4 1 his executor, Sir Prior Goldnej, Bart,, and for this a special vote of thanks was passed. The Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing, F.E.S., F.L.S., on behalf of Mrs. Sladen, presented a poi-trait in oils, kitcat size, by the late H. T. Wells, E.A., of the late Mr. Walter Percy Sladen, who from 1885 to 1895 was Zoological Secretary. The President, in accepting the gift on behalf of the Society, submitted the following Eesoiution, which was carried by acclamation : — " That the portrait of the late Walter Percy Sladen, for ten years Secretary of the Linnean Society, now offered on behalf of Mrs. Sladen, be accepted, and that the grateful thanks of the Society be conveyed to the Donor." Ml'. C. H. Weight, A.L.S., exhibited seeds of a new species of ^sc7i7/nanthus, described in a paper subsequently read. Mr. C. B. Clarke, P.E.S., P.L.S., showed specimens of a variety of the Primrose, Primula vulgaris, Huds., with remarkably small flowers, to which he proposed to give the varietal name Chloe. (He subsequently considered that it was probably a hybrid between the Primrose and the form of the Cowslip which is found on the Hampshire downs.) A photograph sent by Mr. J. Waby was shown, and an extract from his letter I'eceived with it was read, stating that two speci- mens of Qorypha data in the Georgetown Botanic Gardens, of similar age and plantiug, were photographed : one had follou ed the normal course, flowered, fruited and died ; the other, instead of flowering, had developed a secondary crown of leaves. Mr. Fredemce D. Ogilvie, of Harrogate, sent for exhibition a water-colour drawing of the Cowthorpe Oak, taken in 1902, thus bringing down the record one year later than the photographs shown by Mr. J. Clayton, on 19th February last, at the General Meeting held on that day. The Eev. John Gebaed, S.J., F.L.S., showed a fresh specimen of the proliferous form of Geum rivale, which he had received from Stonyhurst, Lancashire, a few days before. The following papers were read : — 1. "Descriptions of New Chinese Plants.'' By Stephen T. Dunn, F.L.S. , with an introductory note by C. H.Wright, A.L.S. 2. " On the Germination of the Seeds of Davidia involucrata.'' By W. Botting Hemsley, F.E.S., F.L.S. 3. " On the Occurrence of Eudimentary Horns in the Horse." By Dr. G. W. Eustace, F.L.S. (See p. 48.) 4. "On the Scottish Freshwater Plankton." Bv W. West, F.L.S., and Prof. G. S. West, F.L.S. 5. " On the Anatomy of the Leaves of British Grasses." By L. Lewton-Brain, F.L.S. 42 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE ABSTEACTS. jS'ovember 20th, 1902. The President reminded the Society that exactly a year ago he had the honour of giving an accomit of some observations upon the action of the enzyme contained in the secretion of Xepenthes. That enzyme, he then explained, not only possesses the property of peptonising the higher proteids (e. g. fibrin), but is also pi'O- teolytic, decomposing the proteid molecule into non-proteid nitro- genous substances such as leucin and tryptophane. The proof of this is afforded by the fact that liquids containing proteids that have undergone digestion give the tryptophane-reaction ; that is, a pink or A'iolet colour on the addition of chlorine-water. Since that time many other plants have been investigated with the object of ascertaining (1) whether or not a digestive enzyme were present, and (2) of determining the nature of its action. In almost all cases the presence of a proteolytic enzyme has been demonstrated. In the first instance plants which were knowR to possess a peptonising enzyme were made the subject of experiment, with the result that the enzyme was in all cases found to be proteolytic. This is true of the juice of the Pineapple {Ananas sativus. Schult. f.), of the latex of the Papaw (Carica Papaya, L.), of the Pig (Ficus Carica, L.), of the milk of the Coco-nut (Cocos nucifera, L.), of the seeds of Vicia Faba, L., and of Hordeum vidgare, L., of Teast {Saccliaromyces Cerevisice, Meyen), and of the Bacteria of putrefaction (see 'Annals of Botany,' vol. xvi. 1902, p. 1). The investigation \\as then extended to different parts of widely differing plants. In view of the fact that the pi-oteids occurring uatHrally in plants are such (e. g. globulins and albumoses) as are readily digested, whereas those genernlly used (e. g. egg-albumin, fibrin) are much more resistant, the material to be digested was supplied in the form of the commercial product known as "Witte- peptoue, a mixture of albumoses and peptones. It \vas found that, with few exceptions, an enzyme was present which, as proved by the tryptophane-reaction, proteolysed these substances in 4-20 hours. Only those experiments are relied on in which the period of digestion was too brief to admit of putrefaction ; or in which an antiseptic (H C N, or chloroform -water) was employed. The digestive power is destroyed by boiling. The plants and parts of plants investigated are the following : — Fniifs: Melon; Cucumber; Tomato : Vegetable Marrow ; Black and White hothouse Grapes ; Pear (Beurre Hardi) ; the Orange, where the peel, but not the juice, was found to digest ; Banana. Lacticiferous plants : Eu/pliorhia Cliaracias (shoots) ; leaves of the Lettuce. Seeds : Green Peas : Wheat-Germ. Stems: Vegetable Marrow ; BaJdia variabilis ; Mirabilis Jalapa; Heliantlius tuberosiis. LIXXEAJf SOCIETX OF LONDOX. 43 Bidbs : Onion; Tulip; Hyacintli. Tubers : Jerusalem Artichoke ; Potato. Leaves : Cabbage ; Tropa'oJum majus ; Dalilia variabilis ; Mira- bilis Jalapa ; Spiiiacia oleracea ; Holcus mollis ; PJialaris canaricnsis : Pnums Lauro-cerasus ; Hdianthas tuberosus ; Hicinus cominunis ; Ajiium graveolens (both green and etiolated); Pelargonium zonule; the Fern Scolopendrixon vulgar e, but here digestion was slow. Roots : Turnip ; Tomato ; Vegetable Marrow ; Phaseolus rnulti- florus ; Alirabilis Jalapa ; Daucus Garota. Fungi : the Mushroom. Having established the presence of a proteolytic enzyme, the next step was to ascertain whether the tissues or juices of the plants under investigation were capable (like the Pineapple, the Fig, the Papaw, etc.) of peptonising the higher proteids. Evidence of the peptonisation of fibriu and of the caseiuogeu of milk was obtained in the case of the juice of the Melon, of the watery extract of the Lettuce, and of the tissue of the Mushroom. The results in other cases were either doubtful or negative. There was frequently evidence that the proteids naturally existing in the vegetable substances themselves had been digested. The experiments definitely establish the fact that an enzyme which actively proteolyses the simpler forms of proteid is present in all parts of the plant-body. But the question as to the precise nature of this enzyme still remains to be answered. Where pro- teoh'sis is accompanied by peptonisation, it may be inferred that the enzyme is allied to the trypsin of the animal body. "Where no peptonisation, but only proteolysis, can be detected, it seems probable that the enzyme is allied to the erepsin recently discovered by Cohnheim in the small intestine. Possibly more than one enzyme rnaj' be active in certain cases. The conclusions arrived at depend entirely upon the reliability of the tryptophane-reaction as evidence of proteolysis. From what is known as to its chemical composition and as to the con- ditions of its formation in digestion, there can be no doubt that tryptophane is a product of the disruption of the proteid molecule. The point that had more particularly to be determined was whether the substauce giving the colour-reaction with chlorine in these experiments is really tryptophane. The isolation of tryptophane is a difficult process, and was not attempted. Tlie chemical identity of the substance is, however, established by the fact that its chlorine-compound was found to give the same absorption- spectrum as does that of tryptophane, namely, a band in the green on the yellow side of the thallium-liue. Mr. A. G. Taxsley, F.L.S., in his paper, illustrated by lantern- slides, '' The Eelation of Histogenesis to Tissue-Morphology," dealt with a few points bearing on the relation of histogenesis at the apex of the stem in the Pteridophyta to the morphology of the tissue-regions in the adult stem. 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE In the first place, the variability of the position marked by the first tangential wall in the different great groups of Pteridophyta was pointed out ; and Van Tieghem's statement that it coincided, in the Filicinese, with the outer limit of the monostele or (in the polystelic forms) of the ring of steles, was held to rest on far too narrow a basis of evidence. This outer limit is said to correspond in most cases with the external limit of the protophloem, the sheath-layers (pericyele and endodermis) of the monostele being supposed to be derived from " cortex." However, the histogenetic origin of these sheath-layers is extremely variable ; they are derived from " cortex," or from a separate layer (coleogen), or sometimes partly from the young stele itself. The most striking deviation at present known in Ferns is found in Schizcea malaccana^ where each primary segment of the apical cell divides into an anticlinal series of three cells, of which the middle one is an initial of the vascular ring and the sheath-layers. If these histogenetic differences were to be seriously taken as a clue to morphological (phylogenetic) distinctions, the most patent absurdities would result, e. g. the outer endodermis would not be homologous in different Ferns, a practically impossible conclusion. The con- sideration of the homologies of tissues must be based primarily on a common-sense comparative consideration of adult structures. The question of " pith" in Ferns was then touched upon, and it was concluded that while the pith of Scliizcm is intrastelar, histologically part of the amylom, and developed in place of the central tracheids of a primitive protostele, remains of which are found in some species of the genus, the large-celled pith enclosed by an internal endodermis, which begins to make its appearance in ScJiizcea and is normal in solenostelic Ferns, is a netv tissue, phylogenetically the descendant of the intrastelar pith, or in other cases of the central phloem, though in connection with, and often histologically identical with the cortex. In considering this question, a contemplation of the actual histogenesis of the central tissue prevents our using the phrases " internal cortex " and " intrusion of cortex." Mr. L. A. Boodle, F.L.S., followed with a paper entitled " Stelar Structure of ScMzcea and other Ferns," illustrated by lantern-slides. In the rhizome of Schizcea dichotoma the stele has normally a ring of xylem enclosing a centi'al pith, which is usually largely sclerotic. A group of tracheids sometimes occurs in the pith, and is either isolated or connected with the normal ring of xylem. Endodermal pockets are present in connection with some of the leaf-traces, and may pass obliquely inwards to near the centre of the pith. Besides these an isolated inner endodermis is occasionally found in the pith. The central tracheids and the isolated inner endodermis appear to be vestigial ; the former are probably remnants of the central part of the xylem of a proto- stelic form, such as is seen in Lygodium, though it is possible that they may represent a centrally placed protoxylem embedded in LIXXEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. 45 parenchyma, as found in Hijmenophi ilium scahrum. The isolated inner endodermis is probably a relic ot" a previously better- developed system of endodermal pockets, or of the latter connected with a central tube of endodermis, but without internal phloem (?'. e., in the latter case, the ectophloic siphonostelic type of Jeffrey). The third possibility, that the structure of Scluz(m may have been reduced from the solenostelic type (?". e. with internal phloem and endodermis), such as is found in some species of Anemia, is not excluded, though no evidence can at present be brought forward in support of this \ie\x. December -1th, 1902. Leguminous Plants recommended by Virgil to restore Exhausted Soil. By Dr. George Henderson, F.L.S. A few days ago it was pointed out to me by my friend Sir Annesley De Eeuzy that in Virgil's first Georgic, line 73, the poet, after recommending a system of fallowing, proposes as an alternative, and a means of restoring the fertility of the soil, that before taking a second grain-crop, the soil should be re- fertilized, by planting it with a leguminous crop. Tlie Romans, it would seem, believed that these plants actually enriched the soil, especially if the roots were ploughed in. Virgil, Georgics I., lines 71-7S. Alternis idem tonsas cessare novales, Et segnem patiere situ durescere campum ; Aut ibi flava seres mutato sidere farra, Unde prius laetum siliqua quassante legumen, Aut tenuis foetus vicioe, tristisque lupini Sustuleris fragiles calamos, silvamque souantem. Urit enim hni campum seges, urit avenae, Urunt Lethseo perfusa papavera somno. \J£i'anskttionJ^ You will also permit your fields from which you reap your harvest to lie idle each alternate year and the indolent ground to be strengthened by rest. Or the season being changed you shall sow the golden barley whence formerly you had borne away the luxuriant pulse, in their rattling pods or the slender produce of the Vetch, or the bitter Lupin's fragile stalks and rustling straw. For a crop of flax burns up the soil and so does one of oats, and so do the poppies steeped in the slumbers of Lethe. It seems remarkable that the late discoveries about the nitrifica- tion of soil by means of the roots of the Leguminosae should have been foreshadowed so long ago by a people who could have known nothing of chemistry or vegetable physiology. It also seems strange that it took so long to ascertain anything definite as to 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE how the legumiuous phmts restored the soil, and no doubt there is still much to be discovered regarding it. Virgil mentions the lupin as a field-crop, we only know it as a flower grown for ornament ; but to the present day in Germany lupins are grown very extensively on very poor soil every third or fourth year, simply to be ploughed in to enrich the soil ; the lupin is so bitter that no animal will eat it, but sometimes it is used in Germany as bedding for the cattle. The lupin ILiqnnus luteus, Linn.] thus grown has a yellow flower. February 19th, 1903. Some Eemarks on the possible Uses of Essential Oils in the Economy of Plant-life. By Dr. Geokge Henderson, E.L.S. Everybody knows that moisture in the air tends to prevent frost at night, but it is not always realized that the moist air, even when clear and when there are no clouds, still acts in the same way, and stops radiation from the surface of the ground. Professor Tyndall, thirty-two years ago, experimenting on this subject (see his ' Fragments of Science '), found that infinitesimal quantities of essential oils in the air enormously increased its power of absorbing heat-rays of low tension. I am not aware that anyone has applied this fact as serving any useful purpose in plant-life, but it seems to me that in this way these oils may often prevent injury from frost at one of the most critical periods of the plant's life, namely, Avhen it is setting its fruit. In the low hills of the Punjab Himalaya, from 1000 to 4000 feet above the sea and 10 to 20 miles across, in the end of March and in April, when most of the plants are coming into flower, the blossoms are apt to be blighted by late frosts, at least one would expect this ; but at that season the air is filled with the odours of essential oils from these blossoms to such an extent as to be at times (and especially on a still night, when frost most often occurs) quite overpowering. My theory is that these essential oils help to prevent radiation at night, and thus preserve the blossoms and allow the fruit to set ; after all, it is usually only a matter of four or five degrees' fall of temperatui'e just at sunrise which does all the damage. I mention the Punjab Himalayas because it was there the matter first attracted my attention, and probably nowhere else is there more risk of damage from late fi'osts. Tyndall states that, taking the absorptive power of dry air at 1, moisture added to the air increases this power to 72 ; but an infinitesimal trace of Oil of Eosemary gives 74 Oil of Laurel " „ 80 Camomile flowers ,, 87 Cassia „ 109 Spikenard ,, 355 Aniseed „ 372 LIXXEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. 47 I do not know if Tyndall's experiments have been followed up by any botanist, but if not, I think this will form an interesting subject for further investigation, April 2nd, 1903. Dr. D. T. Gavtnxe-Vaughan gave a lantern- demonstration of his paper, " On the Comparative Anatomy of the Cyatbeaceae and other Ferns." He stated that the vascular system at the very base of tlie stem of a young plant of Ahojihila exceha, E. Br., is found to be protostelie, and as it advances towards the more com- plicated structure of the mature stem it passes through a series of transitional stages which in certain other Ferns are retained as the permanent structure of the full-grown plant. The first departure in the young plant from the protostelie type of structure is due to the appearance of a core of phloem within the substance of the xylem of the protostele. This gives rise to a type of vascular structure which maybe found in DavaUla repens, Desv., as the permanent structure of the mature stem. Then, in the young plant, the endodermis and ground-tissue lying on the adaxial side of the departing leaf -traces are prolonged downwards into the internal core of phloem. These decurrent strands of ground-tissue at first end blind!}- in the internal core of phloem before reaching the node below, giving rise, in this manner, to a type of stele which is also to be found in the mature stem of DavaUia pinnata, Cav. T\'hen the decurrent ground-tissue be- comes continuous from one node of the young plant to the other, a solenostelic structure is reached entirely similar to that found in the mature stems of a large number of different Ferns. It is suggested that this series of vascular types illustrates the actual manner in which the transition from protostely to dictyo- stely took place in the Cyatheacese and Polypodiacese. That is to say, the ancestral protostele of these two orders never contained a "definite pith, and its conversion into a solenostele was initiated by the replacement of some of its xylem elements by phloem, later on by endodermis and ground-tissue. This suggestion is not in any way afl^ected by the question 'as to the cortical or stelar nature of the internal ground-tissue. The xylem in the steles of Fern-stems seems to be differentiated in two different ways. Either the protoxylem elements are moi'e or less evenly distributed all round the periphery of the xylem mass, or else they are localized in definite endarch or mesai'ch strands. In the latter case the protoxylem strands of the stem are ah^ays related directly or indirectly with those in the leaf- trace. In the more primitive Pteridophyta in which the influence of the leaf-trace upon the stem-stele is practically negligible, the protoxylem is nearly always exarch, and it would seem that endarchy originated in the leaf-trace and that, in general, it appeared in the stem only when the influence of the leaf-trace had begun to dominate the structure of the latter. 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE June 4th, 1903. Dr. Percy Groom, F.L.S., read a paper entitled " Notes on tbe Transition of Opposite Leaves into the Alternate Arrange- ment : a new factor in morphologic observation." The author stated that his observations began on Atr'lple.v rosea, and to make a graphic representation of i-esults, he plotted the length of the internodes in a given manner, which produced a zigzag curve : when this principle was applied to Ohenopodium and Salsola an entirel}' similar result came out, and a zigzag course was plotted, due to the long and short internodes alternating. At first he suspected this might be due to its nearness to salt water, but inland specimens told the same tale, and neither the influence of day and night nor of salinity could account for it. His belief was that the true solution lay in an upward displacement of one of the two leaves at each node from a primitive opposite phyllotaxis. Such a displacement by fusion is admitted in the opposite-leaved SciKcornia, in which both leaves are fused with the main stem up to the succeeding node. Continuing his observations, the author examined Scropliidaria nodosa, which exhibited a transition from an opposite phyllotaxis to an alternate arrangement in the in- florescence. Symphytum officinale showed a regular displacement- curve in its raised and fused axillary branches. Mhinanthus Crista- galli occasionally presented a curious anomaly : the leaves Avere commonly opposite, but sometimes became suddenty alternate, but in such instances the individuals showed some of the solitary leaves bilobed or succeeded at the next higher node by two asymmetrical laterally approximated leaves. Lysimachia vidc/aris first showed opposite leaves, then by the process last described, splitting at the apex and becoming distinct, a whorl of four leaves finally appeared. The author laid stress on the fact that he had taken his species at random, as they came to his hand, and were not specially selected. Although this was only a preliminary statement of the facts observed, it embodied a long series of observations. June 18th, 1903. Dr. Eustace read a paper upon " Rudimentary Horns in Horses," in which he recorded the occurrence of bilateral osseous promin- ences on the frontal bones in two thoroughbreds, "Domain," aged 5, belonging to Mr. H. Bonas, and " The Swamper,"' aged 3. Both horses at the time of writing were under the care of Mr. Alfred Day, of Westergate. In the younger horse the bosses did not appear until the animal was six months old ; in both the left boss w-as larger than the right. The author stated that Mr. William Day remembered the same peculiarities being exhibited by " Mounseer," the property of Lord Eivers, and the winner of the Chester Cup in 1850. It is of interest that " Mounseer," " Domain," and " The Swamper " are all descended from " Eclipse," which itself was the LIIfNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. 49 great-great-grandson of " Darley Arabian,"' a horse purchased at Aleppo and shipped to England in 1 705. The anthor drew attention to a passage in Darwin's ' Yariation ot" Animals and Plants under Domestication ' (ed. 2, vol. i. p. 52), to the effect that "in various countries horn-like projections have been observed on the frontal bones of the horse : in one case described by Mr. Percival they arose about 2 inches above the orbital processes, and were ' very like those in a calf from five to six mouths' old,' being from half to three-quarters of an inch in length. Azara has described two cases in South America, in which the projections were between 3 or 4 inches in length ; other instances have occurred in Spain."' " The French translator of Azara refers to other cases mentioned by Huzard as having occurred in Spain." Dr. Eustace considers that, although both of the two horses that formed the subject of his paper were of a delicate consti- tution, and Lord Rivers's horse died when only four years' old, the prominences cannot be looked upon as exostoses due to disease. He considers the cases to be true instances of " reversion," the reappearance in a rudimentary condition of structures which once existed in a functionally perfect condition. Dr. Eustace is con- sequently led to question the accuracy of the view held by the late Mr. Romanes and others that true bilateral horns are peculiar to, and an evidence of later specialization among the Ruminants ; and he regards it as pi'obable that the possession of horns was a feature of the ancestral stock of the Ungulates prior to the differentiation of the Ruminants and the non-Ruminants. LINN. see. PROCEEDINGS, — SESSION 1902-1903. ADDITIONS AND DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY. 1902-1903. Aberdeen. Aberdeen Working Mens' Natural History and Scientific Society. No. 1. 8vo. Aberdeen, 1903. Ade (Alfred). Flora des bayerischen Bodenseegebietes. Ueber- sicht liber die im bayerischen Bodenseegebiet bis jetzt be- obachteten wikhvachsenden Phanerogamen und Gefasskiypto- gamen. Pp. 127. (Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. viii.) 8vo. 2Iunc7ien, 190] . Agassiz (Louis). An Essay on Classification. Pp. viii, 381. 8vo. London, 1859. J. C. Galton. Albert Honore Charles {Prince de Monaco). Eesultats des Cam- pagDes Scientifiques acconiplies sur son Yachts [V Hirondelle et la Frincesse-Alice^. Paseicules 21, 22. 4to. Monaco, 1902. XXI. Holothuries (Princesse-Alicc). By Edgard Herouard. (1902.) XXII. Echantillous d'eaux et de fonds proyenaut des campagnes de la Princesse-Alice. (1901.) By J. Tiioulet. (1902.) Notes de Geographic Biologiqne Marine. Pp. 11. (Verh. d. VII. Intern. Geogr.-Kongress, Berlin, 1899.) 8a^o. Berlin, 1900. Sur la troisieme campagne de la Princesse-Alice. II. Pp. 4. (Compt. Eend. cxxxiv^) 4to. Paris, 1902. — Sur une nouvelle bouteille destinee a recueillir I'eau de mer a des profondeurs quelconques. Pp. 3. (Compt. Eend. cxxxiv.) 4to. Paris, 1902. Sur la quatrieme campagne de la Princesse-Alice. II. Pp. 5. (Compt. Eend. cxxxvi.) 4to. Paris, 1903. Author. Alcock (Alfred William). Eeport on the Deep-Sea Madreporaria of the Siboga Expedition . hee Siboga-Expeditie. Allen (Henry A.). Catalogue of Types and Eigured Specimens of British Fossil Phyllocarida preserved in the Museum of Practical Geology, London. Pp. 4. (Append. A. Summary Progress Geol. Surv. 1901.) Svo. London, 1902. Catalogue of Types arid Eigured Specimens of British Palaeozoic Echinodermata preserved in the Museum of Practical Geology, London. Pp. 8. (Append. B. Summary Progress Geol. Surv. 1901.) Svo. Zo«c?o», 1902. Author. Ameghino (Florentino). Le Pyrotherium n'est pas parent du Di]irotodon. Pp. 2. (An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, viii.) 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1902._ PHOCEEDIiSGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDOJf. 5 I Ameghino (Plorentino). Notas sobre algunos Mamiferos Fosiles iiuevos 6 poco conocidos del Valle de Tarija. Pp. 37 ; plates 7. (An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, viii.) 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1902. Sur la Geologie de Patagonia. Pp. 7. (An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, viii.) 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1902. ■ Cuadro Sinoptico de las formaciones Sedimentarias, Terci- arias y Cretjiceas de la Argentina en relacion con el desarrollo y descendencia de los Mamiferos. Pp. 12. (An. Mus. Nae. Buenos Aires, viii.) 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1902. Linea filogenetica de los Proboscideos. Pp. 42 ; figs. 38. (An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, viii.) 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1902. Author. Arber (Edward Alexander Newell). Les Nipadites des Couches Eocenes de la Belgique. See Seward (Albert Charles). Archer (Thomas Croxen). Popular Economic Botany. Pp. xv, 359 ; plates 20. (Lovell Eeeve's Series.) 8vo. London, 1853. J. C. Galton. Ascherson (Paul) and Graebner (Paul). Synopsis der Mittel- evu'opiiischeu Flora. Lieferung 1-28. 8vo. Leipzig, 1896-1903. Azara {Don Felix de). The Natural History of the Quadrupeds of Paraguay and the River la Plata : translated from the Spanish of Don Felix de Azara, with a memoir of the Author, a physical sketch of the Country, and numerous notes ; by W. Perceval HuNTEE. Vol. I. {All published.) 8vo. Edinburgh, 1838. J. C. Galton. Baer (Wilhelin). Der Vorgeschichtliche Mensch. Ursprung iind Entwicklung des Meuschengeschlechtes. Zweite, vollig umgearbeitete Auflage von Feiedrich yon Hellwald. Pp. x, 708 ; mit 500 Illustrationen und 6 Tonbildern. 8vo. Leipzig, 1880. J. C. Galton. Bailey (Charles). On the Adventitious Vegetation of the Sandhills of St. Anne's-on-the-Sea, North Lancashire (Vice Countv 60). (Mem. Manch. Lit. & Phil. See, vol. 47.) 8vo. Manchester,' 1902. The Oxlip, and its relations with the Cowslip and Primrose in England. An Address delivered at the Inaugural Meeting and Conversazione of the Manchester Field Club, at the Athe- naeum, Manchester, 27th April, 1899. (Reprinted, with additions, from Proc. Manch. Field Club, vol. i. pp. 26-35.) Pp. 22, and 1 plate. 8vo. Manchester, 1903. Author, Bailey (Frederick Manson). The Queensland Flora. Pp.2015; plates 88. 8vo. Brisbane, 1899-1902. Part I. Rammculacese to Anacardiacea;. Pp. i-xxxii, 1-325 ; Index i-sii ; plates 1-12. (1899.) „ II. Conaraceae to Cornacete. Pp. 326-737 ; Index i-xii ; platee 13-2.5. (1900.) „ III. Caprifoliaceffi to GentianejE. Pp. 738-1030 ; Index i-x ; plates 26-43. (1900.) „ IV. Hygrophyllaceas to El£eagnacea\ Pp. 1031-1372 ; Index i-xi ; plates 44-61. (1901.) „ V. LoranthaceiE to Lemnacese. Pp. 1373-1700 ; Index i-xi ; plate.s 62-76. (1902.) „ VI. Alismacece to Filices. Pp. 1701-2015 ; Index i-xii ; plates 77-88. (1902.) e2 52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Baker (Marcus). Geographic Dictionary of Alaska. Pp. 446. (Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. no. 187.) 8yo. Washington, 1902. Baker (Richard Thomas) and Smith (Henry G.). A Eesearch on the Eucalypts, especially in regard to their Essential Oils. (Technolog. Mus. New S. Wales, Educ. Ser. no. 13.) Pp. xi, 295 ; plates 44. 4to. Sydney, 1902. Authors. Barboza du Bocage (Jose Vicente). Publicacoes Scientificas de J. V. Barboza du Bocage (1857-1901). Pp. 39. 8vo. Lishoa, 1901. Aves e Reptis de Cabo A^erde. Pp. 5. (Jorn. Sci. Math., Phys. e Nat., 2 ser. vi. no. 24.) 8vo. Lishoa, 1902. Les Antilopes d'Augola. Pp. 9. (Jorn. Sci. Math., Phys. e Nat., 2 ser. vi. no. 24.) 8vo. Lishoa, 1902. Author. Barton (Ethel Sarel). The Genus Halimeda. See Siboga- Expeditie. Bather (Francis Arthur). Echinoderma. See Lankester (E. Bay). Treatise on Zoology, Part iii. Beccari (Odoardo). Systematic Enumeration of the Species of Calamus and Dannonorops, with Descriptions of New Ones. Pp. 34. (Eec. Bot. Surv. India, vol. ii. no. 3.) 8vo. Calcutta, 1902. Becker (Wilhelm). Vorarbeiten zu einer Flora Bayerns. Eamilie der Violaceen. (Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. viii.) 8vo. Munclien, I'dOl. J. C. Galton. Beddard (Frank Evers). A Text-book of Zoogeography. [Cam- bridge Nat. Sci. Manuals.] 8vo. Camhridge, 1895. J. C. Galton. Bell (Francis Jeffrey). Guide to the Coral Gallery (Protozoa, Porifera or Sponges, Hydrozoa, and Anthozoa), in the Depart- ment of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History). Pp. 73. See British Museum — Guide-books. Benham (William Blaxland). Platyhelmia, Mesozoa, and Nemer- tini. See Lankester (E. Ray). Treatise on Zoology, Part iii. Berlin. Das Tierreich. Herausgegeben von der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft. Generalredakteur : Franz Eilhard Schulze. Liefg. 1-19. 8vo. Berlin, 1897-1903. Liefg. 18. Ares. Paridte, Sitticia; imd Oerthiidse, vou C. E. Hell.mayr. 1903. ,, 19. Poi'ifera. Tetrasouia, von Robert von Lendenfeld. 1903. Bibliotheca Botanica {continued). Heft 58. Gi'NTiiART (A.). Beitrage zur Bliithenbiologie der Cruciferen, Crassulaceen, und der Gattung Saxifraga. Pp. ix, 97; mit 11 Tafeln. 1902. ,, 59. Kroembu (Karl). Wurzelhaut, Hypodermis und Endodermis der Angiospermenwurzel. Pp. 151 ; mit 6 Tafeln. 1903. Bibliotheca Zoologica {continued). Band XV. Heft 36. Liefg. 1 & 2. Stromer von Reichenbach (Ernst). Die Wii'bel der Land-Raubtiere, ihre Morpliologie und Systematische Bedeutung. Pp. viii, 276 ; rait 5 Tafeln. 1902. LINNBAJf SOCIETY OF LONDON. 53 Bibliotheca Zoologica {continued). Baud XV. Heft 38. Illig (Karl Gottwalt). Duftorgane der mannlichen Schmetterliiige. Pp. 34 ; mit 5 Tafeln. 1902. ,, XVI. Heft 39. SciiAUiNSLAND (Hugo Hermanx). Beitrage zur Ent- wicklungsgeschichte und Anatomie der Wirbelthiere. Pp. 168 ; mit 56 Tafeln. 1903. Bicheno (James Ebenezer). On Systems and Methods in Natural History. Pp. :^0. (Trans. Linn. Soc.x v.) 4to. London, \'^27 . Birds. The Birds of Glamorgan. Compiled by a Committee of the Cardiff Naturalists' Society. Pp. xxv, 163 ; plates 5. 4to. Cardiff, 1900. Birmingham. Watson Botanical Exchange Club. Report 18. 8vo. Birmingham, 1902. H. S. Thompson. Boehmig (Ludwig). Turbellarien : Rhabdocoeliden und Tricla- diden. See Hamburger Magalhaensiscbe Sammelreise. Bonnet (Emile). Catalogue de la Bibliotheque de TAcademie des Sciences et Lettres de Montpellier. I-> Svo. MontpeUier,\^'^\^ Boulger (George Simonds). Flowers of the Pield. 29th Edition. See Johns (Charles Alexander). J. C. Galton. The Country Month by Month. See Owen (Jean A.) J. C. Galton. Bourne (Gilbert C). Porifera and Coelentera. See Lankester (E. Ray). Treatise on Zoology, Part ii. Braithwaite (Roberr). The British Moss-Plora. Part 22. Svo. London, 1903. Author. Brisbane. North Queensland Ethnography. Bulletin No. 4. Fol. Brisbane, 1902. No. 4. EoTH (Walter E.). Games, Sports and Amusements. 1902. British Association for the Advancement of Science. Report (Belfast), 1902. Svo. London, 1903. Council Brit. Assoc. British Museum {continued). Report on the Collections of Natural History made in the Antarctic Regions during the Voyage of the " Southern Cross." Pp. ix, 344 ; plates 53. Svo. London, 1902. Birds. Catalogue of the Collection of Birds' Eggs in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. II. Carinatse (Charadriiformes — Strigiformes). By Eugenje William Gates. Pp. xx, 400 ; plates 1-15. Svo. London, 1902. Guide-books. Guide to the Coral Gallery (Protozoa, Porifera or Sponges, Hydrozoa, and Anthozoa), in the Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History) ; with numerous Illustra- tions. Bv Randolph Kirkpatrick and Francis Jeffrey Bell. Pp. 73. Svo. London, 1902. 54 PKOCEEDINGS OP THE British Museum {continued.) Hai^dbooks. Handbook of Instructions for Collectors, issued by the British Museum (Natural History) ; with Illustrations. Pp. iv, 137. 8vo. London, 1902. Buckhurst HiU. Museum Handbooks, Nos. 2-5. • 8vo. CMngford Sr Stratford, 1895-1901. The Coming of Age of the Essex Field Club. A Record of Local Scientific Work, 1880-1901. The Presidential Address delivered at the 22nd Annual General Meeting of the Club on March 22nd, 1902. [Reprinted (with separate pagination) from the Essex Nat. xii., April 1902.]. 8vo. Stratford, 1902. BuUen (Rohert Ashington). Harlyn Bay and the Discoveries of its Prehistoric Remains. 2nd Edition. Pp. 96 ; plates 19 ; figs. a-j. 8vo. London, 1902. Author. Burgess (Edward Sandford). Studies in the History and Varia- tions of Asters. Part I. History of Pre-Clusiau Botany in its Relation to Aster. Pp. 447. (Mem. Torrey Bot. Club, x.) 8vo. New Tori; 1902. Burne (Richard Higgins). See London — Royal College of Surgeons. Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of the Physio- logical Series of Comparative Anatomy. Vol. II. 2nd ed. 1902. Burri (Robert). Ueber einige zum Zwecke der Artcharakter- isirung anzuwendende bacteriologische Untersuchungsmethoden nebst Beschreibung von Zwei neuen aus Rheinwasser isolirten Bacterien. Pp. 43. 8vo. Munchen, 1893. Hans Schinz. Butler (Arthur Gardiner). Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Christ- "^ mas Island. See British Museum — Monogr, of Christmas Island. Calcutta. ^Indian Museum. An Account of the Indian Triaxonia collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator. By Pbanz EiLHAED ScHULZE. The German original translated into English by Robert von Lendenfeld. Pp. 113 : plates 23. 4to. Calcutta, 1902. Cambridge Natural Science Manuals. Biological Series. General Editor — Aethue E. Shipley. 8vo. Cambridge, 1895-> Zoogeography. By Feank E. Beddard. Pp. viii, 246, & 5 Maps (1895). J. C. Galton. Canada. Geological Survey. Geological Map of Dominion of Canada. (Western Sheet, No. 783.) Scale: 50 miles = 1 inch. 1902. Catalogue of Canadian Plants. Part VII. Lichenes and Hepaticse. By John Macoun. Pp. v, 318 ; Index xix. 8vo. Ottatva, 1902. LINNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. 55 'Canada (contimied.) Geological Survey (contiuued). Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology. Vol. III. Part 2. ' 4to. Otimva, 1902. On Vertebrata of the Mid-Cretaceous of the North- West Territory. By Henry Fairfield Osborn and Lawrence M. Lambe. 1902. 1. Distinctive Characters of the Mid-Cretaceous Fauna. By Henry Fairfield Osborn. 1002. 2. New Grenera and Species from the Belly River Series (Mid- Cretaceous). By Lawrence M. Lambe. 1902. Cardiff. Cardiff Naturalists' Society. The Birds of Glamorgan, Compiled by a Committee of the Cardiff Naturalists' Society. Pp. xxv, 163 ; plates 5. Ito. Cardiff, 1900. Chesnut (Victor King). Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California. (U.S. Dep. Agric, Contrib. from U.S. Nat. Herb. vol. vii. no. 3.) 8vo. Washington, 1902. Chicago. Chicago Academy of Sciences. Bulletin. Vol. II. No. 3. 8vo. CMcago, 1900. Bulletin of the Natural History Survey. (In Progress.) No. III. Part I. Baker (Frank Collins). The Mollusca of the Chicago Area. The Pelecypoda. 189S. No. TV. Part I. Weller (Stuart). The Paleontology of the Niagaran Limestone in the Chicago Area. The Crinoidea. 1900. Chodat (Robert). Plantae Hassleriana; soit enumeration des plantes recolte'es au Paraguay par le Dr. Emile Hassler, d'Aarau (Suisse) de 1885-1895 et de 1898-1900. Partie I. (Bull. I'Herb. Boissier, vi. Append, i., 2 ser. i., ii.) Bvo. G^ 8vo. Edinburgh cj- London, 1902. B. Daydon Jackson. Fischer (Max). Deutscber Roggen und russischer Eoggeu. Antrittsvorlesung : Die Bedeutung einer Verbiudiug vou Ackerbau und Viehzucht im bentigen Laudwirthschafts betriebe. Pp. 20. 8vo. Hcdh-a.-S., 1895. Flagey (C). Catalogue des Lichens de I'Algerie. See Bat- tandier (Jules Aime) and Trabut (Louis). Flore de TAlgerie. Fletcher (James). Canada Department of Agriculture, Central Experimental Farm. Eeport of the Entomologist and Botanist for 1899. Pp. 46 ; figs. 23. (Ann. Rept. Exper. Farms for 1899.) 8vo. Ottawa, 1900. Author. Insects, Fungous Diseases — -Treatments. Evidence of Jas. Fletcher, Entomologist and Botanist, before tlie Select Standing Committee on Agriculture and Colonization, 1902. Pp. 56. (As advance sheets of the Committee's Final Report.) 8vo. Ottawa, 1902. Author. Fleure (H. J.). Patella (The Common Limpet). Pp. viii, 76; plates 4. See Liverpool Marine Biology Committee, Memoir x. Fowler (G. Herbert). Porifera and Coelentera. See Lankester (E. Ray). Treatise on Zoology, Part ii. Fowler (William Warde). A Year with the Birds. 2ud Edition. Pp. xii, 179, & 1 plate. 8vo. Oxford, 1886. J. C. Galton. A Year with the Birds. 3rd Edition. Pp. xv, 2(55. 8vo. London, 1889. J. C Galton. Frankf urt-a .-Main . Senckenbergische naturforschende Gesellschaft. Thoen (J. P.). Die Periodischen Schriften der Sencken- bergiscben Bibliothek zu Frankfurt-am-Main. Pp. viii, 202. 1903. Friedmann (Sigismund). Die Ostasiatische Insel\\elt. Land und Leute vou Niederlandisch-Indien : den Sunda-Inseln, den Molukken sowie Neu-Guinea. 2 vols. Vol. I. pp. X, 260 ; mit 120 lUustrationen, 5 Tonbildern mid 1 Karte. Vol. II. pp. vii, 252; mit 120 lUusti-ationen, o Tonbildern und 1 Karte. 8vo. Ldi^zig, 1868. J. C. Galton. 6o PROCEEDINGS OF THE Froggatt (Walter Wilson). Australian Psyllidae. Parts I., II. (Proc. LiDii. Soc. N.S.W. xxv. pp. 250-302. pis. 11-14; xxvi. pp. 242-298, pis. 14-16.) 8vo. Sydney, 1900-1901. The Pear and Cherry Slug {Enocamua limacina, Eetz). generally known as Selandria cerasi, with Notes on Australian Sawflies. Pp. 11 ; plates 4. (Agric. Gazette N.S.AV. xii.) 8vo. Sydney, 1901. Typical Insects of Central Australia. Pp. 10 ; plate 1. (Agric. Gazette JS'.S.W. xii.) 8vo. Sydney, 1901. Notes on j^ ustralian Hemiptera (Plant Bugs). Pts. I., 11. Pp. 10, plate 1; pp. 7, plate 1. (Agric. Gazette N.S.W. xii., siii.) 8vo. Sydney, 1901-1902. The Collection and Preservation of Insects. Pp. 26 : figs. 5. (Agric. Gazette N.IS.W. xiii.) 8vo. Sydney, 1902. — Insects of the Wattle Trees. Pp. 20 ; plates 3. (Agric. Gazette N.S.W. xiii.) Svo. Sydney, 1902. Australian Ladybird-Beetles. Pp. 17 ; plate 1. (Agric. Gazette N.8.W. siii.) 8vo. Sydney, 1902. — The Indian Wax Scale as an Orchard Pest, and its Control (Cerojjlastes ceriferns, Anderson). Pp. 4 ; plate 1. (Agric. Gazette N.S.W. "xiii.) Svo. Sydney, 1902. — The Limitations of Parasites in the Destruction of Scale Insects. Pp. 7. (Agric. Gazette N.S.W. xiii.) Svo. Sydney, 1902. — Some Garden Pests. Pp. 7 ; plates 2. (Agric. Gazette N.S.W. xiii.) Svo. Sydney, 1902. Notes on iVustralian Neuroptera aud their Life-Histories. Pp. 12. (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. xxvii.) Svo. Sydney, 1902. Woolly Aphis, an American Blight (ScJiizonewa lanigera. Hausman). Pp. 8 ; plate 1. (Agric. Gazette N.S.W. xiv.) Svo. Sydney, 1903. Author. G-amble (James Sykes). A Manual of Indian Timbers : an Account of the Growth, Distribution and L^ses of the Trees and Shrubs of India and Ceylon, with Descriptions of their Wood-Structure. New and Eevised Edition. Pp. xxvi, 856 ; plates 16. Svo. London, 1902. Author. Gammie (George Alexander). A Note on the Plants used for Pood during Famines and Seasons of Scarcity in the Bombay Presidencv. Pp. 26. (Eecords Bot. Surv. India, vol. ii. no. 2.) Svo. Calcutta, 1902. Gannett (Henry). A Gazetteer of Porto Eico. Pp. 51. (Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. no. 183.) Svo. Wasldnqton, 1901. A Gazetteer of Cuba. 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Parts II.-IY. 8vo. ZoncZo^, ] 900-1901. Part I. Not Tet published. „ II. Porifera and Coelentera. Bv E. A. Minchin, G. H. Fowler, aud G. C. BouRXE. 1000. „ III. Echinoderma. By F. A. Bather ; assisted by J. W. Gregory aud E. S. Goodrich. 1900. „ IV. Platyhelmia, Mesozoa, and Nemertini. Bv W. B. Benham. J. C. Galton. Laurent (Emile). Plantte Laurentian??, &c. See WUdeman (Emile de). Leighton (Gerald). See ' Field ' (The) : Naturalists' Quarterly. Leighton (William AUport). Monograph of the British Grraphideae. (Ann. Mag. Kat. Hi.st. 2 ser. xiii.) 8vo. London, 1854. J. C. Galton. Lendenfeld (Rohert von). See Berlin : Das Tierreich. Liefg. 19. Porifera : Tetraxonia. Lett (Henry William). A List, with Descriptive !Xotes, of all the Species of Hepatics hitherto found in the British Islands. Pp. viii, 199. Svo. Eastbourne 4' Loughhrickland, 1902. B. Day don Jackson. Leverett (Frank). Glacial Formations and Drainage Features of the Erie and Ohio Basins. Pp. 802 ; plates 2iS. (U.S. Geol. Surv., Monogr. 41.) 4to. Washington, 1902. Lewis (Frederick). A Descriptive Catalogue of the more useful Trees and Flowering Plants of the Western and Sabaragamuwa Provinces of Ceylon, with Notes of recorded Distribution of Species. Pp. 168 & 4 Maps. (Eeprinted from Journ. Eoy. As. Soc, Ceylon Branch, vol. xvii. no. 53.) Svo. Colombo, 19u2. Author. Lindley (John). School Botany, and Vegetable Physiology ; or the Eudiments of Botanical Science. JSTew edition. Pp. viii, 182 ; figs. 251. Svo. London, 1858. J. C. Galton. List (Theodor). Die Mytiliden des Golfes von Xeapel und'der angrenzenden Meeres. Abschnitte. Theil I. Pp. x, 312, mit 17 Textfiguren und 22 Tafeln. See Naples — Zoological Station. Monogr. xxvii. LINN. soc. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1902-1903. / 66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Liverpool. Biological Station of Port Erin (Isle of Man). Annual Eeport 16. 8vo. Liverpool, 1902. W. A. Herdman. Liverpool Marine Biology Committee. Memoirs on Typical British Marine Plants and Animals. Edited by W. A. Herdman. I.-X. 8vo. Liverpool, 1899-1903. X. Patella (the Common Limpet). By J. E. Ainswortii Davis and H. J. Fleuee. Pp. viii, 70 ; plates 4. 190.3. Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. Memoir. VII. 4to. Liverpool, 1902. VII. Durham (H. E.). Report of the Yellow Fever Expedition to Para. Pp. 79, plate 1. 1902. DuTTON (J. Everett). Preliminary Note upon a Trypanosome occurring in the Blood of Man. Pp. 14, plates 2, & 4 Charts. 1902. DuRME (Paul van). Quelques Notes sur les Embryons de Strongy. loides intestiiialis, et leur penetration par la Peau. Pp. 4, plate 1. 1902. London. Chemical Society. Catalogue of the Library. 5th Edition. 8vo. London, 1886. 6th Edition. ' 8vo. London, 1903. Society. Royal College of Surgeons of England. Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of the Physiological Series of Comparative Anatomy. Vols. I. & II. 2nd Edition. " 8vo. London, 1900-1902. II. Nervous System of Invertebrata (exclusive of Sense-Organs) and of the Brain aud Spinal Cord, with their membranes and blood- vessels, of the Vertebrata. (1902.) Longe (Francis D.). The Fiction of the Ice-Age or Glacial Period. Pp. 77. 8vo. Lowestoft, 1902. Author. Supplement to the Eictiou of the Ice-Age or Glacial Period. Pp. 35. 8vo. Loivesioft, 1903. Author. Lord (John Keast). The Naturalist in Vancouver Island and British Columbia. 2 vols. I. Pp. xiv, 358. II. Pp. vii, 375. 8vo. London, 1866. [Contains an Appendix with a List of Mammals, Birds, Insects, Reptiles, Fishes, Shells, and Annelids.] J. C. Galton. Ltistner (Gustav). Beitrage zur Biologie der Sporeu. Inaugural- Dissertation. Pp. 30, 8a'o. Wiesbaden, 1898. Lydekker (Richard). A Manual of Palaeontology. 3rd Edition. See Nicholson (Henry AUeyne). Maas (Otto). Die Scyphomedusen der Siboga-Expedition. See Siboga-Expeditie, Monogr. xi. Macoun (John). Catalogue of Canadian Plants. Part VII. Licheues and Hepaticse. (Geol. Surv. Canada.) Pp. v, 318 ; Index, xix. 8vo. Ottawa, 1902. Maiden (Joseph Henry). Useful Australian Plants. (Agric. Gaz. N. S. Wales, xiii.) 8vo. Sydney, 1902. On Eucalyptus tei'eticornis. Smith, aud Eucalyptus rostrata, Schlechtendahl. Pp. 14. (Bull. I'Herb. Boissier, 2 ser. ii.) 8vo. Geneve, 1902. LINXEAX SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 67 Maiden (Joseph Henry). Is Eucalyptus variable ? Pp. 26. (Proc. Eoy. Soc. X.S.W. xxxvi.) Svo. Sydney, 1903. Ou Eiicahiptus bicolor, A. Cann. Pp. 11. (Proc. Linu. Soc. X.S.W. xxvii.') Svo. Sydney, 1903. On Eucalyptus polyanthemo^, Schauer. Pp. 9 & 1 plate. (Proc. Linn. Soc. X.S.W. xxvii.) Svo. Sydney, 1903. A Critical Eevisiou of the Genus Eucalyptus. Parts 1-3. 4to. Sydney, 1903. Author. JVEanch ester. Manchester Field Club. (Founded 10th March, 1S99.) Proceedings. Vol. I. Part 1. Svo. London, 1903. Owens College. Manchester Museum Handbooks (cont.). Descriptive Catalogue of the Etnbrvological Models. 2nd Edition. By Sidney J. HiCKSoN. Pp.109. (Publication 40.) 1902. Owens College. Manchester Museum, Xotes from. 2^0. 9. British Cephalopoda : their Nomenclature and Identification. By William E. Hoyle. Pp. 10. (Reprinted from Jouru. Conchol. vol. X.) 1902. 10. Tbe Red Sandstoue-Roeks of Peel (Isle of Man). By William Boyd Dawkixs. Public. 41. (Eeprinted from the Q. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. Iviii.) 1902. 11. Tlie Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic Rocks under the Glacial Drift, in the North of the Isle of Man. By William Boyd Dawkixs. Public. -42. (Reprinted from the Q. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. Iviii.) 1902. 12. On Bigbury Camp and the Pilgrims' Way. By William Boyd Dawkins. Public. 43. (Reprinted from the Ai'chajological Journ., Sept. 1902.) 1903. 13. The Use of Museums in Teaching. By William E. Hoyle. Public. 44. (Reprinted from the Museum Journ., Feb. 1903, pp. 229-236.) 1903. 14. Notes on the Type Specimen of Loligo eblane. Ball. By William E. Hoyle. Public. 45. (Reprinted from the Mem. Proc. Manch. Lit. & Phil. Soc. vol. xlvii.) 1903. Svo. Manchester, 1902-1903. Massee (George) and Crossland (Charles). The Fungus-Flora of Yorkshire : a complete Account of the known Fungi of the County. Pp. 52. (Trans. Torksh. Xat. Union, part 2S.) Svo. Leeds, 1902. Chas. Crossland. Meinecke (E. P.) und Weber (Rudolf). Eobert Hartig. Ein Xachruf von E. P. Meinecke und E. Webeb. Pp. 4. (Allgem. Forst- & Jagd-Zeitg. April 1902.) 4to. FranlfuH-a.-JIain, 1902. Carl, Freiherr von Tubeuf. Meldola (Raphael). The Coming of Age of the Essex Field Club. A Eecord of Local Scientific AVork, 1S80-1901. The Pre- sidential Address delivered at the 22nd .Annual General Meeting of the Club on March 22nd, 1902. [Eeprinted (with separate pagination) from the Essex Xat. vol. xii. April 1002.] yvo. Stratford, 1902. Miall (Louis Conipton). Eound the Year : a Series of Short Nature-Studies. Pp. viii, 290 ; tigs. 72. Svo. London, 1S96. J. C. Galton. 68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Milne -Edwards (Henri). Cours elementaire d'Histoire Naturelle. Zoologie. 7me edition. 8vo. Paris, 1855. J. C. Galton. Minchin (Edward Alfred). Porifei'a and Coelentera. See Lan- kester (E. Ray). Treatise on Zoology, Pt. ii. J. C. Galton. Montpellier. Academie des Sciences et Lettres. Catalogue de la Bibliotheque etc., par Emile Bonnet. Partie I^ 8vo. Montpellier, 1901-^ Mortensen (Theodor). Echinoidea. See Danish Ingolf-Expe- dition, Vol. iv. Part 1. Moser (Fanny). Die Ctenophoren der Siboga-Expedition. See Siboga-Expeditie, Mouogr, xii. Mouton (Henri). Recherches sur la Digestion chez les Amibes et sur leur Diastase iutracellulaire. Pp. 60 & 1 plate. (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, xvi.) 8vo. Sceaux, 1902.. Mrazek (Alois). Siisswasser - Copepoden. See Hamburger Magalhaensische Sammelreise. Miiller (Johannes) \^L%ehe7uv'N. SOC, PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSION Cyatheace;T?, anatomy of (Vaughan)^- 10. Davidia involucrata, germination of (Hemsley), 41. Davy, J. B., admitted, 9 ; elected, 7. Dennis, W., elected, 11. Desmodium gyrans, electric pulsation with automatic movement in (Bose), 7- Digestion in plants (Vines), 2, Diptera, labial and maxillary palpi in (Wesche), 11. Donations, 79. Druce, G. C, Poa lajca and P. stricta, 9- Druce, H., Councillor removed, 15. Ductus pneumaticus in Physostomi (Rowntree), 9. Dunediu, Meeting of Australasian Association (Hocken), 39. Dunn, S. T., new Chinese plants, 41. Dyer, SirW. T. Thiselton-, amphicarpic fruits shown for, 6. Election of Council, 15; — Officers, 15- Electric pulsation with automatic movements in Desmodium gyrans (Bose), 7. Elwes, H. J., Natural History Journey in Chile, i. Embleton, Miss A. L., Comys infelix, 40 ; Cerataphis latanics, 7. Erysiphaceie, specialization of para- sitism in (Salmon), 7. Essential oils in economy of plant- life (Henderson), 7 ; — abstract, 46. Eustace, G. W., admitted, 40 ; elected, 39 ; rudimentiiry horns in the Horse 41 ; — abstract, 48. Evolution of Australian Marsupialia (Bensley), 12. Farmer, Prof. J. B., elected Councillor, 15 ; nominated V.-P., 39. Faroe Channel, Copepoda from (Nor- man), 12; (Scott, T.), 3. Fasciated stem of Asparagus shown (Middleton), 2. Fellows deceased, 12; withdrawn, 14. Ferns, stelnr structure of (Boodle), 2. Fookes, G. J., resigned, 14. Foreign Members deceased, 14. Freshwater plankton, Scotland (Wests), 41 ; — Rhizopods and their Classifica- tion (West), II. Fritsch, F. E., admitted, 12; elected, 7. Fruits, fossil (Reid), 9. Fimafuti. new and rare Corals from (Bourne), 3. 1902-1903. ff 82 IKDEX. Gardiner, J. S., Marine Alga; collected from Maldive and Laccadive Islands, lO. Gelsemimnelegans shown (Brandis), 39 ; — sempervirens mentioned, 39. General Secretary, see Jackson, B. D. Georgetown, Guiana, Coryflia data at (Wabj), 41. Gepp, A. , communication by (Mrs. Gepp), 10. Gepp, Mrs. A., Marine Alg£e from Maldive and Laccadive Islands, coll. by J. S. Gardiner, 10. Gerard, Eev. J., Polygala specimens exhibited, 2 ; proliferous Geuiii rivale from Stonyhnrst, shown, 41. Germination of Davidia (Hemsley), 41. Geu-M rivale, proliferous, 2, 6 ; from Stonyhurst (Gerard), 41 ; proliferous specimens shown (Jackson), 6. Goldney, Sir P., volume of portraits compiled by Dr. Prior, presented, 41. Grant, F. E., elected, 3. Green, J. E., seconded Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing's motion re Charter, 4. Grierson, G. A., resigned, 14. Groom, P., opposite and alternate leaves, 40 ; — abstract, 48. Grove, A., admitted, 7 ; elected, 4. Groves, H., application of Dr. IPrior's legacy, 12. • _ Groves, J., suggestion for adjourning alterations, 4. Groves, J. W., deceased, 12. Gwynne-Yaughau, D. T., anatomy of Cyatheacete, lo ; — abstract, 47. Hall, E., elected, 7. Hansen, H. J., Bcdhynomus giganteics, 3 ; communication by (With), 3 ; deep-sea Isopod A/iurupus branchia- tus, 3 ; Ingolfiellidie, new type of Amphipoda, 1 1. Harting, J. E., removal from Society's rooms, 12. Havilland, H. de B. de, admitted, 4. Heinig, E. L., elected, 2. Helenium autumnale, virescent flowers (Worsdell), 2. Hemsley, W. B., Councillor removed, 15 ; germination of Davidia, 41. Henderson, G., abstracts, 45, 46 ; effects of leguminous cropping noticed by Virgil, 3; essential oils and economy of plant-life, 7; sketch of leaf of . Quercus incana and slugs, shown, II. Henley, virescent flowers of Hdenium from, shown, 2. Hieracia, drawings shown (Williams), 39- Hill, T. G., admitted, 12. Histogenesis, its relation to tissue morphology (Tansley), 2. Hobkirk, C. C. P., deceased, 12 ; obituary, 30. Hocken, Dr. T. M., on Australasian Association meeting at Dunedin, 39. HojDson, M. F., admitted, 39 ; elected, 11. Horns, rudimentary, in the Horse (Eustace), 41 ; — abstract, 48. Horse, rudimentary horns (Eustace), 41 ; — abstract, 48. Howes, G. B.. communication by (Bensley), 12 ; (Embleton), 7; (Smith), 9; re-elected Secretary, 15. Hunnybun, E. W., drawings of British Plants shown (W^illiams), 39. Hybrid between Primrose and Cowslip (Clarke), 41. Hyde Park, thorns injured by larvJE, 40. Hypecoum, seeds of fossil (Eeid), 9. Indian Phalangidje in Calcutta Museum (With), 3. Tngolfiellidte (Hansen), 11. Interchange of Linnean specimens be- tween Sir J. Banks and Sir J. E. Smith (Jackson), 10. Interglacial plants, drawings by Mrs. Eeid, 9. Isopod, deep-sea, Anuropus hranchiaiiis (Hansen), 3. Jackson, B. Daydon, exhibition of pro- liferous Geum rivale, 6 ; General Secretary, 1 6 ; Linnean specimens in Banksian herbarium, 10. Jennings, A. v., deceased, 12; obituary, 31- Jones, K. H., resigned, 14. Kerr, J. G., elected, 3. Kowalevsky, A., obituary, 32. Labial and maxillary palpi in Diptera (Wesche), 11. Lagc7iosfoma, model of seed shown (Smedley), 2, 6. Larvaj, British, drawings shown (Stan- dish), 3 ; destructive to thorns, 40. Laver, H., resigned, 14. Leaf-anatomy of British Grasses (Lew- ton-Brain), 41. Le Doux, C. A., resigned, 14. Leake, II. M., elected, 2. INDEX. 83 Leaves, change from opposite to al- ternate arrangement (G-room), 40 ; — abstract, 41. Lccaniuiii hemlspharicum, the host of Comi/s (Embletou), 40. Legacy (Prior), 12. Lemurs, JSJotes on (Smith), 9. Lewis, E. J., admitted, 2. Lewton-Brain, L., elected, 10 ; leaves of British Gi-asses, 41, Librarian's Eeport, 14. Library, Additions, 50-78. Linnffius, C, annotations on Siren (Middleton), i ; letter to P. Miller, 39- Linuean Medal awarded to Dr. M. C. Cooke, 25. Long Preston and Settle, Geum rivale from (Gerard), 2. Lonkcra, morphology of fruits and flowers of Xylosteum § (Arber), 3. Lowe, Di-. J., resigned, 14. Mann, H. H., elected, 2. Maries, C, deceased, 12 ; obituary, 34. Marine Algre collected by Mr. J. S. Gardiner at Maldive and Laccadive Islands (Gepp), 10. Marsupialia, Australian, evolution and relationships of (Bensley), 12. Massee, G., communication by (Wesch6), 11; fungus in bamboo, identified by, 40. Masters, Dr. M. T., vote of thanks for Address, 25. MaxiUary Palpi in Diptera (Wesche), II. McClure, Rev. E., resigned, 14. McCorquodale, W. J. H., deceased, 12. McNair, Major J. F. A., resigned, 14. Medal, Liunean, awarded to Dr. M. 0. Cooke, 25. Middleton, R. M., letter of Linnrcus to Miller, shown, 39 ; Linnaius's dis- sertation on 8ire7i laceriina shown, 1 ; Scrutineer, 15 ; showed fasciated stem of Asparagus, 2. Miller, P., letter from Linnteus, 39. Models of seeds shown (Sinedleyj, 2. Molineux, A., resigned, 14. Monckton, H. W., Auditor, 11, Morphology of flowers and fruits of Xylosteum § of Lonicera (Arber), 3. , relation of histogenesis to tissue (Tansley), 2 ; — abstract, 43. Muir, J. J., deceased, 12. Mycelium in bamboo a«d elder, 40. jS'cw Zealand, meeting of Australasian Association (Hocken), 39. Norman, Rev. Canon, Copcpoda from Faroe Channel, 12. Notices of deceased Fellows, 26-39. Oak, Cowthorpe, in 1902 (Ogilvie), 41. Obituary notices, 26-39. Oilicers elected, 15. Ogilvie, F. D., drawing of the Cowthorpe Oak in 1902, shown, 41. Oke, A. W., admitted, 3 ; elected, 2. Oliver, F. W., Stcphanospermum, 6. Opposite leaves changed to alternate (Groom), 40 ; — abstract, 48. Packi/tesfa, wax model of section, (Smedley), 6. Palpi, labial and maxillary, in Diptera (Wesche), 11. Papers, abstracts of, 42-48. Parasite of Lecanium honisp/icBricum (Embleton), 40. Parasitism, its specialization iu Ery- siphaceEe (Salmon), 7. Parkin, J., admitted, 2. Parkin, J., & Pearson, H. H. W., Ceylo«a Patanas, 9. Parsons, F. G., anatomy of Pig-footed Bandicoot {Chcempus castanotis), 9. Patanas, Ceylon (Parkin & Pearson), 9. Pearson, H. H. W. {sec Parkin & Pearson). Pclopoeus sptrifcx, provision of Spiders in its nest (Stebbing), 8, 9. PhalangidcT, Indian, in Calcutta Mu- seum (With), 3. Physostomi, Ductus pneumaticns in (Rowntree), 9. Pig-footed Bandicoot, anatomy of (Parsons), 9. Pinches, J., drawings sent for exhibition, 3- Plankton, Scottish Freshwater (Wests), Plant-life, essential oils iu the economy of (Henderson), 7. Plants, digestion in (Tines), 2. Playfair, D. T., resigned, 14. Foa laxa (Druce), 9. — striata (Druce), 9. Polygala amarella, specimen collected by Mr. Rotheray, shown (Gerard), 2. Pol//2}orus anthdmintlcus, Berk., in bamboo, 40. Pompilus providing Spiders for its young (Stebbing), 8, Portraits presentetl by Sir P. Goldney, Prcglacial plants, drawings by Mrs. Reid, 9. 84 IXDEX. President, abstract of paper, 42 ; re- elected, 15. Presidential Address, 16-25. Primrose, new variety or hybrid shown (Clarke), 41. Primula vulgaris, var. Chloc, shown (Clarke), 41. Prior, Dr. E. C. A., deceased, 12; legacy, 12; obituary, 35; volume ofportraits compiled by, presented, 40. Qucrcvs incanu, sketch of leaf of, (Hendei-son), 11. Rabbits, W. L., resigned, 14. Refertilization of soil (Virgil), 3. Eeid, C, drawings of Preglacial and Interglacial plants by Mrs. Eeid, 9. Relation of histogenesis to tissue morphology (Tansley), 2. Relationships of Marsupials (Bensley), 12. Report of Librarian, 14. Resting-spores of Vaucheria (Bastian), II. Rhizopods, Freshwater, their classifi- fication (West), 11. Eidewood, Dr, W. Gr., elected Councillor, Rotheray, L., specimen of Polpgala col- lected by, a ; and of Gcum rivale, 2. Rowntvee, W. S., Ductus pneumaticus in Physostomi, 9 ; Visceral Anatomy of Characinidfe, 9. Salmon, E. S., specialization of para- sitism in Erysiphace^e, 7. iSambucus nigra, mycelium found in its pith, 40. Saunders, C. J., collected spiders and wasps shown by Rev. T. R, R, Steb- bing, 7. Saunders, G. S., Auditor, 11 ; living carnivorous slugs {Tcstacella halio- ti(lca) shown, 11. Schicaa and other Ferns, their stelar structure (Boodle), 2. Scott, A., elected Associate, 4. Scott, D. H., communication by (Gwynne-Vaughanj, 10 ; re-elected Secretary, 15. Scott, T., Copepoda from Faroe Chan- nel, 3, Scottish Freshwater plankton (Wests), Secretaries, re-elected, 15. Seeds, drawings of British fossil (Reid), 9 ; models shown (Smedley), 2 ; oi Mschynanthus sho\ra (Wright), 41- Seward, A. C, communication by (Arber), 3 , elected Councillor, 15. Sharp, D., communication by (Emble- tonj, 40. Shelley, Sir C, deceased, 12. Siren lacertina, Linnseus's dissertation, shown, I. Sladen, Mrs., donor of portrait of her late husband, 41. Sladen, W. P., portrait presented by widow, 41. Slug, carnivorous, shown (Saunders), II. Smales, Mr., Gelsemium collected by, 39- Smedley, H. E. H., models of seeds shown, 2, 6. Smith, Q. E., notes on Lemurs, 9. Smith, G. W, elected, 7, Soil, effect of leguminous crops (Hen- derson), 3. Southworth, W., admitted, 4 ; elected, I. Sparrow stated to destroy Zeuzera jExuU. 40. Special General Meeting for Supple- mentary Charter, 3. Specialization of parasitism in Erysi- phaceiE (Salmon), 7. Standish, J., drawings of British larvre shown, 3. Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., Auditor, 11 ; Councillor removed, 15 ; moved authorization for Council to obtain Supplementary Charter, 4 ; presen- tation of portrait of the late W. P. Sladen, 41 ; presented Treasurer's accounts, 12 ; Spiders and Wasps from Singapore (Saunders), 7. Stelar structure of Sckiccea and other ferns (Boodle), 2. Stephanospermu77i (Oliver), 6. alcenioides, model of seed shown (Smedley), 2, 6. Stonyhurst, proliferous Geuni rivale from (Gerard), 41. Structure, stelar, of Bchizcea and other ferns (Boodle), 2. Supplementary Charter, changes in, 5 ; — Special General Meeting, 3. Tansley, A. G., Councillor removed, 1 5 ; relation of histogenesis to tissue niorphologj-, 2; — abstract, 43. Testacella kaliotidca shown (Saunders), II. Tharaundi Forests, Burma, bamboo from, 40. Thi«elt-on-Dyer, Sir W. T., see Tiyer. Thomas, D., elected, 4.0. Thompson, J. S., elected, 11. Thorns, Mr., thorns injured by larvae, 40. Tissue morphology, relation of Histo- genesis to (Tansley), 7 ; — abstract, 43. IKDEX. 85 Topp, C, resigned. 14. Tvrrci/a, wax model of section, shown, (Smedley), 6. Treasurer, re-elected (Crisp), 1 5 ; pre- sentation to Society, i ; virescent llowers of Helcnium, 2. Treasurer's Accounts, 13 ; presented, 12. Trifolium ■polynwrphum, amphicarpic fruit (Wright), 6. J'afwA^'rz'a resting-spores (Bastian), 11. Vaughan, sec Gwynne-Yaughan, Vice-Presidents nominated, 39. Vicia ampldcarpa, its amphicarpic fruit (Wright), 6. Vines, Prof. S. H., digestion in plants, 2; re-elected President, 15. Virescent flowers of Hchiiium slwwn, 2. Virgil, effects of leguminous crops on soil, noticed by (Henderson), 3. Visceral anatomy of Characinidre (Rowntree), 9. Waby, J., photo of Corypha data shown, 4.1. Wakefield, C. M., deceased, 12. Walker, A. O., Amphipoda of ' Southern Cross ' Antarctic Expedition, and Bi- polarity, 3 ; nominated V.-P., 39. Wells, H. T., portrait of W. P. Sladen painted by, presented, 41. Wesche, W., labial and maxillary palpi in Diptera, 1 1 . West, Q. S., Freshwater Rhizopods and their Classification, 11. ■ -, f^rr West, W., & G. S. West. West, W., presentation of Mr. Clayton's pliotographs, 7. West. W., & G. S. West, Scottish Fresh- water plankton, 41. Williams, F. N., drawings of Britisli plants shown, 39 ; thanks for Presi- dent's Address, 25. Wiltshire, Rev. T., deceased, 12 ; obituary, 37. With, C, Indian Phalangidae in Mu- seum at Calcutta, 3. Wood Leopard Moth, injurious to thorns, 40. Worsdell, W. 0., virescent flowers of Hdcnium, 2. Wright, C. II., amphicarpic fruits of Cardamine chxniopodifolia, TrifuUum folymurphum, and Vicia amphicarpa, 6 ; new Chinese plants, 41 ; seeds of JEixhynanthus, 41. Xylosteum section of Loniccra, mor- jjhology of its fruits and flowers (Arber), 3. Zamia, wax model of section (Smedley), Zeusera MscuU, larva: destructive to thorns, 40. LlN-y. SOC. PKOCEKDIXGS. — SESSlOIf 1902-1903. PKIXTED BY TAYIOK AND FEANCIS, KED LION' fJUIIRT, FLEET STUEET. PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNExiN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 116th session From November 1903 to June 1904. L 0 is^ D 0 N : PRINTED FOR THE LINNEAN SOCIETY^ BUELIXGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY, W., 1904. PRINTED BY TAYLOE AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. s5 o(y ' t> / P CONTENTS. Page List of Publications issued iv Proceedings of the 116th Session i President's Address 17 Obituaries 31 Abstracts of Papers and Exhibitions 41 Additions to the Library 43 Donations 68 Index 69 Ay^V'O^^ IV Publications of tte Society issued during the period, 1st July, 1903, to 31st July, 1904 :— Journal (Botany), No. 247, 31st Oct., 1903. No. 248, 5tli May, 1904. „ 252, 31st Oct., 1903. „ 253, 31st March, 1904. „ 254, 25th July, 1904. „ (Zoology), No. 188, 31st Oct., 1903. „ 189, 31st March, 1904. Transactions (2nd Ser. Botany), Yol. YI. Part yii., Peh. 1904. „ Tin., Mar. 1904. „ IX., June 1904. (2nd Ser. Zoology), Yol. Ylll.Part xiii., Dec. 1903. Yol. IX. „ III., Dec. 1903. IT., Eeb. 1904. „ Y., June 1904. Ti., July 1904. Proceedings, 115th Session, 1902-1903, October 1903. List of [Pellows, Associates, and Foreign Members], 1903-1904 PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. (OXE HUNDRED AXD SIXTEENTH SESSION, 1903-1904.) November 5th, 1903. Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Mr. Thomas Archibald Sprague was elected, and Mr. William Dennis and Mr. Bertram Henry Bentiey were admitted Fellows of the Society. Dr. W. G-. EiDEWooD exhibited the frontal bones of a Horse showing rudimentary horns, for the loan of which he was indebted to Mr. Arthur Broad, a veterinary surgeon of Shepherd's Bush. There was no record as to the breed, sex, or age of the horse. The bony protuberances were about 3 inches apart, and were set upon the curved ridges that constituted the auterior margins of the areas of origin of the temporal muscles. In the natural sloping position of the head in the living horse they would have been vertically above the orbits. The bases were broad and spreading, and the left boss was larger than the right ; it stood about half an inch above the general surface of the frontal bone, and its flattened extremity was oval and measured | inch by | inch. There was a general but slight tendency to exostosis over the right temporal area. Dr. Eidewood pointed out that the exceptional cases of horny bosses occurring in horses could hardly be regarded as instances of reversion, as had been done at the previous meeting LIXN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1903-1904. 6 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE of the Society by Dr. Eustace ; for the palseontologieal record of the evolution of the horse is remarkably complete, and no indi- cations of horns are to be found in the extinct congeners of the modern equines. (Mr. Broad has since presented the specimen to the Natural History Museum.) Professor Weiss exhibited some preparations and photographs of a mycorhiza or mycorhizome from the Coal-measures. The preparations were in part from the Cash Collection at the Owens College, Manchester, and in part from Dr. Scott's private col- lection. They showed the existence in a small root-like organ of fungal filaments presenting all the appearances of those found in the roots of many orchids and in the rhizome of Psilotum. In the outer layers of the cortex the hyphse run along the inside of the cell- walls and form smaller and larger vesicles in some of the cells, comparable with those found in the mycorhiza of lixiug plants. In the deeper layers of the cortex the contents of the cells are collected into a central dark mass connected with the cell-walls by delicate strands some of \^'hich are clearly fungal hyphse. These masses very closely resemble those described by Shibata in the mycorhiza of Orchids. Small bodies similar to the "sporangioles" described by Janse are also met with occasionally. From the occurrence of these various stages Professor Weiss was inclined to infer that a symbiotic relationship existed between the fungus and the host-plant similar to that of an existing mycorhiza. With regard to the plant in which the fungus occurred, he was inclined to think that it might have been epiphytic, a view which would be supported by the absence of large air-spaces such as are found in the young roots of Calamites and in the rootlets of Stif/maria. A discussion followed in which Dr. Percv Groom, Dr. D. H. Scott, Mr. W. C. Worsdell, and Prof. P. W. Oliver took part, Prof. Weiss briefly replying. Mr. B. H. Bentley exhibited a large series of lantern-slides, designed for teaching purposes, which he had taken, illustrating certain types of floral pollination, and bees and other insects in actual operation. The following papers were read : — 1. " On the Structure of the Leaves of the Bracken (Pteris aquilina) in relation to Environment." Bv Leonard A. Boodle, F.L.S. 2. " On the Life-history of a New Monoplihhus from India, with a Note on that of a Vcdalia predaceous upon it ; with remarks on the Monophlebinte of the Indian Eegioii." Bv E. P. Stebbing, F.L.S. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON". 3 November 19th, 1903. Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.K.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Mr. Thomas Archibald Sprague was admitted a Fellow of the Society. The Eev. John GtBUaud, S.J., F.L.S., exhibited a fasciated rose, sent by the Eev. J. Dobson, of St. Ignatius's College, St. Julian, Malta, with this note: — "A freak of a white climbing rose, in which eight or nine blossoms with their stalks have grown to- gether. It was given me by the Director of Education from a rose-tree in his garden. He says there is nothing in the position of the bush to account for the peculiarity." Dr. M. T. Masters observed that we are in complete ignorance of the causes which produce these peculiar teratologic cases. The Eev. E. Ashington Bullen, F.L.S., brought for exhibition an albino mole, from a farm near Bagshot : it was wholly of a light fawn colour, and no similar specimen had been seen there for at least twenty years, though many moles have been trapped on the same farm. Mr. A. D. Michael stated that he had been in the habit of investigating moles' nests for his researches on mites, but nothing of this kind had ever come under his notice. The following papers were read : — 1. "A General View of the Genus Pinus." By Dr. M, T. Masters, F.E.S., F.L.S. 2. " Contributions to the Embryology of the Amentifei'se. — Part II. Carpinus Betiihis." By Miss Margaret Benson, D.Sc. , and Miss Elizabeth Sanday, B.Sc. (Communicated by Prof. F. Wall Oliver.) December 3rd, 1903. Prof. J. Bbetland Farmer, F.E.S., N'ice-President, in the Chair. 1'he Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Mr. William Norwood Cheeseman, Mr. WilUam Clitheroe, Mr. Ernest Jacob Collins, Mr. Frederick Hamilton Davey, Mr. William Foggitt, Mr. Montague Hill, Mr. John Edmund Shorec Moore, and Mr. Eobert Walter Campbell Shelford were elected Fellows of the Society. The Vice-President in the Chair then declared the Meeting to 62 4 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE be a Special Meeting, in accordance with the announcement sent to every Fellow in the United Kingdom, for electing a Councillor, and Secretary for Zoology, in the room of Professor George Bond Howes, resigned, and stated that the Ballot would remain open till 8.30 P.M. for the Councillor, and till 8.45 p.m. for the Secretary. The Ballot for the Couucillor having been closed, the Vice- President in the Chair appointed Messrs. A. G. Tansley, H. W. Monckton, and V. H. Blackman, Scrutineers ; and the Votes having been counted and reported to the Vice-President in the Chair, he declared that the Eev. Thomas Eosgoe Eede Stebbing had been elected Councillor by a large Majority. The Ballot for the Secretary having been closed, the Vice- President in the Chair appointed the same Scrutineers, and the Votes having been counted and reported to the Vice-President in the Chair, he declared that the Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing had been unanimously elected Secretary for Zoology. The following papers were read : — 1. " On the Anatomy of the Eoots of Palms." By Eric Drabble, D.Sc, P.L.S. 2. " On Littoral Polychseta from the Cape of Good Hope." By Dr. Arthur Willey, F.E.S. (Communicated by Dr. W. G. Eide- wood, F.L.S.) 3. " Notes on Myriactis Areschougii and Qoilodesme calif ornica." By Miss Mary Eathbone. (Communicated by V. H. Blackman, PiL.S.) December 17th, 1903. Prof. Sydney H. Vines, P.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Mr. Frank Cavers was elected, and Mr. William Clitheroe, Mr. Ernest Jacob Collins, and Mr. Norman Maclaren were ad- mitted Fellows of the Society. The General Secretary exhibited a copy of a ' Lexicon generum phanerogam arum,' by Tom von Post, revised and enlarged by Otto Kuntze, which he had received from the author a few days before. He gave a succinct account of the labours of Dr. Kuntze (from the time he worked up his collections at Kew), in the matter of nomenclature based solely upon priority, and set forth in this volume by his colleague at Upsala. The introductory matter was entirely due to Dr. Kuntze, who was also responsible for the French and English versions ; besides the preface, were included a ' Codex brevis maturus,' in which Dr. Kuntze postulated his requirements as to names, spelling, and signs, and his ideas as to the regulations for a Botanical Congress, with the class of persons LINNEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON. 5 permitted to record their votes, but, naturally, without any power to penalise those who decline to accept the suggested trammels. The Eev. T. E, E. Stebbing, F.E.S., Sec.L.S., exhibited:— (1) a House-spider {Te(jenana sp.) with its cylindrical dwelling in the coiled feather of an Indian fan. The fan which the spider adapted to its purposes had been hanging up in a drawing-room at Jerusalem. The spider, forwarded by Miss Eitzjohn to Miss Grace Stebbing, reached England alive. And (2) a solid gnaur or excrescence upon the root of Cvpressus macrocarpa^ sent for exhibition by Mr. E. G. Smart, E.L.S., of Tunbridge Wells; it was eleven inches in circumference. Prof. Peec'IVal remarked that such growths were commonly due to the attack of a Uredine fungus, which resulted in an hypertrophy of the tissues ; it was not infrequent in Piiius, but more usual on the stem than the root. A lantern demonstration was given by Prof. J. Bretland Earmee, E.E.S., F.Z.S., entitled " A brief Account of New Ee- searches in Cancer," in which he alluded to current theories of cancerous growth, and then proceeded to state his own discovery that the cytological changes in malignant growth resemble those exhibited by sporogenous or gametogenous tissues in plants and animals, in the occurrence of the form of nuclear division know as heterotype, as distinguished from the more usual homotype division. An animated discussion followed, the following speakers taking part :— Mr. J. T. Cunningham (visitor), Mr. J. E. S. Moore, Prof. J. B. Earmer, Prof. E. O. Bower (who deprecated the use of certain new terms), Dr. D. H. Scott, Sec.L.S., Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing, Sec.L.S., Mr. Charles E. Walker (visitor), and was summed up by tlie President. The following paper was read : — " On the Docoglossa : an evolutionary study." By Mr. H. J. Eleure, B.Sc. (Communicated by Prof. W. A. Herdman, E.L.S.) January 21st, 1904. Prof. Sydney H. Vines, E.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Mr. Leslie Beeching Hall and Mr. Charles Edward Walker were elected, and Mr. Edward Percy Stebbing was admitted a Eellow of the Society. Dr. Eric Drabble, E.L.S. , exhibited a lantern-slide showing diagrams of bicarpellary fruits of the Erench Beau. The specimens 6 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE of Phaseolus vulgaris, Savi, were obtained from a garden on the Middle Coal-measures of North Derbyshire. In the simplest case there is present on the posterior aspect of the normal carpel a second smaller carpel with reversed orientation and without seeds. In other cases the second carpel attains to at least one-half the size of the normal anterior one, and is fused with the latter proximally in such a manner as to give rise to a unilocular fruit with parietal placentation, the carpels being free from one another in their distal portion. In other cases the two carpels are of approxi- mately the same size and both bear seeds. They are completely fused below to form a unilocular ovary, while above they divaricate from one another. It was pointed out that although the Leguminosse are typically monocarpellary, certain members of the order are hi- or even polycarpellary ; but in these cases the polycarpellary fruit is of an apocarpous nature. It would appear, therefore, that the specimens described in some sense revert to ancestral conditions in so far as their bicarpellary nature is concerned, but that their syncarpous nature is anomalous. Comparison with related orders, e. g. the ConnaracesB, confirms this opinion. The Eev. R. Ashington Bullen, F.L.S., exhibited a finely preserved female specimen of the Northern Stone-Crab, Litliodes inaia (Linn.), from Aberdeen, and called attention to the various organisms securely settled upon its carapace. A discussion followed on the characters, systematic position, and distribution of this anomalous macruran, in which Professor Poultou, P.R.S., Mr. A. 0. Walker, V.P.L.S., and the Zoological Secretary took part. The following papers were read : — 1. " Biscayan Plankton. — Part I. Methods and Data." By Dr. G. H. Fowler P.Z.S. (Communicated by the Eev. Thomas E. E. Stebbing, Sec.L.Soc.) 2. " Biscayan Plankton. — Part II. Amphipoda and Cladocera. " By the Eev. Thomas E. E. Stebbing, F.E.S., Sec.L.Soc. February 4th, 1904. Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.E.S. , President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Mr. Leslie Beeching Hall Avas admitted a Fellow of the Society. Mr. Chaeles Edgar Salmon, F.L.S., exhibited two specimens of Einlohium collinum, C. C. Gmel., from Scotland, with a series of E. montanum and E. lanccolatum for comparison, and read the following note : — LINNEAN SOCIET? OF LONDON. 7 The two specimens of E. colUnum upou the table were found in the Herbarium of the IJohnesdale Natural History Club, Reigate. They were presented to the Club, with many other plants, by Dr. J. A. Power, and the specimens are labelled " Scotland," but are undated ; they were probably collected by Dr. Power about (50 years ago. E. collinum occupies au intermediate position between E. moiitanum and E. laiiceolatum, and occurs in rocky places, ascending to some height, in mauy parts of Europe. By some botanists it is considered a variety of E. montanum, but Dr. Haussknecht, the monographer of the genus, considers it a good species. The only British species with which it may be compared are montanum and lanceolatum ; from the former it differs by its stalked, mostly alternate, leaves, cuneate at the base, and pale pink flowers ; from lanceolatum (to which it seems nearest allied) by its broader, ovate leaves and other characters. E. collinum, as I saw it growing in the Pyrenees last summer, seems to have a distinct habit of its own, and can be easily recog- nized alive from both the above two species. Eev. E. S. Marshall has seen these iScotch examples, and believes them to be correctly named. A discussion took place, in which the General Secretary, Mr. James Groves, Mr. E. M. Middleton, and Prof. J. B. Farmer took part, and Mr. C. E. Salmon replied. The following papers were read : — 1. " Researches into the Physiology of the Yeast-Plant, Saccharomyces Ccrevisiw.^' By the President. 2. " Further Researches on the Specialization of Parasitism in the Erysiphacea;." By Ernest S. Salmon, F.L.S. February 18th, 1904. Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Mr. Samuel Alexander Stewart was elected an Associate of the Society. Mr. L. T. Badams exhibited a folio guard-book containing a large collection of West Australian flowers and vegetable products, grouped for artistic effect, which had been prepared by a friend in that colony. The following papers were read : — 1. " Mendel's Laws and their application to Wheat-Hybrids." By Mr. li. H. Bift'eu. (Connuunicated by the President.) 2. " Heredity and Variation as seen in Primula sinensis." By Mr. W. Bateson, F.E.S. (Communicated by the President.) o PBOCEEDINGS OF THE March 3rd, 1904. Prof. Sydney H. Vines, P.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Mr. George Herbert Powler, Rev. Henry Thomas Spuiford, and Mr. James Hornell were elected Pellows of the Society. Mr. L. A. Boodle, P.L.S., exhibited photographic lantern-slides demonstrating the formation of secondary wood in certain regions of the stem of Psilotum triqueirum. In parts of the rhizome immediately below the aerial stems, and at the base of the aerial stems themselves, tracheides occur, often in considerable numbers, outside the primary wood. These external tracheides are found to be still in course of development, as shown by the imperfect lignification of their walls, at a time when the primary wood has long been completed ; in some cases the external elements of the wood further show a distinct radial arrangement. These stems thus exhibit distinct remains of the secondary vascular tissues characteristic of the Palaeozoic Sphenophyllales, with which on various grounds there is reason to believe the Psilotacese to be allied. A discussion followed, in which Dr. D. H. Scott, Mr. C. B. Clarke, and the President joined. The following papers vvere read : — 1. " A List of the Cariccs of Malaya." By Charles Baron Clarke, P.R.S., P.L.S. 2. " On some Species of the Genus Palcemon^ Fabr., from Tahiti, Shanghai, New Guinea, and West Africa." By Dr. J. G. De Man. (Communicated by the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, Sec.L.Soc.) March 17th, 1904. Prof. J. Bretland Faemee, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Mr. John Lewis Bonhote was elected a Fellow of the Society. The Chairman announced that Mr. William Watson had been duly elected an Associate, on the ISth February last, in accordance with Bye-Laws, Chapter V., Section III., by a simple majority of the Fellows voting. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 9 The Treasurer then read tlie section in question, pointing out that it was thei-ein declared that only the Second, Third, and Fourth Sections of Chapter I. applied to the election of Associates, and the Fifth Section, requiring a two-thirds majority, was expressly excluded. The Rev. R. Ashington Bullen exhibited (1) the egg-capsule of a Mantis found on a twig of wild Olive, while others occurred in immense numbei's on blackberry and various shrubs at Brenes, near Carmona, Spain, February 16th, 1904. Mr. W. F. Kirby refers it to Mantis religiosa, Linn. ; it is figured in Brunner von Wattenwyl's 'Prodromus der Europaischen Orthopteren,' pi. 2. figs. 14 (A, female ; B, egg-capsule ; C, section of B), This author, however, states that the species which he describes deposit their capsules on stones ; so far as we observed, however, none were in that position, but were placed on shrubs and bushes at the edge of a precipice (barranca). The capsules obtaiued as above are less elongated and more turgid than in the figures cited. Mr. W. L. Distant is of opinion that the capsules vary in shape ; the number of eggs contained is about 30. (2) A photograph of a cat playing with a snake before killing it, and calling to her kittens in a loud and peculiar way to come and share in the sport ; it was snapped by Mr. George Bonsor in 1903, in the jjrtito of his house in the Necropolis Eomana, Carmoua. Mr. A. O. Walker brought a branch of Black Currant from his garden near Maidstone, with the swollen buds indicative of the destructive mite Erioj/hi/es rihis. A discussion followed, in which the Chairman, Mr. A. D. Michael, Mr. N. E. Brown, and Mr. E. M. Holmes took part, Mr. Walker replying. The General Secretary, Mr. B. Daydon Jackson, then gave an exhibition and lantern demonstration of " Botanic Illustration from the 15th to the 20th Centuries," tracing its development from the earliest herbals to the present time, with an account of the various methods employed. The following paper was read : — " On Bryozoa from Franz-Josef Land." By Arthur William Waters, F.L.S. April 7th, 1904. Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of 17th March having been read, their confirmation was opposed by Mr. George it. M. Murray, on a point of order, that inasmuch as the election of Mr. William Watson as an Associate was not declared at the meeting of the 18th February, it could not be so declared at a lO PROCEEDINGS OF THE later meeting ; this being seconded by Mr. James Groves, led to a prolonged discussion, in which Mr. A. O. Hume, Mr. Henry Groves, Dr. A. tSmith Woodward, Eev. T. R. K. Stebbing, Mr. G. S. Boulger, Mr. F. Crisp, Mr. Thomas Christy, Mr. E. M. Holmes, Dr. D. H. Scott, Mr. Gilbert Christy, and Mr. J. Britten, joined. By consent, the votiing by show of hands was taken to be for or against confirmation of the Minutes ; those in favour of confirmation 14, against 17 (one more being invalid), out of 47 JFellows present. The Minutes were accordingly not signed. Dr. John Don Fisher Gilchrist, Mr. William Philip James Le Brocq, and Mr. Charles Edward Pearson were elected, and the Rev. Henry Thomas Spufford and Mr. John Lewis Bonhote were admitted Fellows of the Society. The President, on behalf of Prof. Isaac Batley Baleoue, presented a Gold Medal recently struck in commemoration of his father. Prof. John Hutton Balfour ; a special vote of thanks was accorded by acclamation. Sir Joseph Hookek forwarded for acceptance by the Society a photograph of an etching by Mrs. Dawson Turner, from a drawing by J. S. Cotman, of her husband, who was a Fellow of the Linnean Society for fifty years (from 1797 to 1858). For this gift a special vote of thanks was passed. Mr. E. P. Stebbing exhibited lantern-slides of the metamorphoses of Clania Crameri, a Psychid moth from the Madras Presidency, showing its use of its food-plant, Casuarina eq^uisetifolia, in the making of its protective case. Mr, F. Enock displayed a series of more than fifty slides of Natural Colour Photography of living insects and flowers by the Sanger-Shepherd three-colour process ; the President adding a few remarks on the results. The following paper was read : — "The Morphology and Anatomy of the Stem of the Genus LycojJodium." By Charles Edward Jones, F.L.S. April 21st, 1904. Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.E.S,, President, in the Chair The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. The Pbesidenx then referred to the fact that the Minutes of the Meeting on March 17 had not been approved at the Meeting on L1NNEA.N SOCIETI OE LONDON. IT A^jril 7, and read the statement of facts u])oii which he liad, on his own initiative, submitted to the K,ight Hon. tSir Edwaixl Fry, P.O., F.E.S., F.L.S., for his opinion, the following questions : — 1. Was the Council correct in interpreting the Bye-Laws, Chap. V. Sect. III., to mean that a simple majority, and not a two-thirds vote, is all that is required for the valid election of au Associate ? "2. Assuming that the previous question is so answered as to establish the validity of the election on I'ehruary 18, — is the validity of that election materially affected by the fact that the election was not declared at that Meeting and does not appear in the Minutes of that Meeting? 3. Was the declaration of the Election made at the Meeting on March 17 a valid declaration ; and is its validity impaired by the fact that the Minutes of that Meeting, in which the declaration was included, were not approved at the Meeting on April 7 ? To these questions Sir Edward Fry replied at once to the effect : — 1. That in his opinion the Council's reading of the Bye- Laws in relation to the election of an Associate is correct, and that clearly a bare majority only is required ; 2. That the validity of the election on the 18th February was not materially affected by the fact that the election was not declared at that Meeting nor mentioned in the Minutes, nor is a declaration a vital pai*t of the election under Chap. V. ; 3. That as the Charter charges the Council with the direction of the business of the Society, it was competent for that body to act as they did, and for the Chairman with their approval to declare on the 17th March the result of the election on the 18th February, which by an error had not been declared at the proper time, and, under the circumstances, was a proper step to take. Upon this the President moved that the Minutes of the General Meeting of the 17th March be approved and invited discussion, in which Mr. Henry Groves, Prof. G. S. Bouiger, Sir Ernest Clarke, Mr. S. Moore (who moved the previous question, which was not seconded), and the Treasurer took part. On the motion being put by show of hands, of the 64 Fellows present, 43 voted for the motion, and 10 against: the Minutes were accordingly signed. Mr. George Murray having contributed a few remarks, the President moved a vote of thanks to Sir Edward Fry, whose opinion had been of so much assistance in clearing up the legal points involved, which vote was carried by acclamation. Mr. John Hopkinson then moved, and Mr. E. Morton Middle- ton seconded, a vote of thanks to the President for the care and trouble he had taken in the matter, which was unanimously passed ; and the President having briefly returned thanks, the incident closed. 12 PKOCEEDINGS Of THE Mr. Philip i'urley I'y'^on and Mr. Robert Selby Hole were elected, and Dr. George Herbert Fowler, Mr. William Philip James Le Brocq, and Mr. Charles Edward Pearson were admitted Fellows of the Society. The PRESIDENT then read a letter from H.M. Office of Works stating that the Lords Commissioners of H.M. Treasury had authorised the Board to assign to the Society the rooms shortly to be vacated by the Post Office, on condition that the Society bears the cost of alteration necessary to adapt them to its use. The announcement having been unanimously welcomed, the General Secretary briefly referred to the negotiations during the past four years which had now been crowned with success. Auditors for the annual audit of the Treasurer's accounts wei'e nominated, Mr. C. B. Clarke and the Eev. E.. Ashington Bullen on behalf of the Council, and Mr. Herbert Druce and Mr. E, G. Baker on behalf of the Fellows ; by show of hands these were duly elected. Mr. Clement Reid exhibited drawings by Mrs. Eeid of Fruits and Seeds of British Preglacial, Interglacial, and Roman Plants : 2nd Series — Calyciflorse. The most interesting addition to the Interglacial flora is the South-European Cotoneaster Pyracantlia, which occurs abundantly on the Sussex coast in deposits which yield also Acer ononspessu- lanum, Najas minor, and N. graminea. The Preglacial Calycihorse include Trapa nutans ; but the rest of the species yet determined are still living in Britain ; many, however, need further examination. The plants from Roman Silchester include the vine, bullace, damson, and coriander. Mr. R. Morton Mibdleton exhibited a holograph letter from Linnaeus to Haller, dated Upsala, 12th May, 1747, conveying the intelligence of Haller being elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. The President and the General Secretary contributed some brief remarks. (See p. 41.) Dr. O. Staff, on behalf of Mr. W. B. Hemsley, exhibited some specimens of Primula vulgaris, Huds., which displayed the phe- nomenon of phyllody of the calyx in an unusual degree. A paper by Mr. James Cash was postponed to a subsequent meetins:. LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 3 May 5th, 1904. Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.R.S., President in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Prof. Eugc-ne Louis Bouvier, Prof. Dr. Carl Chun, and Prof, Dr. Hugo de Vries were elected Foreign Members, and Mr. Philij) Purley Fyson was admitted a Fellow of tlie Society. The following papers were read : — 1. "On Coloration in Mammals and Birds." By J. L. Bonhote, M.A., F.L.S. 2. " On the Cranial Osteology of the Fishes of the Families Mor- myi'idfe,Notoptex-idae, and Hyodontidse." By Dr. W. Gr, RideAvood, F.L.S. May 24th, 1904. Anniversary Meeting. Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.E.S., President in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. The Treasurer, in presenting the annual statement of Accounts for the financial year ending 3Uth April, duly audited as on p. 14, compared the various items of receipt and expenditure of this and the previous years. He also laid on the Table the Supplementary Charter, dated 8th April, 1904, the result of the Special General Meeting held on 15th January, 1903. The Charter having been formally read over, the President moved a special vote of thanks to the Treasurer for the labour expended and his generous gift of the Charter to the Society, which was supported by Mr. W. Carruthers, and carried by acclamation. The General Secretary read his report of deaths, withdrawals, and elections as follows : — Since the last Anniversary Meeting 15 Fello\^^s had died or their deaths been ascertained : — My. William Henry Catlett. Mr. William Duppa Crotch. Rev. Thomas Foulkes. Dr. William Francis. Mr. John Charles Galton. Dr. Charles Henry Gatty. Dr. Edward Hamilton. Dr. W. Berrv Kellock. Mr. Philip Brookes Mason. Mr. Lewis Powell. Sir AValter Joseph Sendall. Mr. Isaac Cooke Thompson. Mr. Augustus Thorne. Dr. Charles H. Wade. Mr. Christopher Ward. 14 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE ►e" eo o C5 «c »J rH t- r-l Ir- f^ ,-( -^ CO ?D CI O 00 i-H l— lO C3 t^ -ti 00 ■— I o o ^o\ o o CO CO o 5>i 3»^ CO lo lO l:^ CI c -, *■ d e ! £ ^ S >^ =• •- ! > o ill H -; CO g sM ■to ■to r^- CO 00 o o o co" 'X) "-^ o o o ,,000 000-* ^CSCOO r-lO OJ r-l r— Ttl C) ft:;^ oc o CO ^ 01 ~ "ti CO r-H ^ CI O P^ pp l-H Pq c pD CB - ,^ C ^ o fi; -ll-T ca O o O -^ "S tn o O .,-* 3 p. "rt s S y -i OD §) (§) ;») v§) © ,^ t^ CO O O CO . • O —I ^ — CO 00 O CI O 0^ . . CI l^ -^i O -f -t^ CO O -fi CI CO —I o ^ ^ 5. cog <« £ S _. ' Isagoge Phytoscopica,' first publislied in I 67!K Li these works are to be found a clear analysis ol' the plant-body iuto its constituent members, a description of the members witii a precise nomenclature, and a recognition of the essential similarity between the foliage and tloral leaves. Although the works of Jung were not much quoted by Linnaeus, yet, as we know, they were included in his library, and, moreover, the id(>as and terminology of Jung were fully set out in the first volume of Kay's ' ilistoria Plantarum,' a work with which Linu»us was familiar. In these circumstances there can be little doubt LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON 2$ that the Linneau morphology was based upon that of Jung, which, by the time Linnaeus wrote his ' Funclameuta Botauica' (1736), had become common knowledge. That work shews a considerable advance towards a more detailed and comprehensive terminology : but the goal was not reached until the publication, in 1751, of the ' Philosophia Botanica,' which gave to Botany an unrivalled descriptive apparatus, and must always be regarded as one of the greatest of the many great achievements of Linnaeus. As for the theoretical aspect of morphology, the dissertation on ' Metamorphosis ' (Amoen. Acad, iv.) and the two on ' Pro- lepsis ' (Amcen. Acad, vi.) are the recognized contributions of Linnaeus to this subject. The term ' metamorphosis ' has certainly a morphological sound, but it must be borne in mind that it did not mean the same thing when used by Linnaeus as it did when used by Goethe. In its modern sense it refers to the adaptation of one and the same member to different functions ; it is the expression of the physiological division of labour. Leaves, for instance, may be foliage-leaves, or floral leaves, or pitchered leaves, or tendrils : all essentially the same, yet all functionally diverse. But with Linnaeus the word had a much wider application. It referred, in the first place, to the flowering of plants, a process that seemed to him to correspond to the ' metamorphosis ' of a chrysalis into a butterfly ; and, secondly, to the occurrence of varieties and monstrous forms. Nevertheless he rightly includes, in the second category, such admitted cases of metamorphosis as the doubling of flowers, and the occurrence of two different forms of foliage-leaves on partly submerged plants. The idea of ' prolepsis ' was introduced as an explanation of the phenomenon of flowering. It is briefly this — that each series of organs in a flower, the bracts, the sepals, the petals, the stamens, the carpels, represents the product of a year's development, so that in the expanded flower there is, as it were, an anticipation of five years' growth. The idea is fanciful and not well-founded: yet the dissertations in which it was expounded contain many interesting and acute observations which clearly sliow that Linnaeus recognised the morphological identity of floral and other leaves. But in all this thei'e is no definite advance : there is no more than a restatement in novel form of accepted view s. A more effective and more convincing method of attacking morphological problems was at this very time being pursued by Caspar Friedrich AVolff, who in advocating epigenesis as against the prevalent theory of evolutionary development, was investigating the actual facts of development in both animals and plants : and it is to him, more than to Limueus, that the progress of morphology at this period was due. There is yet one other controversial point to be raised, and that is tlie suggestion that some germ of the theory of organic evolution is to be found in the writings of Linnaeus. Such study as I have been able to devote to these writings has failed to discover any- thing of the kind. On the contrary, it has become more and more clear to me that the idea of the constancy of species is a necessary 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE part of the whole fabric of the Linnean philosophy. Let me illustrate this statement by a brief reference to his theory of reproduction. Eegarding the body of the plant as consisting of a cortical and of a medullary substance, he held the latter to be the principal seat of life and of the reproductive capacity in particular. The medulla extends into the flower and there gives rise to the ovary and the seed, and even to the embryo {cormlum) in the seed (' Philosophia,' p. 87). Hence he concluded that the development or reproduction of plants (generatio) is essentially a continuation. This being so, it is not surprising to find him drawing the logical inference, that the production of new species of plants is negatived by this continuity in their reproduction (p. 99); or, as he puts it elsewhere (p. 101), " that species are most constant because their reproduction is a true continuation." It is difficult to imagine how anyone with this mental attitude could be supposed to harbour an idea of the mutability of species. It is, however, true that Linnaeus did admit the possibility of the origin of new species, not indeed by variation, but by hybridisation. In the dissertation ' De Peloria ' (Amoen. Acad, i.) it is suggested that the peloric form of Linaria may be a new species and possibly a hybrid ; and in the dissertation ' PlantaB Hybridse ' (Amcen. Acad, iii.) the idea of the production of new species by hybridisation is further developed. But this is merely a side-issue, that does not directly bear upon the main question. More relevant is the consideration of his views as to the relation between species and varieties, set forth in the 'Philosophia Botanica.' " There are," he says (p. 100), "as many varieties as there are diverse plants pro- duced from the seed of the same species." A variety he defines as " a plant changed by some accidental cause, such as climate, soil, temperature, winds, &c., and may be restored (to its ])rimitive form) by a change of soil." The distinguishing features of varieties are their size, the doubling of their flowers, the crispation of their leaves, their colour, taste, and smell. Further on (p. 225) in the same work he dwells upon the great difficulty and labour involved in the task of distinguishing between species and varieties. Mistakes, he says, are often made on account of the exuberance of nature, of differences of climate and habitat, and of the short term of human life, but they may be avoided by the cultivation of the doubtful plants in various soils and situations, by careful study of the plant itself, especially of its fruit, as well as of allied species, and by remembering that the laws of nature are constant and never make a leap (mmqtimn saltus facientes). That this expression of his ideas as to variation was not satisfactory, even to himself, is apparent from the suggestion subsequently made in the appendix to the dissertation on Hybrid Plants (Amoen. Acad, iii.) to the effect that the varieties of plants do not only depend upon the nature of the soil, nor are they changed by cultivation : " the double Peony or Narcissus," he says, in illusti'ation, " is not changed by the soil into the single form, nor is it on that account a dis- tinct species." This important emendation certainly marks an LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 2^ advance towards the modern conception of variation : but still there is no hint of the suspicion that a variety may become a species. It must, however, be conceded that, from his keen and constant observation of animals and plants in a state of nature, Linnaeus had not failed to recognise what is now termed " the struggle for existence,"' of which he drew a vivid picture in the dissertation 'Politia Xaturae ' (Amoen. Acad, vi.), without, however, attaining to the idea of " the survival of the fittest" and so to the theory of organic evolution. If so far the claims of Linnaeus to high distinction have been scrutinised and disputed witl) some measure of success, further attempt at objection becomes futile when his merits as an organiser of knowledge are brought forward. The state of iS'atural History early in the eighteenth century Avas indeed such as to call for reorganisation. The active exploration of the world, and more particularly of the New World, had brought to light such a wealth of new forms that the existing resources of description, of nomen- clature, and of classification were proving altogether inadequate to deal with them. Some idea of the condition of Botany at this period may be given in the words of Linnaeus himself. " I praise," says he in the ' Critica Botanica,' " the names given by the old Greeks and Romans, but I shudder at the sight of those given by many recent authoi's ; since they are for the most part nothing but a chaos of confusion, whose mother is barbarism, whose father authority, whose nurse prejudice." In the ' Eeformatio Botauices ' (Amoen. Acad, vi.) we read : " The genera are false and defective and are daily multiplied by ne\^" authors and new systems The generic names are for the most part erroneous, barbarous, and Indian names have been given, and the names of other natural objects have been accepted for plants, so that it is not clear whether they indicate a plant or a fish .... The generic characters were so expressed that they scarcely sufficed to distinguish the known genera : consequently, when a new genus was discovered the characters of the allied genera had to be altered The descriptions of plants are written in so oratorical a style, and in such pompous language, that they filled whole pages." It must be admitted that Linnaeus was singularly quahfied to undertake the herculean task of reducing this chaos to order. As he well says in the ' Systema Xaturae,' " the first step in know- ledge is to know the things themselves " ; and this equipment he certainly possessed. Xo man of his time has shown so compre- hensive an acquaintance with animals and plants — to say nothing of minerals — or was more deeply versed in the lore accumulated by his predecessors in the study of Natural History. He combined a wonderfully lucid and methodical mind \\ith indefatigable industry and inexhaustible energy ; and the results that he achieved were commensurate with these exceptional endowments. AVhat these results were is so well known that I need not dwell upon them at any length ; I will merely indicate the course that he pursued. The first step was the publication, in 1735, of the 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ' Systeraa Naturae,' which gave the outlines of his method of classifying natural objects, and is of especial interest as containing his artificial " sexual system " of plants based upon the number and position of the reproductive organs of the flower. Prom this time onward he devoted himself more particularly to the study of plants, so that all his larger subsequent works were mainly or entirely botanical. The ' Systema IVaturse ' was followed, within a year, by the ' Fuudamenta Botanica,' in which the principles of botanical science are clearly and concisely laid down. The year 1737 was marked by the issue, first, of the ' Critica Botanica,' authoritatively stating rules of nomenclature ; and, secondly, of the 'Genera Plantarum," in which those rules are applied to the generic names of plants. In the following year appeared the ' Classes Plantarum,' in which an account is given of all the systems of classification from Ctesalpinus onwards, both tlie earlier and the Linnean generic names being included, together with a fragment of a natural system. In 1751 the ' Philosophica Botanica ' was published as an expansion of the ' Pundamenta,' a work which, as Pulteney says, " must be considered as the institutions of the Linnean system of botany," or indeed of any system of botany Mhatsoever. Pinally, in 1753, appeared the ' Species Plantarum,' the crowning work of the series, in which definite specific names were for the first time assigned to plants. Thus it was that Botany was provided with a precise descriptive language .- with generic names based upon fixed characters ; with specific names in the place of involved descriptions ; and with a system that facilitated the determination of any given plant : changes that have been fitly designated the " Eeformation " of the science. A few words must be devoted to the discussion of the relation of Linnaeus to the development of the natural system of classi- fication. It has been thought, it is sometimes thought even now, that the " sexual system " was devised by Linnseus as an alternative to the " natural system " ; that he was, as it were, the apostle of artificial classification. Nothing could be fiu-ther from his intention. Not only did he himself elaborate a fragment of the natural system, but he expressed over and over again, and in the clearest language, his conviction that the end and object of every genuine botanist should be to contribute to the elucidation of such a system based upon a recognition of the true affinities of plants. " Let those who can," he says, " amend, extend, and perfect this system, but let those who are unequal to the task desist from attempting it : those who succeed are distinguished botanists " (' Classes Plantarum,' p. 487). Excellent as were the intentions of Linnasus, there can, however, be no doubt that the enthusiastic acceptance of his artificial system tended rather to impede than to stimulate the pursuit of the natural system. Without any fault of Ids, the scaffolding that he had found it necessary to erect was taken to be the edifice itself. That this was so is demonstrated by the historical fact LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 29 that the derelopment of the natural system proceeded more rapidly in France, where the Linuean system gained but little hold, than in Holland, Germany, or England, where it became firmly established. Linnaeus fully recognised this, and ascribed it to the greater facility offered by artificial methods for the deter- mination of plants. '• Some botanists," he says, " would rather read a book in which the plants are arranged alphabetically, than one in which they are arranged according to their characters." " I almost believe," he adds, " that the mind of the botanist is disposed towards some one system from the outset ; nence it is perhaps desirable that the beginner should be made acquainted with all the systems so that this stuff might be got rid of once for all " (' Classes Plantarum,' Praefatio). The sway, amounting almost to sovereignty, that Linnteus acquired in the realm of Natural History could not, however, have been due to his intellectual qualities alone. Great as these were, they would have failed to effect that Reformation of which I have spoken, had they not been reinforced by a capacity for inspiring to enthusiasm all who came under his influence. That he possessed this crowning gift in a remarkable degi'ee is the only possible interpretation of the outburst of activity in Natural History that followed upon his teaching. Out of the crowds of students who attended his lectures, many became teachers themselves, and not a few travelled far and wide in the Old World and the New in quest of animals and plants. Nor was it exercised only on his pupils ; it affected the teaching, the botanical teaching at any rate, throughout Europe, the most distinguished contemporary botanists avowing themselves his disciples. Such being the man and his work, it is not surprising — quite apart from the special circumstauces of the case — that our Society should have been called after his name. And we, the Fellows of to-day, may well be proud, as were the Fellows of 1802, to be thus associated with so great a figure and so momentous an epoch in the history of the sciences that we cultivate. It is impossible to recall these great days of old without being reminded of the great days within our own experience. If our Society is a living monument to the Reformation brought about by Linnaeus, it was also directly concerned in the Revolution wrought a century later by Darwin. This is not the time to draw a parallel between these two great naturalists ; it will suflice to say that, however different in other respects, they both laboured, and laboured triumphantly, to the limit of life and strength, in the cause of Natural History, and both alike have the strongest claim upon our veneration and our gratitude. I have now exhausted my theme, and were this not an especially memorable occasion for me, I might well bring my address at once to a close. As it is, I cannot forbear a few words by way of epilogue. Once more I would express my profound apprecia- tion of the confidence that raised me to this high and responsible office, and has maintained me therein during all these years. 3° PEOCEEDINGS OF THE Only more profound than my appreciation is the misgiving lest my discharge of the multifarious and often difficult duties attach- ing to this Chair may have failed to justify that confidence. It is no extenuation to say that I have endeavoui-ed to discharge those duties to the utmost of my ability, ever having regard to the best traditions and the highest interests of the Society ; that is the least that a President can do. Whatever measure of success may have attended my efforts is to be attributed to the ready and effective help of my colleagues in office, whose co-operation and sympathy have always been at my service, and to the loyal sup- port ever extended to me by the Council. If I am to-day in a position to hand on to my successor, unimpaired, the trust com- mitted to my charge, it is because my ambition to do so has been directed aright by experience more extensive and judgment more matui'e than I could myself command. The Peesident then addressed Dr. Gunther, and in presenting the Linnean Medal, specified the considerations that had moved the Council to make this aw^ard. The Pkesident said : — " Dr. Giinther, — Each succeeding Session of our Society brings with it no event more interesting than the pi^esentation of the Linnean Medal to whomsoever the Society delights to honour. But this year the event is of quite unusual interest, inasmuch as the attendant circumstances are altogether unprecedented. For the first time in our annals a Fellow receives our Medal who has already presented it, and a President presents it to his immediate predecessor in this Chair. " So well are you personally known, so familiar are your scientific achievements, to the great majority of the Fellows, that any words of introduction or commendation from me might well be regarded as altogether uncalled for, were it not that the regu- lations insist upon a statement of the grounds upon which the Medal has been awarded. Let me say, then, that our award has been made in recognition of your attainments as a Zoologist, and, more particularly, of your profound and probably unparalleled know- ledge of the Lower Vertebrates, as exhibited in such works as the monumental catalogue prepared by you of the Fishes in the col- lections of the British Museum, in such volumes as those on the Giant Tortoises and on the Eeptiles of British India, and in many remarkable memoirs such as those on Hatteria and on Ceratodus. " Whilst this is the all-sufficient justification of the action of the Council, I am free to admit that where our admiration for you as a man of science led the way, our regard for you as an old and ti'ied Fellow and former President closely followed. It is with this combination of sentiments that I ask your acceptance of the Linnean Medal that it is my privilege to present." LIXNE.IN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 3 1 WiLLUAii Francis, Ph.D. (Giessen, 1842), F.R.A.S. (1851), F.G.S. (1859), became an Associate of the Chemical Society in 1841, a Fellow of that Society in 1842, and a Fellow of the Physical Society in 1876. Bnt of all the learned Societies to which he belonged our own claimed him for the longest portion of his pro- tracted life. The Linneau honoured him with the Associateship on the 21st of February, 1837, and as he was born Feb. 16, 1817, he must have been elected when only a few days over twenty years of age. On Jan. 16, 1844, he was elected to the Fellowship of this Society, which he held for over sixty years, dying on Jan. 19, 1904.' As a student of Chemistry and Entomology, as a translator of scientific writings, as partner ia a printing firm famous for its polyglot accuracy, as joint founder, editor, and publisher of learned serials \Ahich enjoy a world-wide reputation and a large measure of perennial value. Dr. Francis may be said to have devoted prac- tically his whole life to the service of science. He learned printing under Eichard Taylor, who himself adopted the profession of a printer " principally at the suggestion of Sir James Edward Smith, the founder of the Linnean Society, and a very intimate friend of his parents " (Journ. of Proc. L. S. p. xxxvii, 1859). E. Taylor, on the 18th of May, 1803, at the age of twenty -two, established himself in partnership with his father. It was not till ] 852 that he took into partnership his former apprentice, W. Francis, who has so recently left our ranks. But between them, without a break, these two eminent scientific printers, Taylor and Francis, have had a business career all but completely synchronising with the corporate life of this Society from its original Charter at the opening of the nineteenth century down to the Supplemental Charter of to-day. Of the serials whicli they jointly planned and vigorously maintained the one most widely known is probably that which began its course in 1838 as the ' Annals of iS'atural History.' Charles Darwin, at a time when the state of his health to a great degree debarred him from the study of books, says, in a letter to J. D. Hooker, " I confine my reading to a quarter or half hour per day in skimming through the back volumes of the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' and find much that interests me " (Life and Letters, edited by his son, Francis Darwin, vol. iii. p. 40). Among zoologists, iu particular, there can indeed be very few who will not from time to time be almost under a necessity of consulting these volumes, very few who will not, beyond the immediate necessity, find something woi'th studying and recalHng to mind in this long record of research and controversy, embracing in a manner at once liberal and judicious the almost innumerable branches of their subject. It is true that in maintaining the standard of the magazine Dr. Francis was associated with succes- sive groups of co-editors greatly distinguished for their several attainments. He «as their wortliy colleague. 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Dr. Charles Henry Gattt was born in the year 1835, went to Trinity College, at Cambridge University, graduated B.A. in 1859 and M.A. in 1862. He devoted much attention to natural science, especially zoology, and was elected Fellow of our Society on the 15th March, 1860 ; two years later he joined the G-eological Society. In the summer of 1892 he gave an intimation to the University of St. Andrew's of a gift of ^1000, which he doubled during the autumn of the same year, for a marine laboratory ; in 1895 he voluntarily added another sum of £500 for fitting up tanks, engine, and other furniture, which he afterwards supple- mented by a gift of a second sum of =£500. Our late Fellow thus gave in all £3000 to the laboratory now known as the Gatty Marine Laboratory, Avhich was formal)}^ opened by Lord Reay on the 3rd October, 1896. Professor M'^Intosh says : " Previously we had the St. Andrew's Marine Laboratory at the harbour, and Dr. Gatty and I would have wished to erect the new one on the site, so fnll of old asso- ciations, but the wooden building was on a common. We there- fore had to go to University ground 500 yards or so south. The Government severed its slender financial connections for the support of the old laboratory under the Fishery Board for Scot- land, and the first British laboratory, though it \^"as only from =£70 to ,£90 a year, as soon as we ' flitted ' to the new building, and this after 12.| years' work for the Board." In recognition of this munificent gift the University of St. Andrew's conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. In his own immediate neighbourhood at East Grin stead he built and fitted up a hospital for the sick. Living all his life unmarried, he became towards the close of it somewhat of a recluse and eccentric in his habits. He died at his Sussex residence, Felbridge Place, East Grinstead, in December 1903, aged 68. Carl Gegenbatjr was born in 1826, August 21, and died last year on the 14th of June. He became a Professor early in life, holding the Chair of Anatomy for a long period at Jena and for a much longer period at Heidelberg. From first to last he was a man of science pure and simple. His autobiographical sketch, ' Erlebtes und Erstrebtes,' by its epigrammatic title promises something different from this, but apparently what he did with his life and what his life did with him were factors of existence in uncommonly little antagonism. His choice of a career was imperilled indeed for a moment by the unprescient worldly wisdom of his father. Sixty years ago it may have been difficult to fore- cast his chances of making either a great reputation or a modest livelihood out of natural science. Fortunately, however, the parental opposition was diverted, so that the young Carl's educa- tion was allo\^ed to follow lines consistent with his tastes and ambition. He speedily justified his own selection of the field in which his energies were to be displayed. It was no narrow one. Among his treatises we find investigations on Pteropoda and LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 33 Heteropoda, on Amphibia and Eeptilia, on Monotremes, on human anatomy, on the comparative anatomy of vertebrates in general, and, finally, on the comparative anatomy of vertebrates viewed in relation to that of invertebrates. His celebrated text-book, ' Grundziige der vergleichenden Anatomie,' was translated into Frencli under the direction of Carl Vogt, in 1874, and into English bv Professor E. Jeffrey Bell, in 1878. Of the English rendering, one chapter was executed by Professor Ray Lankester, who revised the whole, and also contributed an important preface. In form this introduction can scarcely be called eulogistic. To a large extent it is occupied by criticism of Gegenbaur's work, against some parts of which serious objections are urged. It is no uncommon fate, as we know, for books and the characters of men to be "damned with faint praise," but in this instance, on the contrary, the treatise is avowedly extolled by the very act of fault-finding. Por, as the English professor explains, he would never have been at so much pains to make the book accessible to his own pupils had not its particular defects been overborne by extraordinary merit on the whole. In an acutely discriminative essay on Gregenbaur's life and work. Dr. Adolphe Kerana calls attention to an important service which he rendered to the tlieory of evolution. One of the most for- midable objections that theory has had to encounter consists, as is well known, in the difficulty of conceiving a commencement for organs which, like wit, are futile without finish, and which have, so to speak, no motive for improvement until they have already been improved. In this objection the resourcefulness of nature was undervalued. Structures that have served a forsaken purpose may be re-adapted to a new functioji. In Dr. Kemna's opinion it was Gegenbaur's special merit to have perceived the fruitfulness of this view, to have shown its application in various instances, and to have pointed out the part played by proximity \\ ithin the organism when one of its organs is bent on annexing the materials of another. Gegenbaur's preat abilities I'eceived abundant recognition in this country, the Linnean Society leading the way by electing him a Foreign Member in 1877. This example was followed by the Zoological Society in 1879, and by the Eoyal Society in 1884. The Eoyal Society awarded him the Copley Medal in 1896. That he edited the ' Morphologisches Jahrbuch ' continuously from its inception in 1876 to the close of his life is a proof that his devotion to science never flagged. Dr. Edward Hamilton, who died at his residence, 20 Eedcliffe Gardens, South Kensington, on 3rd August, 1903, was one of our senior Fellows, having been elected on 16th January, 1844. He was born in 1815, educated at Harrow and University College, London, and was one of the first to practise homoeopathy in London, being a pupil and friend of Dr. F. F. Quin. His linn. soc. proceedings. — session 1903-1904. d 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE principal publication was the ' Flora Homoeopathica,' in two volumes of 68 coloured plates and text, issued in 1852-53. He was attached to field-sports all his life, and was twenty years a Vice- President of the Zoological Society ; he also took a warm interest in artistic matters, his Catalogue of the engraved works of Sir Joshua Eeynolds being of standard value. Other publications of his were 'The Riverside Naturalist,' 1890; 'The Wild Cat of Europe,' 1896 ; ' The Wild Cat of Scotland,' 1897 ; and he edited his brother's ' Records of Sport in Southern India . . . between 1844 and 1870,' in 1892. Philip Brooke Mason, M.E.C.S., P.L.S., P.E.S., who died at Burton-on-Trent on November 6th, 1903, aged 61, was a well- known physician in the Midlands, and might have obtained a high position in London but for the fact that, on the death of his father, while he was quite young, he was obliged for family reasons to succeed to his practice in Burton. He gained seven gold and silver medals at University College, London, as well as three exhibitions for pathological anatomy, medicine, and surgery. In the Hospital he was house-surgeon to Mr. Erichsen and Sir Henry Thompson ; and in 1866 he was appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy in University College, and held that appointment for three years. Prom his earliest years he was a collector of objects of natural history ; in fact, he used to say himself that he began to collect when four years old. His chief bent, on the whole, was towards the British Coleoptera, but he formed collections of nearly everything belonging to the British Pauua, besides amassing a very fine collection of British plants. In 1889 he made an ex- pedition to Iceland, but no records of his numerous captures appear to have been made, except of the Trichoptera, which were worked out by Mr. MacLachlan. As he grew older, Mr. Mason did very little actual collecting, but he spent large sums in acquiring well- known British collections ; among these were Mr. E. C. Rye's Coleoptera, and the Rev. A. Matthew's Trichopterygidae, and also the Aculeate Hymenoptera of Mr. P. Smith, and the Hemiptera of Mr. Douglas and Mr. Scott ; the chief amounts, however, which he expended were on the British Lepidoptera; beside large numbers of specimens which he bought at various sales, he acquired the famous old collection of Edwin Shepherd of Pleet Street, and also the collections of Mr. T. Wilkinson and Mr. Douglas. His collection of British Lepidoptera is probably the finest in existence, and we are very sorry to hear that it is likely to be dispersed. Mr. Mason was elected a Pellow oE the Linnean Society on 6th June, 1872; and he served for some time on the Council of the Entomological Society. He was by no means a mere collector, for he was a man of wide knowledge and reading, but he published very little ; at his own expense he brought out the works on the Corylophidae and LIN]!fEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 35 Sphaeriidae and the supplementary Trichopterygidse, of which the Eev. A. Matthews had left the unfinished MSS. at the time of his death, but he had no time for original research owing to the exigencies of his very large and widespread professional practice. Mr. Mason was greatly respected in Burton-on-Trent and will be much missed in many ways. The ' Lancet ' of November 13th, 1903, speaks of him as " a man of sterling qualities and excellent intellectual gifts," but only those who knew him intimately can bear testimony to the simple geniality of his character and his true kindliness of heart. [W. W. Fo^vler.] William PErr?rEY, A.L.S., who died in 1903, first appears in the records of the Society at a very distant date. The minutes of the meeting held March 18, 1856, giving a variant of his name, say : " William Penny of Poole, in the County of Dorset, was proposed as an Associate, and his Certificate signed Thos. Bell, Pres*., James Salter, Eobert Bentley, was ordered to be suspended." His election followed on the 3rd of June, but in the long sub- sequent period during which he held the Associateship we do not find that he ever contributed to the Transactions or the Journal. The Eoyal Society Catalogue assigns but a single paper to his name, and that an essay of very small extent, published in the Pharmaceutical Journal for 1852, on " Similarity in the Medical Properties of two Species of Cotyledon" Mr. Penney observes that " it would be interesting to know whether the leaves of the Cotyledon utnbilicits, or any other crassulaceous plant in this country, possess the same property of removing corns " as that attributed in Pappe's ' Prodromus ' to the South-African Cotyledon orbicidata, Linn. We may well suppose that the youthful author's own feet were at the time in too sound a condition to permit of his solving the problem by a personal experiment. The medical virtues of the plant in question are an accepted part of " folk- medicine." Mr. Penney at the close of his life was still of Poole, Dorset, as he had been at the time of his nomination. Sir Waltee Joseph Sendall, G.C.M.G., Hon. LL.D. Edinb., was born at Norwich, on Christmas Eve, 1832, the youngest son of the Eev. S. Sendall ; he was educated at Bury St. Edmunds Grammar School, and Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was in residence with Walter Besaut and C. S. Calverley (whose sister he married). Sendall obtained a first class in the Classical Tripos and was a Junior Optime in the Mathematical Tripos. He joined the educational branch of the Ceylon Civil Service in 1859 ; in 1870 he became Director of Public Instruction there ; in 1876 General Inspector of the Local Government Board, in London, and two years later its Assistant Secretary. Nominated in 1882 Governor of Natal, the appointment was opposed by the Colony, and Sir Henry Bulwer was appointed in his place. In 1885 he d2 X ^6 PROCEEDINGS or THE became Governor of Barbados, in 1892 High Commissioner in Cyprus, and in 1898 Governor of British Guiana, from which he retired in 1901. At the time of his death, on 1st May, 1904, in London, of congestion of the lungs, he was Chairman of the Charity Organization Society. He was elected Fellow of the Linnean Society on 3rd December, 1891. Isaac Cooke Thompson was born July 27, 1843, became a Fellow of the Linnean Society Dec. 1, 1887; died Nov. 6, 1903. ]le was a chemist by profession and a naturalist from his boyhood. As a young man he attended classes in science at the Liverpool Royal Infirmary School of Medicine, distinguishing himself by liis attainments in botany, and industriously forming a large herbarium of local jjlants, for wliicli he obtained a special prize. In those days he would walk fifty or sixty miles a day in search of rare specimens, and being a teetotaler he accomplished these long distances without recourse to stimulants. He was a great traveller by land and sea ; an ardent hill-climber, ascending Mont Blanc and Monte Eosa in 1868 ; a vigorous athlete in many exercises, with a special devotion to swimming. " It \^'as his regular custom, \\hen on scientific expeditions at Pufiiu Island or Port Erin, to begin the day with a plunge and a swim before breakfast, and no weather deterred him." Professor Herdman, fi'om whose memoir most of these facts are taken, " has been I'outed out of bed and conveyed off to bathe by his friend more than once in December and January, over ground covered with snow.'' One may perhaps sorrowfully reflect that Thompson trusted too far to an iron constitution, and made demands upon it beyond what even the most rigid temperance in other respects could justify. His mental activity matched his physical powers of endurance. Thirty years ago he was already an accomplished microscopist. He held successively the posts of Secretary and President of the Liverpool Microscopical Society, coming to be recognized, in succession to Dalliuger and Drysdale, as the leading local authority on the microscope. Along with Herdman, A. O. Walker, and others, Thompson was one of the founders of the Liverpool Biological Society and its Marine Biology Committee. "It is in connection with the latter, and during the last twenty years, that most of his original scientific work has been done." In that period he "acquired a wide acquaintance Avith the Crustacea, aiid an intimate detailed know- ledge of the Copepoda and some allied groups of Entoraostraca." His " Copepoda of Madeira and the Canary Islands, with de- scriptions of new genera and species," was published in our own Journal in 1900 (vol. xx.), but, as was natural, a long series of his papers appeared in the Transactions of the Liverpool Biological Society. From time to time the Journals and Proceedings of other Societies contained essays from his pen, generally on the LINNEAIf SOCIETT OF LONDON. 37 same favourite subject of the Copepoda. Just before his deatli he had completed, in partnership with Mr. Andrew Scott, A.L.tS., an important Report upon the Copepoda of the Ceylon Pearl Banks, for Herdman's great work on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of that island, now in course of publication by the Koyal Society. The impression produced by I. C. Thompson on those who met him only at irregidar intervals fully agrees with the opinion expressed by his intimate friend. He seemed to be a man of solid worth, without caprice of temper, uniformly actuated by genuine kindness. His biographer speaks of the large number of men, well qualified to judge, who " liad learned to appreciate, not only his scieutitic Ivnowledge and skill, but also his honest, fearless, upright character and his bright and sympathetic loving nature." Michael Wobonin was born at St. Petersburg on July 21st, 1838 ; he came of a wealthy family, and was thus in a position to devote himself wholly to scientific research, for which he early showed a strong inclination, without the necessity of seeking any official post. At the University of St. Petersburg he was a pupil of Cienkowski's, whose infiuence no doubt first attracted him to the study of the lower plants to which his life's work was mainly devoted. When, after taking his degree, he went to Germany, and entered De Bary's laboratory at Fi-eiburg, his career as an investigator began . Woronin was one of the most brilliant of De Bary's disciples, and perhaps followed more closely than any other in the footsteps of his distin- guished teacher, both in method and spirit. Although his first botanical publication was on an anatomical subject (the anomalous stem of Calijmnihus), it was among the Thallophyta that his charac- teristic work was done. Beginning with an investigation of the Si- phoneous Algae Acdabularia and Esijcra, carried out under Thuret at Antibes, Woronin, throughout his life, continued to produce a remarkable series of researches, either alone or in co-operation with others, on Algae, Fungi, and Mycetozoa. Of his algological investi- gations, that on Botnjdium granulatum, published in conjunction with Eostatinski, is perhaps the best known, though not free from error. Among his far more numerous works on Fungi, those on the ChytridiuesB (in co-operation with DeBary), on Ascohohis, on Exobasidhon, on the Ustilaginese (partly in conjunction with Ue Bary), on Pucdnia, and on Sderotinia, in which last Nawaschin was a collaborator, may be mentioned as of fundamental im- portance. His researches on Ceratium (in which he was associated with Famintzin) and on Plasmodiophora are among the most valuable contributions to the life-history of the Mycetozoa. No one has done more than AVoronin, if we except De Bary himself, to advance our knowledge of the groups at which he worked. " Woro- nin's hypha " is a term familiar even to students, and recent researches have tended to emphasize the importance of this organ in relation to fertilization in Ascomycetes. 38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Woronin is described by those who knew him as a man of the simplest and most unselfish character, wholly devoted to the science he loved. Apart from original work, he gave his assiduous services for 30 years as Botanical Secretary to the St. Petersburg Society of Naturalists ; and was in many ways an active supporter of the cause of Science in his native country. His death took place at St. Petersburg on February 20th, 1903. Woronin was elected a Foreign Member of the Linnean Society on 2nd May, 1895. June 2nd, 1904. Prof. "William A. Heedman, F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The President, on taking the Chair, briefly thanked the Society for his election, mentioned that the Linnean Society was the first scientific society he joined, early in life, expressed his continued interest in its welfare, and assured the Members that his earnest endeavour would be to maintain the high standard set by his dis- tinguished predecessors in the Chair. The Minutes of the Anniversary Meeting of the 24th May were read and confirmed. The President announced that he had appointed Mr. F. Crisp, Dr. A. Giinther, Mr. A. C. Seward, and Prof. S. H. Vines to be Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year. The following resolution of the Council was read from the Chair, as enjoined hy the Bye-Laws, Chapter XIV. Section 5 : — Resolution of the Council, 2nd June, 1904, and ordered to be communicated to the Fellows, in accordance with the Charter of the 26th March, 1802 :— That the existing Bye-Laws of the Society be and they are hereby repealed and that the following Bye-Laws be established in lieu thereof. (Signed) "W. A. Heedman, President, D. H. Scott, 1 ., , . Thomas R. E. Stebbing, j ^<^<^'-^t^ries ; whereupon the President read the draft revised Bye-Laws from the Chair, the first time, with the exception of Chapters VII. and IX., in which no alteration had been made. Mr. V. I. Chamberlain and Mr. T. Christy enquired when discussion would take place ; the President, in reply, stated it would be at a subsequent meeting. LIN^EATs' SOCIETY OF LOXDON. 39 Mr. A. O. AValkkr exhibited (1) viviparous plauts ot" Car- damine pratensis, which phenomenon was unusiuilly manifest this year, probably due to the abnormal rainfall, and (2) a gall on the flower-bud of the same plant, ascribed to Cecidomyia cardaminis. Dr. ScoxT, in remarking that the state of vivipary was to be found in most years in some degree, alluded to a paper by A. Hansen on the subject more than 20 years ago ( Abh. Seuckeub. naturf . Ges. xii. 1881). Prof. T. M. Fries, F.M.L.S., who was present, had given a set of prints of portraits of Linnaeus from his recent volumes on the career of his eminent countryman, and, speaking in German, ex- pressed his gratification at the facilities afforded him, during a stay of a few weeks in London, of access to the whole of the Linnean manuscripts. The General Secretary reminded the Fellows of a paper by Mr. W. Carruthers, which was an amplification of one of his Presidential Addresses, and read on the 4th March, 1897, in which the various portraits had been photographed for reproduction. Mr. "W. T. HiNDMARSH exhibited photographs of the following plants : — Prhmda deorum, Velen., which he bad succeeded in flow- ering, he believed for the first time in this country ; Shoriia uaijiora, Maxim., the Japanese representative of the genus, with larger flowers than the original /S'. fjalacifolia, Torr. & Gray, and showing a tendency to vary in colour according to exposure ; and Bhodo- thamnus ChartuBcistus, Reichb., noteworthy for the abundance of its flowers. The following papers were read : — 1. " On the Species of Impatiens in the Wallichiau Collection." By Sir Joseph Hooker, P.E.S., F.L.S. 2. "Biscayan Plankton.— Part III. The Chaetognatha." By Dr. G. H. Powler, F.L.S. 3. " On the Flow of Fluids in Plant-stems." By Prof. E. J. Anderson, F.L.S. June 16th, 1904. Prof. William A. Hekdman, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Major Geo. Henry Evans was elected, and Mr. Eichard Thomas Baker was admitted a Fellow of the Society. The Eesolution of Council of the 2nd June relative to the revised Bye-Laws, and the Bye-Laws themselves, were read a second time from the Chair. 40 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE Dr. E. Dbabble, F.L.S., exhibited lantern-slides of an abnormal root of Dandelion, Taraxacum officinale, Weber, which had divided and afterwards reunited. A discussion ensued, in which Mr. P. N. Williams, Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing, and Dr. D. H. Scott took part ; and Dr. Drabble replied. Mr. E. Beooks Popham, P.L.S., sent for exhibition some Calculi from the Horse'(see page 42). Mr. Thomas Cheisty remarked on the occurrence of these concretions at Shanghai, and the methods employed by the Chinese grooms to rid their charges of them ; Mr. P. N. Williams also contributed a few remarks. Canon P. C. Smith, P.L.S., .sent for exhibition a handsome inflorescence of a scrambling shrub from Preetown, Sierra Leone, in habit resembling our native Clematis Viialba. It proved to be Rhynchosia cali/cina, Guill. & Perr., which is widely spread in tropical Africa, reaching Ehodesia. The following papers were read : — 1. " Variations in the Arrangement of Hair in the Neck of the Horse." By Dr. Walter Kidd. (Communicated by Dr. P. Gr. Parsons, P.L.S.) 2. " An Account of the Jamaican Species of Lepanihes." By Mr. W. Pawcett, P.L.S., and Dr. A. B. Eendle, P.L.S. 3. " On the Blaze-Currents of Vegetable Tissues." By Dr. A. D. Waller, P.E.S. (Communicated by Prof. J. B. Parmer, P.L.S.) 4. " On some JMew and little-known British Freshwater Ehizopoda." By James Cash. (Communicated by J. Hopkinson, P.L.S.) 5. "The Place of Linnaeus in the History of Botany." By P. Olsson Seffer. (Communicated by B. Daydon Jackson, P.L.S.) LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDON. 41 ABiSTEACTS. April 21st, 1904. Mr. E. MoETON MiDDLETON, F.L.S., exhibited a holograph letter from Linnaeus to Haller, of which the following is a copy : — Viro Illustri DD ALB : HALLEEO Medico & Botanico Cousumatissimo S[alutem] pl[urimam] d[icit] Caeolus Linn jeus. Cum ante octiduum IStockholmiae eram, Academia Eegia Scientiarum Stockholmeusis Membra extranea deuomiuavit; uti Gesnerum, Jussiaeum, Te, Gmelinum, tSauvagesium, Claytonum, CoUiusonum, Swietenium. mihi in mandatis dedit praedicta Societas et Academia, ut Te hisce literis perofficiose vocarem, et invitarem ; hocce, levidense licet, animi mei piguus non respuas, qui natus es in Scientiarum reformationem atque restitutioneia. Quod si benigne excipias literas mittas ad Academiam Eegiam Scientiarum Stockholmiae, ipsique signilices Tehascemeasaccepisse. Vale. Dabam Upsalise 1747. D. 12 Mali. The address is as follows : — Medico & Botanico Sunimo DD ALB : HALLEE Archiatro, Consiliauo & Professori Societ. Sclent. Upsal. & Stockholm. Soc. [sicj GoLtingen. This letter was printed in Latin in ' Epistolarum ab Eruditis Viris ad Alb. Hallerum,' published at Berue in 1773, vol. ii. p. 32G. It is also printed in Smith's ' Correspondence of Linnaeus,' vol. ii. p. 415. The seal, of red wax, is still sharp ; it is engraved in the Memoir of Linnaeus published at Upsala and Stockholm in 1823. The device upon this seal is Linncea borealis within a ring round which two snakes are twisted as supporters. Motto, " Dioscorides Secimdus." Above the ring is an open book, bearing on the dexter page the motto "ISunquam otiosus," while on the sinister side the sun sheds its rays from the upper corner. The letter had been of late years in the possession of a clergyman 42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. iu the IVTorth of England. It is of considerable interest, as having made Linne and Haller friends again after a misunder- standing. Mr. Middleton also stated that he had recently had an opportunity of examining the fine series of letters from Linnaeus in the British Museum, 45 in number, viz. : — 2 early ones to Sir Hans Sloane, 1736, 1737 ; 1 to da Costa, 1759 ; 2 to Solander, 1760, 1762 ; 3 to Carburi, 1763 ; 37 to Gouan, 1765 to 1771. 45 Of these, one only (that to da Costa) appears to be printed in Smith's ' Correspondence.' One to Gouan (1766) has a pencil drawing of Siren lacertina. All are dedicated and signed at the beginning (like the one to Haller above quoted) until December 1768, when the first signature at the end occurs. One (12th December, 1770) is dated at the top, according to modern custom. June 16th, 1904. Calculi from the Horse. By R. Beooks Popham, F.L.S. The stones, presented to the owner by the late Mr. Young, M.E.C.V.S., were obtained post-mortem. The two largest are from an animal used in a coal-cart, a smaller specimen broken up (not shown) proved the nucleus to be composed of a small piece of coal, evidently eaten with the food. The animal died of enteritis. The third stone, with all the loose ones, are from another animal, showing facets well marked, and the nucleus in one broken open. Over a hundred of these smaller ones may be sometimes found in the same horse. The ordinary intestinal concretion of horses is the triple phosphate, and invariably with a foreign body for a nucleus — a pebble for instance, — and are found in stomach, caecum, or other part of intestinal canal, the phosphate of magnesia contained in wheat, oats, and hay helping to the production. Another common method of formation is the swallowing of hair from the coat of animals repeatedly licking themselves, forming " hair-balls," which are covered by earthj^ crust and found in the stomach and alimentary canal of cows, goats, etc. In the Royal Coll. of Surgeons Museum there is one of this description measuring 40 inches iu circumference. ADDITIONS AND DONATIONS TO THE LIB R A II Y. 1903-1904. Albany Museum. tSee Grahainstown, South Africa. Albert, Honore Charles {Prince cle Monaco). Kesultats des Cam- pagnes Scieutiiiques accomplies sur son Yachts \y Hironclelle et la Princesse- Alice']. Eascicules 23-20. 4to. Monaco, 1903-04. XXIII. Bi-jozoaires jjrovenant des Campagnes cle V HirondeUe (1886-88). Par Jules Jullien et Louis Oalvet. (1903.) XXIV. Rechercbes sur I'existence aorinale cle I'arsenic clans I'organisme. Par Gabriel Bertrand. (1903.) XXV. Spongiaires des Azores (y HirondeUe et la Princesse-Alice). Par Emile Toi'sent. (1904.) XXVI. Mollusques Heteropodes provenaut des Campagnes des Yachts HirondeUe et Princesse-AIicc. Par A. Vayssiere. (1904.) Ameghino (Florentino). Los Diprotodoutes del orden de los Pla- giaulacoideos y el origin de los Eoedores y de los Polimasto- dontes. Pp. Ill, figs. 121. (Anales Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, ix, pp. 81-192.) 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1903. Author. Eecherches de Morphologic Phylogenctique sur les Molaires supe'rieures des Ongules. Pp. 541, figs. 631. (Anales Mus. jVac. Buenos Aires, ix.) Svo. Buenos Aires, 1904. Andre (Edmond) and Andre (Ernest). Species des Hymenopteres d'Europe et d'Algerie. — Vol. Vll. Cynijiides. Par J. .T. Kieffer. Svo. Paris, 1897-1900. Apstein (Carl). See Nordisches Plankton : Salpen und Cladocei-en. Arkle (J.). A List of Lepidoptera found in the Counties of Cheshire, Flintshire, Denbighshire, Carnarvonsliire, and Angle- sea. See Chester Society of Nat. Sci. &c. : Proc. No. 5. Ashworth (J, H.). Arenicola (The Lug- Worm). Pp. viii, 118 ; plates 8. See Liverpool Marine Biology Committee, Memoir xi. Babington (Charles Cardale). Manual of British Botany, by the late C. C. Babingtoji. 9th edition. Edited by Hkney and James Groves. Pp. lii, 580. Svo. London, 1904. H. & J. Groves. Bagnall (James Eustace). The Flora of Staffordshire. Pp. 74. (Issued as a Suppl. to Journ. Bot. vol. xxxix.) 8vo. London, 1901. Bailey (Frederick Manson). Contributions to the Queensland Flora. (Queensl. Agric. Journ. 1903, 1904.) Svo. Brisbane, 1903-04. Author. 44 PBOCEBDINGS OF THE Bailey (F. M.). Contributions to the Flora of British New Guinea. Pp.3; & plates 3. Fol. B7-isbane, 1903. Author. Balfour (Isaac Bayley). See Schimper (Andreas Franz Wilhelm). Plaut-Geography upou a Physiological Basis. Barton (Ethel) {3frs. A. Oepp). The Marine Algae, with a Note on the Pructification of Halimeda. See London Royal Society. Keport to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries, &c. Part I. Bastian (Henry Charlton). Studies in Heterogenesis. Parts 1-4. Pp. ix, 354 ; plates 19. Append. I.-III. pp. i-xxxvii. 8vo. London, 1901-03. Author. Bateson (William). Variation and Differentiation in Parts and Brethren. Pp. 23. 4to. Cambridge, 1903. Author. Bauhin (Jean). See Legre (Ludovic) . La Botanique en Provence au XVP Siecle. Bayley (William Shirley). The Menominee Iron-bearing District of Michigan. Pp. 513 ; plates 43. (U.S. Geo!. Surv. Mouogr. 46.) 4to. Washington, 1904. Beitrage zur Kryptogamenflora der Schweiz {continued). £atid I. Heft 3. Ciioo^at (Egbert). Algues vertes de la Suisse. Pleuro- coccoides-Chroolepoides. Pp. xiii, 373 ; figs. 254. 1902. „ II. Heft 1. Martin (Charles Ej).). Le Boletus siibtomentosuH de la Region Grenevoise. Essai de Monograpliie. Pp. ix, 39 ; col. plates 18. 1903. [Bell {Rev. Edward).] The Primrose and Darwinism. Pp. xiii, 233 ; figs. 23. 8vo. London, 1902. Berlin. Das Tierreich. Herausgegebeu vou der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft. Generalredakteur : Fkanz Eilhabb Schulze. Liefg. 20. 8vo. Berlin, 1904. Liefg. 20. Nemertini, von Otto Bijkger. 1904. Berthold (Gottfried D. W.). Untersuchuugen zur Physiologic der pflanzlichen Organisation. Teil II. Hiilfte 1. Pp. iv, 257. 8vo. Leipzig, 1904, Bewick (Thomas). Memorial Edition of Thos. Bewick's AVorks. 5 vols. lioy. 8vo. London, 1885-87. John Hopkinson. Vol. I. British Laud Birds. Pp. xxxix, xxxvi, 374. (1885.) II. British Water Birds. Pp. xxiii, 406. (1886.) „ III. Quadrupeds. Pp. xi, 526. (1885.) „ IV. ^sop's Fables, Pp. xxiv, 376. (1885.) „ V. Memoir of Tiios. Bewick, written by himself. A uew Edition, Prefaced and Annotated by Austin Dobson. Pp. xxxiii, 365. (1887.) Bibliotheca Botanica {continued). Heft 60. Uksi'Rung (Alfred). Die physikalischeu Eigenschaften der Laubbliitter. Pp. 120, mit 27 Figuren im Texte und 9 Tafeln. 1903. ,, 61. Freidenfelt (T.). Der anatomischc Bau der Wurzel in seinem Zusammenhange mit dem Wassergehalt des Bodens. (Studien iiber die Wurzeln krautiger Pflanzen, II.) Pp. 118, mit 7 Textfiguren und 6 Tafeln, 1904. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 45 Bibliotheca Zoologica {continued). Band XVII. Heft 40. Strassen (Otto L. zur). Gcsohiclite tier T-Riesen von Ascmis ineqalucephala. Teil I. Pp. 37, mit 5 Tafeln & 12 Fig. iin Texte. 1903. „ „ 41. MiJLLEn (H.). Beitrag znr Embryonalentwickelung der Ascaris 7Hef/alocephala. Pp. 30, mit 5 Tafeln und 12 Textfigiiren. 1903.' Biedermann (Wilhelm). Die Schillerfarben bei Insekten und Vnc;eln. (Deukschr. medic. -naturw. Ges. Jena, xi. Festschrift). fol. Jenrt, 1904. Bingley (William). Memoirs ot' British Quadrupeds, illustrative principally of their habits of life, instincts, sapacity, and uses to mankind ; arranged according to the system of Linnaeus. 8vo. London, 1809. A Synopsis of British Quadrupeds. [Published in the Memoirs of British Quadrupeds.] 8vo. London, 1809. F. Justen. Blau (Johannes). Vergleichend-anatomische XJntersuchung der schweizerischen t7io?r?'s-Arten. Inaugural-Dissertation. Pp. 82; plates 4. 8vo. Zurich, 1904. Dr. Hans Schinz. Bolus (Harry) and WoUey-Dod (Anthony Hurt). A List of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of the Cape PeTiinsula, with Notes on some of the Critical Species. Pp. 1G7. (Trans. South Afric. Phil. Soc. xiv., Part 3.) 8vo. Caju Toivn, 1903. Authors. Borgert (Adolf). See Nordisches Plankton : Dolioliden und Tri- pyleeu. Boulay (Jean Nicolas). Muscinees de la France. 8vo. Paris, 1884-J904. Part I. Mousses. Pp. clxxiv, 624. „ II. Hepatiques. Pp. clxviii, 224. Braus (Hermann). Tatsachliches aus der Entwickelung des Extreraitiitenskelettes bei den niedersten Formen. Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Skelettes der Pinnae und der Visceralbogen. (Denkschr. medic. -naturw. Ges. Jena, xi. Festschrift.) fol. Jena, 1904. British Museum (continued). Catalogue of the British Echinoderms in the British Museum (Natural History). By F. Jeffrey Bell. Pp. xvii, 202 ; plates 16. 8vo. London, 1892. Britten (James) and Boulger (George Simonds). Biographical Index of British and Irish Botanists. (Journ. Bot. vols. 36, 37.) Svo. London, 1899. Biirger(Otto). See Berlin — Das Tierreich. Lief g 20. Nemertini. BuUen (Robert Ashington). A Late Keltic Cemetery at Harlyn Bav. Pp. 10 : tigs, 8. (Trans. South Eastern Union of Scientific Societies, 1903.) 8vo. London, 1903. Author. Descriptions of new Species of Non-Marine Shells from Java, and a new Species of Corhictda from New South Wales. Pp. 3 ^, 1 plate. (Proc. Malacol. Soc. vi.) Svo, London, 1904. Author, 46 PEOCEEDINQS OF THE BuUiard (Pierre). Herbier de la France, ou Collection complette des Plantes indigenes de ce Eoyaume, &c, 602 pis. col. 18 Ann. [in 6 vols.]. fol. Pans, 1780-[93], Frank Crisp. Dictionnaire elementaire de Botanique «S:c. Nouvelle edition &c. Pp. xii, 242 ; pis, 10 col. fol. Paris, An. vi. [1797]. Frank Crisp. Histoire des Plantes veueneuses et suspectes de la France &c. Pp. X, 177. fol. Paris, 1784. Frank Crisp. Histoire des Champignons de la France, &c. Vol. I. Pp. xvi, 368, ix. „ II. Pp. 369-700. fol. Paris, 1791-1812. Frank Crisp. Byrne (W. L.). The British and Irish Gobies. See Holt (Ernest W. L.). On a Young Stage of the White Sole, Pleuroiiectes {Glyjito- cephahis) cynofjhssus. See Holt (Ernest W. L.). Calkins (Gary N.). The Protozoa. (Columbia Univ. Biol. ser. vi.) Pp. xvi, 347 ; figs. 153. 8vo. Keiu York 4- London, 1901. Calvet (Louis). Bryozoaires (' Hirondelle '). See Albert. Cambridge Natural Science Manuals. Biological Series. General Editor — Aethur E. Shipley. 8vo. Cambridge, 1895-?- Classification of Flowering Plants. By Alfred Barton Rendle. Vol. I. Gymnosperms and Monocotyledons. Pp. xiv, 402 ; figs. 187. (1004.) Cameron (John). Xote on the Introduction, Cultivation, and Propagation of Agave rigida var. sisalana, in the Lal-Bagh, Bangalore. Pp. 2. fol. Bangalore, 1904. Author. Canada. Geological Survey. Altitudes in the Dominion of Canada, with a Eelief Map of North America. By James White. Pp. x, 266. 8vo. Ottaiva, 1901. CandoUe (Anne Casimir Pyramus de). L'Herbier de Gaspaed Bauhin. Pp. 82 & portrait. (Bull. I'Herb. Boissier, 2'"* Ser. iv.) 8vo. Geneve, 1904. Author. Cape of Good Hope. Department of Agriculture. Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. I.> 8vo. Cape Town, 1902-03. Eeport of the Marine Biologist for the year 1901-1902. By John D. F. Gilcheist. 8vo. Cape Town, 1902-03. J. D. F. Gilchrist. Carnegie Intitution. Desert Botanical Laboratory of the. See Washington. Casey (George Edward Comerford). Eiviera Nature Notes. Pp. XX, 373. 8vo. Manchester, 1898. Second Edition. Pp. xv, 402, figs. 124. 8vo. London, 1903. Sir Thos. Hanbury. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOTS^, 47 Chamberlain (Charles Joseph). See Coulter (John Merle). Morphology of Angiospernis and Spermatophytes. (Morphology of Spermatophytes, Part II.) Chapman (Frederick). Foraminifera and Ostracoda from the Cretaceous of East Pondoland, South Africa. Pp. 17, plate 1. (Ann. South African Mus. iv.) 8vo. Ccqn' Totvn, 1904. On some Foraminifera and Ostracoda from Jurassic (Lower Oolite) Strata, near Geraldton, AVestern Australia. Pp. 22, plates 2. (Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, xvi.) 8vo. Melbourne, 1904. On a Collection of Upper Palaeozoic and Mesozoie Fossils from AV^est Australia and Queensland, in the National Museum, Melbourne. Pp. 30, plates 4. (Proc. Eoy. Soc. Victoria, xvi.) 8vo. Melbourne, 1904. New or Little-known Victorian Fossils in the National Museum. Part III. Some Paloeozoid Pteropoda. Pp. 7, plate 1. (Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, xvi.) 8vo. Melbourne, 1904. Author. Cherler (Jean Henri). See Legre (Ludovic). La Botauique en Provence au X.W' Siecle. Chester. Chester Society of Natural Science, &c. Proceedings, No. 5. A List of Lepidoptera found in the Counties of Cheshire, Flintshire, Denbighshire, Carnarvon- shire, and Anglesea. Compiled and Edited by George O. Day, with the assistance of J. Aekle, Herbeet Dobie, and Robert Newstead. 8vo. Chester, 1903. A. 0. Walker. Clements (J. Morgan). The Vermilion Iron-bearing District of Minnesota, ^vith an Atlas. Pp. 463 ; plates 13, figs. 23. (U.S. Geol. Surv., Monogr. 45.) 4to. Washinrjton, 1903. Atlas fol. Washington, 1903. Collins (G. N.). The Mango in Porto Rico. Pp. 36 ; plates 15. (U.S. Dept. Agric, Bureau Plant Industry, Bull. No. 28.) 8vo. Washington, 1903. Colombo (The) Museum, Ceylon. See Spolia Zeylanica. Cooke (Theodore). The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay. Vol. II. Part I. Compositae to Boraginacese. Pp. 216. 8vo. London, 1904. Coulter (John Merle) and Chamberlain (Charles Joseph). Morphology of Angiospernis. (Morphology of Spermatophytes, Part II.) Pp. X, 348; figs. 113. 8vo. New Yorl- cf- London, 1903. Morphology of Spermatophytes. Pp. x, 188; figs. 106. 8vo. Neiv Yorl- Sf London, 1903. Coville (Frederick Vernon). See Washington. Carnegie In- stitution. 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Cowan (Thomas William). Tlie Honey Bee : its Natural History, Anatomy, and Physiology. 2nd Edition. Pp. xii, 220. llhisti'ated with 73 Figures and 138 Ilhistrations. 8vo. London, 1904. Author. Crossland (Charles). The Fnngus Flora of the Parish of Halifax. Pp. viii, 70, & 2 pis. col. (Eeprint from the ' Flora of Halifax ' by W. B. Chump and C. Crossland. Pp. 237~30G.) Svo. Halifax, 1904. Author. Cussans (Margaret). Oammarus. Pp. viii, 47 ; plates 4. See Liverpool Marine Biology Committee, Memoir xii. Darwinism, Doubts about, by a Semi-Darwinian. See Morrison (Charles). David (Alexander J.). See Dyer (Bernard). Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs, their Properties and Uses. Day (George 0.). A List of Lepidoptera found in the Counties of Cheshire, Flintshire, Denbighshire, Carnarvonshire, and Anglesea. See Chester Soc. of Nat. Sci. &c., Proe. No. 5. Diener (Carl). Permian Fossils of the Central Himalayas. (Palseontol. Ind., Ser. xv. : Himalayan Fossils. Vol. i. part 5.) fol. Calcutta, 1903. Dohie (Herbert). A List of Lepidoptera found in the Counties of Cheshire, Flintshire, Denbighshire, Carnarvonshire, and Anglesea. See Chester Society of Nat. Sci. &c., Proe. No. 5. Dobson (Austin). A Memoir of Thomas Bewick, written by himself. A new Edition Prefaced and Annotated. Pp. xxxiii, 393. See Bewick (Thomas), Memorial Edition, vol. v. Dohrn (Anton). Studien zur Urgeschichte des AVirbelthierkorpers. (Mittheil. Zool.-Station Neapel, xvii.) Svo. Berlin, 1904. Dourez (Valerand). See Legre (Ludovic). La Botanique en Provence an XVI*^ Siecle. Drummond (James). See Hutton (Frederick Wollaston). The Animals of New Zealand. Dublin. Guinness Eesearch Laboratory. Transactions, Vol. I. Part 1. Svo. Dublin, 1903. A. Guinness, Son & Co. Diiggeli (Max). Pflanzengeographische und wirtschaftliche Mono- graphie des Sihltales bei Einsiedeln. Pp. 222, 4 plates. (Vier- teljahrschr. Naturf. Ges. Ziirich, Jahrg. 48.) Svo. Zilrieh, 1903. Duthie (John F.). Flora of the Upper Gangetic Plain, and of the Adjacent Siwalik and Sub-Himalayan Tracts. Vol. I. Pai't. 1. Eanunculacese to Cornacese. Pp. xvii, 403, & 1 Map. Svo. Caleutta, 1903. Author. Dyer (Bernard). Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs, their Properties and Uses. With the full text of the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, 1893, the Regulations and Forms of the Board of Agriculture and Notes on the Act, by A. J. David. Pp. x, 124. 4tli Edition. Svo, London, 1903. Author. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 49 Edmondston (Thomas). Flora of Shetland. Second Edition — Natural Classification. Edited and Eevised by C. F. Aegyll Saxby. Also a Biogra|)bical Sketch compiled from his Mother's Life of Thomas Edmondston. Pp. 102 ; 1 plate and portrait. 8vo. Edinburgh Sf London, 1903. C. F. Argyll Saxhy. Edwards (Henri Milne). Cours elementaire d'Histoire Naturelle. Zoologie. 7""^ edition. 8vo. Paris, 1855. Eggeling (Heinrich). Zur Morphologie des Manubrium sterni. (Denkschr. medic. -naturw. Ges. Jena, xi., Festschrift.) fol. Jena, 1904. Elliot (George Francis Scott). Can the British Empire be made Self-supporting? Pp. 17. (Proc. Roy. Phil. Soe. Glasgow.) 8vo. Glasgow, 1903. Author. Engler (Adolf). Ueber die Vegetationsformationen Ost-Afrikas auf Grund einer Keise dureh Usambara zum Kilimandscharo. Vortrag gehalten am 7. Mjirz 1903. (Zeitschr. f. Erdkunde, Berlin, Jahrg. 1903, Nos. 4, 6.) 8vo. Berlin, 1903. Author. Essex and Kent Sea Fisheries Committee. See Sea Fisheries. Farran (G. P.). Kecord of the Copepoda taken on the Mackerel Fishing Grounds off Cleggan in 1901. Pp. 18 ; plates 2. (Eep. Sea and Inland Fisheries of Ireland for 1901.) 8vo. Dublin, 1903. The Nudibranchiate Molluscs of Ballynakill and Bofin Harbours, Co. Galwav. Pp. 10 ; plates 2. (Rep. Sea and Inland Fisheries of Ireland for 1901.) 8vo. Diddin, 1903. Author. Fedtschenko (Olga). Trois espoces nouvelles du Genre Eremurus. Pp. 4. (Bull. I'Herb. Boissier, 2"^ sdr. iv.) 8vo. Omeve, 1904. Author. Fanner (C. A.), Beitriige zur Kenntnis der Anatomic, Eutwick- lungsgeschichte und Biologic der Laubblatter und Driisen einiger Insektivoren. Inaugural-Dissertation. Pp. 104 ; plates 16. (Flora, Bd. 93.) Svo. Milnchtn, 1904. Dr. Hans Schinz. Fischer (Alfred). TJntersuehungen iiber den Bau der Cyanopbyceen und Bakterien. Pp. ix, 136 ; Tafeln 3. Svo. Jena, 1897. Fisher (William R.). See Schimper (Andreas Franz Wilhelm). Plant-Geography upon a Physiological Basis. Fleischer (Max). Die Musci der Flora von Buitenzorg. (Zugleich Laiibmoostlora von Java.) Bd. I. Pp. xxxi, 1-379, figs. 1-71. 1900-1902. Bd. II. Pp. xviii, 381-643, figs. 72-121. 1902-1904. (Flore de Buitenzorg, Part 5.) 8vo. Leiden, 1900-1904. Fletcher (James). Canada Department of Agriculture Central Experimental Farm. Report of the Entomologist and Botanist. (Ann. Rep. Exper. Farm, 1893.) Pp. 55 ; figs. 23. Svo. Ottaiva, 1904. Author. Flora of Preston and Neighbourhood. Compiled by the Members of the Botanical Section of the Preston Scientific Society during the Tears 1S97-1902. Svo. Preston, 1903. LINN. see. PKOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1903-1904. e 50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Flore de Buitenzorg, publice par le Jardin Botanique de I'Etat. Parts 1-5. 8vo. Leide, 1898-1904. I. EACinoRSKi (Mauyan). Die Ptei-idophyten. Pp. xii, 255. 1898. II. Pknzk; (Ottoxe). Myxomycetes. Pp. 83. 1898. III. WiLDEJiAN (E.MILE de). Les Algucs. Pp. xi, 457; plates Ki, figs. 149. 1900. IV. ScinrFNER (Victor). Les Hepatiques. Pp. 220. 1900. V. Fleischer (Max). Les Museinees. Baud I. Sphagiiales ; Bryales (Arfhrodontei [Haplolepidea']). Pp. xxxi, 379; figs. 1-71. 1900-1902. V. Fleischer (Max). Les Muscinees. Band II. Bryales (Arthro- dontei [Diplolepideaj i. p.]). Pp. xviii, 38I-fi43; figs. 72-121. 1902-1904. Fltickiger-Bibliotliek, Katalog der, im Pharmazeuiischen Institute der Universitat Strassburg. Pp. 159. 8vo. Strasshurg-i.-E., 1904, Ford (Charles). Cassia lignea {Cinnamomum Cassia, Bliime). Pp. 9. fol. Hongl'onrj, 1882. Foslie (M. H.). The Coralliuacese of the Siboga-Expedition. See Siboga-Expeditie. Monogr. 61. Freidenfelt (T.). Der auatomische Bau der \Yurzel in seinem Ziisammenhange mit dem Wassergehalt des Bodens (Studien iiber die Wurzehi krautiger Pflanzen, II.). Pp. 118, lait 7 Textfiguren uud 5 Tafeln. (Bibl. Bot. Heft 61.) 4to. Stuttgart, 1904. Fries (Theodor Magnus). Linne : Lefnadsteckning. 2 vols. 8vo. Stockholm, 1903. Author. Fiirbringer (Max). Zur Prage der Abstammung der Siiugetiere. (Denk'sehr. uiedic.-naturw. Ges. Jena, xi., Festschrift.) fol. Jena, 1904. Gage (Andrew Thomas). A Census of the Indian Polygonums. (Rec. Bot. Surv. India, vol. ii. no. 5.) 8vo. Calcutta, 1903. The Vegetation of the District of Minbu in Upper Burma. Pp. 141, and Map. (Eec. Bot. Surv, India, vol. iii. no. 1.) 8vo. Calcutta, 1904. Garden (The). Vols. 63, 64. Ato. London, IdOX Editors. Gardeners' Chronicle, 3 ser. Vols. 33, 34. fol. London, 1903, Editor. Gardiner (John Stanley). South African Corals of the Genus FlabeUum, with an Account of their Anatomy and Development. See Cape of Good Hope : Dept, of Agric. Marine Investigations in South Africa. Gerard (John). The Old Eiddle and tlie Newest Answer. Pp. x, 293. 8vo. London, 1904. Author. Gerassimow (Johann J.). Zur Physiologie der Zelle, Pp. 134 ; plate 1. (Bull. Soc. Imper. Nat. Moscou, n.s. xviii.) 8vo. Moscow, 1904. Author. Gilbert (Sir Joseph Henry). History, and Present Position of the Eothamsted Investigations. Pp. 74. 8vo. London, 1891. LINNEAN SOCIKTI GF LONDON. 5 1 Gilbert (Sir Joseph Henry). Agricultural Investigations at E-othamsted, Euglaiul, during a Period oF Fifty Tears. Pp. 310. (Bull. up. 22, U.S. Dept. Agric. Exp. Stat.) 8vo. Waf 4to. Kiel 4' Leipzig, 1901-> Dolioliden und Tripyleen. Von A. Borgert. Stilpen und Cladoceren. Von 0. Apstein. Appendicularien. Von H. Lohmann. Ostracodeu. Von Gr. W. Mulleu. Ecbinodermeularven. Von T. Mortensen. Forauiiniferen. Von L. Riiumbler. Norwegian North Polar Expedition, 1893-1896. Scientific Kesults. Edited by Fridtjof Nansejs". Vol. I. •Ito. Christianid, London, Leipzig, 1900. Oettli (Max). Beitriige zur Okologie der Eelsfiora. Unter- siichungeu aus dem Curfirsten- und Sentisgebiet. Inaugural- Dissertation. Pp. 171 ; plates 4. 8vo. St. Gallcn, 1904. Dr. Hans Schinz. Osten-Sacken (Charles Robert). Eecord of my Life AVork in Entomology. Pp. viii, 204. Svo. Cambridge, j\Iass., 1903. Author. Paykull (Gustav von). Monographia Histeroiduai. Pp. iv, 112 ; Tab. 13. Svo. Upscdice, 1811. G. Lewis. Pearson ('Joseph). On the Holothurioidea. Bee London : Royal Society. Keport to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries «&c- Part I. Penard (Eugene). Faune Rhizopodique du Bassin dii Leman. Pp. 714. 4to. Qmeve, 1902. Les Heliozaires d'Eau Douce. Pp. 341, avec nombreuses figures dans le texte. 4to. Geneve, 1904. Penzig (Ottone). Die Myxomyceten der Flora von Buitenzorg. Pp. 83. (Flore de Buitenzorg, Part 11.) Svo. Leiden, 189S. and Saccardo (Pietro Andrea). Icones Fungorum Javani- corum. Pp. 124; Tab. 80. Svo. Leiden, 1904. Perkins (J.). Fragmenta Florae Philippinae. Contributions to the Flora of the Philippine Islands. Fasciculus 1. Svo. Leipzig, Paris, London, 1904. Peter (Karl). Normentafel zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der 7i'eim\e\Aec\i^Q {Lacerta agilis). Pp. 165; mit 4 Tafelu und 14 Figuren im Text. Normentafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbeltiere. Heft 4. Pfeffer (Wilhelm). The Physiology of Plants : a Treatise upon the Metabolism and Sources of Energy in Plants. Second fully revised Edition. Translated and Edited by Alfred J. Ewaet. Vol. 11. Growth, Reproduction, and Maintenance. Pp. viii, 296 ; figs. 31. Svo. Oxford, 1903. LINNKAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. 6 1 Pick (Heinrich). Beitrage zur Kenntnis des assimilirenden (lewebes armlaubiger Pflanzeu. luaugural-Dissertation. Pp. 32. 8vo. Bonn, 1881. Portheim (Leopold R. von). See Linsbauer (Karl). Wiesner VI I id seine Scliule. Poulton (Edward Bagnall). See Hope Reports. Prain (David). The Species of Dcdher Svo. Colombo, 1903-^ Stahl (Ernst). Die Schutzmittel der Flechten gegeu Tierfras. (Denkschr. medic.-naturw. Ges. Jena, xi., Festschrift.) fol. Jena, 1904. Stebbing (Edward Percy). Departmental Notes on Insects that affect Forestry. Xos. 1-2. Svo. Calcutta, 1903. Author. 64 rEOCEEDlJSGS OF THE Stebbing {Kev. Thomas Roscoe Eede). South African Crustacea. See Cape of Good Hope : Dept. of Agric. Marine Investigations in South Africa. Stockholm. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademie. Arkiv for Botanik. Band I.» 8vo. Stockholm, 1903-^ Arkiv for Zoologi. Band I.» 8vo. StocMohn, 1903^ Arsbok for ar 1903. 8vo. Stoclliolm, 1903-^ Stone (Herbert). The Timbers of Commerce and their Identi- fication. Pp. xxxviii, 311 ; plates 24. 8vo. London, \'i)Q-i. Author. Strasburger (Eduard). Anlage des Embryosackes und Prothal- liumbildnng bei der Eibe nebst anscbliesseuden Eroi'terungeu. (Denkscbr. medic. -naturw. Ges. Jena, si., Festschrift.) , Noll (Fritz), Schenck (Heinrich), and Schimper (Andreas Franz Wilhelm). A Text-Boolv of Botany. Translated from the German by Hobart C. Porter. Pp. ix, 632, with 594 illustrations. 8vo. London, 1898. Second Edition. Bevised with the fifth German Edition by William Henry Lang. Pp. ix, 671, with 686 illustrations. Svo. London, 1903. Strassburg. Pharmazeutisches Institute der Universitat. Katalog der Fliickiger-Bibliothek. Svo. St'cisshvrg-i.-E., 1904. Strassen (Otto L. zur). Geschichte der T-Eiesen von Ascaris meqaJocephcda. Teil I. Pp. 27 ; mit .5 Tafeln nnd 12 Fig. im Text. (Bibl. Zool. Bd. xvii. Heft 40.) 4to. Stnttgart, 1903. Sydney. New South Wales Naturalists' Club. Memoirs No. 1. Svo. Sydney, 1903. I. Watekhouse (G. a.), a Catalogue of the Rhopalocera of Australia. 1903. Sykes (Ernest Ruthven). On the Polyplacophora, See London : Royal Society. Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries, &c. Part I. Tattersall (Walter M.). On the Cephalochorda. See London : Royal Society. Eeport to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries, &c. Part I. Tesch (J. J.). The Thecosomata and Gymnosomata of the Siboga-Expedition. Siboga-Expeditie. Monogr. 52. Thompson (Isaac Cooke). On the Copepoda. See London: Royal Society. Eeport to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries, &c. Part I. Topsent (Emile). Spongiaires des Acores (VJHrondelle et la Frincease-Aliee). See Albert. Tosquinet (Jules). Ichneumonides Nouveaux. Pp. xii, 403, and portrait. (Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg. x.) Svo. Brv.relles, 1903. Turner (Frederick). Botany of South- Western Ne^- Soutli Wales. Pp. 50. (Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, xxix.) Svo. Sydney, 1904. LnOTEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 65 Tutt (James William). A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera : a Text-book for Students and Collectors. Vol. IV. Svo. London, 1 904. Tydeman(G. F.). Siboga-Expeditie. Hydrographic Results. United States Department of Agriculture {cont.). Bureau of Plant Industry. Bulletiu No. 28. Svo. WasUnfjton, 1903. Btdl. No. 28. Collins (G. N.). The Maugo in Porto Rico. Pp. 3G; plates 1,5. (190:;.) United States Geological Survey {cont.). Monographs, Vols. 42-46. 4to. WasJdnr/ton, 1903-1904. 42. The Carboniferous Aiumonoids of America. By James Perri.v Smith. Pp. 211 ; plates 29. 1903. 43. The Mesabi Iron-bearing District of Minnesota. By Charles Kenneth Leitii. Pp. 316 ; plates 33. 1903. 44. Pseudoceratites of the Cretaceous. By Alpiieus Hyatt. Pp. 350; plates 47. 1903. 45. The Vermilion Iron-bearing District of Minnesota, with an Atlas. By J. Morgan Clements. Pp. 463 ; plates 13; figs. 23. 1903. 46. The Menominee Iron-bearing District of Michigan. By William Shirley B.WLEY. Pp. 513; plates 43. 1904. Water-Supply aud Irrigation Paper, Nos. 80-87. 8vo. Wasliincjton, 1903. Professional Paper. Nos. 1-10, 13, 14, 15. 4to. Wasliinyton, 1902-1903. Ursprung (Alfred). Die physikalischen Eigenschaften der Laubbliitter. Pp. 120, mit 27"Figuren im Texte und 9 Tafeln. (Bibl. Bot. Heft 60.) " 4to. Stuttgart, 1903. van Heurci (Henri). Se6 Heurck (Henri van). Vayssiere (Albert). Mollusques Heteropodes {Hirondelle et Princesse- Alice). Fasc. 2{S (1904). See Albert. Verson (Enrico). Evoluzione postembrionale degli arti cefalici e toracali nel filugello. Pp. 39, tab. 3. (Atti R. 1st. Veueto Sei. &c. vol. 63, Part 2.) 8vo. Venezia, 1904. Author. Verworn (Max). Die Lokalisatiou der Atmung iu der Zelle. (Denkschr. inedic.-iuiturw, Ges. Jena, xi., Festschrift.) fol. Jena, 1904. Vogt (Oskar). Neurobiologische Arbeiten. (Denkschr. medic- naturw. Ges. Jena, ix.) fol. Jena, 1904. Waddell (Lawrence Austin). Report on the Excavations at Patahputra (Patna). The Palibothra of the Greeks. Pp. 85 ; plates 5, plans 4, aud map. 8vo. Calcutta, 1903. Author. "Wallace (Robert). Report on Argentine Show and Live Stock. Pp. 154, with numerous illustrations. 4to. Edinburgh, 1904. Author. Walther (Johannes). Die Fauna der Solnhofener Plattenkalke. Bionomisch betrachtet. (Denkschr. medic.-naturw. Ges. Jena, xi.. Festschrift.) fol. Jena, 1904. Warming (Johannes Eugenius Blilow). The History of the Flora of the Faeroes. Pp. 22. (Reprinted from ' Botany of the Faeroes,' ii. pp. 660-()81.) Svo. Co^'mhagcn, 1903. Author. LINN. BOC. PBOCEEUINQS. — SESSION 1903-1904. / 66 PEOCEKi)i;jfGS or the Warre {Bev. Edmond). See Hill (Matthew Davenport). Eton Nature-Study and Observational Lessons. Washington. Carnegie Institution. Desert Botanical Laborator3\ Publication No. 6. 8vo. Wasliinglon, 1903. No. G. CoviLLE (Frederick Vernox) and Macdougal (Daniel Trembly). Desert Botanical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution. 1903. Smithsonian Institution. Astrophysical Observatory. Annals, Vol. 1. 8vo. Washington, 1900. Waterhouse (G. A.). A Catalogue of tbe Ebopalocera of Aus- tralia. (Mem. New South Wales Nat. Club, i.) 8vo. Sychmj, 1903. Watson (John William). A Descriptive Manual of British Land and Fresh-Water Shells. See Dixon (Ralph). [Proc. 1902-3, P- 57-] Wehh (Wilfred Mark). See Hill (Matthew Davenport). Eton Nature-Study and Observational Lessons. Weber van Bosse {Mrs. A.) and Foslie (M. H.). The Corallinacese of the Siboga-Expedition. Siboga-Expeditie. Monogr. 61. Wedderburn {Sir William). Drought-Eesistiug Fodder Plants. AtripJex semibaccata on Alkali Lauds. (Indian Famine Union Leaflet, nos. 5, 8.) fol. London, 1901-1903. Author. Weiss (Frederick Ernest). Observations on the Pollination of the Primrose. Pp. 7. (New Phytol. ii.) 8vo. London^ 1903. Author. Further Observations on the Pollination of the Primrose and of the Cowslip. Pp. 3. (New Phytol. iii.) 8vo. London, 1904. Author. A probable Parasite of Stigmarian Eootlets. Pp. 6 ; figs. 2. (New Phytol. iii. 3.) 8vo. London, 1904. A Mycorhiza from the Lower Coal-Measures. Pp. 11 and 2 plates. (Ann. Bot. xviii.) 8vo. London, 1904. Author. West (George Stephen). A Monograph of the British Desmidiaceae. See West (William). West (William) and West (George Stephen). A Monograph of the British Desmidiaceae. Vol. I. Pp. xxxvi, 224 ; plates 32. (Bay Society.) 8vo. London, 1904. White (James). Altitudes in the Dominion of Canada, with a Eelief Map of North America. (Geol. Surv. Canada.) Pp. x, 266. 8vo. Ottawa, 1901. Wiesner und seine Schule. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Botanik. Festschrift. Von Karl Linsbauee, Ludwig LiNSBAUER, Leopold E. von Portiieim. Mit einein Vorworte von Dro Hans Molisch. Pp. xviii, 259, mit Portrait. 8vo. Wien, 1903. Author LINNEAN SOCIETY OV LONDON. 67 Wigglesworth (Grace). The Cotyledons of Ginl-go hiloha and Cycas revoluta. Pp. 3; fig. 1. (Ann. Bot. xvii.) 8vo. Leiden, 1903. Author. Wildeman (Emile de). Les Algues de la Flore de Biiitenzorg, &c. Pp. xi, 457 ; plates 16, figs. 149. (Flore de Buitenzorg, Part III.) 8vo. Leiden, 1900. Notices sur des Plautes utiles ou interessantes do la Flore du Congo. Pp. 221 ; plates 12. (Publication de I'Etat Tndependant du Congo, 1903.) 8vo. Bruxelles, 1903. Winge (Herluf). Oin Fugle fra Bronzealderen i Danmark, Pp.6. (Yideusk. Meddel. naturh. Foren. 1904.) 8vo. KJobenJiavn, 1904. Om jordfundue Pattedyr fra Daumark. Pp. 112 ; plates 7. (Videusk. Meddel. naturh. Foren. 1904.) 8vo. Kjbhenhavn, 1904. Author. Wittrock (Veit Brecher). Catalogus lUustratus Iconothecae Botanies) Horti Bergiaui Stockholmien.'d Howes, F.E.8., and their gratitude for the long and energetic service w hich he rendered to the Society as its Zoological Secretary." Miss E. WiLLMOTX, F.L.S., exhibited thirty water-colour drawings of Eoses by Alfred Parsons, A.R.A., drawn at Great Warley, for her forthcjming volume on the genus Eosa, together with some chromo-lithographs of extreme excellence for the same volume. Messrs. H. J. Elwes, J. G. Baker, and H. Groves raised a discussion on some points suggested by the drawings, to which Miss Willmott replied. The following papers were read : — 1. " A Eevised Classification of Roses." Bv John Gilbert Baker, F.E.S., F.L.S. 2. " The Botany of the Anglo-German Uganda Boundary Commission.'' By Edmund G. Baker, F.L.S., S. L. Moore, F.L.S. , and Dr. A. B. Eeudle, F.L,8. March 2nd, 1905. Prof. W. A. Herdman, F.E.S., President in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 16tli February were read and confirmed. Mr. William Norwood Cheeseman was admitted a Fellow. Marian, Lady Busk, Miss Lilian Jane Clarke, Miss Gabrielle Louise Caroline Matthaei, Mr. Eeginald Innes Pocoek, F.Z.S., and Mr. AVilliam Wise wei'e proposed as Fellows. Dr. Paul Friedrich August Ascherson, Berlin ; Dr. Gottlieb Haberlandt, Graz ; Prof. Ambrosias Arnold Willem Hubrecht, Utrecht ; and M. Charles Eene Zeiller, Paris, were proposed as Foreign Members. Miss Emily Mary Berridge, B.Sc, Mr. Frederick Hugh Capi'on, B.A., Miss Helen Charlotte Isabella Eraser. B.Sc, and Miss Dorothea Frances Matilda Pertz were severally balloted for and elected Fellows. Mr. D. FiXLATSON, F.L.S., exhibited and explained the Ashe- Finlayson " Comparascope," for displaying two objects in the same lO PROOEEDINQS OF THE magnified field, this being attained by a secondary stage and objective at right-angles to the primary instrument, the rays being transmitted up the body of the microscope through a right-angled prism, and clearness of the two images preserved by means of a diaphragm placed longitudinally in the microscope-tube. A discussion followed in which Dr. W. G. Eidewood, Dr. D. H. Scott, Rev. T. E, E. Htebbing, and the President joined. Criticism was cliiefly directed to the hybrid term for the invention, and " Synoptoscope " or " Synthetoscope " was suggested in its place. The following papers were read : — 1. "On Zoological Nomenclature: International Eules and others." By the Eev. Thomas E. E. Stebbing, Zool.Sec.L.Soc. 2. "Biscayan Plankton.— Part IV. The Thaliacea." By Dr. George Herbert Fowler, F.L.S. March 16th, 1905. Prof. W. A. Herd MAN, P.E.S., President, in the Chair, The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 2ud March were read and confirmed. Miss Emily Mary Berridge and Mr. Frederick Hugh Capron wei'e admitted Fellows. Mr. Arthur James Dicks, B.Sc.Lond., and Mrs. Maude Muff were proposed as Fellows. Mr. Johannes Gossweiler and Miss Edith Eebecca Saunders were elected Fellows. The President announced that the Council had appointed a Committee to consider the question of Zoological Nomenclature discussed at the last meeting ; also, iu view of the interest dis- played at a previous meeting on the subject of fficology, a discussion had been arranged for the 4th May, to be opened by Mr. A. G. Tansley. Mrs. D. H. Scott, F.L.S., exhibited animated photographs of plants taken by the kammatograph, showing the natural move- ments of the plants accelerated so as to be readily followed by the eye. The plates shown were ; — 1 & 2. Sparmannia africana, showing the opening of the flower-bud, the movements of the stamens, and the closing of the flowers at night. 3. Sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica, showing the movements of the leaves on stimulation. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. II 4. Fuchsia, sliowing the opening of Iaao buds into flower during KJ days, the l)ursting of the stamens and the growth of the style between them. 5. Maurandia, sliowiug the circumnutation of the stem and two young petioles twining round a stick. 6. Crocvs : development of a bud and the opening and closing movements of the flower. 7. Olivia : opening of the flower-buds. 8. Uippeastrum : growth of stamens and style and development of the stigma. 9. A humble-bee fertilizing a Scabious flower. A discussion followed, in which Dr. Scott, Eev. T. E.. E. Stebbiug, Mr. E. M. Holmes, Mr. J. Hopkinson, and the President took part, Mrs. Scott replying to the questions put. Mr. EuPEET Vallextin, F.L.S., showed a series of thirty lantern-slides, from photographs taken by himself, of bird-life in the Falkland Islands : — (1) The Kelp Goose, Chloephaga antarctica, with the dissimilar coloration of the two sexes, feeding on Por- phyra vulgaris, a very abundant seaweed between tide-marks in those regions. (2) Phalacrocorax magellanicus and P. imperialis basking in the sun, and on their nests. (3) The Mollymauk, Diomedea clilororhynclia, which breeds on the outlying islands of the group. (4) The Penguins whose headquarters seem to be these islands, the Geutoo, Pygosceles tceniata, their nests being made on peaty soil, packed with twigs of Empetrum nigrum or Poa ccFspitosa, the Tussock Grass. (5) The Eockhopper Penguin, Eudyptes chi-ysocome, which assembles in the breeding-season by thousands in rookeries. Concerning this species, a series of rock- specimens were shown, some merely polished, others deeply grooved, as if by the claws of the Penguins when walking up the pathways to their rookerv. The President, the EeV. T. E. E. Stebbing, Mr. A. O. Walker, and Mr. A. D. Michael engaged in a discussion, and Mr. Valleutin replied. The following paper was read : — " Contributions to the Flora of Liberia." By Dr. Otto Stapf. F.L.S. April 6th, 1905. Mr. A. C. Sewakd, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 16th March were read and confirmed. Miss Helen Charlotte Isabella Fraser, Miss Dorothea Frances 12 PROCEEDINf4S OF THE Matilda Pertz, and Miss Edith Rebecca Saunders were admitted Eellows. Mr. Edward Eussell Burdon, B.A., Miss Kate Marion Hall, and Mr. Frederick William Lucas were proposed as Fellows. Marian, Lady Busk, Miss Lilian Jane Clarke, Mr. Reginald Innes Pocock, F.Z.S., and Mr. William Wise were elected Fellows. The xluditors for the Society's Financial Tear ending 30th April were nominated, and elected by show of hands, as follows : — For the Council, Mr. H. W. Monckton and Mr. Gr. S. Saunders ; for the Fellows, Mr. H. Druce and Mr. H. G-roves. Mr. W. BoTTi]N^G Hemsley, F.R.S., F.L.S., exhibited a number of specimens and drawings of pitchers of Nepenthes, supplemented by slides, prepared by Mr. L. Farmar, to illustrate the various types of pitchers and their glandular sj^stems. Glands are present on almost all parts of pitcher-plants, from the stems to the flowers, and they vary very much in structure, but there are only two classes, namely attractive and digestive. The former are generally distributed over the plant except the inside of the pitcher, where the digestive glands alone occur. The pitcher is an appendage of the leaf, borne on a prolongation of the midrib, which often acts as a tendril ; it consists of a tubular or inflated body with two interior longitudinal ribs, which often develop into elegant fringed wings, and one posterior rib, uhich usually termi- nates in a spur, running out just below the hinge of the lid or operculum. The mouth of the pitcher is surrounded by a more or less elaborately constructed collar or peristome. A new species. Nepenthes MacfarJanei, differs from all other known species, except N. Lowii, in the underside of the lip being thickly beset with stiff bristles, interspersed with honey-glands. The function of the bristles in this position is not obvious ; but Avould seem to be preventative to flying insects, though ants might creep amongst them and drink the honey. The pitchers of N. Macfarlanei, as probably of all other species, are of two kinds, apart from those on the young seedlings. In some, perhaps only the intermediate ones, the whole of the inner surface is covered with digestive glands and the antei'ior ribs are not winged ; in others, the upper part of the inner surface is perfectly smooth, forming what is termed the conductive zone to the glandular or retentive zone ; the anterior I'ibs are developed into fringed wings, and the collar has an upward elongation where the lid is attached. The honey-glands on the underside of the lip are very prominent, oval or circular in outline, surrounded by a raised rim and from -^-^ to yV of an inch in diameter. The digestive glands are gradually smaller from the base upwards, and vary from about 2000 to 5000 to the square inch. These glands are many-celled, ovoid or spherical in shape, and, in consequence of the unequal LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 3 growth of the tissues in which they are embedded, they are more or less ovei'-arched, the openiug of the arch looking downwards. The surface of the tissue is hard and polished, quite smooth to the finger moving in a downward direction, and rougli to the finger, from the sharp edges of the arches, moving in an upward direction. JV. Lowii has much larger, differently shaped pitchers, constricted in the mitldle, with sunken honey-glands on the lid as much as y^ inch in diameter and a very small pore- opening. The digestive glands in the lower part of the pitcher are pentagonal to heptagonal in shape, \\ ith a raised, hard rim all round. The collar is the simplest in the genus, but it has a prominent, single series of perithecoid honey-glands near its inner margin. N. lidjah, in a wild state at least, has sometimes a total length of leaf and pitcher of betvxeen five and six feet, with a very elaborate collar and a corab-like inner margin and solitary honey- jj;lands, reached by a tunnel-like opening between the teeth ; the largest pitchers have a capacity of two tpiarts. In N. echinostoma the collar consists of several series of combs, directed inwards and downwards, with a similar honey -gland in eacli tooth. iV. Ed- ivardsiana has a relatively narrow pitcher sometimes as much as two feet long, and the collar iias thin transverse rings that are A'ery distinctive. The collar of iV. echinostoma is remarkable in having about four series of flattened spines, projecting inwards and downwards ; each spine has an apic-al pore, the opening to a deeply seated honey-gland. In all other species the glands are between the teeth or spines. The digestive glands in the upper part of the retentive zone of this pitcher are very small, and number about 15,000 to the square inch. JV. Northiuna and N. Feitchii have remarkable broad turn-down, plaited, scolloped collars ; N. hicalcarata is remarkable in having two very sharj) spurs springing from near the hinge of the lid and projecting over the mouth of the pitcher; N. celehica has a horn-like appendage on the lid at a point opposite the hinge. The complex arrangements favour the descent of insects and other creatures into the pitchers, and hinder almost all visitors from getting out again ; once in, there is little hope of escape. A few hybrids were also shown, notably one named " Sir William Tliiselton-Dyer," which has produced the largest pitcher known in cultivation, being a pint and three-quarters in capacity. The following papers were read : — 1. " On the Axillary Scales of certain Aquatic Monocotyledons." By Prof. R. J. Harvey Gibson, F.L.S. 2. "A fui'ther Contribution to the Stiidv of Pelomyxa palustris (Greeff)." By Mrs. Lilian J. Veley, F.L.S. 3. " On Mansonieae, a new Tribe of the Natural Order Sterculiaceffi." Bv Lt.-Col. David Praiu, I.M.S., F.ll.S., F.L.S. 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE May 4th, 1905. Prof. W. A. Heedman, P.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the Greneral Meeting of the 6th April were read and conflrmed. The Rev. William Jenkins Webb Anderson, B.M., B.S., Patshan Hospital, Canton, and Mr. Hugh Praser Macmillan, Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Ceylon, were proposed as Fellows. Mr. Arthur James Dicks and Mrs. Maude Muff were elected Fellows. Prof. Paul Friedrich August Ascherson, Prof. Gottlieb Haber- landt, Prof. Ainbrosius Arnold Willem Hubrecht, and Prof. Charles Rene Zeiller were elected Foreign Members. The following papers were read : — 1. "The Botany of Gough Island. — Part I. Phanerogams and Ferns.'' Bv R. N. Rudmose Brown, B.Sc. (Communicated by W. B. Hemsley, F.R.S., F.L.8.) 2. " The Study of Vegetation : its present Condition and probable Development." By Prof. A. G. Tansley, F.L.S. .3. " Biscayan Plankton .---Part V. The Schizopoda." By Messrs. E. W. L. Holt and W. M. Tattersall. (Communicated by Dr. G. Herbert Fowler, F.L.S.) May 24th, 1905. Anniversary Meeting. Prof. W. A. Herdman, F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 4th May were read and conlirmed. Mr. Reginald Innes Pocock, F.Z.S., Mrs. Maude MuflF, Miss Lilian Jane Clarke, Mrs. Maria Matilda Ogilvie Gordon, D.Sc. Lond., Ph.D. Munich, Her Grace the Duchess of Bedford, Lady Busk, Mr. William Wise, and the Rev. William Moyle Rogers were admitted Fellows. The Treasurer then laid his Annual Statement of Accounts before the Fellows, as shown on p. 15, and the President having spoken briefly, Mr. Henry Groves moved, and Prof. F. W. Oliver, F.R.S., seconded, " That the Treasurer's statement be adopted," which was carried. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 15 Q 0 ??^ Q c d "• ^ — ^ •^ ' 0 0 w 3 5 » > a. *'^ JrtS •^ »- __. 3: w w rd -i p 0 0 <-*. ^ 5' 3. 3 ;^ td^ a;>T3 W 10 CD -4 o S^t^ 10 4^ 4i. Ci ^ -^ -J ?r: o to o ^ OS o ^ '-' CO . 00 O Cii 03^ ?^ ©©<§)'§)'§" O LO to O CD C O to ~^ O -U <*- ^;, ^ W : o Li'? I cT ? s- *^ I— I ^ O T 3 -■ Q hj CJl 35 bS O' 00 ». ft> r!^ &a ^s" s --1 ji. ti, ^- to lO O' Cn -^J ^ t+j O O O 35 Ci ? •^3 &-? ^ 3 S '^ 3 3 M . 1> X Si!:^ OtJ ='3-"i » 5^ 00 r-»- O -^ -! 3-C c"3' ^ gorts = w ►^3 hd S' -" ?_^'T3 « 2 3 O O — ' to tn ?" O O ^ GO H- ?^ to 05 OS 00 o 35 hf- CO i*5 OS I — to o; — ' CO C» I 00 Oi O ^1 OS rf^ I OS O 35 ~i o 00 o OS ►(^ o O Oi-'COO to OS QO v-" J+j CO C;i to O "' O 00 ►— I-. > o OS to OS ?- 5q ^ ^ o o ^3 CO o i6 PBOCEEDINGS OE THE Prof. S. H. Vines, F.R.S., in an appreciative review of the Treasurer's record, then moved the following Resolution : — That the best thanks of the Society be given to Mr. Frank Crisp, the retiring Treasurer, for his valued services during nearly a quarter of a century, and his many muuificent benefactions during his term of office, amongst which the gift of the cost of the Supplemental Charter is not the least. Whilst regretting his retirement from the office he has so ably filled, the Society trusts that he may for many years continue to enjoy the leisure from official duties whici) he has so justlj earued. The General Secretary seconded the motion, remarking that the honour of doing so devolved upon him as being contemporaneously an officer during the whole of Mr. Crisp's Treasurership, and he found additional sources of gratification in that he had for two months before Mr. Crisp's election acted as Treasurer after the death of Mr. Frederick Currey, and in the fact that they had known each other from boyhood. The President having added his appreciation, the motion was carried unanimously, the Pellows rising in their places. The General Secretary read his report of deaths, withdrawals, and elections as follows. Since the last Anniversary Meeting 19 Fellows have died, or their deaths been ascertained : — Mr. John Birkett. Dr. Joao Francisco Braga. Eev. Ihomas William Daltry. Mr. James Epps. Mr. William Ferguson. Mr. VVickham Flower. Mr. Alexander Fry. Mr. John Home. Prof. Thomas George Bond Howes. Lieut.- Col. Leonard Howard Loyd Irby. Sir Hugh Low. Mr. J. George Luehmann. Mr. Bobert McLachlan. Mr. William Paul. Eev. Thomas Arthur Preston. Mr. Alfred Sanders. Mr. Joim Charles Sawer. Mr. Stephen William Silver. Eev. Francis Augustus W'alker. Foreign Membebs (4) Prof. Eduard von Martens. Prof. Alpheus Spring Packard. Dr. Eiidolph A. Philippi. Dr. Bernard Eenault. The following 8 Fellows have resigned :• Mr. Arthur Bennett. Mr. Arthur Crabtree. Mr. Charles Curtis. Dr. Henry Guard Knaggs. Mr. Eobert Morton Middleton. Mr. Charles Sharp. Mr. Edward Alfred Webb. Mr. James Thompson Wilshire. LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 7 And 43 Fellows (of whom -41 have qualified) and 4 Foreign Members have been elected. The Librarian's report was read as follows : — During the past year 69 Volumes and 103 Pamphlets have been received as Donations from Private Individuals. From the various Universities, Academies, and Scientific Societies 265 volumes and 127 detached parts have be^n received in exchange and otherwise, besides 68 volumes and 42 parts obtained by exchange and as Donations from the Editors and Proprietors of independent Periodicals. The Council has sanctioned the purchase of 175 volumes and 108 parts of important works. The total additions to the Library are therefore 577 volumes and 380 separate parts. The number of Books bound during the year is as follows : — Li half-morocco 325 volumes, in half-calf 9 volumes, in full cloth 184 volumes, in vellum 28 volumes, in buckram 36 volumes, in boards or half-cloth 21 volumes. Relabelled (half-morocco and cloth backs) 54 volumes. Total 657 volumes. The General Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing the Elections, the President opened the business of the day, and the Fellows present proceeded to vote for the Council. The Ballot for the Council having closed, the President appointed Dr. Braith- waite, Col. Beddome, and Mr. AVilfred Mark Webb, Scrutineers, and the numbers having been counted and reported to the President, he declared the result as follows : — Councillors retired : — Dx\ A. C. L. G. Gunthee, F.R.S., Prof. F. G. Parsons, F.Z.S., Mr. G. S. Saundees, F.E.S., Mr. A. C. Seavaed, F.R.S., and Prof. S. H. Vines, F.R.S. ; and the following were elected in their room : — Dr. Gilbert C. Bourne, Dr. Horace T. Brown, F.E.S., Mr. Clement Keid, F.E.S., Mr. David Shaep, F.R.S. , and Dr. A. Smith Woodward, F.R.S. The Ballot for the Officers having been closed, the President appointed the same Scrutineers ; and the votes having been counted and reported to the President, he declared the result as follows : — President : Prof. W. A. Herdman, F.R.S. Treasurer: Hoeace W. Monckton, F.G.S. r Dr. D. H. Scott, M.A., F.R.S. Secretaries < Rev. T. R. R. Sxeebing, M.A., F.R.S. [ B. Daydon Jackson. The President then delivered his Address, as follows : — linn. boc. proceedings. — SESSION 1904-1905. c 1 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE PEESIDENTIAL ADDEESS, 1905. Fellows op the Linnean Society, — It is my first duty — and like most duties when looked at from a common-sense point of view, it is also a great pleasure — to thank you for the honour you have done me and for the confidence you have shown in elevating me to this position. If I hesitated before accepting the nomination by Council it was not that I was in any way insensible to the honour proposed, but rather that I felt it to be beyond my deserts, and, amongst other reasons, because I doubted whether one whose chief Mork lay 200 miles away could efficiently discharge the duties you would naturally expect from your President. However, the kind assurances of prominent members of the Council overcame my doubts ; and I will only add that there was some comfort in the tl) ought that there is possibly one qualification which I was conscious of — namely, a strong desire to be of use and to advance in any way in my power the Linnean Society and the cause of Natural Science. The Session during which, thanks to your kindness, I have been privileged to occupy this chair has been in several ways a memorable one. At the last Anniversary Meeting, my distin- guished predecessor was able to aunounce in his Presidential Address that the Supplemental Charter of the Society had at last been granted, and he very properly alluded to the labour and expense which the Treasurer with characteristic generosity had borne single-handed — one only of many acts of thoughtful kindness on the part of Mr. Frank Crisp, from which the Society has benefitted. The loss which we sustain iu the retirement of Mr. Crisp from the office of Treasurer, which he has held for nearly a quarter of a century, will be brought before tlie attention of the Society in a separate resolution. In order to carry out the provisions of the Supplemental Charter it became necessary that the Bye-Laws of the Society should be revised, and one of the first duties 1 had to perform on taking office last June was to bring before your notice the draft revision carefully prepared by the Council of the previous session. The revised Bye-Laws were duly read from the Chair, as required by the Charter of 1802, at our meetings on June 2nd and June 16th, and were, I am happy to say, formally approved by the Fellows at our meeting on November 3rd, 1904. These formalities completed, it became possible for us to bring about that great event in the history of our Society which has been predicted and commented on in more than one recent Presidential Address — the admission of Lady-Fellows. From that time forwards the Fellowship of the Linnean Society of London was open to worthy candidates ^\ithout distinction of sex. The response to LINNEA.N SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 9 this invitation has been most gratifying. No less than 26 duly qualified scientific women have been elected — a very notable accession to the Society, In the past, although good scientific \\ ork by women, in both Botany and Zoology, has been brought on occasions before our meetings and has been printed in our publications, the Author was ever placed at a disadvantage ; and if she appeared in person to read the paper, it \\as only possible as an act of grace and by special permission of the Council. Now our women workers can appear in their own riglit, they join us free from all disabilities, and they enjoy the privileges of fellowship and the duties of office on equal terms with men. Names cf both men and women appeared for the first time in the list of candidates on November 17th, and in the ballot on December loth, 1904, when 18 were elected. I cannot but feel that in being privileged to receive the first Lady-Fellows I have, to some extent, reaped where I did not sow. It would have been more appropriate, had the necessary consti- tutional processes allowed, if my predecessor, Professor Vines, before relinquishing the Chair, had conducted in person the inauguration of the new order resulting from the changes brought about during his presidency. That, however, was impossible ; but he enjoyed the distinction of presenting the first Lady-Fellow, and on January 19th, 1905, I had the pleasure of admitting to the Fellowship Mrs. Catherine Crisp, the wife of our Treasurer ; Mrs. ]Mary Ann Stebbing, the wife of our Zoological Secretary ; Mrs. Percy Sladen, the widow of a former Zoological Secretary ; and such well-luiown scientific workers as Miss Margaret Benson, Miss Gulielma Lister, Miss Ethel Sargant, AJiss Lorrain Smith, Miss Silver, Miss E. L. Turner, Mrs. Veley, and Miss E. Willmott — followed at subsequent meetings during the session bv Mrs. M. V. Scott, wife of our Botanical Secretary ; and others. To-day I have had the honour of admitting Her Grrace the Duchess of Bedford, who was in the list of first Lady-Fellows elected on December loth. Such additions can be nothing but a strength and an honour to our Society, and the Treasurer has signalized the historic occasion by a dinner to the new Fellows and by com- missioning a picture of the scene at our meeting on January 19th, to be painted by Mr. James Sant, E.A., and [)resented to the Society for the permanent adornment of our library. In all 4-1 new Fellows have been added to the roll this Session — a noteworthy increase as compared with 27 last Session and 22 the average for the last 10 years. Chapter III. Sect. I. of our Bye-Laws provides that such Members of the Royal Family as may express a \nsh to belong to the Society become Honorary Members. It has been felt by the Council, as I am sure it \\-ill be also by all the Fellows of the Society, to be most appropriate, in the session when the first Lady-Fellows were admitted, that the nttention of the Queen c2 20 PROCEEDINGS OE THE should be directed to this provision in the Bye-Laws, and that. Her Majesty should be humbly and dutifully requested to signify her wish to become an Honorary Member. The loyal and happy resolution to this effect was proposed at Council by Prof. Vines on January 19th, and on February 2nd I was enabled to read to the Society the reply intimating that the Queen had graciously acceded to our request. We turn from the pleasant thought of these accessions to the inevitable losses which we have to regret — the death of 18 Ordinary Fellows and of 4 on the Foreign list, the latter beiug: — Dr. Eudolph A. Philippi, Prof. Eduard von Martens, M. Bernard Renault, and Prof. Alpheus S. Packard. The obituaries of our late Fellows have been prepared as usual by the Secretaries, and I do not propose to detain you by traversing the same ground ; but there is one loss we have sustained Avhich has a personal sadness for most of us and which 1 cannot pass over on this occasion. In deep sorrow we have to record the death, on February 4tli, 1905, of our former Zoological Secretary, Prof, George Bond Howes. Last year Prof. Vines referred sympathetically to the resignation of office which our friend's continued serious illness had necessi- tated, and now we mourn the premature termination of a useful life and a distinguished career. Prof. Howes's numerous solid contributions to science will be duly recorded in our ' Proceedings.' Tributes to his influence as a teacher and his helpfulness as a colleague have already been published or will shortly appear. We knew him best here as an indefatigable councillor and office-bearer and a true friend of all honest workers. Many young scientific men owe their professional position and advancement in large measure to support and advice from Howes. He had corre- spondents in all parts of the country w^hom he helped with in- formation and literature. He had an unusually wide range of knowledge and a marvellously detailed acquaintance with the publications of Zoology ; and all that he knew was ever placed freely at the disposal not only of his students and friends, but also of other workers on the subject whom in some cases he had never even met. I do not think it is too much to say that he wore himself out working for others. We all appreciated highly his scientific work and admired his fine character ; those of us who were privileged to know him more intimately loved him as a friend of a singularly sympathetic, unselfish and loyal nature. This Society at the meeting on February 16th passed a resolution of deep regret, sympathy and gratitude for devoted service ; and I am now able to announce to you that steps have been taken by the Officers of this Society and of the Zoological Society and a few other former colleagues to establish a Howes Memorial Fund. A committee is now being formed, and a circular letter will shortly be issued to the Fellows of the Society. LINJfEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. 21 The vacant places in our list of Foreigu Members have been filled by the election of Dr. Paul Friedrich August Ascherson, of Berlin ; Dr. Gottlieb liaberlaudt, of Graz ; Prof. Ainbrosius Arnold Willein Hubrecht, of Utrecht ; and JM. Charles Eene Zeiller, of Paris. It is a matter of congratulation to the Society that these distinguished names have been added to our roll. The Council have awarded the Linnean Medal this year to that great Cytologist and Morphologist, the professor of Botany at Bonn, Geheimrath Dr. Eduard Strasburger. AVe are honouring ourselves as well as doing homage to the recipient, in conferring this, the highest distinction in our power, upon such an eminent man of science. During this Session we have continued the practice recently proposed of arranging occasional discussions on subjects of general biological interest introduced to our notice by one or more of our leading experts. Scientific opinion is divided as to the value of set discussions on debatable matters. It is often said that no one who has worked or thought much on such a subject changes his opinion as a result of the discussion. That may well be true of the protagonists ; and it may also be true, as is frequently urged, that the best discussions are tliose that arise spontaneously from the reading of a paper or the exhibition of a specimen. But for most of us, discussions such as we have had here during this Session are both interesting and valuable. Those who play only minor parts in the action and those who are content to listen to the arguments, must benefit from hearing the subjects set out for examination first from one side and then from the other. I am one of those who consider that both in this and in other Societies the exhibitions and the criticisms and discussions, formal and informal, arranged or spontaneous, are usually the most interesting and instructive parts of the proceedings and are well worth the time devoted to them. Some of the most valuable papers — works that we desire to encourage by all means, and wliich when printed are important contributions to science and an ornament to our publications — are quite unsuitable for reading to an audience. In such cases, if the author is unable to explain briefly wiiat his paper is about, I should advocate that he be invited to communicate the work by title only, and let the time so gained be devoted to exhibitions and discussions, as I am convinced that these last do more than the reading of papers to keep our members together and add to the vitality of the meetings. I would remind you especially of the interesting discussions we have had in the past session upon '• Digestion in Plants," opened by Professor Vines, upon " Ecology,"' following upon a paper by Mr. Tansley, and upon " Nomenclature," brought before us by Mr. Stabbing. We have this special advantage in our Society for the discussion of subjects of general biological application, that we are a body of Botanists and Zoologists working and consulting together. Thus 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE both sides of living nature are represented, and we can throw light upon questions that arise from the standpoints of very varied lines of biological investigation. As this occasion is not only our annual business meeting, but also our commemoration of the birthday of Linnaeus, our thoughts naturally turn to the life and work of the great ."Swede to v\'hose influence upon the progress of Science botanists and zoologists are equally indebted. It has occurred to me that you nmy be interested to hear a few remarks upon a section ol: his work which is, I believe, little known, but which I have had occasion recently to look into — a subject moreover that has in itself an attraction for most men, and also women — namely, Pearls. Considering the activity of his mind and the wide range of his \vork, no one will be surprised to hear that Linnaeus experimented on the formation of pearls in shell-fish, and that he belie\ed he was able to produce valuable pearls by artificial methods. I do not refer to the manufacture of artificial pearls, but to the artificial stimulation of shell-fish so as to induce them to produce by the natural process real pearls in increased number or at an unusual time or place. AVith such an object in vie\^-, it is necessary to enquire first how pearls are naturally produced in shell-fish. One of the Linnean manuscripts which I shall have to tell you of presently states: — "It is certain that nature ])roduces pearls every day, and if anyone be able to steal from her this knowledge, it can only be he whom she has admitted into her interior and most sacred places." Linnaeus had better grounds than anyone else of his time for considering himself as so privileged. There is an early Hindu belief that at night or during heavy rain the Pearl Oysters ascend to the surface of the sea, open their shells to the air and take in drops of fresh water which become consolidated as pearls. Pjiuy and other classical writers record the similar belief that pearls are caused by drops of dew which enter the gaping shell when uncovered with \\ ater. A more poetic form is that they are due to the tears of the Nereids, or as Moore has it in ' Peri and the Pearl ' :— " And precious the tear as that raiu from the sky Which turns into pearls as it falls in the sea." Colombus, we are told, was convinced he had found the locality for Orient pearls when he reached a spot where the trees grew down into the sea and had their roots covered with oysters gaping ready to receive the dew drops from the leaves above. iEliau, on the other hand, thought the pearls were formed by a lightning-flash entering the opening shell ; and many other writers since have speculated as to mysterious pathological effusions, as to displaced OA'a, as to similarity to calculi and to galls, and as to calcification of deposits round sand-grains, algae, LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONBON. 23 ova, embrvos, and various kinds of parasites or other organic nuclei. I give here, in tabular form, some of the leading names (by no means a complete list) in the history of this enquiry, \Aith, whei-e known, the species of shell-fish on which the observations were made, and an indication of the view held, with more or less justification, as to the nature of the nucleus around which the pearl is formed. Author. Shell-fish investigated. View as to origin of pearl or nature of nucleus. Pliuy ^lian Oriental Pearl Oyster Do. Drops of dew. Lightning-flash. Parasites ; also concretions. Grain of sand. Pathological effusion of shell-matter. Abortive ova. Distomum (cercaria) &c. Mite {Limnocharcs anodonta). Sand, algje, ova, parasites. Calculi. Entozoa. Sand, diatoms, ova, parasites. Pathological concretions. Distomum. Calculi round inorganic or organic particles. Parasites. Pathological calcification of fluid formed around parasite. Distomids. Distomid larv^. Distoniid (Cercaria). Larval Cestodes. Larval Cestodes. Eondeletius, 1558 ... Redi, 1684 Reaumur, 1717 Sir E. Home, 1826 ... Filippi, 1852-56 Kiichenineister, 1856 . Von Hessling, 1858... Meckel, 1856 Anodoiita Margaritana and Anodonta Do. Moebius, 1867 Both marine and fresh- water. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Kelaart, 1857-59 Pagenstecher, 1858 ... Garner, 1871 Anodonta and My tikis Harley, 1889 Comba, 1898 Margaritifera vulgaris ... Meleagrin a m a rgarit if era. Dona.r, Tel Una, &c Diguet, 1899 Giard, 1897, 1901 ... Dubois, 1901, 1903 ... Jameson, J902 Mytilns and Margaritifera. My ti Ills ediilis Herdman & Hornell, 1902, 1903. Seurat& Giard, 1903, 1904. Ceylon Pearl Oyster {Margaritifera vtilgaris). Meleagrina margaritifera. Omitting the more fanciful views, there are three main methods which have been advanced as explaining the formation of pearls ; and, as is so often the case where there are several competing theories, it cannot be said that one only is correct and of universal application and that the others are quite erroneous. The three I refer to are : (I) the grain-of-sand irritation ; (2) the pathological secretion ; and (3) the stimulation caused by the pre- sence of a parasitic worm, which acts as a nucleus around which an epithelial sac deposits successive layers of pearly material. Let me say a few words about each of the two last before passing to the first view, the one with which Linnasus was more closely associated. 24 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE The view that the pearl is produced as a calcuhiswas originated bv Eeaumur in 1717, followed bj Bohadsc-h in 1761, Mas supported by Meckel and by Pagenstecher nearly a century later, and again by Dr, George Harley in 1889. I agree with Giard that a considerable resemblance between the pearl and an animal calculus is compatible with the parasitic theory. Calculi com- monly form around a nucleus, and many parasites are known to hare calcified cysts deposited over them. Some pearls, not the best, are probably formed as calculus-like growths independently of vermean parasites. Even when the parasite is present, the pearl is produced by the mollusean host, and not by the parasite, and so has been justly compared by more than one writer to an animal gall. It is commonly thought that the Italian naturalist F. de Filippi originated in 1854 the view that the nucleus of the pearl is really organic, being an encapsuled parasite. But Giard has recently reminded us that Eondeletius propounded the same view in 1558, and that ages before that Androstheues, who had travelled in the East, is reported by Athena3us to have compared the developing pearls in the oyster to the Cestode larvae in pork. This, in the absence of microscopic examination, can scarcely be regarded as a scientific demonstration ; but it was, at least, a very happy guess, for one of the first facts Mr. Hornell and I were able to determine in connection with the Ceylon pearl oyster in the spring of 1902, was that the Orient pearl in the Gulf of Manaar is deposited around the young larva of a Cestode, Coming to actual identifications in comparatively recent times, we find that Filippi's pearl- parasite in Amdonta cygnea was the Trematode Distovnim duplicatum, v. Baer. Eobert Garner, in our own Journal (Zool. vol. xi. 1871, p. 426) records " Distomes " from both freshwater and marine mussels ; and Giard attributes the origin of pearls in Donax and Tellina to a species of Brachy- coeliwn — all cases of Trematoda. Several investigators since (such as Dubois and Jameson) have found the same to be true of the pearl-production in Mytilus edidis and in various other Pelecvpoda. Other observations, more recently, have shown Cestoda to be the worms concerned in the production of the Orient pearl ; but I do not go further into that matter on the present occasion, as my purpose is to remind you of the historic connection between Linnaeus and pearl-production. Most of the attempts * at artificial margarosis — the production of pearls by stimulation of tlie mollusc — have been based upon the belief that the nucleus of the natural pearl is an inorganic particle. The "grain-of-sand" theory was supported by Eedi and many other early naturalists, and is the view that has been most generally * There is also the other suggested method— by infection with the parasite — which I hope to discuss on another occasion. UNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 25 adopted in the text-books and in edncated public opinion, as expressed in Sir Edwin Arnold's lines : " Know you, pei'chance, how that, poor formless wretch — The Oyster — gems his sh:illiXGS or the enzymes. Kesearch in this direction has, in the bands of Dr. Vernon, already (1903) shown that what is generally known as trypsin is a mixture of erepsin (panereato-erepsin) with what may be termed trypsin proper. It is not inconceivable that analysis may be carried still further, and that trypsin proper may itself be found to be a mixture of a peptonising with a peptouising enzyme. I now turn to proteid-digestiou in plants. The study of this subject may be said to date from the publication, in 1875, of DarvA'in's *■ Insectivorous Plants,' where an account is given of digestion-experiments with Drosera, Dioncea, Nepenthes, etc. This was accompanied, almost simultaneously, by the discovery (A^on Gorup-Besanez, 7-1) of the presence of proteases in germinating seeds ; and a number of similar discoveries gradually followed — in Myxomycetes (Krukenberg, '79), the Papaw (Wurtz, '79), the Pig (Bouchiit, 'SO), Moulds (Bourquelot, '93), Bacteria (Bitter, "87), Pine-apple (Marcano, '91), Yeast (Salkowski, '89), Mushrooms, etc. (Hjort, '97). My own contribution, made within the last three years, consists of a number of observations on many different plants or parts of plants, showing that a protease of some kind is probably to be found in all parts of all plants at one stage or other of their development. But now, as to the nature of the vegetable proteases. At first it was thought that the protease was a pepsin, since it AAas active in acid liquid ; but from the time of Wurtz's researches on papain, when the investigation of the products of digestion became more thorough, opinion gradually changed to the \\q\\ that the protease was allied to trypsin. As a matter of fact, peptouisation has never been found to take ]ilace under normal conditions without pepto- lysis. Hence there is no evidence of the independent existence in plants of a purely peptouising protease allied to pepsin ; if such a protease exists at all, it exists in admixture with some pepto- lysing enzyme. Some progress was made towards a comprehension of vegetable proteolysis when I discovered — almost simultaneously with Cohn- heim's discovery of it in the intestine of animals — that a protease of the nature of erepsin is very generally present in plants. One important point that I succeeded in establishing was this — that many plant-juices or extracts can peptolyse, but cannot digest the higher proteids, so that clearly erepsin occurs independently in these cases. The present state of knowledge is then this — that whilst all plants that have been investigated can effect peptolysis, only a limited number have been found capable ol digesting fibrin: the plants enumerated above all digest fibrin, and to that list 1 may add the following: the fruit of the Kachri Grourd (Cucuniis Melo var, utilissimus), discovered by Professor Green ('92) ; also various other gourds discovered by me (Melon, Cucumber, Vegetable Marrow) ; the etiolated shoots of Asparagus : the. bulbs of the Hyacinth aud the Tulip ; and the leaves of LIXXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 6i Phytolacca decandra, the only foliage-leaves that I have yet found, out of a large number of plants tried, to digest fibrin. I may perhaps digress for a moment to explain that the wide distribution of proteases in the plant-body is now being paralleled by the discovery of a similar distribution in the animal body. Until comparatively recently it was thought that the proteases were confined to the alimentary canal of animals. But since 1890, thanks to the researches of Salkowsky, Jacoby, Hedin, and others, it has been gradually ascertained that a proteolytic enzyme is to be found generally in the tissues ; an enzyme that resembles trypsin in its digestive activity, but differs fi-om it in being more active in acid (0-1 per cent. HCl) than in neutral or alkaline liquids ; this protease may be distiugaished as " tissue-trypsin." But the most recent and, from the present point of \'\e\\\ the most interesting discovery in this direction is that made by A' ernon, that an erepsin can be readily extracted from the various tissues of both vertebrate and invertebrate animals. Though his paper has not yet been publislied, I have the author's permission to make brief mention of his results on this occasion. In the Mammalia this " tissue-erepsin," as the protease may be designated, closely resembles in its properties the intestinal erepsin, " entero-erepsin,'' discovered by Cohuheim, more especially in requiring an alkaline medium. But the investigation of certain lower Vertebrates (Pigeon, Frog, Eel) and Invertebrates (Lobster, Anodou) has shown that in the latter cases an acid medium is less prejudicial than in the former to the action of the protease. These results demonstrate not only the fact of the essential similaritj- of dis- tribution of erepsin in the tissues of animals and of plants, but also indicate a gradual convergence in the properties of the erepsins ; so that it is not too much to anticipate the discovery of animals possessing an erepsin which, like that of plants, is more especially adapted for action in an acid medium. But I must return to the consideration of the nature of the vegetable proteases, and more especially of the fibrin-digesting proteases. In endeavouring to solve this problem, I have ascer- tained that in certain cases (Yeast, Mushroom) the tissues contain a mixture of erepsin with a fibrin-digesting enzyme, a result whicli finds its analogue in Yernon's researches on pancreatic trypsin. But I have not succeeded in determining the nature of this fibrin- digesting enzyme, in deciding whether it is a pepsin or a trypsin, because there is no method by which all the erepsin can be certainly removed from the mixture so as to leave the other enzyme isolated. However, I have recently made some observations in another direction which, though not yet conclusive, at any rate indicate a method by which a physiological analysis of a suspected mixture of proteases may be attempted. In investigating the somewhat debated digestive properties of papain, it was necessary, as in all experiments of this kind, to use an antiseptic. I tried various 62 rKOCEEDINGS OF THE antiseptics, such as toluol, pnissic acid, and sodium fluoride, with the result that whilst in certain experiments hoth fibi'in-digestion and peptolysis (of Witte-peptone) took place, in others peptolysis was etfected without fibrin-digestion or vice-versa. The latter result is susceptible of two explanations : it may indicate the presence of a single protease of the nature of trypsin, of \\hich either the peptonising or the peptolytic activity was paralysed by the autiseptic : or it may indicate the presence of two proteases — the one peptonising and of the uatm-e of pepsin ; the other pepto- lytic, an erepsin ; the one having been paralysed by the antiseptic, but not the other. Of these two alternatives, tlie first would seem to be less probable ; for it is natural to suppose that if a single protease were prejudicially affected, all forms of its activity would suffer equally. If the second alternative prove to be well- founded, it Avill be of exceptional interest ; for, in that case, these observations will have demonstrated, for the first time, the presence of a peptic protease in plants. Not onl}' so, but it will also point the way to the solution of the problem as to the nature of the trypsin of animals, which may be thus shown to consist, as I have already suggested, of a mixture of pepsin with erepsin. Although my own investigations have been confined to plants, I have found it necessary to include the digestive processes of animals in my remarks this evening : not only because the progress of discovery in plants has been necessarily based for the most part on the earlier discoveries in animals, but chiefly because the processes are essentially the same in all living organisms, so that the subject can only be intelligently dealt ^ith as a whole. It is safe to prophesy that, as investigation is extended more cora- prehensiveljr to the digestive processes of the lower animals, the more manifest will this truth become. Abstract of Dr. Augustine Henry's discourse on Botanical Collecting ; read 19th January, 1905. The actual methods were briefly alluded to, stress being laid on truthful labelling of the specimens at the moment of collection, instead of months afterwards, when identical numbers were often given to plants of different provenance. With the aid of nearly 50 lantern-slides, he showed his travels in China, demonstrating that the popular idea of that country as one vast rice-field was fallacious, as it mainly consisted of vast mountain-ranges cut up by deep valleys. In some of the slides the home of the wild forms of the Chrysanthemum, Primula sinensis, etc., were shown : and the lecturer alluded to the early history of horticulture in China, stating that the first botanical garden there was made 111 n.c. in Shensi, plants from subtropical regions, as the Banana, Areca Palm, and Orange, being introduced. Other slides showed typical forms of subtropical deciduous and evergi'een trees ; and the occurrence of epiphytes and lianes in vast numbers was mentioned. LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 63 Dr, Henry said that the text-book statement that ejiipli3'te3 oF higher types than ferns do not occiir in Europe is too sweeping ; as in the moist warm dimate of Ireland, Cotyledon I'mhilicns in AV^icklow covers the trunk and branches ot the Alder, \\hile Rhododendrons in two cases were seen by him growing on the bark of Finns sylvestris ; and Pi/rus Aacuparia seems to be a true epiphyte in various parts of Scotland and AVales. Dr. Henry alluded to " mimicry " in plants, in the case of two species of LijsimacJiia (a protomorphic genus in China), one of which mimicked Paris quadrifolia, with 4 leaves, w'hile the other I'ccalled another species of Paris with 10-12 leaves. He referred also to the extraordinary richness of species on calcareous soils as com- l)ared with other soils, a fact constantly seen in China, and well marked also in France ; and asked for some explanation. In China, as elsewhere, pure woods were rare, being only formed by a few conifers, like Abies Fargesii at high altitudes in Hupeh, Cupressus funehris in the same province at Io\^"er levels (the home of the Reeves's Pheasant), Pinus Massoniana (almost e^■erywhere in the Central and Southern provinces), other species of Pinus more local ; also certain species of Oak widely disti-ibuted ; and Alnus nepahnsis in Tuniian. The explanation of the occurrence of pure forests was also a subject not comj^letely understood : e. (J., in this country Ash seeded freely, and in some places for a time looked as if it would grow into a pure wood : but apparently pure forests of Ash only occurred on exti-emely rich soil in some districts in llussia. With regard to botanical collecting, three stages had occurred. At an early period plants were collected to be merely named and classified ; in fact they were treated like postage stamps. The second period began with Sir Josei)h Hooker, who inaugurated the study of the geographical distribution of ])lants. The third period, that of the present day, was a step forward, in that attention should be paid to the plants themselves as social organisms, living in harmony and yet in competition together ; and Dr. Henry urged that the time had come, when the hunt for ]iew species should cease to be the sole aim of the collector, and the study of the known species be taken in hand in their living conditions. He advocated map-making of small areas, census- taking, measurements, records of natural seedlings, soil, shade, etc., etc. ; and to illustrate this plan, showed a series of slides Taken in France, the idea of which was to explain how the commoner species of trees behaved at different altitudes and on different soils. These slides included Beech, Spruce, Pinus Cemhra, Pinus montana (which, according to Dr. Henry, often attains 80 feet in height and thrives on peat-mosses and on rocky soil, so thick with boulders that practically no vegetation existed except this hardy Pine), Larch, Quercus sessilijlora and p>cduncidata. He pointed out that these two species differed as to soil and situation, and complained that their areas had never been mapped out in 64 PEOCEEDINGS or TUE LIN>'EAN SOCIETY OF LOJ^DOX. England. The causes favouring the existence of the two very different forms of the common Birch were unkno\^n, yet in Scotland this problem could easily be attacked. The systematic botanists had only asked from collectors speci- mens with leaves, flowers, and fruit : material to be named and classified. Tet in trees and shrubs, the winter stages were of extreme interest, also the seedling stage. Elm seedlings and seedlings showing the difference between the two common Oaks were not to be found in the national Herbaria, and are not described in books. Dr. Henry also referred to the small amount of work that had been done in regard to peat-mosses, and the great importance of studying the ancient forests, of M'hich these mosses were — to put it broadly — the ruins. He mentioned extraordinary growth of trees in deep peat-mosses of the present day, as Alder averaging 95 feet ; even the Oak also occurred. 0\^ing to the small amount of attention that had been paid to scientific forestry in this country, trees had met Avith scanty recognition from the authors of local floras ; and in some cases species (as the Arhutus) were put down as shrubs, though there was plain evidence that they attained the size and filled the functions of forest trees. ADDITIONS AND DONATIONS TO THE LI B II A II Y. Il.t04-1905. Albert. Honore Charles {Prince de Monaco). Eesultats des Cam- pagnes Scieutiliques accomplies sur son Yachts [VHirondeUe et la Princesse-Alke]. Fascicules 27-30. 4to. Monaco, 1904. XXVII. Sipbonophores provenant des Campagnes du Yacht Frincesse- Alice (1892-1902). Pill- Maurice Bedot. (1904.) XXVIII. Meduses proveuant des Campagues des Yachts Hirondellc et Prbicesse-AUce (1886-1903). Par Otto Maas. (1904.) XXIX. Memoii*es oceanographiques. (Premiere Serie.) Par J. Titoulet. (1905.) XXX. Description des Antipathaires et Cerianthaires recueillis par S.A.S. le Prince de Monaco dans I'Atlantique nord (1886- 1902). Par Locis EouLE. (190.3.) Zur Erforschuno- der Meere iind ihrer Bewohner. Gesammelte Schriften des Fiirsteu Albert I. von Monaco. Aus dern franzosischen von Dr. Emil vox Marexzeller. Pp. xvi, 207 ; niit 39 Abbildungen. 8vo. Wien, 1891. Alcock (Alfred William). Catalogue of the Indian Decapod Crustacea in the Collection of the Indian Museum. Part II. Anomura. Fasciculus I. Pagurides. See Calcutta : Indian Museum. Alder (the late John) and Hancock {the late Albany). The British Tuuicata. An unfinished Monograph. Edited by Johk HoPKixsoN. With a History of the Work by the Eev. A. M. XoRMAX. Vol. I. Pp. xii, 14(> : plates 20. {Ray Society.) 8vo. London, 1905. Allen (Henry A.). Catalogue of Types and Figured Specimens of British Gasteropoda and Scaphopoda from the Lower, Middle, and Upper Oolites, preserved in the Museum of Practical Geology, Loudon. Pp. 13. (Append, vi. vSummary Progress GeoL Surv. for 1903.) 8vo. London, 1904". Author. Allioni (Carlo). Scritti Botanici pubblicati nella ricorreuza Centenaria della morte di Caelo Allioni, 30 Luglio 1804- 30 Luglio 1904, di Oeesxe Mattieolo. (Istituto Botauico E.. Univ, Torino.) Pp. 177; portraits 2, plate 1. 4to. Genova, 1 904. G. Mattirolo. LIXX. see. PHOCEEOIXGS. — SESSIOX 1904-1905. /' 66 PIIOCEBDINGS OF THE AIpMta. A Medico-Botanical Glossary from the Bodleian n»anu- script Selden B. 35. Edited by J. L, G. Mowat. (Anecdota Oxoniensia, Med. Lex. i., Part ii.) Sni, 4to. Oxford, 1887. Fraiik Crisp. Ameghino (Florentine). La perforacion Astragaliana en los Mamit'eros no es un caracter originariamente primitivo. Pp. 112, figs. 98. (An. Mus. IS'ac. Buenos Aires, xi. pp. 340-400.) 870. Buenos Aire?, 1904. Nuevas especies de Mamiferos, Gretticeos y Terciarios de la Eepiiblica Argentina. Pp. 142. (An. Soc. Cient. Argentina, Tomos Ivi., Ivii., and Iviii.) 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1904. Paleontologia Argentina. (Public. Univ. La Plata, Eacultad Ciencio, &c., No. 2.) 8vo. La Plata, 1904. La faceta articular inferior unica del Astragalo de Algunos MamiFeros no es un caracter primibiro. Pp. 64, figs. G9. (An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, xii.) 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1905. Presencia de la perforacion Astragaliana en el Tejon. Pp. 9, figs. 3. (An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, xii.) 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1905. Anthor. Annales Mycologici ; editi in Notitiaui iScientiaa Mycologicas Universalis. Herausgegeben und Eedigierfc von H. Sydow. Vols. 1-3. 8vo. Berlin, 1903-1905. Appel (Otto). See Knuth (Paul). Handbuch der Bliitenbiologie. Artedi (Peter). A Bicentenary Memoir, written on belialf of the Swedish Eoyal Academy of Science by Einar Lonnberg. Translated by W. E. Harlock. Pp. 44. ' 8vo. Upsala Sf StockJiolm, 1905. Author. Azara (Felix de). Geograffa Pisica y Esferica de las Provincias del Paraguay, y Misioues Gunranies. En la Asuncion del Paraguay. Ano de mdccxc. (Manuscrito en la Biblioteca Nacional de Montevideo.) Bibliografia, Prologo y Anotaciones por EoDOLFo P. ScurLLER. Pp. cxxxii, 478 : pis. 8, maps 7, and a portrait. (Ann, Mus. Nac. Montevideo, Seccion Hist.-Filos. i.) 4to. Montevideo, 1904. Baikal-See. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse einer Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Baikal- See, unter Leitung des Professors Alexis Koeotneff in den Jahren 1900-1902. Liefg. 1. 4to. Kiel Sf Berlin, 1905. I. Michaelsen(W.). Die Oligochajten dea Baikal-Sees. Pp. 68;Ggs. 0. (1905.) Bailey (Charles). Note on Sisymhrium sfrictissimmn, Linn., at Beaton Mersev, for the last fifteen years (1890-1904). Pp. 7. (Mem. Manch." Lit. & Phil. Soc. vol. 49.) 8vo. Manchester', 1905. Author. Barber (Charles Alfred). The Study of Sandal Seedlings. Pp. 4; plates 4. (Indian Forester, sxx.) 8vo. Allahabad, 1904. The Haustoria of Sandal Eoots. Pp. ]3; plates 6. (Indian Forester, xxxi.) 8vo. Allahabad, 1905. Author. LINNE.VK SOCIKTY OF LOXDOX. 67 Barcellos (Henrique de). ^ec Revista do Centro de Sciencias, Letras e Artes de Campinas. Beccari (Odoardo). AVaiiderintrs in the Great Forests of i3orneo. Travels and Kesearches of a Naturalist in Sarawak, Translated by I)r, Enrico Hilliek Gicjlioli, and Kevised and J'ldited by Francis Hexry Hill Guillemard. Pp. xxiv, 424; figs. (Jl. 8vo. London, 1904. Author. Bedot (Maurice). Siphonophores (Ft-mcesse- Alice). See Albert. Belfast. A Guide to Belfast and the Counties of Down and Antrim. Prepared for the fleeting of the Bi'itish Association by the Belfast Xaturalists" Field Club. Pp. 2S3; (J2 illustrations and 3 maps. 8vo. Belfast, 1902. Belfast Nat. Hist. & Phil. Soc. Bergen Museum. Bergens Museum Skrifter, Xo);dg.\..\ui) (0.) aud Jurgessen' (E.)- Hydrograpliical aud Biolugicid Investigatioiif! in Norwegian Fiords. The Protist Plankton and tlae Diatoms in Bottom .Samples. Pp. 254 ; with 21 plates, and 10 figs, in the Text. fol. Bergta, 1905. Berlese (Antonio). See " Redia,'"' Giornale di Fntomologia, &c. Bettelini (Arnoldo). La Flora Legnosa del Sottoceneri (Cantone Ticino meridionale). Dissertazione Inaugurale. Pp. 213; tav. 6, carta 2. Svo. BdUazona, 1904. Dr. H. Schinz. Bibliotheca Botanica {continued). Heft ('>2. liiMPF (Geoug). llhizodermis, Hypodermis uud Endoderinis der Farnwurzel. Pp. 48, Tafeln 4. 1904. Bibliotlieca Zoologica (continned). Band XVII. Heft 42. BGrnek (C.\ul). Beitriige zur Morphologic der Arthropoden. I. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntuis der Pedipalpen. Pp. 104; mit 7 Tafeln nnd 114 Textfiguren. l'J04. Band XVIII. Helt 4o. EscnERicii (Karl). Das System der Lepisuiatiden. Pp. 1G4 ; mit 4 Tafeln und 07 Textfiguren. 1905. „ „ 44. Dad.vy (Euge.v vo.v). Untersuchungen iiber die Siisswasser - Mikrofauna Paraguays. Mit eineni Anhang : Zur Kenntnis der Xaididen, von Dr. WiLUELJi MicuAELSK.v. Pp. 374, Taf. 2S. 1905. Blancliard (Raphael). Regies Internationales de la nomenclature zoologique adoptees par les Cangres interiiationaux de Zoologie. (Fr. Engl. Germ.) Pp. 57, Svo. Paris, 1905. Borner (Carl). Beitriige zur Morphologie der Arthropoden. I. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Pedipalpen. Pp. 104; mit 7 Tafeln und 114 Textfiguren. (Zoologica, Bd. xvii. Heft 42.) 4to. Stuttyart, 1904. Bordeaux. Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux. Actes, Yols. 30-59. Svo. Bordeaux, 1 875-1904. [Also divided into scries of 10 volumes each.] 68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Boulenger (George Albert). The Flat Irishes of Cape Colony. See Cape of Good Hope : Dept. of Agric. Marine Investigations in South Africa. Descriptions of Two 'New Gobiiform Fishes from the Cape of Good Hope. See Cape of Good Hope : Dept. of Agric. Marine Investigations in South Africa. Descriptions of New Fishes from the Cape of Good Hope. See Cape of Good Hope : Dept. of Agric. Marine Investigations in South Africa. — On a Specimen of Loplwtes Cepedicmus from the Cape of Good Hope. See Cape of Good Hope : Dept. of Agric. Marine Investigations in South Africa. See Cambridge Natural History, Vol. VII. Fishes (Systematic Account of Teleostei). Breda de Haan (J. van). De huidige stand der Eijstcultuur in Noord-ItaUi.'. Pp. iii, 74. (Mededeel. 'slands Plantentuin, Ixxiv.) 8vo. Batnvia, 1904. Bridge (Thomas William). See Cambridge Natural History, Vol. VII. Fishes (excl. of the Systematic Account of Teleostei). Briggs (Ella Marion). The Life -History of Case-bearers : I. Clilamys plicata. See Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. Cold Spring Harbor Monographs, IV. British Association for the Advancement of Science. Eeport (Cambridge), 1904. 8vo. London, 1905. Council Brit. Assoc. British Museum (continued). The History of the Collections contained in the Natural History Departments of the British Museum. Vol. I. 8vo. London, 1904. Birds. Catalogue of the Collection of Birds' Eggs in the British Museum (Natural History). By Eugene William Gates, assisted by Capt. Sayile G. Eeid. Vol. IV. Pp. xviii, 352 ; plates 14. Svo. London, 1905. Insects. Lepidopterous Insects. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Pbalsenae in the British Museum. Vols. IV., V. Catalogue of the Noctuidae in the Collection of the British Museum. By Sir George E. Hampson, Bart. 8vo. London, 1903-1905. Vol. IV. Pp. XX, 689, figs. 125. Plates 55-77. (1903.) „ V. Pp. xvi, 634, figs. 172. Plates 78-95. (1905.) Orthojiteroiis Insects. A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. By W. F. Kirby. Vol. I. Orthoptera Euplexoptera, Cursoria, et Gressoria. (Forficulidae, Hemiraeridse, Blattidse, Mautidse, Phasmidge.) Pp. X, 501. 8vo. London, 1904. LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 69 British Museum {continued). Economic Zoology. Economic Zoology. By Fiiederick Y. Theojuld, lieports 1-2. 8vo. London, 1903-1904. Plants. Illustrations of Australian Plants collected in 1770 during Captain Cook's Voyage round the AVorld in H.M.^. ' Endeavour.' By The Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., and Dr. Daniel Solandee. AVith Determinations by James Britten. Part III. ; plates 2-44-318. fol. London, 1905. EOSSILS, Catalogue of the Mesozoic Plants in the Department of Geology, British Museum (Natural History). The .Jurassic Plora. Part II. Liassic and Oolitic Floras of England (excluding the Inferior Oolite Plants of the Yorkshire Coast). By A. C. Sewakd. Pp. XV, 192; plates 13. 8vo. London, 1904. GUIDE-BOOKS. Guide to the Gallery of Birds in the Department of Zoology in tlie British Museum (Natural History). By W. R. Ogilvte- Grant. Pp. iv, 228 ; plates 24, and 7 illustrations. 4to. London, 1905. Brooklyn. Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. Cold Spring Harbor Monographs. Nos. 1-5. 8vo. Broolhjn, 1903-190.3. \. Smallwood (Mabel E.). Tlie Eeach Flea : 'ralorchestia hmgicoi-iiis. Pp. -11 ; plates ?,, figs. .3. (190o.) '1. Daveni'out (CiiAUi.Es Eexedict). The CoUeinliola of Cold Spring Beacb, with special reference to the Movements of the Poduridaj. Pp. 32 ; plate 1. (1903.) 3. S.MAi.LwooD (Mabel E.). The Salt-Marsh Aniphipod : On-Jics/ia lH>h(»irh. Pp. 21 ; plates 2 & map. (190:>.) 4. Briggs (Ella Mariox). The Life -History of Case - bearers : I. Cldoinysplkato. Pp. 13 ; plate 1, figs. 11. (1905.) h. DiMON (Abigail Cami-). The Mud Snail : l^asm obi^olcta. Pp. 48 ; plates 2. (1905.) Biitschli (Otto). Investigations on jMicroscopic Forms and on Protoplasm : Experiments and Observations directed towards a Solution of the Question of the Physical Conditions of the Phenomena of Life. Authorised Translation by Edward Alfred Minchin. Pp. xvi, 379 ; plates 12, figs. 23. 8vo. London, 1894. 70 I'KOC'EKDIXGS Or THE Buiteiizorg. Flore de Buiteiizorg, publice par le Jardin Botanique de I'Ktat. Vols. I.-Vl. Svo. Leide, 1898-1905. I. Eaciborski (Mahyan). Die Pteridophytcn. Pp. xii, 255. (1898.) IT. Penzk; (OtT(we). Myxoinycetes. Pp. 8.3. (1898.) III. Wild EM AN (Emile de). Les Algues. Pp. xi, 457 ; plates 16, figs. 149. (1900.) IV. SciiiFF.xER (Vi(Ton). Les Hepatiques. Pp. 220. (1900.) V. Fleisciier (Max). Les Muscinees. Band I. Sphagnales ; Bryales (Arthrodoiitei [Haplolepidea"]). Pp. xxxi, 379; figs. 1-71. (1900-1902.) Y. Fleischer (Max). Les Museinee.s. Band II. Bryales (Arthro- dontei [ Diplolepide.T?. i. p.]). Pp. xriii. 381-643; figs. 72-121. (1902-1904.) TI. Smith (JoiiAXXEs Jacoeis). Die Orcbidecn von Java. Pp.viii, r..-)2. (1905.) Bnllen (Ilol)ert Ashiiigton). Japan and Anstraliau Mollusca. Pp. 3, plate 1. (Proe. Malacol. 8oe. vi.) Svo. Zont/on, 1904. Author. 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Author. Calvet (Louis). Bryozoen. /SVc Hamburger Magalhaensischen Sammelreise, Liefg. 7. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 7 I Cambridge (The) Natural History. Edited by S. F. Hakmee and A. E. Shipley. Vol. VII. 8vo. Cambridge, 1904. Vol. VII. Hemichordala. By S. F. Haumek. 1904. Aseidiaiis and Amphio.rut^. Jiy W. A. Hekdman. 1904. Fishes (exclusive of the Systematic Account of Teleostei). By T. W. BiiiDGE. 1904. Fishes. (Systematic Account of Teleostei.) By G. A. BoULENGEU. 1904. Cameron (John) of Bangalore. Note on the Introduction, Culti- vation, and Propagation of Agave rigida, var. sisalana, in the Lal-Bagh, Bangalore. Pp. 2. fol. Bangalore, 1904. Author. Canada. Geological Survey (continued). Contributions to Canadian Palasontologv. Vol. III. Part '3. ' 4to. Ottawa, 1904. On Dn/pfo^aun/s incrassutus (Cope), from the Edmonton Seriea of the Nortli-West Territory. By Lawrence M. Lambe. Pp. 27; plates 8. 1904. Cape Town. See South African Association for the Advance- ment of Science. 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Chodat (Robert) and Lendner (Alfred), line Excursion botanique a Majorque. Pp. 91 ; figs. 21. (Univ. Geneve Inst. Bot. 7 ser. fasc. 1.) Svo. Geneve, 1905. R. Chodat. Christensen (Carl). Index Eilicum, sive Enumeratio omnium generum specierumque Eilicum et Hydropteridum ab Anno 1753 ad Annum 1905, descriptorum adjectis Synonyrais princi- palibus. Area Geographica, etc. Ease. 1-3. Svo. Hafnia', 1905. 72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Church (Arthur Henry). On the Relation of Phyllotaxis to Mechanical La\vs. Pp. vii, 353; figs. 112, plates 28. 8vo. London, 1901-1 SJOJr. I. Construction by Orthogonal Trajectories. (A. H. Church.) Pp. 1- 78. (1901.) II. Asymmetry and Symmetry. (A. H. Church.) Pp. 79-211, (1902.) III. Secondary Growth Phenomena. (A. H. Churih.) Pp. 215-326. (1904.) Mathematical Notes on Log. Spii-al Sj'stems and their Application to Phyllotaxis Phenomena. (E. H. Hayes and A. II. Church.) Pp. 327-349. (1904.) Clark (John Willis). 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Uhlig (Victor). The Pauna of the Spiti Shales. (Palseont. Ind. ser. XV. vol. iv.) fol. Calcutta, 1903. Ulmer (Georg). Ephemeriden und Trichopteren. /See Hamburger Magalhaensischen Sammelreise, Liefg. 7. United States Department of Agriculture (con.). Division of Botany. Contributions from the U.vS. National Herbarium. Vol. IX. 8vo. Washington, 1905. Bureau of Plant Industry. Bulletin, No. 68. 8vo. Washington, 1905. Bull. No. fi8. Hitchcock (Albert S.). Nortb-American Species of Agrostis. Pp. 68 ; figs. 2, plates 37. (i905.) Valeton (Theodoric). Ueber neue und unvollstandig bekannte Zingiberacese aus West-Java und Buitenzorg. Pp. 99. (Bull. I'Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg. No. 20.) 8vo. Buitenzorg, 1904. Vaney (Clement). An Account of the Deep-Sea Holothurioidea collected by the Eoyal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator. See Calcutta : Indian Museum. Verson (Enrico). Manifestazioni rigenerative uelle Zampe toracali del B. mori. Pp. 38. (Atti E. 1st. Veneto Sci. &c. vol. 64.) 8vo. Venezia, 1905. Dei Segni Esterni atti a rivelare nel Bombyx M. il sesso della larva. Pp. 5, figs. 2. (Atti E. 1st. Veneto, Sci. &c. vol. 64.) 8vo. Venezia, 1905. Author. Vogler (P.). *S'ee Schroeter (Cai'l). Das Pflanzenleben der Alpen. Vries (Hugo de). Species and Varieties : their Origin by Muta- tion. Lectures delivered at the University of California. Edited by Daniel Tbembly MacDougal. Pp. xviii, 847. 8vo. London, 1905. Walker (John Francis). The Formation of a Species. Pp. 2. (Geol. Mag. dec. 5, vol. ii.) 8vo. London, 1905. Author. Weiss (Frederick Ernest) and Lomax (James). The Stem and Branches of Lejndodendron selaginoides. Pp. 8, plate 1. (Mem. Manch. Lit. & Phil. Soc. vol. 49.) 8vo. Manchester, 1905. Author. Wendehake (Bruno). Anatomische Untersuchungen einiger Bambusen. Inaugural-Dissertation. Pp. 56 ; Tafeln 2. 8vo. Groitzsch, 1901. Werner (Franz) Eeptilien und Batrachier. See Hamburger Magalhaensischen Sammelreise, Liefg. 7. West Australian Natural History Society. See Perth. Wettstein (Richard von). Handbuch der Systematischeu Botanik. Band I.-II. Theil I. 8vo. Leipzig and Wien, 1901-1903. 8S PBOGEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OT LOK^DON. White (James). Dictionary of Alfcitudes in the Dominion of Canada. With a Relief Maj) of Canada. (Department of the Interior.) 8\'0. Ottcnva, 1903. White Nile. See Swedish Zoological Expedition to Egypt and the White Nile. 1901. Wilbrink (G.). See Hazewinkel (J.). Onderzoekiugen aau het Proef station voor Indigo in de jaren 1903 en 1904. Wille (N.). See Plankton-Expedition. Die Schizophyceen. Willis (John Christopher). >S'^e Colombo : Eoyal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya. Wissenschaftliche Ergehnisse eiuer Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Baikal-See, unter Leitung des Professors Alexis Koeotneff in den Jahren 1900-1902. See Baikal-See. Wood (John Medley). Natal Plants. Vol. IV. Part 3. 4to. Durban, 1904. Author. Zoologica. See Bibliotheca Zoologica. Zoological Record. Vol. 40 (L903). 8vo. London, 1904. DONATION IN AID OF PUBLICATIONS. 1905. £ s. d. March 8. The Royal Society. Eirst grant in aid of Dr. G. Herbert Eowlers " Biscayan Plankton " (Trans. 2nd ser., Zool. vol. x.) . 50 0 0 INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS. SESSION 1904-1905. Note. — The following are not indexed : — The name of the Chairman at each meeting; speakers whose remarks ai-e not reported ; and passing allusions. Abstracts: Botanical collecting(Henry), 62 ; Proteid Digestion in Animals and Plants (Vines), 59. Accounts, Treasurer's Statement, 15. Additional rooms for use, i. Additions to Librai-j, 65-8S. Address, Presidential, 18-30. Africa, South, Crustacea from, 6. Alexandra, Her Majesty the Queen, an Honorary Member, 7. Alterations in Bye-Laws, i. America, South, gigantic prawn fi-om, 6. Amphipods, exhibited by Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing, 6. Anderson, W. J. W., admitted, 58 ; elected, 56 ; proposed, 14. Anglo-Grerman Uganda Boundary Com- mission, Botany of (Baker, Moore, & Eendle), 9. Animals and Plants, Proteid Digestion in (Vines), 4 ; Abstract, 59. Appleyard, P., elected, 4 ; proposed, I. Aquatic Monocotyledons, Axillary Scales of (Gibson), 13. Arctic Crustacea shown (Stebbing), 6. Arum macidatum, Digestion of flies by (Gerard), 58 ; Slides representing fertilization, exhibited by Eev. J. Gerard, 58. Ascherson, Prof. P. F. A., elected For. Memb., 14; proposed, 9. ABsheton, E., Councillor, 4, Auditors nominated, 12. Avebury, Et. Hon. Lord, moved vote of thanks for Presidential Address, 30 ; on Shape of Stems of Plants, 3. Axillary Scales of Aquatic Mono- cotyledons (Gibson), 13. LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSION \ Baker, E.G., S. Moore, & A. B. Eendle, Botany of Anglo-German Uganda Boundary Commission, 9. Baker, J. G., Revised Classification of Roses, 9. Bamboos, Nerves and Veins in Leaves of (Braudis), 58. Bassett-Smith, P. W., collected Crus- tacea, 6. Beddome, Col. E. H., Scrutineer, 17. ' Bedford, Her Grace the Duchess of, admitted, 14; elected, 5 ; proposed, 3. Bee fertilizing Scabious flower, photo- graphs exhibited by Mrs. D. H. Scott, II. Bennett, A., resignation, 16. Bemiettites, model exhibited by H. E. H. Suiedley, 3. Benson, Miss M., admitted, 5 ; elected, 5 ; proposed, 3. Berridge, Miss E. M., admitted, 10 ; elected, 9 ; proposed, 7. Bird-life, photographs by R. Vallentin, II. Birkett, J., deceased, 16 ; obituary, 32. I Biscayan Plankton, Pt. IV. Thaliacea I (Fowler), 10; V. Schizopoda (Holt 6 Tattersall), 14; VI. The Colloid Eadiolaria (Wolfenden), 58; VIL I Mollusca (Pelseneer), 58. Biciura lobafa, Skeleton of (Pycraft), 58. Borneo, Crustacea from (Stebbing), 6. Botanical Collecting (Henry), 6 ; Abstract, 62. Botany of Anglo - German Uganda Boundary Commission (Baker, Moore, & Eendle), 9. Botany of Gough Island, Pt. I. (Brown), 14; Pt. IL, 58. Bourne, Dr. G. C, Councillor, 17. 1904-1905. h 9° IITOEX. Boyd, W., Crustacea collected by, 6. Braga, Dr. J. F., deceased, i6. Braithwaite, Dr., Scrutineer, 17. Brandi.s, Sir D., Remarkable Indian Undersbnibs, 58 ; Nerves and Veins in Leaves of Bamboos, 58 ; rece]5tion of Linnean Medal on behalf of Prof. E Strasburger, 30. Brean Down, Koeleria vcdesiaca from (Druce), 2. [Brent Down is erro- neous.] British Museum, section of Sequoia possessed by, 4. Broun, A. F., "Sudd" Formation of Upper Nile, 2. Brown, Dr. H. T., Councillor, 17. Brown, R. N. R,, Botany of Gough Island, 14., 58. Bruce, W., Crustacea collected by, 6. Bryozoa from Cape Horn (Waters), 3- Buckton, G. B., Hemiptera-Homoptera of Family Membracidre, 3. Burdon, E. R., elected, 56 ; proposed, 12. Busk, Lady, admitted, 14; elected, 12; proposed, g. Bye-Laws, New, 1 , 2 ; ballot for, 2 ; repeal of, i ; suggestions for, 2. Calamosfaehi/s, model exliibited by H. E. H. Smedley, 3. Cambage, R. H., elected, 4 ; proposed, I. Candolle, A. P. de, Prize, Award notified by the Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, 8. Caprellid, exhibited by Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, 6. Capron, F. H., admitted, 10 ; elected, 9 ; proposed, 7. Ceratosaurus, model by H. E. H. Smedley, 56. Chandler, S. E., admitted, 6 ; elected, 5 ; proposed, 3. Cheeseman, W. N., admitted, 9. Cheirosfrohus, model exhibited by H. E. H. Smedley, 3. Chinese Plants, New (Tutcher), 8. Chloephaga antarctica, photographs by R. Vallentin, 11. Christy, T., exhibited "Root" or "Grass" rubber from LandolpMa Tliollonii, 5. Cingidaria, model exhibited by H. E. H. Smedley, 3. Cirolauina;, subfamily of Crustacea Isopoda, European Marine Forms (Hansen), 8. Clarke, C. B., remarks on CorypJia elata, 57 ; Vice-President, 56. Clarke, Miss L. J., admitted, 14 ; elected, 12 ; proposed, 9. Classification of Roses, Revised (Baker), 9- Clayton, J., photographs of Sequoias, 4. Clitheroe, proliferous PUi/ifaffo from (Gerard), 2. Clivia, photographs exhibited by Mrs. D. H. Scott, II. Collecting, Botanical (Henry), 6 ; Abstract, 62. Committee to consider Zoological Nomenclature, 10. " Comparascope," Ashe-Finlayson, ex- hibited by D. Finlaysou, 10. Cones, Pulffiozoic, models exhibited by H. E H. Smedley, 3. Congo, French, " Root " or "Grass" rubber from (Christy), 5. Cori/pha elata, photograpli of abnoriual specimen by J. Waby, 56. Council, Ballot for, 17. Councillors, Special Meeting for electing additional, 4. Crabtree, A., resignation, 16. Cranial Osteology of Families Osteo- glossidte, Pantodontidas, and Phracto- Iremidce (Ridewood), 6. Crayfish, Request for information on distribution of. Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, 6. Crisp, Mrs. C, admitted, 5 ; elected, 5 ; proposed, 3. Crisp, F., Schuhertia graveolens, ex- hibited, 2 ; Vice-President, 56 ; vote of thanks for services on retirement from Treasiirership, 16. Crocus, photographs exhibited by Mrs. D. H. Scott, II. Crustacea exhibited by Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, 5. Isopoda, European Marine Forms of Cirolaninte (Hansen), 8. Cryptogams, Palaeozoic, models ex- hibited by H. E. H. Smedley, 3. Curi'ey, F., a former Treasurer, men- tioned, 16. Curtis, C, resignation, 16. Daltry, Rev. T. W., deceased, 16 ; obituary, 32. Deane, H., admitted, 3. Dicks, A. J., admitted, 56 ; elected, 14; proposed, 10. Diego Garcia, Crustacea from (Stebbing), 6. Digestion, Proteid, in Animals and Plants (Vines), 4; Absti-act, 59. INDEX. 91 Dillenius , J. J., Koeleria valesiaca in his lierbariuui, 2. Biomedea chlororhyucho, photograplis by R. Yallentin, 11. Diplodocus, model exhibited byH. E. H. Siiiedley, 56. Donation, 88. Drawings of Roses by A. Parsons, exhibited by INIiss E. Willuiott. 9. Druce. G. C, Koeleria valesiaca, ex- hibited, 2. Driiee, IT., Auditor, 12 ; Scrutineer, 4. Duck, Musk-, skeleton (Tycraft), 58. Ecology of Woodland Plants near Iluddersfield (Woodhead). 5 ; see also CEcology. Eddison, G., collected Crustacea, 6. Elwes, H. J., remarks on Botanical Collecting, 6, 62. Embleton, Miss A. L., admitted, 6 ; elected, <; ; proposed, 3. Empeirum nigrum, used for nests of Pi/f/o.'ce/es taiiiata, 11. England, Crayfish distribution in (Steb- bing), 6. Epps, J., deceaset), 16; obituary, 33. Eitdijptcs f7;;y/soco/«<',photographs shown by R. Yallentin. 1 1. Europe, Crustacea in Arctic regions (Stebbing) ; — Marine Cirolaninse (Hansen). 8. Falklands, photographs of bird-life in (Yallentin), 11. Farmar, L.. slides illustrating pitchers of yepe7ithes. 12. Farquharson. ^Irs. M. S.O.. proposed, 3. Ferguson, \Y., deceased, 16; obituary, 33- Finlayson, D., exhibited Ashe-Finlayson " Comparascope," 10. Flora (if Liberia (Stapf), 11. Flower, \V., deceased, 16 ; obituary, 33. Forrest. W. R., Crustacea collected by, 6. Fowler. G. H., Biscayan Plankton : Thaliacea, 10; communication (Holr. & Tattersall), 14 ; — (Pelseneer), 58 ; Grant in aid of publication, 88. Fowler. Rev. Canon \Y. YT., Councillor, +• Frankland, Mrs. G. C, elected. 5 ; proposed, 3. Eraser, Mi;-s H. C. I., admitted, 1 1 , elected, 9 : proposed, 7. Freeman, W. G., fruit of Sechium edule. 5. Fry. A., deceased, 16; obituary, 33. Fuchsia, photographs exhibited by Mrs. D. H. Scott, II. Gentoo Penguin, photographs shown (Yallentin), 11. Georgetown, abnormal specimen of C'ori/pka elaia at (Waby), 56. Gerard. Rev. J., exhibited Plantago major, 2 ; exhibited slides represent- ing fertilization of Arum maculatum. Germination, precocious, of Sechium edule (Freeman), 5. Gibbs, Miss L. S., elected, 7 ; proposed, 4- Gibson, Prof. R. J. H., Axillary Scales of Aquatic Monocotyledons, 13. Gilchrist, Dr., Crustacea collected by, 6. ' Gill of Ceylon Pearl Oyster, its Struc- ture (Herdman), 2. Goodall. T. B., admitted, + ; elected, 4; proposed. 1 . Gordon, Mrs. M. M. O., admitted, 14; elected, 5 ; proposed, 3. Gossweiler, J., elected, 10 ; proposed. 8. Gough Island, Botany of (Brown). 14, S8. Grass, Tussock {Poa ccespitosa), used for nests (Yallentin), 11. Greville, S., acknowledged receipt of letter to H.M. Queen Alexandra. 8 ; letter conveying consent of H.M. the Queen to become an Honorary Mem- ber, 7. Groves, H.. Auditor. 12 ; Scrutineer, 4 ; moved adoption of Treasurer's State- ment, 15. Guiana, abnormal specimen of Corypha elata in (Waby), 56. Giinther, Dr. A. C. L. G., retired from Council, 17. Haberlandt, Prof. G.. elected For Memb., 14 ; proposed. 9. Hall, Miss K. M., admitted, 58 ; electe* 56 ; proposed, 12. Hansen, Dr. H. J., European Marine Foi-ms of Cirolaninaj, 8. Heinijjtera-Homoptera of Family Mem- bracida; (Buckton), 3. Hemsley, \\ . B., conmiunication of papers by R. K. R. Brown, 14, 58 ; exhibited specimens of Nepenthes, 12. Henry, Dr. A., Botanical Collecting, 6 ; Abstract, 62. Herbarium of Dillenius, Koeleria vale- siaca from, 2. Herdman, Prof. W A., communication relative to H.M. Queen Alexandra becoming an Honorary Member, 7 ; elected President, 17; Remarks on 92 INDEX. "Comparascope," lo; and on Linnean manuscripts, 58 ; Structure of Gill of Ceylon Pearl-Oyster, 2. Heredity in Rabbits (Hurst), 5. Hippea^trum, photographs exhibited bv Mrs. D. H. Scott, 11. Hodgson, T. V., elected, 8 ; proposed, 5- Holt, E. W. B., admitted, 6 ; elected, 5 ; proposed, 4. Holt, E. W. L., & W. M. Tattersall, Biscayan Plankton, Pt. V. Schizo- poda, 14. Home, J., deceased, 16 ; obituary, 34. Hose, Dr. C, Crustacea collected by, 6. Howes, Prof. T. Gr. B., deceased, 16; expression of sympathy, 9 ; obituary, 34- Howes, Mrs., Resolution expressive of sympathy with, 9. Hubrecht, Prof. A. A. W., elected For. Memb., 14 ; proposed, 9. Huddersfielcl, CEcology of Woodland plants near (Woodhead), 5. Hume, A. O., admitted, i. Hurst, C. C, Heredity in Rabbits, 5. Ichthyosaurus, model exhibited bv H. E. H. Smedley, 56. Indian Undershrubs (Brandis), 58. Irby, Lieiit.-Col. L. H. L., deceased, 16 ; obituary, 39. Isopods, exhibited by Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, 6. Jackson, B. Daydon, elected General Secretary, 17 ; exhibited Linnean manuscripts, 57 ; seconded vote of thanks to F. Crisp, 16. Jesup Collection of Woods referred to, 4- Kammatograph, photographs taken by, exhibited by Mrs. D. H. Scott, 10. Kelp Goose, Chloephaga aiitarctica, its food (Vallentin), 11. Kerguelen, Caprellid from, 6. Knaggs, H. G., resignation, 16. Kodiria valcsiaca from Dillenian hei'- barium, &c., exhibited by G. C. Druce, Lagcnostoma, model exhibited by H. E. H. Smedley, 3. Landolphia Thollonii, " Root " or "Grass" rubber from, exhibited (Christy), 5. Latham, Miss V. A., elected, 8 ; pro- posed, 5. Leaves of Bamboos, Nerves and Veins in (Brandis), 58. Liberia, Flora of (Stapf), 11. Librarian's Re^Dort, 17. Library, Additions, 65-88. Linnean Medal, awarded to Prof. E. Strasburger, 30. Linnasus, Manuscripts of, exhibited by General Secretary, 57. Lister, Miss G., admitted, 5 ; elected, 5 proposed, 3. Low, Sir H., deceased, 16; obituary, 39 Lucas, F. W., admitted, 58 ; elected 56 ; proposed, 12. Luehmann, J. G., deceased, 16 obituary, 42. McLachlan, R., deceased, 16; obituary, 42. Macmillan, H. F., elected, 56; pro- posed, 14. Malacostraca, modifications in, ex- hibited by Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, 6. Mansonieas, a Tribe of Sterculiaceas (Prain), 13. Manuscripts of Linnjeus, exhibited by General Secretary, 57. Martens, Prof. E. von, death reported, 8, 16 ; obituary, 43. Masters, Dr. M. T., seconded vote of thanks for Presidential Address, 30 ; Widdrwgfoma, 5 6. Matthaei, Miss G. L. C, pi-oposed, 9. Maurandia, photographs exhibited by Mrs. D. H. Scott, 11. Medal, Linnenn, awarded to Prof. E. Strasburger, 30. Meeting, Special, for electing additional Councillors, 4. Membracidse (Buckton), 3. Middleton, R. M., resignation, 16. Midland Counties, distribution of Cray- fish in, 6. Mimosa 2mdica, photographs exhibited by Mrs. D. H. Scott, 10. MoUusca, Pt. VII. of Biscayan Plankton (Pelseneer), 58. MoUymauk, Biomcdea chlororhyncha, in the Falkland s (Vallentin), 1 1. Monckton, H. W., Auditor, 12 ; Coun- cillor, 4; Treasurer, 17; Vice-Presi- dent, 56. Monocotyledons, Aquatic, Axillary Scales of (Gibson), 13. Moore, J. E. S., admitted, 3. Moore, S. L., see Baker, Moore, and Rendle. Muff, Mrs. M., admitted, 14 ; elected, 14 ; proposed, 10. Musk-Duck, skeleton (Pycraft), 58. INDEX. 93 Nepenthes, Hybrid, exhibited by W. B. Hemsley, 13 ; species shown, 12-13. Nerves and Veins in Leaves of Bamboos (Brandis), 58. New Bye-Laws, i, 2. New York, Jesup Collection of Woods in, 4. Nile, Upper, "Sudd' Formation of (Broun), 2. Noel, Miss E. F., admitted, 6 ; elected, 5 ; proposed, 4. Nomenclature, Zoological, Committee to consider, ic ; — International Rules and others (Stebbing), 10. Northern Europe, Crustacea from, 6. Nottinghamshire, Crustacea from, 6. CEcology, Discussion arranged, 10 ; Plants round Huddersfield (Wood- head), 5 ; stc also Ecology. Oliver, Prof. F. W., Councillor, 4 ; seconded adoption of Treasurer's Statement, 15. Osteoglossidie, Cranial Osteology of (Ridewood), 6. Osteology, Cranial, of Families Osteo- glossidffi, Pantodontidje, and Phracto- la:niida' (Ridewood), 6. Oyster, Ceylon Pearl, Structure of Grill (Herdman), 2. Packard, Prof. A. S., deceased, 16 ; obituary, 45. PulcBmou jamaicensis, exhibited by Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, 6. Palcsoatachya, model exhibited by H . E. H. Smedley, 5. Palaeozoic Seeds and Cones, models ex- liibited by H. E. H. Smedley, 3. Pautodontidae, Cranial Osteology of (Ridewood), 6. Parasite, Mimetic, from Sunfish, ex- hibited by Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, 6. Parasites, Crustacean, of Whales, ex- hibited by Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, 6. Parsons, A., Drawings of Roses, 9. Parsons, Prof. F. G., retired from Council, 17. Paul, W., deceased, 16; obituary, 46. Felomyxa palusiris (Veley), 13. Pelseneer, Prof. P., Biscayan Plankton, Pt. VII. Mollusca, 58. Penguins, photographs of (Vallentin), II. Pertz, Miss D. F. M., admitted, 12 ; elected, 9 ; proposed, 7. Phalacrocorax imperialis and P. mayel- lanicus, photographs by R. Vallentin, Philippi, Dr. R. A., deceased, 8, 16; obituary, 47, Photographs of bird-life in the Falk- lands, by R. Vallentin, 11 ; of Sequoias, by J. Clayton, 4 ; taken by kammato- graph, exhibited by Mrs. D. H. Scott, 10. Pitchers of Nepenthes (Hemsley), 12. Plant, Sensitive, Mimosa pudica, photo- graphs shown (Scott), 10. Plantacjo major, proliferous form ex- hibited by Rev. J. Gerard, 2. Plants, Chinese, New (Tutcher), 8 ; photograplis taken by kammatograph, exhibited by Mrs. D. H. Scott, 10; Shape of Stems (Avebury), 3 ; Wood- laud, near Huddersfield, Oncology of (Woodliead), 5. Plants and Animals, Proteid Digestion in (Vines), 4 ; Abstract, 59. Plcsiosaurus, model exhibited by H. E. H. Smedley, 56. Poa ccespitosa, used for nests of Pj/go- scclcs teen lata, 11. Pocock, R. I., admitted, 14; elected, 12 ; proposed, 9. Porplif/ra vulgaris, food of Chloephaya autardica, i ,1. Post Office i-ooms acquired by Society, i. Poulton, E. B., comments on Schuhertia yraveulens, 2. Praiu, Lt.-Col. D., Mansouiea;, a Tribe of Sterculiacete, 13. Precocious germination of Scchium edule (Freeman), 5. Presidential Address, 18-30. Preston, Rev. T. A., deceased, 16 ; obit- uary, 49. Proliferous Plantayo, exhibited by Rev. J. Gerard, 2. Proteid Digestion in Animals and Plants (Vnies), 4; Abstract, 59. Publication, Grant iu aid, 88. Pycraft, W. P., Skeleton of Biziura lobata, 58. Pyyoscelcs taniatu, photographs by R. Vallentin, 1 1. Rabbits, Heredity in (Hurst), 5. Radiolaria, Colloid : Biscayan Plank- ton, Pt, VI. (Wolfenden), 58. Reeves, J., proposed, 56. Reid, C, Councillor, 17. Remarkable Crustacea, exhibited by Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, 5 ; — Indian Undershrubs (Brandis), 58. Renault, Dr. B., deceased, 8, 16; obit- uary, 51. Rendle, Dr. A. B., Councillor, 4 ; see also IBaker, Moore, k Rendle. Repeal of Bye-Laws, i. 94 INDEX. Rejjort of Librarian, 17. Ridewood, Dr. W. G., Cranial Oste- ology of the Families Osteoglossida?, Pantodontidre, and Pbract(>loeinidffi, 6 ; Remarks on " Comparascope," 10. Roekhopper Penguin ; see Eudypfes chri/socomc. Rogers, Rev. W. M., admitted, 14. Rooms, formerly in possession of the Post Office, newly acquired by the Society, i. Roses, Drawings by A. Parsons, ex- hibited by Miss E. Willniott, 9. Roses, Revised Classification of (_Baker"), 9- Royal Society, Grant in aid of publi- cation, 88. Rubber, " Root " or " Grass," from LaiuMpJna Thollonii, exhibited by T. Christy, 5. Russell, Her Grace Mary du Caurroy, Duchess of Bedford, admitted, 14; elected, 5 ; proposed 3. Sanders, A., deceased, 16; obituary, 53. Sargant, Miss E., admitted, 5 ; elected, 5 ; proposed, 3. Saunders, C. J., Crustacea collected by, 6. Saunders, E. M., Crustacea collected by, 6. Saunders, Miss E. R., admitted, 12; elected. 10; proposed, 8. Saunders, G. S., Auditor, 12; retired from Council, 17. Sawer, J. C, deceased, 16; obituary, 54. Scabious, Bee fertilizing a flower, photograplis exhibited by Mrs. D. H. Scott, II. Scales, Axillary, of Aquatic Monocotyle- dons (Gibson). 13. Scelidosaurus, model exhibited by H. E. H. Smedley, 56. Schizopoda, Biscayan Plankton, Pt. V. (Holt & Tattersall), 14. Schidiertia graveolens, Lindl., exhibited by F. Crisp, 2. Scott, Dr. D. H., elected Secretary, 17 ; remarks on " Comparascope," 10. Scott, Mrs. H. v., admitted. 8 ; elected, 7 ; proposed, 4 ; show of photographs taken by kammatograph, 10. Sechi'inn edule, exhibited by W. G. Freeman, 5. Seeds, Palaeozoic, models exhibited by H. E. H. Smedley, 3. Sensitive Plant, Mimosa j^udica, shown (Scott), 10. Sequoias, photographs of, by J. Clayton, 4- Seward, A. C, retired from Council, 17. Sharp, C, resignation, 16. Sharp, D., Councillor, 17. Shipley, A. E., elected, 5; proposed, 3. SigU/ariosfrohus, model exhibited by H. E. H. Smedley, 3. Silver, Miss S. M., admitted, 5 ; elected. 5 ; proposed, 3. Silver, S. W., deceased, 16; obituary, 64. Singapore, Crustacea from, 6. Skeleton oiBizmra lobata (Fycraft), 58. Sladen, Mrs. C. P., admitted, 5 ; elected, 5 ; proposed, 3. Smedley, H. E. H., Models of extinct Dinosaurs, 56 ; — of Palaeozoic Seeds and Cones, 3. Smith, Miss A. L., admitted, 5 ; elected, 5 ; proposed, 3. Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, Notice of A. P. de Candolle Prize, 8. Somersetshire, Koelcria valesiaca from, 2. SjMrmminia africana, photographs ex- hibited by Mrs. D. H. Scott, 10. Spenceritcs, model exhibited by H. B. H. Smedley, 3. Squillida;, exhibited by Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, 6. Stapf, Dr. O., Flora of Liberia, 11. Stebbing, Mrs. M. A., admitted, 5 ; elected, 5 ; proposed, 3. Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., elected Secre- tary, 1 7 ; exhibited remarkable Crus- tacea, 5; remarks on '" Comparascope," 10; request for information on distribution of river Crayfish, 6 ; on Zoological Nomenclature, Inter- national Rules and others, 10. Stcgomurus, model by H. E. H. Smedley, 56. Stems of Plants, their sh.-ipe (Avebury), 3- ... Sterculiacete, Mansonieas, a Tribe of (Prain), 13. Storey, C. B. C, admitted, 8 ; elected, 7 ; proposed, 4. Strasburger, Prof. E., awarded Linnean Medal, 30; Letters from, 31, 32; the same read, 56. Structure of Gill of Ceylon Pearl- Oyster (Herdman), 2. " Sudd " Formation of Upper Nile (Broun), 2. Suggestions for Bye-Laws, 2. " Synoptoscope," or " Synthetoscope," suggested for " Comparascope," 10. Tansley, A. G., to open discussion on Oncology, 10 ; on Vegetation (CEcol- ogy), 14- Tattersall, W. M. ; see Holt & Tattersall. INDEX. 95 Thaliacea, Biscajan Plankton. Pt. IV. (Fowler), lo. Treasurer's Statement of Accounts, 15. Tui-ner, Miss E. L., admitted, 5 ; elected, 5 ; proposed, 3. Tussock Grass, Poa ccBspitosa, used for nests (Vallentin), 11. Tutciier, VV. J., admitted, 6 ; elected, 5 ; New Chinese Plants. 8; proposed, 3. Uganda Boundary Commission, Botany (Baker, Mooi-e", & Eendle), 9. Undershrubs, Remarkable Indian (Brandis), 58. Vallentin. R.. photographs of bird-life in the Falklands. 11. Vegetation, Phenomena of (Tansley), i+. Veins and Nerves in Leaves of Bamboos (Brandis). 58. Veley, Mrs. L. J., admitted, 5 ; elected, 5 ; Pdomyxa palmtris, 1 3 ; proposed as Fellow, 3. Vines, Prof. S. H.. moved vote of tlianks to F. Crisp, 16; Proteid Digestion in Animals and Plants, 4 ; — Abstract, 59 ; retired from Council, 17- Waby, J. F., photographs and letter re abnormal Coi-ypha elata, 56. Walker, C. E., admitted, 4. Walker, Rev. F. A., deceased, i6; obituary, 55. Walker, A. O., Scrutineer, 4. Ward, Prof. H. M., remarks on Plantago major, 2. Waters, A. W., Bryozoa from Cape Horn, 3. Whales, Crustacean Parasites of, exhibited by Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, Webb, E. A., resignation, 16. Webb, W. M., Scrutineer, 17. West Indies, Crustacea from, 6 ; Sechium ednle from, 5. Widdrinytonia (Masters), 58. Williuott, Miss E. A., admitted, 5 ; elected, 5 ; proposed, 3 ; show of drawings of Roses by Alfred Par- sons, 9. Wilshire, J. T., resignation, 16. Wise, W., admitted, 14 ; elected, 12 ; proposed, 9. Wolfenden, Dr. R. N.. admitted, 4 ; Biscayan Plankton. Pt. VI. Colloid Radiolaria. 58 ; elected, 4; proposed, i. W(iodhead,T. VV., CEcology of Wood land Plants near Huddersfield, 5. Woodward, Dr. A. S., Councillor, 17; Remarks on Models of Dinosaurs, 56 ; Vice-President, 56. Woronin, Dr. M., death reported, 8. Wright, C. H., communicated paper by A. F. Broun, 3. Yapp, Prof. E. H., elected, 7 ; proposed, 4- Zeiller, Prof. C. R.. elected For. Mem., Zoological Nomenclature, Committee to discuss, 10; International Rules, and others (Stebbing), 10. I'UINTED UY T.VYLOU ANU I'UANtIS, IvED LlON COURT, I'LEF.T STltEKT. PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 118TII SESSION, From November 1905 to Ju>'e 1906. L 0 X D 0 X : PRINTED FOR THE L I X >' E A N SOCIETY, BCRLINGTOy HOUSE, PICCADILLY, W., 190G. I'KINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. RED LION COURT, FI,KET STREKT. CONTENTS. Page List of Publications issued iv Proceedings of the llSth Session i President's Address i8 Obituaries 32, T09 Abstracts of Papers 52 On tbe Original Portraits of Linnaeus. B}^ William Careuthers, F.E.S., F.L.S. (Plates 1-8.) 59 Benefactions, 1790-1906 70 Additions to the Library 77 Donations 108 Index 115 X\A« r^L Publications of the Society issued during the period, Slst July, 1905, to 31st July, 1906 :— Journal (Botany), No. 255-256, 20th Dec, 1905. 259, 30th Sept., 1905. 260, 23rd July, 1906. „ (Zoology), No. 193, 21st Feb., 1906. 194, 23 rd July, 1906. Transactions (2nd Ser. Botany), Yg\. YII. Part iit., April 19U6. „ IT., Sept. 1906. (2ndSer.Zoology), Vol. IX. Part x., July 1906. Vol. X. „ IT., Not. 1905. „ t., Peb. 1906. Proceedings, 117th Session, 1904-1905, October 1905. List of [Fellows, Associates, and Foreign Members], 1905-1906. PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. (ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTEENTH SESSION, 1905-1906.) JS'ovember 2nd, 1905. Prof. W. A. Hebdmax, E.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the Greueral Meeting of the loth June were read and confirmed. Colonel Arthur Henry McMahon, C.S.I., CLE,, was admitted a Fellow. Mr. Jesse Eeeves was elected a Fellow. Mr. Oakes Ames, A.B., A.M., Harvard; Mr. Edward Archibald Smith, M.B., F.E.C.S. ; The Et. Hon. William Geoffrey Bouchard de Montmorency, Viscount Mountmorres ; and Mr. Alfred Douglas Hardy, were ])roposed as Fellows. The Eev. George Henslow, M.A., F.L.S., exhibited the tails of trout and grayling to show the heterocercal origin of the homocercal tail, by means of the hypural bones which balance the vertebra turning upward towards the upper lobe. The Eev. George Hexslow then delivered an address on '• Plant Oecology, interpreted by direct response to the conditions of Life." He remarked that Plant Geography and Plant Survej*- ing — that is, Phytotopography — comprise records of the fluctuating LINK. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1905-1906. h 2 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE distribution of species within definite areas, Associations, the result of Natural Selection, which he defined as the Struojgle for Existence, and the Survival of the better-adapted under the circumstances. Oecology proper, or the Physiology of Plant-geography, implied what had been defined by Prof. Tansley as " The Study of the vital relations of Organisms to their Environment." These include the origin of adaptive structures, as varietal, specific, and generic characters, by means of the protoplasmic response to what was formulated by Darwin as " The Direct Action of the Conditions of Life, leading to definite results, whereby new subvarieties arise without the aid of Natural Selection." These statements were illustrated by specimens, diagrams, and lantern-slides. The President opened the discussion, which was carried on bv Mr. H. M. Bernard, Dr. D. H. Scott, Mr. W. P. Kirby, Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing, Mr. H. Groves, Dr. W. Gr. Eidewood (who pointed out the use of " Adaptation " in two senses), and Mr. W. C. "Worsdell, and the lecturer replied. November 16th, 1905. C. B. Clakke, Esq., E.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 2nd November were read and confirmed. The following resolution was put from the Chair, and after adoption was signed by the Chairman and Secretaries for trans- mission to the President : — " The Eellows of the Linnean Society of London in General JMeeting assembled, 36th November, 1905, congratulate the University of Liverpool on the approaching inauguration of the new Zoological Department, and request their President, Professor Ilerdman, to convey the expression of their good will and good wishes to the Chancellor, Council, and Senate of the University on that occasion." Messrs. H. and J. Gboyes exhibited a number of specimens of British Water Eanunculi, with the purpose of showing the modi- fications in the form of the leaves. They pointed out that the species might be roughly grouped under three headings : (1) those in which only broadly lobed aerial leaves were produced ; (2) those in M'hich submersed multifid leaves -with capillary seg- ments were also produced; and (3) those with multifid leaves only: that although the plants of the first group as a rule occurred only on mud or in shallow water, those of the second and third LINKBAN SOCIETY OF LONBOX. 3 groups frequently occurred together; and tliey suggested there- fore that it required something more than the "direct response to the conditions of life " to account for the different behaviour of closely allied plants growing under precisely the sauie conditions. The Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing exhibited a photograph showing, of the natural size, tlie otoliths from thirty-five species of fishes, a collection made by the late David Eobertson, LL.D., F.L.S., "The Naturalist of Cumbrae." Mr. E. M. Holmes exhibited a leaf and seed of Macrozamia spi- ralis, Miq., from Queensland, where it is stated to cause symptoms of paralysis of the hind-quarters of cattle eating the leaves. The chemical nature of the constituents of the plant appear to be unknown. Prof. P. W. Oliver contributed some remarks on the subject of this exhibition. The following paper was read and discussed: — " Contributions to the Embryology of the Amentiferie. Part II. : Carpinus Betulus." By Margaret Benson, D.Sc, E.L.S., Elizabeth Sanday, B.Sc, and Emily Berridge, B.Sc, E.L.S. December 7th, 1905. Prof. W. A. Herdmak, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 16th November were read and confirmed. Mr. Edward Eussell Burdon and Mr. Charles Gilbert Sogers were admitted Eellows. Mr. Oakes Ames, A.B., A.M., Harvard ; Mr. Edward Archibald Smith, M.B., E.E.C.S. ; TheEt. Hon. AVilliam Geoffrey Bouchard de Montmorency, Viscount Mountmorres ; and Mr. Alfred Douglas Hardy, were elected Eellows. Dr! Edmund Burke, E.Z.S., Dr. Wilham Thomas Caiman, E.Z.S., Mr. William Francis Cooper, B.A. Cantab., E.Z.S., E.C.S., and Mr. Walter Draper, were proposed as Fellows. A letter from Professor Herdman, F.E.S., was read, thanking the Society for the resolution passed at the General Meeting of the 16th November congratulating the University of Liverpool on the inauguration of the new buildings in the Zoological Department, which resolution had been placed in the hands of the Chancellor, and had much gratified the University and the stafl' of the Department. 62 4 PROCBEDIIS'GS OP THE Mr. W. T. HiNDMAESH, F.L.S.,sent three photographs taken by- Mr. J. C. Ruddock in April last of a plant of Shortia imiflora, Maxim., in his rock-garden at Alnbank, Alnwick; the plant this year had 60 blooms, more than double the number it had the previous year. Mr. H. J. Elwes and Mr. Frank Crisp spoke on the difficulty of inducing the plant to flower in cultivation, and Mr. E. M. Holmes also contributed some remarks. Dr. A. B. EE]!fDLE, r.L.S., showed a branch of a Widdringtonia from a farm belonging to the late Cecil Rhodes in Rhodesia, displaying two forms of leaves. Mr. James Saiwdbrs, A.L.S., show^ed a series of lantern- slides illustrating the habits of Mycetozoa. His observations were practically confined to the species seen within a radius of ten miles from Luton. Out of 207 species catalogued by Mr. A. Lister from the whole world, no fewer than 96, or 46 per cent., have been found in the district specified. The species shown were Badhamia utricidaris, Trichia varia, Chondroderma radiatum, and Pliysanim leucopus, with remarks on their irregular and uncertain appearance, and distribution in certain parts of the w-orld. The President commented on the exhibition, and mentioned that a small dried-up plasmodium had long served him for demonstration to his junior classes on the phenomenon of restora- tion to activity by moisture and warmth. Dr. Jonathan Hutchinson, F.R.S., gave a resume of his paper " On the Etiology of Leprosy," which was communicated by the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, F.R.S. , Sec.L.S. ; it was discussed at some length. December 21st, 1905. C. B. Clarke, Esq., F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 7th December were read and confirmed. The Viscount Mountmorres and Mr. James Stuart Thomson were admitted Fellows. Mr. Charles T. Drttert, F.L.S., exhibited an aposporous seed- ling of Polypodium vulgare, with a frond bearing a well-defined prothallus at the tip. The species being impatient of close culture, rendered it difiicult to treat it successfully under glass. He also showed a new case of apospory in Cystopteris montana, presenting the following novel features: — (1) Apospory appearing upon an LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 5 otherwise norinal plant ; (2) entire fronds of abnormally small size characterized by the aposporous diaphanous tissue, which is usually confined to the apices of the fronds ; (3) by simple layering these have, without development of root-hairs, produced prothalli ; (4) in July last this usually deciduous fern produced six minute pinnatifid fronds at the base of a normal frond, whicli persisted, and produced young plants from apogamie buds. The Vice-President in the Chair, and Prof. J . Bretland Farmer contributed some critical remarks, to which Mr. Druery replied. Dr. A. B. Eendle, F.L.S., then gave a report of the recent Congress, in which he was the Society's delegate: — The International Botanical Congress at Vienna in June last was attended by more than 600 botanists from all parts of the world. The most important work was that of the Conference on Botanical Nomenclature, which met daily throughout the week. The publication of Dr. Otto Kuntze's 'Eevisio Generum,' in 1891, had brought to a head the discussion arising, partly, from a certain vagueness in some of the articles of the Candollean code of laws of 1867, and partly from a neglect, by some botanists, of the principles of that code. The actual work of the Conference was to discuss the various suggested amendments of, and additions to, the articles of the Code of 1867, which had been correlated and arranged in the 'Texte Synoptique' by Dr. Briquet, the official reporter-general of the International Botanical Commission appointed at the Paris Congress in 1900. The result is embodied in a set of Eules which will shoi'tly be issued in English, Prench, and German. The chief points of difference between the new rules and the laws of 1867 are as follows: — In the first place a distinction is drawn between Eules and Eecommendatious. The former are retroactive and deal with more important points — names or forms of nomenclature which are contrary to a rule and cannot be maintained. Eecommendatious deal with points of secondary importance; and while names or forms of nomenclature contrary to a recommendation are not to be regarded as a model, they cannot be rejected. Por sake of uniformity the Congress adopted the terms Order and Suborder in place of Cohort and Subcohort; thus Order ceases to be synonymous with Famihj. The laws of 1867 gave no precise date of departure for botanical nomenclature; the new code states that botanical nomenclature begins with the 'Species Plantarum' of Linnseus, ed. 1 (1753). Names of genera appearing in this work may be associated with the descriptions which are given in the 'Genera Plantarum,' ed. 5 (1754). To obviate the loss of well-known generic names by a strict adherence to the law of priority, a list of names, to be retained in all cases, was approved by the Conference and will form an appendix to the new code. The articles of the original code dealing with method of formation of names have been made more precise and placed in the new code O PEOCEEDINGS OF THE as recommendations. A veto is put on the use of the binary form for subspecific or varietal names. Publication is restricted to the sale or public distribution of printed matter or indelible autograph ; the issue of sets of plants with numbers does not constitute publication. On and after January i, 1908, new names will not be valid unless accompanied by a latiia diagnosis, and the same time limit is put on the accept- ance of plates with analyses but without description. Precision in publication is emphasized by two recommendations, as to the accurate dating and paging of reprints from Journals. Priority of place is not recognized ; to the original article of A. De CandoUe, which provided that for names of the same date the author chooses which he will adopt, the new code adds " and this choice cannot be modified by subsequent authors." In the case of transference of names the Congress upheld the principle of 1867, which insisted on the retention of the original name ; a genus, species, or subspecies must retain its generic, specific, or subspecific name, in case of transference, provided its rank is unaltered. Betula incana, Linn. f. (1781), when trans- ferred to the genus Ahms, becomes Alnus incana, Willd. (1805), in spite of an earlier name under Alnus, viz. A. lanuginosa, Gilib. (1792). Where, however, the rank changes in the transference this rule is not insisted on ; thus Primula veris, L., var. acaulis, L. (1753), is written P. vulgaris, Huds. (1762), since the latter combination is earlier than Primula acaulis, Jacq. Where, how- ever, a transference leads to tautology, the resulting combination is rejected; botanical nomenclature thus becomes freed from absurdities such as Linaria Linaria. The articles of the old code dealing with the alteration or rejection of names were made more stringent ; a name cannot be rejected on account of the existence of an older homonym which by general consent is regarded as non- valid — the principle of "once a synonym always a synonym" is not accepted. IN or, as was allowed under the old code, may a name be rejected because it is obviously unsuitable : a name is a name, and once given cannot be altered unless it is contrary to rules. The last article of the code provides that the rules of nomen- clature may be altered only by competent authors at an expressly convened international congress. Several recommendations are appended urging the exclusive use of the metric system for weights and measurements and the Centigrade method of expressing degi-ees of temperature; and authors are requested to indicate clearly the scale employed in their illustrations. The speaker expressed the hope that the new code would lead to uniformity of nomenclature, and thereby save much valuable time for workers in systematic botany, as well as add to the con- venience of botanists generally. The discussion M'as opened by the A'ice-President in the Chair, and carried on by Dr. Stapf, Lieut.-Col. Prain,Mr. John Hopkinson, LINIfEAN SOCIETY OP LONDOK. Mr."'^F. K 'Williams, the General Secretary, and Mr. Henry Oroves, and replied to by Dr. Eendle. The following papers were read and discussed Fritz 1. " Cyrtandreoe Malayse insularis novse." By Dr, KrJinzliu. (Communicated by Dr. Otto Stapf, P.L.S.) 2. " On Characese from the Cape collected by Major A. H. Wolley-Dod, R.A." By H. and J. Groves, F.L.S. January 18th, 1906. Prof. W. A. Herdman, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The IMinutes of the General Meeting of the 21st December were read and confirmed. Ml'. Jesse Beeves was admitted a Fellow. Dr. Edmund Burke, F.Z.S., Dr. William Thomas Caiman, F.Z.S., Mr. AVilliam Francis Cooper, B.A. Cantab., F.Z.S., F.C.S., and Mr. Walter Draper, were severally elected Fellows. Miss Nina Frances Layard, Mr. Frank Morey, and Mr. Arthur Ernest Bousfield Steaius, were proposed as Fellows. Mr. William Caeruthers, F.E.S., a past-President of the Society, on the part of the following list of Subscribers, presented a portrait of Prof. S. H. Vines, D.Sc, F.E.S.. President from 1900 to 1904, painted by the Hon. John Collier, and the President in the Chair accepted the gift on behalf of the Society. Anderson, Prof. E. J. Archer-Hind, T. H. Aveburj, The Lord. Baker, J. G., F.E.S. Balfour, Prof. I. B., F.R.S. Barber, C. A. Bentley, B. H. Bisset, J. Blackman, V. H., M.A. Boodle, L. A. Bower, Prof. F. O., F.R.S. Brandis, Sir D., K.C.I.E., F.R.S. Brown. Dr. H. T., F.R.S. Burkill, I. H. Carrutbers, W., F.R.S. Christy, G. Christy, T. Clarke, C. B., F.R.S. Darwin, F., F.R.S. Drabble, Dr. E. Druce, G. 0., M.A. Drummond, J. R. Duthie, J. F. Dyer, Dr. B. S. Dyer, SirW. T. Thiselton-, K.O.M.G., F.R.S. Edwards. S. Errera, Prof. L. Evans, Sir John, K.C.B., F.R.S. Ewart, Dr. A. J. Forbes, F. B. Ford, C, I.S.O. Foster, Sir M., K.C.B., F.R.S. Fry, G. Fry, Rt. Hon. Sir E., F.R.S. Gamble, J. S., F.R.S. Gardiner, W., F.R.S. Geffcken, A. W. Godman, F. D., F.R.S. Green, Prof. J. Reynolds, F.R.S. PROCEEDINGS OF THE Grocm, Prof. P. Giinther, Dr. A., F.E.S. Giinther, E. T., M.A. Gwynn-Vauglian, D. T. Hanbury, F. J. Hanbury, Sir T., KC.V.O. Hemsley, W. B., F.E.S. Henslow, Eev. G., M.A. Herdman, Prof. W. A., F.E.S. Hill, Dr. A. Hill, T. G. Hillhouse, Prof. W., M.A. Hooker, Sir J. D., G.C.S.I., F.E.S. Hopkinson, J. Ifco, Tokitaro. Jackson, B. Daydon. Jackson, W. Hatchett. Tfanjilal, U. King, Sir G., K.C.I.E., F.E.S. Le Brocq, W. P. J., M.A. Massee, G. Masters, Dr. M. T.. F.E.S. Middleton-Wake, Eev. C. H., M.A. Newton, Prof. A., F.E.S. Nicholls, C. H. Oliver, Prof. F. W., F.E.S. Peckover, A., LL.D. Percival, Prof. J., M.A. Phillips. Dr. E. W., M.A. Potter, M. C. M.A. Poulton, Prof. E. B., F.E.S. Eansom, W. Eendle, Dr. A. B. Saunders, G. S. Scott, Dr. D. H., F.E.S. Seward, A. C, F.E.S. Shillitoe, Buxton. Shipley, A. E., F.E.S. Silver, S. W. Smart, F. G., M.A. Stapf. Dr. O. Stebbing, Eev. T. E. E., M.A., F.E.S. Sutton, A. W. Swinhoe, Col. C, M.A. Trow, Dr. A. H. Voelcker, Dr. J. A. Wager, H., F.E.S. Walker, A. O. Ward, Prof. H. Marshall, F.E.S. Watt, Sir G. Weiss, Prof. F. E. Woodward, Dr. A. Smith, F.E.S. Worsdell, W. C. Mr. T. Ernest "Waltham exhibited a series of coloured trans- parencies from flowers in natural colours, partly by the three- colour process, partly by hand. They were shown on frames specially devised, the light being reflected from beneath, and a frame with a stereoscope slid along above the series. One admirable lantern-slide was displayed upon the screen, to show the success of the process. Mr. A. 0. Walker and Dr. A. B. Hendle contributed some remarks. The following papers were read and discussed : — 1. "The Life-History of Margaritifera Pa^iasesce.'" By A. W. Allen. (Communicated by the Eev." T. E. E. Stebbing, F.E.S., Sec.L.S.) 2. " On some Endophytic Algae." By A. D. Cotton, F.L.S. 3. " On the Organ of Jacobson in Sj^Jienodon." By Dr. E Broom. (Communicated by Prof. A. Dendy, F.L.S.) LINNEAJf SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 9 February 1st-, 1906. Prof. W. A. Herdma>-, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 18th January were read and confirmed. Dr. "William Thomas Caiman was admitted a Fellow. Mr. Hugh Findon, Mr. James Eustace Eadcliffe McDonagh, M.E.C.8., L.E.C.P., Mr. Thomas Hawkes Eussell, and Mr. Erufst Justus Schwartz, M.A. Cantab., B.Sc.Lond., were proposed as Fellows. By special invitation of the Council, Mr. J. Staxlet Gakdiner, M.A., gave an account of the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition in H.M.S. ' Sealark ' to the Indian Ocean, of which he was leader. ^ In 1904, at the request of the Eoyal Society, His Majesty's Government agreed to allow the Author to undertake a six months' cruise in H.M.S. ' Sealark' in the following year, to investigate the western part of the Indian Ocean between India and Madagascar. The author was responsible forthe whole work, and with Mr.Forster Cooper took charge especially of the biology and geology, while Commander Boyle Somerville and the Officers of H.M.S. ' Sealark ' did most of the practical work connected with the oceanography. Leaving Colombo on May 9, 1905, H.M.S. ' Sealark ' proceeded to the Chagos Archipelago, where a stay of two months was made : Salomon, Peros Banhos, Diego Garcia, and Egmont, all ring-shaped reefs with land, were carefully examined, and the first resurveyed on a big scale. The reefs were found to be very largely formed by calcareous algge, and the marine fauna to be singularly poor in species. jS^umerous soundings were put down between the different atolls and banks, and sections were run off Salomon Atoll, where also a series of dredgings was obtained. The talus slope off the reefs was very marked, and the bottom between the different banks was found to be current-swept down to 500 fathoms. The expedition having left Mauritius on August 22nd, the submerged Nazareth and Saya de Malha Banks were examined and dredged. Coetivy was next visited, and its fauna and flora, terrestrial and marine, carefully collected for comparison with the Chagos. The line between Madagascar and Seychelles was then investigated. The low hills of Farquhar were found to be merely sand dunes, while St. Pierre turned out to be a raised coral island. Off Providence specimens were obtained of a volcanic rock, which probably forms the foundation of that coral bank, .llphonse and Desroehes were subsequently visited, and the Amirante Bank was carefully dredged ; Poivu Darros, St. Joseph, and Eagle Islands also being examined. lO PBOCEEDnSTGS OE THE In oceanography, tidal, ciUTent, meteorological, and magnetic observations were made wherever possible, and serial temperatures and water samples were secured down to 1000 fathoms. The charts were everywhere examined and corrected, and the existence of any shallow connecting bank between India and Madagascar was disproved. About 150 dredgings were run down to 900 fathoms, and plankton was extensively collected by closing and other nets down to 1200 fathoms. The reef faunas and floras were especially collected in the Chagos and at Coetivy in view of the distribution of marine organisms, and the islands everywhere were carefully examined, their land animals and plants being collected as thoroughly as possible. The Peesidetnt announced that amongst the visitors who had been invited to attend, all the Trustees of the Percy Sladen Trusr, were present, and he invited their Chairman, Mr. T. Bailey Saunders, to open the discussion. He was followed by Dr. Tempest Anderson and Mr. Henry Bury ; discussion was contributed by Dr. Gr. C. Bourne, who contrasted his own difficulties when in Diego Garcia twenty-five years ago and the facihties at the disposal of Mr. Stanley Gardiuer, Dr. G. Herbert Fowler, Dr. N. Wolfenden, Mr. A. P. Young, Mr. W. P. Pycraft, the President concluding by a few observations, and Mr. Stanley Gardiner replied seriatim to the questions which had been put. February loth, 1906. Dr. A. Smith Woodwaed, P.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 1st February were read and confirmed. Dr. Tempest Anderson was proposed as a Fellow. Miss Nina Frances Layard, Mr. Frank Morey, and Mr. Arthur Ernest Bousfield Steains, were severally balloted for and elected Fellows. Dr. H. C. Basttan-, F.E.S., F.L.S., gave a lantern demonstration of the developmental changes in Zoogloea, of which the following is tlie author's abstract : — Masses of Zooglcea in their early stage were first shown, in which the constituent Bacteria were plainly recognizable. The growth of the masses, their alteration in appearance and in reaction to stain- ing fluids, together with the progressive segmentation which they undergo, were revealed by other specimens. Segmentation was shown to progress till minute spherical or ovoidal units were pro- duced. During the flrst 3-5 days, while these changes are LINKEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. I I occurriug, the masses remain colourless and the ultimate segmen- tation units develop into flagellate Monads or, more rarely, into equall}' minute Amoebae — myriads of one or of the other of these forms appearing (all of about the same size) where a few hours before they were absent. Later, from 5th to 10th day, the ultimate segmentation units of other masses appear as aggregates of brown Fungus-germs. Often the masses as a whole become brown before segmentation has much advanced, and the different stages were shown by ^hich the bacterial aggregates are completely converted into masses of brown Fungus-germs, together with the development of hypha3 therefrom. All the stages in the complete conversion of the Zooi/loea masses into Monads or Amoebse in the one case, or into brown Fungus- germs in the other, are clearl)" recognizable — though it is impossible to say from the appearance of the masses in their early stages which of these three interchangeable forms of life will ultimately be produced. The Yice-President in the Chair having invited discussion, Prof. Dendy enquired what means were employed to exclude the entrance of foreign germs into the hay-infusion, to which the Author replied. The following papers were read and discussed : — 1. " The Structure of Isis liipjniris (Linnaeus)." By J. J. Simpson. (Communicated by the President.) 2. " Note on the Distribution of the Genus Shortla, Torr. & Gray." By B. Daydon Jackson, Gen. Sec. L.S. (See p. 52.) March 1st, 1906. Prof. W. A. Heedman, F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 15th Februar}- were read and confirmed. Miss Catherine Alice Eaisin, D.Sc. (Loud.), was proposed as a Fellow. The vacancies in the List of the Foreign Members caused by the deaths of Prof. A. S. Packard and Prof. R. A. v. Koelliker having been declared, the following were proposed for election in their place : — Oscar Hertwig, Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Berlin University ; and Henry Fairfield Osborn, D.Sc, Da Costa Professor of Zoology, Columbia University, New Tork. 12 PEOCEEDIKGS OF THE Miss Nina Trances Layard, Mr. Frank Morey, and Mr. Arthur Ernest Bousfield Steains, and later, after election, Mr, Kobert Hawkes Eussell, were admitted Fellows. Mr. Hugh Findon, Mr. James Eustace Eadcliffe McDouagh, Mr. Thomas Ha\^'kes Eussell, and Mr. Ernest Justus Schwartz were severally balloted for and elected Fellows. Dr. D. H. Scott, F.E.S., Sec.L.S., described " A New Type of Stem \^Sutcliffia~\ from the Coal-Measures." Prof. F. W. Oliver, Mr. W. C. Worsdell, Prof. A. G. Tansley, and the President joined in a discussion, and the Author replied. The following papers were read and discussed : — 1. " Notes on some Species of Nereis in the District of the Thames Estuary." By Dr. H. C. Sorby, F.E.S., F.L.S. 2. " Membranous Labyrinths of Echinorhinus and Gestracion." By Prof. C. Stewart, F.E.S., F.L.S. March 15th, 1906. Prof. "W. A. Heedmai^, F.E.S., President in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 1st March were read and confirmed. Mr. Hugh Findon, Mr. James Eustace Eadcliffe McDonagh, and Mr. Ernest Justus Schwartz were admitted. Mr. Dhirendra Lai Day, M.A., B.Sc, and Colonel John "William Terbury, late E.A., were proposed as Fellows. Dr. Tempest Anderson was elected a Fellow. A letter from Dr. Chr. Aueivillius, Secretary of the Kungi. Svenska Yetenskapsakademien, Stockholm, was read, in which presentation was made of copies by Jean Haagen of the portraits of Carl von Linne by Per Krafft the elder, and Alexander Eoslin, in possession of the Academy, sent in acknowledgment of the loan of Linne's ' Philosophia Botauica ' interleaved and annotated by the author, which bad been returned a few weeks ago through the Swedish Legation. A special vote of thanks for this most acceptable gift was moved from the Chair, and carried unanimously. Dr. D. H. Scott, F.E.S., Sec.L.S., read a communication from Dr. E. Zeiller, F.M.L.S., conveying his good wishes for a suc- cessful discussion that evening, w^hich he had been invited to open, but was prevented by his professorial duties at the Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines, Paris. LINXEAIN^ SOCIETY OF LONDON". TJ Prof. F. W. Oliteu, F.E.S., F.L.S., then opened the announced discussion on " The Origin of G-ymnosperms." (See p. 53.) Mr. E, A. IVewell Arbee, F.L.S,, followed, on the " Earlier Geological Eecord of the True Ferns." (See p. 54.) Mr. A. C. Seavard, F.E.S., F.L.S., then spoke on " The Evolution of Gymnosperms : the Position and Ancestry of the Araucarieae." (See p. 56.) The discussion was then adjourned to 3rd May, 1906. April 5th, 1906. Dr. A. Smith "Woodward, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the loth March were read and confirmed. Dr. Eobert Brown, of Glasgow^ and Mr. Henry John Wad- dington, of Bournemouth, were proposed as Fellows. Miss Catherine Alice Eaisin, D.Sc.Lond., was elected a Fellow. Dr. Horace T. Brown, F.E.S., and Mr. Frank Crisp were proposed as Auditors on behalf of the Council, and the Eev. E. Ashington Bullen and Mr. John Hopkinson on behalf of the Fellows, and by show of hands were duly elected. Mr. Clement Eeid, F.E.S., exhibited nearly 50 photographs, entitled " Some Plants new to the Preglacial Flora of Gi'eat Britain." He explained that these were dei'ived from material procured at Pakefield, near Lowestoft, and had occasioned many months' continuous labour on the part of Mrs. Eeid and himself. On a former occasion (April 21st, 1904) he had shown a series of drawings from the fruits, obtained by breaking up the matrix and selecting the liberated specimens ; but this process was tedious and unsatisfactory, and he had resorted to photography. The remains Avere black, and therefore troublesome to photograph, but the specimens themselves could not long be pi'eserved, as an efflores- cence occurred, and they fell to pieces, but experiments were now being conducted with a view of permeating the fruits with paraffin, and so ensuring their preservation. After some introductory remarks from the Vice-President in the Chair, a discussion followed, in which Count Solms-Laubach, F.M.L.S., Mr. H. W. Monckton, Dr. Henry Woodward, F.E.S. 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE (who was present as a visitor), and the Eev. T. E.. E. Stebbing, F.E.S,, engaged, Mr. Clement Eeid replying. The following papers were read and discussed : — 1. " A Second Contribution to the Flora of Africa : Eubiaceae, and Compositse Part II." By Spencer Moore, JF.L.S. 2. " The Structure of the Stem and Leaf of Nuytsia floribunda, E. Br." By E. J. Schwartz, F.L.S. (See p. 57.) 8. " On Taiwanites [afterwards changed to Taiwania\ a new genus of ConifersB from the Island of Formosa." By B. Hayata. (Commuuicated by Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, F.E.S., F.L.S.) May 3rd, 1906. Prof. W. A. Heedman, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the Greneral Meeting of the 5th April were read and confirmed. Miss Catherine Alice Eaisiu, D.Sc, was admitted a Fellow. Mr. Henry Eobert Ivnipe, LL. B.Cantab., and Miss Evelyn Janie "Welsford, were proposed as Fellows. Mr. Dhirendra Lai Day, M.A., B.Sc, and Colonel John William Terbury, were elected Fellows ; and Professor Oscar Hertwig, of Berlin, and Professor Henry Fairfield Osborn, of jN'ew York, were elected Foreign Members. The Peesident exhibited a tube of small pearls obtained from Mytihis echdis at Port Erin a short time previously. Dr. D. H. Scott, F.E.S., Sec.L.S., then resumed the discussion on the " Origin of Gymnosperms " adjom*ned from the loth March, by an address on " The Affinities of Pteridosperms and Gymno- sperms." (See p. 57.) The President having contributed a few remarks, then invited Mr. Boyd Thomson, of Toronto, who was present as a visitor, to open the general discussion. He was followed bv Mr. William Carruthers, F.E.S., Prof. F. E.Weiss, Dr. A. B. Eeudle, Mr.W. C. Worsdell, and Miss E, N. Thomas (a visitor). Prof. F. W. Oliver, F.E.S., and Mr. A. C. Seward, F.E.S., then replied, the President closins; the discussion. LINNEAN SOCIETY Or LOIfDOK. 15 May 24tli, 1906. Anniversary Meeting. Prof. "VV. A. IlEBDMA?f, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 3rd May were read and coniirmed. Dr. Tempest Anderson was admitted a Fellow. Mr. Henry Edward Houghton and Mr. Thomas Fox were proposed as Fellows. The Treasurer then submitted the Statement of Accounts for the year ended 30th April, as audited, and commented on the various items. (See p. 16.) Mr. Henry Groves remarked on the satisfactory financial aspect of the Statement, but suggested that some Trustee security yielding more revenue than Consols might be chosen for investment. The Accounts on the President's motion were then approved by the Meeting. The General Secretary read his report of deaths, withdrawals, and elections as follows : — Since the last Anniversary 18 Fellows have died or their deaths been ascertained : Mr. Edward Atkinson. Mr. John Bidgood. Mr. George Bowdler Bucktou. Mr. Vincent Ind Chamberlain. Mr. Thomas Christy. Rev. James Morrison Crombie. Et. Hon. Sir Mountstuart El- phinstone Grant Duff. Hon. Charles Arthur EUis. Mr. Frederick John Horniman. Mr. Frederick Lovell Keays. Sir Robert Lloyd Patterson. Mr. William Phillips. Mr. Richard Rimmer. Mrs. Constance Percy Sladen. Mr. William Sowerby. Mr. Frederick Townsend. Prof, Walter Frank Raphael Weldou. Mr. William Watson- Will. Foreign Member (1), Dr. R. Albert von Koelhker. The followinc: 9 Fellows have withdrawn : Mr. Frederick Howard Collins. Mr. William Dennis. Mr. Charles French. Mr. William Henry Heathcote. Rev. Willis Fleming Aston Lambert. Mr. George Payne. Mr. Charles William Slater. Mr. John Watson. Mr. Henry Williams. i6 PBOCEBDINGS OF IHE '^s' eo o 05 o =o — I _ o o o CO o ^ ^ ^ 5 a =S £ 03 m ■« to <=+i O O -* O TfH I t~ 00 :o 00 o ^ ■* '^ O CO r-( O "M O O i-H =4 >^" 0» O O O Oi c^ ^ t^C5 O t^ o? t^ (M !M Tfi ill ICl r-l 153 Ol (M ~ C5 1— I CO O 14 COi-l bJD CO .3 c5 a> O IS •■= g M Qj ^ ;^ " = o •=5 ._ 1^' '— t~ o 1^:) o CO O O CO o Qv «3 ^>_' >./ ' 00 o ^ o ■^ COCO :0 ^ CO (M rt T-1 lO f-H ^ .s^ ft^ .»^^ iqi-H r- ? ? Cico c :0 "5 r- . O o 5 Q '^ Oi 2 C ^ CO O o O CO O iX> O O O C-l — I C5 @ (§) @ @ (§) r^ lO CO O O CX) c,- O ^ rH O CO .,-. ^~j 1^ -^ L-j Tr -H CO O Tfi Ol "^ ' — I o CO a> o t« : ^O i "S ^ : , a o Mm . •• J,- ^ CO >--"S -is 02 ^P^ !^£ c fc .£ ^ t; EAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 31 His name occui's as tbe discoverer or tlie recorder of rare and interesting marine animals in nearly every faunistic text-book and monograph from 1852 onwards. For more than half-a-century Dr. Norman has been indefatigable in collecting and in elucidating the British species of Crustacea and other Invertebrata ; and the many parts of the ' Museum Normanianum ' form a record of a vast collection which has e\er been at the service of scientific workers both at home and abroad. Bate and Westwood, in their work on ' British Sessile-eyed Crustacea,' make acknowledgments to the Eev. A. M. Norman, 'who has forwarded to us his entire collection of Edriophthalmatous Crustacea for examination ' — and that is only one of many similar instances. Haeckel, Bowerbank, H. B. Brady, G. S. Brady, Hiucks, M'Intosh, Bonnier, Canu, Alder and Hancock, Haddon, Jeffrey Bell, Delia Valle, P. Mayer, and Giesbrecht are some of the eminent marine zoologists who acknowledge in their publications the help freely given by our Medallist. " jS'orman's own scientific writings are numerous, extending from 1851 to 1906 ; and his wide scope is indicated by the Shet- land Dredging Eeport to the British Association in 1868, ' On the Crustacea, Tuuicata,Polyzoa, Echinodermata, Actiuozoa, Hydrozoa, and Porifera.' Bowerbank, at that date, naming a new genus of sponges Kormania, says : ' I have named this genus after my friend the Eev. Alfred Merle Norman, the ardent and accomplished naturalist, to whom I am indebted for numerous new and valuable species of British Sponges.' This compliment Norman amply repaid in 1882 by completing Dr. Bowerbank's unfinished work on the British Sponges for the Eay Society. " A genus Kormania was named by Gr. S. Brady among the Ostracoda in 1866 ; and it may be noted that- imder the dates 1889 and 1896 Brady and Norman are found collaborating in an im- portant monograph on the Ostracoda, published by the Royal Dublin Society. That in 1871 Axel Boeck named a genus of Amphipods Kormania (now Normanion, Bonnier) is only one more evidence of our Medallist's varied activity. I cannot refer to all his papers : they include useful faunistic lists from different parts of the country, records of di-edging expeditions in the North Sea and elsewhere. In the Zoological Society's ' Transactions ' for 1886 will be found his joint paper with Mr. Stebbmg on the Crustacea Isopodaof the 'Lightning,' 'Porcupine,' and 'Valorous' expeditions. " His definition of the ' British Area in Marine Zoolog)^' issued in 189U, has been generally accepted. At the same date he pub- lished a valuable ' Eevision of British Mollusca,' worthy of a some- time President of the Conchological Society. His ' Month on the Trondhjem Fiord ' in the 'Annals and Magazine of Natural History' for 1893 to 1895, followed more recently by his ' Notes on the Natural History of East Einmark ' in the same Journal for 1902-05, could only have been written by a Eield-Naturalist of 32 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE very extensive experience and knowledge. The vigour and aciite- ness of research displayed in the memoir on Splanchnotrophus by Hancock and Norman, read before this Society in 1862, are equally prominent in the volume by Norman and Scott on the Crustacea of Devon and Cornwall, published a few weeks ago. ''Besides his own meritorious studies in those branches of Natural History in which this Society has always taken an exceptional interest, Dr. Norman has even ^\■ider and more general claims on our gratitude and regard. He has ever been ready and eager to encourage beginners in Science. He has cultivated the friendliest intei-course with the eminent naturalists of other nations. His co-operation with French zoologists in the cruises of the ' Talisman ' and the 'Travailleur ' in the Gulf of Gascony, on the invitation of the Ej-ench Government, is well known, and was highly appreciated by his fellow-workers. He has received from the ' Institut ' of France the medal striick in honour of the expeditions. Thus he has been continually a referee open to appeal for information and advice, whether demanded of him by the humblest worker or the proudest Govei'nment. "These, Dr. Norman, are some of the considerations that have influenced the Council in awarding to you this Linnean Medal, which they hope you will accept as an indication of their high appreciation of your services to Marine Zoology in general and to Cai'cinology in particular — services which we hope may be continued for years to come." The recipient made a reply expressing his gratification at the award. The General Secretary having laid before the meeting the Obituary Notices of Fellows, the meeting terminated. OBITUAET NOTICES. John Bidgood died at Bournemouth on 6th October, 1905, from blood poisoning, in his fifty-third year, and was buried at Gates- head on the 10th October. At the time of his death he was head of the Secondary School at Gateshead-upon-Tyne. He was an enthusiastic botanist and geologist, and of late years he had given much attention to colour in flowers, especially in Orchids, on which he had written and lectured. He w-as elected Fellow, 6th March, 1889. Geoege Bowdler Bucktok (1818-1905). — Among other losses of last year, the Linnean Society has to record that of one of its oldest members, and one who served on its Council, 1855-56. On September 25th, 1905, at the ripe age of eighty-seven, George Bowdler Buckton, F.E.S., F.L.S., F.C.S., F.E.S., &c., passed away, " leaving behind him," to use the words of Sir William LINXKAX SOCIETY OF LOKDOX. 3$ Huggins, " the deep grief of a large circle of friends, and a noble example of unwearied devotion to the successful prosecution of scientific work, notwithstanding great physical infirmity." Born in London, May 24th, 1818, and brought up at Oakfield, Highgate, G. B. Buckton was the eldest son of a large family, his father, George Buckton, being Proctor of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, and his mother, Eliza, the daughter of Kichard Merricks, Chichester, Deputy-Lieutenant of the County of Sussex. About the age of five years, Bucliton sustained an accident which crippled him for life, a misfortune which he always bore with courage and silence, but which a man of his strong build and active temperament must have felt acutely. Unfitted thus for public school and University life, he was educated by the Eev. Oliver Lodge, Eector of Barking, and the Eev. D. Meuse, formerly head-master of the Cholmondeley School, Highgate. Popular with his class-mates, he shared their escapades, and was often carried " pick-a-back" by some strong fellow on daring excursions. Left a good deal to himself, he became a fair classical scholar, and read widely. He showed a marked taste for music and painting, which remained his favourite pleasures to the end of ins life. He evinced also remark-able powers of inventive construc- tion in illustrating his youthful lectures on scientific subjects. While scarcely more than a boy he made the acquaintance of Thomas Bell, who lived at Hornsey, and became his close friend for more than forty years. Stimulated by Prof. Bell, he became an earnest student of natural history. With a pony he roamed the Highgate Woods and their neighbourhood, and made careful and verv complete collections of bees, shells, butterflies, and birds ; most of the latter he shot and prepared with his own hands. He became also a good fisherman, and visited the rivers of Scotland and of Ireland. Always keenly alive to the interest of allied issues, his enjoyment of w-orks on astronomy led him, quite early, to grind telescopic specula. Fi'ankland. with whom he afterwards became intimate, vied with him in being the first to produce specula on glass, which method had been lately invented by the Prench philo- sopher, Foucault. Subsequently he worked specula of 12 inches diameter, and, as an amateur, mounted these equatorially. When, on the death of his father, he moved into London, he built a circular observatory on the leads of his house, and made and mounted more than one telescope. It was about this time that he became the pupil, friend, and assistant of Professor A. Hof maim at the Eoyal College of Chemistry. His first recorded scientific paper was " Observations on the deportment of Diplato- somine with Cyanogen," which was published by the Chemical Society, 1852, and translated into Prench and German periodicals. A succession of other papers followed, notably one on his discovery and isolation of the radical Mercuric jNCethyl (Eoyal Society's * Proceedings,' 18-57). The last of the series, worked out with the collaboration of William Odling, was upon Aluminium Compounds, LIXN. SOC. PKOCEEDIXGS. — SESSIOIN' 1905-1906. d 34 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE and was published in ibe Eoyal Society's ' Proceedings,' 18G5. A. list will be found in that Society's Catalogue of Scientific Papers, which however omits his paper in the ' Zoologist,' xiv. 1854, pp. 436-438, on Cyanide of Potassium for killing insects. It was on December 16tb, 1845, that Buckton became a Fellow of the Linnean Society, coming into contact with Yarrell, West- wood, Wilson Saunders, Owen, Huxley, the Hookers, and other naturalists, and contributions from his pen are to be found in our Proceedings, Journals, and Transactions. In 1852 he was made a Fellow of the Chemical Society ; and in 1857 was elected to the E-oyal Society, becoming a member of the Philosophical Club of that Society, whose meetings he attended with great interest (in spite of the effort any journey entailed) till extreme old age compelled him to relinquish them. In 1883 he became a member of the Entomological Society ; and later of the Entomological Society of France, and of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. In 1865 Buckton married Mary Ann, the only sister of his friend Professor W. Odling of Oxford. He purchased the estate of Weycombe, Haslemere, Surrey, then a rural village, where he built himself a stone-gabled house, according to his own designs,^ taking with him his observatory and transit instruments. Here he lived for the remainder of his peaceful and happy married life. Of his eight children, five daughters and a son are still living. From this time, though he kept his chemical laboratoiw and lathe- room and gave private lectures to his children and his friends, he devoted himself to Natural History, beginning with a study of the Parthenogenesis of Aphides, which resulted in four volumes on British Aphides for the Eay Society, 1876-1883, with profuse illus- trations made under the camera hicida, which he lithographed on blocks of stone and coloured with his own hand. This was the first of his valuable sei'ies of Entomological monographs relating chiefly to the obscure and somewhat neglected suborder Homoptera. In 1890 he published his Monograph of Britisli Cicad^e, or Tettigidaj (2 vols., Macmillan), in which he was helped by his children, who collected specimens and worked at the colouring of many of the plates. This was followed by the ' Natural Historj^ of ErisfaUs tenax, or the Drone-fly ' (published by Macmillan, 1895), and finally by a large and important work on the Membracidse of the Woi'ld (Lovell Reeve & Co., 1901-1903), the Supplement to which, with many drawings, was finished for the Transactions of the Linnean Society only two months before the author's death. The original plates of the Monograph have been presented to the Hope Museum, Oxford. His lightness of hand in setting his many hundred slides was remarkable. Often in laying out the delicate nervous organisation of an insect, he would take for the purpose the sting of a wasp, as the finest procurable tool. Various societies and museums, abroad and in the colonies, were in communication with him, and he had a wide correspondence. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, 35 There was a dignity and unconscious charm even in his business letters that one associates with another generation, the simplest replj' communicating the touch oi: a rare and genial personality. Until they were nine and ten years of age Buckton taught his own children in various subjects, from grammar and languages to Euclid, drawing, and physiology. He had an unusual gift of expo- sition, and was ever ready to share his knowledge with others. His humility and simplicity made him one to be easily approached, and he gave often his tools and specimens to small boys who showed an interest in natural history. The story is still told of the stonemason who stopped him in his pony-carriage in the village street, to ask the cause of the colours in the rainbow. One writes: " None who ever met him could fail to be struck with his kindly courtesy, his intense vitality, his wide range of knowledge, and his unflagging interest in every topic affecting mankind." In spite of his physical disabilities he travelled in Italy, France, and elsewhere, ascended Vesuvius, saw the Commune in Paris, and climbed the barricades, his great will-power enabling him to surmount difficulties that would have daunted many. The visits to the observatory, which was built in his garden some way from the house, were abandoned after a serious accident which befel him in the autumn of 1882, when he overbalanced himself in reaching the long focus of a Newtonian. He lay with a double-fractured leg for some hours before he was found ; but his recovery, though slow, was complete. In politics a Conservative, he interested himself in all sorts of public matters, acting as treasurer and chairman on various local bodies. He was a moderate Churchman with broad sympathies, and gave liberally to Church and schools. Among his large circle of friends he numbered many of eminence, among them Tyndall and Tennyson, of whom he saw a good deal. "Though sometimes swift and uncompromising in his judgments, and of a quick temper, he Avas withal of a significant self-control, especially as regards his physical difficulties. Those most intimately associated with him have no single remembrance of moodiness or murmuring. Bather is their recollection, when some unexpected hindrance pi*esented itself, of a lightly sad, resigned, half-humorous reference to his disability, a reference not easily forgotten by those who heard it." One has said that the most striking thing about him was his " magnificent calm." He kept his powers to the last. The fine and picturesque bust exhibited of him by R. Hope-Pinker in the Academy of 1904, showed how little age had impaired his clear intellect and vif^our. He was finishing some water-colour sketches of Norway within a few weeks of his death. The end was the natural end of old age. After three weeks' suffering and illness following a chill, conscious to the last, his spirit passed peacefully, on the niglit of [September 25th, 1905, surrounded by his wite and his children. " Truly a devoted, spiritual, knightlv nature,'" writes the present d 2 36 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE Lord Tennyson, " with a faith as clear as the height of the pure blue lieaA^en. His views and my father's, upon life, death, and immortaHty, were very much alike. My father always used to say, ' My most passionate o,nd earnest desire is to have a fuller and clearer knowledge of God.' " There is scarcely a preface to any of his larger works where Buckton does not incidentally reveal his deep-lying interest and trust in " things unseen." The urn with the ashes, after cremation, was buried, according to his wish, in Haslemere churchyard, in the presence of many friends and representatives of the various societies to Mhich he belonged, the subdued festivity of the place, which was keeping its harvest home, adding to the calm and beauty of a somewhat unusual ceremony. [* * *] The death of Mr. Thomas Cheistt, which took place on 7th September, 1905, removes from us a very constant attendant at our meetings, and for many years a very frequent exhibitor. He was born of an old Quaker family on the 9th December, 1832, and was thus in his seventy-third year at the time of his decease. Early in his business career he went to China, and was there associated with Sir Thomas Hanbury, and whilst engaged in his produce and drug business he corresponded with Daniel Hanbury and other leading pharmacologists. Returning to London in the early sixties, he established himself as nn importer and merchant in drugs, distinguishing himself by the introduction of Strophanthus and menthol. In addition to his special catalogues, he from time to time published a part of his ' New Commercial Plants and Drugs,' of which twelve parts appeared from 1878 to 1897. He was an enthusiastic believer in ensilage, and in 1897 issued a pamphlet on the system. For much of the scientific information contained in these publications he depended upon specialists whom he induced to work with him. Many of the plants thus introduced by him were cultivated in his garden, first at Sydenham, after- wards at Wallington. One of the last matters which engaged his attention was the so-called " grass-rubber " or " root-rubber," Landolinliia TJioJloni, from the Congo. His connection with this Society dated from 21st December, 1876, and he served on the Council from 1883 to 1886. He was buried at Wallington, Surrey, on 11th September last. [B. D. J.] The death of the Eev. James Moreisok Ceombie removes from our roll one who bore his share in the Avork of the Society nearly a generation ago. He was born in Aberdeen, «here he was bapti.sed 20th April, 1830; on leaving school at the age of fifteen he entered at Marischal College, in the University of his native town, thence going up to Edinburgh, where he took his degree of M.A. Prof. Mac- gillivray, his first instructor in natural science, wrote of him: " He LINNEAW SOCIETY OF LONDON. 37 has in all respects been one of the best students I have ever had under my charge, and will yet distinguish himself as a botanist.'' In a clerical cajDacity he was first licensee in Edinburgh in the Established Church of Scotland in 1858, and was ordained a minister of that communion in 1862, His first essay in natural history was his small volume, ' Braemar, its Topography and Natural History,' Aberdeen, 1861, Svo. This was written during his probation at Castleton ; later he was stationed at North Leith, before he came to London as assistant to Dr, John Gumming. He had a ministerial charge at Swallow Street, Piccadilly ; and on its sale, served for many years as an acting -chaplain to the forces at Aldershot. In spite of these claims upon his time he managed to engage in botanic work, especially devoting himself to lichenology, in whicli branch he published his first paper in the ' Journal of Botany ' for 1869, in three parts, entitled "New British Lichens," many of whicli were described from his own collecting. He was at this time an indefatigable pedestrian, and would even pass the night among the heather, in order to get at plants he wanted ; thongh most averse to trade collectors, with whom he sometimes had warm disputes in the wilder districts. In the next year he brought out a manual for British lichenologists, namely, ' Lichenes britannici, sen lichenum in Anglia, Scotia et Hibernia vigentium enumeratio,' Londini, 1870. Erom this time onward to 1893 Crombie pub- lished many papers on his favourite study, in which he ranged himself with Nylander, and against the symbiotic nature of the lichen. He described many novelties from the Arctic and Ant- arctic regions, and investigated de novo the lichens of Dillenius and of Withering. Eor the Trustees of the British Museum he undertook an enumeration of the British Lichens in the Depart- ment of Botanj', of which the fii"st volume came out in 1894 as ' A Monograph of the Lichens found in Britain,' &c., but the second volume was not completed in the author's lifetime. He •was elected a Eellow of the Liunean Society, 6th May, 1868, and served on the Council from 1879 to 1882 ; in 1879 also he became Lecturer on Botany at St. Mary's Hospital Medical School till 1891. Shortly after his retirement from this lectureship he removed to Ewhurst, Surrey, and there quietly lived till his death on 12th May, 1906. His herbarium is now at the British Museum (Natural History). [B. D. J.] The Right Hon. Sir Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff, G.C.S.I., was the son of James Cunningham Grant Duff, the author of the ' History of the Mahrattas,' and Jane Catherine, the only child of Sir Whitelaw Ainslie, author of the ' Materia Medica of Hindostan,' published at Madras in 1813, and recast in two volumes, London, 1826. He was born at Eden, Aberdeen- shire, 21st February, 1829, received his education successively at 38 PEOCEEDDfGS Or THE Edinburgh Academy, the Grange, Bishop Wearraouth, and Balliol College, Oxford, where he took a second class in 1850, and was called to the Bar in 1854, of the Inner Temple. He declared that " the chief interests of his life were politics and administra- tion," of which abundance fell to his share. He represented the Elgin Burghs in Parliament from 1857 to 1881, and held office as Under-Secretary of State for India, 1868-1874 ; Under-Secretary for the Colonies, 1880-81, which post he quitted to become Governor of Madras, which he held for five years to 1886. Connected as he w^as on both father's and mother's sides with India, this appointment was congenial. He had previously been Lord Eector of Aberdeen University, 1866-69, and after his return to England he was President of the Koyal Geographical Society, 1889-93, of the Eoyal Historical Society, 1892-99, a Trustee of the British Museum from 1903, and a Member of the Senate of London University from 1891. Amongst these varied scenes he mingled with the best informed people, which furnished him with material for his fourteen volumes of ' Notes,' embracing a period of fifty years, from the time of his taking his degree to the First Council of King Edward VII. Besides three or four political works, he wrote three memoirs — of Sir Henry Maine (1892), Ernest Eenan (1893), and an appi-eciative notice of the fourth Baron de Tabley, which was prefixed to that nobleman's posthumous * Elora of Cheshire,' in 1899, He described his recreations as ^' fencing, botanising, travelling, conversation." In 1859 he married Anna Julia, only daughter of Edward Webster, Ealing, by whom he had four sons and as many daughters. He was elected into our Society 18th April, 1872, and in 3 881 also into the Eoyal Society. He died on 12th January, 1906. [B. D. J.J The Hon. Charles Arthur Ellis was born at Lisbon in December 1839. He w-as the third son of Lord Howard de Walden, the sixth Baron and a distinguished diplomatist who represented Great Britain as Minister in Lisbon and Brussels, at which places Charles passed the first years of his life. He received his education at Harrow, and after having graduated at Balliol College, Oxford, he qualified as a bari'ister of the Inner Temple. Erom an early age he showed great fondness for Natural History ; without entering into a methodical study of the subject, he cultivated it by reading, collecting and keeping every kind of living animals for the purpose of observing their habits. Of sport he saw and enjoyed as much as a man can desire, but this home experience as a sportsman only served him as an apprenticeship for the travels and expeditions which he undertook in the desire to see wild nature iu her grandest and pui'est aspects. In 1861-62 he paid his first visit to Canada and the United States under exceptionally favourable conditions. A friend of his father's, Admiral E. W. Vausittart, who com- LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDO:S 39 iiiancled at tlie time the ' Ariadne ' which escorted H.R.H. the Prince of Wales ou his visit to America, invited ElHs to be his guest on the occasion. Daring the progress of the Prince's visit, Ellis remained attached to the retinue, seeing in a short time more of the couutrv than would have been possible to him, if he had travelled by himself, and preparing himselt' for other visits which he made in subsequent years and which he extended into many parts of the Far West. The object of these later visits was mainly sport with rod and gun, and several seasons were devoted to the big game of the Rocky Mountains ; he travelled southwards into Mexico and British Gruiana, attempting even the iiscent of Koraima, a feat accomplished many years later by Im Thurn. The accounts of the wonderful success of sportsmen in South Africa induced him to undertake an expedition into that continent. Having secured the goodwill and assistance of a professional hunter, John Dunn, who enjoyed the special favour of the Zulu King, he was able to penetrate into, and shoot in parts of the I'ountry which were closed to the majority of travellers, and, therefore, still teeming with ever_y variety of big game. On this expedition he met with a serious accident, as far as his friends know, the only one that befel him during his wanderings. A crocodile seized him by the leg inflicting dangerous wounds, by which he was kept for six weeks a close prisoner in a Kaffir kraal. On the invitation of Lord Dufferiu, then Governor-General and A'iceroy of Canada, he fished in 1S79 the Grand Cascapedia River, Bay of Chaleur, in the Province of Quebec, having for his companions Mr. L. Iveson and Captain G. A. Percy. An idea of the abundance of fish in that river at that time may be gathei'ed from the record kept by Ellis of that expedition. Between June lUth and August 14th he fished on 4-4 days, during which he caught to his own rod 269 salmon of an aggregate weight of 6714 pounds ; 53 weighed between 30 and 44 pounds. In 1882 he visited India and organized an expedition into Eastern Turkestan ; travelling by the usual route through Cash- mere and Leh, and spending the winter in Tarkand and Kashgar. During this expedition he had an opportunity of releasing a Punjabi trader from an embarrassing situation : and from a sense of gratitude, this man not only kept up a correspondence with Ellis after his return to England, but also sent him a series of some thirty heads of Ovis poU, such as is not likely to be ever brought together again. On his journey home Ellis visited Japan, some of the South Sea Islands, and Xew Zealand, without making a protracted stay in any of these countries. After his return to England he gradually laid aside gun and rod, and finally selected Surrey for his residence. In the charming neighbourhood of Haslemere he built Frensham Hall, a 40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE commodious house, in wliicli be could find room for the numerous trophies, and other objects of interest which he had collected during his wandei'ings, and to Avliich many reminiscences of his life were attached. It was among them that his friends had an opportunity of learning something of his experiences in foreign countries. Pictures, chiefly of Mammals, Birds, and Fishes — among them many originals by Joseph Wolf — adorned the Malls. The surroundings of the house, which is situated on the top of a ridge, the well-wooded slope and the plantations of the valley were devoted to the cultivation of an immense variety of hardy plants; a collection of ligneous plants was an object of his special care and attention. Ellis did not care about plants or animals which would have to be kept under artificial conditions or in confinement. But in the Avell-watered low-lying part of his grounds he had constructed a series of ponds for the acclima- tization of such species of Fishes, Frogs, and Tortoises as might be expected to thrive in our climate. The continent of Europe and jN^orth America supplied most of the species of the Frensham Colony ; he obtained large consignments of Bull-frogs, Tree-frogs, Freshwater Turtles, and for the last five years he had the pleasure of seeing the majority sufficiently well established and regularly bi'eeding in his ponds. The progress of the growth of his planta- tions and the observation of the habits of his aquatic animals were a never-failing source of delight to him, and the correspondence with his friends teems with valuable hints and interesting facts. He joined the Society on 18th February, 1897, and was one of the generous donors enabling the Society to acquire the Swainson correspondence. He was not married, and died on the 30th March, 1906. [A. G.] Fredertck Joiln" Horniman" died on the 5th March, 1906, at Falmouth House, Hyde Park Terrace, London, in his 71st year. He was a native of Bridgewater, Somerset, where he was born on the 8th October, 1835, and was educated at the Friends' College, Croydon. He entered into business as partner in the well-known firm of W. H. & F. J. Horniman, which afterwards was made into a company. Throughout his life he collected largely and travelled widely, visiting North America, China and Japan, Ceylon, Burma, and British India. His collections were gathered into a Museum, which in 1901 was presented by him to the London County Council in trust as a public museum ; the gift was stated to have cost the donor £40,000. He sat for the boroughs of Peuryn and Falmouth as a Liberal from 1895 till the recent dissolution, when failing strength determined his retirement. He was elected a Fellow of this Society 2nd March, 1896, and belonged also to the Koyal Geographical, Zoological, and other societies. He was twice married, and left an only son, who was returned to Parliament for Chelsea last January, thus preserving the connection of his family with the House of Commons. [B. D. J.] LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, 4 1 HuDOLPH Albert ton Koellikeb was born at Zurich iu Switzer- land on the 6tli of July, 1817. Before his death, on the 2nd of November, 1905, he bad become Geheimrat Prof. Dr. Eudolph Albert von Koelliker. His long life was filled with science. But just as a caisson may be tilled with cannon balls and yet have room for bullets and shot, so Koelliker i'o;ind means to dovetail in with intellectual pursuits many other activities. His ambition did not need to spurn delights, while he was living laborious days. From boyhood to old age he rejoiced in every sort of athletic exercise. His agreeable " Beminiscences,"' published in 1S9SJ, diversify the details of anatomical research with glimpses of his exploits and powers of endurance in sl-XEA^' SOCIETY OF L0XD02f. 43 the sperm-threads, both of which are equivalent io nuclei, and probably ai*e characterized chemically by the so-called Kucleiii. By the conjugation of one of these male and one of these female nuclear structures arises the first nucleus of the new creature, which is therefore to be regarded as a hermaphroditic formation, and appears as carrier of male and female characters. From this lirst embryonic nucleus all nuclei of the perfected creature are derived in iin interrupted succession, and these therefore are likewise representatives of both the generating organisms. Through special operations of their minutest constituent particles, the nuclei condition first the phenomena of multiplication of the cells, and secondly their growth in volume and quality. Typical conformations of particular organs and complete organisms are the result of definite combinations of cell-diA isions and pro- <:esses of cell-growth, and therefore the nuclei, by means of their typical forces derived from the generative elements, dominate the whole constituent process of the organisms, or, in one word, the inhei'itance. In agreement with his friend Xiigeli's views as to the vegetable kingdom, Koelliker believed in a polyphyletic origin for the animal kingdom. He did not accept Ontogeny as any guide to a general Phylogeny, arguing that the stages of development in one group of creatures might recapitulate the genealogical history of that group, without in any way proving its relationship to other groups. He courteously but emphatically explains his attitude of opposition to Darwin, Haeckel, and Weismann. To the manifolding of organisms through the natural selection of favour- able variations, he opposes his own idea that " the origin of the whole organized world is to be accounted for by a great plan of evolution continually driving on the simpler forms to more and more diversified developments." There is something unsatisfying in a doctrine which seems to say that the world has been evolved by a plan of evolution which evolves it. But naturally the acute professor has much to say to make bis opinion wear an air of plausibility. For those who advocate a whole forest of genea- logical trees in ])lace of one grand many-branching stem, there is at least this to be said. Any complete and self-consistent theory of evolution must surely have its basis, not in spontaneous generation, but in some orderly transition from the inorganic to the organic. That the requisite conditions for this should have occurred only at one point of time and one point of space, and have produced only one or two organisms, is not on the whole very probable. Nature works with so much affluence that very rarely does any known thing prove in the end to be really rare. "When the undiscoverable is discovered, one expects soon to hear that the new rarity is in fact freely disseminated through the universe. It is quite conceivable that in jjast ages countless specimens of the simplest organic type were produced and that they are still being produced, but none the less all chance of 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE favourably starting independent phylogenies may have come to an end at a very early period through the domineering capacity of some masterful race. On these questions the open mind is still as ever desirable. Indefatigable, minute investigation of facts, by men like Koelliker, can never be dispensed with. [T. R. E. S.] Sir EoBEET Lloyd Patterson, Knight Bachelor, Deputy Lieutenant, Justice of the Peace, and Pellow of the Societ}"" since 17th April, 1874, was the son of Robert Patterson, P.E.S., the zoologist, and was born at Belfast on 28th December, 1836. He went to school at the Eoyal Academical Institution, Belfast, and afterwards spent some time at Stuttgart. Eeturning to Belfast, he joined in business with Eichardson Brothers, in the staple trade of flax, yarn, and hnen ; in 1858 he set up on his own account, and a prosperous career resulted till his retii-ement in 1886. His work in connection with the Chamber of Commerce was from 186-1 onvt-ard ; he was twice its President, in 1880 and 1895, and was Honorary Treasurer at the time of his death ; he was knighted in August 1902. His recreations were in natural history ; his favourite cruising ground Avas Belfast Lough, and he was constantly scanning its fauna : in 1880 he published a volume on ' The Birds, Pishes, and Cetacea of Belfast Lough,' which ran into a second edition. He was a constant contributor to the ' Ii-ish Naturalist,' ' The Pield,'" and Nature Notes published weekly in the ' Northern Whig.' He had a fine collection of Irish birds, and gave many specimens to the Patterson Museum, established at the People's Palace. An active supporter of the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society, he twice filled the chair, in 1881 and 1894. The 'Northern Whig' summarised his life thus in a leading article : — " The death of Sir Eobert Lloyd Patterson, although not unexpected by his relatives and by those who knew his recent condition of health, will come Avith something of a shock to the public, long accustomed to his active and vigorous presence in their midst. Sir Eobert represented a type now less often seen — the shrewd and active business man, who also finds leisure thoroughly to cultivate some branch of science or literature and to make a name for himself in connection with it." [B. D. J.] William Phillips was born at Presteign in Eadnorshire in May 1822, migrated to Shrewsbuiy at the age of ten, and there breathed his last, on 22nd October, 1905, in his 84th year. It was not till about 1861 that he took up the study of Botany, at first in a general sense, afterwards concentrating his attention on Fungi. He was a neighbour of the Eev. W. A. Leighton, author of the well-known ' Flora of Shrewsbury,' and ' The Lichen-flora of Great Britain,' 1871, etc. Mr. Phillips drew up a list of flowering plants and ferns of the neighbourhood, for lilNNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 45 Pigeon's ' Handbook of Shrewsbury,' and he was connected with the Caradoc Field Club, as botanic referee from 1S73 up to the time of his death, when he was Vice-President. He prepared and issued four fasciculi of ' Elvellacei bi'itan- nici,' from 1874 to 1881. His contributions published in our issues were : — " On a new species of Helvella (//. californica , Phillips)," Transactions, ser. 11. Bot. i. (1880) p. 423, pi. 48 ; " A Kevision of the Genus Vihrissea" ih. ii. (1881) pp. 1-10, pis. 1, 2 ; and "Some Observations on the 'Breaking' of the Shropshire Meres," which came out in our Proceedings, 1881-82, p. 2y. This last was amplified in an account issued in the seventh volume of the ' Transactions ' of the JShropsliire Archeo- logical Society in 1884 ; and the subject was again taken up, read before the Cai-adoc Field Club, and published in ' The Midland Naturalist,' with two coloured plates, in 1893. His most extensive work, and only volume, was ' A Manual of British Discomy- cetes ' in the International Science Sez'ies in 1887 ; other papers were contributed to the local societies named, and with Dr. Plou- right he Avew up two papers on " New and JRare British Fungi." which appeared in ' Grevillea ' in 1873-74. Always fond of antiquarian research, latterly he gave nearly the whole of his leisure to that study, but preserved his interest in botany to the last. A short time before his death, his health failed somewhat ; an attack of heart-trouble had appai'ently yielded to medical treatment, but in the same night he passed quietly away during sleep. He was buried amidst tokens of universal mourning on the part of friends and fellow-citizens. Quiet and unassuming, he did an immense amount of work, not only in botany and archaeology, but in more purely local requirements, as at the Museum, on the public documents, and similar work, at the same time shunning publicity. His con- nection with the Liuuean Society began 3rd June, 1875, and he was also a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. The genus of Fungi Pliillipsia was established in our Journal in 1881, by the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, in honour of our deceased Fellow. [B. D. J.] EiCHAED RiMMEE,who died at his residence, Dalawoodie, Dumfries, on 19th August, 1906, was a keen all-round naturalist, but he paid special attention to the Mollusca of Britain. He was elected Fellow of our Society on 1st May, 1879, and in the following year he brought out a small volume on his favourite subject, entitled 'The Land and Fresh- water Shells of the British Islands,' London, 1880, 8vo., of more than 200 pages and a dozen plates, some of which were produced by pliotograj)hv, one of the earliest applications of that art to malacologic illustration. In 1887 he removed from Westboume Crescent, Hyde Park, to 8t. Albans, and after two years in that town he migrated to Dumfries, where he ended his days, at the age of 79. [B. D. J.l 46 PROCEEDINGS OE THE Mrs. Percy Sladen, 1848-190G. — Constance Anderson, daughter of the Lite William Charles Anderson, M.E.C.S., J. P., sometime ►Sherifi: of York, was born in that city on the 11th of August^ 1848. The noble minster of her native place may be credited with Laving kindled in her an enthusiasm for architecture and antiquarian lore. One of her brothers, Dr. Tempest Anderson, M.D., D.Sc, P.L.S., has informed us that in the outset of life her taste was cultivated at the York School of Art and in Eome. Among the results of the proficiency thus attained are spirited accounts of some important English churches, which she published at the prompting and under the editorship of Professor Bonney, P. U.S., in 1884 and 1890. One of these essays describes the grand cathedral with which from childhood she had been familiar. The others are concerned vrith the less I'enowned but archaeologically and otherwise very interesting parish churches of Louth, Halifax, and Bradford, and the Abbey church of Selby. In j-egard to the last of these, the authoress remarks that "to give any idea of the beauty of the interior, words utterly fail,"' and then proceeds, with perhaps designed inconsistency, by her ovvTi skilfully worded sketch to- evoke a very pleasing conception of its numerous charms. Upon wedding Mr. Percy Sladen in 1890 she readily allowed her lively intelligence to be directed to a new sphere of interest. Por five years after his marriage Sladen continued to be, as he had been for five years before it. Zoological Secretary of this Society. The President in his address has explained how the sympatLy between genial husband and genial wife led eventually to tbe foundation of the Pei-cy-Sladen Trust, a boon to science great in promise and already not insignificant in performance. Before this came about there had to be intervening days of sunshine and days of sorrow. In 1898 the husband inherited a large fortune. In 1900 the ^vife became a widov/. Thus it fell to her lot to carry out his wishes, and to show in only too brief opportunity that she knew how to make no ignoble use of riches. In the tribute of this memorial notice she herself enjoys a sorrowful primacy, won by what in the language of human ignorance we call her untimely death on the 17th of January, 1906. In the ranks of women who have been expressly honoui-ed by the Linnean Society, the past yields two conspicuous examples — Lady Smith, who survived her husband, our Pounder, for nearly fifty-six years, and Queen Victoria, who was for a still longer period our gracious patron. But neither of these remarkable persons was eligible for the ordinary Peilowship, to which Mrs. Percy Sladen was admitted, with a bevy of other ladies, on the memorable 19th of January, 1905, when the tardy recognition of women's aptitude for biological research received its inaugural blessing so far as this great house of science was able to bestow it. [T. E. R. S.] William Soweeby, who died on 9th March, 1906, at his residence at Baker's End, Ware, Herts, aged 79, came of a family well known in the records of natural history in this country. His LIITNEAN SOCTETT OF LONDOX. 47 grandfather, James So\verby, A.L.S. (1757-1822), is known for his draAviuf^s in ' English Botany ' and ' Coloured Drawings of English Fungi,' and his three sons, James De Carle Sowerby, F.L.S., George Brettingham Sowerby, F.L.S., and Charles Edward Sowerby, A.L.S., continued the family tradition as botanic artists or conch ologists. The subject of our notice, the son of James De Carle Sowerby^ was born in 1827. About the year 1844 he became assistant to his father, the first Secretary to the Eoyal Botanic Society, Eegent's Park, -v^hom he ultimately succeeded about 1869, In 1880 he noticed the presence of a freshwater Medusa in the tank in Mhieh the great water-lily Victoria regia was cultivated in the Gardens under his charge, and the singular occurrence in fresh-water was investigated independently by the late Prof. Allman, at that time our President, and Prof. E. Bay Lankester. The President described the animal as Limnocodium Victoria in our ' Journal,' Zoology (xv. pp. 181-137), while Prof. Lankester suggested that L. Sotverbii would appropriately commemorate the discoverer. In 1895 Mr. Sowerby resigned his post, and was suc- ceeded by his son, Mr. J. B. Sowerby, the present Secretarj-. He was elected Eellow, 7th March, 1872. [B. D. J.] Eeedeeick Towksekd, who died at Cimiez, Alpes-Maritimes, on 16th December, 1905, at the age of 83, was elected comparatively recently into the Linnean Society, on 18th April, 1878. He was born at Eawmarsh Eectory, Yorkshire, on 5th December, 1822, was educated at Harrow, and Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. in 1850, and proceeding M.A. in 1855, It was whilst he was in residence at Cambridge that he became acquainted with C. C. Babington and W. W. Kewbould, whose critical views on British botany were congenial with his own. With them he botanised round Cambridge, and his first paper, on GJyceria pecli- celhda, was published in the 'Annals and Magazine of Natural History ' in 1850 ; from this time onward he was constantly pub- lishing notes of his observations, as may be seen overleaf, and in ' The Journal of Botany' for April 1906, which also contains an admirable photogravure of our late Eellow, In our ' Journal," Botany, xviii, (1881) pp. 398-405, pi. 15, he gave an account of his discovery of Eryihrcea ccqntata. His most considerable undertaking was his ' Elora of Hampshire,' 1883, the result of many years' work, and he lived to revise it and issue a second edition in 1904. Soon after his marriage in 1863, Townsend settled at Shedfield Lodge, "Wickham, South Hants, and there he began his work on the county flora, which practically ended only with his life. In 1874 he succeeded to the family seat of Hojihigton Hall, Shipstou- on-Stour, "Warwickshire, on the border of Gloucestershire. Here he lived as an ideal country squire, and represented the Stratford- on-Avon division in the House of Commons, from 1886 to 1892, when he retired. 48 PBOCEEDIIS-GS OF THE The genus Eujilu'asia was liis special study during the last few years of his life, and he described one form as E. canadensis which he gathered at Quebec, and figured in the ' Journal of Botany ' for January 1898. He was a Member of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh so far back as 1846, and also of the Societe botanique de France from 1872, to whose ' Bulletin ' in 1878 he contributed a note on a Veronica. He was an accomplished draughtsman, and excelled in certain field sports, but was extremely modest and free from the slightest suspicion of ostentation. From his residence being far removed from Loudon, he was not a frequent attendant at our Meetings, but almost every few months he was accustomed to work in our Library, and paid constant visits to the Department of Botany, British Museum. Bibliography. On a supposed new species of Glyceria [_G. pecliceUatci]. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. II. v. (1850) pp. 104-108 ; Trans. Ediub. Bot. Soc. iv. (1853) pp. 27-30. [On a monstrosity of Uauciis Carota from Guernsey.] Bot. Gazette, London, iii. (Ibol) p. 50. Contributions to a Flora of the Scilly Isles. Journ. Bot. ii. (1864) pp. 102-120. On some points relating to the Morphology of Carex and other Monocotyledons. lb. xi. (1873) pp. 1(52-166". On Antl\oxantliuin Puelii, Lee. et Lam. ; with some remarks on other species of the genus. lb. xiii. (1875) pp. 1-5, pi. 157. On some species of Cerastium. lb. xv. (1877) jDp. 33-37. Sur une nouvelle espece de Veronica\^V. lilacinaj. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. XXV. (1878) pp. 15-21, pL 1. C^e.r 7ianus in South Hants. Journ. Bot. xvii. (1879) p. 84. Vuljjia amhigun, Le Gall, and 7'. ciliata, Link. lb. pp. 195-196. Notes on the Flora of Hampshire. London [1879] 8vo. pp. 15. Hiqihorbia Paralins, L. [a native of the Isle of Wight]. Journ. Bot. xvii. (1879) pp. 314-315. Erythraa in the Isle of Wisht. lb. pp. 327-329. Hampshire Botany, lb. xviii. (1880) pp. 50-51. On an Erythrcea new to England [_E. capitata, rar. sph(erocephala'] from the Isle of Wight and South Coast. Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot. xviii. (1881) pp. 398-405, pi. 15. On Erythrcea capitata, AVilld. Journ. Bot. xix. (1881) pp. 87-88. Note on Carex Jiava, L. lb. pp. 161-163. Notes on report of Botanical Exchange Club for 1879. lb. p. 176. Eestnca oraria, Dumortier. lb. j) 242. On Erythraa capitata, Willd., var. splicer ocephalu. lb. pp. 302-303. Flora of Hampshire, incliuling the Isle of Wight ; or, a List of the Flowering Plants and Ferns found in the County of Southampton, with localities of the less common species. London (Lovell Reeve & Co.) 1883. 8vo, pp. xxiv^, 524, 2 pis., map (1 page additional corrections). Second Edition, lb. 1904, pp. xl, 658, 2 pis. & map. Homologies of the Floral Envelopes iu Gramiuese and Cyperaeete. Journ. Bot. xxiii. (1885) pp. 65-74, 17 figs. LIXXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 49 lianiaictilus Sf event, Andrz., aud li. acris, L. Journ. Bot. xxvii. (1889) pp. 140-141. Monograph of the British species of Euphrasia. Prefaced by an epitome of Prof. Wettsteiu's views on the development aud distri- bution of the European species. I/), xxxv. (1897) pp. 321-336, 395-406, 417-426, 465-477, pis. 374-380, figs. Ranunculus acer, L. lb. xxxviii. (1900j pp. 379-383. Lepidium heterophyllum, Bentham. lb. pp. 420-421. Botany [of Hampshire including the Isle of Wight]. In Victoria His'torv of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. Westminster, 1900. Fol. Vol. i. pp. 47-69. [The special groups, Rubi, Eoses, and Cryptogams, forming pages 69-87, were contributed by specialists.] A new form of Euphrasia curta, Fr., bv Prof. James W. H. Trail. Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist. (1902) pp. 177-178. [Contains the technical description by Townsend of E. curta forma piccola ; reprinted in Journ. Bot. xl. (1902) pp. 362-363.] Euphrasia scotica. Journ. Bot. xli. (1903) pp. 57-58. Lepidium Sniithii, Hook., var. cdatostyla. lb. pp. 97-98. Arabis ciliata, R. Br. [collected in South Kerry]. lb. pp. 278-279. Galium syJvestre in Worcestershire. lb. xlii. (1904) p. 240. North Devon Plants. lb. pp. 353-354. [B. D. J.] "W'eldox, Prof. W. F. E. ; see page 109. June 7th, 1906. Prof. "W. A. HEED3iA>r, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the Anniversary Meeting of the 24th May were read and confirmed. Eev. James Lamonr was admitted a Fellow. Mr. Morley Thomas Da we, Dr. Arthur Thomas Masterman, and Mr. James Anthony Weale were proposed as Fellows. Dr. Eobert Brown (of Glasgow), Mr. Henry Robert Knipe, Mr. Henry John Waddington, and Miss Evelyu Janie Welsford were severally elected Fellows. The President announced that he had nominated the foUowiug as Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year : — Eev. Canon Fowler, Mr. Horace W. Monckton, Lt.-Col. Prain, and Dr. A. Smith Woodward. The General Secretary exhibited a small oil-painting on panel of LinnoBUS, after Pascli (sight measure 9| x 7| in.), the property of Mr. Blackwell, wliich he had acquired as a portrait of Jean Jacques Eosseau (the Linna^a having been taken for periwinkle). He had detected the error by the close correspondence of a print engraved by C. E. AVagstafF, and published by Charles Knight for the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. This print LINX. SOC. PllOCEEMXGS. SESSIO.V 1905-190C. e 50 l'KCC£EDJ>'GS OF THE purported to be engraved from a portrait in the possession of Eobert Brown, but it displayed a curtailment of the figure and accessories from the picture by L, Pasch which Eobert Brown gave to this Society in 1853 on his quitting the Chair, the history of which is Avell known (Proceedings, 1888-90, pp. 24-25). The question was raised, could this cabinet picture have been also in the possession of Eobert Bro\^■u ? In the discussion which followed, Mr. Carruthers stated that Eobert Bro\Mi left all his property to his successor, J. J. Bennett, his own predecessor at the British Museum, and he was certain that if the portrait now shown had belonged to Brown, Bennett would have carefully kept it, and ensured its conservation. Mr. Hopkinson, Dr." G. H. Powler, Rev. T. E. E. Stebbiug, Sec.L.S., Eev. Canon Smith, who pointed out that by a still legible label the frame must have been made not later than 1837, and Mr. Henry Groves also spoke. The President exhibited tubes showing stages in the metamor- phosis of a young flat-fish (Pleuronectes ])Jatef;sa), the plaice, leading from the symmetrical lar\a to the asymmetrical young flat-fish. These fish were hatched and reared in the Port Erin Biological Station. He further mentioned the operations con- ducted this year in hatching and liberating some millions of young plaice. The following papers were read and discussed : — 1. " On two new Species of Popuhis from Darjeeling." By H. H. Haines, P.L.S. 2. " Biscayan Plankton.— Part YIII. The Cephalopoda." By W. E. Hoyle. (Comtnuuicated by Dr. G. H. Powler, P.L.S.) 3. " Biscayan Plankton.— Part IX. The Medusse." By E. T. Browne. (Communicated by Dr. G. H, Eowler, E.L.S.) 4. " On the Conifers of China." Bv Dr. M. T. Masters. F.E.S.. E.L.S. June 21st, 1906. Dr. A. Smith "Woodward, E.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 7th June were read and confirmed. Miss Lilian Suzette Gibbs, Miss Evelyn Janie Welsford, Mr. William Denison Eoebuck, and Mr. Henry John Waddington were admitted Fellows. Mr. Henry Edward Houghton and Mr. Thomas Eox were severally elected Fellows. LIXXE.Vy SOCIETY OF LONDON. 5 1 Mr. AV. Satille Kent, F.L.S., exhibited transparencies and lantern-slides in a three-colour process of photographs of Fish and associated Fauna of the Polynesian Coral-reefs. The Yice-President in the Chair, Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing, and Mr. W. Carruthcrs contributed to the discussion which followed, and Mere replied to b}' the exhibitor. Prof. F. E. "Weiss, F.L.S., showed a section and an enlarged drawing of a section of the root-tip of Li/f/i)iodend)'0)i oldhamium, a fossil Cjcadofilix from the Lower Coal-Measures, displaying an extraordinary preservation of the young tissues. The Chairman having invited discussion, Dr. D. H. Scott and ]\[r. Carruthers spoke on the highly interesting character of the section shown. Mr. H. J. Waddixgtox, F.L.S., placed on the table some cases of prepared Crustacea, in series from the youngest to the fully adult state. The Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing and Prof. C. Stewart referred to the remarkable excellence of the preparations ; and Mr. Waddington, in acknowledging the vote of thanks, stated that most of the credit was due to his wife, who was his most effectual helper. The following papers were read and discussed : — 1. "Botany of Southern Ehodesia." By Lilian Susette Gibbs, F.L.S. 2. " The Original Portraits of Linnaeus."' By "William Carruthers, F.E.S., F.L.S. 3. " Plantag nov^ Daweanae in Uganda lecta)." By Dr. Otto Stapf, F.L.S. 4. " The Genitalia of Diptera." By W. Weschc, F.E.M.S. (Communicated by John Hopkinson, F.L.S.) e2 52 PEOCEEDI]S"GS OF THE ABSTEACTS. I. Note on the Distribution of the Genus Shortia, Torr. & Gray. By B. Datdon Jackson, Gen. Sec. L.S. [Eead loth February, 1906.] At the General Meeting held on the 7th December, 1905, Mr. W. T. Hindmarsh, F.L.S., sent photographs of a plant of Shortia unijiora in cultivation in his garden at Alnwick. In the discussion which followed, enquiry was raised as to the number of species contained in the genus, and the present short paper is an attempt to answer the question then put. The original species, S. galaeifolia, was collected in Carolina by Michaux, in fruit, and described by Asa Gray from the single specimen at Paris, in 1839 ; the plant was not again found till iiearly a century after the first discovery, and then in McDowell County, in South-west Virginia. The original station has since been found again by referring to Michaux's manuscript journal, as recounted in the ' Botanical Magazine,' t. 7082. The second species, S. unijiora, was at first placed under the closely allied genus ScMzocodon, it was found in the province of Shinano, Nippon ; and a third, S. sinensis, is recorded from Mengtze, Yunnan, Investigation of the material contained in the national herbaria of Kew and the British Museum, seems to point out that there are three good species of Shortia (noted above) ; one doubtful one, S. rotmidifolia, described by Maximowicz as iSehizocodon, but the corolla not seen by him ; and Shortia thibetica, more appropriately placed as a monotypic genus. The distinctions between the allied genera, Shortia, Scliizocodon, and Berneuxia are not very strongly marked in every case, but the following lists may be of some use. Beeneuxia, Decne. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xx. (1873) 159. thibetica, Decne. I. c. — Mupin. Syn. Shortia thibetica, Franch. SoHizocoDON, Sieb. & Zucc. in Abh. Akad. Muench. iii. (1843) 723, t. 2. ilicifolius, Maxim, in Bidl. Acad. Petersb. xii. (1868) 71. — Japon. rotuudifolius, Maxim. 1. c. xxxii. (1888) 497. — Ins. Meiaco Sima. soldanelloides, Sieb. S,' Zucc. I. c. — Japon. uniflorus, Maxim, in Bull. Acad. Petersb. xii. (1868) 71 = Shortia uuiflora, Maxim. LIN?fEATf SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 53 Shoetia, Terr, ifc Gray, in Am. Journ. Sc. ser. I. xlii. (1S42) 48 ; et ser. II. xlv. (1868) 402. Davidi, Franch. in Nouv. Avch. Mus. Par, ser, 11. x. (1887) t. 13 B = Berneuxia thibetica, Decne. galacifolia, Torr. S,- Graif, I. c. — Am. bor. rotundifoUa, Makino, in Tokyo, Bot. Mag. ix. (1895) 327 ; et X. (1896) 22l=Scliizocodou rotundifolius, Maxim. sinensis, Hemsl. in Hook. Ic. PI. t. 2624. — Yunnan. thihetica, Franch. in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Par. ser. II. x. (1887) 54, t. 13 B (Z)rtyK7i)=Berueuxia thibetica, Decnc. uniflora, Maxim, in Bull. Acad. Petersh. xvi. (1871) 225. — Japon. II. The Origin of Gymnosperms. By Prof. F. W. Oliver, F.E.S., F.L.S. [Eead lotli March, 1906.] The inA'-estigations of Hofmeister have been regarded as settling once for all the general relation of affinity between the Gymno- sperms and Vascular Cryptogams. Critical analysis of this work and later contributions in the same field have led to the recognition of several distinct lines of descent Mithin the latter class, and at one time and another each of these lines has been favoured as that from which the Gymnosperms arose. In recent times, the balance of opinion has set in the direction of the Ferns, the point of closest contact being found in the Cycads. The view has gained material support through the discovery of multiciliate spermatozoids in the last-named group and in Ginlr/o, as well as from the recognition of the existence in Palaeozoic times of an extensive plexus of forms (the Cycadofilices) which, whilst retaining tlae habit and many of the structural peculiarities of Ferns, show a distinct advance in the direction of the Cycads. Now that evidence has come to light proving that many of the forms there included were seed-beai'ing plants, the foundation of a new Class, the Pteridospermeae, has been judged expedient for these Spermopbytes which have so much in common with the Ferns. As matters are shaping at the present time, it would appear that certainly a preponderating number of so-called Palteozoic " Ferns " are in reality Pteridosperms which have been hitherto confounded with true Ferns in view of their frond-like habit and lack of distinguishing organs of reproduction. The existence of a great reserve of supposed Ferns in the older rocks has served as a material bulwark to the ilofmeisterian doctrine of the passage of Pteridophytes into Sperm.ophytes. But if the Palteozoic is in reality the "age of Pteridosperms'" rather than the "age of 54 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE Vascular Cryptogams," tlie position becomes altered, and the question is one that should engage the attention of Botanists. When it is borne in mind that, so far as the geological record goes, seed-bearing plants (Cordaiteae) are of at least equal age with true Ferns, the perplexities of the situation become manifest. Another question upon which an expression of opinion would be valuable, is whether the A^■hole group of Gymnospernis may be regarded as having been evolved along the Fern-Cycad line, or whether, on the other hand, some of them at least may have had a quite distinct origin. Palaeobotanical work has shown that in the Lycopod phj-lum seed-like structures were occasionally produced, and this discovery no doubt seems to strengthen what has always been a possibility, viz., that a portion of the Gymnosperms may have had its origin alouo- this line. III. On the Earlier Geological Eecord of the True Ferns. By E. A. Newell Arbee, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. [Eead 15th March, 1906.] It is evident that the Palaeozoic Pteridosperms exhibit, both in their habit and anatomy, marked characters in common with the true Ferns, and it is therefoi*e regarded as more than probable that they sprang from a Fern-like stock. Thus the Fern line of descent must be geologically older than the Pteridosperms. Yet the recent discoveries as to the nature of the male and female fructifications of these Fern-like, seed-bearing plants have tended in part to obliterate, and in part to cast strong suspicion upon, much that was formerly regarded as undeniable evidence of the existence of the true Ferns in the Palaeozoic Period, There is, however, every reason to believe that true Ferns did exist in Carboniferous and Permian times. The Botryopteridese, and certain unassigued fronds bearing annulate sporangia were among the chief representatives. But it is doubtful whetlier the Palaeozoic Ferns were clearly and generally differentiated into Eusporangiatae and Leptosporangiatae. In the fossil state we have naturally no evidence as to the development of the sporangia, and further, the biseriate or multiseriate annulus of Palaeozoic sporangia does not agree with that of modern Leptosporangiate spore-bearing organs. It would thus seem better to regard the Palaeozoic Ferns as a separate class, from which both the Lepto- sporangiatae and Eusporangiatae were eventually derived. The name Primofilices is suggested to denote this race ; since the preferable terms, Archaeopterideae and Palieopterideae, are not available. The lilNNEAN SOCIETY OF LO>'DO:!f. 55 Botrvopteridea; constitute one family of the Priiiiofilices, aud others will prohably be distinguished iu the near future. The origin of the LeptosporangiatcTe from the Primofilices is clear. This group began to differentiate at the close of the Palteozoie period. Possibly some of the Sphenopterid fronds of the Carboni- ferous aud Permian rocks, bearing annulate sporangia, were the earliest offshoots in this direction. In the true Mesozoic floras (Ehpetic, Jurassic, and Wealden) the various families became marked out, and there is abundant evidence that the Lepto- sporangiatse then formed one of the dominant or ruling types of Mesozoic vegetation. On the other hand, the question may well be asked, Is there any trustworthy evidence of the existence of the Eusporangiatae in either the Palaeozoic or truly Mesozoic floras ? In neither is there any evidence at all of the Ophioglossacea?, and the only instance of possible Mesozoic Marattiaceous fronds with which I am acquainted are three in number, and all of EbiBtic age. In two species of Tcenioptcris (including the typical Rhaetic species T. Jlilnstej'i) sporangia, resembling those of the modern Marattia, have been found on certain fronds while in Dano'opsis, another related genus, the synangia more closely resemble those of Dancea. The suspicion is not wanting, however, that the fi'onds of Tamio- jiteris may have been those of a Cycad rather than a Pern. In the Palaeozoic rocks, we find a plexus of fronds of the Sphenopterid and Pecopterid type, bearing exannulate sporangia, arranged independently in the sorus, or united to form synangia. These have been generally regarded as of Marattiaceous aftiuity. The great difficulty, at the present moment, is to decide as to the true nature of these fronds. Did they belong to true homosporous Ferns, or were they the male fronds of Pteridosperms ? On the present evidence, I am inclined to think that a large number, though not necessarily all, will eventually pi'ove to fall under the latter category. "We already know that one Pecopteris (P. PlucJc- eneti), though not a very typical member of the genus, belonged to a Pteridosperm. Also the male frond of the Benuettiteae, a group descended from the Pteridosperms, is known to have borne sporangia not unlike those of the Palaeozoic Pecopterids and the modern Marattiacea;. The anatomy of the tree-fern, Psaronlus, affords the most trust- worthv evidence, at preseut, of the existence of the Eusporanf/iatce in Palaeozoic times ; though there would appear to be little to indicate that this group ever attained to the position of a dominant or ruling type in either the Palaeozoic or truly Mesozoic floras. 56 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE lY. The Evolution of Gymnosperms : The Position and Ancestiy of the Araucariese. By A. C. Sewaed, F.E.S., F.L.S. [Read loth March, 1906.] The genera Araucaria and Agailiis may be regarded as surviving members of an ancient group of Gymnosperms distinguished by several well-marked characters from other Coniferales. During the Mesozoie era the Araucarieae were widely distributed and played a prominent part in the Northern floras ; they are now confined to comparatively restricted areas in the Southern hemi- sphere. Our object is to enquire into the evidence on which the statement as to the antiquity of the Araucarieae is based, and to ascertain whether the records of the rocks lend support to a view expressed by some botanists that they represent the oldest section of the Coniferales. A further question suggested by the exami- nation of palaeontological data, is the possession by Agatlds and Araucaria of characters which may be designated pi'imiti\e. In view of the widely accepted conclusion that Cycads and Ferns Avere descended from common ancestors, it is important to consider whether the contention that Conifers as well as Cycads are derived from a Filicinean stock is supported by satisfactory evidence. While accepting Cycads as descendants of Eilicinean ancestors, the Author is led to the conclusion that Conifers, or at least the Araucariej©, should be referred to a Lycopodiaceous origin. The following headings may serve to suggest some of the questions to be dealt with in discussing the origin ot the Araucai'iese : — i. The W'idespead occurrence of Mesozoie fossils referred to the Araucarieae. ii. Features in which Agathis and Araucaria diff'er from other members of the Coniferales : the isolated character of the Araucarieae and the primitive nature of some of their peculiarities. iii. Examination of the evidence adduced in favour of in- cluding Conifers with Cycads as descendants of Eilicinean. ancestors. iv. Comparison of the vegetative and reproductive shoots of the Araucarieae with those of recent and fossil Lycopods from the point of view of a close relationship between the two pbyla. LIXNEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. 57 On tht! Structure of the Stem aud Leaf of Nnytsia jloribunda, R. Br. By E. J. Schwartz, E.L.S. [Eeacl 5th April, 1906.] NvYTSiA FLOBwrxDA is a member of the Loranthacese aud a native of West Australia : unUke other members of this order, it is non- parasitic and a tree attaining a height of some 30 feet. The leaves are linear-acute, of length about 1 inch, and the stomata, which are in more or less regular rows, are transverse to the leaf- axis. In section, the leaves show a meristele of three bundles embedded in a water-storing tissue which is in turn surrounded by the assimilatory tissue ; one or more resin-sacs are to be found alDOve the bundles. The stem has many points of interest — a heterogeneous strongly thickened and pitted pith containing a central resin-canal proper to the stem itself, accompanied b}' three or more perimeduUary canals ; islands of phloem and cambium embedded in secondary xylem ; and a cork of epidermal origin, — all points of difference from the other members of the Loranthaceue. The assimilatory tissue throughout the plant is I'ich in tannin, and no calcium-oxalate crystals are to be found in the stem. The paper was illustrated by slides from photographs of the author's preparation. TI. The Affinities of Pteridosperms and Gymnosperms. By Dr. D. H. Scott, F.E.S., Sec.L.S. [Eead 3rd May, 1906.] As an advocate, for the last ten years, of the Filicinean origin of Cycads, and probably of Gymnosperms generally, I should like to remove a misapprehension which appears to exist in some quarters. It was suggested in 1895 that the Cycadotilices Lyginodendron and Beterangmm were the " derivatives of an ancient and geuerahzed (or rather non-specialized) Tern-stock," and in lby9 the opinion was expressed that this " common stock was to be sought among simple Ferns or Fern-like plants." At no time has it been held that the Cycadofilices or Pteridosperms, to use the current name, sprang from any family of Ferns already known, still less from any family represented in the recent Flora. So far as the morphological evidence is concerned, the position is unaltered at the present time. The important discoveries of the seeds of the Pteridosperms scarcely touch this question, for 58 PEOCEEDI^'GS OF THE these organs are of too advanced a type to throw light on the probable derivation o£ the group. The anatomical characters clearl_y indicate an affinity with the Fern-stock closer than that with any other Cryptogamic phylum. The male organs, now beginning to be known, further support this affinity. Hence we are led to conclude that the Pterido- sperms had a common origin with the Perns, and may assume that the common ancestors resembled Perns in being Cryptogamic rather than Spermophytic. The difficulty arises from the surprising extension of the Pteridosperms, which threaten to absorb every thmg Palaeozoic that used to be called a Pern. But this idea is of the nature of a " scare." Though the Perns were not the dominant group in the Palseozoic that they were once supposed to be, there is as yet no justification for the extreme view that they were non-existent. The important position of the Botrj^opteridese as a synthetic family, perhaps most nearly i-epresenting among known Palaeozoic plants the common stock from which Perns and Pteridosperms may have sprung, has already been indicated by a previous speaker. I agree with him that the family is best regarded as a special type of a much more extensive group. As regards the other great question under discussion — the affinities of the Coniferse — the data are still very inadequate, for we have little knowledge of the structure of early forms of Coniferae. In some Permian plants referred to Araucarieae, the structure of the wood was of the Araucarioxulon type, a wide- spread form of wood, common to Cordaitese, Pteridosperraeae, and even Botryopterideae, but almost wholly absent from the Lycopod phylum. Whatever this character may be worth, it favours a connnon origin of the Araucarian Conifers with the Cordaitean and Pteridospermic series. The existence of the Cordaitese, offering clear points of agi-ee- raent at once with Pteridosperms, Cycads, Giukgoales, and Conifers, certainly suggests that all these groups ultimately had a common oingin from the same great plexus of primitive Pilicineae. Ginlr/o itself forms a bond of union between the Cordaitean phylum and the Taxaceae among Conifers. The Lycopods attained a high development on their own lines, producing seed-like organs in certain cases, and showing some anatomical analogies with Conifers. A more exact comparison appears to indicate that these characters are homoplastic, and not indicative of any affinity with the higher plants. LIN>'EAX SOCIETl" OF LOXDOX. 59 YII. On the Origiual Portraits of Linnaeus. By AViLLiAM Caekutheijs, F.E.S., F.L.S. (With Plates 1-8.) [Read 21st June, 1006.] At the Annual Meeting in May 1SS9, I presented to the Society the results of some investigations into the portraits of Linnaeas. I had not then seen any of the original paintings. But having made a considerable collection of the published portraits, which is now in the possession of the Society, I clas.' SOCIEir OF LOXDOX. 6 1 known by which one can form an idea of this painting is Kingsbury's mezzotint. There are in it several obvious modifi- cations of the Clifford portrait. The standing collar is larger, the right hand holding the plant is more raised above the girdle, and there is attached to it a paper label with " Linnea Gronov." written on it ; a small horn is suspended from the bolt between the clip which carries the gloves and the tastle, the ornaments on the drying- press are much modified, and the feet are wider apart. These modifications suggest that they were introduced by tlie original artist in painting a replica, though they may have been introduced by Kingsbury in his engraving. The most obvious difference between the mezzotint and the Cliffoi-d portrait is the column on which are placed eight volumes of Linne's works, each of them labelled, and all published in 1737 or the two previous vears. If the engraver in 1795 had been working from a replica of the original painting, he may have thought it necessary to introduce the column in order to convert the comparatively narrow painting into his nearly square engraving. But, on the other hand, the works selected would have been much more likely to consist of the more important ones published after 1737. On the whole, it appears to me more probable that Thornton's painting was a replica in which the original artist introduced several moditications, and that it was painted for Gronovius. If it still exists it ought to be found in England, and is deserving of a careful search ; the name being painted on the side of the drying-press would enable it to be easily identified. There is a modern, three-quarters portrait based on the Clifford portrait in the possession of the Zoological Societj^ of Amsterdam. II. 1739. SCHEFFEL. There are two portraits in Linne's house at Hammarby Dy Scheffel, a well-known Swedish portrait-painter. The one is inscribed on the back of the canvas — " Carl Liuna?us : Med. IJoctor, Diosco- rides 2^"^ dictus. Natus 1707 d. 13 Maij. I. H. Scheff"el, p : 1739."' The other is dated 1755, and though no name of a painter is given, there is good reason for saying that it was the work of Scheffel in the year stated. This will be more fully examined when I describe that portrait. The earlier one is of Linne as a bridegroom, when he was 32 years of age. It is now in a bad condition. It represents Linne about the age specified. The painting, however, so exactly agrees in its general treatment with Schefiel's other portrait taken sixteen years later, that I cannot get rid of the conviction that Scheffel, having produced a good likeness in 1755, painted his second portrait as a bridegroom, giving his own idea of what Linne would be like at that time. Linne returned in July 1738 from Holland by way of France to Sweden, and soon there- after he was betrothed to Sarah Elizabeth Moraeus, to whom he was mari'ied in June 1739. 62 PEOCEEDi:>GS OF THE The engraving by Euclanau after Scheffel is from this painting ; I formerly, being misled by the softness of tlie engraving, thought it represented a third and younger painting by Scheffel. III. 1740. Ehuexsteed. The next portrait of Linue, taken when he was 33 years of age, was the work of Augustus Ehrensverd. The original engraved plate was, in 1891, in the possession of Baron Lewenhaupt, Upsala. It has not been published, but impressions have been taken from the plate at different times and circulated privately. Eichhoi'n had in his collection a print taken before the plate was lettered, and our Society possesses in a volume that was in the Library of Linne a print inserted while it was in his possession. The com])aratively recent print in our collection of the Linuean portraits was presented by Dr. G. Lindstrom. The engraving is lettered " Carolvs Linnaeus Med: Doct: Xatus 170T Maj 11 u^Etat: 33,'" and immediately below the portrait " Au. Ehrensverd arnica manu sc. 1740." The engraving has been made from life or from a drawing, so that in the print the whole is reversed. The wart which was o]i Linne's right cheek appears on the left cheek. The face is turned to the left, the right hand rests on a volume labelled on the back " Syst. Nat.," while the left hand, resting on the right, holds a flowering plant of Linncea horealis. On his left shoulder is an academic gown which comes round below the right arm to the front of the body in great folds. Ehrensverd's engraving is the original of most of the 8vo plates which illustrate the works of Linne. There is in the possession of Prof. Tullberg, Upsala, a small painting on vellum, 5 inches by 3^, which is certainly copied from Ehrensverd. The general pose of the figure, and the similar accidental peculiarities like the creases in the sleeve of the coat and in the gown, are conclusive evidence of this. The direction of the figure is the same as in the metal plate engraved by Ehrensverd, and consequently differs from that on the prints from his plate. The left hand rests on the volume, and the right hand holds the Linncea. Besides an obvious feebleness and softness in the portrait, this picture and its reproductions can easily be dis- tinguished from its original by the narrow black tie ■which passes through the holes in the shirt collar, by the less luxuriance of the wig, and by the coniferous trees introduced in the background. Tullberg's small vellum painting was engraved by Bernigeroth. and published as the frontispiece to the Stockholm and Leipzig editions of the ' Systema Natui'se ' issued in the same year, 1748. The engraver did not reverse the portrait, so that the aspect of the figure in the print is the same as in that from Ehrensverd's plate. Bernigeroth states that the original from which he Avorked was "delin. 1748," and that is probably the date of Prof. Tullberg's painting. The softness in the treatment of the features in that li>>'i;ax societv or loxdox. 63 painting, and reproduced in Bernigeroth's engraAing, is probably intended to cover the change that eight years \sould produce in the face of Linne. I'urther moditications were subsequently introduced by Bergquist and Tanje in their engravings after Bernigeroth. TV. and Y. 1747. Ej;hx. The two sketches by J. E. Rehn, dated 1747, are now kno\\-n only by reproductions. Eehn uas a copper-plate engraver, who was sent by Count Tessin to Paris to study under Le Bas. The first portrait by Kehn is a full-length sketch of Linnc in liis every-day dress when he was 40 years old. The original drawing came into the possession of the Eight Hon. Henry AV. W. Wynne. It was reproduced by J. S. Templeton, and published by Cohiaghi for the proprietor in January 1830. 1 have been unable to discover the original ; the representatives of Mr. Wynne cannot discover it in the collections left by him, and Messrs. Col- naghi know" nothing of the original. The lithograph represents Linne in a long frock coat, a frock vest, knee breeches, and gaiters buttoned to the knee. He has on a wig, wears a sword, and seems to be meditating under the influence of the tceecl, which he is enjoying from a long-stemmed pipe. The second sketch is an outline head and shoulders. It is known from a lithographic reproduction which is said to be the " Facsimile d'uu profil dessine d'apres nature par J. E. Eehn." In the Eoyal Library, Stockholm, there is a copy having "en 1747" inserted before "par J. E. Eehn." It seems to me A'ery probable that this profile \A as made for the medal struck in honour of Linnaeus in 1646, and dedicated to Count Tessin by four noblemen. In so far as the portrait on this medal difi'ers from Inlander's medallion it agrees with Eehn's sketch. The die-sinker executed the profile directly on the metal, and the portrait on the medal came out reversed. The discrepancy in the dates is not serious, and the likelihood of Eehn's desire to acknowledge in some way his gratitude to Count Tessin favours this suggestion. VI. 1751. LUJS^DBEEG. In 1751, or the following year, Gustaf Lundberg made a beautiful pastel portrait of Linne. Lundbei'g was born in 1695. When he was 22 years of age his master David von Krafft sent him to Paris, where he studied under Eosalba, who introduced pastel painting into France. Lundberg became famous in this art. He returned to Sweden, and in 1750 was appointed painter to the Court. He painted many portraits of the Eoyal family. Linne resided at the Court at Drottuingholm Palace in 1751, and after- wards in 1752 and the beginning of 1753 at Ulriksdal and at Stockholm, being occupied in naming and cataloguing the extensive natural history collections belonging to members of the Eoyal 64 PnOCEEDI^'GS OF THE family. At one or other of these places the court painter pro- duced this portrait of Linne in his court dress. It is a striking likeness and a beautifid work of art. It is not signed ; the artist seldom signed his portraits, but those acquainted with his works are satisfied that this was painted by Lundberg. Mr. Olof Wijk purchased the painting at the sale in 1888 of the collections of Mr. Bomans, who obtained it from a descendant of Linne. Considerable doubt has been entertained as to this being a portrait of Linne at all. I am, however, able to present some evidence which appears to me to establish that it is a genuine portrait. In the collection of the Linnean portraits in the Royal Library, Stockholm, there is a lithograph by Carl Schroeder, which suggested to me Lundberg's pastel. The lithograph was lettered " Carl von Linuee . . . Das Original-Gemalde befindet sich iui Herzoghchen Museu.m zu Braunschweig." That I might see this painting I went to Brunswick, and found that the painting was a copy of Lundberg's pastel. The entry in the official cata- logue stated that this portrait of Linne' was a " Brustbild vermut- lich nach einen Pastell gemalde von G. Lundberg." I have no doubt that this is so, and that the original is in the possession of Mr. Wijk. The Society is indebted to Mr. Wijk for an excellent photograph of this fine portrait. The photograph includes the old frame of the pastel on which are carved the initials of Linue's name. VII. 1755. SCHEFFEL. In 1755 J. H. Scheffel, a portrait-painter in Sweden during the first half of the eighteenth century, painted a portrait of Linne when he was 48 years of age. The original painting is at Hani- marby. It is a half length (30| inches by 25), the face is turned to the left, but the eyes look towards the spectator. In his right hand he holds a Linncea, and the cross of the Polar Star is attached to his coat. On the back of the canvas is written " Carol. Linnaeus. Archiator [sic'], Professor Upsaliensis, Eques de Stella Polari, nat : 1707 Maij 13. delineatus 1755." In the accurate engraving by I. M. Preisler it is said that his age when the portrait was taken was 55 ; this is an error. Dr. Pridr. Ohren of Jerfso, in the province of Helsingland, has a portrait wdiich is claimed to be the original. His wife is a lineal descendant of Linne. It is a copy of Scheffel's painting, and it is not at all likely that it was the work of that painter. The copy has a softer and somewhat meaningless face. Another copy of Scheffel's portrait was presented to the Smaa- lands Natioushus, Upsala, by Dr. Nordstedt in 1822. In his history of the Smaalands Nationshus, Palmberg says that this is a copy of Scheffel's picture at Haiumarby, and a very poor copy it is. LINNEAX SOCIETY OF J.OXDOX. 65 VIII. 1773. Inlander. By command of the King a profile model in wax of Linne was made by Carl Fi'idr. Inlander in 1773. This medallion is preserved in the house at Hammarby. On the back of it is inscribed in the handwriting of Linuc : — « Carl V. Linng. 1773. Aucr. 17. Carl Fridr. Inlander bor i Stockholm Giothg-ataii ; Glasmastare Skiiild." The last three lines were kindly translated for me by Dr. Skottsberg (July 5, 1906)— Carl Fridr. Inlander lives in Stockhohn, Giothpratan; [at] Glassmaker Skiuld. This must be considered the original portrait, but Inlander pro- duced two rephcas : one of these is in the possession of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, and the other was presented to the Linnean Society by Sir Joseph Banks on the 2nd February 1790, and is now hanging in our library. These medallions are all certainly by Inlander, and may therefore be looked upon as equally authentic portraits. In a letter from Linne, written on the day after Inlander finished the medalHon, he says that Inlander " has modelled me in wax so skilfully that all say they had never seen anything more skilfully done or more like me." The reproduction in the royal medal by Liungberger, which was issued in 1778, is far from satisfactory. Prof. Tullberg has a silhouette reduced to about two- thirds of the original and looking to the left. The alabaster medallion presented to the Linnean Society by the Medical Society of Stockholm is a reproduction of Inlander's portrait. The beautiful Wedgwood Cameo was no doubt reproduced from the Inlander medallion in the possession of the Society. IX. 1774. Kbafit. In the following year, 1774, Per Krafft, a famous Swedish painter, and member of the Stockholm Academy, painted a portrait of Linne for the College of Physicians in Stockholm (formerly Sundhets Collegium, now Medicinalen Styrdsens), to be placed on the wall of their meeting-room as one of the founders of the College. It is a half-length, nearly full face but turned very little to the left, with the eyes directed towards the spectator. The left hand rests on the back of an octavo volume, holds a plant of Linncea, and partly covers the cross of the Polar Star. The portrait was for some years at the College of Physicians, and was engraved by Akrel in 1797, while it was still there. In March 1890 Prof. Thtire M. Fries informed me that the portrait existed LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS.— SESSION 190o-1906. / 66 PUOC'KEiJlNGS OF THE no more at the College, and where it \\as gone no one knew. When I A'isited the College in 189 J, the Srcretary showed me Eichhorn's catalogue of the portraits in l heir ])ossession. Under Linnaeus by Krafft, it was said that the piiinting had been lost and it was not known where it now v^as. I afterwards, with the kindly help of the late Baron Nordenskjold, made a careful examination of the portraits of Linne at the Royal Academy of Sciences. The well- known portrait presented by the artist, Eoslin, to the Academy had the best position on the wall ; above it was a copy of the oil- painting belonging to the Zoological Society of Amsterdam, a three-quarters reproduction after the Clifford portrait. Above that, high on the wall, was a portrait which 1 recognized to be like the engravings of Krafft's painting. I suggested that it might be the lost picture that had belonged to the Medical College. The Baron had it brought down from the wall, and on careful examin- ation we found it was signed and dated "Krafft 1774," and on the back of the canvas was written " Carl v. Linne 1774 setat. 67." There could be no doubt that this was the lost painting. Linne had his first paralytic stroke in May 1774, which obliged him to relinquish the more active part of his professorial duties, and to close his literary labours. The portrait exhibits no traces of this malady, and ^^■as probably painted before May. Krafft's portrait may have been in the possession of the Academy of Sciences before 1833, for Adam Afzelius, in his " Egenhiiudiga Anteckningar af Linnaeus" published in that year, says (p. 67) that the Eoyal Academy had Linne's portrait painted to put among its founders, likewise the medallion Akrell had previously made in wax, both very like. But Inlander, not Akrell, was the artist of the medallion. The reference to the portrait may be that oF Eoslin, but that was not painted for the Academy but was presented to it. If for Eoyal Academy we substitute Medical College, the state- ment o'ould apply to Krafft's portrait. But one cannot say from the defective and erroneous statement w'hat Afzelius really meant. The Linnean Society o^^•es to the generosity of the Eoyal Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, a faithful reproduction of Krafft's beautiful portrait. There has just been published an admirable collotype, two-thirds the size of the original, reproduced by J. Cederquist of Stockholm. There is at the Medical College a copy by John von Breda of this portrait. It is very softly painted ; the wrinkles and x^arts on the face have been omitted. There are also some modifications in the details, — the necklace (?J is tied in a single knot, and the left hand holding the Linno'ci rests on the page of an open book. Magnus Hallman, described as a student of Linne, made several copies of Krafft's portrait. Two of these are to be found in the house of Linne at Hammarby. Both are very poor reproductions. One is not signed, the other has on the back of the canvas "Magn. Hallman pinxit 1769." I have no doubt that both of them are posthumons portraits based chiefly on Krafft, but with suggestions LINNKAX SOCItXV OF IA)M>()X. 67 from Eoslin and from ilie engi-aviii^s after Elirensverd whicli appeared iu some of Linne's works. The mysterious mass of paint making the portrait appear as if springing out of a cloud, was prohably suggested by the academic gown which appears in these engravings. Tlie small portrait by Hallman, presented to the Society by its former President, Lord Avebury, is a more creditable work. It seems to be influenced more by Koslin than by Krafft. What appears to me to be a portrait based on the signed painting by Hallman at Hammarby is in the possession of Prof. TuUberg, Upsala. It has no history and the painter is unknown. The artist has tried to get rid of the poor work of Hallman, and h-is produced a more intellectual looking face, but the features are not those one is familiar with in the authoritative portraits by Scheffel, Inlander, Ivrafft, and Eoslin. The face is shorter and broader than that of Liuue, and the nose is too much improved. The cloud-like gown is also introduced. Prof. Tullberg has a small water-colour portrait which has much in coMunon with his large portrait. It was " delin. 1747 " by X. P. PetriBus, but it represents a much older man than Linne in his fortieth year. X. 1775. EosLiN. The best known portrait of Linne is that painted by Alexander Roslin in 1775. Boslin was a Swede, born iu 1718. He studied in Germany and Italy, and settled in Paris iu 1752. He visited Sweden in 1774-75, when he painted portraits of the Royal family and also one of Linne. He died iu 1703, being 60 years old. The portrait of Linne was taken to Paris to finish, and was there engraved by Bervie, under the superintendence of Eoslin, at the expense of the Stockholm A;\T.demy. The painting was presented by the artist to the Academy in 1779. It is not quite a half- length. The face is turned a little to the left and the eyes look on the spectator. The principal wart is shown on the right cheek on a line with the mouth. The queue of the wig rests on the right shoulder. The lower arm of the cross of the Polar Star has the extremity cut off, and the Linncpa rises from the button-hole which carries the ribbon of the cross. The face was not reversed in Bervie's engraving, but the dress was modified to retain the cross of the Polar Star and the Linncea on the left side. lioslin painted a replica v.-hich he presented to the \\ido\v of Linne, who sold it to King Gustaf III., and it was placed by him in the Castle of Gripsholm, where it still remains. I had obtained a photograph of this portrait, which showed it to be an oval. This however is the work of the photographer ; the painting in size and in every way agrees with that in tlie possession of the Academy. On the back of the canvas is written " Carol, v. Linne. natus 1707 Maij 13. delineavit 1775." 68 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE Archbishop von Troil commissioned LaurenzPascb, the younger, to paint for him a portrait of Linne. He copied the Roslin in the Academy, but made his painting a three-quarters length. Linne is seated at a table on which his left hand rests holding a plant of Linncea, which is left out from bis coat. The right hand rests on his knee. This painting was presented by the Archbishop to Sir Joseph Banks in acknowledgment of certain civilities shown by Sir Joseph to his son. It was bequeathed to Robert Brown, who presented it to theLinnean Society in 1853 ; it now hangs in the Library. While it carefully reproduces the likeness by Eoslin, the additions Miiich Pasch has made converts Hoslin's portrait into a fine picture, and in it the Society possesses the most beautiful memorial of the illustrious naturalist whose name it bears. The Society has in its possession another painting from the Eoslin portrait, presented to the Society in 1814 by Joseph Sabine, one of the original Fellows of the Society. Por many years it hung in the meeting-room behind the President's chair, but has been displaced by the reproduction of the KrafPt portrait recently presented to the Society. This portrait has no claim to be original. Nothing is known of its history before it came into the possession of the Society. It is without doubt a reproduction in oil of Bervie's or Alix's engraving from Eoslin's painting. The following list gives the materials in the possession of the Linnean Society bearing on the original portraits of Linne : — 1. 1737. 30 years old. Hoffman. Photograph of the original painting in the house of Mr. Chfford, Nieuwetsluys, Holland. 2. 1739, 32 years old. J. H. Scheffel. Photograph of the original painting in Linne's house, Hammavby. 3. 1740. 33 years old. Au. Eheensverd, Print from the original plate in the possession of Baron Lewenhaupt, Upsala. 4. 1747. 40 years old. J. E. Rehn. P\ill-leiigth facsimile. Original lost, belonged to Rt. Hon. H. W. W. Wynne in 1830. 5. 1747, 40 years old. J. E. Rehn. Profile facsimile. It is not known where the original is. 6. 1752. 45 years old. G. Lundbeeg. Photograph of the original pastel in the house of Mr. Olof Wijk, Gothenburg. 7. 1755. 48 years old. J. H. Scheffel. Photograph of the original painting in Linne's house, Ilammarby. 8. 1773. 66 years old. C. F. Inlander. Replica of the original medallion, presented by Sir Joseph Banks, 1790. 9. 1774, 67 years old. P. Krafft. Photograph of the original painting, and copy in oil of the original, presented by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. PrOC. LlNN.S0C..1905-6. PL. 1 CARL VON LINNE. From the ori^nal by M. Hofitoan in the possession of Mr. Clifford. Nieuwetsluys. Proc. Linn. Soc.,1905-6. PL. 2, CARL VON I.INNE. From the original by J. Scheflfel. In Linn6's house at Hammarby. Proc. Linn. Soc.,1905-6. Pl,3.^ CAROL/S Ll Fig. 1. From the engraving by Ehrensverd. " Arnica nianu sc." Fig. 2. From the small painting belonging to Prof. Tullberg, Upsala. Fig. 3. I'rom the lithograph of J. £. Rehn's sketch. The original is lost. Fig. 4. From the facsimile of J. E. Rehn's sketch. Proc. Linn. Soc, 1905-6, Pl.4. CARL VON LINNE. From the original by G. Lundberg in the possession of Mr. Olof Wijk, Gothenburg. PROC. LlNN.SOC.,1905-6. PL. 5. CARL VON LINNB. - From the original by J. ScheflFel. In Linn6's house at Hammarby. Proc. Linn. Soc, 1905-6. Pl. 6. CARL VON LINNE. From the original by C. F. Inlander, at the Linnean Society, London. ProC. LlNN,S0C.,1905-6. PL. 7. CARL VON LINNE. Fcom the original by P. Kraflft sen., at tha Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Proc. Linn. Soc.,1905-6. Pl. 8. CARL VON LINNE. From the original by A. Roslin at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. LIXXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXUOX. 69 10. 1775. 68 yeivrs old. A. Roslin. Pliotogviiph of the original paintiiifr, and copy in oil of the original, presi-nted hv the lioyal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. And co, y by Pasch of the original, presented by Robert Brown, 18o3. xV list of the published engravings and lithographs of Linnewill be found iu the 'Proceedings' of the Society, Session 1 >S^-9, pp. 28-30. This was chieHy based on a collection I made, w Inch was presented to the Society. EXPLA^'ATION OF PLATES. CARL VON LINNE. All these reproductions present the same aspect of fece and tiguic as the original paintings or engravings from which they have been taken. Plate 1. From the original by M. Hoffman in the possession of Mr. Clittbrd, ISieuwetsluys. Plate 2. From the original by J. Scheffel. In Linn6's house at Hammarby. Plate 3. Fig. 1. From the engraving by Ehrensverd, " Amica manu sc." Fig. 2. From the small painting belonging to Prof. Tullberg, Upsala. Fig. 3. Full length ; from the lithograph of J. E. Relin's sketch. The original is lost. Fig. 4. Profile bust; from the facsimile of J. E. Rehn's .sketch. Plate 4. From the original by G. Lundberg in the possession of Mr. Olof AVijk, Gothenburg. Plate 5. From the original by J. Scheffel. In Linne's house at Hammarby. Plate 6. From the original by C. F. Inlander, at the Linnean Society, London. Plate 7. From the original by P. Krafft, sen., at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Plate 8. From the original by A. Roslin at the Royal Swedish xVcademy of Sciences. 70 PliOCKEUIN^GS or THE BENEFACTIONS. List in accordance ivith Bi/e-Laws, Chap. XA^II. Sect. 1, of all Donations of the amount or value of Tiventij-Jive jiouads and iipwards. 1790. The Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. Cost of Copper and engraving of the plates of the first roUiiiie of Transactions, 20 in number. The same: Medallion of C. von Linne, by Inlander. 1796. The same : a large collection of boolvs. 1800. Subscription towards the Charter, =£295 4*. 6d. Claudius Stephen Hunter, Esq., E.L.S. (Gratuitous profe.^sional services in securing the Charter.) 1802. Dr. Richard Piilteney. His collections, and £200 Stock. Aylmer Bourke Lambert, Esq. Portrait of Henry Seymer. 1804. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. tlis collection of Insects. 1807. Richard Anthony Salisbury, Esq. Portrait of I). C. Solander, by J. Zoffany. 1811. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. His collection of Shells. Mrs. Pulteney. Portrait of Dr. R. Pulteney, by S. Beach. 1814. Joseph Sabine, Esq. Portrait of C. von Liunc, after Roslin, reverseJ. Dr. John Sims, Portrait of Dr. Trew. 1818. Subscription of =£215 6s. for Caley's Zoological Collei-tiou. LIXNEAN SOCIKTV Oi'' LONDOX. 7 1 1819. The Medical Society of Stockholm. A medallion ot' Liiina?us m alabaster. 1822. l>u>t of Sir Joseph Banks, by Sir F. Chantrey, E.A, Subscription of tlie Fellows. 1825. The late Naturnl Historv Society. <£I9(>, 3.| Stock. Bust of Sir .Tames Edward Smith, P.L.S., by Sir F. Chantrey, E.A., by Subscribers. 1829. Subscription for the purchase of the Linnean and Smithian Collections, =£1593 b*-. 1830. Sir Thomas Grey Cullum, Bart. i.'lOO Bond given np. 1832. The Honourable East India Company. East Indian Herbarium. 1833. Subscription for Cabinets and mounting the East Indian Herbarium, .£315 14s. 1835. Subscription portrait of Eobert Brown, by H. W. Pickersgill, E.A. 1836. Subscription portrait of Edward Forster, by Eden Upton Eddis. Subscription portrait of Archibald ilenzies, by E. U. Eddis. 1837. Subscription portrait of Alexander MacLeay, by Sir Thomas Lawrence, P. E.A, 1838. Collections and Correspondence of Nathaniel John "Winch. Portrait of Dr. Nathaniel Wallich, by John Lucas, presented bv Mrs. Smith, of Hull. 1839. Subscription portrait of "William Yarrell, by Mrs. Carpenter. 1842. David Don : herbarium of woods and fruits. Archibald Meuzies : bequest of £100, subject to legacy dutv. Portrait of John Ebenezer Bicheno, by £. U. Eddis, presented by Mr. Bicheno. 72 PROCEEniXGS OF THE 1843. Subscription in aid of the funds of the Society, £994 3s. Subscription portrait of Sir William Jackson Hooker, by S. Gam- bardella, 1845. Microscope presented by Subscribers. 1846. Joseph Janson: =£100 legacy, free of duty, and two cabinets. 1847. [Bequest of <£200 in trust, by Eduard Rudge ; declined as set forth in Proceedings, i. pp. 315-317.] 1849. Portrait of Sir J. Banks, Bart., bv T. Phillips, E.A., presented by Capt. Sir E. Home, Bart., EiN". 1850. Subsn-iption portrait of the Et. Eev. Edward Stanley, D.D., Bishop of ]Vor\^icb, by J. H. Maguire. 1853. Portrait of Carl von Linno, by L. Pasch, presented by Eobert Brown. Pastel portrait of A. B. Lambert, by John Eussell, presented by Eobert Brown. 1854. Professor Thomas Bell, .£105. 1857. Subscription portrait of Prof. T.Bell, P.L.S., by H. ^Y. Pickersgill, E.A. Thomas Corbyn Janson : two cabinets to hold the collection of fruits and seeds. Pleasance, Lady Smith : Correspondence of Sir J. E. Smith, in 19 A'olumes. 1858. Subscription portrait of Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward, by J. P. Knight. Subscription for removal to Burlington House, =£1108 iCis. Diary of Carl von Linne, and letters to Bishop Menander, presented by Miss Wray. Dr. Horsfield's JaAan plants, presented by the Court of Directors of the Hon. East India Company. Dr. Ferdinand von jMueller's Austrahau and Tasmanian plants, including many types. 1859. Books from the library of Eobert Brown, presented by J. J. Bennett, Sec.L.S. Eobert Brown : two bonds gi\en up, £200. LIXiVEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 73 1861. Subscription bust of Eobert Brown, by Peter Slater. Collectiou of birds' eggs, bequeathed by Johu Drew Salmon, F.L.S. 1862. The Linnean Club : presentation bust of Prof. T. Bell, by P. Slater. 1863. ■Subscription portrait of John Joseph Bennett, by E, U. Eddis. 1864. Beriah Botfield, Esq. : Legacy, .£40 less Duty. 1865. Executors of Sir J. W. Hooker, ^100. George Benthain, Esq. : cost of 10 plates to his " Tropical Leguuii- nosae,"' Trans, vol. xxv. 1866. Dr. Friedrich "Welwitsch : Illustrations of his ' Sertum Angolense,' £130. 1867. George Bentham, Esq, : General Index to Transactions, vols, i.-xxv. lioyal Society : Grant in aid of iJr. S. Brady on British Ostracoda, £S0. 1869. Carved rhinoceros horn from Lady Smith, formerly in the posses- sion of C. V. Linne. 1874. Subscription portrait of George Bentham, by L. Dickinson. George Bentham, Esq., for expenditure on Library, .£50. 1875. Legacy from James Tates, .£50 free of Duty. „ „ Daniel Haubury, ^iOO less Duty. 1876. Legacy of the late Thomas Corbyn Janson, £200. „ „ „ Charles Lambert. £'500. George Bentham, Esq. : General Index to Transactions, vols, xxvi.-xxx. 1878. Subscription portrait of John Claudius Loudon, by J. Linnell. Subscription portrait of E-ev. Miles Joseph Berkeley, bv James Peel. 1879. Rev. George Henslow and Sir J. D. Hooker : Contribution to illustrations, £35. LIXX. SOC. PI10CEEDI>'GS. — SESSIO" 1905-1900. g 74 rEOCEEDTKGS Of THE 1880. The Secretary of State for India in Council : cost of setting up Dr. Aitcbison's paper, .£36. 1881. George Bentliam, Esq., special donation, =£25. The same : towards Eichard Kippist's pension, <£oO. Portrait of St. George Jackson Mivart, by Miss Solomon ; presented by Mrs. Mivart. 1882. Executors of the late Frederick Currey : a large selection of books. Subscription portrait of Charles Eobert Darwin, by Hon. John Collier. The Secretary of State for India in Council : Grant for publication of Dr. Aitcbison's second paper on the Elora of the Kurrum Valley. £60. 1883. Sir John Lubbock, Bart, (afterwards Lord Avebury). Portrait of C. von Linnc, ascribed to M. Hallman. Philip Henry Gosse, Esq. : towards cost of illustrating his paper, £25. Eoyal Society : Grant in aid of Mr. Gosse's paper, £50. Sophia Grover, Harriet Grover, Emily Grover, and Charles Ehret Grover : 11 letters from C. von Linne to G. D. Ehret. 1885. Executors of the late George Bentham, £567 lis. 2(V Subscription portrait of George Busk, by his daughter Marian Busk. 1886. A large selection of books from the library of the late Spencer Thomas Cobbold (a bequest for a medal was declined). Sir George MacLeay, Bart. : MSS. of Alexander MacLeay and portrait of Kev. William Ivirby. 1887. "William Davidson, Esq. : 1st and 2nd instalments of grant in aid of publication, £50. Erancis Blackwell Eorbes, Esq., in aid of Chinese Elora, £25. 1888. The Secretary of State for India in Council: Grant in aid of publication of results of the Afghan Boundary Delimitation Expedition, £150. Dr. J. E. T. Aitchison, towards the same, £25. Trustees of the Indian Museum : Mergui Archipelago report, for publication in Journal, £135. Dr. John Anderson, for the same, £60. Wm. Davidson, Esq. : 3rd and last instalment, £25. LIKNEAX SOCIETY Oi' LONDOX. 75 1889. Bronze copy o£ model for Statue of C. von Linud, by J . F. Kjellberg ; presented by Frank Crisp, Esq. 1890. The Secretary of State for India in Council : Grant for Delimitation Expedition report, =£200. Oak table for Meeting Eoom, presented by Frank Crisp, Esq. Subscription portrait of Sir Joseph Daltou Hooker, K.C.S.I., by Hubert Herkomer, E.A. Executors of the late John Ball, Esq. : a large selection of books. An anonymous donor, <£30. Colonel Sir Henry Collett, Iv.C.B., towards the publication of his Shan States collections, =£50. 1891. Subscription portrait of Sir John Lubbock, Bart. [Lord Avebury], by Leslie Ward. George Frederick Scott Elliot, Esq., towards cost of his Madagascar paper, .£60. 1892. Dr. Richard Charles Alexander Prior : projection lantern, £50. 1893. Executors of Lord Arthur Eussell : his collection of portraits of naturalists. Electric light installation : cost borne by Frank Crisp, Esq. 1894. Algernon Peckover, Esq., Legacy, £100 free of Duty. Miss Emma Swan, " Westwood Bequest," £250. 1896. Clock and supports in Meeting Eoom, presented by Frank Crisp, Esq. 1897. AVilliam Carruthers, Esq. : Collection of engravings and photo- graphs of portraits of Carl von Linne. Eoyal Society : Grant towards publication of paper by the late John Ball, £60. Subscription portrait of Professor George James AUnian, by Marian Busk. 1898. Sir John Lubbock, Bart.: Contribution towards his paper on Stipules, £43 14s. M. Eoyal Society : Contribution towards Cole's paper, £50. ,, „ Murray&Blackman's paper, £80.' ^^ ,, „ Elliot Smith's paper, £50. , „ „ Forsyth Major's paper, £50. 76 PEOCEEDINGS Or THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1899. A. C. Harmsworth, Esq. : Contribution towards cost o£ plates, £43. Eoyal Society : Contribution towards Mr. E. T. Giinther's paper on Lake Urmi, £50. 1901. Hon. Charles Ellis, Hon. Walter Rothschild, and the Benthaiu Trustees : The Correspondence o£ Wilham Swainson. Eoyal Society: Contribution towards E. Chapman's paper on Funafuti Eoraminifera, £50. Prof. E. Eay Lankester : Contribution towards illustration, £30 5s. Portrait of St. G. J. Mivart ; presented by Mrs. Mivart. 1903. Eoyal Society : Contribution toward Elliot Smith's paper, £50. Legacy from the late Dr. E. C. A. Prior, £100 free of duty. Mrs. Sladen: Posthumous Portrait of the late Walter Percy Sladen, by H. T. Wells, E.A. B. Arthur Bensley : Contribution to his paper, £44. 1904. Eoyal Society : Grant in aid of third volume of the Chinese Elora, £120. Supplementary Eoyal Charter : cost borne by Frank Crisp, Esq. 1905. Eoyal Society : First grant in aid of Dr. G, H. Fowler's ' Biscayan Plankton,' £50. Executors of the late G. B. Buckton, Esq. : Contribution for colouring plates of his paper, £26. 1906. Eoyal Society : Second grant to ' Biscayan Plankton,' £50. Subscription portrait of Prof. S. H, Amines, by Hon. John Collier. Eoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences : Copies of portraits of C. von Liune, after Per Krafft the elder, and Alexander Eoslin, by Jean Haagen. ADDITIONS AND DONATIONS TO THE LIB 11 A Tl Y 1905-190G. Achaval (Luis). See Rio (Manuel E.). Geografia cle laProviucia de Cordoba. Agricultural (The) Journal of India. Vol. I.. Part !■> 8vo. Calcutta, 1906. Albert, Honore Charles {Prince de Monaco). Eesultats des Cara- pagnes Scieiitifiques accomplies sur son Yachts \y Hirondelle et la Princesse- Alice]. Fascicules 31-32. 4to. Monaco, 1905. XXXI. Description des encephales de Grampus griseus Cut., de Steno frontatiis Cuv., et de Glohicephalus melas Traill, provenant des Campagoes du Yacht Princesse- Alice. Par Auguste Pettit. (1905.) XXXII. Mollusques provenant des dragages effectues a I'Onest de I'Atrique pendant les Campagnes Scientifiques de S. A. S. le Prince de Monaco. Par Philippe Dautzexberg et Henri Fischer. Pp. 125 ; i^lates 5. (1006.) Alcock (Alfred William). Catalogue of the Indian Decapod Crustacea in the Collection of the Indian Museum. Part III. Macrura. Pasciculus I. The Pra^^"ns of the Peneus Group. See Calcutta : Indian Museum. See Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes. Marine Crustaceans : Paouridae. Ameghino (Florentino). La perforacion astragaliaua en Prio- dontes, Canis (Chri/soci/on), y T y pother ium. Pp. 19; figs. 15. (An. Mus. Xac. Buenos Aires, xiii.) Sro. Buenos Aires, 1905. La perforation astragalienne sur quelques Mammiferes du Miocene Moyen de .France. Pp. 18 ; figs. 12. ( An. Mus. jSTac. Buenos Aires, xiii.) Svo. Buenos Aires., 19U5. La perforacion astragaliana en el Orycteropus y el Origen de los Orycteropidae. Pp. 37 ; figs. 31. (An. Mus. Nac. Bueno.s Aires, xiii.) Svo. Buenos Aires, 1905. Euumeraciun de los impennes fosiles de Patagonia y de la Isla Seymour. Pp. 71 ; plates 8, figs. 4. (An. Mus. Xac. Buenos Aires, xiii. pp. 97-167.) 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1905. Les Edontes fossiles de France et d'Allemagne. Pp. 76 ; figs. 61. (An. Mus. Xac. Buenos Aires, xiii. pp. 175-250.) Svo. Buenos Aires, 1905. Author. Andrews (Charles William). See British Museum. Fossils. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Tertiary Vertebrata of the Fayiim Egypt. 7 8 rK0CBi:DiNGS or the Antarctique Expedition Beige. See Belgica. Aquila : a Periodical of Ornithology. Edited by Otto Herman. Vols. XI., XII. 4to. Budapest, 1904-1905. Ar^ber (Edward Alexander Newell). See British Museum. Fossils. Catalogue of the Fossil Plants oi' the Glossopteris Flora in the Depart, of Geology, British Museum (Natural History). Archiv ftir Hydrohiologie und Planktonkunde. Herausgegeben von Dr. Otto Zachaeias. Band !.-> 8vo. Stuttgart, 1905-1906. Arens (C). Observations on the Spawning Season of the llainbow Trout. Pp. 5. (Eept. Fisheries Ireland, Sci. Investig., 1904, vii.) 8vo. Dublin, 1906. Australian Naturalist. Journal and Magazine of the New South Wales Naturalists' Club. Vol. I., Part 1» • 8vo. Sydney, N.S.W., 1906. Avebury (BiyJit Hon. John, Lord). See Lubbock (Sir John). Baldrey (F. S. H.). See Journal of Tropical Veterinary Science. Banker (Howard James). A Contribution to a Eevision of the North-American Hyduacese. Pp. 96. (Mem. Torrey Bot. Club, xii.) 8vo. New Yorlc, 1906. Bastian (Henry Charlton). The Nature and Origin of Living Matter. Pp. 344 ; plates 32. 8vo. ioncZon, 1905. Author. Bell (Francis Jeffrey). See Maldive and Jjaccadive Archipelagoes. Actinogonidiate Echinoderms. Beneden (Pierre Joseph van). Memoire sur les Vers lutestiuaux. Pp. viii, 376 ; avec 27 planches. 4to. Paris, 1858. N. H. W. Maclaren. Berg (L. S.). On the Distribution of Cottus ■pcecilopus, Heck., in Siberia. Pp. 17. (Trav. Sous-Section TroYtskosawsk-Iviakhta, Soc. Imper. Russe Geographique, vii. Livr. 1, pp. 78-92.) 8vo. St. Petersburg, 1905. Author. Bergh (Rudolph). Die Opisthobrauchiata der Siboga-Expedition. See Siboga-Expeditie. Mouogr. L. Bibliotheca Botanica {continued). Heft 63. LoHAUss (Karl). Der anatomische Eau der Laubbliltter der Festucaceen up.d desseu Bedeutung fiir die Systematik. Pp. vi, 114; mit 16 Tafeln. 1905. Bibliotheca Zoologica (continued). Band XIX. Heft 45, Lief'g. 1. Fisciieii (Guido). Vergleichend-anatoui- ische Untersucliungea iiber den Bronchialbaum der Vogel. Pp. 45; mit 5 Tafeln und 2 Text- figureu. 1905. „ „ 46^. Wagneu (M.). Psychobiologische Untersucliungen an Humiueln. 1906. „ „ 47. KuPELWiESER (Hans). Untersuchungen iiber den feineren Ban und die Metamorpliose des Ci/pho- nautes. Pp. 50 ; plates 5. 1906. „ „ 48. BoKciiEKDiNG (Friedricii). Achatinellen-Fauna der Sandwieh-Insel Molokai, &c. Pp. 195 ; Taf. 10, and Map. 1906. LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 79 Biehringer (Joacliim). Beitnige zur Anatomie und Entwick- lungsgescliichte dev Trematodeii. Inaugural - AbhtiiuUuug. Pp. 2G. (Arb. zool.-zoot. Inst. Wiirzburg, vii.) Svo. Wiesbaden, 1884. N. H. W. Maclaren. Bohny (Paul). Beitrilge zur Kenntnis des Digitalisblattes und seiner Vertalscliungen mit Beriicksichtigung des Pulvers. In- augural-Dissertation. Pp. 01 ; plates 3. Svo. Basel, 1906. Dr. Hans Schinz. Bolus (Harry). Contributions to the African Flora. Pp. 18. (Trans. South Afric. Phil. Soc. xvi.) Svo. Cape Town, 1905. Autlior. Sketch of the Floral Regions of South Africa. Pp. 42, and Map. (Science in Soutli Africa, Aug. 1905.) Svo. Cajye Town, 1905. Author. Boman (E.). Deux Stijm de TAme'rique du Sud developpant de I'acide cyanhj^drique. Pp. 7. (Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. 1905, no. 5, p. 337.) Svo. Paiis, 1905. Autlior. Bonnier (Gaston) et Sahlon (Leclerc du). Cours de Botauique. Vol. I. Pp. 1328 ; figs. 2389. Svo. Paris, 1901-1905. Borcea (I.). Eecherches sur les systeme uro -genital des Elas- inobranches. Pp. 288 ; plates 2, figs. 103. (iVrch. Zool. Exper. 4 ser. iv.) Svo. Paris, 190G. Borcherding (Friedrich). Achatinellen-Fauna der Sandwich- Insel Molokai, nebst einem Verzeiclmis der iibrigen daselbst vorkommenden Land- und SiisswassermoUusken. Pp. 195 ; Taf. 10, and Map. (Zoologica, Heft 48.) 4to. Stuttgart, 190G. Borger (Adolf). See Plankton-Expedition. Die Tripyleeu liadiolarien : Atlanticellidas. Borgstrom (Ernst). Ueber Echinorhynclms turhinella, brevicoUis, und porrir/ens. Pp. 60 ; Taf. 5. (Bih. K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. xvii. Afd. iv. no. 10.) Svo. Stocklwhn, 1892. N. H. W. Maclaren. Borradaile (Lancelot Alexander). See Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes. Hydroids. Land Crustaceans. ^Marine Crustaceans. Bose (Jagadis Chnnder). Plant Response as a Means of Physio- logical Investigation. Pp. xxxviii, 781 ; figs. 278. Svo. London, 1906. Frank Crisp. Bouvier (Eugene L.). Monographic des Onychophores. Pp. 383 ; plates 13, figs. 140. (Ann. Sci. Nat., ZooL 9 ser. ii.) Svo. Pam, 1905. See Gruvel (Abel). Monographic des Cirrhipedes ou Thecostracos. British Association for the Advancement of Science. Report (South Africa), 1905. Svo. London, 190i). Council Brit. Assoc. 8o PKOCEEDINGS OF THE British Museum {continued). Insects. Homopterous Insects. A Synonymic Catalogue of Homoptera. By AV. L. Distant. Pp. 207. 8vo. London, 1906. Anthozoa. Catalogue of the Madreporariau Corals in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. V. The Family PoritidEe.— II. The Genus Pontes. Part I. Porites of the Indo-Pacific Eegion. By Hexey M. Beenaed. Pp. vi, 303 ; plates 35. 1905. POSSILS. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Tertiary Yertebrata of the Payum, Egypt. By Chaeles William ANDEE^ys. Pp. xxxvii, 324 ; figs. 98, plates 27. 4to. London, 1906. Catalogue of the Possil Plants of the Glossojjtens Pauna in the Department of Geology, British Museum (Natural History). Being a Monograph of the Permo-Carboniferous Plora of India and the Southern Homisphere. By Edwaed Alexandee Newell Aebee. Pp. Ixxv, 255 ; plates 8. 1905. Britten (James). " Botany in England." Being some Comments on Prof. P. TV. Oliver's Address so entitled delivered to the Botanical Section of the British A.ssoeiation at York, 1906. Pp. 5. (Journ. Bot. vol. xliv. pp. 310-314.) 8vo. London, 1906. Author. Brooklyn. Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. Cold Spring Harbor Monographs. No. 6. 8vo. BrooMyn, 1906. 6. Walter (Herbert E.). The Behaviour of the Pond Snail, Lymnceus. elodes, Say. Pp. 35. (1905.) Browne (Edward T.). See Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes. Hydromedus;e. ,_. — Scyphomedusse. Bruce (Alexander). See Wright (Herbert). Para Eubber in Ceylon. Buchanan (Francis). See Prain (David). A Sketch of the Life of Prancis Hamilton (once Buchanan). Buchenau (Franz). Juncaeese. Pp. 284, figs. 121 ; mit 777 Ein- zelbildern. See Engler (H. G. A.). Das Pflauzenreich etc. Heft 25 (iv. 36). 8vo. Leiiy-ig, 1906. Budapest. See Aquila. Burger (Otto). See Berlin— Das Tierreich. Liefg. 20. Platy- helminthes : Nemertini. Buitenzorg. Departement de I'Agriculture aux Indes Neerlandaises. Bulletin, Nos. 1-3. Svo. Baltenzortj, 1906. LINXEAX SOCIEXi' OF LOXDOX. 8l Buitenzorg {conthmed). 's Lands Plantentuin. Icooes Bogorienses. A'^ols. I.-II. fasc. 1. Svo. Butavia, Leide, 1897-1908. Bulawayo. Rhodesia Scientific Association. Proceedii]gs, Vols. I.-Y. Part 1. Svo. Bidawayo, 1903-1905. Dr. P. L. Sclater. Bullen (Robert Ashington). Land aud Fresh-water Mollusca from Sumatra. Pp. 5 ; plate 1. (Proc. Malacol. 8oc. vii. Part. 1.) Svo. London, 1906. Holoceue Deposit at Harlton. Pp. 3, fig. 2. (Proc. Malacol. Soe. vii. Part 2.) Svo. Londou, 1906. Mierozoa and Mollusca from East Crete. Pp. 5; plates 5. (Geol. Mag., u.s. Decade 5, vol. iii. pp. 353-358.) Svo. London, 1906. Author. Burgess (Edward Sandford). Studies in the History aud Variations of Asters. Part II. Species and Variations of Biotian Asters, with Discussion of Variability in Aster. Pp. xv, 419 ; plates 13, figs. 108. (Mem. Torrey Bot. Club, xiii.) " Svo. New Tori; 1906. Burr (Malcolm). See Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes. Orthoptera. Buttel-Reepen (H. von). Zur Ivenntniss der G-ruppe des Dis- tomum clavatum, insbesondere des Dist. amjndlacemn und des Bist. Sieinersi. Pp. 72: plates 5. (Zool. Jahrb., Abt. Svst. xvii.) Svo. Jena, 1902. N. H. W. Maclaren. Byrne (L. W.). >See Holt (Ernest W. L.). First Eeport on the Fishes of the Irish Atlantic Slope, Calcutta. Asiatic Society of Bengal. Memoirs, Vol. I. 4to. Calcutta, 1905-1906. Indian Museum. Catalogue of the Indian Decapod Crustacea in the Collection of the Indian Museum. Part III. Macrura. Fasciculus I. The Prawns of the Pencils Group. By A. Alcock. Pp. ii, 55 : plates 9. 4to. Calcutta, 1906. Caiman (William Thomas). The Cumacea of the Siboga Expe- dition. Si-e Siboga-Expeditie, Livr. 23. Cameron (Peter). >See Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes. Hymenoptera. Campbell (Douglas Houghton). The Structure and Develop- ment of Mosses aud Ferns (Archegoniatae). 2nd Edition. Pp. vii, 657. Svo. Neiv York ^- London, 1905. Cape Town. South African Museum. Eeport for 1905. fol. Cape Town, 1906. 82 PROCEEDI>-GS OF THE Casado (Manuel). Estudio sobre la enferznedacl de los Naraujos y Liinoneros de la Provincia de Malaga. Pp. 28. 8vo. 3Ialaf//(, 1886. Don Jose Luis A. de Linera. Cash (James) and Hopkinson (John). The British Freshwater Ehizopoda and Heliozoa. Vol. I. Ehizopoda. Part I. Pp. x, 148 ; plates 1-16. (R(oj Society.) 8vo. London, 1905. Ceylon — Eoyal Botanic Gardens. See Peradeniya. Chalubinski (Tytus). Enumeratio 3Iascoi-um Eroudosorum Tatrensium hucusqne cognitorum. Pp. viii, 207, and Map. 4to. Warzavjci, 1886. Dr. R. Braithwaite. Chapman (Frederick). Notes on the older Tertiary Eoraminiferal Ptocks on the West Coast of Santo, New Hebrides. Pp. 14 ; plates 4. (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, xxx.) 8vo. Melbourne, 1905. Author. New or Little-knoAvn Victorian Eossils in the National 3Iuseum, Melbourne. Part V. On the Genua Eeceptaculites. With a Note on E. australis from Queensland. Pp. 11 ; plates 3. Part VI. Notes on Devonian Spirifers. Pp. 4 ; plate 1. (Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, xriii. pt. 1.) 8vo. Melbourne, 1905. Author. Part VII. A new Ceplialaspid, from the Silurian of Wombat Creek. Pp. 8; plates 2. (Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, N.S. xviii.) 8vo. Melbourne, 1906. Author. Collinge (Walter Edward). See Journal of Economic Biology. Edited by W. E. Collinge. Colombo — Eoyal Botanic Gardens. See Peradeniya. Contemporary Science Series. Edited by Hatelock Ellis. 8vo. London, 1889-1893. Geddes (P.) and Thomson (J. A.). The Evolution of Sex. (1889). Weismanx (A.). The Germ-Plasm : a Theory of Heredity. (1893.) Cooper (C. Forster). See Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes. Autipatbaria. Ceplialochorda. Syst. and Anatomical Account. Corrado (Parona). Dialcnni Elminti raccoltinel Sudan Orieutale da O. Beccaki e P. Magretii. Pp. 24, Tav. 2. (Ann. Mus. Genova, ser. 2, vol. ii.) Svo. Genova, 1885. N. H. W. Maclaren. Coutiere (H.). See Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes. Marine Crustaceans — Alpheidee. Cristofoletti (TJgo). Studien liber Rheum rliaponticum. In- augui-al-Dissertation. Pp. 63 ; plates 5. 8vo. Bern, 1905. Dr. Hans Schinz. LINNEAN SOCIETY Of LOXDOX. 83 Cunnington (William A.). Stiulieii an einer Dapbnide, Simo- cephahts sima. Beitriige ziu* Kenutiiiss des Centraljierveu- systems und der feineren Auatomie der Daphniden. Inaugural- Dissertation. Pp. 75; mit 3 Tafeln nnd 6 Textfi^uren. 8vo. Jena, 19( >2. N. H. W. Maclaren Dautzenberg (Philippe). Mollusques proveuaut des dragages effectut's a I'Ouest de I'Afrique pendant les Campagne? Scieu- tifiques de S.A.S. le Prince de Monaco. See Albert. Dawe (Morley Thomas). Eeport on a Botanical Mission through the Forest Districts of Bnddu and the Western and Nile Pro- vinces of the Uganda Protectorate. Pp. 63 ; !)lates 5, and Map. fol. London, 1906. Author. Deane (Riithven). Letters from William Swainson to John James Audubon. (Hitherto unpublished Letters.) Pp. 11. (The 'Auk,' xxii. pp. 248-258). 8vo. Atiy Yorl; 1905. Author. Degen (Arpad von). L^eber das spontane Yerkommen eines A'ertreters der Gattung fSihinm in Siidkroatien und in der Hercegovina. Pp. 15. (L^ugarische Bot. Blatter, Jahrg. 1905, Xo. 8 10.) 8vo. Budapest, 1905. De Toni (Giovanni Battista). Sulla Griffithsia acuta, Zauard. herb. Pp.5. (Xuovo Xotarisia, xvii.) 8vo. Padova,}20b. Sylloge Algarum omnium hucusque cognitarum. Vols L- IV. Patavii, 1889-1905. Xotice of, by Martin Mobius. Pp. 3. (Xaturwiss. Wochenscbr. xx.) -Ito. Jena, 1905. Sul Eeagente di Schweizer. Xota, pp. -1. (Atti K. Isr. Veneto, vol. 65.) 8vo. Venezia, 1906. Author. Diels (Ludwig). Die Pflanzenwelt von "West-Australien siidlich des Wendekreises. Pp. xii, 413, mit 1 Vegetation s-Karte und 82 Figuren im Text, sowie 34 Tafeln. (Eugler-Drude, Vege- tation der Erde, vii.) 8vo. Leipzig, 1906. Distant (William Lucas). See British Museum. Homopterous Insects. A Synonymic Catalogue of Homoptera. See Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes. Ehyuchota. Dode (L. A.). Extraits d'une Monographic inedite du Genre ^' Pojndus." Pp. 73, plates 2. (Mem. Soc. d'Hist. Xat. Autun, xviii.) 8vo. Autun, 1905. Author. Procedes de transport des Graines et des Boutures. Pp. 2. (Eev. Horticole, Xo. 1.) 8vo. Orleans, 1906. Doncaster (Leonard). See Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes. Chsptognatha. Drabble (Eric). A Xote on Vascular Tissue. Pp. 5. (Xew Phytol. iv.) 8v'0. London, 1905. Author. Drabble (Eric) and Lake (Hilda). On the Effect of Carbon Dioxide on Geotropic Curvature of the Eoots of Piston sativum L. Pp. 8. (Proc. Eoy. Soc. B. vol. 76.) 8vo. London, 1905. Authors. The Osmotic Strength of Cell-Sap in Plants grouing under different Conditions. Pp. 3. (Xew Phytol. iv.) Svo. London, 1905. Authors. 84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Dublin. Department of Agriculture and Teclinical Instruction for Ireland. Fisheries Branch. iScientific Investigations : 1902-1903. Nos. 1, 2, ti, 7, 10, 11. (1905). 1904. Nos. 3-7. (1905-6). 1905. No. 2. (1906). 8vo. Dublin, 1905^1906. Authors and Scientific Adviser. Royal Zoological Society of Ireland. Annual Keport, 74. 8vo. Dublin, 1905. Dunn (Stephen Troyte). Alien Flora of Britain. Pp. xvi, 208. 8vo. London, 1905. Author. Durand (Theophile) and Jackson (Benjamin Daydon). Inde.x Kewensis Plantarum Phanerogamarum. Suppleraentum Pri- mum Nomina et Syuonyma Omnium Geuertun et Specieruin ab initio auni 1886 usque ad finem anni 1895 complectens. Fasciculus IV. 4to, Bruxellis, 1906. B. Daydon Jackson. Duss (Le E. P.). Flore phauerogamique des Antilles Frangaises (Guadeloupe et Martinique) . . . Avec annotations du ... E. Heckel sur I'emploi de ces Plantes. Pp. xxviii, 656. (Ann. Inst. Colonial Marseilles, iii.) 8vo. MarseUles, 1897. Flore Cryptogamique des Antilles Francaises. Pp. 360. 8vo. Lons-le-Saunier, 1904. Duthie (John F.). See Strachey {Sir Eichard). Catalogue of the Plants of Kumaon, &c. Dyer (/SiV "William Turner Thiselton-). See Oliver (H.). Flora of Tropical Africa. Eichler (Julius), Gradmann (Eobert), und Meigen (Wilhelm). Ergebnisse der pflanzengeographischen Durehforschung von "Wiirttemberg, Baden und Hohenzoliern. I. Pp. 78, mit 2 Karten. (Beilage z. Jahresh. Ver. Vaterl. Natiirk. "Wiirttemberg. Jahrg. 61.) 8vo. Stuttgart, 1905. Eisig (Hugo). Ichtliyotomus sanguinarius. Eine auf Aalen schmarotzende Annelide. Pp. xi, 300; mit 10 Taf. und 34 Textfig. See Naples : Zoological Station. Monogr. xxviii. Eliot (Sir Charles). See Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes. Nudibranchiata. Elliot (George Francis Scott). A First Course in Practical Botany. Pp. viii, 344, figs. 158. Svo. London, 1906. Author. Engler (Adolf). Das Pflanzenreicli. Eegni vegetabilis conspectus. .... Hex-ausgegeben von A. Engler. ■ Hefte 1-22. Svo. Leijjzig, 1900-1905. • Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. Vierte, umgearbeitete Auflage. Pp. xviii, 237. 8vo. Berlin, 1904. Engler (Adolf) und Drude (Oscar). Die Vegetation der Erde. VII. Svo. Leipzig, 1906. "VII. Die Pflanzenwelt von West-Australien siidlicli des Wendekreises, von Dr. Ludwig Diels. Pp. sii, 413 ; mit 1 Vegetal ions-Karte und 82 Figui-en im Text, sowie 34 Tafelu. (1906.) LIXNEAN SOCIETY OE LOXDOX. 85 English Men of Science. Edited by Joseph Eetnolds Gheen. 8vo. London, 1900. Bextiiam (George). By B. Daydox Jackson. Pp. xii, 292, and Portrait. (1906.) B. D. Jackson. Everett (W. H.). Memorandam on Mechanical Tests o£ some Indian Timbers. Pp. 7. (Foi-est Bull. no. >'EAN SOCIETY Ol' LO>DO>'. 87 Goroschankin or Goroshankin. See Ghorozhankin (Ivan Niko- laevich). Goto (Seitaro). On Dijilozoon nipponkum, n. sp. Pp. 42 ; plates 3. (Journ. Sc. Coll. Tokyo, iv.) bvo. Tol-ijo, 1890. Studies ou the Ectoparasitic Trematodes of Japan. Pp. 273 ; plates 27. (Journ. Coll. Sc. Tokyo, viii.) 4to. Tol-yo, 1894. N. H. W. Maclaren. Gongh (Lewis Henry). Plankton collected at Irish Lis;ht Stations in 1904. Pp. bb. (Eept. [Fisheries Ireland, Sci. Investig., 1904, vi.) 8vo. DuUin, 1906. Author. Gradmann (Robert). See Eichler (Julius). Ergebnisse der ptlanzengeographischen Durchforschuug von "Wiirttetnberg, Baden uud Hohenzollern, I. Gray (Asa). See SuUivant (William Starling). Icones Mus- corum, Supplement. Green (Joseph Reynolds). See English Men of Science. Edited by J. E.ETNOLDS Geeex. Gross (J.). Untersuchungen iiber die Histologie des Insecteu- ovariums. Pp. 116 ; Taf. 9. (Zool. Jahrb., Abt. Anat. xviii. pp. 72-186, Taf. 6-14.) 8vo. Jena, 1903. Die Spermatogenese A'on Syromastes viare/iuatus, L. Pp. 60 ; Taf. 2. (Zool. Jahrb., Abt. Anat. xx.) 8vo. Jena, 1904. N. H. W. Maclaren. Gruvel (Abel). Monographic des Cirrhipedes ou Thecostraces. Preface de EuGi;N-E L. Bouyiee. Pp. xii, 472; avec 427 figures dans le texte. Bvo. Paris, 1905. Guppy (Robert John Lechniere). The Growth of Trinidad. Pp. 13; figs. 8, map 1. (Trans. Canad. Inst, viii.) 8vo. Toronto, 1905. Author. Gurley (Revere Randolph). The Myxosporidia, or Psorosperins of Fishes, and the Epidemic produced by them. Pp. 239 ; plates 47. (U.S. Commission ou Eish and Fisheries, Com- missioner's Eept., Part IS, for 1902.) 8yo. Washington, 1904. Haass (Everhard). Beitrag zur Keuntuis der Actinomyceten. Inaugural-Dissertation. Pp. 81. 8vo. Z'urich, 1905. Dr. Hans Schinz. Haberlandt (Gottlieb). Die Liclitsinnes-organe der Laubblatter. Pp. viii, 142 ; mit 8 Textfig. & 4 Taf. 8vo. Leipzig, 1905. Haeckel (Ernst Heinrich). Last Words on Evolution. A Popular Eetrospect and Summary. Translated from the Second Edition by Joseph McCabe. Pp. 127, with Porti'ait and Three Plates. 8vo. London, 1906. Prinzipien der Generellen Morphologie der Organismen. Pp. xvi, 447, aud Portrait, 8vo. Berlin, 1906. Author. Hagen (Ingebrigt S.). Musci Norvegise Borealis. Bericht iiber die im Nurdliciien ]^orwegen hauptsiichlich von den Herreu Arnell, Fridtz, Kaalaas, Kaurin, Eyan uud dem Herausgeber in den Jahreu 1886-1897 gesammelten Laubmoose. Pp. xxiii, 142, Taf. 2. (Tromso Mus. Aarshefter, xxi.-xxii. u. 3.) Svo. Tromso, 1904. S8 PBOCEEDI>'GS OF THE Hall (Alfred Daniel). The Book of the Eothamsted Experiments. Pp. xl, 294, with 2 Portraits. 8vo. London, 1005. Author. Hamilton (Francis) [fonnerh/ Buchanan]. See Prain (David). A Sketch of the Life of P. Hamilton (once Buchanan). Hansen (Euiil Christian). Considerations on Technical My- cology. (Lecture delivered at the Opening of the Department for Technical Mycology at the Heriot AVatt College, Edinburgh, Oct. 18th, 1905.) " Svo. London, 1905. Author. Hartog (Marcus Manuel). The Dual Porce of the Dividing Cell. Part I. The Achromatic Spindle Pigure illustrated by Mag- netic Chains of Force. Pp. 20 ; plates 3. (Proc. Roy. 8oc. B. vol. 76.") Svo. London, 1905. Author. Heckel (Edouard). Plore phanerogamique des Antilles Pranoaises par le R. P. Duss .... Avec annotations du . . . . E. Heckel sur I'eraploi de ces Plantes. Pp. xxviii, 656. (Ann. Inst. Colonial Marseille, iii.) Svo. Marseilles, 1897. Annales de ITnstitut Botanic-Geologique Colonial [after- wards Listitut Colonial] de Marseille, publiees sous la direction de . . . . E. Heckel. Vol. I.-> See Marseilles. Heckert (Gustav A.). Leucochloridium Paradoxum. Mono- graphische Darstellung der Entwicklungs- mid Lebensgeschichte des Distomum macrostomum. Pp. 06 ; Taf. 4. (Bibl. Zool. Heft 4.) 4to. Cassel, 1SS9. N. H. W. Maclaren. Hecksteden (Eduard). Beitrag zur Lehre vom Echiuokokkus. Inaugural-Dissertation. Pp. 28 ; Taf. 1. Svo. Kiel, 1881. N. H. W. Maclaren. Henslow (Rev. George). The Uses of British Plants ; tracetl from Antiquity to the Present Day ; together with the deri- vations of their names. Pp. vi, 184, and 288 illustrations. Svo. London, 1905. Author. Imitative Porms of Fusus antiquus and Buccinum undatum, subequent to Injury. (The Illustrations ai'e mainly from the Collection of the late John Gwxn Jefeeevs.) 4to. Londoti [1905]. Author. Herdman (William Abbott). See Liverpool : Lancashire Sea- Pisheries Laboratory, &c. See ' Triton,' Cruise of H.M.S. Tunicata. Herman (Otto). See Aquila. Hertwig (Richard). Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Acineten. Inaugural-Dissertation. Pp. 64 ; Taf. 2. Svo. Leijjzig, 1875. N. H.W. Maclaren. Hesse (Richard). Ueber das Nervensystem und die Sinnesorgane v(m Bhizostoma Cuvieri. Pp. 46 ; Taf. 3, figs. 3. (Zeitschr. ^^iss. Zool. Bd. 60.) Svo. Leijjzig, 1895. N. H. W. Maclaren. Hickson (Sydney John). See Maldive and Laccadive Archi- pelagoes. Alcyonaria. Hillas (A. B. E.). Record of Salmon Marking Experiments in Ireland, 1902-1905. Pp. 39. (Rept. Pisheries Ireland, Sci. Investig., 1904, vii.) Svo. Dublin, 1906. Author. LIXXE.VX SOCIETY Of LOXDON. 89 Hise (Charles Richard van). A Treatise on Metamovphism. Pp. 1286 ; plates 13, Hgs. 32. (U.S. Geol. Surv. Monogr. 47.) 4to. Washington, 1904. Hochreutiner (B. P. G.). Catalogus Bogoriensis novus plautarum phanerogamarmn quse in Horto Botanico Bogoriensi coluntur Herbaceis exceptis. Fasc. 1, 2. Svo. Bititenzon/, 1904-1905. Hoek (Paulus Peronius Cato). See ' Triton,' Cruise of H.M.8. Pycnogonida. Holt (Ernest W. L.). Eeport on the Artificial Propagation of Sahnouulse during the Season of 1904-1905. (Kept. Fisheries Ireland, Sci. Investig., 1904, vii.) Svo. Diihlin, 1906. Author. Holt (Ernest W. L.) and Byrne (L. W.). Pirst Eeport on the Pishes of the Irish Atlantic Slope. Pp. 2S ; plate 1. (Eept. Fisheries Irelaud, Sci. Investig., 1905, ii.) Svo. Dublin, 1906. Authors. Holt (Ernest W. L.) and Tattersall (W. M.). Schizopodous Crustacea from the Xorth-East Atlantic Slope. Supplement. Pp. 50; plates 5. (Eept. Fisheries Ireland, Sci. Investig., 1904, V.) Svo. Dublin, 1906. Authors. Hope Reports. (A Series of Eeprints and Extracts from various Jouruals, reissued for privnte Circulation.) Edited by Edwaed B. PouLTox. Vol. V. 1903-1906. Svo. 0.vford, 1906. E. B. Poulton. Hopkinson (John). -SVe Cash (James). The British Freshwater Ehizopoda and Heliozoa. (Eay Society.) Hovey (Edmund Otis). The Grande Soufriere of Guadeloupe. Pp. IS ; figs. 9. (Bull. Amer. Geogr. Soc, Sept. 1904.) Svo. New YorTc, 1904. Author. Howe (Marshall Avery). See Foslie (M.). Xew American Coral- line Algte. Hoyle ("William Evans). See Maldive and Laccadive Archi- pelagoes. Cephalopoda. Imhof (Othmar Emil). Beitrage zur Auatomie der Perla maxima, Scopoli. Inaugural-Dissertation. Pp. 41 ; plates 2. Svo. 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KollLker ( Rudolph Albert von). Erinnerungen aus meiiiem Lebeu. Pp. X, 3U9 ; luit 7 Vollbiklern, 10 Textfiguren unci Portriit. Svo. Lei]:)zi Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes. The Fauua and Geo- graphy of : being the Account of the Work carried on and of the Collections made by an Expedition during the years 1899 and 1900. Edited by John Stanley Gakdinek. Vols. I.-II. Supplement I. 4to. Cambrichje, 1901-1905. A^ol. I. Introduction. By J. Stanlfa" Gardiner. 1001. Hynienoptera. By P. Cameron. 11)01. Laud Crustaceans. By L. A. Borkadaile. 1901. Jvemerteans. By R. C. Punnett. 1901. Amphibia and Reptilia. By F. F. Laidlaw. 1902. Lepidoptera. By Ed. Meyrick. 1902. Echiuroidea. By A. E. Shipley. 1902. Sipunculoidea, with an Account of a new Genus Lithacrosiphon. By A. E. Shipley. 1902. Land and Freshwater Mollusca. By Edgau A. Smith. 190'?. Maldive and Laccadive Groups, with Notes on other Coral Formations in the Indian Ocean. By J. Stanley Gardinek. 1902. Pigments of certain Corals, and Asteroid. By C. A. MacMunn. 1902. Marine Crustaceans. I. Varieties. II. Portunidte. By L. A. Borkadaile. 1902. 94 PEOCEEDIXGS OF xnE Chajtognatha, &c. By Leoxard Doxcaster. 1902. Dragon- Flies. By F. F. Laidlaw. 1902. Actinogonidiate Echinoderms. By Prof. F. Jeffrey Bell. 1902. Orthoptera. By Malcolm Burr. 190:?. Marine Crustaceans. III. The Xanthidse and some other Crabs. By L. A. Boeeadaile. 1902. Fishes. By C. Tate Began. 1902. Marine Turbellaria. By Frank Fortescue Laidlaw. 1902. Cepbalochorda. Systematic and Anatomical Account. By C. Forster Cooper. 1903. Cephalochorda. Note on Meristic Variation in the Group. Bv E. C. PUNNETT. 1903. Aves. By H. Gadow and J. Stanley Gardiner. 1903. Earthworms. By Frank E. Beddard. 1903. Marine Crustaceans. IV. Some Remarks on the Classification of the Crabs. V. The Crabs of the Catometope Famihes. VI. Oxy- stomata. VII. The Barnacles. By L. A. Borradaile. 1903. Marine Crustaceans. VIII. Stomatopoda, with an Account of the Varieties of Gonodacfylus cJiiragra. By W. F. Lan Chester. 1903. Lithothamnia. By M. Foslie. 1903, Vol. 11. Alcyonaria. Part I. By Prof. Sydney J. Hickson. 1903. Alcyonaria. Part II. By Edith M. Pratt. 1903. Nudibranchiata. By Sir Charles Eliot. 1903. Marine Crustaceans. IX. The Sponge-crabs (Dromiacea). By L. A. Borradaile. 1903. Land Planarian. By F. F. Laidlaw. 1903. Lagoon Deposits. I. General Account. By J. Stanley Gardiner. 1903. II. Eeport on certain Deposits. By Sir John Murray. 1903. Marine MoUusca. By Edgar A. S.mith. 1903. Enteropueusta. By E.. C. Punxett. 1903. Marine Crustaceans. X. The Spider-Crabs (Oxyrhyucha). XI. On the Classification and Genealogy of the Eeptant Decapods. By L. A. Borradaile. 1903. Marine Crustaceans. XII. Isonoda, with Description of a new Genus. By Eev. T. E. R. Stebbing*. 1904. HydromedusEe, with a Eevision of the Williadse and Petasidte. By Edward T. Browne. 1904. Marine Crustaceans. XIII. The Hippidea, Thalassinidea, and Scyllaridea. By L. A. Borradaile. 1904. Madreporaria. By J. Stanley Gardiner. 1904. Antipatharia. By C. Foester-Cooper. 1904. Arachnida. By E. I. Pocock. 1904. Alcyonaria. By Sydney J. Hickson. 1905. Marine Crustaceans. XIV. Paguridaj. By Major Alcock. 190.5. Hydroids. By L. A. Borradaile. 1905. Notes on Parasites. By A. E. Shipley. 1905. Ehynchota. By W. L. Distant. 1905. Marine Crustaceans. XV. Les Alpheidie. By Prof. H. Coutiere. 1905. Vol. II. — Supplement I. Marine Crustaceans. XVI. Amphipoda. By A. O. Walker. 1905. Madreporaria. III. Fungida. IV. Turbinolidas. By J. Stanley Gardiner. 1905. ScyiDhomedus.T. By Edward T. Browne. 1905. Coleoptera. By D. Sharp. 1905. Cephalopoda. By W. E. Hoyle. 1905. Copepoda. By E. jS'orris Wolfende.n. 1905. LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LO>'DOy. 95 Manchester. Botanical Exchange Cluh of the British Isles. Eeport for 1905. 8vo. Oxford, 190(J. J. Walter White. Manila. Department of the Interior. 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Pp. xiii, 366, mit 127 Abbildungen. Svo. Jena, 1899. Saefiftigen (Armand). Zur Organisation der Ecbinorhynchen. Inaugural-Dissertation. Pp. 52, Taf. 3. (Morphol. Jahrb. x.) Svo. Leipzifj, 1884. N. H. W. Maclaren. St. Petersburg. Musee Botanique de TAcademie Imperiale des Sciences. Proceedings. Part 2. Svo. St. Petersburg, 1905. Schedae ad Herbarium Plorte Eossicse. Y. (Nos. 1201- 1600.) Svo. St. Petershurg, 1905. Sakurai (Tsunejiro). Normentafel zur Eutwicklungsgeschichte des Eelies (Cervus Capreolus). Mit einem Yorwort von Dr. F. Keibel. Pp. 100, Taf. 3. See Normentafeln zur Entwick- lungsgeschichte der Wirbelthiere. Heft 6. Salmon (Ernest Stanley). The present danger threatening Goosebeny Growers in England. Pp. 4. (Gard. Chron. 3 ser. xxxviii.) 4to. London, 1905. Author. Sargent (Charles Sprague). Trees and Shrubs : illustrations of new or little-known Ligneous Plants prepared chiefly from Material at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. Yol. I. 4to. Boston S,- Neiv Yorl; 1902-1905. Frank Crisp. SchauJnsland (Hugo). Beitrag zur Ivenntniss der Embryonal- entwicklung der Trematoden. Pp. 63, Taf. 3. (Zeitschr. f. Naturwiss. xvi.) Svo. Jena, 1883. N. H. W. Maclaren. Schellens (W.). Ueber das Yerhalten von pflanzlielien und tierischen Textilstoffen zu Metallsalzlosungen. Pp. 11. (Arch. der Pharmazie, Band 243, Heft S.) Svo. Berlin, 1905. Dr. Ed. Schaer. Schenck (Otto). Die antennalen Hautsinnesorgane einiger Lepi- dopteren und Hymenopteren mit besouderer Berilcksichtigung der sexuellen Uuterschiede. Inaugural-Dissertation. Pp. 47, Taf. 2. 4to. Jena, 1902. N. H. W. Maclaren. Scherren (Henry). On old Pictures of the Zebra. Pp.3, (Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1905, vol. i.) Svo. London, 1905. Author. Schiemenz (Paul). See Plankton-Expedition. Pteropoden. LIXXE.O' SOCIETY OF LOXJ)OX. lOI Schinz (Hans). riaiit;c Meuyharthiauaj ; ein Eeitrag zur Keunt- iiis der Flora des Untereii Saiubesi. Pp. 79. (Denksclir. luath.- uat. Klasse K. Akad. Wiss. Wieu, Bd. 7S, pp. 307-445.) 4to. Wien, 1905. Beitriige zur Kenntnis der afrikanischeu Flora. XVIII. (Yierteljahrsschr. Xaturf. Ges. Ziiricli, Jahrg. 51, Heft 1.) 8vo. Ziirich, 1906. Die Myxomyceten oder Schleimpilze der Scluveiz. Pp. 129, ligs. 45. (Mitt. Xaturw. Ges. AViuterthur, Heft 0.) 8vo. Winterthur, 190(3. Author. Schlich (William). Manual of Forestry. Thii-d Edition. Vol. I. 8vo. London, 1906. India Office. Schneider (Camillo Karl). Illustriertes Haudwiirterbuch der Botanik. Pp. viii, 690 ; mit 341 Abbildungeu im Text. Svo. Leipzhj, 1905. Schroeder (August). Beitriige zur Ivenutuis eiuiger auslaudischen Fette uiid Ole. Inaugural-Dissertation. Pp. 67. Svo. Strasshurg i./EIsass, 1905. Dr. Ed. Schaer. Schroter (Carl). See Kirchner (Oskar). Lebeusgeschichte der BliitenpHanzen Mitteleuropas. Schumann. (Karl) und Lauterbach (Karl). Nachtrage zur Flora der Deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Siidsee. (Mit Ausschluss .Samoa's und der Karolinen.) Pp. 446 ; mit 14 Tafeln und Bikinis von K. Schumann. Eoyal Svo. Leipzu/, 1905. Scott (Andrew). See Liverpool: Lancashire Sea - Fisheries Laboratory, &c. Sellerbeck (Heinrich). De Triehinosi. Dissertatio Inauguralis. Pp. 3u. Svo. Berlin^ 1866. N. H. W. Maclaren. Seward (Albert Charles) and "Woodward (Arthur Smith). Permo- Carboniferous Plants and Vertebrates from Kashmir. Pp. 14, plates 3. (Mem. Geol. Surv., Palseont. Ind., New Series, vol, ii. Mem. no. 2.) fol. Calcutta, 1904. Sharp (David). See Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes. Coleoptera. Sherborn (Charles Davies) and Woodward (Bernard Barhani). On the Dates of Publication of the Natural History Portions of the " Encyclopedie Methoclique." Pp. 6. (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, xvii.) Svo. London, 1900. Author. Shipley (Arthur E.), See Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes. Ecliiuroidea. Parasites. Sipunculoidea. Siboga-Expeditie. Livr. 16-29. 4to. Leiden, 1904-06. Dr. Max Weber. Silva. Ste Flora and Silva. Edited by W. Eobixsox. Silvestri (Filippo). Contribuzioui alia conoscenza biologica degli Imenotteri Parassiti, I. Pp. 51 ; tav. 5, tigs. 13. (Ann. It. Scuola Sup. Agricolt. Portici, vi.) Svo. Portlci, 1900. Author. I02 PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE Sim (Thomas E.)- Tree Planting in Xatal. Pp. 354, Index pp. xviii ; figs. 99. (Bull. No. 7, Dept. Agric. Nntal.) 8vo. Pietermaritzburc/, 1905. Author. Simmons (Herman George). Ttterligare om Piiroarnes bafsalg- vegetation och om hafsalgernas spridning. Pp. 16. (Bot. Notiser, 1905, pp. 193-2080 8vo. Ltmd, 1905. Author. Sinclair (S.). See Sydney, Australian Museum. Catalogue of the Library of the Austral. Mus. Sladen (Walter Percy). See ' Triton,' Cruise of H.M.S. Aste- roidea. Sluiter (C. Ph.). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expeditiou, Supple- ment zu der I. Abteihing : Die Socialen und Holosomen Ascidien. See Sihoga-Expeditie, livr. 24. Smith (Edgar Albert). See Maldive and Laccadive Archipe- lagoes. Land and Freshwater MoUusca. Marine Mollusca, Smith (Johannes Jacobus). Die Orcliideen von Ambon. Pp. 125. (Herausgegeben vom Depart. Landwirtschaft.) 8vo. Batavia, 1905. Smith (John Donnell). Enumeratio Plautarum Guatemalensium necnou Salvadorensiura, Hondurensium, Nicaraguensium, Costa- ricensium. Pars VII. Pp. 73. Svo. Oquawla:, 1905. Author. Sommer (Ferdinand). Die Auatomie des Leberegels, Distomum liepaticum, L. Pp. 104, Taf. 6. (Zeitsclir. f. wiss. Zool. xxxiv.) 8yo. Lei2)zig., 1^>A). N. H. W. Maclaren. Spinner (Henri). Des relations existant entre la disposition du parencbyme vert dans les feuilles de Carex et les localites babitees par ces vegetaux. Pp. 3. (Bull. ooe. jyeuchatel. Sci. Nat. xxxi.) Svo. NeucMtel, 1903. Sur les fruits anormanx de Cheirantlms. Pp. 7, figs. IS. (Bull. Soc. Neuchatel. Sci. Nat. xxxii.) Svo. NeucMtel, 1905. L' Anatoraie caulinaire des Carex Suisses. Pp. 94 ; plates 3. (Bull. Soc. Neuchatel. Sci. Nat. xxxii.) Svo. NeucMtel, 1905. Author. Spire (Andre). See Spire (Camille). Le Caoutchouc en Indo- Chine. Spire (Camille) et Spire (Andre). Le Caoutchouc en Indo-Chine. Etude Botanique Industrielle et Commerciale. Pp. viii, 262 ; plates 35. Koy. Svo. Paris, 1906. Spruce (Richard). Hepatica^ Amazonicse et Andinje, &c. Pp. xi, 588 ; plates 22. (Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinb. xv.) Svo. Edinhurgli, 1884-85. Staeps (Arminius). De Tricbiniasi. Dissertatio Inauguralis. Pp. 30. Svo. Berlin, 1866. N. H. W. Maclaren. Stebbing (Edward Percy). A Note upon the " Bee-Hole " Borer of Teak in Burma {Duomitus). Pp. 19. 4to. Calcutta, 1905. ■ Departmental Notes on Insects that affect Forestry. No. 3. Svo. Calcutta, 1906. Author. LIXXEAX SOCIEXr Ol- LOXDOX. Stebbing (Thomas Roscoe Rede). See Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes. Marine Crustacea : Isopoda. Stichel (HansV >See Berlin — Das Tierreich. Liefg. 22. Lepi- doptera : Heliconiidte. Stossich (Michele). Elminti trovati in un Ortliagoriscus moJa. Pp. 3, tav. 1. (Boll. kSoc. Adriatica, xvii.) 8\o. Trieste, 1896*. N. H. W. Maclaren. Strachey {^Sir Richard). Catalogue of the Plants of Kumaon and of the adjacent Portions of Garhwal and Tibet, based on the Collections made by Strachey and Winterbottom durino- the years 1846 to 1849 and on the Catalogue oris^inally prepared in 1852. Eevised and Supplemented by J. F. Duthie. Pp. vii, 269. ^\o.' London, 19QQ. Author! Snllivant (William Starling). Icones Muscorum, or Figures and Descriptions of most of those Mosses peculiar to Eastern Xoi-th America which have not been heretofore figured. Pp. viii, 216 • plates 129. Eoy. 8vo. Cambridge, Mass., 1864. Supplement. [Ed. by A. Gbat.] Pp. viii, 109 ; plates 81. Eoy. 8vo. Cambridge, Mass., 1874. Dr. R. Sraithwaite. Swainson (William) to Audnbon (John James). (Hitherto un- published Letters.) See Deane (Ruthven). Sydney. Australian Museum. Catalogue of the Library of the Australian Museum. Second Edition. Compiled by S. Sinclair. Part III. Pamphlets. 8vo. Sgdneg, 1905. Taschenberg (Ernst Otto Wilhelm). Beitriige zur Keimtniss ecto- parasitischer mariner Trematoden. Pp. 49, Taf. 2. (Abh. naturf. Ges. Halle, xiv.) 4to. Halle-a.-SaS'^, Petersburg, 1880. 104 pkoceedijsgs of the ' Triton,' Cruise of H.M.S. (Trans. Eo3^ Soc. Edinburgh, xxxii.) 4to. Edinlmrgh, 1883. Pycnogonida. By P. P. 0. Hoek. Timicata. By W. A. Herd.man. Pennatiilida. By A. Milnes Marshall. Asteroidea. By W. Percy Sladen. Tschudi (Ad.). Die Blasenwiirmer. Ein monographischer Versuch, Pp. 75 ; Taf. 2. 4to. Freiburq-im-Breisqau, 1837. N. H. W. Maclaren. Turner (Frederick). Botany of North- Western New South Wales. Pp. 60 ; plate 1. (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.Wales, xxx. pt. 1.) 8vo. Sydney, 1905. Author. United States Department of Agriculture {con). Division of Botany. Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium. Vol. X. Pts. 1, 2. 8vo. Washington, 1906. B. Daydon Jackson. "United States Geological Survey {con.). Monographs. Yols. 47, 48. 4to. Wasliington, 1904-05. 47. A Treatise on Metamorpliism. By Charles Eiciiard van Hise. Pp. 1286 ; plates 13, figs. 32. 1904. 48. Status of the Mesozoic Floras of the United States. Second Paper. By Lester Frank Ward. Pp.616; plates 119. 1905. Yan Hise. See Hise (Richard Charles van). Vavra (Wenzel). See Plankton-Expedition. Die Ostracoden (Halocypriden und Cypndiniden). Veitch (James Herbert). Hortus Veitchii. A History of the Else and Progress of the Nurseries of Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, together \yitli an Account of the Botanical Collectors and Hybridists employed by them, and a List of the most remarkable of their Introductions. Pp. 542. Illustrated with Fifty Photo- gravure Plates. 4to. London, 1906. Jas. Veitch & Sons. Vejdovsky (Franz). Ueber einige Siisswasser-Ampbipoden. III. Die Augenreduktion bei einem neuen Gammarideu aus Irlaud, und liber Nipliargus Caspary Pratz aus dem Brunnen von Miinchen. Pp. 40, mit 2 Tafeln und 14 Textfiguren. (S.B. Konigl. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. Prag, 1905.) Svo. Prag, 1905. Author. Versluys (Jan). See Siboga-Expeditie. Die Gorgoniden der Siboga-Exped. II. Die Primuoidse. Verson (Enrico). Zur Entwicklung des Yerdauuugskanals bei Bombyx mori. Pp. 78 ; Taf. 4. (Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. 82.) Svo. Leipzig, 1905. Author. Vialleton (Louis). See Lortet (Louis). Etude sur le Bilharzia limnatohia et la Bilharziose. Vierhapper (Fritz). Monographie der alpinen Erigeron-Axten Eiu'opas mid Vorderasiens. Pp. 176 ; Taf. 6, Karten 2. (Beih. J:)ot. Centralbl. 2te Abt. xix.) Svo. Leijizig, 1906. Vovmeng (Carl). Die Bandwiirmer des Menschen nach den ueuesten Porschungen. Inaugural-Dissertation. Pp. 32. Svo. Berlin, 1867. N. H. W. Maclaren. LIXXEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. I05 Waddell (Lawrence Austine). Lhasa and its jMvsteries ; A\itli a liecord of the Expedition of 1903-190-1. Pp."xxii, 530 ; with 200 iUustrations and 8 maps. 8vo. London, 1905. Author. Wagner (M.). Psyehobiologische Untersuchungen an Hummehi. 1. (Zoologica, Bd. xix. Heft 46'.) 4to. Stuttgart, 190(5. Wahlstedt (Lars Johan). Om Characeernas kuoppar oeh iifver- vintriug. Botanisk Afhandling. Pp. 48. 8vo. Lund, 1864. Walker (Alfred 0.). See Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes. Marine Crustaceans : Aniphipoda. Walter (Emil). Untersuchungen liber den Bau der Trematoden. Monostomum trigonocephalum, Eud., rdicidare, van Jien.,2i>'0ft'us, Brandes. Inaugural-Dissertation. Pp. 51 ; 3 Tafeln und 1 Text- tigur. (Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd.56.) 8vo. Halh-a.-Saale, 1893. N. H. W. Maclaren. Walter (Herbert E.). See Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. Cold Spring Harbor Monographs. VI. The BehaAuor of tlje Pond Snail {Lt/mna'HS elodes, Say). Ward (Lester Frank). Status of the Mesozoic Floras of the United States. Second Paper. Pp. 616, plates 119. (U.S. Geol. Sur\'., Monogr. 48.) 4to. Washington, 1905. Warren (Ernest). See Annals Natal Govt. Mus. Washington. Carnegie Institution. Publication no. 8. 8vo. Washington, 1905. No. 8. Farlow (William Gr.). Bibliographical Index of North American Fungi. Vol. I. Part 1. 1905. Watkin (Hugh E.). The Discovery and Transportation to St. Petersburg of the Berezooka Mammoth, translated and described in a Paper read before the Torquay Xatural History Society. Pp. 20. 8vo. Torquay, 1906. The "White Winter Coat of Certain Creatures. Eead July 11th, 1906, before the Torquay Natural History Societv. Pp.'20. 8vo'. Torquay, 1906. Author. Weber (Carl Julius Ferdinand). De Echinococco Hominis. Dis- sertatio Inauguralis. Pp. 32. 8vo. Berlin, 1866. N. H. W. Maclaren. Weismann (August). The Germ-Plasm : a Theory of Heredity Translated by AVilliam Neavton Paekee andHAREiETT Ronn- FELDT. (Contemp. Science Ser.) Pp. xxii, 477, with 24 illus- trations. 8vo. London, 1893. West (George). A Comparative Study of the dominant Phanero- gamic and Higher Cryptogamic Plora of Aquatic Habit, in Three Lake Areas of Scotland. Pp. bS, plates 55. (Proc. Eov. Soc. Edinb. xxv. pp. 967-1023.) 8vo. Edinburgh, 1905. West (William) and West (George Stephen). A ^lonograph of the British Desmidiaceie. \"ol. II. Pp. x, 204; plates 33-64. (Hay Society.) 8vo. London, 1905. Willis (John Christopher). See Peradeniya : Koyal Botanic Gar- dens. Annals. LINN. soc. PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1905-190G. l Io6 niOCEEDINGS OF XITE ■Wintons(A. L.). >SVeMoeller (Josef). Mikroskopie derJS'ahrung:^ unci Geuussmittel aus dem Pflanzenreiche. Zweite Anflage. Wittrock (Veit Breclier). Catalogus Illustratus IcouotheciB Bota- nicse Horti Bergiaui Stockliolmiensis ; Xotulis Biographicis adjectis. Pars II. Pp. sciii, 245 ; cum 151 tabulis. (Acta Horti Bergiani, Band iii. No. 3.) 4to. Stod'liolm, 1905. Author. Wolfenden (E.icliard Norris). See Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes. Copepoda. Wolff (Max). Das Nerveusystem der polypoideu Hydrozoa und Hcyphozoa. Ein vergleichend-physiologisclier und anatomischer Beitrag zur Neuronlehre. Pp. 91, Taf. 5. (Zeitschr. f. allgeiu. Physiol. Bd. iii. Heft 3.) 8vo. Jena, 1903. N. H. W. Maclaren. Wood (John Medley). IS'atal Plants. Vol. IV. Parts 3 ct 4 ; Vol. V. Part 3. 4to. London, 1905-1906. Author. Woodward (Arthur Smith). On a Carboniferous Fisli Fauna from the Mansfield District, Victoria. See Melbourne : National Mus. Memoirs, no. 1. Woodward (Arthur Smith) and Seward (Albert Charles). Permo- Carboniferous Plants and Vertebrates from Kashmir. Pp. 14, plates 3. (Mem. Geol. Surv., Palaeont. Ind., New Series, vol. ii. Mem. No. 2.) Pol. Ccdmtta, m)A. Woodward (Bernard Barham). See Sherborn (Charles Davies). On the Dates of Publication of the Natural History Portions of the ' Encyclopedie Methodlque.' Worcester (^Dean C). See McGregor (Richard C). A Hand-List of the Birds of the Philippine Islands. Wright (Herbert). Eeport of the Controller, Experiment Station, Peradeniya, for 1903. Pp. 44. (Circulars & Agric. Journ. Eoy. Bot. Gardens, Ceylon, vol. ii. no. 18.) Svo. Peradeniya, 1905. Indian Corn {Zea Mays, L.) in Ceylon. (Circulars & Agric. Journ. !Ro3^ Bot. Gardens, Ceylon, vol. iii. no. 5.) Svo. Peradeniya, 1905. Cocoa Disease iu Ceylon. Pp. 4, plate 1. (Tropical Agric. & Mag. Ceylon Agric. Soc. Aug. 1905.) 4to. Colombo, 1905. Historical Notes regarding Para Eubber iu Ceylon and the East. Pp. 3; plate 1. (Tropical Agric. & Mag. Ceylon Agric. Soc. Aug. 1905.) 4to. Colombo, 1905. Eoliar Periodicity of Endemic and Indigenous Trees iu Ceylon. Pp. 102 ; plates 6. (Ann. Eoy. Bot. Gardens, Pera- deniya, vol. ii. part 3.) Svo. Colombo, 1905. Hevea hrasiliensis ov ParaEubber; its Botany, Cultivation, Chemistry, and Diseases. Pp. viii, 106, Appendix xx ; plates 2S. Svo. Colombo, 1905. Second Edition. Pp. xiii, 179 ; plates 54. Svo. Colombo, 1906. Author. LINXEAX SOCIEXi" OF LOXDOX. IO7 Wright (Herbert) and Bruce (Alexander). Pat-a Kubber in CVylon. Pp. 32. (Circulars & Agric. Journ. Eoy. Bot. Gardens, Ceylon, vol. iii. no. 6.) 8vo. Perademija, 1905. Authors. York, Eastleigh, Birmingham, and Cambridge. "Watson Botanical Exchange Club. Heports, A'ol. II. Xo. '2. 8vo. Cambridge, 1906. G. Goode. Zacharias (Otto). See Archiv flir Hydrobiologie und Plankton- kunde. Zaczek (Johann). Die Trichinose. Inaugural-Dissertation. Pp. 31. 8vo. Berlin, 186S. N. H. W. Maclaren. Zelinka (Carl). Die Gastrotricheu. Eine monographische Dar- stellung ihrer Anatoniie, Biologie und Svsteinatik. Pp. 178, Taf. 5. (Zeitsclir. wiss. Zool. Bd. 49.) 8vo. Leijjzir/, 1889. N. H. W. jVEaclaren. Zeller (Ernst). Ueber das encystirte Yorkommen von Distomuhi S(i>iar,v.da,R\xA.,\m braunen Grasfrosch. Pp. 4, Taf. 1. (Zeitsclir. wiss. Zool. Bd. 17.) Svo. Leijyziy, 1867. Weiterer Beitrag zur Ivenntniss der Polystomen. Pp. 37. Taf. 2. (Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. 27.) Svo. Leipzig, 1876. N. H. W. Maclaren. Zittel(Karl Alfred von). Gedaehtnisrede auf Karl A. von Zittel, gehalten in der uffentlicheu Sitzuug der Iv.B. Akademie der AVissenschaften zu Miiuchen zur Feier ihres 146. Stiftung- stages am 1.5. Miirz 1905, von August Eothpletz. Pp. 23. 4to. MdncJien, 1905. Zoological Record. Yol. 41 (1904). 8vo. London, 1905. Zschokke (Fritz). Erster Beiti'ag zur Parasiten-fauna von Trutta scdar. Pp. 35, Taf. 1. (Yerh. Xaturf. Ges. Basel, viii.) 8vo. Basel, 1890. N. H. W. Maclaren. Ziirich. Botanisches Museum der Universitat, Zurich. Mitteilungen XXXI. ScniNZ (Hans). Die Mvxomjceten ocler Sehleimpilze der Schweiz. Pp. 129, figs. 45. (Mitt. Nat. Ges. Winterthur, Heft 6.) Svo. Winterthur, 1906. Der botanische Garten und das botanische Museum der Universitiit, Ziirich, im Jahre 1905. Svo. Ziirich, 1906. Dr. Hans Schinz. «2 I08 PROCEEDIXGS OF THE DONATIONS IN AID OF PUBLICATIONS. 1905. £ s. d. June 17. Dr. Eric Deabble. Contribution in aid of colouring plate 50 of his paper : On the Anatomy of the Boots of Palms (Trans. 2nd ser.^ Bot. vol. vi. part 10) 4 10 0 Nov. 24. Executors of the late G. B. Bucktok. Contribution in aid of colouring 2 plates of his paper : Observations on some undescrihed or little-known Species of Hemi|)tera-Horaoptera of the Family Membracidce (Trans. 2nd ser., Zool. vol. ix. part 9) 26 0 0 Dec. 28. Prof. F. "W. Oliver. Contribution in aid of two Woodbui'y-type plates of his paper : On the Structure and Affinities of Stepha- vosjyenmim, Brongniart, a Genus of Fossil Gymnosperm Seeds (Trans. 2nd ser., Bot. vol. vi. part 8) 5 17 6 1906. April 26. The Eoyal Society. Second grant in aid of Dr. G. Herbert Fowler's " Biscayan Plankton " (Trans. 2ud ser., Zool. vol. x.) . 50 0 0 LIXNEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. IO9 [The foUoiving Obituary Notice ivas onh/ received on the 'IlthSeptemher, after the foregoing pages were in tijpeJ] Walter Fbaxk Eaphael "Weldox, the subject oE the present memoir, was born on Marcli 15tb, 18G0, and was educated at Caversliam School and afterwards, during 1876 and 1877, at University and Kinji's Colleges, London. In April 1878 he entered St. John's College, Cambridge, and studied Physiology and Zoology under Prof. Michael Foster and the late Francis Maitland l^alfour. He obtained a first class in the first part of the ]S"atura] Science Tripos (under the old Statutes) in 1881 and proceeded to the degree of B.A. in the same year. In 1882 he was placed in the fii'st class in the second part of the Natural Science Tripos, and after a period of study at the Zoological Station at Naples, was resident chiefly at Cambridge, ^^-here he was engaged in zoological research, and acted as a Demonstrator to Mr. A. Sedgwick and Assistant Lecturer in the Zoological Laboratories. He married in 1883 Florence Joy, the eldest daughter of William Tebb, Esq., of Eede Hall, Burstow, Surrey, and never was there a happier marriage. lu November 1884 AVeldon was elected to a Fellowship at St. John's College, and almost simultaneously was appointed L^niversitj^ Lecturer in the Advanced Morphology of Invertebrata at Cambridge. In 1886, a year after his lather's death, he went in company with his wile on a zoological expedition to the Bahamas, and returning to Cambridge at the end of the same year, resumed his work as L'niversity Lectxirer. In 1888, on the completion of the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association at Plymouth. AYeldon was one of the first to make use of the opportunities offered for the study of English Marine Zoology, and having obtained leave of absence from Cambridge, he resided at Plymouth for two years, and there began the course of biometrical research which was the chief interest of the rest of his life. In December 1890 he was elected to the Jodrell Chair of Zoology in University College. London, in succession to Professor Bay Laukester; and in 1899, when the latter was appointed Director of the British Museum of Natural History, Weldon again succeeded him, this time as Linaci'e Professor of Comparative Anatomy at Oxford. For the next seven years he resided at Oxford, occupied with the duties of his chair and with a constantly increasing quantity of biometrical research. Though he was obviously straining his energies to the utmost his health and vigour seemed to be unimpaired, and it was a great shock to his many friends when they heard of his death, after a very short illness, on April 13th, 1906. He was elected Fellow of our Society, 4th June 1891, and of the Eoyal Societv in 1890. Such is a brief outline of the life of one of the most gifted of contemporary zoologists : it would take many pages adequately to I lO PPiOCEEDI^'GS OF THE fill in the picture with an account of his scientific work and an appreciation of his loveable personality. A few salient features may be dwelt on here. Professor Weldon was the eldest son (his s'oimger brother Dante died in 1881) of the late Waiter Weldcn, F.E.S., dis- tinguished both in Journalism and Chemical Science, well known for his invention for the recovery of Chlorine in the Leblanc Soda- process, and one of the founders of the Society of Chemical Industry. It was said that tlie most remarkable characteristic of the father was "the marvellous aA'idity and thoroughness with \^hich he grasped any subject upon which he brouglit his mind to bear. A strong and active mind was allied with a constitutional power and capacity and love of work Avhich it is the good fortune of few to possess." The qualities that brought distinction to the father were inherited in full measure by the distinguished son. In his earliest days at Cambridge Raphael Weldon (he was always called by the last of his Christian names) was remarkable, even among the brilliant company of young zoologists gathered there under Francis Balfour, for his unusual enthusiasm for Zoology, and his University career ^\as, like the rest of his life, devoted to his favourite study. He was a A'igorous member and supporter of the Cambridge University jN'atural Science Club, and one of his contemporaries records that he used, when an undergraduate, to maintain the superiority of intellectual over material pleasures. To those who did not know him this might savour of youthful pedantry, but it was a simple and unaffected statement of his real pleasure in life. Intellectual as he was, AVeldon had nothing of the pedant or recluse about him, and was impatient of all aft'ectation of superior wisdom. Among the mau}^ rare qualities combining to make up a charming personality, sincerity was perhaps the most conspicuous, and to perfect candour was added a certain whimsical humour which made his conversation peculiarly attractive. While holding fast to his idenl of intellectual pleasure, Weldon was eminently sociable and full of human sympathy. He loved to surround himself with friends, and from the early days of his residence at Cambridge his rooms or his house were a centre of hospitality and good fellowship. Never did he appear to greater advantage than when entertaining his friends. On such occasions conversation \\ould turn maiiily on subjects of zoological controversy, which Weldon would discuss with the most admirable vivacity and spirit. INTo subject, however abstruse, could be dull in his hands. He would keep a room full of zoologists in roars of laughter while he argued some highly technical point in racy and unconventional lansruage, with a wealth of illustration and anecdote that gave inimitable charm and interest to his discourse. On such occasions, and they were frequent, one could see how genuine and spontaneous was his love of Science. To his mind it was a fertile territor}^ abounding in gladness and beauty, where there were no arid wastes and no LIXXEAX SOCIETY OP LONDOX. Ill dreary and desolate places. In tliis ]inpi)v view of his life's work he was doubtless assisted by an uncoininon power of working hard without any feeling of laborious effort. A friend of his has remarked that lie had, like his father, a great facility for extracting the kernel of a, memoir or book witliout wading through a very large proportion of the words. He instinctively fastened upon A\hat was essential, and made it his own, and would read through a surprising amount of difficult and often dry literature without any apparent effort. Moreover, he was an excellent linguist and could not only read but speak several languages with ease and fluency. The same faculties that made Weldon a brilliant conversationist made him a lecturer oi" exceptional merit. He had a strong dramatic instinct, and utilized it to the full in the lecture-theatre and class-room. Aided by a natural aptitude for drawing, lie would develop a subject both by speech and by finished drawings on the black-board, till it seemed to "row under his hand?, and the driest subjects of anatomy took life and became replete with interest. His lectui'es at University College attracted not only a hirge class of students but also many of his colleagues, and his public courses of lectures at Oxford were no less suc- cessful. Weldon's zoological work falls naturally into two periods. Trained at Cambridge under Prof, i'rancis Balfour, he naturally came under the influence of the embryological and morphological school of thought then dominant not only in England but on the Continent. His earliest papers of importance were published in IS8.3. One, on the early development of Lacerta rnuralis, is a careful piece of embryological work, such as was produced in con- siderable quantity at Cambridge at that period. The other, on some points in the anatomy of Phcenicopterus and its allies, was the outcome of Mork carried on in the Zoological Society's Gardens. Tor some years after taking bis degree Weldon followed the prevailing trend of zoological thought, and hoped, as the best zoologists then hoped, that the chief problems of animal evolution would be on a fair way to solution as embryological evidence accumulated. "With this object in view, he made frequent journeys abroad to collect embryological material or to study the develop- ment of some marine organism on the spot. His expedition to the Bahamas was made with the pui-pose of studying the develop- ment of the Tornaria larva of Balanoglossus. Between 18S3 and 1S89 he published several memoirs, all distinguished for careful and methodical observation and considerable originality in mor- phological speculation, but their contents need no special mention in this place. AVhen he went to Plymouth in 1888 his purpose was to study the development of the Crustacea, and for more tlian a year he applied himself diligently to this work, though his memoirs on the renal organs of the i)ecaiioda and the development of the Common Shrimp did not appear till 1891 and 18112. But 112 PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE like some of his Cambridge contemporaries, he had become dis- satisfied with the methods of zoological reasoning then in vogue. It was consistent with his sincerity of cliaracter and piu'pose that he could not accept conclusions based upon what seemed to him to be imperfect argument and insufficient evidence, and he found that the mode of argumentation commonly in use, though ingenious, was lacking in rigour of scientific proof. At this time a considerable body of young naturalists was collected in the Plymouth Labora- tory, and discussions on the validity of the doctrine of Natural Selection were frequent. Weldon was ever a firm upholder of Natural Selection, and in these discussions took up an attitude of firm opposition to the theories of Eimer and the ueo-Lamarckiau school. At the same time he could not give unqualified assent to the brilhant speculations of AVeismann, then at the height of their influence, finding them, like the rest of current morphological speculation, too vague and too deficient in rigorous demonstration. Being therefore dissatisfied with the methods he had hitherto employed, Weldon turned his attention to the works of Francis Gralton, and on reading these more attentively than he had done before, was immediately attracted by the prospect of introducing exact mathematical proof into zoological argument. The writer well remembers his coming into the Plymouth Laboratory one morning, armed with Galton's ' Natural Inheritance,' the contents of which he forthwith proceeded to expound wuth his accustomed eagerness. He pointed out that since the time of the publication of the ' Origin of Species,' zoologists had blindly accepted Darwin's conclusions, but, with few exceptions, had neglected Darwin's methods. " Science," he said, " is measurement : Darwin made use of measurement, and if we are to make any progress his example must be followed." This was the turning-point of Weldon's career. With characteristic energy he proceeded to apply to animals the statistical methods used by Galton in anthropometric researches, and as he was engaged at the time with the develop- ment of the Shrimp, he chose this animal for his first essay in what he afterwards called Biometrics. Collecting large numbers of shrimps from three different localities, he found that the results of his measurements confirmed what Gait on had established for man and domesticated animals, and, further, that the " probable error" of the same organ was different for the three groups of shrimps from Plymouth, Southport, and Sheerness*. In other words, the shrimps from these localities form three distinct races. Encouraged by the success of his first effort, Weldon set to work to pre])are himself for extended investigations of a like nature. Pinding at the outset that his knowledge of statistics was insufficient, he put himself through a course of mathematical study, and in a short time was fully equipped for the prosecution of higher statistical * " Tiie Variations occurring in certain Decapod Crustacea. — I. Crangon vulgaria," Proe. Royal See. vol. 47 (ls90). LIXXEAN SOCIBTY OV LOXDOX. 113 researches. A second paper on the Correlated Variations in Cranr/on appeared in 1893, and about the same time he became a member of a committee of the Eoyal Society formed for the purpos^e of " Conducting Statistical Enquiries into the Measnrable Characteristics of Phmts and Animals." In connection with this Committee, he began an investigation on the variability of the breadths of tlie frontal carapace in the common shore-ci'ab, Car- cinns manas, and this led to Avhat was probably the most brilliant of his discoveries. He found that the mean frontal breadth of crabs talceu from Plymouth Sound was diminishing at a relatively rapid rate, and came to the concliisiou that this diminution was due to the changed conditions of Plymouth Sound owing to the great increase of the population of the three towns discharia fori- hunda, 14 ; — abstract, ^-j. Scott, Dr. D. H., affinities' of Gymno- sperms, 14 ; — abstract, 57 ; elected Councillor, 30 ; elected Secretary, 30 ; letter from E. Zeiller, 12. Scott, Eer. L., removed, 17. Scrutineers appointed, 30. ' Sealark ' Expedition (Gai-diner), 9. Secretaries elected, 30. Secretary, General, Obituary Notices, 32 ; Eeport, 15. Seward, A. C, evolution of Gymno- spernis, 13; — abstract, 56. Sharp, D., Councillor retired, 30. Shipley, A. E., elected Councillor, '30. Shoriia, distribution (Jackson), 11 ; — abstract, 52. unijiora, photographs shown (Hindmarsh), 4. Simpson, J. J., on Isis hippuris. 11. Sladen, Mrs. C. P., deceased, 15 ; obit- uary, 46. Slater, C. W., withdrawn, 15. Smith, E. A., elected, 3 ; proposed, i. Smith, Eev. Canon, on Linne's portrait, 50. Sowerby, W., deceased, 15 ; obituary, 46. Spheuodaii, J acohson's organ in(Brooni), 8. Stapf, Dr. O., elected Councillor, 30 ; Uganda plants, 51. Steains. A. E. B., admitted, 12 ; elected, 10 ; proposed, 7. Stebbing, Eev. T. E. E., comm. by (Allen), S, (Hutchinson;, 4; elected Councillor, 30; elected Secretary, 30 ; otoliths from fishes, 3. Stockholm, copies of portraits of C. v. Linue from, 12. Tails of fishes (Henslow), i. Tancania, Hayata, a new coniferous genus, 14. Tahcanitcs, corrected to Taiwania, 14. Thomson, J. S., admitted, 4, Townsend, F., deceased, 15; obituary. 47- Treasurer elected, 30 ; his accounts, 16 : — submitted, 15. Trout shown (Henslosv), i. Uganda plants (Stapf), 51. Vice-Presidents nominated, 49. Vienna, Eeport on Botanical Congress (Eendle), 5. Vines, Prof. S. H., portrait presented, 7. Waddington, H. J., admitted, 50 : elected, 49; proposed, 13; species of Crustacea shown, 51. Waltham, T. E., transparencies of flowers shown, 8. Watson, John, withdrawn, 15. Watson-Will, W., deceased, 15. Weale, J. A., proposed, 49. INDKX. 119 Weiss, F. E., root-tip of Lyginodendroii, Woodward, Dr. A. S., elected Councillor, 51. 30; noiuinaled V.-P., 49. Weldon, Prof. W. F. E., deceased, 15 ; obituary, 109. ' Yerburv. Col. J. W., elected. 14; pro- Welsl'ord. Miss E. J., admitted, 50; posed, 12. elected, 49 ; proposed, 14. Wesche, W., Geuitalia of Diptera, 51. | Zeiller, E.; letter from, 12. Wiildringionkt, dimorphic (Eendle), 4. j Zooglcea, develop, changes in (Bastian), Wilkinson, Eev. J. F., remored, 17. ' 10. AYilliams, H., withdrawn, 15. j Zoological Department of Liverpool Mu- Withdruwals recorded, 15. | seum, Address to, 2; thauks from, 3. rniNTED UV TAYLOR AKl> FK.VNCIS, RED LIO.N COURT. FLEET STREET. i 'v' ";•^2^I?v^.!^*^:^J ^> Publications of the Society issued during the period, 31st 1905, to 3l8t July, 1906:— Journal (Botany), No. 255-256, 20th Dec, 1905. 259, 30th Sept., 1905. 260, 23rd July, 1906. „ (Zoology), No. 193, 21st Feb., 1906. 194, 23rd July, 1906. Transactions (2nd Ser. Botany), Vol. VII. Part iii., -April 1{ „ IV,, Sept. W (2nd Ser. Zoology), Vol. IX. Part x., July 1^ Vol. X. „ IV., Noy. U „ v., Feb. It Proceedings, 117th Session, 1904-1905, October 1905. List of [Fellows, Associates, and Foreign Members], 1905-1 ^■^•'''■,\-'W'' - ■ 1-