THE UNIVERSITY

OF ILLINOIS

LIBRARY

560.6
LP

l\

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

JNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

128th session.

Fkom Novembkr 1915 to June 1916.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOE THE LINNEAN SOCIETY,

BURLIXCITON HOUSE, PICCADILLY, W.

1916.

PRIXTE]) nv TAYLOn AND FRANCIS,
i;i:i) i.iux couKT, h,i;et bTitEEX.

7^ l<il^^

CONTENTS.

Pago

List of Publications issued iv

Proceedings of the 128th Session i

Presidential Address 21

Obituaries 53

Prof, G. E. Nicholls on Anura Phauerogloi^sa 80

Additions to the Library 93

Benefactions, 1790-1916 103

Donations, 1915-1916 iii

Index 112

X680897

PUBLICATIONS: Jcr.v 1915-Auausr 1916.

Jounia!. Botany.

Vol. X LI 1 1. Xo. 280. 5/-

>> >>

}■)

290.

12/-

»» 5»

»

291.

22/-

Journal, Zooloory.

Vol. XXXI.

No.

210.

4/-

„ XXXII.

55

220.

10/-

5J

221.

10/-

„ XXXIII.

55

222.

14/-

Transactions, Botany.

A'ol. VI 1 1. Part 8. 18/-

„ IX. „ 1. 38/-

Transactions, Zoology.

Vol. XI. Part 13. 18/-

„ XVII. „ 2. 23/-

Proceedings, 127th Session, October 1915. 10/-

List of [Fellows, Associates, and Foreign Members], Nov. 1915.

PEOCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOOIEXr OF LONDOX.

(OXE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-EIGHTH SESSION,
1915-1916.)

November 4th, 1915.

Prof. E. B. PouLTON, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 17th June, 1915,
were read and confirmed.

Miss Lihan Lyle was admitted a Pellovv.

Mr. Mohamad Maula Baksh, B.A.(Oxon.), Dr. Alfred Bishop
Hitchins, Mr. Thottakat Narayana Menon, and Mr. Eobin John
Tillyard, M.A., B.Sc, E.E.S., were proposed as Eellows.

The President gave notice that the next General Meeting ou
the 18th November would be made special, for electing three
Councillors and a Secretary for Zoology, in the place of Dr. Richard
Assheton, Prof. D. T. Gwynne-Vaughan, and Prof. E. A. Minchin,
Sec.L.S., deceased.

He further moved a vote of sympathy with Mrs. Minchin on
the loss of her husband — a loss to Science, and a great loss to the
Society, — which was unanimously carried, the Eellows rising in
their places.

The paper entitled " The Foraminifera of the West of Scotland,
collected by Prof. W. A. Herdman, E.R.S., on board the

LIXN. SOC. PBOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1915-1916, I

2 PaOCEBDINGS OF THE

S.Y. 'Rimn,' 1013," hy Edward ITeron-Allex, F.L.S., F.Z.S.,
F.G.S., F.R.M.S., and Artiujr Earlaxu, F.R.M.S., was sum-
marized bv .AFr. E, IIcroii-Allei).

I'i'oF. W. A. ITerdmau and Sir TTonry Tloworth (visitor) con-
trilnited to a discussion which followed, Mr. E. Ilerou-Allea
brieHy replying.

November 18th, 1915.

Prof. E. B. PouLToy, F.R.S., President, in the Clialr.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 4th ]N"ovember, 1915,
were read and confirmed.

The Rev. Thomas Albert Jefferies was admitted a Fellow.

The President read a letter from Mrs. IMinchin in reply to
his communication of the vote of sympathy passed at the last
JNfeeting,

The President then declai'ed the Meeting a Special General
Meeting in accordance with the Notice given on the 4th November,
and the Fellows present proceeded to Ballot for three Members
of Council and a Secretary.

The Ballot for the Councillors having been closed, the President
appointed jNIr. AVilfred Mark Webb, Mr. Thomas Alfred Dymes,
and Prof. Trail, Scrutineers, and these having cast up the votes and
reported to the President, he declared the result as follows : —
Mr. Edward Thomas Browne, Mr. Edwin Stephen Goodrich, and
Mr. Gerald Loder elected Members of Council.

The Ballot for a Secretary having been closed, the President
appointed the same Scrutineers, and these having cast up the
votes, reported to the President, A\ho declared that Mr. Edwin
Stephen Goodrich had been elected Secretary in the place of
Prof. E. A. Miuchin, deceased.

Mr. Wilfred Mark Webb, F.L.S., then exhibited a series of
feathers from several species of Hornbill, etc., which were hollow-
shafted, and showed the proof of this by experiments and
sections.

Dr. E. J. Salisruuy, F.L.S., showed a series of lantern-slides,
entitled " Photographic Studies of Welsh Vegetation," the
following being an abstract of his accompanying remarks : —

I. The Vegetation of the Limestone, (a) The Limestone Cliffs ;
vegetation of Festuca ovina and hairy species, such as Arahis
hirsuta, Geranium san^/uineam, I'urietaria officinalis ^ fleshy species

LINNEA.N SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 3

as Brasstca oleracecc and Spergularia rupestris ; or leathery-leaved
species, as Thalictram minns, Cotoneaster vulgaris, and Hedeva
Helix. (6) Limestone pasture, with the dominant species Festaca
oviiia, accompanied by many of tlie common chalk-down species.
Characteristic plants are IlcUanthemum caniim f., Spinea F'dl-
2)eadula, Veronica spicata var. ligbrida, and Spiranthcs aatuuiiudis.
Locally small woods of Qaercits sessUiJfora occur, though usuall}''
confined to siliceous soils. Exposure effect.

II. The Vegetation of the Siliceous Soils, (a) The Quercus
sessilijlora woods, with associated trees as Betula spp. and Pijrus
Auciqjaria. AVhere the water-content is high, but the soil not
acid, Fraxinus becomes common. As a result of felling or ex-
posure Betula pid>esGens may become the dominant tree. The
average light-intensity in summer is about 7*6 per cent, of the
maximum diffuse illumination outside. The shrub layer is usually
poor. The flora of the drier parts largely consists of heath
species ; in the wetter and more acid parts, Vacciaiam Myrtillus
is often abundant ; towards the base of the slopes the ground
flora is often almost entirely cryptogamic. Epipliytes as Pohj-
podium vidgare, Fridlania spp., and lichens are often abundant.
In the valley bottom the Quercus sessili/Iora woods merge into
Alnus woods, with a light-intensity of about 3 per cent, or under.
(h) Scrub chiefly of CraUcgus.

III. The Subalpine Vegetation. («) The subalpine lakes with
Siihidaria aquatica, Lobelia Dortmanna, Littorella lacustris, and
Isoetes, with absence of marginal vegetation. (6) The subalpine
pastures (Nardus, Lgcopodiara spp,, etc.).

Mr. r. N. Williams, Mr. C. E. Salmon, Dr. A. P. Young,
Prof. J. W. H. Trail, and Dr. O. Stapf took part in the discussion
which followed, Dr. Sahsbury replying.

December 16th, 1915.
Prof. E, B. PouLTOX, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 18th November,
1915, were read and couflrmed.

Mr. Edward Thomas Browne, Mrs. Beatrice Stuart, and
Miss Harriet May Eobinson, were admitted Fellows.

Mr. Alexander Eodger was proposed as a Fellow.

Mr. Mohamad Maula J3aksh, B.A. (Oxon.), Dr. Alfred Bishop
Hitchins, Mr. Thottakat JNarayana Menon, and Mr. liobin John
Tillyard, M.A., B.Sc, F.E.S., were elected Fellows.

Mr. Edwin S. Goodrich, F.E.S., Sec.L.S., read a paper on the
reproduction of Proiodrllus, criticising the account given by

i2

4 PROCEEUIXGS OF THE

Prof. U. Picrantoni, according to whom there are in most species
of the genus male and hennaplirodite individuals. By internal
nutorecundation the hitter are said to fertilise some of their ova,
the males oidy fertilising the ova which remain unfertilised when
the genital products escape hy dehiscence. The development
of the spermatozoa in hermaphrodites is stated to be from cells
with two nuclei, one of which fragments and produces the heads
of a bunch of spermatozoa. These "cistosperms," therefore, are
not the normal produce of the maturation of spermatogonia and
conversion of spermatocytes, but arise by a process apparently
unique in the animal kingdom.

Dr. Orton having recently discovered Protodrilns Jlnvocapitatus
at Plymouth, tlie author has been able to study large numbers
at the Marine Biological Laboratory. The apparent males and
females are about equal in size and number; but in ripe females
spermatozoa can often be seen, and many of the ova are fertilised.
Mr. Goodrich brought forward evidence that these spermatozoa
are derived from the males, are not developed in the females, anil
that their presence is due to normal internal cross-fertilisation
between the sexes.

Miss Maktktt.v Pai.lis explained her paper, " The Structure
and History of ' Plav,' the floating fen of the delta of the
Danube " (which was communicated by Prof. A. C. Seward,
1M{.S., F.L.S.).

A discussion followed. Dr. C. E Moss, Dr. O. Stapf. Sec.L.S.,
the President, tlie General Secretary, and Prof. Y. E. AV^eiss
taking part, and the author replied.

Mr. T. A. Dymes i-ead a paper entitled " On the Seed-mass ami
Dispersal of HellcI>orns fiftldns, Linn."

Prof. AVeis^, Air. II. St. .1 . K. Donisthnrpe (visitor), Air. Clement
Reid, Air. E. Step, and Airs. Stuart engaged in a discussion,
replied to by the author.

The General Secretarv showed some slabs of "Figured Ebony "
and sam])l(^s of walking-sticks made from that material by
Alessrs. Henry Howell & Co., Ltd., of Old Street, Finsbury. The
matter had been brought to his notice by Air. AI. White Stevens,
who, as the result of his enquiries, came to the conclusion that
the origin of this chance lot of wood in the docks was the
Andaman L'^lands ; if correct, this would point to the probability
of the tree yielding this ebony being iJiosj^i/ros Kvrzii, Hiern,
described by Air. J. S. Gamble, in his ' Alanual of Indian
Timbers,' p. 458, as "Andaman Alarble AVood or Zebra AVood,*'
the wood hard, the heartwood streaked black and grey in more or
less alternate layers ; it is one of the most irajiortant trees of the
Andamans, and of great value if it can be supplied in sufficient
quantity and become known.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 5

Jaiuiavy 20tli, 1916.

Prof. E. B. PouLTON, PJi.S., President, in tlie Cluiir.

Ttie Minutes of tlie General Meeting of the 16tli December,
ID 15, were read and conlirmed.

Mrs. Elsie AVilliins Sexton was proposed as a Fellow.

The President announced the deatli of Dr. Jolni Medley Wood,
an Associate of the Society, creating a vacaiicy.

Mr. Miller, Christy, E.L.S., i-ead a paper " On the Definition
of ' Eight ' and ' Left ' in relation to coiled, rolled, revolving, and
similar objects : a Problem in Scientific Terminology," \a Inch was
illustrated by specimeus, models, and lantern-slides. Tie referred
to such terms as " i-igbt " and "left," following or against the
sun (in northern latitudes), "clock-wise" and "counter clock-
wise," as used by biologists, and also cited terms used by
mathematicians which could not be used by naturalists with any
advantage. He advocated the usage postulated by Linngeus, in
his 'Philosophia botanica,' p. 103, before he became confused and
altered his definition to an ai)surdity, and recommended the use
of the heraldic words "dextral" and " sinistral" as unambiguous
terms.

Dr. Rendle, Mrs. Longstaff, Mr. II. N. Dixon, and Mr. F. N.
"Williams took part in the discussion which followed, and the
author replied.

Mr. Horace W. Moncktox, Treas. and V.-P., gave a com-
munication on " Some Aspects of the Elora of the Eagshot
District," illustrating it by specimens and lantern-slides of the
scenery.

He stated : — This communication deals with the area occupied
by the Geological Eormation known as "The Main Mass of the
Eagshot Sands." About half is in Surrey, the remainder being
nearly equally divided between Berkshire and Hampshire. The
more important places in the district are Wokinghau), Ascot,
Yately, Sandhurst, Eagshot, Chobham, Weybridge, Camberley,
AVinchfield, Earnborough, and Aldershot. The greater part Mas
until recent times a tract of pine-woods, heaths, and peaty swamps,
and its character was mainly due to the sandy nature of the
Eagshot Eormation and the gravels resting upon it. There is no
lime in these strata and, though clay occurs in places, the soil is
markedly different from that on the London Clay, which comes
to the surface around the Eagshot district.

The flora of much of the area resembles that of the Oak-Eirch-
Heath Association (• Types of British Vegetation,' ed. by A. G.

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Tansley, Cambridge, 1911, p. 101). Other parts fit in -well with
the Heath Association, op. tit. p. 105, tliough the author thinks
that neither Genista pilosa nor Juni penis communis occur, and
some species (such as the Broom. Molinia, Galium .sa.vatile, ISenecio
S'fh'aticus, and Serrcdula tindoria) are perhaps more abundant
than is indicated in tlie list given by Mr. Tansley.

There are many tracts which may be described as partially
reclaimed heutli and on which we find Foli/gala serpyllacea,
Jhipericum perforatum, Ulex minor, Genista tindoria, Epilolnum
oni/astifolium, Galium verum, G. eredum, Scahiosa Snccisa, SoJida(/o
Virtjaurea, Anthemis nohilis , Euplirusia brevijnlu, Luzula multijlora,
Juncus squarrostts, etc.

Much of tlie high ground forms plateaux covered with gravel
some 10 to 15 feet tliick, and on it we find the usual heath-
plants: considerable areas of Vaccininm AlyrtiUus with SciUa
nonscripta, JVepeta Jiederaeea, Teucrium Scorodonia, and in damp
places rushes and Pohjgonnm IJydropiper.

IVecehrum verticillatum is ])erhaps the most interesting plant
found iti the district. It was recorded by Mr. Druce in his
'Elora of Berkshire,' p. 416, and the author exhibited a specimen
collected by himself last year. He also showed specimens of
Foientilla arr/i'iitea, Galium ulir/inosum, Antirrhinum Orontium,
Scutellaria minor, Jlumc.r Hydrolapatlivm , and Epipactis media of
British botanists. In addition, a series of forms of Hieracium,
and a new species, to be described by the Kev. E. F. Linton,

r.L.s.

The last communication was a series of colouv-photograpbs of
Mollusca, shown by Mr. B. B. Woodwakd, 1\L.S.

Te-bruary 17th, 191G.
Prof. E. B. PorLTO>f, P.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The IMinutes of tlie General Meeting of the 20th January,
1916, were read and confirmed.

Mr. Mohamad Maula Baksh, B.A., was admitted a Pello-sv.

Mr. "Wilfrid Omer Cooper and Colonel Herbert Edward
Eaw'son, C.B., \^ere proposed as Eellows, and Mr. George Edward
Massee as an Associate.

Mr. Alexander Eodger was balloted for and elected a Fellow.

The President announced that there are now three vacancies
iji the list of our Foreign Members. These are due to the

LINNEAN SOCIE'xy OF LONDON". 7

decease of Prof. Ambrosius Arnold Willem Hubrecht, Hermann,
Count Solms-Laubacli, and Charles liene Zeiller.

The first communication was by Miss Caklotta ITerring-
Browne, entitled "John Eartram: the Pioneer American Eolanist,"
Avhich was communicated by the President, and illustrated with
lantern -slides.

The author stnted that Bartram was born on the 23rd March,
1699, near Darby in County Delaware, Pennsylvania.

His old stone farm-house was built in 1731, soon after his
thoughts by a chance occurrence during his labours had been
turned to the structure of flow^ers. It was in the same year
that his friend James Logan procured a copy of Parkinson's
' Theatrum ' from England as a present for Bartram, and this gift
decided him to make excursions after plants into Maryland and
Delaware. Of strong and untiring frame, neither danger nor
difficulty kept him back. To receive and grow his discoveries he
began before the end of the year to lay out the garden, the charm
of which was felt by Washington, Jefferson, and Pranklin,
Three years later, at Franklin's suggestion, Bartram sent his
diaries to Peter CoUinson, in London, who, as a Member of the
Society of Friends, had connections with Pennsylvania. This
correspondence, to the mutual benefit of both, lasted till the
death of the elder man in 1769. Through Collinson he became
known to Linnaeus, Gronovius, Dilleuius, Sir Hans Sloane,
Dr. Solander, Lord Petre, Dr. Pothergill, and others.

Many of the American trees were first sent to Europe by
Bartram ; amongst them being the Taxodium disticlium still
extant at Mill Hill, in Collinson's old garden. An even finer
specimen, which died a few years ago, was 150 feet high, and
27 feet in girth ; the trunk still stands in the Bartram Garden
Park, Philadelphia.

In 1769 Bartram was elected a Member of the Royal Swedish
Academy" of Science at Stockholm, and the long letter he sent in
acknowledgment is in the Society's possession among the Liujiean
correspondence.

Bartram died when the United States were one year old; he
passed away in his old house, on the 22nd September, 1777. His
life was shortened by tlie apprehension that liis cherished garden
miglit be laid Avaste by British troops, but his fears were not
realized. This garden is now the property of the City of
Philadelphia, and is supported as a public park. Erom time to
time the members of the John Bartram Association, many of
whom are his lineal descendants, meet to keep his memory green.
The moss genus Bartramia is his botanical memorial.

The author has devoted many months to searching for
memorials of Bartram among the archives in this country, and
has succeeded in finding many most interesting letters and
objects ; these will be described in the complete work upon which
she is engaged.

8 PUOCEEDINGS OP THE

Miss May Eathbonb, P.L.S., exhibited an Acorn producing
twill plants, tlie two steins showing great diiferences in colour ;
the plants had been grown in water, as shown.

Dr. Eendle and Mr. W. C. A\''orsdell commented on this
exhibition.

Mr. E. S. GooDEicn, F.E.S., Sec.L.S., showed the Winter and
Summer coloration of the Ermine, Putorms ermhieus. He spoke
of the various theories which had been suggested as the cause of
this change, and dwelt upon that proposed by Metschnikoff, that
phagocytes advanced up each hair as the effect of some stimulus,
and destroyed the pigment, reducing the hair to white.

The President, the Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing, Mr. A\^ C. AVorsdell,
and Dr. A. P. Young discussed the phenomenon, and Mr. Goodrich
replied.

The last paper was by Mr. E. P. Stebbixg, " The Infestation of
Bamboos in Tidal AVaters by Balanus amj^hitrite and Teredo
navalis in Tenasseriui." In the absence of the author this was
epitomised by the Zoological Secretary, who stated that the rapid
destruction of bamboo piles was a serious loss, and the investiga-
tion showed that up to now no species of bamboo is immune ;
research is to bo continued.

March 2ud, 1916.

Prof. E. B, PoLLTON, E.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 17th February, 1916,
were read and confirmed.

Dr. James Charles McWalter was proposed as a Eellow, and
Prof. Henri Lecomte, Paris, Prof. Edmond Perrier, Paris, and
Prof. Pier' Andrea JSaccardo, Padua, as Foreign Members.

Mrs. Elsie AVilkins Sexton was elected a Fellow.

Dr. Annie Porter, F.L.S., exhibited preparations of the
diarrhoeic stools of soldiers from Flanders, wlio were infested
with Giardia {Lamhlia) intestinalis, a Protozotin possessing two
nuclei, eight tlagella, and two axostyles, as well as a sucking-disc.
The patients in each case had never been abroad until they weut
to Flanders, where the diarrhcjuic conditions were contracted.
Blood was sometimes voided with the faeces, suggesting the
presence of intestinal ulcers, as Lamhlia occurred in the stool-
blood. The infective stages or cysts of the parasite are ovoid
bodies, about 10 /x to lb fx by 7 ^ to 9)u, containing two or

XINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOjS". 9

four nuclei and sometimes the remains of the axostyles. The
cysts give rise to two small flagellates when ingested with coii-
tamiiiated water or food by a new host. The flagellates attach
themselves by the sucking-disc to the intestinal epithelium,
])afticularly of the duodenum. After a tiute they contract, their
flagella are witlidrawn and disajjpear, and the resistant encysted
forms, as exhibited, are produced. JSimilar parasites occur in rats
and allied rodents, and it is very probable tliat these Protozoa can
pass from rats to man by way of food contaminated with fyecal
matter from the rodents. Eats constitute a great nuisance in
the trenches in Flanders. Many other cases of lambliasis have
been observed in Gallipoli, aud in soldiers invalided therefrom.
Careful watch should be made for recurrences of lauibliusis among
convalescents.

A discussion followed, in which the following took part : —
Prof. Aldo Castellani, M.D. (visitor), Dr. A. P. Young, Miss
Carson, Di". Louis W. Sainbon (visitor), and the Px'esident.

In the absence of the author, Dr. Gilchrist's paper on Jasus
lalaadii (Milne Edwards) was epitomised by the liev. T. E. E.
iSTEBBiNG, with occasional comments.

A paper by Mr. B. Millakd Griffiths, M.Sc, comnnuiicated
by Prof. G. 8. AV'est, P.L.IS., was briefly explained by the Botanical
Secretary, its title being " The August Heleoplaukton of some
North Worcestershire Pools."

Dr. Stapf spoke on the distribution of the Box, Buxus scmjier-
virens, Linn., and esjjecially on the relation existing between the
English stations and iis area on the Continent, supporting his
rei)iarks by lantern-slides (distribution-map and views of Box on
Boxhill and in the Chilterns, tlie latter taken by Mr. John
Hutchinson). He pointed out that he adopted Dr. Christ's views
as to the character of the Box as a relict of the Tertiary flora of
Southern Europe, and the discontinuous distribution as brought
about by disintegration of an old continuous and much larger
area. But he could not share his view that the isolated stations
in AV^estern Prance are generally due to old plantations around
castles and mona>teries. He considered them like the English
stations as relict stations. He finally expressed a wish that
these should be more thoroughly studied than has been hitherto,
and carefully preserved as far as possible.

The discussion which followed was engaged in by Dr. A. P.
Toung, Mr. T. A. Sprague, i\lr. P. N. Williams, Mr. J. C.
Shenstone, Mr. T. Ji. Dyiues, and Mr. C. E. Sahuon, Dr. Stapf
replying.

lO niOCEBDlNGS Or TUB

March IGth, 1910.

Prof. E. 13. PouLTON, F.ll.S., President, in tlie Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 2nd March, 191G,
vere read and coniiiined.

Mr. "Wilfrid Omer Cooper, and Colonel Herbert Edward
Kawson, C.B., ll.E., were elected Fellows, and Mr. George
Edward Massee, au A?>sociate.

The General Secretary drew attention to two 16th Century
volumes recently presented to the Library by Sir Fkaxk Cuisp, Bt.,
and a special vote of thanks was accorded to the donor.

The President exhibited a series of coloured lantern-slides
showing the " lieseniblance between African Butterflies of the
genus (Jharaxes ; a new form of Mimicry."

Mr. C. C. Lacaita read a paper entitled, " Plants collected in
Sikkini, including the Ivaliinpong District, April 8th to May 9th,
1913." He gave an account of his circular journey from Darji-
liiig to his starting-point, part of it with the party of H.E. the
Governor of Bengal. The monotony of the forest region was
mentioned, and the marvellous abundance of the Aroids. An
accoiuit of a new Rhododendron and some critical remarks on the
species of Fraijai'ia ended the introduction, and some lantern-
slides of the scenery and people closed the paper.

Mr. E. P. Stebbikg exhibited a series of lantern-slides showing
aspects of forestry at home and abroad, and urged the extreme
importance of planting and the abundant scope for it in many
districts in the United Kin<rdom.

Ai)ril Gth, 1916.
Prof. E. B. Pouj/roN, P.P.S., Presidenl, in llie Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 16th March,
1916, were read and confirmed.

Colonel Herbert Edward Eawson, C.B., "R.E., and Mr. "Wilfrid
On".er Cooper were admitted Fellows.

JJr. James Ciiarles McAValter was elected a Fellow.

LI>"NEAIf SOCIETY OE LO^'DO]!^". II

Dr. Anxie Pouteb, F.L.S., find Dr. H. B. FANTnAM, M.A.,
P.Z.S., exhibited microscopic preparations of Spirocha3tes and
of Blastociistis found in the stools of soldiers suffering from
dysentery.

The Spirochaetes Avere small sinuous organisms, showing a
diffuse nucleus of chromatin granules. Their ends Avere pointed.
Some were broader tl)an others and they measured up to 15 /^ in
length, the variation being due to growth and division. The
exact relation of these Spirochsetes to dyseuteiy is still under
investigation, but spirochsetal dysentery has been recorded by
earlier workers.

Some stages of the development of Blastoci/stis hominis also
Avere shown. These parasites are spherical and possess cytoplasm
with one or more nuclei usually at the periphery. The organisms
are probably non-pathogenic. Tiiey may present a superficial
resemblance to cysts of dysenteric Amoeba3, and were once
thought to be cysts of Trichomonas. Blastocijstis is probably
more nearly i-elated to the Ascomycetes.

A paper entitled " A description of five neAV Species of
Edwardsia, Quatr,, from New Guinea, with an account of the
order of succession of the micromesenteries and tentacles in
the Edvviirdsida?," by Prof. Gilbert C. Bourne, M.A., D.Sc,
1\R.S., P.L.S., in the absence of the author on service, Avas read
in title.

Prof. W. J. Dakin, D.Sc, P.L.S., submitted his paper,
" A new species of Enteropueusta, from the Abrolhos Islands,"
Avliich also Avas read in title.

Dr. O. Stapf, P.E.S., Sec.L.S., showed a series of maps and
lantern-slides explaining the presence of the southern elements
of the British flora. He referred to H. C. Watson's terms
" British, English, Atlantic, Germanic," etc., proposed in 1835,
and employed in' his 'Cybele' in 18-17 ; the term "Atlantic,"
defined by him "as having reference only to distribution within
Britain," was unfortunate as confining the conception to the
British flora as a detached item from the Continental flora. The
year before the first volume of Watson's 'Cybele' ap|)eared,
Edward Eorbes issued his remarkable address on types of dis-
tribution, undoubtedly inspired by Watson's preliminary essa}^
but he had a wider grasp of the subject, and basing his remarks
upon geological causes, divided the native plants into five groups.
The group least represented occurs in the mountains of the west
and south-west of Ireland, allied to species found in the north of
Spain ; he specified twelve, but reduced to the modern concept
of species, they are the following nine : — Saxifraga Geum, S. um-
brosa, S. hjjpvoides. Erica Maclcaiana, E. mediterranea, Dahoecia
jyolifolia, Arbutus Unedo, Piiu/uicida r/7-andiJfora, and Arabis
ciliata. He further referred to others found in the Channel

12 rnOCEEDIKGS OF THE

Isliinds. The first f^roiip he termed " Asturian," tlie second
"(luUicau" types. He showed that the derivalion was due to a
former land-connectiou, unsul)mei-ged during the Glacial Epoch.
Engler held that the reimiuigratiou of the Atluntic element took
place in post-glacial times, and Dr. Scharff dealt incidentally with
It in his chapter on the Lusitanian fauna published in 1899. The
subject assumed greater prominence at the British Association.
Meeting at Portsmouth in 1914, when Mr. Clement Keid gave
an address on the relation of the present plant population of
the British Isles to the Glacial Period, and contended that no
temperate flora could have survived the rigours of that liuie,
but that the present flo.a came in towards the end of that
period.

Dr. Stapf showed that two classes of plants became evident as
the work went on ; one, such as had their Continental areas in
A\'estern France and the Iberian Peninsula, and the other, those
ranging beyond these limits over North Africa, and the Medi-
terranean as far as the Caucasus and Syria. The first may be
called "Atlantic'*' in a restricted sense, the second "Mediter-
ranean," both together as " Southern." The complete list was
drawn up by comparing the last editions of Babington's ' Manual '
with Koch's ' Synopsis,' with a few necessary restrictions, but
excluding IJieracium, liuhns, and Rosa. In this way 1500 species
remained, of which 150 answered to the definition of Southern
elements, or about 10 per cent. These were traced in their
distribution, and the result recorded in the maps shown. The
littoral species, amounting to fully one-third of the Southern
elements, must affect the cartographic result ; the inland or non-
littoi-al Soutliern species of the British flora number 9.'3, one-half
following the Atlantic, and the other half the Mediterranean
type of distribution.

' I\Ir. J. C. Shenstone, Prof. G. S. Boidger, Mr. John Ilopkinson,
and Dr. C. E. Moss discussed various points raised, and Dr. Stapf
replied.

May 4th, 1916.
Prof. E. B. PouLTOX, E.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The ^limites of tlie General Meeting of the Glh A [nil, litlfi,
were read and confirmed.

^Ir. Gervaise TurnbuU was admitted a Fellow.

Mr. Thomas AVilliam Brown and Dr. AVilliam Thomas Elliott,
F.Z.S., were proposed as Fellows.

Prof. Henri Lecomfe, Prof. Edmond Perrier, and Prof. Pier'
Andrea Saccardo, were elected Foreign Members.

LIXyEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDON". 1 3

The following were notninated as Auditors for the Treasurer's
Accounts to the '2dth April, and were elected by show of hands : —

For the Council : Mr. James GtROVES and Dr. A. B. Rexdle ;
For the Fellows : Mr. Joiix Hopkixson aud Mr. Leslie B.
Hall.

The first paper was by Mr. E. A. Buniaud, F.L.S., on " The
Ori<j;iu of the Garden Red Curraut."

The author stated that until recently the Eed Currant was
regarded as descended from li. rahrum. Ed. Janczewski, how-
ever, showed in 19u7 that II. vahjarc of Laiiuirck was the species
chiedy concerned, and in his collection of garden varieties 44 were
derived from li.vuJt/are, 1 from li. ■petni'tim, and 4 from li. ruhram.
Three of these last weie unnamed varieties from Lithuanian
gardens. The writer has collected 70 varieties from Europe and
America, and considers Janczewski has under-valued the impor-
tance of li. ruhrum. The influence of li. ■petrceum can also be
traced in many varieties. The lied Currant has beeu cultivated
from the early 15th century, and was at first pure li. vulgare ; for
100 years no variations were recorded, li. petrceum was intro-
duced into gardens in 1561 by KoniMcl Gesner, and a few years
after Camerarius mentions the " old " red aud a new variety
" baccis rubris majoribus."

li. ruhrum seems to have come into Currant history at a later
date. A large fruited variety, called by Janczeuski it. vuhjare
macrocarpum, was introduced in 1840, and is considered by him a
nuitation or giant form of li. vuhjare. The origin of this varinty
is uncertain, but neither in size of fruit nor m other characters
does it exceed forujs of li. petrceam which have been found
wild.

The author considers that inter-hybridisation of the three
species — li. vulyare, B. rubrum, and li. jietrcmm — is sufficient lo
account for the numerous varieties of tlie Eed Currant as grown
in gardens of to-day, and the supposed effects of cultivation need
not in this case be invoked.

Mr. F. -X. Williams, F.L.S., from his own recent study of the
British forms, supported Mr. Bunyard's conclusions.

Dr. J. C. Willis, F.L.S., then introduced the subject of the
Dispersal of Organisms, as illustrated by the floras of Cevlou and
New Zealand.

He stated that in two recent papers on the flora of Ceylon, and
in a forthcoming one on the flora of New Zealand, he h:id brought
forward conclusions on geographical distribution which, if accepted,
■will remove that subject from the immediate realm of evolution,
and show that it may be largely studied by arithmetical methods.
Once a species is evolved, its distribution depends upon causes
which act mechanically. As all families and genera behave alike,
it seems to him that one cause only must be responsible for their

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

behaviour, but a combination o£ causes may be acting, though in
that case each cause must act mechanically on all alike.

The cause which seems the determining factor in dispersal is
(Kje witiiin the country concerned. Tais opinion was based upon
the results of his work on the Ceylon flora, which showed that
the endemic species (presumably the youngest) occupied much the
smallest areas, those common to Ceylon and South India (next
youngest) areas considerably larger, and those of wider dispersal
than this (the oldest) are as yet larger again, while at the same
time each group showed a graduated series of plants occupying
each size of area, the endemics varying down the scale from
90 to 233, the " wides " up from 144 to 402.

Not only do the grand totals show this distribution according
to age, but also family by family, and genus by genus (of
I'easonable size) do so. The rarity of all the endemics (in tigures
from 1 to 6) is 4-3, and when taken in groups of not fewer than
14 it only varies from 3"9 to 4-9, while that of the other two
groups varies similarly about 3"5 and 3-0.

Some having objected that Ceylon is a special case, he obtained
confirmation of his views by working out the flora of New
Zealand. To test his hypothesis, he wrote the paper first pre-
dicting what, under that hypothesis, must be expected, and as
all his predictions were confirmed by the .facts, the result has
given him considerable confidence in the truth of the hypothesis.

One does not often come across cases like Ceylon, where the
local species can be divided into groups according to age, and
confirmation of his hypothesis must rest on finding cases to
parallel one or more of the features which showed so con-
spicuously in the Ceylon flora. New Zealand parallels it in
several respects, and other cases are quoted in which similar
parallelism is exhibited.

Some of the objections to these views have been considered,
e. <j. the hackneyed argument that introdticed species spread
rapidly over islands at the expense of the indigenous flora ; this
is shown by the cases of Ceylon and Rio de Janeiro to be an
unsound position. The objection that the endemic species are
the oldest in a country is also dealt with, likewise that which
asks why one does not see the spreading going on, if it depeud
upon age.

A discussion followed, Dr. A. B. Eendle, Dr. D. II. Scott,
Dr. 0. Stapf, and the President taking part, the author replying.

The following papers were, in the absence of their authors,
read in title : —

Mr. R. J. TiLLYAUD, M.A., B.Sc, F.L.S.— A Study of the
Rectal Breathing Apparatus in the Larva) of Aniso-
pterid Dragonflies.

]\Ir. AValteii E. Collixge, M.Sc, F.L.S. — Description of a
new species of Idol^a (Isopoda) from the Sea of Marmora.

LIXNEAX SOCIETY OF LONDOX.

15

Amongst the specimens collected by the ' Thor' on the Danish
Oceanographicial Expeditions 1908-1910 to the Mediterranean
and adjacent seas, were a large number referred by Dr. K.
IStephensen to Idotea metcillica, Bosc. Further examination,
however, showed that oidy a very few of the specimens were
referable to that species, the remainder belonging to a new species
which is now described ; it differs from /. metaUica in its more
elongated form, parallel sides, triangular and well-developed coxal
plates of the mesosome, and in a number of other important
structural details.

May 24th, 1910.
Aniilversarif 2Ieetii>g.

Prof. E. B. PoULTOX, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes oP the General Meeting of the 4th May, 191G,
were read and contirmed.

Mr. William Williamson, E.E S.E., was proposed as a Eellow.

The Treasurer submitted the Annual Statement of Accouiiis
duly audited, and explained a few points of interest; on the
motion of the President the Statement was received and adopted.
(See pp. 18-20.)

The General Secretary laid his report of deaths, withdrawals,
and elections before the Meeting as follows : —

Since the last Anniversary the deaths of 10 Fellows have
occurred or have been ascertained, namely : —

Reginald Gervase Alexander,

J.P., M.A., M.D., D.Sc.
Eichard Assheton, M.iV., Sc.D.,

E.R.S.
Frederick Manson Bailev,

C.M.G.
Eichard Manliffe Barrington,

M.A., LL.B.
Henrv Charlton Bastian, M.A.,

M.D., F.E.S.
Heniy Eeles Dresser, F.Z.S.
David Thomas Gwynne-

Yaughan, M.A.

Francis Elliott Ivitcliener,M.A .,
LL.M.

El-nest Lee, A.E.C.S.

Eobert Heath Lock, M.A.,
Sc.D.

James J. MacAndrew.

Edward Alfred Minchin, M.A.,
Ph.D., F.E.S.

Madabusi Srinivasa Eama-
swami, M.A., B.A.

Charles Loxton Eoth well- Jack-
son, F.E.M.S., M.Inst.C.E.

Henry Spicer, B.A., F.G.S.

William Booth Waterfall.

lO PHOCEEDINGS OF TirE

Also "2, Foreigu Members.

Charles Rene Zeiller.

Hermann, Graf zu Solms-Laubach-

Aucl 1 Associate.
John Medley Wood, D.Sc.

11 Fellows have witlidrawn, namely: —

William Thomas Caiman, D.Sc.
AVilliam Dennis, F.C.S.
Kalph Evelyn Drake-Brockman,

M.R.C.S., L.K.C.P.
William Fawcett.
Samuel Gaskiug, B.A., LL.D.
AVilliam Movie Rogers.

Francis Henry Sikes, M.A.
Thomas Southwell, A.R.C.S.
James Stuart Thomson, Ph.D.
Henry William Marett Tims,

B.A., M.D.
Grace Wigglesworth, M.Sc.

4 removetl from List, in act-ordanoe with the
Bye-Laws, Chap. II. § f!.

William Clitheroe. j David Hooper, LL.D.

Frederick Enock. | August Wilhelm Kappel.

16 Fellows have been elected, of whom 1.") have qualified up to
the present ; also '6 Foreign Members and 1 Associate.

The Librarian's Report was submitted as follows : — -

During the year there have been received as donations from
private individuals and the editors and proprietors of independent
journals, 127 volumes and 374 pamphlets and parts.

From the various Universities, Academies, and Scientific
Societies, with which the Society is in correspondence, there
have been received in exchange 236 volumes and 32S detached
parts.

The Council, at the recommendation of the Library Committee,
have sanctioned the purchase of 112 volumes and 126 parts of
important works.

The total additions to the Library are therefore 475 volumes
and 82S pamphlets and separate parts.

The number of books bound during the year was 213, of which
3 were in whole morocco, 7S) in half-morocco, 11 iu buckram,
95 in cloth, and 25 I'e-labelled.

The General Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing
the elections, the President opened the business of the day, and
the Fellows present proceeded to vote for the Council and
Otiicers.

LIXXE.VX SOCIEXy OF LONDON'. 1 7

The Ballot for the Council liaviiig been closed, the President
appointed Mr. C. Silleiu, Mr. \V". Barratt, and Mr. T. A. Dyiues,
Scrutineers ; these having examined the Ballot-papers and cast
up the Votes, reported to the President, who declared the result
as follows : —

Mrs. Arber, D.Sc. ; Prof.AV. B.vrESOX, F.R.S. ; L. A. Boodle,
Esq.; E. T. Brow.ve, M.A. ; R. H. Burxe, Esq.; A. D. Cotton,
Esq.; E. S. Goouricii, F.R.S. ; Jambs GtRoves, Esq.; Dr. B.
DvyDON Jackson; Miss Gr. Lister; Gerald Loder, M.A. ;
Horace W. Monckton, F.G-.S. ; Dr. C. E. Moss ; Prof. G. E.
XiCHOLLs; Prof. E. B. Poulton, F.K.S. ; Sir David Prain,
C.M.G., F.R.S. ; Dr. A. B. Rendle, F.R.S. ; Dr. A. E. SiiiPLsy,
F.R.S. ; Dr. Otto Staff, F.R.S.; and Oomr. J. J. Walker, R.N.

The retiring Councillors were, Dr. W. T. Calman (with-
drawn), Sir Frank Crisp, Bt., Prof. W. A. Herdman, F.R.S.,
HuGK Scott, M.A,, and Prof. A. C. Seward, F.R.S.

The Ballot for the Officers having been closed, the President
appointed the same Scrutineers, and these having examined the
Ballot-papers and cast up the Votes, reported to the President,
who declared the result as follows : —

President : Sir David Prain, C.M.G., F.R.S.

I'reasurer : Horace W. Monckton, F.G.S.

Secretaries : Dr. B. Daydon Jackson.
E. S. Goodrich, F.R.S.
Dr. A. B. Renole, F.R.S.

The Rev. James Marchant, on behalf of the ' Alfred Russel
Wallace Memorial Fuud,' presented a bronze cast from the
original model, by Mr. Albert Bruce- Joy for the Medallion
recently unveiled in Westminster Abbey to the memory of the
late Naturalist, together with a copy of his memoir of Dr. Wallace,
inscribed with tlie name of the Linneau Society.

A special vote of thanks was passed to the Committee of the
Fund for these most acceptable gifts.

The President then delivered his Address, "The Hereditary
Transmission of Small Variations and the Origin of Butterlly
Mimicry," which was illustrated by specimens and lantern-slides.

linn. SOC. TROCEEDINUS. — SESSION 1915-1010.

i8

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 21

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS, 1916.

The Hereditary Transmission of Small Variations
AND THE Origin of Butterfly Mimicry.

Contents.

Page

A. Introduction 22

B. Indirect and Direct Evidence of the Hereditary Transmission op

Small Variations 23

a. Persistent Variation in two Colonies of a Zygwnid Moth on

E. Dartmoor.

b. Hercditarj/ Transmission cf Small Variations in the British Moth

Spilosoma niendica.

c. Hereditary Transmission of Small Variations in the European

Moth Sjntoniis pliegea.

C. Geographical Eaces OR Sudspecies 26

I. Direct Evidence of Hereditary Transmission of Local Difference... 27

a. Local European and British Races of the Butterfly Pieris napi

hrcd in the London District.

b. Local British Races of the Moth Aplecta nebulosa hrcd in the

London, District.

c. Hereditary Transmission of Small Variations in W. African

Butterflies of the Genus Hypoliiimas.

d. Ho-cditary Transmission of Small Variations in theHi\)])Ocoon

Female of the African Papilio dardanus.

II. Indirect Evidence of Hereditary Transmission of Local

Difference 3°

a. The V-Mark on the Hind Wing of the Danaine Genus

Tirinnala.

b. Geoc/raphical Changes in Mimetic S2}ecies corrcsj^onding with a

Cha nge of Model.

c. The Mimetic Females of the African Cb.araxes etbeocles.

d. A Soitth American Heiicoiiius Mimetic of another Species of

the same Genus.

D. The Origin OF A Mimetic Pattern 35

a. A Mimetic Pattern supposed to arise suddenly fmn a set of Factors

similar to those tchick produced the laitern in the Model.

b. TJie Edges of Markings in the Patto-ns of Models and their Mimics.

c. Modes of Occurrence of Dyskgnic Patterns in Butterflies.

E. Female Mimicry 39

F. Polymorphic Mimics and the Origin of Mimicry 41

a. Polymorphic Forms, — Mimetic Const<inf and Non-Mimetic Variahlc.
— in the Same Species.

22 PKOCEEDIKGS or THE

Pago

G. The BECiNNMNd OF Mimicry : the FinsT Stei- 44

a. The Beqhniivg of Nimicry iv the Norfh American Nynrjilialine
JJuficrJIi/, Linienitis arcliipjnis.

II. Mimicry ketween the Difeeuent Insect Ouders 48

I. COKCLUSION 49

AiTENDix: The Pattern Edges in Paiks op Heliconine Forms 51

A. Introduction.

New and illuminating ideas not only displace much that is
erroneous, tliey unfortunately also tend to disturb much that
is true. One old-esTahlisbed truth, as it has been held to be and
as 1 hope to show it to be, forms the subject of the present
addi-ess.

The evidence for the hereditary transmission of small varia-
tions which I propose to lay before you has been yielded by the
Lepidoptera, and nearly nil of it by butterflies. The special value
of the Lepidoptera in the study of variation was strongly insisted
upon by A. R. Wallace in his great memoir * read before the
Linnean Society on Mai'ch 17, 1864. The strength and amount
of the evidence might, I believe, be indefinitely increased but for
the fact that breeders have been led to select the larger rather
than the smaller differences as the more conclusive illustration of
Mendelian theory, or, from a very different but insistent motive,
as more successful in filling their cabinets with striking specimens.
But I hope to show that a considerable body of evidence exists,
and it is only necessary to direct attention to the fundamental
importance of the enquiry to ensure that searching tests ^\ ill be
applied in many directions.

It is to be observed that I am not dealing on the present
occasion with heredity as Mendelian or n on -Mendelian. I am
concerned to prove that small variations are inherited, whatever
be the laws that govern their inheritance. I am indeed disposed
to think that this address would have been superfluous if serious
attempts had been made, with the right material, to answer the
question — ' what are the smallest variations subject to Mendelian
heredity ? ' One example to be described in later pages (see
pp. 25, 26) seems sufficient to prove that they may be very small.
In speaking of Mendelian heredity, I take this opportunity of
calling attention to the fact that, sliortly before his death, the
late G. J. llomanes independently discovered the reappearance of

* Tranmciionn, toI. xxv., 186(i, p. 1. See especially p. 22 and the
following paseage on pp. 1-2: — "This delicately painted siirCace [of the wings]
nets as a I'ogister of the minutest did'erences of (irganization, — a shade of
colour, an additional streak or spot, a slight modification of outline con-
tinually recurring with the greatest regularity and fixity, while the body and
all its other members exhibit no appreciable change. The wings of Butterllies,
as Mr. Bates has well put it, 'serve as a tablet on which Nature writes the
Btory of the modifications of species.' " See also the jirefcnt writer's " Essays
on Evolution," Oxford, ]9U8, pp. .50-r>4, and tlie references there given.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOTS". 23

the parental forms of hybrids, in the ¥^ generation. _ I well
remember his telling me of the contrast between the uniformity
of the hybrids and the sharp division of their offspring into the
two parental types *.

B. Indirect and Direct Evidence oe the Hereditary
Transmission or Small Variations.

a. Persistent Variation in two Colonies of a Zygcenicl Moth on
E. Dartmoor. — This interesting example was observed and re-
corded t by Dr. E. C. L. Perkins. The colonies of Anthrocera
(Zyr/cena) trifoUi, ^vhich had been observed in four out of the five
years ending in 1914, occupied two points on the margin of a
pond about 1000 ft. above sea-level. They were separated in the
direct line by about 200 yards of water, and the intervening
ground along the margin was untenable by the species. Each
colony occupied about 15 square yards of boggy ground covered
with rushes, in one case intermixed with Spliagnum moss. Up
to 191-1 the colonies were so weak that no specimens were
collected, although a difference in variation was noted. In 1914,
however, each colony was estimated, from the number of the
cocoons which were prominent well up on the rushes, to contain
about 100 individuals. The moths from the ai^ea with Sphamvm.
are larger, with the red spots on the fore wing distinct or at
most tlie two middle ones confluent. The specimens from the
other area are generally of small size, and most of them have
" either the three apical spots connected or all are confluent, or
the three basal ones. In some the basal part of the hind-winjrs
is yellowish in daylight." The moths are sluggish and are well
known to cling year after year to the same small area.

In this example the hereditary transmission of local variation
can hardly be doubted ; for the Sphar/num, not the food-plant of
the species, is scarcely likely to be called on as a JDeus ex macJiind.

* This was the subject of liis exhibit at the Eoyal Society Soiree on
June 1.5, 1892. Tlie following account, printed in the programme, does not
explain the mode of breeding by whicli he obtained tiie results described. It
is nevertheless implied in these results, and as I have stated he told me
of it.
18. Exhihifed hy Mr. G. J. I?omancs, F.Ii.S.

Living Eats and Rabbits, showing some results of experimental breeding
with reference to theories of hei-edity.

The experiments prove the error of those writers who assinne that an
act of fertilization consists in the male and female elements intimately
blending together, after the manner of a merely mechanical^ mixture, so
that the ofispring always presents characters more or less intermediate
between those of its parents. In many cases this does happen, but in
many other cases the admixture of hereditary elements is by no means
intimate— those derived from the father and mother appearing to remain
respectively grouped together, with the results shown in the exhibit.
t Proc. Ent. Soc. LoncL, 1914, pp. xcv, xcvi. The specimens referred to may
be studied in the Hope Department, Oxford University Museum.

24 PKOCEKDIXGS OF THE

QMie objectioTi may be raised that ilie variation is larpje ami not
small — a matter ot' opinion wliicli might be discussed indefinitely.
It is siiflicicnt for tlie pi-esent purpose to say that the fusion of
certain spots in a pattern, or a slight change of tint over ])art
of the surface of a wing are good examples of tlie kind of varia-
tion by which mimetic resemblance has been, in my opinion,
jierfected.

b. Jlereditary Transmission of Small Variations in the British
Moth Spilosoma mendica. — I owe the two following examples of
the hereditary transmission of a very small variation to Mr. A.
Bacot, who has kindly presented the material, exhibited to the
meeting, to the Hope Department, where it can be studied at anj'
time. Concerning S. mendica Mr. Bacot wrote: — " I captured,
at Chigwell in 1890, a female specimen of Spilosoma mendica
Avhich had a small duplication of two of the black dots situated
near the hind margin of the fore wings on tbe upper surface, and
also a small spot within the cell near the base of the fore wing.
From ova laid by this moth I reared 8 males and 8 females. One
male sliows tbe two additional spots near the margin of tlie wing
and also the basal spot ; a second male shows, of these markings,
only one additional marginal spot, a third male only the basal
spot." JS^early all these markings are smaller than in the parent,
but all can be distinctly made out wath a lens.

c. Hereditary Transmission of Smcdl Variations in the European
Moth Syntomis phegea. — Tbe second example, referred to by
Mr. Bacot in the follow ing paragraph, is even more striking : —

" In a brood of Syntomis phegea * that I passed on to you there
was an example that had a small but very distinct addition to one
of the trans])arent spots (I think on one side only). I bred from
this example, and some of tbe specimens in the resultant brood
showed a similar alteration in the spot. I think that you will
have no difficulty in finding the point if you refer to the brood."

The material of the experiment was deriv'ed from two males
and two females bred in 1S99 from Swiss larvte. From a pair of
these was reared in 1900 a family of 17 males and 23 females.
The central spot of tbe fore wing, — the only one in the cell —
which exhibited slight variability in the four 1899 specimens,
shows a much wider range in the 1900 family. The differences
in size are very marked, in fact in one of the females the spots
are evanescent. Even more striking is the extent of the uni-
lateral variations, reaching its climax in one male with a semi-
circular invasion of the black ground-colour obliterating about a
(piarter of the left-hand spot, while the right one retains the
normal size and unbroken squarish outline. Considerable but
less marked variations of the same kind are present on the left

* Exhibited, excejit tlio 1902 family, by Mr. I3arot at tlie City of London
Kntoniological and Natural tfistorv Society, Feb. 1".', IDOl. Traiisuciioiiti,
I'JUl, i>t. xi. pp. 8, 23 (Tille only).

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 25

side of two and the right side of four females, and in a smaller
degree in other males and females. In one male with all the
spots small, tliat in the left fore-wing cell is barely visible,
although the right is the largest spot in the entire pattern of the
specimen.

Mr. Bacot bred from the male first described aud a feiiiale
which is either lost or at any rate cannot now be identified with
certainty. From these parents he reared in 1901 a family of
b males and 5 females. In three males the spot is large and
normal on both sides, in one it is very small on the right, in
one very small and divided into two on both sides. The left
spots of the remaining three males resemble the male parent in
varying degrees : in one it bears a minute central dark spot,
in one (A) it resembles the male parent but with a rather smaller
invasion, in the third the invasion is much larger leaving only a
triangular remnant and a minute dot. The right-hand spots of
these three are normal, resembling that of the male parent. The
left-hand spot of a single female (B) resembles that of the male
])arent, the other four being normal or v\ith a slight trace of
asymmetry.

Mr. Bacot bred from A and B, rearing in the 1902 family 4
males and 5 females. Of the males, two liave unich smaller spots
on the left, one of them being divided into two ; the other two
males show only slight asymmetry. Of the females, three show
the parental character but in an exaggerated form, the invasion
having been carried further, and starting in one of them from
the basal margin of the spot instead of its outer margin, as in the
others and the parents. A fourth female resembles that last
described, except that the invasion is into the right spot instead
of the left and has been carried further so that two small dots
representing the two outer angles of the spot are all that remain.
The fifth female is normal with little want of symmetry.

No one who looks at the material can doubt that this small but
striking variation, affecting the shape of a single spot, is hereditary.
The series also affords evidence of another kind in favour of the
view suggested on p. 22, that Mendelian inheritance will be found
to hold in extremely small variations, as well as in large ones.
The hind wing in the female S. phe(jea bears two large patches, of
which the outer is generally accompanied by a small detached spot
lying on its upper (or costal) border. In the male both patches
are reduced to spots of which the inner one is especially small
and in most individuals represented only by its upper (or costal)
section, the lower section when present being minute and quite
detached. The evidence bearing on Mendelian inlieritance is
derived from the presence or absence of the small inner spot in
ihe male hind wing.

Of the two 3899 males, one is normal while the other is as last
described, the lower section of the inner spot being much smaller
and barely visible on the right side.

In the 1900 family six males are normal, in three or four more

20 PnOCEEDIXOS OF THE

the inner spot (iipjier jiart only) can bo detected ^vitll a lens, bnt
in tlio rest it is altogether absent. There is the most gradual
transition from the male in which the inner spot is largest to the
one in which it is smallest and can barely be made out with a
good lens. The male parent (A) of the 1901 family is without
the spot.

Seven males of the 1901 family are normal, while the eighth
possesses, in addition to the upper, a distinct lower section.
Although the inner spots are transitional in size from normal to
very small, none are so minute as to require the use of the lens.
The facts strongly suggest that the presence of the inner spot is
dominant and that the female parent (B) carried the factors of
the normal male. This interpretation is rendered almost certain
by the four males of the 1902 family, of whicli two are without
the spot and two with it. Of the latter, one is normal while the
other has the lower section as well as the upper, this lower section
being in fact better developed than in any other male in the whole
of Mr. Ijacot's material.

C. Geographical Eaces or Subspecies.

A large amount of excellent work for many years has been
devoted to the study of the differences by which a species is split
np into I'aces in various parts of its total geographical range. In
Lepidoptera these differences are sometimes large, sometimes so
small as to rest upon a slight change in the form or size of a
single marking or even the presence of a few coloured scales
requiring a lens for their detection. It has recently been argued
that geographical races when based on small differences are due
to some influence resident in the locality — acquired and not
hereditary. Thus Professor Pnnnett has suggested * that this
may be the interpretation of a certain small difference between
the Oriental and African fonns of Danaida chrysipims. During
the past few years I have endeaxoured to persuade naturalists to
breed thiu butterfly and test whetlier a high or low degree of
development of the character in question — a single spot in the
fore wing — is hereditary, and whether the local races will still
come true if bred in another country inhabited by another local
race of the same species. Up to the present I have not succeeded.
The butterfly is so very common that it is difficult to arouse
sufficient interest in it. Furthermore it is not always easy to
find naturalists who can breed butterflies successfully. But
evidence of another kind, yielded by the allied American Danaida
pJe.rlppvs {archi'pims), seems to me quite conclusive. Availing
itself of modern meajis of locomotion, the JN'orth American rnce of
this butterfly (other races of the same species exist in Centrnl and
South America) has during the past 70-80 years been gradually ex-
tending its rajige over the warmer parts of the world. Fortunately

* "Mimicry in Butterflies," Cjiinbridge, 191"), pp. 132-134. Sec also
Bedrock, Oct. 101?, pp. 3()0-3Ul ; Apr. 1914, \^\^. 41-43.

LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 27

i1. has found its historian in Commander J. J. Walker*, who has
recorded its westward migration from 1840 (New Zealand) to 1889
(Straits of Malacca), and eastward from 1863 (Azores) to 1897
(Grecian Archipelago). In many of the localities it has estab-
lished itself for numbers of years and appears to be now a
permanent i-esident. In spite of all the varying local influences
to which it has been subject in its numerous scattered colonies,
Commander A¥alker has never seen a record of any form except
the North American one.

It is unnecessary however to rely solely on experiments made,
partly by man who has accidentally transported si)ecies to distant
lands, partly by nature which has then subjected them to all the
strange conditions of the new home. We can appeal to instances
in which the whole process has been natural — to local races
distinguished by small differences. If now these races, bred in a
sti-ange locality, preserve their original differences, the desired
test is forthcoming.

T. Direct Evidence or Hereditary Transmission or Local
Difference.

a. Locrd European and British Itaces of ilie Butterfly Pieris napi
hred in the London District. — This butterfly, the common English
" Green-veined White," has been long known to form local races
in various parts of its range. Many of these have been described
and named in works on Eui-opean butterflies. The differences are
mainly exhibited by the females but are sometimes fairly well-
marked in the males as well. This species has been extensively
bred from the egg or from very young larvaj which hatched in
transit, by Mr. Hugh Main and the late Mr. Albert Harrison.
All the broods were reared at youth Woodford, N.E. Mr. Main
has kindly drawn up a brief account of the work : —

" Being interested in the local forms, etc., of Pieris napi, the
late Mr. Albert Harrison and I reared large numbers of this

* Coiiniiander Walker's papers and notes on this species have all appeared
in The Entomologiais Mcmtldij Magazine, and are as follows : —

(1) " Anosia plexippiis, L. {Banais archijrpus, F.) : A Study in Geographical

Distribution." (1886, xxii. 217-224.)

(2) " Anosia ■plexijypus, L. (JJanais archijqms, F.) at Gibraltar." (1886, xxiii.

162.)

(3) Observations on the occurrence of " Bajiais pie.vippus" at Dainnia,

Amboyna, and Ternate. (1893. xxix. 25, 27, 30.)

(4) Observations on occurrence of '^ Anotiia j^ic^WP'^'^" i" ^^w Caledonia,

the New Hebrides and the Loyalty Islands. (1902, xxxviii. 192 ct seqq.)
(.3) Observations on occurrence of "■ Anosia plexipinis" at Sydney, N.S.W.
(1905, xli. 220.)

(6) "The Geographical Distribution of Danaida plc.vippns, L. (Banais

archipiyus. F.) with especial i-eference to its recent migrations." (1914,
1. 181-193, 224-237.)

(7) " Some more British records of Danaida plcxippus." (1914, 1. 290.)

(5) " A note on the distribution of Danaida plcxippits in Australia." (191(>,

li. 294.)
For a brief abstract of the results see Bcdroc/i\ Apr. 1914, pp. 41, 42.

2 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

variable insect. Through (he kindness of a number of entomo-
h)<j;ical fricMuls we received either living females or freshly
de[)(>sited ova from a number of different localities in England,
Scotland and Irt^land, and also from different parts of Switzer-
land, and from Lapland. From Lapland the female parents were
all of the dark var. hn/onicr, and we had females of this var. and
of the type from different localities in Switzerland.

"In some cases the broods were carried on for two or three
years, those from each locality being kept distinct. 'We always
found that each family, though usually exhibiting the wider
variability of the species, retained the original general character
of the first parents : e. g., the broods from Lapland had a close
resemblance to each other, and were very distinct fi'om all the
broods from the var. hryonicv females from Switzerland.

'•The Lapland specimens resulted from ova despatched by
Mr. AV. G. Sheldon as soon as they were deposited. The ova
generally hatched before arriving in England.

" At (xlariis, Switzerland, Dr. T. A. Chapman captured at the
same altitude females of var, hri/onke and of the type, which he
sent alive. Ova were obtained from several of each, and the
progeny of the two forms entirelj'^ resembled the parents. All
the females resulting from the var. hryonio' ova were of this form,
\\ bile no hryonice were produced from ova laid by typical females.
The males of both forms I am unable to distinguish from one
auotlier. The progeny of the typical females were double-
brooded, but only in one family of bri/onice did we obtain any of
the summer brood, three females being produced. All the rest
of the hri/oniiv pupa) lay over the winter.

" It is difficult to describe the differences between the various
local forms from the British localities, and it would be impossible
to separate them accurately if the specimens were all mixed up,
but in long series it is seen that thero is a strong tendency
towards certain extremes which occur in the different places.
These strong tendencies are e(]ually evident in the specimens bred
from ova deposited in Woodford by females sent from various
localities in England, Scotland and Ireland."

The bred and captured specimens kindly lent by Mr. Main,
Mr. H. J. Turner and Mr. W. G. Sheldon in illustration of this
address entirely bear out the above statements. I especially wish
to direct attention to the difference between the Lapland bn/onio',
both captured and London bred, and the Swiss bri/onice, both
captured and London bred. The two Lapland families and the
captured female are smaller and greyer than the commonest Swiss
form, — their yellow tint paler and duller, their fore-wing spots
smaller and less dark. The close resemblance between 40 bryonice
bred in the London district and their female parent captured in
Switzerland is also very striking. Still stronger evidence is
afforded by the females of local races from the British Islands,
particularly by the specimens bred in Loudon from Irish (Eiinis-
killen) parents. These exhibit the strong black markings and

LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 29

black apex of the fore wing wliich are characteristic of their
locality, most of theiu too the very pale buff ground-colour which
is comiuou there. The London bred specimens from Fife parents
afford an interesting comparison, having the markings almost
equally well developed, but greyer, and the ground-colour
commonly craam rather than pale buff.

In comparing the bred with the captured specimens, the former
are of course fresher and the dark markings therefore clearer and
sharper. Apart from this there is, Mr. Turner considers, a
tendency tovvards an intensification of the dark markings,
especially of the summer brood. Mr. AV. G. Sheldon on the
other hand considers that the female offspring of Lapland hryonice
exhibit, when bred in Eugland, a reduction of their characteristic
features. But allowing all weight for slight effects, probably due
to something unnatural in the conditions, it is quite evident that
Mr. Main's conclusion is sound and entirely borne out by the
extensive material kindly lent by him. Many local races of
P. rapre are distinguishable : these differences are hereditary
and not acquired. These small variations, many of them ex-
ceedingly small, are transmitted by heredity.

b. Local British Races of the Moth Aplecta nebulosa bred in the
London District. — This Noctuid moth is well known to occur in
Delamere Forest, Cheshire, in three forms — (1) dark grey forms
which are much the commonest ; (2) a small percentage very
much darker with grey fi'inges (var. robsoni) ; (3) a much smaller
percentage quite black with white fringes (var. thompsoni). In
breeding (1) behaves as a Mendelian dominant, (2) a hetero-
zygote, (3) a recessive. When bred from the egg in the London
district by Mr. Main and Mr. Harrison, not only did the appear-
ance of all three forms remain unchanged, as everyone would
expect, but the same was true of a pale local race found in
Argyllshire. Examples of these and of the Cheshire forms have
been kindly lent by Mr. Main for exhibition.

c. Hereditary Transmission of Small Variations in W. African
Butterjiies of the Genus Hypolimnas. — I here include two examples
in the same genus Hypolimnas, both due to the careful and
accurate work of Mr. W. A. Lamborn in the Lagos district of
AVest Africa. The first is of great importance, because it not
only adds to the evidence here summarised but also helps us to
understand how two very different mimetic patterns ai'ose. The
West African Hypolimnas dubia is well known to appear in two
forms — anthedon, mimicking the Danaine Amaxiris niavius, and
dabia, mimicking other species of Amaiiris. Mr. Lamborn has
shown that these two forms bear a Mendelian relationship to each
other, dubia being the dominant. Intermediate patterns occur,
although in very small proportions, and it might well be supposed
that these are hetei'ozygotes and that they would split up in the
next generation. Twice, however, Mr. Lamborn has bred from a
slightly intermediate (viz. tending slightly towards anthedon)

30

rnocEEDixos or thk

feinal(! (Ja/>i<t, and tlie ])atteni of botli was strongly inherited by
the dnhia forms amo!ig the offspring*.

Tlie second exain|)le is Hypolimnas dinarclia, of which
Mr. Lamborn bred two large families from known female parents.
In one of these the white of the hind wing is faintly tinged with
yellow and there is a very slight difference in the pattern of the
fore wing. There is a strong tendency towards the inheritance
of both these features by the female offspring t-

d. Ilereditarij Transmission of Small Variations in the Hippocoon
Female of the African Papilio dardanus.

The inheritance of small variations in the pattern of the black
and white hi^^pocoon females of Papilio dardanus has been care-
fully studied by Dr. (x. D. H. Carpenter J, who has shown that a
single small spot in the fore-wing cell differs in size in various
parts of Africa and also that slight differences in this and other
features bet\\een the females in the same locality are inherited by
their hippocoon offspring. Some of these differences are excellent
examples of small steps that would lead towards the trans-
formation of the hippocoon pattern characteristic of one part of
Africa to that which, under the influence of a slightly different
model, is characteristic of another part §. Dr. Carpenter's paper
is a complete answer to the contention that, in no clear case, has
the inheritance of any small variation been shown to exist \\.

II. Indirect Evidence of Hereditary Transmission of
Local Difference.

a. Tlie V-Marlc on the Hind Winn of the Danaine Genus
Tirumala. — I now propose to consider certain indirect evidence of
the liereditary transmission of small variations. Of this an
unlimited amount is yielded by a study of the geographical
changes in the patterns of related groups of species or subspecies.
In passing from one locality to another across the total range we
are constantly made aware of extremely minute progressive
differences only to be reasonably explained by the gradual dis-
ap[)earance or moditication of a relatively ancestral feature highly
developed or differently developed in some other part of the
common area of distribution. When at some widely separated
locality the progressive changes first culminate in the disappear-
ance of the feature, this climax of modification may only be found
in relatively few individuals, the others still retaining traces
varying from a few scales or even a single scale up to a small but
dist^inct representation. A little furtlier and the proportion of
entire disappearances increases while the size of the maximum
representation deci'eases. Thus by progi'essive changes in the
average constitution of the mass of individuals in successive

* Recorded in Bedrock, Apr. 1913, p. 56, plate iii.; Oct. 1913, pp. 299, 300.
+ Bedrock; Oct. 1913, p. 300.
\ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1913, p. 6.")6.

§ Tlie sigiiifii-anco of one of tlios*; hereditarj' features was poiuted out by
(lie iiri'sent writer in Bcdroc/c, Apr. 1913, p. 50.

II rrolessor Puniictt in Bedrock, July 1913, pp. 152, 153.

LINN^EAN SOCIEXT OF LONDOX.

31

geographical zoiiss the complete disappearance of the feature may
be finally reached.

The Oriental species of the Danaine genus Tirumcda possess *
a very distinct V-shaped mark at the inner end of area 2 of the
hind wing, in the acute angle between vein 2 and the cell. Most
of them have also a smaller mark of the same form at the inner
end of area 3, One .'African species of the genus, T. petiverana,
barely distinguishable from the common Oriental T. Uraniace or
T. septentrionis, possesses the V-mark fully developed. Three
other species, one of them separable into two subspecies, evidently
represent a much earlier invasion, and are greatly modified — so
much so indeed that Moore placed them in a separate genus,
Melinda. I thought it would be of interest to study the fate of
the Y-mark in these four forms, of wiiich two are East African
and therefore near the original home, one Central, and one
Western. In addition to specimens in the Oxford University
Collections, I have been enabled, by the kindness of Lord
l-iothschild, to examine material from Tring. The result of the
enquii-y is shown in tabular form below.

Degrees of develop-
leut of tlie V spot on
iud wing ujiper side
f four African forms
f the Oriental Dana-
iie genus Tirumcda.

I.

The V with
the longer
limb from
30 mm. to
.3'5mm.long.

II.

V reduced
to a solid
arrow - head
with longer
side about
1'5 mm.

III.

Similar to
II but lengtii
O'5-l-O mm.

IV.

A minute
trace, vary-
ing down-
wards from a
recognisable
apex to a
barely visible
spot.

V.

No trace
visible, even
with lens.

T. formosa new-

maimi, Rothsch.
Abyssinia.

4 J 1 $

2 d

8 d

3d

1 d

T. formosa formusa,

Godm.
British and German
East Africa.

6cJ

9 J 1 ?

15 d 3 $

10 d 4 $ ^

2 d 22

T. i/icrcedonia,

Karsch.
Uganda.

3d'

2d''

39 d 20 ?

1'. morgeni, Honr.
Cameroons.

1 d'

1 d 1 $

^ The trace on L. side only of one d. R- O'lly o' another and of one 2 .

^ The mark of the value of III on II. side, of IV ou L. of one of the three
males.

^ The trace apparently represented by a single pale scale on L. side only of
one of tiio two males.

^ A very minute III. The pale tint much dimmed and not bright as in the
other forms 1-3.

* T. neptiinia of Fiji has lost tliis mark on the upper surface, retaining a
trace below. The change is part of a general darkening in mimicry of local
Enploeas.

32 I'llOCEIiUlXGS OF THE

The fjicts set I'orfcli in the above table are best explained by
the strong endurance ot" a hereditary feature gradually weakened
as the Alri<'an invaders became further and further separated
fronj the original stock where the feature is prominent in all the
species 1 have examined except 2\ neptunia. I do not myself
doubt that the weakening has been brought about by the selection
in mercedoiiia and mon/eni of individuals which approached most
nearly to the pattern of the indigenous African Danaines of the
genus Ainaaris; but from tlie present standpoint I am only
concerned to ])oint out that the existence side by side in the same
locality of individuals with a minute trace of the mark and
individuals with no trace at all, and the comparison of these with
the individuals of allied forms in oti)er localities, cannot be
reasonably explained except on the supposition that the degree
of development of the feature is hereditary. And the different
degrees distinguished in the table on p- 31 are veri/ small
variations,

b. Geographical Changes in Mimetic Species corresponding ivith a
Change of Model. — Under this head a large body of evidence is
available in support of the conclusion that mimetic patterns arose
by successive stages, and not suddenly as Professor Punnett
maintains — evidence which at the same time is available for the
general conclusion that small variations are hereditary. The
limits of time and space prevent anything more than the dis-
cussion of one good example from Africa and another from
S. America.

c. The Mimetic Females of the African Charaxes etheocles. —
A wonderful example of geographical change in a single species
is seen in the mimetic females of Chara.ves etheocles, which in
various parts of Africa mimic the females and sometimes the
males of the larger species of the same genus. Among these local
changes are some which are quite as small as the steps by which
I believe that an elaborate mimetic pattern has been built up,
aud it is as certain that these small variations ai'e hereditary as
that any geographical race is permanent and fixed. It might
indeed be argued by one who has not compared tlie specimens,
that each mimetic female foi-m in each locality had developed
from the same ancestral jiattern. The following examples, to
which others might be added, aiford evidence that the female
forms are not thus evolved separately but by the modilication of
those in adjacent areas.

The female form viola, of the West Coast, possesses a broad
orange bar beyond the middle of the fore wing and a still broader
white one shot with blue beyond the middle of the hind wing.
This form is believed by Dr. Karl Jordan to be a rough niimic of
Charaxes epijasias. In parts of British East Africa and of Uganda
the model is the male of Charaxes ansorgei and in correspondence
with its i)atteru the bars of both wings are, in the form kirlci.

TJXNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON". ^;^

more centrally placed and duller, that of the hind wing narrower.
In the Taveta district of British East Africa, as was recorded b}'^
the Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers *, the model is Chara.ves sntnmus,
and the hind-wing bar of the mimic has become clouded with
orange-brown to a varying degree in different individuals, while
the fore-wing bar has broadened and tends to suffuse the dark
ground-colour.

d. A South American Heliconius Mimetic of cinotlier Species of
tJie same Genus. —This example is of great interest inasmuch as it
was detected in the fine and abundant material collected in Brazil
between 1825 and 1830 bv AV". J. Burchell. Fui-therinore, the
specimens are accompanied by statements, in the handwriting of
Professor Westwood and of Burchell himself, which prove that
the variation is so small that it escaped their attention altogether.
The material consists of a series of dark brown nearly black
buttertlies, bearing on the fore wing, beyond the cell, a broad red
bar, and, bet\veen the bar and the base, a median narrow yellow
stripe ; on the hind wing, a broad and conspicuous vellow stripe.
All the specimens had been labelled with Buichell's customary
care and precision, and on a slip of paper a*^tached to one of them,
tak-en Mch. 10, 1826, at Rio de Janeiro, Westwood wrote —
" H9 individuals in full of tliis species without any variation of the
least importance taken bet" 24.10.2ot & 24.3.29. See list
in my Burchell Catalogue." Opposite the list of dates copied
from Burchell's labels into the catalogue above referred to,
Westwood wrote " Hel. PhijlUs. 69 imP " AVhen a list of
Burchell's Hidiconinse was prepared for publication J by Mr. E.
G. Joseph, B.Sc, a few years ago, 61 specimens out of the 69
were found in the Hope Department, but of these one had lost
its label. Fifty-four of the 60 are the abundant Fabrician species
Heliconius erato phyWs, 42 from the vicinitv of Rio de Janeiro
(Aug. 16, 1825—1; Dec. 6, 1825-Apr. 1, l'8-26— 41) ; 10 from
Minas Geraes (Oct. 14, 1825-lS^ov. 7, 1825) ; 1 from Santos
(Sept. 19, 1826) ; I from Goyaz (Apr. 30, 1828). The 6 remaining
vspecimens belong to two subspecies of the Opisogymni, a section
of the genus different from that which includes erato phyllis.
The latter belongs to Stichel's Section II, the Opisorhypari, in
which the males are distinguished from those of Section I, the
Opisogymni. by a narrower glistening area on the under side of
the fore wing where it overlaps the hind. The Opisorl'.y])ari are
as a rule the most abundant of th(^ Heliconians and t'ley are
commonly mimicked by those Opisogymni which enter their areas
of geograpliical distribution. A single one of the remaining six
specimens is Heliconius ».r/ana, captured by Burchell togethei- with
two of its models, //. erato pJii/llis, on Dec. 6, 1825, "in an

* Trans. Eat. Soc. Loud., 1908, p. .507, n.

t This date is eiToneous. The earlieat date in Westwood's catalogue and ou
the specimens is ir).8.25. There are also other dates earlier than 24.10.25.

+ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. v., Apr. 1910, p. 322.
LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — ^SESSIOX 1915-1916. (I

34 PROCEKDINGS OF THE

exoiirsiou to tlie suiTiiiiit of t]i(» Cnrcovado," nonr liin. At first
sijjlit tli(» model and the mimic are so precisely alike that we do
not wonder at AVesl wood's statement that the whole series wa*!
"without any variation of the least importance"'; but with a
closer examination it is at once seen that the red bar of n-dfo
j)hi/Uis is sharply outlined while that of nanna is gradually
transitional into the dark ground-colour. Thus one of the six
Opisogvmni is accounted for: the remaining five, all taken
Mch. •2-2A, 1829, at Porto Keal (Porto jS'a^ionale) on the
'J'ocuntins Kiver, came from outside and to the noith-west of the
area in which Eurchell captured erato pliyllis. All the dates in
Westwood's catalogue are here to be found on the specimens, so
that nothing is inissing from this part of the collection. Thei-e
five examples, although with a softly outlined red bar, are easilv
distinguishable from //. nanna, and if Professor Westwoud had
arranged the individuals geographicnlly he would certainly not
have maintained that the variation was without the least im-
portance. For directly a geographical arrangement is made there
separates out this little group of 5 individuals \\\i\\ patterns all
very much alike, and all differing from those of the 55 — 54 models
and 1 mimic — collected in another area lying to the south and east.
In these 55 the lower outer border of the broad red bar is produced
into two strongly marked projections or teeth. The same border
in the 5 indi\iduals from the north-west bears only the lower
Ijrojection and this shortened and rounded. Examples in the
collections of the British Museum and Mr. W. J. Kaj'e agree with
those collected by Burchell. The difference is distinct but it is
small — so small indeed that it had not only escaped the attention
of Westwood in the museum but also of Burcliell in the field ; for
the latter had noted concerning a specimen taken at Porto Ileal
on Mch. 2, 1829: ^^ Fajnlio. The brown-winged (/lorta '') witli a
red patch on the upper wings, is always found in shady woods
and forests. I have seen it in similar situations in every part of
I>razil J have visited." These words indicate that he looked upon
all the specimens as belonging to a single species. But the
difference, although small, is constant and forms the distinguishirg
feature of the north-western subspecies //. nanna hurchclli. Prom
this form there can be no doubt that nanna nanna has been
])roduced to the east and south under the influence of the ex-
tremely abundant //. erato plnjllis. Dr. H. Eltringham has shown
in a jiapert which will appear in the Transactions of the Entomo-
logical Society for the present year that the male genitalia of the
two races are precisely similar although very distinct from those
of frato phyllis. and he also agrees that nanna certainly arose from
hiiirhtlli and not vice versa. We have then an excellent example

» It is sliown, ill A»7>. Mncj. Xaf. If/s/.. 1910, pp. .%"-.'">. that by " Hurlu"
Burcliell iiieimt to iniplv a placo in tlip Katiricijiii " Helironii."

t "On Specifif and Mimetic ReJationsliips in the genus Helicoiin!'. L."
Trans. Eiit. Soc. Lund., 191G, pp. lUl-148. plates xi-xvii.

E. B. P.. Sept. 4, I'JK;.

lin>'Ea:n' society of london. 35

oP the origin o£ .1 iiiimetic fonn by means of a variation in pattern
so small as to deceive two extraordinarily observant naturalists,
an example which at the same time provides evidence that small
variations may be hereditary. This latter conclusion can only be
escaped by assuming that the constant differences between these
local forms are due to sonie unknown local influence and not
transmissible by heredity. But Dr. Eltringham has shown in the
memoir already referred to that both nanna and hurchcUi are only
two out of a long list of geographical races into which Helicon'ms
melpomene is split up, some of them with wide differences iu
]iattern, some with small. Probalily everyone would agree that
the larger differences are of germinal origin and hereditary ; yet
large and small are all local races indistinguishable by the struc-
ture of the male genitalia. The onus rests upon those who would
put them in different categories.

D. The OniGiisr of a Mimetic Pattern.

The inheritance of small variations is closely connected with
the jjroblem of the origin of mimicry. Witiioiit sucli inheritance
a likeness cannot have been gradually improved, and we should
have before us no solution except that which assumes the sudden
origin of an elaborate pattern resembling in wonderful detail that
of some remote species. Such a solution has been proposed
within the last few years, and it will be well to consider some
of the difficulties which it encounters.

a. A Mimetic Pattern supposed to arise suddenhj from a set of
Factors similar to those tvhich produced the Pattern in the Model. —
This suggestion was first made by Professor Punnett, who main-
tained that on the Mendelian view "the genera Amauris [the
Danaine model] and Enralia [the JNym])haline mimic] contain a
similar set of pattern factors, and the conditions, whatever they
may he, which bring about muiation in the former lead to the
production of a similar mutation in the latter " *. This inter-
pretation, although it does not carry us very far, has been
accepted as satislactory by some writers t. When it was pointed
out that the patterns of model and mimic are only superficially
alike and that, to name one obvious difference, the markings of
Amauris were hard in outline and those of the mimetic Euralia
{Hlipolimnas) soft J, Professor Punnett replied that "it is not
unreasonable to suppose that these species carry identical factors
for colour pattern, and that the differences by which the eye
distinguishes rhem are dependent upon the minuter structural
differences such as occur in tlie scaling. So the eye would dis-
tinguish belAveen a pattern printed in identical colours on a piece

* "Mendelism," 1911, pp. 1,34. 13.5.

t See for example tlio review by Francis 13. Sumner in Joi/rii. Philos., New-
York, vol. ix. i)p. l;y.)-161.

+ Bedrock, Apr. lUlo, jip. 52. .53.

d2

36 PROC'EHDINGS OF THE

of crcloiino ami a piecw ol' glazed calico, Tlioiigh pattern and
colour were the same the difference in material would yield a
somewhat difTeient elYect "*.

The chemical nature of the colours of butterflies has not been
much investigated, except iu the Pierinre, where the white, yellow,
orange and red ])igments of the mimics have been shown by
Professor F. Gowland Hopkins t to be quite different from those
of their models. But even without chemical analysis it is clear
that the red of a P/tarmacophaf/iis swallowtail model is very
different from the red of its Pajnlio or Cosniodesmus swallowtail
n)imic. Thus Professor Punnett, alluding to the quality of the
red in the models of the two mimetic Pujiilio polyti'ii femah^s says :
" iu both models it is a strong clamorous red suggestive of a
powerful aniline dye, whereas such red as occurs in the mimics is
a softer and totally distinct colour " %. Hence in these two large
classes of mimics, Pierine and Papilionine, the suggestion of
identical factors in model and mimic cannot apply.

A critical examination of other models and their mimics
constantly reveals difference under the apparent sameness of
colour and pattern. I will mention a single example because it
illustrates a physical rather than a chemical difference. Mr. S.
A. Neave has told me that the semi-transparent white maikiugs
on the black and white species of the African Danaine genus
A uiauris appear blue when the insect is on the wing, an effect
that can be witnessed by holding an oi)aque black surface beneath
the pattern. It is not due to pigment but to the structure of the
scales. Such a mimic of Amauris as the liippocoon female of
P. dardanus only reproduces this effect very feebly, but the
Ui/polimnas (Earalia) co-mimics — e. g, //. anthedon in the west,
and II. wahlbergi in the east — exhibit it strongly and in a form
somewhat different frotn the model. The blueness is here in pnrt
due to a delicate iridescence of the white scales very similar to that
of the Amauris, but also to intensely blue marginal scales, absent
fron> the Danaine model, hut common to many species of IIiipo-
limnas, including the non-mimetic males of mimetic species and
both sexes of the huge //. dexithea of Madagascar. The ancestral
material of the genus Hiipolimnas has been worked up into the
mimetic likeness to a model which does not possess such material
at all.

Assuming, however, for the sake of argument, that mimics
exist in which the chpmical and physical causes of colour are
identical with those of their models §, it is important to enquire
whether Professor Punnett's metaphor of ])atterns on cretonne
and calico really help to explain the facts or only to disguise an
essential difference.

* " Mimicry in Butterflies," Cambridge, 1915, p. 148.

t Proc. Jioij. Sue. Ivii. 1894, p. o ; and Phil. Trans. 189.0, B. p. GOl.

I "Mimicry in Biitferllies," p. 82.

§ InsUiuccs doubtless occur where model and mimic are closely allitHl, as in
tlie .-Eiiras and Lyaaiuler groups of Pliurmacophayv^ or llie well-known
convergent Danaine or Acracine groups.

LI^•yEA^' SOCIKTY Ol' LONDOX. 37

b. Tlie Edijes of Marliiujs la tlie I'atterns of Modi/s and tlwir
jMhnics. — Witli i-ertaiii exceptions — uuiinportant from our prejsent
slaiulpoint — the pigments* of butterflies' wings are contained in
the scales. Two colours do not occupy the same scale, but the
pasisage from one colour to another is effected by a set of scales
containing one pigment being replaced by a set containing another.
In the examples referred to by Professor Punnett in the passage
quoted on pp. 35, ^6, the yellow scales are suddenly replaced by
black scales at the margin of the hind- wing patch of Ainawis
ecJieria, while they are not suddenly replaced in the mimic, the
mima form of IJypolimnas dubius. A part of tbe area that is
wholly yellow in the model contains abundant scattered biack
scales in the mimic and so with part of the black area which in
the mimic contains plenty of yellow scales. Scales that are
yellow in the one are black in the other and vice versa. The
difference is real.

The metaphor is also misleading in another way : it seeks to
explain the diiJerence as an incidental outcome of specific con-
stitution unconnected with mimicry. But the soft outline is a
common characteristic of the miujetic pattern just as the hard
outline is of the model's. The Hiipolimnas mimic is far more
closely allied to the Dauaine model Amauris ecJieria than either of
them are to the Papilionine mimic. P. dardanus, yet both mimics
exhibit the soft-edged pattern. They exhibit it in fore wing as
well as hind : they exhibit it in all their other forms mimetic of
other comparatively hard-outlined Danaine models. The following
sentence, published by the writer fourteen years ago, refers to the
most conspicuous and best-known black and v\hite model and
mimics in Africa : — " . . . The white centre of the upper surface
of the wings deepens gradually at its margin into black in both
Papilio an(l IVymphalid, while the n)argin of the corresponding
white area in the Danaine exhibits an extremely sharp and abru])t
trnnsition into black " t.

These differences between the edges or borders of markings on
butterflies' wings are important and 1 pro])Ose for theni the terms
eidegnic (with a clear edge), and di/slee/inc (with a dim or bad
edge), tbe latter passing into alecjnic (without an edge), kindly
suggested to me by Professor Gilbert Murray J.

c. Modes of Occurrence of Dtjslegnic Patterns in Buttcrfties, —
Dyslegnic patterns are not only common in mimics as compared
with models, but are also common in females as compared with

* The same arginiient apph'es to the physical causes of colour here omitted
from consideration for the sake of simplicit}'.

t Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, p. 486, n. The passage refers to the liind
wings of the western Danaine Amauris niavius and of its two mimics tlie
hippocoon female form of Fapilio dardaints and t)0th .sexes of Hji} oliiiioias
(E'uralia)anihcdon, also to the corresponding eastern and soutli-eastein lornis —
A. niavius dominicanns, hijjpocoon (or hippocoonidcs as it lias bfcii called in this
area), and H. trahUwrgi.

\ Xeyvvf, an edge or border, with the prefixes ev- good, iva- bud, or a- not.

38 PKOCEE DINGS OF THE

males. Thus the mimetic female forms of PapiJlo dardanus bear
in this respect the same relation to their Danaine models that
they bear to their own male, and the female of the non-mimetic
ancestor F. meriones in Madagascar is also far less eulegnic than
its male. Th« dyslegnia has preceded the mimicrv. If the
brighter colours of male butterflies have been developed by sexual
selection — and the fact that male brilliaacy is due to interference
colours as well as pigments strongly supports the Darwinian
interpretation — it is also highly probable that their more eulegnic
patterns have arisen in the same way.

When the sexes of a mimic are alike the male pattern as well
as the female tends to be dyslegnic. This is commonly true in
both sexes of the mimetic swallowtails of the section Cosmodesmus,
as it is of the mimetic females of Papilio. An excellent example
has already been described in the fore wing of Ildiconius nanna
with both sexes alike (p. 34).

In order to test the prevalence of dyslegnia in mimicking
butterflies, 1 examined a considerable series selected many years
ago as illustrations, and without any thought of this characteristic.
Everywhere in the series the mimics were dyslegnic as compared
with the models *. They included Nymphalines of various genera
and Papilios of various species mimicking Danaines, Nymphalines
mimicking Acrseines, and Acrtea natalica mimicking A. anemosa.
The principle was commonly manifested by the Papilionine
mimics of the PharmacopluKjxis Papilios of which a long illustra-
tive Series has been arranged in the Hope Department. One of
the most striking examples is provided by the strongly dyslegnic
patterns of all the forms of Elifmnias, mimicking Dauaine and
Pierine models in the East and Acreeine in Africa.

Having thus examined a number of well-known examples I
thought it would be interesting to apply the test to newer
instances only recently worked out in detail. Accordingly the
attempt has been made to set forth in tabular form (Appendix,
p. 51) the condition of Ihe pattern edges in a series of similar
patterns belonging to the two sections of the Ueliconince referred
to on p. 35. The series itself is fully described and illustrated in
Dr. Eltringham's memoirt on the JUdiconime now in the press
and to appear shortly in the Transactions of the Entomological
(Society for the present year. Dr. Eltringham has kindly read
the tabular statement and confirms the descriptions. Mr. W. J.
Ivaye, with a wide experience of the relative abundance of the

* The only exception that- I encoiintererl -was tlie alcgiiic transition from
orange-brown to black in tlie fore wing ut iJanaida chrysijipus. In tiiis bulter-
lly and its miinic, the female Hypvliiiinas riiis'rppus, this transition appears to
be real, being brought about by a gradual darkening in the colour of the
pigment in the scales as the black area is apjiroached — not by the "stippling "
of the usual dyslegnic margiia. In other respects the j^attern of D. chn/srppus
is eulegnic (see ]). 42). It is interesting to note that this alegnic transition
from orange- brown to black is associated w'ith extraordinary variabih'ty in the
relative areas of the fore wing occupied by these two shades.

t Sec ISoLet p. 34.

Li:jfNEAX sociEri' or loxdox. 39

forms in tlie two sections, has kindly added the notes which express
what is known on this point. The table shows that on the w bole
the tonus of Section I are more dyslegnic than those of Section 11,
but that one common feature in the patterii, the yellow bar of
the hind wing, is generally eulegnic and often more so than in
Section II. Now this bar is shown by Dr. Eltringham, for reasons
which do not apply to Section II, to be probably ancestral in
Section I. It must further be added that Dr. Eltringham shows
that, with the possible exception of H. jpachinus, all the forms in
Section I mentioned in the Appendix are the races of a single
species, and that the same is true of groups of forms in Section II
such as the races of II. erato and sa/ipJio. Such evidence of recent
change being common in Section II as well as I renders the table
less applicable as a test of dyslegnia in relation to mimicry.

The facts in these IJcliconina' support the conclusion that the
dvslegnic pattern is commonly found where there has been recent
change as shown by close relationship with other forms, exhibiting
sligiitlv different patterns. Of course I" do not assert that tht;
euleg:iic pattern never changes, only that dyslegnia is the usual
accompaniment of change. Thus the Danaine model Amaurls
niauius, so often alluded to, has a pattern which is eulegnic except
below the hind-wing cell ; this is just the part which undergoes
change, the border which advances, proelucing an immensely
larger white marking on the east coast. Not only tliese, but the
western race with a comparatively small patch and individuals
from the east of the A'^ictoria Nyanza with an intermediate patch,
are all dyslegnic along the corresponding border. On the other
hand the small spot in the fore-wing cell remains eulegnic
throughout although it too increases in size on the east. But
this is ati extremely small change as compared with the other.

The dyslegnic pattern is also commonly found in single aber-
rations and in vestigial spots and markings. It predisposes to
change and tends to persist as a register of change. It is often
correlated with another predisposing cause of change — variability
of colour.

E. Female Mimicry *.

It is here well to reprint the whole of a passage of which the
latter part is as a rule only quoted. On p. 22 of his great piiper
(18(35) Wallace, after describing the mimetic likeness of the
females of certain Eastern Papilios to other presumably specially
protected Fapiiios, continues : —

" The last six cases of mimicry are especially instructive, because
they seem to indicate one of the processes by which dimorphic
forms have been produced. When, as in these cat-es, one sex
differs much from the other, and varies greatly itself, it may
happen that occ:isionally individual variations will occur having
a distant resemblance to groups which are the objects of mimicry,

* See also the author's "Charles Darwin and the Origin of Species,"
London. 1909, pp. 132-9.

40 THOCEEUINOS Ol' THE

uiul wliicli it is tliernl'ure utlvantagediis to resemble. Such a variety
will have a better chance of preservation ; the nulividuals pos-
sessing it will be niuhiplieti ; and iheir accidental likeness to
the favoured group will be rendered permanent by hereditary
transmission, and, each successive variation wincli increases the
resemblance being preserved, and all variations departing from
the favoured type having less chance of preservation, there will in
time result tlio>e lingular cases of two or more isolated and fixed
forms bound together by that intimate relationship which consti-
tutes them the sexes of a single species. The re;ison why the
females are more subject to this kind of modification than the
males is, probably, that their slower flight, when laden with eggs,
and their exposure to attack while in the act of depositing their
eggs upon leaves, render it especially advantageous for them to
have some additional protection. This they at once obtain by
acquiring a resemblance to other species which, from whatever
cause, enjoy a comparative immunity from persecution."

In the earlier part of this passage Wallace clearly emphasises
the role of female variability in the origin of female mimicry in
butterflies, and later work tends to emphasise it still further.
Considering such a common non-mimetic species as Terias
hec'ihe, we Miid the bright eulegnic constant male is associated
with a female having didler colours, dyslegnic pattern and much
greater variability, furthermore, the study of families with known
parents bred by Mr. E. E. Green in Ceylon supports the con-
clusion that the degree of variability is hereditary. It is clear
that the change to a new pattern would be far more likely to
occur in the female of Terias Jiecabe than in the male, and that
the particular kind of variability which I have called dys^gnia
conduces to sm^h a change. Cluirdxes etheocles affords another
example. The females of this species mimic the females and
sometimes the mnles of other larger species of Charaxes. I have
recently received from S. Nigeria several specimens bred by jNI r, W.
A. Lamhorn and by IMr. C. O. Earquharson ; the females of these
are non-mimetic and only differ from their males in the possession
of an extremely obscure, unstable and highly dyslegnic pattern in
paler tints dimly visible on the dark background of the wings —
nt.vertheless, slight as it is, the expression of fi male variability.

Terias hecahe is an example of a species i)i which the sexes are
nearly alike ; when we consider those in which they are widely
different the origin of female mimicry becomes much clearer.
The most striking example known to me was brought to my
notice by my friend Mr. S. A. Neave. I refer to the African
Nymphaline butterfly. Precis tvestermanni, with an extremely
constant male, although the pattern is somewhat dyslegnic, and
a female varying in different directions with patterns of several
kinds sometimes clearly, sometimes dindy suggested. There are
orange-brown forms like the dorip/nis form oi Jhaumla cln-ysippus,
orange forms with dark fore-wing markings like Precis sophia,
forms with dark fore wings — sometimes again shot with a purplish

LINNKAN SOCIETY OF LOXDON. 4I

iridescence — and oninge bhick-spottetl black-margined bind wings,
similar forms with varying amounts ot' white and of orange in the
fore wing and of white in the hind ; finally, forms in which this
white invasion is so extreme as to form a broad continuous bar
crossing both wings. Furthermore there are immense differences
in the breadth and the pattern of the dark margin of both wings.
Here is a butterfly which seems to present ready-made, in tiie
material afforded by female variability, the foundation of half a
dozen different mimetic patterns.

A much less striking but still convincing example of the
importance of female variability in tlie origin of mimicry is
offered by Pieris na^n described on pp. 27-29. Here the possi-
bility for tlie development of new patterns is obviously nuicli
greater in the varial)le female than in the constant male.

A good example of an undoubted but very imperfect mimic —
such a mimic as might easily arise from almost any of the female
forms of Precis ivestennanni — is afforded by a form of Pseudacrcva
aUiostriata common, alrliough not so abundant as the typical non-
mimetic form, in the Entebbe disti'ict of Uganda. This local form
with its white-barred hintl wing and orange-red marked fore wing
is clearly an outlying member of the great assemblage of mimics
clustered round the powerful Acrajine models PJanema i>o(jriei and
the male of P. macarista. I have only recently realised that it
is an evident secondary mimic of another outlying mimic of the
Planemas, the male of Acnea altlwffi. In Pseudaorcea alhostriata
both sexes are highly dyslegnic, but the female more so than
the male ; both have produced the local mimetic form, but the
female's is more perfect than the male's. This too was only
recently determined when all the best mimics were selected from
the series collected by Mr. Neave, and it was found that they
were all females and that those left behind were ail males. The
sex-linking here is confined to the degree of variiition and does
not involve its kind. The male and female are on the same path
but the female keeps a little ahead.

F. PoLYMOKPHic Mimics and the Oiiigin of Mimicuy.

One of the most interesting and indeed exciting developments
of butterfly mimicry in recent years is the immense increase in
our knowledge of single species with many polymorphic forms
resembling a number of models belonging to different species.
The firm and solid foundation of this development lies far back
in the three great monographs by Bates, Wallace, and Trimen,
published in our Transactions in 1862, 1865, and 1869 *. But
wonderful as was the discovery of the polymorphic mimetic
females of Oriental Papilios by Wallace and of the African
Papilio dcirdamis {merope) by Trimen, naturalists were certainly

* The two latter papers are often quoted as piibHshed in 1866 and 1870,
the dates of the volumes i)i wjjicli tliey appear, but the parts were issued 111
each case in the previous year.

42 l'IlOC£EDINGS OF THE

unprepared for tlie astonishing ])olyinorpliic mimicry ot" both
sexes in the African forms of Jlt/poliouias proved by Millar, in
the still more wonderful forms of the African Pseuducnea eari/tas
j)ro\ed by Jordan and confirmed by breeding by Carpenter, and in
tlie S. American lleliconiiie forms mentioned in the Appendix
(p. 51) and |)roved to be conspecific by Elrringham. In all of
these the transitional relationship between tlie patterns in each
set of polymorphic forms can be traced and the conclusions based
ou pattern brought into line with those based on structure and on
breeding. No such relationship exists (except in some of the
JfeHcijnuuv) between the patterns of any of the different species
which contribute the set- of models for each group of polymorphic
mimics, and the whole series of facts strongly opposes Pro-
fessor Punnett's liypothesis of the mutational origin of mimicry
from a set of factors identical with those which produce the
pattern of the model.

I propose now briefly to consider the best known and most
striking of the much rarer cases in which the models as well
as their mimics are polymorphic ; for here if anywhere in pol}^-
morphic mimicry we sliould expect to find evidence in favour of
Professor Punnett's hypothesis. I refer to Dannida chi-i/!,i/iin(s
with its three forms chrijsipjpus, alcippus, and dorijipas, all of
wliich are well known to be mimicked in Africa by the female
of Ili/poHmnas misippus, and by both sexes of Afiwa encedon,
while tile first and last are mimicked by two forms of a Mimacnpa
(Lyccenidte) probably belonging to the same species. Here then
are three forms of a model mimicked respectively by three forms
of the female of one mimic and both sexes of another. It might
be expected that the latter at any rate, for the model also is
polymorphic in both sexes, would present the essential similarity
due to the appearance in both of the same. pattern factors. But
as I pointed out in 1902 * the different forms of chrysippus are
far more sharply separated from one another than those of its
mimics. All three of the latter show a much wider range of
])attern variation and especially of transition between their
polymorphic forms. And this is conspicuously evident in Acra'a
encedon with both sexes polymorphic. Accompanying these
characteristics of the mimetic pattern tliere is the usual dyslegnia,
while the model is eulegnic except in the feature described ou
p. 38, Note *.

a. Polijiiwiphic Fo7-ms, ■ — JSlhnctlc Constant and Non-Mimetic
YarUthle, — in the Same Species. — In another respect recent dis-
coveries in the ])olymorphic mimics throw light upon the origin
and growth of mimicry, strongly supporting the Darwinian
inter|)retation. Thus Dr. Carpenter has shown f tliat in certain
islands in the N.W. of the Victoria Nyanza where for some reason
the mimics are much commoner than their models, intermediates

* 7ra7is. Kilt. Sec. Lovcl., Ip(t2. pp. 483. -184.
t Trans. Knt. Soc. Loud., 1014, pp. G06-645.

Proc. Li, I, I. Sor. Ifflo U), PI.

'CO .33

^^ -♦J

3 i

Of -§

Alfnd Hobiii3on, photo.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 43

between the forms are mueli commoner tbau on tlie adjaceut
mainland of Uganda where Mr. C. A. Wiggins has shown * that
the models are more abundant than the mimics. No reasonable
interpretation has been suggested except the one proi)osed by
Dr. Carpenter — that natural selection operates more stringently
in the preservation of the mimetic forms in one area than in the
other. Confirmation of a remarkable and striking kind has been
obtained by Mr. W. A. Lamborn t, who in 1913 bred from a
black-and-white liippocoon female of Papilio dcudaiais, captured
near Ibudan in S. K^igeria, the female offspring all of which are
represented in the accompanying plate I. Of the 15 male
offspring only a single one is shown (Fig. 2). Of the female
offspring 9 (Figs. 3-11) are seen to be Mjjpocoon like the
parent (Fig. 1), while 8 (Figs. 12-19) are the remarkable
form (Uonysus, well known but never common all along the
tropical West Coast of Africa. Dionysus exhibits a strange com-
bination of the patterns of certain mimetic females of dardanus
with features that are ancestral or reversionary. It is itself non-
mimetic, for the one rare Danaine (Amauris fenestrata) which is
something like it is only recorded from the Frduch Congo, And
just as Dr. Carpenter found that the mimetic forms varied away
from cheir models and ran into each other in the islands where
the models were few, so this single form, without a model,
varies in the localities where its sister-forms, with their models,
keep relatively constant. Dioiiysus has never been bred until
Mr. Lamborn reared the butterflies here represented, and proved
that this relationship holds even within the limits of the same
family. It is highly probable that the proportions are Mendelian
and the result of a recessive female parent mating with a hetero-
zygote male, and that all the hippocoou offspring are recessive
and all the dionijsus heterozygote, but this does not explain the
variability of the latter. Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton has bred
families in S.E. Rhodesia which, on the same grounds J, are
probably made up of recessives and heterozygotes, but in all of
these except one all the female forms are mimetic and constant.
The single family which forms the exception includes like
Dr. Lamborn's a variable non-mimetic female form and a con-
stant mimetic one.

The ancestral part of the pattern of dioni/sus is seen in the fore
wing, and the eight specimens have been arranged in the plate to
exhibit the gradual transition from Fig. 12 with its fore wing
resembling a liippocoon (Figs. 3-11) with the triangulnr white
patch of an unusually large size, to Fig. 19 with its fore wing

* I. Congr. Internat. d'Ent. 1910, vol. ii. p. 483 ; also Froc. Ent. Soc.
Lo7id. ,1011, pp. xci-xcv.

t Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, pp. Ixiii-lxvi. See also pp. Ixvii-lxxi ; also
Bedrock, Apr. 1914, pp. 3(i, 37, 39. When this latter article was written tiie
whole family had not been received, so that the number of hijipocooii Is given
as (5 instead of 9.

\ See Proc. Eut. Soc. Lond., 1914, pp. Ixviii-lxx ; see also pp. Ivi-Ixiii.

44 I'KOCKEDIXGS OF III K

rcseiubliiii^ tlio iioii-iiiiiiielic nuile ( Fiij;. 2), and still more closely
tlie iion-iuiiiietie I'eiiKiIes of the Miulagascar /■'. menones. It ia
11 jtHwortliy tliat tlie triangular fore-wing patch shown in Fig. 12
is more dyslegnic than in any hippocoon, although Idppocooii itselt"
contrasts strongly with the eiilegnic model Amduris niavhis.
From Fig. 12 onwards towards Fig. 19 the amount of dyslegii'a
incnsases until the bar itself lias gone, being represented only by
a dusting of dark scales, of which a trace can still be detected in
Fig. 19.

The results obtained by Dr. Lainborii, and here represented in
the plate, taken in conjunction witli Dr. Carpenter's researches
in the N.W. Victoria Nyaiiza and Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton's
in 8.E. lihodesia, offer very strong evidence that the con-
stancy of the iiiimetic forms which have been the subjects of
investigation is due to the operation of natural selection in the
presence of the approi)riate models, and that when such models
are scarce or absent the constancy is no longer maintained on the
same level. It is furthermore important that Dr. Carpenter has
observed that variations such as those shown in the oblique fore-
wing bar of dion)/sus are quite conspicuous on the wing* ; and if
they are such as to constitute departures from the pattern of the
model, there is no reason for believing that the difference is less
evident to the eyes of their natural enemies.

G. The Beginning or Mimicry: tue F'ikst Step.

Alluding to the resemblance of Chalcosiine moths of the genera
Amesia and Callamesia to the dark blue-shot Euplceas of India, &c.,
I wrote in 1890 t: — " There are also examples which show us the
origin of mimicry — examples in which the resemblance is very
imperfect, but, nevertheless, sufHcient to afford some protection,
.... It is extremel)^ probable that the wonderfully close likeness
of many mimetic species arose by gradual stages from a general
resemblance to a type of colour or pattern possessed by a large
group of unpalatable insects." In 1912 I discussed % the origin
of the mimetic Uganda female of Acrcea ah-io/ie^ which resembles
the male of Flanema macarista and the male and female of
P. po(j(/ei. I gave reasons for the belief that the resemblance
to these Uganda models was started by the sudden appearance of
a white bar crossing the hind wing. It was also shown that
variations of this kind do arise ; for out of 294 S. Nigerian
females bred by j\Ir. W. A. Lamborn, a single one exhibited a
well-marked white bar crossing the fore w ing, thus showing " how
a mimetic moditication might arise if an appropriate model existed

* Bedrock, Oct. 1913. pp. 3(10, 361 ; Apr. 1914, pp. 34, 35.

+ Nature, Oct. 2. Reprinted in " Essays on Evolution," Oxford, 1908,
p. 370.

t IScfhnck, April 1912. p. 48; quoted in Bcfhock, Oct. 1913, pp. 301, 302,
which should also be cousulted, together with the No. for Apr. 1914, p. 45.

LIXXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 45

ill the locality." The origin of the Uganda mimic was suggested
in these words * : — " It is probable that by spontaneous variation
a white band .... appeared in the ancestral form .... and that
this was from the very first sufficient to confer some advantage

by suggesting the appearance of a dominant Model Prom

tliis point Natural Selection acting on further variations produced
the detailed likeness which we see in the white band itself and
in ttie other mimetic features." After these words were written
tlie oppoi-tunity was afforded me of studying Mr. S. A. Neave's
ci)llecti()n of butterflies from the Semliki Valley the W. boundary
of Uganda, and the forest patches near it. " In his whole collec-
tion from this part of Uganda there is not a single mimetic female
alciope of the eastern [viz. E. Uganda] type : there are many
females of the western type, and of these a considerable proportion
bear the incipient bar developed to a very variable extent, and
sometimes appenring on the under surface alone. Here, then,
in the very zone of country where, on the theory of mimicry,
we should exj^ect them to be, we meet with the earliest stage of
the eastern mimic, but, so far as we know, never the fiuished
product" t.

The results cannot be explained by cliuiate or any other of the
physico-chemical influences of a locality, for the ancestral stage
persists into E. Uganda although it is very rare as compared
with the fully-developed mimic J.

I conclude this set-tion with the following general statement
made nearly three years ago § : — " I have always recognised that
the first variation must be something appreciable, something
which, at any rate, at a distance and on the wing would recall
the pattern of the model. Mimicry is far more characteristic of
forest species than of those living in the open, and Mr. C. F. M.
Swynnerton has made the reasonable suggestion that the origin
of mimicry is facilitated by the alternating light and shade of a
tropical forest, where it is easy to confuse patterns readily distin-
guishable imder ordinary conditions of illumination" ||.

I wish to emphasise these earlier statements because, as will
ajipear in the next section, my position has recently been
misunderstood.

a. The Beginning of Mimicry in the North American IVi/mphcdine
Bntterjl;i, Limenitis archippus. — One of the most beautiful and
elaborate examples of butterfly mimicry in the world is found in a
North American " White x'^dnn'ral " (Limenitis) whose pattern has
been profoundly modified in mimicry of invading Danaines. The

* Bedrock, Apr. 19f2, p 63.
t Bedrock, Oct. 1913, p. 303.
+ Bedrock, A])!-. 1914, pp. 35, 36.
§ Bedrock, Oct. 1913, p. 301.

II For the special development of mitnicry in forest areas, see Proc. Ent,
S:ic. Lund., 1911*. pp. l^Iiii.

40 rUOCEEDIXGS OF TUB

nuniolic |):ilter)i lias been analysed* by the |)rp,sent writer, wlio
lias coiii|)!ircHl its elements with tliose ot" the commonest non-
mimetic JS'. Amt^riciui Limcaitis. The general results of the
comparison are brielly stated below: —

" 'IMie diiference between the pattern of tlie mimic {Limoiitu
arcJtii>pns] and that of its nan-mimetic parent [/^. artJi-cinis] is
enormous - ])robably as great as that between any two butterflies
in the world ; but the steps by Avhich the transition was effected
were long ago suggested by S. H. Scudder .... ''t.

" A careful comparison between arthemis and arcliippus reveals
the most conclusive evidence of selection. The one species lias
become changed into the other precisely as if an artist were to
paint the pattern of archippns upon the wings of arihemis,
retaining unchanged every minute i)art of the old markings that
could be worked into the new, and obliterating all the rest.
Thus, extending in this direction and wiping out in that, the
great transformation has been effected and one of the most
beautiful mimics in the world produced '" J.

Professor J. 1\ Abbott has recently criticised § these conclusions
or rather his own inference from them — an inference which I
am very far from accepting. Professor Abbott takes as his basis
the following statement of the selectionist principle as applied
to these superficial resemblances: — "In miu)icry the selecting
influence ot the model, if we may use such a term, will be con-
stantly operative upon all individuals of the mimicking species
\\herever the two are associated in the same habitat " (p. 208).
These words are an overstatement, for the selectionist does not
claim an influence upon every individual. Exceptional failures in
the mimetic likeness may and do survi\e even when the model
is abundant ||. But it is the following inference from the state-
ment which is especially open to criticism — " it would seem
])i-obable therefore, in the case under discussion, that in the
districts where Anosia [the model] and L. arthemis [the hypo-
thetical non-mimetic ancestor of the mimic] occur together, the
hitter would constantly show in some way the influence of the
selective factor. Even if no incipient L. arcMppus is to be found,

* Trans. Eiit. Snr. Land., 1908, pp. 447-488.

J7in. E»t. Soc. Amcric({, ii. 19(H), pp. •20.3-242. Also pul)li.'^Iiecl in
"Darwin anrl tlie Origin," Ijondon, 11)09, ])p. ]44-l*]2.

Vroc. Acad. Nat. Set. I'hilad., Jan. 1914, pp. lGl-194: issued Apr. 21,
1914.

t " Darwin a'ul the Origin." p. ](>').

I " Darwin and tl)e Origin." pp 16."), IGG.

§ "Mimicry in tlie genua Linienitis with t-special reference to the ' Ponllon
liyjifitlie.'^is'.' " Washinyfoii Uiiiv. Studies, vol. i. I't. I, no. 2, Jan. 1914,
])']<. 2().S-221.

II Kiinierons instances might be given. One of the best lias been already
described in the non-mimetic dioiii/sn.s form of P. dardaniis on the W. Coast,
of Africa (sec pp. 43, 44). No doubt " the selecting influence of the model"
keeps I lie mimetic female forms oi dardanus common, while the absence of a
inodfl l;e<'])S dio)ij/si/.< rare, but it does not prevent the existent? of this latter
form or of the very rare non-miiiiel ic ti'iijhi form in Xatul.

LTXN'EAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 47

nil aggregate of individuals of arthemis ought to show a tendency
in that direction bv virtue of the fact that by hypothesis tlie
sHi-vivinr/ adults would be those whose resembhince to the immune
Anosia lias been the means of their preservation from destruction "
(p. l^OS).

I regard this inference as quite unsound. I do not believe that
the presence of the Danaine model, plexijiims, has the sliglitest
effect upon the pattern of Limenitis arthemis. A colour variation
siitlicient to cause the one butterfly to be mistaken for the other
at any rate under certain circumstances of movement, or distance,
or h'ght and shade, &c., must have jireceded the evolution of the
luiiiietic pattern as we now see it. If I had thought it possible
tliat such an inference would have been drawn, the present
statement would have found a place in the original paper.

Professor Abbott furtliermore infers that 1 coiiunitted myself
to the beHef that the evoliilion of various elements in the mimetic
pattern was simultaneous * (p. 215). I did not intend to express
any such helieF : I do not hold it. The 1908 paper criticised by
him was concerned with an analysis of the fully-formed mimetic
pattern of L. arclnppus and the identificatiun of the modilied
ancestral elements in it — not, except in the most general \vay,
with the sequence or simultaneity of their evolution. I regarded
this as a far more speculative matter, perhaps incapable of
solution, at any rate not the subject in hand.

Professor Abbott's measurements of colour elements in the
])attern of Limenitis arthemis, interesting and \aluahle as they
ai-e in themsel\es, do not affect my conclusions. Pie finds no
evidence of " selection with reference to the mimetic colours "
(p. 1220) of this non-mimetic species, and I should expect none.
1 admit that Scudder's statement t quoted by Professor Abbott
(p. 204, n. 3) does suggest that the mimicry started in small
variations of the orange or red elements in tlie pattern, but even
here .there is no suggestion of simultaneous evolution in the
other elements. I freely admit too that my own statement + was
open to Pi'ofessor Abbott's interpretation as regards the reddish
elements, and these alone, — the very elements which he liiids to

* Note also the following passnge on pp. iil7, 218: — "On llie bnsis of
7'rofessor Poiilton's hypothesis we shoiilcl expect not only tliat a selective
iiilluence sliould be evident both in the reduction of the wbite band and tlie
extension of the red pati-b, but also that the majority of the surviving
individuals \oi arthemis\ should combine these effects.''

t -'Individuals among the normal species vary somewhat in this particular,
so that it is easy to suppose that some of ijje original «;Y7?/)yj«.s with nuire
orange than usual may have escaoed capture on occasion i'roui this cause,
i'^rom such a small beginning such as one may now see every year in
U. asti/cniax sprang doubtless the whole story. . . ." Scud('er's statement seems
to me to imply that the reddish elemenis enlarged first while the other changes
followed later. I admit that I have never seen an asfyaiia.v with the reddish
tint so extended as to suggest a probable first step towards the mimetic like-
Tiess, but my experience is of course very small (compared with Scudder's.

X " Tlie cliaracter in flr//«;«(2s which initiated tJie mimicry of ^Hwm is the
subinarginal row of reddish spots, conmioiily found in the hind wing, more
rarely in the tore" (1908 paper, p. Ai^Q).

48

PROCEEDIXGS OF THE

be specially variable. But, as 1 have said, it was not my object
to attempt, nor did 1 attempt, to suggest the evolutionary stages
in tlieir order, nor the pattern ot the hypothetical variety which
started the ininietic pattern.

Now that the question has been raised I am quite ready to
express my opinion for what it is worth on so speculative a
subject, i believe that the evolution of the mimetic ])attern
could not have begun upon the upper surface until the appear-
ance of a variety iu whi(;h a reddish or orange tint liad largely
replaced the dark ground-colour, and could nut have begnu npon
the lower until a similar or paler tint had replaced the dark
choci)late-brovvn. The wide range of Viiriation in the reddisli
elements of tlie pattern referred to by Scudder and proved to
exist by Prufessor Abbott's measuremeuts requires to be greatly
exteuded beFore the mimetic pattern could begin to arise; but,
after that, the pattern was gradually elab(n*ated by the selection
of small variations. I believe that the hypothetical ancestor was
a butterflv which, as it sailed after ihe manner of a LimenUis,
appeared to be of an orange or reddish colour with a broad white
band crossing both wings. From this foundation I believe selec-
tion has gradually built up the detailed likeness which we see in
ol).soleta and stdl more perfected in archip/ms.

Professor Abbott-, has shown bv measureuients of many indi-
viduals that in arthemis the white band is a very stalile structure
(p. 218), as indeed I should have expected from its long persis-
tence in Limenitls ohsohta with its beautifully mimetic pattern.
The comparison of the Danaine-mimicking North American forms
of Limenitis with L. astyanux, which, although a very close ally
of arthemis, is without the white band, strongly suggests that it
has been a much easier task to get rid of this feature altogether
than to mould it in the fore wing into the likeness of the model.
Evidence that it is most persistent and has nevertheless been so
moulded is afforded by the vestiges which still cling in out of the
way places to the mimetic pattern but do not contribute to it,
which indeed even slightly dimiriish the likeness to the model. A
feature of especial interest in this respect is the distinct trace of
the lower (inner marginal) end of the white band on the fore
wing of L. oh.wlefa.

H. Mimicry betweex the DiFFEREJfi Insect Orders.

The inadequacy of the hypothesis that mimetic resemblance
arose at a single bound can be shown by innumerable instances
of such likenesses between insects of diftVi'ent orders. I will
speak of only a single example, and choose it from among " the
species of Scaphura (a genus of Crickets) in South America
[which] resemble in a wonderful manner different Sand Wasps
of large size"*, because they are mentioned in Bates' historic

* n. W. BatP9 in TrauK Linn. Soc, xxiii. 1802, p. .500. Scaphvra is now
placed among thv Locudidce {I'fitifffoiieiiridte) and not in the Aciictidce.

LI^^yEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOy. 49

memoir and also because I have recently had the opportunity of
studying the details of the mimetic likeness *. The antenna)
of the Fossorial Wasps, the models, are of moderate length (about
one third that of their mimics), rather stout with a peculiarly
emphasised annulation, in colour usually black with a yellow tip.
The antenufe of the Locustidce are very long, of almost hair-like
fineness, the annulation inconspicuous, tlie colour uniformly dark
with no change at the tip. The antenna of Scaphura possesses all
the Locastid chai'acteristics for the distal two thirds of its length.
The basal third, however, is thickened to the diameter of the
Fossor's antenna: it has a strongly pronounced annulation and
its terminal segments are yellow. At a little distance the hair-
like two thirds are invisible and all that is seen is tlie thick
yellow-tipped part resembling the entire organ of the model.
To these mimetic details must be added a blue-black iridescence
of the abdomen, and above all the great modification which has
taken place in the movements, involving changes in the nervous
and muscular systems ; for the Locustid resembles its Fossorial
model and departs from its own group in " tlie very curious habit
of flying and running alternately and of running short distances
with expanded wings "f.

It is unreasonable to suppose that such a resemblance as this
can have been evolved except by successive stages and in the
course of a long period of time.

I. Conclusion.

It may be considered tiiat it was unnecessary to devote my last
Presidential address to the attempt to prove ttiat sniall variations
are inherited and that mimicry once started has been evolved by
tlie accumulation of small hereditary variations. I have done so
because the subjects happen to be those at which I have worked
for many years, but also because the views I have attempted to
controvert are typical of a restless spirit which, without any real
knowledge or serious investigation, seeks to overturn and to
destroy. Destructive criticism based on research is a very dif-
ferent thing from an offhand attempt to call in question.

To throw doubt on the germinal origin and hereditary nature
of the differences which distinguish geographical races, and thus
on the reality of the races themselves, is merely a manifest-
ation of that gratuitous and unnecessary disturbance which,
especially in this country, has accompanied much interesting
and excellent work at the present day. Although sufficiently
disconcerting to those students of geographical biology who take
these hasty and unfounded conclusions too seriously, it is how-
ever but a slight effort of the " spirit that denies ", as compared

* Proc. Ent. Soc. Loud., 19f3, pp. 1-liii.

t On the evidence of Dr. Adalbert Seitz, who has often seen model and
mimic flying in tbe same locality near Santos, Brazil. Froc. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
I'.IKi, p. li.

LINX. SOC. PROCEEUIXGS. — SESSION 1915-1916. e

50 PIIOCEEDIXGS OF THE

with tlie outbi-ealv at JMi^lboiirne in 1'J14 wlien iiatiiraliftts were
invited to contemplate the whole process of or<i;anic evolution as
ii procedure from tlie infinitely comjjlex to what by comparison
is absurdly simi)le, — from a Protozoon which contained within it
the material ^erms of all that has been and all that might have
been, and, added to these, first the controlling mechanisms which
])revented such germs from developing, and then, implied in the
last, some mechanism determiin'ng tlie order of their release— from
all this" to man himself, a mere jack-in-the-box, or rather a com-
bination of jack-in-the-boxes, which, before their lids sprang open,
were handed down through the ages, — just one bundle made up
out of the inHnite variety of tinislied goods that poui'ed forth, alt
securely packed, from that illimitable warehouse — the unicellular
ancestor! Assuredly he who would suggest this will, in his own
words, "be wise to base his faith frankly on the impregnable rock
of supei'stition " *.

And now that my term of office has come to an end I wish to
express my gratitude to my brother officers and to the members
of Councils and of the Society who have made my task so easy
and so pleasant — to the Treasurer, the Botanical Secretary and
1-he General Secretary, who bad long been in office when I was
first elected and have been my kind and sympathetic colleagues
and friends for four years. 1 desire to thank Professor Bourne
>vho gave me kind help as Zoological Secretary until he was
obligetl to resign in answer to bis countrv's call. We mourn and
zoological science mourns the loss of Dr. Assheton who would
have been his successor, and of Professor Minchin who held the
post for a few short months. And finally I wish to thank
my kind friend Mr. Goodrich the present Zoological Secretary
who happily will continue to give his help to my distinguished
successor.

And here I would speak in few words of Raphael Mekhda, not
a Pellow of our Society but with us in spirit and one of the band
of friends — Darwin, Wallace, Bates, Pritz Miiller, and Trimen —
who have revolutionised, and largely by means of the Liiniean
Societv, the sciences that are grouped together under the general
term Natural History. [And as 1 am revising the manuscript of
this address for publication tlie last survivor Eoland Trimen has
passed from among us, so that in under three years we have lost
two out of the three authors whose great monographs, published
in our Transactions about fifty years ago, laid the foundations of
the study of Mimicry in insects.]

How different would have been the feelings with which you
would have attended this meeting and with Mhicli J should have
addressed you, if the happy conditions of the first half of my
term of office had been prolonged to the end. But this was not
to be ; and my debt is all the deeper for the helpful and kindly
sviupathy which we have received. But I do not wish to dwell

* lieport Brtthh Associafion, 1914, p. 11.

LIXNEVX SOCIETr OF LOXDOX.

51

on pei'sonal and pi-ivate sorrow as a thing apart. Tlie times call
for a wider outlook.

Before the greatest calamity of all time has finally passed away
well-nigh every home throughout the land will have known its
own pride and its own grief, felt and endured with no bitterness
of isolation nor recoil from the intermeddling of strangers, but
in fullness of understanding and sympathy made one with national
pride and grief.

A nation, and not one nation only but a federation of many
nations, thus knit together, will provide a sure foundation for
the fearless social and political reconstruction that must inevitably
come. In this noble work Science will take a far larger share than
she has had in the past, and I am happy in the knowledge that
this great Society, under the guidance of my successor and of
those who come after him, will hear the inspiring call and give a
splendid answer.

ApPE:*fDix.

The Pattern Edges in Pairs of Pleliconine Forms. Each pair
consists of model and mimic belonging to different Sections.
The model apparently belongs more often to Section II.

Hdicunius.
sect. II. Opisorliypari.

Hd'iconius.
Sect. I. Opisogymni.

Comparison of pattern edges.

H. cf/f.ria egeridcs.
Much rarer.

H. melpomene funebris
cyhele.

Both dyslegnic. Cyhele slightly but distinctly
less so in yellow of F.W. and red of H.W.

fir. hurneyi huehneri.

H. melpomene thel-

xwpe.
Commoner.

Nearly same. Yellow of F.W. ratlier more
eulegnic, " nail-head " radii of II. W. rather
moi-e dyslegnic, all red of H.W. under side
much more dvslegnic in ihclxiopc.

H. h£witsoni.

Not coimiion ; occurs

higlier but probably

overlaps.

H. pachinuts.
"Very eoinmon but
extremely local.

All yellow rather dyslegnic, a little more so
in F.W. especially apical marking.

H. sappko primularis.
3omuioner.

H. cydno alithea.

Chief yellow patch of F.W. more eulegnic in
primularis : H.W. yellow margin less so
than in alithea and, being much broader than
in sappho cleuchia, recent change is probable
as compared with alithea whose H.W. mar-
gin IS same width as cydno epicydnides.

H. sappko eleucliia.
IJomiuoner.

H. cydno epicydnides.

F.W. main patch rather more dyslegnic,
H.W. margin rather less so in epicydnides.

H. sappho leiice.
Commoner.

H. cydno zelindc.

Zelinde distinctly more dyslegnic.

H. himera.
Probably commoner.

H. melpomene timareta F.W. rather, H.W. distinctly more dyslegnic
contiguus. in contiymis.

«2

52

rilOCEEDINGS OF THE

Helicoxiua.
Sect. II. Opisorliypari.

Helironiua.
Sect. I. Opisogymni.

Comparison of pattern edges.

//. mu'rodea.

H. xenoclea.
Commoner.

H. melpomene xenoclea

plesrieiii corona.
Apparently commoner.

Both eulegnic. Xenoclea rather less so at
basal edge of central F.W. patch. 1

H. mkrocka notabiUs.

Corona more dyslegnic with far more scat-
tered red scaies in F.W. Eed scales in
white F.W. patch denser in nota'dlia.

H. erato roth&childi.
Very few known.

H. melpomene uglaope.
Fairly common.

F.W. dyslegnic in both : '' nail-head " pattern
of H.W. in nglaope far more dyslegnic.

//. hi/ifnra clifsttertoni.
Much commoner.

H. u'Ci/mcri gastavi.

Trne iih. ffu-sfavi quite
rare, but weymeri still
scarce, probably be-
cause it occurs mncli
higher.

Yellow H.W. bar. the only marking, dyslegnic
in both, but more so in che&tertoni.

H. hi/dnra coliDiibma.
Mucli commoner.

H. amari/llis rosiiia.

F.W. red much more eulegnic in columhina :
H.W. yellow more so in rodna.

H. eratii phyUis.
Certainly commoner.

H. melpomene
amandus.

H.W. yellow equally eulegnic. F.W. red
far more so in phj/Ui^.

No spocies taken by
liurcliell (pp. 33, 34)-

H. nanna burchelli.

Dyslegnic r^d patch in F.W. : eulegnic yellow
bur in H.W.

H. erato phyllh.
Very much commoner
(p"p- 33. 34)-

H. nanna nanna.

H.W. yellow equally eulegnic: F.W. red far
more so in phi/llis.

H. erato anacrcon

ottonis.
Rare.

H. melpomene penelope

margarifa.
Bather uncommon.

Curious fusion of different patterns, very suf-
fused and dyslegnic in both. The largt
yellow F.W." patch of margarita moi-f
eulegnic, with appearance of having re]5lace(
a eulegnic red patch of which traces reniair
externally.

Dr. D. H.

be thanked f
allow it to b(
being seconc
and carried I

The Presi
addressed \
services to zc
award the !>

He said :
logical Sooiet
subjects, chi

Scott, F.R.S., the
or his excellent add
i printed and circuit
led by Mr. E. T. B
)y acclamation.

dent having ackn
r. Fraxk Eveks J
lological science w
nnean Medal this y
Since 188-4 when y
y, you have puhlish
L'fly on the com pars

1 moved: — "That the President
•ess, and that he be requested to
ited among the Fellows," which,
ROWKE, was put to the Meeting,

owledged the vote of thanks,
jEDDari), F.E.S., and recited the
lich had decided the Council to
ear to him.

ou became Prosector to the Zoo-
ed a multitude of papers on varied
tive anatomy of mammals, birds,

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, 53

reptiles and ampliibia, but also ou tlie skeleton, the brain, tlie
respiratory and digestive organs, myology, and more especially
on the vascular system.

But your famous work on Oligochaetes, particularly Earth-
worms, opened up a new field of quire unexpected interest ; your
account of the important variety and interest of the nephridia and
reproductive organs made a great advance not only in compara-
tive anatomy, but also in the description of new forms, and in
classification and geographical distrilmtion you became the first
authority. Since then you have devoted much labour on parasitic
cestode worms.

I may allude to your chief general publications, besides your
JNIonograph on Oligochtetes, books on Geographical Distribution,
Animal Coloration, the Structure and Classification of Birds, the
volume on Mammalia in the Cambridge Natural History series,
and on Whales.

It is an additional pleasure to me, on handing you this Linnean
Medal, to recall our old acquaintance and friendship from a period
of forty years ago at Oxford.

The recipient made a feeling and suitable reply.

The Genei'al Secretary placed obituary notices of deceased
Fellows before the Meeting, and the proceedings terminated.

OBITUAET NOTICES.

Reginald Gervase Alexander came of a family settled in
Halifax for several generations ; his father and grandfather
having been medical men, he followed the same profession. He
was born in that town on the i^Oth Eebruary, 1847, was educated
at Shrewsbury School, under Dr. Kennedy, went to Caius College,
Cambridge, there graduating with honours in 1874, and sub-
sequently pi'oceeding M.A., thence migrating to King's College,
London, and still further studied at Edinburgh, emerging with
the degree of M.D.

His medical career was a distinguished one, and he was an
early practitioner in the open-air treatment of consumption, on
which he published several works.

In ]91U he was declared by the House of Lords a co-heir of
the ancient baronies of Burgh (1529) and Cobham of Kent
(ltjl3) ; also claimant to the Peerage of Strathbolgie. He died
at Halifax, on the 14th February, 1916, of heart-failure, leaving
two sons and two daughters, his v\ife having predeceased him by
two years. He became a Fellow of the Linnean Society on the
IDth April, 1888. [B. D. J.J

54 rnocEEBixGS of the

KiciiABD AssiiETOx, D.Sc, F.E.S., I'.Z.S. — By tlie death of
Dr. Asshetou in October ]1)15 the Linneaii Society lost a brilliant
member. Dr. Assheton belonged to that sadly dwindling band of
enthusiasts, who, being raised by the possession of adetjuate
private means above the necessity of a constant struggle for their
daily bread, are content to devote all their life and energy to
biological research. Although he held several most inadequately
remunerated teaching posts during his life, his object in doing so
was mainly to vitalize his research by the opportunities which
they afforded him of coming into contact with younger workers
and students.

Dr. Assheton was born at Downham Hall, in Lancashire, in
1863. He was educated at Eton and afterwards at Trinity
College, Cambridge. He took his degree with liist-class honours
in Natural Science in 1886, one of his principal subjects being
zoology. After his degree he devoted himself to research in
embryology, for at that time the School of Comparative Embryo-
logy, founded in Cambridge by F. M. Balfour and carried on
after his death by Adam Sedgwick, was at the height of its
development.

In 1889 he became demonstrator in zoology in the Victoria
University, Mnnchester, under Prof. !Milnes Marshall, and held
this post until ProF. Marshall's death in 1893. "Whilst at
Manchester he produced in conjunction with his colleague
Dr. Kobinson his first original memoir. This dealt with the fate
of the prnnitive streak and its equi\alent in the Prog. In this
paper we catch a glimpse of the principle which governed all
Dr. Assheton's subsequent research, viz., the effort not to be
content with describing appearances but to penetrate to the
analysis of the p^-ocesscs which are the acti\e agents in develop-
ment. It was demonstrated that the tail of a vertebrate is an
organ which owes its existence to a secondary zone of growth,
and is not a part of the body left behind by an imaginary and
impossible movement of the anus forwards in relation to the other
viscera.

After leaving Manchester Dr. Assheton settled at Grantchester,
near Cambridge, where the remainder of his life was spent.
A long succession of valuable researches was carried out by him
in his private laboratory. For a while he devoted himself to the
difficult subject of mammalian embryolog}-, and he investigated
the early stages of development in the Sheep, a most costly piece
of research. He was led to a view of the early development of
3Iammalia w ith which we cannot agree : for he regarded the
layer of cells forming tlie wall of the blastodermic vesicle as
endodermic, instead of being ectodermic as the majority of
embryologists held it to be. Thereafter he undertook a series
of valuable experimental work on the development of the Chick.
He devised a method of opening the egg and keeping the embryo
alive, so that its growth could be watched and measured with
respect to fixed marks. By this m ork he extended and coiiiirmed

LIXNEAN SOCIKTY OF LOA'JJOX. 55

his former work on the primitive streak, and proved that the view
tliat the whole vertebrate embryo is formed by the concrescence
of two folds is erroneous : he showed, liowever, that a great part
of the length of the vertebrate, and not merely the tail, is due to
the activity of a secondary zone of growth at the posterior end,
and to this secondary growth he gave the name dei(tero(jcnesis.
All subsequent careful research has contirmed Assheton's view,
and his analysis of the earlier stages in vertebrate development
may be regarded as his great contribution to zoological science
But his researches were not bj"- any means confined to tbis subject.
He gave an account of the development of that curious fish
Gymnarclius nilotlcus, based on material brought back from Egypt
by Budgett. He described a new species of Lo.vosoma, ajid at the
time of his deatli he was engaged on a valuable monograph on
the anatomy of a British species oi Balanoglossus. In addition he
had almost completed a text-book of Man)malian Embryology.

Assheton's untimely death was a real tragedy for British
zoology. We have far too few in\estigators with either his oppor-
tunities or his abihty to carry out experimental researches like
his; and yet researches of this kind throw more light on the real
" inwardness " of the processes of development than any amount
of purely descriptive work.

In 1901 Dr. Assheton was appointed lecturer in biology in
Guy's Hospital, London, and held this post until 1914, when he
resigned it in order to accept the position of lecturer in animal
embryology in the University of Cambridge. In the latter year
also he received the well-merited honour of the Eellowship of the
Boyal Society ; an honour which alas ! he lived little more than a
year to enjoy.

Dr. Assheton married the daughter of Sir Thomas Bazley, Bart.,
and had a famil}^ of three, one son and two daughters. His son
accepted a commission in the 1st Cambridgeshire liegiment at the
outbreak of Mar. We are glad to learn that his widow, « ho is
also a Cambridge zoologist, is engaged in revising the work which
he left unfinished, so that we may entertain the hope that none
of it will be lost to the scientific world. Dr. Assheton had a wide
circle of friends who will miss sadly his kindly and endearing
presence.

He was elected a Fellow of this Society on 1st June, 1893.

[E. W. MacBride.]

Frederick Makson Bailey, Colonial Botanist of Queensland, died
at Brisbane on June 25th, 1915. He was born in Hackney on
March 8th, 1827, and therefore in his 89th year at the time of his
death. In 1838 his father, John Bailey, who belonged to a family
of nurserymen and seedsmen in London, took him to Australia.
The father \Aas appointed Government Botanist of South Australia
and laid out the first botanic garden at Adelaide, but finding
himself subsequently obliged to resign the post, he set up as
nurseryman. Young Bailey assisted his father in the new business

56 PUOCKEDIXGS OF THE

for some time, but went afterwards to A'ictoria, then to New
Zealand, and, tiiia.ly, in 1861, to Brisbane, where he estabhshed
liimselt" as seedsman. His practical experience and professional
knowledge brought him to the notice of the Queensland Govern-
ment, who, in 1875, appointed him to investigate certain botanical
problems which had arisen in connection with animal and plant
diseases. This led subsequently to his appointment as Curator
of the botanical section of the Queensland Museum, and in 1884
as Colonial Botanist. He devoted himself with singular energy
and zeal to the botanical exploration, and to more immediately
])ractical problems of the agriculture of Queensland. He pub-
lished a 'i'lora of Queensland' in seven volumes, a 'Handbook
of the Ferns of Queensland,' and a number of papers dealing with
systematic and economic matters, for which he felt a keen interest
right up to the last days of his long life. The depth and character
of his enthusiasm for his science may be gauged from the fact
that, when in the Jiineties the post of Colonial Botanist was
abolished, he contini;ed his services without a salary. Fortunately
for Queensland, this act of unselfish devotion morally obliged the
Government to reinstate him in his former position, which he
]iovv held without interruption to his end. He was elected a
Fellow on the 4th April, 1878. [0. IS.]

EiciiAKD Man^liffe Bakrikgtox, M.A , LL.B., M.E.I.A., who

had been a Fellow of this Society since the 5th April, 1883, was
removed from its roll by his sudden and unexpected death on
September 15th, 1915, at the comparatively early age of 66. He
was born on May 22nd, 1849, at Fassaroe, near Bray, in County
Wicklow, where his father, Edward Barrington, owned an exten-
sive farm. From childhood in intimate touch with nature, and
helped by the sympathetic encouragement with which his early
inclination towards observation of the vsurrounding animal and
plant world met froiu relatives and friends, he developed early
those powers which raised him to a prominent position among
the naturalists of Ireland. Taught raainl}! at home, he entered
Trinity College, Dublin, in 1866, graduating with honours as a
Moderator in Experimental and Natural Science in 1870.
In 1875 he was called to the Bar, but he drop])ed soon
Law to take up land valuing, which was more attractive to
him, and together Avith the management of the Fassaroe farm
formed henceforth the main occupation of his life. Thereby
he also gained that independence and leisure which was
necessary for the indulgence in his passion for exploring and
studying the natural history of Ireland, a passion which had
seized him early and got a firm hold on him during his student
days, mainly through his intimate association with A. G. More
and other Irish naturalists. His excursions extended all over
Ireland, from his home to the wild Island of Tory in the north-
west and the equally inhospitable Blaskets in the south-west, lo
the waters of Lough Enie in Fermanagh and of Loygh Kee in

jjnnea:^ society or londox. 57

the centre of Ireland, the moiintaiiis of Sligo aud Leitriin, and
the hills of Tyrone. Occasionally he ventured far beyond his
native island, visiting Iceland (1^8 1), 8t. Kilda (18S3), the liocky
Mountains (1884), JSorth Koua (1886), the Shetlands (1890), and
the lonely cliff of Kockall (lN90), His fine physique and great
endurance stood him in good stead on those journeys, which
frequently involved hard walking and very rough quarters, and
they also account for his remarkable feats as a climber iu the
ISwiss i\lps, where iu 1876 he nscended within eleven days the
8chreckhorn, Einsteraarhorn, Jungfrau, and Matterhorn and
the intervening high passes.

Most of his zoological reports appeared in the ' Zoologist,'
whilst his botanical articles found always a welcome place in the
'Journal of Botany.' His contributions to the ' Zoologist' begnn
as early as 1866 with a note on the food of the wood-])igeon,
whilst his earliest botanical observations were incorporated in the
"Recent Additions " to 'Cybele Hibernica ' (1872). The migra-
tion of birds iu Ireland had early attracted his attention, an
article on " Summer Migrants, co, Wicklow," in the 'Zoologist,'
dating back as far as 1867. To extend his sources of information
he put himself in 1882 into communication with the lighthouse
keepers on the Irish coasts, and tliis he kept up with increasing
success for many years. The results of his labours were laid
down iu the Reports of the Brihsh Association's Migration Com-
mittee for the Irish Section, for which he and More were re-
sponsible, and up to 1898, in his book ' The Migration of Birds,'
which was published in London and Dublin in 1900. His last
contribution to the ornis of Irehind was on the " Isest Material
used by Blackcap," in ' British Birds' in the year of his death.
For his numerous smaller articles aud notes the list of his
scientitic writings by C. B. Moffat iu the 'Irish Naturalist' for
1915 may be consulted. To those who knew him personally his
loss came as a sad blow. " Barrington," writes R. Lloyd Praeger,
in the 'Journal of Botany,' 1915, p. 366, "was a singularly
lovable man. His hearty friendliness, his seiise of humour, and
a charming modesty whirh characterized all his intercourse, com-
bined A\ith a boyish enthusiasm which time did not impair, made
his presence welcome and stimulating everywhere, and brought
him a host of friends. [O. S.]

The death of Dr. Henky Chaelton Basxian on the 17th
November, 1915, at his residence Tairfieid, at Chesliam Bois,
Bucks, removes from our List one of the seniors, he having been
elected as far back as the 7th May, 1863, He Avas born at Truro
on 26th April, 1837, and leceived his academic degrees of M.A.
in 1861, and M.D. in 1866 at the University of London. 'The
Flora of Falmouth and surrounding parishes' apjieared as a paper
of 30 pages in the volume of the Cornwall Polytechnic Society
for 1856, a list compiled before he had reached his twentieth
year. In the year of his election as Fellow, his paper on the

58 PROCEEDIXGS OF THE

" Draciiuculus or Guine:i-\vorin " was published in our 'Transac-
tions,' and two years later, his "Monograph on Anguillulidte"
appeared in the same series. Shortly before Dr. Bastian's death,
the writer happened to congratulate him on the continued
appreciation of his "Monograph," as shown hy the demand for it,
but found it jarred upon the author, for, as he "said, he produced
that when he ' was a callow student,' but the works of his maturer
vears were neglected or derided.

In 1867 he became Professor of Pathology in University
College, G.>wer S reet, and Assistant Physician to University Col-
lege Hospital, becoming later full Physician, retiring iu 1897.
In 1868 he became associated with the Hospital for the Paralysed
and Epilei)tic in Queen Squnre, retaining that connection till
1912. His professional career w^as that of neurologist, and during
the middle portion of his life he was absorbed in that study, on
which he published many works of great value. In 1872 he had
produced a work in two volumes entitled ' The Beginnings of
Life,' in which he maintained that life arose in sterilized flasks
containing nutrient solutions. These volumes were reviewed by
Dr. A. E. AVallace in ' Nature ' and led to a long controversy in
which Huxley, Burdon Sanderson and others took part. During
the last few years he resumed the study of these phenomena, and
brought out several small volumes, maintaining his doctrine,
which were illustrated by half-tone blocks from his own photo-
graphs of his flask-cultures.

The following paragraph admirably sums up the facts : —
" Bastian's views were not accepted by the scientific world. Still,
his experiments showed that some scientific beliefs of his
adversaries were not true ; it was claimed that boiling would kill
all germs, and that if organisms appeared in Bastian's flasks after
boiling, it was due to faulty methods of technique ; but it was
subsequently found by Pasteur that desiccated germs in the form
of spores could resist boiling. Moreover, Bastian showed that
germs can exist in the living body, which we now know to be
true ; although the inference that they arose by spontaneous
generation or by heterogenesis is both unnecessai'y and unlikely.
Dr. Bastian always, however, held an impregnable position when
he maintained that living matter must at one lime have originated
on the earth from non-living matter, and there is no logical
reason why this process should not be continuing."' (Proc. E. vSoc.
B. 89. p. x'xii.)

Dr. Bastinn was elected a Fellow of the Eoyal Society so far
back as 1868 ; iu June 191o, he was awarded a Civil List Pension
for his eminent services to medical science. [B. D. J.]

Hexhy Eeles Dresseh came of an old Yorksliire family settled
in the North Eiding for nearly three centuries, and was born on
May 9th, 1838, at the Thirsk Bank, of which his grandfather
wiis the founder. His fatlier. being a younger son, commenced
life in London as a Baltic timber merchant, and this led to

LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON,

59

Henry Dresser being sent to school near London, whence in 1852
he proceeded to a German school near Hamburg, and two years
later to Gefle and Upsala to learn Swedish ; it being considered
that In's acquirement of German and Swedish would be of great
service to him in the prosecution of liis father's business.

In 1856 he went to St. Petersburg, and thence to Finland,
where he entered the office of a timber merchant. lu 1857 he
travelletl through Finland on business, then through Sweden, and
in 1858 all round the Baltic. In 1859 he went to New Bruns-
wick as temporary assistant manager on a timber estate,
returning in the latter part of 1800. In the two following
years he travelled in Sweden, Finland, Russia, and Prussia, and
in ]S62 again went out to New Brunswick as manager of the
timber estate for a year. Early in 1803 he took a cargo
out to the Confederate States, remaining there for eighteen
months.

From 1864 to 1870, when he engaged in the iron trade with
oflices in London at 110 Cannon-street, he travelled abroad every
year, and visited Spain twice, Russia three times, Turkey, Austria,
Italy, Servia, Bulgaria, and Eoumania.

These exteusi\e wanderings, combined with a knowledge of
several languages, proved of immense service to him in the
])rosecution of ornithology. It enabled him to visit the principal
museums of tlie Continent, and to make the personal acquaintance
of many of the leading naturalists of Europe, with whom he was
thus brought into direct communication, and also to become
familiar with the foreign literature of his subject, and to translate
for the benefit of English readers important articles that would
otherwise have been unknown to them.

One of the earliest of these translations was an article in
(Swedish by Professor W. Meves, of Stockholm, " On the Change
of Colour in Birds, through and irrespective of moulting." This
was publivshed with two coloured plates in 'The Zoologist' for
INJarch 187U.

In after years he supplied other useful trausl.-ilions of articles
by Russian naturalists and explorers on ornithological discoveries
of interest. This acquaintance with Continental literature and
correspondence with leading writers on the subject, provided him
with a mass of information of the greatest service to him in
the preparation of his general work on the ' Birds of Europe.'
It was planned in collaboration with the late Dr. E. B. Sharpe,
and the first part was issued in their joint names in 1871. But
soon afterwards, when Sharpe was appointed zoological assistant
at the British Museum, his official duties prevented a con-
tinuation of his share in the work, which was then carried on by
Dresser alone until its completion in 1881. It was a great
undertaking, and a very costly one ; the printing of eight thick
quarto volumes and upwards (;f CiOO hand-coloured plates necessi-
tated an expenditure of several thousand pounds. But the result
justified the cost, and Mr. Dresser not only lived to complete the

6o PROCEEDINGS OF THE

work, hilt to receive a universal acknowledgment of its value from
naturalists in all parts of the world.

It was a great feat when in 1858 he discovered a breeding
liaunt of the Wax wing (AmpeHs garrulits) on an island in the
Baltic near Uleaborg, and hnd the peculiar satisfaction of taking
a nest of this bird there with his owu hands. This was two
years after John AVolley had described for the first time the
eggs of the AVaxwing (until then unknown) taken at Sardio,
Keiiii Lappmark, in June 1856.

ISiiic^ then he h.as made us acquainted with many rare eggs,
ihe appearance of which Avas unkno\Mi until he described and
figured them. Thus, in a series of articles on " Kare Palsearctic
Birds' Eggs," published in 'The Ibis' from 1901 to 1906, he
h'gured such rar.ties as the eggs of the wliite-tailed plover
{Chtthisia leucura), the pin-tailed snipe {GalUnarjo siewrtro), and
of Boss's rosy gull, received from Mr. S. A. Buturliii, who dis-
covered its nesting haunts in the delta of the Kolyma river,
]S'.E. Siberia. The following year (Ibis, April 1907) he published
descriptions and beautifully colouied figures of the eggs, pre-
viously unknown, of the Himalayan solitary snipe (GaUinago
solitaria), which inhabits also the mountains of ISortbern Tibet,
Mongolia and Siberia, and of the still rarer Ihidorhynchus
struthersii, discovered by Mr. S. L. AVhymper in the Himalayas,
and figured for the first time.

In 1901-2, he had been experimenting upon the three-colour
process for eggs with a view to the publication of a work on
Palaearctic Oology, illustrated by that method. His first plate
(Ibis, 1901, pi. 9) was executed by this process from a water-
colour drawing, but in the next (Ibis, 1902, pi. 6) the figures
were photographed in colours from the eggs direct, without the
intervention of an artist, and were not touched by hand. This
was the first illustration of birds' eggs illustrated by the new
process. These experin)ents paved the way for the publication of
his important quarto woi'k, ' The Eggs of the Birds of Europe,'
and furnishes a splendid complement to the previously published
eight volumes (1871-81), with supplement (1895-96), of his
monumental work on European birds.

Notwithstanding the labour entailed in the preparation and
pul)lication of these volumes, Mr. Dresser found time to bring
out two important monographs : one on the Bee-eaters (1884-86),
the other on the Boilers (18['3), and both illustrated with
beautifully coloured ])lates. The brilliant colours of the birds
vhich con)pose these families makes these quarto volumes
supremely attractive. The last work of importance which
emanated from his busy pen was 'A Manual of Palaearctic
Birds,' which was published in large octavo, Mithout plates
(1902-03). In view of the costly nature of the larger work iu
nine quarto volumes, which exceeds ^50, these two octavo
volumes came as a boon to those unable to afford the quarto, for

LIXXE/VN SOOIETT OF LOXDOX. 6c

besides giving the synonymy, with descriptions oB tlie plumages
of both sexes, the habitat, and useful uotes on all species
recognised as European, it has the advantage of comprising also
the latest views of the author on the general subject, and
especially on classification and nomenclature.

In the course of years he accumulated a very large collection
of both birds and eggs, the former amounting to nearlv 12,000
specimens, and all of these, together with his entire library of
ornithological works, are now in the possession of the Manchester
Museum.

He was elected a Fellow of this Society 4th November, 1880,
and served on the Council from 1883 to 1884. He died suddenly
of heart-failure at tlie Villa Marie Louise, Cannes, on the
28th November, 1915, aged 77.

By the death of Professor David Thomas Gwynxe-Vaughan,
which took place at lieading on September 4th, 1915, the Linnean
Society has lost a Fellow of high scientific standing, and one who
might reasonably have been expected to render to it long and
distinguished services. It was only in recent yeai's that residence
in or near London made it possible for him to take part in the
business of the Society, though he contributed to its 'Transactions'
so long ago as 1897, and was elected Fellow in 1907.

He was born on March 12th, 1871, at Boyston House, Llan-
dovery, being the elder son of Henry Thomas Gwynne-Vaughan
of Cynghordy, later of Erwood Hull, Bi'econshire. Llis mother
was Elizabeth, second daughter of David Thomas, of Eoyston
House, Llandovery. She died in 1874, and Professor Gwynne-
Vauglian was her only child. He went to school at Monmouth
in 1882, and proceeded with an exhibition from school to Christ's
College, Cambridge, where in 1891 he was elected to a scholarship
in Science. In 1893 he took a First Class in the Natural Sciences
Tripos, and left Cambridge to take up a Mastership. This,
however, he soon relinquished in order to enter on research.
AVith this object he went to Kew, and was admitted to the
Jodrell Laboratory within the Royal Gardens,

This move was the determining point of his career. For the
Laboratory was tlien under the direction of Dr. D. H. Scott, who
soon recognised the qualities which had passed unnoticed among
ihe crowd of undergraduates at Cambridge. AVittingly, or un-
wittingly, Gwynne-Vaughan had come under the influence of the
very investigator by whom his patient and acute powers of
observation could best be directed into that channel of anatomical
enquiry, which he subsequently did so much to advance. Stelar
problems were in their infancy in 1895. Van Tieghem had
broken fresh ground, and had provided a terminology which was
in advance of the observed facts. What was then urgently
required was cool and controlled observation : and this was
exactly what Gwynne-Vaughan was so well fitted to suppl3^

He first engaged in the examination of the stelar conditions

62 PHOCICEDIXGS or THE

s.'en in the N y in plucaceye, and the Primulaceao : and tlie results
were publisiied in 1897 ; tlie former in a memoir in the
' Transactions ' of this Society (" On the Morplioloj^y and
Anatomy of the Nyniphjcacese "), the latter in the 'Annals of
IJotany ' (" On Polystely in the genus Primula"). At the British
Association INIeeting at Liverpool in 1896 he gave a preliminary
account of his observations, which showed his hearers that not
only a new investigator, but also a new teacher had appeared.
It led to his appointment as Assistant in the Botanical Depart-
ment of Glasgow University. Lang was already a member of the
staff there, and for ten years these two, with the Professor,
worked together, each in his several May but with full mutual
knowledge, upon problems relating to the Pteridophyta.

The anatomical experience of Gwynne-Vaughan, and his grasp
of stelar questions as illusti'ated in flowering plants, fitted him to
enter with special insight into the investigation of the anatomy
of the Filicides. Mr. Boodle was already engaged at Ivew in
similar work. But by mutual consent it was arranged that while
he undertook more especially the Schizaeacese, Gleicheniaceae, and
Ilymenophyllaceoe, Gwynne-Yaughan should devote himself to
types which showed greater advance in anatomical complexity.
Accepting the protosteiic state as probably the primitive condition
i'or all, it became necessary by patient observation and comparison
to relate to it the more complex states already recognised by
Van Tieghem as " polystelic." Gwynne-Vaughan approached
this naturally through those types with a tubular stele in the
axis, which he designated " solenostelic," reviving a tei-m already
introduced by Van Tieghem. A careful analysis of the anatomy
of Loxsorna, as a typical example of this structure, was followed
by comparisons with numerous other genera, such as HypoJepis,
DennstmUia, and Pteris. The gradual steps to dictyostely were
thus traced, and the demonstration given that not only by
C(nnparison, but also in the individual life (e. g. AlsophUa), the
transition depends upon the overlapping of the foliar gaps in an
abbreviated axis. The facts were endjodied in two i)apers entitled
" Observations on the Anatomy of Solenostelic Ferns," published
in the 'Annals of Botany,' 1901, 1903. These contain a great
body of condensed comparative observation, showing that soleno-
stely and dictyostely are related conditions. The origin of
medullary vascular tracts within the solenostele was also traced
from their simplest beginnings.

But still there remained the more difficult question how the
solenostelic state itself was related to the protosteiic. Towards
the solution of this problem, resort was made to comparison of
certain fossils related to the living Osniundaceaj. The work was
carried out in happv co-operation with Dr. Eobert Kidston,
FMi.S., of Stirling. This co-operation was real and equivalent.
The one partner brought to bear on the problem a wide know-
ledge of fossils from the stratigraphical point of view ; and he
liad already taken up a cognate enquiry in the Sigillarias. The

LINXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 63

other supplied ci'itical and expert anatomical experience based
upon tlie study of living plants. The result is a series of beauti-
fully illustrated Memoirs published by the Koyal Society of
Edinburgh ("On the Fossil Osmundacese," Trans. Roy. Soc.
Edin. 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1914). The fossil material was of
world-wide origin, but chiefly from New Zealand, and from Russia.
In a sequence of plants, dating from the Permian Period to the
present day, and shown to be really related to one another by
many structural similarities, an anatomical progression was traced
which follows most convincingly the successive stratigraphical
horizons. It illustrates steps in the medullation of the stele, and
in the ampliticatiou of the leaf-trace, and it throws light upon the
probable origin of the leaf-gap. Some still hesitate in full
acce])tance of the far-reaching conclusions which were drawn;
but in most quarters the Memoirs of this magnificent series are
held as botanical classics ; and none can be blind to the validity
of the methods, or the acuteness of the internal criticism whicli
thev show. Though the details of the progression from the
protostele to the confirmed soleuostele are not fully demonstrated
ill them, the foundations are securely laid, and others are already
building upon them.

In relation to this work on the Eossil OsmundacesB there was
also published a short but important joint note "On the origin
of the adaxially-curved leaf-trace in the Filicales " (Proc. Roy.
8oc. Edin. 1908, p. 433). There are also two later p;ipers by
Gwynne-Vauglian alone. The first of these, entitled "Some
remarks on the Anatomy of the Osniundaceae " (Ann. of Bot.
July 1911), dealt with the structure of the young plant, and the
origin of the medullation, and of the foliar gaps in the individual
life. The second was his last completed work, and it described
a case of " mixed pith " found by Mrs. Gwyune-Vaughan in an
anomalous specimen of Osmunda reijuUs. The structure seen in
it was held to support the theory that the pith of the Osmundacese
is phylogenetically stelar, and not cortical.

The two series of Memoirs above mentioned embody the most
effective work of Gwynue-Yaughiin. But they by no means
exhaust it. He originated a most ingenious theory of the stele
o( Equisetum (Ann. of Bot. 1901): he discovered the axillary
buds of Hehninthostachys (Ann. of Bot. 1902) : he worked through
the anatomy of Archangiopteris (Ann. of Bot. 1905). He also
wrote on the curious lattice-work structure of certain Fern stems
(Ann. of Bot. 1905), and on the minute structure of the tracheae
of Ferns (Ann. of Bot. 1908). In all of these liis originality was
patent, though restrained. He had also entered upon other work
in co-operation with Dr. Kidston. A memoir on Tempslciia was
published in Russia (Verb. d. Russ. Kaiserl. Mineral. Gesellschaft,
Bd. xlviii. 1911), and a new series " On the Carboniferous Flora
of Berwickshire" had been opened with its "Parti, ^tenomijelon"
(Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. 1912). But here the curtain falls
prematurely upon a life of investigation full of promise, as in the

64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

])ast it had bi'en remarkably full of achievement. Only 44 years
of age, we can liardly forecast what (xwyiine-VaLigliau might yet
have done if he had lived out the full span.

But he was not merely a laboratory Botanist. He had an acute
sense of specific characters, and a good knowledge of the native
Flora in tiie field. His systematic analysis of difficult species
of Algte was pertinacious and successful. And equally in the
determination of Ferns, his systematic powers were exercised
upon the collection brought back by Professor Lang from a
journey in the Eastern Tropics. He was also an extensive
traveller himself. In 1897 he went up the Amazon and Purus
rivers some 3500 miles, as botanist attached to a rubber-
prospecting expedition ; but his scientific pi'oclivities were
restricted by the jealous demands of the firm that employed him.
In 1899 he joined the Skeat Expedition to the Malay Peninsula,
and experienced the delights of forest life with attendant Malays,
on the borders of Siam. But perhaps owing to his own delicate
sense of duty to the expedition he was with, he made no private
collection for tiie purpose of futiu'e work. It is, however, an
interesting fact that some of the plants which he collected for the
Skeat Expedition were among the last of the new species deter-
mined by the veteran, Sir Joseph Hooker. In 1909 he attended
the British Association Meeting at Winnipeg, making the ac-
quaintance of Canadian Forests and Lakes. Thus as a traveller
he had touched three of the great geographical areas of the
M'orld.

We have traced Gwynne-Vaughan to Glasgow, where he
worked from 1896 to 1907, as assistant, and later as Lecturer in
Queen Margaret College. In 1902 he co-operated with Professor
Bower in producing the Second Edition of " Practical Botany for
Beginners" (Macmillan & Co.), which has gone through several
reprints. In 1907 he was appointed head of the Botanical
Department at Birkbeck College, London, and for two years he
toiled in formulating elementary and advanced lectures covering
the whole area of the Science. In 1909 he received the appoint-
ment of Professor in Queen's University, Belfast. In 1911 he
married Dr. II. C I. Eraser, herself an accomplished Botanist,
\\ ho had succeeded him in the post at Birkbeck College. He was
finally transferred from Belfast in 1914 to the Chair of Botany
in University College, Reading But he lived only to complete
one full year of duty there. His health had latterly not been
good, though he bravely continued his work to the end. He may
be said to have run in harness till within two months of his
death.

His appreciation among Botanists has been quite general. All
felt the sincerity, the acuteness, the scrupulous care that charac-
terised his work. An outspoken critic, he was always ready to
help with suggestions and with facts, of which he had an un-
(■omracm store laid by in very carefully tabulated notes. He
lecaine personally known to the general body of British Botanists

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 65

by holding olnce first as Hecretaiy (190L, li)09 -1 1 ), and l.itei- as
iiecordei" (19i2-L3) oi: Section K ol: the Eritish xlssoL-iatioii.
JVot only was the business of the Section well conducted by him,
but be had the power of keeping the body of botanists togethei-
in friendly relations. They will feel that by the death of
GwyDue-Vaughan they have lost not only a prominent investi-
gator, but also a colleague who had a happy power of promoting
unity and co-operation.

Already distinctions had come his way. He was elected to this
Society in 1907. In 1910 the lioyal Society of Edinburgh
awarded to him the MakDougall- Brisbane Medal, for his re-
searches published in the Society's ' Transactions ' : and in the
following year he was elected a Fellow. In 1912 he was elected
M.R.I. A. His friends anticipated for him at au early date
t'Lirther, and even higher distinctions. But such honours are only
the ostensible signs of appreciation currently given by contem-
jjoraries. The work of Gwynne-Vaughan is of a nature that will
ensure its permanence : and that is the mark of real distinction.
His results were always strictly tested, and criticised before
publication. The consequence is that they will be durable, and
take permanent place in the web of Botanical Science.

Personally Gwynne-Vaughan was of light build. At Cam-
bridge he rowed, and played Rugby football. In later years
cycling and fishing were among his amusements. But as the
interest of his scientific work gripped him, he sacrificed more and
more of the time available for exercise to his laboratory. A
prominent characteristic was his dry humour, which was combined
with an almost whimsical expression of it. Through this shone
constantly the steadfast scientihc ideal. As a colleague he was
always loyal and helpful. Private and personal interests were
wholly effaced by the dominating sense of duty, and of camara-
derie. Such factors made up a personality as attractive and
refreshing as it was original. He was one different from the
common run of scientific men ; and it is the unique personality
that we miss most when it is gone. [F. O. Bower.]

Ernest Lee, who lost his life in the trenches in Flanders, on the
loth July, 1915, was born at Stanley Cross End, Yorkshire, on
the 11th April, 1886, and he was therefore only in his thirtieth
year when his life ended.

His parents removed during his early childhood to Burnley, and
there he attended the evening classes at the Technical Institute.
He acquired a deep interest in Natural Science, and succeeded
in attaining a National Scholarship in Geology in 1900. This
brought him to the Eoyal College of Science, London, where he
was successful in gaining the Edward Forbes Medal and Prize in
Botany, and a Marshall Scholarship. The latter enabled him to
spend another year in the Koyal College, which he turned to
account in his investigation on the morphology of Leaf-fall (Ann.
Bot. XXV. 1911, pp. 51-106, pis. 4-6).

UNN. SOC. TROCEEDINGS. SESSIO]Nr 1915 1916. /

66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

111 1910 lie became Demonstrator and afterwards Assistant
Lecturer in Jiotaiiy at Birkbecic College, London, and three years
later he migrated to the Dejoartmeiit of Agricultural Eotany in
the University of Leeds. Tlie following year, 19 L4, he married
Miss H. S. Chambers, F.L.S. Wliilst at Leeds he had joined the
Officers' Training Corps, and in September 1914 was gazetted
second Lieutenant in tlie 4th Duke of Wellington's (West Riding)
Kegiment. He became machine-gun oHicer, then lieutenant, and
was sent to the Front, three months before he fell.

He was elected Fellow on the 1st June, 1911. Besides the
paper on Leaf-fall above mentioned, he was the author of two
pnjx'rs on seedling anatomy (Ann. Bot. xxvi. (1912) pp. 727-74(i.
t. OS; ih. xxviii. (1914) pp. 303-329). [B. D. J.J

Eoi5EHT Heath Lock died at Eastbourne, on the 2nd Jnne, 1915,
unexpectedly, having gone to that place for a sliort holiday.

He was born at Eton College in 1879, his father, the Kev. John
Basconibe Lock, being then an Assistant Master there. He was
educated at the Perse School, Cambridge, Mr. Stone's school at
Broadstairs, and Charterhouse, where he became head monitor of
Hodgsonites.

He went up to Caius College, Cambridge, as an Exhibitioner
for Natural Seience in 1898, took a first class in the 1st ])art of
the Natural Sciences Tripos in 1900, and a Scholar of his College,
and a Ist Class in Part IJ. (Botany) in 1902. Upon being elected
Frank Smart Student he went to Ceylon and worked for two
years at various subjects of research, especially the cross-breeding
of Maize, under Dr. J. C. Willis, F.L.S., at Peradeniya. As a
result he was elected a Fellow of his College, and returned to
Cambridge, and spent the next four years in the Botanical
Laboratory, on material brought back from Ceylon, and on his
book ' Variation, Hereditv, and Evolution,' published by Murray
in 1906.

In 1908 he returned to Ceylon on the invitation of Dr. Willis
as Assistant Director of the Peradeniya Gardens, a post specially
created for him. He held the office till 1912, having come home
on leave in 1910 to be married, and took the degree of Sc.D.
During these four years he continued his researches on plant-
breeding, and as one result, ]n'oduced a new strain of rice, now
known as Lock's Padd}^ which is displacing other varieties in the
island.

Meanwhile changes took place in the administrative circles ;
the government had decided to create a Department of Agricul-
ture and put the Director of the Peradeniya Gardens under the
Director of Agriculture, and the Garden post was offered to
Dr. Lock. He found himself unable to accept it, and returned
to Cambridge, wrote a small book on rubber for the University
Press, and then became an Inspector under the Board of Agri-
culture and Fisheries, in charge of the district round Birmingham,
including the fruil and hop-growing districts in Worcestershire
and Herefordshire.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 67

Upon the war breaking out, Dr. Lock was requested to
organize experiments on the drying of fruit and vegetables, so as
to increase the national supply of perishable foodstuffs. He
threw himself with characteristic energy into his work, and
noth withstanding medical orders to the contrary, continued to
push the work of his Committee during two severe attacks of
influenza in l^'ebruary and March, 1915. Even after this he
refused to take a holiday, and his premature death must be
ascribed to the injury thus caused to his nervous system. At the
time of his death he was nominated the British Representative
at Eome on the Council of the International Agricultural
Institute.

Thus passed away at the early age of 36, a life which promised
great results. Dr. Lock was elected a Fellow of the Linnean
JSociety, 2nd May, 1912. [B. D. J.]

Edward Alfred Minchin, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S. — " It is sad to

know that such a lovable man, representing the highest type of
scientific worker, remains with us now only as a memory. It is
rarely that a scientific man is held by every one of his colleagues
and contemporaries in such esteem as Minchin has been." These
words in a letter of Prof. R. A. Gregory to the present writer, after
the passing of Prof. Edward A. Minchin, represent and reflect
the rarely felt grief with which the scientific world learned of
his death, which took place at Selsey Bill, in Sussex, on the
30tli September, 1915.

Born in 1S66, the son of Charles N. Minchin by Mary J.
Lugard his wife, Minchin may be said to have been prematurely
cut down in the full meridian of his life's work. That his end
was hastened by a constitutional weakness which had afflicted
him from his birth there can be no doubt ; indeed, it was a marvel
to his family that he ever reached adolescence, but to the last day
of his life, as the writer, who was with him to the end, can testify,
his brain never showed the faintest sign of weariness, and his
clear critical faculty and cultured turn of phrase and epigram
never weakened. Two days before his death, in reply to a
quotation from Oliver Wendell Holmes, "Life, as we call it,
is nothing but the edge of the boundless ocean of existence where
it comes on soundings," he said, in one of those quiet flashes
which made him such a delightful companion, " And Death, as
we call it, is nothing but the unfathomed deep of the ocean of
existence where we lose the sounding apparatus — bottles, thermo-
meters and all ! "

We take the historical stages of his career from the adniirable
and sympathetic obituary notice contributed by Mr. E. S.
Goodrich to 'JNature' (7th October, 1915). He was educated
at first privately, on account of his extreme delicacy, and was for
a short time at the United Service College at AVestward Ho !
Having joined his parents, who were then resident in India, at the
age of fourteen he was at the Bishop Cotton School in Bangalore,

68 I'JiOLEKUlNGS or THE

and hero were laid tlie foundations of his scientific career, his
early collections and his nlmost precocious observations on the
animals and birds of India, reuiaining fresh in his remarkable
memory and contributing not a little to the success and com-
pleteness of his later work. lie took an Exhibition at Keble
College, Oxford, and though a finished and keen classical scholar,
he took a science degree with iionours in zoology in 1890. He
was av\'arded the University Scholarship at Naples, and after-
wards the Eadcliffe Fellowship. The beauty and perfection of
his cytological microscopic preparations were always remarkable,
and whilst at Naples he prepared a most wonderful series of
slides showing the development and cell-division of the blasto-
derm of the cuttlefish. These researches he never published,
as he immediately turned his attention to the Spongiadae and the
mode of formation of sponge-spicules, publishing the results of
his observations in many papers of the highest scientific value,
over a long period. In 1893 he became a Fellow of Merton
College, and spent many years visiting the Marine Biological
Stations at Plymouth, Eoscoff, Banyuls, and Naples, and working
in the laboratories of Prof. Biitschli (at Heidelberg), vaIiosc work
on Protoplasm and Microscopic Forms he translated (London
1894, Black), and of Prof. R. Hertwig (in Munich). He was
assistant to Sir E. Ray Lankester and IDemonstrator in Com-
parative Anatomy at Oxford for some years before he became
lecturer in biology at Guy's Hospital, which post he held for a
short time before succeeding Weldon as Jodrell Professor of
Zoology at University College, London, in 1899. Seven years
later the Chair of Protozoology was founded in the University of
London, Minchin was culled to fill the post of Professor, and
assumed the direction of the new department of Protozoolog}^ at
the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine at Chelsea, wdiere,
as Prof. Goodrich has said, " he pursued his researches wath
untiring industry, and reached those brilliant results win'ch have
made his name famous among protozoologists the world nver."
He married in 1903 Miss Florence Mtiud Fontain, who survives
liim. In 1910 he was awarded the Trail Medal of our Society,
and in 1911 became a Fellow of the Eoyal Society.

His first scientific paper " On a new organ in Periplaneta "
(Q. J. Micr. Sci. vol. xxix. 1888) and a short note on the embryo
of Aurella (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889) were published before he took
his degree, and shortly after he gave an account of the Cuvierian
organs of the Holothuridse. AVide as w^as his general zoological
knowledge (he was a Vice-President of the Zoological Society,
and at the time of his death Zoological Secretary of the Linnean
Society) he specialized in the Porifera and the Protozoa, on which
he contributed many articles and papers, to the ' Encyclopaedia
Britannica,' to Sir Bay Lankester's 'Treatise on Zoology,' and
el>ewhere, whilst his last pul)lished book ' An Introduction to
the Study of the Protozoa' (London 191:2, Arnold) is, as Prof.
Goodrich has said, "by far the best text-book yet written on the

LIXNEA.X SOCIETY OF LONDON. 69

subject in English, or perliaps in any language, and will long
remain a standard work." It is a remarkable monument to the
thoroughness of Minchin's work ; the Bibliographies to each
chapter which supplement the voluminous I'eferences in tlie foot-
notes, may be said to constitute a select Bibliography of the whole
subject, whilst the Index (of which he was always proud) made
the work practically encyclopcedic. Continually in correspondence
with protozoologists all over the world, he amassed a very remark-
able collection of books and papers upon the Protozoa, and we
are happy in being able to record that the Governing Body of the
Lister Institute pui'chased the entire collection after his death for
a sum generously calculated to prove of material advantage to his
widow. He was, it need hardly be said, an accomplished linguist,
and his tri-lingual speeches at Meetings of the British Association
may be described as linguistic feats.

His papers on the structure, development, and classification of
the Calcareous Sponges were principally published between IS92
and 1898, though many later papers give the results of his further
observations. Th^se observations he made invariably upon the
living animal, a,nd he has often told the writer of his experiences
as a diver — in which art he was extraordinarily expert — collecting
}iis specimens himself, by hand, from the sea-bottom, and noting
their habits of growth and associations, clinging to a rock under
"water until compelled to return to the surface. " These studies
culminated in a masterly and beautifully illustrated memoir on
the development of the spicules of the Clathrinidae (Q. J. Micr.
Sci. vol. xl.), a triumph of technical skill over the difficulties

encountered in dealing with minute histological details His

mastery of technique was indeed remarkable, and great was bis
ingenuity in devising improvements in the instruments used and
routine followed in his investigations." The present writer
possesses what are probably the last highly technical preparations
made by Minchin — -a series of sections of a debatable organism
allied to the Foraminifera, in the determination of which Minchin
■was still keenly interested during his last days at Selsey. These
preparations, though made in an interval of his last and fatal
illness, are no whit inferior to the sections that he made at the
time when his health was — for him — robust.

In 1905 he was in Uganda working upon the Royal Society's
Sleeping Sickness Commission, and from that time until his death
he devoted all the time that could be spared from his professorial
duties to working at the life-histories of the Trypanosomes.
His last great -work was his Monograph, written in collaboration
with Mr. J. D. Thomson, on the Trypanosomes of the Bat-flea.
" Some idea of the magnitude of the work may be g-athered from
the fact that more than sixteen hundred fleas were examined and
dissected in the course of these researches." The results were
published in the Q. J. Micr. Sci. (vol. Ix.) only a few months
before his death. Of this work Sir E. Ray Laidiester in a letter
to the present writer says : — " It is one of the most thorough and

70 PnOCEEDIXOS OF THE

careful pieces of work ever produced by a Eritisli niicroscopist.
It is the result of several years of study and experiment, and
represents many hundred hours of microscopic observation, and
record by drawinij; and note. It establishes in the most minuto
detail the life-history of the rat's Try]ianosoma, both in the rat
and in the associated host — the rat's flea. Our dear friend Mas
hard at work breedino; both flea and Trypanosome whilst already
suffering from the affection of the heart which ended his life.
When he finished his bulky paper and mass of illustrations and
sent them to me for publication, he wrote : ' INIany men have
broken their hearts for a woman, but I shall be known as the
man who broke his heart for a flea !" "

A feature of Minehin's work which will always stand out in
scientilic literature was the ease, lucidity and grace of his literary
style. His Presidential Addresses during the years that he was
President of tlie Quekett Microscopic-al Club ])resent this feature
in a very marked degree, and especially was it noticeable in his
Presidential Address to Section D (Zoology) of the British Asso-
ciation at Manchester, in September 1915, entitled "The Evolution
of the Cell." This Address was written in a comparatively easy
interval of his last illness — he spoke of it aptly as " his swan-
song '" — and into it he put all the ideas which had been maturing
for years in his mind, and which he had hoped to elaborate in a
volume. He knew that he would not live to complete that volume,
though outwardly he was hopeful to the last and full of jilans for
the future. It was thus that the Address, as written, was of a
length hitherto untouched by any Sectional Address ever delivered.
It was the mournful privilege of the present writer to correct the
proofs whilst Minchin was spending the last week of his life with
him at Selsey, and to read a full abstract of it at jNIanchester, at
the opening meeting of the Section. The effect produced hy that
address, and the judgments formed upon it in its extended and
published form are still matters of yesterday — the bold assumption
and treatment of the single cell as a completely evolved organism,
may be fearlessly described as a new concrete basis for the study
of cytology, originating in his startling aphorism of the first
appearance of "the brand of Cain" in the biococci, "a class of
organism M'hich was no longer able to build up its substance from
inorganic materials in the former peaceful manner, but which
nourished itself by capturing, devouring, and digesting other livhig
organisms."

It was clear to the seeing eye, and the present writer was so
apprized by Minehin's physician, that when we put him into our
car at Chelsea and took him easily and quietly down to the sea,
"the great sweet mother" whom he had always passionatelv loved,
that no return thence was to be humanly expected for him. The
days and weeks that passed in the companionship of his devoted
wife, and devoted friends, saw him growing hourly weaker in body,
though his mind retained its old activity, and he never wearied of
teaching the children to observe the flowers, the birds and insects,

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 7 1

or of answering the stream of questions with which they assailed
" the Professor "' whenever he was in sight.

The end came rather suddenly, after two days of comparative
vigour and hope — to the last he was bright, courteous, and con-
siderate— he died as he had lived, a witty and charming gentleman,
and a Crichton of the Scientific World.

[Edwabd Heron-Allen.]

Hermann Grae zu Solms-Laubach, D.Ph. (Berlin), D.Sc.
(Cambridge), P.M.R.S., late Professor of Botany in the University
of Strassburg-i.-E., and a Foreign Member of this Society since
5th May, 1887, died in Strassburg on November 24th, 1915. By
descent he belonged to one of the oldest families of the German
nobility, which was variously connected with some of the reigning
bouses of the German Empire, and itself lost its sovereignty only
as late as 1806, when it shared the fate of " mediatisation " witli
many other small dynasties. He was born at Laubach in Ober-
hessen on December 23rd, 1842, as the son of Count Otto zu
Solms and Countess Luitgard, a princess of Wied by birth. He
received his early education at his father's house, at Schnepfenthal
(1854-1857j, then a famous grammar-school, and at Gicssen,
where he entered the University in 18G1. Although he stayed
there only one " semester," it Mas there where he made up his
mind to devote himself to the study of natural history and espe-
cially of botany, in which choice he was probably influenced by the
interest which his brother Friedrich and his uncle Keinliard took
in botany, the former as mycologist, the latter as bryologist.
From Giessen he went, in 18G2, to Berlin, where Alexander
Braun's name attracted so many botanical students. Here he
received, in 18G5, the degree of a Doctor Philosophite, his disser-
tation being " De Lathrsese generis positione systematica." In
the following year he went to Portugal, where he explored more
particularly the moss flora of the province of Algarve. Irom
this journey resulted a paper in Latin, " Tentamen bryo-geo-
graphise Algarvise, regni Lusitani provincife" (Halle, 1868), which
served him as " Habilitationsschrift,'' and thus opened to him
the door for an academic career. He had, during his university
studies, become acquainted with De Bary, then Professor of Botany
at Freiburg in Baden, and actually spent one " semester" with him.
He followed him now to Halle, where De Bary had meanwhile
founded a botanical laboratory and established himself as Privat
Dozent in the university of that town. His association with De
]3ary was decisive not only for his academic career, but also for
much of the spirit in which his work was carried out ; for, as Jost
says of him, he was by his own genius essentially an artist who
conceived intuitively and saw in the first phice through his
imagination; but whatever the flights might be to \\hicli his mind
was led in that way, he always knew how to bridle liimselF, and
that he had learned in De Bary's school. A certain heaviness in
his style, which makes much of his writing not easy reading,

72 IM!()C':,EUINGS UF TlIK

nijiy be traccuble to this severe inipo.sition o\' self-eiMticisin and
a biiniing desire for exactness and tboiou^lniess. I'our years
later he went as Professor extraordinarius to tStrasshnrg, w here
De Bary liad been appointed as Professor of J3otany in the new
Imperial University. From 1879 to the end of 1887 he tauf^ht
botany at (^ottingen, where he succeeded Grisebach. After
Kichler's death, he was invited to take the chair of botany in the
University of Eei'lin. He accepted, though with great reluctance;
])ut before he entered on his new duties De Bary died, and, asked
to take over his professorship, he decided for Strassburg, at which
uni\ersity he lectured and worked until increasing infirmity
obliged liim to retire in l!)08. He continued, however, to live in
the city wliich had become dear to him, and gave whatever time
he could save from the struggle with his insidious malady to the
pursuit of his studies, his latest printed contribution dating from
the year before his death.

There is no doubt that botany has lost in Solms-Laubach,if not
one of its greatest, certainly one of its most original exponents.
8o great was his universality and versatility of mind that it might
appear difficult to class him among botanists, but Jost is probably
right in putting him down in the first place as a systematist. As
such, he showed a remarkably wide conception of his working field
and method, introducing morphology and anatomy, and i-aising
tlicin above the mere formal element by linking them up where-
ever possible with biology. His first publication was a note on
a parasite, Orobanche Bueklana, Koch, in Verb. Bot. A-^erein.
Brandenbrrg (186.3), and the next bis dissertation on Latlira'a,
which has already been mentioned, and throughout his life his
interest for parasites and saprophytes never left him, as his papers
on the E-afflesiacese, Hydnoraceaj, Balanophoracese, Santalacea?,
Loranthaceaj, Lennoaceae, Cusciitaceaj, Orobanchacea;,and Ehinan-
thaceae prove, and even one of his very last communications, in
191-1, dealt with a parasite, the obscure genus Sajma, wliich was
recognised by him as a close ally of Eajflesia. Some of the
families mentioned were treated by him in monographs, namely,
the lialHesiacea?, Hydnoraceae, and Lennoacege, to which may be
added, as other specimeiis of monographs by him, his treatises on
the Caricacea), Pontederiacese, and Pandanaceae. His other sys-
tematic papers of smaller compass are numerous, and concern the
most varied groups among the plianerogams as well as the crypto-
gams. A perusal of the long list of his publications by Jost in
' Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellscbaft,' vol. xxxiii.
])p. 109-112, will give the reader an adequate idea of the width
of ground which he covered. It may suffice here to emphasize
his prominent share in algological work of the first order.

IS'ext to systematic botany, his working field was in the depart-
ment o£ phyto-p!)la?onfology. Here his ' Einleitung in die
Pala^ophytologie,' Leipzig, 1887 (translated into English by
H. E. F. Garnsey and revised by I. B. Balfour, 1891, published
under the title ' Fossil Botany,' 1891), marks a turning-point in
]»liyto-palaontol(>gy. The great success of the Look and the still

LIXXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDON. 73

artive iiitlueiice it has on tlie development ot' tliis particular
l)i-ancli of botany are due to the exact ai)plication of his expe-
rience as a great systeniatist of livinp; plants to the fossil floras.
To him, phyto-palcTontology was essentially a division of syste-
matic botany — a supplement from the i)!ist to our science of the
living plant-world, viewed from the standpoint of the systematist.
Here, too, many papers of smaller scope would have to be added
if space permitted.

Another field in which he laboured with the most happy results
is the history of our cultivated plants. His essays on the fig, the
papaya, wheat, tulips, and strawberries belong to the best that
has been written in this line. Here his wide reading and
historical and philological knowledge stand him in good stead.

Further, reference has to be made to his book, 'Die leilenden
Gesiclitspunkte einer allgemeinen Pflanzengeographie,' Leipzig,
1905, in wliich his early interest in plant geography, which never
quite flagged, revived and led to a treatment of the more biological
and historical problen)s which is quite original. Unfortunately,
it is heavier reading than anything else he has written, and has,
perhaps on this account, not found the recognition which it
deserves.

This short account of Solms-Laubach's achievements would not
be com])lete without mentioning his share in the editing of the
' Botanische Zeitung,' for which De Bary had been responsible
since 1872. AVhen Solms-Laubach succeeded De Bary as Pro-
fessor at Strassburg, in lb88, he also took over the editorship of
the journal, first in conjunction with J. AVortniann (1888-1897),
tiien with Professor P. Oltmanns. For twenty years it continued
in its old time-honoured form ; but when at last a concession to
modern requirements appeared imperative, difhculties arose with
the publisliers which led to the withdrawal of the editors, who
now (1908), joined by Prof. L. Jost, founded the 'Botanische
Zeitschrift.' With it feolms-Laubach remained associated until
his death.

Great as Solms-Laubach was as a man of science, he was as
fine as a man among men. He added to the aristocracy of his
birth the higher nobility of a truly noble mind. He was above
all class spirit, warm-hearted and kind, a true friend of his friends
— and there were nuiny of them all over the world, and not the
least in this country — unbound by conventions, always himself in
carriage and dress, in language and gesture, whether serious or
swayed by humour, always the one whole lovable man. [0. S.]

John Medley "Wood, D.Sc, late Director of the Natal Herbarium,
died at Durban, JN'atal, on August 26th, 1914. He was born at
Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, on Decen)ber 1st, 1827, as the son of
a naval oflicer. He followed the career of his father, entering the
East India Merchant Service, in which he rose to the rank of
Chief Officer. In 1852, however, he \\ent to Durban, where his
father, who had mean w bile become a solicitor, practised. For many
years he earned his living by trading and farming. A certain

74

I'nOCEEDTXGS OF THE

iiiclinalion for botany, however, brought liiin int-o contact with
Uie tlien Curator of tlie Botanic Garden at Durban, Mr. INI.
J. i\lcKen, who afterwards married his sister. This association
decided his further career. In 1882 he was appointed to the post
which his brother-in-law had occupied. Subsequently he was
made Director of the Gardens, but when eventually the Garden
and the Herbarium were separated he retained the Directorship
of the Herbarium, and that he held until he died. Long before
his ofhcial connection with the Durban Garden he was active in
collecting plants, of which he sent numerous specimens, dried and
living, to Kew, a practice which he maintained up to the end of
his life. His intimate knowledge of the flora of Natal is well
reflected in his pui)lications, among which his 'Natal Plants,' a
work in six volumes with (500 plates, representing as many species,
occupies the first place. Others are ' A Guide to the Trees and
Shrubs of the Natal Garden,' a ' Handbook to the Flora of Natal,'
and a ' lievised List of the Flora of Natal.' His undoubtedly
great merits with regard to the botanical exploration of Natal
found their recognition in his election as an Associate of the
Society on May 5th, 1887, and the presentation of the degree of
Doctor of Science to him by the University of the Cape of Good
Hope. [O. S.]

Cil.VELES Rekj; Zeiller, Inspector General of Mines, Vice-
President of the Council of Mines, and a Member of the Instirut
de France, was born at Nancy on January 14th, 1847 *. We are
here interested in his work as a palaeobotanist ; he was scarcely
less distinguished as a mining engineer,

Zeiller entered the Ecole Polytechnique in 1867 aT\d passed out
in the First Class. He thereu])on joined the Service of Mines,
and was appointed Engineer in 1870. Thus his career 0])ened
at the time of the last great war; it terminated, by his death on
November 27th, 1915, in the midst of the still greater contlict
now raging. It is remarkable that he died within three davs of
his distinguished German fellow-worker Count Solms-Laubach,
with whom he was on terms of friendship.

Zeiller took an active part in the war of 1870, serving as
Lieutenant in a mining company attached to the Engineers ;
he \\ as engaged in the defence of Paris, and it was his s])ecial
work to establish underground communications between the city
and the southern forts.

On the return of peace, he joined for a time the Secretariate of
the Council General of Mines. Zeiller's scientific work, throughout
life, was carried on in the midst of the most exacting profess-ional
duties. He became Secretary of the Annales des Mines in 1878,
and of the Conseil General ten years later, holding both these
offices till 1910. In the following year he attained the high office

* The writer is indcbtecl, for much information i-pparrlinp Zeillers cr.veor,
to two obittiary notires, by bis colleagues. H. ]~loiivjlli- and C. Waickoiiiier, in
tbe Bull, ^letis! de I'Assoc. Amicale des Elives de I'Kcole Kat. Sup. des ilines,
Janvier I'JIG-

LINNEAX SOCIKTT OF LONDON. 75

of Yiee-President, aiid at tlie same time became President of the
C Central Commission on Steam-engines. In all his appointments
he discharged his otiicial fnnctious with tlie utmost energy and
success.

Zeiller had been interested in Botany as a young man, and
while at the School of Mines paid special attention to the col-
lections of fossil plants. Early in his career he began to be
recognised as an authority on this subject ; plants from the coal-
beds of Chili were submitted to him, and he detei-nu'ned their age
as Jurassic, contrary to the then prevalent belief that true coal
could only occur in the Coal Measures. His investigations were
in close touch with his official work, for he laid stress on the
practical value of evidence from fossil plants in deteruiining
the relations of coal-seams.

In 1878 Zeiller contributed a description of the principal species
of French Coal-Measure plants to the Explanation of the Geolo-
gical Map of Erance. In the same year he began his admirable
courses of lectures on Eossil Botany at the School of Mines, and
took charge of the collections, which under his care came to be of
inestimable value to pala^obotanists. Erom this time onwards
Zeiller's position as a leader in Eossil Botany was established ;
he produced, from year to year, a continuous series of important
memoirs. The amount of scientific work which he was able to
accomplish, side by side with his official duties, is remarkable ;
his enei'gy was great, and it must further be remembered that
his official position gave him access to a Aast supply of material
from all quarters. It must also be recognised that the authorities
of his department took an enlightened view of the position and
did all in their power to facilitate scientific research.

Only a few of Zeiller's works can be referred to here ; we may
begin witli the great series of Eossil Eloras. The first of these,
that of Valenciennes *, is a magnificent work, of equal value to
the geologist and the botanist. It gives an exhaustive account,
beautifully illustrated, of the Flora of the most important Coal
Eield of Erance. The introductory chapters contain an admirable
discussion of the fructification of Carboniferous Eerns, a subject
ou which Zeiller was perhaps the first authority. In fact the
Eerns and fern-like plants had a peculiar attraction for him all
through his career. Thus in the next important Elora, that of
the Upper Coal Measures of Comraentry in Central Erance
(1888-1890) t, he undertook the part on the Eerns, Eenault
doing the other groups. So, too, in the famous Elora of the
Permo-Carboniierous beds of Autun and Epinac (1890) J, it was
Zeiller, again, who worked out the Eerns, or most of them,
his colleague completing the Elora some years later. Zeiller's

* Eludes des Gites Mineraiix de la France. Bassiii Houiller de Valen-
ciennes. Description de la Flore Fossile. Paris, 188(i-8.

t Etudes sur le Terrain Houiller de Conmientry. Flore Fossile. Part I.
Bull. Soc. ind. niin., 1888-00.

I Etudes des Gites Mi;i. de hi France. Bas.sin Houiller et rerinicn d'Autun
el; d'Epiiui<;. Flo'i-e Fossile. Part 1. Paris, 18'JU.

■jG PROCEEDINGS OF THE

CDiitrihution is a lunslei'ly work, oontaiiiiiifr, aiiion^ oilier tliinps, a
most accurate and elaborate iiivestijration oF tie complex anatomy
of I'saronhts, and incidentally establishing, for the first time, the
true nature of the jMediillosean sten) as a polystelic structure,
comparable in its ground plan to the stem of the hi<rher Ferns.

A couple of years later Zeiller published another French fossil
Flora, tliat of the Permo-Carboniferous strata of Brive, in the
iJepartment of Correze *. In addition to the description and
illustration of species, this volume contains valuable observations
on the fructification of Ferns, in particular that of Ztjgopteris,
afifordinf^ an important extension of Keuault's results.

After an interval of ten years yet another great Flora saw the
light, belonging, this time, to a diftereut period and a remote region.
This is his w ork on the fossil plants of the coal-deposits of Tonkin,
in French Indo-Chinat. Fully 30 years before, in 1882, Zeiller
had determined the age of these beds as lihtetic; his final mono-
graph is one of the most important contributions we possess to
the Flora of this period, so interesting to the palseobotanist.

Eeturning to the fossil treasures of his own country, Zeiller
published in 190G his Permo-Carboniferous Flora of Blanzy and
Creusot J. This was the first important Flora to be published
after the discovery of the Pteridosperms, and Zeiller had to face
the difficulty of distinguishing between the members of the new
group of ISeed Plants and the true Ferns, \\hich they so closely
resemble. He wisely decided, on practical grouTuls, to keep the
two classes together, for floristic purposes. Among the other
jilants described is that remarkable Lycopod Selar/inelUfes Snissei,
Mhich might be interpreted as a primitive tvpe of the Selaginellas.
The difficulties involved in such a filiation are critically discussed.
Apart from the great Floras just enumerated, Zeiller wrote,
at one time or another, on fossil plants from every part of the
world. His work on the Flora of the Lower Gondwana appeared
in 1902, under British auspices, in the ' Pateontologia Iiidica.'

The floristic work of Zeiller was in part of geological interest,
and so far stood in close relation with his official duties as a
mining engineer. At the same time he kept purely botanical
questions equally in view, and the most acute and judicious treat-
ment of points of affinity and morphology characterizes his
systematic treatises. As fossil Floras they have certainly never
been surpassed.

One of Zeiller's lines of work was the correlation of the Coal
Measures of JS'orthern France with those of "Westphalia and the
South of England. AVhen the Kentish coal-borings were under-
taken, it was naturally to Zeiller that the plants found were
referred, and several papers on the subject were the result.

* Etudes des Gites Mineraux de la France. Eassin Iloiiillcr et rcrniien
Hv Brive. Flore Fossile. Paris, 1>^')-.

t Ibid. Colonies Fran^-aises. Flore Fossile des Gitcs do Cliarl on de
Tonkin. Paris. l'.in2-3.

X Ibid. UiisMn llouillcr ot I'erniien do Pianzy tt dii Cri'di-ot. Flore
F».ssile. Paii.s PJ()(>.

LllVNEAN SOCIETY OF LOKDOX. 77

Among discoveries of special botanical value, in addition to
the iniportuut work on the fructiiication of fossil Perns, already
alluded to, may be mentioned Zeiller's discovery of the cones of
ShjUlaria (18^54-), which for the tirst time definitely proved the
Cryptogamic nature of these plants and their close relationship
to Lepldodendron. Not less important was his demonstration of
the structure of the fructification of Si>henopluillum (1893), a
remarkable example of the correlation of evidence from carbon-
aceous impi'essions with that from petrified specimens. The
recognition of Vertthraria as the rhizome of Glosfopteris (189(5)
is another of his botanical results. The mention of Ghssopteris
recalls his valuable essay on the differentiation of Botanical
])rovinces at the close of the Palaeozoic Period, a time when a
clear distinction between a North.ern and a Southern Flora mani-
fested itself, while, both before and after, the vegetation of the
world showed a remarkable uniformity.

The discovery that so many of the so-called Carboniferous
Perns were in reality seed-bearing plants (Preridosperms) found
a generous recognition from Zeiller, who was the first to bring
the new results before the Preiich Academy (1901), In a subse-
quent essay (1905)* he gave a critical account of the whole
question, which is still the best we possess.

The fine monograph on the famous fossil Lepidostrohtis Brownii
(1911) t completely clears up the relationships of this fructi-
fication, of which Zeiller determined the Lower Carboniferous age.

As regards the broader questions involved in palaeontological
studies, Zeiller was a thorough evolutionist, but not a Darwinian,
for he was a believer in abrupt changes (mutations or rather
saltations) leading at once not merely from species to species
but even from group to group J. Though, in the opinion of the-
writer, he went too far in this direction, Zeiller undoubtedly did
good service to Science in dwelling on the immense difficulties
and complexities which still stand in the way of a continuous
phylogeny of fossil forms.

Among Zeiller's more general works may be mentioned his
'Elements de Palcobotanique' (1900), an admirable text-book, of
which a second edition m ould have been most welcome ; his
masterly summaries of palseobotanical progress during 20 years
(1886-190(3) § ; and, lastly, his valuable sketch of advances in
Mesozoic Palteobotany (]907)||.

Zeiller's merits were recognised in this country by the Hono-
rary Degree conferred upon him by the University of Cambridge

* " Une iiouvelle Classe de Gymnosperines — k^s l*teridospei-mees." Kevue
Gen. des SciencPs, August 30, 1905.

t Etufe sur le Lepidosirobus Brownii. Paris, 1911.

\ See especially " Les Vegetaux Fossiles et leurs Euchaiiiemeiits." Eevue
dn Mois, February 10, 1907.

§ Paleontologie Vegetale. 1886-1893 in Anr.uaire Gt'ol. Universol, Tomes
iii-x. 1893-1896 in Revue Gen. de But., Tomes ix, x. 1897-190U ibid.,
Tome XV. 1900-190() ibid., Tomes xv, xvi.

II "Los Pr )gr',''s de la I'Mleohotaniquc de I'cre des Gymnospcrmcs."
Proj^ressus Rei Botaiiiciu, Vol. ii. Part 1.

78 PROCEEDIXGS Of THK

at the Dainviii Celebration in 1909, and by his election as a
I'oreigu Member of this Society (1905) and of the Geological
[Society ot" London (1909 ; corresponding member 1899).

Personally, Zeiller had a great charm of manner, his dignity
and conrtesy winning the hearts of all his colleagues, many of
whom have the pleasantest recollections of his warm kindness
and hospitality. 13y religion he was a devout Catholic.

[D. H. Scott.]

June 1st, 1916.

Sir David Puaix, C.M.G., F.li.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the Anniversary Meeting of the 21th May,
191(5, were read and contirmed.

Colonel Masters John Godfery was admitted a Fellow.

Mr. Thomas William Brown and Dr. WiUiam Thomas Elliott,
r.Z.S., were elected Fellows.

The President announced that he had appointed the following
to be Vice-Presidents during the ensuing year: — Mr. Horace
AV. MoNCKXON, Prof. E, P. Poulton, Dr. A. E. Shipley, and
Dr. Orxo Stapf.

Mr. Clement Eeid, F.R.S., and Mr. James Groves, F.L.S.,
gave a demonstration of " Sew types of Fossil Characeae from
the Purbeck Beds." In the absence of Mr. lieid, Mr. Groves
referred to the cui'iously isolated character of the Characece
exhibiting no clear atiiuities with any other group of plants, and
to the consequent interest attaching to any light which could be
thrown on their past history. After enumerating the earlier
formations in which plant-remains conjectured to belong to
ancestors of the group had been found, he stated that the earliest
known remains of undoubted Characece were detached fruits
recorded from the Lias and Oolite, the earliest remains of the
vegetative parts being those in the Middle Purbeck beds.

He explained that by Mr. Keid's method of subjecting slices of
the limestone, in which the plants were found, to a prolonged
drip of very slightly acidulated water, so that the Chara-remains
were etched out, they had been able to elicit much fresh infor-
mation as to structure, which had not been obtainable from the
sections and polished surfaces of chert. Some lantern-slides and
a large number of photographs taken by Mr. Keid were exhibited,
with especial reference to tlie prevalent type of Characeous plant
which had recently been described by Messrs. Held and Groves
as a new genus, CJavator. The principal characteristics of this
were: — the constant number of the cortical tubes (12), the
remarkably swollen stem-nodes develo[)ed in a peculiar manner,

LINXEA.N SOCIETY OF LONBOX. 79

tlie production oE symmetrical rosette-like groups of small elavate
])i'ocesses on the stems and branchlets, and the presence of a
utricle enveloping the oospore and formed or surrounded by
a number of elongated adnate cells, all of which characters
represented important divergencies from any existing type of
Cliaraceous plant. Reference was made to other types which
had not yet been worked out, especially to a large one of which
casts only had been found and a minute one evidently belonging
to the section Nitelleie, but presenting important points of
difference from existing forms..

Dr. D. H. Scott, i^Mi.S., and Dr. Marie Stopes discussed some
of the points raised.

The next paper, by Prof. G. E. Nicholls, F.L.S., on "The
Structure of the Vertebral Column in the Anura Phaneroglossa
and its Importance as a basis of Classification," was read in
title. (See pp. 80-92.)

Prof. Julius MacLeod, University of Ghent, followed with
an account of his paper on " Quantitative Variation in certain
Diagnostic Characters of ten Species of the Genus Maium"
which was communicated by Prof. F. E. Weiss, F.L.S.

Mr. H. N. Dixon, Prof. Weiss, and Dr. D. H. Scott discussed
the paper, and the Author replied to their criticisms.

Dr. M.vuiE Stopes, F.L.S. , showed lantern-slides and sections
of the " petrified cone of a new species of Beiinettites from the
English Gault."

Additional remarks were made by Dr. D. H. Scott and
Prof. Weiss.

Dr. George Henderson sent seeds of the Opium Poppy from
the Punjab, and of Chinese HuUess Oats, for distribution ; it was
stated that measures had been taken to raise these seeds, so as to
test the statement of their great productiveness.

A paper by Mr. W. Lucas Distant, on the liliynchofa
from the Indian Ocean, the second portion, communicated by
Prof. J. Stanley Gardiner, F.R.S., F.L.S., was read in title.

The General Secretary communicated a note from Miss Louisa
Pershouse, of Torquay, stating that Mbnulas moscJudus had been
observed by her for several years as growing and increasing in
running water near Sticklepath, in the neighbourhood of
Okehampton, on the borders of Dartmoor ; the name was
confirmed at Kew.

The President remarked that this plant in cultivation seems
to have quite lost its original musky scent, and that it would be
interesting to know if this escape had retained it.

8o rUOCEEDINGS OF THE

Tlie Striiehire of tlie Vertebral Column in the Anura Phaneros^Iossa
and Its Importance as a Basis of CI issiticatiou. By Gko. E.
NiciiaLi.s, D.Sc!., F. [j.S., Bi;it Memorial Fellow, Department
of Zoology, King's College, Loudon. (With 1 Text-llgure.)

[Read 1st June, 1916.]

As is Well known, the vertebral column of the common frog
consists of nine vertebra? of which the ninth (the sacral) has a
biconvex centrum. Of the eight pre-sacral vertebrae, tlie first
seven are proccelous and the eigiith has a biconcave (amphiccelous)
c-jntrum.

it is generally supposed that th's condition prevails among the
greater number of living Anur-i,aud this type of vertebral column
is commonly described (notwithstanding the condition of the eighth
and ninth vertebne) as proccelons, in distinction to that of those
few primitive Anura in which the presacral vertebrae are uniformly
02>i'<thontlous.

Thus Gradow states ('oi, p. 19), "Procoelous A'ertebrae exist
in the overwhelming majority of the Anura: opisthocoelous are
those of the Aglossa, the Di^coglossidae, and of some PelobatidaB."
He continues (p. 20), " the sacral vertebra, . . . in all the Anura is
invariahhj biconvex, the eighth being biconcave in the procelous
families^' (iny italics).

Now this generalization which had appeared, in almost identical
form, several years earlier in Boulenger's admirable work on "The
Tailless Batrachiaus of Europe," is, as I shall presently show, by
no means correct.

The accuracy of the statement, however, appears never to have
been challenged, nor even the existence of exceptions recorded
until recently, when I called attention ('14, pp. 420-1) to the fact
that the condition of the eighth and ninth vertebra? of Bufo
constituted a veiy distinct departure from this rule.

This fact had been ascertained by the examination of all of the
Bufonid skeletons in the Collection of the British Museum, this
material (with my own specimens) comprising more than fifty
examples i-epresenting over thirty species. In this genus the
centra of all of the vertebra? are alike excepting only that the con-
vexity (for articulation with the ensuing coccyx) upon the hinder
face of the ninth vertebra is doubled in the manner that is so
nearly universal among the Anura.

In /?u/'o, then, there exists a third type of vertebral column
which is uniformhj proadous, and therefore perfectly distinct
from that which has a biconvex sacral and a biconcave eighth
vertebra but which, nevertheless, has hitherto been described as
prorffilous. It is obvious that only to such a vertebral column
as that of Bufo can the term " Procoelous " be strictly applicable,
in distinction to that of the lower Anura (Aglossa) in which the
vertebral column is o^^isthoadous.

LINNE.VN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 8 1

I recommeud, therefore, that the term " Procoelous " be re-
stricted to vertebral columns of the Bufouid type in which all
of the centra are hollow in front. For those vertebral columns,
hitherto described as procoelous, which have only the first seven
vertebral centra hollow in front, the eighth hollow upon both
faces and the ninth doubly convex, I propose that the term
" Dlplasioccelous " (which has been suggested to me by
Mr. Boulenger) should be employed.

AVhen, in 1914, I recorded the existence of a uniformly pro-
ca3lous condition in Bufo, I assumed, mistakenly as it now
appears, that this type of vertebral column might be found to
be confined to that genus. That such a condition could be of
>videspread occurrence seemed incredible in view of the authori-
tative statement above quoted.

Recently, however, I have been enabled, by the kindness of
Mr. Boulenger, to examine ])ractically the entire collection
of Anuran skeletons in the British Museum. This material
includes, in addition to some eight specimens of Aglosoa
(Xeiiopns heuis [4] *, X. calcaratus, H ijmenochirus boettijeri, and
Pipa americana [2]), nearly two hundred examples of the
Phanerogiossa. To these must be added about fifty specimens
representing nine species which are in the teaching collections
of King's College and the Agra College and in my own possession.
The vertebral columns of more than one hundred and fifty com-
mon frogs {R. temporaria) were also examined in this connection.
In all, there were examined over four hundred vertebral columns
of some fifty gen(-ra of Anura.

The Discoglossidae were represented by nearly a dozen speci-
mens (Disco[/lossus pictus [5], Bomhiaator v/neus [3J, Ali/tes
ohstetricans [3]), and were found to be, without exception,
normally opisthoccelous.

Of the Pelobatidae, I have examined fourteen specimens of
the genera Mer/aloplirys (J/, montana [2], 21. nasuta [2], M. feci',
M. longipes), Pelobates (P. fnscus [0]), Scajthiopus sulitarlus,
Peloclijtes punctatus, and Palceobatrachus sp. Of these all were
uniformly procoelous excepting two individuals of Meijalopltrijs
(J/, montana, M. nasuta), which were opisthoccelous.

The families Hylidae, Bufonidte, and Cystignathida3 were, with-
out exception, characterized by the possession of a procceloiis
{stricttt sensii) vertebral column. The Hylidaj examined were
Nyla {H. venulosa [2], H. dolichopsis [2], H. gratiosa, H. macrops,
H. lichenata, H. taurina, H. ccerulea [2], H. aurea [2], H.faba^
H. arborea [3], If. jiulchella [2], B. maxima, If. versicolor,
H. baudina, H. boans), Nototrema {N. marsupiatum [2]), and
Pliyllomedusa (P. dacnicolor [2] and P. burmeisteri). Except for
a single specimen of Nectophryne Jiosii, all of the Bufonidae
examined belonged to a single genus, Bufo. The species included
B. marinus [3 J, B. quadriporcatas, B.vuhjaris [Sj, B. culamita [21,

* Tlie numerals in [ ] indicate the niuuber of specimens of eacli species
examined.

LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION lUlo-lOlfi. a

82 PKOCEBUINGS OF THE

B. lepfo/ms, B. us/)ei\ B. vUtaius, B. dodsoal, B. americaiius, B. val-
liceps [2J, B. spinulosiis, B. virldis [2J, B. ti/phonius, B. carois,
B. audersonii [3], B. hntifflnosits [8 J, B. gniJiidosm, B. re(/idaris,
B. raddii, B. tuherosus, B. clavif/e)\ B. horeas, B. petUoni, B. lati-
froiis, B. intermedius, B. melaaostktus [4:j, B. mauretaniais,
B. li<vin((tUicns, B. sicperciliiD^s, and B. cracifer. Of the Cysti-
giiathidie, on tlie other hand, there were representatives of no
less than twelve genera and nineteen species : — Ceratohj/la
hahalun, Pseiidis paradoxa, Cahjptocephalus gnyi, Telmatohius
jMcii, Ceratophrys ornata, 0. boiei, Chiroleptes australis, 0. platy-
cephalus, Heleioporus albopunctutus, H. pictiis, Hylodes lineatus,
II. raiiifonnis, II. Jleischmanni, Cryptotis breuis, Limnodynastes
tasmuniensis [2], L. dorsalis, L. ornatus, Leptodactylus penta-
dac.tylan, and Hylorhina silvatica. The closely related Dendro-
phrym'scinai are represented in the British Museum Collection
by a skeleton of Batrachophrynus bracliydactylus, which was also
procooloiis.

Among the forms included in the Eugystomatidae and Dysco-
phidse, three specimens (representing two genera) were found
to retain the strictly procoelous condition. These were Ilhombo-
phryne testudo, AteJojjus oxyrhynchus and A. ignescens, each
represented by but a single specimen. The majority of the
specimens exhibit the diplasioccelous condition, which was seen
in eight genera, viz. : — Breviceps (B. verrucosus, B. mossambicus),
Calophrynus (C. pleurostigma, C. madagascariensis\ Scaphiophryne
(S. marmorata), Cacopus (C. systoma), Ccdhdops (0. dorice),
Callida (C. pidchra), Hypop^'uhus {II. variolosus)^ and Oenophryiie
(G. thomsoni).

Among the Ranidoe the diplasioccelous condition also prevails,
only five specimens (referred to four species of lihacoplwrus)
being found to retain the more primitive procoelous condition.
The spHoimens of this family which have been examined include
the following : — Ilylambates {II. angolensis), Trichobatrachus
(T. robustits), Gampsosteonyx (G. batesi), Rana (li. clamata,
7?. tiyrina [35], R. agUis, R. adspersa, R. latastii, R. afghana [2],
R. inontezanuii [2], R. catesbiana, R. galamensis, R. guttidala,
R. ficscigida, li. macrodan, R. gracilis, R. cyanojMyctis,
R. escidenta [12], R. grunniens, R. erythrcpa, R. malabarica,
R. beccarii, R. jdeiiraden, R. adenopleura, li. jerboa, R. arvcdis,
R. camerani, R. grceca, R. iberica, R. pcdustris, R. madagascari-
ensis, R. boyli, R. oriiatissinia, R. liebigii, R. hexadactylas, and
R. temporaria [about 160]), RhacopTiorxts (R. maculatus, R. cru
ciger, R. fjoudatii, R. macrotis, R. robustits, R. schlegeUi, R. rein-
toardtii [2], A*, maximus, and R. madagascariensis), Chiromaniis
(C. petersi), Corniifer (C. corrugatas), Oxyglossus {0. Icevis),
Tympanourus {T. neivtoui), Oxyrhachis kevis, Arthroleptis
{A. rariabilis), and Ceratobairachus gueatheri [2].

in by far tiie greater number of cases, disarticulated vertebral
columns were not available, but this circumstance presented no
•serious difficulty since the condition of the vertebral centra can,

LINNE.VN SOCIETY OF T-OXDON.

8.3

in almost every case, be made out with ease by a careful examina-
tion of the ventral surface of the vertebral column (see text-
figure). In a few specimens in the Collection of the British
Museum the vertebrae were sufficiently free to admit of an actual
observation of the anterior faces of the sacral and preceding
vertebrae. In every such case this examination confirmed the
opinion already formed from the examination of the entire
vertebral column of a specimen of the species in question. A
few specimens (a bare half-dozen), concerning which I could not
feel absolutely certain, were referred to Mr. Boulenger, who was
able to confirm, in every case, the correctness of the conclusion at
which I had, provisionally, arrived.

The result of this investigarion was quite unexpected, for, as
has been shown, it was found that the Diplasiocoelous (" pro-
coelous ") condition, which was supposed to characterize " the
overwhelming majority" of Anura, is in fact confined to the
i^'irmisteruial forms I

Ventraf view of the liiiider part of the vertebral columns of (A) Disc.oglossits
piotus, (B) Pclubatcs JmciDi, (C) Bic/o aiidersoiiii (all X 2), and (D) Rcma
tigrina (nat. size), to show the opistbocoelous, auouiocoelous, proccelous,
and diplasiocoelous conditions.

The biconvexity of the centrum of the sacral vertebra, there-
fore, so far from being an " invariable " feature of the Anuran
vertebral column, is in fact restricted, except for individual
variation, practically to the Discoglossidae and the Firmisternia *.

On the other hand, a vertebral column in which all the centra
are hollow in front (Proccelous, strictu sensu) is found in the
Cystignathidoe, Hylidae, Bufonidae, and the Pelobafidae, i. <?., the
whole of the Arcifera excluding only the Discoglossidae.

The PelobatidaB are known to be extremely variable in the con-
dition of the vertebral column. They are, nevertheless, excepting

* A few opisthoccslous Pelobatidae may have a biconvex ninth centrum,
which is, however, easily distinguished from those of Discoglossidae or
Firmisternia by its single coccygeal condyle.

84 rnOCEEDlXGS OF T1[E

for what will probiibly prove to be inerely individual variations
(vide infra), of the uniformly proccelous type. They differ, how-
ever, from the remaining procoelous families, in that the convexity
upon the sacral vertebral centrum (for articulation with the
coccyx) is single instead of double as in all other Anura.

It will be seen, therefore, that the Anura may be divided
sharply into five groups, according to the structure of the
vertebral column (and attached ribs).

(i.) Sacral vertebrae always fused with coccyx ; pre-sacral
vertebrae seven (or fewer), opisthoccelous : with ribs in develop-
ment. (Aglossa.)

(ii.) Sacral vertebra free, with biconvex centrum ; pre-sacral
vertebriB not less than eight, opisthoccelous : with ribs.
(Discoglossidaj.)

(iii.) Sacral vertebra proccelous, ankylosed to coccyx, or if free,
with but a single condjde for articulation with coccyx ; pre-sacral
vertebra} eight, proccelous: without ribs. (Pelobatida;.)

(iv.) Sacral vertebra free, proccelous, witb double condyle for
the coccyx; pre-sacral vertebrae eight, proccelous: without ribs.
(Remaining Arcifera.)

(v.) Sacral vertebra free, biconvex ; eighth vertebra biconcave ;
first seven vertebrae proccelous : without ribs. (Firmisternia.)

Discussion.

Earlier Vicivs as to the importance of the condition of the
Vertebral Centra as a systematic character.

As is well known, a varying degree of importance has been
attached, by different authors, to the condition of the vertebral
centra in the Anura. Thus both Cope ('66) and Lataste ('79) laid
considerable stress upon the opisthoccelous or proccelous character.
Eoulenger ('82), in his ' Catalogue of the Eatrachia Salientia
s. Ecaudata,' made use, principally, of the condition of the
pectoral g rdle and of the dentition, and pointed out that
the mode of vertebral articulation appeared to be of unequal
importance throughout the group.

Some three years later, Blanchard ('S5, p. ^»^;S) went so far as
to propose that the tailless Batracliia should be separated into
two principal groups, the " Opisthocceliennes " and the " Pro-
cceliennes." Jlis suggestion did not meet with acceptance, and
subsequent writers seem to have attached less and less value to
the condition of the centra as a systematic character. Thus, in
1901, Gadow wrote ('01, p. 19): "The systematic value of this
pro- or opistho-ccxjlous character has been much exaggerated."
He continued (p. 20), " it is not difficult to imagine that in the
Anura the production of pro- or opistho-ccelous vertebrae depends
6imi)ly upon the centra or articulating knobs happening to fuse
either with the hind or the front end of the vertebra\"

In 19u7 Beddard pointed out that in some species of the genus

LI^"NEAN SOCIETY OF LOKEON". 85

Megahi-nhriis, which was said to be opisthocceloLis, the prococlous
coiuhtion actually occurred, and in the following year lioulenger,
referring to this point, concluded ('oS, p. 4US) : " it is therefore
clear that this character, liowever important it may appear
at first, is worthless even as a specilic character in these
Batrachians."

The Lifrequency of Variation in the Mode of Vertehral
Articulation.

A fact, however, which lends weiglit to the value of the character
of the vertebral centra for systematic purposes is the extraordinary
rarity of the occuiTence of individual variation. In not one of
at least a hundred specimens of the procoelous families Biifonidae,
Hylidae, and Cystignathidtc (represented by over seventy species)
did I find a case of indi\idual variation in the character of the
vertebral centra, although variation affecting the vertebrae in
other ways was not infrequent ! Indeed, so far as I can discover,
oidy once has an abnormality affecting the centra been recorded
in a member of these families, this being described by Cope ('66)
in Borhorocaites. In the vertebral column of the Pelobatidse
individual variation is peculiarly frequent, but even in this family,
very few cases of variation in the character of the centra have
been met with outside of the genus Mcijalophrys.

Among the Diphisiocffilous families, also, the occurrence of
individual variation in the condition of the centra is extra-
ordinarily rare — indeed, it is almost certainly the rarest of all
abnormalities. AVhen such variation does occur it appears
invariably to take the form of a reversion to the more primitive
(strictly proccBlous) condition. Thus, Lloyd Morgan has described
one such case in the common frog, while I have myself met with
Iavo other instances of this reversion. The first of these was
found in a specimen of B. escahnta, and the second may be seen
in a specimen which is preserved in the British Museum Collec-
tiou. It is labelled liana sp., but is, almost certainly, 2i. tigrina.
Apart from these three examples * there are, I believe, no known
cases of variation in the condition of the centra in diplasioca3lous
forms. Moreover, I have recently examined the vertebral column
of more than one hundred and fifty specimens of the common
frog, and although I find that the vertebral column is variable in
8 per cent, of the specimens examined, yet there was not one
whicli departed from the typical diplasiocoelous condition of the
centra.

T7ie Character of the Vertehral Centra not " Adaptive."

The precise manner in which the vertebral centra articulate
does not appear to be related to the habits of the various forms,
tliat is, it cannot be described as an adaptive character. There

* An almormal vertebral cohiniii {R. tempomria) described by Howes ('86)
liad ten vertobrie all of vvliicli were procoelous.

S6 I'liOCEKDINGS OF THE

jire forms wliidi jump as powerfully or swim as sti'onp;ly in the
proccelous Arcit'eru ;is in tlie diplasiocoelous Firmisternia, just as
tiiere are crawling, burrowing, or arboreal forms in each group.
A very similar statement might be made, comparing the opistho-
eoelous forms with the proc-oelons. Indeed, from the stand])oint
of function it would appear to be a matter of little import
whether the intervertebral spheres become attached to the
anterior or the posterior face of an adjoining vertebra, and, as
Gadow has remarked, we might imagine that the union of these
intervertebral spheres with centra before or behind would be a
mere matter of chance. Occasionally, as a very rare variation in
the Pelobatidae, the intervertebral spheres altogether fail to unite
with the centra and the amphicffilous (ancestral) condition of the
embryo persists into maturity {F. cultri_pes^ Duges, '34; F.fuscus,
IStannius, '54).

When, therefore, such a comparatively trivial character as this
is found to occur over a wide range of genera in which there is
an almost complete absence of individual variation*, we are
surely justified in attacliing to it considerable value as a syste-
matic character, since its occurrence is to be explained only upon
the ground of community of descent.

A division of the Phaueroglossa, based upon this character,
gives us, moreover, a grouping which (while it corresponds faii'ly
closely with that at present accepted as representing a natural
classification) separates the Discoglossidse a little more widely
from the remaining Arciferous forms.

The breakiug-up of the Arcifera has already been proposed by
►^tejneger ("07). That author divided the Anura into three sub-
orders : — Aslossa, Costata (the Discoglossidaj), and Linguata (the
remaining Phaueroglossa).

Lataste (79) and Blanchard ('85) went still further and pro-
posed the inclusion of both the Aglossa and the Discoglossidte in
the fame Sub-oider (Opisthoto?la).

The change which I propose in our present classification con-
sists simply in the grouping of the fan)ilies of the Plianeroglossa
into four larger divisions (tribes) in place of the two series,
Arcifera and Firmisternia, at present recognized.

PHANEROGLOSSA.

I. Opisthoccela. Sacral vertebra biconvex, free from coccyx ;
pre-sacral vertebrae eight, oi)isthocielous ; with ribs.
Includes but one family, the Discoglossidse.
11. Anomoc(ELA. Sacral vertebra anl<ylosed to coccyx or
articulating therewith by a single condyle ; vertebra?
procoelous (rarely opisthoccelous) ; without ribs.
Includes a single family, the Pelobatida^.

* Even in tlie very variable Pelobatirla; only two cases o( a now a hits centra
(apart from the anij)hica'lj above uieiitio:ie(l) have been recorded in llie pro-
cu>lous species Tiicse were described by Stannius ('54) in Jrlolui/tt^ fiisciis and
by Boiilcuger ('82) in Aenaphriji nwiiiicoht.

LI^'NEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOIS". 87

III. Proc(ela. Sacral vertebra free, articulating with the coccyx

by a double condyle; vertebrae uniformly procoelous.
Includes the Bufonidae, Hylidse, and Cystignathidse.

IV. DiPLASioc(ET.A (^Firmtsternia). Sacral vertebra bicon-

vex, eighth vertebra biconcave; the first seven vertebrae
proccelous.

Includes the Eanida? and Eugystomatidee.

(i.) This arrangement involves, as will be seen, the subdivision
of the Arciferous forms into three groups. As already pointed out,
it has long been recognized that the Discoglossidae are somewhat
more widely removed than the existing classification would indicate,
(ii.) Concerning the Pelobatidae, Gadow remarks that they can
be separated from the Bufonidae only by the dentition. Never-
theless he advocates that they shall be retained as a distinct
family. In the condition of their vertebral articulation, however,
the Pelobatidae apparently possess a distinctive character which
amply justifies their separation from the Bufonidae. That both
procoelous and opisthocoelous vertebrae occur within a single
genus {Megalophrys) has been considered as sufficient justifica-
tion for altogether discarding this character for systematic
purposes. As a matter of fact, however, the whole family
appears to be strictly procoelous apart from this single genus.
As a family, moreover, it is notable for the extremely frequent
occurrence of variations in the vertebral column. Thus, Adolphi
found in Pelobates fuscus that abnormalities in the vertebral column
occurred in more than 23 per cent, of the specimens examined !
As mentioned above, the two examples recorded in the Anura, in
which the aniphiccelous (embryonic) condition of the centra is
retained in mature animals, were both examples of Pelohates.
Nevertheless but one example (that recorded by Stannius) ap-
pears to be known of an irregularly abnormal condition of the
centra in this genus.

In MegaJojihnjs, however, variation seems frequently to extend
to the centrum. In Megalnphrys parva [Xenojyhrys monticola)
Boulenger has described an anomalous arrangement of the
vertebral centra comparable to the case of P. ftiscus described
by Stannius. Moreover, 31. montana (the type species) was
originally described by Cope as having opisthocoelous centra, and
this type of vertebra has since been recorded in two other species
(if. nasuta, M. longipes). It is now known that the procoelous
condition is, even in these three species, at least equally frequent,
while in the remaining eleven species, hitherto described, tlie
vertebrae appear to be uniformly procoelous ! Thus there is little
reason to regard the occurrence ot' the opisthocoelous condition in
a few specimens of these three species as other than unusually
fi'equent cases of individual variation *.

* Concerning Asferophrt/s little seems to be recorded. Like Meyalophrys, it
has been described as opisthoccelous, but its tongue is said to be entire and
adherent, and Blanchard assigned it to tlie Discoglossidsp.

88 phoceedings of the

Two other {];onera, Cophophrj/ne (C. sikliwev/si/i) and Oj^hrj/o-
phyj/ne {0. min-OKtonia), \\hich are at present ])laeecl witli tlie
Jjiit'onida? but which ap;ree with tlie Pelohatida; in the character
oF the vertebral column, should probabl}' he included in that
family. Tliey differ from the Pelobatidfe merely in the absence
of teeth and, in describing Oji7n-i/op7iri/ne, Bouleuger remaiks
('03, p. ] 7) that " One must regard it as on the whole nearer to
the latter (Pelobatidre) rhan to the true toads ; another instance
of the over-estimation of dentition as a character by which to
define families of the Batrachia.'"'

In Scaphiopus and in one species of Pdohafes (]\ fvscus) there
appears to be an invariable fusion of the sacral vertebra with the
coccyx comparable to that which occurs in the Aglossa, but in
both of these Pelobatidaj the vertebrse are uniformly procrelous.
A similar fusion appears to occur as an individual variation in
some other species of the Pelobatida) (e. g. P. ctihrijies, M. nasidd,
Boulenger, '08), but even where this variation coincides with the
occurrence of opisthocn^lous centra there is no danger of confusion
with the Aglossal condition, for, in the latter, there are never
more than seven pre-sacral vertebrae.

Bomliinator is the only form, outside of the Pelobatidae, in
Avhich the sacral vertebra articulates with the coccyx by but a
single condyle. Like the Pelobntidse, too, it is notable for the
frequency of occurrence of individual variations. The vertebral
column can, however, be distinguished from even an opisthoccelous
specimen of the Pelobatidae by the attached ribs.

Pelodytes, which appears to lead towards the Bufonidae, forms
an exception, apparently, to the rule that in the Pelobatidie the
sacral vertebra has but a single condyle for the coccyx. Ac-
cording to Boulenger ('97) the posterior convexity of the centrum
oF the sacral vertebra is doubled in this genus. This is certainlv
true of the single specimen (191'^, 0. 15. 5.) in the British Museum
Collection. There are, however, conflicting statements upon this
matter, for Gadow describes ('01, p. KJl) this genus as having but
a single condyle, this character being made use of to distijiguish
Pelo(h/tes from Leptohrachmm , which is said to have two coccygeal
condyles. On the other hand, Boulenger has merged Lepto-
hrachium in the genus Mer/alop7iri/s, which has but a single condyle
for the coccyx. The explanation of these apjiarent contradictions
may be that the doubling of the condyle is, in these genera, subject
to some variation.

(iii.) The Bufonidse, Hylidfc, and Cystignathidfe are, without
exception, in the species which 1 have examined, distinguished
from the Pelobatida? (excluding Pelodytes) in having the sacral
vertebra provided with two coccygt-al condyles. Otherwise, in
the uniformly procffilous condition of the vertebra?, they closely
resemble the Pelobatidre and are sharply marked off from the
flrmisternial forms in which the diplasiocrelous condition prevails.

The nemi[)hractidaD, however, which are included by Gadow i n
the Cystignathidse, have been described as possessing opisthocuilou s

LINiVKAN SOCJETT OF LONDON. 89

centra. Whether this is an invariable condition in tliat genus
or whether the description was based upon the examination
of a variable individual, 1 have no means of deciding, but the only
member of this family (or sub-family) which 1 have examined,
a specimen of Ctratohijla huUtlus, was certainly uniformly pro-
ctelous. In the former case the genus would appear to furnish
a link between the Proccela and the Opisthoctela comparable
to that supplied by Megaloplirys between the Opisthoccela and
the Auomoccela.

Apart, however, from this single, possibly excei)tional, genus,
there has been described but a single instance of the occurrence
of variable centra in these three great families which comprise
the majority of living Anura *.

Jlemarking upon the resemblance which exists between many
of the Cjstignathidse and the Hanidte, Gadow says ('oi, p. 210),
"young Eanida3, before the firmisternial character is assumed, are
indistinguishable from the Cystignathida?, and the latter would
turn into lianidie if they could be induced to consolidate their
sternal apparatus," The condition of the vertebral centra, how-
ever, permits of a distinction being readily nuide even between
these innnature forms.

(iv.) The Diplasiocoilous condition (which, as already pointed
out, is I'estricted to Firmisternial forms) is likewise extreniely
constant, individual variations being almost unknown. The
occurrence, therefore, of two or three genei'a at present included
in the Firmisternia, in which the diplasioccelous condition has,
apparently, not been attained, is a matter of considerable
interest.

Thus, among the Engystomatida; which, as Gadow points out
{op. cit. p. 143), may be connecting links between the Proco?la
and Diplasiocoela, I hud three s[)ecimens exhibiting the uniformly
proctelous condition. Tuese are one example each of Atelojrus
o.vifrJii/ncJius, A. ignescens, and liJiombophrifne testudo. Having had
but a single skeleton of each of these three species for examina-
tion, I am unable to say whether or no these are cases of individual
variation, it is scarcely probable, ho\^ever, that two specimens
belonging to distinct species should both have chanced to be
similarly abnormal, and it may be assumed that Afelojms is
normally proccelous. It is not, however, surprising that we
sliould find in one or two genera which have become firmisternial,
that there is a retention of what must be recognized as a more
primitive condition of the vertebral column.

A more puzzling exception is met with in the genus lUiaco-
phorus, and there can be, 1 think, in this case, no question of
abnormality or individual variation.

The genus is one in which Eoulenger has merged the genus
I'olypedates, and it is represented, in the British Museum collec-
tion of skeletons, by nine specimens. Of these, four, belonging to
the species li. mucuhitus, li. cruciger, 11. macrotls, aiul li. robi(sh(s,

* The specimen of Ldrbcrora-^cs tlescribed liv Cdjie ('66).

90 I'ROCEEDINGS OF THE

were diplasioccielous. Tlie remaining specimens, 7?. ma.rhmis.
It. mudagascariensis, 11. ncJilfr/elii, and II. reinwardtU [2], \\ere uni-
formly procoelous. Ot" the five specimens but one {11. reinwnrdtii)
permitted of direct observation of the vertebral faces, but
Mr. Boulenger, to whom I referred the question, agreed that the
vertebral articulation in these specimens is as stated.

Such a condition is apparently inexplicable in view of the fact
that the lihucopliori are generally accepted as true Eanidte. It is,
however, of peculiar interest in view of the fact that the Bliaco-
pliorl have not alw ays been regarded as Eanidse. Originally they
\\ere placed with the Hylidae (which are of course procoelous), to
winch they bear a most remarkable resemblance which is, at the
])resent time, attributed merely to convergence. How close is
this resemblance may be judged from a fact recently brought to
light by Stejneger ('07). This author has pointed out that the
specimen originally figured by Schlegel and regarded as the type
specimen of Polypedates {lihacoj)1iorus) schhgelii is actually a mere
vai'iety of Hyla arhorea (H. arhorea japon7ca)\ This view, he
remarks ('07, p. 77), has been confirmed by an examination of
the original specimen in the Leiden Museum. He figures this
variety of Hi/la as possessing the tongue typical of the Hylidse
but as having a foot which, so Mr. Boulenger informs ine, is
absolutely characteristic of ItJiacojyhoms I

The skeletons of the several species of Rliacopliorus in the col-
lection of the British Museum show the coracoids united but
somewhat widely separated from the weak clavicles by conspicuous
and well-calcified precoracoids.

Apart from these apparent exceptions, the whole of the
remaining forms, at present grouped in the I'irmisternia and
which I have been able to examine, are diplasiocojlous. More-
over, this character, as already pointed out, is one which, in this
group as in the Procoela, is exceptionally free from individual

variation.

*******

It may, nevertheless, be objected that the occurrence of excep-
tions renders the character of the vertebral articulation of little
value for systematic purposes. The condition of the sternal
apparatus is, however, open equally to such objection. Forms
with sternal apparatus as diverse as those of liana and of
llemmis or of Brtviceps and of Cacopus are all grouped together
as Firmisternia. I have shown, too, in a recent paper ('15), that
there is normally in Rana tir/rina a very marked overlap of the
coracoids rivalling that of many Arciferous forms.

It is obvious, moreover, that whereas the precise manner in
which the intervertebral spheres unite with adjoining centra has
no pliysiological importance, the consolidation of the sternal
apparatus may well be of considerable ])hysio]ogical value and
therefore be a character w liich might well arise independently in
widely separated forms*.

* Cf. the existence of a consolulated sternal apparatus in tlie Aglossa.

LIXXEAN .SOCIliTY OF LONDOX. 9 I

This was apparently Cope's view, and Gadow suggests ('oi,
p. 14^3) that tiie Firmisternia may prove to be a poiyphyletic
assemblage.

Furtlier, the Anura are known as a very modern and wonder-
fully plastic group. It is to be expected, therefore, that there
should be found persisting forms which appear to connect the
several groups. The difKculty that is experienced in attempting
to draw hard and fust lines between the different families suggests
that our classification is, in the main, a natural one and does not
represent merelv a convenient key as Gadow is prepared to believe
('oi,p. 143).

Thus tiie Pelobatid Megahphri/s with its occasional opistho-
ccelous centra serves as a link with the Disooglossidse, a link
wliich is strengthened by the invariable occurrence in the other-
wise very variable Bomhinator of but a single coccygeal condyle.
On the other hand, Pelodytes seems to connect the Anouiocoela
\\'\i\\ the Procoela. Eliomhopliryne and Atelopus, too, may be
considered either as ProcoBia in which the consolidation of the
sternal apparatus (foreshadowed in the Bufonide, lildnoplirynt,
and Myohatrcu-lms) has become an accomplished fact, or as Firmi-
sternia in which the Diplasiocoelous condition has not yet been
attained.

1 desire to take this opportunity to express my thanks to
Mr. Boulenger for directing my attention to certain of the
literature, and to Professor Deudy for much valuable criticism.

LlTEEATUBE.

1907. Bebdard, F. E. — "Note upon the Anatomy of a Species of
Frog of the Genus Megalophrys, &c." Proc. Zool. Soc.
1907, vol. i.

1885. Blaxciiard, E. — " Remarques sur la Classification des

Batraciens Anoures." Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1885.
1882. Boulenger, G. A. — Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia

s. Ecaudata in the Collection of the British Museum.

London, 1^82.
1887. Boulenger, G. A. — "On a rare Himalayan Toad, Coplw-

phryne sikhimensis, Blytli." Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3)

vol. XX., 1887.
1897. Boulenger, G. A. — The Tailless Batrachia of Europe.

Eay Society, 1897.
1903. Boulenger, G. A. — " Description of three new Batrachians

from Tonkin." Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vol. xii., 19U3.

1908. Boulenger, G. A.- — "A lievisiou of the Oriental Pelobatid
Batrachians (Genus Meyalophrys)." Proc. Zool. Soc.
1908.

1866. Cope, E. D. — "On the Structure and Distribution of the
Genera of the Arciferous Anura.'" Journ. Acad. Se. Philad.
vol. vi., 18GG.

92 PTlOCEEDIXnS OF THE LTNNEAX SOCIETY.

1834. Di'fiks, A. — j^eclierclios sur Tosteolof^ie et la niyologie des

Batraciens a leiirs diffcrents ages, Paris, 1834.
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Linn. Bordeaux, vol. xxxiii., 1879.
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p. 531.

1 9 14. NicnoLLS, G. E. — "On an apparently Distinctive

Character in the genus Biifo." Nature, vol. xeiv., 1914.

19 1 5. NiciioLLs, G. E. — "Some Notes upon the Anatomy of

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Wirbelthiere. Berlin, 1854.
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ADDITIONS AND DONATIONS

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Abbot (Elizabeth 0.)- J3ai-tniin'.s Garden, Philadelphia, Pa,

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Albert (Abel) and Jahandiez (Emile). Catalogue des Plautes
Vasctdaires qui croissent natuL-ellenient dans le Departemeut
du Var. lutroductiou sur la Geographie botanique du Var
par Ch. i'LAHAULT. 8vo. Paris, 1908. Tagart Bequest.

Albert, Honore Charles (Prince de Monaco). Resultats des
(Jaiupagues scieutitiques, &c. Pasc. xlii, xlvi, xlvii.

4to. Monaco, 1914-15,
XLII. Exploration du Nord-Ouest du Spitsberg entreprise sous les
auspices de S. A. S. le Prince de JVloiiaco par la Mission
Isacbsen. Part 3. Par A. Hoel. 1914.
XLVI. Anniilides Polycbetes uon pelagiques provenant des cainpagnes
de rilii-ondelle et de la Princesse-Alice (1885-11)1U). Par
P. Fauvel. H)14.
XLVII. MoUusques Eupteropodes (Pteropodes TliecosomeB) provenant
des cainpagnes des yaclits llirondelle et Princesse-Alice
(1885-1913). Par A. Vayssieue. 1915.

Amatus (Lusitanus) pseud, [i. e. Joao Rodriguez de Castdlo
Brancoj. lu Dioscoridis Auazarbei de Medica Materia librus
quiiique, A. L. . . . euai'ratioues eruditissiuice. Accesseruut
liuic operi, t&c. 8vo, Laydani, 1558. Sir Frank Crisp, Bi.

Atidnson (E, L.), See British Museum (Natural History).
'Term Nova' Expedition. Zool. Vol. 11. No. 3. Parasine
Worms.

Barbieri (Paolo). Osservazioni niicroscopiche. Memoria fisio-
logico-botauica. 8vo. Muntova, 1828. Rev. G. Henslow.

Bartsch (Paul). Report on the lurfcon Collection of South
Atrican Marine Mollusks, with additional notes on other
South African Shells contained in the United States National
Museum. (liuU. U.S. Nat. Mus. 91.) 8vo. irashiuijton, 1915.

Bassler (Ray Smith). Bibliographic Index of American Ordo-
vician and Silurian Fossils. 2 vols, (liull. U.S. Nat. Mus.
92.) 8vo, Washinyton, 1915.

Baylis (H. A.) See British Museum (Natural History), 'Terra
Nova' Expedition. Zool. \'ol. 11. No. li. Oligochicta.

94 LINNK.VX SOCIETY OF LONDON.

Bergieluud Botaniska Tradgard. Acta llorti Bergiaui. 4to.

Ifi'Jl^. See Stockholm, K. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akadeinien.
Bezzi (Mario). See British Museum (Natural History). Insects

(Dipterous). The Syrpliidie of the Ethiopian Kegion.

8vo. 1915.
Blanford (W. T.). The Fauna of British India, includino; Ceylon

and Burma. 8vo. London, 1888-1916.

Molliisca (Freshwater Gastropoda and Pelecypoda). By H. B.

Pkkston.
Rhyiicliota. — Vol. VI. Homoptera: Appendix. By W. L. Distant.

Bock (Hieronymus). Kreiitterbuch. Darin vnderscheidt, Namen
vnd Wurckuiio; der Kreiitter, Stauden, Hecken vnnd Beutnen,
sampt ihren Friichten . . . Durch den Hochgelehrten Melchiorem
8ebiziura, &c. Fol. Strassburg, 1577. Sir Frank Crisp, Bt.

Bolus (Harry). Icones Orchidearum Austro-Africanarum extra-
tropicaruin : or, Figures, with descriptions, of extra-tropical
South African Orchids. Vols. I. Part 2, II. & III.

8vo. London, 1896-1913.
Trustees of the Bolus Herbarium & Library.

Borgesen (Frederik Christian Erik). The Marine Algae of the
Danish AVest Indies. A'ol. II. Ehodophyceae. Pp. 1-80.
(Dausk. Bot. Ark. Bd. 3, nr. 1.) 8vo. Copenliacjen, 1915.

Author.

Brauer (August). Die Siisswasserfauna Deutschlauds. Fine
Exkursionsfauna. Herausgegeben von A. Bkauer. Heft. 1,
2 A, 3-19. 8vo. Jena, 1909-1912. Tagart Bequest.

British Antarctic [' Nimrod '] Expedition, 1907-9, under the
command of Sir E. H. Shackleton . . . Reports on the
Scientific Investigations. 4to. London, 1910->

Geology. Vol. I. Glaciology, Physiography, Stratigraphy, and Tec-
tonic Geology of South Victoria Land. By T. W. Edgeworth
David and R. E. Priestlev. With short notes on Palaeontology.
Bv T. G. Taylor and E. J. Goddaud.

The Publishers.
British Museum (Natural History).

Cataiosiue of the Books, Manuscripts, Maps, and Drawings in
the Bi-itish Museum (iS'atural History). Vol. V. So-Z.

4to. London, 191.5.

British Antarctic (' Terra Nova ') Expedition, 1910. Natural

History Keports. 4to. London, 1915.

Zoology. Vol. I. No. 2. Natural History of the Adelie Penguin.
By G. M. Levick.
„ ,, ,, .'3. Cetacea. By D. G. Lillie.

Vol. II. No. 2. 01igocha;ta. By H. A. Baylis.
,, , ,, 3. Parasitic Worms, with a note on a Free-

living Nematode. By E. T. Leiper and
E. L. Atkinson.
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branchia, Scaphopoda, and Pelecypoda.
Bv E. A. Smith,

AUUITIOXS TO TJIE LIBIIAIIT. 95

British Museum {coat.).

Mammals.

Catalogue of the Ungulate Maininals in the British Museum
(Natural History). Vol. IV. Artiodactyla, Families Cervidae
(Deer), Trao;ulid8e (Chevrotaius), Camelidae (Camels and
Llamas), Suidae (Pigs and Peccaries), and Hippopofcamidae
(Hippopotamuses). By R. LruEKKBR. 8vo. London, 1915.

Fishes.

Catalogue of the Fresh-water Fishes of Africa in the British
Museum (Natural History). Vol. III. By (t. A. Boulengkr.

4to. London, 1915.

Insects.

Hymenopterous Insects.

A Revision of the Ichneumonidae, based on the Collection iu
the British Museum (Natural History), with descriptions
ol: new Genera and Species. — Part IV. Tribes Joppides,
Banchides, and Alomyides. By Claude Morley.

8vo. London, 1915.
Dipterous Insects.

The Syrphidae of the Ethiopian Eegion, based on material in
the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History),
with descriptions of new Genera and Species. By M. Bezzi.

8vo. London, 1915.
Lepidopterous Insects.

Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museuu).
Vol. I. Supplement. Catalogue of the Amatidae and Arctiadie
(Nolinae and Lithosianae). By Sir G. F. Hampson. Text
and xltlas. 8vo. London, 1914-15.

GUIDE-BOOKS, &c.

A Guide to the Fossil Eemaius of Man in the department of
Geology and Pakeontology, 8vo. London, 1915.

lustructious for Collectors :

No. 12. — Worms. 8vo. London, 1915.

Bruce (William S.). See Scottish Oceanographical Laboratory.

Scottish ^National Antarctic Expedition. 4to. 1908->

Casey (Thomas L.). Memoirs on the Coleoptera. Vols. V.-VI.
8vo. Lancaster, Pa., 1914-5. G. C. Champion.

Cheeseman (Thomas F.). Illustrations of the JVew Zealand Flora.
Edited bv^ T. F. Cheeseman, with the assistance of W. B.
Hemsley. The plates drawn by Matilda Smith. 2 vols.

4to. Wellimjton, 1914.
The Minister of Internal Affairs, N.Z.

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Clark (Austin Hobart). A Monograpli of the Existing Crinoids.
Vol. 1. The Comatulids. Pai-t 1. (Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. .S2.)

4to. Washington, 1915.

Clark (William Bullock) and Twitchell (Mayville W.). The
iMesozoic and Cenozoic Ediinodermata of the United States.
(Monogr. U.S. Geol. Survey, iiv.) 4to. Washington, 1915.

Clarke (William Eagle). Studies in Bird Migration. 2 vols.

8vo. London 4" Edinburgh, 1912.

Cox (Herbert Eiward). A Handbook of the Coleoptera, or
Beetles, of Great Britain and Ireland. 2 vols,

8vo. London, 1874. Canon F. C. Smith.

Cuvier {Baron Georges L. C. F. D.). The Animal Kingdom,
arranged in conformity with its organization; with additional
descriptions of , . . species ... by Edward GiiiFi'iTH and
others. 15 vols. 8vo. London, 1827-32.

Classified Index and Synopsis.

8vo. London, 1835. H. W. Green.

Dall (William Healey). A Monograph of the Molluscan Eautui
of the Orihaida.v j}agHa,v Zone of the Oligocene of Tampa,
Florida. (Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 90.) 8vo. Washington, 1915.

Davis (James Richard Ainsworth). See Knuth (P. E. 0. W.).
Handbook of Eloral Pollination. 8vo. 190(3-09.

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Committee. Memoir xxiii. 8vo. 1915.

Donisthorpe (Horace St. John Kelly). British Ants. Their
Life-llistoj-y and Classilication. 8vo. Plymouth, 1915.

Sec Fowler (W. W.). The Coleoptera of the British

islands. 8vo. 1913.

Duthie (John Firminger). Flora of the Upper Gangetic Plain,

and of the adjacent Siwalik and Sub-Hiinalayau Tracts.

Vol. III. Part 1. 8vo. Calcutta, 1915.

Dyer {Sir William Turner Thiselton-). On some Ancient

Phiut-names. (.lonrn. of I'hilology, xxxiii.) 8vo. Author,

Ealand (Cliarles Aubrey). Insects and Man : An Account of the

more importaTit Harmful and Benelicial Insects, their Hahits and

Life-histories, being an Introduction to Economic Entomology

for Students and General lieaders. 8vo. London, 1915.

Edinburgh,

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Essig (E. 0.). Injurious and Beneficial Insects of California.

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Fabre (Jean Henri). Souvenirs Entoinologiques. Etudes sur
riustiuct et les Mteurs des lusectes. 10 vols.

8vo. Paris, [iS79-VJ07]. Ta^art Bequest.

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des campagnes de rHiroudelle et de la Priucesse-Alice (1885-
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Centenary Coiumeiuoration, February loth, 1915. (Isle of
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Fowler (William Weekes) and Donisthorpe (Horace St. John
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Fox (E. Hingston). John BAiiTitAM, Botanist. (Friends'
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Fry (Sir Edward) and Fry (Agnes). The Mycetozoa, aud Some
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Gardiner (William). Catalogue of British Mosses, alphabetic-ally
arranged, &e. s. sh. Dundee, N. D. Rev. G. Henslow.

Gautier (Marie Clement Gaston). Catalogue de la Flore des
Corbieres. Mis en ordre par L. Mahti', (^Public, de la Soc.
d'Etudes Sci. de I'Aude.) Svo. Carcassonne, ld\2-\.'6.

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Goadby (Kenneth Weldon). The Mycology of the Mouth. A
Text-book of Oral Bacteria. Svo. London, 1903.

Giinther (Albert Charles Ludwig Gotthilf). [Account of the
Collections in the British Museuui, Zoological Department,
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Harvey (William Henry) and Sonder (Otto Wilhelm). Flora
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Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.

Hayata (Bunzo). Icones Plantarum Formosauarum nee nou et
Contributioues ad Floram Formosanain. Vol. V.

4to. Tailiolca, I'dlb. Government of Formosa.

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tions of tbe New Zealand Flora. 4lo. 1914.
lin:^. soc. tkoceedixus. — session 1915-191G. /t

pS LIXXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDON.

Henslow (John Stevens). Letters to the Farmers of Suffolk, &c.

8vo. London^ 1842.

Address delivered in the Ipswich Museum.

8vo. Ijpswich, 1848.

Illustratious to be employed in Practical Lessons on

Botany, &c. 8vo. London, 1858. Rev. G. Henslow.

Heuffel (Joannes). Dissertatio inauguralis medico-botanica de
distributione Plantaruni geographica per comitatum Hungariae
Pestiensem, &c. 8vo. Festini, 1827. liev. G. Henslow.

Hill (Thomas George). Tlie Essentials of Illustration. A prac-
tical Guide to the Keproduction of Drawings and Photographs
for the use of Scientists and others. 8vo. London, 1915.

Hoel (Adolf). Exploration du Nord-Ouest du Spitsberg entre-
])rise sous les auspices de S. A.S. le Prince de Monaco par la
Mission Isachsen. See Albert (Honore Charles). Eesultats des
Campagnes scientiliques, Ease. slii. 4to. 1914.

Houard. (C). Les Zoocecidies des Plantes d'Europe. Tome III.

8vo. Paris, 1913.

Hutton (Frederick Wollaston). Index Eaunse Novae Zealandiae.

8vo. London, 1904.
Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, N.Z.

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Jahandiez (Emile). See Albert (A.). Catalogue des Plantes

Vasculaires du L)ei)artement du Var. 8vo. 1908.

Jaubert (Hippolyte Frangois), Count. La Botauique a I'Expo-

sitiou Univei'selle de 1855. 8vo. Paris, 1855.

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Jorge (Ricardo). A guerra e o peusauiento medico.

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America in 1748. Translated by Josepk Lucas.

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Kellogg (Vernon Lyman) and Ferris (Gordon Floyd). The
AnopUira and Mallophaga of North American Mammals.
(Lelaud Stanford Junior tlniv. Publications, Univ. Ser. 20.)

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commemorated in our Botanical Nomenclature.

8vo. Troij, N.Y., 1914. ^Jiss C. Herring-Browne.
Knuth (Paul Erich Otto Wilhelni). Handbook of Eloral Pollina-
tion. Based upon Hermann Midler's work, 'The Eertilization
of Elowers by Insects.' Translated by J. E. Ainsworth Daa-js.
3 vols. 8to. Oxford, 190(5-09. Tagart Bequest.

Lawes {Sir John Bennet). Experin^ental Investigation into the
amount of Water given off by Plants during their Growth, &c.
8vo. London, 1850. Pcv. G. Henslow.
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Leland Stanford Junior University.

Publiciitious, University iSeries. [Nos. ] 6-20. J

8vo. San Francisco, 19i4-15.

[No. 16.] Lima (Manuel de Oliveika). The Evolution of Brazil

compared with that of Spanish and Anglo-Saxou Auiei-ioa.

Edited . . . bj P. A. Mautin. 1914.
,, 17. Meyer (AiiTHUit Wilmam). The Hemolymph Nodes of the

Sheep: Studies on Hemolymph Nodes, I. 1914.
„ 18. SciiAFEii (Sir Edward). An Introduction to the Study of

the Endocrine Glands and Internal Secretions. 11)14.
„ 20. Kellogg (Veunon Lyman) and Ferhis (Gordon FiiOVoX

The Anoplnra and Mallophaga of North American

Mammals;. 1915.

Lsvick (G. Murray). 'See British Museum (Natural History).
'Terra Nova' Expedition. Zooi. Vol. 1. No. 2. Natural
History of the Adeiie PeiiLrtiiii.
Lillie (D. G.). See British Museum (Natural History). ' Terra

Nova' Expedition. Zool. Vol. I. No. 3. Cetacea.
Lima (Manuel de Oliveira). Tlie Evolution of Brazil compared
with that of tSpanish and Aiiwlo-Saxon America. Edited . . .
bv P. A. Martin. (Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Publications,
Univ. Ser. [IG].) 8vo. 19 L4.

Lindinger (Leonhard). Die Schildliiuse (Coccidre) Europas,
Nordafrikas and Vorderasiens, einscliliesslich der Azoreu, der
Ivanareu und Madeiras. Mit i\.nleitinig zum Sammeln,
Bestimmen und Aufbewahren. 8vo. StutUjurt, 1912.

Liverpool.
Literary and Philosophical Society.

Suggestions oiTered on the part of the ... to members of the
Mercantile Marine, who may be desirous of ushig the ad-
vantages they enjoy for the promotion of science, in
furtherance of Zoologv. [By T. J, Moore.] Pp. 51.

^wo. Liver pool, \m2. W. Whitaker.
Liverpool Marine Biology Committee.

Memoir XXIII. 8vo. London, 1915.

XXIII. Tubifex. By G. C. Dixon.

Lucas (Joseph). See Kalm (P.). Account of his Visit to England.

8vo. iS92.
McAlpine (Daniel). Bitter Pit Investigation. Progress Beports.
2nd & 3rd. 1912-14. ^to. Melbourne, [a. d.']. E. E. Pescott.
Marloth (Eudolph). The Elora of South Africa : with synoptica
tables of the genera of the higher plants.

4to. Ca_pe Town tj" London, 1913.

Vol. I. Tliallopiiyfa, Bryophyta, Ptoridophyta, Gymnospermje,
Dicotyledones : Parti.
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Martin (Percy Alvin). See Lima (M. de 0.). The Evohition of
Brazil. 8vo. 1914.

h-1

lOO LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOK.

Marty (Leonce). -SVc Gautier (M. C. G.). Catalogue de la Flore
(les I'orlticivs, 8vo. 1012-13.

Martyn (Thomas). PlantaB Ciintabrigienses ; or, a Catalogue of
the riauts which grow wild in the comity of Cambridge, &c.

8vo. London, 1 763.

Meyer (Arthur William). The Heinolyinph Nodes of the Sheep.

Studies in Ilcinolymph Nodes. I. (Lelaud Stanford Junior

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Miyabe (Kingo) and Miyake (Tsutome). l^'lora of Saghalin.

( 111 Japanese. ) 4to. Kurafato, \\)\b. Governor of Karafuto.

Miyake (Tsutome). Floi-a of Saghalin. >SVe Miyabe ( K. ).

4to. 1915.
Monckton (Horace Wooliaston). The Ulora of the Bagshot Dis-
trict, the area of the Main Mass of the Jiagshot Sands.

8vo. London, 1916. Author.
Moore (Thomas John). See Liverpool. Literary and Philo-
sophical Society. Suggestions offered ... to members of the
Mercantile Marine. 8vo. 1862.

Murray (Andrew). Hardy Perennials in tlie New Botanic
Garden, Cambridge. Svo, Cambridr/e, 1848.

Rev. G. Henslow.

Nutting (Charles Cleveland). American Hydroids. Part 111.

The Campanularida^ and the Bonneviellidaj. Pp. ii, 126 ;

27 plates, 70 text-tigs. (Special Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. Pt. 3.)

4to. Wushiiviton, 1915.
Pears (Isaac). On the Production of Animal Pood, with refer-
ence to the propriety of breaking up pastures.

8vo. Cambridf/e, 1852. Rei>. G. Henslow.
Pettigi'ew (John Bell). Design in Nature: Illustrated by Spiral
and other Arrangements in the Inorganic and Organic King-
doms as exemplitied in Matter, Porce, Life, Growth, Khythms,
&c., especially in Crystals, Plants, and Animals. AVith Ex-
amples selected from the lieproductive, Alimentary, Respiratory,
Circulatory, Nervous, Muscular, Osseous, Locomotory, and other
Systems of Animals. 3 vols. 4to. London, ] 908.

l)r. James Murie.
Pontoppidan (Erik Ludvigsen). The Natural History of Nor-
way . . . Translated from the Danish oi'iginal, &q. 2 Pts.

fol. London, 1755.

Preston (Hugh Berthon). See Blanford (W. T.). The Fauna

of British India. Mollusca. (Freshwater Gastropoda and

Pelecypoda.) Svo. 1915.

Prosper (Eduardo Reyes). Las Estepas de Espaua y su

vegetacii'ii. 8vo. Madrid, 1915. Author.

Pugsley (Herbert William). Xarcissus podicus and its allies.

(Suppl.Joiirn. of Botany, 1915.) Svo. Londoji, 1915. Author.

Rao (M. Rama, Jiao Sahib). Flowering Plants of Travancore.

Svo. Trivandrum, 1914.

A preliminary Note on the liability of Travancore Timbers

to attacks of Insects. Svo. Trivandrum, 1914.

Author.

ADDITIOXS TO TIIK LinHARY. lOI

Ray Society. Publications (continued).

WoRSDELL (W. C). The Principles of Plant-Teratoloo-y. "^ol. I.

8vo. 1915.

Reid (Clement) and Reid (Eleanor Mary). The Pliocene Floras of
the Dutch-Prussian Border. (Mededeel. van de Rijksopsporing
van Delfstoffen, No. (1) 4to. Tlte Hague, 1915. Authors.

Reid (Eleanor Mary). See Reid (Clement). The Pliocene Floras
of the Dutch-Prussian Border. 4to. 1915.

Renanld (Ferdinand). Prodrome de la Flore Bryologique de
Madagascar, des Mascareignes et des Coinores, &c. (Coll. d.
Mem. &c. publics par ordre de S.A.S. le Prince Albert l'"''.)

4to. Monaco, 1897(1898).
Schafer {Sir Edward). \n Introduction to the Study of the
Endocrine Glands and Internal Secretions. (Lelaud Stanford
Junior Univ. Publicatious, Univ. Ser. 18.) 8vo. 1914.

Schuchert (Charles). Revision of Paleozoic Stelleroidea, with
special reference to North American Asteroidea. (Bull. U.S.
Nat. Mus. 88.) 8vo. Washington, 1915.

Sclater (Philip Lutley) and Thomas (M. R. Oldfield). The Book
of Antelopes. 4 vols. 4to. London, 1894-1900.

Vols. I. & II. presented by E. T. Browne.
' Scotia' S.Y. Report on the Scieiititic Results of the Voyage of
S.Y. ' Scotia,' &c. See Scottish Ooeanographical Laboratory.
Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. 4to. 1908->

Scottish Oceanographical Laboratory. Scottish National Ant-
arctic Expedition. Rept)rt on the Scientific Results of the
Voyage of the S.Y. 'Scotia' during . . . 1902-04, under the
leadership of W. S. Bkuce. A^ol. lIl.-» 4to. Edinburgh, liKt8->
Shackleton {Sir Ernest Henry). See British Antarctic [' Nini-
rod 'J Expedition, 1907-9. 4to. 1910^

Siboga-Expedite. Livr. 75, 76. 4to. Leiden, 1915-6.

Prof. Max Weber.

Smith (Ei^gar A.). See British Museum (Natural History).

'Terra Nova' Expedition. Zool. Vol.11. No. 4. Mollusca.

Part 1.

Smith (Matilda). See Cheeseman (T. F.). Illustrations of the

New Zealand Flora. 4to. 1914.

Soule (Richard). A Dictionary of English Synonymes and

Synonymous or Parallel Expressions, &c. 8vo. Boston, 1876

J. Hopkinson.
Standley (Paul C). See Wooton (E. 0.). Flora of New Mexico.

8vo. 1915.
Stockholm.

Kungl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien.

Personforteckningar 17^59-1915, Utgifna af E, W.

Dahlgeen. 8vo. Stockholm, 1915.

Acta Horti Bergiani. Meddelanden frau Kongl. Svenska

Vetenskaps-Akademiens Triidgard Bergielund . . . redi-

gerade af V. B. Wittiiock, &c. Bd. I.->

4to. Stodchohn, 1891 >. Dr. R. E. Fries.

102 MVNKAN SoclKIV nl LoNDoX.

Suter (Hemy). jManinil of llie New Zeiilaiul Mollusca. Alias,

4lo. Wiirnn/lon, iX.Z., IJ)).'.

The Minister of Internal Affairs, N.Z.
Swanton (Ernest W.)- British Plaiit-CialLs : a classilied Text-
book of C'fcidolooy. 8vo. London, 1912.
Thomas (Michael Rogers Oldfield). The liook of A)itel()])es.
AVr Sclater (P. L.)- 4to. 1894-1900.
Thonner (Franz). Tiie Flowei-injr Plniits of Africa, an analytical
key to llie (ienei'a of African l-'iianerogams.

4to. London, 1915.
Trouessart (Edouard Louis). Catalogus Mannnalium tain
viventiuni quani fossilimn. Nova editio. 2 vols.

8vo. BeroUni, 1897-99.

Quiii(]iieiit:ale .Snppleinentum (1899-1904).

8vo. Beroluri, 1904-5.

Tagart Bequest.

Twitchell (Mayville W.). See Clark (W. B.). Tlie Mesozoic

anil Cenozuic KchiiioiUM-niata of the L iiited states. 4to. 1915.

United States Geological Survey {contlnned).

Monooraphs. A'ol. LI A'. 4to. Washhir/ton, 1915.

Vol. LIY. Tlie Mesozoic and Ceiiozoic Ecliiiioderinata of the United
States. l>y W. B. C'i>ari\ and M. W. Twttciiell. 1915.

Urbana, University of Illinois.

Illinois Biologicnl IMonograplis. Vol. !.-> Svo. Urbaiia, 19'i4->-

Vayssiere (Albert). Mollusques Euptcropodes (Pteropodes
Thecosomes) proAonant des canipagnes des yaidits Tlirondelle
et Princesse-Alice (]885-191Ji). >See Albert (Honore Charles).
Resultats des Campagnes scientifiques, Fasc. xlvii.

4fo. 1915.

Watson (Hewett Cottrell). Topographical Botany. 2 Pts.

8vo. Thames JJittun (jx'ivaiehj irrinled), 1873-74.

Wheldon (James Alfred). Some Alien Plants of the Mersey
Province. (Jjancashire & Cheshire Naturalist.)

Svo. Darwen. 1912-14. Author.

White (James Walter). The Floia of Bristol. Being an Account
of all the Flowering Plants, F(n-i)s, and their Allies that have
at any time been found in the disti-ict of the Bristol Coal-
Fields, etc. Svo. Bristol, 1912.

Wooton (E. 0.) and Standley (Paul C). Flora of New Mexico.
(Contrih. U.S. Nat. llcil). xix.) Svo. Washington, 1915.

Worsdell (Wilson Crosfield). The Principles of Plant-Teratology.
A^ol. 1. (Kay Society.) Svo. London, 1915.

Zoologische Mededeelingen uitgegeven vanwege 'sEijks Museum
van Natuurlijke llistorie te Leiden. 3Jeel ].->

Svo. Leiden, 1915>

BENEFACXIOXS. I03

BENEFACTIONS.

List in accordance xvith Bue-Laivs, Chap. XVII. Sect. 1, of all
Donations of the amount or value of Tiventy-five pounds and
upwards.

1790.
The Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bt.

Cost of Copper and engraving of the plates of the first vohinie
of Transactions, 20 in number.
The same : MedaUion of C. von Linne, by C. F. Inlander.

1796.

The same : a large collection of books.

1800.

Subscription towards the Charter, =£295 As. Qd.

Claudius Stephen Hunter, Esq., F.L.S. (Gratuitous professional
services in securing the Charter).

1803.
Dr. Richard Pulteney.

His collections, and £200 Stock.
Aylmer Bourke Lambert, Esq.

Portrait of Henry Seymer.

1804.
The E-t. Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bt.
His collection of Insects.

1807.

Richard Anthony Salisbury, Esq.

Portrait of Daniel Solander, by J. Zoffany.

1811.
The Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bt.

His collection of Shells.
Mrs. Pulteney.

Portrait of Dr. R. Pulteney, by S. Beach.

1814.

Joseph Sabine, Esq.

Portrait of C. von Linne, after A. Roslin, reversed.
Dr. John Sims.

Portrait of Dr. Trew.

1818.

Subscription of ,£215 6s. for Caley's Zoological Collection.

1819.

The Medical Society of Stockholm.

A medallion of C. von Linne in alabaster.

104 LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONUOX.

1822.

liust of Sir Josoph Banks, Bt., by Sir F. Cliautrey, E.A.
Subscription of tlie Fellows.

1825.

Tlie late Naturiil Ilistorv Society.

^190, 3.J Stock.
Bust of Sir .Tallies Edward Smith, P.L.S., by Sir F. Cliantrey,
ll.A., by Subscribers.

1829.
Subscription for the purchase of the Linnean and Suiithian
Collections, ^1593 8s.

1830.
Sir Thomas Grey Cullum, Bt.
.£1<»U Bond f^iveii u|i.

1832.
The Honourable East India Company.

East Indian Herbarium (AVallicliian Collection).

1833.

Subscription for Cabinets and mounting the East Indian Herbarium,
£315 Un.

1835.
Subscription portrait of Eobert Brown, by H. AV. Pickersgill, E.A.

1836.

Subscription portrait of Edward Forster, by Eden Upton Eddis.
Subscription portrait of Archibald Meuzies, by E. U. Eddis.

1837.

Subscription portrait of Alexander MacLeaj', by Sir Thomas
Lawrence, P. E.A,

1838.
Collections and Correspondence of Nathaniel John "Winch.
Portrait of Dr. Nnlhnniel "Wallich, hv John Lucas, presented by
Mrs. Smith, of Hull.

1839.
Subscription portrait of AVilliam Yarrell, by Mrs. Carpenter.

1842.
David Don : herbarium of woods and fruits.
Archibald Menzies : bec^uest of .£100, subject to legacy duty.
Portrait of John Ebenezer Bicheno, by E. L^. Eddis, presented by
Mr. Bicheno.

1843.
Subscription in aid of the funds of the Society, £994 3s.
Subscription portrait of Sir AVilliam Jackson Hooker, by S. Gam-
bardella.

BETSTEFACTIOXS. I05

1845.

Microscope presented by Subscribers.

1846.

Joseph Jaiison : ^iOO legacy, free of duty, aud two cabinets.

1847.

[Bequest of =£200 in trust, by Edward Kudge ; declined for reasons
set forth in Proceedings, i. pp. 315--J17.]

1849.

Portrait of Sir J. Banks, Bt., bv T. Phillips, E.A.. presented hv
Capt. Sir E. Home, Bt., R.N.

1850.

Subscription portrait of the Et. Eev. Edward Stanley, D.D.,
Bishop of jS'or\Aieli, by J. li. Maguire.

1853.

Portrait of Carl von Linne, after A. Eoslin, by L. Pascli, pre-
sented by Eobert Brown,

Pastel portrait of A. B. Lambert, by John Russell, presented by
Robert Brown.

1854.

Professor Thomas Bell, =£105.

1857.

Subscription portrait of Prof. T. Bell, P.L.S., by H. W. Pickersgill,

R.A.
Thomas Corbyn Janson : two cabinets to hold the collection of

fruits and seeds.
Pleasance, Lady Smith : Correspondence of Sir J. E. Smith, in

19 volumes.

1858.
Subscription portrait of Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward, by J. P.

Knight.
Richard Horsman Soll}^ ^90 after payment of Legacy Duty.
Subscription for removal to Burlington House, .£1108 15s.
Biogra])hy of Carl von Linne, and letters to Bishop C. F.

Meunander, presented by Miss Wray.
Dr. Horsfield's Javan plants, presented by the Court of Directors

of the Hon. East India Company.
Dr. Ferdinand von Mueller's Australian and Tasraanian plants,

including many types.

1859.
Books from the library of Robert Brown, presented by J. J.

Bennett, Sec.L.S.
Robert Brown : bequest of two bonds given up, £200.

1861.

Subscription bust of Robert Brown, by Peter Slater.

Collection of birds' eggs, bequeathed by John Drew Sahnon, F.L.S.

Io6 LINNEAN SOCIKTY OF LOMKJX.

1862.

The Linnean Club : presentalioji busl of Prof. Thomas Boll, by
P. Slater.

1863.
Subscription portrait of John Joseph Bennett, by E. U. Eddis.

1854.
Beriah Botiield, Esq. : Legacy, £40 less Duty.

1865.

Executors of Sir J. W. Hooker, .£100.

George Benthani, Esq. : cost of 10 plates for his " Tropical Legunii-
nosse," Trans, vol. xxv.

1866.
Dr. Friedrich Welwitsch : Illustrations of his ' Sertuui Augolense,'
£130.

1867.
George Bentham, Esq. : General Index to Transactions, vols, i.-xxv.
Royal Society : Grant in aid of G. S. Brady's paper on British
Ostracoda, .£60.

1869.
Carved rhinoceros horn from Lady Smith, formerly in the ])Osses-
sion of Carl von Linne.

1874.
Subscription portrait of George Bentham, by Lowes Dickinson.
George Bentham, Esq., for expenditure on Library, £50.

1875.

Legacy from James Tafes, £50 free of Duty.
,, „ Daniel Hanbury, £100 less Duty.

1876.
Legacy of the late Thomas Corbyn Janson, £200.

,, ,, ,, Charles Lambert. £500.

George Bentham, Esq. : General Index to Transactions, vols.
xxvi.-xxx.

1878.
Subscription portrait of John Claudius Loudon, by John Linnell.
Subscription portrait of Eev. Miles Joseph Berkeley, by James
Peel.

1879.
Eev. George Ilenslow and Sir J. D. Hooker : Contribution to
illustrations, £.35.

1880.

The Secretary of State for India in Council: cost of setting up
Dr. Aitchison's paper, £'M.

BEXEF ACTIONS. I07

1881.
George Benthain, Esq., special donation, =£25.
The same: towards Jlicliard Kippist's pension, .£50.
Portrait of Dr. St. (jeorge Jackson Mivart, by Miss Solomon;
presented by Mrs. Mivart.

1882.

Executors of the late Frederick Currey : a large selection of books.
Subscription portrait of Charles Robert Darwin, by Hon. John

Collier.
The Secretary of State for India in Council : Grant for publication

of Dr. Aitcliison's second paper on the Elora of the Kurrum

Valley, ^00.

1883.
Sir John Lubbock, Bt, (afterwards Lord Avebury).

Portrait of Carl von Linne, ascribed to M. Hallman.
Philip Henr}' Gosse, Esq.: towards cost of illustrating his paper,

.£25.
Royal Society : Grant in aid of Mr. P. H. Gosse's paper, <£50.
Sophia Gi'over, Harriet G rover, Emily Grover, and Charles Ehret

Grover : 11 letters from Carl von Linne to G. D. Ehret.

1885.

Executors of the late George Bentham, .£567 lis. 2d.
Subscription portrait of George Busk, by his daughter Marian

Busk.

1886.
A large selection of boohs from the library of the late Dr. Spencer

Thomas Cobbold (a bequest for a medal was declined).
Sir George MacLeay, Bt. : MSS. of Alexander MacLeay and

portrait of llev. William Kirby.

1887.
William Davidson, Esq.: 1st and 2ud instalments of grant in aid

of publication, £50.
Francis Blackwell Forbes, Es(|., in aid of Chinese Flora, £25.

1888.

The Secretary of State for India in Council: Grant in aid of

publication of i*esults of the Afghan Boundary Delimitation

Expedition, =£150.
Dr. J. E. T. Aitchison, towards the same, £25.
Trustees of the Indian Museum : Mergui Archipelago report, for

publication in Journal, £135.
Dr. John Anderson, for the same, £G0.
Wm. Davidson, Esq, : 3rd and last instalment, £25.
Sir Joseph Hooker : (1) Series of medals formerly in possession

of George ]5entliam ; (2) Gold watch, key, and two seals

which belonfred to Robert Bro\^•u.

I08 MNXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXUOX.

1889.
Bronze copy of model tor 8t;itiie of (.', von Linno, by J. F. Kjellberg ;
presented by J'' rank Crisp, Esq.

1890.

The Secretary of State for India in Council : Grant for Delimitation

Expedition rejwrt, £200.
Ouk table for Meeting Room, presented by Frank Crisp, Esq.
Subscri|)tion portrait of Sir Joseph Dalton Uooker, K.C.S.I., l^y

Hubert Herkomer, R.A.
Executors of the late John Ball, Esq. : a large selection of books.
An anonymous donor, £'A0.
Colonel Sir Henry CoUett, K.C.B., towards the publication of his

Shan States collections, =£50.

1891.

Subscription portrait of Sir John Lubbock, Bt. [Lord Avebury],

by Leslie Ward.
George Frederick Scott Elliot, Esq., towards cost of his Madagascar

paper, <£t)0.

1892.
Dr. Richard Charles Alexander Prior: for projection lantern, £50.

1893.

The Executors of Lord Arthur liussell : his collection of portraits

of naturalists.
Electric light installation: cost borne by Frank Crisp, Esq.

1894.
Algernon Peckover, Esq. : Legacy, .£100 free of Duty.
]\liss Emma Swan : " Westwood Fund," =£250.

1896.

Clock and supports in Meeting Room, presented by Frank Crisp,
Esq.

1897.
AVilliam Carruthers, Esq.: Collection of engravings and photo-
graphs of portraits of Carl von Linnc.
Roval Societv : Grant towards pnblication of paper by the late

' John Ball, =£(i0.
Subscription portrait of Professor George James AUmaii, by
Marian Busk.

1898.
Sir John Lubbock, Bt. : Contribution towards his paper on

Stipules, £43 1-li.-. 9(/.
Royal Society : Contribution towards F. J. Cole's paper, £50.
„ ,, „ ., Murray &Blackman*s paper,

£80.'
„ „ ,, ,, Elliot Smith's paper, £50.

„ „ ,, ,, Forsyth Major's paper, £50.

13E\EFACTIO:fS. I 09

1899.

Alfred Charles AVilliam Haruiswortli, Esq. [afterwards Lord
Nortlicliffe] : Contribution towards cost of plates, £43.

Jloyal Society : Contribution towards Mr. K,. T. Giinther's paper
ou Lake Urnii, =£50.

1901.

Hon. Charles Ellis, Hon. Walter Kothschild, Frank Crisp, Esq.,
¥. D. Grodman, Esq., and the Benthaui Trustees : The Corres-
pondence of William Swainson.

Royal Society : Contribution tox^ards Mr. F. Chapman's paper on
Funafuri Foraminifera, £50.

Prof. E. liaj Lankester : Contribution towards illustration, £30 5s.

Portrait of Dr. St. G. J. Mivart, presented by Mrs. Mivart.

1903.

Royal Society : Contribution toward Dr. Elliot Smith's paper, £50.
liegacy from the late Dr. R. C. A. Prior, £100 free of duty.
Mrs. Sladen : Posthumous Portrait of the late Walter Percy

Slnden. by H. T. VV^ells, R.A.
B. Arthur Beusley, Esq. : Contribution to his paper, £44.

1904.

Royal Society : Grant in aid of third volume of the Chinese Flora,

£120.
Supplementary Royal Charter : cost borne by Frank Crisp, Esq.

(afterwards Sir Frank Crisp, Bt.).

1905.

Royal Society : First grant in aid of Dr. G. H. Fowler's ' Biscayan

Planktoii,'* £50.
Executors of the late G. B. Buckton, Esq. : Contribution for

colouring plates of his paper, £26.

1906.

Royal Society : Second grant towards 'Biscayan Plankton,' £50,
Subscription portrait of Prof. S. H. Vines, by Hon. John Collier.
Royal Swedish Academy of Science : Copies of portraits of C. von

Liune, after Per Krafft the elder, and A. Roslin, both by

Jean Haageu.

1907.
Royal University of Uppsala : Copy by Jean Haagen of portrait of

C. V. Linue, by J. H. Scheft'el (1739).
Royal Society : Third and final grant towards 'Biscayan Plankton,'

£50.
The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : First f'rant

towards publication of Mr. Stanley Gardiner's Researches

in the Indian Ocean in H.M.S. ' Sealark,' £200.

1908.

Prof. Gnstaf Retzius : Plaster cast of bust of Carl von Linno,
modelled by Walther Runeberg fr(jm the portrait by Scheffel
(1739) at Linnes Hammarby ; the bronze original designed

no LINNEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON.

for flu' fa<;ix(le of the new building for tlie Royal Academy of
Science, kSrockholii).
Miss Sarah ^fariaiitie Silver (afterwards Mrs. Sinclair), F.L.S. :
Cabinet formerly belonging to Mr. S. W. Silver, F.L.S.

1909.

The Trast(^es of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Second grant
towards publication of Mr. Stanley Gardiner's lieseai'ches in
the Indian Ocean in H.M.S. ' Sealark,' iJ200.

Prof. James William llelenus Trail, F.li.S., F.L,S. : Gift of =£100
in Trust, to encourage Research on the Nature of Proto-
plasm.

1910.

Royal Society : Grant towards Dr. G. H. Fowler's paper on

Biscayan Ostracoda, £50.
Sir Joseph Hooker : Gold watch-chain worn by Robert Brown,

and seal with portrait of Carl von Linne by Tassie.
Prof. J. S. Gardiner : Payment in aid of illustrations, £'35 Os. 6d.
Sir Frank Crisp : Donation in Trust for Microscopical Research,

£200.
The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Third grant

towards publication of Prof. Stanley Gardiner's Researches

in the Indian Ocean, £200. (For third volume.)

1911.

The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Second
Donation towards the publication of the third volume on
the Indian Ocean Researches, £70.

The same : First Donation towards the fourth volume, £130.

1912.

The Indian Government: Contribution towards the illustration

of Mr. E. P. Stebbing's paper on Himalayan Chermes,

£46 15s. 2d.
The late Mr. Francis Tagart, £5u0 free of Legacy Duty.
The late Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, O.M., G.C.S.I., £100 free of

Legacy Duty.
The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Second

Donation towards the publication of the fourth volume on the

Indian Ocean Researches, £140.
The same : First Donation towards the fifth volume, £00.

1913.

Royal Society : Grant towards Dr. R. R. Gates's paper on

Mutating Oenotheras, £()0.
Sir Frank Crisp, Bt., AVallicliian Cabinets, £50.
The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Second

Donation towartls the publicalion of the fifth volume, £200.

BENErACTIONS. Ill

1914.
Eoyal Society : Grrant towards Miss Gibbs's paper ou the Flora of

British jN'orth Borneo, £50.
Miss Foot : Cost of illustration of her paper ou Euacliistus.
The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund ; Third DouatioQ

towai'ds the tifth volume, ,£10.
The same: First Donation towax'ds the sixth volume, c£190.

1915.

The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Second

Donation towards the sixth volume, X80.
Miss Foot : Cost of second paper on Easchistus, £32 10s.
Eoyal (Society : Donations towards the cost of a paper by

Mrs. Arber, D.Sc, 0240.
The same : towards paper on Utakwa Eiver plants by Mr. H. N.

Eidley, C.M.G., F.R.S., £50.
Miss Mariettti Pallis ; Instalment of cost of her paper on

Plav, £30.
Sir Frank Crisp, Bt. : New shelving for Wallace's Volumes.

1916.

Mr. E. Heron- Allen : Contribution to cost of paper on Foramini-

fera of N.W. Scotland, £44.
Messrs. H. Takeda and C. West : Contributioii towards the

illustration of their paper, £40.
Eoyal Society : Contribution towards the illustration of two

papers by Prof. Dendy, £40.
The same : Contribution towards Mr. Svvynuertou's paper on

Form and Coloration, £70.
The High Commission tor the Union of South Africa, per

Dr. J. D. F. Gilchrist, for the illustration of his paper on

Jasus Lalandii, £30.
Miss Marietta Pallis : Balance of cost of her paper on Plav,

£90 16s. i}d.

INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS.

SESSION 1915-1 91G.

Xo/c. — The following nve not indexed : — The name of the Chairman at each meeting
speakers wliose remarks are not reported ; and passing allusions.

Accouuts, 18-20.

Acorn producing twin plants shown

(llathbone), 8.
Additions to Library, 93-102.
Address, Presidential, 17, 21-52.
Alexander, Reginald Gervase, deceased,

15 ; obituary, 53.
Anura Phanerogiossa, the Structure of

the Vertebral Colunm in (NichoUs),

79-
Arber, Mrs. A., elected Councillor, 1 7.
Assheton, J)r. Eichard, deceased, 1,15;

obituary, 54.
Associate, deceased, 16 ; elected, 16.
Auditors elected, 13.
August Heleoplankton of same North

Worcestershire Pools (Gridiths), 9.

Bagshot District, some aspects of its

Flora (Moncktou), 5.
Bailey, F. M., deceased, 15 ; obituary,

55-
Baksh, Mohamad Maula, admitted, 6 ;

elected, 3 ; proposed, i.
Ballot lor Council, 2 (Si)ecial) ; 17.

— for Otficers, 17.

— for Secretary, 2.
Barratt, VV., Scrutineer, 17.
Biirrington, R. M., deceased, 15 ;

obituary, 56.
Bartram, John, pioneer American

Botanist (Herring-Browne), 7.
Bastian. Prof. H. C, deceased, 15;

obituary, 57.
Bateson, Prof. W., elected Councillor,

»7-
Beddard, Frank IJJvers, F.R.S., Liiinean

Medal i)reseuted to, 52.
Benefactions, 103-111.

Bcniieitiies, petrified cone of, from the

English Gault (Stopes), 79.
Blastovi/fifh ( Porter & Fantham), 1 1.
Boodle, L. A., elected Councillor, 17.
Bourne, Prof. G. C, new species of

Edwanhia from New Guinea, 11.
Box, Distribution of (Stapf), 9.
British Flora, Southern elements of

(Stapf), II.
Brown, Thomas William, elected, 78 ;

proposed, 12.
Browne, Edward Thomas, admitted, 3 ;

elected Councillor, 2, 17.
Bunyard, E. A., Origin of the Garden

Red Currant, 13.
Burne, R. K., elected Councillor, 17.
Butterlly Mimicry (Presidential Ad-
dress), 21-52.
Uu.v/is sempervire/is, Linn., Distribution

of (Stapf), 9.

Caiman, Dr. W. T.. retirement from
Council, 17 ; withdrawn, 16.

CharaceiF, new type of F'ossil (Reid &
Groves),-78.

Chinese HuUessOat seeds (Henderson),

79-
Christy, Miller, Definition of "Rigiit"

and ■' Left," 5.
Clavafor, gen. nov. (Reid & Groves),

7v
Clitlieroc, W., removed. 16.
Collinge, VV. E., new Idutea (Isopoda)

from the Sea of Marmora, 14.
Coloration of the Ermine (Goodrich),

8.
Cooper. Wilfrid Omer, admitted, 10;

elected 10 ; proposed. 6.
Cotton, A. D., elected Councillor. 17.

113

Council elected, 17.

Councillors retiring, 17.

Crisp, Sir Frank, Bt., ))respnt:ition to
Library, 10; retirement fro.n Coun-
cil, 17.

Dakin, Prof. W. J., Enteropneusta
t'rotn the Abrolhns Islands, 1 1.

Dennis, Win., withdrawn, 16.

Dispersal of Organisms (Willis), 1^.

Distant, W. L., Rhynehota from the
Indian Ocean (eommunioated by
Prof. J. Stanley Gardiner), 79.

Donations to Library, g-^-ioi.

Drake-Brockmau, E.. E., withdrawn,
16.

Dresser, Henry Eeles, deceased, 15;
obituary, 58.

Dymes, T. A., On the Seed-mass of
Hellehorus f(etidus, Linn., 4 ; Scruti-
neer, 2, 17.

Earland, A., ace Heron-Allen. E.
Kdmcprls/a, Quatr., new species from

New Guinea (Bourne), 11.
Elliott, Dr. William Thomas, elected,

78 ; proposed, 12.
Enock, F., removed, 16.
Enteropneusta, new species from the

Abrolhos Islands (Dakin), 11.

Fantham, Dr. H. B., on Spirochtctes,
1 1.

Fawcett, Wra., withdrawn, 16.

Fellows, deceased, 15; reuioved, 16;
withdrawn, 16.

Figured Ebony, samples of, shown by
General Secretary. 4.

Foraminifera of the West of Scotland,
collected by Prof. Herdman (Heron-
Allen & Earland), 2.

Foreign Members, deceased, 16; elec-
ted, 12 ; proposed, 8 ; vacancies in
list announced, 5.

Forestry ai home and abroad (Stebbing),
10.

Fossil Characea? (Reid & Groves), 78.

Gardiner, Prof. J. Stanley, communi-
cation by (Distant), 79.
Gasking, S., withdrawn, 16.
Giardia (Lamhlia) infest inalis (Porter),

Gilchrist, Dr., Jasus lalandii, 9.
Godfery, Colonel Masters John,
mitted, 78.

ad-

G(«)drich, E. S., coloration of the
Ermine, 8 ; elected Councillor. 2, 17 ;
elected Secretary, 2 ; on Reproduc-
tion o( Prutodrilus. 3.

Griffiths, B. Millard. Tlie August
Heleoplankton of some Nortii Wor-
(•e.stersiiire Pools, g.

Groves, James, elected Auditor, 13;
elected Couucillor, 17 ; on fossil
Characefe, 78.

Gwynne-Vauglian, Prof. D. T., de-
ceased, I, 15 ; obituary, 61.

Hall, Leslie B.. elected Auditor, 13.

Heleoplankton of some Nortli Wor-
cestershire Pools (Griffiths), 9.

Helleborus fuetid/is, its Seed-mass and
Dispersal (Dymes), 4.

Henderson; Dr. G., Seeds of Opium
Poppy from the Punjaub, & Chinese
Hulless Oats, 79.

Herdman, Prof. W. A., Foraminifera
collected by, i ; retirement from
Council, 17.

Hereditary Transmission of small
Variations and the Origin of Butter-
fly Mimicry (Presidential Address),
21-52.

Heron-Allen, E., & A. Earland, Fo-
raminifera of the West of Scotland,
2.

Herring-Browne, Miss C, " John
Bartram," 7.

Hitchins, Dr. Alfred Bishop, elected, 3 ;
proposed, i.

Hooper, Dr. D., removed, 16.

Hopkinsou, John, elected Auditor, 13.

Idotea, new, from the Sea of Marmora

(CoUinge), 14.
Infestation of Bamboos (Stebbing), 8.
Isopod, new, from the Sea of Marmora

(CoUiuge), 14.

Jackson, Dr. B. D., elected Councillor,
17; elected General Secretary, 17;
samples of Figui'ed Ebony shown, 4.

Jasus lalandii (Gilchrist), 9.

Jefferies, Rev. Thomas Albert, ad-
mitted, 2.

Kappel, A. W.. removed, 16.
Kitchener, F. E., deceased, 15.

Lacaita, C. C.

Sikkim, 10.

Plants collected in

LINN. SOC. rnOCEEDlNGS. SESSION 1915-1916.

114

INDEX.

Lecomte, Prof. Henri, plectecl Foreign

Member, 12 ; proposed. 8.
Ijee, Ernest, deceased, 15; obituary.

Librarian's report, 16.

Libniry, additions & donations, 9'5-i02.

presentation to by Sir b\ Crisp,

Bt., 10.
Limestone Vegetation of Wales

(Salisbury), 2.
Linnean Medal presented to Frank

Evers Beddard, F.R.S.. 52.
Lister, Miss Gr., eleoted Councillor, 19.
Lock, R. H., deceased, 15; obituarv,

66.
Loder, Gerald, elected Councillor, 17.
Lyle, Miss Lilian, admitted, i.

MacAndrew, J. J., deceased, 1 5.

MacLeod, Prof. Julius, Variation in
Greniis Milium, 79.

McWalter, Dr. James Charles, elected,
10 ; proposed, 8.

Marchant, Kev. James, presents bronze-
cast porti-ait of Dr. Alfred Russel
Wallace and a copy of his Memoir of
Dr. Wallace, 17.

Massee, George Edward, elected Asso-
ciate, 10 ; proposed, 6.

Meuon, Thottakat Narayana, elected, 3 ;
proposed, i.

Mimicry, new form of (Poulton), 10.

Presi<lential Address, 21-52.

Minchin, Prof. E. A., deceased, i, 15;
obituary, 67.

Miiicliiii, Mrs., Tote of sympathy, 1 ;
— acknowledgment, 2.

Mimiihis moschatus, L., observed near
Sticklepath, Devon (Pershouse), 79.

Mollusca, colour photographs of, shown
(Woodward), 6.

Monckton, H. W., appointed Vice-
President, 78 ; elected Councillor,
17; elected Treasurer, 17; Bagshot
District Flora, 5.

Moss, Dr. C. E., elected Councillor, 17.

Nicholb, Prof. G. E., elected Coun-
cillor, 17.

The Structure of the Vertebral

Column in the Anura Phaneroglossa,
79; — pi-iuted, 80-92.

Obituary notices, 53-78.

Opium Poppy, seeds from the Punjanb
(Henderson), 79.

Origin of Butterfly Mimicry (Presi-
dential Address), 21-52.

Pallis, Miss Marietta, The Structure

and History of Plav, +.
Perrier, Prof. Edniond, elected Foreign

Member, 12 ; jjroposed, 8.
Pershouse, Miss L., Mimidiis moschatiis,

observed near Sticklepath, Devon,

79-

Photographic Studies of Welsh Vege-
tation (Salisbury), 2.

Plav, — tlic tloating fen of the delta fif
the Danube, its Structure and History
(Pallis), 4.

Porter, Dr. Annie, Giardia {Lamhlia)
infestinaU!<, 8.

Porter, Dr. A., & Dr. H. B. Fantham,
Spirochaites and Blasfoc//sfis, 11.

Poult(m, Prof. E. B., A new form of
Mimicry, 10; elected Councillor, 17;
appointed Vice-President, 78.

Hereditary Transmission of Small

Variations and the Origin of Butter-
fly Mimicry (Presidential Address),

2'l-52.

Prain, Sir David, C.M.G., F.R.S.,
elected Coimcillor, 17 ; elected Presi-
dent, 17.

Pi-esidential Address, 17, 21-52.

Protodrilus, on its reproduction (Good-
rich), 3.

Quantitative Variation (MacLeod), 79.

Ramaswami. M. S., deceased, 15.
Eathbone, Miss May, Acorn producing

twin plants, 8.
Rawson, Col. Herbert Edward. C.B.,

admitted, 10; elected. 10; proposed,

6.
Rectal breathing (Tillyard), 14.
Red Currant (Bunyard), 13.
Reid. Clement. F.R.S., and Tames

Groves, F.L,S., New types of Fossil

Ciiaraceffi froui the Purbeck Beds,

78,
Rendle, Dr. A. B., elected Auditur,

13; elected Councillor, 17; elected

Secretary, 17.
Reports by General Secretary and

Librarian, 15-16.
'• Right " and " Left " Definition

(Christy), 5.
Rhytichdta from the Indian Ocean, II.

(Distant), 79.
Robinson, Miss H. M., admitted, 3.
Rodger, Alexander, elected, 6 : pi-o-

po.sed, 3.
Rogers, W'. M., withdrawn, 16.
Rothwell-Jackson, C. L., deceased, 15.

Saccardo, Prof. Pier' Andrea, elected
Foreign Member, 12 ; proposed, 8,

Salisbury, Dr. E., Photographic Studies
of Welsh Vegetation, 2.

Scott, H., retirement from Council, 17.

Scrutineers appointed, 2, 17.

Secretaries elected, 17.

Secretary (General), elected, 15:
Figured Ebony, 4; Report, 15.

Secretary (Zoological), elected, 2.

Seward, Prof. A. C, coninuinication
by (Pall is), 4 ; retirement from
Council, 17.

Sexton, Mrs. Elsie Wilkins, elected, 8 ;
proposed, 5.

Shipley, Dr. A. E., elected Councillor,
17 ; appointed Vice-President, 78.

Sikes, F. H., withdrawn, 16.

Sikkim plants (Lacaita), 10.

Siliceous Soil Vegetation of Wales
(Salisbury), 3.

Sillem, C, Scrutineei", 17.

Solms-Laubach, Count H., deceased,
16 ; obituary, 71.

Southwell, T., witlidrawn, 16.

Spicer, Henry, deceased, 15.

Spirocha?tes and Blastocystis (Porter &
Fantham), 11.

Stapf, Dr. O., F.E.S.. appointed Vice-
President, 78 ; " Distribution of the
Box," 9; elected Councillor, 17.

Southern elements of the British

Flora, II.

Stebbing, E. P., Infestation of Bam-
boos, 8; Aspects of Forestry, 10.

Stopes, Dr. Marie, petrified cone of
Beunettites from the English Grault,

79-

Stuart, Mrs. Beatrice, admitted, 3.
Subalpine Vegetation of Wales (Salis-
bury), 3.

Thomson, J. S., withdrawn, 16.
Tillyard, Robin John, elecied, 3 ; pro-
posed, I.
on Rectal Breathing, 14.

Tims, Dr. II. W. M., withdrawn, 16.
Trail, Prof. J. W. H., Scrutineer, 2.
Transmission of Small V'^ariations

(Presidential Address), 21-52.
Treasurer, elected, 17 ; Report, 15.
TuruhuII, Grervaise, admitted, 12.

Variation in Genus Mniuni (MacLeod),

, 74-

Variations, Hereditary (Presidential
Address), 21-52.

Vertebral Column of Anura Phanero-
glossa, its structure as a basis of
Classification (Nicholls), 79 ; cf. 80-

Vice-Presidents appointed, 78.

Walker, Comr. J. J., elected Coun-
cillor, 17.

Wallace, the late Dr. Alfred Russel,
presentation by Rev. J. Marchant of
bronze -cast portrait and memoir,
17-

Waterfall, W. B.. deceased, 15.

Webb, Wilfred Mai'k, Scrutineer, 2;
exhibition of Hornbill feathers, 2.

Weiss, Prof. F. E., connnunication by
(MacLeod), 79.

West, Prof. G. S., communication by
(Griffiths), 9.

Wigglesworth, Miss G., withdrawn, 16.

Williamson, William, proposed, 15.

Willis, Dr. J. C, Dispersal of Or-
ganisms, 13.

Wood, Dr. John Medley, Associate,
death announced, 5, 16; obituary,
73-

Woodward, B. B., Colour photographs
of Mollusca, 6.

Zeiller, Charles Rene, deceased, 7, 16;
obituary, 74.

ri!lNTEI> KY T.WI.Oll ANlj FI.'ANCIS, UK.n I, ION COl'RT, I-I,liET STREET.

»•»

^^

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

.INNEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON.

129th session.

From November 1916 to June 1917.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR THE LINNEAN SOCIETY,
BUKLINGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY, W.

1917.

PRIXTKD BY TATLOE AKD FRANCIS,
KEI) LION COURT, KLEKT STREET.

CONTENTS.

Pago

List of Publications issued iv

Proceedings of the 129th Session i

Presidential Address 25

Obituaries , 41

Dr. O. Stapf. A Cartographic Study of the Southern

Element in the British Flora. (Plates 1-5.) .... 81

Additions to the Library 93

Benefactions, 1790-1917 113

Donation 122

Index 123

ytt

PUBLICATIONS: SBSsioff July 191G-July 1917.

Journal, Botany.

Vol. XLIII. No. 292. 12/-

„ 293. 7/-

„ 294. 8/-

Journal, Zoology.

Vol. XXXIII. No. 222. 14/-

„ 223. 20/-

>? >»

Transactions, Botany.

Vol. IX. Part 1. 38/-

Trausactions, Zoology.

Vol. XVII. Part 2. 23/-

Proceediiigs, 128th Session, October 1916. 6/-

List of [Fellows, Associates, and Foreign Members], Nov. 1916.

PEOCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-NINTH SESSION,
1916-1917.)

November 2nd, 1916.

Sir Dayid Prain, C.M.G., F.R.S., President, in the Chair,

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 1st June, 191 G,
were read and confirmed.

Amongst the donations special mention was made of the gift of
several volumes by Mrs. Eeid, foi'merly belonging to our late
Fellow, Mr. James Robert Reid, C.I.E., P.L.S.

A special vote of thanks was passed by acclamation for the
present by Sir Frank Crisp, Bt., of a phototypic copy of the
" Codex Viudobonensis Med. Gr. I." of Dioscorides, which was
printed at Leyden in 1906.

The following were proposed as Fellows : — Mr. Sydney Frede-
rick Armstrong, Mr. Devi Sarn Bakshi, Mr. Richard Henrik
Beamish, D.L., Dr. Charles Hall Betts, LL.D., Mr. Robert
Hugh Bunting, Mr. Henry Augustas Hammond Dunn, Mr. Alfred
Ernest Knight, Mr, Leonard John Sedgwick, B. A. (Cantab.), and
Dr. John Lloyd Williams, D.Sc.

Mr. William Williamson was elected a Fellow.

The first paper was by Prof. G. S. Boulger, entitled "Earlv
Chapters in Plant Distribution," in which he sketched the first

LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1916-1917. 6

3 PEOCEBDINGS OF THE

glimpses in the works of Cardinal Bembo, M. de I'Obel, Sir Hans
Sloane, Dr. Christian Mentzel, and J. Pitton de Tournefort. The
last has enjoyed a reputation which his actual record as to plant
distribution does not deserve, believed to be the result of an early
misquotation from his ' Voyage du Levant.' The second chapter
was devoted to Carl von Linne, whose 'Flora Lapponica' and
several tlieses in the ' Amoenitates Academicae ' were brought
forward in support. Next followed Haller, J. G. G-melin, Buffon
and Forskal, C. L. Willdenow, with a brief allusion to P. A.
Broussonet.

Dr. Stapp suggested that reference to the works of Theo-
phrastus Eresios, Euuipf, 'Flora Amboinensis,' and C. de I'Escluse,
* Eariorum stirpium per Hispaniam historia,' would reward the
student of this subject.

The President, in thanking the author, hoped that the con-
clusion of his * Early Chapters ' miglit be given subsequently.

Mr, L. A. Boerada.ile's paper "On the Pontoniinae and
Carides from the Western Indian Ocean," and communicated by
Prof. J. Stanley Gardiner, F.E.S., F.L.S., was read in title.

Mr. E. S. Goodrich, F.E.S., Sec. L.S., gave an exposition of
Prof. E. G. Conklin's ingenious theory of the cause of Eeversal of
Symmetry in twisted Gasteropod Moilusca, illustrating his remarks
by specimens and lantern-slides.

Mrs. Longstaff, Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing, Mr. G. B. Sowerby,
and Lieut.-Col. J. H. Tull Walsh raised a short discussion on
certain points arising from the demonstration, Mr. Goodrich
replying.

November 16th, 1916.

Sir David Prain, C.M.G., F.RS., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 2nd November, 1916,
were read and confirmed.

Dr. William Thomas Elliott was admitted a Fellow.

The General Secretary, Dr. B. Datdon Jacksou", referred to
the presentation at the previous meeting by Sir Frank Crisp, Bt.,
of a coUotyped copy of the ' Codex Aniciae Julianae,' in the
Imperial Library at Vienna, and that he had intended to make a
few remarks upon it at the time, but the very full programme of
the meeting prevented his doing so. He now proposed to take up
the subject, in response to requests made by Fellows. Pedanios
(or Pedakios) Dioscorides was born at Anazarba in Cihcia, and

lilNNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 3

received his education at Tarsus and Alexandria. Details of his
life are wanting, but it seems certain that he was physician to the
Komau legions, and accompanied them into nearl}"^ every country on
the north of the Mediterranean. He was a contemporary of Caius
Plinius the elder, living under the emperors Nero and Vespasian,
and dying about a.d. 77.

His five books on Materia Medica seem to have suffered at the
hands of editors, and it is usual to find two additional books
tacked on, which are obviously not the work of Dioscorides. The
text, even in the earlier MS. Itnown, seems to be derived from still
earlier resources, possibly taking shape about the close of the 3rd
Century. The celebrated ' Codex Aniciae Julianse ' reproduced in
collotype, and brought before the Society at its last meeting, is
stated to have been written about a.d. 512, though freely ascribed
to 40 years earlier (472). It w as acquired by Busbecq, Austrian
Ambassador to Turkey, and finally reached Vienna, where it
now is.

A later ' Codex Neapolitanus ' is also preserved in the Imperial
Library at Vienna, but of about the 7th Century.

In 1763-73, engravings from the Viennese ' Codex jSeapoli-
tanus ' were prepared by the Librarian Gerhard Swieten, the
botanic portion under the care of Baron N. J. Jacquin. In March
1764, a set so far as engraved was sent to Linnaeus for his advice ;
they were to be guarded carefully and shown to no one. The
work was stopped at or soon after Swieten's death in 1772; four
copies are known, two are at Vienna : the best copy has 410
figures, 1-383 are from the ' Codex Neapolitanus,' 384-410 from
the ' Codex Anici^ Julianse ' : the second copy has only 407
figures. The copy at Oxford, given or lent to John Sibthorp in
1786, has 409 figures; the Linnean Society's copy has only 142,
but these are annotated by Jacquin ; possibly the promised con-
tinuation was never sent.

No author has been more commented on than Dioscorides, and
of the score of commentators none has reached the reputation of
P. A. Mattioh, whose works, with or without illustrations, have
reached an extraordinary number of editions in various languages.
His bibliographer, Moretti, states that he possessed 40 editions,
and knew of 11 others in various libraries. Dr. John Sibthorp
(1758-1796), Professor of Botany at Oxford, may be said to be
the last of the line, the splendid ' Hora Grseca,' provided for by
him, and edited by our founder, Sir J. E. Smith, being finished
in 1840 under the care of Dr. John Lindley.

Additional remarks were made by Mr. F. N. Williams, who
referred to a note in the ' Journal of Botany,' xliv. (1906) p. 304j
concerning the determination of " Telephium " in the Codex
now under review to be Cerinthe major, Linn.; he also spoke
of the various notes at different times, in Armenian and Turkish,
and of the help he had derived from Sir George Watt in these
researches.

The Treasurer (Mr. Horace W. Moncktou) and Dr. Otto Stapf

62

4 PROCEICDINGS OF THE

also spoke, the latter detailing some of the observations of Prof.
Wellinauii on the ' Codex,' and the easy identification of some of
the figures in it, with the total falsity of others.

The General Secretary also took up the subject of the new cases
for the Liuneau herbarium, announced for the previous meeting,
but postponed. He said that iu the autumn of 1914 the Council
took steps to guard the Linnean herbarium from damage by
enemv aircraft, by storing it in the basement. This arrangement
rendered consultation troublesome, and, during the past summer,
the Council decided to bring the herbarium from the basement to
its former position in the meeting-room. Additional security was
provided by enclosing the packets of plants in a series of 21 metal
cases, resting in an iron frame, and enclosed within an outer
cabinet lined with sheet asbestos and galvanized steel ; similar
non-combustible material took the place of the glass \\ hich pre-
viously shut in the original Linnean cabinets ; the three old original
cabinets have now been transferred to different uses in another
part of the Society's apartments.

Dr. Eexdle showed specimens and illustrative lantern-slides of
Maidenia, a new genus of ITydrocharidete (see ' Journal of
Botany,' 1914, p. 313) allied to VaUhneriaAoxxnA near the King
Eiver, East Kimberley, N.W. Australia, by Mr. W. V. Fitzgerald.
The plants, which are submerged, consist of a slender stem a few
inches high, rooting in the mud and densely covered with filiform
leaves ; they are dioecious. The small female flowers arise on
much reduced axillary leaf-shoots and resemble those of VaUisneria.
A single flower contained in a spathe is carried above the surface
of the water by a long tlu-ead-like stalk ; it consists of three
purplish-red sepals crowning the ovary, \\ith which alternate three
spreading forked stigmas ; there is no trace of an inner perianth-
whorl or of staininodes. The ovary contains numerous erect
ovules which cover the interior walls. The male flowers arise in
sessile ovoid spikes, several of which are borne in the axils of
adjacent leaves forming an apparent whorl. Each spathe encloses
an axis bearing numerous stamens, and there is no trace of any
perianth ; the male spathe and its contents may therefore be
regarded as comparable with a male inflorescence of ValUsneria
in which each flower has been reduced to a single stamen. The
spathe is easily detached before the anthers are quite mature, and
we may assume that it is carried to the surface of the water, as are
the male flowers of ValUsneria, and that pollination occurs at the
surface of the water in a manner comparable with that described
in V. sjnralis. As in ValUsneria the ripening fruit is drawn
beneath the surface of the water by a spiral contraction of the
stalk.

])r. Otto Stapf and Mr. J. C. Shenstone discussed some of the
points raised, and Dr. Eendle replied.

Ll.NNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 5

A paper by Mr. Arthur William Abaters, F.L.S., F.G.S.,

entitled " Soiiie Collections of the littoral JNJariiie I'auna of the
Cape Verde Islands made by Cyril Crosslaud, M.A., B.Sc, P.Z.S.,
in the summer of 1904 — Bryozoa," was read in title.

Dr. George Henderson, F.L.S., sent for exhibition three
seedless pears, from a tree which practically produces no seeds ;
it is about 25 years old, and usually flowers twice — once very
early in the season, and again two months later, both sets o£
flowers producing fruit, but the later ones often do not ripen.
Dr. Henderson compared these pears with the cultivated plantain,
but the (Smyrna flg, of vvliich lie grows four varieiies, does not
ripen fruit unless at least one flower is fertilized by pollen from
the wild flji'.

November 30th, 1916.

Sir David Prain, C.M.G., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of tlie General Meeting of the 16th jS^ovember,
1916, were read and confirmed.

Dr. Albert John Chalmers, F.Z.S., and Mr. Thomas James
Evans, M.A. (Oxon.), were proposed as Fellows.

The following A\ere elected Fellows : — Mr. Sydney Frederick
Armstrong, Mr. Devi Sarn Bakshi, Mr. Richard Henrik Beamish,
D.L., Dr. Charles Hah Betts, Mr. Kobert Hugh Bunting,
Mr. Henry Augustus Hammond Dunn, Mr. Alfred Ernest
Knight, Mr. Leonard John Sedgwick, B.A. (Cantab.), and
Dr. John Lloyd Williams.

]\rr. James Small, M.Sc, read a paper " On the Floral
Anatomy of some Compositse,"' which was communicated by
Prof. M. C. Potter, F.L.S.

Mr. Small theji gave a demonstration of " "Wind dispersal
Apparatus," and described it thus : —

The purpose of the apparatus is to determine the exact velocity
of the wind required to blow the fruits of the Composite a
sufficient distance to secui'e proper dispersal. The apparatus
consists of an electric fan (the speed of which can be varied),
a long, wide glass tube, and an anemometer. The anemometer
consists of a beam with a disc attached, upon which the wind
impinges, and a scale-pan slung over a pulley, the whole forming
a niechanical couple. The pressure is measured by this instrument
and converted into miles per hour.

The tube is moved away from the fan until the fruits are

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

no longer blown right tlirough ; the wind-pressure at this point
is taken as the niinimum required for the dispersal of the fruit.
In this way it has been found tliat the following mininuim winds
are necessary for the dispersal of the fruits of the species named
below : —

Senecio vuJgaHs — 1"6 m.p,h. = a light air.

Senecio vulgaris, var. radiatus erectus — 1"89 ni.p.h.=a light

breeze.
Ursinia speciosa — 2*G to 2*94 ni.p.h. = a liglit to gentle breeze.
Taraxacum officinale — 1'5 ni.p.h. = a light air.
2\issiIaf/o Farfara — '62 to "65 ni.p.h. = less than a light air.
Cfiutaurea impei'ialis — 7'7 ni.p.h. = a moderate breeze.
Leontopodium alpinum — 4"78 m.p.h. = a gentle breeze.

Dr. D. H. Scott, Dr. E. J. Salisbury, Dr. Helen Gwynue-
Vaughan, and Dr. A. P. Young engaged in a discussion, and
Mr. Small replied.

Mr. T. A. Dymes, F.L.S., contributed " A Note on the Seed of
Iris Pseudacorns, Linn."

Dr. D. H. Scott, Dr. A. B. Eendle, Prof. G. S. Boulger,
Miss M. C>rson, and Mr. J. Eamsbottom contributed further
remarks, and the author replied.

December 14th, 1916.

Sir David Prain, C.M.Gr., F.K.S., President, in tlie Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 30th November,.
1916, were read and confirmed.

Mr. Devi Sarn Bakshi, Mr. Eobert Hugh Bunting, and
Mr. Henry Augustus Hammond Dunn were admitted Fellows.

Mr. H. S. Hoi.DEN communicated and explained a paper by
Miss Isabel McClatchie, B.Sc, entitled " Observations on the
Eoot-System of Impatiens Roylei, Walp."

The paper was discussed by Dr. Ethel N. Thomas, Mr. W. C.
Worsdell, Miss Carson, and Dr. C. E. Moss, Mr, Holdeu
replying.

Dr. Ethel N. Thomas communicated a paper " On the Distri-
bution of Monoecious Plants, and the Occurrence of Hermaphrodite
Flowers in Myrica Gale, with Observations on Variations of
Sex," by Miss A. J. Davey, M.Sc, and Miss M. Gibsox, B.Sc,
which was explained by the authors.

Myrica Gale, the Common Bog Myrtle, is described as being
typically dioecious, but mention has been made by several authors-
of the occasional occurrence of the monoecious condition.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 7

Observations during several successive years on a large area of
Myrica in the peat moors of Somerset show that there is always a
small proportion of monoecious plants, which present all gradations
between the normal pistillate and ?taminate types, further, it
has been found that the sex of a plant may vary from year to
year.

The monoecious plants may be grouped as follows : — •

(rt) Plants bearing both staminate and pistillate catkins of the
normal type. These occur on different shoots, or they may be
mixed on the same shoot. In the latter case, usually the lower
part of the shoot is staminate and the upper part pistillate, but
the reverse order may obtain. Staminate, pistillate, and mixed
shoots may occur on the same plant, and the proportions of each
vary considerably.

(6) Plants bearing androgynous catkins. Such catkins usually
contain stamens below and pistils above, but the reverse arrange-
ment is found also.

(c) Plants whose catkins consist of hermaphrodite flowers.
These flowers (like the unisexual flowers) occur singly in the
axils of the catkin scales. Each flower consists of a central
ovaiy, surrounded by 3 or 4 stamens (less commonly 2). Just
below the insertion of these on the short floral axis, there are two
small outgrowths corresponding to the " bracteoles " of normal
pistillate flowei's. The pistillate flower consists of an ovary
flanked by two " bracteoles " adnate to it, which enlarge and
persist in the fruiting stage ; the staminate flower consists of a
group of stamens (commonly four), without bracteoles.

The hermaphrodite flowers are proterogynous. They produce
normal fruits, and their stamens are functional.

Variations of Sex. — Among plants or shoots marked and
examined in successive years, some showed progressive change
from pistillate to staminate during several seasons ; e. g. plants
producing abundant fruit in 1913 showed mixed shoots in 1914,
and in 1915 became almost entirely staminate. In 1916 several
such cases showed indications of the reverse change.

Some plants appear to be continually fluctuating, while others
remain stable for many seasons.

Prof. Bateson, Mr. W. C. Worsdell, and Dr. C. E. Moss
discussed the paper, and Miss Gibson replied.

January 18th, 1917.

Sir Dayii) Pbaiis^ C.M.G., P.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 14th December^
1916, were read and confirmed.

Mr. Alfred Ernest Knight was admitted a Fellow.

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Dr. Albert John Chalmers and Mr. Thomas James Evans,
M.A., were elected reJlows.

Prof. F. O. Bower, Sc.D., P.R.S., F.L.S., gave a lecture on
" The Morphology of the 8orus of Ferns," the following theses
being iiiaintaiued and illustrated in a long series of lantern-slides
of living and fossil species : —

1. The isolated sporangium (monangial sorus of Prantl) is

frequent among primitive Filicales.

2. The distal or marginal position of the soi'us is prevalent

in primitive types.

3. The transition from a marginal to a superficial position

has frequently occurred.

4. Interpolation of sporangia has led to increased complexity

of the sorus.

5. In simple, gradate, and mixed sori thus constituted the

receptacle varies : it is not a stable entity, but a result
of elaboration of the vein-ending on whicli the sporangia
are seated.

6. Superficial extension of sori occurs.

7. Duplication of sori also occurs.

8. Fusion of sori occurs progressively in various phyla.

9. The fusion-sorus may disintegrate, but not necessarily

along the original lines of fusion.

10. The identity of the sorus may be lost by acrostichoid

development, which has occurred along numerous lines
of phyletic advance.

11. The more complex sori of Ferns, as they are now seen,

are referable along such lines of comparison to marginal
or distal monangial sori.

12. Such a position of isolated or few sporangia is found to

prevail in plants of the Lower Devonian Period.

13. The marginal placentatiou of Seed-Plants is probably

more than a mere analogy.

Dr. D. H. Scott, F.E.S., Prof. J. B. Farmer, F.E.S., and
Mr. W. C. Worsdell discussed some of the points raised, and
Prof. Bower replied.

February 1st, 1917.
Sir David Prain, C.M.G., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 18th January,
1917, were read and confirmed.

Mr. Frederick Moore Clements, F.Z.S., Mr. Henry James
Davies, F.K.S.A., the Eev, James Marchant, and Mr. Henry
Pelix Nortbcote, were proposed as Fellows.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOK. 9

The President stated tliat a vacancy existed in the list of
Poreici^n Members by the death of Julius von Wiesuer,

Mr. C. E. Salmon made a communicatioii on " Some Plants
that might occur in Britain," showing s])ecimens of the plants
considered likely to occur, and certain allied forms possibly to be
mistaken for them. Some undoubtedly native species would
seem unlikely from their European distribution to occur here,
such as Safjina Reuteri, Boiss., and IJoi/cUa alpina, Salisb., whilst
it is manifestly uncertain wliat species may be ultimately found
in Britain. He had therefore chosen the ten following species,
all well-deiined plants, and recognized on the Continent, leaving
out consideration of microspecies for the present.

Ranunculus oloUucos, Lloyd, allied to R. trijiartitus, DC;
Cerastium brachypetalum, Desp., close to C. glomeratum, Thuill.,
especially its subvariety elongatum ; Alsine dunensis, Corbiere,
distinguishable from A. tenuifolia, Crantz ; Spergula Morrisonii ,
Boreau, closely allied to *S'. pentandra, Linn., found in Ireland by
Dr. William Sherard, and recorded in Eay's ' Synopsis,' ed. 3,
p. 351 ; Veronica opaca, Fries, very near V. agrestis, Linn.,
and V. polita. Fries ; Rhinanthus hirsutus, Lam., comparable
with our R. major, Ehrh. ; Ruppia hrachypus, J. Gray, very near
R. rostellata, Koch ; Heleocharis mamillatus, Lindb. f., between
H. pcdustris, R. Br., and H. xmiglumis, Schultes, distinguished
by their fruits, as shown in the diagram exhibited by the
author ; Carex frigida, AIL, previously reported from Scotland,
but the plant then found is now known as C. binervis yav. iSadleri,
Linton ; and lastly, C. kevirostris, Fries, nearest to C. rostrata of
our British species.

Mr. James Groves, Dr. C. E. Moss, Mr. F. K". Williams,
Mr. E. G. Baker, and Mr. E. A. Roli'e took part in the discussion
which followed.

Prof. W. A. Herdman, F.E.S., then gave an account of a
paper by Prof. J. W. Dakin, F.L.S,, on his exploration of the
Houtman Abrolhos Islands.

The last communication was by Messrs. J. Chaeleswobth
and J. Eamsbottom, F.L.S., "On the Structure of the Leaves
of Hybrid Orchids."

An investigation of the various anatomical characters of the
leaves of the parents and their hybrids — cuticle, epidermis,
water-storage tissue, mesophyll, vascular bundles, sclerenchyma,
structure and shape of midrib, etc. — shows that, as a general
rule, a structure when present in both parents in different
amounts, appears in the hybrid intermediate in every way —
quantity, distribution, size and shape of parts, etc. This can
be well seen by observing the microscopic characters of hybrids
which have one parent in common ; Cochlioda Noezliana occurs as
the female pai'ent in six of the primary hybrids investigated and

lO PEOCBBDINGS OF THE

in the two secondary ones : the water-storage tissue and the
number of rows of vascular strands show the point very clearly.
When a character is present in one of the parents, it may or
may not be found in the hybrid : e. g., the leaf of Epidendrum
prism(ttocar2nim shows a large amount of crystalline substance ;
the leaves of the hybrid Lcdia cinnaharina x E. jn'ismatocarjnnn
show these crystals, but not in such great quantity ; the leaves
of tlie hybrid Lcelia tenebrosa x E. prismatocarpum, on the other
hand, do not show any crystals. In general, if the character of
one parent does occur in the hybrid, it is jnuch less developed
than in the parent.

Sections of the leaves of thirteen priiiiar}^ hybrids and their
parents were exhibited.

2 . 6 . Hybrid.

Cochlioda Noezl'wna xAda aurantlaca (Adioda).

„ „ X Miltonia vexillaria

(Miltonioda Ifarivoodii).
,, „ X Odontof/lossum cordatum

( Odontioda Craveniana).
,, „ X 0. Ilarryanimi

( Odontioda CharT.esivorthii').
,, „ X Oncidium incwvum

( Oncidioda Charlesworthii).
,, ,, X 0. macraniJmm [Oncidioda CooJcsonice).

Lcelia cinnaharina X Epidendrum pvismatocarpimi [Epilcelia),.

L. tenebrosa x E. p)nsnnatocarj)um (Epilcelia).

Odontoglossum Edwardii X Cochlioda vulcanica.
,, ,, X Bossii (0. Antiope).

0. Uro- Skinner i X Miltonia Schroederiana.

„ „ X 0. Edwardii (0. Grogonice).

Vanda teres X V. suavis.

Also two secondary hybrids : —

Odontioda CJiarlesivortJiii X Odontoglossum Harriianum

(Odontioda Brewii).
Odontoglossum Uro-Shinneri X Odontioda Charlesivorthii

{Odontioda Irene).

Mr. R. A, llolfe, A.L.S., contributed farther remarks, and
showed leaves of Orchids in illustration.

February loth, 1917.

Sir David Praix, C.M.G., F.E.S., President, in tlie Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 1st February,
1917, were read and confirmed.

Mr. Richard Henrik Beamish and Mr. Thomas James Evans,
were admitted Fellows.

LINNEA>^ SOCIETY OF LONDON. IT

The Pi'esideut announced vacancies for Foreign Members
caused by the deaths of Prof. Ehas Metchnikoff and Prof. Alfred
Cogniaux.

The President explained that Mr. E. A. Eolfe, A.L.S., had
received some flowers of hybrid orchids a few hours previously,
and had brought them for exhibition, but, as the whole time of
the meeting had been previously engaged, this exhibition would
be held in the tea-room, after the meeting.

The following is the abstract furnished by the exhibitor : — ■

(1) Hybrid Orchids (with their parents and grandparents)
showing segregation of character.

Living flowers (13) from the same seed-pod, showing wide range
of variation.
Parentage: Odontioda Charlesworthii (CocJdioda Noetzlianay.
Odontoglossmn Harryanwn) x Odontoglossum crisjmm.

Paintings of seven seedlings from the same seed-pod, showing
variation.
Parentage : Odontioda Charlesiuorthii X Odontoglossum Narry-
amim (one of the original parents).

Paintings of five seedlings from the same seed-pod, showing
variation.
Parentage : Odontioda Charlesworthii x Odontoglossum Phcebe
(cirrhosum x crispum).

Paintings of four seedlings of Lycaste Janeta' from the same
seed-pod (witli parents).
Parentage : Lycaste Rossiuna x L. Shinneri. The segregation
of character in a primary hybrid (incompatabihty) is to b«
noted.

Paintings of sports of the primary hybrid Cypripedium Dauthieri
(with parents).
Parentage: Cypripedium villosumxC harhatum. Successive
sports noted : («) irregularly-striped ; (h) faded ; (o) harle-
quin-coloured; (d) green, approaching the C.villosum parent.
Also a seedling of C. Dauthieri, mucli like the original.

(2) Species of Cycnoches showing sexual dimorphism.

Painting of Cycnoches Warsceiuiozii, showing male and female
flowers on the same inflorescence (the five females at the
base, a dozen males abo\e).

AVith the original specimen dried.

Specimen of Cycnoches Rossianum, showing male and female
flowers on the different inflorescences of the same plant.

The altogether disproportionate size of the females was
noted.

12 PBOCEBDINGS OF THE

Ml*. J. H. Owen, M.A., of Felstecl .School, gave a lantern-
lecture on "The Hoine-lit'e of the Sparrow- Hawk " [Accijnter
nisus (Linn.) Pall.], abstracted as follows : —

After a brief description of the life of the birds from Autumn
to Spring, an account was given of the nesting-habits, from the
selection of tlie nesting-site in March to the scattering of the
young at the end of .1 uly or in the early part of August. A
series of lantern-slides, upwards of 100 in number, was exhibited
to illustrate vai'ious features of the nesting-habits and growth of
the young. Of these, particular interest attached to a series
showing the various methods of brooding in wet weather and the
care taken over tlie welfare of the youngest nestling. Another
series showed the young able to feed themselves, \\hi!e the hen
kept watch above the nest during the course of the meal until the
young are all asleep after the food is finished. Slides were shown
of the visits of young and the old birds to the nest after the
young had left. The majority of the rest of the slides had to do
with the growth of the young from hatching until they are able
to tear up food for themselves.

March 1st, 1917.

Sir David Prain, C.M.G., P.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the loth February, 1017,
were read and confirmed.

Dr. John MtEwen Dalziel, B.Sc.(Ediiib.), was proposed as a
Tellow, and the Abbe Victor Gregoire, Prof. Thomas Hunt
Moi'gan, and Dr. Hans Schinz wei-e proposed as Foreign
Members.

Mr. Frederick Moore Clements, Mr. Henry Jiimes Davies,
r.li.M.S., the Eev. James Marchant, and Mr. Henry Felix
Northeote, were elected Fellows.

The first paper was by Mr. J. C. Motteam, M.B. (Lond.),
entitled " Observations upon the Feeding-habits of Fish, more
especially of Sahuo ftcrio, and of liiverside Birds '' (communicated
by Prof." E. B. Poulton, F.li.S., F.L.S.).

A discussion ensued in which the following took part: —
Prof, llerdman, Prof. Dendy, Mr. AV. Batesou, Mr. H. J. Elwes,
and Mr. F. N. Williams, the author replying.

The paper ainiounced for reading, "The Heterangimns of the
British Coal-Measures," by Dr. D. H. ScoiT, F.RS., F.L.S., was
postponed.

J

LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOjS". I$

A letter addressed by Dr. J. C. McWaltee, Capt. E.A.M.C.,
F.L.S., to the General Secretary, eutitled "A Note on Botany in
Malta," was read by Dr. A. B. Eendle, F.R.S., Sec.L.S. It began
with remarks on the prevalence of Oxalis ceniua, Thunb., in Malta,
still as nniversal as it was more than twenty-live years ago, when
Prof. George Henslow wrote about it (Proc. Linn. Soc. 1890-92,
pp. 31-36), whicli is still quoted as the most recent contribution
to its study. Seasons at Malta are numerous, uncertain, and
erratic, but the Cape Sorrel seems most prevalent in March and
April ; it is now called " The English A\^eed.'"' The writer then
gave his explanation of the abundance of the plant, ascribed to
its freely seeding ; but Henslow distinctly stated that the plant
was trimorphic at the Cape, while only the short-styled form was
present in Malta, and no perfect seed was formed, but bulbils
are abundant.

Dr. McWalter next suggested the cultivation of certain
medicinal plants, of which the present supply is short, but well-
adapted, in his view, for growth in Malta. " Labour is, as a rule,
cheap, and though an era of prosperity now prevails on account of
the war, it is thought that great distress will prevail afterwards
unless useful work be provided for the people."

Additional remarks were contributed by Dr. Eendle, Mr. Elwes,
and the President, who thought that the author should communi-
cate his suggestions about the culture of medicinal plants to the
Colonial Office.

March loth, 1917.

Sir David Prain, C.M.G., P.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 1st March, 1917,
were read and confirmed.

Mr. Heniy Pelix Northcote was admitted a Pellow.

Mr. C. E. Jo^'Es, B.Sc, E.L.S., contributed a communication
on '* Methods of preparing Plants for Exhibition," which was
illustrated by a large number of dried plants mounted on sheets
and a few specimens preserved in a solution of formalin.

Treatment of Green Parts of Plants, notably Floiueriny Plants. —
The process of treating them with a solution of copper acetate
dissolved in strong acetic acid was proposed by Prof. Trail, and
his directions for using a hot solution — now recognised as
generally the best method — are described in the ' Ivew Bulletin,'
1908 (p, 50). The object of the process is to form " permanent
green compounds of chlorophyll and copper." The purer the
chlorophyll, the quicker and better is the green colour obtained,
therefore the fresher the plant the more successful the treatment ;
plants in spring, when the leaves are young and active, give better
results than in autumn ; deciduous-leaved plants as a rule green

•14

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

quickly and well, while evergreens containing decomposition pro-
ducts require protracted boiling, some changing to a brown which
after liO to 40 minutes boiling gradually gives way to a green ;
otliers remain persistently brown or even change to a black. It is
recommended that glass beakers should be used for treating the
specimens in the boiling solution.

Drying after the greening process may be by pressure in drying
paper or in hot sand, the choice depending on the texture of the
plant and if it has greened readily ; plants which require protracted
boiling very frequently become discoloured in sand-drying.

Flowers and Coloured Fruits. — Very rarely can flowers be
brought successfully through the boiling in copper acetate. Red
-and yellow flowers, in which presumably the colour is contained
in the plastid, are occasionally good. Sand-drying has been tried
with verygi'eat care, and the results obtained by some workers are
very pleasing, but on the whole it has been found tliat colours ob-
tained by drying in a cotton-wool press devised by Dr. Fothergill
are more brilliant and may be expected to be more stable. The
features of the press were described by Dr. Fothergill before the
Royal Horticultural Society, and an account appeared in their
J^ournal (JMarcli 1915, p. 40). The essential is quick drying at a
ifairly high temperature. Sand produces too much pressure, and
does not allow the moisture to dissipate so rapidly. Specimens
dried in the press lose, of course, some of their form, but appear
more substantial and are more brilliant in colour.

Ferns. — Pteridophyta for the most part provide very suitable
objects for greening in copper acetate. Several of the common
British ferns, beech-fern, heart's-tongue, and lady-fern, require
long boiling, but if picked when in rapid growth a fairly good
colour can be obtained. Very successful results have been obtained
with Neplirolepis exaltata and its varieties, which were embodied in
an exhibition at the Natural History Museum, S. Kensington,
to show the amount of variation obtainable within the limits of a
single species.

Mosses and Hepatics. — Experiments with frondose hepatics
were fairly successful, also some with foliose such as Scapania.
Also quite a number of mosses gave good colours, but considerable
difiiculty arose in the drying, as the colour ofteu deteriorated in
sand-drying.

Algce require varying treatment according to their colour.
Fresh green algae so far as experience goes can be very success-
fully ti-eated with copper acetate, but for delicate algae the
following solution is recommended, giving good colour and better
fixation : Copper acetate, -2 gr. ; copper dichloride, -2 gr. dissolved
in 100 c.c. of boiled or distilled water. The mixture is allowed to
settle, when a clear solution is obtained which is used cold ; the
algae are immersed 12 hours or longer. The methods adopted for
treating red algae are staining methods, differing therefore from the
copper-acetate process in which the green colour is a compound

LrrTNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 5

of chlorophyll and copper. Of the various stains carmine proved
to be the most generally useful, in the form of Carmalum or
Alum-carmine. A water solution of 1 in 50 or 1 in 100 was
generally adopted. It soon loses its stainiiig power as one speci-
men after another is dipped, and this gives scope for grading the
colour. Immersion varies from about 10 minutes to 2 hours,
according to the strength of the solution. HaBmalum may be
used for red algae that have a purple tone, in connection with
Congo-red or carmalum, each stain being used independently.
Carmalum is the most durable stain ; specimens placed in formalin
and kept on a shelf in subdued light have not materially de-
colorised in 4^ years. For brown algae, notably for Fucus and
allied genera, fixing in picric acid is often better than treatment
with copper-acetate. Ascophyllum turns to a pleasing green in
copper-acetate ; in such a case and where dried specimens such as
Laminaria have too green a colour, it is generally possible to pro-
duce a brown tone by immersing in a solution of permanganate of
potash.

Thes(i experiments have been carried out in connection with
the exhibition of plants in the Depai'tment of Botanv, Natural
History Museum, S. Kensington, where specimens can be seen.

A discussion followed in which the participants were : —
Lt.-Col. Tull Walsh, Dr. O. Stapf, Dr. A. B. Eendle, Mr. H. W.
Darlington, and Mr. A. H. Maude, the author repljang.

Dr. E. E. Gates, T.L.S., read his paper " A Systematic Study
of the North American Melanthacere from the Genetic Stand-
point," which was illustrated by a series of .31 photographs taken
from the herbarium specimens, and by examples from the Linnean
and Smithiau herbaria belonging to the Society.

The author's point of view is the assumption, based upon
experiment during the last fifteen years, that the variations wdiich
mark species have not been universally continuous and infi-
nitesimal, but often definite and discontinuous. Definite variation
is not necessarily orthogenetic variation, but marked variation
which may occur in any, or in many, directions simultaneously.
The experience gained in work on the mutations in (Enothera are
turned to account in this group of Liliales which has not hitherto
been the subject of experiment.

Pairs of species have been taken and investigated on this basis.
Eelated genera showing marked differences in structure often co-
exist side by side, showing that these differences cannot be claimed
as of selective value, but have arisen from " spontaneous variation "
and have been perpetuated by heredity.

The photographs illustrating the reading of the paper were
taken from the Herbarium of the University of California.

The paper was discussed by Dr. Ethel N. Thomas, Dr. 0. Stapf,
a,nd Dr. A. B. Eendle, the author replying.

1 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

March 29th, 1917.

Sir David Praix, C.M.G., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 15th March, 1917,.
were read and confirmed.

Mr. Sydney Frederick Armstrong was admitted a Fellow.

Mr. Arthur John Fry Gibbons was proposed as a Fellow.

Dr. John McEwen Dalziel was elected a Fellow.

The President announced a vacancy in the number of Associates
due to the death of George Edward Massee.

'Sir. SV. Batesok, F.R.S., F.L.S., delivered a lecture entitled
" Prof. T. H. Morgan's AVork on the Mechanism of Heredity,"
and summarised the results of recent work in America by
Prof. Morgan and his fellow-workers on the cytology of the
question, especially upon the fly Drosophila. The lecture was
illustrated bv diagi'ams and manv lanteiMi-slides.

Mr. E. S. "Goodrich, F.E.S., Sec.L.S., and Mr. Arthur W.Sutton,
F.L.S., spoke of the great interest of the lecture, and respectively
moved and seconded the thanks of the Society to the lecturer,
which, on being put by the President, was carried by acclamation.

April 19th, 1917.

Sir David Praix, C.M.G., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 29th March, 1917,
were read and confirmed.

Mr. Harold Downes, M.B., Ch.M.(Edin.), and Mr. James
Udale were proposed as Fellows, and Mr. Albert Bruce Jackson
as an Associate.

The following were nominated as Auditors for the Treasui'er's
Accounts to the 30th April, and were elected by show of hands: —

For the Council : Mr. James Groves and Mr. G.AV. E. Loder.
For the Fellows : Mr. Joun Hopkixson and Lt.-Col. Walsh.

Dr. D. H. Scott, F.K.S., F.L.S., read his paper, "The Heter-
angiums of the Britisli Coal-Measures," illustrating it by lantern-
slides.

Dr. Marie Stopes interrogated Dr. Scott on certain points, to
whom he replied.

I

LINNBAN SOCIETY OV LONDON. I7

Mr. E. S. Goodrich, F.R.S., Sec.L.S., gave an account of the
development of Hatschek's pit and the ciliated organ on the roof
of tlie buccal cavity in Amphioxus from the left anterior ccelomic
sac and from an ectodermal preoral pit in the embryo and larva.
Following Bateson, he compared the opening of Hatschek's pit
with the proboscis-pore of Balanoglossus and water- pore of
Echinoderms. Having sketched the development of the hypo-
physis and anterior cffilomic sacs or premandibular cavities in the
Craniata, Mr. Goodrich pointed out that these cavities have been
shown by Chiarugi (1898) and by Dohrn (1904) to form a tubular
connexion with the hypophysis in the embryo of Torpedo and
Raja. Similar connexions between the premandibular cavities
and tlie hypophysis have been described in Eeptilia by Ostroumoff
(1888) and by Salvi (1902). Mr. Goodrich then suggested that
these premandibular tubes in the Craniata are the original first
pair of coelomostomes belonging to the first pair of ccelomic sacs,
and represented by water-pores in Echinoderms, and by proboscis-
pores in Enteropneusta and CepJialodiscus. The hypophysis of
Craniata is represented in Amphioxus by the ciliated organ
of ectodermal origin situated in front of the true mouth.

A discussion followed in which Prof. E. W. MacBride, F.E.S.
(visitor), Mr. W. Bateson, E.R.S., and Lt.-Col. Walsh took part,
Mr. Goodrich replying.

Miss Nina F- Layakd, F.L.S., read her paper, "Wooden
Scratching-tools made by an African Parrot," illustrating it by
specimens and lantern-slides. She observed that it is often urged
that a very long period of experinjent was necessary before man
finally produced anything so advanced as a Palaeolithic flint tool,
and even weapons of an earlier culture are not considered suffi-
ciently vague in intention to fit the low intellectual capacity
attributed to his earliest representatives. If it should come to
be recognised that in the dumb creation there are instances not
only of tool-users, but of tool-makers, valuable hints may be ob-
tained as to the possible capabilities of the human tool-maker in
the initial stages of his art.

Notes have been taken by the author of the behaviour of a
Grey African Parrot, first in choosing out natural tools, such as
pointed seeds and quills, for use as poll-scratchers, later in
pointing up a match for the same purpose, and finally shaping up
wood in such a way as to appear to warrant the bird's claim to be
described as a tool-maker.

The contention is that if it can be proved that the Parrot,
requiring an implement that would penetrate the featliers to the
scalp, purposely produced a point with this object, then the
border-line between the mere tool-user and the tool-maker has
been crossed.

Mr. W. Bateson, the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, Mr. W. P.
Pycraft, Lt.-Col. Walsh, and Mr. T. A. Dymes took part in the
discussion, the author replying.

linn. SOC. proceedings. — SESSION 1916-1917. c

}S PEOCEBDINGS OF THE

May Srd, 1917.

Sir David Prain, C.M.G., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 19th April, 1917,
were read and confirmed.

The report of the Donations received since the last meeting was
laid before the Fellows, and tlie thanks of the Society to the
several Donors \\'ere ordered.

The General Secretary drew attention to an interesting volume
by Charles Eliot Norton, entitled " The Poet Gray as a Naturalist,
with selections from his notes on the 'Systeina Naturae 'of Linnaeus
and facsimiles of some of his drawings," published by Charles
E. Goodspeed, Boston, 1903, in octavo. His attention has been
drawn to the work by Mr. G. W. E. Loder, who showed him a
copy belonging to Mrs. Arthur Severn. As enquiries for the
work in London proved fruitless, he enquired of our Foreign
Member, Prof. C. S. Sargent, of the Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica
Plain, Massachusetts, as to whether copies were still procurable.
Within the last few days two copies were received, with a most
cordial letter from Prof. Sargent, asking their acceptance " as a
very slight token of my regard and admiration for the Linnean
Society and its officers."

Mr. Walter John Dowson, M.A. (Cantab.), was proposed as a
Fellow.

Mr. Arthur John Fry Gibbons was elected a Fellow, and
Prof. Victor Gregoire, Prof. Thomas Hunt Morgan, and
Prof. Hans Schinz were elected Foreign Members.

Mr. H. W. PuGSLEY, B.A., gave a summary of his paper (com-
municated by Dr. A. B. Eendle, F.E-.S., Sec.L.S.), "An Enume-
ration of the Species of Fumaria, section Splwroca^^nos."

A discussion followed, Mr. James Groves, Mr. F. N. Williams,
Mr. T. A. Dymes, and Mr. A. J. Wilmott taking part, and the
author replied.

Mr. G. M. Etan, F.L.S., read a paper " On the Flowers of the
Mahua, Bassin latlfolia, Eoxb.," in which he described the tree
and its products, illustrating his remarks by photographs and
lantern-slides.

Dr. A. B. Eendle and Dr. 0. Stapf added some further obser-
vations.

The Zoological Secretary briefly described the scope of the
following papers, both of them by Dr. Walter E. Collinge,

LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 9

F.L.S. : (l)'Oii Paracubaris, a new Genus and Species of ter-
restrial Isopoda from British Guiana," and (2) " On the Oral
Appendages of certain Species of marine Isopoda."

Mr. T. A. Sprague, E.L.S., followed with a series of lantern-
slides illustrative of the scenery aud vegetation of the Canary
Islands, from photographs taken by Mr. J. Hutchinson, his
fellow-traveller, during their visit in 1913.

Dr. A. B. Rendle, on behalf of Mr. C. D. Sherborn, A.L.S.,
exhibited an autograph written in 1799 by Captain Bligh (1754-
1817), the well-known victim of the Mutiny of the ' Bounty ' in
1789, and who afterwards attained flag-rank as Vice-Admiral.

He also laid before the Meeting a short paper by Mr, C. C.
Laoaita, F.L.S., " On two critical plants of the Greek Flora."

May 24th, 1917.
Anniversary Meeting.

Sir David Prain, C.M.G., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 3rd May, 3917,
were read and continued.

The report of the Donations received since the last meeting
was laid before the Fellows, and the thanks of the Society to the
several Donors were ordered.

Lt.-Col. John Henry Tull Walsh was admitted a Fellow.

The following were proposed as Fellows : — Henry Brougham
Guppy, M.B., John Eudd Leeson, M.D. (Ediu.), and Mr. Eichard
Mounsey, F.E.G.S.

The Treasurer placed the Annual Cash Statement (see pp. 22-
24) as audited before the Meeting, and explained certnin points ;
upon the President's motion this statement of Accounts was
received and adopted.

The General Secretary reported that since the last Anniversary
tlie deaths of 18 Fellows have been recorded or their deaths
ascertained, namely : —

Wilfrid Omer Cooper. William Foggitt.

James Donald. Arthur Ernest Gibbs.

Sir Howard Warburton Elphin- Herbert Jones, F.S.A.
stone, Bart, Nicholas Henry Martin.

c2

20

PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

Rt. lion. Algernon Bertram
Freeman - Mitford, H:iron
Redesdale.

Daniel Oliver.

Jlem-y Harold Welch Pearson,
Sc.D., KR.S.

Clement Reid, F.R.S.

Sir Marc Ariuand Ruffer.

Geoffrey Watkin Smith.
James Stirton, M.D.
Frederic Stratton.
Alfred AVilby Tait, Baron de

Soutellinho.
Edward Taylor.
Roland Trimen, F.R.S.

Alfred Celestin Cogniaux.
Elias Metclinikofl".

3 Foreign Members.

Julius von Wiesner.

1 Associate.
George Edward Massee.

5 Fellows have witlidrawn, namely :-

Leslie Gordon Corrie.

Editli Jane Durrant.

Conrad Theodore Green, M.D,

Charles Sillem.
Albert Malins Smith.

f) Fellows removed from List, in accordance with the
Bye- Laws, Chap. II. § fi.

Hon. May Evelina Collins, nee

Bainbridge.
Walter Draper.
Edward Ilindle, Ph.D.

Christopher George Kiddell.
Helen Stuart Lee, nee

Chambers.
Theodore Richard Robinson.

20 Fellows have been elected, of whom 17 have qualified for
admission, and 3 Foreign Members.

The Librarian's report was read as follows : —

During the year there have been received as donations from
private individuals and the editors and proprietors of independent
iournals, 140 volumes and G49 ])amphlets and parts.

I'rom the various Universities, Academies, and Scientific
Societies, with which the Society is in correspondence, there
hav(^ been received in exchange 61 volumes and 569 detached
parts.

The Council, at the recommendation of the Library Committee,
have sanctioned the purchase of 48 volumes and 269 parts of
iiii|)ortant works.

The total additions to the I^ibrary are therefore 255 volumes
and 1487 ])amphlets and sc^parate parts.

I

LI^^NEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 21

The number of books bound during the year was 198, of which
3 were in whole morocco, 86 in half-morocco, 13 in buckram,
93 in cloth, and 3 re-labelled.

The General Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing
the electiona, the President opened the business of tlie day, and
the Fellows present proceeded to vote for the Council and
Officers.

The Ballot for the Council having been closed, the President
appointed Dr. Lilian Veley, Mr. C. S, Nicholson, and Mr. T. A.
Dymes, Scrutineers ; who, having examined the Ballot-papers
and cast up the Votes, reported to the President, who thereupon
declared the following to be elected the Council for the ensuing
year : —

Mrs. Agnes Arber, D.Sc. ; Edmund G. Baker, Esq. ; Pi-of.
W. Bateson, E.E.S. ; E. T. Browne, M.A. ; R. H. Burne, Esq. ;
Sir Frank Crisp, Bart. ; A. D. Cotton, Esq. ; E. S. Goodrich,
F.R.S. ; James Groves, Esq.; Dr. B. Datdon Jackson; Miss
G. Lister; Gerald Loder, M.A. ; Horace W. Monckton,
F.G.S. ; Prof. G. E. Nicholls ; Prof. II. G. Plimmer, F.R.S. ;
Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.Ii.S. ; Dr. A. B. Eendle,
F.E.S.; Dr. D. H. Scott, F.R.S.; Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.E.S.;
and Lt.-Col. J. H. T. Walsh.

The retiring Councillors were, Mr. L. A. Boodle, Dr. C.
E. Moss, Prof. PouLTON, Dr. O. Stape, and Comr. Walker.

The Ballot for the Officers having been closed, the President
appointed the same Scrutineers, and these having examined the
Ballot-papers and cast up the Votes, reported to the President,
who declared the result as follows : —

President : Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.E.S.

J'reasurer : Horace W. Monckton, F.G.S.

Secretaries : Dr. B. Daydon Jackson.
E. S. Goodrich, F.E.S.
Dr. A. B. Eendle, F.E.S.

The President then delivered liis Address, " On the Eelaticjnship
between the pursuits of our Society and the Business of Life."

22

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 25

PEESIDENTIAL ADDEESS, 1917.

The statement we have had presented to us this afternoon by
our Treasurer has shown us that the financial condition of our
Society is satisfactory. We all realize how much we stand
indebted to him for the wise judgment and foresight to which
this fortunate circumstance is due.

We are able to see for ourselves in what excellent condition
our property and our possessions in these rooms at present are.
We realize also bow much we owe this to the untiring care and
vigilance of our General Secretary.

We are now near the close of what has been a most successful
and a particularly instructive session. We all equally reahze
that this has been due to the unremitting zeal and energy of our
Zoological and Botanical Secretaries in thinking out the arrange-
ments for our ordinary meetings.

We have had recounted to us the changes that have taken place
in the Society since our last Anniversary Meeting. During the
past year the hand of death has been heavy upon us. Three of
the younger of our Fellows — Capt. Geoffrey Watldn Smith,
Mr. Wilfrid Omer Cooper, and Mr. James Donald — have made
the great renunciation on our behalf. One Fellow, Sir Arniand
Eufi'er, who has been of our company for over a quarter of a
century, has, we have just learned, also laid down his life in the
service of his country.

In Professor Daniel Oliver we have lost a Fellow who was
regarded vi'ith reverence by us all as a master of his science, as one
of our medallists, and as the father of our Society. In Sir Howard
Elphinstone we have lost the Fellow who succeeded Professor
Oliver as the senior on our list, which position he held for only
thirteen days. Among Fellows and Associates who were personal
friends and whose labours have shed lustre on our Society, we
have lost Mr. Eoland Trimen, Mr. Clement Eeid, and Mr. George
Edward Massee. In Professor Pearson we have lost a friend and
Fellow, all too untimely taken from us, whose past labours had led
us to expect him to do still more to promote natural knowledge.

While our ballots remain open, you permit the occupant of
this chair to invite your attention to some matter of interest.

Examples set us elsewhere suggest our giving some thought at
this Anniversary Meeting to the relationship between the pursuits
of our Society and the business of life.

What are our pursuits ? The preamble to our charter of 1802
vsays : — " the cultivation of the science of natural history in all its
bi-anches." A bye-law tells us : — "to read and hear letters, reports,
and other papers on subjects of natural history ; and also, to view
such productions of nature as shall be exhibited."

2$ PR0CBBDIN08 OF THE

This bye-law, accepted as adequate in 1904, gives us no
iiutlujiity to discuss any commuuicatiou or exhibit. Occupants
ot" this chair exceed their reference and you condone their action.
Our discussions are always interesting and sometimes useful.

We are only authorized to examine productions of nature, but
we do not always observe the limitation. We have at intervals
viewed with interest implements from distant lands and garlands
from ancient tombs. If these belong to etlmology or archaeology
they also belong to natural history, not from prescriptive right
but because our science has duties to other studies. The source
of a tool or a fabric is more than a matter of curiosity; its deter-
mination is of scientific consequence and may be of economic
value. Full knowledge of an artefact may give the ethnologist
a clue to the origin of an obscure custom, or the archaeologist a
hint as to the kinships of an extinct race.

Our charter authorizes individual and collective effort to in-
crease zoological and botanical knowledge. Our bye-law invites
us to communicate our results for entry in our journal-books.
We do not treat them like the talent which was laid up in a
napkin. We publish them to help others engaged in the study
of natural liistory. But our charter leaves us in doubt and our
bye-laws do not say whether the cultivation of our science
include the application of these results to the business of life.

Why does the spirit of our practice rise above the letter of our
law ? During the Parliamentary wars of the XVII. Century,
certain of the " ingenious and curious " formed themselves into
an " invisible college.*' Out of this, after the Restoration, grew
a philosophical society to promote natural knowledge. In the
statute-book of that society there is a bye-law written in 1663
which is ampler than our corresponding bye-law. This law
tells members " to order, take account, consider, and discourse
of philosophical experiments and observations ; to read, hear,
and discourse upon letters, reports, and other papers containing
philosophical matters ; as also, to view and discourse upon
rarities of nature and art : and thereupon to consider, what
may be deduced from them, or any of them; and how far they,
or any of them, may be improved for use or discovery."

On comparing our own bye-law with that of our parent-society
we find that we have narrowed " philosophical matters " to
" subjects of natural history " ; we have widened " rarities "
to "productions" of nature; we have left out artefacts.
Otherwise our bye-law is the older statute shorn of its in-
junctions. But our practice shows that, whatever the intention
of our founders may have been, we take these injunctions for
granted. On at least one occasion this session we " took account,
considered, and discoHrsed of " a philosophical experiment ; we
do this for a philosophical observation with every picture thrown
upon our screen. We " discourse upon " the papers we hear and
the productions of nature we view ; we even examine artefacts
when these come before us. Our history is a record of deduction

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 27

from our couimuuications and exhibits ; of effort to place these
at the service of others ; of continued endeavour to promote
natural knowledge. We have not entirely overlooked the
relationship between our pursuits and the business of life ; nearly
one-fourth of the productions of nature viewed by us have been
of economic interest. But tlie practical application of philo-
sopliical knowledge has not been one of our chief activities ; the
avowedly economic papers in our journal-books have been few.

In tlie XVII. Century precedence was given to use over
discovery. This was natural. Every scientific activity has
originated in some field where practical wit and skill were
already busy. Man hunted, fished, and herded before Zoology
began ; he raised crops and gathered simples before Botany.
He divided his time and directed his course by the stars before
Astronomy ; set limits to his fields before Geometry ; became
weather-wise before Meteorology. He forestalled science when
he first built a hut, shot a bolt, or lit a fire.

Why did this Society reverse the XVII. Century seipience ?
As our records do not say aud our practice has been uniform,
the change must have occurred before our foundation in 1788.
A generation prior to that date another Society was created to
promote practice in industry. The work of tliat still active body
involves the application of science in various arts and crafts.
Its members from the first were informed with the spirit of
progress. Science now looked to industry for help in the task
of improving philosophical matters for use and felt more free
to concentrate her energies on the improvement of these for
discovery.

Subsequent developments have shown that due allowance was
not made for the difference in outlook of those for whom natural
knowledge is applied aud those by whom that knowledge is
obtained. Industry was not clearly distinguished from Technology.
The difference between the rate at which philosophical students
may promote knowledge and that at which practical men can
apply knowledge was not foreseen. The devolution to industry
of what science once considered her first duty tended to obscure
the community of scientific and industrial interest, to accentuate
the diversity of scientific and industrial purpose, aud to lead the
activities and energies of philosophical study and industrial
enterprise into separate paths.

The industrial society which is our senior undertook one
duty of science as regards every branch of natural knowledge.
Our society undertook all the duties of science in one branch of
natural knowledge. What was our task ?

An account of the progress of botany in this country up to
1790 reveals the attitude of contemporary science towards one-
half of our pursuits. That work has but one reference to the
author of the "Anatomy of Vegetables," and the allusion does
not relate to histology but to the taxonomic bearing of a con-
jecture regarding the ' attire ' of a flowering plant. The work

2 8 PEO0BBDING8 OF THE

coniiiiiis no reference to the author of " Vegetable Staticks."
Our pursuits did not include consideration of the structure or
the working of the aniuial-uiachine and the plant-machine. Our
task was confined to the study of the characters, relationships,
qualities and distribution of those subjective entities which we
conventionally regard as ' species ' of animals and plants,
llistolugy was still part of anatomy, metabolism a branch of
physics. The society from which ours is an oiishoot retained
these studies in her own hands ; her interest in both is Btill
unabated.

The later history of the two studies has differed. The evolution
of Cytology in the XIX. Century secured for Histology the status
of a separatt; science whose workers take tlieir corporate title
from the instrument forged for their use by Optics. This has
not impaired their readiness to help the systematic student of
liviog forms of animals and plants, while it is to the aid of their
technique that the success of systematic Palaeontology is largely
due.

The unnamed science of which metabolism is a branch has as
yet no separate existence, though it has on the genetic side given
birth to a vigorous daugliter science and has on the nutritive side
become the scientific basis of more than one powerful technology.
The Institutes of Medicine, whose concern is with animal nutri-
tion, we now find split into two artificial branches, physiology
and pathology, whose workers view the cardinal principles of
their fundamental science in the light of reason at times refracted
by subjective prepossessions as to health and disease. These two
technologies, whether on their practical or doctrinal sides, remain
handmaids of the healing art. The corresponding vegetable
technology has escaped subdivision : vegetable pathology is a
bye-product of the systematic sciences Entomology and Mycology,
themselves branches of natural history. On its practical side
vegetable physiology forms part of the Institutes of Husbandry;
on its doctrinal side this technology claims the hegemony of
liotany. When this academic study compares itself with the
natui'al liistory or plants it implies, by its assumption of the title
" Wisseuschaftliche Botanik," that the botanical pursuits of our
Society are not scientific. At times vegetable physiology even
suggests that the cultivation of the science of natural history, so
far as plants are concerned, lies outside botany. The " Geschichte
der Botanik " of one of the ablest exponents of this comparatively
recent study, published in 1875, contains no reference to some
of those who have done most to advance our knowledge of the
relationships and the distribution of plant-forms. The interest
of this judgment lies in its endorsement of the opinion, held by
philosophical students in 1788, that " the natural history of
plants " and " vegetable staticks " belong to distinct branches
of natural knowledge.

When new natural knowledge becomes available we begin by
considering what may be deduced from it and how it fits in with
what we already know. In those endowed with the genius that

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 29

can " smell out the truth," this deductive activity may be too
brief for outside detection, and may even be subconscious. Those
so gifted may pass without visible discontinuity from one result
to another. When the genius consists of " an infinite capacity
for taking pains," deduction is deliberate and the intervals between
its results are obvious. The activities of genius of this type are
usually directed to one object. Sometimes that object is further
discovery; at others it is the application of knowledge to the
business of life. In the latter case it may be intended to sub-
serve practical application only, or it may be meant to yield
doctrinal results. When deduction is applied in doctrine, this
may be in the form of instruction designed to train a new
generation in scientific method ; or in the form of education, so
that others may appreciate tlie bearing of scientific study on the
business of life. Finally, when genius of the second type is
accompanied by the inborn gift of co-ordination, its object may
be merely to determine the relationship between new facts and
old knowledge. The history of science shows that this self-
denying activity is often as conducive to progress as the discovery
which I'enders it necessary ; it has the merit of enabling others
" to enter into its labours."

However knowledge be used the method of its employment
must involve reasoned experiment, trained observation, or a
combination of these. The syllogistic relationship between
experiment and observation I'eoalls that of tlie 'chick and the
egg." When man first ate unforbidden fruit, we do not know
whether the experiment were made to test a theory of his own
or to vei'ify an experiment by some creature of prior evolution.
Curiosity and ingenuity are so intimately related that observation
and experiment are usually blended. It may be that till curiosity
be aroused, ingenuity is not exercised. J'ut it is the effect of the
latter which is first apparent to the onlooker. Our instinct for
experiment leads us to break our first toy and tear our first
lesson-book, so that the precedence given to experiment in the
XVII. Century is natural. This instinct is restrained by our
parents ; observation of its consequences is inculcated. Later,
our guardians discourage " dabbling about " and regard " fool
experiment " with disfavour. They try to discipline tlie instinct,
and train our ingenuity to devise technique.

Curiosity may similarly develop into observation, a faculty with
which we are less equally endowed. Sometimes the facidty is
suppressed; it is one that can easily be inhibited. Usually it
may be trained to perceive the obvious ; sometimes it can be
educated to appreciate what the ordinary onlooker misses. The
extent to which it may be educated varies with our temperament.
Many are eventually able to see what is under their noses ; some
come to perceive what lies ahead ; a few can look beyond the
fence. Those who develop this threefold vision may discriminate
between ends and their means. The favoured few who can also
look inwards may detect not only what happens in the green tree
but what may occur in the dry.

30 PEOOBBDINGS OF THE

In certain fields of scientific activity deduction and obser-
vation lend themselves readily to verification by controlled
experiment ; in others, like the greater part of our pursuits,
verification can only be obtained by repeated and prolonged
observation. Philosophical students who may use experiment
enjoy advantages denied to those who are debarred from its
employment. The task of the latter is slower and harder.
This has led to the subdivision of philosophical studies according
to method. In one category are grouped studies like pathology,
physics, physiology^ and others to which experimental research
is applicable. In the second are placed studies like pure mathe-
matics, astronomy and others which aim merely at describing,
cataloguing, and systematizing. The examples and the quali-
fication cited are not ours ; they are taken from an official account
of the terms of a recent scientific bequest.

This subdivision is clearly convenient. Some philosophical
students are attracted by work which promises early realization ;
others, from accident or predilection, are led to devote themselves
to labours more prolonged.

The classification, however, is artificial. It places studies like
pathology and astronomy in different categories, though the
weapons used be forged in the same armoury. The physicist
describes, catalogues and systematizes the elements, detects a
definite law in their relationships, and indicates a gap in the series.
The chemist looks for, and discovers the adumbrated element.
The pure matlieuiatician, in calculating the orbit of a celestial
body, obtains results suggesting the existence of an unknown
planet, which the astronomer looks for and finds.

Our ])ursuits involve descri])tion and systematization, and
therefore place us in the honourable company of the mathe-
matician and the astronomer. The work of our Fellows has
thrown light on the origin of species and the occurrence of these
in time and in space. Even if the fields of study may not be
comparable, these advances in knowledge bear comparison with
those of the physicist as to the evolution of matter. If our units
be frankly subjective in their delimitation, where those of the
physicist are objective, this only makes our task the more
difficult. The physicist advances proof of the genesis of one
element out of another; the natural historian proof of the
evolution of one species out of another. Both find reason to
believe that the two processes are going on around us. But
the ])hy8icist cannot induce the expulsions of a-particles and
/5-particles from the atoms of his elements, that are necessary
for their transmutation into new elements. The natural historian
cannot control the accession or elision of the factors of his species,
that are necessary for their transformation into new species.
When the physicist can transmute the elements, when the natural
historian can originate species, their actiA'ities will have passed
from the field of scientific research into that of industrial
enterprise. AVhat interests us now, however, is that even in

LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, 3 1

those branches of science in which experiment is most active,
this method only affects the technique required to attain the
results. The results themselves are secured by observation, and
require co-ordination like the results arrived at in those sciences
where the assistance of experiment cannot be invoked. The
method by which knowledge is obtained does not affect the
intellectual process involved.

When a natural fact new or old is applied to the business of
life, those who employ it may desire only to benefit a particular
industry, or they may also have at heart the promotion of the
science which supplies the fact. Where Science and Technology
are partners this diversity in outlook cannot lead to harm.

Some workers may be strictly scientific, others as strictly
technological. As a rule, however, those who increase natural
knowledge do much, even if unconsciously, to promote material
interests; those whose work is avowedly technological do much
to increase natural knowledge. These two theoretically distinct
types of activity do not correspond with different kinds of
knowledge. Long ago a very eminent Fellow of our Society
pointed out that what is popularly termed applied science is only
pure science applied to particular problems, llecently a captain
of industry has observed that in ordinary practice there is no
sharp line to separate pure from applied science ; kjiowledge
that has not yet been used economically from knowledge that
is useful.

The stress of existing conditions has at last compelled the State
to accord recognition to two types of activity, the official titles of
which are " Scientific Research " and "Industrial Research." This
subdivision, as one of our Fellows has pointed out, tiikes no
cognizance of that particular type of activity which philosophical
study has always considered of the utmost importance ; upon
which during the past century and a half science has chiefly
concentrated her attention. The three types of activity recognized
by him are : — the philosophical study \\ hose purpose is to ascertain
the truth with regard to the causes of things ; the scientific study,
utilitarian in object, wliich is undertaken without expectation of
pecuniary reward ; the technological study undertaken with the
object of reaping a financial return. The first of these activities
is the XVII. Century "improvement of natural knowledge for dis-
covery" which the State still regards as a pastime no more worthy
of recognition than any other type of amusement. The second is
the " impi'ovement of natural knowledge for use," considered by
science in the XVII. Century to be her first duty. The third is
that application of natural knowledge by industry to the arts and
crafts, which, about the middle of the XVIII. Century, largely
replaced the application by science herself of her own results.

The otficial terminology is open to objection. Scientific Research
is an ambiguous term, because discovery, which does not interest
the State, usually involves research and investigation. Industrial

32

PIIOCBBDINOS OF THE

Research is a redundancy ; this is what science knows as Tech-
nolofjy ; what industry knows as Applied Science. But we need
not discuss synonymy. The important point is that the State
now reahzes tliat there are two types of utihtarian activity, just
as there are two types of philosopliical activity. One of these
utilitarian activities involves the provision by some one science
of all the assistance it can give to every kind of industry. The
other entails tlie adaptation from various branches of science of
all the help they can supply to some particular industry. Both
are technological in purpose; both must be scientific in method.
The first involves both research and investigation; the second
involves investigation but need not entail research. In both the
same facts are considered, but are viewed from different stand-
points. The use to which facts are put does not alter the facts.

Though philosophical study and industrial enterprise parted
company in the XVllI. Century, complete detachment did not
result. Appeals to science for aid continued to be made by
industry. Science, in response, has advised and warned. Industry,
as a result, has evolved the applied sciences. But there is a limit
to what an industrial technology can do. The existing strain
has affected science as it has influenced the State. Science
realizes that all is not well. She feels that her duty to the
business of life calls for more than the prediction of disaster,
and at last recognizes that action is more helpful than invective.
Philosophical study has spontaneously suggested that she and
industrial technology sliall take counsel together. Science is no
longer content to tell industry what should be done ; she is now
anxious to supply the trained assistance that is needed.

My colleague, our Botanical Secretary, has discussed this
question, as regards one branch of our pursuits, in an address
which deserves our gratitude. He has endeavoured to bring
about a more cordial understanding between botany and its
economic appliances. His own long and distinguished experience
in philosopliical study has led him to remark that, for many
whose tastes are like his, tliis involves the breaking of new ground.
The remedy he suggests is in effect a return to the XVI 1. Century
attitude of science towards the business of life ; his address is
devoted to the task of erecting finger-posts that guide botanists
to economic paths. The spirit which informs his message does
more than disarm criticism. It compels those of us whose work
is mainlv economic to ask ourselves if we be wholly free from
blame. The economic botanist, at least, knows that in his inter-
course witli other sciences incidentally interested in the problems
of ai)plied botany, the statement of a difficulty on his part is
all that is needed to evoke the sympathy and enlist the aid of
geology, geography, meteorology, chemistry, ethnology, archaeology,
philology, liistory and folk-lore.

It is, however, one thing to arrive, during a period of stress, at
a more cordial understanding than that induced under and perhaps

IINNEAIf SOCIETY OF LONDOJf. 33

due to antecedent conditions. What we need is the creation of
an atmosphere wherein this mutual understanding shall resist
such corrosive influences as may operate when the present strain
is relaxed.

Want of cordiality between philosophical and applied study is
only a symptom of distemper. Though a general symptom, the
present attitude of philosophical study suggests that it is not a
serious one. Less general, but more acute where it is manifested,
is the want of cordiality between academic and philosophical
study. Usually we may apply to the academic woi-ker the de-
scription of Chaucer, " gladly would he learn and gladly teach,"
and find him sympathetic towards every branch of science and
every human activity. Sometimes, however, the pleasure of
teaching outweighs the joy of learning ; subjective differences
may then be imputed to identical interests, real differences be
overlooked. Our own pursuits attest the variability of this
symptom. Academic zoology, a fusion of histology and com-
parative anatomy, is always cordial towards natural history.
Academic botany, which combines with these two sciences a
technology borrowed from the institutes of husbandry, is at
times the reverse. When this academic study was still a novel
doctrine, an opsimathic trait which might have amused the
Greek and irritated the Eoman was intelligible. It is gradually
disappearing, and the traces that still persist may perhaps be due
less to the character of the teacher than to the influence of the
experimental study which this academic doctrine includes.

A more serious symptom is the modern tendency of the experi-
mental student to belittle the activities of those who must rely
mainly on observation in the task of advancing natural knowledge.
Students of natural history observe in the field and there obtain
zoological, botanical, and geological material. They observe afresh
in the museum and describe their specimens in order that their
results may be systematized for deduction. If the astronomer
and the meteorologist do not collect specimens, their observatory
records have to be catalogued and registered before they can be
systematized.

The worker in the laboratory, carried away by the zeal which
his method inspires, at times confuses the means he employs with
the end he has in view. He appears to conceive that it is the
experiment he conducts which leads to his discoveries. This is
not so, even in the case of a successful " fool experiment." The
experimental worker is apt to overlook the fact that without
observation he could not record, without co-ordination he could
not utilize his results. He fails to note the unconscious exercise
by himself of those very faculties that the "mere observer" brings
to bear on his work. It is true that in natural history we some-
times meet with the same excess of zeal, the same inhibition of
the sense of relativity. Those whose task is the co-ordination
of knowledge occasionally appear to regard classification as an
end in itself. They waste energy in controversy as to the merits

LINN. SOC. PBOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1916-1917. d

34 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE

of rival taxonomic hypotheses and consume time in discussing
niceties of uomench'iture. But this does not entith^ the laboratory
student to speak of the field-naturalist as a " mere collector " ;
to descrihe the record-work of the observatory and the descriptive
work of the museum as "■ mere compilation." Even wlien the
laboratory worker admits both experiment and observation to
seats at the table of science, he too often tries to place obser-
vation " below the salt." This attitude involves an attempt to put
asunder methods which are as much helpmeets now as they were
in the XYII. Century.

More detrimental still to philosophical study is the growing
modern tendency of academic and experimental science to dis-
courage amateur effort. This tendency sometimes manifests
itself even in the field of natural history. How short-sighted
the tendency may be, the experience of one brancli of our ])ur-
suits suggests. The profession of John Eay, Stephen Hales,
Miles Berkeley, and Gregor Mendel was the cure of souls.
As amateurs they placed plant-system, plant-mechanics, plant-
pathology, and plant-genetics on firm foundations.

Our examination of the activities of science has made it clear
that the cause of this distemper is not inherent. We must
therefore look for it in the relationship which subsists between
philosophical study and the business of life. The influence of
this study on human affairs, though it passes through various
recognizable stages, is continuous and uniform. The reactions
of the business of life on philosophical study, on the other
hand, are different at every stage and are complex at particular
stages.

Philosophical study influences more immediately those techno-
logical activities which interpret the messages of science to traffic
and craftsmanship. Tlirough these technologies it affects industry
and commerce themselves ; the organized state whose duties
include those of fostering and safeguarding industry and com-
merce ; the community at large for whose benefit industry and
commerce are carried on, and on whose behalf the organized state
exercises authority.

When the knowledge applied is provided by an observational
science, the technology involved is often a direct development
of that science and the relationship between the technological
activity and philosophical study is intimate and cordial. But
where the technologies involved are experimental in their method,
they are often evolutions of the ijidustries which they benefit.
Such technologies, moreover, may derive their kno\Aledge from
several branches of science. There is no outstanding obligation
and no feeling of filial piety ; towards philosophical study these
experimental technologies therefore usually display an attitude of
independence, occasionally one of aggression.

The case of traffic is more complex. There are two kinds of
traffic — one in raw material, which precedes, one in finished
produce, which follows industrial practice. Both kinds of traffic

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 35

have reacted on certain branches of observational science. In the
XVII. Century pliilosophical study had already commenced, in
observatories provided for the purpose, the systematization of
natural knowledge by the astronomer and the meteorologist for
the benefit of the navigator who brings to the arts and crafts
the exotic productions of nature and carries abroad the results
of industrial enterprise. This particular manifestation of com-
mercial activity is now dependent on experimental as well as
on observational technology. So far as the importation of exotic
productions of nature is concerned, commerce has reacted upon
the pursuits which engage the attention of our Society. At her
instigation gardens, originally established by the simpler and tlie
mediciner, have extended their functions so as to include the
acclimatization of the animals and plants which yield exotic
natural productions ; museums, originally devoted to curiosities,
have added to their duties those of determining the sources and
assessing the qualities of such productions.

In the industrial field the intercourse is mainly confined to
those branches of science in which the experimental method can
be employed. The attitude towards philosophical study varies.
The practical man, whose fate is now a preoccupation both of
Science and the State, is guided in his action by routine and
authority. His case is the more difficult to deal with because his
methods are really scientific ; routine is crystallized experiment,
authority is consolidated observation. His instinctive attitude
towards both philosophical study and technological activity is
therefore intelligible. To him the philosophical student is a
purposeless dreamer ; the technological expert a pestilent theorist.
The captain of industrj-, unlike the practical man, takes every
opportunity to apply scientific knowledge. He does not alvi'ays
acknowledge his indebtedness. But this too is not unnatural ;
dislike of the source of an obligation is one of the traits which
distinguish reason from instinct.

Tlie attitude of the State towards philosophical stud^yhas passed
through successive phases of suspicion, toleration, depreciation,
exploitation. The intellectual activities of the ingenious and the
curious, at one time a black art calling for penal restraint, came
to be regarded as a harmless amusement. The advent of experi-
mental technology once more called the attention of the State to
philosophical study. The new utilitarian activity was regarded
as science ; philosophical study, not being engaged on the problem
of making two blades of grass grow where one grew before, was
held to be the kind of blunder which is worse than crime. To her
alarm the State has now discovered that without the willing help
of philosophical study she cannot fulfil her primary duty of pre-
serving the civic liberties of the community. Eealising that philo-
sophical investigation, as contrasted with technological activity,
may be of use, the State has decided to put science into harness.
The portion of philosophical study has been persecution, neglect,
servitude. The intelligent appreciation of discovery is still far off ;
science waits for the dav when she "shall come into her own."

2d

^6 PEOCBEDINGS OF THE

Towards that scientific study which seeks truth for its own sake,
the community at large usually appears to be indifferent. Where
no paiurf are taken to train the layman to appreciate the bearing
of scientific study on ordinary affairs, things could hardly be
otherwise. Towards the application of scientific knowledge to
tlie business of life, however, that section of the community
which earus its bread in the sweat of its brow is fully alive.
This active interest provokes the question which so usually greets
the announcement of some new scientific discovery.

The resentment which modern research at times displays when
it is asked what the use of a particular discovery is likely to be,
cannot always be justified. The enquiry often only reflects that
attitude towards new knowledge which philosophical study con-
sidered appropriate in the XVII. century. The announcement
of a new scientific fact is no doubt always an effort to improve
that fact for use. But the desire to find an explanation for
every human action is inherent in our nature, and the community
at large is sometimes in doubt as to w hether the intention under-
lying the announcement of a discoveiy be to benefit the business
of life or to further the interests of the discoverer. Philosophical
study has never enjoined the improvement of new natural know-
ledge for reclame. Public opinion goes further and is apt to
regard such advertisement with suspicion.

Sometimes the question as to the use of a new discovery is put by
those who •' believe that they think." In such philistine instances
the resentment of science is pardonable. The best riposte, as
we know, is a counter query as to the use of a new-born babe.
Unfortunately, it need not be permanently effective. If Carlyle be
right, the babe may grow up to reiterate the demand of Dogberry.
It is, however, in the doctrinal use of knowledge that the
community at large takes most interest. Its own " wise saws,"
and to some extent the shibboleths of its leaders, reflect the
regard in which knowledge is held. It is true that the community
does not think of doctrine as having a double duty to fulfil. It is
not alive to the fact that the true end of teaching is to discipline
our instincts and cultivate our faculties. It is mainly interested
in the acquisition of knowledge as a means of " getting on." If
it ever thinks of such intellectual couples as " investigation and
research " or " instruction and education," the community at
large accepts their components as homogeneous. ]S'or is there
need for blame ; some earnest scientific teachers stigmatize as
pedantic even serious attempts to resolve these couples.

The innate generosity of one generation of mankind towards
the next intensifies the effect of this attitude. The public
desire is to afford equal opportunity to all and at the same time
to award the palm of merit to the best. To secure this object
the State, at the behest of the community, has devised the
system of examination. This system has the advantage of
testing the amount of information that a candidate is able to
exhibit on a particular day.

LrNNEAN SOCIETY OF LOIfDON. 37

This, however, is not the only use to which examination is put.
It is employed as a means of estimating the capacity of the
candidate to take part in the business of life after the exami-
nation. How far it can be relied upon to answer this second
purpose is not clear. The State thinks so highly of the system
that it is now used for a third purpose, that of estimating the
efficiency of the teacher.

So far as instruction is concerned, the method of examination
by expert assessors unacquainted with the temperament of the
examined may be the most practicable means of arriving at
the desired retrospect and forecast. It is, however, clear that
as regards education, if the method of examination must be
relied on, the test can only be applied b}^ the scholar. Whether
the party examined should be the teacher in presence of an
expert assessor, or an assessor in presence of a certified teacher,
is a question to be settled by those skilled in education, as
contrasted \\ith instruction. It may even be held that such
an examination is not practicable. This does not relieve us of
our duty to point out to those who profess to be expei'ts, that until
some means of testing the results of education have been devised,
we must be content to take things as we find them ; we must be
satisfied " to reap what we sow." So long as the examiner,
as opposed to the schoolmaster, " is abroad among us," so long
as the present examination-system, whose merits we may admit,
and its correlated syllabus-system, whose evils are indisputable,
hold the field, we must accept as a substitute for ' education '
what peoples more logical if !not more perspicuous than ourselves,
are sufficiently modest to speak of as ' public instruction.'

Many earnest philosophical students of nature are at present
exercised with regard to the shortcomings of what they term
a ' literary education.' When one more judicially minded
ventures to suggest that the protagonists of literary and scientific
training resemble the leaders of the factions in Lilliput, masters
of diction and dialectic from the opposing camps fall upon and
rend him. The approved attitude of the champion of scientific
doctrine is to regard his opponent as he would the fanatic who
thinks the earth is flat : that of the champion of literary training
is to class his adversary with the enthusiast who hopes to square
the circle. If both were wrong we might echo the dying wish o£
Mercutio.

But what if both be right ? Asa means of instruction the
facts of physical science are as useful as those of grammar and
history. Tliey cannot be more repellent to the most recalcitrant
instinct than chronicles of kings and narratives of events. As
mental pabulum they must be healthier than many of the
histories of constitutions and peoples which now replace the
older " tables of important dates.'" Scientific treatises may be less
graceful in their diction : they are free from the risk of being
partisan pamphlets -writ large. As a means of education the facts
of natural history can, up to a certain point, be made as effective

30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

as those supplied by the study of man and his intellectual
progress. But the facts of nature are less useful than human
documents in cultivating the faculty of introspection.

These, however, are matters which really lie outside the modern
controversy. Many of those who take part in it omit to define
their terms. So far as literary and scientific training alike are
concerned, the eflorts of the teacher must be largely directed to
instruction, this being all that an examination of the modern
type can test. Education, as contrasted with instruction, is
relegated to the playing-field. It is there that we are left to
learn our real limitations ; it is there that we come to realize our
duties to our fellows ; it is there that we obtain our opportunities
of distinguishing between the amateur and the professional, and
of appreciating the peculiar merits of each ; it is there that we
are taught to " play the game." Such education may not go
far, but so far as it goes it is good.

The shortcomings of what is popularly described as a ' literary
education ' are real ; the masters of science who point them out
are shrewd and experienced observers both of men and things.
But these shortcomings are not due to any inherent defect
in literature. The statute which underlies our bye-law and
inspires our pursuits was written when the amount of natural
knowledge available was insufiicient to serve as the basis of a
liberal education. That statute shows us what a literary edu-
cation is capable of. The real difficulty connected wiih the
process which is the subject of so much scientific invective,
is not that it is ' literary ' but that it is not ' education.'

Whatever value for purposes of education the results of the
philosophical study of nature may possess, these results are not
at present being fully utilized. The facts of natural history and
other branches of science were at one time tal^en advantage of
in the cultivation of the faculty of observation and as a means of
widening the intellectual outlook of the pupil. The work of the
class-room and the laboratory is now largely confined to the
training of experts. Instruction more intensive than ever goes
on unremittingly and effectively. This leaves so little time for
education that one result is the distemper of scientific thought
whose symptoms now disquiet us.

The consideration of the etiology of this distemper has taken
so long that we cannot deal with possible remedies. This is of
minor consequence. Our chief concern is to know where we
are and how we have got there. Many competent practitioners
have offered advice : you have a plethora of prescriptions to
choose from. But when selecting a remedy it will be well to
adopt one likely to be of benefit both to science and the
business of life. Let us put our own house in order. Let us
think less of the mote in the eye of the man of letters ; let
us give more attention to the beam that may be in our own.

LIXNEAX SOCIEXr OF LOXDOX. 39

How about oar owu pursuits, meauwhile? We are told that
in times of stress we must take care not to let ourselves be
hampered by formula and precedent. The advice is wise. But
before we discard either, let us be quite certain that the formula
is obsolete, the precedent outworn. Let us discard that XIX.
Century formula which regards ' experiment ' as an activity
that can be exercised independently. Let us abandon the
XVIII. Century precedent, which treats ' application ' as of
less consequence than ' discovery,' Let us revert to the formula
and precedent of the XVII. Century. . Let us combine in our
work as far as may be possible the methods of " experiment
and observation." Let us consider it our foremost duty to apply
to the business of life the knowledge acquired in the course of
our pursuits.

The Eev. T. R. E,. Stebbing then moved : — " That the Pre-
sident be thanked for his excellent Address, and that he be
requested to allow it to be printed and circulated amongst the
Pellows," which, after being seconded by Mr. John HoPKiisrsoN,
was carried by acclamation, and briefly acknowledged by the
President.

The President then addressed Mr. Thomas Geoege White,
Secretary of the Agent-General for New South Wales (in the
absence of his chief through illness) : —

Mr. Thomas George White, —

Mr. Robin John Tilltabd, a citizen of the Commonwealth of
Australia and one of our Pellows, in his recently published
papers, " Life-Histories and Descriptions of Australian ^sch-
ninte " and " A Study of the Rectal Breathing Apparatus in the
Larvae of Anisopterid Dragonflies," both contained in the thirty-
third volume of our Zoological Journal issued in 1916, has
not only greatly increased our knowledge of the species, dis-
ti'ibution and affinities of the Australian Dragonflies, but has
with remarkable success studied the detailed microscopical
structure of their breathing organs in different stages of
development. In the elucidation of this material, which is
particularly difficult to deal with, Mr. Tillyard has made use of
refined and improved methods of histological research. The
results obtained by this painstaking work have been of great
value in determining the phylogenetic relationship of the various
groups of Dragonflies.

It is now my pleasant duty to ask you to ti-ansmit to
Mr. Tillyard the Crisp Award and Medal, conferred upon him
by the Council of this Society for the best paper dealing with
Microscopical Research published by the Linnean Society since
the previous award given in May, 1912.

40 PROCEEDIKGS OF THE

The President then addressed Mr. He^s'Iiv Buougham Guppt,
M.B., and related liis service to Biology, which had caused the
Council to award the Linnean Gold Medal to him : —

Mr. Hekby Brougham Guppi, —

I have much pleasure in presenting to you on behalf of
the Society our Linnean Medal, which the Council has awarded
you for your work in those branches of science in «hich we are
especially interested.

This work has extended over many years and been carried out
in widely distant fields.

Early in your career you took advantage of your position as a
Surgeon in Her Majesty's Navy to make important investigations
in the Far East. In 1878 you visited the Corean Archipelago,
and also made geological and meteorological t)bservations in
China, Formosa, and Japan. Then, as Surgeon on H.M.S.
'Lark,' commissioned for survey work in the Western Pacific,
you had the opportunity of spending some time in the Solomon
Islands. The results of your careful and extended observations
appeared in 1887, in j'^our account of the ethnology, natural
history, and geology of the Islands ; your observations on coral-
reefs were published shortly before by the Eoyal Society of
Edinburgh.

In 1888 you visited the Cocos-Keeling Islands for the purpose
of making a detailed study of the coral formation there, and your
work resulted in a highly important contribution to a subject of
great interest.

But the results obtained by you which have especially arrested
the attention of the Fellows of our Society are contained in two
works, the first of which was published in 1906, the second this
year. The former \^'ork embodied the results of your studies
"during three years spent in the Pacific Islands : the first volume,
dealing with the geology of Vauua Levu, lies outside our
province ; the second, entitled " Plant Dispersal," while dis-
cussing matters affecting the distribution of plants in general,
approached the subject more especially in relation to the littoral
floras of the Pacific Islands and the part played by floating fruits
and seeds in building up these floras.

The recent work " Plants, Seeds, and Currents in the "West
Indies and the Azores " is an account of your prolonged study of
the factors governing the distribution of fruits and seeds by ocean
currents, as illustrated by the littoral flora of the West Indies
and by the flora of the Azores.

These two works, in which you have brought together a vast
number of facts, are a mine of wealth for the student of plant-
distribution ; while the deductions which you have made from
tliose facts are helpful and stimulating.

We remember, too, your good work done at home, some of the
results of which have been communicated to us in this room and
have been published in our Journal. I refer to your papers

LIIfNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 4r

on " The Eiver Thames as an agent in Plant Dispersal,"' read
June 16, 1892, and on " The Habits of Lemna major, r/ihba,
&r\d jwli/rhiza," embodying the results of three ^years' systematic
observation of these small water-plants in the South-east of
England, read May 3, 1894.

In asking you to accept this Medal, the highest award that the
Council of this Society can offer you, may I also express the
cordial wish, which we all share, that you may long remain with
us to continue the painstaking A^ork in which you have shown so
much enthusiasm and to which you have devoted so many years
of your life.

The recipient briefly expressed his thanks for the great lionour
tlius conferred, and hoped that he might be able by future work
to justify the choice of the Council.

The General Secretary having placed the Obituary Notices in
his liands, on the table, the proceedings ended by the President
reminding those present of the special circumstances of the next
Meetings on the 7th June, the last of the present Session.

OBITUARY NOTICES.

The death of Sakah Martha Baker on May 29, 1917, at the
early age of twentj^-nine adds another name to the list of young
and energetic workers who the Botanical world has x'ecently lost.
Her career as an ecologist and physiologist was one of exceptional
promise, and algologists specially have lost a colleague who could
ill be spared.

Miss Baker was brought up as a Priend, and in her early days
was desirous of studying medicine with a view to missionary work
in the South Sea Islands. The plan was abandoned, in deference
to her parents' wishes, and she entered University College,
London, as a student in 1905, and took her B.Sc. in Chemistry
with Botany in 1909. After graduating she specialised in Botany
and received her D.Sc. in 1913 for a paper on " Quantitative
Experiments on the Effect of Pormaldehyde in Living Plants,"
published in the ' Annals of Botany ' the previous year. For several
years and up to the time of her death she was Quain Student and
Lecturer in Botany at University College. She was elected a
Fellow of the Linnean Society on the 4th June, 1914.

Four papers were published by Dr. Baker on the ecology of
the Brown Algae, and these have materially advanced our know-
ledge of this interesting subject. The first two, " On the
Causes of the Zoning of Brown Seaweeds on the Seashore,"
were published in 1909 and 1910, and dealt with the zoning of
the open coast. They were partly descriptive, the vertical zones

42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

of a givon locality being precisely determined, and partly experi-
mental, an explanation of the causeg of the phenomena observed
being sought for by nieaus of cultures and laboratory examination.
The other two papers concerned the Fucacese of the Salt Marsh.
The first (Jourii. Linn. 8oc,, Bot. xl. 1912, pp. 275-291) gave an
account of certain Marsh Fucoids at Blakeney Point and else-
where ; and the second, in collaboration with Mi^ss M. H. Bohling
(Journ. Linn, fcjoc, Eot. xliii. 1916, pp. 325-380), was of very
wide scope, and formed the most important general contribution
to the subject 3'^et published. The authors give first an excellent
and critical systematic revision of the salt-marsh fucoids, for
which their ecological training especially fitted them ; secondly
a discussion, based largely on experimental work, of the relation
of the physical factors of the habitat to the peculiar morphology of
the various species which occur ; and lastly, a general account of
the distribution of tliese fucoids in connection with such problems
as pioneer vegetation and coast erosion.

Of purely physiological work Miss Baker's most important
research — on water-entry and transport in ti'ees — is, though
fully written up, still unpublished. She also maintained an
interest in Silver Leaf, though latterly she held somewhat
ditterent views to those expressed in the note published in 1913,
in which the ingenious method of using the enzyme of Goprinus
spp. as a cure for this disease was described.

Miss Baker was one of the principal and most enthusiastic
workers of the Blakeney Point Survey, where her persistence and
high sense of duty were admired by all. As a teacher she Avas
no less successful tha.u as an investigator, her lectures being marked
by extreme lucidity, as those who heard her two papers at the
Linnean Society will have gathered. Her contributions to science
were characterised by originality and thoroughness, and by her
sympathetic interest in all branches of botany as well as in social
and other problems, her loss v.ill be widely felt, but especially by
that school of Botany in London to which she was so warmly
attached and by which she was so fully valued and appreciated.

[A. D. COTTOX.]

Alfred Celestin CoQKiArx, who died at Genappe on the 15th
A[)ril, 191(3, aged 75, was born at Kobechies, Haiuault, on the
7th April, 1841. After passing through a local school, in 1852
he became a pupil at the Normal School at Nivelles. In 1861 he
successfully passed the examination for a teacher, and the following
year received the diploma, and leaving Nivelles, spent a busy ten
years as teacher at various places, as Borinage and Pliilippeville,
in 1863 producing his first btitanic paper on Xitella travissima, in
the Bulletin de la Society Royale de Botanique de Belgique, where
many of his shorter papers, dealing with local botany, were printed.
The year 1872 witnessed his call as Conservator of the Brussels
Botanic Garden, remaining there till 1880, when he became Pro-
fessor of Natural History in Jodoigne for four years, when he

lin^:neax society of lo.vdon. 43

migrated to Verviers. Meanwhile he had shown his hking for the
OucurbitaceaB by printing two fasciculi of his " Diagnoses de
Cucurbitacees nouvelles " in 1876-77, in the Memoires Couronnees
of the Belgian Academy. The year 1881 was signaHsed by his
monograph of that order, which appeared as the third volume of
De Caudolle's ' Monographs ' ; he published a few papers on these
plants in following years, and on the Melastomacese, of which order
he drew up an account wliieh constituted the seventh volume
of De Caudolle's 'Monographs ' in 1891. Whilst at Yerviers he
acted as Yice-Consul for Brazil ; he also produced the account of
the Melastomacete in Martius's ' Flora Brasiliensis ' from 1883 to
1888, the Cucurbitacese in 1878, and the Orchidacese from 1893
to 1906. On the 24th May, 1900, he was elected Foreign Member
of the Linnean Society, and in 1903 received the diploma of Doctor
from the University of Heidelberg.

In 1901 Cogniaux retired from his chair at Verviers on a
pension, which enabled him to devote the whole of his time
to botany on settling at Genappe. His ' Dictionnaire icono-
graphique des Orchidees,' from 1896 to 1907, chiefly from culti-
vated specimens, is a useful work, but its use is restricted by an
awkward shape and the method of issue. Soon after this was
started, he began his ' Chronique Orchideenne, Supplement
mensuelle,' from 1897 onwards.

His latest completed work was on the Orchids of the West
Indies, which came out in the sixth volume of Urban's ' Symbolae
Antillaufe ' in 1909-10.

After this he returnerl to his former love, the natural family of
Cucurbitacete, and, in spite of declining health, he had completed
the first volume of his revision, when death overtook him, as
previously stated. [B. D. J.]

Wilfrid Omer Cooper, who was killed in action in France in
September 1916, was one of our youngest Fellows, his election
taking place on the 16th of the previous March, and formally
admitted 6th April following. From a boy he was devoted to
field zoology, and though his early education was under a tutor
and not in any school, he developed into a naturalist, relating his
field notes in the pages of the 'Zoologist' and using his micro-
scope in the modern manner.

Although he came of an eminently peaceful family, at the
outbreak of the war he was convinced that he must join ; his
papers for a commission having been mislaid, he joined as a private,
and though later selected as a candidate for lieutenant's rank, his
death cut short that intention. He was described as just the man
to lead his men : a splendid disciplinarian, resourceful, quick to
note events, and tenacious.

Born in 1895, he was only in his 22nd year when his life, so full
of promise as a naturalist, was ended.

[Since the foregoing account was written, the ' Proceedings of
the Bournemouth Natural Science Societv,' 1915-16, has been

44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

published ; it contains not only an appreciation of our late Fellow
(pp. 7U-72) but liis last papers — " Some rare and interesting local
Isopods," and " Preliminary list of tlie marine and freshw ater
Isopods recorded from the Bournemouth area." — B. D. J.]

SirHowAKD Waebubton Elphinstone, third Baronet, was born
in London, 26tli July, 1830, the eldest son of the second baronet,
and succeeded to the title in 1893 ; for thirteen days he was the
Senior Fellow of the Linnean Society, in succession to Prof.
Daniel Oliver, and died at his house, Struan, Wimbledou Park,
on the 3rd January of the present year.

From Eton he proceeded to Trinity College, Cambridge,
graduating as 17th wrangler in 1854. He was called to the Bar
from Lincoln's Inn in 1862, and subsequently became Lecturer to
the Incorporated Law Society from 18G9 to 1871, Professor of
Eeal Property Law to the Inns of Court, 1889 to 1892, and Reader
on the Law of Eeal Property, Inns of Court, 1892-96. He was
Conveyancing Counsel to the Court, 1895 to 1914, when he retired
from practice.

He was author of several legal handbooks, and in 1872 issued
his 'Patterns for Turning'; photography Avas another of his relaxa-
tions. His election as Fellow took place on the 17th February,
1859. [B. D. J.]

William Foggitt was born on February 2, 1835, at Yarm, on the
Yorkshire side of the Tees. His father moved to Thirsk, the chief
town in the Vale of Mowbray, when William was about a year
old, and started a chemist and druggist's business in the Market
Place. William went first to the local school, then to a school at
Tadcaster. At an early date he fell in with John's 'Flowers of
the Field ' and began to press and collect plants. He came home,
went into his father's business, and in due time was made a partner.
There were several young men at Thirsk interested in Natural
History, and they formed themselves into the Thirsk Natural
History Society, and cai-efully explored the suri'ouuding country,
both the lowlands and the Hambleton Hills. One of his early
friends was J. G. Baker, and these two joined the London
Botanical Society. When the Society came to an end, they carried
on the distribution of plants from Thirsk, and this was the com-
mencement of the Botanical Exchange Club, which has now been
in existence more than fifty years.

William Foggitt was very keen-sighted, and had a splendid
memory, and whatever he took up he did most thoroughly. He
was a very good British botanist, though he wrote comparatively
little. He was one of the principal authorities on the plants of the
fascinating Vale of Mowbray, and he frequently explored Teesdale
and Yoredale.

He wrote an account of the Botany for two local books by
Edmund Bogg, one on the Vale of Mowbray, the other on Yoredale.
In conjunction with J. G. Baker, in 1866, he wrote the curator's

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 45

report of the Thirsk Botanical Exchange Club for 18G5, where
■will be found an interesting comparison of Viola 2^^^'inia;ta with
V. odorata, also an account of Galium vero-elatum with G. elato-
veriim, and a comparison of Thymus Serpyllum with T. Chama'drys.
He was made a J. P. some years ago, and was an ardent Wesleyan,
and Circuit Steward of the Thirsk Circuit. He died May 10,
1917, at the age of 82. and was interred in the Thirsk Cemetery.

[E. G. Bakee.]

LoED Redesdale. — It is with sincere regret that we record the
death of Lord Eedesdale, G.C.V.O., K.C.B., in his eightieth year.
Elected a Eellow of the Society on the 5th November, 1896, he
brought with him a varied experience gained in diplomacy, foreign
travel and administrative service, which, combined with singular
personal charm and remarkably good looks, rendered him a notable
and popular figui'e in English society.

Born on the 24th February, 1837, Algernon Berti\am Mitford
w-as the son of Henry Eeveley Mitford, of Exbiiry, by his wife
Lady Georgina, fourth daughter of the third Earl of Ashburn-
ham. Educated at Eton and Christ Church, he entered the Foreign
Office in 1858 and was attached to the Embassy at St. Petersburg
in 1863. In 1865 he was attached to the Legation at Peking,
whence he was transferred in the following year to that at
Yokohama under Sir Henry Parkes. In Japan, as he had pre-
viously done in Eussia and China, he applied himself to study of
the language, and acquired such mastery of it that, when the
Duke of Edinburgh visited Japan in 1868, Mitford acted officially
as his interpreter. He was, indeed, one of the most accomplished
linguists of his time. Returning to England in 1870, he retired
from the diplomatic service in 1873, and in the following year Mr.
Disraeli appointed him Secretary to H.M. Office of Works. It is
to his influence in that sphere that we owe the progressive adorn-
ment of the royal and public parks of London, now temporarily
arrested during the great war.

Mitford's duties in his new capacity brought him into close
relation uith the late Sir Joseph Hooker, who was then Director
of Kew Gardens, and by whom he was speedily imbued with an
ardent interest in horticulture, which continued as his ruling
passion till the end of his life.

The opportunity for indulging that passion, untrammelled by
official duties, came to Mitford in 1886 on the death of his cousin,
the second Earl of Redesdale, through which he succeeded to
Batsford and the other estates. Being then in his fiftiet-h year,
he resigned his appointment at the Office of Works, took up his
abode at Batsford, on the outskirts of the Cotswolds, where he
built a large and beautiful mansion-house, and created, at immense
labour and expense, a very remarkable garden. Through a feature-
less hill-side facing the house he caused a long and deep ravine to
be excavated ; water was brought through pipes from a consider-
able distance to form a rivulet to course through the ravine,

46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

whereof tlie sides were soon clothed with a luxuriant growth of
alpiiies and otlier flowering herbs. Nor was this all. Mitford,
whose sojourn in Japan had impressed him with the decorative
qualities of bamboos, became a pioneer in the cultivation of these
giant couch-grasses in this country, and soon had more than forty
species thriving in his woods. His love for this class of plant,
previouslv seldom to be seen in English pleasure-grounds, bore
valuable Iruit in the form of a book entitled ' The Bamboo Garden,'
published in 1896. In preparing this, his only permanent
contribution to scientific literature, Mitford was in constant com-
munication with those enterprising collectors, Messrs. Yeitch,
M. Latour-Marliac, and the brothers Villa of Genoa ; and he was
assisted in the classification of species, hitherto very imperfectly
understood, by Sir Joseph Hooker and Sir William Thiselton-
Dver. The book found many readers, for it combined sound
botanical and cultui"al information with an agreeable literary style,
which also distinguished those narratives of travel aud remini-
scence which came from the same hand.

Mitford entered Parliament as Conservative member for the
Stratford Division of Warwickshire in 1892, but he declined to seek
re-election after tiie dissolution in 1895 on account of increasing
deafness, which proved a sad drawback in intercourse with his
numerous friends during the later years of his life. In 1902 he
was raised to the peerage in the title of Baron Eedesdale of
Eedesdale, in Northumberland. He accompanied Prince Arthur
of Connaught on the Garter Mission to Japan in 1906, being thus
one of the veiy few well-educated EngHshmen who could speak
and write from experience of the sweeping changes effected in
that country by the revolution of 1868.

Lord Eedesdale married in 187-1: Lady Clementine Ogilvy,
daughter of the seventh Earl of Airlie, by whom he had five sons
and four daughters. His eldest sou, Major the Hon. Clement
Freeman Mitford, D.S.O., lOtli Hussars, was severely wounded in
the South African War, and was killed in action in May, 1915;
and the second son, the Hon. David Freeman Mitford, now on
active service in France, was also seriously wounded in South
Africa.

It will be apparent from this brief outline of Lord Eedesdale's
career that professional and official duties left him no leisure to
apply to scientific study until he had passed the meridian of life.
But Sir Joseph Hooker, in dedicating to Lord Eedesdale
volume cxxiii. of the ' Botanical Magazine,' bore testimony to the
good service rendered to science by him, " giving me as it does the
opportunity of recalling the years of our cordial official co-
operation, when the Royal Gardens profited so greatly in every
department through your energy, foresight, and love of plants.
To this claim I must surely add the service you have rendered
to horticulture and botany by your labours in introducing, culti-
vating and studying the hardy bamboos."' [Heebeet Maxwell.]

LINXEAN SOCIETi' OF LOXDON. 47

Arthur Erxest Gibbs was born in the year 1S59, the elder son
of Mr. Alderman Richard Gribbs, J. P., of the Hollies, St. Albans,,
and was educated at Warwick and Worthing. On leaving school he
entered the otfices of Gibbs and Barnford, a local firm of printers,
with which his fauiilj had been connected for several generations.
His father having established the ' Herts Advertiser,' young Gibbs
passed to the journalist side of the business, and became editor
and co-proprietor, and to the last he kept a general oversight of
the paper, after ceasing to be editor.

As a boy he began collecting lepidoptera, and that taste
remained with him to the end of his life, and he had travelled
practically over the whole of Europe in search of specimens. He
had explored the Balkans entomologically, and on the outbreak of
the present war he was at Lyons outward bound, and reached
home after exceptional difficulties.

In 1SS5-6 he copied the whole of the manuscript flora of the
late Alfred Eeginald Pryor, E.L.S. (1839-18S1), arranging the
localities in districts and to a settled sequence, thereby facili-
tating the labours of the editor, the present writer of this notice.

Mr. Gibbs had been a member of the Hertfordshire Natural
History Society since 1879, and had served as Secretary; in
1915 he was elected President, and for his Presidential Address
in 1916 he selected "The Satyrid Butterflies of Hertfordshire,
with a short study of Pararge aegeria " ; for his second and con-
cluding address, he had chosen a study of certain dialect words
and phrases of his native connty, a design he could not carry out,,
for his death cut short that project. He died on the 3rd March,
1917, and was buried on the 6th.

His love for entomology has been mentioned, and his actiA^e
help in botany also ; he had some knowledge of geology, and the
bent of his relaxation may be gauged by the societies to which he
belonged. He was elected Fellow of our Society, ISth March,
1886; of the Entomological in 1906, serving on its Council
1912-14, and had been recently re-elected for a second term ; of
the Zoological Society in 1912, and the Eoyal Horticidtural Society.
He also belonged to the South London Entomological and Natural
History Society from 1909, and was a Vice-President. A widow
and three daughters survive the husband and father, whose
energetic services in the cause of his native place has evoked
widespread sympathy for his family. [B. D, J.]

Although Mr. Herbert Jones had been a Eellow since 19th
February, 1891, was a frequent attendant at our meetings, and
belonged to the West Kent Natural History Society, it must be
admitted that liis strongest bent was towards archaeology. He
was born in 1839, educated at private schools at Brighton and
Waustead, and studied in Germany. He bestowed much attention
to the excavations at the Roman city of Silchester, and was con-
stantly to be found at the display of finds when exhibited at

48 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

the Society of Antiquaries, of which he was a Fellow ; his interest
in the excavations at Silchester resulted in the acquisition of
material lor the reports made by Mr. Clement Eeid on the
plant-remains found on that site.

He died in his house at Blackheath, after five days' illness of
acute pneumonia, on the 3rd October, 1916, and was buried at
Shooter's Hill Ceuietery. [B. D. J.]

Lieut.-Colonel Kaxoba Eaxchoddas Kiutikar, I.M.S., was born
in 1850, and after a bi'illiant career at school, he spent three years
in the Grant Medical College at Bombay. In 1874 he came to
England to finish his medical education, and distinguished himself
at LTuiversity College, Gower Street. In 1876 he qualified for
medical practice, and in the year following he was successful at
the I.M.S. examination. He chose Bombay and served with native
Indian regiments at Sholapur, Karachi, and Hydei'abad. He saw
service in the second Afghan war, and was preseiat at the historic
fight of Mai wand, being afterwards awarded the Afghan medal and
clasp. On returning home he became Civil Surgeon at Thana,
and in 1886 Assistant Professor of Anatomy in Bombay, the
next year Professor of Materia Medica, and subsequently acted as
Professor of Botany. After twenty-seven years of service he
retired on reaching the age of 55.

His chief works are his 'Poisonous Plants of the Bombay
Presidency,' which was partly illustrated by himself, and, along
with Major B. D. Basu, ' Indian Medicinal Plants,' a book of
1000 quarto plates now ])assing through the press. He was
one of the founders of the Bombay Natural History Society
and secretary of its botanical section. The Moss Bri/osedgivickia
KirWkarii, Card. & Dixon, was named after him, the authors
stating that his "contributions to the botany of South India
are numerous and valuable, and who has collected a number
of interesting mosses from the Pooua and Bombay districts."
He was elected Pellow, 2nd March, 1893, and died ou the
9th May, 1917, of consumption. [B. D. J.]

Nicholas Hexry Martin, J.P., of Ravenswood, Low Fell,
Gatesliead, was a member of the firm of Brady and Martin, Ltd.
for forty vears. He was born in Cornwall in 1847, and served
his apprenticeship with a Penryn chemist, after a grammar-
school education. He was an insatiable reader, and conned all
available books, including Bentley's ' Manual of Botany,' and, with
it as a guide, became acquainted with the common plants of the
neighbourhood. During his apprenticeship his fatlier died, and
our late Fellow came to London in May 1867, and took a situa-
tion in Bruton Street at a salary of £30 a year indooi's. Out of
this slender emolument, in the following October, he paid the fees
for courses of lectures on chemistry (Redwood) and botany
(Bentley) at the Pharmaceutical Society in Bloomsbury Square.
He passed his Minor examination in February 1868, and in May

LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 49

he passed to the employment of Mr. Henry Deane, F.L.S., at
Clapliam, one of the original Fellows of the Royal Microscopical
Society. He was anxious to complete the botany course and
attend tlie lectures then given at the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Regent's Park, but his employer refused him permission, on the
plea that he could not be spared. This spurred him on to further
reading, though business liours were from 7 a.m. to 9.30 p.m.,
2 a.m. to 6 a.m. being the time he allotted to sleep, until 12th
December, 1868, " when I passed the Major in honours. When Mr.
Deane, who was an examiner, came home that evening he greeted
me very warmly, and said, ' Martin, I am as proud of you to-day
as if you were my son.' £t appears that I obtained the highest
marks of the session. Daniel H anbury, who lived at Clapham,
and who had examined me, came into Heane's shop specially to
congratulate me. ... I stayed at Mr. Heane's the next four
or five years until I went into business on my own account
and ... I continued scientific work and mounted during that
time about 1000 microscope-slides. On my olf-evenings one
winter I . . . examined several batches of dredgings ... So
my attention was turned to h'oraminifera."

Mr. Martin's partner, Henry Bowman Brady, was an eminent
authority on Foraminit'era, and the ' Challenger ' dredgings were
consigned to him for examination and report, which came out in
the yth volume of the quarto reports in 1884.

Mr. Martin served on the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society,
and presided at Pharmaceutical Conferences at Oxford and
Bournemouth in 1894-5, and his addresses were highly appreciated.
Since 1898 he had been Justice of the Peace for J^ewcastle-upon-
Tyne. He threw himself energetically into educational matters,
and being a fluent and rapid speaker, he was somewhat of a terror
to the local reporters. He rarely came to London without paying a
visit to the Society and its meetings. He was elected a Fellow
on the 3rd March, 1881. He died on the 5th July, 1916, and
was buried on the 8th at Jesmond Old Cemetery. A characteristic
portrait will be found in 'The Chemist and Druggist,' vol. ix.
p. 135, whence some of our information has been obtained.

[B. D. J.]

GrEORGE Edward Masseb, the well-known mycologist and plant-
pathologist, was born at Scampston in Yorkshire about the year
1850. At the age of ten he was sent to school at York. It is
interesting to note that even in his early days he showed a talent
for drawing and a love of natural history, gaining at the York
School of Art a national medal, and when about seventeen
years old publishing a paper on AVoodpeckers in the 'Intellectual
Observer.'

He disliked the idea of following his father as a farmer, and,
eager for ad\enture, readily accepted the ofl'er of Richard Spruce,
who was a relative of his mother, to accompany him on his expedi-
tion to South America. On this trip he collected plants on the

LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1916-1917. 6

50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

banks of tlie Amazon and also visited Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and
tlie AVest Indies. On his return to En-^'laiid he took up teaching,
and he continued his botanical work, making a special study of
Cryptogams. His artistic powers became manifest through the
pubhcation of his beautiful drawings in Spruce's 'Hepatiese
Amazonicje et Andinoe.'

During this period of his life Massee came into contact with the
late Dr. M. C. Cooke, and under his guidance made great progress
with the study of fungi and plant diseases, a subject in which he
was alreiidy much interested. In later life he gracefully acknow-
ledged his indebtedness to Cooke by dedicating to him his
'European Agaricacese' (1902). Although he liad puMished several
important morphological and systematic papers, Massee's note-
worthy contributions to mycology began in 1891 with the
appearance of his ' British Fungi, Phycomycetes and Ustilagineae.'
In 1892 he published his ' Monograph of tlie Myxogastres.' In the
same year appeared his first volume of the 'British Fungus Flora,'
a work which has perhaps been the most useful of any of his
systematic treatises. Unfortunately four parts only of this were
published.

Massee was appointed to the Kew staff in 1893. He succeeded
M. C. Cooke in charge of the Cryptogamic Department of the
Herbarium, and held the post till his retirement.

It was witii the completion of his work for the 'British Fungus
Flora' that Massee appears to have turned seriously to pathology,
papers on tliis subject appearing continuously after 1895. Up to
the year 1899 the two works on plant diseases available for
English workers were AVortliington Gr. Smith's ' Diseases of Farm
and Garden Crops,' and the most useful translation of vonTubeuf's
' Pflanzenkrankheiten ' by AVilliam G. Smith. The former was
very limited in its scope, and the latter, though comprehensive, was
scientific and technical and lacked the advice as to remedies so
eagerly sought for by gvowers. Massee's ' Text-Book of Plant
Diseases,' published in 1899, aimed at supplying both the means of
recognition of diseases and the methods of their control, and,
covering a large range of plants, it at once took front rank in the
literature of the subject. It has been very largely used by both
botanists and horticulturists, and a second edition was issued in
1903. The work brought the author into toucli with pathologists in
all parts of the woi-ld, and papers on tropical and colonial diseases
figure largely among the vast number of publications on plant
diseases which he subsequently produced. In 1910 his other well-
known work 'Diseases of Cultivated Plants and Trees' appeared.

Despite his output on phytopathology Massee found time to
continue to produce works on systematic mycology. ' European
Agaricacese,' a concise and useful synopsis, appeared in 1902, and
the semi-popular ' British Fungi and Lichens ' in 1911. The more
general volume 'A Text-Book of Fungi' was published in 1906,
and his last work, ' Mildews, Kusts, and Smuts,' written in con-
junction with his daughter^Miss Ivy Massee, appeared in 1913.

LINNEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. 5 1

Massee's work has left its mark on British mycology. He fol-
lowed up the work of Cooke, and has supplied the EngUsh student
with a series of volumes giving the most complete account of
the British fungus flora yet published. Coming into the field at a
time wlien the mit-roscope was beuig used much more largely both
by amateurs and scientists, most of his original work will be found
to be of a type very different from that of Cooke. Even in his
early days he was not afraid to discard old systems and fearlessly
to adopt microscopic characters for the differentiation of certain
difficult genera, and in many of his works his liking for the groups
of microscopic fungi is obvious. In this way lie forms a link
between the older mycologists and the modern school wlio have
had all the advantages of the modern methods of pure culture and
refined microscopic technique. Massee adopted himself consider-
ably, and in passing judgment on his work the date of his training
should be borne in mind.

jN'o one was more fully alive to the importance of field-work
than Massee, and in his early days he was an enthusiastic collector.
He was largely iustrumental in founding the British Mycological
Society and was its first President. In later life attacks of
influenza, to which he was liable for many years, hindered his
enjoyment of fungus forays, though he made a point of always
attending the September meeting of the Mycological Committee
of the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union, of which he was President.
He received the Victoria Medal of Horticulture from the Royal
Horticultural Society in 1902. He was a Eellow of the Linneau
Society from 1895 to 1915. On his retirement from Kew he
reluctantly left the Society, but was elected an Associate the
following year.

Massee was a remarkable man in many ways. His intuition
with regard to the alHnity of a fungus amounted almost to genius,
and this coupled with an unusually good memory gave him an
extraordinary wide knowledge of fungi. His artistic powers also
were quite exceptional. The originals of many of his drawings
were exceedingly beautiful, and the ease and rapidity with which
they were executed was astonishing. He had the power, too, of
recalling appearance, and could portray without the slightest
difficulty a whole series of fungi from memory. He was reserved,
yet quick and shrewd, and usually very outspoken. As a worker
he was energetic and industrious, and had withal a keen sense of
humour, and was greatly missed by his colleagues on his retire-
ment from the Herbarium in March, 1915. He died at Sevenoaks
on February 17, 1917, after a brief illness. [A. D. Cotton.]

Elias Metchnikoff. — The work of the great Eussian zoologist
Elias Metchnikoff, who died in Paris on July 15, 1916, affords
one of the best examples of the immense benefit mankind may
derive from the most abstruse scientific researches.

Metchnikoff was born at Ivanovka near Kharkoff in 1845. His
father was an officer in the Imperial Gruard, and his mother was of

e2

52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Jewish origin. Educated at the higli school and afterwards at
the Vniversityof Kharkoff, he was early attracted to Zoologj' and
published papers on Vorticella and on the nematode worm
Dij^logaster at the age of eighteen. In 1864 Metclniikoff went
to Geru)any to continue his researches in the laboratories of
von Siebold and Leuckart in Giessen and in Gottingen. At
this time he discovered the alternation of hermaphrodite and
bisexual generations in the nematode Rliahdonema nigrovenosa,
a common parasite of the frog's lung, and showed that the
hermaphrodite in the frog gives rise viviparously to a generation
of free-living males and females the fertilised eggs of which
infect a new host. Dissatisfied with his treatment by Leuckart,
Metc-hnikofF proceeded to Naples and then to Odessa, where he
jiiet the famous Eussian embryologist Kowalevsky, and in 1877
Mas made Professor in the University. It was during these
years that a series of papers appeared on Eotifers, Gastrotricha
and allied forms, and on the Siphonophora. Especially remark-
able were INJetchnikoff's contributions to embryology. He
described the vivipai'ous reproduction of the fly Cecidomyia, the
metamorphosis of the Actinntrocha larva into the adult Phoronis,
and of the Tornaria larva into Balanoglossus, determined the
Chsetopod affinities of the parasitic Myzostoma, and discovered the
embryonic membranes of Insects. A great deal of attention was
devoted to tracing the development of the germ-layers in various
Arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms, and Tunicates, and he was
the first to determine correctly the fate of the ciliated and
granular cells in the amphiblastula of Sponges.

The great value and originality of tliese researches have, how-
ever, been somewhat overshadowed by tlie later work of
Metchnikoff wliich grew out of them. While studving minute
transparent aquatic forms and larvae, he was struck with the
importance of the freely-moving mesoblastic cells found wander-
ing throughout the spaces and tissues of the body. Combining
the scattered observations of others with the results of his own
patient researches, he concluded that these free amoeboid cells,
whether working their way through the tissues or floating in the
blood and lymi)h as white corpuscles, are active scavengers which
singly or in groups eat up and destroy decaying cells, foreign
intrusive substances, and invading organisms, such as bacteria
and other parasites. Just as an amoeba injects its food, so these
wandering cells or phagocytes, as Metchnikoff called them, take
in useless or injurious living or dead particles in multicellular
animals. To pursue his work on ])hagocyt()sis he left Odessa,
and went to Paris in 1888, where he was welcomed by Pasteur.
The great Frenchman had proved that parasitic bncteria are the
cause of most infectious diseases, and that inoculations with artificial
cultures of the offending organism may serve to prevent or to
cure the disease. It remained for Metchnikoff to explain how^
immunity and recovery are brought ai)Out. In a masterly book
on Inflammation (1892) he traced the phagocytic action of cells

LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LO]SrDOJSr. 53

throughout the animal kingdom from the Protozoa to man; and
in a later work on Iininuiiity (1901) he gave a complete exposi-
tion of his theories of the means of defence of animals against
infective agents, reviewing all the modern work on nafural and
acquired immunity and on toxins and antitoxins. It was not
without a struggle that Metchnikoff established his views ; but
they ai'e now generally accepted, and form the basis of most of
the new develo|)ments iu the pathology of intVctious diseases.

Metchnikoif's first wife died early, and in 1875 he married Olga
Belocagitoff, a highly gifted lady, not only an accomplished linguist
and artist, but also a zoologist of distinction. To the last Metch-
nikoff pursued his studies with untiring energy at the Pasteur
Institute in Paris, of which he had become Professor and Sub-
director. In his later days he turned his attention to the
prolongation of human life by the control of the putrefactive
processes in the intestine. Though he cannot be said to have
successfully solved the difficult problems he then attacked, yet the
new light he threw on the subject may enable others to advance
further along the path he so boldly opened out. [E. S. G.]

The practical retirement of Professor Daniel Oliver, LL.D.,
P.R.S., from active botanic work at the age of sixty, has restricted
the number in this Society to whom the news of his death, at the
advanced age of 8(3, has come with a pang of regret, though this
diminished band will ever recall the late professor as an example
of strenuous and accurate work, and as adding greatly to the
influence of Kew under the directorship of the Hookers.

Daniel Oliver was born at Newcastle-on-Tyne, on the 6th
February, 1830, and his father and grandfather bearing the same
christian name, he was styled " tertius " in his earlier papers. He
was educated at the Friends' School, Wigton, and there showed a
marked interest in field natural history, and a wider scope was
aiforded him on his joining the Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club
(now the Natural History Society of Northumberland and Durham),
where he came into contact with the naturalists Albany & John
Hancock, J. Alder, Sir W. C. Trevelyan, and H. Tuke Mennell.
Later he lectured on Botany at the Medical School of the
University of Durham, an early initiation into his after-life work.
His first printed paper came out in the ' Phytologist ' under the
editorship of Edward Newman, a modest contribution of less than
a page, "List of a few plants found in liouldersdale and Teesdale,
together with the Formations on which they were found," op.
cit. ii. (1847) p. 986, which gives an early intimation of ecology, a
department which has so greatly developed in our days. Three
successive short articles followed in the same medium, " Note on
Serratula tinctoria, Alsine stricta, and a species of Woodsia," iii.
(1850) p. 775, and "Notes of a botanical ramble in Ireland last
autuu]n," iv. (1851 ) pp. 125-128. He says i]i the last paper, "I
have already recorded Spen/ula suhtdata, JSfaiasfle.vilis, and one or
two [other plants]. It is very likely that the Kaias may be found

54 PItOCEEDIXGS OF THE

by careful search in other parts of Gahvay ; the scraps which
I obtained were in a small lake not very far from the village
[of Koundstone], I quite think floating, or perhaps detached, at
the time of my collecting them ; but unfortuiiately they were
put away without either suiEcient examination or consideration ;
it does so happen that we are at times unaccountably deficient
even in ordinary observation" (ib. p. 127). In the same volume also
appeared "Botanical notes of a week in Ireland during the
present month (August, 1852), by Daniel Oliver, Jun., Esq.,
F.B.S.E." The signature calls attention to the fact that he had
lost his grandfather, and bad become a Fellow of the Botanical
Society of Edinburgh (in 1851) ; on the second page (677) is a
paragraph on Naiasfiexilis.

The next year he was elected into the Linnean Society, on the
1st February, 1853 ; he \\as proposed by Edward Newman, George
Stacey Gibson, and J. S. Bowerbank. Mr. Allan A. Black became
the assistant to Sir W. J. Hooker in charge of the Herbarium in
the same year, to whom Oliver succeeded in due course.

In February, 1858, Oliver came to Loudon, on the invitation of
Sir W. J. Hooker, to help in the Herbarium, for which a small
grant had recently been made ; part of his early duties were to
prepare Spruce's collections for distribution.

l)r. Lindley's health having become unsatisfactory, he resigned
his chair of Botany in University College, Gower Street, in 1861 ;
he was succeeded by Daniel Oliver, who held it until 1888. In
order to avoid trenching upon his official \\ork at Kew, Oliver
lectured at 8 a.m. from the first week in May till the middle of
July ; this was effected by a local constable being employed to
knock at his bedroom window at the early hour required for the
professor's drive to Gower Street.

He was elected F.R.S. in 1863, and in 1864 became Keeper of
the Herbarium and Library at Kew, which post he held until his
retirement in 1890.

Dr. A\^. Betting Hemsley, F.E.S., who was very closely
associated with Oliver for a long series of years, has most happily
described the professor's methods. He says: "During this period
he worked with untiring zeal on the constant influx of collections
from all ])arts of the world, and set an example of punctuality and
conscientious devotio)! to duty that has not failed to produce good
fruit. Indeed, it was the discharge of his duties that prevented
liim during later years from continuing the valuable contributions
to scientific literature, which had procured him a distinguished
position among botanists of all countries. He studied all
branches of botany, but his fame will rest on his unrivalled know-
ledge of flowering plants. This vast store of knowledge has
always been open to all who chose to consult him, and its direct
influence on the writings of others is only known to the few
intimately connected with his official life. Probably no one man
ever knew so much as he of those aberrant types which puzzle the
most experienced botanists" (Journ. Kew Guild, 1898).

LIITNEAN SOCIETr OF LONDON. 55

Already in 1859 Oliver planned and carried out courses of
lectures to the young gardeners at Kew, which he continued till
1874, when a government grant was obtained for the work on a
widened plan. He revised the Garden Guide, first written by
Sir W. J. Hooker, from its 22nd edition in 1863 to its second
issue of the 29th edition, virtually the 30th, in 1885; he initiated
the Museum Guide in 1861, on to the 6th edition in 1875, the last
three in conjunction with J. E. Jackson.

Another supplementary task which engaged Oliver's attention
during 1858-9, was the arrangement of the British Herbarium
belonging to the Linnean Society. In his diary Geoi'ge Bentham
records on the 16th April, 1858: "remained in town on a com-
mittee with C. C. Babington and Dr. Alexander [afterwards Prior]
for superintending the formation of a British herbarium ; spent
the morning with them routing out the old bundles in the Society^s
stores." On the 14th May: " After breakfast to the Linnean
Society till two, with Dr. Alexander and Mr. Oliver commenced
the selection of tiie specimens for the British herbarium of the
Society." On the completion of his task, Oliver read a short note
on the 15th December, 1859, giving an account of the work, which
came out in our Journal, Botany, iv. (1860) pp. 194-198. Mention
is made there of the "Marks suggested by Joseph Woods in his
'Toui'ist's riora' are made use of to indicate in the 'Catalogue' the
more or less perfect state of the specimens representing each
species respectively." The fifth edition of the 'London Catalogue'
is that referred to, and the copy in the herbarium is a testimony
to care bestowed upon the work done by the reporter on that
herbarium.

The period following Oliver's settlement at Kew, especially the
years succeeding his appointment as Keeper, seem to mark the
full flood time of productive energy in the establishment. Sir
J. D. Hooker was working, so far as his official duties permitted,
on the ' Genera Plantarum ' with Bentham, whose time was given
up to that work and the 'Flora Australiensis'; the 'Botanical
Magazine' was conducted by the Director, and Oliver began the
'Mora of Tropical Africa.' Many smaller works absorbed the
energies of the stafl:', such as the Botany of the Speke and Grant
Expedition, which filled the 29th volume of the Linnean Society's
Transai-tions, in 3 parts, issued in 1872-5, and numerous shorter
papers, all testifying to the high pressure under which work was
done in the great establishment of Ke^v.

Mr. James Britten, who knew Oliver well, and had exceptional
opportunities of knowing the private and unofficial side of his
chief, in a recent number of the 'Journal of Botany,' iv. (1917) p. 91,
refers to Oliver as a lecturer, at the early hour already mentioned: —
" I do not think he was an ideal lecturer: his manner v.'as somewhat
jerky and abrupt, and was not such as to encourage questioners —
indeed, I do not remember that such a one ever presented him-
self." . . . "Daniel Hanbury came in connection with his
important researches into the history of drugs, which took ultimate

56 PnOCEEDIXGS OF THE

shape in ' Phiirinacographia'; be was one of the comparatively few
visitors whom Oliver .seemed glad to see, for ihe latter was
iin|)atieiit of interruptioi), and inquirers in search of casual infor-
mation iound short shrift at his hand. ... Of course to genuine
workers Oliver was always attentive enough, but bis rapid speech
and jerky manner certainly tended to intimidate the nervous, and,
until I became used to them, alarmed me a good deal. I never
knew a man who seemed so continually at high pressure ; to meet
him walking, always at a rapid pace, through tlie Gai'dens, or to
hear him running up or down stairs, was in itself an object-lesson
on the importance of time and the necessity of making use of every
fragment of it.

" Tiiis, however, was during his working hours; it was not long
before I was invited to spend an evening at his house — an invitation
from time to time renewed and always glndly accepted — and I
then had the opportunity of appreciating the restful and artistic
side of Oliver's character. Euskin was at the height of his
reputation and the English Pre-liaphaelites were in vogue. Oliver
was a devoted admirer of Euskin, whose i)ersonal acquaintance
was to come later.

"It was in 1869 that Oliver began to devote his leisure to
drawing — to the pursuit of which his later years were mainly
devoted. . . . His holidays were spent in sketching — first in
North Wales, then in Cornwall, Jersey, France. . . . He had a
small but choice collection of Avater-colours, mainly the work of
Alfred W. Hunt, of which he had a high appreciation; to this
he devoted the fees received from his lectures, . . .

"In the summer of 1874 Oliver invited me to join him at
Auxerre, in the Department of the Toinie. It was the first time
I had been abroad, and the memory of the fortnight then spent
will always remain among the pleasantest of my life. Oliver
devoted himself to sketching with characteristic energy, going
out before breakfast, and working all day. The poplar-clad banks
of the Yonne afforded aliundant occupation, varied with studies
of the architecture of the charming old town, especially of the
cathedral, \A"hich from various aspects formed a centre of interest.
... It w^as at this time that Oliver was copying the architectural
treatment of plants and animals, some of which he subsequently
reproduced decades (in 1882-6) for private circulation under the
title 'Plant and Animal Forms as used by Workmen of the
Middle Ages in Decoration chiefly of French Churches.' Of these
there were five fascicles, the drawings principally from i^ miens,
Laon, Soissons, Beauvais, Senlis, and Noyon. The last fascicle
is entirely devoted to Chartres . . . especially rich in floral
representation : liannncuhis repens, sometimes vigorously treated,
is a favourite subject, and there are fine studies of oak and ivy.

" Ruskin . . . wi'ote 'Quite the best I have ever seen. . . .
Tour Amiens work is magnificent and skilful and truthful — to the
nearly highest point.' ... As appears from various passages in
Buskin's writings, he was accustomed to apply to Oliver for

LINNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. 57

botanical information." Oliver owned to the writer of the present
lines that he could not keep Kuskin on the straight track-, witness
his proposed genus " Lucya" for Genfiana, "after a king who by
no means deserved that honour."

It was only during the last ten years of Oliver's Iveepership
that the present writer came into intimate relationship with the
Professor, especially when the work afterwards termed ' Index
Ivewensis ' was begun. At the very outset Oliver begged me to
make use of him in every way conducive to the furtherance of our
aims, and during tlie remainder of his official life his help was
continuous and unstinted.

Shortly after attaining the age of BO he retired from office, but
continued to live at Kew, and until the end of 1895 acted as
editor of Hooker's 'Icones.' lu 1891 the University of Aberdeen
conferred on him the honorary degree of LL.D. ; previously in
1882 the Edinburgh Botanical Society had chosen him as one of
its six Honorarv Fellows. Other honours were : in 1884, one of
the Royal Medals of the Royal Society, and in May, 1893, the
Grold Medal of the Linnean Society.

He rarely suffered from ill-health, and even when afflicted by a
bad cold, and wearing a skull-cap in the Herbarium in consequence,
he resented enquiries as to his health. His death on the 21st
December, 1916, after a few days' illness, was swift and peaceful.
He was buried at Isleworth, in the Friends' burial-ground attached
to the Meeting House, which he had regularly attended since he
came to Kew.

It was tlie writer's intention to draw up a bibliography of Oliver's
Avritiugs, but a nearly complete list having been printed in the
Ivew 'Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information' for 1917, pp. 32-36,
it seems needless; the only omissions we have noted are two
early papers in the ' Phytologist' set out above, and the " Plant
and Animal Forms" described by Mr. Britten, which we have
quoted from the ' Journal of Botany,' April 1917.

There is a portrait by J. W. Forster in the Herbarium, Kew,
and several photographs at various periods of his life, extant ; the
last taken of him showed him in July 1916 as one of a group of
four Keepers, his associates being Mr. J. Gr. Baker, Dr. W. Botting
Hemsley, and the present holder of the office, Dr. Otto Stapf.

A compliment our late Father of the Society greatly valued
was : when he retired from official work, he contemplated with-
drawing from the Society, but the Council unanimously decided
to retain his name on our list, as of one whose contributions had
greatly added to the importance of our publications, whose c(mnsels
had been of value, and his labours of signal worth, to the com-
munity of naturalists. [B. D. J.]

Henry Haeold Welch Pearso.v. — The death of Professor
Pearson on November 3, 1916, at the age of forty-six, deprived
Botanical science of one of its most active and useful repre-
sentatives. His original contributions, which covered a wide field,

58 PEOOEEDINGS OF THE

were marked by tlioroughiiess, breadth of view, and originality, but
tiiroiigh his attractive and compelling personality, and his bound-
less energy, be was able to do mucb n)ore for the advancement of
learning and for the promotioii of the scientific spirit than can be
measured by the amount of his published work. Pearson had to
a large extent his own way to make, and it was his determination
and power of concentrated effort that enabled him to carve out
his career and to achieve conspicuous success in several branches
of botany.

Harold Pearson was born at Long Sutton, Lincolnshire, in
1870. He received the first part of his education in his father's
school at Wiclihambrook, in Suffolk, and was for a short time a
boarder at a school at Beceles. On leaving school he became
assistant to a chemist at Hawk hurst, but having another aim in
view he devoted his leisure to preparing himself for the London
University JMatriculation examination, and after passing this
examination he obtained an assistant mastership at Mr. Waite's
school, St. Aubyn's, at Eastbourne. It was at Eastbourne in 1892
that I first met Pearson as a student attending a course of lectures
which I was delivering as a University Extension Lecturer, and
from that time onwards it was my privilege to keep in close touch
with him. In the following year he obtained a Clothworkers'
Exhibition, and with the additional assistance genei'ously given by
the Eev. Herbert Alston, who was then Rectcr of Little Bradley,
in Suffolk, he was able to realize his ambition of entering the
University with a view to proceeding to a degree in Natural
Science. For the first three years of his Cambridge life Pearson
was a non-collegiate student; in 1895 he became a member of
Christ's College, of which he was elected a Eoundatiou Scholar.
He obtained a Eirst Class in both parts of the Natural Sciences
Tripos; in 1898 he was elected to a Frank Smart Studentship,
and, in accordance with the regulations governing the Studentship,
he migrated to Gonville and Caius College. In 1896 he went to
Ceylon, and for the work he accomplished there be subsequently
obtained the Walsingham Medal. In 1898 he was appointed
Assistant Curator of the Cambridge Herbarium, and in the
following year he became a member of the staff at the Royal
Gardens, Kew, where he remained until his appointment as the
first Harry Bolus Pi'ofessor at the South African College, Cape
Town, in 1903, a post which he held at tlie time of his death. In
1907 he took the Cambridge Sc.D. degree, and in 1916 was elected
a Fellow of the Eoyal Society. Before leaving England Pearson
married the youngest daughter of the late William Pratt, of Little
Bradle}', Suffolk, who has recently been aftpointed Warden of a
Hostel, which has been founded as a memorial to her husband,
for lady gardeners and botanical students at the National Gardens.

Pearson's contributions to botany range over several branches
of the subject : liis first publisiied |)aper deals with the anatomy
of the seedling of the Queensland Cycad Botvenia spectahilis ; and
in later years, by his own observations in the field and with the

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 59-

assistance of co-workers, he added considerably to our knowledge
of the South African Cycads, particuhirly as i-egards the evidence
in favour of insect-pollination. The Cycad plantation in the
Kirstenbosch Garden, which includes about 500 specimens, was
arranged and in part planted with his own hands by Prof. Pearson,
and it was on a slope facing his favourite plants that he was
buried. His field-work in Ceylon led to two important papers,
the second in collaboration with his friend J. Parkin, botii of
which were published in the Journal of the Linnean Society.
Considering the short time at his disposal and his inexperience as
an investigator, the success with which Pearson attacked the
difficult problems connected with the question of the development
of the Patanas is remarkable. This apprenticeship to field-work
on a large scale was invaluable to him in later years, wlien he had
many opportunities of studying the diverse floras met with in his^
African expeditions. His output from Kew consisted chiefly of
descriptive systematic work, but lie also found time to write an
interesting account of some species of Bischidia, dealing chiefly
with the morphology of the double pitchers : this paper was
published in the Journal of the Linnean Society in 1901. He
also rendered much assistance to Mr. Hemsley in the preparation
of a comprehensive account of the Flora of Tibet, Pearson's most
important work was on Welwitschia and Onetum. In 1904 he
paid his first visit to German South- West Africa, and collected
material of WelwitscMa which enabled him to amplify and extend
Sir Joseph Hooker's classic memoir on that genus in a paper pub-
lished in the ' Philosophical Transactions,' 190fi. He visited the
German Territory three times, and in January, 1916, he w-as at
Windhuk at the headquarters of the Union Forces after the
country had been conquered by General Botha's Army. A second
expedition to Damaraland in 1906-7 enabled him to fill in many
gaps in his first paper on WelivifscJiia, and in a later contribution
(1909), also published by the Royal Society, he devoted special
attention to the morphological nature of the tissue in the embryo-
sac. During an expedition in 1908-9 financed by the Percy Sladen
Trustees, to whom he was indebted for assistance on several
occasions, he collected material of Gnetum africcmum in Angola,
of which he made the fullest use, both by his ovi'u researches and
by generously sharing the spoil with other botanists. Pearson's
critical investigations on the Gnetales have thrown much new
light on the inter- relationships of the genera and of the Gnetales
with the Angiosperms ; they are characterized by clearness of
reasoning and originality, and contain new morphological con-
ceptions.

Pearson was an exceptionally good explorer ; he was much more
than a successful collector and practised systematist ; he planned
his expeditions on broad lines and had always in view the col-
lection of evidence which might throw light on the events which
led to the development of the South African floras. Though by
the discovery of numerous new types and by his systematic papers

€o PROCEEDINGS OF XIIE

lie did much to extend our iciiowledge of South African floras, had
he lived longer he would undoubtedly have produced a work of
first-rate importance, giving tlie results of his observations in many
regions and liis considered conclusions on phytogeographical
problems. In addition to several papers dealing witii the results
of his expeditions, published in the 'Annals of tlie South African
Museum,' Pearson contributed an admirably Mi'itten account of his
travels in South- West Africa to tlie 'Geograpbieal Journal' (1910),
and shorter sketches were published in the * (-Jardeners' Chronicle'
(1909), 'Nature' (1909) and elsewhere. Pearson made a few
excursions into applied Botany, and his paper on the Witchweed
{Stnga lutea) admirably illustrates the value of a thorough
acquaintance with pure Botany as a qualification for grappling
with questions of Agricultural importance. During an enforced
halt in jN'ainaqualaiid he devoted himself to the investigation of
certain physiological phenomena, and recorded his results in a
paper published in the ' Annals of Botany ' (1914) on the internal
temperatures of Eup/iorbia virostt and Aloe dichotoma.

The history of his connection with the foundation of the
National Botanic Garden is too long to record in full. In a
Presidential address to the Botanical Section of the South African
Association for the Advancement of Science (1910) he stated tlie
case for the establishment of a National Garden with admirable
wisdom and foresight, and urged the importance of adding to the
Grarden a National Uerbai'ium, a Museum of Economic Botany, a
Library, and Research Laboratories, After overcoming many
diiliculties his persistence was rewarded by the unanimous decision
of the House of Assembly, on May 6, 1913, to establish a State
Garden on the Kirstenbosch estate on the eastern slope of Table
Mountain. Pearson was elected Honorary Director, and his time
was thenceforth divided between the Garden and the South African
College, a double responsibility which tasked his strength to the
utmost. As the author of an article in ' The Cape ' wrote — " The
best memorial that can be raised to him is to see that liis work at
Kirstenbosch is carried on, and the National Botanic Gardens
made what he pictured them in his minds eye. That is the A\ay
to perpetuate his memory, for, as long as Kirstenbosch exists,
there will be linked with it the name of its founder — the scholar
and gentleman, Harold Pearson,"

Pearson accomplished much in a short life, a life of unselfish
devotion to Science and to the service of the State: he was a
delightful companion, full of human sympathy and blessed with a
keen sense of humour. One of his favourite authors was Charles
Lamb, whose Essays and generally a volume of Shakespeare's
plays Avere his companions on many journeys. He was in an
exceptional degree a man who inspired respect and affection : in
the words of one of his old students, *' He was the very best head
of a department that I have ever worked for, the most tolerant
and the broadest miuded ; it was a real pleasure to act as his
subordinate." [A. C. Seavakd.]

LIXNBAX SOCIETi' OF LONDON. 6l

Clement Eeid occupied a unique position in relation to geology
and botany. Commencing his career as a geologist, be soon turned
his attention to the investigation of the history of the existing
British flora as shown in the more recent geological formations,
both by the actual plant-remains and by the evidence of alterations
in the climatic conditions and physical features of the country.
By his energetic and painstaking researches in tliis held, pursued
unremittingly through a period of thirty-six years, he did more
than any other man. with the exception of Watson (who
approached tlie subject from a different standpoint), to elucidate
the origin of our present flora.

He was born on the 6rh January, 1853, the son of Edward Ker
Reid, a London goldsmith. On his mother's side he was the
grand-nephew of Michnel Faraday, and it was no doubt the
scientific atmosphere in the family created by the genius of Faraday
whicli gave the experimental and critical bent to Eeid's mind
that fitted him for the work of his life. We learn from Mrs.
Eeid that it was from his mother that he iidierited his great
love of nature. As a child a partial deafness, the after-result
of scarlet fever, cut him off from intercourse with other children,
and threw him to a great extent on his own I'esources. This
no doubt led to the enjoyment of solitary walks in the country,
and to those habits of observation and deduction which qualified
him in after years to take so high a rank as a naturalist.

He left school at the comparatively early age of fourteen, and
his first start in life was to enter a publisher's oiSce. He did not
take kindly to the routine of office work, which « as little suited to
his active mind, but the business training helped him considerably
in after years in dealing methodically with the vast mass of facts
and specimens with which he had to do.

Seven vears later he found a congenial occupation. Hearing
througli his friend Mr. H. B. Woodward of the likelihood of a
vacancv on the Geological Survey, he qualified for, and in 187-t
obtained the appointment. An ideal profession for the naturalist,
it afforded him exceptional opportunities for the particular line of
work to which he was attracted. In the first place he was
stationed in the south-west of England, but, during the tliirty-nine
years of liis connection with the Survejs his duties involved the
geological es])loration of a considerable portion of England,
especially in the south. His friend and former colleague Mr.
E. T. jSewton, in an appreciative noticein the 'Geological Magazine'
for January, 1917, tells us that he worked in Norfolk, Yorkshire,
Lincolnshire, Sussex, Hampshire, the Isle of Wight, Dorset, AVilts
and Coruv\"all, as well as in the London area. He was responsible
for a number of the publications of the Survey. Mr. Newton,
referring especially to the geological side of his work, remarks,
" Whatever Mr. Eeid undertook to do lie did thoroughly. He was
always a most careful and untiring worker, and even his
times of relaxation were devoted to some collateral aspect of
his ^^■ork."

€2 PItOLEEDI>'GS OF THE

It \vas in 1876, when lie was transferred to Norfolk, that his
important botanical work was begun in connection witli the
exploration of the Cromer Forest-Bed with its wealtii of vegetable
remains. He depended in the first place on others for the iden-
tification of his specimens, but soon commenced to work them out
for himself. In consulting the public collections, he was met by
the difficulty tliat with many species ripe fruit and seeds which
he most required to see were lacking. To remedy this, with charac-
teristic energy, he set himself to form a collection of the fi-uitsand
seeds of British and Scandinavian plants likely to be required for
comparison with the fossils, and in this way obtained a much more
extended acquaintance with our flora, and an exceptional knowledge
of the fruiting condition of plants. In his first paper on the
Cromer deposits, only two plants were mentioned, but a litth-
later in his " Geology of the Country around Cromer"' he enumer-
ated thirty-eight, and in subsequent papers the number was
brought up to fifty-five.

In 1888, in conjunction with ]Mr. H. X, Eidley, he gave an
account of the "Fossil Arctic plants from the lacustrine deposit at
Hoxne," and the same year contributed his first general paper on
the fossil flora of this country, entitled " Xotes on the Geological
History of the Recent Flora of Britain," in which 120 species were
referred to. This Avas followed in quick succession by a number
of papers dealing with the species found in various plant-deposits
and of the climatic changes of which they gave evidence, especially
as regards the occurrence of an inter-glacial period when the
climate was mild, as shown by the presence of plants which could
not have borne extreme cold. This theory he considered as con-
clusively proved.

A particularly interesting little paper was produced in 1892,
"On the natural history of isolated ponds." In this he dealt
with problems of distribution and the causes of plant-dispersal
which always fascinated him.

In 1897 he married Miss Eleanor Mary Wynne-Edwards, and
it was with that lady's able assistance and co-operation that most of
his subsequent work at fossil plants was accomplished. As the
field of investigation extended it became necessary not only to be
acquainted with the plants of Northern and AVestern Europe, but
practically with those of the world, for in some deposits startling
results were obtained, remains of plants being found which now
only occur in distant parts of the globe. In this direction Mrs.
Keid was particularly helpful, working for a long time at Kew
examining and making drawings of fruits, seeds, etc., to supple-
ment the collection already accumulated.

In 1898 Eeid described Limnocarjms, a new (fossil) genus, and
published a paper on "Further contributions to the Geological
History of the British Flora," enumerating 240 species.

In 1899 his book 'The Origin of the British Flora' appeared,
embodying the results of the author's many years of careful and
patient research, dealing with the means of dispersal of plants and

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 6;^

the cliauges of the geography and climate of this part of Europe,
and giving a systematic account of the history of our present
flora as indicated by the geological evidence. Tiiough but a thin
volume of less than 200 pages, this represented a very important
addition to the literature of British botany.

In 1902 he contributed the article " Palfeo-botany Tertiary"
to the Eiicyclopoidia Britannica.

In 1905 a visit to Tegelen in Holland, where some particularly
interesting plant-remains had been found, opened up a new field
of work, and in conjunction with Mrs. Reid three memoirs were
produced dealing with this deposit, from which a number of
Eastern Asiatic types were identified. A little later thei'e were
papers by Mr. and Mrs. Reid ou the Pre-Glacial Flora of Britain,
and ou the Lignite of Bovey-Tracey. In 1908 lieid went out to
Cyprus ou behalf of the Colonial OfBce to report on the water-
supply.

In 1913, at the age of sixty, Eeid retired from the Geological
Survey and went to live at Milford-on-Sea, on the coast of Hamp-
shire, where he had purchased an acre of land in a beautiful
little valley and built himself a house which he called " One Acre."
It was an ideal situation, quite close to the geologically-famed
Hordle Cliffs, with their fine exposure of the Lower Headon beds,
rich in plant-remains. His garden contained many plants of
interest, especially those of genera found as fossils.

During the too brief period of his rest from official duties
he published, among other works, his small book 'Submerged
Forests,' a paper on the plants of the late Glacial deposits of the
Lea Valley, and jointly with Mrs. Eeid a paper on a new fossil
Oorema, and a magnificent large-quarto monograph on the Pliocene
Floras of the Dutch-Prussian Border, in which 189 species were
enumerated, many of them new, and in a number of cases having
their nearest living representatives in the Himalayas, China and
Japan. This and several of the other joint works were illustrated
by numerous micro-photographs taken by Eeid, who was particu-
larly successful in their production. In conjunction with the
present writer, he entered upon the investigation of the fossil
Characeae, obtaining some important results in connection with
those from the Middle Purbeck beds, a preliminary rej^ort upon
which appeared in the ' Proceedings ' of the Eoyal Society. We
were engaged on a paper on the Chara-reraains of the Hordle
Cliffs at the time of his death. For many years he had suffered
from acute attacks of indigestion, latterly his heart became
affected, and on the 10th December, 1916, he passed away. He
was buried in Milford churchyard.

He became a Fellow of the Society on 6th December, 1888, and
his cheery, genial personality was a familiar one at its meetings
for many years. He served on the Council in 1900-2 and 1905-7,
In 1875 he was elected F.G.S., and was ap|)ointed a Vice-President
of that Society in 1913. He was elected to the Eoyal Society in
1899.

64 PIlOCEEDl>"GS OF TUE

He was an enthusiastic naturalist and a man of extraordinary
energv. A tew only of his writings on pala30-botany have been
referred to here, but son)e idea of his intellectual activity may be
gathered from the fact that the published notrs, papers, and books,
either written by himself, or to which he made important con-
tributions, total up to considerably over a hundred, many of them
representing an enormous amount of carefully worked-out detail.
He was wonderfully ingenious and resourceful in devising means
for coping with the diiliculties which beset the palaeontologist.

He was extremely modewt as regards his own attainments and
was one of the kindest of men, always thoughtful and considerate
for others, always public-spirited and with a large outlook on life.

An excellent portrait by Messrs. Elliott & Fry was reproduced
iu the 'Journal of Botany ' for June, 1U17, in conjunction with a
short account of his life. [James Groves,]

Sir Marc Armand Eueeer, Kt., lost his life on the 27th A])ril
last, when returning from Greece to take up his duties in Egypt,
by the sinking by enemy action of the ' Arcadian ' in the
Mediterranean.

He was born in Paris in 1859, the eldest son of the late Baron
Alphonse Jacques de Buffer, but received his education ciiiefly in
England, at University College, London, and Brasenose College,
Oxford, in 1888 becoming D.M. After working in Paris
under Pasteur and Metchnikoff, he aided in. establishing the
Britisli Institute of Preventive Medicine in 1893, and became its
first Director: it is now the Lister Institute. In carrying out
the first important work done iu the new institution — the produc-
tion of diphtheria antitoxin — he fell a victim to diphtheria and
nearly died of it. This attack so enl'eebled his system that lie
resigned his post, and went to Egypt to recuperate, and there he
settled, becoming Professor of Pathology and Bacteriology iu the
Cairo Medical School. After serving on many enquiries and
conferences, he was appointed President of the Sanitary, Maritime,
and Quarantine Council of Egypt ; he re-organised the work uf
the dei)artment, built special pilgi'iiu stations, and brought the
pilgrims themselves under proper medical supervision, so keeping
many diseases from entering Egypt, and passing onward to
Europe. His last task was a visit on behalf of the Red Cross to
Greece, he being the head of that organisation in Egypt. He
leaves behind him a reputation for knowledge, tact, and firmness
which are attained by very few.

His connection with the Linnean Society dated from 7th May,
1891. [B. D.J.I

Captain Geoffrey "Watkixs Smitu. — By the death in action on
J[uly 10, 1916, of Captain Geoffrey W. Smith, we have lost one
of the most brilliant of the younger generation of zoologists. He
was born in 18S1, the youngest son of the well-kno\\n "West-
minster magistrate, Mr. Horace Smith, and Mrs. Smith, of Ivy

LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 65

Bauk, Beckenham. Starting his school career at Temple Grove
School, he went to Winchester College and afterwards to New
College, Oxford, where he was given a scholarship in 1900.
After taking his degree in Zoologj^ he devoted himself to research
and to teaching, both in his college and in the Department of
Compai-ative Anatomy in the University Museum. In 1907 he
was elected Fellow and Lecturer of New College, and some years
later became Tutor. When the war broke out he volunteered
his services, joined the O.T.C., and soon obtained a commission
in the Rifle Brigade. He was killed by a shell in a trench just
captured from the Germans near Pozieres in France.

Geoffrey Watkins Smith will be deeply regretted by all who
knew him. His was a particularly charming personality. Of a
most lovable character, of unfailing good humour and courtesy,
he endeared liimself to all tho.^e witli whom he came into contact.
His pupils and colleagues at Oxford were devoted to him no less
than the men he led at the front. A man of wide interests and
of a cheerful disposition, hethorouglily enjoyed the good things of
life. Fond of all kinds of si)ort, he excelled especially in lawn
tennis and golf. Smith delighted in good literature, whether
English or foreign, prose or poetry, and himself was author of
some delightful carols dedicated to " The lady who first told me
about Christmas." Indeed, the literary style of his scientific
writings adds much to their value. When a mere schoolboy he
contributed notes on birds to the 'Zoologist' (1898), and since then
has published a large number of original papers on various subjects
ranging from the Protozoa to the Vertebrata. But he soon devoted
his energies more especially to the Crustacea. It was not, however,
in mere systematics or even in morphology that Geoffrey Smith
was most interested, but rather in the wider problems of evolu-
tion and heredity as met with in the study of parasitism and sex.
Having taken his degree he went to Naples in 1903, and worked
on Gnatliia and on high and low Dimorphism in the Tanaidse
(Mitth. Zool. Sta. Neapel, 1904). At the request of Prof. Dohrn
he then undertook to write a monograph on the Rhizocephala.
This monograph, one of the most interesting of the series,
appeared in 190G, and contains many important contributions to
our knowledge of the structure and life-history of these remark-
able Crustacean parasites, and also of the strange effect on their
Crab hosts named parasitic castration by Giard, who first detected
it. It was the starting point for a series of "Studies in the
experimental analysis of sex," published in the ' Quarterly Journal
of Microsc. Science ' up to 1914, which formed Smith's most
important contribution to science. He showed that the maturing
female crab undergoes profound ciianges in fat metabolism as the
eggs are formed, and that the parasitic SaccuUna induces similar
ch;inge in the mala crab it infects — changes which are accompanied
not only by the development of female secondary characters, but
also of female primary sexual characters, if the parasite is got rid
of and the crab recovers. The male crab in fact is converted

LINN. SOC. PBOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1916-1917. /

66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

into an hei"mapliroclitt% containing spermalozna and ova. The
female unclerfi[oes no such change. He argued that, since in many
cases the secondary sexual characters develop independently of
tlie ovary or testis, the assumption by the one sex of tlie characters
of the other cannot be due to the secretion of a hormone by the
gonad, but to some more profound change in the metabolism
which may effect both primary and secondary characters. These
observations he brought into harmony witli Mendelian results by
suggesting that the female Crustacean is homozygous and the
male heterozygous to sex; thus the male would be a potential
hermaphrodite. From his work on Saccidina he was led to the
view that the sessile and parasitic Crustacea, owing to their
peculiar mode of life, and the consequent alteration of their
metabolism, are hermaphrodite and have all been derived from
the male sex, and further that the so-called complementary males
of the Cirripedes are in realit}' arrested protandric hermaphrodite
individuals.

In 1907 Geoffrey Smith undertook a journey to Tasmania
chiefly with the object of studying the strange fresh-water
Crustacean Anasindes, recently discovered there by Mr. G. M.
Thompson (Linn. Soc. Trans., ser. 2, Zool., vol. vi. 1894^, p. i:8o).
On this expedition, of which he gave a delightful account in a
little book entitled 'A Naturalist in Tasmania,' he not only obtained
Anasjndes, but also a related but quite new genus Paranasiiides.
With the help of this material he was able to bring forward con-
vincing evidence of the correctness of Dr. Caiman's contention
that the Anaspidoe are the remnant of a group found in the
Carboniferous strata and worthy of being placed in a separate
division, the Syncarida. He also collected other forms on his
travels and published monographs on the land and fresh-water
Crayfishes of Australia, in which the geographical distribution,
habits, and inter-relntionships of the species are discussed with
his usual skill and originality (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912 and 1913).
His papers on '• The Life Cycle of the Cladocera " (Proc. Koyal
Soc, 1915), and on "The Genus Lemceodiscus" (Journ. Linn.
Soc, Zool., vol. xxxii. 1915, p. 429), may also be mentioned.
Several of his works were written in conjunction with others, for
he was always most successful in rousing in his friends and pupils
the enthusiasm he felt so keenly himself. [E. S. G.]

The death of Frederic Strattox on the 5th December, 191t!,
removes from the Society a Fellow elected 21st January, 1869,
and to some of us a close and dear friend.

He was the son of William Stratton, of Newport, Isle of "Wight,
where he was born 16th November, 1840, and in that town he
practised as a solicitor for 53 years, and 40 years as Clei^k to the
Board of Guardians, retiring in 1903.

It is as a local botanist that he was best known to this Society.
The writer recalls his first meeting with Mr. and Mrs. Stratton
at the little inn at the foot of Ben Lawers in August, 1870, and
the ascent of that mountain the following day, and that pleasant

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOJfBOX. 6'J

meeting was followed by many others in the course of the
succeeding years. Mr. tStratton, by his energy and enthusiasm,
was recognised as the centre of botanic work in the Isle of Wight.
About 1880 he began a local flora in tlie pages of a Newport
newspaper, saying that it would be the last local flora of ' the
Island,' as Mr. Townsend's Hampshire flora would take the whole
of the island in its scope. Nevertheless, at a later period, in
1900, he published a 20-page pamphlet, 'The Wild Flowers of
the Isle of Wight.' His herbarium included his alpine collec-
tions: he delighted to get into Switzerland and to wander upon the
mountains, and forget the tedium of office drudgery. His last con-
tribution to the Isle of Wight botany was his " Flowering Plants
and their allies " in Morey's ' Guide to the Natural History of the
Isle of Wight,' 1909, forming pages 126-199, with 3 plates.

After some months of declining health, Mr. Stratton became
seriously ill only a few days before his death, which took place
during the night of Monday, 4th December, 1916, passing quietly
away in his sleep ; the cause was heart failure following influenza.
He leaves a ^^•ido\v and a large circle of sons and daughters —
eleven children were born to him — and the universal regret of a
still wider circle of friends who will ever cherish the recollection
of a most charming and loveable character. [B. D. J.]

[Since the Obituary Notice of Count Solms was printed in our
' Proceedings'' last year, the following bibliography has become
available, and is here given with corrections and amplification
from that published by Dr. Jost. — Gen. Sec.']

List of Solms- Lauhaclis ■writings.

1. 1863. Ueber Orohanche Buekiana Koch. Verh. hot. Vereins Branden-

burg, V. 53-58, 241.

2. 1865. I)e Lathrcece generis positione systematica. Diss, inaug.,

Berotlni ; pp. 42.

3. 1867. Ueber die Fruchtentwickelung von Batracliospennum. Bot.

Zeit. XXV. 161-167, 169-171.

4. — — • Ueber Vaucheria dichotoma. lb, 361-366.

5. 1868. Ueber eigenthiimliche Einlagerungen oxals. Kalkes. Sitzb.

naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1867, 15 okt. "Bot. Zeit. xxvi. 148.

6. Ueber den Bau und die Entwicklung der Ernahrungsorgane

parasitischer Phanerogamen. Pringsbeim, Jahrb. wiss.
Bot. vi. 509-638.

7. Tentameu bryo-geograpliie Algarvise, regni Lusitani provinciae.

Habilitationsschrift. Halis ; pp. 45.

8. 1869. Ueber die herbstliche PilKkrankheit der Stubenfliege. Sitzb.

nat. Ges. Halle, x. 1869, 37-38.

9. Vorlaufiire Mitteilung iiber den Baa der Gruppe der Lennoaceae.

Bot. Zeit. xxvii. 38-40.

10. F. Cavolinis Beobachtungen iiber Cytinus Hypocistis. lb. 185-

190.

11. 1870. [Bericht iiber eine] Reise im siidliche Portugal. Sitzb. nat.

Ges. Halle, xi. 7-8.

/2

68 PJIOCEEIJIXGS OF THE

12. 1870. Die Faniilie der Lennoacefe. Abh. nat. Ges. Halle, xi. 119-

178, tt. 1-3.

13. 1871. Ueber eiuige geformte Vorkommnisse oxalsauren Kalkes in

lebenden Membi'anen. Bot. Zeit. xxix. 509-.523.

14. 1874. Ueber deu Thallns von Pilostylis Hausshtechtii. Bot. Zeit.

xxxii. 49-59, 65-74.

15. Ueber den Bau der Sanien in den Familien Rafflesiacese und

Hvdnoraceje lb. 337-342, 353-358, 369-374, 385-391.
Journ. Bot. xii. 308-318.

16. 1876. Die Entwickliing der Bliite bei Bmonmnsia Zippelii und

Aristolochia C'lematitis. Bot. Zeii. xxxiv. 449-46], 465-
470, 481-489, 497-503.

17. 1877. Das Haustorium der Loranthaceen und der Thallus der

Eafflesiaceen u. Balanophoreen. Abh. nat. Ges. Halle, xiii.
2.37-276, tt. 24-27.

18. Note sur le Janczervskia. Mem. Soc. Sc. nat. Cherbourg, xxi.

209-224.

19. 1878. Ueber monocotyle-Embryonen niit scheitelbiirtigem Vegeta-

tionspunkt. Bot. Zeit. xxxvi. (i5-74, 81-93.

20. Ueber den Bau von Bliite und Frucbt in der Familie der

Pandanaceaj. Ih. 321-332, 337-350, 353-359.

21. Monographia Pandanacearum. Linuaea, xlii. 1-110.

22. Ilafflesiacese. Flora Brasiliensis, iv. 117-125, t. 7. Lipsiae.

23. 1881. Die Corallineenalgen des Golfes von Neapel. Fauna und

Flora des Golfes von Neapel, IV., ii. 64, tt. 3.

24. 1882. Die Herkunft, Domestication und Verbreitung des gewohn-

licheu Feigenbaumes. Abh. Ges. Gottiugen, xxviii. isep.
pag.) 1-106.

25. Ueber das Vorkommen kleistogamer Bliithen in der Familie der

Pontederiacefe. Gottiugen Nachrichten, 425-431 ; Bot.
Zeit. 1883.

26. Entwickelung der Geschlechtsfriichte bei Corallina. Verb.

bot. Ver. Brandenburg, xxiii. p. vi.

27. 1883. PontederiacejB. In: Candolle, Monographise, iv. 501-535.

28. ZurGeschichte der <Sco/eco2^^ms Zeuk. Gottiugen Nachrichten,

26-38.

29. Ueber die von Beccari auf seiner Reise nach Celebes und

Neuguinea gesammelten Pandanacea). Ann. Buitenzorg,
iii. 89-104.

30. 1884. Der botanische Garten zu Buitenzorg. Bot. Zeit. xlii. 753-

761, 769-780, 785-791, t. 11.

31. Die Coniferenformen des deutschen Kupferschiefers und

Zechsteius. Paliiout. Abh., Dames und Kayser, ii. (sep.
pag.) 1-38, 3 tt.

32. Der Aufbau des Stockes von Psilotum triquetrum und dessen

Entwicklung aus der Brutkuospe. Ann. Buitenzorg, iv.
139-194, tt. 18-23.

33. 1885. Die GeschlechterdifFerenzierung bei den Feigenbaumen. Bot.

Zeit. xliii. 513-522, 529-540, 645-551, 561-572, t. 5.

34. 1886. Penieilliojms d(war{a>formis. Einneuerjavanischer Ascomycet..

Ann. Buitenzorg, vi. .53-72, tt. 6, 7.

35. Vstilayo Treubii. lb. 79-92, t. 9.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, 69

S6. 1887. Einleitung iu die PaliLophytologie vom botanisclien Standpunkt
u.s.w. Leipzig; pp. viii, 41G, 49 fig's.

Tr. Fossil J3otany, being- an iutroduction to Palfeophytology

from the standpoint of the botanist. Authorised English
translation by Ilenry E. F. Garnsey, revised by Isaac Bayley
Balfour. Oxford (Clarendon Press), 1891 ; pp. xii, 401, 49 figs.

■37. Pandanacepe, in Engler u, Prantl, Natiirl. Pdanzenf., Teil II.

Abt. 2, 186-191,

38. 1889. Anton de Bary. Bot. Zeit. xxxvii. 33-49.

39. Die Heimat und der Ursprung des kiilti vierten Melonenbaumes,

Carica Papaya L. lb. 709-720, 725-734, 741-749, 757-767,
773-781, 789-798.

40. Paadamis Mac-GregoriiY. von Miiller. Ih. 511.

41. Caricacete. Flora Brasiliensis, xiii. 173-196, tt. 49-52.

42. Rafflesiacefe und Hydnoracete, in Engler u. Prantl, Natiirl.

PHanzenf., Teil III. Abt. 1, 274-285.

43. 1890. Die Sprossfolge der Stangerin und der iibrigen Cycadeen.

Bot. Zeit. xlviii. 177-187, 193-199, 209-215, 225-230, t. 2.

44. Ueber die Fructification von Bennettites Gibsonianus Carr,

lb. 789-798, 805-816, 821-833, 843-847, tt. 9, 10.

Tr. On the fructification of Bennettites Gibsonianus. Ann,

Bot. V. (1891) 419-454, tt. 25, 26.

45. 1891. Qeber die Species in der Gattung Rafflesia, insonderheit fiber

die auf den Philippinen sicli findenden Arteu. Ann.
Buitenzorg, ix. 184-246, tt. 26-28.

46. 1892. Ueber die in den Kalksteinendes Culm von GliitzischFalkenberg

in Schlesien enthaltenen, Struktnr bietenden Pfianzenreste.
Abh. Bot. Zeit. 1. 49-55, 73-79, 89-98, 105-113, t. 3.

47. 1893. Ueber die Algengenera Cymopolia, Neomeris und Bornetella.

Ann. Buitenzorg, xi. 61-97, tt. 8«, 86, 9.

48. Ueber die Beobachtungen, die Ilerr Gustav Eisen zu San

Francisco an den Smyrnafeigen gemacht hat. Bot, Zeit.^
li. 81-84.
49. ■ Ueber die in Kalksteinen des Culm etc. enthaltenen Pfianzen-
reste, II. lb. 197-210, tt. 6, 7.

50. Zum 50. Jubilaum der Botanischen Zeitung : Geslichtlicher

Euckblick fiber die ersten 50 Jahre ihres Bestehens. lb.
Abt. II. 1-7.

51. 1893-4. Caricaceaj, in Engler u, Prantl, Natfirl. Pflanzenf., Teil III,

Abt. 6 a, 94-99.

52. 1894. Ueber Stiginariopsis Grand' Eury. Pal. Abh., Dames und

Kayser, vi. (sep. pag.) 1-17, 3 pi,

53. 1895. Ueber devonische Pfianzenreste aus den Lenneschiefern von

Grafrath am Niederrhein. Jahrb. preuss. geol, Landesan-
stalt, 1894,66-99, 1 pi.

54. Monograph of the Acetabulariese. Trans. Linn. Soc. London,

Ser. II. Bot. v. 1-39, tt. 1-4.

55. Boiomanites llomeri, eine neue Sphenophvlleen-Fructification.

Jahrb. d. K.K. geolog. Reichsaustalt, xlv. 225-248, 2 pi.

56. 1896. Ueber die s. Z. von Unger beschriebenen strukturbietenden

Pfianzenreste des Unterculm von Saalfeld in Thfiringen.
Abh. Kgl. Preuss. geolog. Landesanstalt, N. F. Heft 23,
1-100, 5 pi.

70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

r>7. 1897. Ueber Exornwtheea, eiiie wenig bekannte Marchantiaceengat-

tiiiig. Bot. Zeit. Iv. 1-lG.
58. Lilium peret/rinum, eine fast verscliollene Lilie. lb. 63-70,

1 tig.
oil. Filippo Arena : La Natura e Cultura clei Fiori fisicamente

esposte in due trattati con nuove ragioni, osservazioni e

sperieuze. . , . lb. Abth. II., 113-117.

60. Vtihev Medutlosa Leiickarti. ii. 175-201', tt. o, 6.

61. Ueber die in deu Kalksteinen des Culm von Glatzisch Faiken-

berginSchlefiieneuthaltenenstrukturbietendenPflanzenteile,
III. Abhandluiig. Ji. 219-220, t. 7.

62. Die Flora von Strassburg.s Umgebungen. Festgabe d. I).

Apotheker- Vereins Stra ssburg.

0;]. 1898. Die EntwickUiug des Ovuluni uiid des Samens bei Rqfflesia
und liruf/niansia. Ann. Buitenzorg, 2 Suppl., 11-22, t. 1.

64. Die Flora vou Elsass-Lothringen. In: Das Eeichsland Elsass-

Lothringen.

65. Weizen und Tulpe uiid deren Geschicbte. Leipzig, pp. 120,

1 col. pi.

66. 1899. Die Marcbantiaceae Cleveideaj und ibre Verbreituug. Bot.

Zeit. Ivii. 15-37.

67. — — Ueber das Genus Fleuromeia. lb. 227-243, t. 8.

68. 1900. Cruciferenstudien, I. : Ccqjsella Heegeii Solms, eine neu

entstandeue Fi)rui der deutscben Flora. Bot. Zeit. Iviii.
167-190, t. 7.

69. 1901. Ueber die in der Oase Biskra und in deren iiacbster Umgebung

wacbsenden spirolobeii Cbenopodeen, I. lb. 1.59-186, 3 figs.

70. Cruciferenstudien, II. : Ueber die Arteu des Genus Aethionema,

die Scbliessfriiclite bervorbringen. Bot. Zeit. lix. 61-78.
t. 3.

71. Rafflesiacefe. In: Engler, Pflanzenreicb, iv. No. 75, pp. 19.

72. - — - Iljdnoracese. lb. No. 76, pp. 9.

73. Die Vegetation des Jura. Mitt. Philoni. Ges. Strassb. iii.

361-366.

74. 1902. Isoi'tes lacustris, seine Verzweigung und seine Vorkommen

in den Seen des Scbwarzwaldes und der "\'ogesen. Bot.
Zeit. Ix. 179-206, t. 7. fig.

75. 1903. Cruciferenstudien, III. : RapistrcUa ramosi.'fsima und die

Beziebungen der Kapistrea; und Brassiceae zueinander.
Bot. Zeit. Ixi. 59-77, t. 1.

76. 1904. Die strnkturbietenden Pfianzeugesteine von Franz Josefs Land.

Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Ilandl. xxxvii. Xo. VII. pp. 1-lG,
it. 2.

77. Ueber die Scbictksale der als Psaronius bra-'<iliensk beschriebenen

Fossilreste unserer Museeu. Festscbr. z. 70. Geburtstage
Ascberson.o, 18-26.

78. 1905. Die leiteuden Gesicbtspuntke einer allgenieinen Pflanzen-

geograpbie. Leipzig, pp. ix, 243.

79. 1906. Cruciferenstudien, IV. : Die Varianteu der Embrvolacre. Bot.

Zeit. Ixiv. 15-42, t. 1.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 7 1

80. 1906. Die Bedeutung rier Palaontologie f iir die systematisclie Botanik.

Mitt. d. Philom. Ges. Strassb. iii. 353-362.

81. 1907. Unsere Erdbeeren und ihre Geschichte. Bot. Zeit. Ixv. 45-76.

82. Ueber eiiie kleine Suite hochandiner Pfianzen aus Bolivia, die

Professor Steinmann von seiner Reise im Jabre 1903
mitgebracbt bat. lb. 119-138, t. — .

83. 1909. Ueber die in der Oase Biskra etc. wacbsenden spiroloben

Cbenopodiaceen, II. Zeitscbr. f. Bot. i. 155-194.

84. Rede gebalten zur Geburtstagsfeier Darwins. Mitt. Pbilom.

Ges. Strassb. iv. 81-86.

85. ■ Ueber eine neue Species der Gattung ^«^esm. Ann. Buiten-

zorg, 3 Suppl. 1-6.

86. 1910. Ueber die in den Kalksteiuen des Culm in Glatziscb Falkenberg

in Scblesien entbaltenen strukturbietenden Ptianzenteile,
IV. Zeitscbr. f. Bot. ii. 529-554. tt. — .

87. 1911. Der tiefscbwarze Psaronius i/a«(^z«^e/7 von Manebacb inTliiir.

Zeitscbr. f. Bot. iii. 721-757.

88. Melcbior Treub : Nekrolog. lb. pp. i-iii.

89. Anton Dobrn. Ber. d. 1). bot. Ges. 28.

90. 1913. Tietea singtdaris. Ein ueuer fossiler Pteridiuenstamni aus

Brasilien. Zeitscbr. f. Bot. v. 673-700, tt. 6, 7.

91. 1914. Sapria /ii?nal"yana Gnfi. und ihveTieziehungen zu. HichtAofenia

.siame7isis Hosseus. Engler, Bot. Jabrb. 1. Beibl. No. 114.
34-37.

92. Ueber Dichorisa7uh-a xindata Linden. Engler, Bot. Jabrb. 1.

Suppl.-IM., 25-28.

93. Zi^rpflanzen : In Handworterbucb liber der Naturwissenschaften

Jena.

Capellini, Giovanni, and Count Solms.

94. 1892. I troncbi di Beunettitese del musei italiani. Bologna, Mem,

Ace. ii. ''1891." 161-215, tt. 1-5. (The paper was read
lOtb January, 1892. )

Solms and Gustav Steinmann.

95. 1899. Das Auftreten iind die Flora der rliatiscben Koblenscbicliten

von La Ternera (Chile). Neues Jabrb. Mineral., Beilageb.
xii. 581-593, 2 pi.

James Stiktok, M.D., F.L.S.— On 14th January, 1917, died
James Stirton, M.D., in his home in Ghasgow, in the 84th year
of his age. A native of the East of Scotland, and born in 1833,
he attended classes in tlie Univ^ersity of Edinburgh, and showed
great abihty, especially in tbe mathematical classes. He took his
medical curriculum in Edinburgh, gaining the highest place in
several classes ; and he continued his medical education at schools
on the continent of Europe.

During the years 1856-58 he was Resident Mathematical
Tutor at Merchiston School in Edinburgh, and proved himself to
be a very successful teacher ; but in 1858, taking the degree of
]\I.D., he settled in Glasgow, where he built up a large medical
practice. Appointed in 1876 a Lecturer on Gynaecology in tlie
Royal Infirmary of Glasgo^^■, he was in charge for a number of

72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

years of the wards for diseases of women in the Infirmar}'. In
1889 he became Professor of Midwifery in St. Mungo's College,
which post lie held for fifteen years.

Dr. Stirton was keenly interested in the study of plants,
devoting his attention particularly to J/ichens and Mosses, of
which he possessed exceptional knowledge, gained during many
visits to their haunts and by careful study of their microscopic
structure. He made many visits to tlie Scottish mountains, and
discovered numerous previously undetected species in these expe-
ditions. Ben Lawers was visited by him many times, rarely, it'
ever, without finding some novelty. Collections of these plants
were sent to him by correspondents from Canada, South America,
New Zealand, Australia, Tasmania, South Africa and elsewhere ;
and these yielded to his study many new and interesting species.

The results were made known in numerous papers and short notes
communicated by him to scientific societies and journals. Among
the societies were the Natural History Society of Glasgow, the
Glasgow Eield Naturalists' Society, the Philosophical Society of
Glasgow, the Linnean Society of London, the Botanical Society
of Edinburgh, the New Zealand Institute, and the Royal Society of
Victoria, in Australia. Among periodical literature to which he
sent papers may be mentioned ' Grevillea,' the ' Scottish Natu-
ralist ' and its successor, the 'Annals of Scottish Natural History.'
To the Handbook ' On the Fauna and Flora of the AVest of
Scotland,' prepared in 1876 for the meeting in Glasgow of the
British Association, he contributed a general introduction " On
the Cryptogamic Botany " and the lists of Lichens and Mosses.

In determining new species Dr. Stirton relied greatly among
lichens on their reactions with I and K, and among mosses on the
cellular structure of the leaves.

He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society on 2nd Decem-
ber, 1875; he was also a Corresponding Member of various
European Societies. The esteem in which he was held hj those
who knew liim best was shown Ijy the terms of resolutions passed
by the Societies in Glasgow in support of his candidature for the
botanical chair in the University of Glasgow in 1868 and again in
1879, as well as by the testimony of those best qualified to speak
of his scientific merits. The memory of his worth will not readily
be lost by those who enjoyed his friendship.

List of Papers and N'otes published by Dr. Stirton.

Exhibitions or reports of rare or new forms, at meetings of Glasgow
Nat. Hist. Soc, mentioned in ' Proceedings ' for years 1858-69,
issued 1869 as Vol. i.. see pages 112. 11.5-6, 126, 142-3, 145, 165,
1!)7, 198, 199, 202-3, 225, 231, 238, 381 : Vol. ii. 1869-75, 18, 33.

Exhibitions, etc., at meetings of Glasaow Field Nat. Soc, Vol- i. of
'Transactions.' issued 1873-7, pag^s 23, 28, 29, 34, 35, 37-8, 70,
72-3, 102, 104, 17(i.

New and rare Mosses from Ben Lawers, Perthshire (1870). Edinburgh
Bot. Soc, Trans., x. 1870, 426 32, xi. 1873, 75-82. (A review of the
mosses of the Ben Lawers range of hills.)

LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 73

■Climate of Egypt and Nubia, etc. Glasgow, 1872.

Additions to the Lichen Flora of New Zealand. Glasgow F. N. Soc,
Trans., i. 1873, 15-23. (18 new species described, with notes on
many others.)
Additions to the Lichen Flora of Great Britain. "Grevillea," ii. 1873-4,

71. (6 species, all named by Nylander.)
■On Solorhm bispora, Nyl. " Grev.," ii. 1873-4, 106-8. Reply to criticism
by Rev. J. Cronibie, followed by description of Lecidea epiphorbia,
u. sp., a parasite ou Solorina.
Lichen from Ben Lawers {Lecidea aubretrusa, Stirtou). "' Grev.,"

iii. 1874-5, 24-5.
New British Lichens. " Grev.," iii. 1874-5, 33-7. Description of 13 species,

from Dalwhinnie, Grantown, Ben Arthur, and Ben Lawers.
New British Lichen. " Grev.," iii. 1874-5, 79. Description of Pannelia

yiillaniana, n. sp., followed by a note on Arthonia lurida, Ach.
Pannelia MilUmiana (a rejoinder). "Grev.," iii. 1874-5, 173-4.
Lichens, British and Foreign. Glasg. F. N. Soc, Trans., i. 1875-6, 85-95.
Descriptions of numerous new species and varieties from Scotland
(Ben I^awers, Pen-j^-gloe, Blair Atholl, Altnaharra, and Thurso),
Canada, Madeira, South Africa, Australia, and Tasmania.
New and rare Lichens. " Scot. Nat.," iv. 1877-8, 27-9. Descriptions

of 5 n. sps., and notes on others, from Argyllsliire.
Descriptions of some New Zealand Lichens collected by John Buchanan
in the Province of Wellington (1874). N. Zeal. Inst., Trans., vi. 1874,
235-41.
Enumeration of the Lichens collected by H. N. Moseley, Naturalist to
H.M.S. ' Challenger,' in the islands of the Atlantic Ocean (1874).
Linn. Soc. Journ. (Bot.), xiv. 1875,366-75.
Additions to the Lichen Flora of New Zealand (1874). Linn. Soc. Journ.

(But.), xiv. 1875, 458-74.
Description of a new Lichen, Stereocaulon Biichmnmi (1874). N. Zeal.

Inst., Trans., vii. 1875, 867-8.
Descriptions of recently discovered Foreign Lichens (1876). Glasg. Phil.

Soc, Proc, X. 1877, 156-64.
On new genera and species of Lichens from New Zealand (preceded by
remarks on the influence of microscopic fungi). Glasg. Phil. Soc,
Proc, X. 1877, 285-306.
New or rare Lichens. "Scot. Nat.," iv. 1877-8, 27-9. Descriptions

of 5 n. sps., and notes of others from Argyllshire.
Descriptions of new Lichens. " Scot. Nat.,"iv. 1877-8, 164-8. 5 n. sps.

from Mull, 2 from Carve, and 1 from Aviemore.
■On certain Lichens belonging to tlie genus Pannelia. " Scot. Nat.,"
iv. 1877-8, 200-3, 252-4, 298-9. Descriptions of species, mostly
new, from Queensland, New Zealand, South Africa, and Brazil, also
of P. reddenda, n. sp., from New Galloway in Kirkcudbrightshire.
A New Scottish Lichen. " Scot. Nat.," iv. 1877-8, 300. Lithofjrapha

Andrewii. n. sp.. from New Galloway.
Descriptions of new Scottish Lichens. " Scot. Nat.," v. 1879-80, 16-17.
3 n. sps. from the Breadalbane Mountains, 1 from Argyll, 1 from
Arran .
New and rare Scottish Lichens. ''Scot. Nat.," v. 1879-80, 217-21.
7 n. sps. from Rannoch, 4 from Ben Lawers, 1 from Killin, 1 from
Glas Meal in Forfarshire, 1 from Forres, 1 from Argvll.
Lichens growing on living leaves from the Amazons (Valley), (1874).

Glasg. Phil. Soc, Proc, xi. 1879, 99-111.
New and rare Licliens from India and the Himalayas. Glasg. Phil. Soc,
Proc, xi. 1879, 306-22.

L

74 I'BOCKEDINGS OF THE

liemarks on Mr. Crombie's Paper on the 'Challenger' Lichens in the-
.loiirnal of the Linnean Society, xvi. (1877). Linn. Soc. Journ.
(J?ot.), xvii. 1880,152-7.

Additions to the Lichen Flora of Queensland (1880). Victoria Roy. Soc,
Trans., xvii. 1882, lo2-7.

A new freniis ( Trichocladia) of Lichens (1881). Vict. R. S., Trans., xviii.
1882, 1-2.

On Vegetable Parasites of the Tea Plant, more especially on that of
A.ssam (1881 ). Glasg. Phil. Soc, Proc, xiii. 1882, 181-93.

On the genus Usnea, and another {Eumitria) allied to it (1881). "Scot.
iS'at.," vi. 1881-2, 91)- 109, 292-7. Treats of licliens froui Himalayas,
Australia, and other regions not in Scotland chiefly ; but includes
6 u. sps. from Scotland (New Galloway and Ben Lawers).

On the genus Us7iea, with descriptions of new species. " Scot. Nat.,"
N. Ser., i. 1883-4, 74-9. New lichens from India, Australia, South
Africa, South America, North America, and one ( U . protensa, n. sp.)
from New Galloway.

On Lichens, (1) from Newfoundland, collected by Mr. A. Gray, with a
list of the species; (2) from New Zealand ; (3) from t lie South of
Scotland ( 1882). Edinburgh Eot. Soc, Trans., xiv. 1883, 355-62.

Short notes in Glasg. N. H. Soc, Proc. 1883-6, pp. xxxiv, Ixv ; 1896-9,
291.

Notes on British Cladonue. " Scot. Nat.," N. S., ii. 118-22. Description
of C. arhorea, n. sp., from near Dumfries, and of varieties of
C. subsr/uarrosa, Nyl.

On Myiirhnn Ilehridarvm and other Mosses in the Hebrides. " Scot.
Nat.,"' N. S., ii. 1885, 182-3.

New Mosses from Scotland. " Scot. Nat.," N. S., ii. 1885-6, 283-5.
Chiefly on Campylojms from Benbecula, and a few notes on
Grimniia spp., from 5lid Perth and Dumbartonshire.

On certain Mosses of the genus Dicramwi. " Scot. Nat.," N. S., ii. 1885-6,
254-8. Discusses and names various forms of 2). civcinaium, Wils.,
with a few other forms of Dicrcmum from Mid Perth, S. Aberdeen,
W. Inverness, Argyll, and Dumbarton.

New British Mosses. "'• Scot. Nat.,"' N. S„ iii. 1887-8, 35-7. One from
Ben Lawers, and one from Harris.

A curious Lichen from Ben LaAvers. {Lophothelium acervatum.) " Scot.
Nat.,"' N. S., iii. 1887-8, 37-9.

On some Scotch Mosses of the genus Grinkmia. " Scot. Nat.," iv. 1889-90,
217-20. New species from Glen Ogle and Callander.

New and rare Scottish Mosses. Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., vi. 1897, 117-122.
Descriptions of new species and notes on numerous other mosses
from Mid Perth, Argyll, Dumbartonshire, Outer Hebrides, Orkney
and Shetland.

Lichens and Mosses from Carsaig, Argyll. Ann. S. N. H., viii. 1899,
41-5.

On the Mosses of the genus Campyloims. Ann. S. N. H., viii. 1899,
103-6. Chiefly from Benbecula.

New and rare Scottish Mosses. Ann. S. N. II., ix. 1900, 174-81.
Descri])tions based largely on structural features of leaves of mosses
from Ayrshire, \V. Perth, Mid Perth, Argyll, Outer Hebrides,
Orknev and Shetland.

Mosses from Tarbert, in Harris. Ann. S. N. II., x. 1901, 108-14. Chiefly
relates to species of Campylopus and Grhnmia.

New and rare Scottish :Mossps. Ann. S. N. II., xi. 1902, 103-11. Dis-
cusses structure of various species from Killin, Rannoch, "the
Cobbler " in Argyll, Mull, Skye, Harris and Lewis.

k

LI]N'NEAN' SOCIETY OF LONBOX, 75

Some Scottish Mosses. Aim. S. N. H., xii. 1903, 109-15. 5 new
species, in barren state, described, by leaf-structure, with notes on
others, from Mid Perth, Outer Hebrides and Orkney.

New and rare Scottish Mo-ses. Ann. S. N. H., xiv. lOOo, 104-8. 4 n. sps.
and 2 others described, aud notes on others, from Lanarkshire,
W. Inverness, Skye, and E. and W. Ross.

Observations on some critical species of Scottish Mosses. Ann. S. N.
H., XV. 1906, 106-13. Discusses species from Mid Perth, Forfarshire,
-A.rgyil, Dumbartonshire, and Orkney.

West Hio-hland Mosses and problems they snji'gest. Ann. S. N. H.,
xvi. 1907, 42-45. Relates to species from W. Inverness and Skye.

New aud rare Mosses from the West of Scotland. Ann. 8. N. H., xvi.
1907, 171-80, and Glasg. Phil. Soc, Proc, 1907, 150-8. Relates to
species from Arisaig, Fort William, Killin, and (Tlasgow.

New and rare Mosses. Ann. S. N. H., xvii. 1908, 171-0. Descriptions
of 6 new and other rare species of .Mosses, mostly barren, from
Linlithgowshire, Stirlingshire, Mid Perth, W. Inverness, Argyll,
aud Dumbai'tonshire.

New and rare Mosses from the West of Scotland. Ann. S. N. II., xviii.
1909. 168-73. Relates to species from Kirkcudbrightshire, Ren-
frewshire, Mid Perth, Argyll, and Outer Hebrides.

Leucolin/nm piimilum in Britain. Scot. Bot. Rev., i. 1912, 48.

Mosses "from the Western Highlands. Scot. Bot. Rev., i. 1912, 89-94.
Describes 4 n. sps., and records another from Gairloch, aud one from
near Loch Liunhe. ij. W. H. TKAlf;.]

Alfred Wilby Taft (Baron de Souxellixko) was born on
October 25, 1847, at Caudal, near Oporto, Portugal, and died
on March 15, 1917, at Oporto. He was a British subject and
educated in England. He carried on an export wine business
under the name of Velloso & Tait, and throughout his busy
career his favourite recreation was the study of botany and more
especially floriculture. In the course of time he gathered together
a most interesting collection of beautiful and rare plants from all
parts of the world. Always most generous in giving specimens
of these to his numerous friends and nursery gardeners, he has
been called " O pae dos jardineiros," i. e. " a father to the
gardeners." It was always a great pleasure to him to introduce
and distribute a new plant either for its beauty or utility.

Among liis numerous introductions here were the beautiful
white Mashona lily ( Watsonia), the Canary Island broom, Cytisus
proliferiis, Linn, f., a possible resource as food for cattle during
drought, the almost seedless variety of the Japanese loquat (received
from India), the long and beautiful Japanese ^Y^staria. in several
varieties, the lovely small Camelia Sasanqua, the sweet grape-
fruit from North America, many varieties of grapes, some of
Mr. Burbank's productions in improved plums, the Shasta daisy
{Chrysaathemimi mcuvimum), and many other plants too numerous
to mention.

He specialised in the Narcissi and Iris. On March 5, 1886,
he discovered near Oporto a new Narcissus which the late
Mr. Peter Barr named "N.Johnstoni,'" after Mr. Alfred Tail's friend,
Mr. Edwin Johnston, a botanist who survived the Baron only a
few weeks. It proved eventually to be a natural hybrid between

76 PEOCEE DINGS OF THE

N. Pseudo- narcissus and N. triandnts, and therefore found only
where these two species grow together. The rediscovery of
Narcissus cyclumineus was an interesting event after having
been lost for about 260 years. It appears to have been described
and figured by Parkinson in 1640 in his "Theatrum" and
reported to have been found in Sjjain ; at that time Portugal
was under tlie dominion of Spain. As, however, no one could
lind it ill Spain, botanists liad at last become sceptical as to
whether such a species reall}- existed, or whether it had not been
an aberrant form of some other sjjecies. There was therefore joy
among flower lovers when Mr. Edwin Johnston and the Baron
found it fairly abundant in a few localities not far from Oporto.

Besides finding several hybrid Narcissi in several species the
Baron artificially Iwbi'idized others, and thus produced some
curious specimens. He corresponded for many years with Mr.
Wolley Dod, Mr. Peter Barr, Professor Henriqiies of Coimbra,
and other authorities on the Narcissi, and in 1886 he published
for priA'ate circulation a pamphlet on the Narcissi of Portugal, in
which this country is especially rich. On the Irises he kept up
a diligent correspondence with the late Sir Michael Foster of
Cambridge. Having received from my brother a blue Iris found
on my property near Abrantes, Sir Michael described it as a new
species in the ' Gardeners' Chronicle ' of August 25th, 1906, under
the name of Iris Taiti, after mv brother. Another new species
of Iris was discovered by my brother in the Gerez Mountains, the
Iris Boissieri, so named by his old friend Dr. Julio Heuriques,
the distinguished Professor of Botany at Coimbra University.
This was described in the 'Gardeners' Chronicle' of July 9, 1887,
page 38. Still another new species found by my brother, the
Iris lishonensis, was described in the ' Gardeners' Chronicle ' of
June 6, 1910.

He was elected a Pellow of the Linnean Society on the 3rd
March, 1887. [A\^m. C. Tait.]

KoLAXD Trimrx (1840-1916).— Roland Trimen, the third son of
-Richard and Marianne Esther Trimen, was born October 29, 1840,
at 3 Park Place Villas, Paddington. He was a clever boy and
very early displayed a great love for natural history. His younger
brother Henry was devoted to the same pursuits, and as collec-
tions increased, it was decided that Koland should take up
entomology and Henry botany. Thus, early in life and almost
accidentally, the special careers of the two distinguished naturalists
were determined.

Roland was not physically strong, and was first sent to a private
school at llottingdean, entering in 1853 King's College School,
where he remained for four or five years. After leaving school
his health still remained weak, and, when about eighteen, he was
advised to take a voyage to the Cape. The climate there seemed
to suit him, and returning in 1800, he at once entered upon his
thirty-five years in the Cape Civil Service.

LlTiKEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 77

In 1S83 he mavried Miss Henrietta Blanche Bull, daughter of
H. E. Boyes Bull, of Calcutta.

In 1873 he became, in succession to E. L. Layard, Curator of
the South African Museum in Cape Town, a post he retained
until 1895, when, resigning on account of his healtli, he returned
to this country and lived here until his deatli at Epsom on
July 25, lUlO. In 1881 he was appointed sole Commissioner ta
the Phylloxera Congress at Bordeaux ; in 1886 a member of the
Commission for extirpating this pest from the Cape vineyards ; in
1892 a member of the Cape Fisheries Commission,

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1883, was
President of the South African Philosophical Society 1883-84, and
of the Entomological Society of London 1897-98. In 1899, during
his residence at Oxford, the degree of Hon. M.A. was conferred,
upon him.

Roland Trimen's whole career was profoundly influenced by
his friendship with Charles Darwin, whom he first saw in the
Insect Room of the British Museum, towards the close of
1859, jusr after the appearance of 'The Origin of Species.' He
bad then no opportunity of speaking to the ilhistrious naturalist,
but he heard Adam White solemnly protesting " Ah Sir! if ye
had only stopped with the ' Voyage of the Beagle ' I "

The 'Fertilisation of Orchids' was published in 1862, and
Trimen was at once stimulated to study the Cape species in the
light of Darwin's work, and to help the author in this and other
directions — help acknowledged in later issues of the 'Eertilisation'
(see 2nd ed., 6th impression 1899, pp. 40, 76-8). Darwin's
letters * to him are, as Trimen has said, '• an additional illustration
of one of the most charming and attractive sides of Darwin's
character — the gracious and glad welcome he never failed to
extend to any one who even in the slightest degree endeavoured
to render him aid in his researches " t. These investigations
directh^ stimulated by Darwin, together with Trimen's classical
work on Butterfly Mimicry published in 1869 J (Linn. Trans, vol.
xxvi. p. 497), led to the award of the Darwin medal by the Royal
Society in 1910. He retained the greatest interest in this subject
through all the increasing weakness and ill-health of his last years,^
and the present writer can never forget how, less than a month
before Trimen's death, the story of recent discoveries in the geo-
graphical forms of Pcqnlio dardanus {merope) — the most wonderful
of all examples of mimicry, and first interpreted by him nearly
half a century earlier, "restored for a moment his failing powers,
and brought back his old enthusiasm " §.

* Darwin's correspondence with the South African naturalist is published
in full in 'Charles Darwin and the Origin of Species,' Poulton, London, 1909,
pp. 213-246.

t Ihid. p. 215.

X Often quoted as 1870, the year in which the Volmnc was published.
Trimen's paper, read in 1868, is the first memoir in Fart III, issued in 1869.

§ ' Nature,' vol. xcvii. 1916, p. 485-86.

78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Apart from Trinien's researches on subjects connected with
evolution and natural selection, he was the author of the principal
work on 'South-African Butterflies' (3 vols.. London, 1887-
1889). In writing this fine monograph, which may be looked
upon as an expansion of his early work ' Rhopalocera Africae
Australis' (London, 1862-06), Trimen was assisted by Col. J. H.
Bowker. Much literary grace is evident in all Trimen's writings,
whether appearing as volumes or in the publications of the Linnean,
Zoological, and Entomological Societies. He took great pains with
his style, and felt a just pride in the clear and accurate descri])-
tions which make his works so pleasant as well as so valuable to
the reader.

Trimen had a keen sense of humour to which he gave free play
in the companionship of kindred spirits. He delighted in the
society of a large number of friends, for whom he felt and in whom
he inspired a warm affection.

"With Trimen's death the world has lost the last of the six great
naturalists who laid the foundations of the study of Insect
Mimicry — Charles Darwin, H. W. Bates, Tritz Midler, A. K.
AVallace, Eaphael Meldola, and Eoland Trimen.

[E. B. PouLxox.]

June 7th, 1917.

Sir Datid Pkaix, C.jM.G,, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the Anniversary Meeting of the 24th May,
1917, were read and confirmed.

The report of the Donations received since the last meeting
was laid before the Eellows, and the thanks of the Society to the
several Donors were ordered.

Mr. John Kitching, jMr. Alfred James Wilmott. Mr. John
Eamsbottom, M.A. (Cantab.), and Mr. Arthur John Pry Gibbons
were admitted Pellows.

Mr. Harold Downes, M.B., Ch.M. (Edin.), Mr. AValter John
Dowson, M.A. (Cantab.), and Mr. James L^dale, were elected
Fellows, and Mr. Albert Bruce Jackson was elected an Associate.

The President announced that he had appointed the following
to be Vice-Presidents during the forthcoming Society's year : — Mr.
James Gkotes, Mr. Hoeace "Woollaston Monckton, Treas.L.S.,
E.G.S., Dr. DuKiNFiELD Heney Scott, E.E.S., and Dr. Aethue
EvEEETT Shipley, F.E.S.

The Meeting then adjourned till 8.0 p.m. at the Lecture
Theatre of the Civil Service Commission, Burlington Gardens.

LIN]!fEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 79

Adjourned General Meeting,
June 7t.h, 1917, at 8.0 p.m.

The President, on taking the Chair, gave a suc(nnct account, as
follows, of the origin of the Hooker Lectui-e, which arose from a
bequest of the late Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, Gr.C.iS.I., C.B.,
F.R.S., augmented by a subscription of the Fellows, and a further
contribution by Lady Hooker.

The late Sir Joseph Daltou Hooker, born on yOth June, 1817,
died on 10th December, 1911, in his ninety-fifth year, was a
Member of the Linnean Society for nearly seventy years. This
is not the time to dwell upon the career and achievements of one
of the most renowiied of our Fellows and one of the most remark-
able men who have directed their energies to the cultivation of
the science of natural history. What concerns us now is that
during his long Fellowship he was one of the wisest counsellors
and truest well-wisliers of this Society and that his kind thought
of us was present to the last. By his will. Sir Joseph Hooker
left £100, free of duty, as a legacy to the Linnean Society.

In January, 1913, the Council took into consideration the
application of this bequest. Satisfied that the Fellows would not
desire this legacy to be applied to the ordinary purposes of the
Society, but would rather wish it to be used for some memorial of
the illustrious donor in connection with the Society, tlie Council
recommended, as mosr, suitable, an adequately endowed Lecture on
subjects especially associated with the name of Sir Joseph Hooker,
to be delivered from time to time by distinguished men and to
be published by the Society. The Council suggested that this
generous bequest of £100 be treated as the nucleus of a Fund of
not less than £600 to be I'aised for the purpose of carrying this
proposal into effect. These recommendations were accepted by
the Society.

The appropriateness of the proposal had already been made
evident on 2-ith May, 1912, when a very eminent occupant of
this cliair chose as the subject of a singularly able Anniversary
address, " The Relationship of Sir Joseph Hooker to tlie Study
of Fossil Plants." Its suitability was again shown on 20tli
November, 1913, when a distinguished Fellow of this Society, who
has followed the footsteps of our master in that region, delivered
a lecture on "The Travels of Sir Joseph Hooker in the Sikkim
Himalaya." Introducing the lecturer on that day, my immediate
predecessor was able to inform the Society that £300 had already
been invested as a fund for the purpose of founding the Hooker
Memorial Lecture. The market value of that investment, it should
be noted, was £180. To-day the value of the fund amounts to
£385, and the Council entertain the hope that, with your aid,
the balance of £215 required to fulfil the object defined in
January, 1913, may be provided at no distant date.

8o PJIOCEKDINGS OK THK

While the Society has, thauks to tlie kindness of two o£ its
Fellows, already listened to as many lectures on subjects espe-
cially associated with the name of 8ir Joseph Hooker, neither of
these has been a " Sir Joseph Hooker Memorial Lecture," owing
to the fact that the sclieme had not been originated at the time of
the first lecture, and had not become n)atured when the second was^
delivered. It is, therefore, necessary to explain why, although
the fund has not yet reached the minimum considered in January,.
1913, to be necessary for the proper working of the scheme^
our Society has decided that tlie first " Sir Joseph Hooker
Memorial Lecture " under that scheme be delivered this session.

Three weeks hence we shall record the Centenary of the birth
of Sir Joseph Hooker. It has been thought desirable, notwith-
standing the incompleteness of the fund, to arrange that the first
lecture under the scheme be delivered in 1917. Circumstances
have rendered it impossible to arrange that the lecture be delivered
on the actual birthday of the distinguished Fellow whose memory
we are assembled to honour. But you may regard the date actually
chosen by our Council as one that is not inappropriate. Sir
Joseph Hooker m as elected a Fellow of the Society on 7th June,.
1842 — this day three-quarters of a century ago.

The Society has been fortunate in being able to persuade the
very distinguished successor of the father of Sir Josepli Hooker
in the chair of Botany of the University in which Sir Joseph
himself studied, to undertake the duty, and I now ask Professor
Bower to deliver the " First Sir Joseph Hooker Memorial
Lecture."

Professor F. O. Bower, F.E.S., then delivered his Lecture on
"The Natural Classification of Plants," illustrating his points by
reference to the Filicales.

The President proposed a vote of thanks to the Lecturer, which
was accorded by acclamation, and was briefly acknowledged by
Prof. Bower.

LINIJEAJf SOCIETY OF LOXDOIN'. 8 1

A Cartographic Study o£ the Southern Element in the British
Elora. (With 11 Maps, on Plates 1-5). By O. Staff,
F.E.S., F.L.S.

[Kead 6th April, 11)16.]

Three years ago I published an analysis of the " Southern Ele-
ment " in the British Elora *, supported by tables enumerating
tlie species classed under that Iieading, and indicating their dis-
tribution in Great Britain and Ireland and also their northern
limits on the Continent. It \A'as obvious from the beginning that
the addition of maps would greatly help in visualising the results
obtained. However, there was no time then for preparing them.
This lias since been done, and the present paper is offered as an
adaptation of the earlier essay to cartographic illustration. The
introductory part of the paper has been taken over almost
verbatim, whilst the tables and the paragraphs explaining them
were elimiuated. The remainder has been I'ecast and connected
with the maps. This, however, has not led to any modification
of the conclusions arrived at originally. In fact, although the
subject has been under the notice of British botanists for three
years and I myself have constantly had my eye on it, no cor-
rections of more than subordinate detail have been suggested.
Only two of them need be mentioned. A revision of the British
Atropis has convinced me of the identity of A, festuca'formis from
Co. Down, Ireland, with A. Foucaudii, which therefore takes its
place in the tables of my original paper as an Atlantic species.
Material submitted by Mr. G. C. Druce has greatly assisted me
in clearing up that point. The other detail is the elimination of
Allium triquetum which I had put down as doubtfully indigenous,
but consider now as an alien. This removes one of the Mediter-
ranean elements. Neither of these corrections affects the carto-
graphic illustrations, and only to a negligible degree the
percentages and proportional figures.

The map used for the illustrations was designed for me on
my instructions by Messrs. Sifton, Praed & Co. It combines
Watson's " vice-counties " of Great Britain, as numbered in the
last edition (1908) of the ' London Catalogue of British Plants,' and
Praeger's " divisions " of Ireland (' Irish Topographical Botany,'
1901). To show the distribution on the Continent an inset map
of Europe was added. The procedure in construing the general
maps (1-3) was this. The distribution of each species considered
as " Southern " was entered in a separate map, then the number
of species in each vice-county or division counted under the head-
ings " Southern," " Atlantic," and " Mediterranean," and the
percentages represented by them on the totals of " Southern,"
"Atlantic," and Mediterranean" species computed. Finally,

* 0. Stapf. "The Southern Element in the British Flora," Engler's
Botanische Jahrbiicher, Bd. 1. (Supplementband) pp. 509-525.

LINN. see. PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1916-1917. g

82 PROCEJEUINQS OF THE

the vice-counties and divisions vrere classed into four groups
according to tliese percentages, and the groups differentiated
in the map hv three degrees ot" shading ana by blanks. Thus,
black is used for 40 per cent, and upwards, hatched shading
for 25-39 per cent., stippled shading for 12-24 per cent., blanks
for less than 12 per cent. 8imilarly the black of the continental
areas in maps 2 and 3 means that the area so marked contains
40 or more percent, of the species of its class, tiie hatched sliading
stands for 25-39 percent,, and so on. Only in map 1 (Southera
elements) was it found desirable to introduce a different value
in the t»se< map, the percentages being 70, 40, and 15 respec-
tively, it is, of course, understood that the term " tSouthern " is
used throughout exclusively with reference to species indigenous
in the British Isles, and therefore excludes species which might
be " Southern '' on the Continent, but do not occur in the British
Isles. Finally, out of the insets of the area maps of the species
making up the " Southern Element " a small number was chosen
to iilusti'ate the varying degrees of discontinuity of area which
are represented by these species.

At the meeting of the Britisli Association for the Advancement
of Science at Portsmouth in 1911 a discussion took place on the
relation of the present plant population of the British Isles to the
Glacial pei-iod. It Mas opened by Mr. Clement Eeid in an
address in which he advocated the theory that no temperate flora
could have survived the conditions prevailing in the islands during
the Glacial period, that the existing flora, apart from a few arctic
and alpine species, came in towards the end of, and after, that
period, and that especially the " Atlantic or Lusitaniau " plants
(also referred to as " Pyrenean ") and the " American "and " lime-
stone " elements arrived and, may be, still arrive by chance intro-
ductions of seeds, now mainly due to birds driven by exceptional
gales. I then expressed my agreement with the speaker's view as
to the effect of the glaciation of the British Isles on the flora, and
the reimmigration of the bulk of the latter in post-glacial times,
but combated the supposition of the presence of the peculiar
American, Atlantic, and limestone elements being due to chance
introduction over great distances. Since then Dr. Scharff (3) has
thrown doubt on the theory of a wholesale destruction of the
pre-glaeial flora of Great Britain and Ireland and refuted the idea
of the introduction of the "Pyrenean" element by migrating or
gale-driven birds. In my opinion the question of the presence of
those peculiar elements and especially of the so-called " Atlantic,""
" Pyrenean " or " Lusitaniau " plants has in a general way already
been solved bj' Engler (4) in his ' A^ersuch einer Entwicklungs-
geschichte der Pflanzenwelt ' more than thirty years ago. To
him their immigration or rather reimmigration took place in post-
glacial times- — for he too assumes the wiping out of the greater
part of the pre-glacial flora during the Glacial period — and it

I

LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 83

happened along with the repopulatiou of the eglaciated land by
a llora advancing mainl}" from south-western Europe through
w^estern France,, where the improvement of the climatic conditions
following on the retreat of the ice in the north set in first. It
might be sufficient to refer to the pnges quoted from his book, if
it were not for the brevity with which lie was obliged to deal with
the matter and for the fact tliat great confusion exists as regards
the meaning of the terms "Atlantic," " Pyreneau " or " Lusi-
tanian " plants and the place which these elements hold in the
British flora and its history. I have therefore thought it useful
to sort out from the British flora that constituent portion which
from its distribution in Europe might justly be called " Atlantic,"
and to analyse it with regard to the relative continuity or dis-
continuity of the British and Continental areas of its members.
In doing so it became evident, as was to be expected, that the
" Atlantic " fraction of the flora could not be separated from
another portion which whilst covering the Atlantic region
extended beyond it into the Mediterranean region, of which it is a
characteristic part. In fact they belong to the same Southern
stock, but with this difference, that one is more specialized with
respect to the conditions whicli determine the distribution of its
members than the other. The scope of my analysis had therefore
to be extended, so as to include both. The former are the
" Atlantic " and the latter the " Mediterranean " types as under-
stood in this essay.

I have not considered it necessary to enter into the question
whether these Atlantic and Mediterranean types have survived the
Glacial period in Great Britain and Ireland or whether their pre-
sent habitats in those islands are post-glacial. Whether one accepts
the " land-ice " or the " submergence " theory, both of wliich
have been dealt with so admirably by Professor Bonney (5), the
botanist cannot but assume that survival under the rigorous
conditions postulated by both theories was impossible for most or
probably all the plants under consideration. If in the future new
facts should come to light which make the climatic conditions
during the Glacial period appear more favourable for plant-life,
the question of survival will have to be reconsidered ; but at
present I see no way out of the conclusions at which Mr. Eeid,
and, many j'ears before him. Professor Engler have arrived.

The term "Atlantic type " was formulated by H. C. Watson iu
his ' Bemarks on the Geographical Distribution of British Plants '
in 1835. There on p. 86 he says : " The Atlantic type embraces
species found in the south-west of England or Wales, sometimes
very locally, sometimes extending far along the southern or
vi'estern counties, but rare or wanting on the east coast. Some
plants of very limited geographical extension are common to this
part of Britain, the west of France and Portugal. Erica ciliaris,
Sihtliorpia europcea, Eupliorhia Peplis, Bartsia viscosa, and Pin-
guicula lusitanica may be given as examples of the type." From
the reference to France and Portugal it might be inferred that he

g2

L

84 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

had irx view the general extension of the areas of his Atlantic
types over western Europe when introducing the term. But if
he had it in view originally, he made it abundiintly clear in ' Cybele
Britannica' in 1847, that this did not hold good any longer. For
he remarks here on page 51 of the first volume : " These species
(i. e., of the Atlantic type) correspond in the one circumstance
of having some decided tendency to the western or Atlantic side
of the island, in contradistinction to the eastern or Germanic
side. Although there may exist other reasons for especially denominat-
ing some of these the ' Atlantic species,' the name of the type will be
here understood as having reference only to their distribution within
Britain itself, and by itself." (The italics are mine.) This limita-
tion of the term " Atlantic " to the circumstance of a western
distribution ivithin Britain — and the same applies more or less to
the definitions of AVatson's other types of distribution — was
unfortunate in so far as it tended towards a one-sided conception
of the British flora as a defached unit. His "types of distribu-
tion " may be in order in his scheme of topographical statistics ;
to some extent they are also expressive of certain ecological con-
ditions that determine their limits. But if we try to make them
the basis for working out the relation of the British flora to the
floras of the European Continent, or for tracing its history, they
break down. It is evident that for that jnn'pose we have to treat,
it as a section of the flora of Western Europe Avhose history it
has shared and out of which it has recruited itself. This was
the standpoint of Edward Eorbes (6) in his brilliant memoir "On
the Connexion between the Distribution of the existing Fauna
and Elora of the British Isles, and the Geological changes which
have affected their area, especially during the epoch of the
Northern Drift," published so long ago as 1846. To him the
British flora was made up of 5 subfloras, all derived from different
quarters of the European mainland. Two of them, the Asturian
and the Gallican or Norman floras, cox'respond to Watson's
" Atlantic type " (1835). Eorbes enumerates the species which in
his opinion belong to the Asturian flora. Seduced to the modern
conception of those species they are nine in number. Of the
"Norman" type he quotes merely examples, and so he also does
for the " Kentish " or " North French " flora, which forms part
of Watson's Germanic and English types, but is treated as a
Southern type. These lists were drawn up rather loosely and
being moreover incomplete they found practically no consideration
in the numerous British local floras. They rather based their
classifications into types of distribution on Watson's work, which
had at least the advantage of definiteness and completeness.

More recently, in ]899, Mr. Clement Eeid in his 'Origin of
the British Flora' spoke of certain British plants as Iberian, Lusi-
tanian and Pyrenean, whilst in his Portsmouth address he uses
such terms as "Atlantic or Lusitanian plants," " Atlantic ele-
ment," " Pyrenean element " and " Lusitanian flora " as if they
were synonymous. No definition of the terms is given, but from

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 85

the half dozen names he quotes it appears that he meant species
which outside the British Isles were, as he thought, confined to
the Pyrenees or the North of Spain or the Iberian or Pyrenean
peninsula generally.

So much as to Watson's term " Atlantic type " and the more
loosely used descriptions Norman, Asturian, Iberian, Lusitaniau
and Pyrenean. 13ut what, then, is that Southern element which
undoubtedly is present in the British flora and has so early attracted
the attention of British botanists by its peculiar distribution,
mostly westward, frequently much interrupted and in many cases
extremely limited ? If we take a British flora, for instance the
last edition (1904) of Babington's ' Maniial,' and a flora of
Germany, like Ivoch's 'Flora Germanica,' ed. III., whose area
after the deduction of the Mediterranean districts in Switzerland
and Austria and parts of the extreme West is practically that of
Central Europe, and if we mark off in the British flora those species
which are not recorded from Central Europe as defined, we obtain
a rough list of the plants which do not partake in the composition
of the flora of Central Europe. Of these a small number is
peculiar to Northern Europe, or, outside Great Britain and Ireland,
only known from North America ; these may be struck off. If
we further revise with the help of the latest floras the distx'ibu-
tion of the species remaining on the list partly to exclude errors,
and partly to add such British species as in isolated cases enter
the Central European region either from their headqura'ters in the
west or south, we shall have left an assemblage of about 150-160 *
species (9 per cent, of the British flora), the European con-
tinental areas of which lie mainly along the west coast of Europe
from Holland and Belgium or from Normandy to Spain and
Portugal, or beyond those countries to Italy and even the Orient
(Map ], inset). They fall into two fairly distinct classes. That
set which does not extend into the eastern Mediterranean region
(Map 2, inset) may be called for the purposes of the paper the
Atlantic element, the other the Mediterranean (Map 3, inset).
The Atlantic element extends in Belgium and France more or less
eastward, but crosses the Kliine or the Rhone only in exceptionnl
cases. A few species referred to it reach North Italy, but out-
side the typically Mediterranean region. A few also extend along
the west coast to Denmark or Norway, but they have in each case
their main area farther south.

In my original paper the species of the " Southern Element '^
wei'e grouped in three classes — namely :

1. Species generally found in and near cultivated land.

2. Species confined to the coasts (littoral species).

3. Species other than those referred to classes 1 and 2 (they

might be termed translittoral or inland species).

* The species of Rosa, Enhus, and Hieracium have not been taken into con-
sideration owing to the difficulty of a satisfactory collation of the speciea
recognised by British and Continental authors.

86 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

The species generally found on and near cultivated land were not
tabulated and they are not included in the maps of this paper.
There are 113 of them. Of these 8 are species of Fumaria. 8oine
of them and probably Linaria supina may be true natives in at
least a part of the British Isles and might be transferred to
class 3 where they would add to the Atlantic element. The
remainder of the species of this class extends far into the Mediter-
ranean region. No attempt has been made in this place to map
the species of classes 2 and 3 separately. Tliey are therefore
represented collectively in the maps. It is, liowever, obvious
that the inclusion of the littoi-al species contributes largely to the
deeper shading of the coastal regions. To what extent this is the
case will be seen in the following paragraphs.

The number of species recognised as " .Southern " is 155 and of
those of class 1 (in and near cultivated land) 13, so that 142 are
included in map 1. Of these 66 are represented in the map of
the Atlantic and 76 in that of the Mediterranean elements.

Southern Elements considered fjeneralhj (Map 1). — The definition
of " Southern Elements " as given on page 85 is illustrated
very clearly in the inset of map 1, so that it appears unnecessary
to enlarge on that point. Looking at the main map, we are
struck by two features — the extreme concentration of the Southern
elements in a narrow belt on the Channel Coast and their thinning
out towards tlie interior, and in Great Britain also towards the
north and north-east. The Channel belt would appear still
narrower if it were feasible to map the Southerns according to
their actual areas instead of the vice-counties in which they
occur, and the same applies to the littoral zones generally ; but
problems like the present, in which we have to deal with general
phenomena and broad averages, are treated better on a wide basis.
However, there is among the Southern element one class of
plants which is tied to the coasts as such, and apart from cliujatic
conditions. They are plants peculiar to sea-cliffs, sandy shores,
salt marshes, &c. These "littorals," as we may call them brietly,
share in the crowding of the Southern elements towards the
coasts, and this share requires to be gauged correctly. They form
almost exactly one-third (33*8 per cent.) of the total of the
Southerns. They are relatively more numei'ous — though only
slightly so — -in Great Britain than in Ireland, their percentages
being 30 (48 out of 134) and 30 (24 out of 81) respectively.
This preponderance is noticeable on all the coasts of Great
Britain, but most marked on the East coast, where 41'3 per cent,
of the Southerns are littoral, the corresponding figures for the
South and West being 35-25 per cent, and 34*3 per cent. In
Ireland, on the other hand, the eastern and western coasts have
about equal shares in littoral Southerns. Consequently, if we
were to exclude this littoral class, we should see the blank area
in the north and north-east of Great Britain (map 1) expand
very much towards the south, particularly on the east coast, while
some of the hatched shading of the coastal zones would pass into

LI.XNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, 87

stippled shading. The significance of the high percentage of
httorals on the East coast of Great Britain becomes still more
manifest if we consider that this region is at the same time the
poorest in Southerns, numbering 75 out of the total of 134 (56
per cent.) against 102 (76 per cent.) for the West and 122 (91
per cent.) for the South. That is, the eastern zone is not only
least endowed with Southerns, but owes much of its share in that
element to the presence of littorals, many among them moreover
species of wide distribution. However much the shatling in map 1
\\ould generally be toned down by the exclusion of littorals, the
relative unevenness of the distribution of the Southerns in Great
Britain as compared with Ireland would not only be maintained
but distinctly enlianced. That is only wliat might be expected
from the geogi'aphical positions and tlie sizes of the two islands.

There is one more aspect in the diffusion of the Southerns in
the British Isles which is not directly deducible from the map,
namely the relative share of the floras of each island in Southerns
computed on the number of species of each flora. Of the 142
Southerns 134 are found in Great Britain and 81 in Ireland, which,
expressed in percentages of the two floras, works out at about
9 per cent, of each of them, or, if we distinguish between the
English and Scottish floras, at 9 per cent. (English) and 5-3 per
cent. (Scottish).

Atlantic Elements (Map 2), — The character of the Atlantic
elements as a well-defined type of distribution is so clearly demon-
strated in the inset map that it calls for no special comment. The
main map shows the Atlantic element strongly represented in the
South of England, but the zone of maxima also extends without
interruption northwards along the west coast as far as Anglesea,
thus connecting the small detached Welsh maxima zone of map 1
with the southern belt. The Atlantic element is still numerous
farther north on the same coast as far as the Clyde and the Island
of Mull. Further, a zone rich in it skirts the whole of the southex'n
half of Ireland, whilst two smaller detached areas marked
black in the map point to a junction with the south-west of Scot-
land and Westiiioreland. Inland, and in England north and
eastwards, the Atlantic plants become less numerous, but they
nowhere sink to the level marked by blanks.

Numerically the total of the Atlantic species amounts to 45"8
per cent, of the Southern element, but they are so distributed over
Great Britain and Ireland that they are relatively less numerous
in the larger island (44"75 per cent.) than in the smaller (55*25
per cent.). Thus they predominate among the Southerns of
Ireland. These figures include the littorals, which are repre-
sented in Great Britain as well as in Ireland in the proportion of
two Atlantics to three Mediterraneans. If we eliminate them the
preponderance of the Atlantic strain in Ireland becomes still more
marked. It rises to 61 per cent., the corresponding figure for
Great Britain being 47*7 per cent.

88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Mediterranean Elements (Maj) 3). — Here again the inset map
speaks for itself. The Mediterranean element is, as is evideiit
from the main map, mucli more restricted than the Atlantic (.«ee
map 2). There is still the maximum belt in the Channel zone;
but it extends nowhere beyond it. Towards the north it gives out
rapidly in the east and also in the west ; in Ireland the percentage
rises to the 25-39 per cent, level only in the extreme south-west
and sontli-east. The whole of the interior of Ireland and almost
the whole of Scotland are below the 12 per cent, share, and con-
sequently appear as bhinks in the map. The ])redominance of the
Mediterraneans (54-2 per cent.) over the Atlantics in the British
Isles and their inferiority in Ireland (44-75 per cent., or. if the
littorals are eliminated, 39 per cent.) is implied in the analysis of
the Atlantic element given above.

Interlacing of the Atlantic and Mediterranean Elements. — This
problem does not lend itself to cartographic illustration without
the addition of a considerable number of maps. As this is out of
question, I may be permitted to reprint some of my observations
on pp. 521-524 of my original paper.

(p. 521) "Seven of the littorals are generally diffused along the
coast of Great Britain and Ireland. Of these three az*e Atlantic
and four IMediterranean, whilst one of each class is absent in
Ireland, although widely distributed in Great Britnin. They are
Limonium vidgare and Atropis ruj^estris."

(pp. 522-524 ; the following observations deal exclusively with
" translittorals," called " nou-littorals " in the original paper.)

" Generally distributed through both islands, or the greater part
of both, are Hypericum Anclroscemum, Ilex Aquifolium, Ulex
eurojJcn'.s, Apiiim nodijiorum, Conopodium majus, Oenanthe crocafa,
CardvMS p)y'^'>^0C''i)lKdux^ Erica TetraVnv, E. cinerea, Scil/a non-
scrijdff, and, general in Great Britain but much restricted in
Ireland, Cori/dalis clavicalata. This means that the Atlantic
element i*' very prominent among the most, widely diffused of the
southern species, and its predominance appears still more marked
if we take into consideration that the general ])resence of the
Mediterranean Apitim nodiflorum and Cardims pijcnocepliahis is
probably due to their great facilities for extending their area, the
former as an aquatic, the latter as a waste land ])lant. The absence
in Ireland of a plant very widely spread in Great Britain, Genista
anglica, an Atlantic species, is very remarkable, and to it might
be added Tamvs communis, so common in England and yet doubt-
ful as a native in Ireland. On the othei- iiand, widely distributed
in England and Ireland are Lepidium heteropln/llum, Hypericum
elodes, Ulex Gallii. Cotyledon Umbilicus and JSednrn anglicum, all
but one Atlantic members of the Southern element. Another
group of species of fairly \\ide distribution is worth noting on
account of the fact that they are absent from the greater part of
the eastern counties of England, but extend through North
England and Scotland to the north-east coast. They are Vicia
Orohus, Saxifraga hypnoicles, Scilla verna, Bymenoj^hyllum tun-

lilNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 89

bridf/ease, II. peltatum, and Lastrcea cemula, all Atlantic species
which are also found in Ireland. The Atlantic element is also
prevalent among the few southern species which are confined to
the western part of Great Britain, Meconopsis cambrica, Arabis
stricta, Helianthemum guttatum, and Trichomanes radicans, of which
the last but one is the only Mediteri'anean element.

" If we turn to the remainder of the more limited* species of the
southern stock (excepting those which are confined to Ireland) we
find the Mediterranean element dominant, there being 33 of it
against 18 of the Atlantic type. They range as follows : —

Confined in Great Britain to

Extending to
Ireland.

West 3 (Atl. 2,Med. 1)

West, and South 13 (Atl. 5 Med. 8)

2 (Atl. l,Med.l)
9 (Atl. 3, Med. 6)

3 (Atl. 2, Med. 1)

2(Atl."'l,"Med. 1)

South 2.5 (Atl. 9, Med. 16)

South and East (mostly to Norfolk). 3 (.all Med.)
West, South and East (to Norfolk) . 10 (Atl. 4, Med. 6)

*' Pembroke in the west and Norfolk in the east mark ofi" a zone
which is particularly rich in Mediterranean forms, the maximum
of them occurring in the Cornish peninsula. It is characteristic
that of the 25 southern species confined to the south of England
oidy three reach Ireland, and two of those are Atlantic, namely
Eu/jhorbia hiberna and Simetliis iilanifoUa.

"The southern species which are generally diffused through
Ireland and, at the same time. Great Britain have alread}^ been
enumerated. To them have to be added Cotyledon Umbilicus and
Lastrmi anmda as general in Ireland, but more restricted in
Great Britain. The majority of them (7) are Atlantic. So are
also, with a single exception, the follow iug ten species, each of
which is recorded from 16 to 30 of Praeger's divisions: Lepidium
lieterophiiUam, Hypericuvi elodes, Erodimn moscJiaUim, Vlex Gallii,
Sedum aii;/licum, Rubia peregrina, Scntellaria minor, Orobanche
Hedera', Iris foetid issim a, Hymenophiilhim tunbridgense.

" Among the species with more restricted distribution in Ireland
the Mediterranean element gains in number, but it nowhere out-
numbers the Atlantic, as it does in the southern counties of
England, the nearest approach to equalisation being in Cork West.
The Atlantic share of the Southern element predominates therefore
over the Mediterranean throughout Ireland. The main area o£
the southern portion of the Irish flora with 18 to 29 species per
division is in the south, then in the west as far as Galway, and in
the east as far as Dublin. In the extreme south-west (Kerry and

=*= Eecorded in the 'London Catalogue' from 1-25 vice-counties. I count
51 species as belonging to this class.

9© PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Cork AVest) the Atlautic forms number 18 to 21 species per
division, wliilst the remaining divisions in the south, the western
to Mayo AV'e.st, and tlie eastern to Dubhn, count 12 to 17 of them.
The bulk of the Mediterranean species shows a simihir distribution,
although their inuiiber is, as we have seen, much smaller."

Ecoloi/ic((l different iatio)i of the Soutliern Element. — In my
original ])a|)er I have attempted to characterise approximately the
ecological character of the conditions under which the plants are
found in the more southern main-portions of their area. If wo
classify the Southern element on that basis, distinguishing
between its Athmtic and Mediterranean components, a very
striking result is obtained, so striking indeed that no reference to
the inherent crudeness of this classification can upset it. It
reveals a deep and very general contrast between the hygrophilous
species which inhabit liogs or boggy places, wet meadows or wet
rocks and heaths on one side, and the more xerophilous tenants
of hght, open soih Of the 33 species referable to the hygrophilous
type all but two are Atlantic ; of the 50 species of the xeropliilous
group, all but eight are Mediterranean. These xero])hils are to
two fifths littoral, but the proportion of Atlantics and Mediter-
raneans among them is practically the same. Among the cliff and
rock plants, and then again among the plants found in woods or
bush formations, the Mediterraneans outnumber the Atlantics
slightly. The same is the case among the aquatic and semi-
aquatic inland-])lants, whilst the two elements are exactly
balanced among the Southern elements of the littoral salt marshes.

British and Continental areas. — A glance at the inset maps (1-3)
shows the practical continuity of the British and Continental
areas inhabited by the Southern elements as a whole and also by
each of its components. It is true the English and the Irish
Channels cut info it, but they are not able to interrupt the natural
trend of the belt of Southern elements that skirts the Bay of
Biscay. The Straits of Dover have opened the door to the
Southern littorals, many of which have thus been enabled to creep
round the south-eastern comer of England and up the east coast,
whilst the general softening of the c-limate due to the separation
from the continent has favoured a similar influx of Southerns of
the inland type in the same direction. The continuity of the
group areas, whether Southern, Atlantic, or Mediterranean, is
reflected in the majority of the individual areas of which they are
built up. Among the littorals this is true of all but 3 spefies,and
among the translittorals of not less than 85 per cent. They are
separated from the continental areas only by the width of the
Channel plus their distances from the Channel, distances which
lie over land except in the case of the Irish plants. Instances of
a high degree of continuity of area, and at the same time very
typical of each of the component i-lasses of Southerns, are shown in
map 4 {Corydalis claviculata)* and map 5 {liahia lyeregrina).

* In this paragraph the Atlantic species are printed in spaced-out type.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 9 1

Of the minority with pronounced discontinuity of area the follow-
ing have to be mentioned : the distribution of some of them is
illustrated by maps (6-11), which have been so selected as to
show increasing degrees of discontinuity. Erica ciliaris (map 6)
inhabits only 3 small mucli separated areas in the British Isles,
but their connection with its wide continuous continental area is
quite clear. Simethis hicolor (map 7) with 2 small detached areas
in the British Isles is linked to its extensive continental area by
an outpost on the lower Seine. Arhtitus Unedo (map 8) with its
solitary Irish area is similarly joined to its continental area —
though the gaps are wider— by its station in tlie Cote du Nord.
Euplwrhia hiherna has its northern limit in the department of the
Sarthe, Daboecia Poli folia (map 9)iu that of the Maiue et Loire,
both in the latitude of Brittany, but to the east and south of the
peninsula; Ecliium plantagineum m the Vendee; Matliiola incana
and Atropis Foucaudii in the Charente Inferieure ; Erica
mediterranea in the department of the Grironde. A further
srep of less than 2 degrees brings us to the latitude of the Pyrenees
and the Asturian mountains, which harbour a number of plants
whose British stations are the only ones north of that latitude.
They are ^I rrt 6 is stricta, Hypericum, undulatum, Saxifraga
Geum and S. umbrosa, Physospermum cornubiense, Piiigui-
cula grandiflora, Erica Mackaii (map 10), Neotinea intacta
(map 11) and Trichomanes radicans. It is this small group
which with some justification might be designated as " Pyre-
nean " or " Cantabrian," although Physospermum cornubiense and
Neotinea intacta have a wide range in the Mediterranean countries.
Arabis stricta inhabits a very much broken-up area in Southern
Prance (from the Pyrenees to Sa\oy) and in Spain. Hypericum
undulatum is considered by some botanists as approaching so
closely to the widely distributed H. quadrangidum that it is
treated by them as a western variety of it. Trichomanes
radicans occurs in the warm regions of both hemispheres, and
is evidently a relict of very great age. Like the remaining species
of the group it fits very naturally into the assemblage of Atlantic
plants in the British Isles. Apart from the so-called North
American species, the remaining four species Saxifraga Geum
and >S'. umbrosa, Pinguicula grandiflora and Erica Mac-
haii are often quoted as the most puzzling instances of distri-
bution among the British plants, and they have attracted the more
attention, as they are, within the British Isles, confined to the
extrenie south-west and west of Ireland. The anomalies of their
distribution are, however, more apparent than real, and, considered
side by side with the distribution of the other members of the
Southern stock, they resolve themselves into cases of far-gone
disintegration of area. How this has come about, or how the
Atlantic and Mediterranean elements of the British flora have
arrived in their island home, is a question which cannot be dealt
with in this place.

92

PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

LiTERATUEE.

(1) Clement Eeid in Eeport Brit. Assoc. Portsmouth, 1911,

pp. 573-577.

(2) 0. Staff, ibid. p. 578.

(3) E. r. fScHAEFF in ' The Irish Naturalist,' 1912, pp. 105-111.

(4) A. ExGLEE,Versuch einer Entwicklungsgeschichte der Ptianzen-

welt, vol. i. pp. 176-182.

(5) T. G. Bonnet, Presidential Address in Eeport Brit. Af>soc-

Sheffield, 1910, pp. 3-34.

(6) E. PoRBES in Mem. Geol. Survey of Great Britain, vol. i.

pp. 336-342.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Plate 1.

Fig. L The Distribution of Britieli Plants: SoutLern Element.

Plate 2.
Fig. 2. The same ; Atlantic Element.

Plate 3.
Fig. 3. The same; Mediterranean Element.

Plate 4.

Fig, 4. Corydulis claviculata, DC.

5. Bubia peregrina, Linn.

6. Erica cUiaris, Linn.

7. Simethis bicolor, Kunth.

Plate 5.

Fig. 8. Arbutus Unedo, Linn.

9. Daboecia Polifolia, D. Don.
10. Erica Mackaii. Hook.
IL Neotinea intacta, Eeichb. f.

Proc. Llini. Sac. 19 16 17. PI. 1.

Fig. 1.— The Distribution of British Plants.

I

Pnic. I.iini. Soe. UlUi I7\ PJ. 2.

Fig. 2 -The Distribution of British Plants.

STAFF.

Froc. Linn. Soc. 1916-17, PL 3.

Fig. 'S. --The Distribution of British Plants.

STAFF.

Froc. Linn. Soc. 1916-17, PI. 4.

Maps showing discontinuity of area
in certain species.

STAFF

Froc. Linn. Soc. 1916-17, PL 5.

Maps showing discontinuity of area
in certain species.

LINNEAN SOCIKTY OF LONDOIf. 93

List of published Portraits o/Sir Joseph Hookek,
O.M., G.C.S.I., C.B.

1851.

1. T. Q. L., seated, vignette; drawn and lithographed by T. H.

Maguire (Ipswich Series).

1852.

2. Picture in the Himalayas of natives bringing in plants, painted

by Frank Stone, A.R.A. ; in possession of Major Joseph
Symonds Hooker.

Engraved by William Walker.

Eeduced woodcut in " Leisure Hour," August 1, 1868.

1855.

3. Head and shoulders ; drawn by George Richmond, photo-

graphed by W. Dennis Moss ; in possession of Charles
Paget Hooker, Esq.

1868.
-J. Head to right, from photograph by Mrs. Julia Margaret
Cameron ; half-tone reproduction in Proc. Linn. Soc,
1911-12; reprinted in Ohver's "Makers of British
Botany," pi. 2Q, p. 302.

5. Head to left; woodcut from photograph by H. T. Whitlock,

Birmingham, in the "Leisure Hour," August 1, 1868,
p. 521.

1870.

6. Head to left ; photographed by G. C. Wallich for his

" Eminent Men of the Dav," pi. 6. Woodcut in "Harper's
Magazine," Ixix. 1884, p. 833, and "Harper's Weekly,"
xxviii. 1884, p. 555 ; half-tone block in Darwin & Seward,
" More Letters of Charles Darwin," i. p. 316.

1874.

7. Head to right; drawn and engraved on wood by W. G.

Smith, published in the " Graphic," January 3, 1874,
p. 8.

1S78.

8. Head to right, from a photograph, engraved in stipple by

C. H. Jeens, published in "Nature," October 25, 1877,
witli notice by Asa Gray, pp. 537-539. (Scientific
AVorthies, JSTo. XI.)

1881.

9. Head and bust, to right ; painted by the Hon. John Collier;

in possession of the Royal Society.

94 PROCEEDINGS OF TIIE LINNEAN SOCIETY.

1886.

10. II. L., seated at table with microscope, drawn for the

"Graphic" by T. B. Wirf};mau in 1886. Original pen-
aud-iiik drawing now at Kew,

1890.

11. T. Q. L., seated ; painted by Sir H. von Herkomer, R-.A. ; in

possession of the Linnean Society. A replica in possession
of Lady Hooker.

Collotype reproduction by Annan & Swan, 12 in. by
10 in. Half-tone, Supplement to "Gardeners' Chronicle,"
Ser. III. xxxvii. (1905) p. 8, and reprinted in Ser. III.
1. (1911) p. 436; 8 in. by 6| in.

1895.

12. T. Q. L., seated; photogravure in "More Letters of Charles

Darwin," ii. p. 242, from a photograph by Hawker, of
Bournemouth.

Head, enlai'ged, from the original negative photograph,
Darwin- Wallace Celebration Eeport, pi. 5, 1908.

1897.

13. T. Q. L., seated ; photogravure published by Walker &

Cockerel 1.

1898.

14. Head to left, Bronze Medallion, original model by Frank

Bow^her for obverse of Hooker Medal ; in possession
of the Linnean Societv of London ; cf. half-tone in Proc.
Linn. Soc, 1897-98, p. 01.

1908.

15. Photograph in " The Gardener," 26th September, 1908 ;

republished 23rd September, 1911.

1911.

16. Marble bust, modelled from life in 1911 by Peuuachini, and

presented by Lady Hooker in 1913 to the Royal Botanic
Gardens ; placed in No. 1 Museum.

1912.

17. Head and bust, half-tone, in "Kew Bulletin," 1912, frontis-

piece, from photograph by Elliott & Pry, Ltd.

1913.

18. Medallion in Kew Church, by Frank Bowcher, in "Wedgwood

cameo-ware, the centre of a memorial erected by Lady
Hooker; see "Gardeners' Chronicle," 15th March, 1913,
p. 171.

1915.

19. Medallion by Frank Bowcher, in Westminster Abbey.

ADDITIONS AND DONATIONS

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Achari (K, Ranga). A Manual of Elementarv Botany for India.

Svo. Madras, 1916.
Afzelius (Per Conrad), See Wahlenberg (G-.).
Agassiz (Louis). Recherches sur jes Poissons fossiles.

4to. Neuchdtel et Soleure, 1833-43 [44].
Text & Atlas, Tome I.-V. [Incomjdete.'] B. S. M. de Barros.
Aikin (Arthur). See White (Gilbert).
Alhanus Torinus [Joannis Dauiascenus]. In : Apicius (C). De

re Culinaria, pp. 100-105.
Allen (E. W.). See U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmer's Bull. No. 16.
Alpino (Prosperoj. De planbis ^gypti .... accessit etiam liber
de J3alsanio alias editus.

[Bound with Mattioli, 'Apologia.']

4to. Venetiis, 1592. Sir Frank Crisp.

Apicius (Coelius). De re Culinaria libri decern. B. Plating .. .

De Tuenda valetudine, Natura rerum, & Popina? scientia libri X.

Pauli ^Eginet.5:, De facultutibus alimentorum Tractatus.

Albano Torino Interprete. Svo. Lugduni, 1541.

Archivos do Jardim Botauico do Rio de Janeiro. See Rio de

Janeiro.
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Svo. Lutetice, 1553.
Beal (F. E. L.). See U.S. Dept. Agric. Parmer's Bull. No. 54.
Beccari (Odoardo). II Genere Cocos Linn, e le Palme affini.

Svo. Firenze, 1916. Author.
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Etudes de Biologie agricole. No. 1>

8vo. Brussels [4' London'], 191o>
No. 1. ITegh, E. Notice sur lea Glossines ou Ts^ts^s.
„ 2. NuTTALL, (G. H. F.). Les Tiques du Congo Beige et les
Maladies qu'elles transinettent.

Benthara (George) et Hooker (Joseph Dalton). G-euera Plan-
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definita. Vols. 1-3. 8vo. Londiai, 1862-1883. Mrs. Reid.

[Containing a List in each volume, alphabetically arranged, of the natural
orders of plants according to the ' Genera Plantaruni ' of Bentham &
Hooker.]

Betche (Ernst). See Maiden (Joseph Henry).
Bijl (Paul Andries van der). A Study on the " Drv-Rot "
Disease of 3Iaize caused by Diplodia Zeae (Sch\v.) Lev.

8ro. Pretoria, 1916. Author.

'< Wilt ■' or " Crown-Eot " Disease of Carnations caused

by Fusarium sp. (Annals of Applied Biology, ii.)

4to. Cambridge [1916]. Author.
Black (J. M.). Additions to the Flora of South Australia,
Nos. 9 & 10. (;Trans. Eoyal Soc. S. Australia, xl.)

8vo. 1916. Author.

Blanford (W. T.). The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon

and Burma. 8vo. London, 1888-1916.

Coleoptera Khynchophora : Curculionidae. Part I. By G. A. K.

Marshall.

Blankinship (J. W.). See Montana.
Bles (Edward J.). See Kerr (John Graham).
Bonnier (Gaston). Flore Complete illustree en couleurs de
France, Suisse, et Belgique. Fasc. i.-xxx.> 4to. Paris[\91i)].

Tagart Bequest.
Borgesen (Frederik Christian Erik). The Marine A.hj;x of the
Danish West Indies. \'ol. II. Khodophycese. Pp. 81-144.
(Dansk. Bot. Ark., Bd. iii. nr. 1 b.)

8vo. Copenhagen, 1916. Author.

Bose (Jagadis Chunder). Eesearches on Irritability of Plants.

8vo. London, 1913.

% Braeuner (Johann Jacob). Tliesaunis sanitatis, oder mensch-

liches Ge<undheit. . . . Drittes Theil, oder Krauterbuch.

[pp. 163-474]. 8vo. Francfurt, 1728.

(No title-page ; interleaxed ; date from Linne, Bibl. Bot. ed. 2, p. 24.)

Bridge (T. W.). See Clark (J. W.).

British Birds : With which is incorporated ' The Zoologist.'
All illustrated magazine devoted chiefly to the Birds on the
British List. Vol. X. ' 8vo. London, 1916.

ADDITIOIN'S TO THE LIBRARY. 97

British Museum (Natural History).

Britisli Antarctic ('Teri'a Nova ') Expedition, 1910. Natural
History Reports. 4to. London, 1915-16.

Zoology. Vol. I. No. 4. Larval and Post-Larval Fishes. By 0.
Tate Regan.
„ Vol. II. No. 5. Nemertinea. By H. A. Baylis.

,, ,, ,, 6. Myzost.omida. By 0. L. Boulenger.

„ Vol. III. No. 1. Pycnogonida. By W. T. Calman.

Mammals.

Catalogue of the Ungulate Mammals in the British Museum
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Rhinoceroses), Hyracoidea (Hyraxes), and Proboscidea (Ele-
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Fishes.

Catalogue of the Eresh-water Fishes of Africa in the British
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4to. London, 1916.
Plaxts.

Catalogi;e of the Mesozoic Plants in the British Museum
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8vo. London, 1915.
British Ornithologists' Union Expedition. See Dutch New

Guinea Expedition, 1910-13.
Brpndsted (H. V.). Report on the Porifera collected by the
Lamuark Expedition at North-East Greenland. See Danmark-
Ekspeditionen til Gr^nlands Nord0stkyst, 1906-1908. Bd. iii.
Nr. 17.
Browne (Edward T.). See Kerr (John Graham).
Budgett (J. Herbert). See Kerr (John Graham).
Budgett Memorial Volume. See Kerr (John Graham).
Bulletin Agricole du Congo Beige. See Belgium.

Burr (Malcolm). Orthoptera of the Isle of Wight. See Moray
(Frank).

linn. soc. proceedings. — SESSION 1916-1917. h

98 LINNEA.N SOCFETV OF LONDON.

Butler (Edward Albert). Hemiptera of the Isle of Wight. See
Morey (Frank).

Cambridge Botanical Handbooks. Edited by A. C. Sewabd and
A. (t. Tansley. 8vo. Camhridfje, 1916>

Vol.1. West (Qeorgk Stephen), Algye : Myxophyceic, Peridiniese,
Bacilkirieffi, Chlorophyceiv, together with a brief summary
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Svo. 1916.

Candolle (Casimir, et Augustin De). Sur la Rainiiication des
Sequoia. (Arch, pliys. et iiat. xliii.) Svo. Geneve, 1917.

Authors.
Cardot (Jules). See Renauld (F.).

Carlgren (Oskar). Actiniaria and Zoantharia of the Danmark
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Nordostkyst, 1906-1008. Bd. iii. Nr. 19.

Casey (Thomas L.). Memoirs on the Coleoptera. Vols. III. &
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Castle (W. E.). Genetics and Eugenics. A Text-book for
students of Biology and a reference book for animal and plant
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Caullery (Maurice). Ernst Haeckel et son ' Evolution ' a propos
du niilitarisme. Svo. Paris [1916]. Author.

The Present State of the Problem of Evolution. (Science,

xliii. 191().) 4to. [1916]. Author.

Caullery (M.) et Mesnil (F.). Sur la structure d'un Copepode
jwrasite {Zenocceloma bruinpti, u. g., n. sp.) et ses rapports avec
son bote {Polycirrus arenivorus, Caull.).

Svo. [1915]. M. Caullery.

Viviparite et parthenogenese chez les Aunelides

polychetes un nouveau Syllidien vivipare (Ehlersia nepiotoca,
n. sp.). Svo. [1916]. M. Caullery.

Chapman (Frederick). New or little-knowu Victorian fossils in
the National Museum. Pt. XVIII. (Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria,
xxviii.) Svo. 1915. Author.

On some smaller fossils from the red limestone at (irange

Burn, near Hamilton, with a note on a new species of Boliviva.
(Victoria Nat. xxxii.) Svo. 1910. Author.

On the Generic Position of '' Asterolepis ornata var.

australis," McCoy, with Description of a New Variety. (Proc.
Boy. Soc. Victoria, xxviii.) Svo. [191H]. Author.

Chatin (Joannes). Recherches sur I'Anguillule de la Bettera\e
{Heterodera schachtii). Svo. Paris, 1891.

Chittenden (F. H.). See U.S. Dept. Agric. Fanner's Bull.
No. 45.

Chodat (Robert). La Vegetation du Paraguay. Rcsultats Scien-
tiiiques d'une Mission Botanique Suisse au Paraguay. Premier
Fascicule. Svo. Genhve, 1916. Author.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBEAKY. 99

Claremont. Pomona College Journal of Entomology. Edited
by W. A. Hilton. Vols. l-4> 4to. Claremont, 1909>

Clark (John Willis) and Bridge (Thomas William). Illus-
trations of Comparative Anatomy, vertebrate and invertebrate,
for the use of students in the Museum of Zoology and Com-
parative Anatomy. 8vo. Cambridge, 1875. John Hopkinsdn.

Colenutt (G. W.). Geology of the Isle of Wight. See Morey
(Frank).

Connecticut.

Agricultural Experiment Station.

Bulletin. Nos. 178-182. 8vo. Neru Raven, 1913-14.

Eeports : Station Botanist, 1911-12. 1913.

State Entomologist, 1913. 8vo. Neiv Haven, 1914.

Cope (Edward Drinker) and Matthew (William Diller). Hitherto

unpublished plates of Tertiary Mammalia and Permian Verte-

brata. (American Museum of Natural History, Monograph

Series, No. 2.) 4to. [New York] 1915.

Cornell University. See Ithaca.

Coulter (John Merle). The Evolution of Sex in Plants.

8vo. Illinois [1916].

Curtis (Maynie K.). See Pearl (Raymond).

Dalgado (D. G.). The Climate of Portugal and Notes on its

Health Resorts. 8vo. Lisbon, 1914.

Damascenus (Joannis) s. Albanus (Torinus). De Condituris

variis. In : Apicius (C). De re Culinaria, pp. 100-105.
Danmark-Ekspeditionen til Gronlands Nord^stkyst, 1906-1908.

8vo. Kobenhavn, 1916.
Bind III. Nr. 16. Lbvinsen (G. M. E.). Bryozoa.
,, ,, 17. Brondsted (H. v.). Porifera.

„ ,, 18. JuNGERSBN (Hbctor F. E.). Alcyoiiaria.

„ ,, 19. Oaulgren (Oskar). Actiniaria and Zoantharia.

Darwin (Charles Robert). The Descent of Mau.

8vo. New YorTc, 1885. W. Whitaker.
De Beaufort (L. F.), See Weber (Max).

Dendy (Arthur), lieport on the Calcareous and non-Calcareous
Sponges collected by Mr. James Hornell at Okhamandal in
Kattiawar in 1905-6. See Hornell (James). Report to the
Government of Baroda on the Marine Zoology of Okhamandal
in Kattiawar. Part II.
De Toni (Giovanni Battista). Catalogo delle alghe raccolte nella
regione di Bengasi dal R. P. D. Vito Zanou.

8vo. Venezia, 1916. Author.

Alcune considerazioni sulla flora marine.

8vo. Fadova [1916J. Author.

Rassegna di mostruosita florali in individui di Digitalis

purjmrea, L., coltivati nel Giardino Pubblico di Modena.

4to. Modena, 1916. Author.
h2

lOO LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

De Toni (G. B.)- La flora marina dell' isola d'Elba e i contributi di
Vittoria Altoviti-Avila Toscanelli. 8vo. Padova, 1916.

Author.
Dioscorides (Pedanios).

DioscT'KiDKS. Codex Aniciae Jiilianae picturis illustratis nunc

• Viiicloboneiisis Medficus] Gr[iiecii.s] I. pliotop;raphice editis

[iluc-e S. G. de Vries] nioderaiite Josepbo de Karabacek . . .

prefati sunt Antoiiius de Premerstein, Carolus AVesseley,

Josepbo Mautunni. 2 vols.

Fol. max. Lugduni Batavorum, 1906. Sir Frank Cvisp,"^<.

Donisthorpe (Horace St. John K.). Coleoptera of the Isle o£

AVigbt. See Morey (Frank).
Drinkwater (Harry). Inheritance of Artistic and Musical
Ability. (Journal of Genetics, vol. v. 1916.)

4to. Camhridge, 1916. Author.
Dudgeon (Gerald C). Tbe Boll Worm in Egypt.

8vo. London, 1916. Author.

Egyptian Agricultural Products. Gossypium spp., Cotton.

History, Development, and Botanical Eelationship of Egyptian
Cottons. With Tables showing Areas, Yields, Prices, and
Distribution of the Varieties. 4to. C(nro, 1917.

Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt.
Dulacca. See Queensland. Prickly-Pear Experimental Station.
Dutch New Guinea Expedition, 1910-13. Keports on the Col-
lections made by the British Ornithologists' IJnion Expedition
and the Wollaston Expedition. 2 vols. 4to. London, 1916.

Committee of the Expeditions.
Eberhardt (Philippe). Decades botaniques. No. 1. [Pis. 1-10,
col.] 4to. Hanoi, 1906.

Edinburgh.

Catalogue of the Collections of Eorest Products exhibited by
the Northern circle, Madras Forest Department, . . . 1884,
with a short account of the forests [by J. S. Gamble.]

8vo. Madras, 1884.
Egypt.

Ministry of Agriculture.

Technical and Scientific Service Bulletin, Nos. 1-11^

4to. Cairo, 1916^
Report on the Great Invasion of Locusts in Egypt in 1915,.
and tbe measures adopted to deal with it.

4to. Cairo, 1916.

Engler (A.) and Prantl (K.). Die natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien.

(14 vols, bound, rest in parts.) [^Incomplete set.] Mrs. Reid.

Estienne (Charles). See Stephanus (Carolus).

Farwell (Oliver Atkins). Contributions to the Botany of

Michigan, No. 14. JMicbigan Novelties. 8vo. 1916. Author.

The Genus Ilippocho'te in North America, north of Mexico.

(Mem. New York Bot. Garden, No. 6, 1916.) 4to. 1916.

Author.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. lOI

Harwell (0. A.)- Fern Notes. (Mich. Acad. Sci. 1916.)

8vo. 1916. Author.

New Eaiiges for old plants. (Ehodora, xviii. No. 216.)

8vo. 1916. Author.

Jj'orsius (Sigfrid Aron). Minerographia, thet ar, mineralers,

athskilligiie jordeslags, nietallers eller malmars och edle .steenars

beskrifvelse. 8vo. Stockholm, 1643.

Fox (Reginald H.). Birds of the Isle of Wight. See Morey

(Frank).
France.

Ministere de I'lnstruction puhlique.

La 8fience fnincais. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1915.

Freeman-Mitford {Rt. Hon. Algernon Bertram), afterw. Lord
Redesdale. The Bamboo Garden.

8vo. London, 1906. Gerald Loder.

Galloway (Beverly Thomas). See U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmer's
Bull. No. 15.

Gay (Frederick P.). The Contribution of Medical Science to
Medical Art as shown in the Study of Typhoid Fever. (Univ.
California Cin-oniele, xviii. No. 2.) 8vo. [1916]. Author.

Gay (F. P.) and Stone (Ruth L.). The Fate of various Antibodies
in the Precipitin Reaction. (Journal of Immunology, i.)

4to. [1916]. F. P. Gay.

Georgeson (C. C). See U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmer's Bull. No. 37.

Gibbs (Arthur Ernest). The Satyrid Butterflies of Hertford-
shire, with a Short Study of Pararge cegeria. (Trans. Herts.
Nat. Hist. Soc. xvi. 1917.) 8vo. 1917. Author.

Gibbs (John). A first Catechism of Botanv.

8vo. Chelmsford, 1878.

The Syninietry of Flowers. 8vo. Chelmsford [1879 ?].

Miller Christy.
Gossard (H. A.). See Ohio : Agricultural Experiment Station.
Grandidier (Alfred, and William). Histoire Physique, Naturelle
et Politique de Madagascar. Vol. XXXIX. Histoire Naturelle
des plantes mousses. See Renauld (F.) and Cardot (J.).
Greenish (Henry George). A Text-Book of Materia Medica.
Being an account of the more important crude drugs of vege-
table and animal origin. (2nd Edition.) 8vo. London, 1909.
Guppy (Henry Brougham). Observations of a Naturalist in the
Pacific between 1896 and 1899. 2 vols.
Vol. I. Vanua Levu, Fiji.
„ II. Plant-dispersal.' 8vo. London, 1903-1906.

Plants, Seeds, and Curi-ents in the AVest Indies and

Azores. The Kesults of investigations cai'ried out in those
regions between 1906 and 1914. 8vo. London, 1917.

Guppy (Robert John Lechmere). See Trinidad and Tobago,
Fauna of.

f02 LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

Hall (Alfred Daniel) and Russell (Edward John). A Eeport ou
the Agriculture and Soils ol" Kent, Surrey, and Sussex.

8\o. London, 1911.
Hall (Ivan C). Testicular Infusion Agar. A Sterilizable Culture
Medium for the Gonococcus. (Journ. Bacteriology, 1916.)

4to. [1916J. Author.
Halle. Naturforschende Gesellschaft.

I. Geschichte, Gesetze, Verzeichniss der Mitglieder. (Inter-
leaved, with copious MS. additions.) Svo. Halle, 1808.
Hampstead.

Hampstead Scientific Society.

Eeport, 1915-16. Q\o. Hampstead, 19^1^. Hugh Findon.
Hart (David Berry). Phases of Evolution and Heredity.

Svo. London, 1910. J. Hopkinson.
Hegh (E.). Notice sur les Glossines ou Tsetses. See Belgium.

fitudes de liiologie Agricole, jN'o. 1.
Henshall (Hester P.). See Montana.
Hooker {Sir Joseph Dalton). See Bentham (George).
Hornell (James). Eeport to the Government of Earoda on the
Marine Zoology of OkhamandoJ in Kattiawar. Part II. AVith
Supplementary Eeports on special groups by otlier Zoologists.

4to. Low/on, 1916. Author.
Horticultura eller Tragardz-Book. See Manson (Arvidh).
Houser (J. S.). See Ohio ; Agricultural Experiment Station.
Howard (L. 0.). See U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmer's Bull. Ko. 47.
Illiger (Johann Karl Wilhelm). Versuch einer systematischen
vollstandigen Terminologie fiir das Thierreich und Pflauzenreich,
Svo. Helmstddt, 1800. B. S. M. de Barros.
Ingham (William). Hepatics of the Isle of Wight. See Moray

(Frank).
Ithaca (N.Y.).

Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station.
Bulletins, No, 219, 265, 260, 272, 283, 286, 291, 293.

Svo. Ithaca, 1904-11.
Jackson (Benjamin Daydon). A Glossary of Botanic Tern)s with
their Derivation and Accent. Third Edition.

Svo. London, 191 G. Author.

Jepson (Willis Linn). The Silva of California. (Mem. Univ.

California, vol. ii.) 4to. Berkeley, 1910.

Jonas (Pehr), Bp. of Wexio. See Manson (Arvidh).

Journal of Genetics. Editors : William Baxeson, M.A., P.E.S.,

and Eeginald Ceundell PuNNErr, M.A. Vols. l-4->

Svo. Cambridf/e, 191 0>
Jungersen (Hector F. E.). The Alcyonaria of East Greenland.
See Danmark-Ekspeditionen til Gronlands Nord^stkyst. 1906-
190S. Bd. iii. Nr. 18.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBBABY. lOJ

Karabacek (Joseph), ^iee Dioscorides (Pedanios).

Kerr (John Graham). The Work of John Samuel Budgktt,
-Balfour Student of the University of Cambridge. Being a
Collection of his Zoological Papers, together with a Bio-
graphical Sketch by A. E. Shipley, E.R.S., and Contributions
by Jtiichard Assheton, Edward J. Bles, Edward T. Browne, J.
Herbert Budgett, and J. Graham Kerr. Edited by J. Graham
IvEBE. 4to. Cambridge, 1907.

Kiewiet de Jonge (Gr. W.). &ee Oawens (P. A.).

Kleinhans (R.). Iconographie des Mousses. 4to. Paris [18G9J.

Mrs. Reid.

[Knight (Joseph) and Thomas A. Perry.] A Synopsis of the
Coniferous Plants grown in Gi-eat Britain and sold by K. & P.
at the Exotic Nursery, King's Road, Chelsea.

8vo. London [1850].

Kofoid (Charles Atwood). Tlie Plankton of the Illinois Eiver,
1894-1899, witli introductory notes upon the Hydrography of
the Hlinuis Kiver and its Basin. Pt. I. Quantitative Investi-
gations and General Results. Pt. II. Constituent Organisms
and their Seasonal Distribution. (Bull. Illinois State Lab.
Nat. Hist, vol. vi. art. 11 ; vol. viii, art. 1.)

8vo. Champaign, III., 1903-8.

Kuraschiki.

Ohara Instituts fiir landwirtschaftliche Eorschungen. Berichte,
Bd. I. Heft 1— > 4to. Kuraschiki, 1916> Ohara Instituts.

Lamarck (Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet ChevalUer de).
Histoire naturelle des Auimaux sans vertebres. 2""' edition.
11 vols. 8vo. Paris ^ Londres, 1835-45. A. W. Waters.

Langworthy (C. F.). See U.S. Dept. Agric. Parmer's Bull.
No. 85.

Leighton (Douglas). Poljzoa of the Isk of Wight. See Morey
(Frank).

Leland Stanford Junior University Publications.
University Series.

[No. 21.] Stakks (Edwin Chapin). The Sesamoid
Articular. A Bone in the Mandible of Fishes. 1916.

Levinsen (G. M. R.). liryozoa. See Danmark-Ekspeditionen til
Gronlands Nordc<stkyst, 1906-1908. Bd. iii. Nr. 16.

Ley den.

Pl)armaco])cea Leidensis, amplissimorum magistratuum auctoritate
instaurata. 8vo. Lugdmii Batavoriun^ 1718.

Lindau (Gnstav) and Sydow (Paul). Thesaurus litteraturae myco-
logicae et lichenologicae ratione habita prsecipue omnium quse
adiuic scripta sunt de mycologia applicata. 4 vols.

8vo. Lipsiis, 1908-15. Tagart Bequest.

Linne (Carl von). Exercitatio de Nuptiis et Sexu Plantarum.
Edidit Johannes Aiiv. Afzelius. 8vo. Upsalice, 1828.

r04 LIITNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOST.

Linne (Carl von). Bref och Skrifvelser af och till Carl von
Linm'; iirhI understod at" Svenska 8taten utgitiia af Upsala
Universitet. Andra Afdelningeii. Dell. At" J. M. Hulth.

8vo. Upsahi, 1916.

Livens (/.Vr. H, M.). Mosses of the Isle of Wight. See Morey
(Frank). •

London.

Bulletin Agricole du Congo Beige. See Belgium.
Linnean Society. Transactions.

Vols. I-X-XX. 2nd Series : Zoology, Vols. I.-VI. ; Botany,
Vols. I.-TV. 4to. London, 1791-1897. Taylor & Francis.

See "Welliugton College. Natural History Society.

Long (Harold C). Plants Poisonous to Live Stock.

Svo. Cambridge, 1917.
Lotsy (J. P.). Evolution by means of Hybridization.

Svo. The Hac/ve, 1916.
Lucas (William John). Xeuroptera of the Isle of AVight. See
Morey ( Frank).

MacCallum (G. A.). Some New Species of Parasitic Trematodes
of iMaiinn Pishes. See Zoopathologica (New York), Vol. I.
No. 1.

MacCaughey (Vaughan). The Seaweeds of Hawaii. (American
Journal > f Botany, viii. 1916.) 4to. Author.

Maiden (Joseph Henry) and Betche (Ernst). A Census of New
South Wales Plants. Svo. Si/dnej/, 1916. J. H. Maiden.

Supplement I. — Playfair (G. I.). Freshwater Alg».

Manson { Arvidh). En myckit nyttigh Orta-Book, om the herlige
cirter, som uthi thet hogliberorade Konungarijket wart kare
Padernesland Swerige alirligen wiixa . . . uthi Ordniiig satt aff
Petuo Jonje . . . sampt Eeu nyy Tragardz-Book . . . nu nyligen
ail" Trycket uthgangeu. Svo. Stod-hohn,' 1642.

Another Edition. 1654.

[Prelim inai-y matter of Ifi unminibered pages, 268 pages followed
bj 9 unnumbered pages of index ; the TragSrdz-Eook has a
separate title-page and pagination, but register continuous with
the main work, of 36 pages and colophon.]

Mansson, or Manson. ^SV^* Manson (Arvidh).
Ma'ituani (Joseph). St-e Dioscorides (Pedanios).

Marchant (James). Alfrkj) Kussel Wallace: Letters and
Beminiscences. 2 vols. Svo. London, 1916.

The Alfred Russel Wallace Memorial Fund.
Marlatt (C. L.). See U.S. Dept. Agric. Parmer's Bull. No. 70.

Marshall (Edward Sheaihurn). A Supplement to the Plora of

Somerset. (Part 111. Proc. Somersetshire Arch. & Nat. Hist.

■ Soc, vol. lix. 1913.) Svo. Taunton, 1914.

1

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. I05

Marshall (Guy Anstruther Knox). 8ee Blanford (W. T.).

The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma.

8vo. London, 1888-1916.

Massee (George Edward). British Fungi; with a chapter on
Lichens. 8vo. ZoncZou [191(51.

Matthew (William Diller). See Cope (Edward Drinker).

Mattioli (Pier" Andrea). Coiupendium de plantis omnibus, etc.

Venetiis (Valgrisi), 1571. -Ito.

[Pp. 37o-80 wanting, but text supplied in MS. by Johan Jacob Eraun

oi' Strassburg, in 1585.] Sir Frank Crisp, Bt.

Commentaiii in Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de materia

luedica. 8vo, \_LugduHi?] 1551:.

[Title wanting, but that of ' Apologia adversus Amathum Lusitanum,'
Lugduni, 15(53, substituted.] Sir Frank Crisp, Bt.

— I discorsi . . . nelli sei libri di Pedacio Dioscoridi Anazarbeo

della materia medicinale . . .

In Venetia (Heredi di Valgrisi), 1573. fol.
- — — lb. (Grinami). 1621. fol. Sir Frank Crisp, Bt.

Merrill (George P.). Handbook and Descriptive Catalogue of the
Meteorite Collections in the U.8. National Museum. See Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 91.

Mesnil (F.). See CauUery (M.).

Meyer (K. F.). The Etiology of "Symptomatic Anthrax" in
Swine. " Specific Gas-Phleguion of Hogs." (Journ. Infectious
Diseases, xvii.) 8vo. [1915.] Author.

The Helation of Animal to Human Sporotrichosis. Studies

on American Sporotrichosis, III. (Jouru. American Medical
Association, Ixv.) 8vo. Chicago, 1915. Author.

Minchin (Edward Alfred). An Introduction to the Study of the
Protozoa. With special reference to the Parasitic Forms.

8vo. London, 1912.

Minnesota.

Geological and Natural History Survey.

Bulletin No. 4. 8vo. St. Paul, 1887.

Oestlund (O. "VV.). Synopsis of the Aphidid^e of Minnesota.

Mitford. See Freeman-Mitford (A. B.).

Monckton (Horace Woollaston). Miscellaneous Papers, 1892-
1905. 8vo.

Montana Agricultural College Science Studies.

Botany, Vol. I. Nos. 1, 2, & 3. -Ito. Montana, 1905.

No. 1. Blankinship (J. W.). A Century of Botanical Exploration in
Montana, 1805-1905.

2. Supplement to tbe Flora of Montana.

3. Blankinship (J. W.) and Henshall (H. P.). Common Names of

Montana Plants.

I

Io6 LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX.

Mook (Charles Craig). A Study of the Morrison Formation.
(See Annals New York Academy of Sciences, vol. xxvii.
pj). 30-] 9!.)

Moray (Frank) and others. A Guide to the Natural History of
the Isle of Wight. 8vo. Newjwrt, I.W., 1909.

Ampliibians (P. Wadham) ; Arachnida (F. P. Smith) ; Birds (E. H.
Fox) ; Coelenterata (F. Morey) ; Coleoptera (E. A. Newbery, H. St. J.
K. Donisthorpe) ; Crustacea (F. Morey) ; Diptera (F. Morey) ; Earth-
quakes (J. Milne) ; Echinodei-mata (F. Morey) ; Fishes (P. Wadham) ;
Flowering Plants and Ferns (F. Stratton) ; Koraniinifera (F. Morey) ;
Fresiiwater Algai (G. S. West); Fuugi (J. F. Rayuer); Geology (G-.
W. Colenutt) ; Heniiptei'a (E. A. Butler) ; Hepaticie (W. Ingham) ;
Hynienoptera (C. Morley) ; Infusoria (S. W. Pring) ; Lepidoptera (H.
F. Poole; ; Lichens (J. A. Wheldun) ; JNlaninials (P. Wadliam) ; Marine
AlgiE (F. Morey); Meteorology (J. Dover, Miss M. Gibson, and J.
May) ; Mollusca (F. Morey) ; Mosses (H. M. Livens) ; Myriapoda
(F. Morey) ; Neuroptera (W. J. Lucae) ; Orthoptera (M. Burr) ;
Porifei-a (F. Morey); Pal£eolithic Implements {R. W. Poulton) ;
Polychseta (E. W. Pollard); Polyzoa (D. Leighton) ; Reptiles (P.
Wadham); Rhizopoda and Heliozoa (S. W. Pring); Rotifera (S. W.
Pring and F. M. Walker); Timicata (F. Morey); W'orms and their
Allies (F. Morey).

Morley (Claude). Hymenoptera of the Isle of Wight. See
Morey (Frank).

Mullens (William Herbert) and Swann (H. Kirke). A Biblio-
graphy of British Ornithology from the earliest times to the
end of 1912, includii:g Biographical accounts of the principal
Writers and Bibliographies of their published works.

8vo. London, 1916.

Mliller (Johann Georg). Deliciae & Arcana florum, Oder edles
Kleiuod, das ist, wie man niit leichten Miihe, allerhand Arten
Bluineu, wes Nahmens sie seyn . . . von einem Liebhaber der
Blumen. sm. 8vo. Amsterdam, 1700.

Anhans; liber das Garten-Buch . . . gedruckt 1700.

Deliciarum Jiorstensium [sic], oder des Blumen-, Artzuey-,

Kiichen-, und Baum-Gartens ander Theil . . . entworffen von
J. G. M. Gedruckt 1700.

[The main work and the Anhang were issued anonymously.]

Newbery (E. A.). Coleoptera of the Isle of Wight. See Morey
r Frank).

Nuttall (George H. F.). Les Tiques du Congo Beige et les
iMalailies cpi'elles transmettent. See Belgium. Etudes de
Biolugie Agricole, No. 2.

Oestlund (0. W.). See Minnesota : Geological and Natural
History Survey.

Ohara Instituts. See Kuraschiki.

t

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRAET. I07

Ohio.
Agricultural Experiment Station.

Circular, Nos. 140, 142, 143. 8vo. Wooster, 0., 1913-14.

140. GossARD (H. A.). Orchard Bark Beetles and Pin Hole Borers.

142. The Periodical Cicada or Seventeen-year Locust.

143. HousER (J. S.). The San Jose Scale, the Oyster-shell Bark Louse,

and the Scurfy Bark Louse.

Ohio Naturalist. Published by the Biological Club of the Ohio
State University. Vols. I.-XV. 8vo. Columbus, Ohio, 1900-15.
Continued as

Ohio Journal of Science.

Official Organ of the Ohio State University Scientific Society
and the Ohio Academy of Science. Vol. XV1.>

8vo. Columbus, 1915>

Ouwens (P. A.). De Voornaamste giftslangen van Nederlandsch
Oost-Iudie ; met een verhandeting over de verscliijnselen en
over de behandeling van giftigen slangenbeet door Dr. C W.
KiEwiET DE JoiN'GE. 4to. LeicUn, 1916. Author.

Palseontographical Society Monographs. Vol. LXIX.

4to. London, 1915.

Woodward (Arthur Smith). The Wealden and Purbeek Fishes, Pt. I.
Spencer (W. K.). The Paleozoic Asterozoa.

Paulus .aigineta. See Apicius (C).

Pearl (Raymond). Some commonly neglected factors underlying

the Stock Breeding Industry. (Ann. Rept. Maine Agric.

Ex])er. Slat. 1917.) ' Svo. Orono, 1917. Author.
The Probable Error of a Difierence and the Selection

Problem. (Genetics, 1917.) 4to. 1917. Author.

Pearl (R.) and Curtis (Maynie R.). Dwarf Eggs of the Domestic

Eowl. (Ann. Kept. Maine Agric. Exper. Stat. 1916.)

Svo. Orono, 1916. Raymond Pearl.
Pierce (Newton B.). See U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmer's Bull.

No. 30.
Pilsbry (Henry A.). The Sessile Baruacles (Cirripedia) contained

in tlie Collections of the U.S. National Museum ; including a

Monograph of the American Species. (See Bull. U.S. Nat..

Mus. No. 93.)
Pisanelli (Balthaser). De esculentorum potulentorumq. facul-

tatibus liber unus . . . nunc primum in Latiuam liuguam

conversus ab Arnolds Freitagio . . . ac . . . Henrici Julii, Ep.

Halberstadiensium . . . et recens . . . emendata. Herbornae

Nassoviorum, 1614. sm. Svo. [Ed. I. 1592.]

[Freitag (Arnold), M.D., of Einbresin, Belgium, d. 1013?]
Platina (B.). See Apicius (C).
Playfair (Gr. I.). See Maiden (Joseph Henry) and Betcho

(Ernst).

I08 LINN KAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

Pollard (E. W.)- Polychata of the Isle of Wight. See Morey
(Frank).

Poulton(R. W.). Piilieolitliic implemeuts of the Isle of Wight.

See Morey (Frank).
Pomona College Journal of Entomology. See Claremont.
Poole (Hubert F.). Lepidoptera of the Isle of Wight. See

Morey (Frank).
Prantl (Karl), ^ee Engler (A.).
Premerstein (Anton). See Dioscorides (Pedanios).
Pring (S. W.). Infusoria, liliizopoda, lleliozoa, and Kotifera of

the Isle of V\^ight. See Morey (Frank).
Punnett (Reginald Crundail). Mimicry in Butterflies.

8vo. Cambridge, 1915.
Queensland.

Prickly-Pear Experimental Station, Dulacca.

lieports 1914-16. 8vo. Brisbane [I9i5>

11 [Ralamb, Friherre Ake Klason ]. Horticultura eller Tragardz
hitta Bruuk hiir utlii kSwiirige.

Stockholm, 1(390. 4to. Pp. 146, 10 folding plates.

Forms Vol. 14 of " Adelig Oliiing," an encyclopajdic work, of whicli
only volumes 1, 4, 8, 13, and 14 were published. Title-page and first
leaf supplied by jjbotographs. Erroneously ascribed by Linuieus (Bibl-
Bot. od. 2, p. L'Ol) to AiiviDii M.^NSON.

Ray (John). Philosophical Letters between Mr. Eay and several
of his Correspondents, to which are added those of Praucis
Willughby. 8vo. London, 1718. Hugh Findon.

■ — — A Complete Collection of English Proverbs ; also the most
celebrated Proverbs of the Scotch, Italian, French, Spanish, and
other languages.

(To which is added, by the same Author :)

A Collection of English Words not generally used; witli an account
of the preparing and refining such Metals and Minerals as are found
in England.

2iid Edition. l'2mo. London, 1818. Hugh Findon.

Ray Society. Publications (continued).

W'onsDi.i.i, ( W. C). Tlie Trinoiples of Plant-Teratology. Vol. II.

8vo. 1916.
Rayner (John Frederick). Pungi of the Isle of Wight See

Morey (Frank).
Rayss (Tscharna). Le Ccelastrum proboscideum. Bold; Etude de
phuiotologie expdrimentale suivie d'uue revision des Coelastrum
de la .Suisse. (Extrait des Materiaux pour la Elore Crypto-
gamicpie Suisse, vol. v. fasc. 2.) 8vo. Berne, 1915.

Ih\ R. Chodat.
Reid (Clement). Ancient Rivers of Bournemouth. Svo.

Author.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRAET. lO^

Eenauld (Ferdinand) and Cardot (Jules). Histoire naturelle
des plautes mousses de Madagascar. Text aud Atlas.

4to. Paris, 1898-1915.
Rio de Janeiro. Archivos do Jardim Botanico do. Vol. I. Fasc. 1>

4to. Rio de Janeiro^ 191 5->
Rolfs (P. H.). -See U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmer's Bull. No. 538.
Russell (Alexander). The Natural History of Aleppo . . . second
edition . . . by Patrick Eussell [the plants described by
Sir Joseph Banks, Bt., and Dr. D. Solandkr]. 2 vols.

4to. London, 1794. Dr. B. Daydon Jackson.

Russell (Edward John). See Hall (Alfred Daniel).

Russell (Edward Stuart). Form and Function ; A Contribution

to the History of Animal Morphology. 8vo. London, 1916

Saccardo (Pier' Andrea). Notc-e Mycologicse. (Annales My-

cologici, xiii.) 8vo. Bei^lin, 1915

(Nuovo (xioruale botanico italiano, N.S. xxiii.)

8vo. [1916]. Author

"Fungi." (Flora Melitensis nova.) 8vo. Author

It [Sanizelius (Ahraham)]. Blomster Krantz af de allmiinnaste
och markwjirdaste uti Neriket befintliga waxter hopflatader,
och erkiinnerligen til underwisuing for Schola^-ungdomen uti
Orebro utgifwen. 12ino. Orebro, 1769

Saunders (James). Tlie Field Flowers of Bedfordshire.

8vo. London ^' Ltdon, VJll. Author
Save (Carolus). See Wahlenberg (G.).

Scliultes (Joseph August). Catalogus horti regii botanici

Landishnlhi Bojorum, 1810. 8vo. [LandishutJii Boj., 1810.]

Scully (Reginald William). Flora of County Kerry, including the

Flowering Plants, Ferns, Characere, etc. 8vo. Dublin, 1916.

Sendai. The Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University,

Seudai, Japan. Second Series (Geology). Vol. !.->

4to. Sendai, 1912-14->
Seward (A. C). See Cambridge Botanical Handbooks.
Shimek (Boliumil). Flora of AVinneshiek County. (Iowa GeoL
Surv. xvi.) 4to. Bes Moines, 1906.

Shipley (Arthur Everett). See Kerr (John Graham).
Siboga-Expeditie. Livr. LXXVII.-LXXIX. Prof. Max Weber.
Small (James). The Translocation of Latex and the Multiple
Kazor. (The ISTew Phvtologist, xv. 1916.) 8vo. 1916. Author.
Smith (Erwin Frink). See U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmer's 'Bull
No. 17. ' ■

Smith (Frank P.). Arachnida of the Isle of Wight. See Morev
(Frank).

Smith (Jared G.). -SV* U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmer's Bull
No. 31.

no LINNBAN SOCIETY OF I.OXDOX.

South Eastern Naturalist. Heino; the Trjuisactions of the South-
Eiisteni Union of Scientific Societies for f91(>.

8vo. London, 1916. liev. T. R. R. Stebbing.

Spencer (W. K.). A Monof^raph of the British Pakeozoic
Asterozoa. Pt. II. See Palaeontographical Society Mono-
graphs, vol. Ixix, 1915.

Spratt (G.). Table of A'egetable Poisons. Illustrated with
coloured drawings. -Ito. London. B. S. M. de Barros.

Staffordshire (North) Field Club. Jubilee Volume (lSGo-1915).

8vo. Stafford, 1916.

Starks (Edwin Chapin). The Sesamoid Articular. A Bone iij
the jMandible of Fishes. See Leland Stanford Junior Uni-
versity Publications. University Series (21).

Stephanus (Carolus) \i. e. Charles L'Estienne]. De re hortensi
libellus Yulgaria herbarum, florum, ac fruticum ... ex probatis
authoribus. 8vo. Parisiis, 1536.

De latinis et graecis nominibus arborum. fruticum,

herbarum, piscium, & avium liber : ex Aristotele . . . et Joanne
E/Uellio : cum Gallica eoru iiominum appellatione. -Ita ed.

Svo. Lutetice, 1554.

Stone (Ruth L.). See Stone (Frederick P.).

Stratton (Frederic). Flowering Plants and Ferns of the Isle
of Wight. See Moray (Frank).

Sundberg (Arvidus). See Wahlenberg (G.).

Sutton (Martin Hubert Foquet). The Eifects of Eadio-active
Ores and Kesidues on Plant Life. A Eeport of the Second
Series of Experiments cari-ied out at Reading, 1915.

4to. lleadiny [1916]. Author.

Swann (H. Kirke). See Mullens ("William Herbert). A Biblio-
graphy of British Ornithology. Svo. London, 1916.

Sydow (Paul). See Lindau (G.). Thesaurus litteraturse niyco-
logictP, &c. Svo. 1908-15.

Tansley (Alfred George). See Cambridge Botanical Handbooks.

Thornely (Laura Roscoe). Eeport on the Hydroida collected by
Mr. James HornfU at Okhamandal in Kattiawar in 1905-6.
See Hornell (James). Eeport to the Government of Baroda
on the Marine Zoology of Okhamandal in Kattiawar. Part II.

Tohoku Imperial University. See Sendai.

Tracy (Samuel Mills). See U.S. Dept. Agric. Fanner's Bull.
No. 18.

Trinidad and Tobago, Fauna of. Vol. I.^ Being reprints from
papers published in the Proceedings of the Agricultural Society
of Trinidad and Tobago. Compiled by P. L. Guppy and Edgar
Teii'P. " Svo. Triniddd, 1914>

Tripp (Edgar). See Trinidad and Tobago, Fauna of.

Troup (R. S.). A Note on some European Sylvicultural Systems,
with Suggestions for Improvements in Indian Forest Manage-
ment, fol. Calcutta, 1916.

ADDITIOlSrS TO THE LIBRARY. Ill

True (A. C). '"See U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmers Bull. No. 36.

United States Department of Agriculture.

Farmer's Bulletin. 8vo. Washington, 1894-1913.

No. 15. Galloway (B. T.). Destructive Potato Diseases.
„ 16. Allen (B. W.). Leguminous Plants for Green Manuring and

for Feeding.
,, 17. Smith (Erwi.v F.). Peach Yellows and Peach Rosette.
„ 18. Teacy (S. M.). Forage Plants for the South.
„ .'50. Pierce (Newton B.). Grape Diseases on the Pacific Coast.
,. ."«1. Smith (.Tared G.). Alfalfa, or Lucern.
,. .'JG. True (A. C). Cotton Seed and its Products.
,, 37. Georgeson (C. C). Kafir Corn : Characteristics, Culture, and

Uses.
., 45. Chittenden (F. H.). Some Insects injurious to stored Grain.
., 47. Howard (L. O.). Insects affecting the Cotton Plant.
,, 54. Eeal (F. E. L.). Some Common Birds in their relation to

Agriculture.
., 70. Maklatt (C. L.). The Principnl Insect Enemies of the Grape.
,, 85. Langwortiiy (C. F.). Fish as Food.
,, 538. Rolfs (P. H.). Sites, Soils, and Varieties for Citrus Groves in

the Gulf States.

Vries (Scato G-.). See Dioscorides (Pedanios).

Wadham (Percy). Amphibians, Fishes, Mammals, and Eeptiles

o£ the Isle of Wight. See Moray (Frank).
Wahlenberg (Goran), Pnes. Synopsis florae Gothlandicae. Pars I.

resjy. Carolus Save. 8vo. Upsalke [1837].
Pars II. resp. Arvidus Suj^dberg. 8vo. ib. [1837].

Novitiae florae (xothlandicfe. Resp. Petbus Cone. Aezelius.

8vo. Upsalue, [1844].
Walker (F. M.). Kotifera of the Isle of AVight. See Morey

(Frank).

Wallace (Alfred Russel). Letters and Reminiscences, See

Marchant (J.). 8vo. 1916.

Weber (Max) and De Beaufort (L. F.). The Fishes of the Indo-

Australian Archipelago. III. Ostariophysi : II. Gyprinoidea,

Apodes Symhranclii. 8vo. Leiden, 1916. Authors.

Weiss (Frederick Ernest). Graft Hybrids. (Trans. Manchester

Micro. Soc. 1915.) 8vo. 1916. Author.

Wellington College : ]N'atiu-al History Society.

First (Second) Annual Report. 8vo. London, 1869-71.

Third> Wellington College, 1873>

Wesseley (Carl). See Dioscorides (Pedanios).

West (George Stephen). Algae : Myxophyceae, Peridinieae, Bacil-
larieae, Chlorophyceae, together with a Brief Summary of the
Occurrence and Distribution of Freshwater Algae. See Cambridge
Botanical Handbooks. Vol. I.

Freshwater Algae of the Isle of Wight. See Morey

(Frank).

112 LINXKA.X SOCIETY OF LONDO.V.

Wheldale (Muriel). The Anthocyanin Pigments of PKants.

8vo. Camhridf/e, 1916.
Wheldon (James Alfred). Lichens of the Isle of Wight. See

Moray (Frank).
White (Gilbert). The Natural History of the Year. Being an

Enlargement of Dr. Aikiu's Calender of Nature. Edited with

a Preface hy Aktiiur Aikin. 3rd Edition.

sm. 8vo. London, 1805. Miss Edmonds.
Wollaston Expedition. See Dutch New Guinea Expedition^

1010-13.

Woodward (Arthur Smith). The Fossil Fishes of tlie English
Weahlen and Purbeck J^'ormations. Part 1. See Palaeonto-
graphical Society Monographs. Vol. Ixix. 1915.

Worsdell (Wilson Crosfield). The Principles of Plant-Teratology.
Vol. II. (Kay Society.) 8vo. London, 1916.

Zoopathologica. Scientific Contributions of the New York
Zoological Society on the Diseases of Animals. Vol. I. No. ]>

8vo. ^^ew TorTc, 1916>

BENEFACTIONS. II3

BENEFACTIONS.

List in accordance with Bue-Laws, Chap. XVII. Sect. 1, of all

Donations of the amount or value of Tiventij-five pounds and

upwards.

1790.

The Et. Hon. «ii- Joseph Banks, Bt.

Cost of Copper and engraving ot the phxtesot' the first volume
of Transactions, 20 in number.
The same : MedaUion of C. von Linne, by C. F. Inlander.

1796.

The same : a large collection of books.

1800.

Subscription towards the Charter, =£295 4.?. Qd.

Claudius Stephen Hunter, Esq., F.L.S. (Gratuitous professional
services in securing the Charter).

1802.

Dr. Richard Pulteney.

His collections, and =£200 Stock.
Aylmer Bourke Lambert, Esq.

Portrait of Henry Seymer.

1804.

The Et. Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bt.
His collection of Insects.

1807.

Eichard Anthony Salisbury, Esq.

Portrait of Daniel Solander, by J. Zoffany.

1811.

The Et. Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bt.

His collection of Shells.
Mrs. Pulteney.

Portrait of Dr. E. Pulteney, by S. Beach.

1814.

Joseph Sabine, Esq.

Portrait of C. von Linne, after A. Eoslin, reversed.
Dr. John Sims.

Portrait of Dr. Trew.

LINN. SOC. PROOEEDINGS. SESSION 1916-1917. i

\

114 LlNNEA.^f SOCIETY OF LONDON.

1818.

Subscription of .£215 6s. for Caley's Zoological Collection.

1819.

The Medical Society of Stockholm.

A medallion of C. von Liune in alabaster.

1822.

Bust of Sir Joseph Banks, Bt., by Sir F. Chantrey, R.A.
Subscription of the Fellows.

1825.

The late Natural History Society.

£190, 3i Stock.
Bust of Sir .Tames Edward Smith, P.L.S., by Sir F. Chautrey,

R.A., by Subscribers.

1829.

Subscription for the purchase of the Linnean and Smithian
Collections, £1593 8s.

1830.
Sir Thomas Grey Cullum, Bt.
£100 Bond given up.

1832.

The Honourable East India Company.

East Indian Herbarium (Wallicliian Collection).

1833.

Subscription for Cabinets and mounting the East Indian Herbarium,
£315 14s.

1835.

Subscription portrait of Robert Brown, by H. W. Pickersgill, R.A.

1836.

Subscription portrait of Edward Forster, by Eden Upton Eddis.
Subscription portrait of Archibald Menzies, by E. U. Eddis.

1837.

Subscription portrait of Alexander MacLeay, by Sir Thomas
Lawrence, P. R.A,

1838.

Collections and Correspondence of Nathaniel John Winch.
Portrait of Dr. Nathaniel AV^allich, by Jolui Lucas, presented by
Mrs. Smith, of Hull.

1839.
Subscription portrait of "William Tarrell, by Mrs. Carpenter.

BBNEF A OTIONS . 1 1 5

1842.

David Don : herbarium of woods and fruits.
Archibald Menzies : bequest of ,£100, subject to legacy duty.
Portrait of John Ebenezer Bicheno, by E. U. Eddis, presented by
Mr. Bicheno.

1843.

Subscription in aid of the funds of the Society, £994 3s.
Subscription portrait of Sir William Jackson Hooker, by S. Cam-
bardella.

1845.

Microscope presented by Subscribers.

1846.

Joseph Jan son : £100 legacy, free of duty, and two cabinets.

1847.

[Bequest of £200 in trust, by Edward Eudge ; declined for reasons
set forth in Proceedings, i. pp. 315-317.]

1849.

Portrait of Sir J. Banks, Bt., bv T. Phillips, E.A., presented by
Capt. Sir E. Home, Bt., K.N.

1850.

Subscription portrait of the Rt. Eev. Edward Stanley, D.D.,
Bishop of Norwich, by J. H. Maguire.

1853.

Portrait of Carl von Linne, after A. Eoslin, by L. Pasch, pre-
sented by Eobert Brown.

Pastel portrait of A. B. Lambert, by John Eussell, presented by
Eobert Brown.

1854.

Professor Thomas Bell, £105.

1857.

Subscription portrait of Prof. T. Bell, P.L.S., by H. W. Pickersgill,

E.A.
Thomas Corbyn Janson : two cabinets to hold the collection of

fruits and seeds.
Pleasance, Lady Smith : Correspondence of Sir J. E. Smith, in

19 volumes.

1858.

Subscription portrait of Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward, by J. P.

Knight.
Eichard Horsman Solly, £90 after payment of Legacy Duty.
Subscription for removal to Burlington House, £1108 15s.

Il6 LIKNEA.N SOCIETY OP LONDOT>f.

Biography of Carl von Linne, and letters to Bishop C. F.

Mennander, presented by Miss Wray.
Dr. Horsfield's Javan plants, pi'esented by the Court of Directors

of the Ron. East India Company,
Dr. Ferdinand von Mueller's Australian and Tasmanian plants,

including many types.

1859.

Books from the library of llobert Brown, presented by J. J.

Bennett, Sec.L.S.
Robert Brown : bequest of two bonds given up, £200.

1861.

Subscription bust of Robert Brown, by Peter Slater.

Collection of birds' eggs, bequeathed by Jolui Drew Salmon, F.L.S.

1862.

The Linnean Club : presentation bust of Prof. Thomas Bell, by
P. Slater.

1863.

Subscription portrait of John Joseph Bennett, by E. U. Eddis.

1864.
Beriah Botfield, Esq. : Legacy, £40 less Duty.

1865.

Executors of Sir J. AV. Hooker, £100.

George Bentham, Elsq. : cost of 10 plates for his " Tropical Legumi-
nosae," Trans, vol. xxv.

1866.

Dr. Friedrich Welwitsch : Illustrations of his ' Sertnm Angolense,'
£130.

1867.

George Bentham, Esq. : General Index to Transactions, vols, i.-xxv.
Royal Society : Grant in aid of G. S. Brady's paper on British
Ostracoda, £80,

1869.

Carved rhinoceros horn from Lady Smith, formerly in the posses-
sion of Carl von Linne.

1874.

Subscription portrait of George Bentham, by Lowes Dickinson.
George Bentham, Esq., for expenditure on Library, £50.

1875.

Legacy from James Yates, £50 free of Duty.
„ „ Daniel 11 anbury, £100 less Duty,

BENEFACTIONS. 1 1 7

1876.

Legacy of the late Thomas Corbyn Janson, =£200,

,, „ ,, Charles Lambert. £500.

George Beutham, Esq. : Geueral Index to Traiisactious, vols.
xxvi.-xxx.

1878.
Subscription portrait of John Claudius Loudon, by John Linnell.
Subscription portrait of Eev. Miles Joseph Berkeley, by James
Peel.

1879.
Rev. George Henslow and Sir J. D. Hooker : Contribution to
illustrations, £35.

1880.
The Secretary of State for India in Council : cost of setting up
Dr. Aitchison's paper, <£36.

1881.

George Bentham, Esq., special donation, £25.
The same: towards Richard Kippist's pension, =£50.
Portrait of Dr. St. George Jackson Mivai't, by Miss Solomon ;
presented by Mrs. Mivart.

1882.

Executors of the late Frederick Currey : a large selection of books.
Subscription portrait of Charles Robert Darwin, by Hon. John

Collier.
The Secretary of State for India in Council : Grant for publication

of Dr. Aitchison's second paper on the Flora of the Kurrum

Valley, £G0.

1883.

Sir John Lubbock, Bt, (afterwards Lord Avebury).

Portrait of Carl von liinne, ascribed to M. Hallman.
Philip Henry Gosse, Esq. : towards cost of illustrating his paper,

£•25.
Royal Society : Grant in aid of Mr. P. H. Gnsse's paper, £50.
Sophia Grover, Harriet Grover, Emily Grover, and Charles Ehret

Grover : 11 letters from Carl von Linne to G. D. Ehret.

1885.

Executors of the late George Bentham, £567 lis. 2d.
Subscriptiun portrait of George Busk, by his daughter Marian
Busk.

1886.

A large selection of books from the library of the late Dr. Spencer
Thomas Cobbold (a bequest for a medal was declined).

Sir George MacLeay, Bt. : MSS. of Alexander MacLeay and
portrait of Eev. William Kirby.

Il8 LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON.

1887.

William Davidson, Esq.: 1st and 2nd instalments of grant in aid

of ])ublication; £50.
Francis Blackwell Forbes, Es{|., in aid of Chinese Flora, .£25.

1888.
The Secretary of State for India in Council : Grant in aid of

publication of results of the Afghan Boundary Delimitation

Expedition, ,£150.
Dr. J. E. T. Aitchison, towards the same, ,£25.
Trustees of the Indian Museum : Mergui Archipelago report, for

publication in Journal, £135.
Dr. John Anderson, for the same, £60.
Wm. Davidson, Esq. : 3rd and last instalment, £25.
Sir Joseph Hooker : (1) Series of medals formerly in possession

of (reorge Bentliain ; (2) Gold watch, key, and two seals

which belonged to Eobert Brown.

1889.
Bronze copy of model for Statue of C. von Linno, by J. F. Kjellberg ;
presented by Frank Crisp, Esq.

1890.

The Secretary of State for India in Council : Grant for Delimitation

Expedition report, £200.
Oak table for Meeting Kooni, presented by Frank Crisp, Esq.
Subscription portrait of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, K.C.S.I., by

Hubert Herkomer, E..A.
Executors of the late John Ball, Esq. : a large selection of books.
An anonymous douor, £30.
Colonel Sir Henry CoUett, K.C.B., towards the publication of his

Shan States collections, £50.

1891.

Subscription portrait of Sir John Lubbock, Bt. [Lord Avebury],

by Leslie Ward.
George Frederick Scott Elliot, Esq., towards cost of his Madagascar

paper, £60.

1892.
Dr. Richard Charles Alexander Prior: for projection lantern, £50.

1893.

The Executors of Lord Arthur Eussell : his collection of portraits

of naturalists.
Electric light installation: cost borne by Frank Crisp, Esq.

1894.

Algernon Peckover, Es(|. : Legacy, £100 free of Duty.
Miss Emma Swan : " Westwood Fund," £250.

BENEFACTIONS. II9

1896.

Clock and supports in Meeting Room, presented by Frank Crisp,
Esq.

1897.

William Carruthers, Esq.: Collection of engravings and photo-
graphs of portraits of Carl von Linne.
Royal Society : Grant towards publication of paper by the late

John Ball, £60.
Subscription portrait of Professor George James AUmaii, by
Marian Busk.

1898.
Sir John Lubbock, Bt. : Contribution towards his paper on

Stipules, =£43 14s. 2d.
Royal Society : Contribution towards E. J. Cole's paper, .£50.
„ „ ,, ,, Murray &Blackman's paper,

£80.
„ ,. „ ,, Elliot Smith's paper, £50.

,, ,, Forsyth Major's paper, £60.

1899.

Alfred Charles William Harmsworth, Esq. [afterwards Lord
Northcliffe] : Contribution towards cost of plates, £43.

Royal Society : Contribution towards Mr. R. T. Giinther's paper
on Lake Urmi, £50.

1901.

Hon. Charles Ellis, Hon. Walter Rothschild, Frank Crisp, Esq.,
F. D. Godman, Esq., and the Bentham Trustees : The Corres-
pondence of William Swainson.
Royal Society : Contribution towards Mr. F. Chapman's paper on

Funafuti Foraminifei'a, £50.
Prof. E. Ray Lankester : Contribution towards illustration, £30 5s.
Portrait of Dr. St. G. J. Mivart, presented by Mrs. Mivart.
«•

1903.

Royal Society : Contribution toward Dr. Elliot Smith's paper, £50.
Legacy from the late Dr. R. C. A. Prior, £100 free of duty.
Mrs. Sladeu : Posthumous Portrait of tlie late Walter Percy

Sladen, by H. T. Wells, R.A.
B. Arthur Beusley, Esq. : Conti'ibution to his paper, £44.

1904.

Royal Societv : Grant in aid of third volume of the Chinese Flora,

£120.
Frank Crisp, Esq. (afterwards Sir Frank Crisp, Bt.) : Cost of

Supplementary Royal Charter.
The same : Bulliard (,P.). Herbier de la France; Dictionnaire ;

Histoire des plantes veneiieuses; Champignons, in 10 vols.

Paris, 1750-1812.

I20 LINITBA-N SOCIETY OF LONBON.

1905.

Royal Societv : First gniiit in aid of Dr. G. H. Fowler's ' Biscayan

Plankton,' =£50.
Executors of the lute G. B. Buckton, Esq. : Contribution for

colouring plates of his paper, £26.

1906.

Royal Society : Second grant towards ' Biscayan Plankton,' X'50,
Subscription portrait of Prof. S. H. Vines, by Hon. John Collier.
Royal Swedish Academy of Science : Copies of portraits of C. von

Liinie, after Per Kraift the elder, and A, Roslin, both by

Jean Haagen.

1907.

Royal University of Up])sala : Copy by Jean Haagen of portrait of

C. V. Linne, by J. H. Schefifel (1739).
Royal Society : Tiiird and final grant towards 'Biscayan Plankton,'

£50.
The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : First grant

to\\ards publication of Mr. Stanley Gardiner's Researches

in the Indian Ocean in H.M.S. ' Sealark,' £200.

1908.

Prof. Gustaf Retzius : Plaster cast of bust of Carl von Linne,
modelled by Walther Runeberg from the portrait by Scheffel
(1739) at Linnes Hammarby ; the bronze original designed
for tlie fagade of the new building for the Royal Academy of
Science, Stockholm.

Miss Sarah Marianne Silver (afterwards Mrs. Sinclair), F.L.S. :
Cabinet formerly belonging to Mr. S. W. Silver, F.L.S.

1909.

The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Second grant
towards publication of Mr. Stanley Gardiner's Researches in
the Indian Ocean in H.M.S. ' Sealark,' £200.

Prof. James Wilham llelenus Trail, F.R.S., F.L.S. : Gift of £100
in Trust, to encourage Research on the Nature of Proto-
plasm.

1910.

Royal Society : Grant towards Dr. G. 11. Fowler's paper on

Biscayan Ostracod.i, £50.
Sir Joseph Hooker : (xold watch-chain worn by Robert Brown,

and seal with portrait of Carl von Linne by Tassie.
Prof. J. S. (iardiuer : Payment iu aid of illustrations, £35 Vs. ikl.
Sir Frank Crisp : Donation in Trust for Microscopical Research,

£200.
The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Third grant

towards publication of Prof. Stanley Gardiner's Researches

iu the Indian Ocean, £200. (For third volume.)

BENEFACTIONS. I 2 1

1911.

The Trustees of the Percy Sladeu Memorial Fund : Second
Donation towards the pubhcation of the third volume ou
the Indian Ocean Eesearches, .£70.

The same : First JJouutiou towards the fourth volume, <£130.

1912.

Tlie Indian Grovernment : Contribution towards the illustration

of Mr. E. P. Stebbing's paper on Himalayan Cliermea,

£46 15s. 2d.
The late Mr. Francis Tagart, £500 free of Legacy Duty.
The late Sir Joseph Daltou Hooker, O.M., G.C.S.I., £100 free of

Legacy Duty.
The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Second

Donation towards the publication of the fourth volume on the

Indian Ocean Eesearches, £140.
The same : First Donation towards the tifth volume, £60.

1913.

Royal Society : Grant towards Dr. R. R. Gates's paper on

Mutating Oenotheras, £6<).
Sir Frank Crisp, Bt., Wallichian Cabinets, £50.
The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Second

Donation towards the publication of the fifth volume, £200.

1914.

Royal Society : Grant towards Miss Gibbs's paper on the Flora of

British North Borneo, £50.
Miss Foot : (^ost of illustration of her paper on Euschistus.
The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Third Donation

towards the tifth volume, £10.
The same : First Donation towards the sixth volume, £190.

1915.

The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Second

Donation towards the sixth volume, £8U.
Miss Foot : Cost of second paper on Euschistus, £32 10s.
Royal Society : Donations towards the cost of a paper by

Mrs. Arber, D.Sc, £40.
The same: towards paper ou Utakwa River plants by Mr. H. N.

Ridley, C.M.G., F.R.S., £50.
Miss Marietta Pallis : Instalment of cost of her paper on

Plav, £30.
Thomas Henry Riches, Esq, : Dr. A. R. Wallace's library ou

Natural History.
Sir Frank Crisp, Bt. : New shelving for Wallace's Volumes.

LINN, SOC. PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1916-191 7. k

122 LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

1916.

Mr. E. Heron- A lieu : Contribution to cost o£ paper on Foramini-

fera of N.W. Scotland, ^44.
Messrs. H. Takeda and C. West : Contribution towai-ds the

illustration of their paper, £40.
Koyal Society : Contribution towards the illustration of two

papers by Prof. Dendy, <£40.
The same : Contribution towards Mr. Swyuuerton'e paper on

Form and Coloration, £70.
The High Commission for the Union of South Africa, per

Dr. J. D. F. Gilchrist, for the illustration of his paper on

Jasus Lalandii, £'M.
Miss Marietta Pallis : Balance of cost of her paper on Plav,

£90 16s. 6d.
Sir Frank Crisp, Bi. : Phototyped copy of Dioseorides from the

' Codex Aniciaj Juliana; ' at Vienna.

1917.

British Ornithologists' Union, etc. : Contribution towards cost of

Mr. H. N. Ridley's paper, £20.
The Royal Society : Contribution towards the printing of Mr. C.

F. M. Swynuerton's paper on Protective Coloration, £75.
Sir Frank Crisp, Bt. : 'Lindenia,' Ghent, 1891-1901. 17 vols.

sm. fol.

INDEX TO THE PROC^EEDINGS.

SESSION 1916-1917.

Note. — TJie following arc not indexed : — The name of the Chairman at each meeting ;
speakers wiiose remarks are not reported ; and passing allusions.

Accounts, Treasurer's Statement for

1916-17, 19, 22-24.
Anniversary Meeting, ig.
Arber, Mrs. A., el. Councillor, 21.
Armstrong, S. J?., admitted, 16; elected,

5 ; proposed, i.
Auditors uomiuated, 16.

Baker, E. Gr., el. Councillor, 21.

Baker, S. M., obituary, 41.

Bakshi, D. S., admitted, 6; elected, 5 ;

proposed, i.
Ballot for Coimcillors and Officers, 21.
Bassia latifolia, Roxb. (Ryan), 16.
Bateson, W., el. Councillor, 21 ; on

Mechanism of Heredity, 16.
Beamish, R. H., admitted, 10; elected,

5 ; proposed, i.
Betts, J)r. C. H., elected, 5 ; proposed, i.
Bligh, Capt. W., MS. s^hown (Sherborn),

19-
Boodle, L. A.. Councillor retired, 21.
Borradaile, L. A., Pontoniinaj and

Carides from Western Indian Ocean,

2.
Boulger, Prof. G. S., Early Chapters

in Plant Distribution, i.
Bower, Prof. F. O., Hooker Lecture,

" The Natural ClasBification of

Plants," 80 ; Morphology of Sorus

of Ferns, 8.
British Flora, Southern Element in

(Stapf), 81-92.
Browne, E. T., el. Councillor, 21.
Bryozoa of Cape Verde Islands(Waters),

5- .
Bunting, R. H., admitted, 6 ; elected,

5 ; proposed, i.
Burne, R. H., el. Councillor, 21.

Canary Islands scenery and vegetation

(Sprague), 19.
Cash Statement (Annual), 19, 22-24.
Chalmers, Dr. A. J., elected, 8 ; pro-
posed, 5.
Charlesworth & Ramsbottom, Struc-
ture of Leaves of Hybrid Oi-chids, 9.
Clements, F. M., elected, 18 ; proposed,

8.
"Codex Anicire Julianae" of Dioscorides

(Jackson), 2.
Cogniaux, Prof. A. C, death reported,

1 1 ; obituary, 48.
CoUinge, Dr. W. E., Oral Appendages

of Marine Isopoda, 18-19; Pcira-

cuhari)^, new genus of Terrestrial

Isopoda, 18-19.
Collins, Hon. M. E., removal reported,

30.
Compositffi, their Floral Anatomy (J.

Small), 5.
Conklin, Prof. E. G., his theory of

twisted Gasteropod MoUusca, 2.
Cooler, W. O., death reported, 19 ;

obituary, 43.
Corrie, L. G., withdrawal reported, 20.
Cotton, A. D., el. Councillor, 21.
Crisp Award and Medal conferred

upon Mr. R. J. Tillyard, 39.
Crisp, Sir F., Bt., copy of " Codex

Vindob. Med. Gr. I." of Dioscorides,

I.
el. Councillor, 21.

Dalziel, J. McEwen, proposed, 12.
Davey, Miss A. J., Hermaph. flowers

in Myrica Gale, 6.
Davies, H. J., elected, 12.
Deaths reported, 19-20.

LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. SESSION 1916-1917.

I

124

INDEX.

Dio3Coridei8, Vienna Oodox (Jackson),
■2..

Donald, James, death reported, 19.

J^owiioB, II , elected, 78 ; proposed, 16.

Dow.son, W. J., elected, 78 ; proposed,
16.

Draper, W., removal reported, 20.

Dunn, H. A. H., admitted, 6 ; elected,
5 ; proposed, i.

Durrant, Mrs. 15. J., withdrawal re-
ported, ao.

Dymes, T. A., on Seed of Iris Pseud-
acorus, Linn., 6.

Elliott, Dr. W. T., elected, 2.
Elphinstone, Sir H. VV., Bt., death

reported, 19 ; obitnary, 44.
Evans, T. J., admitted, 10 ; elected, 8 ;

proposed, 5.

Foggitt, W., death report-id, 19 ;

obituar}', 44.
Fumaria § Sphcerocapnos (Pugsley), 16.

Gardiner, Prof. J. S., conini. (Borra-
daile), 2.

Gates, Dr. R. R., N. American Melan-
thaceaa from Genetic Standpoint, 15.

Gibbons, A. J. F., admitted, 78 ;
elected, 16; proposed, 16.

Gibbs, A. E., death reported, 19 ;
obituary, 45.

Gibson, Miss M., Hermaph. flowers in
Myrica Gale, 6.

Goodrich, E. S., Conklin's theory con-
cerning twisted Gastei-opod Mollusca,
2 ; el. Councillor, 21 ; el. Secretary,
21 ; on Hatschek's pit, 16.

Greek flora, two critical plants (Lacaita),

19-
Green, 0. T., withdrawal reported, 20.
Gr6goire, Prof. V., elected For. Memb.,

16 ; proposed, 12.
Groves. J., el. Councillor, 21 ; nom.

Auditor, 16.
Guppy, H. B., Linnean Gold Medal

awarded to, 40 ; proposed as Fellow,

>9-

Hatschek's pit (Goodrich), 16.

Henderson, Dr. G., exhibition of seed-
less j)ears, 5.

llerdman, Prof. W. A., Dakin's Explor.
of Houtman Abrolhos Islands, 9.

Heredity, its .Mechanism (Bateson),
16.

Heterangiiini.s of British Co.d-Measures

(Scott), 16.
Hindlo, E., removal reported, zo.
Holden, II. S., comin. Root-System of

InipatietiA Zi'o_yfc'/,Walp. (.Miss McClat-

chie), 6.
Hooker Lecture, delivered by Prof. F.

O. Bower, 80; its origin, 79.
Hooker, Sir J(jseph, List of Published

Portraits, 93.
Hopkinsoii, J., nom. Auditor, 16.
Houtnian Abrolhos Islands (Dakin), 9.
Hybrid orchids (Rolfe), 11.

Isopoda, new genus descr. (Collinge),
18-19.

Jackson, A. B., el. Associate, 78 ;
proposed, 16.

Jackson, Dr. B. D., on "Codex Anicise
Julianse " of Dioscorides, presented
by Sir F. Crisp, Bt., 2 ; el. Coun-
cillor, 21 ; el. Secretary, 21 ; on pre-
cautions for the security of the Lin-
nean herbarium, 4.

Jones, C. E., Preparation of Plants for
Exhibition, 13.

Jones, H., death reported, 19 ; obit-
uary, 47.

Kiddc-11, C. G., removal reported, 20.
Knight, A. E., admitted, 7 ; elected 5 ;

])roposed, i.
Kirtikar, K. R., obituary, 48.
Kilching, J., admitted, 78.

Lacaita, C. C, Two critical plants of

the Greek flora, 19.
Layard, Miss N. F., Scratch ing-tools of

African Parrot, 16.
Lee, Mrs. H. S., removal reported, 20.
Leeson, J. R.. proposed, 19.
Librarian's Report, 1916-17, 20-21.
Linnean Gold Medal, awarded to

Mr. H. B. Guppy, 40.
Linnean herbarium, security of, 4.
Lister, Miss G., el. Councillor, 21.
Loder, G. W. E., el. Councillor, 21 ;

nom. Auditor, 16.

McClatchie, Miss I., Root-System of

Lnpaiiens lioylei, Walp., 6.
McWalter, Dr. J. C, Botany in Malta,

'3-
Maideina, a new genus of Hydro-
charidea; (Rendle), 4.

INDEX.

125

Malta, Botany in (Mc Walter), 13.

Marchant, Rev. J., elected, 12 ; pro-
posed, 8.

Marine Fauna of the Oape Verde
Islands, Bryozoa Collections of Oyril
Crossland, :;.

Martin, N. H., death reported, 19;
obituary, 48.

Massee, G-. E., Assoc, death reported,
16, 20 ; obituary, 49.

Melanthacese, N. American (Gates), 15.

Metclinikoff, Prof. E., death reported,
II, 20 ; obituary, 51.

Mitford, Rt. Hon. A. B. F., Baron
Redesdale, death reported, 20 ; obit-
uary, 45.

Monckton, H. W., el. Councillor, 21 ;
el. Treasurer, 21.

Monoecious Myrica Gale (Davey &
Gibson), 6.

Morgan, Prof. T. H., elected For.
Meinb., 16.

Moss, Dr. 0. E., Councillor retired, 21.

Mottram, J. C, Feeding-habits of Fish
and oF Riverside Birds, 12.

Mounsey, R , proposed, 19.

Myrica Gale (Davey & Gibson), 6.

Natural Classification of Plants (Prof.

F. O. Bower), 80.
NichoUs, G. F., el. Councillor, 21.
Northcote, H. F., admitted, 13 ; elected,

12 ; proposed, 8.
Norton, C. E., '• The Poet Gray as a

Naturalist," 16.

Obituary Notices, 1916-17, 41-78.

Oliver, Prof. Daniel, death reported,
20 ; obituary, 53.

Orchids, leaves of hybrids (Charles-
worth & Rauisbottom), 9 ; on hybi-id
(Rolfe), II.

Owen, J. H., Home-life of Sparrovv-
Hawk, 12.

Pearson, Prof. H.H.W., death reported,

20 : obituary, 57.
Plant Distribution, early history (Prof.

G. S. Boulger), i.
Plimmer, H. G., el. Councillor, 21.
Portraits of Sir Joseph Hooker, 93.
Poulton, Prof. E. B., comm. (Mottram),

12; Councillor retired, 21.
Prain, Sir D., el. Councillor, 21 ; el.

President, 21.
Preparing Plants for Exhibition

(Jones), 13.
Presidential Address, 1917, 25-39-

Pugsley, H. W., Enumeration of the
Species of Fmnaria § Spharocapnos,
16.

Ramsbottom, J., admitted, 78.
Redesdale, Lord, death reported, 20;

obituary, 45.
Reid, Clement, death reported, 20 ;

obituary, 61.
Reid, James Robert, volumes from his

library, i.
Reid, Mrs., volumes presented, i.
'■ Relationship between the pursuits of

our Society and the Business of

Life," President's Address, 1917,

25-39-
Removals from List during 1916-17,

20.
Rendle, Dr. A. B., comm. (Pugsley),

16 ; el. Councillor, 21 ; el. Secretary,

21 ; McVValters's Botany in Malta,

13 ; Maidcnia, new genus of Hydro-

charideae, 4.
Robinson, T. E., withdrawal reported,

20.
Rolfe, R. A., Hybrid Orchids, 11.
Ruffer, Sir M. A., death reported, 20 ;

obituary, 64.
Ryan, G. M., Flowers of the Mahua,

Bassia latifolia, Roxb., 16.

Sal mo far io (Mottram), 12.

Salmon, C. E., Some plants that might

occur in Britain, 9,
Sargent, Prof. C. S., copies of Norton's

" Poet Gray as a Naturalist," 16.
Schinz, Prof. H., el. For. Meinb., 16;

proposed, 12.
Scott, Dr. D. H., el. Councillor, 21 ;

Heterangiums of British Coal-Mea-
sures, i6.
Sedgwick, L. J., elected, 5 ; proposed,

I.
Seedless pears (Dr. G. Henderson), 5.
Sherborn, C. D., MS. by Captain Bligh,

shown, 19.
Shipley, Dr. A. E., el. Councillor,

21.
Sillem, C, withdrawal reported, 20.
Small, J., Floral Anatomy of some

Composit£e, 5 ; Wind dispersal Ap-
paratus, 5.
Smith, Capt. Q. W., death reported,

20 ; obituary, 64.
Solms-Lanbach, Count, Bibliography,

67.
Sorus of Ferns (Bower), 8.
Soutellinho, Baron de, death reported

20 ; obituary, 75.

126

INDEX.

Sparrow-Hawk (Owen), 12.

Spragiie, T. A., The Vegetation of the
Canary Islands, 19.

Stapf, Dr. O., Cartographic Study of
tlie Southern Element in the British
Flora, 81 ; Councillor retired, 21 ;
rrof.A\'ellman on the Vienna 'Codex'
of ])i()sc(iride9,3 ; references suggested
for study of Plant ])istribution, 2.

Stirton, J., death reported, 20; obit-
uary, 71.

Strattoi), F., death reported, 20; obit-
uary, 66.

'rait, A. W., Baron de Soutellinho,
death re])orted, 20; obituary, 75.

Taylor, Edward, death rejiorted, 20.

Tiionias, Dr. E. N., comm. (Davey &
(lihsun), 6.

Tillyard, R. J., Crisp Award and
^iedal. 39.

Tools of Parrot (Layard), 16.

Trimen, R., death reported, 20 ; obit-
uary, 76.

Udale, J., elected, 78 ; proposed, 16.

Walker, Conir., Councillor retired, 21.
Walsh. Col. J. H. T., admitted, 19;

el. Councillor, 21 ; nom. Auditor,

16.
Waters, A. W., Bryozoa of the littoral

Marine Fauna of the Cape Verde

Islands coll. by Cyril Crossland, 5.
Wiesner, J. TOn, death reported, 20.
Williams, F. N., Note on the Vienna

' Codex ' of Dioscorides, 3.
Williams, J. L., elected, 5 ; proposed,

I.
W^illiamson, W.. elected, i.
Wihnott, A. J., admitted, 78.
Wind dispersal Apparatus (J. Small),

,5-
Withdrawals from List of Fellows, 20.

PRTNTBI) BY TATLOR AND FItANCIS, RED MON COURT, FLEET STREET.

Puoc. LiNX. Soc, 1917-18.

[To face Tith

\ Ifl'iVlE^tOT^lfA^l'KiWIi

i

RISELEY MEMORIAL.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON

130th session.

From November 1917 to June 1918.

LONDON:

P R J N T E D FOR THE L 1 N JS E A N SOCIETY,
BURLINGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY, VV. 1.

1918.

I^JIINIMCK IJY TAYLOR Ay D FKANClS,

ItEl) MON COURT. FLEET STREET.

k

CONTENTS.

Page
liii?t of Publications issued iv

Proceedings of tlie l»30th Session i

Presidential Address 21

(Obituaries 34, 6 x

Abstracts of Papers 51

Additions to the l^ibrary 64

Benefactions, 17i)0-19] 7 84

Index 94

Supplement.
Tulbagh Correspondence.

IV

PUBIJCATIONS: Session July 1917-July 1918.

Journal, Botany.

Vol. XLIV. No. 2i)5. U/-
„ 296. 8/-

Journal, Zoology.

Vol. XXXIV. No. 225. 20/-

Traiisactions, Zoology.

Vol. XVII. Part 3. 25/-

Proceedings, 129th Session, October 1917. 6/-

List of [Fellows, Associates, and Foreign Members], Nov. 1917.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LiNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON

(ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTIETH SESSION,
1917-1918.)

November 1st, 1917,

Sir David Prain, C.M.G., C.I.E., F.E.S., President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General and Adjourned Meetings of the
7th June, 1917, were read and confirmed.

The report of the Donations received since the last meeting was
laid before the Fellows, and the thanks of the Society to the
several Donors were ordered.

The President drew attention to the important donations of
Sir Frank Crisp, Bt., of the complete series of 'Lindenia' in
17 volumes, of 14 bound volumes of papers with special index by
the Rev. GrEORGE Heistslow, and of the volume deposited in the
Society's care by Mr. A. Forbes Sieveking, of Tournefort's
' Histoire des plantes qui naissent aux euvirons de Paris,' 1725,
with the autograph of Buffon on the titlepage.

Mr. Harry Howard Allan, M.A., Mr. AV'ellington Ernest Groves,
Mr. Walter Reginald Brook Oliver, Mr. Arthur Anselm Pearson,
Miss Eleanor Vachell, Mr. James Watt, W.S., and Mr, Edward
Berkeley Wilkinson, were proposed as Fellows.

Mr. Henry Brougham Guppy, M.B., Dr. John Rudd Leeson,
F.R.A.S., F.R.M.S., and Mr. Richard Mounsey, F.R.G.S., were
elected Fellows.

LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1917-1918. h

2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Prof. W. A. Heedman, 1'\E.S., F.L.S., read a paper entitled
" Spolia lluriiana : III. Tlie Distribution of certain Diatoms and
<Jopepoda in tlie Irisli Sea tliroiighout the Year," and illustrated
by photographs and lantern-slides.

Prof. Dendy, Mr. E. S. Goodrich, Dr. Marie Stopes, and the
President contributed to the discussion which followed the reading
of the paper, and the Author replied.

The second paper, "The Germination of Iris Pseudacorus, Linn.,
in Normal and Abnormal Conditions," was read by Lt.-Col. J. H.
TuLL Walsh, I.M.S., E.L.S. (See Abstract on page 51.)

Mr. Dymes, Dr. A. B. Kendle, the President, and :\Ir. J. C.
Shenstone contributed further remarks on the varying experience
of the two experimenters.

November loth, 1917.

Sir Dayid Peain, C.M.G., CLE., F.E.S., President,

in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 1st November, 1917,
were read and confirmed.

The report of the Donations received since the last meeting was
laid before the Fellows, and the tlianks of the Society to the several
Donors were ordered.

Mr. John Lawrence Pitchford Hollingworth was proposed as a
Fellow.

Mr. E. S. GooDEiCH, F.E.S., SecL.S., exhibited a series of
slides under microscopes illustrating methods of stainingen)bryonic
cartilage. He explained the method of staining with Tohiidiu
blue and Thionin blue in bulk and washing the stain out of all the
tissues excepting the cartilage. The specimen can then be cleared
and mounted in balsam. The best results are obtained with
Thionin which stains cartilage deep crimson. Only that variety of
Thionin yielding a violet solution in water gives good preparations,

Mr. AV. Bateson, F.R.S,, addressed a few remarks, which were
answered by the exhibitor.

Dr. D. H. Scott, F.E.S., F.L.S., gave an exposition of his
paper, "Notes on Calamojnti/s, L^'nger," illustrating his remarks by
a series of lantern-slides and a large specimen of Ccdamopih/s
americana, Jeff. & Scott, from Kentucky.

Dr. E. A. N. Arber and Mr. W. C. AVorsdell spoke on the
subject of the paper and the Author replied.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOK. 3

November 29th, 1917.

Sir David Pbain, C.M.G., C.I.E., F.E.S., President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the Greneral Meeting of the 15th November,
1917, were read and confirmed.

The report of the Donations I'eceived since the last meeting was
laid before tbe Fellows, and the thanks of the Society to the
several Donors were ordered.

Dr. James Charles McW alter was admitted a Fellow.

Mr. George Claridge Druce, Hon. M.A. (Oxon.), was proposed
as a Fellow.

Mr. Harry Howard Allaa, M.A., Mr. Wellington Ernest Groves,
Mr. Walter Eeginald Brook OliA^er, Mr. Arthur Anselm Pearson,
Miss Eleanor Vachell, Mr. James Watt, W.S., and Mr. Edward
Berkeley Wilkinson, were severally elected Fellows.

The General Secretary reported that a New Linnean Society
had been recently established in Sweden as " Svenska Linue-
Siillskapet," intended as a means for spreading information about
Sweden's greatest naturalist, Carl von Linne (1707-78). It pur-
poses to do this by publication of works by Linne and his pupils ;
to throw new light from modern standpoints on Linue's personality ;
to draw up a catalogue of all known memorials ; and to found a
complete Linnean library. The subscription is ten kroners
annually (about lis. 6d.) ; for Life Members 200 kroners, and
for Patrons 1200 kr. There are to be two meetings annually, in
spring and autumn, and more if required. The President is
Dr. Tycho Tullberg, a lineal descendant of Linne, Dr. J, M.
HuLTH, Secretary, Court Physician E. Foeberg, Treasurer, and
Professors Egbert Fries and Eutger Sernander as Councillors.

The General Secretary was authorised to convey the Society's
cordial greeting to the newly established Society.

Dr. Harold Wager, F.E.S., F.L.S., read a paper on " Intensity
and Direction of Light as Factors in Phototropism," illustrated by
lantern-slides and models. (See Abstract, p. 53.)

Dr. E. Marion Delf, Prof. Margaret Benson, Lt.-Col. J. H. Tull
Walsii, Mr. A. W. Hill, and Dr. D. H. Scott, discussed certain
points of the paper, and the Author replied.

He then read his second paper, " Spore-coloration in the
Agaricaceae." (See Abstract, p. 54.)

62

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Miss E. M. Wakefield, Mr. A. D. Cotton, I\rr. E. Paulson,
Mr. William B. Brierley (visitor), and Dr. A. P. Young engaged
in a discussion, the Author replying.

December 13th, 1917.

Sir Datid Prain, C.M.G., C.I.E., F.E.S., President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 29th JVovember, 1917,
were read and confiriDcd.

The report of the Donations received since the last meeting \vas
laid before the Fellows, and the thanks of the Society to the
several Donors were ordered.

Mr. Arthur Anselm Pearson and Mr. Edward Berkeley
"Wilkinson were admitted Fellows.

Mr. Syed Khurshaid Ahmed, F.E.H.S., was proposed as a I
Fellow. ' ^

Mr. John Laurence Pitchford Hollingworth was elected a
Fellow.

Capt. Arthur W. Hill, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of Seeds
enclosed in a Stony Endocarp and their Germination, and by
drawings on the blackboard explained the various modifications
displayed.

In certain genera the seed or seeds are protected by inclusion
within a stony endocarp. In such cases it is found that definite
provision is made during the development of the fruit for the
liberation of the seeds on germination from their stony envelope.

In the case of Pruniis and similar normally one-seeded fruits
splitting apart of the two halves of the endocarp takes place, but
in such 3-5-seeded fruits as Caxanum, Sclerocari/a, Dnicontomelon, i
Saccof/loilis, Anbri/a, etc., special fenestra; or opercula are provided 1
which ai-e pushed away by the germinating embryo. In Dav'uUa
not only ai-e special fenestra; removed but al.>^o portions of the
intervening skeletal structure of the endocarp. The remarkable
fruit of Pleiogi/nium encloses several seeds w hich germinate without
anv disintegration of the endocarp.

Mr. H. X. Eidley, Dr. O. Stapf, Prof. H. G. Greenish, and
Mr. E. G. Baker took part in the discussion Avhich followed, and
Capt. Ilill replied.

Mrs. Haig Thomas, F.L.S., exhibited a long series of skins
illustrating various results obtained in crossing species of
Pheasants.

LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 5

The cross between Silver Pheasant (Gennams nycthemeras) and
iSwinhoe's Pheasant (Gr. Swinlwei) gave a remarkable series of
segregating forms in the F., generation. Amongst these were
birds scarcely distinguishable from Swinlwei. The F^ form was a
combination very distinct from the parental types ; and, judging
from the frequency with which some of the new forms occurred in
P.,, it was evident that they behaved as dominants and likely that
they could have been bred true.

The cross Phasianus versicolor X P. formosanus had been made
reciprocally. Crosses involving several pairs showed that there
were consistent differences according to the way in which the
cross was made. The egg o^ formosanus is much larger than that
of versicolor, and in this respect as well as in several details
of pattern the F^ females resembled the fathers. The F^ females
from versicolor § x formosanus <S were sterile both with F^
males of F^ and formosanus males, though eggs were laid in two
seasons.

The Fj from the reciprocal {formosanus 5 x versicolor S ) were
fertile, one female laying as many as 90 eggs in one season
(12 eggs is a fair average for versicolor in England and 35 for
formosanus). The F^ series showed a considerable range of forms,
and among them were many recurrences of features characteristic
of the parental types.

Mr. W. Bateson and Mr. E. S. Goodrich contributed further
remarks, and Mrs. Haig Thomas replied.

January 17th, 1918.

Sir David Prain, C.M.G., C.I.E., F.R.S., President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 13th December,
1917, were read and confirmed.

A memorandum of the Meeting of Fellows summoned by
circular to protest against the dismantling of the British Museum,
including the Natural History Museum, for use as Government
offices, held on Monday, 7th January, 1918, was read as under: —
The President, Sir Daa^d Prain, in the Chair, stated that the
Bve-Laws of the Society did not provide for a Special Meeting of
the Society, a defect whiclj needed to be remedied : therefore the
present meeting was a Meeting of the Fellows, and not a General
Meeting of the Society.

Sir Henry McMahon then moved the adoption of the following
Resolutions, which had been approved by the Council : —

The Fellows of tlie Linnean Society of London in Meeting
assembled, desire to place upon record :—

Their profound astonishment and alarm at the reported
intention to dismantle the British Museum, including the

6 PEOCBBDINGS OF THE

Natural History Museum, iu order to use it for Government
offices :

Their emphatic ])rotest at a procedure whicli iDust eudanger
priceless and irreplaceable possessions acquired at great cost
and infinite labour during the last 200 years, constituting the
most splendid juuseuni in existence and the recognized centre
of systematic scientitic research :

Their dismay at a resolution which must paralyse scientitic
activities that during the past three years have been devoted
to work intimately connected with the prosecution of
the war :

And at the expenditure of a large sum in adapting unsuit-
able buildings, wiiilst other and more suitable accommoda-
tion might be provided at much less cost :

And finally to emphasize the disgrace which must accrue
to the Nation in the eyes of the whole world, by the evidence
thus afforded of the inability of the Government to appreciate
the essential value to the Natioii of scientific assistance such
as the British Museum has rendered and is capable of
rendering.

That copies of the foregoing Eesolution be sent to H.M.
the King, our Patron, the Prime iMinister and the other
members of the War Council, Lord Sudeley, the Trustees of
the British Museum, and the daily Press.

These were seconded by Prof. A. C. Seward, F.R.S., and sup-
ported and discussed by Dr. A. B. Eendle, F.R.S., Sec.L.S.,
Dr. A. Smith AVoodward, P.E.S., Dr. F. D. Godman, F.R.S. (by
telegraph), Lord Rothschild, F.R.S., Prof. A. Dendy, F.E.S.,
Dr. Ethel N. Thomas, Mr. J. Britten, Mrs. Haig Thomas, Mr.
E. M. Holmes, Lt.-Col. J. H. Tull Walsh, Mr. C. P. Ogilvie, and
Prof. J. Percival, and on being put from the Chair wei'e adopted
unanimously.

The report of the Donations received since the last General
Meeting was laid before the Fellow s, and the thanks of the Society
to the several Donors were ordered.

Mr. James Watt was admitted a Fellow.

Mr. George Claridge Druce, Hon.M.A. (Oxon.), was elected a
Fellow.

The first paper was by Mr. E. S. Goodkich, F.E.S., Sec.L.S.,
on the Rtsl oration of the Superficial Bones of the Head of the
Fossil fisti Osteoh/iis, illustrated with lantern-slides. Having
shown the restorations of Pander, Gregory, arul Watson, which
differ considerably from each other, Mr. Goodrich described his
o\\ n restoration of the bones and lateral-line canal system, and
drew attention to the importance of an accurate knowledge of the

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 7

structure of such an early and primitive form as Osteolejiis, from
tlie Lower Devonian .strata, for a correct interpretation of the
homologies of the cranial bones in the higher Irishes and in the
Land Vertebrates.

Mr. Goodrich tlien exiiibited a beautifully preserved femur of
the flying Pterodactyl lihamphorJii/nchus backlmidi, obtained by
him frou) the Stonesfield State (Lower Jurassic) quarries near
Blenheim.

Mr. James Britten then read his paper, " Some early Cape
Botanists," based upon the material preserved in the Sloanean
and Banksian collections at the British Museum (Natural History).
He traced them from the plants collected by Paul Hermann
(1(340-95), Oldenland, Oldenburg, Thunberg, Masson, Banks and
Solander, and Eobert Brown, when he touched at the Cape in
H.M.S. ' Investigator,' under Capt. M. Flinders, in 1802.

The portrait of Francis Masson (1741-1805), pi'esented by Dr.
W. Carruthers, F.R.S., in 1887, was shown ; it is interesting as
displaying in the background a view of Table Bay looking due
south, with the Devil's Peak, Table Mountain, and Signal Hill
shown.

Dr. Stapf opened the discussion; the Greneral Secretary followed,
remarking upon the interest of the author's mention of Simon van
der Stel, whose name is inseparably connected with the colony's
history in such names as Simon's Bay and Stellenbosch. He
mentioned the collection of plants sent by Governor C. Eijk
Tulbagh in 1769, and his own hope of completing an account of
that collection for early publication. (See Supplement.) The
President closed the discussion with a review of the interest of
those early records, so well brought out by the author.

The last communication was by Mr. C. E. Salmon, F.L.S., on a
Hybrid Stachys, which origiTiated in his garden, where previously
only Stachys germanica and *S'. alpina were cultivated ; he compared
the chai'acters of all three plants, and pointed out that the hybrid
was identical with S. intermedia [Solander in] Ait. Hort. Kew. ii.
301 (1789).

Mr. F. N. Williams, Mr. E. G. Baker, Dr. A. P. Touug, and
the President contributed further remarks, Mr. Salmon replying.

February 7th, 1918.

Sir Datib Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.E.S., President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 17th January, 1918,
were read and confirmed.

S PBOCEBDINGS OF 1 HE

The report of the Donations received since the last General
Meeting was laid before the Fellows, and the thanks of the Society
to the several Donors were ordered.

Mr. Henry Brougham Guppy was admitted a Fellow.

Mr. 8yed Khurshaid Ahmed was elected a Fellow.

Mr. Edwin Henry Kirby and Mr. Frederick William Mills were
proposed as Fellows.

The General Secretary gave an account of the ' Panphyton
siculum' of Francesco Cupaiii (1657-1710) which was described
by Pritzel as " liber iueditus rarissimus." A few copies, none of
which were complete, w ere issued in 1713 ])y Cupani's patron, the
Prince Delia Cattolica, the copy in the library of the Jesuit
Fathers at Palermo being the nearest complete, and therefore cited
by Gussoue in his 'Prodromus' and 'Synopsis'; it consists of
.'3 volumes with about 700 plates, w^ithout text ; the copy in our
library has only 196 plates, two of which are in duplicate. This
was followed by a reissue, in the year 1722 or thereabout, of 168
plates with engraved numbers and names of the plants altered in
some cases, but without title or text. Pritzel enumerates 6 copies
he has seen, and additional copies in the same state exist in our
own library, the Bauksian collection in the British Museum, and
tlie Botanical Department of tlie Natural History Museum, but
the last-named copy wants 29 plates. In 1807, Eafinesque, then
living at Palermo, issued a prospectus of yet another issue as
' Pamphysia sicula,' which is cited by Gussoue, but apparently no
copy is known in this country. The single plate in this prospectus
is from an engraved plate, whereas the two earlier issues are from
etched ])lates.

Dr. Bendle remarked upon the need for a clearing up of the
problems presented by this often-quoted but scarce work.

The second volume shown by the General Secretary was the
little anonymous volume, ' I/Histoire et pourtrait des plantes,'
Lyon, 1561. The volume belonged to Linne, and a pencil note
on the title-page by Smith refers to an entry in Haller's
' Bibliotheca botauica,' i. 318, which proves to be copied from
Adauson's 'Families des plantes,' i. p. 6, where the book is
described from Jussieu's library as ' Le Benefice commun ' — the
running headline, not the title — but Jussieu's copy is given as
published at Rouen in 1555, and attributed to Dugort ; the
brothers Jean and liobert Dugort were ])rinters at Eouen at that
time, and probably com])iled the volume from the Lyons issue of
Fuchs's ' Historia stirpium' of 1551, for 19 of the cuts are
identical in l»oth books, with 8 not yet traced. At present no
help in clearing up the points involved has been obtained from
Bar bier's ' Ouvrages anonymes,' Quorard's ' La France litteraire,'

LINXEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. 9

or ' Supercheries,' nor has any copy been touiid in any bibliography
or library answering to that shown, which seems to be unique.

Mr. H. B. Gruppy, M.B., F.L.S., then gave an outline of his
paper, entitled " Plant-Distribution from the Standpoint of an
Idealist."

Dr. D. H. Scott, Mr. W. Bateson, and Dr. J. C. Willis discussed
the various propositions put forward, and the Author replied.

February 21st, 1918.

Sir David Pkain, C.M.&., C.I.E., F.R.S., President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 7th February, 1918,
were read and confirmed.

The report of the Donations received since the last General
Meeting was laid before the Fellows, and the thanks of the Society
to the several Donors were ordered.

Mr. William Bernard Crow, B.Sc. (Lond.), Mr. William Gerald
Harding, Mr. James Small, M.Sc. (Lond.), Mr. Fred Stoker, M.B.,
B.S., F.E.C.S. (Edin.), and Mr. Percy George Thompson, were
proposed as Fellows.

Mr. J. Bronte Gatenby read his paper (communicated by the
Zoological Secretary), " Notes on the Bionomics, Embryology, and
Anatomy of certain Hymenoptera Parasitica, with special reference
to Microgaster connexus, Nees."

Mr. W. Bateson, F.E.S., Mr. E. S. Goodricl., F.R.S., Sec.L.S.,
and Lt.-Col. J. H. Tull Walsh discussed certain points in the
papei*, and the Author replied.

Mr. William B. Brierlby read a paper (communicated by

Capt. Arthur W. Hill), entitled " Experimental Studies in the
Specific Value of Morphological Characters in the Fungi."
(See Abstract, p. 55.)

Marrh 7th, 1918.

Sir David Pkaix, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., President,

in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 21st February,
1918, were read and confirmed.

lO PEOCBBDINQS OF THlil

The report of the Donations received since tlie hist General
Meetinjj^ was laid before the Fellows, and the thiinks of the Society
to the several Dunors were ordered.

The President referred to two works presented by Mrs. Horsley,
namely, a handsomely bound copy of Dr. Eraithwaite's ' British
Moss Flora,' 3 volumes, and a splendid copy of Schimper's
' Bryologia europa3a,' 6 volumes, both from the late Dr. Kobert
Braitluvaite's library, in accordance with his expressed wish.

A special vote of thanks was passed for this valuable gift.

Miss Eleanor Vachell was admitted a Fellow.

Mr. Edwin Heni*y Kirby and Mr. Frederick William Mills were
elected Fellows.

Lord EoTHSCHiLU, F.R.S., F.L.S., exhibited a large series of
" Mimetic Species of tlie African Nymphaline genus Paeudacixm
and the Lycsenid genus Mhnacrcea, together with their Acrseine
and Danaine models and some co-mimics," and read the following
summary : —

The exhibition is intended to illustrate not only the strong
mimetic tendency in tlie geuera Psem/acrcea and Mimacrcea, but
also to show that the various cases of mimicry appear to centre
rouiul a few given models and is evident in a number of genera
not at all related or closely connected. This goes to prove that
the variation in a given direction is due to local external condi-
tions and has become iixed by selection and the influence of the
Mendelian law. The curious case of Acrcea encedon, a non-edible
species, also mimicking the Danaine model Danais chrysipinis.
goes far to |)rove this, for the resemblance of two protected insects
of different sub-families can only be considered as i-esemblance or
rather similarity produced by one and the same external influence.
The exhibit was primarily got together as a supplement to
Professor Poulton's wonderful case of the Psendacrcea poggei and
its new form carpenten. I also exhibit the non-mimetic males of
the Papilio co-mimics as well as the non-mimetic species of
Psefodacrcea. Special attention is drawn to the unique specimen of
the red form of Pseitdacrced imitator, the chrgsippus-Yike Pentila,
and the dorippus forms of Telipna and Pseudalitis.

Prof. E. B. PouLTON, F.E.S., F.Z.S., showed specimens of a
new mimetic form of Pseiidacrcea poggei (Dewitz) from ex-German
East Africa, with other African mimics of Danaida chrysippus
(Linn.).

He also gave an account, illustrated by a large selection of
lantern-slides, of " The Mimetic and Mendelian Relationships of
the ' White Admirals ' of 'North America," of which the following
is an abstract : —

Tlie " White Admiral " butterflies of the Nymphaline genus
Limenitis or Basilarchia (the North American sub-genus) form an

LINNEA>f SOCIETY OF LONDON. II

interesting group with peculiar larvae and pupae. Their conspicuous
patterns are displayed in a floating flight and the under surface of
the wings is not procryptically coloured like that of the Vanessas —
cliaracteristics which are found in the specially protected models
for mimicry, and the Miillerian mimics of other still more distaste-
ful species. And so it is with Lintenitis. The English L. sibj/lla
is resembled by the female of the " Purple Emperor " {Apatura
iris) which flies in the same woods, while the tropical American
re])resentatiA'es of Lintenitis — the powerful genus Adelpha — are
beautifully mimicked by the females of the representatives of
Apatura — the genus Chlorippe. The African representatives of
Limenitis — the genus Pseudacrcea — are almost all of them wonder-
ful mimics of the Acrseas and in one instance of a Danaine.

Tlie North American species form a singularly interesting group
divided until recently into six species. Of these, two, weidermeyeri
and arthemis, are black-and-white butterflies somewhat resembling
sibijlla ; one, lorquini, appears to be a similar butterfly, modified
by mimicry of an Adelplia or allied form which meets it on the
west of the continent ; two, archippus and obsoleta (hulsti), are
beautiful mimics respectively of Danaida (Anosia) plexippns and
D. strigosa, both ancient Danaine invaders from the Old World
into the New ; finally one, astyanax, is a mimic of Papilio pJiihnor
or more probably of Papilio co-mimics of the same model.
Astyanax is also, according to Scudder, tlie model for the female
of Argynnis diana.

The black-and-white arthemis of the north and the southern
dark astyanax meet and overlap in a narrow zone where an inter-
mediate form proserjyina is also found, considered by Scudder as a
hybrid between the two. The recent successful breeding experi-
ments of W. L. W. Field leave no doubt that proserpina is certainly
a heterozygote which splits up into the two parent strains in the
Fj generation. In the light of this important result astyanax
becomes the southern race and arthemis the northern of a single
species, but the rarity of proserpina seems to prove the reality of
sexual preference within each race in the zone of overlap.

Lord Eothschild, Mr. W. Bateson, Dr. G. B. Longstaff, Mr.
Hamilton H. C, J. Druce, and Sir Henry Ho worth, F.E.S. (visitor),
engaged in a discussion, the Author replying.

Mr. Hamilton Deuce exhibited several species of Mimacrcea
from his collection, amongst them M. Landhecki, M. Eltringhami,
M. Krausei, and M. shopioles.

March 21st, 1918.

Sir Davio Pkain, C.M.G., CLE , F.ll.S., President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 7th March, 1918,
were read and confirmed.

12 PEOCEEDINGS OK TlIK

The re])oi-t of the Donations received since tl)e last General
MeetiufT was laid before the FeUows, and the thanks of the Society
to the several Donors were ordered.

Miss Edith Grey AVheelwright was proposed as a Fellow.

Mr. William Bernard Crow, B.Sc.(Lond.), Mr. William Gei-ald
IIardint,s Mr. James Small, M.Sc.(Lon<l.), Mr. Fred Stoker, M.B.,
li.S., F.ll.C.S.(Edin.), and Mr. Percy George Thompson, were
elected Fellows.

Mr. E. S. GooDiucH, F.R.S., Sec.L.S., exhibited specimens
illustrating the shoulder-girdle of a Dicynodont reptile from South
Africa, with remarks on the Origin of the Mammalia, with
drawings on the blackboard.

Mr. James Groves, F.L.S., showed a large series of photo-
graphs and some lantern-slides of the remains of fossil Cliaracete
from the Lower Headon Beds, taken by the late Clement Reid,
aud made some remarks as to the antiquity of the family,
undoubted remains of which are found as far back as the Inferior
Oolite. Mr. Groves also referred to organisms in earlier Forma-
tions, which miglit prove to be ancestral forms.

Dr. D. H. Scott contributed some supplementary remarks on
these interesting fragments.

Miss B. Muriel Bristol, M.Sc, read a paper, counnuuicated
by Prof. G. S. West, F.L.S., " On a Malayan Form of Ghloro-
coccum hamicola (Naeg.), Rabenh.," with lantern-slides from her
two plates.

Dr. D. H. Scott commented on the interest of this alga being
derived from the soil dried for years, and being capable of renewing
its vital functions after so long a period of rest. He alluded to a
recent flooding above the source of the River Test of certain
areas in Hampshire, which had not been under water for about
30 years, and yet in the jiools which remained after the flood
abundant algal growth was present.

Mr. Paulson put certain questions to the Author, who replied, and
said that she had found about 60 species of algse which gre«' in soil.

Other mor])hological characters of Botri/tis cintrea — rapidity of
growth, minute details of physiology of pai'asitism, septation and
branching of conidiophore, structure of sclerotia, etc. — are being
investigated, and are yielding results of a similar nature, and it
ap|)ears not improbable that the present species in the Pohjactis
group of the genus must be regarded as host forms of elementary
species of Botri/tis cinerea.

" Modal variation " is not due to physiological starvation or
repletion or other known nutritional conditions resulting from
various substrata. It is suggested tliat it may be due to some
growth-stimulant or accessory food-factor, A\hich is constantly
present to a different degree in different food-substrata.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 3

Mr. W. Bateson, F.E.S., Miss A. Lorrain Smith, Dr. Ethel N.
Thomas, and Mr. A. A. Pearson engaged in a discussion, the
Author replying.

April 18th, 1918.

Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.E.S., President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 21st March, 1918,
were read and conhrmed.

The report of tlie Donations received since the last General
Meeting was laid before the Fellows, and the thanks of the Society
to the several Donors were ordered.

Mr. James Small, M.Sc. (Lond.), was admitted a Fellow.

The Eev. Canon George Russell Bulloek- Webster, M.A.
(Cantab.), Heber Albert Longman, and Arthur William Rymer
Roberts, were proposed as Fellows.

The President announced a vacancy in the list of Associates
due to the death of Mr. Ernest David Marquand.

The following Auditors were nominated : — For the Council :
Mr. E. T. Bkowne and Mr. G. W. E. Lodeb ; For the Fellows :
Mr. T. A. Dymes and Mr. W. Bareatt, and they were elected by
show of hands.

Prof. J. P. Hill, F.R.S., F.L.S., then gave an account of his
expedition to Brazil in 1913, due to grants from the Government
Grant Committee and Council of the Royal Society, and the
Trustees of the Percy Sladen Fund. The primary object Mas to
obtain material for studjnng the development of certain American
Marsupials, the most familiar being the American Opossum.
When the expedition was organized, our knowledge of the
development of Didelpliys rested on the incomplete account given
by Emil Selenka in 188(5 ; the author's own observations on the
Australian native Cat, Dasj/urns, differed essentially from Selenka's
statements, and it was hoped to get the material for a renewed
study of the former. Another point was to determine the
development of those genera regarded on anatomical grounds as
nearest the base of the Didelphyd series, namely Marmosa and
Peramys ; these are small rat-like creatures, remarkable for the
entire absence of the poucli so characteristic of the other members
of the order. The author was accompanied by his friend and
former pupil, Mr. G. S. Sansom, B.Sc, now Major, R.A.F.

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

It was decided to make Eio de Janeiro the centre of operations.
Leaving Southampton on the 20th June, 1913, the party reached
liio on the (itli July, with four clear months for collecting. Well
equipped with all material necessaries, such as traps of various
kinds, preservatives, tents, and provisions, their knowledge of
Portuguese was limited, and the local distribution of the mammals
to be studied was practically unknown. By permission of the
Brazilian Minister of Agriculture, and on the invitation of Dr.
J. C. AVillis, at that time Director of the Jardim Botanico at Rio,
the author and his friend had the use of the large and well-
equipped laboratory attached to the gardens, and thanks to the
kindness of scientific men in Brazil, very gratifying success attended
the efforts of the expedition.

Collecting began in the precincts of Rio whilst awaiting the
Customs clearance of the stores, which took three weeks to effect,
and specimens of the "Gamba" — the Brazilian Opossum, Didelphys
anrita, were soon obtained. Here, in the neighbourhood of the
gardens, about 8 miles from the centre of Rio, and within the
range of sound from the electric tramways, no fewer than five
species of Didelphyds belonging to four genera were collected.
The next collections were made on the Itatiaya Range on the
borders of San Paulo, at heights of 800 to 1500 metres. Then
the expedition moved north to the State of Espirito Santo, in the
neighbourhood of Mimoso, moving afterwards to the State of
INlinas Geraes at Gorduras, on tlie estate of the St. John del Rey
Mining Co., Morro Velho. Returning to Rio, the party visited
Therezopolis in the Serra dos Orgaos, north of Rio, about 900 metres
in altitude ; this proved an ideal spot, with fine bracing climate,
a rich fnuna, beautiful scenery, and a very comfortable hotel.

Summing up the results, the expedition may be regarded as
successful, though all its objects were not attained. Besides the
material for anatomical investigation, a small collection of Rodents
was brought back, about eight genera of Muridae, and an interesting
series of frogs, about 22 species, t wo being new.

No adventures worth recording occurred ; the climate during
the stay of the expedition was found to be excellent. The forest
mosquitos, bush-ticks, and, in Espirito Santo, a vicious little
blood-sucking fly, Sfomoxi/s, were the chief unpleasant items.

The lecture concluded with a large series of lantern-slides.

A short discussion followed, in which Mr. E. S. Goodrich,
F.R.S., SecL.S., Mr, Ernest Gibson, and the President took part.

May 2nd, 1918.

Sir David Pbain, C,M,G., CLE,, E.R.S., President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 18th April, 1918,
were read and confirmed.

LINTJ"EA]!T SOCIETY OP LONDON. 1 5

The report of the Donations received since the last General
Meeting was laid before the Fellows, and the thanks of the Society
to the several Donors were ordered.

Mr. John Laurence Pitchford Hollingvvorth was admitted a
Fellow.

Mr. William Wright Smith was proposed as a Fellow, and Mr.
Walter Watson, B.Sc.(Lond.), as an Associate.

Miss Edith G-rey Wheelwright was elected a Fellow.

A paper by Mr. Geokoe M. Thomson, F.L.S., entitled " On a
new Fresh-water Shrimp (CaricUna) from Fiji," was I'ead in title
by tlie Zoological Secretary.

Dr. Mabie Stopes, F.L.S., gave the substance of her paper,
" Bennetiites Scottii, sp. nov., a European Petrifaction with
foliage."

A discussion followed, in which Dr. D. H. Scott, Miss
Madeline Carson, and Prof. Margaret J. Benson took part, the
Author replying.

Dr. Stopes also gave an account of her work, entitled " A
Survey of the biological aspect of the constitution of Coal," which
was explained and illustrated with lantern-slides. The history of
the complicated substance known as Coal was narrated, from its
earliest microscopical investigation in 1833 by H. T. M. Whifham,
and shortly afterwards by William Hutton (1798-1860). Four
special substances were particularized as building up coal, and
some concluding remarks were devoted to the ecological aspect of
coal in its formation in geological times.

Dr. D. H. Scott and Dr. A. Smith Woodward contributed addi-
tional remarks, and the Author replied.

May 24lh, 1918.
Ann iversary Meeting.

Sir Datid Pbaix, C.M.G., C.I.E., F.R.S., President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the :2nd JNIay, 1918,
were read and confirmed.

The report of the Donations received since the last General
Meeting was laid b;'fore the Fellows, and the thanks of the Society
to the several Donors were ordered.

Dr. John McEwen Dalziel, Mr. Fred Stoker, M.B., Mr. Percy
George Thompson, Mr. Walter Eeginald Brook Oliver, Mr. George
Claridge Druce, and Mr. Ernest Gibson, were admitted i'ellows.

1 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Mr. Lester Vallis Lestei'-Garland, M.A.(Oxon.), was proposed
as a Fellow,

Tlie Tre.asurer made his Annual Eeport on the Accounts of the
Society, and the Statement (see pp. 18-20), duly audited, was received
and adopted.

The General Secretary reported that since the last Anniversary
the following had died or their deaths been ascertained, namely : —

13 Fellows.

Hermann Franz Becker.
Eobert Braithwaite.
Ethel Louise de Fraine.
Charles Thomas Drnery.
Kate Marion Hall.
William Singer McMillan.
Cuthbert St. John Nevill.

Ethel Sargant.
AVorthington George Smith.
Richard Spiers Stan den.
Major Sidney Miles Toppin.
Philippe Leveque de Vilmorin.
Edward John Woodhouse.

1 Associate.
Ernest David Marquand.
That the 5 following Fellows had withdrawn : —

Alice Laura Embleton.
Cecil Hnllworth Treadgold.
Aubyn Trevoi'-Battye.

James Alfred "Wheldon.
Et. Hon. Thomas de Grey,
Lord Walsiugham.

And that the Council had removed the 5 following from the List,
in accordance with the Bye-La« s. Chap. II. § 6 : —

Thomas Maldon Fitch.
Montague Hill.
Wilham Kirk by.

Edgar Norman Langham.
Charles William Mally.

24 Fellows have been elected, of whom 20 have qualified for
admission.

The Librarian's report was read, shovung that donations from
private individuals and editors amounted to 70 journals aud 632
pain|)hlets and parts, by exchange (iS volumes and 461 parts, and
l)y purchase 38 volumes and 221 parts ; in all, the accessions
amounted to 176 volumes and 1314 pamphlets and parts.

Books bound ainoujited to 160 : 3 in morocco, 86 in half-
morocco, 10 in buckram, 49 in cloth, and 12 re-labelled.

The General Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing
the Elections, the President opened the business of the day, and
the Fellows present proceeded to vote for the Council and the
Officers,

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. I ^

The Ballot having been closed, the President appointed Dv.
Ethel N. Thomas, Mr. B. B. Woodward, and Mr. liobert Paulson
to be Scrutineers ; and these, having examined the Ballot-papers
and cast up the votes, reported to the President, who declared
the Council to be as follows : —

Mrs. AoNES AiiBEit, D.Sc. ; Edmund G. Bakee, Esq. ;
William Bateson, F.R.S. ; R. H. Burne, Esq. ; Sir Frank
Crisp, Bart. ; *Stanley Edwards, F.Z.S. ; *Prof. J. B. Farmer,
F.E.S. : E. S. Goodrich, F.R.S. ; Dr. B. Daydon Jackson;
*C. C. Laoaita, Esq.; Miss G. Lister; Horack W. Monckton,
F.G.S. ; Dr. G. E. Nicholls ; Prof. H. G. Plimmer, F.R.S. ;
*R Innes Pocock, F.R.S.; Sir David Prain, C.M.G., C.I.E.,
F.R.S.; Dr. A. B. Rendle, F.R.S.; Dr. D. H. Scott, F.R.S.;
*Miss A. LoRRAiN Smith ; Lt.-Col. J. H. Tull Walsh.

(New members of Council are shown by an asterisk ; the retiring
Councillors being : Mr. E. T. Browne, Mr. A. D. Cotton, Mr.
James Groves, Mr. Gerald Loder, and Dr. A. E. Shipley.)

The Ballot for the Council having been closed, the President
appointed the same Scrutineers ; and these, having examined the
Ballot-papers and cast up the number of votes, reported to the
President, who declared the result as follows : —

President : Sir David Prain, C.M.G., C.I.E., F.H.S.

T)-easurer : Horace W. Monckton, F.G.S.

Secretaries : Dr. B. Daydon Jackson,
E. S. Goodrich, F.R.S.
Dr. A. B. Rendle, F.R.S.

The President then delivered his Presidential Address, " On the
Effecis of the Business of Life on tliH Beginnings of the Science
of Natural History."

linn. SOC. PROCBEDIN'GS. — SESSION 1917-1918.

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WNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

PRESIDENTIAL ADDEESS, 1918.

Once more we staud iudebted to our Treasurer, our Secretaries,
and our Councillors for services that have made this session
successful and have maintained the secui'ity of our corporation.

To our Auditors we owe this year especial gratitude. Tlieir
duties have been rendered difficult owing to circumstances beyond
the control of your officers ; their labours were completed only
yesterday. I ask you to permit the thanks of the Society for
their care to be placed on our records.

Again we mourn the loss of many valued colleagues. Two of
our yoLiuger members, Mr. Cuthbert St. John Nevill and Mr.
Edward John Woodhouse, have laid down lives of much promise
in our defence. Among veteran members we lament the deaths
of Dr. H. F. Becker, Dr. Robert Braithuaite, and Mr. Worthingfon
Gr. Smith, whose Eellowship with tlie Society had attained or
exceeded half a century. In Mr. C. T. Druery we have lost an
honoured Fellow, full of years, whose observations helped to inspire
others to undertake researches of moment. The untimely death of
Miss Ethel de Fraiue has deprived us of a colleague whose work
had justitied the expectation of further valuable results. In Miss
Ethel Sargant and Mr. Philippe de Vilmorin we have lost eminent
Fellows, who were also personal friends.

The 15 names recited in the sad roll-call of our General Secre-
tary include no fewer than 13 of our Fellows whose interests were
concentrated on the cultivation of the natural history of plants.

A year ago you gave attention to a survey of the relationship
between the pursuits of our Society and the business of life. Let
us to-day take some account of the effects of the business of life
on the beginnings of the science of natural history.

The records of kitchen-midden, lake-dwelling, and burial-barrow
are not less trustworthy because they are unwritten. They tell
us that early man had, among other preoccupations, to consider
what he should eat and wherewithal he might be clothed. There
are tribes whose social economy remains roughly comparable with
that of our ancestors. Where they have succeeded in surviving
the benefits of western civilization such tribes find these two
exigencies urgent still. The influence of these needs has been as
widespread as it has been enduring. They were in all men's
minds when the foundations of the Christian faith were being
laid ; Travra yap ravra tu eOrr) iirii^eTovniv.

The first gospel inculcates a Therapeutan disregard of these
primitive questions. While, however, the pursuits of our Society
prove that man does not live by bread alone, the law that he shall

2 2 PKOCEEDINGS Ol' THE

eat his bread in the sweat of his face has not been abrogated.
Kecurrins; mediaeval sumptuary enactments indicate that the
Essene injunction' was not always observed, and the State has
again intervened to strengthen faith. We are under dictation,
not only as to what, but as to when and as to how much we may
eat. Vicarious thought is being taken as to what we shall wear.

Necessity, foster-mother of discovery and invention, has made
man at all periods a practical student of natural history. His
achievements in this field are written in archaeological, ethnological
and economic chnmicles. Even had time allowed, we may there-
fore omit a survey of his triumphs, and be content with random
allusions to some of his more enduring successes.

In our latitudes man learned to appreciate the merits of the
native oyster and to relish an apple too austere, perhaps, for our
more fastidious palates. Modern feasts begin and end with these
prehistoric dishes. If under other skies he were content to clothe
liimself with leaves or hammered bark, in our keener air he chose
a cloak of rough-dressed j)elt. Though garments of the former
type have not found favour among us, a widespread reversion to
raiment of the latter kind is an outstanding modern fashion.
From the first man indented on every realm of nature for his
shield and spear, his sliot and sling, his shaft and bow. A like
catliolicity marks the requirements of our newest military arm.

Widened accjuaintance with the facts of natui'al history enabled
man to keep cattle and to tame the earth itself. In these pursuits
he learned to select and to breed. That his results were empirical
only makes them more impressive. If we, by taking instructed
thought, may now in a lifetime surpass the achievements of ages,
this is because the study of the natural history of nutrition and
inlieritance has revealed truths undreamt of in earlier philosophy.

Similar advances in knowledge taught man to spin thread and
weave webs from the hair of the beasts in his flocks and the bast
of the plants in his fields. He was thereby enahled ' to array him
in vestures ' more seemly than his older coats of bark and skin.
He did more, however, than this ; he thus unwittingly laid the
foundations of that organized industrial system whose social
consequences disquiet us to-day.

These results did not exhaust man's interest in natural history.
His flocks and his crops were open to attack by beast and fowl
and fly. The watch and ward their safety called for had to be
sleepless. But his care was only effective where the habits and
life-histories of his enemies were understood. Dwellers in fenced
and settled lands forget how much this involved. The boy in
blue with his horn lives only in a nursery-rhyme ; the lad in grey
with his rattle is all but a memory ; the scarecrow is a surviving
relic of an elaborate defensive system. The old anxiety is still
understood in regions where the great carnivora threaten the fold ;
where hog and bear endanger the harvest ; where the eagle may
levy toll on the flock ; where the locust, in an liour, may convert
a smiling landscape into a leafless waste.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 23

111 one section of this field of study man long remained less
successful. The blights and murrains of crops and herds have
always been matters of concern. Dominated by a hypothesis
which obscured the issue, man once strove to avert such attacks
by propitiatory rites which might include the congenial task of
slaying his neighbour, or the awkward duty of sacrificing his
offspring. As experience brought enlightenment measures of
precaution were devised. The i-easons for these were not always
appreciated by the crowd. This difficulty was overcome, and the
observance of the necessai'y measures ensured, by their incorpora-
tion in the ritual of religion. Assured in later days that ' the
law had been fulfilled,' man felt it right to sit with folded hands,
and to regard such visitations as signs of divine displeasure against
which it were blasphemy to murmur and impiety to contend.

To us has come a new understanding. We now assume that
' heaven best helps those who strive to help themselves,' and cope
with our blights and murrains by direct defence and flanking
counter-attack. But in our efforts to mitigate the harm that
pathogenic organisms cause, success depends on the extent to
which we ado])t the principles that guided early man when dealing
with dangers he could comprehend. Diagnosis and treatment ax*e
only satisfactory when we have established the identity and
mastered the life-history of these organisms.

Even in this portion of natural history the faculty of observa-
tion and the instinct for experiment permitted early man to lay,
without knowing it, a sure foundation for future work. He
learned to control the preparation of substances that assuaged his
thirst and at the same time made his heart glad. The philosophical
study of the technique of that achievement has added a new
chapter to our science. If this increase in knowledge may not
always have improved the quality of what is set before us ' when
we take our ease in our inn,' we are none the less grateful to those
who have afforded the surgeon assurance that his wounds need no
longer become corrupt, and have enabled the physician to contend
against ' the pestilence that walketh in darkness.'

Primitive rural economy was at first differentiated into occupa-
tions comparable with the two branches of natural history that
our Society cultivates. The amity which distinguishes our pro-
ceedings has not always marked their mutual intercourse. The
' keeper of sheep,' whose to-morrows were so often occupied with
search after new pastures, may well have disturbed the ' tiller of
the soil ' who had fixed his abode and set limits to his fields.
But the dispute wliich culminated in an ancient tragedy had an
extrinsic origin. The merits of that case we need not discuss ;
the narrative may owe something to the inspiration of a priest-
hood which was not vegetarian ; it contains nothing offensive to
the susceptibilities of a race with a pastoral ancestry.

In our latitudes such conflict of interest as may have taken
place proved capable of adjustment. Among us the two crafts
have long been carried on side by side ; many of our husbandmen

24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Lave given impai'tial attention to the simultaneous care of crops
and stock. If recent times have seen some reversion to the early
differentiation, this has been a consequence of that wider economic
revohition which subordiiiatetl the interests of rural economy to
the exigencies of trallic and )iuinufacture. The form this change
has taken is attributable to neglect rather than to antagonism on
the part of unsympathetic forces.

New and urgent exigencies now compel the State to substitute
control for neglect and to disregard the doctrinaire objections of
discordant interests. But the machinery of control is of necessity
largely guided by habits of thought, the product of the industrial
situation which has made the control imperative. The authority
to exercise that control is derived from a section of the community
which differs from its counterpart in earlier commonwealths
mainly in a disposition to provide its own amusements and to
endure discomfort without complaint while so engaged. It is
hardly surprising that those whose horizon is essentially urban
and industrial should tind their task full of complexity. The
natural historian can forgive their bewildered irritation at the
discovery that an appreciable increase in the output of starch
may, unless foresight be displayed, involve a compensating reduc-
tion in the supply of fat.

While the standard crops of a region are maiidy conditioned by
the prevalent climate and soil, man, as a practical natural historian,
has often been a determining factor in the establishment of
staples whose introduction may have modiHed the economy and
iniiuenoed the civilization of a race. The importance of this
activity is shown by the existence of traditions that attribute the
cultivation of particular cereals in their several countries to the
agency of an Egyptian god, a Chinese emperor, or a North
American chief. J3ut we find illustrations of this activity that
are nearer in space and time. Two of our staple crops bear
names which reveal their foreign origin and their recent arrival.
The presence of these roots has, since the days of our grand-
fathers, revolutionized practice in one branch of husbandry. This
deliberate acclimatization of plants by man is, indeed, a matter
that deserves more than passing notice.

One effect of the reliance we place on formal publication when
disputes as to priority have to be settled is a tendency to disregard
claims to which this touchstone is not applicable. The legend
as to the advent of wheat to Egypt, and the accepted account
of the introduction of the potato to Ireland, appeal differently to
our minds. The one we dismiss as a ' folk-tale,' the other we
commend to the attention of the conscientious historian.

If we discard prepossession and consider the two stories w ith
equal sympathy we observe certain differences between them.
The first tells us that wheat went from one old world continent
to another ; the second assures us that the potato came from the
new world to the old. It took this country two centuries to

UNNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, 2$

leani that the potato is entitled to that qualified couimeudation
which a soldier-kiug is said to have bestowed ou his army ration ;
it has taken Britain more than another century to re:ilize that
her fate may depend upon the propagation of this tuber. We do
not hear tliat any such dilliculties attended tlie cultivation of
wheat in the valley of the Nile. But there is another difference
between the tales. The myth of Osiris and wheat has come true ;
in Gilead, where Osiris found it, a wlieat grows wild still. The
story of Ealeigh and the potato is hardly so fortunate ; the potato
is not wild in Virginia, whence Ealeigh is thought to have
brought it.

We do not, on this account, ti'eat as a fable the tale which
links the name of Raleigh with a familiar and important vegetable.
But no more are we entitled to do this as regards the legend
whicli associates Osiris with wheat. If tradition, as compared
witli history, pay less attention to formal consistency, she has the
advantage of being able to preserve the atmosphere in which her
incidents occur. History has her own perplexities ; her efforts to
reconcile authorities at times involve her facts in obscurity.

This fate, as those who try to trace the liistory of cultivated
plants are well aware, is one to which facts connected with
acclimatization are singularly liable. An instance familiar to our
fathers affords an illustration.

That undertaking involved, like the action of Osiris, the subjec-
tion to husbandry of a plant previously wild; like that of Ealeigh,
the transfer of a useful species from the new world to the old.
Although in its beneficial consequences the enterprise of last
generation be comparable with these older ones, there was a time,
less than three centuries ago, when its accomplishment by this
country had been unthinkable. If the first heat of the great
ecclesiastical revolution in northern Europe had died down before
the fame of a Peruvian remedy for malaria reached our hemi-
sphere, enough of its glow survived to prevent the ague-stricken
Protestant from endangering his spiritual health by using a specific
so sinister as ' Jesuits' bark.' A century had to elapse before au
accomplished English naturalist could allay a prejudice that
appears singular to-day. Another century passed before a saner
public spirit and an enlightened solicitude for the welfare of man-
kind sanctioned the proposal to introduce the trees whicli yield
that bark to India. The enthusiasm of a far-seeing traveller
carried the project to a successful issue, and just as popular
belief has linked the name of an Elizabetlian voyager with the
potato, so will history associate the name of a Victorian one with
Cinchona.

But great events of natural history are as much the sport of
fortune as those of her civil sister. The dictates of medical
fashion have made it more economic to cultivate, where this can
be done, one especial kind of Cinchona. Should that fashion
persist the cultivation of other kinds may cease. This particular
kind chances to be one that was iiidependently introduced. But

26 PEOOEEUINGS OF THE

this doi^s not lessen the debt of humanity to Markhani, or dim
the Iionour in wliich history will always hold liis name.

An instance of acclimatization within our own memories may
in time tell a similar tale. A Brazilian vegetable-product, which
owes its English name to the accident that it may be used to
erase pencil-marks, proved so etlective a material in the making of
raincoats that these garments have furnished their designer with
a ' short-cut to immortality.' In tlie course of this adaptation
to one of nmn's primitive needs this substance developed possi-
bilities and induced demands which made it worth while to treat
the tree that yields it as Cinchona was treated. Within a
generation the financial interests involved, in our Eastern depend-
encies alone, are said to have reached ' nine figures.' The details
of this history are clear. Many of those who helped to make it
are still alive. This, however, has not prevented international
finance, for objects of her own, from turning to account an
incautious scientific surmise and trying ro invest the tale of the
introduction of Rubber with some of the qualities of a myth.

Intercourse with races still partly dependent on the forest for
what they eat and wear enables us to appreciate how much
knowledge of wild nature man may acquire in a lite-time, and to
realize that this knowledge is not always limited to animals and
])lants that are useful or hurtful. The opportunity of studying
those races while engaged in the assimilation of European culture
teaches us how rapidly such knowledge may disappear. A new
generation sees life from another standpoint. The young acquire
information and imbibe beliefs unfamiliar to their elders. The
repugnance they are urged to entertain towards the faith of their
fathers induces a correlated contempt for what their fathers
knew. The didactic instruction of the schoolroom replaces the
liberal education which intimacy with nature imparts. The
faculty of observation is left unexercised and sufi^ers from the
atrophy which attends disuse.

There is nothing new in this, nor is the tendency confined to
' selvage men.' The phenomenon was noted by a father of our
science among a people so polished as the ancient Greeks.
Writing of plant-lore generally this author has remarked that
" most of the wild kinds have no names and few know about
them, while most of the cultivated kinds have received names
and they are more coiumonly observ^ed.'' We, too, sometimes
find that advances in knowledge, \\hether literary or scientific,
may be accompanied by a loss of Intercast in wild nature.

i3ut even as regards ' cultivated kinds,' and even among those
who have escaped the inhibiting infiuences of library or laboratory,
there is a uiarked contrast between the effects of Greek culture
and those of the ' organized efficiency ' which Europe accepts as
a substitute for civilization. Concerning these ' cultivated
kinds ' our Greek author could say : " for as many people make
use of them they are also led to study the differejices." Among

LINNEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. 27

ourselves the practical mau leaves tliis stud_y largely to experts ;
his interest is satisfied with an empirical knowledge as to how
some special ' cultivated kind ' may be grown and what the
mai'ket-price of its product is Hkely to be. A fair estimate of
Ids conception of ' differences ' may be forjued from his attitude
towards the two recently introduced root-crops which now plaj^
so important a role in his economy.

Notwithstanding tlie dependence of husbandry upon natural
history, our pursuits cannot be looked upon as derived from the
practice of their respective crafts by the herdsman and the acreman.
If the righteousness of the first ' keeper of sheep ' may not be
imputed to our studies, they do not bear the mark of reproach
which was set upon the first ' tiller of the soil.'

The craft which enabled man to find food before husbandry
began was not abandoned when herds were kept and the soil was
tilled. The old and the new activities often went on side by
side. At times the chase remained the chief means of livelihood;
herding and tillage were only ancillary. Even in well-cultivated
regions the need to safeguard fold and field kept the hunting
instinct alive.

With increased knowledge of natural history the chase under-
went developments as striking as any that husbandry can show.
Man invented the snare and the lure; he enlisted the aid of
hoi'se and hound and hawk. The later evolution of the craft
proceeded on divergent lines under different circumstances.
Where man remained primarily a hunter he perfected his skill ;
when he became essentially a husbanduian he placed more
reliance on stratagem. But in either case improvement in
practice and device depended upon more complete acquaintance
with the habits of the quarry.

Sometimes a special relationship grew up between the old and
new vocations. Lands devoted to husbandry were liable to
periodic attack by tribes inured to the chase. Occasionally the
aggressor absorbed in perpetuity the earned increment of his
victim arid rooted himself as a commensal in the invaded region.
An assertive ethnic strain developed into a ruling caste among
whose members a firm grasp of the ' mystery of hunting '
remained an essential accomplishment, mastership in which was
an ambition worthy of kings. The survival of this habit
was made to serve political ends ; the satisfaction of this instinct
helped to secure the position of a dominant class and to maintain
unimpaired its capacity to exercise acquisitive propensities. The
fulfilment of this policy involved the reservation and, at times,
the forcible creation of wastes and forests. The existence of
such enclosures has never in itself been repugnant to the
' keeper of sheep ' or the ' tiller of the soil ' ; the original
home of the parents of both is known to us by the name
appropriate to a deer park of the Grreat King. But the

28 PEOCEBDINGS OF THE

enactments safeguarding such sacrosanct areas have, none the
less, often proved ' rocks of offence ' to husbandry. Even
where the 'tiller of the soil' and the 'keeper of sheep' have
participated in the chase, the community at large has, at times,
tended to segregate into game-keepers and poachers.

In j)atriarchal days the ' dweller in tents ' sometimes proved
more than a match for the hunter. We have a record of the
transfer of a birthright in exchange for a dish of lentils,
followed at a later date by a deflected benediction. The
descendant of the astute shepherd who is our authority for
these incidents seems to regard both transactions as legally
binding. The pathos blended with the details of the second
suggests a lingering doubt as to its equity.

How far the classical hunter may have been a student of
natural history is not clear. The fowler who spread his nets
on Latin hillsides must have noted the times and seasons of the
birds of passage. But the senator who found it politic to humour
the hunting instincts of the mob by the slaughter of beasts in the
arena, when he took part in the chase himself, had to borrow the
keen houuds of his neighbours beyond the Gallic border.

The pages of mediaeval and renaissance hunting books show
that their writers were imbued with some of the spirit which
informs our studies. If their ideas as to affinities were more
crude than those of the modern sportsman, at least they were his
worthy rivals in their knowledge of ' the lives of the hunted.'

We who stay at home at ease ai'e sometimes inclined to look
with misgiving upon the ' bag ' of the ' mighty hunter ' of the
present day. If we could read the thoughts of those who
inhabit the waste places of the earth we might find that the layer
of the scourges of herd and field is occasionally regarded as
a vifar of providence. One daughter-society of our own is
indebted to many a modern Nimrod or Maximilian for willing
aid in settling vexed questions as to the identities and life-
histories of fowl and four-legged beasts. Two otlier daughters
of our science owe some of their inspiration to the votaries of a
kindred but gentler craft.

Nevertheless, the main incentive to a philosophical study of
natural history on the animal side cannot be attributed to
hunting or to fishing as human arts. The inspiration was
received rather from the older craft of 'killing for the pot,' in
which man was an adept ere ever he began to herd or till, and
before the conventional ol)servance of hunting and angling
precepts had become codified into those canons of conduct which
the true sportsman treats as articles of faith. Even when the
science of natural history has been under greatest obligation to
the chase she has often been more indebted to the poaciier than
to the forest-warden. The debit and credit sides of the
zoological account between the legitimate hunter and the

LTNNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 29

student of nature are evenly balanced. The zealous ' keeper '
destroys what he regards as vermin with as nnicli assiduity as he
protects what he looks upon as game.

It is in the botanical account between the two that the natural
historian stands more deeply indebted to the guardian of the
royal waste, to whose policy and practice we owe the preservation
of native plants whose existence now stands in jeopardy every
hour. In the past we have been under a similar obligation to the
woodward of tlie old ' free forest,' who restrained the enthusiasm
of the mediaeval logger and faggoter ; in this case our science
has repaid her debt by supplying inspiration and much of its
technique to modern forestry. Nor should we forget those
spiritual considerations that, outside the limits of Jewry and
Christendom, have protected and sometimes still protect the
contents of the sacred woods that man has left unfelled. In
this particular case new needs have revived an old custom.
Facilities for access to mountains and addiction to nature study
have incidentally made it desirable to set aside sanctuaries for rare
animals and plants. Our new and ratiier belated virtue would
have had little scope for its exercise but for the effective if uncon-
scious assistance of the raugers and woodwards of former days.

Until admonished by the result of some unwitting experiment,
early man was liable to confuse noxious herbs and fruits with
such as may be eaten with impunity. This risk has always been
instant. The case of ' death in the pot' with which the prophet
had to deal was not the first of its kind. The results of
incautious patriotism which attracted attention a year ago, showed
that it was not to be the last.

If proverbial philosophy be reliable, ' knowledge is power.'
Whether this dictum be ever true of all knowledge, or always
true of some, we need not consider here. From an early stage of
man's progress it has certainly been true of knowledge of the
natural history of hurtful things. Proficiency in this study
formed part of the equipment of the ' medicine man ' of his
tribe. It was the material basis of the respect he inspired and of
the influence, unassisted by physical prowess or political sagacity,
that he was able to wield. The adept kept this knowledge for
personal use or gradually imparted it to a ' sacred college ' of
trusted disciples, who profited, as a guild, by the exploitation
of the dread and credulity of their neighbours and handed on to
later neophytes the peculiar information they possessed.

Sometimes from this unpromising substratum higher truths
evolved. But even in the natural sphere, with which we are
chiefly concerned, important developments occurred. The laity
came to recognize the principles and to suspect the practices of
this privileged class. The ' witch-doctor ' might still be feared ;
he ceased to be held in high regard. Tlie name (pap/uciKevs became
to the Greek a term of reproach, connoting a sorcerer or a
poisoner with the implication that he who was the one must also

30 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE

be the other. This may explain a certain reticence on the part
of classical writers as regards banes. Their allusions suggest
that a good deal was known about them, but that the topic was
not a ' respectable ' one.

There have, however, been other sequels to the popularization
of this kind of knowledge. Both in the old world and in the new
the possibilities were utilized in ways that have been deemed
legitimate. Vegetable poisons are employed in regions so remote
as Guiana and the Himalaya to render the missiles of blowpipe
and bow more effective as weapons. In the best days of Athenian
culture they were used as a means of inflicting capital punish-
ment more seemly in Greek eyes than the modes of decapitation
and strangulation which commend themselves yet to races less
refined. African communities, whose polity embodies the logical
application of socialist doctrine, have made an expert knowledge of
poisons the scientific basis of an elaborate juridical system. Prior
to the advent of our era the same knowledge enabled man to
perform without discomfort to his fellows the always ])ermis8ible
and often imperative ceremony of suicide. Both before and since
the promulgation of our more humane beliefs the discreet use of
poison was a recognized method of settling private and public
disputes. By degrees it was reahzed that in personal quarrels the
practice is apt to be inconvenient, and the opinion gradually
developed that addiction to the habit is not consonant with
'good manners.' But, if history may be trusted, the use of
poison as a stereotyped weapon of statecraft has been stamped
with the authority and approval of Kings and Popes. Half in
earnest, a learned friend has suggested that the human record
almost indicates that, given the opportunity, man has found it
difficult to resist the temptation to poison either his neighbour or
himself. At all events, few branches of natural history have been
studied more assiduously or more successfully.

The study of poisons induced a search, just as assiduous, for
antidotes. If this counter-study were less successful it was more
widely diffused. The belief has been entertained at some period
by most peoples, and is firmly rooted in the minds of many races
still, that, all cases of illness must be due either to witchcraft or
to poison. The object therefore was to secure some specific w hose
presence on or in the person might counteract the effects of charm
and bane. Sooner or later events showed that the ideal had not
been attained, and man was driven to the supplementary expedient
of administering an antidote after the real or supposed effects
were manifest. If the result usually proved disappointing, there
were occasional instances of a])parent success. The substance
administered sometimes was remedial against an ailment whose
symptoms had been mistaken for the effects of a tpupfxaKov
urSpocpoyov.

Gradual realization of the facts and the further discovery that
even lethal substances, warily used, may be potent remedies, led
to some re-orientation of view. The 0fip/u(K«. while still

LESnTEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 3 1

' drugs.' ceased to be necessarily ' banes,' and gradually became
' simples.' Witlt this disappearance of the sinister connotation
the once dreaded wizard of immeasurable power developed now
into the physician so able as to earn apotheosis, anon into the
humble herbalist who wandered from place to place in quest
of ' salve and balm and bane.' The ancient satirist could not
resist the temptation to remind the fashionable practitioner of
his kinship with the vagabond ' culler of simples.' Grateful
recognition of man's obligation to his physician was chiefly
manifested, then as now, by those in that condition whicli is said
to make even Satan contrite. Little in human experience is
really new. The whimsical if irreverent dialogue between Hei'cules
and ^^isculapius, concocted eighteen centuries ago by rtne who
just escaped being a 'maker of mercuries,' breathes the spirit of
the controversies of our own generation between combatant and
medical officers in our defensive services.

The social vicissitudes of the honourable ' mystery of medicine '
do not, however, concern us here. What is of interest now is that
the natural history of drugs, whicli has played such a part in
physic, and has been one of the inspirations to our botanical
pursuits, is a bye-prodi;ct of man's early search for articles that,
although not always good, may at least be eaten.

As the search for such edible wildings supplied the impulse
that led man ' to grow corn and wine and oil,' so out of early
woodcraft and simpling came his care for ' herbs of faith and
grace.' Here, again, eVeira tu Tnev/jiaTtKoy. Mystic groves
hallowed man's high places, concealed his oracles and sheltered
his slirines. Plants of faith typify his beliefs, indicate his
kinship, and mark his last resting-place. The fate of Clytia ;
the recompense of Philemon and his spouse ; later still, Slavonic
appreciation of Teuton f rightfulness, illustrate the supernatural
side of this interest. On the natural side the attitude of modern
medical practice towards many old remedies bespeaks a faith
without foundation; the pages of the Pharm;icopoeia recoi'd cases
of faith sustained.

This natural faith has stimulated nuin to acclin)atize. Prom
earlv times his garths gave harbourage to simples and sweet-
savoured herbs. In classic days his enclosures held all the
ancients knew that could be made to thrive. Renaissance
pleasaunces found space for other stocks from beyond what had
been the Roman pale. These plants of yesterday now welcome to
our lawns and borders a countless kindred from lands more
distant still. This 'wage of outland travel' includes denizens of
every temperate clime from Chile to Cathay. The care of these
iBsthetic essences affords ample scope for man's skill in garden-
craft and for the philosophical study of the form, nature and
distribution of plants of grace. As the philosophical student
knows, the literary interest thereby evoked often illustrates the
truth of the adage that those who wish to get new ideas should

32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

read old bonks, those who want to find old ideas may read books
that are new. The cynical suGjfi^estion this adage conceals puts
the philosophical stnchmt on his guard. He knows he is the
heritor of ardent scholar-natnralists who castigated the recovered
chissics with such aid as scraps of Semitic erudition might afford.

The Arab naturalist of the XI. Century, like his Teuton
successor of the XA^l., based his system of nature on a Greek
foundation. But he could not always consult the original source.
His iuimediate authority often was some Aramaic conirnentarv.
The Arab may be pardoned if he considered such commentaries
complete. They referred to a region which once beheld that
singular marvel — a monarch who was also a student of natural
history. The fame of that ruler was great, 'for he was wiser than
all men.' 'He spake of trees — he spake also of beasts, and of
fowl, and of creeping things, and of fishes.'

Nevertheless, when the Arab philosopher of Damascus felt
satisfied as to the identity of the species under his observation
with those intended by the Syrian translator of a Greek text, the
Arab philosopher of Cordova remained less assured. Nor could
either be certain that the species of an Aramaic scholiast were
those of the Greek author.

The European scholar who, five centuries later, resumed the
old task, had direct access to Greek authoritv. With naive
confidence he essayed to find the plants of Hellas in his native
land. If Greek indications did not fit his species so much the
worse for these indications. The finding of a new hemisphere did
not at first shake western confidence. It uas long assumed that
a plant met with in one of the Indies ought to occur in both.
We know now that this is not always the case, and this knowledge
has mode us realize that our best hope of understnnding the
plants mentioned by Greek authors comes from careful search
within the limits of the old Byzantine provinces. This discovery
has had another result. It has led the modern philosophical
student to consult the ancient texts and has taught him that the
outlook of the Greek naturalist was at times wonderfully like his
own. This, however, is a matter which concerns the science of
natural history as an entity free from such complications as any
influence on or by the business of life may induce.

When that influence is take)i into account we find that studies
in the ])rovince of natural history whose care is the structure and
functions of animals and plants as vital mechanisms, owe their
origin to the practice of husbandry, and have in turn reacted
beneficially upon that indispensable industry. They have done
more than tliis ; they have brought wild nature within the
domain of rural economy by extending to the forest and the steppe
those principles which find their practical expression in rotation,
selection and breeding.

Studies in the province of natural history whose concern is
witli the liabits, characters and occurrence of animals and plants

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDON. 33

as organized beings have, on the other hand, derived their
inspiration from human activities ah'eady in operation before any
ordered conception of rural economy had been formed. Our work
in this field has reacted equally beneficially on the efforts made by
man to preserve a sound mind in a healthy frame and to find a
satisfactory solution of the two great problems, what he shoidd eat
and wherewithal he might be clothed.

Sir Harry VEiTcn then moved : — " That the President be
thanked for his excellent address, and that he be requested to
allow it to be printed and circulated amongst the Fellows," which
resolution, having been seconded by Mr. P. M. Campbell, was
put and carried witli acclamation.

The President having acknowledged the vote of thanks, pro-
ceeded to address Dr. Frederick Du Cane G-odman, F.R.S.,
reciting his services to the study of zoology, and handing to him
the Linnean Medal in gold. He said : —

Dr. GODMAN, —

It is a source of much pleasure to me that it should be my
fortune to serve our Society as the representative of its Council
in conveying to you on their behalf the highest mark they can
offer you of their appreciation of your services to the Science of
Natural History.

Devoted from your youth to the cultivation of that Science,
and especially to the study of Birds, you took a leading part,
now sixty years since, in the foundation of the British Ornitho-
logists' Union and in the establishment of that notable scientific
journal, ' The Ibis.'

Shortly thereafter you joined your friend, the late Mr. Salvin,
in his third expedition to Centi-al America, and some years later
you explored the Azores as a naturalist, and in 1870 put the
results of your researches at the disposal of other workers. You
then visited Madeira and the Canaries on the same errand, before
commencing in 1876 those fruitful labours which have placed
students of Natural History under so great an obligation to Mr.
Salvin and to you.

The ' Biologia Centrali-Americana,' in which these labours are
embodied, is a work which affords a survey of the fauna of the
region, including the countries of Mexico and Panama with all the
intervening territories, more complete than any such survey yet
made of a similar tropical area. Since the inception of the task
there have appeared, between the years 1879 and 1915, over three
score volumes dealing with nearly forty thousand species of
animals, al)out one-half of which have proved new to science. We
owe to you, in conjunction with your colleague, the account of
the Butterflies of the area, and to you alone the account of the
Birds.

LINN. SOC. proceedings. — SESSION 1917-1918. d

34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

But your contributions to the text of this splendid undertaking;;
form only a portion of your share in its prosecution. If, during
the early half of the period, since 1879, over which its preparation
has extended, the task of editing its contents and of taking steps
to accumulate the requisite material were performed conjointly
with Mr. Salvin, the whole burden of the gigantic task has, since
1898, been borne by you alone.

Great as this labt)ur has been it does not exhaust the tale of
the indebtedness of science to you. It still left you with time to
pay visits, as a naturalist, to India and to Mexico. Your sagacity
as occupant of the chair of an important Committee on Evolution,
whose labours extended over a number of years, was gratefully
appreciated and is warmly remembered.

As the Treasurer of the Ray Society and as a Trustee of the
British Museum you have been able to do still more to promote
the cultivation of the Science of Natural History.

Will you now, therefore, accept from me on behalf of my
colleagues the Linnean Medal of the Society as a token of our
deep appreciation of your labours and as a mark of our esteem
and regard?

The recipient made a suitable acknowledgment in reply.

The General Secretary having laid upon the table the Obituary
Notices of deceased Fellows which had been received from various
authors, the proceedings terminated.

OBITUARY NOTICES.

The late Dr. HERMAisTf Franz Beokee was a Fellow for more
than half-a-century, having been elected on the 21st June, 1866.

He was born in 1838 and educated for the medical profession,
and took his M.D. degree at Jena, but symptoms of lung trouble
caused him to leave his native country for Torquay, and sub-
sequently in 1870 for Capetown, where he was appointed surgeon
to the Bathurst and Alexandria districts. He ascribed his relief
from the threatened pulmonary danger by his constant riding
over this large district and the copious draughts of calabash milk
at Kaffir kraals. In 1874 he removed to Grahamstown, where he
resided during the rest of his life. Loyal to his country he took
up out-patient work in 1914 after a few months of retirement, so
as to release a colleague for field service, and continued tliis until
1st April, 1917; he took to his bed the next day, and soon after
midnight of the 3rd April he expired.

Our late Fellow was twice married, and left a widow, but no
family. A general practitioner for 55 years he enjoyed a great
reputation locally, his spare time being given to entomology,
shells, and algae. His brother, Charles Otto Gustavus Becker,

LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDOT^. 35

was a surgeon in the British Army from 1854 until his retirement
to Colchester ; he was the father of Brigadier- General C. T.
Becker. [B. D. J.]

A veteran has passed from our ranks in the person of Dr. Robeet
Braithwaite at tlie age of 93. He came froDi a north Yorkshire
family, his grandfather Robert Braithwaite, who married Sarah,
daughter of Thomas Fishburn of Whitby, was a shi])()\\iier, and
his father, of the same name, who married Sarah, daughter of
Howden Major of Ruswarp, was of the same occupation, and a
master mariner of the Merchant Service. Our late Fellow, the
third Robert in lineal succession, was born at Ruswarp, a hamlet
close to AVhitby, by the River Esk, on the 10th May, 1824. His
early education was derived at the school kepr by Mr. Piidsey in
Bagdale, and afterwards at that of Mr. Richard Breckon in Well
Close Square. After leaving school he was apprenticed to Dr.
Holtby, and in 1844 came south permanently. After acting as
assistant for ten years to Dr. Jones at Dalston, he entered
University College as a medical student, and in 1858 be liecame
M.R.C.S.Eng. and L.S.A., beginning medical practice in Lambeth,
at 59 Vauxhall Walk. He was elected Fellow of this Society on
5th February, 1863.

From his early days he had shown great devotion to botany,
and this was continued in the intervals which a busy practice
permitted. In 1869 he married Charlotte EHzabeth, the younger
daughter of Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward, F.R.S. (1791-1868), the
inventor of the Wardian case for the growth of ferns, and tlie
transportation of plants overseas. Mr. Ward had removed in
1848 from Well Close Square to a house on the east side of
Clapham Rise, where he developed a garden full of interesting
plants, and upon his marriage Dr. Braithwaite (M.D. St. And. 1 S65)
took up his residence there. The writer came to know him about
this time, and well remembers some of the less common |)l;inrs
in the garden in rear of the house. Trachycavpus excelsa fi-om
Fortune's introduction flowered repeatedly, and the inflorescences
were often sho\\n in June at our meetings ; Taxodium dhtklnnn
grew on a tiny island, close by which the North American NujJiar
advena flourished ; Allium triquetrum from the Channel Islands
was rampant, and many alpine plants now common in cultivation,
such as Saxifragn Geum from Ireland, but at that date rarely
found in gardens.

Dr. Braithwaite came under the influence of S. 0. Lindberg
(1835-89), and was ])is host in London when the Swedish
bryologist came to the metropoHs in 1872 and 1873, and he held
fast to the views then imbibed; in 1889 he wrote an appreciative
account of the Helsingfors Professor in the ' Journal of Botany,'
xxvii. (1889) 147-148. He served twice on the Council oi' the
Society — the first time, 1872-74, when that body was accustomed
to meet at 3 in the afternoon and adjourn in less tlian an hour.
This period covered the dramatic incident of Mr. Bentham's

d2

I

36 PHOCEBDINQS OF THE

retirement from the cliair. The writer remembers overtaking
Dr. Braithwaite when both of us were going to Burlington House,
and his statement that nothing would happen that evening,
5th February, 1874, as the President had decided not to allow the
disputed matter of the alteration of the Bye-laws to be reopened ;
matters, as is well known, fell out differently to that forecast.
The second time was from 1889 to 1892, when he was a Vice-
President during those three years. He joined the Royal Micro-
scopical Society in 1866 and served as its President in 1892-3,
his address being on " The Anatomy of Mosses." Other Natural
History Societies which owed much to his active support were
the Quekett Microscopical Club from 1865, as President 1872 and
1873 ; the Ray Society, and the South London Microscopical and
Natural History Club, President 1873-75. Another Presidential
Address was that given at York to the Yorkshire Naturalists'
Union in 1895 upon " The Study of Mosses."

The two works upon which his reputation will rest were his
' Sphagnacese of Europe and North America ' (London, 1880) and
his still more important production, ' The British Moss-Plora,'
which took him from 1880 to 1905 to complete, all the drawings
being made by him for the litliographer to copy. This was
finished six years after he had retired from medical practice in 1899,
after the death of his wife. From Clapham he moved to Endymion
Road, Brixton, where he delighted to receive visits from old
friends who knew him in the palmy days before waning health
and failing eyesight forbade close study of his beloved mosses.
His herbarium is now in the Botanical Department of the Natural
History Museum, Cromwell Road, and most of his books were
disposed of before his death on the 20th October, 1917.

Those who cori'esponded or met with Dr. Braithwaite will not
forget his ready help and kindness, especially to beginners. He
has been described as not a great field-botanist, nor was he one, as
a gatherer and distributer of large numbers of specimens, ticketed
and numbered in series, but he enjoyed his trips to the Scottish
Highlands and the one voyage to Norway, with its grounding of
the ' Chimborazo ' at niglit off the Norwegian coast. An eminent
bryologist has dwelt upon Dr. Braithwaite's artistic preparation
of specimens and his little regard or liking for varieties, a fact
which may be due to his early training, when fine splitting in
cryptogams especially was deprecated.

The Library has to thank our late Fellow for a splendidly
bound copy of his * British Moss-Flora,' his own especial copy,
and for Schimper's ' Bryologia europaea ' in 6 vols., 1836-55,
which, by his desire, were both set aside for our library. We also
owe to the kindness of Mr. H. N. Dixon that copy described by
him in the 'Journal of ]?otany,' Ivi. (1918) 24, of Schimper's
folio, ' Versuch einer Entwickelungs-Geschichte der Torfmoose,'
1858, interleaved, with an English translation by our late Fellow
facing each page of the original.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 37

The writer has to thank Mrs. Horsley of Wellingborough and
Mr. E. J. Heseltine of Hull, niece and nephew of Dr. Braithwaite,
for man_y details of the foregoing sketch. [B. D. J,]

Dr. Ethel Louise de Fraine, D.Sc, E.L.S. (1879-1918).— The
death of Dr. Ethel de Fraine at Falmouth on March 25th, 1918,
leaves yet another gap in the ranks of British botanists.

Born at Market Street, Aylesbury, on the 2iid November, 1879,
Miss de Fraine became interested in Botany whilst in training for
the teaching profession at Whitelands College, Chelsea. She
proceeded to take the B.Sc. Honours degree, and thereafter
devoted all her spare time to research, at first carried out at East
London College in collaboration with Mr. (now Major) T. G. Hill.
This resulted in a series of papers on seedling structure, and in
1910 her paper on the seedling structure of the Cactacese gained
for her the degree of Doctor of Science (London). She became a
Fellow of the Linnean Society on the 7th May, 1912, and was a
life-member of the British Association. Her later research was
carried on chiefly from University College, London, where she
completed an important investigation on the rare fossil stem
Sutcliffta. She frequently joined in the oecological expeditions
organized from tliat college at first to Erquy (Brittany), and
afterwards to Blakeney Point (Norfolk). She thus became deeply
interested in salt-marsh plants, and soon applied her wide know-
ledge of plant anatomy to the intensive study of single genera,
correlating the structural features with morphological and
oecological problems. She had investigated some species of the
genera Salicornia and Statice, and had already planned and partly
written a book on the oecology and anatomy of halophytes, when
her health broke down, and she entered upon the slow course of
what proved to be her last illness.

In spite of her devotion to research, Miss de Fraine responded
generously to the many claims on her time as lecturer and
teacher. She was in succession Science Lecturer at Norwich
Training College (1902-3), and at Whitelands College (1911-13).
She was assistant lecturer in Botany at Battersea Polytechnic
(1910-13), and at University College, Aberystwith (1913-14),
and in 1915 she was appointed resident lecturer in Botany at
Westfield College, becoming a Eecognised Teacher of the
University of London and a member of the Board of Studies in
Botany.

Her energy and enthusiasm made her successful alike as teacher
or investigator. Her personal character and her sound judgment
made her a valuable colleague, and she was a most unselfish
friend. She was cut off at the height of her powers, and her
death is a loss to the scientific and also to the educational world.

Appended is a list of her publications.

^8 PROC£EDI>.'GS OF TUE

Hill, T. (I., and E. L. de Feaine. — The Seedling Structure of
Gymnosperms.

Part 1. Ann. Bot. vol. xxii. 1908.
„ 2 & 3. Ann. Bot. vol. xxiii. 1909.
„ 4. Ann. Bot. vol. xxiv. 1910.

The Seedling Structure of the Centrospermese.

Ann. Bot. vol, xxvi. 1912, and vol. xxvii. 1913,

DE Fbainb, E. — The Seedling Structure of the Cactaceae. Ann.

Bot. vol. xxiv. 1910.
DE Fbaine, E., and Hill, T. G. — Influence of the Structure of

the Adult Plant upon the Seedling. New Phytologist,

1912, vol. xi. pp. 319-332, 3 diag. and 9 text-fig.'
DE Fbaine, E, — Note on a method of double staining microtome

sections in the Kibbon. Nevi' Phytologist, 1913, vol. xii,

On Medullosa centrofilis, a new species of Medullosa from

the Coal Measures. Kep. British Association, 1912, G78-9
and Ann. Bot. vol. xxviii. 1914.

Anatomy of the Genus Salicornia. Journ. of the

l>innean Society, vol. xli'. 1912, pp. 317-348, pi. 15-16, 14
text-figs.

Morphology and Anatomy of tlie Genus Statice as

represented at Blakeney Point. Ann. Bot. vol. xxx.
191H. [E. M. Delf.]

Chaeles Thomas Druery was born on May 22nd, 1843, and
died at his residence in Acton on August Sth, 1917, after a long
illness borne with exemplary patience.

It will probably be by l)is books and papers in connection with
British Ferns and their Varieties that his name will be more
particularly associated. In the later seventies he first commenced
the cultivation of tlie varieties of British Ferns, which he
pursued with enthusiasm to the end. As a Fern hunter and
raiser he was perhaps second to none. The creation of the
Superhum section in Athyrium Filix-Foemina and the Gracillimwn
types in PoJysticlmm acideatitm, which have received recognition
at the hands of the Iloyal Horticultural Society, were themselves
achievements of a high order and stand out as landmarks in the
cult, whilst his many wild finds testified to the keenness and
accuracy of his observation.

His discovery of what was afterwards termed Apospory first
brought him into prominence as a keen scientific observer, and his
Fellowship of tiie Linnean Society followed on the 19th March,
1885. His paper, "Observations on a peculiar mode of Develop-
ment in tlie Lady Fern, Athyviwn F'dix-Foem'ma" was read before
the Society on the 19th June, 1884, and his second paper, "Singular
mode of reproduction in Athyrium Filix-Famina var. clarissima,'"
on the 20th November, led to the investigation by Prof. F. O.
Bower, which was laid before this Society on the 18th December,
1884; it was the result of culture and iuvestigalion in the

LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 39

Jodrell Laboratory at Kew from material supplied by Mr.
Draery, The three papers appeared together in our Journal,
Botany, xxi. (lyS5), 354-36S, with two plates, and from this time
dates the term "Apospory" to designate the cycle of reproduction
by elimination of spore-formation.

His three works on British Ferns and their Varieties, viz.,
'Choice British Perns,' published in 1891, 'Book of British
Ferns,' published in 1903, and ' British Ferns and their Varieties,'
published in 1910, are well-known and valued.

He was one of the oldest members of the British Pteridological
Society, of which he became President and for some years the
Hon. Secretary. He founded and was the Editor of the Society's
Gazette, and it was largely owing to bis efforts that this Society
has attained its present dimensions and influence.

For many years the deceased gentleman was a member of the
Floral and Scientiflc Committees of the Eoyal Horticultural
Society, whilst be was one of the first of the sixty recipients of
the Victorian Medal of Honour. He was also one of the Founders
and served on the Committee of the Horticultural Club since its
inception, and was a regular attendant at its functions.

His contributions to the Horticultural Press w^ere varied and
extended over a great number of years. He was an accomplished
draughtsman, and the illustrations in most of his works are
productions of his own pencil. He was a prolific writer on
Horticulture and Scientific subjects, an accomplished linguist, and
the author of numerous works in poetry and prose. His
numerous excursions into the realms of Poetry and Romance,
however, though containing many striking passages, failed to
meet with the general recognition they merited.

His remains were laid to rest in Acton New Cemetery on
11th August, 1917, in the presence of many of his relatives and
old friends, whilst beautiful floral tributes from many absent
friends and from the Societies with which he was associated
testified to the universal respect and esteem in which he
was held. [W- B. CRANriELD.]

Hall, Kate Makion, see page 6i.

Ernest Datid Maequand, born in Guernsey on the 8th February,
1848, came of an old Norman family which had settled in the
Channel Isles in the XII. Century. When he was quite young
his parents migrated to New York, where he was educated. On
his father's death the family returned to England, and Marquand
was brought up to the law, starting life in a London solicitor's
ofiice. An enthusiastic lover of nature he did not care for city
life, and in 1876 gave up business, and with his mother and
brother retired to Netley on the borders of the New Forest,
devoting himself entirely to the study of natural history in all
its branches. He acquired an exceptionally extensive and
accurate knowledge of plant and animal life, especially of the
more minute creatures, for not content, as the field naturalist

40 PHOCEKDINGS OF THE

often is, with a close acquaintauce with their habits and outward
appearance, he worked assiduously with the microscope, so that
his knowledf^e was never superficial. In 1879 he removed to
Penzance and became an important member ot" the little fellowship
of naturalists which included the veteran botanists, John Kalfs
and William Curnow, with wliom he became firm friends through
their mutual interest in the Cryptogams, lie afterwards lived
for a short time at Exeter. 1887 and 1888 were two " wander
years " with him, spent in travelling over a great part of Germany,
Austria, Belgium, and Switzerland. Eeturning to live in his
native island, he devoted the next few years to acquiring materials
for his ' Elora of Guernsey and the lesser Channel Islands,'
published in 1901, an admirable work and the one by which he
is best known. In 1896 he married Miss G. E. Boley and lived at
Richmond, working at the Kew Herbarium. In 1899 he removed
to Alderney for four years, after which he lived successively at
Guernsey, Paris, Bedford, Oxford, and Cambridge — the last four
for the sake of his son's education — and finally in 1915 i-emoved to
Totnes where, on the 16th of May, 1918, he died at the age of 70.

He was for some time President of the Guernsey Natural History
Society, Secretary of the Penzance Natural History Society, aud
corresponding member of the Societe d'Archcologie d'Avranches
and the Societe des Sciences Naturelles et Mathematiques de
Cherbourg.

He leaves a son, Mr. Cecil V. B. Marquand, an ardent
naturalist, to whom we are indebted for the particulars of his life.

Marquatid contributed many notes to Townsend's ' Flora of
Hampshire.' With the exception of these and his own ' Flora
of Guernsey,' his writings were for the most part confined to
papers in periodical publications. About forty relate to the
Flora and Fauna of the Channel Isles, and thirteen to those of
Devon and Cornwall. He was a methodical worker, careful and
thorough in all he did, a skilful manipulator as his beautiful slides
of diatoms amply testify, an admirable correspondent, his letters
being models of calligraphy and clear, terse, felicitous expression,
while displaying the kindly spirit which actuated him in all his
dealings. Though he led a quiet life, free from emulation and
ambition, he was mentally and physically an active man. He
was a great walker, and his wide and intimate knowledge of
nature, which he was always ready to impart, his shrewd, witty
remarks on things in general, and above all his broad sympathies,
made him a delightful companion on a ramble. Those who, like
the present writer, had the fortune to know him well, found
behind the modest genial exterior a staunch friend.

He was elected an Associate on the 6th March, 1902.

[James Groves.]

An additional name on the Linnean Society's Poll of Honour
is that of Lieutenant Cuthbert Sx. Jonx Netill, who was killed
on the 18th April, 1918.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 4I

He was the elder son of Sir Walter Nevill, of Highbury jN^ew
Park, London, born in 1889, and educated at St. Andrew's School,
Eastbourne, and afterwards at Uppingliam. He became a member
of his father's firm on the Slock Exchange, and was a member
of the Honourable Artillery Company when the war broke out.
He volunteered for foreign service, and was sent to Egypt with
his battery in 1915, and thence transferred to Aden. He was
given a commission as Second Lieutenant in the Koyal Eield
Artillery in 1916, and serving in France for eighteen mouths of
continuous service he met liis death as stated above, a severe loss
to his battery as testified to by brother officers. In 1918 Mr.
Nevill married Miss Eunice May Le Bas. He became a Fellow of
this Society ou the 17th November, 1910. [B. D. J.]

Ethel Saegant. — One of our most gifted and distinguished
Fellows — the first woman to sit upon the Council — died on
January 16th, 1918, at Sidmouth.

She was born at 45 Regent's Park Eoad, London, on the 28th
October, 1863, the third daughter of Henry Sargant of Lincoln's
Inn, having Mr. Edmund Eeale Sargant (Director of Education for
the Transvaal and Orange fiiver Colony during the Boer War, and
after\^ards Education Adviser to the High Commissioner of South
Africa for several years). Sir Charles Henry (Mr. Justice) Sargant,
and Mr. AV^alter Lee Sargant, Head Master of Oakham School, as
brothers. She was educated at the North London Collegiate
School for Girls under Miss Buss, and at Girton College, Cam-
bridge, which she entered in October 1881, and left in June 1885,
having taken both parts of the Natural Sciences Tripos.

Ethel Sargant belonged to that class of amateurs io which
Science owes so much — amateur, not in the sense of dilettante,
but in the sense of one \\hose love of the work is so great that
they are willing to pay to the full tlie toll of labour extracted
from those who aspire to extend the boundaries of knowledge.

Her name will always be associated with the well-supported
and well-reasoned theory of tlie Origin of IMonocotyledons which
she put forward in 1903. This contribution turned tlie scale in
favour of the relative antiquity of Dicotyledons, which has been
largely assumed by the majority of writers since that time. Her
theory was based on her own extensive investigations of the
anatomical structure of very young Mouocotyledonous seedlings
— a hitherto almost untouched field — which, in spite of the great
variability met w itli, pointed to the existence of a common ground
plan, which ground ])lan was not unlike that seen in the
Eanunculaceae among Dicotyledons. Further, a comparison of
the habit of Monocotyledons with that of certain Dicotyledons
led to the view that Monocotyledons were derived from a
dicotyledonous condition by fusion of the two members correlated
with the acquisition of a geophilous habit.

This conclusion Miss Sargant submitted to a close analysis of the
salient features of Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons in a brilliant
contribution entitled " A Reconstruction of a Race of Primitive

42 PE00EBUING8 OF THE

Angiosperms," which summarized the position by concluding that
Monocotyledons and Uicotyledons must have had a common
ancestor, and tliat there was strong reason to suppose that that
ancestor was tlicotyledonous and possessed other features such as
secondary thickening now confined to the Dicotyledons among
Angiosperms.

Her earlier researches into nuclear behaviour during t'ei'tiliza-
tion and pre-t'ertilization stages indicate the same breadth of view
and thoroughness of treatment.

Miss Sargant's general qualities and constructional ability were
recognized by botanists in 1913, when she was invited to act as
President of Section K of the British Association for the Advance-
ment of Science at the Meeting held in Birmingham, being the
first woman to hold that otllce.

Her end was undoubtedly hastened, if not brought about, by
a strenuous piece of war work which she carried out, in spite of
medical advice, as President of the Federation of University
Women.

Many reasons conspired in general to keep her out of public
life, even the public life of Scientists ; nevertheless her genial
personality was appreciated by all who knew her, and her great
heart and lofty mind inspired the closest affection iu those privi-
leged to know her more intimately and who feel the w orld to be
the poorer by her death. [E. N. Thomas.]

WoBTHiNGToN Geokge Smith, who died at Dunstable on the
27th October, 1917, was less known to the majority of the
present generation of Fellows than to their predecessors, owing
to his having, for motives of health, removed to Bedfordshire
more than thirty years ago.

He was born in London in 1835 and intended for an architect,
studying under Mr. A. E. Johnson of Buckingham Street, Strand,
and Mr. (afterwards Sir) Horace Jones, and became aji expert
draughtsman. Gradually he relinquished architectural drawing
for plants, especially Fungi, and in 1865 he received the Banksian
Medal in gold from the Eoyal Horticultural Society for coloured
plant drawings, and the next year he wrote a paper on the
corona of Narcissus for the International Botanical Congress
which met in London in 1866. Twelve mouths later he
lithographed two large sheets iu colour of 'Edible and
Poisonous Mushrooms' for Mr. liobert Hardwicke, the publisher,
apparently his first publication. In 1869 he became associated
with ' The Gardeners' Chronicle,' then under the editorship of
Dr. M. T. Masters, who happened to see some of Mr. Smith's
drawings designed to illustrate Goethe's 'Metamorphosis of
Plants,' an association which lasted to the close of Mr. Smith's
active life. At the sanie period he became an artist for the
' Floral Magazine,' subsequently its editor till 1876. Another
volume ' Mushrooms and Toadstools ; how to distinguish edible
and poisonous Fungi ' reached its second edition in 1875.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 43

One well-known work of his, namely, his ' Clavis Agaricinorum,'
was written for tlie Woolhope Club, and reprinted in the ' Journal
of Botany,' and as a separate pamphlet; it was based upon the
coloration of their spores : in 1874 the Woolhope Club made him
a presentation of plate for his labours on the higher fungi. To
this club and its working members he was greatly attached, and
the menu of each annual dinner was for many yeai's enlivened
by the humoi'ous drawings from his pencil aptly fitting the
occasion.

Shortly after his withdrawal to Dunstable he illustrated the
genera and subgenera of the Hymenomycetes for Dr. Stevenson's
' British Fungi,' and in 1891 he was responsible for the
supplementary volume to Berkeley's ' Outlines of British Fungi.'
A task of long continuance was the series of water-colour
drawings for the public gallery at the Natural History Museum,
of the British larger Fvmgi, such as the Basidiomycetes,
Discomycetes, and the Tuberoideee ; this occupied nine years,
and supplementary work upon it continued for some years later,
at different times.

The year 1893 was marked by his publication, the ' Guide
Book to Sowerby's Models of British Fungi ' for the British
Museum, he having previously painted the clay models themselves,
now set up in eases in the public galleries. His services to
gardening by his writings on Fungi were recognized in 1907
by the award of the Veitchian Medal by the Eoyal Horticultural
Society ; the year following he issued his ' Synopsis of British
Basidiomycetes' for the Trustees of the British Museum, and in
successive years, ' Field and cultivated Mushrooms and their
varieties, and Poisonous or worthless Fungi often mistaken for
Mushrooms,' and in 1910, ' Edible and Poisonous Fungi,' two
large coloured sheets for exhibition at Cromwell Eoad. These
works flowed readily from his long experience as a fungus-eater ;
in one case at least he gave a graphic account of poisoning
symptoms following a rash experiment, which he published in
the ' Journal of Horticulture.'

Besides those of botanical import, our late Fellow was busy on
archaeological pursuits all liis life, and by the end of 1910 he had
found 1043 palaeolithic implements in the Thames Valley, and
800 in other districts ; nearly all are in public or private
collections. He died as previously stated at Dunstable, aged 82,
and was buried in the cemetery there ; he had been a Fellow
of the Society since 5th March, 1868. [B. D. J.J

By the passing of Mr. Kichard Spiees Standen at the full age
of 82, the Society has lost one of tlie diminishing number of
all-round naturalists who, half-a-century ago, were numerous, but
at the present time, when specialization has become necessary to
the strenuous worker, are few.

He was born at Oxford, 11th October, 1835, and educated at
King's College, London. He spent his life in business until forty-

44 PROCEEDINGS OP THE

five years of age, then he was able to give himself up to biological
work at home and abroad. He spoke French, German, and Italian
fluently, and late in life added Spanish and Norwegian to his
accouiplishments. An extensive herbarium of British plants was
given by him in the year 1916 to the British Museum, Natural
History, he having by then definitely devoted himself to
Entomology. He lived in succession at Surbiton, Aylsham,
Norfolk, Thorpe-le-SoUen, Lindfield, and finally at Cupersham
House, llomsey, where he died July 29th, 1917, leaving a widow,
six daughters, and one son, Commissioner of Berar, in India. He
was elected a Fellow on the 6th April, 1893, and was also a
Fellow of tlie Entomological Society since 1889, and a Member of
the South Loudon Natural History Society, of which he was
President in 1879.

Some of his other activities are enumei'ated in an appreciative
memoir in ' The Entomologist,' 1917, pp. 263-4, from which
many of the foregoing facts have been derived. [B. D. J.]

Sidney Miles Toppin is another loss to the Society arising
from the war. An appreciative memoir is given in the Kew
Bulletin, 1918, No. 4, pp. 150-157, from which the following
particulars are taken.

He was the younger son of Major-General J. M. Toppin,
formerly of the Royal Irish Eegiment, and was born 12th June,
1875, at Cloumel, Ireland. He was educated at Clifton College
and Gonville and Cains College, Cambridge ; whilst preparing for
a medical degree he was offered a direct commission in the Koyal
Artillery, and accepting it, he was gazetted in May 1900 and
proceeded to India. After qualifying in Hindustani he was given
charge of a mountain battery on the Afghan frontier. Stationed
at Chitral for two years he spent his spare time in collecting and
studying plants, a pursuit he continued when transferred to
Burma. On obtaining his company he was appointed to Egypt,
and coming home in 1914 he married just before war was declared.
Instead, therefore, of leaving for India, he was sent to Ireland,
where he formed a battery, and later to France. He saw much
hard fighting, was mentioned in despatches, and for services at
Loos was awarded tlie Military Cross. He was killed near Tpi*es
on the 24tli September, 1917, leaving a widow and infant daughter.
His elder and only brother, Capt. H. S. Toj^pin, was killed in the
battle of the Aisne on the 14th September, 1914, and his death
was reported at first as that of our late Fellow.

Major Toppin's herbarinm \\ as bequeathed to the Koyal Botanic
Gardens, Kew ; amongst them are 139 sheets of Impatiens, which
were lent to and studied by Sir Joseph Hooker, G. C.S.I. He was
elected a Fellow as recently as 2nd December, 1912. [B. D. J.]

The cause of Science and of genetics in particular loses a good
friend in Philippe Leveque de Vilmohin, who died in his prime
last June. As a comparatively young man he was called on to

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 45

assume the post of chief responsibility in the famous firm of
Vihnorin-Andrieux et Cie, founded by his great-great-grandfather,
and of the intricacies of that complex business, so little understood
by laymen, he acquired a mastery. A born cosmopolitan, loving
travel and the varieties of human nature, he became to an unusual
degree an international link between very dissimilar groups of
people. He came into genetics as it were into his birthright. His
grandfather, Louis de Vihnorin, was one of the first who had
inklings of the truth as to the workings of heredity. By empirical
observation Louis discovered that individual plants, not distinguish-
able to the eye, might be quite different in their genetic properties,
and his expression bons etalons* marks a small but definite advance
on the complacent ignorance of the time. From this fragment of
accurate observation there grew products of enormous economic
significance, notably the effective improvement of sugar-beet.
Industry has carried the work further, but as regards the sugar-
beet nothing essentially new in principle has been added since
Louis de Vilmorin's beginning.

It was at the Genetics Conference, called by the Royal Horti-
cultural Society in 1906, that Philippe first came info practical
contact with the Mendelian discoveries, and, having a prepared
mind, he became an enthusiastic disciple. When the present
writer stayed with him in 1909 many experiments were already
well begun at Verrieres, mostly still unpublished. Two of these
produced results of considerable interest. The first led to the
detection of a striking case of linkage in Pisunif, at a time when
very few instances of such phenomena were known. The second
set of experiments demonstrated the existence of an "unfixable"
race of short wheat, having the remarkable property of throwing
homozygous tall plants in every generation. In publishing J an
account of this family de Vilmorin suggested an interpretation,
but there is probably more behind.

In 1912 he organized, almost single-handed, the fourth Inter-
national Congress of Genetics, a delightful and most profitable
gathering which did much to unite geneticists of all countries into
a harmonious body. At the concluding meeting a permanent
International Committee was set up at his suggestion to call
future Congresses, but if a time ever comes again in which such
an organization can meet, the bright spirit of our founder will be
gone.

His strength lay in personal charm and the power of sympathy
with all sorts of people, from which charm commonly springs.
To very academic persons it seemed strange to see this brilliant
man of the world who had shot big game and raced yachts in the
best company, known everybody and seen everything, counting
his seedlings or analyzing the points of the preposterous mongrel

* The essay in which this fact was first expressed was drafted in 1856,
t Proc. Eoy. Soc. 1911, vol. B. 84.
I Journ. Genetics, 1913, iii,

46 PEOCBBDINQ8 OF THE

puppies which he had bred at Verrieres. But though the gayest in
every society, delighting us all with his quick humour and flashes of
esprit (/aiilois, he could work as well as the dullest. His accuracy
was of the best kind. lie had prodigious knowledge of cultivated
plants, but it' he did not know a ihing he would say so, and with
his vast professional acquaintance in the botanical and horticultural
world-^ he could generally give you a useful reference. Types
recur and some day there may be others like him, but liis qualities
combine together very rarely, and it may be long enough before
nature repeats the splendid production we knew as Philippe de
Vihuorin. Born in 1872, he became a Fellow on 6th February,
1908, and died on the 30th June, 1917. [W. Bateson.]

Edwaed John Woodhouse died of wounds received in action in
France on the 18th December, 1917, at the age of 33.

Born in 1884, our late Fellow went up to Ti-inity College,
Cambridge, whence he graduated in 1906, proceeding M.A. in
1911. In October 1907 he was appointed Economic Botanist
to the Government of Bengal, and at once went out to India.
After three years' work there he was appointed Principal of the
Agricultural College of Sabour, Bihar and Orissa, while retaining
his other appointment, and his services were of great value to the
comnumity, in one instance saving the Government at least four
lakhs of rupees ( = £26,500) by his treatment of a field pest.

At the outbreal\ of the war he was a captain in the Bihar Light
Horse, and finally was allowed to join the Indian Army Reserve
of Officers, and in Febz'uary 1915 was attached to another cavalry
regiment as signalling officer, acting adjutant, and officiating
squadron commander.

He was elected Fellow on the 17th June, 1909. [B. D. J.]

The circumstances under which our late Librarian, Edwin
Epiiraim Eiseley, died warrant an obituary notice. He was
born at Abbots Eiptou on the 15th Febi'uary, 1889, the only son
of his parents. On leaving school at the age of 15 he became
Library Cleric to the Zoological Society, where he acquired an
excellent knowledge of library methods and of zoological literature.
In the spring of 1914 an assistant was wanted in our library, and
Mr. Eiseley was chosen for the post, and from the outbreak of
war in that year the charge of the library and of our pubhcations
devolved upon him, for on the 31st July the then Librarian,
August Wilhelm Kappel, started as usual to visit his relatives
near Diisseldorf ; four days later the w:ir broke out. For some
undisclosed reason he came back about the middle of August, and
was permitted by the police to stay at Teignmouth, in Devonshire.
Having been informed that Kapjiel, an enemy alien and not
naturalized, had not been registered by the police, the officers of the
Society remaining in Britain suspended Kapi)el from his functions,
and when on the 1st September he presented himself for duty
he was forbidden to enter. The President having returned from

IJNNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 4'/

Australia, where he had been with the British Association,
a Council was held on the 15th October, and, on evidence laid
before it, unanimously dismissed Kappel from the Librarianship.
(He died on the 24th December, 1915, at Barges Hoad, Bast
Ham,)

From the 1st September, 1914, therefore, Riseley was in charge
of the library, althougii not definitely appointed until 21st January,
1915. He began energetically to improve the arrangement of
the books, checked them with the catalogue, and set up card-
catalogues for accessions, although he was unable fully to carry
out his plans for overtaking the arrears which the previous
Librarian had suffered to accumulate. He rapidly gained a know-
ledge of the botanical volumes in our possession, which, added to
his attainments gained at the Zoological Society, made him an
admirable officer of the vSociety. He enlisted in the 9th Battalion
of the liifle Brigade and, after training, was drafted to France,
where he met his death by a shell on the 1st August, 1917. The
regard in which he was held is testified by the memorial tablet of
beaten copper fixed in the Library, with an inscription, of which
the following is the draft : —

IN MEMORIAM

EDWINI EPHRAIMI RISELEY

nati a. d. XV Kal. Mart. A. D. 1889 :

huius bibliothecse

per annos 1914-1917 custodis:

quo tempore

omnium consensu officio studiose

diligenterque perfecto Sociis se commendavit :

vitam summa spe prseditam inter arma

, pro patria profudit

anno aitatis suae vicesimo nono
Kal. Au^. A. D. 1917.

The following may be offered as a rough translation : —

In memory of Edwin Ephraim Eiseley, born on the 15th
February, 1889, in charge of this library from 1914 to 1917,
during which period, by universal consent, he cTideared himself to
the Fellows by the energetic and able discharge of his duties ;
he laid ilown for his country a life of high promise on the
1st August, 1917, in the 29th year of his age.

The portrait accompanying this notice was taken soon after
enlistment in 1916; we have to thank Messrs. AVakefields, of
Chisvvick, for giving permission for its insertion.

48 PROOBBDINGS OF THE

June 6th, 1918.

Sir David Prain, C.M.G., C.I.E., F.E.S., President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the Anniversary Meeting of the 24th May,
1918, were read and confirmed.

The report of the Donations received since the Anniversary
Meeting was laid before the Fellows, and tlie thanks of the
Society to the several Donors were ordered.

The President announced that he had appointed the following
as \'ice-Presidents for the ensuing year: — Dr. W. Bateson, F.R.S.,
Mr. HoRACB W. MoNCETON, Treas.L.S., Prof. H. G. Plimmee,
F.R.S., and Dr. D. H. Scott, F.E.S.

The Eev. Canon George Russell Bullock- Webster, M.A.
(Cantab.), Mr. Heber Albert Longman, Mr. Arthur William
Eymer Roberts, M.A., and Mr. William AVright Smith were
elected Fellows, and Mr. Walter Watson, B.Sc. (Lond.), an
Associate.

Mr. C. C. Lacaita, F.L.S., gave an abstract of his paper, " A
Eevisiou of some critical species of Ecliium as exemplified in the
Liniiean and other herbaria, with a description of Echmmjudceum,
a new species from Palestine." He explained that this paper fell
under five divisions : — (1) On five critical species of Echium,
namely, E. jndceum, mibi, E. cmstrale, Lam., E, Coincyaymm, mihi,
E. pijcnantJium, Pomel, and E. salmaticiim, Lag. ; (2) The genus
Echium in the herbaria of Tournefort, J ussieu, and Lamarck ;
(3) The Echia in Sibthorp's herbarium ; (4) The Linnean species ;
and (5) The Echia of Miller's ' Gardener's Dictionary ' of 1768.

Dr. O. Stapf, the General Secretary, and Mr. F. N. Williams
engaged in a discussion, the Author replying.

Capt. A. W. Hill, F.L.S., showed a series of seedlings of
Cyclamen. Normally only one cot3'ledon develops, the other
remaining as a rudiment at tlie apex of the hypocotyl or tuber.
If the lamina of the cotyledon be removed, new laminae arise as
outgrowths from the petiole just below the cut surface ; but if the
cotyledon with its petiole be removed, the rudiment of the second
cotyledon is stimulated to develop into an assimilating organ.
On removal of the lamina of this second cotyledon new laminae
will be formed from the inner edges of its petiole close to the
apex exactly as is the case with the cotyledon proper. When
plumular leaves are so treated no new laminae are regenerated.
Further cotyledon leaf-cuttings will produce roots from the base
of the petiole, while plumular leaf-cuttings remain rootless.

LINJflOAN SOCIETY OF L0NDO?s\ 49

Dr. Ethel N. Thomas, Dr. D. H. Scott, and Mr. W. C.
Worsdell contributed further remarks, and Capt. Hill replied.

Messrs. Egbert Paulson, F.L.8., and Somerville Hastings,
M.S., followed "On the Relationship between the Symbionts in
a Lichen."

Mr. Somerville Hastings (visitor) having spoken, Miss A.
Lorrain Smith strongly supported the views enunciated by the
authors.

The proposed exhibition of Abnormal Apple-blossoms and
Fruit was postponed by the Exhibitor at his request, on account
of the lateness of the hour.

June 2Uth, 1918.

Sir David Puain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 6th June, 1918,
were read and confirmed.

The report of the Donations received since the last meeting ■
was laid before the Fellows, and the thanks of the Society to the
several Donors were ordei'ed.

Mr. Arthur William Rymer Roberts was admitted a Fellow.

Mr. Horace jN^orman Gray, Mr. Wilfred Edward Hiley,
M.A.(Oxon.), and Sir Nicolas termoloff, K.C.B., K.C.V.O., were
proposed as Fellows.

Mr, Lester Vallis Lester-Garlaud, M. A. (Oxen.), was elected a
Fellow.

The first paper, by Prof. H. Coutieeb, " Les especes d'Alpheidfe
rapportees de I'ocean indien par M. J. Stanley Gardiner " (Com-
munique par M. le professeur J. Stanley Gardiner, M.A., F.R.S.,
F.L.S.), was briefly laid before the Meeting by the Zoological
Secretary.

Mr. G. Claridge Druce, F.L.S., exhibited 21 landscape
drawings in sepia by Ferdinand Bauer, when accompanying Dr.
John Sibthorp as artist during 1784-87. He remarked on the
collection of original water-colour drawings of Greek plants which
were made by Ferdinand Bauer. These, numbering 1000 large
folio sheets, are still preserved in the library of the Botanic
Gardens at Oxford. They were reproduced in 10 volumes in the
sumptuous 'Flora of Greece,' vi'hich, through Dr. Sibthorp's

LINN. SOC. proceedings. — SESSION 1917-1918. e

50 PIIOCEEDINGS OF THE

iniiniliceiit bequest of over £20,000, was published under the
editorship of 8ir .1. E. .Smith, Robert Jirown, and Dr. Lindley.
Not one of the 2~) subscribers to it was Hviiig, it is said, when the
last vohiine a|)peured in 1840, thirty-four years after the issue of
the lirst volume. This book, therefore, is not only a very costly
one, and excessively rare, but the excellence of the plates and
text is wortliy of the original drawings, w hich, a contemporaneous
writer says — and the statement has never been seriously chal-
lenged— as works of art they are superior to anything of the kind
in existence, and constitute one of the most valuable treasures of
the University of Oxford. Prefixed to each volume is a small
coloured view : (1) Mons Parnassus, 1806 ; (2) Mons Athos, 1813;
(3) Mons Olympus, 1819; (4) Byzantiuu), 1823 ; (5) Hellespont,
1826; (()) Athens, 1827; (7) Corinth, 1830; (8) Mt. Athos from
the Sea, 1833; ('J) Physcns, 1837; (lO) Delphi, 1840.

Of the 141 drawings made by Bauer on this journey 131 are in
the possession of Mr. Druce They measure 17| X 11 inches, on
boards 20 x 14| inches. They are all named and numbered by
Bauer in the sequence of the journey. He exhibited -1, i.e.,
"X.28 Monastery of the Holy Trinity, Crete, 37 Isle of Amorgos,
38 Temple of Juno, 8amos, 43 Mt. Olympus, 45 Seraglio Point,
49 and 53 Constantinople from Scutari, 58 Palace of Dulma
Bakashee on the Bosphorus, 79 Bhodes, 85 Asian Village at Port
Finica, 90 Monastery of A])ocaIypse, Patmos, 101 Temple of
Theseus, 112 Mount Parnassus, 100 Athens, 115 Port Colonni,
Sunium, 122 Xegropont Bridge and Castle, 125 Landing Place,
Negropont, 125 Iviri Convent, Mount Athos, 127 Mount Athos
St. Anna Convent, 12i) Salonicii, 131 A Village near Salonica,
130 Corinth.

Mr, C. C. Lacaita commented on the drawings.

Mr. Druce then showed a series of British plants. (See p. 58.)
Mr. P. N. Williams. Mr. A. J. Wilniott, and Mr. T. A. Dymes
discussed the plants shown, the exhibitor replying.

Sir N. Teemoloff, K.C.B., K.C.V.O., exhibited some lantern-
slides representing a series of intermediate forms of tlie Diatom
genera Navlcida and Cymbella. (Communicated by Dr. A. B.
Rendle, F.R.S., Sec. L.S.) (See Abstract, p. 56.)

A discussion followed, Dr. AV. Bateson, F.Il.S., Dr. E. J.
Salisbury, and Mr. H. X. Dixon taking part, and the exhibitor
replied.

Mr. E.J. Collins, F.L.S., read a communication on "Sex-
segregation in the Bryophyta," of which the following is an
abstract :—

Three cultures of Funaria hyijromftrica were made in Mai'chal's
nutrient fluid as follows : —

A. Protonemata grown from theanlheridiaof a male '"flower."

B. Protonemata grown from the perigonial leaves of the same

male " flower."

C. Spores from a ripened capsule.

LIN^EAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 5 1

Submitted to the same cultural conditions, A and B produced
a sward oF plants with large discoid male "flowers" oiihj, no
sporogonia being produced at auy time, C produced plants bearing
male and female organs resulting in a dense crop of sporogonia.

It appears possible that vegetative development from structures
borne on male and female branches respectively may, if a sex-
segregation has .'ictually occurred somatically, lead to the production
of distinct male and female plants. If such is the case, the purity
of the gamete in mouoicous forms is secured by a somatic segrega-
tion in baploid tissue.

Fi'om other evidence it seems clear that the point at which
segregation occurs is not necessarily fixed, but may be shifted
backward in the life cycle until, occurring with sporogeuesis, the
dioicous habit of the gametophyte is established. In this way
the dioicous condition might co-exist with the monoicous, or the
monoicous condition might be accompanied by distinct male plants.
Vegetative propagation from sex-segregated branches would also
lead to the various sex-forms of any one species.

Mr. Bateson and Mr. H. N. Dixon contributed further remarks,
and the Author replied.

Mr. A. O. Walker, F.L.S., explained the method he had adopted
at Ulcombe, Kent, amongst the school-children, with its success,
eight common species being taken for reports on their flowering
during three years, showing the remarkable difference between
the dates of 1916 and 1917, when, in the latter year, the cold
spring caused a delay of from four to six weeks in flowering. (See
Abstract, p. 60.)

Mr. John Hopkinson, Dr. A. B. Eendle, and Dr. E. J. Sahsbury
spoke on the subject, Mr. Walker replying.

ABSTRACTS.

The Germination of Iris Psexulacorus, Linn., in Normal and
Abnormal Conditions. By Lt.-Col. J. H. Tull Walsh,
I.M.S., F.L.S.

[Read 1st November, 1917.]

Those who were present at the meeting held on the 30th of
November, 1916, will remember that Mr. T. A. Dymes, F.L.S.,
told us rather a snd story about his experiences with the seeds of
the Yellow or Water-Flag. He told us that " those [seeds] that
fall on to the mud and remain there appear to perish from
decay." " Seeds that have not sunk germinate on or near the
surface of the water in the latter half of May." " The fate of
those seeds, if any, that sink before germination has not yet
been determined." I am not here to criticise Mr, Dymes.
Under the conditions in which the seeds he used were expected to
germinate, his results were correct. Seeds floated on deep water

52 PUOCEEDINGS OF THE

ill ii large glass bottle placed by a window witb a sunny outlook
behave as described. But tlie conditions are not normal. Iris
Pseudiu-orus is sucb a bardy plant, so well-known in England as
a late spring and early summer ornament, that no description
and no botanical details are necessary. That sucb marked
cban<;es should have taken place in the germination of the seeds
of the Yellow Water-Flag without having attracted the attention
of gardeners, seedsmen, and botanists seemed to me very
strange— indeed, almost incredil)le. It is to Mr. Dymes that I
owe the seeds which by their growth show, I think quite clearly,
that Iris Pseudacorus has not been attempting any " mutations "
and may still be trusted to produce seedlings in mud and shallow
water — seedlings which are normal and healthy. If placed in the
environment selected by Mr. Dymes, the floating seeds germinate ;
but if you will compare the seeds grown inside the house, grown
in comparatively deep water, with those grown out-of-doors
under normal conditions, I think you will agree with me that the
former are neither healthy nor normal. The root-system is
different and poorly developed, the leaves are pale and lacking in
chlorophyll, and the plant is generally deformed. Of the seeds
kindly given to me by Mr. Dymes (Dec. 1916) I placed eight
(without any choice as to shape) in artificial pond No. I. This
contained mud and weeds, was always kept saturated with water
when that was necessary, and freed from superficial water when
the bowl became filled by rain or snow. Pond No. I represented
the mud at the margin of pond, marsh, or stream. Seven seeds
were placed in Pond No. II. This contained the same amount
of mud, but when the seeds w^ere introduced they floated on the
superficial water 2 inches deep. During the winter, with its
rain, snow, and frost, these seeds sank and rested hghtly on the
mud. A little later six seeds were floated on water about
10 inches deep ; the bottle in wdiich they Avere placed has been
standing on a table in my dining-room in front of a window
facing south and south-west. Ponds I and II are in my garden.

The first signs of germination appeared on May the 19th, 1917,
in the seeds floating in the bottle — a state of things due, no
doubt, to higher temperature in the dining-room, and assisted by
a position exposed to our intermittent sunlight. Three seeds
germinated on that day, and the other three during the following
week. These seedlings throw out a long root, as described by
Mr. Dymes. The mass of fibrous roots given off by normal
seedlings is quite absent. As these floating seedlings increase
in size and weight, they sink. Two, caught in water-weeds, have
given up the struggle and are dead. Two lie on the bottom, on
a thin layer of mud : they will, I expect, die during the winter.
Two are still to be accounted for : I show you these two as dried
specimens.

On May the 26th seeds in Pond No. II, those lying on mud in
shallow water, b?gan to sprout. In course of time seven fine
seedlings appeared in that ])ond. Lastly, the seeds in the mud of

LINNEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. 53

Pond No. I began to germiuate ou June 3rd. Growth with
these seedlings was, at first, slower than with those in the
shallow water ; but at the end of August the seedlings were
as strong and healthy as those in Pond II. The little plants
in Ponds I and II are now faded and have passed into a state of
rest which will endure until next spring. I have removed and
show you to-night dried specimens from each of the little ponds
and from the bottles. A personal examination will tell you
better than any words of mine the featui'es which distinguish
the normal seedlings from the " bottle seedlings."

Intensity and Direction of Light as Factors in Phototropism.
By Hahold AVager, D.."Sc., F.1\.«., F.L.S.

[Read 29tli November, 1917.]

In this communication an account is given of experiments made
to determine the influence of the intensity and the direction of
light in effecting phototropic responses in foliage leaves. In
accordance with the teachings of physics we may assume that it
is only the light absorbed by the photo-sensitive elements of a
stimulable plant organ that is capable of setting up a phototropic
stimulus. The light rays penetrate the tissues unequally but
symmetrically. The extent to which this takes place can be
shown by means of a simple piece of apparatus which may be
called a phytentoscope.

Bv keeping the photo-sensitive region of a foliage leaf in a
fixed position it can be shown that the orientation to light is
determined by the varying extent to which the rays of light
penetrate the photo-sensitive elements. The photo-sensitive
elements of a foliage leaf probably consist of parenchymatous
cells in the apical region of tlie leaf-stalk. Experimental evidence
is brought forward to show that it is probably mainly in the
cortex that the stimulus is received and transmitted. There is no
evidence to show that the epiderinis and pith take any large part
in the process.

It the phototro])ic I'espouse is due to the physico-chemical
changes set up by the light absorbed, then it follows that : —

1. The intensity of the physico-chemical changes depends

upon the amount of light absorbed.

2. The extent to which the light is absorbed depends upon

(a) the degree of penetration of the light, and {!>) upon
the selective absorption of the photo-sensitive elements.

3. The degree of penetration depends upon (a) the intensity

of the light that impinges upon the stimulated region,

and (h) upon the angle or angles at which the incident

rays strike it.

We see therefore that rhe distribution of the physico-chemical

activities in the photo-sensitive tissues is dependent upon both

54 PEOCEBDIN'GS OF THE

iiitHiisily and diivclion ot" light, and since the direction of move-
ment may be determined as the resultant of the varying pliysico-
chemical activities in the whole of the .sensitive region, we must
conclude that butli intensity and direction of light are necessary
factors in the pliot()lro|)ic response.

Dr. Waueu then read his second paper entitled " iSpore-
Coloralion in the A-garicacea)." He stated that the use of spore-
coloration as a basis for the classification of the AgaricaceaB is
artiticial and impcirfect. There is no clear line of demarcation
between the various colours, and the designation of the colours in
the text-books is very iinletinite and unsatisfactory.

A beginning has, however, been made by members of the Myco-
logical Committee of the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union to obtain
more accurate records of spore-coloration in terms of a standard
series of tints, such as that of the ' Code des Couleurs,' by
Klincksieck & Valette (Paris, 1908).

We liave already found — aud this may be a fact of some con-
siderable physiological interest — that, with one or two doubtful
exceptions, all the spore colours so far standardized, whether pink,
rusty, or purple, fall within the region of the less refrangible half
of the spectrum. Spectroscopic examination also shows this.

It has been suggested by B idler that these colouring- matters
may serve a useful purpose by screening off certain of the sun's
rays from the living protoplasm.

If this is so, we ought to find some support for the hypothesis
in the more abundant distribution of the coloured-spored species
in the open and of the white-spored forms in the shade. On
tabulating tlie records of habitats, it has been found that we get
approximately : —

Black-spored forms : 1^4" /o occurring in the shade, 76% in the open.
Purple „ „ 307o „ „ 707„

White „ „ 90% „ „ 10%

These figures support the hypothesis.
The pink-spored forms gave : —

347o iu the shade, QQ"/o in the open.
This is intermediate, as might liave been expected, between the
dark-spored and the wliite-spored species. Tbe brown or rusty-
spored forms, however, gave figures not quite so good, viz. : —

527o ii^ the shade and 487„ in the open.

These figures are only approximate, however, as they are com-
piled from a list of habitats which is probably not very accurately
determined as regards light and siiade.

S|i(ire-colorati()n may, however, dej)end, partly at least, upon
the kind of substratum on whii-h the Kungi gro^v . It is significant,
for example, that a lart^e proportion of the black-sjiored forms
grow upon dung, whilst the white-spored forms are found largely

LINNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. 55

upon the ground, frequently in soil rich in humus, and the rusty-
spored forms largely upon rotten wood, old stumps, &c.

It would be instructive if carefid records were made of spore-
colonition in relation to the substratum as well as to light and
shade.

Experimental Studies in the Specific Value of Morphological
Characters in the Fungi. By William B. Bkierley. (Com-
muuicated by Capt. A. W. Hill, F.L.S.)

[Read 21st February, 1918.]

In all systematic treatment of the Fungi there is implied
constancy of morphological characters, and particularly of the size
and shape of the mature reproductive bodies or spores. An
experimental study of the specificity of these criteria is in process,
the work being carried out primarily upon the fungus Botrytis
cinerea. This species is contained in the " Foh/actis^' group of the
genus, and the species in this group are separated partly by
reason of their different hosts, but more critically by minute
differences in the branching and septation of the conidiophore and
by the size and shape of the spore.

The published spore-measurements of Botrytis cinerea show a
singular hick of uniformity (Marshall Wnrd on lily, 20-25 /i x
15 /Li; Lorriiiu Smith on gooseberry, 8-11 /x x 4-6^; K. E.
Smith on lime trees, up to 30 ^t; etc.), and during tlie present
investigation observations of the mode-spores of Botrytis cinerea
growing upon different hosts, or separate infections of the same
host, have shown that this variation in size and shape is a very
marked feature of the fungus (on alder twig mode-spore 3 ^ X 2 yu ;
on tomato fruit 10^ x 10 /x ; on onion bulb 6-5^ x 3-5^; on lily
14^ X lOjLt; etc.).

Pedigree cultures derived from single spores of the fungus
growing upon different hosts were made, and these weie used as
the basis for all critical experimental work.

Botrytis cinerea developing upon living cabbage possesses a
certain mode-spore. If this strain be inoculated into tomato
fruits, the mode-spore is different in size and shape; and a third
host produces a third mode-spore. The Fungus gi owing upon
onion bulb shows a characteristic mode-spore, and if this strain
be inoculated into cabbage, tomato, etc., the mode-spores differ
from each other and from those produced hj the th'st strain.
Variations and combinations of these experimental inoculations
w-ere carried out with strains of different origin, the substrata
being living plants, steamed tissues, and syntheiic media, and the
sizes and shapes of the mode-spores were recorded. It became
evident that the species Botrytis cinerea is not " uiigeheuer
variabel " (Liudau), but that its apparent variability is due to the
fact that it contains a great number of " elementary species " or

56 niOCEEDlNGS OF TUB

"Jordan's species" which aiv in()rphoh)gieally distinct. The size
and shape of the spores oi' the •'elementary species " show two
kinds ot variation : (1) noimud variation, wliich is always present
upon whatever host or substratum the Fungus develops, aud the
range of whicli is characteristic of the elementary species ; and
(2) " modal variation,'' which is the variation in the size and shape
of the mode-spore, and is directly and constantly induced by the
particular substratum. In nature the "elementary species "are
usuallv found upon particular hosts, but they readily attack other
plants and, when growing saprophytically, are omnivorous.

The size and shape of the spores of the Fungus growing in
nature are therefore not morphological constants but resultants of
the strain of the fungus and the substratum upon which it is
developing; and the only method of critically identifying the
particular elementary species present is to isolate it in pure culture
and obtain its " modal variation " upon a series of standardized
media.

The presence of modal variation in the size and shape of the
spores has been ascertained in three species of Penicillium and one
species of Sti/sanits which have been investigated, and it is
suggested that it may be of general occurrence in the Fungi.

Exhibition of lantern-slides representing a series of intermediate
forms of the Diatom genera Navicula and Ci/mhella, by
Sir N. Yermoloff, K.C.B., K.C.V.O. (Counnunicated by
Dr. A. B. Eexdlb, F.R.S., Sec.L.S.)

[•20fh June, 1918.]

The lantern-slides will show a series of closely connected forms,
so gradually and continuously passing into one another, that it
would seem possible to group them into one synthetic genealogical
evolutionary line of descent. A fossil Diatom from the freshwater
deposit of 'Monmouth, in the American State of Maine, lying
approximately at the latitude of the Great Canadian Lakes — this
deposit probably dating from before the Glacial periods, — may be
considered as the primordial ancestral form from which the whole
series has derived during the post-GIacial ages. This parental
form is Navicula moamoutluana forma gennina.

The idea of grouping together into lines of genealogical descent
closely connected intermediate forms of Diatoms, which, in the
enormously crowded Systematics of Diatomaceae, may otherwise
stand rather far apart, has been hinted at by Cleve. The present
attempt at what may be called Synthetic Integration of inter-
mediate forms has been undertaken in further pursuance of
Cleve's idea. The work mainly consisted in finding, between
firmly-defined species, the connecting links.

LINNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. 57

The exhibited forms come from two European and two
American localities. They are all freshwater. 8ome are firmly
established species, others intermediate forms, wliich may be given
so-called hyphenated nominations, stating the initial species from
which they seem to start and the final species to which they seem
to tend.

The lantern-slides were shown in the following sequence,
corresponding to the line of their evolutionary descent : —

Navicula monmonthiana forma genuina. American fossil.

Navicula nionmoutJiiana, withjirst sliglit variation towards the
Stodderi form. American fossil.

Navicida monmouthiana-Stodderi. An American living hyphe-
nated form.

Gymbella Stodderi. American living.

Gymhella Stodderi-angustata. American living.

Cymbella cequalis. European living.

Cymbella angustata. European living.

Encyonema gracilis. American fossil.

Encyonema scotica. European living.

Cymbella delicatula. European living. Also living in
America.

Cymbella gracilis-Ceaatii. American living. A hyphenated
form.

Cymbella Cesatii. European living.

Cymbella microcephala. European living.

The detailed examination of the above evolutionary ladder
suggests the hypothesis that the large, simple, and homogeneous
ancestral form Navicula monmonthiana was a primordial species
adapted to the more uniform conditions of life on the planet
during the pre-GIaeial epochs, and that the Cymbellce which
subsequently evolved from it are smaller, more complex hetero-
geneous forms, gradually derived from Navicula monmonthiana
under the influence of quite different and more varied conditions
of life and climate, which established themselves on the earth
after the Glacial epochs, at least under the latitudes between
40 and 60 degrees North.

A similar trend of changes from larger and less varied forms to
smaller heterogeneous ones has affected the whole of organic life
after the Glacial extensions towards the South. No wonder that
ttie same trend has wrought similar changes also in Diatoms.

►Several authors admit that Cymbella; are degenerated Navicula.
This seems plausible, only the term " degenerated " can hardly be
used as we cannot know the direction of Evolution as a whole.
Tiie most we can say is, that the immediate result of evolutionary
changes consists in a better adaptation, in the struggle for
existence, to changed conditions of life.

LINN. SOC. PROCEEBINGS. — SESSION 1917-1918. /"

58 PROCEKDINGS OF THE

Exliibition by Mr. G. Claeidge Druce, of New British Plants.
[20tli June, 1918.]

403. JSagixa scotica, Druce, in Bot. Excb. Club, Hep. for
1911-12, p. 14. Ben Lawers, Pertb, Aug. 19th, 1911.— Also
found in the counties of Argyll, Inverness, Forfar, Aberdeen, and
Banff.

Distinguished from <S'. scujinoides by its smaller capsule, more
creeping grow th, and from *S'. procumbtns by its larger and longer
petals, which are mainly pentamerous.

414. Sperquhria atheniensis, Aschers. & Schwein. Beitr. Y\.
jEthiopica 267, 1867. — First found in the British Isles at St.
Heliers, Jersey, 1906, see Bot. Eich. Club, Eep. for 1906, p. 196.
Since found at Par, Cornwall, bv Dr. Vigurs, and at Aldeburgh,
Suffolk.

Distinguished from ruhra by the broadly-triangular stipules and
absence of central rosette, and from salina by the smaller capsules
and pyriform seeds. "Widely distributed on the Mediterranean
coasts and abundant about Athens.

1126. Anthrisccs stlvestkis, lloffm. var. LiiisECTA, Druce, in
Bot. Exch. Clnb Eep. for 1916-17, p. 412, — This form is more
frequent in the Midlands and Southern Counties.

In Scotland, where the species itself is much less frequent, the
prevailing plant has narrow leaf-segments, this (opus cif.) is the
var. ANGusxisECTA. Petersen (Dansk. Bot. Arkiv for 1915) figures
59 diti'erent sorts of leaves, which he arranges in 16 groups.
Plants with leaves between tlie two extremes named above are
frequent in France and have been noticed in Cornwall. Angusti-
secta I have not yet seen south of Derbyshire, nor latisecta south
of Lancashire and Cheshire.

1172. Hedera Helix, Linn., var. sarniensis, Druce, in Bot,
Exch. Club Eep, for 1912-13, p, 163, — In Guernsey and Jersey
this broad-leaved ivy is frequent, even in the barren branches the
segments are broader than in the common British form. Miss
I. M, Roper has since found a form closely approaching it at
Chewton Keynsliam, X, Somerset.

Ynr. BoREALis, Druce, I. c. In Skye, both at Glen Sligachan
and Glen Brittle, a plant with very narrow and smaller leaves
occurs, and it has been since found in Silverdale, the limestone
area of Oxfordshii-e, etc.

The diminution of leaf-surface in the northern habitats of the
Hedera and Anthriscus is somewhat remarkable.

1663 (10). ScoRzoNERA HUMiLis, L. Discovered nearWareham,
Dorset, by Mrs. and ^Master Noel Sandwith iti 1914, see Bot.
Exch. Club Rep. for 1915, p. 202. — I ha\e visited the habitat, and
have no doubt that it is indigenous there, growing as it does on
the Continent, and with similar associates and in the same kind
of situation.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 59

Its wide continental distribution is entirely in favour of its
being a native plant in England. I have gathered it on tlie
opposite coast of France, at La Toiiquet ; there it was accompanied
by Senecio spathulifolius.

1646. Taraxacum balticum Dahlst. forma, teste Dr. Dahlstedt. —
For several years I made an unsuccessful search along the eastern
coast from Kent to Northumberland. Then I unexpectedly met
with it in a small bit of fen-land in Oxfordshire, an area which has
several other local species.

It occurs in Sweden, Northern Germany, Denmark, Eussia, and
Finland. It is allied to T. puludosum ; the very narrow, almost
simple early leaves are a striking feature, and remain constant in
culture.

1931. Euphrasia suecica, Murb. & Wetts. See Wetts. Mon.
297, 1896. — This was gathered by me in June 1906. Not being
satisfied with the suggested names of British critics I submitted it
to Dr. Lindman, who suggested the above name, which was
confirmed by Dr. Wettstein. See Bot. Exch. Club Eep. for 1912,
p. 169.

1933(2). Euphrasia fennica, Kihl., Exmoor, Somerset, 1890;
Clifden, (ifalway, Sep. 1911. — These specimens have been deter-
mined by Dr. Wettstein. See Bot. Exch. Club Rep. for 1912,
p. 169.

2326. Orchis incarnata, L., var. dunensis, Druce, in Bot.
Exch. Club Eep. for 1915-16, p. 212.— Sands of Barry, Forfar,
E. H. Corstorphine. A very beautiful plant, near to the brilliantly
coloured variety from Dorset, Hampshire, Lancashire, etc.,
which I am describing as var. pulcIieUa. The clever painting is
exhibited by Miss C. G. Trower.

2776. Glyoeria maeitima, Wahl., var. hibernica (Druce,
under festiiciformis, in Bot. Exch. Club Eep. for 1909-10,
p. 482). — G. festuciformis, Praeger, not of Hayne. Chichester
Harbour, Pagham, etc., W. Sussex, Hayling Isle, S. Hants,
Strangford Lough, Co. Down. Closely allied to the Adriatic
festuciformis, but neitlier identical with it, nor with G. maritima
var. Foucaudii Hackel, yet sufficiently distinct from the ordinary
forms of the polymorphic maritima to deserve varietal distinction.

The distinguishing characters are the caespitose or sub-c«spitose
growth, the greater height, luxuriance, longer panicle, etc. Dr.
Stapf agrees that this is not the true festuciformis. Sub-var.
AMETHYSTiNA, Pagham, Chichester, W. Sussex. Hybrid maritima
DisTANS, with both parents. Pagham, Sussex, and Hayling Island,
S. Hants, 1917.

Unless otherwise specified the plants were discovered by the
writer.

6o PROCEEDINGS OF THE

l*lienoloi;it'al ()l)S"rv:iti()iis in an Klemenlary School.

By A. (). Walker, F.L.S.

[2(ltli June, l'.)18.]

l)i;RiN(i tlie last tlirce yi^ars tlie senior pupils of Uk-ombe School
have iiudertakfii to observe the first appearance in tiower of
certain coinnioii wild flowers well known to all of them, small
prizes being given to those who are the first to find one of these
in bloom near their own iiome.

The Piirish of Ulcoinbe, Kent, forms a rough parallelogram
abont a n)iles long by 1 mile wide, extending lengthwise from
south about 100 ft. above sea-level on the Weald Clay to about
500 ft. above sea-level on the Lower Greensand ridge on the
north. The population in 1011 was 649 and is entirely agricultural.

The number of children (boys and girls) who took part in the
competition was 20 to 25 out of a total of a little over 100
scholars. Each of the ciiildren was supplied with a book in which
they had written the rules of the competition and the names of
the plants to be noticed, each j)lant on a separate page. On the
first finding of a jjlant the child entered the date, the exact place
of finding, and ttie number of examples in bloom up to H, after
that " m " or " many." A specimen was then gathei-ed and taken
to the school to be checked by the schoolmaster or mistress (Mr,
and Mrs. A. Robinson), without whose co-operation, most heartily
and u illingly given, the competition could not have been carried out.

The following plants were chosen as being very common and
well known to the children. The dates of the first observation of
one or more plants in flower are given : —

1915 1916 1917

1 . Tussilago Farfara Feb. 22 Feb. 1 Mar. 17

Coltsfoot.

2. Cardamiiie iiratensis Feb. 17 Tan. 29 Mar, 28

Cuckoo Flower, Milkmaids.*

3. Anemone nemorosa ^lar. 11 Mar. 5 April 2

AV^ood Anemone.

4. SfeUaria llolostea :\[ar. 9 l"'eb. 16 A])ril 28

Great St itch wort.

5. Erysimvhi AUlaria April 8 Mar. 31 April 28

Jack-by-the-Iledge.

6. Galeohdoloa luteiim Mar. 9 Mar. 20t Mav 1

Yellow Dead Nettle.

7. Scilln nutans Ajjril 1 Mar. 18 April 22

Bluebell.

8. Anagallis arvensis May 17 May 1 June 2

Scarlet Pimpernel.
As a control \ give the flowering in my garden of JS'arcissvs
"■ Sir Wafkin," of whose flowering I have kept a record since 1903,
viz.:— 1915, April 16; 1916, March 23 ; 1917, April 27. The
earliest record is March 10, 1913.

* Local iiamp.

t Exoeptionnl. Tlio iipxt plants observeil Iti flower wi'iv on April 8 and
April 15.

LI^fNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 6 1

[Owing to the iUiiess of the author, this obituary notice could not
be inserted in the usual pi ace.^

Kate Marion Hall. — The story of the late Kate Mai-iou Hall,
F.L.S., F.Z.!S., who was for years Curator of the Stepney Borough
Museum, and one of the founders of the School Nature Study
Union, id the comparatively uneventful story of a woman whose
life was full of interest and beauty, because of her intense love of
Nature ; and who devoted herself during the best years of her life
to sharing the pleasure her knowledge and studies gave her, with
the meu, women and children of crowded Whitechapel.

Born in August 1861, Miss Hall was the daughter of the late
Mr. Harry Hall, of Newmarket, the well-known animal painter,
and of Ellen Payne his wife. She was educated at Highfield
School, Heudon, under Miss Metcalfe. After her father's death
in 1881 shecame to London and she attended classes at University
College, but did not take a degree because she never succeeded in
mastering Latin. Later on, her love and sympathy for working
people took her to Toynbee Hall, where she began an association
with Canon and Mrs. Baruett that lasted for many years. About
1893 she was appointed Curator of the Borough of Stepney
Museum at Whitechapel — the first woman to hold such a position
in England. It was on the 1st June, 1905, that she was elected
a Fellow of the Linnean Society, of which she was very proud.
She remained at Whitechapel until 1909, when she retired to New
Place, Lingfield, and died there on April 12, 1918.

Brought up by a father whose love for animals must have been
an inspiration and au education to her, the girl from her earliest
days displayed the power of exact observation that was later on to
make her such au admirable instructor. " I cannot remember the
time," she writes in her delightful book 'Nature Rambles iu
London,' " when I did not know the names of common trees.
We lived with these trees, year by year, and season by season,
tender the finest plane I have ever seen I read my story books,
and when wearied with these, amused myself by discovering what
intruders had taken shelter beneath the flakes of its bark."

She was fortunate in being able to pass on to all the
grown up people and children who loved to visit the Museum,
something of her own enthusiasm for the fascinating story of
plant and animal life. The collection — which developed from the
Toynbee Hall collection — received on transference to its new
home some valuable additions, including rare specimens from New
Zealand which had been presented to Queen Mary, then Duchess
of York, when she visited that country. Mr. Sydney Hall, the
artist of the ' Graphic,' had accompanied the royal party on that
tour, and it was perhaps through him that the Duchess became
interested in his sister's work. Tears before the idea proved so
welcome at the British Museum, Miss Hall had instituted
" museum talks," which were much appreciated by the visitors.
She gave mauy weekly lectures; .nid Lord Avebury was one of

62 PROCEEDINGS OF TIIK

many eminent men w ho were delighted to go down to Whitechapel
to lecture to her little gathei'ings.

8ide by side with her work at the Museum, Miss Hall carried
on another enterprise that to-day gives the greatest pleasure to
thousands of children in the neighbourhood. It would have
pleased her to know that in the summer holidays of 1018, 300
children have every day visited the Nature Study Museum at
St. George-in-the-East. When she first went to Whitechapel,
this building was a disused mortuary. She cast longing eyes on
it, and never rested until in spite of all opposition, and with the
help of friends who realized her vision and the value of her
dreams, it was handed over to be transt'ormed into an Aquarium.
It stands in the church gardens behind tlie Cable Street School —
a fairy house in an oasis. Miss Hall's idea was to have only
living things there, and that classes should come regularly from
the schools to study with their own eyes. Two of its greatest
attractions were the sea-anemone tank, and the wonderful
observatory bee-hive with glass walls through which one could
study all ttie organization and achievement of the bee community.
The bees, which became famous far beyond the neighbourhood,
and which fed on honey from the garden flowers, syrup from
shops, or else spoil from the sugar ships at the docks, used to
attract working men from all parts of London. They would
stand for hours, watching and philosophizing; and they miss the
hive sadly since war conditions have necessitated its removal.

All that Miss Hall saw here of the pleasure and interest which
the Aquarium gave her child visitoi's, strengthened her deep con-
viction that Nature Study should have its place in every school,
and that the important thing was that children should learn by
their own observation rather than from books. As Secretary of
the School Nature Study Union, she did a great deal by her two
books, ' Nature E-ambles in London ' and ' Common Animals,'
and by numerous papers, to bring about the revolution that is
taking place in this direction ; and she gave her whole time and
personal energy to the task of teaching all the children she could
reach. Not content with her average of forty or so lectures a
week, she used in her leisure hours to take pai'ties of children —
especially parties of boys — for rambles in the parks, woods, and
open spaces about London, showing them what seasonal changes
were taking place in the trees, and teaching them to know- the
birds and their habits and to recognize the flowers.

There was nothing sentimental in her passionate love for
Mature; she could not have been so successful with the children
had there been. She had the true scientific mind. She was keen,
and critical, and above all she was practical. If she walked
tlirougli London parks in winter " on tenterhooks of anticipation,"
watching for the first signs of spring, she was also noting how
badly the trees were injured by unskilful treatment; and she
was longing that the squares might be thrown open to the

LINNEAN SOCIETy OF LONDON. 6^

children. And then bark to Whitechapel she would go, to advise
people who could not walk in the parks how to manage their
window boxes, and thus bring a little bit of Nature into their
dingy homes.

It is certain that in consequence of Kate Hall's life and work
many thousands of children in London and elsewhere have learnt
to note with intelligent eye the promise of spring, the fulfilment
of summer, the decay of autumn, and the sleep of winter. Her
work, therefore, unselfish and untiring, has yielded and will yield
a harvest of continuous good. [Beatrice Hauradbn.]

ADDITIONS AND DONATIONS

TO THE

L 1 H R A 11 Y.

li>l 7-1918.

Albert, Honore Charles {Prince de Monaco). Eesultats des
Carnpagnes scientitiques, etc. Fasc. xlviii.-li.

4to. 2Ionaco, 1916-17.

XLVIII. Annelides Polychetes pelagiques provenaiit des carnpagnes
des yachts Ilirondelle at Priucesse-Alice (1885-1910). Par
Pierre Fauvel.

XLXIX. Cbetognathes proveiuint des carnpagnes des yachts Hirondelle
et Princesse-Alice (1885-1910). Par L. Germain et L.

JOUBIN.

L. Criistaces decapodes (Macroures luarclieurs) ))rovenaut deb
canipygiies des yachts Hirondelle et Princesse-Alice (1885-
1915). L'ar E.-L. BouviER.
LI. Pycnogonides provenant des carnpagnes scientifiques de S. A.
S. le Prince de Monaco (1885-1913). Par E.-L. Bouviee.

Armstrong (Sydney Frederick). British Grasses, and their
employment in Agriculture. 8vo. Cambridge, 1917.

Arnold Arboretum. Publications.

No. 6. Tucker (Ethelyn Marta). Catalogue of the Library.

Volume II. Subject Catalogue with Supplement to Volume I.

•Ito. Cambridge, Mass., 1917. The Director.

Arrow, G. J. See Blanford (W. T.). The Fauna of British
India, etc. Coleoptera.

Arvet-Touvet (Casimir). Hieracioruiu praesertim Galliae et His-
panife Catalogus Systematicus. Preface de I'Abbe H. Coste.

8vo. Paris, 1913. Tagart Bequest.

Baddeley (Thomas). See Coward (T. A.). The Vertebrate
Fauna of Cheshire and Liverpool Bay.

Bailey (Charles). On the Contents of a Herbarium of British
and Foreign Plants for presentation to the Victoria University,
Manchester. (Manchester Mem. vol. Ixi. 1917.)

8vo. Manchester, 1917. Author.

Barton (William P. C). Vegetable Materia Medica of the United
States ; or Medical Botany : containing a Botanical, General,
and Medical History, of Medicinal Plants indigenous to the
United States. 2 vols. (Vol. i. with Title-page, 2nd Ed.
1825.) 4to. Philadelphia, 1817-1818.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBKAHY. 65

Belgium. Etudes de Biologie agricole No. 3.

8vo. London, 1917.

No. 3. Mayne (R.). Insectes et autres Anmiaux attaqiiaut le Cftcauver
au Congo Beige.

Bell (Alfred). A List of Type and Figured Specimens in the

Geological Gallery, Ipswich Museum. (Journ. Ipswich Dist.

Field Club, vol. v. 1917.) 8vo. [IpswicK], 1917. Author.

Bennett (Arthur). Gerato_phyllum demeTsum, Linn, in the Orkney

Isles. Ulcx nanus, Forster, in Caithness. (Trans. & Pi'oc.

Bot. Soc. Edin. vol. xxvii. pt. 2.) Svo. Author.

Berkeley. University of California Publications. Entomology,

Vol. II. Svo. Berkeley, 1917.

Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America north of Mexico excepting
the Aphididae, Cocoidae, aud Aleurodidas. By Edwaud P. van

DUZEE.

Berlese (Antonio) . (ili insetti. Vol. i.->- 4to. Milano, 1912-^
Bijl (Paul Andries van der). Note on the Genus Couiothecium,

Corda : with special reference to ConioLlieciam chromatospormn,

Corda. (S. Afric. Journ. Sci. 1916.)

4to. Cape Town, 1916. Author.

Note on Polyporus lucidus, Leyss., aud its effect on thw

wood of the Willow. (S. Afric, Journ. Sci. 1917.)

Svo. Cape Town, 1917. Author.
Biologiske Meddelelser. /See Kobenhavn: Det. Kgl. Danske

Videnskabernes Selskab.
Black (J. M.). Additions to the Flora of South Australia. Nos.
11 and 12. (Trans, liuy. Soc. S. Aust. vol. xli. 1917.)

Svo. [1917.] Author.

Results uf the South Australian Museum Expedition to

Strzelecki and Cooper Creeks. September aud October 191t».
(o) Botany. (Trans. Hoy. Soc. S. Aust. vol. xli. 1917.)

Svo. [1917.] Author.

Blanford (W. T.). The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon

and Burma. Svo. London, 1888-1917.

Coleoptera Lainellicornia. Part II. (Ruteliuae, Ue.smouycinae, and
Euchiriiife). Ey G. J. Arrow.

Bloomer (Harry Howard) and Overton (H.). On Anodonta
cygncea { liinn.), contrasted with Anodonta anutinaiiAun.) ; and
on Pseudanodonta rotJiomagensis, Locard. (Proc. Malac. Soc.
vol. xii. 1917.) Svo. Hertford, 1917. Authors.

Boas (J. E. V\). Das Gehorn von Antilucapra uud sein ver-
hiiltnis zu aem auderer Cavicornia und der Ilirsche. See
Kobenhavn Det. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. Biolo-
giske Meddelelser, vol. i. No. 2.

Bonaparte {Le Prince). Fougeres du Congo Beige de I'Herbier
du Jardin Botanique de I'Etat a Bruxelles. (Bull. Jardin bot.
Bruxelles, Tome iv. 1913.) 4to. Bruxelles, 1913. Author.

66' LINNEA.N SOCIETY OF LONDON.

Bonaparte (Le Prince). Fougeres d'Afrique de I'Herbier du
MusoiiiM. ;J Papers. (Bull. Mus. d'Hisl. iiat. 1013-17.)

8vo. Paris, 1913-17. Author.

Notes Pteridologiques, Ease, i.-iv. 8vo. 1015-1917.

Author.

Bonnier (Gaston). Name this Flower. A simple way of finding
out tlie names ot: common plants without any previous know-
ledge of botany, with 372 coloured drawings representing
plants to a uniform scale of one-third their natui'al size, and
2797 other figures. 8vo. London 4' Toronto, 1917.

et Layens (Georges de). Nouvelle Flore pour la deter-
mination facile des Plantes sans mots techniques, avec 2145
figures inedites representant toutes les especes vasculaires des
environs de Paris, dans un rayon de 100 kilometres des
departements de I'Eure, de I'Eure-et-Loir, etc., et des plantes
communes dans rinterieur de la France. 8vo. Paris [1887].

Braithwaite (Robert). The British Moss Flora. 3 Vols.

8vo. London, 1887-1905. Mrs. Horsley.

Braun (E. Lucy). The Physiographic Ecology of the Cincinnati
Eegion. See Ohio Biological Survey. Bulletin, Vol. II.
No. 3(7).

Breslauer (A.). Recherches sur Fapplication du reactif de Chodat
(paracresol-tyrosinase) a I'etude de la proteolyse par les micro-
organismes. (Univ. Geneve — Instit. Bot. ix^ ser. 5« fasc.)

Bvo. Genhve, 1917. Dr. E. Chodat.

Brightwell (Thomas). Sketch of a Fauna Infusoria for East
Norfolk. 8vo. Norwich, 1848. T. E. Gunn.

British Antarctic ['Nimrod'] Expedition, 190T-9, under the
command of Sir E. H. Shackleton . . . Eeports on the Scientific
Investigations. 4to. London, 1910>

Geology. Vol. II. Coiilributions to the Palaeontology and Petrology
of South Victoria Land. By VV. N. Benson ; F. Oiiapm.\n ; Miss F.
Cohen; L. A. Cotton; 0. IIedley ; H. I. Jensen; J). Mawson ;
Prof. E. W. Skeats; J.Allan Tiio.\ison ; A. B. Walkom ; Prof.

W. J. WOOLNOUGH.

The Publishers.
British Museum (Natural History).

British Antarctic ('Terra Nova ') Expedition, 1910. Natural
History Reports. 4t(). London, 1916-17.

Zoology. Vol. II. No. 7. Mollusea. Pt. II. Cephalopoda. By A.

L. JMassy.

Vol. III. No. 2. Crustac-ya. Pt. I. Docapoda. By L. A.

Borkadaile.

„ ,, ,, li. Crustacea. Pt. II. Porcellanopagurus :

An instance of Carcinization. By L. A.

BORRADAILK.

„ ,, ,, 4. Crustacea. Pt. III. Oirripedia. By L. A.

BoRRADAILE.

,, ,. ,, 5. Crustacea Pt. IV. Stouiatopoda, Oumacea

Pbyllocarida, and Cladocera. By W. T.

CiLMAN.

I

ADDITIONS TO THE LIHHAKY. 6j

Zoology. Vol. IV. No. 1. Echinoderraa. Pt. I. Aotiiiogonidiata. By

F. Jeffery Bell.
Botany. Part I. Freshwater Algaj. By F. E. Fritsch.

„ ,, II. Marine Algse. By Antony Gepp.

Gtjide-Books, &c.

Guide to the British Fresh- Water Fishes exhibited in the
Department of Zoology, 8vo. London, 1917.

Economic Series :

No. 3. — -Fleas, as a menace to man and domestic animals. By
James Wateeston. 8vo. London, 1916.

No. 4. — Mosquitos and their relation to Disease. Their life-
history, habits, and control. By F. W. Edwabds.

8vo. London, 1916.

No. 5. — The Bed-bug. Its habits and life-history, and how to
deal with it. By Bkuce F. Cumminqs. 8vo. London, 1917.

No. 6. — Species of Arachnida and Myriopoda (Scorpions,
Spiders, Mites, Ticks, and Centipedes) injurious to Man.
By Stanley Hiest. 8vo. London, 1917.

No. 7. — The Biology of Waterworks. By E. Kiekpateick.

8vo. London, 1917.

Instructions for Collectors :

No. 1 A. — Mammals, Part II. Skeletons, with Special Notes on

the Collection of Specimens of Cetacea. 8vo. London, 1917.

No. 13. — Alcohol and Alcoholometers. 8vo. London, 1916.

British Ornithologists' Union. A List of British Birds com-
piled by a Coiinnittee of the British Ornithologists' Union.
Second and revised edition. 8vo. London, 1915.

Britton (Wilton Everett). Guide to the insects of Connecticut.
Prepared uiider the direction of Wilton Eyeeett Beitton.
Part III. The Hymenoptera, or wasp-like insects, of Connecti-
cut. By Heney Loeenz Vieeeck, with the collaboration of
Alexandee Dyeu MacGilliyeay, Chaelbs Thomas Beues,
William Morton Wheeler, and Sibyeet Allen Eohwee.
See Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey.
Bulletin No. 22.

Browne {Sir Thonias). Souvenir of. See Williams (Charles).
Bruderlein (Jean)\ Mucor lusitanicus. (Univ. Geneve — Inst.
Bot. ix*^ ser. 5« fasc.) 8vo. Geneve, 1917.

Dr. R. Chodat.

Contribution a I'etude de la Panification et a la Mycologie

du maVs. (Univ. Geneve — Inst. Bot. ix^ ser. 8*^ fasc.)

8vo. Gemve,l^\1. Dr. R. Chodat.

Brues (Charles Thomas). Guide to the insects of Connecticut.

Prepared under the direction of Wilton Eveeett Beitton.

68 L1NNBA> SOCIETY OF LO>'UON.

I'art 111. The Hymeuopteru, or wasp-like insects, of Connecti-
cut. Bv IIenky Loeenz Vieeeck, with the collaboratiuu ot
Alexandee 1)yi:e MacGilliveay, Ciiaeles Thomais Buues,
William Morton Wukklee, and Sieveet Allen Kouwee.
iSee Connecticut State Geological and ^Natural Hisioiv yurvey,
Jin Helm ^'o. 'J2.
Camden (William), lirilanma: or a chorograpbical description
ol Great Britain and Ireland, together with the adjacent
Islands. Written in Latin by William Camden, Clarenceux
King at Arms : and translated into English, with additions
and improvements. The Second Edition, lievised, digested,
and published, with large additions, by Ei^munju Gibson, D.D.,
Rector of Lambeth ; and now Bishop of Lincoln, and Dean of
His Majesty's Chapel-Koyal. 2 vols. 4to. Loudon, 1722.

H. W. Monckton.

Campbell (J. M.). Notes ou the JXaiural History of tiie Bell

iiock. bvo. Edinburgh, 1904. W. S. Warton.

CandoUe (Casimir de). .Meliacea; Cenirali-Americanje ei Pana-

menses. (ISmiths. Misc. Coll. vol. 6b.) 4to. Washington, 1917.

Author.

Cavanilles (Antonio Jose), ^ee Cavanilles y Centi (Antonio).

Cavanilles y Centi (Antonio) y La Gasca (Maiiano). Dos

noticias historicas del iiumortai y sacerdote hispano-valentino

Don Antonio Jose Cavanilles .... con auotaciones y los estudios

bio-bdjliogrciticos .... por el Dr. Eduaedo Reyes Peosper.

4to. Madrid [privately printedj, 1917. Ur. E. R. Prosper.

Chapman (Frederick). New or little-known Victorian Fossils in

the National Museum.

Part XX. Some Tertiary Fish-teeth. (Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict.

vol. xxix. pt. ii.) 8vo. Melbourne, 1917.

Part XXL Some Tertiary Cetacean Remains. (Proc. Roy.

See. Vict. vol. XXI. pt. i.) 8vo. Melbourne, 1917.

Author.

On the probable environment of the Palaeozoic Genus

Hercynella in Victoria. (Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. vol. xxix. 1917.)

8vo. Melbourne, 1917. Author,
and Gabriel (Chas. J.). On a Shell-bed underlying volcanic

tuff near "Warrnambool ; with notes on the age of the deposit.
(Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. vol. xxx.)

8vo. Melbourne, 1917. Authors.

Chauvet (Gustave) et Welsch (Jules). Les Plantes miocenes de

Peruzet, pres Larochefou^-auld (Charente). Lettre de (xaston

DE Sapoeta. (Soc. Geol. France, 1916.) 4to. [?]. 1916.

Jules Welsch.
Chelmsford. Felsted School Scientific Society. Report, 1916-
1917. 8vo. Chelmsford, 1918. J. W. Owen.

Child (Charles Manning). Senescence and Rejuvenescence.

Svo. Chicago, III., 1915.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. 69

Chodat (Robert). Muraltiae novae. (Mitt. bot. Mus. Univ.

Zurich, Ixxvi.) 8vo. Zurich, 1916. Author.

Christ (Hermann). Der Briefvvechsel der Easier Botaniker des 18.

Jahrhunderts Achilles Mieg, Werner de la Chenal und

Jacob Chhistoph Ramspeck mit Albrecht v. Hallbh. (Verb.

Nat. Ges. Basel, xxix.) 8vo. Basel, 1918. Author.

Christy (Miller). John Gibbs (1822-? 1892) : An Essex Botanist.

(With Portrait.) (Essex Nat. vol. xviii. 1917.)

8vo. Colchester, 1917. Author.
Collinge (Walter Edward). Some Observations on tbe Life-

Histoi'j and Habits of tbe Terrestrial Isopoda (Woodlice).

(Scott. Nat. 1915.) 8vo. 1915. Author.

The Economic Status of Wild Birds. (Scott. Nat. 1917.)

8vo. 1917. Author.

Descriptions of Three New Varieties of British Woodlice.

8vo. 1917. Author.

Description of a New Species of Terrestrial Isopod from

the Guacharo Cave, Trinidad. (Journ.Zool. Res, vol. ii. 1917.)

4to. 1917. Author.

A Note on tbe Variation of tbe Pseudotracbeal-bearing

Appendages in some Terrestrial Isopoda. (Journ. Zooi. Res.
vol. i. 1916.) 4to. 1916. Author.

Notes on the Variation of some British Terrestrial Isopoda.

(Joarn. Zool. Res. vol. i. 1916.) 4to. 1916. Author.
On the Marine Isopod Idotea ochotensis, Brandt. (Journ.

Zool. Res. vol. i. 1916.) 4to. 1916. Author.

Note on an Interesting Abnormality in the Alimentary

CaTinl of tbe Isopod Idotea linearis (Pennant). (Journ. Zool.
Res. vol. i. 1916 ) 4ro. 1916. Author.

Some Remarks upon the Structure and Generic Position

of Idotea laatsfris, Thomson. (Journ. Zool. Res. vol. i. 1916.)

4to. 1916. Author.

On the Structure of tbe Marine Isopod Mesidotea sUnrica

(Birula), with some remarks upon allied genera. (Journ. Zool.
Res. vol. i. 1916.) 4to. 1916. Author.

A Note on the Marine Isopod Idotea elm</aia, JNliers

(Journ. Zool. R^s. vol. i. 1916.) 4to. 1916. Author.

Zoological Results of tbe Abor Ex])edition, 1911-12.

Terrestrial Isopoda, II. (Records Indian Mus. vol. viii.)

4to. Calcutta. 1916. Author.
Comstock (John Henry) and Comstock (Anna Botsford). A
Manual of tbe Study of Insects, loth edit.

Svo. fthuca, X.r., 1917.
Comstock (Anna Botsford). See Comstock (John Henry).
Connecticut.

State Q-3ological and Natural History Survey.

Bulletin. No. 22. Guide to tbe insects of Connecticut.
Prepared under the direction of W.E. Hritton. Part III.
The Ilymenoptera, or wasp-like insects, of Connecticut.

yo LINWBAN 800IBTT OF LOWDOTT.

By n. L. ViERECK, with the collaboration of A. D. Mi.c-

rriLLivnAY, C. T. Brues, W. M. Wheeler, and S. A.

EoinvKR. yvo. Hartford, 1916.

Cooke (M. C). British Edible Fungi: How to distinguish and

how to cciok tlieni. i^vo. London, 1891.

Copeland (Edwin Bingham). Keys to the Ferns of Borneo.

See Sarawak: The Sarawak Museum Journal, vol. ii. (part iii.)

No. 7, 1!>17.

Coulon (Andre de). Etude de la Luminescence du Pseudomonas

himinfscens. 8vo. Neuchatel, 1916.

Coward (T. A. ). The Vertebrate Fauna of Cheshire and Liverpool

Bay.

Vol. I. The Mammals and Birds of Cheshire. By T. A. Coward and
C. Oldham.
„ II. The Dee as a Wildfowl Resort. By John A. Dockray.

The Eeptiles and Amphibians of Cheshire. By T. A. Coward

and C. Oi.dham.
The Fi.iiiea of Cheshire and Liverpool Bay. By James John-
stone.
With Illustrations from Photographs by Thomas Baddeley.

8vo. London, 1910.
Dalziel (John McEwen). A Hausa Botanical Vocabulary.

8vo. London \n. d.].
Darwin (Charles). The various contrivances by which Orchids
are fertilised by insects. 2nd edition, revised.

8vo. London, 1 882.
Dean (Bashford). A Bibliography of Fishes. Enlarged and
Edited liy Charles Kochester Eastman. Vol. 1. (A-K) ;
II. (L-Z). (American Museum of Natural Historv.)

8vo. Neiv Tori; 1916-17.

De Toni (Giovanni Battista). Xuove osservazioni di teratologia

fiorale nella DigiUdis purpurea, L. (Atti R. Istit. Ven. Ixxvi.)

8vo. Venezia, 1917. Author.
Dockray (John A.). See Coward (T. A.). The Vertebrate Fauna

oF Cheshire and Liverpool Bay.
Drake (Carl J.) See Osborn (Herbert).

Drossander (Anders), Prcs. Meditationes Physicas de Spiritu
animali, aniplissiini Philosophorum ordiuis suffragio, in alma
Upsalensium musarum palaistrn. 8vo. StocJchohnicr. 1689.

Dyer (Sir William Turner Thiselton-). On some ancient Plant-
names. 111. (Journ. Phil. vol. xxxiv.) Svo. Author.
Eastman (Charles Rochester). A Bibliography of Fishes. See
Dean (Bashford).

Egypt. [Maj>s.]

Map of Western Palestine in 24 sheets, from Surveys con-
ducted for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund
during the years 1872-77. [Scale 1 in.=l m.]

in 16 sheets. [Scale g in. = l m.]

in 4 sheets, giving the drainage districts.

Charles Bailey.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRAUT. 71

Engler (A.). Ueber die Hochgebirgsflora des Tropischen Afrika,

4to. Berlin, 1892.

Evans (Arthur Humble). Notes on Plants found in the District

worked by the Bervvicksliire Naturalists' Club. (Hist. Berwick.

Nat. Club, vol. xxiii.) 8vo. Edinburgh [1917]. Author.

Ewart (Alfred James). Contributions to the Flora of Australia,

No. 23. (Proc. Eoy. Soc. Vict. vol. xxviii. 1916.)

4to. Melbourne [1916]. Author.

The Influence of Nitrates on the Development of Eoot-

Tubercles. (Journ. Agric, Victoria, 1915.)

4to. Melbourne [1915]. Author.
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(Ann. Bot. vol. xxxi. 1917.) 8vo. 1917. Author.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. 8 1

Small (James). Irritability of the Pollen-Presentation Mechanism
ill tlie Coinpositce. (Ann. Bot. vol. xxxi. 1917.)

8vo. 1917. Author.

Anomalies in the Ovary of Senecio vulgaris, L. (Aini. Bot.

vol. XXX. 1916.) " 'Svo. 1917. Author.

Smith (Geoffrey Watkin). A Naturalist in Tasmania.

Svo. Oxford, 1909.

Smith-Pearse {Rev. T. N. Hart). A Flora of Epsom and its

Neighbourhood. Svo. Epsom, 1917.

Sommier (Stefano) et Gatto (A. Caruana). Flora Melitensis
nova. Svo. Firenze, 1915.

Starks (Edwin Chapin). The Sesamoid Articular. See Leland
Stanford Junior University Publications. University Series
No. [21].

Staudinger (0.) and Rebel (H.). Catalog der Lepidopteren des
Palsearctischen F'aunengebietes. I. Theil. F'amil. Papilionidae-
Hepialidse. Svo. Berlin, 1901.

Stevens (Ida M.). See Force (John N.).

Surface (Frank M.). On the Inheritance of certain Glume
Characters in the cross Avena fatua x A. sativa, var. Kherson.
(Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. vol. ii. 1916.) 4to. 1916.

Sutton (C. S.). See Ewart (Alfred James).

Sutton (Martin Hubert Foquet). Experiments with Humogen
in comparison with other Fertilisers, A Keport of the Tests
carried out at Eeading in 1916. (Bull. No. S.)

4to. Reading, 1917. Author.

Takeoka (Minokichi). The Treatment of Experimental Tuber-
culosis in (xuinea-Pigs and Babbits b3^ Taurin, alone and in
combination with Gi-old Chlorid and Sodium Oleute. (Journ.
Infect. Dis. vol. xx. 1917.) 4to. 1917.

Temple {Sir William). Sir William Temple upon the Gardens
of Epicurus, with other XVIIth Century Garden Essays:
Introduction by Albert Forbes Sieveking, F.S.A.

Svo. London, 1908. The Editor.

Thompson (D'Arcy Wentworth). On Growth and Form.

Svo. Camhridgt, 1917.

Tillyard (Robin John). The Biology of Dragonflies (Odonata or
Paraneuroptera). Svo. Cambridge, 1917. Author.

Topsel (Edward). The History of Four-footed Beasts and
Serpents : whereunto is now added the Theater of Insects.
By T. Muffbt. 4to. London, 1658.

Touvet (C. Arvet-). See Arvet-Touvet (C).

Trelease (William). The Genus PAora(7enc6-on. A Monographic
Revision. 4to. JJrhana, 1916.

van Duzee (Edward P.). See Berkeley, University of California
Publications. Entomology, Vol. ii. 1917.

82 LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

Viereck, Henry Lorenz. (iiiicli; t(j the insects of Connecticut.
Prepared iiiidef llie tlirection of Wilton Everett Buitton.
Part 111. The llymenoptera, or wasp-like insects, of Connecti-
cut. By Henhy Lorenz Vieukck, with the collaboration of
Alexander Dteu MacGillivray, Charles Thomas Brues,
AV^iLLiAM Morton W^'heelicr, and .Sieveut Allen Kohwer.
Sec Connecticut State (Jreolo,i,acal and ]S'atural History Survey.
Bulletin No. '22.

Wager (H. A.). A Check List of the Mosses of Soutli Africa.

4vo. Pretoria, 1917. Author.
Walton (L. B.). The Euc^lenoidina of Ohio. See Ohio Biological
Survey. Bulletin, Vol. I. No. 4.

Watson Botanical Exchange Club.

licports 31st-;i3rd. (Vol. 11., Nos. 11 & 12 ; Vol. III., No. 1.)
1914-1917. 8vo. (7rtmin%(?, 1915-17. G. Goode.

Webb (Philip Barker). Iter Hispaniense or a Synopsis of Plants
colh'cted in tlie southern provinces of Spain and in Portugal,
with geoi^raphical renuirks, and observations on rare and
undescribed species. Svo. Paris 4" London, 1838.

James Groves.

Weir (Harrison). Our Cats and all about them. Their varieties,
habits, and management ; and for show, the standard of excel-
lence, and beauty ; described and pictured.

Svo. London, 1892.

Weiss (Frederick Ernest). Seeds and Seedlings of Orchids.
(Ann. liep. & Trans. Manch. Micros. Soc. 1916.)

8vo. Author.

Welsch (Jules). Les vallees pliocenes avec lignite de Bidart,

Ccnitz et Chabiague. (Basses-Pyrenees.) (Bull. Soc. Geol.

France, 1915.) 4to. 1915. Author.

See Chauvet (Gustavo).

Westell (William Percival) and Cooper (C S.). The Young

Botanist. With eight coloured and sixty-three black and white

plates drawn from Nature by C. P. Newall.

Svo. London [n. d.].

Wheeler (William Morton). Guide to the insects of Connecticut.
Prepared under the direction of Wilton Everett Britton.
Part 111. The llymenoptera, or wasi)-like insects, of Connecti-
cut. By Henry Lorenz Viereck, witli the collaboration of
Alexander Dyer MacGillivray, Charles Thomas Brues,
William Morton Wheeler, and Sievert Allen Kohwer.
See Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey.
Bulletin No. 22.

Whitaker (William). Excursion to Godst one, June 17th, 1910.
(Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. xxviii. 1917.) 8vo. [1917].

ADDITlONB TO TUE LIBRART. 83

White (Gilbert;. A Nature Calendar. Edited and with au

Introduction by Wilfred Mark Webb. 4to, London, 1911.
Wijk (H. L. Gerth van). A Dictionary of Plant-names. Vols.

1. & II. (Index). 4to. Tlu llarjue, 1911-10.

Williams (Charles). ISouvenir of !Sir Thomas Browne. Witli

Twelve Illustrations and Notes. 4to. A'ormc/i, 1 'JOS.

T. E. Gunn.
Woodward (Bernard Barham). PisicUum supinum, A. Schmidt,

and F. ^xcrvidum, Clessin, fossil in Ireland. (Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist. vol. xviii. 1916.) 8vo. [Loiiduii.} 1916. Author.
On the Adventures of the Genus name Lucena. (Proc.

Malacol. Soc. xii. 1917.) 8vo. [Bertford] 1917. Author.

See Kennard (A. S.).

[Worlidge, John]. Systema Horti-Culturas, or the Art of
Gardening. In tliree Books. The Second Edition with large
Additions. By J. W., Gent. 8vo. London, H)S3.

J. H. Owen.

Zeleny (Charles). Studies on the Factors controlling the rate of
Eegeneration. See Illinois Biological Monographs. Vol. iii.
No. 1.

84 linnejln sociBTi or London.

BENEFACTIONS.

Lisr in accordance with Bt/e-Laws, Ghap. XVII. Sect. 1, of all

Don'(tio)is of the amount or value of Ttoentij-five pouuds an<l

upwards.

1790.

The Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bt.

Cost of Copper and engraving of the plates of the first volume
of Transactions, 20 in number.
The same: Medallion of C. von Linne, by C. F. Inlander.

1796.
The same : a large collection of books.

1800.

Subscription towards the Charter, £295 4*. 6fZ.

Claudius Stephen Hunter, Esq., F.L.S. (Gratuitous professional
services in securing the Charter).

1802.

Dr. Richard Pulteney.

His collections, and ,£200 Stock.
Aylmer Bourke Lambert, Esq.

Portrait of Henry Seymer.

1804.

The Rt. Hon, Sir Joseph Banks, Bt.
His collection of Insects.

1807.

Richard Anthony Salisbury, Esq.

Portrait of Daniel Solander, by J. Zoffany.

1811.

The Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bt.

His collection of Shells.
Mrs. Pulteney.

Portrait of Dr. R. Pulteney, by S. Beach.

1814.
Joseph Sabine, Esq.

Portrait of C. von Linne, after A. Roslin, reversed.
Dr. John Sims.

Portrait of Dr. Trew.

BENEFACTIONS. 85

1818.
Subscription of .£215 6s, for Caley's Zoological Collection.

1819.

The Medical Society of Stockholm.

A medallion of C. von Linne in alabaster.

1822.

Bust of Sir Joseph Banks, Bt., by Sir F. Chantrey, R.A.
Subscription of the Fellows.

1825.

The late Natural History Society.

<£190, 3| Stock.
Bust of Sir .Tames Edward Smith, P.L.S., by Sir F. Chantrey,

R.A., by Subscribers.

1829.

Subscription for the purchase of the Linnean and Smithian
Collections, £1593 8s.

1830.

Sir Thomas Grey CuUum, Bt.
£100 Bond given up.

1832.

The Honourable East India Company.

East Indian Herbarium (Wallichian Collection).

1833.

Subscription for Cabinets and mounting the East Indian Herbarumi,
£315 14s.

1835.

Subscription portrait of Robert Brown, by H. W. Pickersgill, R.A.

1836.

Subscription portrait of Edward Forster, by Eden Upton Eddis.
Subscription portrait of Archibald Menzies, by E. U. Eddis.

1837.

Subscription portrait of Alexander MacLeay, by Sir Thomas

Lawrence, P. R.A,

1838.
Collections and Correspondence of Nathaniel John Winch.
Portrait of Dr. Nathaniel Wallich, by John Lucas, presented by

Mrs. Smith, of Hull.

1839.

Subscription portrait of William Tarrell, by Mrs. Carpenter.

86 LIXNEAN 80C1ETT OF LONDON.

1842.

David Don : horbnriiim of woods and frnits.
Archibald INIenzics : bequest of ^100, subject to legacy duty.
Portrait of John Ebenezer Bicheno, by E. IT. Eddis, presented by
Mr. Bicheno.

1843.

Subscription in aid of the funds of the Society, .£094 .Ss.
Subscription portrait of Sir William Jackson Hooker, by S. TJam-
bardella.

1845.

Microscope presented by Subscribers.

1846.

Joseph Janson : ^100 legacy, free of duty, and two cabinets.

1847.

[Bequest of ,£200 in trust, by Edward Eudge ; declined for reasons
set forth in Proceedings, i. pp. 315-317.]

1849.

Portrait of Sir J. Banks, Bt., bv T. Phillips, E.A., presented by
Capt. Sir E. Home, Bt., K.N.

1850.

Subscription portrait of the Et. Eev. Edward Stanley, D.D,,
Bishop of Norwich, by J. H. Maguire.

1853.

Portrait of Carl von Linne, after A. Eoslin, by L. Pasch, pre-
sented by Eobert Brown.

Pastel portrait of A. B. Lambert, by John Eussell, presented by
Eobert Brown.

1854.

Professor Thomas Bell, £105.

1857.

Subscription portrait of Prof. T. Bell, P.L.S., by H. W. Pickersgill,

E.A.
Thomas Corbyn Janson : two cabinets to hold the collection of

fruits and seeds.
Pleasance, Lady Smith : Correspondence of Sir J. E. Smith, in

19 volumes.

1858.

Subscription poi'trait of Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward, by J. P.

Knight.
Eichard llorsman Solly, i;90 after payment of Legacy Duty.
Subscription for removal to Burlington House, .£1108 15s.

BENEFACTIONS. 87

Biography of Carl von Linne, and letters to Bishop C. E.

Mennander, presented hj Miss Wray.
Dr. Horsfield's Javan plants, presented by the Court of Directors

of the Hon. East India Company.
Dr. Ferdinand von Mueller's Australian and Tasnianian plants,

including many types.

1859.

Books from the library of Robert Brown, presented by J. J.

Bennett, Hec.L.S.
Robert Brown : bequest of two bonds given up, £200.

1861.

Subscription bust of Robert Brown, by Peter Slater.

Collection of birds' eggs, bequeathed by John Drew Salmon, F.L.S.

1862.

The Linnean Club : presentation bust of Prof. Thomas Bell, by
P. Slater.

1863.

Subscription portrait of John Joseph Bennett, by E. U. Eddis.

1864.
Beriah Botfield, Esq. : Legacy, .£40 less Duty.

1865.

Executors of Sir J. W. Hooker, ^100.

George Bentham, Esq. : cost of 10 plates for his " Tropical Legunii-
nosse," Trans, vol. xxv.

1866.

Dr. Friedrich Welwitsch : Illustrations of his ' Sertum Angolense,'
£130.

1867.

Greorge Bentham, Esq, : General Index to Transactions, vols, i.-xxv.
Royal Society : Grant in aid of G. S. Brady's paper on British
Ostracoda, £80.

1869.

Carved rhinoceros horn from Lady Smith, formerly in the posses-
sion of Carl von Linne.

1874.

Subscription portrait of George Bentham, by Lowes Dickinson.
George Bentham, Esq., for expenditure on Library, =£50.

1875.

Legacy from James Tales, £50 free of Duty.
„ „ Daniel Hanbury, £100 less Duty.

88 LINNBAN 80CIETT OF LONDON.

1876.
Legacy of tlie late Thomas Corbvn .TaTison, £200.

„ „ ,, Charles Lambert, £500.

George Bentliam, Esq. : General Index to Transactions, vols,
xxvi.-xxx.

1878.
Subscription portrait of John Claudius Loudon, by John Linnell.
Subscription portrait of Eev. JNIiles Joseph Berkeley, by James
Peel.

1879.
Rev. George Henslow and Sir J. D. Hooker : Contribution to
illustrations, =£35.

1880.
The Secretary of State for India in Council : cost of setting up
Dr. Aitchison's paper, £36.

1881.
George Benthani, Esq., special donation, £25.
The same : towards Richard Kippist's pension, £50.
Portrait of Dr. St. (leorge Jackson Mivart, by Miss Solomon;
presented by Mrs. Mivart.

1882.

Executors of the late Frederick Currey : a large selection of books.
Subscription portrait of Charles Robert Darwin, by Hon. John

Collier.
The Secretary of State for India in Council : Grant for publication

of Dr. Aitchison's second paper on the Flora of the Kurrum

Valley, £60.

1883.
Sir John Lubbock, Bt. (afterwards Lord Avebury).

Portrait of Carl von Linne, ascribed to M. Hallmaii.
Philip Henrv Gosse, Esq.: towards cost of illustrating his paper,

£25.
Royal Society : Grant in aid of Mr. P. H. Gosse's paper, £50.
Sophia Grover, Harriet Gi'over, Emily Grover, and Charles Ehret

Grover : 1 1 letters from Carl von Linne to G. D. Ehret.

1885.

Executors of the late George Bentham, £567 lis. 2d.
Subscription portrait of George Busk, by liis daughter Marian

Busk.

1886.
A large selection of books from the library of the late Dr. Spencer

Thomas Cobbold (a bequest for a medal was declined).
Sir George MacLeay, Bt. : MSS. of Alexander MacLeay and

portrait of Rev. William Ivirby.

BENEFACTIONS. 89

1887.

William Davidson, Esq. : 1st and 2nd instalments of grant in aid

of publication, .£50.
Francis Blackwell Forbes, Esq., in aid of Chinese Flora, .£25.

1888.

The Secretary of State for India in Council : Grant in aid of

publication of results of the Afghan Boundary Delimitation

Expedition, £150.
Dr. J. E. T. Aitchison, towards the same, £25.
Trustees of the Indian Museum : Mergui Arcliipelago report, for

publication in Journal, £135.
Dr. John Anderson, for the same, £60.
Wm. Davidson, Esq. : 3rd and last instalment, £25.
Sir Joseph Hooker : (1) Series of medals formerly in possession

of (xeorge Benthain ; (2) Gold watch, key, and two seals

which belonged to Eobert Brown,

1889.

Bronze copy of model for Statue of C. von Linne, by J. F. Kjellberg ;
presented by Frank Crisp, Esq.

1890.

The Secretary of State for India in Council : Grant for Delimitation

Expedition report, £200.
Oak table for Meeting Room, presented by Frank Crisp, Esq.
Subscription portrait of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, K.C.S.I., by

Hubert Herkomer, E.A.
Executors of the late John Ball, Esq. : a large selection of books.
An anonymous donor, £30.
Colonel Sir Henry Collett, K.C.B., towards the publication of his

Shan States collections, £50.

1891.

Subscription portrait of Sir John Lubbock, Bt. [Lord Avebury],

by Leslie Ward.
George Frederick Scott Elliot, Esq., towards cost of his Madagascar

paper, £60.

1892.
Dr. Richard Charles Alexander Prior: for projection lantern, £50.

1893.

The Executors of Lord Arthur Russell : his collection of portraits

of naturalists.
Electric light installation: cost borne by Frank Crisp, Esq.

1894.

Algernon Peckover, Esq. : Legacy, £100 free of Duty.
Miss Emma Swan : " Westwood Fund," £250,

LINN. SOC. PBOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1917-1918. h

9© M>\K\N SOf'TKTY OF I.OTfDON.

1896.

Clock and supports in Meeting Room, presented bv Frank Crisp,

Esq.

1897.

AVilliani Carrutliers, Esq.: Collection of engravings and photo-
graphs of portraits of Carl von Linne.

lloval Society : (irrant towards publication of paper by tlie late
John Ball, £60.

Subscription portrait of Professor George James Allman. by
INIarian Busk.

1898.

Sir John Lubbock, Bt.: Contribution towards his paper on

Stipules, ^43 Us. 9d.
Royal Society : Contribution towards E. J. Cole's paper, £.')0.
., ,. ,, ,, Murray &Blackman's paper,

^80."
„ „ ,, „ Elliot Smith's paper, .£50.

„ „ „ ,, Forsyth Major's paper, ^50

1899.

Alfred Charles William HaruisworMi, Esq. [afterwards Lord
Xorthclit1:'e] : Contribution towards cost of plates, £4o.

Roval Society : Contribution towards Mr. II. T. Giinther's paper
on Lake Urnii, .£50.

1901.

Hon. Charles Ellis, Hon. Walter Kotlischild, Frank Crisp, Esq.,
v. D. Godman, Esq., and the Bentham Trustees : The Corres-
pondence of William Swainson.

Eoyal Society : Contribution towards Mr. F. Chai)man"s jiaper on
Funafuti Foraminifera, ^50.

Prof. E. Kay Lankester : Contribution tow ards illustration, =£30 .o.*.

Portrait of Dv. St. G. J. ^Mivart, presented by Mrs. Mivart.

1903.
Royal Society: Contribution toward Dr. Jtllliot Suiith's paper, £')().
Legacy from the late Dr. K. C. A. Prior, £100 free of duty.
Mrs. Sladen : Posthumous Portrait of tlie late AValter Percy

Slnden. by H. T. Wells, R A.
]j. Arthur Bensley, Esq.: Contribution to his paper. £44.

1904.

Royal Society : Grant in aid of third xolunu^ of the Chinese Flora,

£120.
Frank Crisp, Esq. (afterwards Sir Fraidc Crisp, Bt.) : Cost of

Supplementary Royal Charter. '

The same : Bvdliard (P.). llerbier de la France; Dictionnaire ; ^

llistoire des plantes veneiieuses ; Champignons, in 10 vols.

J'aris, 17oO-lJ>]l'.

BENEFAC riONS. 9 1

1906.

Royal Socit^ty : First grjiut in aid of Dr. G. H. Fowler's ' Biseayan

Planktou," =£50.
Executors of the late Gr. B. Buckton, Esq. : Contribution for

colouring plates of his paper, £26.

1906.

Royal Society : Second grant towards ' Biscayan Plankton,' £oO.
Subscription porti'ait of Prof, S. Jl. Amines, by Hon. John Collier.
Royal Swedish Academy of Science : Copies of portraits of C. von

Liune', after Per Krafft the elder, and A. Roslin, both by

Jean Haagen.

1907.
Royal University of Uppsala : Copy by Jean Haagen of portrait of

C. V. Liune, by J. H. Scheffel (1739).
Royal Society : Third and final grant towards 'Biscayan Plankton,'

£50.
The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : First grant

towards publication of Mr. Stanley Gardiner's Researches

in the Indian Ocean in H.M.S. ' Sealark,' =£200.

1908.

Prof, fxustaf Retzius : Plaster cast of bust of Carl von Linne,
modelled by Walther Runeberg from the portrait by Scheffel
(1739) at Linnes Hammarby : the bronze original designed
for the fagade of the new building for the Royal Academy of
Science, Stockholm.

Miss Sarah Marianne Silver (afterwards Mrs. Sinclair), F.L.S. :
Cabinet formerly belonging to Mr. S. W. Silver, F.L.S.

1909.

The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial F'und : Second grant
towards publication of Mr. Stanley Gardiner's Researches in
the Indian Ocean in H.M.S. ' Sealark,' £200.

Prof. James William Helenus Trail, F.R.S., F.L.S. : Gift of =£100
in Trust, to encourage Research on the Nature of Proto-
plasm.

1910.

Royal Society : Grant towards Dr. G. H. F'owler's paper on

Biscayan Ostracoda, .£50.
Sir Joseph Hooker : Gold watch-chain worn by Robert Brown,

and seal with portrait of Carl von Linne by Tassie.
Prof. J. S. Gardiner : Payment in aid of illustrations, £'35 Os. in/.
Sir Frank Crisp : Donation in Trust for Microscopical Research,

£200.
The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Third grant

towards publication of Prof. Stanley Gardiner's Researches

in the Indian Ocean, £200. (For third volume.)

ya UNNBAX SOCIETY OF LONDON.

1911.

The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Eund: Second
Donation towards the publication of the third volume oa
the Indian Ocean Kesearches, .£70.

The same : First Donation towards the fourth volume, £130.

1912.

i'lit! Indian Government: Contrihution towards the illustration

of Mr. E. P. Stebbiug's paper on Himalayan Chermes,

£-Hj 15«. 2d.
The late Mr. Francis Tagart, £500 free of Legacy Duty.
The late Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker. O.M., G.C.S.I., £100 free of

Legacy Duty.
The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Second

Donation towards the publication of the fourth volume on the

Indian Ocean Researclies, £140.
The same : First Donation towards the fifth volume, £60.

1913.

Royal Society : Grant towards Dr. R. R. Gates's paper on

Mutating Oenotheras, £Gt».
Sir Frank Crisp, Bt., Wallicliian Cabinets, £50.
Tlie Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Second

Donation towards the publication of the fifth volume, £200.

1914.

Royal Society : Grant towards Miss Gibbs's paper on the Flora of

British North Borneo, £50.
Miss Foot : Cost of illustration of her paper on Euschistiis.
The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Third Donation

towards the fifth volume, £10.
The same: First Donation towards the sixth volume, £190.

1915.

The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Second

Donation towards the sixth volume, £80.
Miss Foot : Cost of second paper on I'J uschistus, £32 10*-.
Royal Society : Donations towards the cost of a paper by

Mrs. Arber, D.Sc, £40.
Tlje same : towards paper on Utakwa River plants by Mr. H. N.

Ridley, C.M.G., F.R.S., £50.
Miss Marietta Pallis : instalment of cost of her paper on

Plav, £30.
Thomas Henry Riclies, Esq. : Dr. A. R. Wallace's library on

Natural History.
Sir Frank Crisp, Bt. : New shelving for AValiace's Volumes.

BENEFACTIONS. 93

1916.

Mr. E. Heron-Alle)i : Contribution to cost of paper on Foramini-

fera of N.W. acotlaud, =£44.
Messrs. H. Takeda and C. West : Contribution towards the

illustration of their paper, ,£40.
Eoyal Society : Contribution towards tlie illustration of two

papers by Prof. Dendy, £40.
The same : Contribution towards Mr. Swynnerton's paper on

Form and Coloration, £70.
The High Commission for the Union of South Africa, per

Dr. J. D. F. Gilchrist, for the illustration of his paper on

Jasus Lalandii, £'60.
Miss Marietta Pallis : Balance of cost of her paper on Plav,

£90 16s. 6d.
Sir Frank Crisp, Bt. : Phototyped copy of Dioscorides from the

' Codex Anicise Julianas ' at Vienna.

1917.

British Ornithologists' Union, etc. : Contribution towards cost of

Mr. H. N. Kidley's paper, £20.
The Eoyal Society : Contribution towards the printing of Mr. C.

F. M. Swynuertou's paper on Protective Coloration, £75.
Sir Frank Crisp, Bt. : ' Lindenia,' Ghent, 1891-1901. 17 vols.

sm. fol.

INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS.

SESSION 1917-1918.

Xote. — Tlie t'ollowing are not indexed : — The nume of the Cliairraan at each meeting
speakers whose remarks are not reported ; and passing alluBions.

Abstracts of Papers, 51-60.

Accounts, 18-20.

Additions to Library, 64-83.

Agaricaeea;, Spore coloration in the
(Wager), 3. 54-

Ahmed. S. K., elected, S ; proposed, 4.

Allan, H. II., elected, 3 ; proposed, i.

Anniversary Meeting, 15.

Apple-blossoms, abnormal, exiiibition
postponed, 49.

Arber, .Mrs. A... elected Oouncillor, 17.

Associates, vacancy in List announced,
13; W.Watson el. Assoc. 48, pro-
posed, 1 s-

Auditors nominated. 13.

Baker, E. G-., elected Councillor, 17.
Barratt. W., nominated Auditor for

Fellows. 13.
Batesoii. Dr. W., appointed V.-P., 48 :

elected Councillor, 17.
Bauer, Ferdinand, drawings by (Druce;,

49-
Becker, H. F., deceased. 16; obituary.

34-
Benefactions, 84-93.

Bennett it PS Scottii, sp. nov. (Stopes),

15-
Botanical Secretary ( Dr. A. B. Rendlej

electetl, 17.
Braithwaite, Dr. &., deceased, 16 ;

obituary, 35 ; two works given to

library, 10.
Brazil. Expedition to (Hill), 13.
Brierley, W. B., Experimental Studies

in Specific Value of Mori)hol()gical

Characters in Fungi, 9, 55.
Bristol, .Miss B. M., ou Malayan Form

of Chlorococcum humicola (Naeg.)

Rabeuh., 12.

British Museum, prote-st against its

dismantling. 5-6.
Britten. J., Early Cape Botanists, 7.
15rowne, E. T, Councillor retired, 17:

nominated .Auditor for Council, 13.
Bullock-Webster, Kev. Canon G. R.,

elected, 48 ; jiroposed, 13,
Burne, R. H., elected Cnuncillor. 17.

Calaidojjiti/s. linger, Notes on (Scott),

Cape Botanists ( Britten), 7.

Caridma. new Fresh-water Shrimp

from Fiji (Thomson), 15.
Cash Statement received and adopted,

16; as audited, 18-20.
Characeffi, fossil (Glroves), 12.
Chlorococcum humicola ( Naeg.) Rabenh.,

a Malayan form (Bristol), 12.
Collins, E. J., on " Sex-segregation in

the Bryophyta," 50.
Cotton. A. D.. Councillor retired. 17.
Councillors elected and retired, 17.
Coutiere, Prof. H., ' Les especcs

d'Alpheida' rapportees de I'ocean

indien par M. J. S. Gardiner,'" 49.
Crisp, Sir F., Bart., donation of ' Lin-

denia,' in 17 vols., i ; elected Coun-
cillor, 17.
Crow, W. B., elected, 12 ; proposed, 9.
Cupani, F., 'Panphyton siculum' (Gen.

Sec), 8.
Cyclamen seedlings exliibited (Hill),

48.
Cymbella, see Yermoloft.

Dalziel. J. McEwen. admitted, 15.
Deaths recorded, i6.

IKDEX.

95

De Fraine. E. L., deceased, ifi; obit-
uary, 37.

Diatom genera, Navicula and Cymhellct
(Yermoloff), 50, 56.

Druce, G-. C, admitted, 15 ; elected. 6 ;
proposed, 3 ; Drawings by Ferdinand
Bauer shown. 49 : Now British plants,
50, 58.

Druce, H., species of Mimacrcen ex-
hibited, 1 1.

Druery, C. T., deceased, 16 ; obituary,
38.

Dymes, T. A., nominal ed Auditor for
Fellows, 13.

Echium jtidfpum. sp. n. (Laeaita), 48.

Echium, revision of species (Laeaita).
48.

Edwards, S., elected Councillor, 17.

Elections reported, 16.

Embleton, Miss A. L., withdrawn, 16.

Embryonic cartilage, staining of (Good-
rich). 2.

Farmer. Prof. J. B., elected Councillor,

17-
Fitch, T. M., removed from List, 16.
Fungi, I\[orphol<)gifal Characters in

(Brierley), 9. 55.

Gardiner, Prof. J. S.. communication
by (Coutiere), 49.

Garland, Ace Lester-Garland.

Gatenby, J. Bronte, Bionomics, Em-
bryology, and Anatomy of Hyuieno-
ptera Parasitica, with special refer-
ence to Microgader coiine.riis, Nees,

9-

General Secretary, Annual Report, 16 ;
elected (Dr. B. D. Jiickscm), 17 ;
'L'Histoire et pourtrait des plantes,"
8; 'Panpliyton sicuhim' of Francesco
Cupani, 8 : reported establishment
of " Svenska Linne-Sallskapet," 3.

Gibson, 15., admitted, 15.

Godman, Dr. Frederick Du Cane, Lin-
nean Medal presented to, 33.

Goodrich, E. S., elected Councillor and
Zoological .Secretary, 17 ; exhibited
femur of Pterodactyl, Uhumphorhyv-
chus hucklandi, 7 : exhibited slioulder-
girdle of Dicynodont reptile. 12 ;
Methods of staining embryonic carti-
lage. 2 ; Bestoration ot superficial
boni's of iiead of fossil fish Osfro-
lepig, 6.

Gray, H. X., ]iropused, 49.

Groves, J.. Councillor retired, 17 ;
.showed photographs of fossil Cha-
racea^ by Clement E«id, 12.

Groves, W. E., elected, 3 ; proposed, 1 .

Guppy. H. B., admitted, 8 ; elected, i :
Plant-Distribution from the Stand-
point of an Idealist. 9.

Hall. K. M.. deceased, 16 ; obituary, 61.
Harding, W. G., elected, 12: jiroposed,

9-
Hastings, S., see Paulson, R.
Henslow, Rev. G., donation of 14

bound vols, of papers, i.
Herdman, Prof.VV.H.," SpoliaRuniana."

III. Distribution of Diatoms and

Copepoda in the Irish Sea, 2.
Hiley, W. E.. proposed. 49.
Hill, Capt. A. VV., communication by

(Brierley). 9 ; Seeds in Stony Eudo-

carp, 4 : showed .series of seedlings

of Cyclamen, 88.
Hill, Prof. J. P., Expedition to Brazil

in 1913, 13.
Hill, M., n moved from List, 16.
Hollingworth, J. L. P., admitted, 15 ;

elected, 4 ; proposed, 2.
Horsier, Mrs.. Gift of books from

Dr. Braithwaite's library, 10.
Hymenoptera Parasitica (Gatenby ;, 9.

/rw Fseudacorits, Linn., its Germina-
tion (Walsh), 2. 51.

Jackson, Dr. B. D.. elected Councillor
and General Secretarv. i-.

Kirby, E. H., elected, 10 ; proposed. 8.
Kirkbv. \Y., removed from List. 16.

Laeaita, C. C. elected Councillor, i- ;
Revision of critical species of Eclimm
as exemplified in Liunean and other
herbaria, with desci-iption of Echimn
jt((l(i'um, sp. n., from Palestine, 48.

Langham, E. W.. I'emoved from List,
16.

Leeson, J. R., elected, 1.

Lester-Garland. 1^. V.. elected. 49 ;
proposed, 16.

' L'Histoire el, pourtrait des plantes
(Gen. Sec), S.

Librarian's Report. 16.

Library, Additions and Donations, 64-

96 TXDBX.

Light, Intensity and Direction of, as
Factors in Piiototropisni (Wager), 3,

53-
• Linden ia.' 17 vols., donation by Sir

F. Crisp. I.

l.innean Medal, presented to Dr. Frede-
rick DuCane Godnian, F.R.S., 33.

Linne-SiilUkapet, Svenska, established,

3-
Lister, Miss G., elected Councillor, 17.
Loder, G. W. E., Councillor retired,

17; nominated Auditor for Council.

>3-

Longman, H. A., elected. 48 : ])ropo3ed.

13-

McMahon. Sir H., moved Resolution
protesting against dismantling of
British Museum, 5.

McMillan, W. S., deceased, 16.

McWalter, Dr. J. C, admitted. 3.

Mally, C. W., removed from List, 16.

Marquand, E. D., deceased, 13, 16;
obituary. 39.

Medal, Liuaean, jiresented to Dr. Frede-
rick DuCane Godman, F.R.S., 33.

Microgaster connexiis Nees, see Gatenby.
J. B.

Mills, F. W., elected, 10: proposed, 8.

Mimacma, species eshibited (Druce),
II ; species exhibited (Rothschild;,
10.

Monckton, H. W.. appointed V.-P.. 48 :
elected Councillor and Treasurer. 17.

Mounsey, R., elected, i.

Xavicula, see Yermoloff.
Nevill, 0. St. J., deceased, 16 ; obit-
uary, 40.
NichoUs. Dr. G. E., elected Councillor.

17-

Obituary Notices, 35-4". 61.

Oliver, W.R. B., admitted, 15 : elected,

3 ; proposed, 1.
Osfeolepis, restoration of bones of

head (Goodrich), 6.

' Panphyton siculum ' of Francesco

Cupani (Gen. Sec), 8.
Paulson. R., appointed Scrutineer, 17.
Paulson, R., and Hastings. S.. " On the

Relationship between the Symbionts

in a Lichen," 49.
Pearson, A. A., admitted, 4 ; elected, 3 ;

proposed, 1.
Pheasants, crossing species (Thomas).

4.

Plienological Observations in an Ele-
mentary School (Walker), 51. 60.

Phototropism. see Wager.

Plant Distribution (Guppy), 9.

Plimnier, H. G., appointed V.-P., 48;
elecled Councillor, 17.

Pocock, R. L, elected Councillor, 17.

Poulton, Prof. E. B., .Mimetic and Men-
deliau Relationships of tlie ' White
Admirals' of North America, 10;
specimens of Pseudacraa poygei ex-
hibited, 10.

Prain, Sir D., elected Councillor and
President, 17; "On the Effects of
the Business of Lif>' on the Begin-
nings of the Science of Natural
History" (Presidential Address),
21-33.'

President appointed Scrutineers, 17;
appointed Vice-Presidents, 48 ; elec-
ted (Sir D. Prain), 17 ; presented
Linneau Medal to Dr. Frederick
DuCane Godman. 33.

Presidential Address, 21-33.

Pseudacrcea. species exhibited (Roth-
schild), 10.

poggei, specimens exhibited (Poul-
ton), 10.

Reid, C, see Groves, J.

Removals by Council from List, 16.

Rendle, Dr. A. B., communication by
(Yei'moloff), 50 ; elected Botanical
Secretary and Councillor, 1 7.

lihamphorhiinchus hucklandi, femur ex-
hibited (Goodrich), 7.

Riseley, Edwin Ephraim, obituary, 46.

Roberts, A. W. R., admitted, 49; elec-
ted, 48 ; propo.sed, 13.

Rothschild, Lord. Mimetic Species of
Pseudacrcea and Mhnc(cr(eu. 10.

Salmon, 0. E., on a hybrid Stachys, 7,

Sargant, Miss E., deceased, 16; obit-
uary, 41.

Scott, Dr. D. H., appointed V.-P., 48 ;
elected Councillor, 17; Notes on
Calamopifi/s, Linger, 2.

Scrutineers appointed. 17.

Secretaries elected, 17.

Seeds in Stony Endocarp (Hill), 4.

Seward, Prof. A. C, seconded Resolu-
tion protesting against dismantling
of British Museum, 6.

Sex-segregation in the Bryophyta (Col-
lins), 50.

Shipley, Dr. A. E., Councillor retired,

17-
Sieveking, A. Forbes, Tournefort's
'Histoire des plantesqui naissentaux
environs de Paris,' 1725, deposited in
the Society's <iare. i.

INDEX.

97

Small, J., lulmittecl, 12; elected, 12;
proposed, 9.

Thomas, Dr. E. N., appointed Scruti-
neer, 17.

Thomas (Mrs. Haig), Results in cross-
ing species of Pheasants, 4.

Thomson, G. M., New Jb'resh-water
Shrimp {Caridina) from Fiji, 15.

Thompson, P. G.. admitted, 15 ; elected,
12 ; proposed, 9.

Toppin, Major S. M., deceased, 16;
obituary, 44.

Treadgold, C. H., withdr.iwn, 16.

Treasurer, Annual Report, 16, 18-20;
elected (H. W. Monckton), 17.

Trevor- Battve, A., witlidrawn, 16.

Yachell, Miss E., admitted, 10; elected,
3 ; proposed, i.

Veitch, Sir H., moved vote of tlianks
for Pi-esidential address, 33.

Vice-Presidents appointed, 48.

Vilmorin, P. L. de, deceased, 16 ; obit-
uary, 44.

Wager, Dr. H., Intensity and Direc-
tion of Light as Factors in Photo-
tropisni, 3, 53 ; Spore-coloration in
the Agaricacea-, 3, 54.

Walker, A. 0., Phenological Observa-
tions in an Elementai-y School, 51,
60.

Walsh, Lt.-Ool. J. H. Tull, elected
Councillor, 17.

Walsingham, Rt. Hon. Thomas de
Grey, Baron, withdrawn, 16.

Watson, W., elec ted Associate, 48 ;
proposed as Associate, 15.

Watt, J., admitted, 6; elected, 3 ; pro-
posed, I.

West, Pi-of. G. S., communication by
(Bristol), 12.

Wheelwright, Miss E. G., elected, 15 ;
proposed, 12.

Wheldon, J. A., withdrawn, 16.

'White Admirals' of N. America (Poul-
ton), 10.

Wilkinson, E. B., admitted, 4 ; electeii,
3 ; proposed, 1.

Withdrawals, 16.

\\'oodhouse, E. J., deceased, 16; oliit-
uary, 46.

Woodward, B. B., appointed Scrutineer,
17-

Yermoloff, Sir N., Intermediate forms
of Naviciila and Cymbella, 50, 56 ;
proposed as Fellow, 49.

Zoological Secretary, communication by
(Gatenby), 9 ; eloL'ted (E. S. Goocl-
ricli), 17.

PRINTED BY TAYI.OIl ANIJ PliANCIS, KED LrON COUR-T, FLEET STREET.

COEKESPONDENCE

BETWEEN

CARL VON LINNE

AND

C. RIJK TULBAGH,

GOVERNOR OF THE DUTCH COLONY

OP THE

CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.

INCLUDING A LIST OF 203 SPECIMENS

SENT IN OR ABOUT THE TEAK 1767

TO UPSALA.

Forming a Supplement to the Proceedings ot the
Society for the 130th Session, 1917-18.

LONDON :
PRINTED FOR THE LINNEAN SOCIETY,

BURLINGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY, VV. I,
BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

1918.

LINNE-TULBAGH COKRESPONDENCE

IN POSSESSION OP THE LINNEAN SOCIETY,

BEING A FIFTH CONTRIBUTION
TOWARDS THE

HISTORY OF THE LINNEAN COLLECTIONS.

BY
BENJAMIN DAYDON JACKSON, Ph.D.

This fragmentaiy correspondence is notable for the interesting
list of seed-plants and bulbs sent bv Tulbagh to Linne, with
numbers which are quoted in the herbarium, and are made
clear from the catalogue which follows. The said catalogue
is artlessly phrased, and I have therefore not translated it
literally, but have extracted all the points likely to be wanted
when the dried plants are inspected. Linne alludes to the
plants in his diary, thus : — " Tulbagh, Governor of the Cape
of Good Hope, made me a present of above 200 of the rarest
plants that grow there, all put up with great care, besides a
number of roots and bulbs alive, for the purpose of being
planted in the garden" [at Upsala]. Cf. Proc. 1887-88, p. 21.

Tulbagh's governorship lasted from 1751 to 1771, when he
died ; it was memorable for the prosperity of the Colony under
his enlightened and fatherly administration, in great contrast to
the periods before and after his time.

The list of plants was named up by Linne, and the Linnean
names are printed in Italic type. The names written by Linne
were evidently done on the first examination of the plants ;
many have no attempt at a determination, others only referred
to genera, and many more were changed before publication —
these are amongst those with " (sic) " appended. About 25 per
cent, were new, and as such published in the second Mantissa

(1771), liaviiifT evidently reached Linne too late for the first
Mantissa (17^7). Linnc-'s handwriting here is exceptionally hard
to make out.

We find allusions to letters i'roni Linne in the two from
Tiilhagh, which are all that are extant in our possession.

The notes are artless hnt somewhat verbose. Tims No. 1
reads : " Is found in sandy veld growing 2 feet high, brings forth
a red flower in May," which is compressed to the essentials :
" Sandy veld, 2 ft., red fl. in May " ; No. 130, " Is fonnd on the
Roode Zand Mountain [a locality two or three miles west of
Tulhagh, in the division of the same name], whole thickets 6 feet
high, Howering in October," here printed as : " Koode Zand, entire
thickets, 6 ft., fl. Ocober '' ; and once more, No. 139, '' Is found in
constant rains, creeping along the ground, with a yellow flower,"
here shown as: "Rainy season, creeping, fl, yellow." The
collector's shrewdness of observation is shown with reference
to No. 193, where he remarks that he h;id not seen it in flower.
It is Schizcta pectinata, Sw., the only fern in the list. The fertile
fronds are in the Linnean herbarium.

A few words in Cape Dutch occur, such as " veld," = field,
but generally applied to the open country of South Africa.
" Vlei " occurs once or twice; it means the level ground by
a watercourse, sometimes a pool, on the margin of a stream.
" Pers " must mean peach-coloured or lilac, for the flowers
so described are not in any way compressed.

Governor Tulbagh to Professor C. v. Linne.
[Translation.']

Noble and most learned Sir !

The letter which you have done me the honour to write
inider date of the KUh October, 1701, has duly reached me, and
1 have had the pleasure to learn from it that the bulbs and plants
which 11 err Brill took hence have given you satisfaction; wherefore
1 now enclose for transmission a keg with 36 kinds of flower-bulbs,
and a small basket with 20 sorts of flower-seeds, to which 1 have
atUlttl a liltle case of the various insects of the country, such as
one mav collect oneself, which 1 trust may not be found unwelcome,
p^ach and all ha\e been n'iven lothe charge of lle-ri' Carl Ekeberg,

comraanding the Swedish Company's sliip ' Finland,' so 1 doubt not
that they will arrive iu good condition. I*'urther I would state that
last year 1 sent to you a box of silver-tree seed [Leucade>idro)i
(trgenteia)ij under the care of llerr Sandberg of the Swedish ship
' Rikstander.'

Meanwhile I eomiuit you to the protection of the Allhighest
[=Ahiiighty], with all respect,

Tour obedient and very humble servant,

From the Castle. Cape of Good Hope, C. E. TuLBAGH.

25th April, 1763.

P.S. — The Chief Supercargo Ciii'istian Tham has, on sailing,
taken charge of the above-named trifles.

Noble and most learned Sir I

Whereas I have now a suitable opportunitv by means of
the Swedish homeward-bound ship ' Crownprince Gustaf ' to send
you a book of dried plants and herbs, together with some seeds
and bulbs, in the hope that some at least may please you, having,
by the courtesy of Mr. Supercargo Gril, the assurance that they
will reach you under his care.

Whilst in May last, 1768, I had the pleasure of receiving your
friendly letter of the 23rd November, 1765, neither Messrs. Captain
Ekeberg or Ivoenig is known to have returned this way, so that
I do not know whether you have before this, become aware of
this fact.

Herewith I commit you to the protecting care of the Allhighest,
and remain, with ready willingness to serve,

Noble and most learned Sir,

Tour very humble servant,

n I- n r.r.A V( ,.. C. R. TULBAGH.

Cape of Good Hope,

20th March, 176'.t.

List of Plants sent [1769?].

No.

1. Sandy veld, 2 feet high, red flowers in May.

Blaeria ericoides.

2. Sea-coast, 1 ft. high, yellow flower in May. " Omissa."

3. Sandy veld, 12 to 18 inches high, white flower in May.

Selago polystachya.

4. A-inougst high mountains, 1 ft. higl), fl. in Blay.

Xeranthemum canescens.

5. Sandy veld, 1 ft. higli, yellow fl., May, seeds in pods.

Liparia graminifolia.

6. Sandy veld, 6 in. higli, fl. in May. Erica corifoUa.

7. Sandy veld, 2 ft. high, yellow fl. in May. Inula pinifoUa.

8. On sandy hillocks, 5 ft. high, named by natives " Flower

bunches" because nearly always in flower. ?

9. In thickets, 4 ft. high, fl. yellow in May; when past flowering

lias short leaves, and seeds like onions.

Passerina capitata [?]

10. Sea-coast, fl. yellow in May. ?

11. Sandy fields, 3-9 ft. high, fl. white in May.

Gnidia oppositifolia.

12. Sandy ve\d, 2 ft. high, sticky red flowers in May.

Efica muscosa.

13. Sandy veld, 2 ft. high, fl. in May. 3'ica PluJcenetii.

14. Mountains, 3 ft. high, white fl. in May. Pliylica radiata.

15. Sandy veld, 2 ft. high, white fl. in May. Phylica ericoides.

16. River sides, 6-8 ft. high, fl. red, in July, fruit winged.

Indigofera ericoides.

17. Sandy veld, 4 ft. bigh, fl. in May. Erica monspeliensis.

18. Sides of streams, 2 ft., yellow fl. in May.

Othonna parvijiora.

19. Sea-shore, 8 ft., fl. white, fragrant, in May, seed \\ith black

spots when ripe. " Femina-vidua."

20. Sea-shore ; called " Grersebos " by the natives ; thick roots ;

are uprooted for firewood. Euonymus Colpoon.

21. Among mountains in muddy places ; the underneath part

of fl. is blackish, and upper part yellow ; May.

Antholyza [sp.].

22. Mountain regions, 2 ft., yellow fl. in May. E^'ica Petiverii.

23. Sea-shore, 6 ft., lilac fl. in May. Atropa solanacea.

24. Sandy veld, 3 ft., fl. in May. Phylica cernula.

25. Mountains, used as brooms for sweeping out houses, fl. May.

Restio capetisis.

26. Sea-shore, under bushes, fl. May. Arciotis tenuifolia.

27. River-banks, 8 ft., fl. yellowish, in May, ripe seed in a

bunch. Rhus lucida.

28. Sandy veld, 2 ft., fl. May. Protea palhns.

No.

29. Mouutai.is, in deep gorges, 9-10 ft., 11. October.

Aspalathus genlstoides.

30. Level banks of rivers, ii. yellow in October.

Arctotis amphijllifolid .

31. In rainy season, 3 ft., ti. in October. PUronia camphoraia.

32. Sandy flats, fl. November. Fharnaceum incanum.

33. Mountains, 2 ft., yellow fl. in August. Aspalathus carnosa.

34. Sandy veld, 2 ft., strongly scented, white fl. in August.

Drosera rufo.

35. Gorges in mountains, creeping on ground, fl. October.

Aspalathus laccata.

36. Shady places by streams, 3 ft., fl. October. Iva ahsiatlioides.

37. Side of mountain streams, 18 ft., fl. August.

Erica pentaphylla.

38. Level veld, 8 ft., blue fl. in October. - —

39. High up the mountains, 2 ft., white fl. in October.

Erica albens.

40. Mountain rocks, 8 ft., fl. August.

Osteospennum conjmbosum.

41. Eock hillock, 3 ft., fl. August. Aspalathus canescens.

42. New Eoode Zand gully, 5 ft., yellow fl. in October.

Crotalaria amplexicaulis.

43. Mountains, 8 ft,, fl. October. AnthylUs capensis.

44. Level sandy veld, fl. December. Cineraria purjmrata.

45. Eoode Zand mountains, 3 ft,, whole thickets, fl. August,

Leucadendron totta.

46. Watery places on mountains, 2 ft,, fl, in August.

Indigofera sericea.

47. Sandy veld, 2 ft., fl. August; by handling has lost its

leaves, which are very small. Erica revirescens.

48. Shady spots among mountains, fl, September.

Chironia stricta.

49. Muddy places on mountains, fl. September.

Seriphium corymhiferum.

50. By streams, strongly scented, glutinous, 6 in,, fl. in August.

Osteospermum spinosum .

51 . By streams, 2 ft., with lilac fl. in October,

Echium Icevigatum.

52. Deep gorge in mountains, 8 ft,, fl, September, Cr'otalaria —

53. By streams, 12 ft., fl. August, [Illegible] b-andrea.

54. Shady river-banks, 2 ft., fl, October, Indigofera psoral aides.

55. Muddy places by streams, 5 ft,, fl. August.

Calendida punctata.

56. Sandy veld and by dry river-banks, 6 in., fl. September.

Spartium aepiarium.

57. Mountains, 4 ft., fl. October. Geranium zonalet

58. Shady places, 8 ft., woody stem as thick as a man's arm,

fl. September. Crotalaria perforata.

59. Sandy veld, fl. September. Leyssera gnaphaloides.

60. By streams, 3 ft., yellow fl. in October. PsoraUa acideata.

8

No.

61. SiMiily v.'ld, 2 n., a. August.

62. Hit;li mouutaijis by wateriug-places, ti ft., lij^^Iit red fl. in

July. nov. ffenus.

<J3. New Roode Zand gully, 8 it., ionninti a bi<4 bush, ti.

November. Li'ucadcndron 136.

(54. ^lountiiiiis, 1 it., tl. October. ISelai/o I'rmnistri.

()5. iMarsliy ])].icc.-., .'3 ft., fl. November. Gruhbia

[rosmariiiifolia, Berg. J
()(). Hv streadis Howing fmm mountains, 4 ft., whitt- fl. in

October.

67. Muiintanis, 2 ft., fl. in August, sticky. Erica cuhica.

68. On I be Witsenberg, on lioode Zand, 2 fl., il. September.

Lencadend. roseum ?
09, Level muddy places, 3 ft., fl. September. Erica Uihijlora.

7". Dassenberg, fl. August. Gnaphal. discolor.

71. 8ea-sliore, 4 ft., fl. October. Giiai>hal. crassifolium.

72. Mountains, in permanent tliickets, climbing to 5 ft.,

fl. October. Seitecio elegatv;.

73. 8ea-slu)re on sand dunes, 2 ft., li. August. Sehigo tomentoso.

74. \iv streams from moinitains, o fr., fl. in August,

Pentea [man/inata ?].

75. 8ea-coast, 3 ft., H. October. Zi/i/ojjhyllum sessilifolinni.

76. Sandy veld, fl. Si ptemler. Xeranth. sesamoides.

77. Sandy liillocks, 3 ft., fl. September, Aspcdaihiis carnosa.

78. Sandy veld, 3 ft., fl. August. Gnaphal. teretifol.

79. Sandy veld. Cape Flats, fl. September. Protea Serruria.

80. Sandy veld, fl, September. Drosera uniftora.

81. Hot spring on Suarteberg, 5 ft., fl. in August.

Schoentis capensis.

82. Marshy vlei [level by streams] where the natives drink

water in chest complaints, fl. September.

Osmites asteroides.

83. Gully in mountains, 8 ft. shoots hanging from rocks,

white fl. in August, followed by berries like those of

asparagus.

S4. Sandy veld, creeping on ground, in September.

Leucad. Serraria.

85. JMountains, 2 ft., fl. September.

86. Siiady tiiickets. 3 ft,, fl. J^ovember. Ghrysocoma comaurea.

87. Mountains, fl. September. Xeranth. sjieciosissimum.

88. Sandy veld, fl. August, Erica umhiUcata.

89. Sea-shore, in thickets, 3 ft., fl. August.

90. Sandy veld, 2| ft., fl September. Sophora (jenisloides.

91. By streams, 6-7 ft., fl. October, followed by small pods

[capsules]. Pohj<iala myrtifolia.

92. Sandy veld, fl. Se])tember. [Illegible] suffruiicosa.

93. Mountains, 2J ft., white fragrant fl. in August.

94. Clayey groinid, fl. October. Indi</ofera tenuifolia.

95. liy streams, 8 ft., fl. September.

9

No.

96. Sandy reld, 2 tt., sweet-smelling yellow tl. iu September.

Cornus

97. Saudy veld, creeping along the ground, H. Aiigu.st.

Giiaphaimm coronatum.
9S. Dry, parched places, 6 in., blue. Echium fruticosum.

99. By streams, 7-10 ft., fragrant fl. in August. Sophora hijiora.

100. Mountaius, 6 in., white tl. in September. Buchnera cemua.

101. Sandy veld, creeping along the ground, 4-5 it., fl. No-

vember. Oncq^halmiii repens.

102. Righ mountains, between the velds, tl. September.

Crassula coccinea.

103. Sandy hillocks, 5 ft., yellow fragrant flowers in July.

Gnidia simplex.

104. Sandy veld, 2 ft., ft. i\.ugust. Phylica dioica.

105. Sea-side, amongst bushes, scrambling to 4 ft., white fl. in

May. Gliffortia tomcatosa.

100. Along the mountains, 3 ft., juice milky when cut, fruit

as large as a hen's egg, filled with fine down and black

seeds. Asclepias dilatata.

107. Sandy veld, 1 ft., white and red fi. in May; its red fruits

are eaten by the natives. Polyyala spinosa.

108. Sandy veld, climbing up bushes, fi. May ; its fruit is a

pod filled with black seed and fine down.

Ceropegia a iHjustifoUd .
10!'. Sandy veld, fi. May. Zi/gophi/llum spinosmn.

IKL yandy veld, fi. May. Gnidia radiata.

111. Mountains, creeping, sea-green fi.in May, followed by small

berries. Lotus prostratas.

112. Sandy veld, 2 ft., fi. August. Phylim ericoides.

113. Sandy veld, 8 ft., fl. August. Ohit'ia alatenii/ol.

[ =alaternoides}.

114. Sea-coast, 0-7 ft., fi. May. Salvia colorata.

115. Sandy veld, fl. May, Erica viscaria.

116. Sandy veld, 2 ft., fl. August. Indiyoferu sericea.

117. Sandy veld, fi. June. Hartogia imbricata.

118. Sandy veld, fl. May. Erica perfoliata.

119. Sandy veld, 6 in., creeping, fl. June. Froiea strobdina.

120. Sea-coast, 5 ft., fl. June. Osteospermum monilif.

121. Along the mountains, fl. August. Indigofera divaricata.

122. Lion-flower, along the mountains, fi. the entire year.

Phlomis Leonurus.

123. Mountains, small white fi. in May.

Antherosperniuni (clhiopiciiDi .

124. Mountains, fl. October. Polygala mitior [?].

125. Damp level by rivers, 4 ft., fl. August.

Othonna abrofanifolia .

126. Mountains, 3 ft., yellow fi. in August. Aspalathus nigra.

127. Mountains, white fl. apparently in May. Clntia alaiernoides.

128. Mountains, fl. August. Xeranth. imbricatum.

No.
129.

lUU.

i;3i.

irw.
i;}4.

135.
13fc).

137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
14H.
147.

14b.
149.
150.

151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.

157.
158.
159.

160.

161.
162.

163.

164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.

10

Saudy hillocks along sea-coast, 3 ft., white fl. May.

C'lutia tonienlosa.
Chiyey niouiitaiiis, 3 It., H. May. Hermannia ulnifoliu.

By streiiiiis, 6-7 tt., ti. September. Phylicu racemosa.

Sandy veld, 3 ft., tl. Aiij^usl. Leacad. Serraria.

Mountains, 3 ft., H. white. Theslmn spicattim.

High mountains, far inland, 2-3 ft., 11. August.

Xeranthemum proliferum .
By f^treaiJJS, 4 ft., 11. September. Sophora hifor.

On the K.oode Zand, entire thicket, 6 ft., fl. October.

Leucadend.

High mountains, 5 ft., H. August.
Mountains, 2 ft., fl. August.
Rainy season, creeping, fl. yellou .
Mountains, tl August.

Osteospernmm junceum.
Poll/gal. o^ipositif.
AspalatJi. galioid.

Mountains, 3 ft., fl. August.
Mountains, fl. May.
Level veld, 2 ft., fl. October.
Kains, 2 ft., fl. August.
Swartberg, 1 ft., fl. August.
Mountains, 3 ft., fl. August.
Mountains, creeping,

Protea Serraria.

Aster rejlexus.

Protea Leucad. harbata.

Ost-eospermum imhricatuni .

Kchium fruticosum.

Arctotis pahacea.

white fl. in August.

Diosma an ruhrce ramis ?
Rains, 2 ft., yellow fl. in August. Aihanasia genistifolia.

By streams, 6-8 ft., July. Ceanothus africanvs.

Mountains, 3-4 ft., yellow H. in August.

Aspalathus argentea.
During rains, 2 ft., yellow fl. in August. Aspalathus nigra.
Mountains, yellow fl. in August. Aspalathus lotoides.

By streams, 3 ft., fl. October. Sophora biJJora.

Sandy veld, 2 ft., fl. July. Leucad. imperfect.

Mountains, fl. August. (Tnajyhal. discolorum.

Sea-shore, scrambling over cliffs, yellow fl. in August.

Gorteria setosa.
By streams, 8 ft., fl. May. Protea parvijl era.

Prostrate, yellow fl. in Augu.st.

Mountains, 3 ft., fl. August ; named

Along the mountains, with short leaf

August.
During rains, 2 ft., fl. August.
High mountains, 4 ft., white fl. in August

Aster."

Aster polifolium.
and red fl. in

Selago frutescens.

Mountains, 6 in., fl. August.
In rains, 3 ft., fl. June.
By streams, 2 ft., fl. September.
Mountains, 4 ft., fl. August.
Mountains, creeping, fl. August.
During rains, brown fl. in August.

Euphorbia capensis.

Polygala umbellata.

Hermannia aUhoeifoUa.

Hermannia hyssopifoJia.

Leucad. nondum florens.

Hermannia trifoliata.

Trdbaghia capensis.

During rains, 3 ft., 8n)all red fl. in August. Oxalis hirsuta.

11

No.

170. Mountains, creeping, fl. Octolier. Polj/f/ala alopecurioides.

171. kSandy veld, 6 in., yellow fl. in October. Buchnera capensis.

172. Sandy veld, 2 ft., fl. August. Aspolathus verrucosus.

173. Sandy veld, 3 ft., fl. June.

174. Mountains, 4 ft., fl. August.

175. By streams, 4 ft., fl, August. Tdrchonanthus cam2'>horat}is.

176. Sandy veld, 3 ft., fl. June. Struth-iola glabra.

177. Mountains, 3 ft., fl. December.

Athanasia parvifolia [=^)rt/'vi^ora].

178. Mountains, 4 ft., fl, December. Psoralea pinnatu.

179. By streams, from mountains, in shady thickets.

180. Sandy veld, fl. December. Gnaplial. jtaniculatum.

181. Sandy veld, 3 ft,, fl. December, Gnaphal. crispum.

182. Sand}'^ veld, 2 ft., fl, December. Amellus lychnitis.

183. Mountains, in dry parched places, creeping, fl. November.

Onaplial. muricaium.

184. On sand dunes, sea-coast, 2 ft., fl. December.

Coniam rigens.

185. Same locality, creeping, fl. December.

186. Mountains, 2 ft., fl. December, Selago fasciculata.

187. Sea-coast, on sand-hillocks, prostrate, fl. December,

188. Sandy veld, very strongly scented, fl, December,

Coiula tanaceti[ folia}.

189. Level ground not far from the sea, 2 ft., fl. December.

Chironia frutescens.

190. Sandy veld, 3 ft., fl. January. Spiartium capense.

191. Sandy veld, 2 ft., fl. December. Aspalatlius ciliaris.

192. Sandy veld, 2 ft., fl, December, DiantJms [sp,an crenotus2']

193. High mountains, fl. not seen. Acrosticfium pectinatum.

194. Sandy veld, 2 ft., fl. December. Chironia Knifolia.

195. Sandy veld, creeping, fl. December. Franlenia hirsuta.

196. Sandy veld, creeping, fl. December. Leucad. repens.
197- Sandy veld, 2 ft., fl. December. Thesium paniculatum.

198. Sandy veld, 2 ft., fl. December. Leucad. proteoides.

199. Sandy veld, 1 ft., fl. December.

200. Sandy veld, 2 ft., fl, December, Wachendorfia umbellata.

201. Sandy veld, 1 ft,, yellow fl, in December. Spartimn capense.

202. Sandy veld, 3 ft., yellow fl. in December.

Aspalathus callosa.

203. Sandy veld, creeping, fl. yellow in December.

Spartium con taminatum.

[Linne has written in Swedish at the end of this list: — ]
Governor Tulbagh at the Cape of (xood Hope collected these with
his own hand, and sent me these plants splendidly preserved,

12

INDEX.

AcTosticliiim pectinatuin, 103.
Ainelliig LyclinitJB. 18-.
Antholvza. 21.

Antliospeniuim selliiopicuin, IJo.
Anlliyllis capensis (sin). 43.
Arctotis angustit'ol. [?J, 30.

— piileacea. 146.
Asclepiiis dilatata (sic;, 106.
Aspalatlius urgentea. l.oO.

— callosa. 202.

— caneecens. 41.

— cariiosa. Berg.. '.iS, 77.

— ciliaris, 191.

— galioides, Berg.. 13'.).

— genistoides, 29.

— laxata, 36.

— lotoides (sic), 152.

— nigra, 126, ir>l.

— verrucosa. 172.
Aster polifolius, 159.
— ■ reilexus, 142.
Athaiiasia genistsefolia, H8.

— parvi folia (sic). 177.
Atropa solauacea, 23.
Blaeria ericoides, 1.
HuclinerM CMpensis, 171-

— cernua, lUO.
Calendula punctata (sic), 55.
Oeanothus africanus, 149.
Ceropegia angustifolia (sic), 108.
Chironia frutescens, 189.

— linifolia (sic). 194.

— stricta (sic), 48.
Clirysocoma comaurea, 86-
Cineraria purpurata, 44.
Cliffortia tomentosa (sic), 105.
Oiutia alaternoides. 113, 127.

— tomentosa. 129.
Conium rigens, 184.
Cornus, 96.

Cotula lanacetif'olia, 188.
Crassula coccinea, 102.
Crotalaria. 52.

— amplexicavdis, 42.

— perforata, 68.
Dianthus, 192.
Diosma, 147.
DrosfT.i rufa (sic), 34.

— uniflora (sic), 80.
Echiuni fruticosuin, 98, 146.

— laevigatuin, 51.
Erica albens, 39.

— corifolia, 6.

— cubica, 67.

Erica moiisjielieiisis (sic), 17

— iiMicosa. 12.

- pentapliylia, 37.

— perfnliata (sic), l\6.

— Petiverii, 22.

— Plukenetii, 13.

— revirescens (sic). 47.

— tubiilora, 69.

— uinbilicata, 88.

— viscaria, 115.
Euonymus Colpoon, 20.
Euphorbia capeusis (sic). 162.
Fraiikenia hirsuta, 195.
Geranium zunale, 57.
Gnaphalium coronatuni, 97.

— erassifolium, 71.

— crispum, 181.

— discolorum, 70, 155.

— muricatum, 183.

— paniculatum, Berg.. 180.

— repens. 101.

— teretifolium, 78.
Gnidia oppositifolia, II.

— railiata, 110.

— simple.x, 103.
Gorteria setosa, 156.
Grubbia, Berg., 65.
Hartogia iuibricata, 117.
Heruianiiia alnifolia, 130.

— alt.liseifolia, 164.

— trifoliata, 16"^.
Indigofera divaricolur (sic), 121.

— erieoides (sic), 16.

— psoraloides, 54.

— sericea. 46, 116.

— tenuifolia (sic), 94.
Inula pinifolia. 7.

Iva absiuthoides (sic). 36.
Leucadendron, 136, 154. 166.

— repena, 196.

— roseum (sic), 68.

— Serraria, 84, 132.

— totta [ = Protea totta], 45.
Leyssera gnapbaloides. 59.
Liparia graminifolia 5.
Lotus prostratus, 111.
Osmites aster[i8c](iides, 82.
Osteospermum corymbostim, 40

— imbricatum, 144.

— junceum. Berg.. 137.

— moniliferum. 120.

— epinosum, 50.
Otboiina abrotanifolia. 125.

— parviflora, 18.

13

Oxalis hirsuta [ = liirta]. IRO.
Paeseriiia ca)iitata. 9.
Peuaea, 74.

Pliarnaceum incanuiii, 32.
Phlomis Leouiirus, 122.
Phylica cerimla (sic), 24.

— dioica, 104.

— ericoides, 15, 112.

— raceiiio*a, l',i\.

— radiata. 14.

Polygala alopecuroides, 170.
— • mitior (sic), 124.

— uiyrtifolia. 91.

— oppositifolia, 138.

— spinosa, 107.

— umbellata, 163.

Protea Leucadendron barhata (sic).
143.

— pallens, 28.

— parviflora, 157.

— Serraiia, 79, 141.

— strobilina, 119.

— totta, ef. 45.
Psoralea aculeata, (>0.

— pinna ta, 178.
Pteronia cainpliorata, 31.
Restio capensis (sic), 25.
Rhus lucida, 27.

Salvia colorata, 114.

Schoenus capensis, 81.
Selago fasciculata, 18H.

— frutescens (sic), Kil.

— Prunastri, ti4.

— polystachya, 2.

— lomentosa, 73.
Senecio elegans, 72.
Seriphium corynibit'erum, 49.
Sophora bitlora, 99. 135, 153.

— genistoides, 90.
Spartium capense, 190, 201.

— graminilolium (corrected to

Liparia), 5.

— sepiarium, 56.
Strutbiola glabra (sic), 176.
Tarchoiiaiitluis caniplioratus, 175.
Thesium paniculatuui, 197.

— spicatutu, 13H.
'L'lilbagbia capensis, 168.
Wachendorfia umbellata, 200.
Xerantheinuni canescens, 4.

— imbricatiini, 128.

— prolifeniin. 134.
• — sesamoid es, 76.

— speciosissiiiiuni, 87.
Zygophyllum sessilifoliian. 75.
^^ spinosuui, 109.

PlilN'J'KU SY TAYLOR AND FKANCIS. KED LIU-V Cot' KT, FLEET S'l BEET.

Contributions towards the History of the Linnean
Collections, by Dr. B. Daydon Jackson, R.N.O.,
Greneral Secretary o£ the Linnean Society.

I.

History of the Linnean Collections, prepared for the
Centenary Anniversary of the Linnean Society.

Proc. 1887-88 (1890) pp. 18-34.

IT.

On a Manuscript List of the Linnean Herbarium in the
handwriting of Carl von Linne, presumably compiled in
the year 1755. ... To wliicli is appended a Catalogue of the
Genera in the Herbarium, with the numbers of sheets of
specimens.

Prepared for the Anniversary Meeting of the Linnean
Society of London, 21th May, 1907, in celebration of the
200th Anniversary of the birth of Carl von Linne.

Proc. 1906-07 (T907) pp. S9-126.

III.

Index to the Linnean Herbarium, with indication of the
Types of Species marked by Carl von Liiuie.

Proc. 1911-12 (1912) Suppl. pp. 1-152.

TV.

Catalogue of the Linnean Specimens of Amphibia, Insecta,

and Testacea noted by Carl von Linne. Transcribed and codified,

Proc. 1912-13 (1913) Suppl. pp. 1-48.

V.

Correspondence bet«'een Carl von Linne and C. Eijk Tulbagh,
Governor of the Dutch Colony of the Cape of Good Hope.
Including a List of 203 specimens sent in or about tlie year 1767
^o Upsalu. Proc, 1917-18 (1918) Suppl. pp. 1-13.

Roll of Honour.

1914-1918.

WILFRID OMER COOPER
(1895 1916).

ERNEST LEE
(1886-1915).

CUTHBERT ST. JOHN NEVILL
(1889-1918).

EDWIN EPHRAIM RISELEY
(1889-1917).

MARC ARMAND RUFFER
(1859-1917).

GEOFFREY 'WATKINS SMITH
(1881—19161.

SIDNEY MILES TOPPING
(1875 1917).

EDWARD JOHN ^A^OODHOUSE
(1884-1917).

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

131st session,

From November 1918 to June 1919.

LONDON:

P R I 2^ T E D FOR THE LINNEAN SOCIETY,

BURLINGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY, W. 1.

1919.

PRINTED BY TAYI-OR AND FRANCIS,
UEI) LION COUIIT. I'LKRT STREET.

GOIV TENTS.

Page

List of Publications issued iv

Proceedings of the 131st Session i

Presidential Address 22

Obituaries 39

Abstracts of Papers 70

Additions to the Library 81

Benefactions, 1790-1919 101

Index 112

PUBLICATIONS: SEssioy July 1918-July 1919.

Journal, Botany.

Vol. XLIY. No. 2d7. 7/-

„ 298. 16/-

„ 299. 10/-

Journal, Zoology.

Vol. XXXITI. No. 224. 18/-
Index, etc.

„ XXXIV. No. 226. 12/-

Proceediiigs, 130th Session, Octobei- 1918. 6/-

List of [Fellows, Associates, and Foreign Members], Nov. 1918.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON

(ONE HUNDllED AND THIRTY-FIEST SESSION,
1918-1919.)

November 7th, 1918.

Sir David Peain, C.M.G., C.I.E., F.E.S., President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 20tli June, 1918,
Avere read and coiifinned.

The President announced that he had appointed Mr. R. I.
PococK, E.E.S., to be a Vice-President.

The President declared the Meeting made special in accordance
with the notice circulated on tlie 28th October last, in order to
elect a Councillor to fill the vacancy in the Council caused by the
death of the late Prof. Hexry George Plimmer, E.E.S. He
announced that the Ballot would remain open until 5.30 p.m.

The General Secretaiy having read the Bye-Law (Ch. VIII.
sect, 11) governing a bye-election, the Fellows present proceeded
to vote.

The President appointed Mr. James Small, Miss E. F. Noel,
and Mr. "W. C. AVorsdeil, Scrutineers, and these having examined
the Balloting papers, reported to the President, who declared that
Mr. Arthur Warwick Sutton had been duly elected a Coun-
cillor.

The report of the Donations received since the last Meeting was
laid before the Fellows, and the thanks of the Society to the
several Donors were ordered.

LINISr. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1918-1919. l>

2 PROCEEDINGS OF THB

Mr. Lester Vallis Lester-Garland, M.A. (Oion.), was re-
admitted a Fellow.

Mr. Charles Cuthbert Eley, J.P., M.A.(Oxon.), Mr. Gordon
AVallace Gibson, Miss Gladys Boyd Hurry, Mr. Jolin Hutchinson,
ISlr. Francis EdxAurd Robotliam, Mr. Arthur Kufiis ^uiidnrson,
Dr. John McLean Thompson, M.A.^ Mr. William Arthur AVilkin-
son, F.Z.S., and Mr. AVilliam Edgar AV^ right, Lt. E.A.F., were
proposed as Fellow s.

The first paper was entitled " On the External Morphology of
the Stems of Calamites, with a lievision of the British Species
of Calamophloios and Dictyocalamites of Upper Carboniferous
Age." By the late E. A. Kkwell Arber, M.A., Sc.D., F.L.S.,
and F. W. Lawfield, B.A. (Communicated by Mrs. Arber,
D.Sc, F.L.S.)

Dr. D. H. Scott remarked upon certain of the photographs
which had been shown on the screen by Mr. Lawfield, who had
summarized the results obtained ; Prof. M. J. Beuf^on also con-
tributed a few remarks, and Mr. Lawfield replied.

The second paper was by Mrs. Arber, D.Sc, F.L.S. , styled
" The ' Law of Loss ' in Evolution."

A discussion followed in which the following took part : —
Dr. D. H. Scott, Prof. F. W. Oliver, Dr. W. Bateson, Dr. A.
Smith Woodward, ]\Ir. E. S. Goodrich, Sec.L.S., Dr. Marie Stopes,
Mr. W. C. AVorsdell, Mr. A. J. Wilmott, Mr. T. A. Dymes, and
Dr. E. J. Salisbury, the Author briefly replying.

November 21st, 1918.

Sir Datid Praix, C.M.G., CLE., F.E.S., President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 7tli jS^ovember, 1918,
were read and confirmed.

The report of the Donations received since the last Meeting was
laid before the Fellows, and the thanks of the Society to the several
Donors were ordered.

The Rev. Canon George Eussell Bullock-Webster, M.A., was
admitted a Fellow.

Mr. Robert William Ascroft, M.B.E., Mr. William Broad-
hurst Brierley. M.Sc, the Rev. Charles Osborne Smeathman
Hatton, B.A. (Cantab.), and Mr. Harold John Hastings Russell,
B.A., F.Z.S., were proposed as Fellows.

LINXEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 3

Mr. Horace Normau Gray, Mr. Wilfred Edward Hiley, M.A.
(0x011.), and Sir Nicolas YermolofF, K.C.B., K.C.V.O., were
elected Eellows.

Tlie Treasurer exhibited a new volume purchased out of the
Tagurt Fund, Berlese's ' Gli iusetti,' Vol. I.

Mr. E. S. GooDKiCH, F.K.S., Sec.L.S., exliibited " A fatherless
Frog, with remarks ou Artificial Parthenogenesis." He remarked
on the artificial development of echinoderm eggs by special treat-
ment into living examples, and that it had been found that frogs'
eggs could follow a similar course. A female frog, carefidly pre-
pared to guard against previous impregnation, was employed, the
eggs obtained by dissection were placed in rows upon glass slips,
and punctured by fine glass needles of microscopic tenuity ; blood
was theu applied, and the treated eggs placed in water. A certain
number developed into tadpoles and a few into complete frogs.
It was found that the leucocytes in tiie blood were essential ; the
serum or ordinary red corpuscles were useless.

Dr. Harold Wager, Miss Madeline Carson, and l)r. J. H.
Leesou engaged in a short discussion.

Miss Muriel Brlstol, M.Sc, then read her paper, " A
Review of the (^enus Ghlorocliytrium, Cohn," communicated by"
Prof. G. tS. AVest, D.Sc, F.L.S., and illustrated by lantern-slides.

Tlie following engaged in the discussion : — Dr. Harold Wa-^er,
Dr. E. Marion Delf, Mr. liobert Paulson, Miss A. C. Halket ;
and the Author replied.

Mr. B. B. Woodward briefly epitomized the last paper, which
was entitled : —

" On the Liunean species of Non-Marine Mollusca that are
represented in the British Fauna, with Notes on the specimens
of these and other Bi-itish forms in the Linneiin collection." By
A. S. Kennard, F.G.S., and B. B. Woodwaru, F.L.S.

The paper concludes with a detailed enumeration.

December 5th, 1918.

Sir Datid Pkain, C.M.G., CLE., F.ll.S., President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 21st November,
1918, were read and confirmed.

The report of the Donations received since the last Meeting was
laid^ before the Fellows, and the thanks of the Society to the
several Donors were ordered.

62

4 I'UOCKKDINGS OF THE

The President put a Motion expressing the sense of loss expe-
rienced by the ^Society in the recent death of Mary Emily Bessik
Smith, B.Sc, Clerk to the Society since March 1017, and of
sympathy with Mrs. Smith in her bereuvement.

This was unanimously adojjted, tlie Fellows rising in tlieir
places.

Sir Nicolas Termoloff, K.C.B., K.C.Y.O., was admitted a
Fellow.

Miss Kathleen INlaisey Curtis, M.A., M.Sc, was proposed as a
Fellow.

Mr. Charles Cnthbert Eley, J.P., M.A. (Oxon.), Mr. Gordon
Wallace Gibson, Miss Gladys Boyd Hurry, Mr. John Hutchinson,
Mr. Francis Edward Kobotliam, Mr. Arthur Bufus Sanderson,
Dr. John McLean Thorn j)son, iM.A., Mr. vVilliaiu Arthur Wilkin-
son, F.Z.S., and Mi-. William Edgar Wright, Lt.R.A.F., proposed
as Fellows on the 7th November last, were severally elected.

The first paper was by Prof. W. A. Haswell, F.E.S., F.L.S.,
on the E.\oa;onese, which was summarized on behalf of the Author
by Mr. E. S. Goodrich, F.R.S., Sec.L.S.

Mr. C. D. Soar, F.L.S., exhibited a large series of coloured
drawings of British Mites, and showed lantern-slides in elucidation.

Mr. E. S. Goodrich and Mr. T. A. Dymes contributed some
additional remarks.

The General Secretary showed a framed engraving of Carl von
Linne, engraved by Chapman and published in 1812: of this we
had no copv, the gift being an accession to the Society's collection
of Linneau portraits. It was presented by the sons of our recently
deceased Fellow, Dr. John William Sinclair Meiklejohn.

He also exhibited the letters from Governor Tulbagh, translated
and published in the latest ])art of the Society's ' Proceeding?,' and
gave further details which had come to his knowledge since the
introductory remarks had been written. He regretted that so
little was kriowu of this excellent administrator of the Dutch
Colony of the Cape, but pointed out that Carl Pehr Thunberg,
the celebrated Swedish botanist antl traveller, had, in his published
travels, thrown some light u])on Tulbagh's record. Thus he
mentions that the future Governor came to the Cape as a private
soldier of the colonial garrison, but gradually rose by simple
merit to the highest position in the Colony, dying of "gout and
old age" in 1771, after twenty years of service as Governor.
During this term he had to contend with two epidemics of small-
pox, introduced from vessels touching at Cape Town, but he was
able to send out exploring expeditioiis to the north, and to the
east as far as Natal.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOIfDON.

Some of tlie difficulties of the editor were enumerated, and
displayed upon the black-board.

Mr. C. C. Lacaita gave a similar instance of an Italian
botanist persisting in writing in a local dialect.

January 16th, 1919.

Sir Datid Prain, C.M.G., C.I.E., F.E.S., President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the Greneral Meeting of the 5th December, 1918,
were read and confirmed.

The report of the Donations received since the last Meeting was
laid before the Fellows, and the thanks of the Society to the
several Donors were ordered.

Mr. William Wright Smith, Miss Gladys Boyd Hurrv, Mr.
Charles Cuthbert Elev, J.P., M.A.(Oxon.), Mr. William Arthur
Wilkinson, F.Z.S., Mr. Wilfred Edward Hiley, M.A.(Oxon),
Mr. Fi-ancis Edward Kobotham, and Mr. John Hutchinson were
admitted Fellows.

The following were severally balloted for and elected
Fellows:— Robert William Ascroft, M.B.E. ; William Broad-
hurst Brierley, M.Sc. ; the Eev. Charles Osborne Smeathman
Hatton, B.A.(Cantab.); and Harold John Hastings liussell,
B.A., F.Z.S.

A vacancy for an Associate caused by the death of James
Eustace Bagxall was announced from the Chair.

An account was given bv Capt. A. W. Hill, F.L.S., of the
horticultural work tTiat had been carried out in the military
cemeteries in France since 1916, when such work first became
possible; reference was also made to the cemeteries in the Italian
and other theatres of war.

It is intended to make the cemeteries, as far as possible, smooth
well-kept gniss-lawns, surrounded by hedges of thorn, beech, or
hornbeam, with groups, avenues, or pole-hedges of trees, such as
Siberian crabs, limes, hornbeams, willows, etc., and to plant on the
graves rose-bushes. Iris, and other dwarf carpeting-plants.

Steps are being taken as far as possible to mark the cemeteries
where Canadian, Australian, jS"ew Zealand, Indian, and other
Overseas soldiers lie buried with ])lants native to the countries
whence they came to the defence of the Empire.

Allusion was made to the problems which have to be faced in

b IMIOCKEDINGS OF THE

tlie matter of soil and site, whicli often render successful garden-
ing work very dillicult. Some of the cemeteries are in very sandy
places, others in chalk, whilst a number are in the fenland of the
Belgian border.

The results so far obtained have proved that, given proper care,
whatever the soil may be, a good turf can be formed in Northern
France, Jn the cemeteries where permanent planting is not yet
possible good results have been obtained by sowing annuals, either
according to a well-arranged colour-scheme or in mixture, and
the effect in summer has been (]uite beautiful and niucli ai)pre-
ciated by our soldiers in the iiekl. Bulbs have been extensively
planted.

Nurseries have been established for the supply of plants, trees,
and shrubs to the numerous cemeteries.

A series of slides was shown of cemeteries in various parts of
France, some situated in old orchards, some in sandy districts, and
others in the open country, and from them a good idea was ob-
tained of the care and labour bestowed by the Ollicers and
gardening N.C.Os. and Privates attached to the Imperial AVar
Graves' Commission in France.

Mr. Gerald Loder, Mr. Arthur AV. Sutton, Mr. C. C. Lacaita,
and the President engaged in a discussion, and Capt. Hill
replied to certain questions which were put.

On the motion of the President, a hearty vote of thanks was
given to the lecturer.

February 6th, 1919.

Siiv Datid PnAiif, C.M.G., C.I.E., F.E.S., President,

in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the IGth January,
1919, were read and confirmed.

The report of the Donations received since the last Meeting
was laid before the Fellows, and the thanks of the Society to the
several Donors were ordered.

Mr. Harold John Hastings BusshII and Mr. William Broad-
hurst Brierley were admitted Fellows.

The following were proposed as Fellows: — Mr. Herbert Henry
Corbett, Mr. Frank Cornish, Mr. Charles Ethelbert Foweraker,
M.A., Mr. Ha/Jehurst Greaves, Mr. Paul Kestner, Mr. ;John
McLuckie, M.A., B.Sc.(Glasg.), Mr. William Edward Nicholson,
Mr. Plieroshavv Jamsetjee Panday, B.A.(Oxou.), and the Eev.
William Walter Watts.

Mr. William Robert Sherrin was [)roposed a;i an Associate.

LINNEAX SOCIETY OV LONDON. 7

Miss Kathleea Maisey Curtis, M.A., M.Sc, D.I.C., was elected
a Fellow.

The Presideat read from the Chair the following proposed
alterations in the Bye-Laws, and explained the reasons for them.

The first Section of Chapter I. and the second Section of
Chapter VIII. to be repealed, and tlie following substituted: —

Chapter I.

Section I. — The number of Fellows shall be limited to
Seven Hundred and Ten, exclusive of Honorary Members,
Foreign Members, and Associates. The method of Election
shall be by Ballot.

Chapter VIII,

Section II. — The Council for the time being shall, before
the day of Election, prepare Balloting Papers with lists
of the Persons whom they recommend to the Society to be
elected as Council and Officers for the ensuing year.

la reply to questions asked by Mr. H. E. Darhngton and
Mr. Grerald Loder, the General Secretary explained the method
of altering Bye-Laws as laid down in the oi"igiual Charter, the
proposed alterations being read from the Chair at two General
Meetings, and submitted to a Ballot of the Fellows at a third
Meeting.

Two papers by Mr. N. E. BROWrT, A.L.S., were read in his
absence, owing to his recent illness, namely : (1) "A new species
of Lohostnnon in the Liunean herbarium " ; (2) " Old and new
species of 3Iesembryanthemum, with critical remarks."

The first was explained by the General Secretary from the
author's MS. ; and Dr. A. B. Eeudle read the introductory part
of the second paper, giving the history of the genus Mesem-
hryanthemum.

Dr. \i. E. Gates and the President contributed further remarks,
especially upon the extermination of rare species in consequence
of the present system of farming in South Africa.

February 20th, 1919.

Sir David Prain, C.M.G., C.I.E., F.E.S., President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 6th February, 1919,
were read and confirmed.

The report of the Donations received since the last Meeting

8 PllOCKEUlNGS OF THE

was laid before the Fellows, and the thanks of the Society to the
several Donors were ordered.

Mr. William Edgar Wright, Lieut. K.A.F., was admitted a
Fellow.

The death of Dr. Anne Casimiu Ptramus de Candolle,
F.M.L.S., oil the 3rd October, 1918, was announced from the
Chair.

The President read from the Chair the proposed changes in the
Bye-Laws for the second time.

Mr. C. E. Salmon, F.L.S., exhibited and commented upon a
series of water-colour drawings of the highest finish, the names
as furnished by the artist, Mr. T. A. Stephenson, of Aberystwyth,
being, Malasis puludosa, Sw. ; Corallorrhiza innata, E. Br.;
Epipactis atrorubens, Boehl. ; E. latifoUa, All. ; E. viridijlora,
Keichb., with its two varieties duneusis, Weld. & Trav., and
vectensis, Sfevens ; Orchis pin'piirea, Huds. ; 0. iiicarnnia, Linn.,
and its variety dunensis, Druce ; 0. prcetermissa, Druce ; 0. latifolia,
Linn. ? ; 0. Ftichsii, Druce (the old 0. macidata, auc-t. angl.) ;
0. inacidata, Linn., now employed for ])reviously-uamed var.
prtecox, Webster, and 0. ericetoi'um, Linton ; 0. maculata var.
insif/nis, Steph. ; 0. O'Kellyi, Druce ; hybrids of 0. Fuclisii
and 0. maculata crossed with Habenaria conopsea, E. Br. ( = Orchi-
gymnadenia Heinzeliana, Camus), and 0. £'j;rt/is/i, Druce ; Ophrys
apifera var. TrolUi, Heg. ; Hahenaria chlorantha, Bab. ; //. viridis,
E. Br. ; II. viridis X conopsea, Benth. ; and II. intacia, Benth.

Mr. E. G. Baker, Mr. F. N. Williams, Mr. C. C. Lacaita, and
Mr. W. B. Brierley took part in the discussion which followed.

Mr, E. S. GooDfiiCH, F.E.S., Sec.L.S., then spoke of the
exquisite drawings of sea-anemones, also executed by Mr. Stephen-
son in water-colour, shown, and understood to be destined for
a forthcoming volume on that gri)up.

^[r. E. IL BuRXE, F.L.S., showed a series of preparations by
the late Prof. Chaeles Stewart, F.E.S., Pres.L.S. 1890-04,
of sound-producing organs in Invertebrates and Fishes. He
classified sound-organs as (1) Eattlfs, as in the Eattlesnake;
(2) Stridulating organs, as in the Grasshoppers : (.'3) a Drum-
membrane actuated by a muscle, as in Cicadas and Fishes ; and
(4) ^lembranes vibrated by a current of air, as in the vocal organs
of Vertebrates.

A discussion followed, in which Lieut. -Col. Tull Walsh, who
instnncod an Indian species of Myyale stridulating, Mr. E. S.
Goodrich, F.E.S., Sec. L.S., Mr. H.' N. Dixon, and Dr. G. B.
Longstaff engaged.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOK., 9

Mr. E. G. Baker, F.L.>S., showed drawings b}'- Miss Beatrice
O. CoRFE of British plants, nainel}^ Sui/iitarla, Ruscus, Carlina.
Fraxinus, and Jiidorjius, part of a series now being prepared for
the Department of Botany, British Museum.

Dr. A. B. Keiidle, F.R.S., Sec.L.S., remarked that Miss Corfe
had shown a special faculty for taking advantage of liints, and had
acquired a facility in analysing the flowers, which resulted not
only in admirably artistic productions but in very satisfactory
botanic illustrations.

The General Secretary reminded the Fellows that Miss Corfe
had exhibited a series of lier beautiful and accurate drawings on
the loth December, 1910 (Proc. 1910-11, p. 4).

March 6th, 1919.

Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.E.S., President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 20th February,
1919, were read and confirmed.

The report of the Donations received since the last Meeting
was laid before the Fellows, and the thanks of the Society to the
several Donors were ordered.

Mr. Wellington Ernest Groves and Mr. William Bernard Crow
were admitted Fellows.

Mr. William Charles Barton, B.A.(Oxon.), and Mr. Wilfrid
E-ushton, A.R.C.S., D.I.C., were proposed as Fellows.

Dr. Johan Nordal Fischer A¥ille, Professor of Botany in
Christiania University, was proi)osed as a Foreign Member.

The following were balloted for and elected Fellows: —
Mr. Herbert Henry Corbeft, Mr. Frank Cornish, Mr. Charles
Ethelbert Foweraker, M.A., Mr. Haslehurst Greaves, Mr. Paul
Kestner, Mr. John McLuckie, M.A., B.Sc. (Ghisg.), Mr. William
Edward jVicholson, Mr. Pheroshaw Jamsetjee Panday, B.A.
(Oxon.), and the Rev. William Walter Watts. Mr. William
Hobert Sherrin was elected an Associate.

The President then read the proposed alterations in the Bye-
Laws for the third time, and again explained the reasons which
induced the Council to prepare these proposals. He was followed
by the Treasurer, who sliowed that the adoption of these proposals
would be advantageous from the Unaucial point of view ; and
further stated that the number of Fellows was at that moment
702.

Two ballot-boxes were used, and the proposed alterations were
separately voted for by chapters, and adopted (see p. 7).

lO rnoCEEDINGS OF THE

Dr. Harold Wager, F.K.S., 1\L.S., then delivered a lecture,
entitled, " On the Colour-sense of Wasps." He stated tliat the
experiments described in his paper were made by observing the
number of wasps flying towards, and settling upon, pieces of sugar
placed upon sheets of coloured paper arranged in various ways.

The results of the experiments show that in seeking tiieir food
wasps (F<g67)« vtil(j((7'is) iive guided by tlieir social instinct, their
remembrance of locality, and their power to distinguish con-
spicuous colours or colour-contrasts. Tliey are probably also
guided by smell, but no experiments were made to test this.

Under the conditions of the experiments wasps were attracted
by the strong colour-contrasts of white sugar on yellow, red, or
black paper, and less strongly by the weaker colour-contrasts of
white sugar on blue or white paper. They showed very little
discrimination among the various colours, but, so far as could be
judged, when they had a more or less free choice, untrammelled
by their stronger instincts, they flew to the colours in the follow-
ing order: yellow, black, red, blue, white.

The wasps in the experiments showed a very pronounced
tendency to come back always to the exact place wiiere they had
previously obtained su<!:ar, irrespective of any colour that might
happen to be there. When the sugar was removed only a sliort
distance away they were much puzzled, and only after flying
about for some time were they able to discover it in its new place.

Their social instincts were clearly indicated by the fact that
they were alw.fys more strongly attracted by other wasps than by
place or colour. This attraction for other wasps was so strong
that they would frequently fly at first to a piece of sugar sur-
rounded by dead wasps in preference to other pieces of sugar in
the immediate neighbourhood uhich were free of wasps. How-
ever, they very rarely settled on a piece of sugar surrounded by
dead wasps.

Leaving out of account the probability that smell plays an im-
portant part in their activities, these experiments indicate that
the governing principles which dominate wasps in their search
for f(?od are, in the first place, the attraction exerted by the
presence of other wasps ; secondly, the tendency always to return
to the same place ; and, thirdly, the attraction due to conspicuous
colours and colour-contrasts.

The lecture was illustrated by drawings on the blackboard and
some lantern-slides.

Dr. Hahry Elthingham, F.Z.S, (visitor), gave an account of
his experiments on the colour-sense of Lepidoptera, with several
coloured lantern-slides ; Sir Henry Howorth, F.E.S. (visitor), and
Dr. G. B. Longstaff continued the discussion, the latter giving
instances from the behaviour of butterflies in the Tropics.

Dr. AVager excused himself from replying on accouut of the
lateness of the hour.

The paper by Mr. F. Lewis was postponed.

LIXNEAN SOCIEl'T OF LONDON".

March 20th, 1919.

Sir Datid Praix, C.M.G., C.I.E., F.R.S., President,
in the Chair,

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 6th March, 1919,
were read and coutirmed.

The report of the Donations received since the last Meeting
was laid before the Fellows, and the thanks of the Society to the"
several Donors were ordered.

Mr. Pheroshaw Jamsetjee Panday, B.A.(Oxon.), was admitted
a Fellow, and Mr. William Robert Sherrin an Associate.

Mr. Frederick Ormrod Mosley, Miss Dora Lawson, B.Sc.
(Liverp.), and Mr. Humphrey Godwin Billinghurst were proposed
as Fellows.

The President announced that the number of Fellows now stood
at 701, and that 5 candidates having been proposed, the number
of vacancies in the Fellows' List is reduced to four.

The first paper, by Mr. Fredeeick Lewis, F.L.S., " Notes on a
Visit to Kun;idiyapai'awita Mountain, with a List of the Plants
obtained, and their Altitudinal Distribution," was read by the
Botanical Secretary.

This curious mountain is nearly due west of the sacred " Adam's
Peak," and rises abruptly to an altitude of 5186 feet above the
sea, and is surrounded by forest. The summit is small in extent,
surrounded by precipices, in the path of the S.W. monsoon, which
strikes on this isolated peak and by its force dwarfs the vegetation
on it. The annual rainfall on the eastern base is about 230 inches,
that on the western side about '3o0 inches.

The flora appears to be -largely endemic, animal life is prac-
tically absent, and wind transport of seeds of those plants which
are on the summit seems unhkely. Forty-nine plants were col-
lected on the mountain top in one day's visit, and were determined
at Peradeniya, and the names are appended to the paper; of
these ten only are found outside Ceylon, the remainder being
endemic.

Dr. Bateson added some observations, and the President gave
an account of his visits to two islands off the Indian coast. On
one of these, Barren Island in the Andaman group, he found that
Terminalia Catappa, which usually grows close to the sea,
extending to the top of the outer cone, apparently due to the rats
feeding on the fruit (the "Country Almonds" of Anglo-Indian
speech), which, when disturbed, they carried in their mouths up
the slopes.

12 PKOCEEUINGS OF THE

Miss M. Ratiibone exhibited a series of specimens preserved by
submitting tht^iii to the action of formalin vapour, as sliown in the
following statement : —

Some years ago it occurred to me to try to find some method
of preserving [)lants uhicli would not destroy either their form or
colour. I began by trying liquid paraftin, and this at first gave
very promising results ; but after a time the specimens became
mouldy, and, if antiseptics such as salicylic acid were added, the
colour disappeared.

It then occurred to me to try formalin vapour, hoping that in
this way the tissues of the plants might be hardened, and at the
same time that the colour might be preserved. Unfortunately,
as these specimens show, the results have fallen far short of ray
ideal ! The colour fades after a time, and the stalks and petals
often become limp. However, in plants preserved in this way,
the microscopic characters of the tissues and the form of the
flower and relationship of its parts are less altered than in dried
specimens, whilst for travellers specimens preserved in this way
are lighter and more convenient to carry than plants preserved in
spirit.

I found that it was best to dilute the formalin witii water (one
part formalin to one or two parts of water), and possibly an eveu
weaker solution might answer. Cotton-wool soaked in this solu-
tion is put at the bottom of the bottle, or it may be tied round
the stalks of the plants, enough being used to ensure a damp
atmosphere. Of course the bottles or boxes in which the plants
are kept ought to be air-tight, and I found that candle-grease
dropped over the cork answered very well.

These plants were bottled in 1917, as last summer I was
moving about and not aide to make any further experiments.
I have also brought a bottle of African Marigold in salicylic acid
and liquid paraffin, bottled in 1912. It M'as quite the best of my
paratHn specimens, most of which are deplorable objects, and I do
not think there is much to be said for this method, as it has all
the drawbacks of alcohol and none of its advantages.

As regards formalin, I might add that I have found that a
1/10 solution in water is quite good for freshwater Algie. I have
some bottled in 1911, in which the chlorophyll body in Spirof/)/ra,
which shrivels up so easily with most reagents, still shows quite
distinctly.

The experiments were carried on rather under difficulties, as
I was busy witli war-uork in a rather out-of-the-way place and
it was not verv eas}^ to get suitable bottles and other materials,
to say nothing of flowers, which were not very plentiful in that
locality ; but I thought that some of the other Fellows of the
Society might like to try this method in spite of its drawbacks,
and I also hoped that somebody niiglit be able to suggest improve-
ments in the technique.

The following engaged in the subsequent discussion : — Mr. E. G.
Baker, Mr. F. N. Williams, Mr. J. C. Shenstone, Mr. (x. C.

LIXNEAN SOCIETI' OF LONDON. 1 3

Walton, Dr. A. B. Eeiidle, Dr. E. Marion Delf, Mr. W. B.
Brierley, and the President,

The last commuuication was by Mr. H. E. Amos, communicated
by Dr. \V . Batesou, on the work done in the Argentine by Mr,
W. O. Backhouse and himself in breeding wheats suitable tor
the country and its diverse climates, the northern portion being
warmer than the southern, whicli is subject to occasional frost —
consequently their requirements are not the same. The lecturer
explained the resnlts of crossing " Barletta " and "llieti," both
commonly cultivated forms in the Argentine, with a Russian
variety, others between a Chinese form and Barletta, \^'ith a view
of obtaining forms immune to liust and not liable to shell out
the grain on harvesting.

Lantern-slides were shown, testifying to the success obtained.

Dr. Bateson followed, pointing out the value and importance
of the investigation.

April 3rd, 1919.

Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.E.S., President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 20th March, 1919,
were read and confirmed.

The report of the Donations received since the last Meeting
was laid before the Fellows, and the thanks of the Society to the
several Donors were ordered.

Mr. Charles Ethelbert Poweraker, M.A., and Miss Kathleen
Maisey Curtis, M.A., M.Sc, D.I.C., were admitted Fellous.

Mr. Alfred William Sheppard, Miss Mary Rehekah Norris
Holmer, M.A., and Miss Theodora Lisle Praukerd, B.Sc.(Lond.),
were proposed as Fellows.

Mr. William Charles Barton, B.A.(Oxon.), and Mr. Wilfrid
Rushton, A.R.C.S., D.l.C, were elected Fellows.

The following Auditors for the Treasurer's Accounts were
elected by show of hands: — For the Council: Mr. Arthur W,
Sutton and Mr. Stanley Edwards ; For the Fellows : Mr. Gerald
W. E. Loder and Mr. Robert Paulson.

The President announced that the number of Fellows now
stood at 703, and that six candidates having been proposed there
remains but one vacancv.

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

lie first paper, on "An Albino ]\Iiilant of Bntrytis cinerea,
s.," was read by Mr. Wii.mam H. Buieiiley, M.8c., F.L.8., and

Tli(
Pars.,

illustrated with preparations and lantern-slides.

Dr. W. Bateson, Mr. A. D. Cotton, and Dr. Ethel Thomas took
part in a discussion, and the Author replied.

The second paper, by Dr. J. D. F. Gilciiiiist, F.L.S., on " The
post-Puerulus Stage of Jasus lalandii (]\Iilue-Ed\v.), Ortniann,"
was epitomized by oNIr. E. S. Goodrich, Zoological Secretary.

This paper carried on the investigation already published in
our Journal, Zoology, vol. xxxiii. (191G) ])p. 101-125, pis. 12-17,
with 12 text-figures, as " Larval and Post-Larval Stages of Jasus
lalandii," etc.

The last paper, " Variation in Flowers of Jasminum malahari-
cnm, Wight," by Dr. H. H. Mann, F.L.S., was explained by
Dr. A. B. liendle. Botanical Secretary.

A discussion followed in which Dr. E. J. Salisbury, Mr. C. C.
Lacaita, and Dr. A. B. Eendle took part.

May 1st, 1919.

Sir Datid Praix, C.M.G., CLE., E.E.S., President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 3rd April, 1919,
were read and confirmed.

The report of the Donations received since the last Meeting
was laid before the Fellows, and the thanks of the Society to the
several Donors \\ere ordered.

The following motion was put from the Chair and adopted in
silence, all upstanding in their places : —

That the Linnean Society of London having heard with the
deepest sorrow of the death of Sir Frank Ciusp, Bt., for
twenty-four years Treasurer, and for nearly forty-nine years
a Fellow, of this Society, desire to record their sense of the
iiivahial)le services rendei-ed by him during the whole ])eriod
of his Fellowship for the benefit of the Society, and their
realization of the loss sustained in his death.

Mr. Wilfrid Bushton, A.R.C.S., Mr. William Charles Barton,
B.A.tOxon.), Mr. William Edward Nicholson, Miss Edith (irey
Wheelwright, and Mr. James Montagu Frank Drumniond, B.A.
(Cantab.), were admitted Fellows.

LINXEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 5

Mr. Edgar Beckett, Dr. Sidney Frederic Hariner, M.A., F.E.S.,
r.Z.S., and Miss Florence Annie Mockeridge, D.Sc, were proposed
as Fellows,

Mr. Fx'ederick Ormrod Mosley, Miss Dora Lawson, B.Sc.
(Liverp.), and Mr. Humphrey Godwin Billinghurst were elected
Fellows, and Dr. Jolian jS^ordal Fischer Wille a Foreign Member.

Mr. James Small, M,Sc., F.L.S., gave a demonstration of the
various forms assumed by the pappus in Composita?, of which the
following is his abstract : —

Stating the case for the trichome nature of the pappus in this
family as briefly as possible, we have six points.

1. The development of the members of the pappus is either that
of a typical trichome (from one epidermal cell) or that of an
emergence, such as the spines of a thistle.

2. The structure of the mature pappus is that of a series of
hairs which have become fused throughout all or a part of their
length, either side by side to give a scale or in a mass to give
an awn.

3. The similarity of the setae to the achenial hairs is very
marked.

4. The primitiveness of the scabrid seta is in conformity with
the evolution of the family as deduced from other data.

5. The predominant type of pappus in the fossil forms is the
setose type, l^o fossil paleaceous pappus is known.

6. The presence of a pappus is correlated or linked with the
presence of achenial hairs.

deduction of both characters is also linked, e.g., reduction of
the elater hairs of the acheue in the Anthem ideas to special
epidermal cells is accompanied by reduction of the pappus to
the corouiform type. The same applies to some cases in the
Cichorieae.

As all the facts adduced in support of the phyllome theory can
be easily and adequately explained by assuming that the pappus
in certain cases is partly a development of the hairs which were
inserted on the now aborted but once free calyx-segments, the
evidence in favour of the trichome or emergence nature of the
organ admits of no other conclusion than that which takes
the pappus to be hairs, free or fixed, derived in their evolution
from the hairs of the achene, or sometimes also from the hairs of
the iiow aborted calyx-limb.

A discussion followed, in which Prof. J. B. Farmer, Dr. Stapf,
Mr. W. C. Worsdell, Dr. D. 11. Scott, Dr. A. B. Kendle, and
Mr. T. A. Dymes engaged, and the Author replied.

Mr. J. Montagu F. Drummond then gave an account of his
paper on the Flora of a small area in Palestine.

i6

PKOCEEUIXGS or THE

j\Iay 24tl), 1019.
Anniversary Meeting.

Sir Davjd Praik, C.M.G., C.I.E., F.R.S., President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 1st May, 1919,
were read and confirmed.

The report of the Donations received since the last Meeting"
was hiid be-fore the Fellows, and the tlianks of the Society to the
several Donors were ordered.

Mr. George Michael Ryan and Miss Dora Lawson, B.Sc, were
admitted Fellows.

Certilicates in favour of the follow^ing candidates were read : —
llobert Swainson-Hall, Cyril Tenison White, Edwin Ashby, Prof.
Vernon Herbert Blackmail, F.H.S., AVilliam Thomas Caiman,
D.Sc, Robert Colquhoun McLean, D.Sc, ArtliurEobei't Thompson,
Miss Mary Rose Hall Thomson, Humphrey John Denham,
B.A.(Oxou.), Ethelbert Ambrook Southee, and Benaiah Colson
Adkin, M.A.(Cantab.).

The number of Fellows was stated to be 698, leaving 12 as the
number of vacancies existing.

Tiie Treasurer made his Annual Report on the Accounts of the
Society, and the Statement (see pp. 19-21), dulyaudited, was received
and adopted.

The General Secretary reported that since the last Anniversary
the following had died or their deaths been ascertained, namely : —

27 Fellows.

Syed Khurshaid Ahmed.

Senjee I'uluey Andy.

Dr. Edward Alexander

Xewell Arber.
AVilliain Edward Balston.
Claude Keith Bancroft.
Richard ilawksworth

Barnes.
Frederick James Bridgman.
Sir Frank Crisj), Bt.
Rt. Hon. Baron Forrest of

Bunbury, P.C, G.C.M.G.
Rt. Hon. Sir Edward Fry,

P.C, G.C.B.
Frederick Uu Cane Godraan.
Mark W. Harrington.
Henry Robert Knijje.

John Henry Lace, CLE.

Robert Laurie.

Alberto LoFgren.

John William Sinclair Meikle-

jolm.
Charles Smith JN'icholson.
Rev. Canon Alfred Merle

Norman.
Prof. Henry George Plimmer.
William Deiiison Roebuck.
Richard Williams Harold Row.
William AVardlaw Thompson.
Alexander Horsburgh Turnbull.
William Henry Wilkinson.
Henry AVorsley Seymour

Worsley-Benison.
Rev. Lawson Sant AV^ right.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1?

1 Foreign Member.
Dr. Anne Casimir Pyramus de Caudolle.

2 Associates.

James Eustace Bagiiall. | Frederick Herscliel Water-

j house.

That the 11 foUowincr Fellows had withdrawn : —

Stanley Arden.
Walter Henry Baker.
Miss Grace Bigby.
Dr. Cyril Crossland.
Stephen Troyte Dunn.
George Godt'ery Gray.

Sir Arthur Henry McMahou.
Hugh Scott, M.A.
Thomas Robertson Sim.
David George Stead.
Wilson Grosfield Worsdell.

And that the Council had removed the 10 following from the List,
in accordance with the Bye-Laws, Chap. II. § 6 : —

Ernest John Bickford. George Penrose. ' ^^7 '

Frederick William Edward

Shrivell.
Dr. Ealph Vincent.
Herbert Fuller Wernhain.

Bernard Francis Cavanagh.
Dr. Frank Cavers.
Banawari Lai Chaudhiiri.
Maurice Holtze.
Christopher JMudd.

During the same period, 36 Fellows have been elected, of whom
33 have qualified for admission up to the present. Also 1 Foreign
Member and 2 Associates have been elected.

The Librarian's report was read, showing that donations from
private individuals and editors amounted to 04 volumes and 753
pamphlets and parts, by exchange 40 volumes and 553 detached
parts, by purchase 59 volumes and 203 parts; in all, the acces-
sions amounted to 163 volumes and 1509 pamphlets and sepax-ate
parts.

Books bound amounted to 505 : 3 in morocco, 98 in half-
morocco, 69 in buckram, 39 in half-buckram, 184 in cloth, with 112
re-backed.

The General Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing
the Elections, the President opened tlie business of the day, and
the Fellows present proceeded to ballot.

The Ballot for the Council having been closed, the President
appointed jMr. F. N. AVilliams, Mr. T. A. Sprague,and the Pev.
Canon G. R. JkiUock-AVebster, Scrutineers ; and these, having
examined the Ballot-papers and cast up the votes, reported to the
President, who declared the Council to be as follows : —

Edmund G. Baker, Esq. ; Dr. William Batkson, F.R.S. ;
*Prof. Margaret Benson, D.Sc. ; *E. T. Browne, M.A.; R. H.
BuRNE, Esq. : Stanley Edwards, F.Z.S. ; Prof. J. B. Farmer,

LINN. SOC. proceedings. — SESSION 1918-1919. c

iS TROCEEDINGS OF THE

F.ll.S. ; E. S. GooDKiCH, F.E.S. ; Dr. B. Daylon Jackson;
C. C. LA.CAri'A, Esq. ; *(xKiiali) AV. E. Lodek, M.A.; Hohacic \V.
MoNCKTON, E.G.S. ; R. 1. PococK, F.ll.S.; Dr. A. B. Kendle,
F.K.S. ; Dr. D. 11. .Scott, F.R.S.; Miss A. Lohrain Smitu ;
AirniUR AV. Suttox, Esq.; *Dr. llAnoiiD Wager, F.E.S. ; Lt.-Col.
J. H. TuLL Waesji ; *Dr, A. Smith Woodward, F.R.8.

(New members of Council are shown by an asterisk; the retiring
Councillors being : Mrs. Arber, D.Sc, Miss G. Lister, Dr. G. E.
NiciioLLS, and Sir Dayid Pratn, C.M.G., CLE., F.K.S., the fit'th
vacancy being due to the death of Sir Frank Crisp, Bt.)

The Ballot for the Officers having been closed, the President
appointed tlie same Scrutineers; and these, having examined the
Ballot-papers and cast up the votes, reported to the President,
who declared the result as follows : —

President : Dr. Arthur Smith A\'"oodavari), F.R.S.

Treasvrer : Horace W. Moxcktox, F.G.S.

Secretaries : Dr. B. Daydon Jackson.
E. S. Goodrich, F.R.S.
Dr. A. B. Rendle, F.R.S.

Tlie President then delivered his Presidential Address, on " The
Relationship of tlie existing Statutes of the Society to our present

needs."

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22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

PRESIDENTIAL ADDKKSS, 1919.

The losses sustained by the Society during tlie past year have
been uiany and severe. Among our Foreign meuibers we lament
Mr. Casiinir de Candolle, the worthy bearer of an honoured jiame.
Among our Associates we mourn the loss of Mr. Bagnall and
Mr. Waterhousp, whose names have been upon our roll for over
a generation. Among our senior Fellows we grieve over the
death of Mr. Godman, only a year ago the recipient of the highest
honour it is in the power of the Society to bestow. Other
veterans whoso loss we keenly feel include Mr. Worsley-Benisou,
Dr. Meiklejolni, Mr. Balston, Canon Norman, Lord Forrest of
Banbury, Mr. Roebuck, Sir Edward Fry, and Mr. Lace. Among
oiir younger Fellows we have lost, along with others, colleagues
so distinguished as Rev. Mr. AVright, Dr. E. A. N. Arber,
Mr. Bancroft, Mr. Knipe, and Mr. Row. Our Council has
suffered as severely as the general body of the Society. The
session opened with the untimely death of Dr. Plimmer, one of our
Vice-Presidents, whose charm of manner was only equalled by his
knowledge and his sagacity. It closes under the shadow of the loss
of Sir Frank Crisp, for nearly half a century one of our Fellows,
during a moiety of his Fellowship our trusted Treasurer, and
during the whole of it one of the wisest of our advisers and most
generous of our friends.

For our continued welfare the Society is again indebted to the
care of our Treasurer, our Secretaries, and our Council. To
them your President for the tiuie being is always greatly
beholden. The occupant of the Chair this afternoon is unable to
express as he would wish his sense of their unfailing support,
which has lightened his task and relieved his anxiety during three
sessions. The consideration shown him the while by the Society,
has made pleasant the duty entrusted to him in an emergency.
That emergency over, he has to thank you now for the additional
favour of unconditional demobilisation and the satitifaction of
placing his task in abler hands.

The business we transact at our Anniversary JMeeting is usually
confined to matters of domestic interest. This year it seems
desirable, while our ballots are in progress, to consider the con-
cerns of the Soci( ty. and take account of ' the Relationship of the
existing Statutes of the Societ}^ to our present needs.' Tliis
subject is too wide to admit of exhaustive treatment during the
minutes at our disposal. "We have, however, recently added a new
bye-law to our Statute-book. It seems, therefore, to be our duty
to estimate the effect this new bye-law is likely to have on the
Statut.es and Orders of the Societv.

LIXNBAX SOCIETY OF LOXDON. 23

A century after the grant of our Original Charter, we had to
ask for a supplementary one. We sought power to do things we
could not do under that of 1802, and to effect certain changes iii
the conduct of our business. The experience of a luindred years
had shown that changes were desirable. We were given all we
asked for. We availed ourselves of most of our new privileges at
once. Our history since 1904 has justified that action.

The anxieties of the past four years have left our common good
unscathed. The wav preoccupations of the Fellows have not
inhibited their work. The stringency of our ecouoraic conditions
has not prevented us from publishing some of their results. But
our anxieties have had another consequence. They have led us to
give closer attention than usual to our management of the affairs
of the Society.

When we asked for our Charter of 1902 one representation
made was that it would be expedient and would conduce to the
better and more convenient management of the concerns of the
Society if we wei'e enabled to limit by bye-laws tlie number of
our Fellows and to determine the number of Fellows to be
annually elected. Although we had been granted this privilege,
we decided in 1904 that the time for its employment liad
not come. The attention we have had to give to our internal
economy during the Mar has constrained us to make use of the
power that has been in abeyance since 1902. We have this
session limited by bye-law the number of our Fellows.

We now appreciate the foresight that led the Society to secure
this privilege. We anticipate that the exercise of this power
may yield satisfactory results. We know that the effects we
hope for can only come gradually. They need not, on this
account, be less certain or less beneficial. If the resolution of
this session be maintained, it may prove as advantageous as the
wise decision of sixty years ago to establish our ' Journal.' We
can await the ultimate effects of our new bye-law with some
confidence that their development will not disturb the even tenour
of our progress.

We realise, however, that our decision is to have an immediate
effect with which we must deal. This immediate effect is the
creation of a waiting-list of those interested in the cultivation of
the science of natural history who desire to become Fellows of
the Society. The existence of a waiting-list obviously involves
some modification in the conduct of our business.

A possible consequence of the existence oF a waiting-list maybe
that we shall take a keener personal interest than heretofore in
the responsible duty of choosing new l^'ellows. This should be
one of the greatest benefits to accrue from our recent action. We
may anticipate, however, that it will be one of the last I)enefits to
manifest itself. Custom is powerful ; neglect of this duty is
widespread. By degrees our apathy may disa[)p('ar.

M PuocEKJjiNGS i>e Tnn

An assured consequence of the existence of a waiting-list will
be that those Fellows who have always attended to tliis duty must
regard their old task from a new point of view. Hitherto they
have had to assess the absolute qualifications for Fellowship of
each individual candidate for election at anytime. Henceforward
tliey will have to adjudge the relative merits of all the candidates
for election at a j^iven time and to decide which of these
candidates r-re likely, if elected, to render tlie Society most
assistance. Again custom must prove powerful ; the task of re-
orientating ourselves may be hard and slow. In time, however,
we should succeed in adjusting ourselves to our new duty.
When we do succeed in this, we shall have the satisfaction of
knowing that, at last, the business of bringing the Society into
conformity with modern needs has really commenced. Once
tluit business has begun, its fulfilment-, though necessarily slow,
should be automatic and therefore assured.

AVhat now concern us, however, are certain difficulties that
must be overcome before we can begin to carry out our altered
(hities. We are not in a position to hel]) the Society to bring
about the improvements our new bye-law is intended to effect
until our Council shall devise certain new regulations and modify
certain existing ones.

The first difficulty to be overcome relates to the ' Hays of
Election.' Hitherto we have balloted for the election of new
Fello\\s at practically every oi'dinary meeting throughout a
session. This arrangement was satisfactory and convenient when
the only issue before FeUows present and voting was the eligibility
for election of an individual candidate. In future the issue
must include a comparative estimate of the merits of all the
candidates whose claims have to be considered in the course of
an entire session. Under the new conditions, therefore, our
present practice of taking a piecemeal interest in the elections
of a whole year must prove so inconvenient as to be intolerable.

Council may, we hope, determine on our behalf that, in
future sessions, meetings for election be confined to some
])aiticular date or dates. When and how often, in a given
session, elections should be held it will be for Council to advise.
Jkit we as Fellows may legitimately represent that the fewer
the days for election in a given session, the greater wiil be
the convenience to those Fellows who take part iu the work.
What is of more consequence than the general convenience of
Fellows, is that the fewer the days of election in a particular
session may be, the more effective must be the discharge of the
duty now devolving upon us.

A more inijiortant difficulty is that connected with the
' Selection of Candidates.' The object of our Society is the
cultivation of the science of natural history in all its branches.
We are on a footing of absolute equality in so far as concerns our

LINNBAN SOClETr OF l.ONDOX. 2^

interest in that object; our eagerness to acquire all the
information that any one oE our Fellows is willing to impart : our
i-eadiness to supply to all of our Fellows any information tliat we
as individuals are privileged to possess. We are further on a
footing of absolute equality in our appreciation of the truth that
all of us have not enjoyed identical opportunities of acquiring
knowledge ; all of us are not endowed with the same power of
conveying information.

It may be a drawback to us as individuals that our opportunities
of acquiring knowledge have not always been the same. But this
is no disadvantage to the Society as a whole, nor does it affect
our mutual esteem. We do not look with disregard upon a
Fellow who has mastered the methods needed in xA'orking out
the life-history of some organism inimical to plant or animal life
because he tells us that he has not mastered the methods required
in fixing an immune plant or in preparing a protective serum.
Nor do the masters of these diverse methods look with disregard
upon the taxonomic workers whose philosophic study may have
provided all three w4th criteria that aid them in fixing their
respective bench-marks.

Whether the gift of exposition be always innate or sometimes
acquired we need not now consider. What w'e know is that it
exists in varying degrees. Our experience warns us that it may
be equally variably manifested in future candidates for election.

Hitherto the name of every candidate for admission has come
up for consideration in the order determined by the date on which
the paper proposing him was presented to the Society. This
arrangement was satisfactory when the number of Fellows was
not limited. If the only considerations to be taken into account
in futnre had been our prerogatives as individual Fellows this
method might continue numodiiied. It will, indeed, be desirable
that, for the present, this method be followed still so far as
concerns the greater, number of the proposals that come before us
when vacancies in our List have to be filled. But we have now to
take into account tlie interests of the Society as a whole. This
new consideration is at least as important as the privileges of ])ro-
posers of candidates.

We shall all, as heretofore, take every opportunity that offers of
proposing for election candidates able to help the Society by their
work in those branches of natural history with which we, as
individuals, are especially conversant. But we shall all in future
desire that at every election we be given an opjjortuniry of con-
sidering the claims of candidates likely to add materially to our
knowledge of natural history in branches outside our own
particular fields of study. We must therefore arrange that there
be chosen from among the candidates for Fellowship on each
election day as large and as constantly increasing a proportion as
possible of new Fellows calculated to be as able as they are willing
to impart the information they may possess.

:?6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

We need the Iielp of our Council if we are to accomplish what
we wish. Wo must ask Council to scrutitiise on our h(;h:ilf, in
advance of each election day, tlie waiting list of candidates in its
entirety, and we must authorise Council to select from the whole
list, without reference to the date of proposal of any candidate,
and with regard only to the (pialitications of all the candidates,
the names, within some predetermined maximum numher, of those
whom they can recommend to us for immediate election.

A minor hut not unimportant matter is that of ' Validity of
Proposals.' When, in time, we come to appreciate as we should
our new responsihility, a particular candidature may be un-
successful at the first ballot. Such a candidature will therefore
have to be reconsidered at the next succeeding ballot or ballots.
A decision must therefore be arrived at beforehand as to tlie
duration of the period within which a particular ])roposal shall
continue to be valid. There may even be instances, in our sub-
sequent liistory, when a particular candidature may prove unsuc-
cessful at every ballot during the period of validity of its proposal.
Such a proposal may be replaced by a new proposal. Again there-
fore there must be a decision in advance as to the time that should
elapse before such a new proposal can be received by the Society.

So far we have been considering matters which call for the
framing of new regulations. Doubtless our new Council will
prepare and submit for our approval, as soon as they can conveni-
ently do so, the regulations we need. The requisite approval we
must accord without delay if we really desire to pay due regard to
the spirit of the decision which renders them necessary.

Let us now turn to matters, equally urgent, which differ from
the ones so far discussed in that our Statute-book already
contains regulations that profess to deal with them. We must
make quite certain that these old regulations, in their present
form, meet our new needs.

One of these matters is the ' Admission of Fellows.' Our bye-
law on this subject enjoins that every person chosen a Fellow
shall appear personallj^ for his admission within a space of six
months from the date oF his election or within such further time
as shall be granted by the Council. The ' List of the Society ' now
shows how we have been treating what our predecessors.considered
a necessary order. Nearly one-third (30*6 per cent.) of the
Fellows who have paid their admission fees have not appeared in
person to sign their obligation and receive the right hand of fellow-
ship. It is no empty formality tliey thus disregard ; a Fellow
may not vote at any election or meeting till he has been admitted.

Some may feel that the situation is less serious than it seems.
Over one half of the Fellows who have not yet sought admission
(ICy'd per cent, of the Society) may have been prevented because
they are usually resident outside the United Kingdom. The

LINNEAN SOCIETY Of LONDOX. 27

suggestion is more specious than convincing ; there are such
events in the lives of most Fello-ws who reside abroad as visits to
London. But we need not press this point ; it is sufficiently
disquieting to know that one seventh (13-6 per cent.) of our
Fellows, though resident in the British isles, tnke so little
interest in our common good that they remain unqualified to share
in our deliberations. Even among Fellows living in the London
area we find a few (3 per cent, of the Society) who are not in a
position to help in the management of our affairs.

The attitude of these unadmitted local Fellows is our safest guide
to the significance of what is a disquieting hal)it. That attitude
supplies the satisfactory assurance tliat abstention rarely reflects
disx'espect towards the Society. Fellows not yet admitted attend
our ordinary meetings, take part in our discussions and at times
read papers in this room. If this help to mitigate our concern, it
at the same time increases our regret. The part such Fellows take
in our scientific work often leads us to wish that they could assist
us in managing our business. We cannot secure their aid because
they insist on remaining unqualified to render it. Sometimes
abstention is due to reserve ; sometimes to forgetfuluess of our
bye-laws ; at worst, to some want of consideration for the best
interests of the Society. It should be our business therefore to
encourage the diffident, to remind the oblivious, and to induce the
unthinking to take some account of the common good of the
corporation to which they belong.

But we must do more than this. Tlie blame does not rest
exclusively on our unadmitted Fellows. Xothing can be more
hurtful to us than to place an order on our Statute-book and
allow it to remain a dead-letter. This we are doing. We must
take steps to enforce our order. We cannot excuse ourselves by
saying that our order is explicit and that the practice of ignoring
it is due to our Council having granted extensions of time that are
unduly long. We were responsible in 1904 for the approval of
the bye-law which contains that order. We deliberately omitted
to confer on our Council authority to inflict any iJenalty if the
order were disobeyed. By so doing, we compel Council, out of
regard for our reputation, to grant extensions of time that can
only end at the Greek Kalends. Our Council has, indeed, enabled
us to appreciate, by means of the ' List of the Society,' what the
effect of our action has been. During the past two years this
intimation has remained unheeded. No Fellow has thought fit to
allude to it or to make any representation on the subject.

It is possible that we refrain from stating the ultimate penalty
for neglect to attend for admission because we make tliat penalty
clear in a bye-law which enjoins that if any person refuse to sub-
scribe the obligation we sign before we are admitted, the election
of that person shall be void. If so, our decision not to state the
penalty in both bye-laws was an unfortunate economy of words,
not so much because it nullifies our intention, as because it
exposes us to a vexatious imputation. We are fully entitled to

28 PROCKEDIXGS <>K lUl*

cancel tlie elecliun ot iiuy Fellow who refuses to subscribe his
oblif,':ition when he appears for. adniissiou. But we safeguard
ourselves against the disagreeable necessity of inflicting that
penalty by the dubious expedient of indicating that such a Fellow
need not incur the penalty proviih-d he be sufficiently discreet to
refrain from presenting himself for admission. We have no
desire to benefit by the annual contributions and admission fees of
persons who conscientiously object to assist the Society in its work.
What we do urgently need is a slight but necessary modification
in the drafting of one of our bye-laws.

What concerns us now, however, is not so much the past
neglect of our bye-law regarding ' Admission,' as the attention
this bye-law nnist receive in future. We may rely, as hitherto,
upon our Council tu treat witii consideration those applications
for extension of time from new Fellows who, owing to residence
abroad, to sickness, or to some other adequate cause, are unable to
seek admission within six months. We may be assured that
renewed applications on similar grounds will be considered with
care and sympairhy. But we must make it clear by bye-law that
when in future an elected Fellow has failed to seek admission
within six months and has taken no trouble to ask for an
extension of time, his election shall be void. It is unthinkable
that we should retain on our List the name of any Fellow who
thus disregards one of our orders, to the exclusion from Fellowship
of a candidate who is prepared, if elected, to subscribe his
obligation to the Society and to promote its common good.

A point that calls for thought is the apparent difficulty of
applying such a regulation in the case of a Fellow who desires, on
his election, to compound for all future contributions by a single
payment. The difficulty is less serious than it looks. Already
we distinguish between Fellows usually resident outside the
United Kingdom and Fellows usually resident in the British Isles.
We did, at one time, recognise that the former, who crinnot
use our library and attend our ordinary meetings, are at a dis-
advantage as compared with the latter, who enjoy these two
advantages. Our Statutes do not permit any non-resident Fellow
to appear in person for admission until he shall have produced
satisfactory security that his annual contributions be duly paid in
advance, or shall have compounded for all future annual contri-
butions by a single ])ayment. Our Statutes, on the otiier hand,
permit any resident I'^ellow to a])pear for admission as soon
as he shall have paid his admission fee and his first aimual
contribution. The bye-law as regards non-resident Fellows
would be aduiirable, if we took care to see it enfoi-ced. It
should therefore n.-main, provided we decide to continue the
concession as to cou)|)osition. The difficulty as regards resident
Fellows can be easily overcome by the insertion, in the bye-law
relating to them, of the converse order that the privilege of
composition n)ay only be enjoyed by those who have duly appeared

LINNEAN SOCIKTT OF LONDON. 29

in person to sign tlieir obligation to the Society and liave been
duly admitted.

The consideration of this difficulty brings us naturally to the last
matter we need consider to-daj' — ' The Payments to be made by
the Fellows,' Following the order of our bye-laws on this subjeet,
we may begin with the Statute relative to the ' Admission Fee'
winch becomes due on election and must be paid before admission
by every Fellow, unless by Special Order the Council have remitted
that fee in whole or in ])art. The authority thus given to our
Council we know by experience to be most conducive to tlie higher
interests of the Society. We must therefore endeavour, at all
costs, to leave this satisfactory bye-law relating to payments in its
present form.

The regulations we have prescribed as regards the payment of
' Annual Contributions ' are not so well adapted as we could wish
to meet our pi'esent needs. Our actual order enjoins that, before
admission, every Fellow shall pay his fii'st annual contribution,
and shall pay the like sum annually in advance on each succeeding
24th day of May so long as he shall continue a Fellow. AVe are
to be congratulated on the possession of so explicit a bye-law.
We are further to be congratulated on the fact that the habit of
ignoring this bye-law is less prevalent than that of neglecting our
order requiring elected Fellows to attend in person for admission.
The explanation may be that we do in this case prescribe a penalty
for non-compliance with the order. After a long and painful
process we actually summon up sufficient courage to enforce that
penalty. We cannot, however, congratulate ourselves with regard
to that process. A Fellow must have failed on three succeeding
Anniversar)'^ days to pay his annual contribution ere we permit
our Council to post his default. Even then we insist that a further
interval shall elapse before Council can order the removal of the
name of the defaulter from the List of the Society.

This regulation is obviously ill-adapted to meet tlie case of the
Fellow who has fallen into arrear through oversight. An inad-
vertent defaulter will ordinarily pay a forgotten amnial contribution
as readily, and more cheerfully, if his name be posted at once.
AV^e cannot expect him to thank us for permitting his arrears to
run on till he owes the Society three contributions. Our want of
consideration for the purely casual defaulter is, perhaps, the best
proof that our procedure is dictated by consideration for cases of
default due to some other cause. Now, there can only be two
kinds of default other than the purely inadvertent : default by
those who do not desire, and default by those who cannot manage,
to meet their obligation. In neither case does our procedure
bring benefit to the Society or assistance to a Fellow. In the one
case it engenders irritation, in the other it creates embarrassment.
AV^e tacitly admit that, so far as concerns those who are un-
willing to pay, our procedure is disadvantageous to the Society.

30 PROCEEDIXGS OF TUB

We show tliis by reserving' tlie right to put any Fellow we may
remove in suit tor the recovery of arrears. With this salve to
our consciences we have to be satisfied. Our Council wisely
protect us against ourselves by treating our threat as the brutum
fulmen it really is. Our cliiei: concern, however, is with cases of
another chararter. Out of regard for the higher interests of the
Society, we give authority to our Council to deal, after three
defaults, with an 'Annual Contribution' exactly as we already
have empowered thein to deal, at once, with an 'Admission Fee.'
We must, if we wish to benefit the Society, transfer this authority
to an earlier bye-law, and so enable Council to exercise that
power, in suitable cases, without delay.

For the moment, however, we are more concerned vi-ith new
duties than old derelictions. Our existing procedure cannot be
continued. AVe must temper our well-meant leniency in cases
of default from whatever cause arising, with justice to our common
good. We no longer possess the riglit to retain on the ' List of
the Society ' for a single session the name of any Fellow whose
annual contribution has not been paid in advance, to the exclusion
from Fellowship of a candidate prepared to pay not only an annual
contribution but an additional admission fee.

At the same time, something has to be said on the other side.
The penalty we do eventually inipose, in cases of default to pay
' Annual Subscriplions ' in advance, is removal. This penalty is, in
certain cases, far too harsh and drastic.

When we look, in our ' Proceedings,' at the accounts of the
business transacted at our Anniversary Meetings, we find that we
impose the penalty of removal both upon non-resident and upon
resident Fellows. The cases of these two classes of Fellows are
not the same. The removal of a non-resident Fellow should be
supererogatory. If a non-resident Fellow has complied with our
order eitlier to provide security for the payment of liis animal
C(mtributions or to compound for these contributions by a single
paynient, it is obvious that he never can be in arrear. If the
payments of a non-resident Fellow ever be in arrear it is obvious
that he has not complied with one of our bye-laws. We have,
moreover, ruled tliat until a non-resident Fellow shall have com-
plied with this order he is not qualified to appear for admission.

We have ruled that if any Fellow refuse to sign his obligation
to the Society when he appears for admission, tlie election of that
l''ellow is void. We have implied our intention to regard as void
the election of any Fellow who fails to appear for admission within
a prescribed period. ^,V(i ought then, a /o/-//o/'i, to regard as void
the election of a non-resident Fellow who has failed to qualify to
present himself in person for admission. The fact that a non-
resident Fellow has fallen into arrear with his atmual contributions,
shows us that his election should have been made void before the
necessity for his removal could arise.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 3 1

The most serious aspect of any instauce in our liistory of the
removal of a non-resident Fellow on account of arrears is the
gravity of its reflection upon ourselves. It proves that we have
been as unmindful of our duty as regards the enforcement of an
order of our own as to ' Payments to be made by Fellows,' as we
have already found ourselves to be in respect of our bye-law as to
' Admission/

If we be prepared in future to fulfil our own duty towards the
Society it is clear that cases of arrears must be confined to
resident Fellows. Hereafter, as hithei'to, Fellows in arrear must
fall into one or other of two categories. Either they will be
Fellows who have explained in writing beforehand to one of the
officers of the Society the circumstances that are to prevent them
from paying their annual contribution on the next ensuing 24th
day of May, or they will be Fellows who iuive failed to make such
au intimation. We may deal with the latter category first.

In the case of any Fellow who has failed to pay his annual
contribution in advance on Anniversary day and has sent no in-
timation on the subject beforehand, all that seems to be necessary
is to send to that Fellow, before 31 May, a formal request to
remedy the omission. Should the contribution thus due remain
unpiiid on 31 August the name of the Fellow in arrear must
automatically disappear from the 'List of the Society' issued in
November of the year in whicli default takes place. But if the
Fellow whose name must thns be deleted has, prior to the date on
which default fakes place, been duly admitted to the Society, he
ought to be regarded as suspended from Fellowship, not as
removed from the Society.

The penalty involved will be sufficiently severe. A vacancy
caused by the suspension of any duly elected Fellow will enable
the election of a new candidate in his place at the next ensuing
day of election. This, however, should not deprive any duly
admitted Fello\v whose name is thus suspended of the right to
beg for reinstatement. Council should be given authority to deal
with such an application. If there be proof (a) that the suspended
Fellow was duly admitted before suspension, (b) that the arrears to
which his suspension was due have l)een duly paid, (c) that he has,
in addition, paid all the annual contributions due in respect of the
whole period of his suspension, a7id [d) has provided satisfactory
security — say an order on his bankers — for the payment of future
annual contributions, Council might have power, if they should
think fit, to reinstate the name of the applicant in the ' List of the
Society ' on the first occasion on which a permanent vacancy in
the Society may take place. A duly admitted Fellow who has
been suspended but who has applied for reinstatement and has
paid in advance the annual contributions due from non-suspended
Fellows should, notwithstanding his suspension, continue to
receive the publications of the Society and be entitled to attend
ordinary meetings. But so long as his suspension lasts he should
not have liberty to vote at any meeting or election. On being

32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

reinstated lie should not be called upon to attend in person for
readmission.

If a Fellow whose name has thus to be deleted from the List
has not been duly admitted to the Society, his original election
•should be regarded as void. Should such a Fellow desire to rejoin
th(i Socie(_y his name must be duly proposed for re-electiou and
couie up for consideration, unless the Council shall otherwise
recommend, in the order determined by the date on which the
paper proposing him for re-election is presented to the Society.
During the interval between his removal and his re-election he
should not enjoy any of the privileges of a Fellow. It will be for
Council to decide whether his Admission fee be remitted or not.

The case of a Fellow who lias explained in writing beforehand
that he will be prevented from paying liis annual contribution on
the next ensuing -J4th day of May will, as in the past, be taken
into consideration by Council when his letter is laid before them.
Such a case, if the Fellow has not appeared in ])erson for admission,
may involve removal; or, if the Fellow has been duly admitted,
may involve suspension. At times, however, suspension of an
admitted Fellow may be deemed inappropriate. Council already
possess authority to deal with suitable cases by Special Order.

All of us do not pay annual contributions. The Society, in
order to meet the convenience of the Fellows, gives everyone the
option of 'compounding for all future annual contributions by a
single payment.' This concession the Society is under no obliga-
tion to make. It is a grace or favour, not aright. In making the
concession, all that the Society has to do is to ensure that the
convenience thus offered sliall not interfere with, or injure, the
fommon good of the corporation. So far as resident Fellows
are concerned, the privilege is accorded unconditionally. In tlie
case of newly elected non-resident Fellows a condition appears
to attach to the privilege. We seem to order such a Fellow to
compound for his future contributions. This, however, is hardly
the case. AVhat we do is to order a newly elected non-resident
Fellow to provide security satisfactory to the Council that his future
contributions be paid. We only explain to such a Fellow that, if
he be unable to provide the necessary securit}^, 'composition'
affords him a convenient way out of his difficulty.

The effects of this concession call for more careful consideration
than they usually receive. Those who have taken advantage of
the concession do not always appreciate how valuable it is. Those
who have not compounded do not always realise how harmful to
the Society any excessive use of the concessio:i may prove. The
concession is so familiar and so convenient that few of us can
contemplate with equanimity the necessity for its cessation. The
harm it does is, however, so manifest that it ought not to continue
in its present form.

In theory a 'composition fee' should be as satisfactory as a
series of annual contributions, since such a fee should add to the

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDON. ^^

capital of tlie Society a sum the interest ou which will ultimately
coiupeiisate foi- the loss to the revenue of the Society of the
corresponding annual contributions. In practice, we know, that
throughout our history some part of what, having been received
in composition-fees, might have been added to onr capital
account, has had to be used as if it were revenue. Had this not
been done, it would have been impossible to meet the cost of the
Society's publications. We know, too, that tlie mischief is pro-
gressive. For some time we liave been impelled to suspend the
issue of our ' Transactions.' That this, to some extent, is to be
explained by the unfortunate tendency to make excessive use of
the privilege of compounding, which is so marked a characteristic
at the present time, is at least probable. Compounders must
necessarily be a source of keen anxiety to a careful Treasurer of
any Society such as ours. Whether we like it or not, we must
face the situation, and endeavour to find some equitable solution
of our difficulty.

When the concession was first granted, Fellows who availed
themselves of the convenience were asked to pay a uniform
composition-fee, supposed on actuarial grounds to be sufficient to
safeguard the financial interests of the Society. That it would
be adequate for the purpose, if every Fellow were to compound
for all future payments, we can easil}'' believe. But every Fellow
does not compound. If, therefore, by any chance, composition
becomes characteristic of a particular class of Fellow, tlie balance
between capital and revenue is liable to be upset.

So long as the original system, under which a uniform fee was
enacted, remained in operation, any Fellow under the age of 35
who might decide to compound, could do so by paying a fee from
£4: to ^9 lower "than the amount which the compounder's
' expectation of life ' entitled the Society to demand. The group
of Fellows under 35, moreover, included a fair proportion of the
newly elected non-resident Fellows upon whom our Statutes
bring indirect pressui'e to become compounders rather than
contributors. The tendency under the old system therefore was
for an undue proportion of our younger Fellows to compound.

A few years ago the Society gave careful consideration to this
question and, as a result, our composition bye-law was so altered
that the payment in lieu of all future contributions ceased to be
uniform. This payment is now made in accordance with an
actuarial scale that takes account both of the ' expectation of life '
and the ' standing in the Society ' of any individual Fellow "who
may compound. This new method eifectually counteracts the
tendency so disadvantageous to the Society which the old method
that prescribed a uniform fee was known to have induced ; the new
systeui takes account, up to the age of 40, of the individual, not of
the collective ' expectation of life ' of our Fellows. Eut, so far
as the financial interests of the Society are concerned, the new
system seems as defective as the old. After the nge of 40 it takes
account of the ' standing in the Society ' of any Fellow who may

LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1918-1919. d

34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

compound. As a consequence wlien a Fellow of upwards of twenty
years' standing in the Society compounds now, he is permitted to
do so on payment of a fee £4 to £(j lower than the amount which
his ' expectation of life ' should entitle the Society to exact. Thus
the tendency under the present system is for an undue proportion
of our older Fellows to compound. An examination of our accounts
produces the unpleasant impression that this new tendency is
even more disadvantageous to the financial condition of the Society
than the one it has replaced.

It is not unusual to find that a modification of our Statutes
leads to cousequences uncontemplated when the change was
resolved upon. The recent addition of a hye-law limiting the
number of Fellows illustrates this. In that case, fortunately, the
consequences of the change all promise to be beneficial. This
cannot be said of the bye-law in which our composition-fee was
altered from a fixed to a variable sum.

Tluit particular change was intended, among other things, to
afford some relief as regards ])ayments to a particular group of
our Fellows. This was perfectly legitimate. Unfortunately
what is lawful need not be expedient. The Society offers the
option of compounding to every Fellow. Only some of us can
avail ourselves of the offer. The Fellow who compounds reaps
the benefit of the sliding-scale. But the Fellow who can com-
pound is the one who least needs this benefit. The sliding-scale
does not affect the annual contributions of the Fellow who
cannot afford to compound. This is unavoidable ; justit-e to one
part of a community need not advantage another part. J^ut the
fact that the annual contributor is no better off because the
compounder receives assistance shows that our well-meant effort
only partially fulfils its purpose.

The resident Fellows are mainly responsible for alterations in
our Statutes ; space and time prevent non-resident ones from co-
operating. This is usually of small moment ; the Statutes
generally affect all Fellows alike. But the composition bye-laws
are exceptional, for in one of tliese we order new non-resident
Fellows, under special circumstances, to compound rather than
contribute. We see that our present l:)ye-law augments tlie fee
payabk) by these newly elected non-resident Fellows, in some cases
by the equivalent of three ' annual contributions,' notwithstanding
tiie fact that non-resident Fellows could take no part in passing
or in objecting to the bye-law. The Fellows affected have no
ground for complaint ; they are, after all, only asked to pay for
the convenience we afi'ord them what in their particular cases that
convenience is worth. Again, however, a change intended by us
to benefit all compounders is open to some objection. It adds to
the financial obligation of the only kind of compounder in whose
case compounding is not optional.

This is not the oidy respect in which non-resident and resident
Fellows are. differently situated. The former cannot as a rule
consult our books and attend our meetings ; the latter may do

UXNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 35

both. This difference between the two classes is an accidental,
not an essential feature of Fellowship. AVhen we fixed a uniform
composition-fee for all Fellows we excluded this 'accident ' from
consideration. But, while we did this, we nevertheless regarded
the use of our library and our meeting-room as advantages. Had
we considered accidental circumstances at all our obvious duty
would have been to have asked a rather smaller composition-fee
from the non-resident Fellow who may be compelled to compound,
than from the resident Fellow who need not compound unless he
chooses.

In iixing our present sliiliiig-scale we resolved to take into
account the 'standing in the Society' of any Fellow who might
compound. This circumstance is as purely accidental as that of
residence within or outside tlie United Kingdom. What is more,
"when taking into consideration the ' stauding in the Society ' of
a compounder, we are at pains now to regard the opportunity of
consulting our library and attending our meetings as a dis-
advantage. We compensate a compounder of 20 years' standing
and upwards for having endured that disadvantage so long ;
we make a new non-resident Fellow pay a larger fee than
formerly when he compounds, because he does not ordinarily
iucur this disadvantage. This we feel can hardly be what we
intended ; it is, however, in effect what we do.

Our position as regards ' Composition ' clearly calls for im-
provement. Doubtless the best course, financially, would be to
cancel our concession. But, if for no other reason than that
many of our Fellows are non-resident, this is far from desirable.
It seems possible to continue the concession and, while so doing,
both to retain our happy idea of making allowance for the
' standing in the Society ' of a compounder and to add the further
improvement of making allowance for the indirect compulsion we
apply to new non-resident Fellows. Let us assume that the old
fee of £45 corresponds fairly accurately with the collective as
opposed to the individual 'expectation of life ' of the Fellows.
We might then permit any non-resident Fellow who compounds
on being elected to do this on payment of £45 in addition to his
' admission fee.' Save as regards non-resident Fellows who
compound when first elected, the fee for composition might be : —
For Fellows of less than 10 years' standing, £50; of 10-20
years' standing, £45 ; of 20-30 years' standing, £40 ; of
30 years' standing or over, o£l35. This scale ought to safeguard
our financial interests, provided all composition-fees received be
invested. The scale suggested is, it will be appreciated, only
offered by way of illustration. The actual scale it will be for
Council to decide.

Our various well-meant but not always efiective attempts to
afford relief in respect of the payments to be made by the Fellows
of the Society, teach us that the only safe course to ado])t is to try
to aft'ord relief all round. Before we consider what form this ' all

cl2

^6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

round relief ' should take it is necessary to make proper provision
for this relief.

Every time an Admission fee is remitted there is a deduction
from our Capital Account. Every time a Fellow in arrears has
to be removed there is a loss to our Revenue Account. Every
time a composition-fee on our present scale is paid there is a loss
to both accounts.

This was serious, but could be defended, while our income was
ill theory capable of expansion, even though we were aware that
in practice our income had become stationary. It was largely
owing to the fact that our income had ceased to expand that we
felt justified in limiting the number of our Fellows. Now that our
income is definitely fixed, the three leakages mentioned must be
stopped, not so much because they aflTect our material interests as
because they damage those higher interests our recent action is
designed to promote.

Against our income have to be set certain fixed charges which
we can neither evade nor reduce. The balance left we devote to
the publication of our results — a duty as instant as that of
securing them. To reduce that balance means a dereliction
of that duty. When granting relief in the matter of fees we
must therefore clearly draw upon some fund independent of our
normal income. We possess no such fund. Our immediate task
therefore is to create one.

The happy thought which inspired our predecessors to grant
authority to our Council to issue a Special Order in the case of an
Admission fee or an Annual Contribution, supplies us with a
convenient starting point. We can begin what may in time
prove a boon to every new Fellow of the Society if we found now
an unambitious ' Admission Fee Reduction Fund.' Out of the
income of this fund we may give our Council authority to transfer
to tlie account of the Society itself the equivalent of an)"^
Admission fee they may by Special Order remit. Out of the
income of this fund, too, we can authorise Council, when we have
amended their authority to deal with suitable cases of the kind,
to transfer to the account of tlie Society the equivalent of any
Animal Contribution they may by Special Order excuse. Out of
the income of this special fund we maj' also hope from the first
to pay to the Society on helialf of every new Fellow £1 of the
£6 of his Admission fee.

The last of these desirable objects may be accomplished when
the fund we require has reached a total of £1000. But we do
not need, nor would we wish, to stop at this point. Tear by
year surplus revenue should be added to capital. Year by year
we may hope for further individual contributions to the fund.
When the revenue admits of this, the |)ayment on behalf of each
new Fellow towards the reduction of his Admission fee may
be increased to .£1 10s. Later, as the fund grows, £2 may be
paid, and we may go on by increments of 10s. until the fund can

LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDOJf. 37

from its revenue ultimately pay to the Society on behalf of every
new Fellow the entire Admission fee of ^6. It seems possible
that this result might be achieved with a fund of £4000, and the
junior Fellows here to-day may hope to see sucli a fund created.
Nor need the sciieme end here. Our successors may in time be
in a position to consider the payment on behalf of Fellows of
some part of their annual contributions, Xone of us present can
hope to see that day, for it will not be safe to begin the reduction
of annual subscriptions till the fund invested amounts to at least
five times £4000.

In the meantime, however, we need not build castles in Spain.
We must now be content with the day of small things and may
be satisfied if we can get our scheme, which seems to meet with
approval on the part of Council, well and fairly launched by the
accumulation of a Fund of .£1000.

One eminent Fellow of the Society who favours this scheme
has made the suggestion that our new Fund receive a distinctive
name. He proposes that we dedicate it to the memory of the able
naturalist who was our first Treasurer. We can hardly conceive
a name of hap])ier augury, since our Fund, if this suggestion
be adopted, "will be known as the ' Goodenough Fund.'

The thing that matters now is to create that Fund. It is the
first step that counts ; let us all help to take it.

Lord KoTHSCHiLD, F.Z.S., then moved : — " That the President
be thanked for his excellent address, and that he be requested
to allow it to be printed and circulated amongst the Fellows,"
which resolution, having being seconded by Dr. J. R. Leeson, was
put and carried with acclamation.

Sir Datid Pbain having acknowleged the vote of thanks,
proceeded to address Professor Isaac Bayley Balfouk, F.Ii.S.,
reciting his services to the study of Botany, and handing to him
the Linnean Medal in gold. He said : —

Professor Isaac Bayley Balfotjk, —

No duty entrusted to me by my fellows during the past three
years has afforded, or could aft'ord me, greater pleasure than that
which they have deputed me to perform on their behalf this
afternoon.

It is now five and forty years since our illustrious master, Sir
Joseph Hooker, first favoured the Fellows assembled in this room
with inforu:;ation relative to the Island of Eodi'iguez that you
bad sent to him.

A year later you honoured this Society by joining our ranks,
and in the course of the next two sessions papers on the vege-
tation of that island, communicated by you, were published in our

38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Journal, A fuller account of its botany was contributed by you
to the ' Philosophical Transactions.'

]\or were these the only fruits of your Mascarene studies. We
owe to you a finished account of the natural history of the genus
IlalopliiJa and a valuable eiiuuieration of the species of Pandanus.
Nearly forty years ago you undertook the botanical survey of
the Island of Socotra, tlie results of which, after eight years of
unremitting labour, were placed at our disposal in what must
remain a classic among regional floristic studies. Mindful of the
first business of the scientific traveller you secured data necessary
for the determiuatiou of the source of such historic drugs as
Socotrine Aloes and Dragon's blood.

This, however, forms but a small part of the title you have
established to our admiration and our esteem. As a teacher of
four decades of the Scientia amnhilis you have exercised a power-
ful influence, in three several ancient and illustrious seats of
learning, on those who have advanced and are advancing natural
knowledge in the botanical field, and on the development of
modern methods of botanical training. Nor has that influence
been confined to these three schools. It has been exerted else-
where by your labour in providing us with vernacular versions of
erudite outland treatises and by the part you have played for now
nearly a quarter of a century as one of tlie founders and editors
of the ' Annals ' of that Science it is our honour to serve. As
the Keeper, during three decades, of a noble liortas vivas you have
throughout that period kept in the memory of a generation apt to
forget, how effective an instrument for the increase of natural
knowledge such an institution with its concomitant collections may
be. You have, moreover, at all times appi^eciated that fundamental
obligation which i-ests on those so circumstanced, to improve for
use the results of the investigations and researches there carried
out. How truly and how fully these duties have been fulfilled
is best realised by those who have followed your work in con-
nection with the botanical exploration of South-western China
and the North-eastern Himalayn, and have studied your contri-
butions to the natural and cultural history of such protean genera
as Primula and Rhododendron.

Your trained advice has at all times been freely at the disposal
of botany, horticulture, and the mystery of healing, as your tried
judgment has been appreciated by the science, the craft, and the
art concerned.

It was hoped, three years ago, that our Society might enjoy the
inestimable benefit of profiting by that advice and judgment as
the occupant of this Chair, and the regret that this could not be
has been felt more keenly by myself than it could be by any other
Fellow. My recompense has come in tlie privilege now accorded
to me of asking you on behalf of us all to accept this medal, the
highest honour that we can offer you, and to receive with it our
warm wish that you may long be spared to continue the work tliat
has served us as an example and an eucourasement.

LIlYIfEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 39

The recipient made an ackuowledgmeut in reply as follows : —

Mr. President, —

Tlie moment and the v^ery kind words which you have spoken
about me naturally commit me to retrospection with thoughts —
had this been done otherwise, liad that been left undone, might
not more and better things have been done ? — with thoughts also
of those kind friends — many they are — to whose advice, encourage-
ment, and co-operation I owe so much for anything that has been
done. And the picture I see is one of lights and shadows evoking
not unmixed feelings. You. however, have decreed that I am not
to be the grave of my own deservings, and I accept tlie honour
you confer upon me to-day — in the terms of the award the highest
mark of esteem in the power of the Society to bestow — with satis-
faction born of the greatest gratification. It comes to me, Sir,
with all the real value of spontaneous tribute from my compeers,
telling me that in some ways at least during the now many years
in which I have shared in holding aloft the torch of botanical
science I have not been unworthy. The acclaim of one's fellow-
workers in " well-done " is assuredly the greatest of all honours —
a prize to be cherished. That you have given me to-day and I
thank you.

The General Secretary having laid upon the table the Obituary
Notices of certain deceased Fellows, the proceedings terminated.

OBITUARY NOTICES.

Edward Alexander Newell Arber, M.A., Sc.D.— By the prema-
ture death of Newell Arber on June 14th, 1918, the Society has
lost one of its ablest Fellows, and Botany, especially Pala3obotany,
one of its most energetic and devoted workers.

Newell Arber was born in London on August 5th, 1870. His
father, Edward Arber, became Professor of English at Mason's
College, Birmingham, and was well known as the editor of many
English Classics.

Newell Arber's health compelled him to make a long stay at
Davos, at the age of 15. It was then tliat he first came to know
the Alpine Flora, to which he was passionately devoted tlu-ough-
out his life. Prof. Oliver, F.E.S., writes of their first meeting in
the early nineties : "We soon discovered a common entluisiasm
for the Alps, which in Arber's case was all-consuming. So far as
he was concerned there was an alpine botany and other botany —
the latter he regarded through the glamour of the former."

40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Arber's early education was obtained at King Edward's School,
Birmingliani, where his form-master, Mr. Turner, inspired him with
a love for l)otany. He subsequently worked at Mason's College and
University College, London, and in 1893-4 spent a year gardening
in the lioyal Horticultural Society's Gardens, then at Chiswick —
a valuable experience, which added to his many-sided interest in
plant-life.

Wlien Arber went up to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1895,
his object as he said, was to qualify himself to pursue original
work in botany, and to follow that subject as a profession. \Vliile
he never lost sight of this main purpose, he soon became equally
keen on geology, and took both subjects for the Second Part of
the Tripos. The union of the two sciences naturally suggested
fossil botany as an appropriate field, and he at once began this
study, on the advice of his good friend and teaclier Prof. McKenny
Hughes, who appointed him Demonstrator in Palaeobotany as soon
as he had taken his degree. He continued to hold this post to
the end of his life; during his tenure of office about 5000 speci-
mens were added to the fossil plant collections of the Sedgwick
Museum, while he enlisted many able recruits for the subject
from among his students.

Arber's scientific work may for tlie most part be grouped under
tliree heads : recent botany, morphological and evolutionary palaeo-
botany, and stratigraphical palaeobotany. We may now briefly
refer to some of his chief publications in each branch.

His earliest papers were on recent botany; the first was a
tlieoretieal discussion of the relationships of the indefinite in-
florescences (1, 1899). In the same year he wrote on the British
and Swiss alpine Floras, a congenial subject, on which he was
already qualified to speak (2, 1899), His next two papers were on
a physiological question — the effect of nitrates and other snlts on
the assimilation of certain Green Alga?; this investigation, sug-
gested by his teacher Francis Darwin, was without relation to his
subsequent work, but it is a gain to any morphologist to have
once dipped into physiology (3 & 4, 1901).

After a short interval, Arber returned to recent botany in a
paper on true and false synanthy in the genus Lonicera (10, 1903).
His chief contribution, however, to the study of living plants was
his volume on 'Plant Life in Alpine Switzerland' (43, 1910),
probably the work which gave him the niost pleasure; he knew
the alpine Flora with the intimacy derived from more than 25
visits to the Alps. The fine photographs illustrating the volume
were mostly his own work. The book is adapted to the general
reader; any detailed criticism must be left to those whose know-
ledge of the Flora is comparable to that of the author.

Turning now to the main work of Arber's life, fossil botany, we
will first glance at some of his chief memoirs of structural and
morphological interest. Arber was the first to figure and to
describe in modern language, Binney's type-specimens of Lj/^/ijio-
dendron oldhamiiun (7, 1902). In the Binney collection he also

LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 4 1

found a good specimen of MeduUosa antjUca, which enabled him to
add to our knowledge of the roots, and to describe the structure
of the sieve-tubes, a point rarely observable in petrified plants,
(13, 1903). In 1901 Arber named and described a sihcified tree-
trunk from Tasmania, of Tertiary age, recorded by Sir Joseph
Hooker more than 00 years before (17, 1901). A paper on new
species of Lar/enostoma is of special interest from the fact that in
one of them the cupulate seeds were still attached to the rhachis
of the frond (20, 1905).

Arber's British Museum Catalogue of the Glossopteris Tlora, an
important systematic work, contains an account of the probable
sporangia associated with the scale-fronds of Glossopteris, whicli he
had described more fully in a separate paper (22 & 23, 1905).
This was the first time that any light had been thrown on the
reproduction of this important fossil genus.

In a valuable theoretical essay on the past history of the Ferns,
Arber proposed the class-name Primofilices for the Palaeozoic
stock from which the Mesozoic Leptosporangiatae were derived,
the BotryopteridesB (in the wide sense) being the best known
family within the group. Tlie name Primofilices has often been
misunderstood; it was not intended to imply the primitiven.ess of
the group, but rather its antiquity, as being characteristic of the
Primary Rocks. Rightly interpreted the designation serves a
useful purpose. In tliis memoir Arber expressed a judicious
scepticism as to the supposed dominance of the Eusporangiate
Perns in the Palaeozoic ; he further pointed out that the resem-
blanre between the sporangia of such Perns and the pollen-sacs
of the lower Spermophyta, may well be a case of homoeomorphy
rather than a mark of affinity, a suggestion whioli now appears
worthy of serious consideration (21, 1906).

In the well-known memoir by Arber and John Parkin on the
Origin of Angiosperms (29, 1907) the idea of a relation between
Angiosperms and Bennettiteae, already suggested by Wieland, is
worked out in detail and elaborated into a definite phylogenetic
theory. " It appears to us," they say, " that although the direct
ancestors of the Angiosperms are as yet unknown in the fossil
state, this line of descent can now be traced back to the great
group of Mesozoic Cycadophyta, and to a hypothetical race of
plants nearly related to the Bennettiteae" (p. 30). Wieland
himself expressed a very favourable opinion of the pajjer. Shortly
afterwards he discovered in his WUliamsonia mexicana a type of
stamen which almost exactly realises that postulated by Arber
and Parkin in their reconstruction of the hypothetical Hemi-
angiosperm.

The present writer, who has maintained essentially the same
hypothesis of the origin of Angiosperms, was first put on the
track in a conversation with Arber. Mrs. Az'ber tells us that
Professor von AV^ettstein of Vienna " pro[)Osed and arranged the
translation of the Origin of Angiosperms into German." " He
wrote concerning this paper: ' As I have been occupied for some

42 PnOCEEDINGS OF THE

years with the same question 1 know liow to appraise its great
worth, altliongh I represent totally different views,' The trouble
taken by the Austrian professor to give publicity to a theory wliich
ran altogether counter to his opinions, deserves to be placed on
record as a remarkable instance of scientific broad-mindedness."*

In the following year Arber and Parkin extended their theory
to the Gnetales and adduced evidence to show that this enigmatic
group si)raiig from a common stock with the Angiospeniis and
developed, in many respects, along parallel lines (34, 1908).

A conjoint memoir with Hamshaw Thomas, on the structux'e of
SiijiUaria scuteUata, etc., was the first full account of the anatomy
of a ribbed iSigillarian stem. Among other points of interest, the
autliors showed that the leaf-traces are double, a fact whicli en-
abled them to identify the isolated leaf )Si<jiUariopsis sulcata as
that of a ribbed Sigillaria. A subsequent note demonstrated the
same feature in /S'. mamlllaris (33, 1908 ; 39, 1909).

In 1911 Arber took a leading part in the opposition to com-
pulsory Latin diagnoses of fossil plants, as required by the Brussels
Botanical Congress of 1910, and met with strong support t.

A note on a new iJadoxi/Ion from the Halesowen Sandstone is
of interest, for the characters of the pith showed that the plant
was not a Cordaites : the author regarded it as a Conifer (60,
1913).

In 1913 Arber contributed to a German encyclopfedia an article
on intermediate stages between Eerns and Seed-Plants, probably
his only vi'ork appearing in German, and remarkable, in these
days, as an example of international science.

Arber's 'Revision of the Seed-Impressions of the British Coal-
Measures ' is a laudable attempt to deal with a difficult problem, on
which probably no two palceobotanists will agree. He recognized
14 genera, of which 9 were new. All the 37 British species are
figured, and the memoir is a record of permanent value (G2, 1914).

A short note on sub-medullary casts of Calamites, in which the
features of the casts are explained by comparison with sections of
structural specimens, was Arber's last published work (71, 1918).

We may now refer briefly to Arber's work in stratigrapliical and
taxonomic Paloeobotany, which was very extensive and touched on
the fossil Floras of many parts of the world —India, Australia,
New Zealand, and South Africa, as well as nearer home. His
earliest fossi! w'ork was on Kovle's Types from India, and on the
(Jlarke Collection from New "South 'Wales (5, 1901 ; 6, 1902).
His first paper dealing with a British Fossil Flora was on the
Cumberland coal-field (9, 1903). An essay on the use of Car-
boniferous plants as zonal indices gave rise to a valuable discussion,
to wliich the Frenclvauthorities Zeiller and Grand' Euiy con-
tributed (14, 1903). A long series of subsequent memoirs dealt
with the plants of the Ardwick series of Manchester (16, 1903);

* A. Arber, Journal of Botany, vol. Ivi. November 1918, p. 308.
t See '>^aturc,' vol. Ixxxvi. May 18, 1011, p. 380.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, 43

the Culm Measures of Noi'th Devon, wliich he investigated with
the utmost zeal, and showed to be mainly of Up])er Carboniferous
age (18, 1904); the Kent Coal-Field, on which he became an
expert authority (;^(), 1909; 03, 1914; 67, 191G); the' Yorkshire
Coal-Field (46, 1910); the Lower Carboniferous Flora of Co,
Antrim (50, 1912); the Coal-Measures of the Forest of Dean
(53, 1912) and tlie Forest of Wyre (61, 1914); the Devonian
Flora of North Devon (65, 1915) and the Coal-Measures of South
Staffordshire (68, 1916). All these works, and others not enume-
rated here, are of both taxonomic and stratigraphical importance,
and all are solid contributions to Fossil Botany on its geological
side. In the course of these studies he developed a considerable
consulting practice as an expert.

Arber's most valuable memoirs on the fossil plants oi: distant
lands are his volume on the GlossojJteris Flora, alread}" mentioned,
and his Mesozoic Floras of New Zealand. An important mono-
graph on the latter subject was one of his latest publications (70,
1917). The age of the Floras described ranges from Triasso-Hhsetic
to Neocomian ; in the later deposits Angiosperms are already repre-
sented. Arber also did much work on the Antarctic fossil plants
of the Scott Expedition, though he never published on the subject.
As purely taxonomic A\'orks we may mention tiie papers on the
Cycadophytic genera Zamites and PterophyJlum (30, 1907) and. on
PsygmophjlUum (54, 1912). A useful elementary treatise on the
Natural History of Coal, one of the Cambridge Manuals (48, 1911),
was translated into Kussian in 1914.

Arber contributed a little volume on Fossil Plants to Gowans's
sixpenny Nature Books, It consists of 60 admirable photographs,
neai'ly all by himself, with a few pages of explanation, and repre-
sents one of the rare attempts to interest the general reader in
fossil botany (37, 1909).

Arber's hue book on the Coast Scenery of North Devon,
bountifully illustrated by his own beautiful photographs, deserves
mention, though scarcely at all botauical. It is a unique work,
embodying much original research, and a charming guide-book for
the geological tourist (47, ll^^fll).

From the rapid sketch we have given of Arber's chief life-work,
it will be seen that his activities were very varied. He was an
enthusiastic field naturalist, in Geology as well as in Botany, while
at the same time he had an intimate knowledge of the great
European collections, and of the literature of his subjects. The
amount of work wliich he accomplished in a life unhappily cut
short in middle age, was extraordinary. His industry, however,
was not of the plodding order, but was fired by a burning interest
in Nature. The writer of these lines owes much to the constant
discussion of many problems with his old friend, by letter or woi'd
of mouth.

Arber died at the height of his activity, and left behind a lunnber
of important unpublished MSS. One of these works, on the
external morphology of Calamites, in conjunction with his pupil

44 PROCEEDINGS or THE

y\r. Lawlield, is in course of publication by our own Society. It
is lioped that others, especially a valuable and original memoir on
the Devonian Floras, now the locus of palseobotanical interest,
may eventually see the liglit.

Arber married, on August 5th, 1909, Miss Agnes ]loberfson,
D.Sc, F.L.S., well known by her own botanical researches. To
Mrs. Arber the |)reseMt writer is much indebted for information
and help. The bibliography appended to this notice was drawn up
by her*.

Arber was elected a Fellow of our Society on June 4th, 1903,
and served on the Council from 1908 to 1911. He w'as also a
Fellow of the Geological Society, and a Doctor of Science of his
own Universitv. He was made an Hon. Member of the New
Zealand Institute in 1914. [D. H. S.]

List of Memoirs (Did Boolcs l>y E. A. Xewell Arber published
between 1«99 and 1918.

(A number of Preliminary Notes omitted.)

1. Iielationships of the Indefinite Inflorescences. .lom-u.Bot. vol.xxxvii.

1899, pp. 160-107.

2. The British and Swiss Alpine Floras. Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc.

vol. xxiii. 1899, pp. 4(5-61.

3. On the Effect of Salts on the Assimilation of Carbon Dioxide in

Ulva latissimu, L. Ann. Bot. vol. xv. 1901, pp. 39-09.

4. On the Etf'ect of Nitrates on the Carbon-Assimilation of Marine

Algfe. Ann. liot. vol. xv. 1901, pp. 669-081.

5. Notes on Royle's Tvpes of Fossil Plants from India. Geol. Mag.

dec. 4, vol. viii. 1901, pp. o46-r)49.
0. On the Clarke Collection of Fossil Plants from New South Wales.
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc*. vol. Iviii. 1902, pp. 1-26, 1 pi., 1 text-fig.

7. Notes on the Binney Collection of Coal-Measure Plants. — Part III.

The Tvpe-Specimens oi Lyr/inodendron oldhamium (Binnev). Proc.
Camb."^ Phil. Soc. vol. xi. 1902, pp. 281-285, 2 text-figs.

8. On the Distribution of the Glossopteris Flora. Geol. Mag. dec. 4,

vol. ix. 1902, pp. 340-349.

9. The Fos.sil Floiaof theCuniberland Coal-field, and the Palaeobotanical

Evidence with regard to the Age of the Beds. Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc. vol. lix. 1903, pp. 1-22, 2 pis.

10. On the Svnauthv in the Genus Lonicera. Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot.

vol. XXXV. 1903, pp. 463-474, 3 text-figs.

11. (Conjointly with A. C. Seward.) Ees Nipadites des Couches Eocenes

d« la Belgique. ^leni. du Musee roval d'hist. nat. de Belgique,
T. ii. Aimee 1903, 16 pp., 3 pis.

12. Notes on some Fossil Plants collected by Mr. Molvneuxin Rhodesia.

Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. lix. 1903, pp. 288-290.

13. On the Roots of Medullosa anglica. Ann. Bot. vol. xvii. 1903,

pp. 425-433, 1 pi.

* Mrs. Arber has herself publisiicil two n<jtices of her husband's life, in the
Geological Magazine, decudL- 6, vol. v. pp. 4l'G-31. September 1918, and the
J'ournal of Botany, toI. Ivi. pp. 305-8, November 1918, each with a portrait.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOJi^DON. 45

14. The Use of Cavboiiiferoiis Plants as Zonal Indices. Transactions of

the Institution of Mining Engineers, vol. xxv. 1903, pp. 371-38&.

15. On Homoeoniorphy among I'ossil Plants. Geol. Mag. dec. 4, \ol. x.

1903, pp. 385-3^58.

16. Notes on Fossil Plants from the Ardwick Series of Manchester.

Mem. and Proc. of the Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc. vol. xlviii.
1903, no. 2, 3-' pp., 1 text-tig., 1 pi.

17. Ciipressino.vijlon Hookeri, sp. nov., a large Silicified Tree from Tas-

mania. Geol. Mag. dec. 5, vol. i. 1901, pp. 7-11, 1 pi., 2 text-tigs.

18. The Fossil Flora of the Culm-Measures of North-west Devon, and

the Palajobotanical Evidence with IJegard 1o the Age of the Beds.
Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Loudon, ser. B, vol. cxcvii. 1914, pp. 291-
325, 2 pis.

19. (Conjointly with I. Rogers.) Note on a New Fossiliferous Limestone

in the Upper Culm-Measures of West Devon. Geol. Mag. dec. 5,
vol. i. 1904, pp. 305-308.

20. On some New Species of Layenostoma, a Type of Pteridospermous

Seed from tlie Coal-Measures. Proc. Roy. Soc. B, vol. Ixxvi. 1905,
pp. 245-259, 2 pis. {See also Ann. Bot. vol. xix. 1905, pp. 326-
328.)

21. The seed-bearing habit in the Lvginodeudreae. Proc. Camb. Phil.

Soc. vol. xiii. 1905, pp. 158-159.

22. On the Sporangium-like Organs of Glossopteris Browniana, Brongn.

Quart. Journ.'^Geol. Soc. vol. Ixi. 1905, pp. 324-338, 2 pis.

23. Catalogue of the Fossil Plants of the Glossoj)teri.s Flora in the Dep.

of Geology, British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Being a Monograph of
the Permo-Carboniferous Flora of India and the Southern Hemi-
sphere. Ixxiv -f- 255 pp., 1 map, 51 text-figs., 8 pis. London,
1905.

24. On the Past Historv of the Ferns. Ann. Bot. vol. xs. 1906, pp. 215-

232, 1 text-fig.

25. Bibliography of Literature on Palaeozoic Fossil Plants, including

"some ot the more important memoirs published between 1870-
1905. Progressus Rei Botauicie, Bd. i. 1906, pp. 218-242.

26. The Oriffin of Gvmnosperius. Science Progress, vol. i. no 2, 1906,

pp. 222-237.

27. Ou the Upper Oarbonifei-ous Rocks of West Devon and North

Cornwall. Quart. Joiiru. Geol. Soc. vol. Ixiii. 1907, pp. 1-27,
3 text-tigs.

28. A note on fossil plants from the Carboniferous Limestone of

Chepstow. Geol. Mag. dec. 5, vol. iv. 1907, pp. 4-5.

29. (Conjointly with John Parkin.) On the Origin of Angiosperms.

Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot. vol. xxxviii. 1907, pp. 29-80, 4 text-tigs.
(Translated into German as '' Der Ursprung der Angiospermen,"
Osterreich. bot. Zeitschr., Jahrg. 1908, pp. 8!M)9, 131-161, 184-204.)

30. On Triassic Species of the Genera Zaiiiifes auA Fterop/ii/ll//)n : Types

of Fronds belonging to the Cvcadophvta. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.
ser. 2, Bot. vol. vii. pt. 7, 1907, pp. 109-127, 3 pis.

31. On a New Pteridospcrm possessing the SpJienop fen's Ty])e of Foliage.

Ann. Bot. vol. xxii. 1908, pp. 57-62, 1 pi.

32. Report on the Plant-remains from the Beacon Sandstone. National

Antarctic Expedition (1901-1904). Natural History, vol. i. Geology,
1907, p. 48.

46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

33. (Conjointly, witli 11. Ihinisliaw Tlioma.<5.) On the Stiucture of

Sitjillaria seutrllatd, liroiign., and otlier lui.sigillariau Stems, in
Comparison with those ut' other I'ahcozoic Lycopods. Phil. Trans.
Hoy. Soc. Lond. ser. 15, vol. cc. 1908, pp. 133-166, 3 pis., 1 text-tig.

34. (Conjointly with John Parkin.) Studies on the Evolution of the

Aiigios])ernis. The Pelationship of the Anpiosperuis to the Gue-
tales. Ann. Bot. vol. xxii. 1908, pp. 489-515, 3 text-figs.

35. On the Affinities of the Triassic I'lant Yiiccites vor/esiacus, Schimper

and Mougeot. Geol. Mag. dec. 5, vol. vi. 1909, pp. 11-14.

36. Ou the Fossil Plants of the Waldershare and Fredville Series of the

Kent Coal-field. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. Ixv. 1909, pp. 21-39,
Ipl.

37. Fossil I'lants. Gowans's Nature Books, no. 21, 75 pp., 60 pis.
Glasgow, 1909.

38. Recent Progress in the Study of British CarLoinferous Plants.

Science Progress, vol. iv. 1909, pp. 135-149.

39. (Conjointly with H. Ilanishaw Thomas.) A Note on the Structure

of the Cortex of ^SigUlaria mdniil/aris, Brongn. Ann. Bot. vol. xxiii.
1909, pp. 513,514.

40. Note on a Collection of Fossil Plants from the Neighbourhood of

Lake Nyasa, collected bv Mr. A. R. Andrew. Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc. vol. Ixvi. 1910, pp. 237-239.

41 . Notes on a Collection of Fossil Plants from the Newent Coal-field

(Gloucestershire). Geol. Mag. dec. 5, vol. vii. 1910, pp. 241-244.

42. A note on some fossil plants from Newfoundland. Proc. Camb.

Phil. Soc. vol. XV. 1910, pp. 390-392, 2 text-figs.

43. Plant Life in Alpine Switzerland, being an account in simple

knguage of the natural history of Alpine plants, xxiv -|- 355 pp.,
48 pis., 30 text-figs. Murray : London, 1910.

44. Some Fossil Plants from Western Australia. — III. Palteont,

Contributions to the Geology of West. Au.st. Geol. Surv. Bull,
xxxvi. 1910, pp. 25-28.

45. A Note on a Fossil Wood from Intombi Camp, Ladysmith. "Ann.

Natal Museum, vol. ii. 1910, p. 233.

46. On the Fossil Flora of the Southern Portion of the Yorkshire Coal-

field in North Derbvshire and Nottinghamshire. Proc. Yiirk. Geol.
Soc. vol. xvii. pt. 2, 1910, pp. 132-155, 8 pis.

47. The Coast Scenery of North Devon, being an account of the (Teologi-

cal Features ot. the Coast-line extending from Porlock in Someret
to Boscastle in North Cornwall, xxiv -|- 261 pp., 64 pis., 12 text-
figs., and 2 maps. (Dent) London, 1911.

48. The Natural History of Coal, x -f- 163 pp., 21 text-figs. Cambridge

University Press, 1911. (Translated into Russian, 1914.)
■19. The Culm-Measures of the Exeter District. Geol. Mag. dec. 5,
vol. viii. 1911, pp. 495-7.

50. The Lower Carboniferous ((carboniferous Limestone) Flora of the

Ballycastle Coalfield, Co. Antrim. Sci. Proc, Roy. Dublin Society,
vol. xiii. Q.s. no. 12, 1912, pp. 102 176, 3 pis.

51. The Fossil Flora of the Ingleton Coal-field (Yorkshire). Geol. Mag.

dec. 5, vol. ix. 1912, pp. 80-82.

52. A note on some fo.ssil ])lants from the Kent Coal-field, (leol. Mag.

dec. 5, vol. ix. 1912, ])p. 97-99, 1 pi.

LIKISEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 47

63. On tlie Fossil Flora of the Forest of Deau Coal-field (Gloucester-
shire), and the Relationships of the Coal-fields of the AVest of
England and South Wales. Phil. Trans. Ilov. Soc, Lond. ser. B,
vol, ceil. 191 1>, pp. 23;3-281, •'! pis.

54. On Psygmojihyllnni viajus, sp. uov., from the Lower Carboniferous
Rocks of Newfoundland, together with a Revision of the Genus
and Remarks on its Afiinities. Tians. Linn. Soc. Lond. ser. 2,
Bot, vol. vii. pt. 18, 1912, pp. 391-407, 3 pis., 1 text-fig.

65. The Fossil Plants of the Forest of Dean Coal-field. Proc. Cottes-

wold Nat. F. C. vol. xvii. pt. 3, 1912, pp. 321-332, 4 pis.

66. Zwischenstufen zwischen Farnen und Samenpflanzen. Fischer's

Handworterbuch der Naturwissenscliaften, Bd. iv. 191-3, pp. 212-
227, 1(3 text-tigs.

57. On the earlier Mesozoic Floras of New Zealand. Proc. Camb. Phil.

Soc. vol. xvii. pt. 1, 1913, pp. 122-131.

58. A Preliminary Note on the P'ossil Plants of tlie Mount Potts Beds,

New Zealand, Collected by Mr. D. G. Lillie, Biologist to Captain
Scott's Antarctic Expedition in the ' Terra Nova.' Proc. Roy. Soc.
B. vol. Ixxxvi. 1913, pp. 344-347, 2 pis.

59. On the Discovery of Fossil Plants in the Old Hill Marls of the

South Staffordshire Cbal-field. Guol. Mas', dec. 5, vol. x. 1913,
pp. 215,216.

60. On the Structure o{ Dadoxylon Kai/i, sp. nov., from the Halesowen

Sandstone at Witley (Worcestershire). Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
voh Ixix. 1913, pp. 454-457, 4 text-figs.

61. On the Fossil Floras of the Wyre Forest, with Special Reference to

the Geology of the Coal-field and its Relationships to the Neigh-
bouring Coal-Measure Areas. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Loudon,
ser. B, vol. cciv. 1914, pp. 363-445, 4 pis.

62. A Revision of the Seed Impressions of the British Coal-Measures.

Ann. Bot. vol. xxviii. 1914, pp. 81-108, 3 pis., and 8 text-figs.

63. On the Fossil Flora of the Kent Coal-field. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.

vol. Ixx. 1914, pp. 54-81, 3 pis.

64. Geology of the Kent Coal-field. Trans. Inst. Mining Engineers,

vol. xlvii. pt. 5, 1914, pp. 677-714, 1 map.

65. (Conjointly with R. H. G'oode.) On some fossil plants from the

Devonian rocks of North Devon. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. vol. xviii.
1915, pp. 89-104, 2 pis., 3 text-figs.

60. On a little-known concealed coal-field in Oxfordshire. Proc. Camb.
Phil. Soc. vol. xviii. 1915, pp. 180-183 (see also Trans. Inst. Mining
Engineers, vol. 1. pt. 2, 1916, pp. 373-384).

67. Studies of the Geology of the Kent Coal-field. — I'art. I. : The Coal-

Measure record of four borings. Trans. Inst. Mining Engineers,
vol. 1. pt. 2, 1916, pp. 351-372.

68. On the Fossil Floras of the Coal-Measures of South Stail'ordsbire.

Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. J^ondon, .ser. B, vol. ccviii. 191 (i, pp. 127-155,
3 pis., 3 text-figs.

69. The Structure of the South Staifordshire Coal-field, with special

reference to the concealed areas and to the neighbouring fields.
Trans, lust. Mining Engineers, vol. lii. pt. 1, 1916, pp. 35-70.

48 PROCEEDINGS Or THE

70. Tlie Earlier Mesozoic Floras of New Zealand. New Zealand Geo-

l.if^ical Survey. I'aliL'oiitoIogii^il bulletin No. 6, 80 pp., 14 pis.,
12 text-tig.s. 'Wellington, N. Z., 1917.

71. A Note on Submedullary Casts of Coal-Measure Calaiuites. Geol.

Mag. dec. 6, vol. v. 1918, pp. 212-214.

The following luemoirs (72 to 79), most of which iire as yet
unpublished, were left in various stages of coiupletion at Dr.
Arber's death. Their provisional titles are as follows : —

72. (Coiiiointly with F. W. Lawfield.) On the External Morpholugy of

the Stem's of Calamites, with a Revision of the British species of
Calamophloios and Dicttjocalami1.es of Upper Carboniferous Age.
73 A Sketch of the History of Paleobotany, with special reference to
the Fossil Flora of the British Coal-Measures.

74. Remarks on the Organisation of the Cones of Williamsojiia yiyas

(L. & H.).

75. On the Fossil Flora of the Southern Portion of the Yorkshire Coal-

field.—Part II. North Derbyshire.

76. A Revision of the British Upper Carboniferous Species of the genus

Lepidostrobus, Brongn., preserved as incrustations.

77. Critical Notes on Coal-Measure Plant-Impressions.— I. On Lepido-

dendron Ujcopodioides, Sternb., L. op/mirus, Brongn., and L. lorica-
tum, sp. nov. — II. On Neuropteris obliqua, Brongn., and N. fallax,
sp. nov.

78. A Critical Review of our present knowledge of the two Devonian

Laud Floras.

79. A Synopsis of the Coal-Measure Flora of Great Britain.

80. Studies of the British Coal-Measures, considered more especially in

the light of recent Pakeobotanical research.

81. (Text-book.) The Principles of Fossil Botany.

82. (Elementary Text-book.) Introduction to Palaeobotany.

[A. A.j

AViLLiAM EowAUi) Balston, who had been a Fellow since
6th June, 1878, was boru at Maidstone on 8th March, 1848, aud
died at J3arvin, Potter's Bar, on I9th December, 1918. He was
educated at Eton and at Oxford, and was deeply interested in all
kinds of natural history. He was a generous patron of science,
especially palaeontology, and made valuable gifts both to the
liritisli Museum and to tlie Oxford University Museum. He
was also an observant cultivator of orchids. [A. S. AV.]

Fui-iuERiCK James Bridgman joined the Society on the 2nd De-
cember, 1909. After being for some years in business with his
father, during which time he attended the evening science classes
at the Birkbeck College, he determined to devote himself to
zoology, and entered the Et)yal College of Science as a full-time
student in 1904. He took his Associateship in Zoology, and acted
f(n- a time as Demonstrator in the Zoological Department under
the late Prof. A. Sedgwick. Subsequently he joined the stalf of
the Marine Jiiological Association at Plymouth as an Assistant

LINNEAX SOCIEXr OF LONDON.

49

Naturalist. There he acquired a wide knowledge of marine
biology, and was engaged on an extensive research on tlie otoliths
of iishes in relation to age-determination, the results of which are
still unpuhlished. He also colhiborated with Prof. A. Dendy,
under whom lie studied zoology at the Eoyal College of Science,
in the preparation of a monograph on the structure and develop-
ment of Grantia compre^sa for the Liverpool Marine Biology Com-
mittee Memoirs. On leaving Plymouth he was appointed Assistant
in the Department of Zoology, University College, London, which
post he held at the time of his death.

Bridgman was a loyal and helpful colleague, and as a teacher
was extraordinarily successful, sparing himself neither time nor
trouble to make his teaching interesting and elfective.

Never of a very robust constitution, he died whilst still a young
man on September 28th, 1918, after a short but painful illness,
greatly to the regret of his friends and colleagues and his old
students. [J. P. Hill.]

Sir Frank Crisp, Bt. (1843-1919). — The heaviest loss which has
befallen the Society for a long series of years has been felt in the
death of Sir Frank Crisp, at Friar Park, Henley-on-Thames, on
the 29th of April last.

He came of East Anglian stock, the only child of his father,
John Shalders Crisp, a native of Norwich, who was trained in the
noted printing business of Childs, of Bungay, Suffolk, now a pro-
vincial establishment of liichard Clay & Sons, Ltd. His mother,
Harriet, was the only child of John Childs, the printer, a sturdy
opponent of Church rates and the monopoly of Bible printing
enjoyed by the Universities and the King's printers. In 1843
his father was a member of the firm of Ward & Co., publishers, of
27 Paternoster Row (the predecessors of Hodder & Stoughton),
and was living in Nelson Square, a quiet, secluded spot on the
east side of Blackfriars Bridge, not far from South vvark Street.
His son, the subject of this notice, was born on the 25th October,
1843, and was educated at private schools, the last being that of
Central Hill House (Mr. William Hain worth), and then at Uni-
versity College School, Gower Street. His bent was originally to
become an engineer, but a few months before leaving school he
changed his mind aiul determined upon the law as his future pro-
fession, giving all his spare time to attending the law courts. At
the age of 16, he was articled to the firm of Ashurst & Morris,
being introduced to Mr. John Morris, then the sole surviving
partner, by his uncle, Mr. Charles Childs. The firm then occu-
pied No. 6 Old Jewry, a rabbit-warren of rooms at different levels,
greatly in contrast to the present habitation of the firm in Throg-
morton Avenue, which is upon the site of a part of the garden
belonging to the Drapers' Company. By private study he passed
the matriculation examination of London University, graduated
B.A. and took a further degree of LL.B.

LIXN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1918-1919. e

50 PIIOCEEDISGS OF THE

In 1807 he married Catherine Howes, the 011I3' daughter of
George D. Howes, tour sons and two daughters forming their
family.

He was admitted a solicitor in 1809, witli honours, and his
legal reputation grew until he was admitted into partnership
under the title of Ashurst, Morris, Crisp & Co. While working
hard in the City, and bringing home piles of papers to investigate
far into the morning, he happily had a hobby to turn his thoughts
when free at times from that imperious mistress, the law — namely,
the use of the microscope and books upon that instrnment. Early
acquiring a perfect museum of splendid instruments and apparatus,
he set himself to build up a complete library of books on the
microscope, and before many years had elapsed he was able to say
that he possessed every vohnne catalogued by lioper in his account
of his own library. In 187U he became a Fellow of the lloyal
Microscopical Society, served on its Council from 1874, and in
1878 was chosen one of its secretaries. Here he had scope for
his energies. Dr. Henry Lavvsou, the editor of the ^Jociety's
'Journal,' had just died, and Mr. Crisp at once remodelled
the ' Journal,' gathered round him a band of specialists, and,
besides the reports of activities of the Society, copious sunnuaries
and papers at home and abroad were printed in the pages, very
largely at the expense of the secretary, whose purse was readily
drawn upon to improve the publication in text and illustration.

He was elected a Fellow of our Society on the 10th June, 1870,
and thus had nearly completed his 49th year of Fellowship. He
served on the Council from 1879 almost continuously, and was a
member of it to the day of his death. On the death of Frederick
Currey in 1881 our late Fellow was elected his successor as Trea-
surer, and held that office till May 1905, a period of 24 years,
when the pressure of his legal work obliged him to resign. The
frontispiece of the Society's ' Proceedings,' 1904-5, is from a
photograph of our former Treasurer.

For more than forty years Sir Frank had loved that part of the
Thames Valley of which Henley is the centre, and after many
visits to that town he bought an estate with two houses upon it,
and began a gradual rebuilding of the principal house until it
assumed its present shape. At the same time the grounds were
laid out under his direction, and an Alpine garden of unique dis-
tinction was set out. The ' Guide ' published to the gardens
shows the quaint and whimsical fancies in which the owner used
to indulge, the visitor being early met by the warning "Don't
keep off' the grass." This volume, the only one of which he was
the author, ran through several editions, and the profits of its
sale, with the entire receipts for admission to the garden on AVed-
nesdavs in summer, were devoted to local and gardening charities.

Of his great business capacity this is hardly the ])lace to speak;
hut I may record that his knowledge of company law \\as admit-
tedlv unique, and his experience was repeatedly used on Committees
and Commissions. These qualities shone out in Council, and many

LIXXKAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 51

awkward questions were got over or mnoothed away bv Iiis acute
mind. His quick grasp of essentials and strong conimoii sense
enabled him repeatedly to brush aside legal cobwebs which would
have hindered the work in hand. As an instance, he was detained
in town from joining the Council [)ruictually. Meanwhile a certain
member of the Council had spoken, saying that the course of action
favoured by the majority present could not legally be carried out,
when Sir Frank entered. On his heing seated, the President
stated the condition of things, and that the majority of the Council
inclined to such and such a course. "Certainly; why not?"
was the downright and briet' remark from Sir Frank, which com-
pletely altered the aspect of things from that prevailing before his
entry.

Mention has been made of his open-handedness as Secretary of
tlie Royal Microscopical Society. The same generous spirit was
shown to the Linnean Society, as the following instauces will
prove : —

The cost of the installation of the electric light was borne by
him ; he gave the sculptor's model of the statue of C. v. Lmne
(which stands behind the Koyal Library, Stockholm) ; the table
for the Meeting-Koom was provided by him, also, at a later date,
the clock and surrounding oak moidding; the cost of the Supple-
mentary Charter; a Fund of £200 for Microscopical Research;
the Wallichian cabinets when the plants were presented to Kew,
and new shelving to accommodate the Wallace library in 1915;
the phototyped copy of the Vienna ' Codex Aniciae Julianae ' of
Dioscorides ; the 17 volumes of ' Lindenia ' ; and a complete set
of Bulliard's volumes on the French Flora.

He died, as noted above, at his country seat on the 29tli April,
and was buried at Henley Cemetery on the 3rd jNlay, amid a large
gathering, the parish church being crowded. Sir David Praiu, our
President, representing this Society.

He is succeeded in the title by his eldest son. Sir Frank Morris
Crisp, 2nd baronet.

Our late colleague, with pathetic prescience, caused to be cut
on the walls of one of the lodges at Friar Park the following
well-known lines of Horace (Odes II, xiv.) : —

Linquenda tellus et doimis et phicens
uxor, neque hai'inn, quas colis, arboriim

te pricter invii^as cnpressos

nlla brevein (loiuinuin seqiietur.

In closing, a personal note may be allowed in memory of a
friendship of nearly seventy years — from boyhood to old age —
only now broken by death ; the loss is irreparable. [B. D. J.]

Anxe Casimir Pyuamus de Candolle, F.M.L.S., the eldest
son of Alphonse Pierre de Candolle, also one of our Foreign
Members, aiul Jeanne Victoire Laure Kunkler, was born at
Oeneva on 20th Februai*y, 1836. He received his early education

e2

52 t i'ii(M KinjiNos or tiik

in his native city, and in ISo-'i passed fi-oiii the G\ninasiuin there
to Paris, where he devoted his attention especially to the pliysical
sciences, becoming i3acheh)r of Science in 1^53 and Licentiate in
1856,. During the period of study :it Paris young de Candolle
spent some part of the year 1854 mider the roof of our hite distin-
guished Fellow, the Rev. M. J. Berkeley. On his return to Geneva
Casiiiiir de Candolle at once devoted himself to botanical work as
the assistant and colleague of his distinguisht-d father. On the
death of Alphonse de Candolle in 189;i, the Foreign Member
whose loss \\ H now deplore was chosen by us to fill his father's
place in our list, and as the successor of that eminent student
was destined lo carry on the traditions of tuo generations in that
botanical shrine in the Coiir iSt. Pierre, so well known to serious
systematic workers of every school. How worthy of the great
trust which tlie accident of birtli imposed upon him Casiiiiir de
Candolle was to prove is a nuittcr of common knowledge to all
those of every country who have had occasion to invoke his aid in
correspoudence with i-eference to Candollean types, and to those
who may have found it necessary to visit the l)e Candolle Her-
barium and examine its treasures themselves. If his owti esjiecial
studies have nob covered so wide a field as that in which his
grandfather's and his father's labours lay, this has been due to the
circumstance that the facts of science ai-e so multiplied in all
parts of that field as to render it impossible for a single worker
now to deal with more than a limited portion of what a century
ago might easily bereviHwed by one student of nature. That the
narrouingof his field of study was not due to any lack of devotion
those who had the honour of the acquaintance of Casimir de Can-
dolle know. That the quality of the work he did bears the most
critical comparison with that done by his eminent predecessors is
equally well known to those who have had occasion to tV)llow his
studies in the families Piperaceae and Meliacese, with regard to
which )»e had long been recognized as the greatest living authority.
It is not necessary here to recapitulate the contributions of
Casimir de Candolle to natural knowledge; they are written in
tlie chronicles of the science he served so faithfully ; they are
open to the study of all who may consult them, and will live with
us and with those who follow us. It is also impossible to convey
to our successors, or to those of our contemporaries who had not
the invaluable privilege of knowing him in person, what the death
of Casimir de Candolle means to those who had the honoin- of his
ac(juaintance. jNlodest as he was erudite, in him were combined
a courtesy as unfailing as it was unatfected and a w illingne?s to
assist those in need of information as great as the charm of manner
with which he imparted the knowledge he was so able and so
willing to convey. Not botany alone, but all that is best in human
experience is the poorer for the death of Casimir de Candolle,
which took place after a prolonged and painful illness at Vallon^
near Geneva, on 3rd October, 1918. [D. Prain.]

LINNEA-X SOCIETY OF LONUOX. 53

The Rt. Hon. John Forrest, 1st Baron Forrest of Bnnbury,
did not live long to enjoy tlie title which was conferred upon him
in May 1918, dying on tlie '3vd of ISepteniber of that year.

He was born at Leschenault, West Anstralia, ou the
22nd August, 1847, the third son of William Forrest, was
educated at Bishop's School, Perth, and when 18 years of age, in
1865, he entered the Survey Department. Four years later
he led the expedition in search of Dr. Leichliardt's party, the
first of several wliich he conducted, through the centre of
Australia, nearly 2000 miles in extent, in 1874, with horses only,
and for this he was given 5000 acres by the Government. He
became the first Premier of the Commonwealth, and was con-
tinuously and fully employed on State business to the close of
his life. He published 'Explorations in Australia,' 1875, and
'Notes on Western Australia,' 1884-87. In 1876 he married
JNIargaret Elvire, eldest daughter of Edward Hamersley, J. P.,
of Pyrton, W. Australia. The honours accorded to a strenuous
and successful statesuum were : The Privy Councillorship, 1891;
K.C.M.G-. in 1891, U.C.M.G. in 1901, and LL.D. of Cambridge,
Adelaide, and Perth ; Knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy,
1875. His election as Fellow of the Linuean Society took
place on the IGth June, 1881 ; he also belonged to the Geological
and lloyal Geographical Societies, and was Hon. Member of the
Geographical Societies of Eome, Vienna, and Petrograd.

[B. D. J.]

The Et. Hon. Sir Edward Fry, G.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., F.E.S.,
F.S.A., F.L.S., leaves behind him a noble record of public service.
Eminent as a lawyer and a judge, he won yet higher distinction
as a great arbitrator, having been called upon by successive
Governments to decide in many questions of both national and
international importance. Whatever the task he undertook,
whether for public or private welfare, he could be relied upon for
perfect integrity, swift mastery of facts, and a singular fairness
of judgment.

JGduard Fry belonged to a well-known Quaker family, and was
born in Bristol, November 4th, 1827- As a boy, he and his
brothers were enthusiastic collectors of flowers, exploring their
neighbourhood, which included the prolific hunting-ground of
St. Vincent's liocks, in searcli of rare plants. He was educated
at Bristol College, and University College, London, where he took
a B.A. degree, with honours in classics and physiology. Through-
out his life and amidst the |)ressing occupations of a legal career,
his classical and scientific studies were never allowed to drop.
The writings of the ancient authors were alive to him, and, with
the aid of a retentive memory, were a continual possession.
AVith wide interests in many branches of science, in archaeology,
astronomy, geology, it was to botany that he devoted most atten-
tion. He published in 1892 a little book, ' British Mosses,' of
which a second edition appeared in 1908. This gives a simple

54

PliOC'KEDI.VGS or THE

introduction to the stiuly of mosses ; the reiuler is tuken, as it
were, into the autlior's confidence, and the structure of the nioss-
phmt and its lite-history are explained to him, the relations of
mosses to other plants is discussed, and their distribution over the
earth's surface in the past and present is briefly reviewed. In
I'ecomniending the study ol' mosses "to any old or young, who
really love Nature," he writes, "I find myself, whenever in the
country, surrounded by a world of beauty iind interest which I
only ditnly perceived before I entered on the study, thoujih J have
never, 1 hope, been entirely unobservant of things around me."
In 1911, in collabor;ition with his daughter Agnes, he wrote a
boolc on similar lines on 'Tiie Liverworts.' Also, with his
daughter's aid, he wrote in 1899 a treatise entitled ' The Myce-
tozoa, and some questions which they suggest,' a work wliich
can liardly fail to excite interest in tliese strange and beautiful
organisms. A special charm is to be found in all these books from
the suggestive manner in which many problems of far-reaching
im])ortance are lightly touched upon. IJis holidays abroad were
enriched not only by historic associations, but by the study of the
characteristic floras of the countries visited, and collections of
plants were brought home from Italy, Greece, and Egypt, to be
carefully named and added to the family herbarium. His beautiful
garden at I'ailand, Somerset, was re])lete with interesting and
unusual plants and — with the small pinetum which he laid out —
formed an unfailing source of enjoyment.

To those who were ])rivileged to be admitted to the intimacy of
his home circle, his wide experience, his pleasure in sbaiing his
interests with others, and his kindly sense of humour made him
tiu ideal host and companion. He died at EaiLind, October 18th,
1918, within a few days of completing his ninety-first year.

[U. Lister.]

By the death, on Tebruary 19th, 1919, of FuEitEiucK DuCa>-e
GoiniAN, the Society has lost one of its most distinguished
Fellows. It is unnecessary to repeat here the details of his long
life devoted to science, for these have been recounted by many
friends, and best of all in the autobiographical sketch, written
Avith characteristic modesty, which appealed in 1915 in the
Introductory Volume of the ' Biologia Centrali- Americana,'
when Godman was in his eighty-second year. The (53 volumes
of the 'Biologia' and the immense additions to the British Museum
of Natural History will preserve his memory for all time.

Here we prefer rather to dv\ell on his personality. We
remember with pleasure that the most recent of his many honours
vi'as the award in 1918 of the Linnean Gold Medal by our Society;
and we know of the ])leasure with which he received this evidence
of the appreciation of his brother and sister inxt uralists. Godman
never tliought of recognition or reward, but when recognition
came he accepted it in the spirit in which it was offered, and it
gave him, as he freely told his friends, the keenest pleasure. One

LINXEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 55

regret he felt, that his comrade for forty-four years, Osbert
Salvin — " more than a brother to me," as he .said to the present
writer on Salvin's death in 1898 — was not with him to acliieve
the completion and siiare in the appreciation of their great work.

Few men liave had greater opportunities than Gochiiaii, and
none can liave used them more fruitfully. And this was not only
true in the distinction and the extent of his contributions to
science, of which the world knows, but also quietly in acts of kind-
ness and in sympathy. Such were the subjects of his corre-
spondence with me in recent years, the last only a few days before
his death.

Here in the Linneaii Societ}' we shall long remember his tall
erect figure, his tine intellectual head, and his unfailing courtesy.

[E. B. POULTON.]

For the sake of those who cannot readily turn to the Introduc-
tory Volume of Grodman and tSalvin's ' Biologia,' the following
brief account may be of interest : —

Dr. Godman was the third son of Joseph Godman, of Park
Hatch, Surrey, was born in January 1834, and at the age of ten
went to Eton, but an attack of " low fever " three years later
compelled his retirement, so that for some years he was quite
unable to work. His education was continued under tutors till
he was eighteen, and then he travelled to the Mediterranean and
Black Sea. In 1853 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, and
there formed that friendship with Osbert Salvin which ended
only with Salvin's death in 1898 (Proc. Linn. Soc. 1898-99,
pp. 59-61). 'The Ibis' was started by a group of friends in
Alfred Newton's rooms at Magdalene College in 1858, as the organ
of the British Ornithologists' Union then founded.

Mr. Salvin paid a visit to Central America in 1857 with
Geo. Ure Skinner, and what he then saw so whetted his appetite
that he paid a second visit to Guatemala early in 1859 ; Godman
joined Salvin on his third expedition in August 1861. A trip to
the Azores in 1865 was followed by his well-known volume
' Natural History of the Azores ' in 1870, to which H. C. Watson
contributed the botany.

The joint collections of the tuo friends having been accom-
modated in various abodes, at last found a permanent home at
10 Chaudos Street, Cavendish Square till tlie death of Salvin.
In 19(»7 the house was given up, the library removed to Godman's
house in Pont Street, and the collections handed over to the
British Museum.

The publication of the great work by which the two friends will
ever be celebrated was begun in 1879 and was closed in 1915, an
array of 63 (puirto volumes. "When the ideal author-partnership
M-as fevered in 1898, 141 parts of Zoology, completing 13 volumes,
5 volumes of Botany and 9 parts of Archaeology had been pub-
lished ; the remaining 74 of Zoology, and 8 parts of Arclueology
being completed under Dr. (^odman's care.

56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Dr. Godman was elected into our Society lOtli November, 1863,
and became I'Mi.S. in 1882 ; he also belonged lo the Geological and
Entomological Societies, was a Trustee of the Britisli Museum,
and D.r.L. (Oxon.). He married Edith Mary, daughter of the
late J. II. Ehves, of Colesi)ouriie. who died in 187;"), and secondly
Alice Mary, daughter of the late Major Percy Cha])lin, J. P., who
survives him.

A portrait of our late Fellow will be found in the Introductory
Volume of the ' Biologia ' already mentioned. [B. D. J.]

John Henry Lace, CLE., became a Fellow of our Society in
188^. He was born in 1857 and obtained the Diploma at the
National School of Forestry at Nancy in France in 1881, passing
out second of the English students of his year. He joined the
Forest Department in India at once and was posted to the Punjab,
in which Province he remained until 1900. In that Province, and
especially in the Himalayan Ranges of Chaniba, he not only did
excellent work in forest organization, but made large collections
and studied the botany of the mountain region. Part of his
Punjab service was spent in tlie investigation of the Forest Flora
of the then newly-organized Forest Circle of British Baluchistan,
and his extensive collections were sent home and resulted in the
publication by himself and Dr. Hemslev in our Volume xxviii.
(1891) of "A Sketch of the Vegetation of British Bahichistan,"
which still remaiiis the chief authority on the Forest Flora of the
Quetta region. In 1900 he was transferred to Calcutta and
Simla as Assistant Inspector-General of Forests and Superin-
tendent of Working Plans, and lie naturally devoted his leisure to
a study of the Simla flora and the increase of his collections.
Id 1901 he became Conservator of Foi'ests in Bengal with head-
quarters at Darjeeling, where a hill flora of a different character
awaited his researches ; but it was later on, in 1904, on his
transfer to Burma, that he began the work that \^as the chief one
of his botanical career in India and with which his name will be
chiefly identifled. As a Conservator of Forests, and later as Chief
Conservator in Burma, he did very fine work'. As the writer of
a notice in the ' Indian Forester ' remarked, " he was a great
critic and was at times hard to please, but always helped in any-
thing that was sound and was an excellent man to serve under."
As the same writer went on to say, his chief interests were in
botanical study, especially in the Maymyo Hills and the Shan
States, and he prepared his useful and accurate " List of the
Trees, Shrubs and Climbers of Burma," which is now the standard
reference-book for Burma Forest Officers. At one time he
officiated as Principal of the Forest College at Dehra Dun, and
at another as Inspector-General of Foi-ests, returning thence to
Burma, which he again only left on his retirement in 1913.

His large collections were distributed most generously, a nearly
complete set to Kew, others to the Calcutta Herbarium, and tha

LINXEAX SOCIETY OF LONDO>f. 57

at Dehra Dun, and others to private friends, and since his deatli
his own set has become the property of the Herbarium of the
Royal Botanic Grarden at Edinburgh. The specimens were
always beautifully prepared and very carefully labelled bv himself.
After his retirement he spent much time at the Herbarium of the
Royal Botanic Garden at Ivew, where, with the help of Mr. W. (1.
Ci'aib and others of the Kew staff, lie continued the elaboration
of his Burma List, and published many new species in the
' Kew Bulletin.' He also then commenced work on a Forest
Flora of the Maymyo Hills, unfortunately left incomplete at his
death, though there is hope that it may be finished by others.

J. H. Lace married the eldest daughter of Mr. W. H- Reynolds,
F.R.G.S., the Superintendent of Indian Forest Survevs, and
leaves a wddow and three daughters. He settled at Exmouth in
Devonshire. After the war broke out he was indefatigable as a
me))iber of the Exmouth Volunteers and as a special constable,
and his sad death on June 9th, 1918, was due to cinll caught
while on duty. Had he been spared to leave such duties at the
€ud of the war, he would undoubtedly have increased very much
the authority of his name as the chief writer on the Botany of
Burma, and e-^pecially of the Upper Districts whicli did not come
within the purview of !S. Ivurz's work of 1877.

[J. S. Gamble.]

By the death of Dr. Albeeto Lofgren, F.L.S., Brazilian botany
loses its most capable and ex])ert local student. Born in
Stockholm in September 1854, he studied at the University of L^pp-
sala, but just before taking his doctorate, was apj^ointed assistant
to Mosen upon a Eegnell expedition to southern Brazil, spending
the years 1874-7 upon the botanical exploration of the States of
Sao Paulo and Minas Geraes. Taking a great fancy to the
country, he remained there at the close of the expedition, and
was for the next three years employed upon the Paulista Railway.
From. 1880 to 188f' he was teaching in Sao Paulo c-ity, and was
then appointed botanist and meteorologist to the Geographical
Commission of the state. In 1898 he started a botanical garden
in Sao Paulo, which had but a chequered career. Subsequently
he was ai)pointed botanist on the Connnission for investigation of
the Dry zone of Brazil, and in that capacity explored most of the
north-eastern states of the republic. Finally in 191;} he was
appointed chief of the section of vegetable physiology in the Rio
Botanic Gardens, and died in Rio on August 'AO, 1918.

Liifgren devoted liimself with great energy and success to the
studv of the flora of Brazil, and a reference to the later volumes
•of the ' Flora ' of Martins will show how much that work owes to
his labours. His own publications were comparatively few, a result
largelv due to the generous way in which he always helped other
workers, at whatever cost in time and trouble to himself. He

58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

publisbf^cl several importiuit jjiipers {le:ilin<; with ecological and
other distribution oi' the plants of Brazil, and bis last work was a
monograph (in ihe Arcliivos of the Rio Gardens) of i^/«yAS«//4-, a
worthy beginning- of the monographs which he proposed to issue
of all the Brazilian Cactacetc.a family to wbich he bad devoted
special attention.

A past-master of languages, speaking with ease and fluency no
fewer than nine (including liussian), he bad friends among all the
many races that go to make up the complex ])opuliition of Brazil,
though he himself bad become almost com])letely Brazilianised,
speaking Portuguese as a second mother tongue. A man of
unassuming habit, and the most generous and helpful disposition,
he was loved by all those with whom he came into contact. Ho
was my colleague for eighteen months, and I have never bad a more
loyal and hel[)fid assistant. Under bis care the laboratories
and herbarium of the Kio gardens were brought into thoroughly
efficient condition, and all who visited the gardens for purposes
of research will join with me, I am confident, in expressing
their gratitude to him for bis invaluable aid in the study of
the gigantic flora of Brazil, of which he had by far the most
complete knowledge of any botanist of his time.

His portrait will be found in AVittrock's 'Icouotheca Botanica,'
t. 36, and a brief notice on p. 182. His collections are mostly in
^ao Paulo' and Rio de Janeiro, with duplicates at Copenhagen,
Stockholm, Berlin, and in the Gluziou collection. [J. C. VV. J

Alfred Mekle Nokman, sou of John Norman, D.L., Iwood
House, Somerset, was born in Exeter, August 29, 1831, That
he was nou unmiiulful of his birthplace may be inferred from
the fact that in concert with Thomas Scott, LL.D., F.L.S.,
seventv-five vears biter he published an important volume on the
'Crustacea of Devon and Cornwall,' having indeed in the interval
on nine occasions visited those counties for natural history in-
vestit^ations. It was just after the publication of the volume
above mentioned that the gold mednl of the Linnean Society was
awarded to Norman. In presenting it Professor W. A. Jlerdman,
then President, succinctly showed the amount, the variety, and
the high value to biological science of the medallist's labours.
Thus ni our 'Proceedings' for 1906, p|). 30-32, we have an
appreciation of his services by a distinguished expert. The reply
of the recipient is not recorded, but those who were present on
the occasion may remember the unaffected simplicity with which
he described t-be surprise that the award had caused him. Yet
his merit bad not been without earlier recognition. He had
received the medal of the "Institut" of France for bis work on
board the French Government exploring vessels in the Bay of
Biscay.

Joining this Society in 1880, he was elected to the Council
1901-2. He was made an bon. D.C.L. of Durham University

LINXEAN SOCIETY OF LONUOjS'. 59

in 1883, an hon. LL.D. of St. Andrews in 1897, and in 1890
had the somewhat unusual honour of being elected F.K.S. at the
first asking.

If ]Xornian was not a born i\aturalist, lie was something very-
like it. We are told that in his early years he studied botany
under the fostering care of his elder biother. In his school days
at Winchester he was an entomologist. At Chi'ist Ciiurch,
Oxford, before taking his B.A. degree in 1852, he was alreaily
busy Avith the MoUusca of Oxfordshire. He was ordained in
185(1 and tlienceforward may be said to have lived a double life
in a truly remarkable manner. For, with scientific energy and
results by themselves conspicuous, lie combined devotion to duty
in the ecclesiastical sphere. Without entering into details, a few
dates may be given as indicating what was thonght of him in his
own profession. He was curate of Houghton-le-8pring from
1864 to 1866; Hon. Canon of Durham in 1885; Eector of
Eurnmoor from 1866 to 1895, and then, under pressure, liector
of the important living of Houghton-le-8pring and Rural Dean
from 1895 to 1898. These last appointments he resigned under
medical advice which could not be neglected.

By Herdman's adniirable record of Norman's scientific career
down to 1906, the main part of this stirring biography has been
alreadv told, though the President's concluding remark was well
justified in looking forward to " services which we hope may be
continued for years to come." Accordingly we find JN'orman
describing new species of Amphipoda in 1908, and in that year
delivering a presidential address on "The Celtic Province: its
extent and its marine fauna"; while in the following year he
deals with the Crustacea of the Chamiel Islands, and joins
G. 8. Brady in an account of the Crustacea of Northumberland
and Durham. In 1911 he published in the ' Transactions ' of this
Society notices of some remarkable Harpactid Copepoda from the
Clyde, and in 1913 the completion, as far as possible, of the
description of his Synagoija mira — a sti'ange cirripede from an
Actinozoan host which Lo- Bianco had submitted to him when he
was working at the famous Naples Aquarium in 1887 — a species
which had not since been found though diligently sought for.
Norman was in fact a prolific author, although in a letter,
Nov. 21, 1877, he says, '' I love obseiviug and hate writing."
He only meant writing for the press. In jirivate he was an
excellent correspondent, as A. O. Walker, F.L.S., and many
another of his colleagues in natural history adventure can testify.

On May 30, 1877, Norman writes: "I have been in Edinburgh
for a fortnight staying with Sir Wyville Thomson, and going
through for him the ' Challenger ' Crustacea. These I separated
out into Orders so that they are ready to be distributed to those
who may take them in hand. It is a very extensive collection
and will take an immense amount of working through, and I really
do not know where men are to be found who can do it." It is

6o IMIUCEEDINGS OF THE

not necessary liere to repeat the tentative suggestions he made,
since the phin actually t'ollowed is before the \\orld. In that
same year occurred a check to what seems to have been an ahnost
unbroken period ot' vii^orous health. Writing from Burnnioor
Kectory on August 1:0, 1877, he explains the disconcerting
incident: — "In company with two companions I ascended Ben
Xevis. It was clouded at the top but there were fine views
di)wn into the gorge in whicli I had been the night before and
tine distant views from half-way up. I had reached the bottom
and was going across a piece of marshj'^ heath when in exuberance
of spirits I took a long leap as far as I could jump and had the
misfortune to come down with my left heel on a piece of rock :
after which I turned a couple of somersaults. I was a mile and
a half from the hotel, and in about an hour and a quarter I got
there with the help of the guide. But there was an end of
walking as I had ruptured some of the ligaments of the knee."
The consequences of this accident were faced with resolute
hopefulness by the patient, but it is easy to understand that the
process of recoverv was painful and tedious. On Xov. 14 he
writes, " My leg has made wonderful progress during the last
fortnight and I may now say is wdl, though of course not very
strong." In the meantime he had been singularly cheered by the
discovery of a box full of important Amphipoda which had been
missing for fourteen years owing to a wrong label — an expedient
for occultation worthy of living crustaceans!

A time came when Xorman, with intellect still unclouded, was
forced to use an amanuensis for his correspondence and a bath-
cliair for out-of-door exercise, and though his death was pi"e-
maturely recorded, not much later he peacefully closed his life at
Berlihamsted on October 20, 1918. For many years his steady
routine work at home had been wonderfully diversified and
enlivened by his brief holidays elsewhere. One while he is with
AValker at Colwyn Bay, at another with Jolm Murray at Ciimbrae,
or with David liobertson in Ireland; six journeys he made to the
fruitful waters of Norway ; he worked at the Plymouth Marine
Laboratoi'v as well as at the Neapolitan ; his visit to Madeira for
health produced a study of the island's terrestrial Isopoda and of
its marine Mollusca. He proved himself to many of us an
affectionate friend, given to hospitality, to his ])arishioners an
earnest and trusted clergyman, and to natural history circles
an autliority of high distinction. [T. R. \i. Stkbbijtg.]

Prof. Hexry GrEOUGE Plimmer, F.E.S. — Prof. Plimmer was born
at Melksham, in Wiltshire, on January 29th, 1856 *, and died on
June 22nd, 1918, from cancer, the disease he Iiad spent many

* This is tlie year given by his sole surviving uncle, but possibly, as lie himself
thought, it was 1857. For nuich of the material embodied in this notice
I am indebted to Mrs. Plimmer, who kindly supplied it from a short auto-
biography her husband left behind him.

LINNBAN SOCIE'Ml' OF LOXDON. • 6 1

years of his life aiteniptiiig to combat by experimental and micro-
scopic investigation. He was a delicate child, whom his parents
did not expect to rear, and at an early age lost the use of one eye
from ophlhalmiu. He was sent to a [preparatory school at tlie
age of four, and to anotlier school at Devizes when between six
and seven. After the death of his father, a medical practitioner
with pronounced sporting proclivities, in 1865, he was transferred
to !Shaw House School, where he stayed till 1S70, when he went
to live with his motlier at H'onbridge, in Shropshire, where soon
afterwards, through the influence of an uncle who was employed
by the ilrm, he became a clerk in the office of the Coalbrookdale
Company. Dissatisfied with this work, he wrote in 1877 to
Dr. J. H. Galton, formerly his father's assistant, to inquire about
the possibilities of his adopting the medical profession, with the
result that a year later he became the " unqualified assistant " of
Galton and his partner, Sydney Turner, at Norwood, where in
1880 he was joined by his mother, he being at that time a student
at Guy's Hospital, which he had entered in 1878, and where, after
securing his medical qualifications of L.S. A in 1882 and M.R.C.S.
in 1883, he iiehl the appointments of house phvsician and house
surgeon. It was here that he became associated with Dr. Samuel
Wilks, who inspired him with his interest in pathology. These
years of his life were years of strenuous labour, rewarded m 1883
by his being taken into partnership by Galton and Turner.

As a general practitioner in a London suburb he would have
been lost to science ; but the turning-point in his life came in
1887, when be married Helena, the widow of Alfred Adei's. Five
years later he retired from practice to devote himself to bacterio-
logical research with Prof. Crookshank at King's College. His
discovery in 1892 of " Plimmer's bodies " in cancer led to an
acquaintance with Armand liuffer, with whom he worked both
at the College of Surgeons and at the newly established British
Institute of Preventive Medicine. He became Pathologist to
tlie Cancer Hospital in 189-1 and Lecturer in Bacteriology at
St. Mary's Hospital in 1895, succeeding Silcock as Pathologist to
that institution in 1899.

On the death of his mother, to whom he was deeply attached,
in 1896, .he moved from Sydenham, where she had been living, to
St. John's Wood, and in her memory he founded the Eliza Ivei's-
lake Prize at St. Mary's Hospital *. After his appointment in
charge of the cancer laboratories at the Lister Institute in 1902,
he resigned liis posts at the Cancer and St. Marys Hospitals,
being succeeded at the latter institution by his friend Dr. Almroth
Wright, and in 1900 he undertook research work upon trypano-
somiasis for the Tropical Diseases Committee of the Royal
Society. In 1907 he accepted the post of Pathologist to the
Zoological Society, and in 1910 achieved the final and only

* Two years after the death of his fatlier Plimmer's mother had married
John Kerslake, an engineer, of Bath, who died five months afterwards.

62 PROCEEDIKGS OF THE

honour lie desired — the eh'ction to tlie rellowsliip of the Koyal
Society. Duriiiy; the war he served on the War Oflice Com-
mittees for the investigation of 'J'etanus and Trench Fever, and
was made Professor ol: Patliology at the Imperial College of
Science, a post which he held till liis death.

It is needless to enumerate all the scientific societies, medical
and otherwise, of which Plimnier was a Fellow. His taste for
tnieroseopy and for microscopical technique, of which he was a
master, attracted him in 1883 to the Koyal Microscopical, of
which he hecanie President in 1911-1911?. He joined the liinnean
Society in 1890, and was elected to the Council and Vice-
Presidency in 1917. He was closely in touch with many of the
pathologists on the Continent, where his work was well luiown,
and was a memher of the Deutsche Komite fin* Krehsforschung
and of the Deutsche Patholo<;ische Gesellschaft. He was the
author of a large number of jiapers on a great \ariety of subjects,
the most important being those relating to the diseases caused by
blood-parasites, especially sleeping sickness, for the treatment of
which he intx'oduced the use of antimony compounds.

My acquaintance with Dr. Plimmer, which began in 1907,
when he succeeded Dr. Selicman as Pathologist to tlie Zoological
Society, rapidly developed into a niutual friendship and esteem
which lasted to the day of his death. During his ten years'
tenure of that post 1 saw him almost daily at the CJardensor else-
where, aiul the following paragraphs contain my impressions of
him, wiih w hich others may or may not agree.

His appearance was singular, some would say eccentric. He
was of medium height, upright in carriage and spare in build, but
lacking in uuiscular development and physical strength. Con-
stitutionally delicate, he was susceptible to cold and draughts,
and an innate timidity of temperament was shown by his fear of
thunderstorms and, latterly, by his terror of air-raids. The stern
cast of his countenance in repose belied his general character,
which was full of fun, a merry twinkle of the eye or a genial smile
brightening his whole expression in conversation. His face was
shapely, his complexion dark, and he wore whiskers, moustache,
a short-trimmed beard, and .spectacles. His complete disregard
for convention in fashion was shown by his iuA-ariable custom of
wearing at all seasons, iri-espective of weather, an Inverness cloak
and a soft, broad-brimmed felt hat of the kind known as a " wide-
awake.'' This, and his habit of brushing his black hair straight
hack from his high fon'head and temples and allowing it to grow-
long on the collar of his brown velvet jacket, gave him a decidedly
foreign a])pearance, distinguishing him at once in any crowd of
ordinarily attired Englishmen.

To state that it was always easy to get on Avith him would be
<)uite untrue. Ordinarily it would have been difficult to find a
pleasanter colleague ; but when worried or overstrained, ]ierhaps
from allowing preoccupation with his work to interfere with meal-
times, he was subject, like other men similarly constituted, to
passing tits of irritability, requiring patience to deal with at the

LIN>EAN SOCIETr OF LONDON. 63

time and liable to give a wrong impression of his true nature 1o
straii<?ers and to those who did not knovv how to take him.
fundamentally he was eminently reasonable and nice, and exceed-
ingly kiud-liearted and sympathetic, many a kind action helping
the Zoological Societv's employes or friends less well-off than
himself standing to his credit.

In sport and athletics he had no interest wliatever, and he
probably never played a game in his life. Hence the time most
boys and young men give to these pastimes he had devoted to the
cultivation of his innate literary and artistic tastes. His acquaint-
ance with the classics was quite unusual in a scientific Jiian, and
amongst modern writers of fiction his personal friend Meredith, and
Hardy, were his favourites. He was devoted, too, to architecture
and paintings, especially of tiie Italian schools. But, apart from
pathology, the outstanding interest of his life was music. I have
heard him described as one of the best amateur pianists in London,
and his friends will long remember the social gatherings in the
large music room in his house in Hall Eoad, 8t. John's Wood.
Incongruous as it may seem, he added to these attributes a know-
ledge of cookery any cJief might envy, and an appetite and delicacy
of palate which can only be described as Epicurean. Exceedingly
sociable and a great talker he was welcomed everywhere, much
of his spare time, which was little enough, being spent at the
Sa\ ile Club. He was also a prominent member of the Omar Club
and one of the founders and treasurer of the Lucretian Hinin"-
Club.

A peculiarity in his method of pathological research was that
he never touched a specimen with his hands, never even using
indiarubber gloves for the purpose. The bodies were opened and
the organs sliced under his directions by the laboratory assistant
while he stood by and examined the sections with a readiiig-glass.
The macroscopic appearance of all the organs, whether diseased
or sound, was noted on paper at the time, to be copied later in
the Zoological Society's pathological books, and to these records
were subsequently added the results of his examination of the slides
containing blood-smears and sections of the diseased organs. The
daily methodical pursuit of this line of research on practically all
the vertebrated animals that died in the Gardens for a space of ten
years filled 20 volumes of records of the incidence of the diseases
of wild animals in captivity. A brief statistical abstract of the
i-esults was annually published in the ' Proceedings ' of the Zoolo-
gical Society; but it was Dr. Plimmer's intention, if time allowed,
to embody the main facts in a text-book on animal pathology,
which would have been of the greatest value to those coming after
him. One of the most important discoveries he made was the
mycotic nature of the jaw- disease to which kangaroos and small
ante]o])es so frequenily succumb. He w as, I recollect, profoundly
interested in the evidence of cancer running in families supplied
by a particular stock of wolves, inbred in the Gardens for tlu'ee
generations ; and he established, amongst other conclusions, a
remarkable correlation between nephritis, enteritis, and affections

64 PUocKEUiN(;s oi' tiik

of the lungs. lu connection witli liis investigations into the
causes of death he was always ready with sucjt^estions and advice
to the curators on (juestions of diet, disinfectants, and otlier
matters relating to tlie health and welfare of the animals; and all
this, it must he added, was done practically as a work of love, the
salary he received heing rather in the nature of an honorarium,
and no adequate remuneration for the time and energy he devoted
to the ^Society's service. The severance of his connection with
the Society in 1917 was deeply regretted both by himself and his
friends. His mortal illness was probably on him at the time, for
he died in the following year at Combe Park, Sevenoaks, the
residence of his intimate friend Robert Mond, J. P. His remains
were cremated at Golder's Green and his ashes were interred at
Shirley, close to his mother's grave. [K. 1. PococK.]

A zealous and hard-working naturalist has been lost to us in the
death of William Denison Kokhuck on the 1.5th Pebruai-y last.

He was born in Leeds on the .5th Januar}^ 1851, and lived
there until he was seventeen years of age, when his parents took a
house in Pannal, near Harrogate, as a summer retreat for succes-
sive years. At this place our late Fellow b«gan his collecting,
which lasted throughout his life; he began by collecting insects,
and although he was not a professed entomologist he was intensely
interested in that science, and made a point of attending each
meeting of the Entomological Section of the Yorkshire Natu-
ralists' Union. In 1877 he published a paper styled '' Locusts ir>
Yorkshire," but which f:ir exceeded its title by cataloguing all the
known locust flights throughout Britain from 1842 to 1870, which
remains the best account even now. He was accustomed to keep
records of all papers relating to every order of insect published in
various journals referring to Yorkshire and the northern counties
generally, and thus gi'adually amassed an immense body of infor-
mation, wljicli was available for any author working in special
departments of that extensive subject.

A close friend of Mr. Koeljuck has remarked upon his posses-
sion of a brilliant and rare combination of synthetic and analytic
faculties, coupled with great foresight and clear judgment ; he
had a great gift for administration, and this capacity was turned
to account when the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union, the Concho-
logical Society, the Leeds Conchological Club, and the Leeds
Naturalists' Field Club were established, as the constitutions of
all these associations were drafted by him and have successfully
withstood the test of time.

The Y'orkshire Naturalists' Union owed its present shape to
Mr. Roebuck. He was appointed one of the secretaries in 187&
of the West Riding Consolidated Naturalists' Society, which was
an association of vai'ious natural history societies of south-west
Yorkshire. In 1877, with the help of Mr. G. T. Porritt and the
late C. P. Hobkirk, the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union was firmly

LINNEVN SOCIIOTY <ir J.()ND!).V. 65

-established, and sliortly afterwards another suggestion of our late
Fellow bore ample fruit, that of establishing sections for each
branch within the Union, now con)posed of more than 40 local
societies. Mr. lloebuck was President in 1908, and, as the subject
for his Address, placed on record a full and authoritative history
of the Union and its organ, ' The Naturalist,' from their
beginning.

The Fungus Forays were instituted by him, and were so
successful that other societies have copied this branch of field-
work. The first foray was held in 1881 at Studley and Harrogate ;
tlie second took place in 1888, and finally produced their result —
' The Fungus Flora of Yorkshire,' by G. M;isseeand C. Crossland.
Mr. Roebuck' was honorary secretary and one of the moving
8|)irits of the Union for nearly 30 years, and from 1884 to 1902
sole editor of 'The Naturalist,' with short intervals of collabora-
tion, and to him fell all the arrangements for excursions and
business meetings.

In conjunction with Dr. W. E. Clarke he prepared and ])ub-
lished ' The A-^ertebrate Fauna of Yorkshire.' During 1904- 0(5
he travelled in Australia, New Zealand, Iiulia, 8outh Africa, and
Egypt, with special reference to the stud}" of mollusca designedly
or unwittingly introduced by man.

In 1915 the University of Leeds conferred upon him the
honorary tlegree of Master of Science. He was latterly engaged
u[)on the task of placing in glass-topped boxes all freshw ater shells
in the Linnean collections, and almost the last connnuuication
received from him was a detailed re])ort upon this completed
work. A sudden paralytic seizure on the evening of 19th January
last, when ajipareutly full of health and strength, alarmed his
friends: gratlually he recovered from this attack, when a second
seizure took place, and he gradually sank, dying as above men-
tioned on the 15tli February, 1919, aged 68. His remains were
cremated two daj's later at Lawnswood Cemetery, Leeds, with a
large gathering of friends from various societies attending in token
of respect. He was elected a Fellow of the Liiuiean Nocietv on
the 1st May, 1884. [B. D. J.J

EiCHAiiu Williams 11 ahold How died on February IGth,
1919, from pneumonia, following upon influenza, at the age of 34.
He was the son of tlie late Rev. K. AY. Row, of Exeter, and
received his early education at Mount Radford School. After
spending some time at Exeter University College and the Royal
College of Science, South Kensington, he entered the Zoological
Department of King's College, London, in 1906. in the
following year he took the degree of Bachelor of Science in the
University of Loudon, with first class honours in zoology. From
that time until the day of his death he was a niendjer of the staff
of the Zoological Department of King's College, where his success

LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1918-1919. f

66 IMKiCKEDlNOS Of TIIK

as a teaclicr and invest ip;ator soon earnt-d for him the respect and
iidiniration of his students and colieayUHs. lie was elected a
I'ellow of tlie J.innean Society in 190.S.

As an investigator his chief interest centred in the Sponges^
on which groii|) he hecame an acknowledged iiuthority. His
Iteporfs on the Sponges collected hy Mr. Cyril Crossland in the
lied Sea were published by the Linnean Society in liJ09 and 101 1.
In 11*13 ihe Zoological Society of London, of which he was alsu
a Fellow, jtnhlished an elaborate memoir on the Classification
and Phylogeny of the Calcareous Sponges, written in conjunction
with Professor Dendy. He had nlso undertaken, but iinfor-
tnnatelv not completed, a lleport on the Sponges of South-
western Australia, for the Hamburg Museum, aiul, in (onjunction
with Professor Dendy, a Keport on Sponges collected off the
north of New Zealarul by the ' Terra Nova' Expedition, for the
British Museum (Natural History). His work on Spoiiges,
carried on with the greatest enthusiasm and with a keen insight
into the phylogeiietie principles of classification, was untbrtunateiy
interrujited hy the war, and, ns a piece of very useful war work,
he devoted himself to the study of Protozoology, while at the same
time continuing to carry on his teaching work at King's College,
especially for medical students. His investigations on amoebic
dyse;itery and malaria were prosecuted under the direction of Sir
Konald Koss. and at the time of liis death he was in charge of the
Malaria Laboratory at the 4th London (leneral Hospital, where he
dill an immense amount of useful routine work in blood-examin-
ation, besides carrying on progressive research on the malaria
jtarasite. It is to he feared th.it he great ly overw orked himself, and
tliis may have had somethiug to do with the lajtidity with which
he succumbed when attacked by intluenza.

In addition to these numerous activities he had for some years
been res])oiisible for the section on Porifera in the ' Zoological
Kecord ' and had lately undertaken certain other groups for the
sauie publication. He was also a useful mendjer of the University
Board of Studies in Zoology, of which he had just been
elected Secretary at the time of his death.

Mr. Bow's interes's were, moreover, by no means ccjifined to
zoological studies. He will long he remembered amoui^st phila-
telists as a leading — perhaps the chief — authority on the stamiis
of Siam, and his collection, valued at between two and three
thousand pounds, has been presented by his mother to the
British 3Iuseum.

He had a reiuarkable gift for systematic iuvestigation, and the
loss to zoologital science occasiont-d by ins death is a \ery severe
one. Those who had the jirivilege of knowing him will alwavs
think of him as a loyal friend and an inspiring colleague. His
memory will he perpetuated at King's College by the Harold Kow
Endow nient for the Promotion of Zoological Eesearch, established
by his mother [A. D.]

LINXEA.N SOCIETY OF LONDON. 67

Henry Worslev SEVirouR Worsley-Benisox was born on the
14tli August, 1845, at Clevedoii, Somerset, lost his parents wlien
6 years old, and was brought up by an aunt at S\vaiiagt>, Dorset.
His early education was obtained at private schools at Kingwood
and at Brighton. ^Froin 1864 to 18G7 he studied at New College,
Finchley, then, deciding upon a medical career, migrated to
University College, Gower Street, the School of Mines, and tlu^
hospitals : during this ])eriod he came under the guidance ol such
men as W. C. Williamson, Huxley, Daniel Oliver, and Tyndall,
taking bis first M.B. examination succt^ssi'uUy, He was elected a
Fellow of the Liiniean Society on the 2iid January, 18<i9, but soon
afterwards, a failure of his health obliged him to give up his
medical career, and to confine his attention to botany and zoology.
In 1877 be was chosen Lecturer on Botany at Westminster
Hospital, which he held for twelve years, and in addition he con-
ducted many successful courses of lectures for the Society for the
Extension of University Teaching, and iielped to establish several
local societies round London. He published two volumes,
'Haunts of Nature' and ' Nature's Pairy-land,' also papers on
'Charles Darwin,' and on the power of movement in plants, both
in the ' Journal of Microscopy and Natural Science ' in 1 88(5. He
lived in many town and country places during his Fellowship,
such as Swaiiage and Heading, besides his London address, finally
at Bournemoutli. where he died 14th December, 1918, at the age
of 73. [B. D.J.I

June 5th, 191i).

Dr. A. Smith Woodward, F.E.S., President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the Anniversary Meeting of the 24Lh May, 1919,
were read and confirmed.

The report of the Donations received since the last Meeting
was laid before tiie Fellows, and the thanks of the Society to the
several Donors were ordered.

Mr. Henry Herbert Corbett was admitted a Fellow.

The following certificates were read for the second time : —
Prof. Vernon Herbert Blackman, F.K.S., Dr. William Thomas
Caiman, Kohert Swainson-llall, Cyril TeniM)n White, Edwin
Ashby, and Dr. Kobert Colquhoun McLean.

A certificate in favour of Dr. George Parker Bidder, M.A., was
ead and ordered to be suspended.

/2

<)8 PROCEEDINCiS OK THE

Tlio President announced that lie had appointed the following
to he Vice-Presidents during the following year, namely,
Dr. AViLLiAM Bateson, P.ll.fS., Mr. Hokace W. Moncktox,
Mr. R. I. PococK, E.K.S., and Dr. Harold Wagek, F.E.S.

Mr. Alfred William Sheppard, Miss Mary Kehekah Norris
Holmer, M.A., j\liss Theodora Lisle Prankerd, B.Sc, Mr. Edgar
Beckett, Dr. Sidney Erederic JIarmer, M.A., E.B.S., and Miss
Florence Annie Mockeridge, D.Hc, were elected Eellows.

Mr. H. X. Djxox, M.A., E.L.S., then gave an abstract of his
paper on " Mosses from Decejjtion Island."

The second paper " On the structure and oceurience of Max-
illuloe in the Orders of Insects " was by Miss Alwkx M. Evans,
M.Sc, and communicated by Dr. A. D. Imras, E.L.JS. In the
absence of the Author, the Zoological Secretary gave a sunnnary
of the piiper.

The President commented upon the paper and Dr. Young put
a question, which was answered by Mr. Goodrich, E.K.S.,
Sec.L.S.

The third communication was by Mr. Ernest E. Uxwin, M.Sc,
" Notes upon the E-eproduction of Asellus aquaticus" anil
communicated by the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, M.A., E.R.S.,
E.L.S. ; it was read in abstract by the General Secretary.

The General Secretary called attention to the illustrations,
which were admirably drawn, and adapted for reproduction as
they stood ; it was a rare event to be able to praise the illustrations
accompanying a paper with such entire approbation.

The General Secretary then exhibited a medallion portrait in
bronze of Carl von Linne, hitherto unknown, and wanting in
Professor T. Tullberg's " Linneportratr,"' the comprehensive
catalogue of Linnean portraits. The base of the head showed the
name ' G. Wallis.' George "Wallis (1811 -91) was an art-teacher
in Manchester, London, and Birmingham, and became Keeper of
the Art Collections, South Kensington, in LS58, which he retained
till the year before his death. Like nearly all plastic representa-
tions of Linnc, it was made from j)ortraits, as the ])eriod of the
artist deelares. The medallion has been kindly lent for exhibition
by Mr. W. J. Wintle, Secretary of the Malacological Society.

Dr. Rendle, E.R.S., Sec.L.S., contributed a few remarks upon
the portrait.

A second exhibition by the General Secretary was that of the
original seal of the Society, which had been lost sight oF since
the beginning of the last century. A month previously he
received a letter from JMr. John Slade, of Worthing, stating that
on winding up the estate of an old gentleman of more than
SO vears of age, he found in a deed-box the original seal of the

LINNKAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. 69

Society, which he subsequently^ seut to the Society, and was now on
the table.

It was impossible to guess bow the seal had left the custody of
the Society to be afterwards found in possession of an " illiterate "
man ; tbe only entry in the Minutes was in March 1789, '' Ordered,
that the seal exhibited be engraved." The seal itself was in use
until the granting of the Patent of Arms in 1802, for we find an
Order in January 1803 for the immediate engraving of tbe pres«nt
seal, " with tlie arms of tbe Society." The exhibitor put forward a
possible ex[)]anati()n as to why the original seal was suilered to
leave tbe custody of tbe Society, to wliicb it bad now been
returned after more than a century's absence.

A vote of thanks to Mr. Slade was then accorded.

June 19tb, 1919.

Dr. A. Smith Woodward, ]^Mi.S., President,
in the Chair.

Tlie Minutes of the General Meeting of the 5th June, 1919,
were read and confirmed.

The report of the Donations received since the last Meeting
was laid before the Fellows, and the thanks of the Society to tlie
several Donors were ordered.

Mr. Frederick Ormrod Mosley and Dr. Sidney Frederic
Harmer, F.R..S., were admitted Fellows.

Certificates in favour of the following were read and ordered
to be suspended: — Miss Vera Adelaide Irwin-Smitb, B.Sc, James
Kobert Mattliews, and Miss Beatrice Buckland Taylor.

Prof. Vernon Herbert Bhickman, F.E.S., Dr. William Thomas
Caiman, liobert Swainson-Hall, Cyril Tenison White, Edwin
Ashby, and Dr. lioberfc Colquhoun McLean, were elected Fellov\s.

The first paper was by Mr. T. A. Dymes, F.L.S., entitled
"Notes on the Life-history of the Yellow Flag (/r/s I'seuUdcorns,
Linn.), with special reference to the seeds and seedlings during
their first year."

Lt.-Col. J.H.Tull Walsh and Dr. E. J. Salisbury added further
observations, and the Author briefly replied.

Dr. G. II. RouMAN showed the egg-case of a spider, Ci/rtarachne
tuberculifera, from Cannes, and explained its structure by lantern-
slides. It had been identified by Mr. Eugene Simon ; hitherto
unknown, it corresponds to those of tropical species of tbe same
genus. (See Abstract on p. 78.)

70 PROCKEDIXGS OF THE

Mr. S. L. Moore followed with a paper " A Contribution totlie
Flora of Australia."

Dr. A. B. RencUe ])oinle(l out the iuterest of this paper, and
the curious fate which had befallen so many tine collections of
Australian plants, as those of JJanks and Colander, Eobert Brown,
and others.

The reniaininji; papers, in the absence of their authors, were
read in title : — " Selenariada; and other Biwozoa," by Mr. A. W.
AVatkus, F.L.S.

jVext followed " Studies on some Flagellata,'" by Dr. E, Penahd,
F.M.L.S.

The last paper was by Dr. Walter M. Tattersall. and
communicated by Prof. W. A. Herdman, F.E.S., F.L..S., '• Eeport
on the Stomatopoda and Macrurous Decapoda collected by
Mr. Cyril Crossland in the Sudanese Ked Sea."

Dr. J. R. Leesox, F.L.S., exhibited Lemna minor in flower,
under a simple magnification.

ABSTRACTS.

The 'Law of Loss' in Evolution. By Agnes Arber, D.Sc,

F.L.S., Fellow of jS'ewnham College, Cambridge.

[Kead 7th Noveiuber, 1918.1

DuBiNtr the last eight years I have been making a special study of
aquatic Angiosperms. These plants are of particular interest from
the evolutionary stan(l|)oint, since there is a firmer basis for
speculations as to their ancestry than is generally available in the
case of groups concerning whose histoiw we have no fos>il evidence.
There is good reason to believe that the Flowering Plants were
originally a terrestrial stock, and we are thus juslitied in
concluding tliat the aquatic Angiosperms of the present day are
ultimately derivable from ancestors which were land plants. As
compared with their terrestrial relatives, the most obvious
changes which aquatics have suffered lie in the direction of
structural rwduction. This is fully recognized, and has indeed
become a text-book platitude. The consideration of this reduc-
tion, and of some phenomena which seem to be its sequels, has
led me to formuhite, under the name of the ' Law of Loss,' a
certain minor principle which appears to be operative in various
phases of plant evolution. The expression ' Law of Lots' is meant

LIN'XK.VN SOCIETY OF LONDON. "J I

to indicate the (jeneral rale, that a stnictiwe or onjaii o)ice Io!it in the
i'ourse of />h!/Io(/enif can never he regained; if the on/anisin sidj-
^erpienth/ has occasion to replace it, it cannot he reproduced, hut must
he constructed afresh in some difrerent mode

From its very nature, ,8uch a law is not susopptible of formal
proof. Its probable validit}' may, however, be inferred if it can be
shown that in a number of cases it opens the door to a ratioiuil
iaterpretation of features wliich are not easily explicable on other
ffroinids. Si) I propose now to consider certain special instances
ill which the ' Law of Loss' seems to throw light on the meaning
of structural features which would otherwise be obscure,
beginning with a case among submerged plants which happened
to be one of the first to arrest my attention in this connexion.
Cei-atophi/Uiim deinersnm and certain species of Utricutaria are
entirely ri)otless at all stages of their life-histor}", even the primary
root of the seedling being either altogether absent or remaining
quite rudimentary. We cannot avoid the belief that these plants
-are descended from ancestors of the normal Angiospermic type,
characterised by possessing a root system ; bub tliey have them-
selves entirely lost the ancestral capacity for producing roots.
Nevertheless, in both these unrelated genera, the need for an
absorbing organ seems to have re-asserted itself, and to have
been uiet, not by the roestablishment of root formation, but b\'
the development of special subterrauean shoots which — though
not of the morphological nature of roots — perform a root-like
function *. This behaviour in tlie case of Ceratophijllitm and
Utricidaria may be interpreted to mean that a plant which has
■entirely given up root-formation and afterwards again experiences
the need of roots, cannot reacquire them, hut can only press
some existing organ into the service, niodifving it as best it may.
It is possible that the root-like water-leaves of Sidvinia indicate a
similar history.

As another instance of the working of the 'Law of Loss,' we
may take the phylogenetic history of the leaves of the Alismaceae
or Pontederiacete — or, indeed, the leaves of anj^ other Moiioco-
tvledons which possess ' laminae.' But whether or no this
illustration be accepted, depends upon the standpoint ado|)ted
regarding the general morphology of the leaves of Monocotyletlons.
In a recent papert, I have dealt at some length with this (Question
and have concluded — following de CandolleJ — that the original
type of Monocotyledon. )us leaf consists either of petiole and leaf-
base, or of leaf-base alone, and entirely lacks a lamina. From
this point of vievv, the ' lamina' of a Monocotyledonous leaf, in the
cases where it occurs, cannot be interpreted as homologous with
the lamina of a Dicotyledon, since, on the Law of Loss, the blade
oace discarded can never be regained. Professor Jlenslow§ has
])ropou!ided the theory that the so-called ' lamina ' of those

* Gliick, H. (190(1). t Arber, A. (11)18).

: Caiululle, A. P. de(lS27). § lleusiow, G. (1911).

7^ PROCIOKUINCiS OF TIIIO

.Moiiocotylt'tloiious leaves whicli ])ossess a distinct stalk and
blade, is merely an expansion oF the Jipical region of the petiole,
and that thus the " aerial reticulated leat'-blades oF jMonocotyledons
are not identical, but only imitative of the tibro-vascnlar system of
an ordinary dicotyledonous leaf.." This interpretation, as 1
have shown in the jjuper cited*, throws Jight upon a number of
peculiar features in the leaf morphology of Monocotyledons, it
suggests a possible cause, for instance, for a certain gentral
similarity of form which pervades the leaf-bhides of this Chiss.
Their curiously cumbrous methods of approximating to the eom-
])0und lamina of the Dicotyledon, and their liability in many
cases to be torn to shreds i)y the wind, also harmonise with the
view that they are not true lamina? but mere expansions of the
petiole or leaf-sheath apex, in which the shnpe and structure are
determined by the mode and degi'ee of separation of the originally
parallel veins. In the paper to which reference has been mude, 1
have also brought forward certain anatomical evidence in support
of Henslow's view tiiat the blade of the Monocotyledonous leaf is
what I pro]iose to call a ' pseudo-lamina.' If 1 ids interpretation be
accepted, it affords confirmation of the vnlidity of tiie ' Law of
Loss,' since we have here an instance of a discarded organ being
replaced by a modification of another, instead of being reacquired.

Whatever view be taken of the immediate origin of Monoco-
tyledons, they are very generally regarded as descended i'lom a
stock which at some period possessed normal iiecondary thickening;
if rhis hy])()thesis be accepted, their stem structure m:iy be claimed
as exemplifying the ' Law of J^oss.' Interfascicular cambium is
typically absent in this Class, and those members which have
adopted the tree habit — with the correlated necessity for increased
girth — have in no case reverted to a typical cambium formed by the
union of intrafascicular meristems ; tliey seem, on the contrary
to have <:;roped, as it were experimentally, after new methods of
secondary thickening.

The ])ollination methods of submerged Angiosperms may also
possibly be re<^arded as illustrating the 'Law of Loss.' The
ciliation of the male gamete in the great group of the Pterido-
])hyta — from which it is supjxjsed that the Flowering Plants are
ultimately derived — is associated essentially with aquatic fertili-
sation ; with the adoption of terrestrial life this feature was lost,
and is now unknown either in the higher Gj'mnosperms or the
Angiosperms. It, might well have been expected that when certain
A ngiosperM)s adopted water-life so completely as evevi to revert to-
the remotely ancestral habit of submerged fertilisation, they would
also simultaneously revert to ciliated sperms associated with a broad
stylar canal and open inicropyle. Such a trumpet-shaped stigma as
that possessed hy ZannichcUia seems, indeed, exactly adapted for the
entry of swimming sperms. But no such ciliated Angiospermic
gametes have come into t-xistence ; those Flowering Plants which
are pollinated beneath the water, go through all the processes of

* Arber.A. (1918).

^ J.IXXK.VN SOCIEI'V OF LONDON. 73-

making pulleii grains as if for aerial jioUiiiatioii, willi merely such
slight moditirations jis will pern)it them to be carried passively to
the stigma by gravity or water currents. It seems that cilia once
lost cannot be recovered, even when the circumstances in which
they were formerly ot: use again ret-ur, and the plant has, as it
were, to patch up some substitute.

But the application of the ' Lau' ot" Loss ' is by no means
confined to water-plants and Monocotyledons. In the case, for
instance, of the CompositcB, Dr. Small* has propounded a theory
which is very suggestive in connexion with the present line of
thought. He supposes that this dominant family has been ulti-
mately derived Irom an ancestor among the Lobelioidea; in which
the calyx may have been entirely absent. On his view, the pappus
of the Compositae is an independent trichome structure. This is
exactly what might have been anticipated on the ' Jjaw of Loss.'
The ancestral Composite, being unable to reproduce the discarded
foliar members, achieved a more or less equivalent result by the use
of material belonging to a totally different inorpltological category.
Probably the initiation of the ])appus was a valtiable asset in
assuring the success of the Compositae It is an illustration of
the favoiu'able w ay in which the ' Law of Loss ' may sometimes
act in evolution, hy dosiuj/ ivell-wom paths and thus hidirectly
eneourariing the openiiKj of frcfh routes.

Another case may also be considered, although it involves
certain premisses which many botanists miglit not concede. A
well-developed female |)rothallus characterises the Gymnosperms
as well as all the heferosporous Avascular Cryj)togan)s. In the
Angiosperms, this prothallial food-tissue has been entirely lost ;
this loss was possibly coiuiected with a reduction in size of the
ovules correlated with the closing of th'i carpels. It is true that
it is held by some that the endosperm of the Angiosperm
represents a postponed development of the Gyranosperm pro-
thallus, but there is little e\ idence in support of tliis hypothesis.
There is much, on the other hand, to recommend Miss Sargant'sf
theory that the endosperm corresponds to a second embryo which
has been " spoiled "and reduced to a short-lived food-tissue by the
intrusion of the second polar nucleus into the fusion of the second
male nucleus with the upper polar nucleus — the sister of the egg
nucleus. If either Mi>s tSargaiit's theory, or any other theory
which does not treat the endosperm of the Angiosperms and
Gymnosperms as equivalent, be accepted, we have a case in
which a new structure of enlirel}^ different homologies serves the
same purpose as a jjieviously existing i)ut now tliscarded organ. A
new acquirement, brought ijifo being in this way to replace a pre-
existing structure which has been hist, nuiy sometimes be relatively
cumbrous and ill-attuned to ])rogressive development {e.y. the
anomalous secoiulary thickening of Monocotyledons) or it may, as
in the case of the Angiospermic endosperm, prove to be an

* Small, J. (19 IS) p. SI.
t Sargant, E. (KKIO).

74 rKocKii:i)iN(;,s or rui;

:i(lii)ir;ibl(' allcniative, wliicli may even confer a new lease of life
on tlK> ^took wliuh employs it.

ir tilt' ■ T/iw of iioss' be aL'ee|)ted as ot" general application, it
fiM'iiislii's :i cliii' to certain phylogenelic problems. It throws
some lifjlit, For instance, on such diflicult questions as the inter-
pretation of tlie flower of Hidas. If we take the usual view that
y^aias ii a highly evolved and reduced member of the Potamo-
Retonacea? sto-k, we have to suppose that tlie immediate ancestor
of the gpnus possesseil no perianth, since a true perianth seems to
be unknown in this family. According to. the 'Law of Loss,' it
MOiilil he impossible under these circumstances for this genus to
evolve a true ])erianth, and hence we are relieved from the
necessity of trying to interpret any of the floral envelopes of
JV«m.«- which show very little indication of foliar characters —
as if they were of perianth nature. We are thus free to suppose
that the delicate, membranous floral envelope which Xaias has
evolved, is merely a cii]>uhir outgrowth fi'om the receptacle, while
the ])etal-like wings of tlie stamens in Potaiuof/efon mav represent
anotlier method of replacing the pi-rianth wliirh, having been
losr, cannot be resuscitated. Again, it is highly nnlikely, on the
* Law of Loss,' that a naked unisexual flower could evolve into a
h.-rmaphrotlite flower with a perianth ; hence the Law accords
wirn the view that the ]n-imitive Angiospermic flower was of such
a type as that met with among the Ranales, rather than with tlu^
opposed theory that it reseml)]ed one of the floral forms found
among those Archichlamydeaj which were formerly called Apetalae.

In the case of the Angiosperms wt- possess at present no fossil
evidence throwing light on the pliyletic lines within the group,
a,nd all our theories on this subject nuist, for this reason, be based
upon comparative morphology alone. Tlie zoologist, on tlie otlier
hand, is more fortunate, since abundant material has been unearthed
in recent vears, bearing on the paUeontological history of the Verte-
brates— a group which occupies a ]>lace among animals comparable
in some respects with that of the Angiospeims among ]ilaiits.
Some time after I liadderluced the Law of Loss from a considera-
tion of the structure of the water-plants living to-day, I learned
that zoologists had alreadj' arrived, on fossil evidence, at very
similar conclusions concerning Vertebrates. The brilliant iielgian
palfeontologist, Dollo*, enunciated in 1893, in tliH form of a
series of aphorisms, certain laws of evolution which he tells us he
reached as a result of studying fossil Vertebra'es for a number of
years in the iJrussels ]\[useum. He states that " L'evolution est.
discontinue — irreversible — limitee." lie explains what he means
by irreversibility by asking — and answering in the negative — the
question " Un Organisme peut-il retoiirner (totalementou partiel-
lement) ii uu etat anterieur, deja realise dans la serie de ses
ancetres?" DoUo's dictum regarding the irreversibility of evo-
lution was expanded and continued b}' various workers and in
particular by Osboruf in his Ixiok on ' The Age of Maininals.' He

* Dollo, L. (1893).

t O.iboru, H. F. (1910) ; see also Woodwarcl, A. Smitli (1808), etc.

LINNE.VN SOCllCTV OF I.ON'JiON. 75

writes that " iV very frequen.t feature of diver<;eiit a(la])tat ion is
the loss of parts .... Tht^se h)st parts are never reacquired ....
Nature often resorts to other remedies to repair her looses, namely
to substitution of parts, or to chanye of function.''

The most reiiiai-k:ib!e instances of iireversibility of evolution
cited by palaeontologists are tliose associated with alternations of
habit: it must be borne in mind in considering such cases that
they necessarily involve a large element of hypothesis. DoUo*
himself deals particularly with tlie Marsupials, which he regards
as originally arboieal. In the Tree Kangaroo, Dendrola{/r(S, there
seems reason to believe that reversion to the ancestral arboreal
habit has occurred in the course of pbylogeiiy, after an inti'rveninr/
terrestrial phase ; according to Dollo we ha\e here " nn Kangarou
qui est retourne vivre dans les arbres.'" This reversion of habit
has been associated with a failure to revert to the ancestral ty])('
of ai-boreal foot-structure with its characteristic opposable thumb
or great toe, but, in connexion with the secondary arboreal phase,
the claws have become very large and curved, thus serving a
similar purpose.

DoUot has worked out another example from among the Turtles,
which is interesting from the botanical standpoint, since it presents
an analogy to something that may have occasionally occurred
among ])lants. But the whole subject of the phvlogeny of these
animals is so obscure that I quote this inslance, on which parti-
cular stress has been laid by DeperetJ, merely on account of its
botanical suggestiveness, while recognising that it may pi'ove to be
itself invalid. In the case of the Chelonida; which live in the sea,
the bony case is reduced and its weight lessened by the development
of empty spaces or fontanelles. In the Atheca3, to which Spharr/is
(Dcrmocheh/s), the Leathery Turtle, belongs, the original f-hield
has been entirely lost, but this loss has been compensated by the
development of a distinct secondary shield, composed of polygonal
dermic plates, superposed upon the rudiment of the first, but not
welded to it. According to Dollo, tiie development of this
secondary shield is to be associated with a return to littoral life
on the part of a hypothetical ancestor resembling Psei>hopliorvs.
However this may be, it seems at least probable from the worl< of
Case§ that tiie Leathery Turtle traces its descent through Protosfer/a
and Protospharrjis — forms in which the carapace has disappeared,
but the secondary shield is not yet de\ eloped — back to an ancestor
with the normal Chelonian carapace. In otlu^r words, the normal
i'arapace once gone could not be reconstituted, but was re[)laced
by a new organ of different origin.

There is no dilHculty in imagining that similar alternations of
habitat may have occurred among i)lants in the course of their
phyletic history; it is indeed more than probable that future

* Dollo, L. (1890); see also O.^boni, H. F.(1910) p. 23.
■\ Dollo, L. (11)01).

i Deperet, C. (1907) p. '221).

§ Case, E. C. (1897).

76 rnociiiiuiNGs oi' the

resL'iirch iiny disclose the existence of a number of examples.
But, so far as I know, the hypothesis of alternating habitats has
hitherto only in one case received a botanical application.
Dr. I). U.Scott*, raanj^ years ago — two years, in fact, before
Dollo on the zoological side formulated the 'Law of Irreversi-
bility'— put forwai'il the illuminating suggestion tliat the expla-
nation of tlie ajiatoniical peculiarities of the genus Gumiera might
lie in an a.i!cestral liistory in which an original terrestrial period,
followed by an jupiatic phase, has been succeeded by a second
terrestrial period. Scott showed that the single stt^le of the stem
of the acpiatic genus Mi/riuphifllum was com|)arable with one of
the steles of a polystelic (^raanera, and more recent work has con-
firmed the justice of this comparison t. He further suggested
that such a terrestrial plant as Ganneta might possibly have been
descended from an aquatic ancestor anatomically similar to Mi/rio-
phxjllam — that is to say, characterised by the condensed stele and
lack of secondary thickening which are so often associated with
water-life. A descendant of such a reduced aquatic plant can
only revert to terrestrial life if it is able to develop an increased
supply of vascular tissue ; but no longer having a cambial system
available for the purpose, it cannot achieve this end except by
falling back upon the multiplication of existing steles. Ex|)ressing
this exam|)le in tt'ruis of the ' Law of Loss,' we may say that the
cambial system once discarded could not be regained, while the
expedient of adding to tlie number of reduced steles represents a
device for repairing this irrevocable loss by means of such substi-
tutes as are to hand.

If we accept the views of Samuel Butler so far as to admit
that there is at least an analof/ij of a verv intimate kind between
heredity and unconscious memory, each example of the 'Law of
liOss' may perhaps be visualised as representing a lapse or failure
of memory. If an organ be lost, the remembrance of it presum-
ably in course of time becomes more and more remote, until
finally, even if circumstances renew the need for it, the memory
has so entirely faded that the plant cainiot, as it were, recall how
to reconstruct it. It is thrown, s > to speak, on its own resources,
and is thus compelled to discover for itself some method of
responding upon new lines to the ancient need.

In connexion with the ' Law of Loss ' it is important to notice
how often the evolutionary tendencies within an\' particular
group, as soon as we are able to analvse them in detail, resolve
themselves into phases of reduction. This is obviously true in the
special case of the aquatic Angiosperms, but it seems to have a
much wider application. The theory, for instance, is now very
generally held that Monocotyledons are reduced descendants of
a Dicotyledonous stocic. In the case, again, of floral evolution

* S.-ott, D. II. (ISOl) ; see also Riissow, E. (187.")).
t Schincller, .\. K. (1904).

LINNEAN SOCIETV OF LONDON. 77

■within the Dicotyledons, from llie generalized types among the
Eanales to the most highly differentiated Sympetak?, one of the
chief underlying principles seems throughout to be the reduction
of parts*.

With current Mendelian conce|)tions the 'Law of Loss' har-
monises without apparent ditllculty. If evolution — at least in
what Dr. Guppyt would distinguish as the later "differentiating"
or "adaptive" stages — lias proceeded by variations due to suc-
cessive losses of factors, we should certainly expect that the
complete loss of au organ might be associated witli inability to
recall it, even when circumstances seem to put a premium upon
its reappearance. t

List of Memoirs cU'-d.

Arber. a. (1918.) The Phyllode Theory of the Monocotyledonous

Leaf, witli special reference to anatomical evidence. Ann. Bot.

vol. xxxii. 1918, pp. 465-501, 32 textfigs.
Caxdolle, A, F. DE. (1827.) Organograpbie vegetale. Vol. i. I'aris,

1827.
Case, E. C. (1897.) On the Osteology 'i-iid Relationships of Frotosiega.

Journ. Morph. vol. xiv. 1897, pp. 21-55, 3 pis.

Celakovskv, L. J. (1894.) Das Reductionsgesetz der Bliithen. Sitz.

d. k. Eiihm. Gesellsch. der Wiss., math.-nat. Classe, Jahrg. 1894.

(Pubh shed 1895.) 142 pp.
Chuuch, A. II. (1908.) Tvpes of Floral Mechanism. Parti. Types

i.-xii. Oxford, 1908.'
Dbp^eet. L\ (1907.) Les Transformations dii Monde Animal. Paris,

1907.
DoLLO, L. (1893.) Les Lois de TEvoliition. liull. de la Soc. Beige de

Geol. de Pnleoiit. et de Hydrol. T. 7, 1893 Proces-verbaux.

Seance du 25 juillet, 1893, pp. 164-16(1.
Doi.LO, L. (1899.) Les ancetres des Marsupiaux etaient-ils arboricoles ?

Travaux de la Station Zool. de Wimereux. T. 7, 1899. pp. 188-

203, 2 pis.
DoLLO, L. (1901.) Sur I'origine de la Tortue Luth {Dermochelys cori-

acea). Bull, de la Soc. roy. des sci. nied. et nat. do Bruxelles, 4 fev.

1901,v(d. lix. pp. 28-51.

* It is perhaps scarcely necessary to quote authorities for this statement, but
■we may refer in passing to the "reduction-specialisation" recognised by Church
(1908) in his study both of the vegetative and reproductive organs of flower-
ing plants ; tiie tendency to economy of ]«irts repealedly emphasized by

Wernham (1911 and 1912) ; and llie reduction postulated by Celakovsliy in ;i
■well-known niemoir (1894).

t Guppy, H. E. (1919).

\ Since this ]:)aper was read before the Linnean Society, Prof. B. Petronievics
has published a full analysis and critical study of all that part of Dollo's work
whicli relates to the Law of Irreversibility ("Sur la Loi de I'Evolution Irre-
versible," Sci. Prog. vol. xiii. 1919, pp. 40C-419). The Zoological Secretary
lias also kindly called my attention to a paper by I). Keilin in support of
Dollo's Law (" La loi d'irrcversibilite de I'evolution (DoUo), vcrifiee par
I'etude des larves d'insectes," Bull, de la Sue. Zool. de France, \ol. xi.
1915, pp. 38-43. For further coTisideralions relating to the Law of Loss,
see Arber, A. " On Atavism and the Law of Irreversibility," Amcr. Journ. Sci.
vol. xlviii. pp. 27-32, 1919.

78 I'KOCKKDI.NG.S OF TlIK

(.il.tCK, 11. (1906.) ]iiologisclie uiul morpliologische Untersucliuiifren

iiber Wasser- unci Suiii]>%e\va(:l)se II. Untersuchuii^en iiber die

inittt'leiivojiiii.'^clien Utricii/rti-ia-Arlkiu, iiber die Turiouenbilduny

bei WiisserpHanzen, sowie iiber Ccratophylluin. Jena, 1906.
(Jri'i'V. II. H. (1919.) Plant Di.stribntion from the Standpoint of an

Ideali.st. Joiirn. Linn. Soc, ]5ot. vol. xliv. 1919, pp. 439-472.
IIi;.\si,()W, G, (191 1.) Tlie Orifrin of Monocotyledons from Dicotyledons,

tlirougli .Self-adaptation to a Moist or Aquatic Habit. Ami. Bot.

vol. x.w. 1911, j.p. 717-744.
OsuoR.N, II. F. (1910.) The Age of Mammals in Europe, Asia, and

North America. 1910.
Urssow, K. (1h7o. ) Uetrachtungen iiber das Leitbundel- und firund-

gewebe (.lubilaumschvift l)r. Alexander von Bunge). 78 pp.

iJorpat, 187").
Saiioant, E. (1900.) Recent "Work on the Results of Fertilization in

An^iosperiiis. Ann. But. vol. xiv. 190U, pp. 689-71:?.
SCHIXULKU, A. K. (1904.) Die Abtrennung der Hippuridaceeu von den

Ilfilorrhagaceen. Beiblatt zu den Bot. Jahrb. ( Engler ), Bd. xxxiv.

1904, Heit 3, pp. 1-77.
Scott, D. II (1891.) Origin of Polvstelv in Dicotyledons. Ann. Bot.

vol. V. 1890-1891, p]). 014-.-317.
Small. J. (1918.) The Origin and Development of the Compo.sitse. \.

New Phyt. vol. xvii. 1918, pp. 69-94.
Werxham, H. F. (1911 and 1912.) Floral Evolution, -with particular

reference to the svmpetalous Dicot\ ledons. New Phvt. vol. x.

1911, pp. 73-83. 109-120, 145-1 o9"', 217-226, 293-30.j; voL xi.

1912, pp. 145-166, 217-235, 290-305, 373-397.
\\'<)Oi)WAiiD, A. Smith (1898.) Outlines of Vertebrate Palaeontology.

The Egc;-case of :i Bpidei" from Cannes.
By Dr. G. H. Kodmax.

[Read mill Jinie, lOlU.]

Some months ago Mr. J. C. Warburg gave me a few examples of
egg-sacs of spiders collected by bim at Cannes (Alpes maritinies)
20 years ago. Amongst tbem were several that I tried to name,
and it is one of these that supplies me with the material for n)y
communicaLioii this afternoon. I bring it before the notice of
this Society with the idea of placing on record what I have been
able to find out about it.

2. The three spindle-shaped egg-sacs (I produce the actual speci-
men), measuring about 1 inch in letigth, are of a straw-colour,
severallv attached by a tine strand, about H inches long, of silken
material to a small branch of some tree {Mimosa ?). (Fig. A on
page 80.) One of the egg-sacs shows two minute circular punc-
tures, possibly the result of attention by an Ichneumon fly. (See
figure B on page 80.)

3. I sacrittced one sac and cut out a portion of the sac-wall.
Microscopically, I found it to consist of the typical silk employed

LIMs'lCAN SOCIETY OF LO>i)OX.. 79

by .spiders in the forniatioii of the jjrotective covering of their
egg.s. Tlie strands were arranged in circular sweeps po cha-
racteristic of the filk found in the egg-sncs of spiders.

4. A slide obtaitied from the egg-sac of the house-spider at a
magnification of lUO diameters indicates the circular sweep of the
silk fibres and serves to illustrate my remarks.

i'roin the appearances presented I was led to the conclusion
that I had the product of a spider to deal with.

5. In addition the contents of the sac consisted of the usual type
of silk we find surrounding the eggs and the remains of empty
egg-shells and dried-up spiders.

I could find no reference to any spider egg-sac at all like it.

Messrs. E. I. Pocock and llichard Hancock wei'e unable to
identify it. I met with the same experience at the Natural
History Museum, but on carefully looking througli the cabinet of
spider egg-sacs there I found a single identical egg-sac which
showed a precisely similar puncture to tliose shown in my spe-
cimen. It wH,s unnamed, and I could learu nothing about where
it was found.

J was referred by the authorities of the Museum to Monsieur
Eugene Simon of Paris, who, on April 10, 1919, wrote me as
follows : — "It is perhaps the egg-sac of Gyrtaraclme hihvrcnlifera
(E. S.). The egg-sac of this is unknown, and the supposition is
formed on analogy with that of the tropical species of the same
genus.*'

Simon's description of this Ai'giopod states tli;it it is found in
Africa, Asia, Japan, Malaya, and on the shores of the Western
Mediterranean.

6. It may be of interest if I call attention to one or two poinds
suggested by my first slide.

VV^e have the egg-sacs of Ci/rtarachne tahercMlifera. To the
left of these possibly the egg-sac of Zoropsis spinimaniis (Dufour).
Below we have the outer and inner envelope of the egg-sac of
Drassodes hijpocritica, and to the left of these the cocoon of the
nym.phal stage of some Lepidopterous insei-t. The cocoon has
been formed by the incurving of a leaf (Arhictus'?), surrounded by
strands of brown Lepidopterous silk. I show a slide of this silk
so markedly different from the silk employed in the construction
of the egg-sa^'S of spiders. The trellis-like arrangement of the
strands are a point of distinction. (See figui'e B on page .SO.)

7. This feature is shown in the silk of the cocoon of perluips
one of the best-known examples, that of the silkworm Bomhyx
iiiori. My photomicrograph of this at a magnification of oO
diameters has been obtained by direct and -not transmitted light.

So

PKOCKKDINUS Ol' Tin; MNM'.AN SOCIKTV,

A. Egg-sacs of Cijrtarmhnc tuhercuUfera, natural size.

13. Various ep-g-sacs from Cannes, as described in

paragraph 0 mi page 79.

ADDITIONS AND DONATIONS

TO THE

1918-1919.

Acloqiie (A.). More des environs de Paris. Contenant la des-
cription de toutes les espcces indigenes disposees en tableaux
analytiques et illustree de 2165 figures. 8vo. Paris, 1904.

Acton (Elizabeth). On the Structure and Origin of " CladopJiora
Balls." (New Phytologist, xv.) 8vo. London, 1916.

— — Studies on jN'uclear Division in Desmids. I. Hyalotheca
(iissiUens (Sm.) Breb. (Ann. Bot. xxx.) -Ito. London, 1916.

(2 papers.) Prof. G. S. West.

Americau Journal of Botany. Vol.I.> 4to. LancaMer,Pa.,l'dl4i^
(Official publication of the Botanical Society of America.)

Arber (Agnes). The Phyllode Theory of the Monocotyledonous
Leaf, with Special Keference to Anatomical Evidence. (Ann.
Bot. xxxii.). 4to. 1918. Author.

Ashby (Edwin). Definitions of Two JN'ew Species of South Aus-
tralian Polyplacophora. (Trans. Eoy. Soc. S. Australia, 1900.)

Svo. Adelaide, 1900. Author.

• Description of a New Ephthianura. Svo. [n. d.] Author.

Description of a New Acanthiza. (Emu, ix.). Svo. [1910].

Author.

Description of a New Eliipidura. 8vo. [n. d.] Author.

A List of Birds collected by the Writer in Western Aus-
tralia during the Last Portuiglit of August, 1901, with Notes
thereon. (Trans. Koy. Soc. S. Australia, 1901.).

Svo. Adelaide, 1901. Author.
On the Occurrence in South Australia of two jjreviously

unrecorded Perns (Filices). (Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia,
xxxix.) Svo. Adelaide, 1915. Author.

— A Review of the Australian Representatives of the (Jeuus
Ischnoradsia. Author.

— ■ Monograph on the Genus StenocJiifon (Order Polyplaco-
phora), with Descriptions of Two New Species. Author.

— Notes on South Australian Polyplacophora with additions
to the Fauna ; together with a list of Australian Polyplacophora,
showing their Distribution in the Australian States.

(Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia, xlii.) S\o. Adelaide, 1918.

Author.

LIXX. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1918-1919. f/

S2 IINNKAN SOCIKXY OF LOXUOX.

Ashby (Edwin) and Torr (W. G.) Fossil Polypliu-opliora from
ICoi-ciit' Htnls of Miuldy Creek, Mornington (Scliuapper Point)
and Moorabool, VictorLi, with Definitions of Nine jS'ew Species,
and Notes on Others. (Trans. Roy. 8oc. S. Australia, 1901.)

8vo, Adelaide, 1901. Authors.

See Torr (W. G.).

Ball (John). Notes of a Naturalist in South America.

8vo. London, 1887.

Bather (F. A.). Caradocian Cystidea from Girvan. ((leol.
.M:ij:. X.) 8vo. 1913. Henry Woodward.

Bean (W. J.). The Koyal Botanic Gardens, Ke«' : Historical and
iJfscriptive. Witli an introduction by Sir AVir>LiAM Thiseltox
Dyeb, K.C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., etc.

(2nd impression). 4to. London, etc., 1908.

Belgium. Etudes de Biologie agricole. [8vo. London, 1918.]

>'o. 4. IlE(iH (E.). Comment nos planteurs et uos colons peuvent ils
se proteger centre les moustiqiies qui transmettent des maladies.

Bennett (Arthur). Supplement to " Topographical Botany,"
Ed. 2. (Reprint Journ. Bot. 1905.) 8vo. London, 1906.

Bernard (Noel). L'Evolution des Plants. Preface de J. Co-
STANTIN. 8vo. Paris, 1916.

Berry (Edward Wilbur). The Lower Eocene Floras of South-
eastern North America. (U.S. Geol. Surv. : Prof. Paper 91.)

4to. Wasliinfjton, 1916.
Bijl (Paul Andries van der). Fomes applanatus (Pers.) Wallr.
in South Africa, and its effect on the wood of Black Ironwood
Trees {Olca laurifolia). (S. Afric. Jonrn. Sci. 1918.)

8vo. C'rt^ja Toivn, 1918. Author.
Black (J. M.). Additions to the Flora of South Australia. Nos.
V'\, 14. (Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia, xlii.)

8vo. Adelaide, 1918. Author.

Bolton (Herbert). Notes on the Geological Horizon and Palrcon-

tology of the " Soapstone Bed,'' in the Lower Coal-raeasures,

near Coin, Lancashire. (Geol. Mag. ii.) 8vo. 1905.

Henry Woodward.
Bolts (William). Considerations on Indian affairs; part'cularly
respecting the present state of Bengal and its Dependencies ;
to which is prefixed a map of those countries, chiefly from
actual surveys. The Second Edition. Appendix to Consider-
ations on Indian Affairs. 4to. London, 1772-75.

Li.- CoL J. H. lull Walsh.
Bower (Frederick Orpen). Studies in the Phylogeny of the
Filicales.

T. P/arfioi/i/ria.
TI. Lophd.foria and its relation to the Cyatheoideaj and other Ferns.
III. On Mr/a.ri/(7 and certain otlier relativelj primitive Ferns.
IV. BIrchnum and Allied Genera.

V. Cheiro/ilriiria iiii'u»j)ui (Bl.), Presl, and certain other related Ferns.
VI. Ferns showing the " Acrostichoid " Condition, with Special rel'erence

to Dipterid Derivatives.
VII. Tiie rteroidere.

(.\unalsof Botany, xxiv.-xxxii.) 8vo. London, 1910-18.

Author.

ADDITIONS TO TUB LIBRAIir. 83

Bridges (C. B.). >S'<r Morgan (T. H.)-

Briquet (John). Etudes sm- les Cytises des Alpes Maritiines

comprenant un examen des afUiuites et une revision generale

du <j;enre Ci/stisus. 8vo. Geneve et Bale, 1894.

Bristol (Blanche Muriel). On the Life-history and Cytology of

CMorochi/triuiH (/j-ande, sp. nov. (Ann. Bot. xxxi.)

4to. London, 1917. Prof. G. S. West.
Britten (James). The History of Aiton's " Hortus Kewensis."'

(Supp. Joufii. Bot. 1912.) Svo. London, 1912.

Britton (Nathaniel Lord). Flora of Bermuda (illustrated).

Svo. yew York, 191S.

Brongniart (Adolphe T.). Histoire des Vegetaux fossiles, etc.
(Fasc. 1-15; all published.)

4to. Paris and Amsterdam, 1828-37. Miss Isohel M. Smith.

Brooklyn, NY.

Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences.
Brooklyn Botanic Garden,

Contributiotis, No. 1> 8vo. BrooHi/n, X.Y., 1911>

Record, Vol. I. No. 1> 8vo. Broolchjn. 3'.}'., 1912^

See American Journal of Botany.

Bryce (James). Personal reminiscences of Charles Darwin and of

the reception of tlie "Origin of Species." (Proc. Amer. Phil.

Soc. xlviii. No. 191.) 4to. 1909. Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.

Bryologist, The; an illustrated bimonthly devoted to North

American mosses, iiepatics, and lichens. Vols. l.-VII.

Svo. BrooUyn, 1898-1904. C. E. Salmon.
Cambridge.

Christ's College Magazine. Vol. XXIIL No. 70. Darwin
Centeuarv Nuuiber. Svo. Caiid)rid(/e, 1909.

Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.
Cambridge, Mass.

Harvard University. Gray Herbarium Memoirs. No. 1.

4to. [Ca)n/jrid(/e, Mass.^, 1917.

Candolle (Alph. de). Darwin considere au point de vue des

causes de son succcs et de I'importance de ses travaux. (xVrch.

Sci. Biblio. Univ. vii.) Svo. Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.

Carey (Alfred E.) and Oliver (F. W.). Tidal Lands. A Study

of Shore Problems. Svo. London, 1918.

Casey (Thos. L.). Memoirs on the Coleoptera. Ylll. 1918.

4to. Lancaster, Pa., ld\S. G. C. Champion.

Caullery (Maurice). Titres et Travaux Scientifiiiues. (iS94-

190S.) -ito- f'Uval, 190S.

Chapman (Frederick). Art. V. Ostracoda from the Upper

Cambrian Limestone of South Australia.

Art. VIll. On the Age of tl.'- Bairusdale Gravels ; with a
note on the included Fossil Wood. (Proc. Boy. Soc. A'ict. xxxi. )

Svo. Melhourne, 1918. Author.

i/2

'M

MNNKAN SOCIETY OK LONDON.

Chapman (Frederick). Apjiendix 1. Devonian Foraminifera;
Taiiiwurth District, Xew .Soutli Wales. Appendix II. Note on
a new species of Chaietes. (I'roc. I^inn. Soc. N. fS. W. xliii.)

8vo. 1918. Author.

Art. XIII. On the Occnrrence of Acroti-eta in Lower

Palaeozoic ( Lanceiieklian and lleatlicotian) Shales in A'ictoria.
Art. XIV. On an Apparently Xew Type of Cetacean Tooth,
from the Tertiary of Tasmania. (Pioc. Roy. 8oe. Vict, xxx.)

8vo. Jli'/bounic, 1918. Author.
A Sketch of the Geological History of Australian Plants

The Mesozoic Flora. (Vict. Nat. xxxv.) 8vo. 1919. Author.

Cheel (Edwin). See Ewart (Alfred James) and Davies (Olive B.).

Cheesman (W. N.). Eecently discovered Fungi in Yorkshire.

(Xat. 1907). Svo. London, _etc., 1907. Author.

A contribution to the Mycologic Flora and the Mycetozoa

of the Kocky Mountains. "(Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc'. 11^10.)

4to. Worcester, 1910. Author.
Economic jNlycology. The Beneficial ajid Injurious In-
fluences of Fungi. (The Nat. 1917.) Svo. London, etc., 1917.

Author,
and Lister (G.). Mycetozoa of Australia and New Zealand.

(.louni. Bot. liii.) Svo. 1915. ' W. N. Cheesman.

Chumley (James). The Fauna of the Clyde Sea Area ; Beiig an
attempt to record the Zoological liesults obtained by the late
Sir Jouif MuiiUAY and his assistants on board the S.Y. 'Medusa '
during the years 1884 to 1892. 4to. Glasf/oiv, 1918. Author.

Claparede (Eduard). Reinarques a propos de I'ouvrage de M.
Ai.fiti;!) BissKL AVallace sur la Theorie de la Selection
Naturelle. (Arch. Sci. liiblio. Univ. 1870.) Svo. 1870.

X//- W. T, Thiseltou-Dyer.

Clark (Austin H.) The IJnstalked Ciinoids of the Siboga Expe-
dition. >Ser Siboga Expeditie, l^ivr. Ixxxiii.

Clements (Frederick E.). Plant Succesion. An analysis of the
(IcvelipuKMit of vegetation. Svo. Waf^hhxiton, 1916.

Coleuutt (G. W.). Note on the Geologv of the Osborne lieds.
((ieul. Mair. X.) Svo. 1903. Henry Woodward.

Collins (F. Howard). The Diminution of tlie Jaw in the Civilized
Baci's : an effect of disuse. Svo. London. 1891.

Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.

Comstock (John Henry). Evolution and Taxonomy. An essay
on the iipiilication of tlie theory of natiu'al selection in the classi-
fication of animals and |dants, illustrated by a study of the
evolution of the wings of insects and by a contribution to the
classiKcation of the Lepidoptera. (Wilder Quarter-Centurv
Book.) Svo. ///mm, a; I'., 1893-

Conklin (Edwin Grant). Tiie AVorld's debt to Darwin. (Proc.
Amer. Plnl. Soc. xlviii. No. 191.) 4to. 1909.

Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.

Heredity and Environment in the Development of ^Icn.

Svo. Princetoxvn, 1915.

ADDITIONS TO TIIK LIUllARY. 85

€ope (Edward D.). Alfred Eussel AVaelacl;.

8vo. yciv Vorl-, 1S91. Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.
Costantin (J.). Sw Bernard (Noel).
Cowan (Johu Francis; . /SVc Ely (Leonard W.).
Crepin (Frangois). Les Hoses de I'lierbier de Eau. (C.-r. Soc.
rov. bof. iielg. 1883.). 8vo. [1883.]

Sur la A'aleur. (^ue Ton pent accorder an mode d'ovolu-

tion des sepales apirs I'authese dans le geure Jiosa. (C.-r. Soc.
roy, hot. Belg. Bull, xxiv.) 8vo. [1885. j

Les Etjsa dii Yun-iiaii. (C.-r. Soc. ruy. bot. Belg. Bull.

XXV.) 8vo. "[1880.]

Xouvelles remai'ques sur le liosa oxijacantlut, MI3. (C.-r

Soc. roy. bot. Belg. Bull, xxv.) Svo. [1886.]

Le role de la buissonnomanie dans le genre liosa. (C.-r,

Soc. roy. bot. Belg. Bull, xxv.) -^vo. [1886.]

— Eosaj S\'ustylse. Etudes sur les Eoses de la section des
Synstylees. (C.-r. Soc. roy. bot. Belg. Bull, xxv.)

8\o. Oaiul, 1887.

— ■ Xouvelles recbercbes a faire sur le lio.s-a oJdufii folia, Desv.

(C.-r. Soc. roy. bot. Belg. Bull, xxvi.) Svo. [1889.]

Les Eoses des lies Canaries et de I'lle de Madere. (C.-r.

Soc. roy. bot. Belg. Bull, xxvi.) ^\o. [1889.

Examen de quelques idees emises par ^IM. Burxat et

Grkmli sur le genre Rosa, (C.-r. Soc. roy. bot. Belg. Bull,
xxvii.) Svo. O'aiid, 1888.

Les Eoses de Therbier de Koch, rauteur du synopsis

Eloito Gerinanicse et Helveticse. (C.-r. Soc. roy. bot. Belg.

xxxii.) 'Svo. [189;l]
(^uel(]ues mots sur les Eoses de Tlierbier de Besser. (Bull.

I'Herbier Boisser, i.) Svo. [1893.J
ii'o.svf Fii!i-/ieriHna,MeHS. et Ji.tjorenl-eHsin.lit's^. (C.-r. Soc.

roy. bot. Belg. Bull, xxxiii.) Svo. , 1894.]
Sur la necessito d'une nouvelle uionograi)bie des roses de

I'Angleterre. (C.-r. Soc. rov. bot. Belg. Bull, xxxiii.)

8vo. 11894.]

Mas I'Lxcursions Eliodologiques dans les Alpes en 1891 et

1892. (Bull. I'Herbier Boisser, ii.) 4to. Uenrve, 1894.

liosce Hybrida'. Etudes sur les Eoses llybrides. (Bull.

Soc. roy. bot. Belg. xxxiii.) Svo. O'and, 1894.

Quelques considerations sur la distribution geogratique des

l^os« en Sea ndinavie. (Bot. Not. 1894.) Svo.

Les idees d"un anatoiniste sur les especes du genre Jiosa et

!-ur leur classilication.. (Bull. Soc. roy. bot. Belg. xxxvii.^

Svo. [1898.] (ITpapei-s.) James Groves.

Grassland (Charles). >'<c Crump (William Bunting).

Cninip (William Bunting) and Crossland (Charles). The Flora
of the Parish of Halifax. 8vo. llaUfa.c. 1904.

S6 LINXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX.

Cunningham (Lt.-Col. D. D.). Some Indian Friends and Ae-
quaintiinces. A Study of the ways of birds and other animals
frequenting Indian streets and gardens. Svo. London, 190^5.

Plagues and pleasures of life in JJengal.

8vo. London, 1907.

Dallman (A. A.). Notes on the Flora of Denbighshire. (Sup]).

Journ. Bot. 1911.) Svo. London, 1911.

Further Notes on the Flora of Denbighshire. (Supp.

Jouru. Bot. 1913.) Svo. London, 1913.

Darbishire (A. D.). On the Dift'erence between Physiological ar.d
vStatistical Laws of Heredity. (Mem. & Proc. Manchester Li I.
& Phil. Soc. vol. 50, pt. iii.) Svo. Manchester, 190(5.

■ Recent advances in Animal Breeding and their bearing on

our knowledge of Heredity. (Hoy. Hort. 8oc. Keporfc of Con-
ference on Genetics.) 4to. London, 1907.
Some Tables for illustrating Statistical Correlation. (Mem.

& Proc, Manchester Lit. & Phil. Soc. vol. 51.)
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Darwin (Charles) On the Origin of Species by means of natural
selection, or tlie preservation of favoured races in the struggle
for life. (Fifth edition, with additions and corrections.)

Svo. London, 1 8(59. Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.

Catalogue of the Library of, now in the Botany School,

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Deseglise (Alfred). Catalogue Raisonne ou Enumeration

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et I'Afrique. Specialement les Rosier de la France et de

I'Angleterre. (Bull. Soc. roy. bot. Belg, xv.)

Svo. Geneve, 1877.

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(Bull. Soc. d'Etudes Sci. d'Angers, 1878.) Svo. Angers, 1878.

Descriptions et Observations sur plusieurs Rosiers de la

Flore Francaise. Fasc. 1. (J3ull. Soc. rov. bot. Belg. xix.)

Svo. Gand, 1880.
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Fasc, II. Svo.

Recherches sur I'habitat en France du liosa Cinnamomea ^

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Svo, Lijon, 1883. (5 papers.) James Groves.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. b?

Des Moines.

Iowa Geological Survey. Supplemeutary Report 1903. The
Grasses ot Iowa. — Part II. By L. H. Pammel, Carleton
H. Ball, and P. Lamson-Scribner.

8vo. Des Moines, 1904.

Iowa Geological Survey. Bulletin No. 5. The Kodents of

Iowa. By Dayton Stoner. 8vo. Des Moines, 1918.

De Toni (Giovanni Battista). lu uiemoria del socio naziouale

prof. sen. fiORENZo Camerano. (Atti E. 1st. A-^eneto, Ixxvii.)

8vo. Vcnezia, 1918. Author.

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(JNleni. R. Acead. Sci. Modena, siii.) 4to. Modena, 1918.

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>Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.
Digby (L.). >See Farmer (J. B.).

Dixon (H. H.). The Possible Function of the Nucleolus in
Heredity. (Annals of Botany, xiii.) 8vo. London, 1899.

Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.

Donkin (H. B.). On Inheritance of Mental Characters. The

Harveian Oration for 1910. 8vo. London, 1910.

Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.

Drabble (Eric). The British Pausies. (Reprint, Journ. Bot.

1909.) 8vo. London, 1909.

Dykes (William Rickatson). The Genus Iris. With forty-seven

coloured drawings by F. H. Round, one coloured plate of seeds

by Miss R. M. Cardew, and thirty line drawings by C. W.

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Eccles (R. G.). Darwinism and Diabetes. (Medical Record.

1908.) 8vo. ^eiv Yorl; 1908.

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to Darwin's ' Origin of Species.' (Medical Record, 1909.)

8vo. Neiv Tori- [1909].

Parasitism and Natural Selection. A medical supplement

to Darwin's 'Origin of Species.' (Medical Record, 1909.)

8vo. Neiv Yorl; 1909.

Darwinism and Malaria. (Medical Record, 1909.)

8vo. New York [1909].

Parasitism and Natural Selection. (Medical Record, 1909.)

8vo. New York [1909].

A Darwinian Interpretation of AnaphyJaxis. (Medical

Record, 1911.) 8vo. New Yorl [1911].

(6 papers.) Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.
EUes (Gertrude L.) and Wood (Ethel M. R.). British Graptolites.
Part XI. See Palgeontographical Society Monographs.

88 LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

Elliott (Jessie S. Bayliss). ]''ungi in tlie nests of Ants. (Trans.
Brit. iMycol. Soc. 1914.) Svc Worcester, 1914.

Studies in iJisidnu/cetes. — I. (Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc.

1910.) ' 8vo. Worcester, 191().

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Mycol. Soc. 1917.) "8vo. Worcester, l^dll.

Elliott (J. S. B.) and Grove (W. B.). Itoeslaria jmUida, Sacc.
(Ann. Bot. xxx.) 4to. London, 191().

(4 papers.) Prof. G. S. West.

Ely (Leonard W.) and Cowan (John Francis). Bone and .loini
Studies. — I. 'Sec Leland Stanford Junior University Publi-
cations [22]. 191(j.

Ernst (A.). The New Flora of the Volcanic Island of Krakatau.
Translated by A. C. Skward. With two sketch-maps and
thirteen pliotogriiphs. 4to. Camhridge, 1908.

Errera (L.). llcredite d'nn caractcre acquis chez un champignon
])hiricellulaire, d'apres les experiences de M. le Dr. Hl'NGEi:,
t'aites a Tlnstitut botanique de Bruxelles.

8vo. Brn.vdhi^, 1899. ,Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.

Evermann (Barton Warren). See Jordan (David Starr).

Ewart (Alfred James) and Davies (Olive B.). The J'lora of the
Xoithcrn Territory. With a|)pendices by J. II. Maiden, A. A.
Hamilton, and EnwiN Cukki.. 8vo. MeUnmrne, 1917.

Farmer (John Bretland) antl Moore (J. E. S.). New Investi-
gations into the reduction plienomena of animals and plants.
Prelimiuiiry connnunication. (Proc. ^ioy. Soc. Ixxii.)

Svo. [London, 1903^.

Farmer (J. B.), Moore (J. E. S.), and Dighy (L.). On tlu^
Cytology of Apognniy and Apospory. — I. Preliminary Note on
Apogamy. (Proc. Boy. Soc. Ixxi.) Svo. [London, 1903J.

Farmer (J. B.), Moore (J. E. S.), and Walker (C. E.). On the

liesemblances exhibited between the Cells of Malignant

Growths in !Man and those of Normal Beproductive Tissues.

(Proc. Eoy. Soc. l.xxii.) Svo. [London, 19031.

(;5 papers.) ,SV/-W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.

Farwell (Oliver Atkins). Brazilian Jalap and some Allied Drugs,
(.lourn. Auier. I'hann. Assoc, vii.) 4to, [s. 1.] 1918.

Author.

The TriUinrn (/ruiiflijioruni Group. (Kept. Mich. .Acad. Sci.

1918.) ■ 4to. [Michir/an], 1918. Author.

The Yellow Flowered Cy|)ripediunis. (Bept. Mich. Acad.

Sci. XX.) ■ 4to. [1918], Author.

Notes on the Michigan Flora. (Bept. Mich. Acad. Sci. xx.)

4to. [1918]. Author.
Fee (A. L. A.). Essai sur les cryptogauies des ccorces exotiques
oflicinales, precede d'une methode lichciiographique, et d'lin
Genera, avec des considerations sur la reproduction di's Agames,
etc. 4to. ra/w>, 1824.

Piori (Adrianol Acanthaccfe della Somalia italiana. (E. Chio-
venda. Le collezioni botaniche della Missione Stefanini-Paoli.)

4 to. Firenze, 191G. Author.

ADDITIONS TO TIIK I.1BH..VUT. 89

Fitzgerald (William Vincent). The Hotaii}- of the Kiuiberleys.

Xorth-Wt-sl AustruHa. (Jouni. Proc. Koy. 8of. AV. Australin.

iii.) Svo. [Perth \, 1918. J. H. Maiden.

Flower (C'aj>t. S. S.) ■uul Nicoll (M. J.). The rriiicipal Species

(if Birds j)iotected b}' Law in K^'vpt. Mo. Cairo, lOIS.

Ccqjt. S. S. Flower.

Froggatt (John L.). A Study of the External Breathiiig-

appai'atu.s of the larvtc of some Museoid Flies. (Proc Linn.

Soc. N.S.W. xliii.) Svo. UM.>. Author.

Froggatt (Walter W.). Notes on Australian Saw Hies (Tenthre-

dinitUe). ( Proc. Linn. Soc. !N.S.AV. xiiii.) Svo. 1918.

Author.
Fry ('S'//- Edward). British Mosses. Sni. 8vo. Luwhnu ix^-J.

C. E. Salmon.

Fullerton (George Stuart). The Intluence of Darwin on tlie

Mental aud Moral Sciences. (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc xlviii.

No. 191.) 4to. 1909. Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.

Garry (F. N. A.). Xotes on the drawings for Sowerby's

''English Botany."' (Reprint Journ. Bot. l!'03-4. )

8vo. London, 1905.

Gates (Reginald Ruggles). Tiie Mutation Factor in Evolution,

with particular reference to (Etiothera. 8vo. London, 1915.

Author.
Genetics. A Periodical Eecovd of Investigation hearing on
Heredity and Variation. Vols. 1., 11.^

4to. Princeton, A.G'., 191(J^
Gerbault (Ed.). See Letacq {UAJ,he A. L.).

Giard (Alfred), Les facteurs de revolution. (Rev. Scieiit. xliv.)

4to. Paris, 18si». Author.
Gibbs (Lilian Suzette). A Contribution to the Phytogeography
and Flora of tlic Arfak Mountains, iJutch N.W. New (juinea.

4to. London, 1917.

Gibson (J.) and Macoun (J.). Monograph of the Canadian

Caryophyllaceae, as represented within tlie valley of the

St. Lawrence and CIreat Lakes. 8vo. [1878]. W. Whitaker.

Goodale (George L.). Protaplasni and its History. (Bot. (Jaz.

xiv.) 4to. [Camhridije, Mass.'\, 18S9.

The Influence of Harwiu on the Natural Sciences. (Proc.

Ainer. Phih S')(,-. xlviii. No. 191.) 4t(.. l'.t<»;i.

(2 papers.) Sir W. T. Thiseltou-Dycr.
Grant {Lt.-Col. James). See Spence (Magnus).
Gray Herbarium. Sei- Harvard University.
Groom (Percy). (In a New Saproi)hvtic Monocofvledon. (Ann.
J:!ot. IX.) ' 4(o. 1895. " H. N. Ridley.

Grove (W. B.). See Elliott (Jessie S. Bayliss).
Gurney (John Henry). Articles on Ornithology and Ornitho-
logical Reports for tiie County of Norfolk, IS(j(j-19]8.

8vo. \9\^. Author.

9° LIXXEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

Hall (Ivan C). The Stability of Emulsions in the fonstrieted

Tube anil Marble Device for Anit-robiosis, (Joiirn. Pliys.

Chein. xxi.) 4to. 1917. Author.

Hamilton (A. A.). See Ewart (Alfred James) and Davies

(Olive B.).
Harmer (F. W.). The riioi-eiip :Mollusca. Part 111. See

Palaeontographical Society Monop-aphs. Vol. LXX. 1918.
Harshberger ( John W.). A Text-book of Mycology and Plant

Path()l()o;y. 8vo. London, 1918.

Harvard University. See Cambridge, Mass.

Harvey (Alexander). On a reniarkui)lt' Ettect of Cross-breeding.

8vo. Edinbunjh <(• London, 1851. W. Whitaker.

Haviiand (G. D.). Some Factors in the Evolution of Adaptations.

8vo. London [18951.
Some Factors in the Evolution of Adaptations. — 2. The

Relative Success of Deviation. 8vo. London, 1897.

(2 papers.) Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.

Hegelmaier (Friedrich). Die Lemnaceen. Eine mono2:iaiilii>clu'

Ujitersuchiing. 4to. Leipzig, 1868. Dr. H. B. Guppy.

Hegh (E.). Comment nos planteurs et nos colons peuvent-ils se

protoger contre les nioustiques qui transniettent des maladies.

See Belgium. Etudes de IJiologie Agricole. Xo. -i.
Henslow {liev. Prof. George). Present-day Eationalisni critically

examined. 8vo. London, 1904.

A Theoretical Origin of Endogens from Exogeiis through

Self-Adaptation to an Aquatic Habit. (Annals Bot. xxa'.) 8vo.

The Origin and History o\ our Garden Vegetables To

Avliicb is added their dietetic values. (Journ. E. Hort. Soc.)

Svo. London, 1912.

On Evolution by Self-Adaptation. Twenty-two Miscel-
laneous Papers. 8vo.

On the Self-fertilization of Plants. (Trans. Linn. Soc,

Bot. ser. ii. vol. i,) 4to.

(5 papers.) Author.

Herdman (William Abbot). Inaugural Address on some recent

Contributions to the Tiieory of Evolution. (Proc. Liverpool

Jiioi. Soc. iii.) ' 8vo. Liver/>ool, 1889.

^'(V W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.

Hiern (William Philip). Index Abecedarius : An Alphabetical

Index to the First Edition of the 'Species Plantarum ' of

Linnanis. (Supp. Journ. Bot, 190().) Svo. London, 1906.

Hills (Alfred). Dr. E. G. Varenne (1811-1887) of Kelvedon.

Botanist : Some local anecdotes and reminiscences. (Essex

Xat. xviii.) Svo. 1918. Miller Christy.

Hokkaido. Publications of the Fishery Bureau of the Hokkaido

(iovernment, .lapan.

Keport on the Investigations on the Marine Resources of
Hokkaido. — III. On the Laminaracese and Laminaria
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AUDITIONS TO THE LllJK.VRY. 9*

Hooker (-s;,- Joseph Dalton), Life and Letters of. See Huxley
(Leonard).

Hornby (A. J. W.). A new British Freshwater Alfj.i. (New
Phytologist, xvii.) 8vo. London, 1918. Prof. G. S. West.

Hort (*S'//- Arthur). Sec Theophrastus (Eresios).

Hubrecht (A. A. W.). ilugo de Vries's Theorv of Mutations.
(Pop. 8ci. Mouth. Ixv. No. 3.) 4to. New York, et,:, 1904.

Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.

Hunter {Si,- William). Plants of Prince of Wales Island.
(From a :\IS. in tlie British Museum.) (Journ. Straits liranch
R.\. Soc. No. 53.) Svo. 1909. H. N. Ridley.

Huxley (T. H.). On our Knowledge of the causes of the
Phenomena of Organic Nature. Being six lectures to working
men delivered at the Museum of Practical Geology.

Svo. London, 1863. Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.

Huxley (Leonard). Life and Letters of 8ir Joseph Ualton
HooKEK, 0.31., G.C.8.L. Based on materials collected and
arranged hy Lady Hookek, 2 Vols. Svo. London, 1918.

Imms (Augustus Daniel). Observations on the Insect Parasites
of some Coccidte. — II. On Clialcid Parasites of Lecanvnn
cctpreie. (Q. J. M. 8. 63.) Svo. 1918. Author.

International Rules for Botanical Nomenclature adopted by the
International Botanical Con^res-, Vienna, 1905. (Supp.
.luiu-n. Bot. 1906.) Svo, London, 1906.

Jeanpert (H. E.). Vade-Mecum du Botaniste dans la Region
Parisienne. Svo. Paris, 1911.

Jennings (H. S.). Heredity and ^'ariation in the Simplest
Organisms. (Amer. Nat. xliii.) 4to. {^Sew Yorl:\ 1909.

Experimental Evidence on the Effectiveness of Selection.

(Amer. Nat. .^liv.) 4to. Xeiu Tori; 1910.

Pure Lines in the Study of Genetics in Lower Organisms.

(Amer. Xat. xlv.) ' 4to. [Xenj I'orF, 1911.

(3 i)apers.) Sir W. T. Thiselton Dyer.

Johnson (Marie E. M.) A note on two interesting Fungi:
Botri/tit! iniraiiiidulis, Sacc, and Sphipronrpma coraotinn, Pr.
(Trans. Brit. Mvcol. Soc. 1916.) Svo. Worcester, 1916.

Prof. G. S. West.

Jones (Sir William). A\'orks, in six volumes.

4to. London, 1709. Lt.-CoL J. H. Tull Walsh.

Jordan (David Starr) and Evermann (Barton Warren). The
Genera of Fishes. See Leland Stanford Junior University
PublicatioTis [23], 1917.

Judd (John W.). The Triumph of p:volution : A Retrospect of
Fifty Years. An Address to the Geological Society of Liver-
pool, on the Occasion of tlie Celebration of the Fiftieth
Anniversary of the Foundation of the Society (January 11th,
1910). " Svo, Liverpool, 1910.

Charles Darwin's earliest doubts concerning the iimnuta-

bilitv of species, (Xature, 1911.) 4to. 1911.

(2 papers.) Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.

92 UNMiAN SOCIETY OF L0NK02.'.

Jliel (H. 0.). Pi-ANT.i: TiHNBKRGiAX.E. Eiii Verzeicliiiis dervoii
C. P. Thtnueug in Siidafrika, Intlien unci Japan gesaiiimelten
unci tier in seinen Sclinlten beschriebenen ocler erwiihiiten
I'llanzen, sowie von den Exeinplaren derselben die ini Her-
bai-ium Thunbergianuin in IJpsala aufbewabrt sind, zusainnien-
gestellt von II, (). Juel. Arbeten iitgifna med uiiderstod at'
A'jLiiELM EyivAia^s Uiiiversitetsfoiid, Uppsala.

Svo. Ci>2)S((la <(■ Leip-KJi 1918.

Xelvin {The 2ii;/]il lion. Lord). On the Age of the Earth. Eeing
the Annual Address for 18i)7 of the Victoria Institute.

.Svo. Lnmlon [1S97J. Sir W. T. TMselton-Dyer.

Lacaita (Charles Carmichael). Piante Italiane critiche o rare.
(X. (iiorn. Bot. Jtal. xxv.) Svo. Firenze, 191!). Author.

La Touche (T. H. D.). A Bibliography of Indian Geology and
Physical Geography, with an Annotated Index of Minerals of
Economic A'ahie 2 vols. 4to. Calcutta, 1917-18.

Leighton ( Douglas) and Martin (E. A.). Keport of an Excursion to
tlie Kiver Etlra, the Beiilah ^pa, and the Grange Wood Museum,
L'pj)er Norwood. (Proc. Geol. Assoc, xxiii. 1912.) Svo. 1912.

Leland Stanford Junior University. Pulilications, University
Series, Nos. [22 & 23"!. Svo. San Francisco, 1910-1917.

[22.] Ki,v (Leonard W.) and Cowan (Jonx Francis). Bone aud

Joint Studies, I. 191G.
[23.] Jordan (Daviu Stark) and F.veumas.n' (Barton Warren). The

Genera of Fishes.
From Linni^eus to Olivier 1758-1833, Seventy-Five Years, with

tlie Accepted Type of each. 1917.

Letacq {L'Abbe A. L.) et Gerbault (Ed.). AooLPnE Hekcule de
(tJjaslix. (Entouiologiste, 1S(»2 -1SS2.) Svo. Lc Jlans, ld\^.

L'Abhc Letacq.

Jkax Fkaxiois Isidoke Blisso". (Entomologiste,

lS(i:}-lS52.) ' ^vo. Le Mans [n. d.].

Lilford (Lord). Notes on the Birds of Northamptonshire aud
Nfighboiirhood. Vols. I. & II. 4ro. London, 1895.

Linnaeus's Flora Anglica. (Keprint Journ. Bot. 1909.)

Svo. London, 1909.

Linton {Her. Edward Francis). A Monograph of tire British

Willows. (Su|)p. Journ. Bot. 1913.) Svo. London, li)I3.

Linton (Edwin). The Man of Science aud the Public. (Science,

xlviii.) 4to. 191S. Author.

Lister ( G. ). See Clieesman ( W. N. ).

Loeb (Jacquesj. Forced ^Movements, Tropisms, and Animal
Conduct. Svo. P/tiladel2}hia J^- London [li)]S^.

London.

Board of Agriculture and Fisheries.

Food Production Lcallets. Nos. 1, 2, 4, o, 7-lS, 21-23,

25-29, 32-37, 39, 40, 42-46. Svo. London, 1917-lS.

LongstaflF (Jane). Supplementary Notes on Aclisina, De Koninck,

and Aclisoides, Donald, with Descriptions of New Species.

((^). .1. Geol. Soc. Ixxiii.) ^vo. London, 1917. Authoress.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIURAUY. 93

Lord (Clive E,). Notes on the Snakes of Tasmania. (Proc. E,oy.

Soc. Tasmania, 1918.) 8vo. Hohart, 1918. Author.

Lovejoy (Arthur 0.). Some Eighteenth Century Evolutionists.

(Pop. Sci. Month. Ixv. Xo. 4.) 4to. New York, etc., 1904.

Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.
Lyle (Lilian). Developmental Forms of Marine Algio. (New

Pliytologist, xvii.) ^vo. London, 1918. Author.

M'Intosh (W. Carmichael). Notes from the Gratty Marine

Laboratory, St. Andrews. Nos. XLI., XLII. (Ann. & Mag.

N. Hist, ii., iii.) 8vo. London, 1918-9. Author.

Macoun (J,). See Gibson (J.).

Maiden (J. H.). See Ewart (Alfred James) and Davies (Olive B.).
Martin (Edward A.). Further Experiments on Dew-Ponds.

(GeographicalJourn. 1910.) 8vo. 1910.
Palfeoz(jic liocks under South-Eastern England. (Know-
ledge and Sci. News, 1908.) 8vo. 1908.
The Maidenhair Tree : A Living Fossil. (Proc. & Trans.

Croydon Nat. Hist. & Sc-i. Soc. 1915-16.) 8vo. 1915-lG.

— Skulls and Jaws of Ancient Man, and his Implements.
(Trans. S.-E. L'uion Sci. Socs. 1917.) 8vo. 1917.

Problems in Coast Erosion. (Trans. S.-E. Union Sci

Socs. 1917.) _ 8v^o. 1914.

Brighton's Lost Eiver. (Trans. S.-E. Union Sci. Socs.

1915.)

liesults of Dew-Pond Investigation. (Trans. S.-E. Union

Sci. Socs. 1910.) Svo. 1910. (7 papers.) Author.

See Leighton (Douglas).

Ma,ughan (M. M.). Definition of a New Speciesi of South

Australian Pohjplacophora. (Trans. Koy. Soc, S. Australia,

1900.) ' Svo. Adelaide, 1900, Author.

Merrill (E. D.). An Interpretation of Eumphius's Herbarium

Amboinense. 8vo. Manila, 1917.
S|)ecies Blancoanse. A Critical llevision of the Philippine

Species of Plants described by Blanco and Llanos.

Svo, Manila, 1918.
Miles (Manly). Heredity of Acquired Characters. (Proc. Amer.

Assoc. Adv. Sci. xli.) 4to. 1892. ,S7/- W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.

Millais (Everett). The Theory and Practice of Kational Ik-eeiling.

Svo. London [n. d.]. Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.

Monckton (Horace Woollaston). The Flora of the district of the

Thames Valley Drift between Maidenhead and London.

Svo. London, 1919. Author.
Moore (J. E. S.). See Farmer (John Bretland).
Morgan (C. Lloyd). Elimination and Selection. (Bristol Nat,

Soc. Proc. v.) Svo. [1888].
The Nature and Origin of Variations. (Proc. Bristol Nat.

Soc. vi, Pt. III.) Svo. (2 papers.) Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer,
Moi'gan (T, H., and others). The Mechanism of Mendelian

Heredity. Svo. New York [19151.

94 LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOy.

Jlorren (Charles). Dodoncea ou Kecueil d'observations de
Botauique. U Pts. (1 vol.).

[23 Papers extracted from Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Brnxelles, Tom. viii.-s.
1841-43.]

8vo. Brn.veUes, 1843.
Fuchsia 011 Kecueil d'observations de Botanique, d'Agri-

culture, d'llorticultun^ et de Zoologie, dedie a la incmoire d'un
des pcres de la Botanique Beige, Kemacle Fuchs de Limbourg,
mort a Liege en 15S6. 8vo. Brnxelles, 1849.

[20 Papers extracted from Bull. Acad. Rov. Beige, Tom. xii.-xvii.
1845-49.]

Morren (Edouard). L'origino des variotes sous I'influeDce du

cliiiKit artificiel des jardins fragments de philosophie horticol.

(Arch. Sci. Biblio. Univ. 18G7.) 8vo.

Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.
Moss Exchange Club. A Census Catalogue of Jiritish Mosses

witti List ot the Botanical Vice-Counties and their boundaries,
» and Lists of Sources of liecords. 8vo. Yorl\ 1907.

Muller (H. J.). See Morgan (T. H.).
Newbury (J. S.). L^neducated Reason in the Cicada. (School

.Mines Quarterly, vii.) 8vo. 1886. W. Whitaker.

Newton (Alfred). Early Days of Darwinism. (Macinillan's

Mag., Feb. 1888.) " 8vo. \London 1888.]

Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.
Oliver (F. W.). See Carey (Alfred E.).
Osborn (Henry Fairfield). The Hereditary Mechanism and the

search for the Unknown Factors of Evolution. (Fifth lecture

delivered at IMarine Biol. Lab. AVood's Holl, 1694.)

8vo. Boston., U.S.A., 1895. >S'(/- W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.
Osterhout (W. J. V.). Problems of Heredity. (Univ. Chron. i.

1898.) ^vo. Berlehy, ISdS. .Si*- W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.

Palaeontological Society Monographs. Vol. LXX.

4to. London. 1918.

Woodward (Artiiuk Smith). Tbe Wealdeu and Purbeck Fishes.

Part II.
Harmkk(F. W.). The Pliocene Mollusca. Part III.
Spencer (W. K.). The Palreozin Asterozoa. Part III.
Elles (Gertrude L.Kand Wood (Etiiei, M. R.). British Graptolites.

Edited by Charles Lapwortii. Part XL

Pascoe (Francis P.). A summiiry of the Darwinian Theory of tbe
Origin of Species. 8vo. London, 1891.

Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.
Pajnie (Joseph Frank). On the " Herbarius " and " Hortus
Sanitatis."' (London Bibliog. Soc. vi. (1901) pp. 03-126.)

Sm. 4to. London, 1901.

Pearson (Karl). Darwinism, Biometry, and some Becent Biology,

1. (Biometrika, vii.) 4to. Camhridqe, 1910.

Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.

AUDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. 95

Penzig (0.). Coutribuzioiii alia Storia della Bolauica.

8vo. MiJano, 1905.
I. lUustrazione degli Erbarei di Glierardo Cibo.
II. Sopra un Codice miuiato della Materia Medica di Dioacoride,
conservato a Roiua.

Plantse Tliunbergianae. See Juel (H. 0.).
Pratt (A.). Wild I'lowers of the Tear.

Containing 48 coloured Plates of 95 Wild Flowers, selected, described
in an Appendix, and Indexed by Rev. Prof. George Henslow.

8vo. London, 1913.

Pugsley (H. W.). The Genus Fumaria in Britain. (Supp.
Jouni. Eot. 1912.) 8vo. London, 1912.

Puttemans (Arsene). Notes Phytopathologiques et Mycologiques.
(Publication preliniinaire.) 4to. 1918. Author.

Hegel (E.). Tentamen Rosarum MonographisB.

8vo. St. Fetershurg, 1877.

Keid (G. Archdall). The Biological Foinidations of Sociology.

4to. [1905]. Sir T. W. Thiselton-Dyer.

Richardson (L.). On the Stratigraphical Position of the Beds
from which Frosopon Eichardsoni, H. Woodward, was obtained.
(Geol. Mag. iv.) 8vo. 1907. Henry Woodward.

Riddelsdell (H. J.). A Plora of Glamorganshire, (Reprint
Journ. Bot., 1907.) "Svo. London, 1906.

Robinson (Benjamin Lincoln). See Memoirs of the Gray Her-
barium. 1.

Romer (I. I.). Scriptores de Plantis Hispanicis Liisitanicis,
Brasiliensibus, adornavit et recudi curavit.

8vo. Norhnbergae, 1796. James Groves.

Rutherford (H. W.). Catalogue of the Library of Charles
Darwiu now in the Botany School, Cambridge. With an
Introduction by Francis Dakwix. 8vo. Cambridge, 1908.

Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.

Saccardo (Pier' Andrea). Cronologia delle piante da giardino e
da campo coltivate in Italia. ^to. San llemo, 1917. Author.

Sargent (C. S.). Notes on North American Trees, — I. Qaemcs.
(Bot. Gaz. Ixv.) • 4to. 1918. Author.

Charles Edward Faxon. (Ilhodora, xx.) 4to. 1918.

Author.

Schuster (Arthur) and Shipley (Arthur E.). Britain's Heritage
of Science. 8vo. London, 1917.

Shaw (T. Claye). On Cell-memory. (St. Bartholomew's Hos-
pital Kepts. xxxi.) 8vo. Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.

Shipley (Arthur E.). See Schuster (Arthur).

Siboga-Expeditie. Livr. LXXXIII.-LXXXV.

Frof. Max Weber.

Smith (Joseph Crosby). The History of the Moa. (Southhmd
Times.) 8vo. Author.

96 LINN'EAV SOCIETY OF LOXDOX.

Sollas (W. J.). Address delivered at tlie Aniiiver.san' IMeeting
oF tlie Greological Society of London, on tlie l^^tli of IVbruary,
ll)l(». 8vo. Lojk/oh, 1910. /S'/V W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.

Solms-Laubacli (Hermann Graf zu). Kede gehalten zur Gebui-ts-
feier Darwin's in der wissenschaftlichen Gesellscliaft zu
Strassburg i Els. (Mitt. Phil. Gesell. Elsas-Lothrington, iv.)

8vo. 190!). Sir W. T. Thiselton-Lyer.

Sowerby (James) and Smith (James Edward). ]<]ngliHh Botany.

2nd Edition, ed. C. JouNSON. 12 vols. 8vo. London, '[sy>]-4Q.

Iter. G. R. Bullock-Webster.

Spence (Magnus). Flora Orcadensis. Containing the Flowering

Phuits ai-raiiged according to the Natural Orders and the

Mosses. Svo. Kirkwall, 1914.

Spencer (Herbert). The Factors of Organic Evolution.

Svo. London, 1887.

A liejoinder to Professor Weismann. (Contemporary

Eeview, 1893.) Svo. London, 1893.

The Inadequacy of "Natural Selection." (Contemporary

Review, 1893.) Svo. Zom^n [1893].

Weismannism Once More. (Contemporarv Keview, 1894.)

Svo. Lomlon, 1894. (4 papers.) Sir W. T.Tluselton-Dyer.

Spencer (W. K.). The Pjila^ozic Asterozoa. Part III. See.

Palaeontograpliical Society Monographs, Vol. LXX. 1918.
Starkey (Clara B.). Sec West (George Stephen).
Stone (Herbert). The Ascent of the Sap and tlie Drying of

Timber, ((^uart. Journ. Forestry, 1918.)

Svo. London, 1918. Author.
Stoner (Dayton). The Eodents of Iowa. See Iowa Geological

Survey. IkiUetin No. 5.
Stopes (Marie C). New Bennettitean cones from the British

Cretaceous. (Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Series B, vol. ceviii.)

4to. Ljondon, 1918. Author.
Stopes (M. C.) and Wheeler (R. V.). Monograph on the Consti-
tution of Coal. 4to. London, 1918.
Sturtevant (A. H.). See Morgan (T. H.).
Tayler (J. Lionel). The Study of Individuals (Individuology)

and their Natural Groupings (Sociology). 4to. 11905].

Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.
Tenore (Micheli). Memoria soi)ra tre nuove specie di piante

raccolte nel viaggio fatto in Puglia. 4to. [1827]

Memoria suUe peregrinazioni botaniche effettuate nelhi

provincia di Napoli, nella colle indicazioni, di alcune piante da
a'^giungersi alia flora Napolitana e la descrizione di una nuove
si)ecie di Ononis. 4to. [1825]. (2 papers.) C. C. Lacaita.

Terracciano (Achille). Revisione monogratica della specie di

Ga(/ea della flora spagnola. 4to. Palermo, 1905. Author.

Terracciano (Nicola). Aggiunte alia "Flora del Campi Flegrei."

4to. ]S\ipoli, 191 ().

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY, 97

Theoplirastus (Eresios). Enquiry into Plants and minor works
on odours and weatlier signs. With an English translation by
Sir AuTHTJii HoKT, Bart., M.A. Two Volunies.

8vo, Londo'ii Sf Neiv York, 1910.

Thiselton-Dyer {Sir William). See Bean (W. J.).

Thunberg (Carl Peter). Elora Capensis, sistens plantas Pro-
montorii Bonae Spei Africes, etc., ed. J. A. ycucLTES.

Svo. Stuttgartio', 1823.

Torr (W. G.) and Ashby (Edwin). Definitions of Seven New
Species of South Australian Pol3q)lacophora=. (Trans. Roy.
Soc. S. Australia, 18U8.). Svo. Adelaide, 1898. Author.

See Ashby (Edwin).

Traquair (R. H.). Remarks on Biological jN'omenclature. Intro-
ductory Address, delivered before the E-oyal Physical Society of
Edinburgh, 19th November, 1884. Svo. Edinbnrf/h, 1885.

^ William Whitaker.
Uppsala. Sveuska Linne-siillskapets. Arsskrift. Arg. 1.

4to. Uppsala, 1918.
Voigt (Johann Otto). Hortus Suburbanus Calcuttensis. A cata-
logue of the Plants which have been cultivated in the Hon. East
India Company's Botanical Garden, Calcutta, and in the
Serampore Botanical Grardeu generally known as Dr. Carey's
Garden, from the beginning of both establishments (1786 and
1800) to the end of August, 1841. . . . Printed under tlie
superintendence of W. Griffith, F.L.S.

4to. Calcutta, 1845.

Walker (C- E.). The Influence of tlie Testis upon the Secondary

Sexual Characters of Eowls. (Proc. Hoy. Soc. Med. April

1908.) 4t-o. London, 19uS.

Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.

See Farmer (John Bretland).

Walker (J. F.). The Eormation of a Species. (Geol. i\f;ig. II.).

Svo. London [1905]. W. Whitaker.

Wallace (Alfred Russel). The Eev. George Henslowon Natural

Selection. (Natural Science, V.) 4to. London, 1894.

Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.

See Cope (Edward D.).

Wallich {Surg. -Major Of. C). On the Kadiolaria as an Order of
the Protozoa. (Pop. Sci. liev. 1878.) Svo. |' 18781.

W. Whitaker.

Walsh {Lieut. -Col. J. H. Tull). The Geographical Distribution
of Human Diseases and theii- Control. (Trans. Soc. Trop.
Med. XL). 4to. London. 1918. Author.

Ward (Henry Baldwin) and Whipple (George Chandler). Fre.sli-
water Biology. Svo. Kew ) or/.-, 1918.

Ward (Lester F.). The Course of Biologic Evolution.

Svo. Washington, 1890. Sir W. T. Thisleton-Dyer.

LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1918-1919. h

<)S mnm:an society oi' lonuox.

Warming (^Eug.j. Ou Jorcludl^bere. (Kongl. Danske Videusk.
Selsk. Skrifter, Afd 8, Eaekke II.) 4to. K<f>benhavn, 1918.

Author.

■Wata8e(S.). On the Phenomena of Sex-Differentiation. (Journ.

Morphol. VI. No. 3.) 4to. Bosto>i, 1892.

Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.
Weismann (August). The All-Sufficiency of Xatural Selection.
A reply to Herbert Spencer. (Conteinporarv lieview, Ixiv.)

4to. [1893;.

llegeneration : Facts and Interpretations. (Nat. Sci.

1899.) 4to. Ed'mhurijh 4' London [1899].

(2 papers.) Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.
"West (George Stephen), Algological Notes.

xiv. Some Species of the Volvocineiv.
XV. Observations on the Stnictiire and Life-History of Mcfotmiium

caldariorum (Lagerh.) Ilansg.
xvi. Two new Species of U/vthri.r.
xvii. Tlie Genus Tetradc&mus.

(Joiirn. Bot. 53.) 8vo. London, 1915.

xviii. Chlamydomonas /uicroscapica, nov. noui.
xix. The Genus Protococciis, Agardli.
XX. On a new Marine Genus of the Volvocacese.
xxi. Some further British Species of Chlamydonwnai.
xxii. On Two Species of Pteromonas.
xxiii. An Abnormal Form of Closterium Ehrenbergii.

(Journ. Bot. 54.) Svo. London, 1916. Author.

A Further Contribution to our Knowledge of the two

African Species of Volvox. (Journ. Quek. Micros. Club, xiii.)

8vo. London, 1918. Author.

III. A new Species of (iongrosira. (Journ. K. Micros.

Soc. 1918.) Svo. 1918. Au.hor.

"West (George Stephen) and Starkey (Clara B.). A Contribution
to the Cytology and Life-History oi Zygnema ericetorum (Iviitz.)
Hansg., with some reniarlis on the "Genus" Zygoyonium.
(New Phvtologist, xiv.) Svo. London, I'dlb.

Prof. G. S. "West.

"Wheeler (R. "7.). See Stopes (Marie C).

"Wheldon (J. A.). On the collection, taxonomy, and ecology of
the Si>h(u/na. (Lane. & Cheshire Nat. 1918.)

Svo. 1918. Author,

"Whipple ( George Chandler). Sec Ward (Henry Baldwin).

Wolley-Dod (A. H.). A 1-lora of (iibraltar and the Neighbour-
hood. (Slip]). Journ. Bot. 1914.) 8vo. London, 1914.

The British Koses (excluding En-canino'). (Supp. Journ.

Bot. 1910.) 8vo. London, 1910.

A List of the British Roses. (Supp. Journ. Bot. 1911.)

Svo. T^ondon, 1911.

The Subsection Eu-canintt; of the Genus Kosa.

Svo. I^ondon, 1908. James Groves.
"Wood (Ethel M. R.). See Elles (Gertrude L.).

AUDITIOXS TO THE LIBRARY. 99

Woodward (Arthur Smith). The Wealden and Purbeck Fislie.s.
Part II. >SV<? Palseontographical Society Monographs. Vol.
LXX. 1918,
Woodward (Henry). Some Ideas onLife. (Presidential Address.)
(Journ. Roy. Micros. Soc. xxiii.) 8vo. 1903. Author.
The Evolution of Vertebrate Animals in Time, (Presi-
dential Address.) (Journ. Roy. Micros, Soc. 1904.)

Svo. 1904. Author.
On a Neuropterous Insect from the Lower Lias, Barrow-

on-Soar, Leicestershire. (Greol. Mag, ix.)

Svo. ]892. Author,

On some Podophthalmatous Crustacea from the Cretaceous

Formation of Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands. (Q, J.
G-eol. Soc. lii.) Svo. 1896. Author.

On a Fossil Octopus (Calais Neivholdi, .1. DeC. Sby. MS.)

from the Cretaceous of the Lebanon. (Q. J. Geol. Soc. lii.).

Svo. 1896. Author.

— On the Discovery of CydosphcHroma in the Purbeck Beds
of Aylesbury. (Geol. Mag. v.) Svo. 1898. Author.

The Distribution of Life in Antarctic Lands. (Traiif

Norf. & Norwich Nat. Soc, vii.) Svo. 1903. Author.

— A Collection of Middle Cambrian Fossils obtained by
Edward Whymper, Esq., F.R.G.S., from Mount Stephen,
British Columbia. (Geol. Mag. ix.) Svo. 1902. Author.

— Photography in Geology. (Geol. Mag. x,)

Svo, 1903. Author.

— On a Collection of Trilobites from the Upper Cambrian
of Shantung, North China. (Geol. Mag. ii.)

Svo, 1905, Author.
On some Fossil Prawns from the Osborne Beds of the Isle

of Wight, (Geol, Mag. x.) Svo, 1903, Author.

— ■ Note on a Fossil Crab and a Group of Balani discoveretl

in Concretions on the Beach at Ormara Headhmd, JNIekran

Coast, (Geol, Mag, ii.) Svo, 1905, Author.

Notes on some Crustaceans and two Myriopods from tlu-

Lower Coal-measures near Colne, Lancashire, (Geol, Mag, ii.)

Svo. 1905. Author.

- A Fossil Insect from the Coal-Measures of Longton, North
Staffordshire. (Geol, Mag, iii.) Svo, 1906. Author.

Cirripedos from the Triiiimingham Chalk and other locali-
ties in Norfolk. (Geol. Mag. iii.) Svo, 1906. Author.

Two New Species of Enri/pferas from the Coal-Measures of

Ilkeston, Derbyshire, (Geol. Mag. iv,) Svo. 19(i7. Author.

On a new Bracliynrous Crustacean from the " Chjpi'us-

Grit" (Interior Oolite) of the Cot teswold Hills. (Geol. Mag. iv.)

Svo. 1907. Author.

On the genus Pi/r/ocejjluilus (Huxley ), a ])rimitive Schizopod

Crustacean, from the Coal-Measures. (Geol. Mag iv.)

Svo. 1907. Atithor.
h2

lOO LIXNEAX SOCIETY OF l.OXUOX.

Woodward (Henry) Further Notes on the Arthropoda of the
British Coal-Measures. (Geol. Mag. iv.) 8vo. 1007. Author.

Some Coal-Measure Crustaceans with Modern Kepresenta-

tives. (Geo). Mag. V.) 8vo. 1908. Author.

On a large Cirripede belonging to the genus Loricula, from

the Middle Chalk (Turonian), Ciixton, near Kochester, Kent.
With an additional note. (Geol. Mag. v.)

8vo. 1908. Author.

On some supposed P//o?a*-boring;s from the 8liores of

Birket el Qurun, the ancient Lake Moeris, of the Fayiim,
Egypt. (Geol. Mag. vii.) -vo. lOKi. Author.

On a Pygidium of Bronteus from the Devonian of Gerol-

stein, Eifel, ])reserved in the collection of the late Mr. Townshend
M. Hall in the Athenaeum, Barnstaple. (Geol. Mag. vii.)

8vo. 1010. Author.

A Fragment of a Fossil in a Chalk Flint Pebble from the

yherringham Beach, Norfolk. (Geol. Mag. vii.)

8vo. 1910. Author.

— On a New Species of Eryon from the Upper Lias, Dumble-
ton Hill. (Geol. Mag. viii.) 8vo. 1011. Author.

- — On a large form of yl?i;/r/-«y;r/?(>»?o)i from the Clay-ironstone
Nodules of the Middle Coal-Measures, 8parth Boltouis, Eoch-
dale. (Geol. Mag. viii.) 8vo. lOlJ. Author.

— The Position of the Merostoma*^a. (Geol. Mag. x.)

8vo. lOi:}. Author.
Eochdalia Parhri, a new Branchiopod Crustacean from

the Middle Coal-Measures of Sparth, Eochdale. ( Geol. Macf. x. i

8vo. 1013. Author.

BENEFACTIONS.

BENEFACTIONS.

List in accordance ivlth Bi/e-Laius, Chap. XVII. Sect. 1, of all
Donations of the amount or value of Ttventy-Jive jjounds and
upwards,

1790.

The Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bt.

Cost of Copper and engraving of the plates of the first volunie
of Transactions, 20 in nnmber.
The same: MedalHon of C. von Linne, by C. F. Inlander.

1796.

The same : a large collection of books.

1800.

Subscription towards the Charter, =£295 4s. Qd.

Claudius Stephen Hunter, Esq., F.L.S. (Gratuitous professional

services in securing the Charter).

1802.

Dr. Richard Pulteney.

His collections, and ,£200 Stock.
Aylmer Bourke Lambert, Esq.

Portrait of Henry Seymer.

1804.

The Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bt.
His collection of Insects.

1807.

Richard Anthony Salisbury, Esq.

Portrait of Daniel Solander, by J. Zoffany.

1811.

The Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bt.

His collection of Shells.
Mrs. Pulteney.

Portrait of Dr. R. Pulteney, by S. Beach.

I02 LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONCON.

1814.
Joseph Sabine, Esq.

Portrait o£ C. von Linne, after A. Eoslin, reversed.
Dr. John Sims.

Portrait of Dr. Trew.

1818.
Subscription of £215 6s. for Caley's Zoological Collection.

1819.

The Medical Society of Stockholm.

A medallion of C. von Liune in alabaster.

1822.

Bust of Sir Joseph Banks, Bt., by Sir F. Chantrey^ R.A.
Subscription of the Fellows.

1825.

The late Natural History Society.

£190, 3| Stock.
Bust of Sir'James Edward Smith, P.L.S., by Sir F. Chantrey,

R.A., by Subscribers.

1829.

Subscriptiou for the purchase of the Linuean and Smithian
Collections, £1593 8s.

1830.
Sir Thomas Grey CuUum, Bt.
£100 Bond given up.

1832.

The Honourable East India Company.

East Indian Herbarium (Wallichian Collection).

1833.

Subscription for Cabinets and mounting the East Indian Herbarium,
£315 Us.

1835.

Subscription portrait of Robert Brown, by H. AV. Pickersgill, R.A.

1836.

Subscription portrait of Edward Forster, by Eden Upton Eddis.
Subscription portrait of Archibald Menzies, by E. U. Eddis.

BENEFACTIONS. I03

1837.

Subscription portrait of Alexander MacLeay, by Sir Thomas
Lawrence, P.E.A,

1838.

Collections and Correspondence of Nathaniel John Winch.
Portrait of Dr. Nathaniel Wallich, by John Lucas, presented by
Mrs. Smith, of Hull.

1839.

Subscription portrait of William Yarrell, by Mrs. Carpenter.

1842.

David Don : herbarium of woods and fruits.
Archibald Menzies : bequest of £100, subject to legacy duty.
Portrait of John Ebenezer Bicheno, by E. U. Eddis, presented by
Mr. Bicheno.

1843.

Subsci'iption in aid of the funds of the Society, £994 3s.
Subscription portrait of Sir William Jackson Hooker, by S. Gam-
bardella.

1845.

Microscope presented by Subscribers.

1846.

Joseph Janson : £100 legacy, free of duty, and two cabinets.

1847.

[Bequest of £200 in trust, by Edward Kudge ; declined for reasons
set forth in Proceedings, i. pp. 315-317.]

1849.

Portrait of Sir J. Banks, Bt., by T. Phillips, R.A., presented by
Capt. Sir E. Home, Bt., K.N.

1850.

Subscription portrait of the Et. Eev. Edward Stanley, D.D.,
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1852.

'Ihe herbarium of Dr. William Withering, presented by his
grandson, Beriali Botfield.

104 LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONUOX.

1853.

Portrait oF Carl von Litiiie, after A. lioslin, by L. Pasch, pre-
sented by Robert Brown.

Pastel portrait of A, B. Lambert, by John liussell, presented by
Robert Brown.

1854.
Professor Thomas Bell, £105.

1857.

Subscription portrait of Prof. T. Bell, P.L.S., by H. W. Pickersgill,
R.A.

Thomas Corbyn .Tauson : two cabinets to hold the collection of

fruits and seeds.
Pleasance, Lady Smith : Correspondence of Sir J. E. Smith, in

19 volumes.

1858.

."Subscription portrait of Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward, by J. P.

Knight.
Richard llorsman Solly, =£90 after payment of Legacy Dntv.
Subscription for removal to Burlington House, .£1108 los.
Biography of Carl von Linne, and letters to Bishop C. F.

Mennander, presented b}^ Miss Wray.
Dr. Horsfleld's Javan plants, presented by the Court of Directoi's

of the Hon. East India Company.
Dr. Ferdinand von Mueller's Australian and Tasmanian plants,

including many types.

1859.

Books from the library of Robei't Brown, presented by J. .T.

Bennett, Sec.L.S.
Robert BroMii : bequest of two bonds given uj), £200.

1861.

Subscription bust of Robert Brown, by Peter Slater.

Collection of birds' eggs, bequeathed by John Drew Salmon, F.L.S.

1862.

The Linnean Club : presentation bust of Prof. Thomas Bell, hv
P. Slater.

1863.

Subscription portrait of John Joseph Bennett, by E. U. Eddis.

1864.

Beriah Botfield, Esq. : Legacy, =£40 less Duty.

BENEFACTIONS. 105

1865..

Executors of Sir J. AV. Hooker, £100.

George Bentham, Esq. : cost of 10 plates for his " Tropical Legunii-
nosae,"' Trans, vol. xxv.

1866.

Dr. Friedrich "Welwitsch : Illustrations of his ' Sertani Angolense,'
£130.

1867.
George Bentham, Esq, : General Index to Transactions, vols, i.-xx v.
Koyal Society : Grant in aid of (x. S. Brady's paper on British
Ostracoda, £80.

1869.

Carved rhinoceros horn from Lady Smith, formerly in the posses-
sion of Carl von Linne.

1874.

Subscription portrait of George Bentham, by Lowes Dickinson.
George Bentham, Esq., for expenditure on Library, £50.

1875.

Legacy from James Tates, £50 free of Duty.
,, ,, Daniel Haubury, £100 less Duty.

1876.

Legacy of the late Thomas Corbyn Jansou, £200.

,, ,, ,, Charles Lambert, £500.

George Bentham, Esq. : General Index to Transactions, vols.
xxvi.-xxx.

1878.

Subscription portrait of John Claudius Loudon, by John Linnell.
Subscription portrait of Eev. Miles Joseph Berkelev, by James
Peel.

1879.

Eev. George Henslow and Sir J. D. Hooker : Contribution to
illustrations, £35.

1880.

The Secretary of State for India in Council : cost of setting up
Dr. Aitchison's paper, £36.

1881.

George Bentham, Esq., special donation, £2.5.
The same: towards Kichard Kippist's pension, £50.
Portrait of Dr. St. (jeorge Jackson Mivart, by Miss Solomon;
presented by Mrs. Mivart.

Jo6 LIXNEAX SOCIETY O!" LONDON.

1882.

Executors of the late Frederick Ciirrey : a. large selection of books.
Subscription portrait of Charles ]{obert J)ar\vin, by lion. John

Collier.
The Secretary of State for India in Council : Grant for publication

of Dr. Aitchison's second paper on the Elora of the Kurrum

Valley, .£60.

1883.

Sir John Lubbock, Bt. (afterwards Lord Avebury).

Portrait of Carl von Linne, ascribed to M. Hallman.
Philip Henrv Gosse, Esq.: towards cost of illustrating his paper,.

Eoyal Society : Grant in aid of Mr. P. H. Gosse's paper, £r>0.
Sophia Grover, Harriet Grover, Emily Grover, and Chai'les Ehret
Grover : 11 letters from Carl von Linne to G. D. Ehret.

1885.

Executors of the late George Bentbam, ,£507 lis. 2d.
Subscription portrait of George Busk, by his daugliter INlarian
Busk.

1886.

A large selection of books from the library of the late Dr. Spencer
Thomas Cobbold (a bequest for a medal was declined).

Sir George MacLeay, Bt. : MSS. of Alexander MacLeay and
portrait of Eev. AVilliam Kirby.

1887.

William Davidson, Esq. : 1st and 2nd instalments of grant in aid

of publication, .£50.
Francis Blackwell Forbes, Esq., in aid of Chinese Flora, £25.

1888.

The Secretary of State for India in Council : Grant in aid of

publication of results of the Afghan Boundary Delimitation

Expedition, £150.
Dr. J. E. T. Aitchison, towards the same, £25.
Trustees of the Indian Museum : Mergui Archipelago report, for

publication in Journal, £135.
Dr. John Anderson, for the same, £60.
Wm. Davidson, Esq. : 3rd and last instalment, £25.
Sir Joseph Hooker : (1) Series of medals formerly in possession

of George Bentliam ; (2) Gold watch, key, and two seals

which belonged to Robert Brown.

BENEFACTIONS. 107

1889.

Bronze copy of model for Statue of C. von Linnd, by J. F. Kjellberg ;
presented by Frank Crisp, Esq.

1890.

The Secretary of State for India in Council : Grant for Delimitation

Expedition report, .£200.
Oak table for Meeting Room, presented by Frank Crisp, Esq.
Subscription portrait of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, K.C.S.I., by

Hubert Herkomer, R.A.
Executors of the late John Ball, Esq. : a large selection of books.
An anonymous donor, .£30.
Colonel Sir Henry Collett, K.C.B., towards the publication of his

Shan States collections, .£.50.

1891.

Subscription portrait of Sir John Lubbock, Bt. [Lord Avebury],

by Leslie Ward.
George Frederick Scott Elliot, Esq., towards cost of his Madagascar

paper, £60.

1892.

Dr. Richard Charles Alexander Prior: for projection lantern, £50.

1893.

The Executors of Lord Arthur Eussell : his collection of portraits

of naturalists.
Electric light installation: cost borne by Frank Crisp, Esq.

1894.

Algernon Peckover, Esq. : Legacy, £100 free of Duty,
Miss Emma Swan: " Westwood Fund," o£250.

1896.

Clock and supports in Meeting Eoom, presented by Frank Crisp,
Esq.

1897.

William Carruthers, Esq.: Collection of engravings and photo-
graphs of portraits of Carl von Linne.

Koyal Society : (Tranfc towards publication of paper by the late
John Ball, .£00.

Subscription portrait of Professor George James All man, by
Marian Busk.

I08 LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

1898.

Sir John Lubbock, Bt, : Contributiou towards his paper on

Stipules, £43 U». M.
Eoyal Society : Contributiou towards F. J. Cole's paper, £50,
., „ ,, ,, Murray &Blackman's paper,

£80.
., „ ,, „ Elliot Smith's paper, £50,

„ ., „ ,, Forsyth Major's paper, £50.

1899.

Alfred Charles William Haruisworth, Esq, [afterwards Lord
Northcliii'e] : Contribution towards cost of plates, £43.

Roval Society : Contribution towards Mr, li. T. Giinther's paper
on Lake Lrmi, £50.

1901.

Hon. Charles Ellis, Hon, Walter Eothschild, Frank Crisp, Esq.,
F. D. Godman, Esq., and the Benthani Trustees : The Corres-
pondence of William Swaiuson.

Eoyal Society : Contributiou towards Mr. F. Chapman's jiaper on
Funafuti Foraminifera, £50.

Prof. E. liay Lankester : Contribution towards illustration, £30 5s.

Portrait of Dr. St. G. J. Mivart, presented by Mrs. Mivart.

1903.

Royal Society : Contribution toward Dr. Elliot Smith's paper, £50.
Legacy from the late Dr. \i. C. A. Prior, £100 free of duty.
Mrs. Sladeu : Posthumous Portrait of the late Walter Percy

Sladen, by H. T. Wells, It. A.
B. Arthur Bensley, Esq. : Contribution to his paper, £44.

1904.

Royal Society : Grant in aid of third volume of the Chinese Flora,

£120.
Frank Crisp, Esq. (afterwards Sir Frank Crisp, Bt.): Cost of

Supplementary Boyal Charter.
The same : BuUiard (,P.). Herbier de la France ; Dictionnaire ;

Histoire des plantes veneiieiises ; Champignons, in 10 vols.

Paris, 1760-1812.

1905.

Royal Society : First grant in aid of Dr. G. H. Fowler's ' Biscayan

Plankton,' £50.
Executors of the late G. B. Buckton, Esq. : Contribution for

colouring plates of his paper, £26.

BENEFACTIONS.

1906.

109

Royal Society : Second grant towards ' Biscayan Plankton,' ^50,
Subscription portrait ot' Prof. S. H. Amines, by Hon. John Collier.
Eoyal Swedish Academy of Science : Copies of portraits of C. von

Liiine, after Per Krafft the elder, and A. Roslin, both by

Jean Haagen.

1907.

Eoyal University of Uppsala : Copy by Jean Haagen of portrait of

C. V. Linne, by J. H. Scheftel (1739).
Eoyal Society : Third and final grant towards 'Biscayan Plankton,'

^50.
The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Eirst grant

towards publication of Mr. Stanley Gardiner's Researches

in the Indian Ocean in H.M.S. ' Sealark,' £200.

1908.

Prof. Gustaf Eetzius : Plaster cast of bust of Carl von Linne,
modelled by Walther Euneberg from the portrait by Scheffel
(1739) at Linnes Hammarby : the bronze original designed
for the facade of the new building for the Eoyal Academy of
Science, Stockhohn.

Miss Sarah Marianne Silver (afterwards Mrs. Sinclair), F.L.S. :
Cabinet formerly belonging to Mr. S. W. Silver, F.L.S.

1909.

The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Second grant
towards publication of Mr, Stanley Gardiner's Eesearches in
the Indian Ocean in H.M.S. ' Sealark,' =£200.

Prof. Jiimes William Helenus Trail, F.R.S., F.L.S. : Gift of £100
in Trust, to encourage Eesearcli on the Nature of Proto-
plasm.

1910.

Eoyal Society : Grant towards Dr. G. H. Fo\Aler's paper on

Biscayan Ostracoda, £50.
Sir Joseph Hooker : Gold watcli-chain worn by Eobert Brown,

and seal with portrait cf Carl von Linne by Tassie.
Prof. J. S. Gardiner : Payment in aid of illustrations, £35 O.y. GcL
Sir Frank Crisp : Donation in Trust for Microscopical Eesearch.

£200.
The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Third grant

towards publication of Prof. Stanley Gardiner's Eesearches-

in the Indian Ocean, £200. (For third vohune.)

no LINNEAX SOCIKTY OF LONDON.

1911.

The Trustees of the Percy ISladeu Memorial Fund : Second
Donation towards the publication of the third volume on
the Indian Ocean Ke'searches, £70.

The same : First Donation towards the fourth volume, £130.

1912.

The Indian Government : Contribution towards the illustration
of Mr. E. P. Stebbing's paper on Himalayan C'/iei-mes,

The late Mr. Francis Tagart, £5(J0 free of Legacy Duty.

The late Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker. O.M., G.C.S.I., £100 free of

Legacy Duty.
The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Second

Donation towards the publication of the fourth volume on the

Indian Ocean Eesearches, £140.
The same : First Donation towards the fifth volume, £00.

1913.

Eoyal Society : Grant towards Dr. E. E. Gates's paper on

Mutating Oenotheras, £(><).
Sir Frank Crisp, Bt., Wallichian Cahiuets, £50.
The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Second

Donation towards the publication of the fifth volume, £200.

1914.

Royal Society : Grant towards Miss Gibbs's paper on the Flora of

British iS'orth Borneo, £50,
Miss Foot : Cost of illustration of her paper on Eaxchistus.
The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Third Donation

towards the fifth volume, £10.
The same : First Donation towards the sixth volume, £190.

1915.

The Trustees of the Percy Sladen IMemorial Fund : Second

Donation towards the sixth volume, £80.
Miss Foot : Cost of second paper on EuscJiistiis, £32 10s.
Eoyal Society : J)onations towards the cost of a paper bv

Mrs. Arber, D.Sc, £40.
The same : towards paper on Utakwa Eiver plants by Mr. II. N.

Eidley, C.M.G., F.R.S., £50.
Miss Mariettiv Pallis : Instalment of cost of her paper on

Plav, £30.
Thomas Henry Eiches, Esq. : Dr. A. E. Wallace's library on

Natural History.
Sir Frank Crisp, Bt. : New shelving for Wallace's Volumes.

BEXEFACTIONS,

1916.

Mr. E. Heron- Allen : Contribution to cost o£ paper on Forainini-!

fera of N.W. Scotland, £U.
Messrs. H. Takeda and C. AVest : Contribution towards the

illus( ration of their paper, £40.
Royal Society: Contribution towards the illustration of two

papers by Prof. Dendy, £40.
The same : Contribution towards Mr. Swynnerton's paper on

Form and Colouring, .£70.
The High Commission for the Union of South Africa, per

Dr. J. D. F. Gilchrist, for '■.he illustration of his paper on

Jasus Lalandil, £\\0.
Miss Marietta Pallis : Balance of cost of her paper on Plav,

£90 16s. M.
Sir Frank Crisp, Bt. : Pliototyped copy of Dioscorides from the

' Codex Auiciie Julianje ' at A'ienna.

1917.

British Ornithologists' Union, etc. : Contribution towards cost of

Mr. H. X. Ridley's paper, £20.
The Royal Society : Second contribution towards the printing of
. Mr. C. F. M. Swynnertou's paper on Form and Colouring,

£75.
Sir Frank Crisp, Bt. : ' Lindenia,' Ghent, 1891-1901. 17 vols.

sm. fol.

1919.

Dr. B. Daydon Jackson : MS. index to Linnean Society's Journal,
Botany, vols, xxi.-xl. (1884-1912) and the Botanic entries
in the ' Proceedings ' for the same period.

INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS.

SESSION 1918-1919.

Xote. — Tlie t'oUowing are not indexed : — Tlie name of the Chairman at each meeting ;
speakers wliose remarks ai"e not reported ; and passing aUusions.

Abstracts of Papers, 70-79.

Accounts, 19-21.

Additions to Library, 81-100.

Adkin, B. C, proposed, 16.

Ahmed, !S. K , doccMsed, 16.

Albino iMutant of Boirytii^ ci/icrca,

Pers. (Brierley), 14.
Amos, H. R., Wheat-breeding in the

Argentine, 13.
Andy, S. P., deceased, 16.
Anniversary Meeting, 16.
Arber, Mrs. A., communication by

(Arber & Luwfield), 2; The " Law

of Loss"' in Evohition, 2; abstract,

70; Councillor retired, 18.
Arber, Dr. E A. N., deceased, 16;

obituary, 39 : bibliography, 44.
• and F. W. Lawlield, On the

Evternal Morphology of the Stems

of Calamitea, with a Revision of the

British Species of Calainophloios and

D'wtyocaUnnites, 2.
Ardeu, S., withdrawn, 17.
Argentine, Wheat-breeding in the

(Amos), 13.
Ascroft, R. W., elected, 5 : proposed, 2.
AscNiis ctfjua/icHf:, Reproduction of

(Unwin), 68.
Ashby, E., proposed. 16, 67.
Associates, vacancy in List announced,

5 ; W. R. Sherrin, adm. Assoc. 1 1 ;

elected, 9 : proposed, 6.
Auditors elected, 13.
Australia, Flora of, Contrib. (Moore),

70.

Bagnali, J. E., deceased, 5, 17.

Baker, E. G., elected Councillor, 17;
exhibited drawings of British plants
bv Miss Beatrice 0, Corfe, 9.

I Baker, W. H., withdrawn, 17.

Balfour, Prof. I. Bayley, Linnean
Medal ])rescnted to, 37 ; acknow-
ledgment, 39.

Balston, W. E., deceased, 16 ; obituarv,

48.
Bancroft, 0. K., deceased, 16.

Barnes, R. H., deceased, 16.

Barton, W. C, admitted, 14; elected,
13 ; proposed, 9.

Baleson, it. W., appointed V.-P., 68 ;
elected Councillor, 17; communi-
cation by (Amos), 13.

Beckett, E., elected, 68 ; proposed, 15.

Benefaciions. loi-iii.

Benisou, scs Worsley-Bsnison.

Benson, Prof. Margaret, elected Coun-
cillor. 17.

Bickl'ord, E. J., remored from List,
17.

Bidder, Dr. G. P., proposed, 67.

Bigby, Miss G., witlidrawn, 17.

Billinghurst, H. G., elected, 15: pro-
])osiid, 1 1.

Bluekinan, Prof. V. H., elected, 69 ;
proposed, 16, 67.

Botanical Secretary (Dr. A. B. Reiidle),
elected, 1 8.

Bofrijtis cincrca, Pers , Albino Mutant
(Brierley), 14.

Bridgman, F. J., deceased, 16 ; obituarv,
48.

Bnerley, W . B., admitted, 6; elected, 5;
proposed, 2 ; an Albino Mutant of
lSotri/fi» ciiierea. Pers., 14.

Bi'istol. Miss M., Review of the Genus
Cliliirocht/lriiiui, C'olm, 3.

British Mites, drawings exhibited
(Soar), 4 ; British plants, drawings
by Miss B. O. Corfe, exhibited, 9.

113

Brown, N. E.. A new species ol Loho-
stciiioii in the Linneaii Herb., 7 ;
old and new species ot Mese/u-
hryanthemum, 7.

Browne, E. T., elected Couueillor, 17.

Bryozoa (Waters), 70.

Bullock-Webster, Rev. Canon G. R.,
admitted, 2 ; appointed Scrutineer,
17. 18.

Burne, R, H., elected Councillor, 17 :
exliibited preparations by the late
Prof. C. Stewart, of sound-producing
organs in Invertebrates and Fislies. 8.

Bye-Laws, proposed alterations read,
7, 8 ; adopted, 9.

Calamifcs, External Morphology of the
Stems of, &c. (Arber and Lawiield), 2.

CalantopJiloioa. .se^ Arber and Lawiield.

Caiman, Dr, W. T., elected, 69 ; pro-
posed, 16, 67.

Candolle, Dr. A. C. P. de, death
announced, 8, 17; obituary, 51.

Cannes, see Rodman, Dr. G. H.

Cash Statement received and adopted,
16; as audited, 19-20.

Cavanagh, B. F., removed from List,
17.

Cavers, Dr. F.. removed from List, 17.

Cemeteries, military, horticultural work
in, in France (Hill), 5-6.

Chaudhuri, B. L., removed from List,

Chlorocltytvium, Colin, Review of the

Genus (Bristol), 3.
Colour-sense in Wasps T Wager). 10;

in Lepidoptera (Eltringham), 10.
Composite, Pappus in (Small), 15.
Corbett, H. H., admitted, 67 ; elected,

9 ; proposed, 6.
Corfe. MisB Beatrice O., see Baker,

E G.
Cornish, F., elected, 9 ; proposed, 6.
Council, altered Bye-Iiaw as to election

of, 7. 9-
Councillors elected and retired, i, 17.
Crisp, Sir Frank, Resolution passed

upon his decease, 14; deceased, 16;

obituary, 49.
Crossland, Dr. C, witlidrawn, 17; sec

Tatter.sall.
Crow, W. B., admitted, 9.
Curtis, Miss K. M., admitted, 13;

elected, 7 ; proposed, 4.
Cyrtarachna fuberctdifera, see Rodman,

Dr. G. H.

Deaths recorded, 17.

Decapoda, Macrurous,sec Stomatopoda.

Deception Island, Mosses from (Dixon),

Denham, H. J., proposed, 16. I ' '

Bidi/ocalamites, see Arber and Law-
field.

Dixon, H. N.. Mdsses from Deception
Island, 68.

Drummond, J. M. F., admitted, 14;
Flora of a suuiU area in Palestine,

15-

Dunn, S. T., witlidrawn, 17.

Dymes, T. A., Notes on tlie Life-history

of the Yellow Flag {Iris Psciidacorun),

69.

Edwards, S., elected Councillor, 17;

elected Auditor for the Council, 13.
Egg-case of a spider from Cannes,

exhibited (Rodman), 69 ; alistract,

78.
Elections reported. 17.
Eley, C. C, admitted, 5 ; elected, 4 ;

proposed, 2.
Eltringham, Dr. H., Colour-sense in

Lepidoptera, 10.
Evans, Miss A. M., On the Structure

and Occurrence of Maxillula- in the

Orders of Insects, 68.
Evolution, "Law of Lo.=s" in (Arber),

2 ; abstract, 70.
Exogoneae, On the (Haswell), 4.

Farmer, Prof. J. B.. elected Councilloi-,

17-

Flagellata, Studies of some (Per.ard),
70.

Flora of Australia. C()ntrib. (Moore),
70 ; Flora of a small area in Pales-
tine (Drummond), 15.

Foreign Members, death (de Candolle)
announced, 8 ; Dr. J. N. F. Wille
el. For. Memb., i 5 ; pro])ased, 9.

Formalin vapour, Plant-specimens pre-
served with (Rathbone), 12.

Forrest of Bunbury, Baron, deceased,
i6-; obituary, 53.

Foweraker, C. E.. admitted, 13 ; elected,
9 ; proposed, 6.

France, sec Hill, A. W.

Prog, A fatiierless, exhibited (Good-
ricli), 3.

Fry, Sir E., deceased. 16 ; obituary, 53.

Garland, see Lester-Garland.

General Secretary, Annual Report, 16 ;
elected (Dr. B. D. Jackson), 18;
exhibited the foil. :— engraving of
Carl von Linne, presented, 4 ; letters

LINN. SOC. PROCEEDIXGS. SESSION 1918-1919.

114

INDEX.

from Gov. Tulbafjb, 4 ; liit.lierto un-
known iiiednlliuii portrait of Carl
von Liniio by O. VVallis, 68 ; the
original soal of the Society, 68.

Gibson, (r. W., elorti'd, 4 ; proposed, 2.

(.Jiiclirist. Dr. J. D. F., tiie post-
i'iierulii3 Stage of Janus lalandii
(Milue-Edw.), Ortinann, 14.

Godman, F. DuCane, deceat^ed, 16 ;
obituary, 54.

Goodrich, E. S., elected Councillor, 17.
and Zoological Secretary, 18; A
fatherless Frog, with remarks on
Artificial Parthenogenesis, 3.

Gray, G. G., withdrawn, 17.

Gray, H. N., elected, 3.

Greaves, H., elected, 9 ; proposed, 6.

Groves, W. E., admitted, 9.

Hall, see Swain.son-Hall.

Hariiier. Dr. S. F., admitted, 69 ;

ele'^ted. 68 : projiosed, 15.
Harrington, Mark W., deceased, 16.
Haswell, Prof. W. A., The Exogonese, 4.
Hatton, Eev. C. O. S., elected, 5 ;

proposed, 2.
Hiley, W. E., admitted, 5.
Hill, Capt. A. \V., on horticultural

work in military cemeteries in

France, 5-6.
Holnier, Miss M. R. N., elected, 68 ;

proposed, 1 3
Holtze, .\[., removed from List, 17.
Hurry, Miss G. B., admitted, 5 ; elec-
ted, 4; proposed, 2.
Hutchinson, J., admitted, 5 ; elected,

4 : proposed. 2.

Imnis, Dr. A. D., communication by

(Evans). 68.
Insects, Masillula» of. Structure and

Occurrence (EvansJ, 68.
Iri.< PseiKhirorus, Notes on its Life-

liistory (Dymes), 69.
Irwin-Smith, Miss V. A., proposed, 69.

Kestner, P., elected. 9 ; proposed, 6.
Knipe, H. R., deceased, 16.
Kunadiyaparawita Mountain, Visit to,
with list of plants (Lewis), 11.

Lacaita, C. C, elected Councillor, 18.

Lace, J. H., deceased, 16 ; obituary, 56.

Laurie, R., deceased, 16.

" Law of Loss" in Evolution (Arber),
2 ; abstract, 70.

Lawfield, F. W., see Arber, E. A. N.

Lawson, Miss D., admitted, 16; elec-
ted, 15; proposed, 11.

Leeson, Dr. J. R., exhibited Lemvn
minor in flower, 70.

Lemna /inuor iu flower, exhibited (Lee-
son), 70.

Lepidoptera, Colour-sense in (Eltring-
ham), 10.

Lester-Garland, L. V., admitted, i.

Lewis, F., Notes on a visit to Kuna-
diyaparawita Mountain, with a list
of Plants, II.

Librarian's Report. 17.

Library. Additions and Donations.
81-100.

Limitation of number of Fellows l)y
Bye-Law, 7, 9.

Linne, Carl von, an engraving of,
exhibited (Gen. Sec), 4 ; hitherto
unknown medallion portrait of. by
G. Wallis, exhibited (Gen. Sec). 68.

Linnean Herb., new species of Loho-
stemoti in (Brown), 7.

Linnean Medal, presented to Prof. I
Bayley Balfour, 37.

Linnean species of British Non-Marine
Mollusca, &c. (Kennard & Wood-
ward), 3,

Lister, Miss G., Councillor retired, iS.

LohoMemo)), new species of, iu the
Linnean Herb, (Brown), 7.

Loder, G. W. E., elected Councillor,
1 8 ; elected Auditor for the Fellows,

Lijfgren. A., deceased, 16 ; obituary, 57.

Jackson. Dr. B. D., elected Councillor,
17, and General Secretary, 18.

Jasminiim nwlaharirufit, Wight, Varia-
tion in Flowers (Maun), 14.

Jasiis lalandii (Milne-Edw.), Ortmann,
post-Puerulus stage of (Gilchrist), 14.

Kennard. A. S., and B. B. Woodward,
Linnean species of British Non-
Marine Mollusca, with Notes on the
specimens in the liinnean collection, 3.

McLean, Dr. R. C, elected, 69: pro-
posed, 16, 67.

McLuckie, J., elected. 9: proposed, 6.

McMahon. Sir A. H., withdrawn, 17.

Mann, Dr. H. H., Variation in Flowers
of Jasiuinum malaharicum, Wight,
14.

IMatthews, J. R., proposed, 69.

Masiilulii! of Insects, Structure and
Occurrence (Evans), 68.

Medal, Linnean, presented to Prof. [.
Bay lev Balfour, 37.

INDEX.

115

Meiklejoiin, J. W. S., deceased, 16 :

lueiitd., 4.
Mesemhryanthciitum, old and new

species of (Brown), 7.
Mites, British, coloured drawings

exhibited (Soar), 4.
Mockeridge, Miss F. A., elected, 68 :

proposed, 15.
MoUiisca, Linnean species of Britisli

Non-Marine, &c. (Kennard & Wood-
ward), 3.
Moiickton, H. W., appointed V.-P., 68 :

elected Councillor and Treasurer, 18.
Moore, S. L., Contribution to the Flora

of Australia, 70.
Mosley. F. O., admitted, 69 ; elected,

15 ; proposed, 1 1.
Mosses from Deception Island (Dison),

68.
Mudd, C, removed from List, 17.

Nicholls, Dr. G. E., Councillor retired,
18.

Nicholson, C S., deceased, 16.

Nicholson, W. E., admitted, 1+ ; elec-
ted, 9 ; proposed, 6.

Noel, Miss E. F., appointed Scruti-
neer, I.

Norman, Rev. Canon A. M., deceased,
16 ; obituary, 58.

Obituary Notices, 39-67.
Orchids, drawings exhibited (Stephen-
sou), 8.

Palestine, )^cc Drunimond.

Panday, P. J., admitted, 1 1 ; elected, 9 ;
proposed, 6.

Pappus in t'onipositffi (Small), 15.

Parthenogenesis, Artificial, sec Good-
rich.

Paulson, E,., elected Auditor for the
Fellows. 13.

Penard, Dr. E., Studies of some Flagel-
lata, 70.

Penrose, G., removed from List, 17.

Plant-specimens preserved with fornia-
lin vapour (Rathbone), 12.

Plimraer, Prof. H. G., deceased, 1,16;
obituary, 60.

Pocock, E. 1., appointed V.-P., i, 68 ;
elected Councillor, 18.

Prain, Sir D., Councillor retired, 18 ;
'•The Eelationship of the existing
Statutes of the Society to our present
needs " (Presidential Address), 22-
37 ; on Teriiiinaiia Uatappu on
Barren Island, Andaman group, 11.

Prankerd, Miss T. L., elected, 68 : pro-
posed, 13.

President; (Sir D. Prain), appointed
Scrutineers, :, 17, 18; appointefi
Vice-President, i ; read proposed
alterations in the Bye-Laws, 7-9 ;
presented Linnean Medal to Vw>\. i.
Bayley Balfour, 37.

(Dr. A. Smith Woodward), elec-
ted, 18 ; appointed Vice-Presidents,
68.

Presideutal Address, 22-37.

Eathbone, Miss M., on preser\ing

plant - sjjeeimens with formalin

vapour, 12.
Removals by Council (i-om List, 17.
Eendle, J)r. A. B., elected Botanical

Secretary and Councillor, 18.
Reproduction of A&ellus aquaticUA

(Unwin), 68.
Robotham, F. E., admitted, 5; elected,

4 ; proposed, 2.

Rodman, Dr. G. H., exhibited egg-case
of a spider, Cyriarachne tnhcrcnUJera
from Cannes, 69 ; abstract, 78.

Roebuck, W. D., deceased, 1 6 ; obituarv,
6+.

Rothschild, Lord, moved vote of thanks
for Presidential Address, 37.

Row, R. W\ H., deceased, 16; obituarv,
65.

Rusiiton, W., admitted, 14 ; elected,
13 ; proposed, 6.

Russell, H. J. H., admitted, 6 ; electee^

5 ; proposed. 2.

Ryan, G. M., admitted, 16.

Salmon, C. E., exhibited water-colour
drawings of Orchids and Sea -
Anemones, by T. A. Stephenson, 8.

Sanderson, A. R., elected 4; \i\->-
posed, 2.

Scott, Dr. J). H., elected Councillor iS

Scott, Hugh, withdrawn, 17.

Scrutineers appointed, i. 17, 18.

Sea - Anemones, drawings exhibited
(Stephenson^, 8.

Seal of the Society, original, exhibitetl
(Gen. Sec), 68. "

Secretaries elected, 18.

SelenariadeiB and other Bryozoa
(Waters), 70.

Sheppard, A. \V., elected, 68 ; pro-
posed, 13.

Sherrin, AV'. R., adm. Assoc, 11 ; elec-
ted. 9 ; proposed, 6.

Shrivel!, P. W. E., removed from List,

ii6

INDEX.

Sim. T. \l., \villnli-;iwn, 17.

Small. J., appoiiitod iSfrutineer, i ;

Oil lIio fiapiMis 111 Coinposita;, 15.
Sinitli, KCf ftltio Irwin-Smitli.
Sinitli, Alissi L:\.. Ij.,/ aU'cted Councillor,

Smitli, Miss M. E. B. (Cloi-k, T.iiin.

Soo.;, Vote ol" Coiidoleiico passed, 4.
Smith. VV. VV., admitted, 5.
Soar, C 1).. cxliil)ited coloured drawings

of IJritisli Mites, 4.
Souiul-prodiicing or};aii9 in liiverte-

brales and Wishes ^J3iinie), 8.
Soiithee, JC. A., proposed, 16.
Sprague, T. A., appointed Scrutineer,

17. 18.
Stead, J). Gr., witlidravvn, i-.
Stehtijng. Rev. T. R. R., communioaLion

by (Unwin). 68.
Stephenson, T. A., sec Salmon, C. E.
Stewart, Prof. C, see Burne.
Stoinatopoda and Macrurous Decapoda

Coll. in the Sudanese Red Sea (Tat-

lersall), 70.
Sudanese Red Sea, see Tatter.sall.
Sutton, A. W., elected Councillor, i,

18 ; elected Auditor for the Council,

13-
Swaiiison-Hall, R., elected, 69 ; pro-
posed, 16, 67,

Tagart Fund, new volume purchased
from, exiiibited (Treasurer), 3.

Tattersall, Dr. W. M., Report on the
Stoinato|ioda and JMiicrurous Deca-
poda coll. by Mr. C. Crossland in
the Sudanese Red Sea, 70.

Taylor. Aliss B. B., proposed, 69.

Terinincilia Calappa, sec Brain, Sir D.

Thompson, A. R., proposed, 16.

Thoiiij)soii, Dr. J. M., elected, 4; pro-
posed, 2.

Thompson. W. W., deceased, 16.

Thomson, MissM.R. H., prcjposed, 16.

Treasurer, Annual Report, 16, 19-20;
eleced (II. W. Monckton), 18 ;
exhibited new volume purchased
from Tagart, Fund, 3.

Tulbagh, Gov., letters exhibited (Gren.
Soc). 4.

TuriibuU, A. H., deceased, 16.

Unwin. E. F., Notes upon the Repro-
duction oi Aselltis aquaticus, 68.

Variation in Flowers of Jiiniiiiiiuni
m((l(iharicttm, Wight (Mann), 14.

Vice-Presidents ap])ointed. i, 68.

Vincent, Dr. R., removed from List,
17-

Wager, Dr. If., elected Councillor, 18 ;
appointed V.-B., 68 ; On the Colour-
sense in Wasps, 10.

Wnllis, G., see Linne, Carl von.

Walsh, Lt.-Col. J. H. T., elected Coun-
cillor. 18.

Wiisps, Colour-sense in (Wager), 10.

Waterhouse, F. H., deceased, i-.

Waters, A. W., Selenariadeaj ami other
Bryozoa, 70.

Watts, Rev. W". W., elected, 9 ; pro-
posed, 9.

Webster, see Bullock-Webster.

Wernluim, H. F., removed from List,
17.

West, Prof. G. S., comnuinication by
(Bristol), 3.

Wheat-breeding in the Argentine
(Amos). 13.

Wheelwright. Miss E. G., admitted,
14.

White, C. T., elected, 69 ; proposed,

16, 67.

Wilkinson, W. A , admitted, 5 ; elec-
ted, 4 ; proposed, 2.

Wilkinson, W. li., deceased. 16.

Wille, Dr. J. N. F., el. For. Memb., 1 5 ;
proposed. 9.

W^illiams, F. N., appointed ^'crutiueer,

17, 18.
Withdrawals, 17.

Woodward, Dr. A. Smith, elected
President and Councillor, 18.

Woodward, B. B., see Kennard, A. S.

W^orsdell, W. C, appointed Scruti-
neer, I ; withdrawn, 17.

VVorsley-Benison, H. W. S., deceased,
16 ; obituary, 67.

Wright, Rev. L. S., deceased, 16.

Wright, Lt. W. E., admitted, S : elec-
ted, 4. ; proposed, 2.

Yermoloff, Sir N., admitted, 4 ; elec-
ted, 3.

Zoological Secretary (E. S. Goodrich),
elected, 18.

rUIMTEl) Br TAYLOR AND FRANCI8, RED LION COURT, FLEET STKEI.T.

j^Jr

OCTOBER 1919.;

[Price 6s.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

131st session.

FrOiM November 1918 to June 1919.

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