THE

PROCEEDINOS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY

OF

NEW SOUTH WALES.

FOR THE YEAR

1910_

Vol. XXXV.

WITH THIRTY-ONE PLATES.

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR THE SOCIETY

BY

f. CUNNING HAME & CO. LTD., 146 PITT STREET,

AND

SOLD BY THE SOCIETY.
1910-11.

F. CUNNINGHAME & CO. LTD.,

LETTERPRESS AND LITHOGRAPHIC PRINTERS,

PITT STREET, SYDNEY.

CONTENTS OF PROCEEDINGS, 1910.

PART I. (No. 137).

(Issued July Uth 1910).

PAGE
Presidential Address delivered at the Thirty-fifth Annual General

Meeting, March 30th, 1910, by C. Hedley, F.L.S. (Plates i.-ii.) 1

The Slime of the Household Bath-Sponge. By R. Greig-Smith,

D.Sc, Macleay Bacteriologist to the Society ... ... ... 29

The Bacterial Flora of Rachitic Stools. By R. Greig-Smith, D.Sc,

Macleay Bacteriologist to the Society ... ... ... ... 36

Contribution to a Knowledge of Australian Hirudinea. Part v,
Leech-Metamerism. By E. J. Goddard, B. A., B.Sc, Linnean
Macleay Fellow of the Society in Zoology. (Plate iii.) 51

Contribution to a Knowledge of Australian Hirudinea. Part vi. The
Distribution of the Hirudinea, with special Reference to Austra-
lian Forms, and Remarks on their Affinities, together with
Reflections on Zoogeography. By E. J. Goddard, B.A., B.Sc,
Linnean Macleay Fellow of the Society in Zoology... ... ... 69

Revision of Sympetes and Heheus : with Descriptions of new Species

of Tenehrionidee [Coleoptera]. By H. J. Carter, B.A., F.E.S. ... 77

Revision of Australian Tortricina. By E. Metrick, B.A., F.R.S.,

Corresponding Member... ... .. ... ... ... 139

The Fatty Acids of Brain Lipoids. Parti. By E. C. Grey, B.Sc,

Junior Demonstrator in Physiology in the University of Sydney 295

Balance Sheet, etc ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 23

Elections and Announcements 22,27^47,135

Notes and Exhibits 27,48,136,304

27793

iV. CONTENTS.

PART II. (No. 138).

(Issued September 17th, 1910).

PAGE
Atonograph of the Genus Sy«^/icmis[NEDROPTERA: Odonata], By R,

J. TiLLYAKD, M.A., F.E.S. (Plates iv.-ix.) 312

iStudies in Australian Entomology. No.xvi.New Species of Carabidce

[Coleoptera]. By Thomas G. Sloane 378

The Entomological Fauna of Nauru Island, of the Ocean Island

Group. By Walter W. Froggatt, F.L.S. 407

A new Species of Lepidosperma['N>0. Cr/jiei-aceai] from the Port
Jackson District; with some miscellaneous Botanical Notes. By
A. A. Hamilton 411

Discussion : the application of "Jordan's Law" to the case of the Aus-
tralian fauna and flora. (Plate X.) ... ... ... 305,311,416

ilevisional Notes on Australian Oarahidce. Part iii. Tribes Oodini,

Chlceniini, and ;S'pAorfn?«'[CoLEOPTERA] .. ... ... ... 435

Polymorphism and Life-History in the Des))iidiace'v[Ai,0JE : Coti-

jugatce]. By G. I. Playfaik. (Plates xi.-xiv.) 459

The Ore Deposits of Borah Creek, New England, N. S.W. By Leo
A. Cotton, B. A., B. Sc, Linnean Macleay Fellow of the Society
in Geology. (Plates xv.-xvi.) 496

Elections and Announcements ... ... ... 306,430

Notes and Exhibits 307,431

PART III. (No. 139).

(Issued December 16th, 1910)

A Contribution to the Study of the Precipitins. By H. G. Chapman,

M.D.,B.S 526

Revision of Australian Lejndoptera, v. By A. J. Turner, M.D.,

F.E.S 555

Description of a fossil Lorica [Mollusca : Polyplacophora] from
North-Western Tasmania. By A. F. Bas.set Hull (Plate xvii.,
figs. 1-2 654

CONTENTS. V.

PART III. (continued.)

PAOK

The Adventitious Roots of Melaleuca linariifolia Sm. By C. T.
MussoN and W. M. Carne, Hawkesbury Agricultural College
(Plates xviiixix.) ... ... ... .. ... ... ... 662

On some Experiments with Dragonfly Larvae. By R. J. Tillyard,

M.A., F.E.S 666

The Hcematozoa of Australian Reptilia. No. i. By T. Harvey
Johnston, M.A., B.Sc, and J. Burton Cleland, M.D., Ch.M.
(Plate XX.) ... 677

Elections and Announcements 521,656,686

Notes and Exhibits 522,657,687

PART IV. (No. 140).

{Issued March 1st, 1911).

Australian and Tasmanian PseZapAnZoy [Coleoptera], By Arthur

M. Lea, F.E.S. (Platexxi.) 691

An Additional Note on the Birds of Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands.

By Tom Iredale. {Communicated by A. F. Basset Hull) ... 773

Further Notes on the Birds of Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands. By

A. F. Basset Hull. (Plates xxii.-xxv.) 783

Notes from the Botanic Gardens, Sydney. No. 16. By J. H. Maiden

and E. Betche 788

The Permanency of the Characters of the Bacteria of the Bac. coli-
group. By R. Greio-Smith, D.Sc, Maoleay Bacteriologist to
the Society 806

Contributions to our Knowledge of Soil-Fertility. i.The Action of
Wax-solvents and the Presence of Thermolabile Bacteriotoxins
in Soil. By R. Greig-Smitu, D.Sc, Macleay Bacteriologist to
the Society 808

Carabidce from Dorrigo, N. S.W. By Thomas G. Sloane 823

With an Appendix : Tenebrionidce from Dorrigo. By H. J.
Carter, B.A., F.E.S. 843

Note on the Occurrence of a Limestone -Flora at Grose Vale. By

W. M. Carne 849

VI. CONTENTS.

PART IV. (continued).

On some remarkable Australian Libelhdino'. By R. J. Tillyard,
M.A., F. E.S. Part iii. Further Notes on Camacinia Othello
Tillyard. (Plate xvii., fig.3)

Notes on Yryxit-WiesiTrypetidtr) with Descriptions of New Species.
By Walter W. Froggatx, F.L.S

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Anatomy and Development of
the Marswpialia. No.!. The Genitalia of Sarcophilus satamcus{ J ).
By T. Thomson Flynn, B.Sc, Lecturer in Biology, University
of Tasmania. (Plates xxvi.-xxxi. "

Elections and Announcements

Notes and Exhibits ...

List of Donations and Exchanges

Title-page

Contents

List of Plates ...

List of New Generic Names

Corrigenda

Index

PAGK

859

862

...

873

686

803

687

804

...

888

i-

...

iii.

vii.

viii.

vni.

LIST OF PLATES.

PROCEEDINGS, 1910.
Plate I. — Full-face View of Model of the Submarine Slope off Sydney.

Plate II. — View of the same Model foreshorteued, and seen from a lower
plane.

Plate III. — Diagrams showing the arrangement of the Annuli in the Genital
Somite of Hirudinea.

Plates IV. -V. — Synthemis spp.(Odonata).

Plate VI. — Genus Synthemis : wing-venation.

Plate VII.— ,, „ : Appendages and Genitalia.

Plate VIII. — Figs. 1-4, Synthemk eustalacta. Fig. 5, Metathemis guttata.

Plate IX. — Labia of Nymphs of Synthemis, Metathemis, and Choristhemis.

Plate X. — Development of Inlying, Overlapping, and Isolated Pairs of

Species.

Plate XI. — Forms of Docidium <>'a6ecitto(Ehr.)[Desmidie8e].

Plate XII. — Growth of spines and processes in Z)oci(Zu<m and Staurastrum.

Plate XIII. — Forms of Gosmarium rectangulare Grun.

Plate XIV. — Illustrations of the Results of continued Cell-division.

Plate XV. — Fig.l, Borah Creek, showing how the line of lode corresponds

with the Creek, and the effects of faults. — Fig. 2, Specimens

illustrating the metasomatic replacement of quartz by

sphalerite.
Plate XVI. — Portion of Conrad Lode, illustrating banding.
Plate XVII. —Fig. 1, One-half valve of Lorica duniana, n.sp. — Fig. 2, One-
i, half valve of L. volvox Reeve. — Fig.3, Wings of Camacinia

Othello{%) Tillyard.

Plates XVIII. -XIX. — Adventitious Hoots of Melaleuca linariifolia Sm.

Plate XX. — ^Hgematozoa of Australian Reptilia.

Plate XXI. — Australian and Tasmanian Pselaphida>[Co\eo^teT2i\.

Plate XXII. — Mounts Gower and Lidgbird, Lord Howe Island.

Plate XXIII. — The Lower Road, Mount Gower : a breeding-place of

Oestrelata.
Plate XXIV. — Oestralata montana, n.sp.: adult at entrance of burrow.

Plsite XXV, — Oestrelata montana, n.sp.; nestling placed above entrance of
burrow.

Plate XXVI. —Genitalia and pouch-young of SarcojMlus satanicus[MsiVS,\x-
pialia].

Plates XXVII. -XXXI. — Sections of the genitalia of Sarcophilus satanicas.

CORRIGENDA.

Plate ii. is incorrectly lettered PI. i.

Page 195, line 34— for Dirhelia dipfhcroides, read Diche/ia cNphtheroides.

Page 312, line 4— for (Plates iv. -viii.) read (Plates iv-ix.

Page 322, in the legend of text-fig. l—/o9' ( x 2), 7-ead ( x|).

Page 326, in the legend of text-Hg.2 — for ( x 25), read ( x 16).

Plate iv. is wrongly lettered PI. v.

Plate V. is wrongly lettered PI. iv.

Page 376 — After Plate vi.(wing venation) read (all figs, x 5).

,, After Plate vii. (appendages, etc.) read (figs. 1-23, x 4).

Page 377— Figs. 24-26, after penis read ( x 11).

,, Plate viii. (larvae); Fig. 1, /"or ( x 10) rearf ( x 7).

Fig.2, /or ( X A) read (x3^).
Figs.3 and 5, for ( x 9) read ( x 8).
Fig.4, /or ( x25) read ( x 22).

,, Plate ix. (labia of nymphs) — Figs. 1-5, for ( x 25) read ( x 12).

Page 435, line 23— /or PericdUini, reail Pei icalini.

Page 441, line 14 — for A. sexstriatis, read A. nexxtriata.

Page 459, line 32 — for AnkidrodesmuH nitzrhioides, read Ankistrodesmus

nitzschioides. •

Page 493, line 30 — for var. platycerum, read var. platycerium.

Page 550, line 17 — for Albinm porrum, read Allium porrum.

Page 733, line 15 1 r. r» j • An i ■

p. ° ^oj' ,. tjq J- for A. quadriceps, read A. qiiadricepn.

Page 733,' line 19 1

Page 734, line 32 > for E. adumbrata, read R. adumbrata.

Page 740, line 11 )

Page 735, line 29— for E. flaripes, read R. flavipes.

Page 740, line 13 — for E. oveiisensis, read R. oreiisenfiis.

Page 740, line 26— /or the tenth and eleventh, read the tenth and eleventh

joints.
Page 743, line 1 — for nietasternuni, read mesosternum.
Page 764, line 20— /or the type, read the specimen described.
Page 767, line 21— /or darker, read dark.
Page 772, line 1 — for L. phavtawia, read S. phantasma.

LIST OF NEW (JKNERIC NAMES PROPOSED IN
THIS VOLUME(I910).

.(4eo^o.s^o?»a(Lepidoptera)

Ayathiopsis(Lepidoi)terii)

^/jo(Zrt.s'»ti(t(Lepidoptera)

.(4}-;7yro''oswia(Lepidoptera)

.4?t<a7i('^.s*a(Lepidoptera)

CA^oeres( Lepidoptera) ...

C/<Zororoma(Lepidoptera)

CAor (■.s</tem?s(Odonata)

CAre.s»iart7ta(Lepidoptera)

C<y??ia<o2>/ea:(Lepidoptera)

£'re<wiOjO!/s(Lepidoptera)

Gyna»dria( Lepidoptera)

iam2/ro(/e.s(Lepidoptera)

PAGE

... 182

... 614

... 612

.. 609

... 629

... 570

.. 581

334, 368

... 219

.. 576

... 588

... 575

... 182

il/er«7a.9^('s( r^epidoptera)
Metat/iemin(Odo}3a,ta.) . . .
^Vto//t(7a( Lepidoptera)
/*«ra.sfi/('?ta(LepitIoptera)
Parastran(ja( Lepidoptera)
Procalyptis( Lepidoptera)
Pro<o/^/ri!/^a( Lepidoptera)
/^/io??t6o(,"ero.'?( Lepidoptera)
.'^o.sJ?ieMra( Lepidoptera)
Sticho7iot u-i{Coleo\)ter3i)
Xenothictisi'Le-pidopteYa,)
JZ'acor2'.sca( Lepidoptera)

PAGE

... 255

335, 361

... 569

164

289

204

648

180

157

378

279

220

^^iiO CEEIDin^ G5-S

OF TFIE

LINNEAN SOCIETY

OF

WEDNESDAY, MARCH 30th, 1910.

The Thirty-fifth Annual General Meeting, and the Ordinary
Monthly Meeting, were held in the Linnean Hall, Ithaca Road,
Elizabeth Bay, on Wednesday evening, March 30th, 1910.

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.

Mr. C. Hedley, F.L.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the preceding Annual General Meeting
(March 31st, 1909) were read and confirmed.
The President delivered the Annual Address.

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

Ladies and Gentlemen —

It is the duty and the privilege of your President to conclude
his year of office by an Address at the Annual Meeting. Custom
requires that these addresses should consist partly of a history of
the Society during the past year and partly of a philosophical
treatise intended for the delectation of members. To prepare an
Address worthy of submission to so intellectual an audience is
the heaviest responsibility of the Presidency. I crave your

2 prksident's addrks.s.

indulgence for an effort which falls below the high standard to
which my predecessors have accustomed you.

The greeting " Ladies and Gentlemen " reminds you that at
the instance of Prof. Wilson the Society early in the year resolved
to break down the invidious distinction between tlie sexes and
to extend full privileges of membership to women. As far back
as 1885 women have been received by the Society as "Associates"
but excluded from meetings and denied a vote. Eight lady
Members joined us under these restrictions, half of whom con-
tinue to the present. This enfranchisement was a natural pro-
gress and was foreseen by my predecessor, President Stephens,
who in his Annual Address of January 27, 1886, made the
following reference to the admission of women : — " This enlarge-
ment of the Society's sphere is admittedly only tentative, and
may probably be increased hereafter by the admission of all
Members to full rights without distinction of sex, following the
improved practice of the Sydney University in this respect."
That the status of our women Members should be thus raised i.s
also in harmony with the provisions of the Founder's will direct-
ing that women who are otherwise qualified should be eligible for
election to the Linnean Macleay Fellowships.

In this reform you followed the example of our great name-
sake the Linnean Society of London. But whereas the English
women had fairly earned their reward by several brilliant papers
accepted and published by their Society, no such feminine con-
tributions have been received from our Members. Neither have
Australian ladies so far taken much advantage of the member-
ship now open to them. Yet I anticipate that in the future we
shall welcome many distinguished women oE Science to our I'anks
and that their work will be an ornament to our Proceedings.
And if not, "Because right is right,'' as Tennyson says, "to
follow right were wisdom in the scorn of consequence."

These alterations necessitated the revision and issue of a new
edition of the Rules in December last. Accompanying it was a
list of Members, from which it appears that we commence the
Session of 1910 with 130 effective Members on the roll.

president's address.

On Januaiy 25th, 1875, this Society was inaugurated l)y 125
Members, and in 1890 only 24 of these foundation Members
continued their association.* To-day but three of these pioneers
remain to us— Sir Normand MacLaurin, Mr. li. H. B. Bradley,
and Mr. George Masters — though seventeen others who have not
maintained their membership are still happily alive. These
survivors are Sir Philip Sydney Jones, Sir J. R. Fairfax, Pro-
fessor Liversidge, Drs. Cox, Ramsay, and E. Chisholm, The Hon.
H. H. Kater, Messrs. T. Brown, J. Brazier, A. Dodds, J. J. R.
Gibson, H. A. Gilliat, W. H. Hargraves, C. W. Lloyd, F. Lark,
H. Makinson, and G. Osborne.

During last Session eight elections added to us six effective
Members, one Member resigned, and we mourn the decease of
another. This year death had almost passed us by, but turned
to snatch one of our younger brethren. Thomas Cahill Dwyer
entered the Training College in 1902, and won the Departmental
scholarship to the University, where he took his degree of
Bachelor of Science in December, 1905. Next year he was
appointed to the position of Resident Science Master in charge
of tiie Bathurst Technical College, a post he filled with credit
until failing health compelled liis I'etirement. After a long
illness he expired on August 23rd, 1909, at the early age of 30.
His removal from Sydney to Bathurst deprived him of the
opportunity of attending meetings, and so he was personally
known to but few of us. Those who enjoyed the privilege of his
acquaintance saw in him the promise, broken by his failing
lipalth, of scientific achievement.

After the above had gone to press, I heard with regret of the
unexpected death of our ex-Member, Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy, of
Honolulu, on Feb. 2nd of this year. He contributed to our Vol.
xxxiii., a valuable "Catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji." In a
previous article, Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Exper. Station, Ent.
Bull, iii., 1907, Introduction, he offered a sketch of the Austra-
lasian zoogeographical divisions from an Hemiptera standpoint.

* These Proceedings, xiv., p. 1300.

4: PRESIDENTS ADDRESS.

For tlie last year the output of work has been well maintainecL
As new recruits we welcomed Drs. J. B. Cleland and E. W.
Ferguson, Messrs. T. H. Johnston and A, F. B. Hull, whil&
veteran Members continued their work on Bacteriology, Botany,
Biochemistry, Comparative Anatomy, Conchology, Entomology,
various branches of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology. Their
writings advance Australian Science in these branches, and will,.
E trust, prove fruitful of further thought and deed.

Our Annual Volume, No. xxxiv., embodying these researches,,
was promptly completed and distributed. It contained about
eight hundred and fifty pages, and was illustrated by sixty-nine
plates. In bulk it equals the united annual product of other
Australian scientiBc societies, and we may, I think, without
conceit,regard it with satisfaction. The increasing demand
abroad for our publications is accepted as a token of apprecia-
tion from those qualified to express it. Recently the standard
of our volume has been visibly raised by the highly trained
specialists now engaged by the Society.

In discharge of the trust imposed on us by the Founder, and'
mindful of these words by President Stei)hens, " on satisfactory
proof being given to the Council that the holder has laboured'
during the preceding term with earnestness, perseverance and
success," Dr. Petrie, Mr. Goddard, and Mr. Cotton were approved
and re-appointed for the ensuing year as Linnean Macleay
Fellows.

Though Dr. Jensen retired from a Fellowship two years ago^,,
he has continued to enrich our Proceedings with geological infor-
mation obtained daring his term of office. It was a gratification
to his fellow Members to learn that the Syme Prize for the
encouragement of research work in natural science was last year
awarded to Dr. Jensen by the University of Melbourne.

During the past year the Macleay Bacteriologist has investi-
gated several problems connected with opsonic activity. The
opsonins are tho.se bodies, contained in the blood and body fluids,
which assist the white blood corpuscles or phagocytes to absorb
all microbes, including those which excite disease. They exist

president's address. 5

already formed in the body -fluids to a certain extent, and assist
in the maintenance of health. An increased quantity of opsonin
in the body may be produced hy the injection of dead bacteria
or by the consumption of yeast.

Since dead bacteria and yeast can increase the opsonic content
of the bluod, the question arises, are the opsonins produced
■directly from the bodies of these micro-organisms, or are they
formed indirectly in response to a stimulus given by their pro-
ducts of digestion 1 Experiment showed that they are not
formed directly, from which it follows that their products of
digestion stimulate the activity of some opsonin-producing organ.

It is a curious fact about the action of opsonins that by
diluting fresh blood serum we obtain an increase in its opsonic
activity. The reason was not known until investigations were
undertaken in the Society's laboratory. As a result of much
experimentation, it appears that the cause of the phenomenon
lies in the activity of the phagocytes. The salinity of normal
blood serum is too high for a maximum phagocytosis, and there-
fore by weakening the percentage of salt, the gradual dilution
brings the serum to a point at which the phagocytes can work
best. From this point a further dilution lessens both opsonic
content and phagocytic activity. Less important factors in con-
trolling the phenomena are the relative abundance of bacteria to
be ingested, the nature of the phagocytes, and the duration of
the period of contact between opsonised bacteria and phagocytes.

In the domain of economic bacteriology. Dr. Greiir-Smith
investigated the cause of the thickening of condensed milk. In
our climate it is not unusual to find that a thickening has taken
place during storage. When the tins are opened by the public,
the milk may be thick, lumpy, or like a stiff jelly. The cause of
this condition was traced to a micrococcus which apparently
•obtains access to the milk either during cooling or canning, and
slowly coiigulates the casein by secreting a rennet-like ferment.
The small quantity of air remaining in the tin probably assists
the growth of the bacterium. The microbe is easily killed, and
there appears to be no reason why greater care in the later stages

b PllESIDENTS ADDRESS.

of manufacture should not prevent the loss of thousands of tins
of milk.

Turning to the work of the Linnean Macleay Fellows, Dr.
Petrie during the past year has completed his research on the
amount of aiginin, histidin, and lysin in fowl's egg-white.
During the process of separation of these bases, determinations
of the quantity of nitrogen were made at each stage of the estima-
tion. The figures obtained will be of value in showing the parts
of the process of separation which require improvement.*

Since the conclusion of this research, Dr. Petrie has been
engaged on the application of the precipitin test to the
problem of the difi'erentiation of the vegetable species. The
valuable researches of Nuttall,! Graham-Smith and others have
shown that in the animal kingdom the relationships indicated by
the " biological method" are those which have been accepted on
the ground of morphological similarity. In the plant kingdom
it was thought that this method was unlikely to be useful as the
early experiments of Kowarskiij: suggested no considerable differ-
ence in the proteins of plants. Employing an antiserum pre-
pared against extracts of the seeds of Acacia pycnantlia, it has
been found that no reaction is given with the extracts of the
seeds of any plant outside the Natural Order of the Leguminosse,
to which Acacia pycnantha belongs. Within the group of the
Leguminosse, extracts of some seeds react with the antiserum^
while extracts of seeds of other species fail to react. The plants
which thus appear to be related to Acacia pycnaiitha according
to the biological method show so far no general morphological
similarity. It may be possible, if sufficient data be obtained, to
determine the value of morphological characters and to recognise
a natural grouping of plants.

The attention of Mr. E. J. Goddard, Linnean M acleay Fellow
in Zoology, has been devoted to the Hirudinea, Oligochaeta, and
Polyzoa. The results of his study have appeared in one article

* Chapman & Petrie, Journ. of Physiol., xxxix., 1909, p. 341.

t Xuttall, Blood Immunity and Relationship. Cambridge. 1904.

X Deutsch. med. Wochenschr, xxvii., 190'2, p. 448.

PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. i

on tlie Polyzoa and two on the Hirudinea. Two more parts on
the Hirudinea are completed and await publication, while three
more of the same series are far advanced and will be laid before
you shortly. In addition to enlarging the anatomical and sys-
tematic knowledge of the group, Mr. Goddard has found in tlieir
metamerism fresh clues to the phylogeny of these leeches. Indeed
the study of metamerism in his hands promises deductions which
reach far beyond the group which first suggested them.

The Australian fresh-water annulates are now appearing as a
rich fauna, and will afford new means for tlie solution of zoo-
geographical problems. Mr. Goddard's progress in these obscure
groups is watched with interest by our zoological members.

Mr. Leo A. Cotton, Linnean Macleay Fellow in Geology, has
now completed his first year's work. He has investigated the
tin deposits of a part of the New England District, his descrip-
tion of which appeared in the last Part of our Proceedings. In
that issue his obseivations in the field are presented, while his
conclusions on the genesis of the deposits are reserved until a
broader view shall have been obtained by a study of the whole
district. During his visit he took the opportunity to investigate
two interesting problems; one the Borah Creek ore deposits, and
the other the occurrence and origin of the diamond deposits of
Copeton. A description of the Borah Creek occurrence is now
almost finished, and an account of the diamond deposits at Cope-
ton is being prepared. Towards the end of last year, Mr. Cotton
paid a short visit to the Emmaville District in New England, and
intends to examine this area more closely in the near future.

On tiie 31st December last the total funds under the control
of our Society amounted to .£72,000. The amount to the credit
of the Fellowships (capital) account was £38,400, and the annual
income about .£1,500. At the present rate of interest earned,
the Society will be in a position about eight years hence to
appoint a fourth Linnean Macleay Fellow — provided, of course,
that there is in the meantime no sacrifice of income through
difficulty in obtaining suitable investments.

8 president's address.

Px'ofessor David entertained the Members and their friends in
the geological theatre of tlie University at a lecture on November
10th, 1909, on the Scientific Results of the British Antarctic
Expedition of 1908. A lavish display of maps, specimens, and
lantern slides, supported b}' brief addresses on special subjects
by Dr. Farr, Dr. Jensen, Dr. Woolnough, and Mr. Goddard,
provided an instructive and agreeable evening.

Our association with Antarctic research has been deepened
during the year by invitations accepted and fulfilled by several
of our Members to contribute to the volumes published by Sir
Ernest Shackleton on the Scientific Results of his Expedition.

As on the last Expedition several of our Members were
honoured by a place, so we learn with pride and pleasure that on
the next British Antarctic Expedition we shall be again repre-
sented, this time by our strenuous fellow Member, Mr. T.
Griffith Taylor.

The Eighth Intei'national Zoological Congress will meet at
Graz in Austria in August, 1910. The Committee have kindly
invited this Society to send delegates, but unfortunately our
distance from Enrope does not allow us to attend.

There is, however, a bright prospect that three years hence we
may welcome to Sydney the British Association for the Advance-
ment of Science. At the suggestion of the Melbourne University
Council, a deputation representing the Universities and learned
Societies of Australia waited on the Hon. the Prime Minister on
December 16th last. Our Corresponding Member, Prof. W.
Baldwin Spencer, kindly acted" for us on this occasion. The
deputation was sympathetically received, and it is hoped that the
Commonwealth, the States, and the citizens will unite in a
national invitation, so that the visit of the British Association
to Australia in 1913 maybe as successful as that to South Africa
in 1905 and that to Canada in 1909.

For the scientific portion of this Address, I have elected a
subject not hitherto discussed in our Proceedings, namely,

PRnSICKNTS ADUKKSS. 9

TnK SoiiMAKiNK 8r,oPE OF New South Walks.
(Plates i. ami ii.)
( I ) TJie y<)tiniecliau (J w rant.

First we discuss the cuirent, because without a knowledge of
it the continental shelf cannot be properly undeistood.

Past Sydney there flows south a warm and rapid current well
known to sailors and fishermen. In the days before steam it
sometimes happened that inward bound ships, if becalmed off the
Heads, might be carried out of sight before the wind permitted
them to regain their position. Now coasting steamers trading
north hug the laud to avoid the stream, while southward bound
vessels kee}» a good offing to benefit by the current in their
favour.

This great current is swung in and out by the on and offshore
winds, retarded and even superficially reversed or submerged by
southerly gales, and accelerated by northerly winds. I am
informed by Capt. W. A. Bennett, a local Government pilot,
that in exceptional circumstances, after the current has been
"banked up" for several days by heavy southerly gales, it may
attain a maximum velocity of four knots.

Neither its origin nor its conclusion has been satisfactorily
determined. Two recent maps* give contradictory views of its
course. It has been assumed, rather than proved, that tins
current is derived from the South Equatorial current, whose
path after encountering the Melanesian Islands is indefinite.
It is thought to vanish in the south of the Tasraan Sea. Wilkes
states tliat it frequently turns into Bass Strait, after which it is
lost in the sea to the west of Tasmania or mingles with the Polar
current. On the contrary, Hepworthf considered that this
current is deflected from the Australian coast, between the 31st

* Halligan, These Proceedings, xx<i. , PI. lii.; and Dannevig, Journ.
Hoy. Soc. N. S. Wales, xli., p. 43.

i" Hepwoith, Journ. Roy. Soc. N. S.Wales, xxxii., 1898, p. 122.

10 prksident's address.

and 35th parallels, first to the east and then to the north-east by
a current from the Indian Ocean passing through Bass Strait or
round the south of Tasmania.

Probably the current runs south until it passes beyond the
range of the north-easterly winds, whenever and wherever that may
be. It is then likely to cool, to slacken and to split into diverging
tongues, one of which may describe a spiral course in the Tasmaa
Sea; the others, after encountering the opposition of Antarctic
winds and currents, may finally plunge under the surface.
The " Venus " appears to have felt it off the south-east of
Tasmania on January 7th, 1839, in 45° 16' S. lat.* In con-
nection with the descending spiral, it is significant that " the
isotherms of 40°, 45°, and 55° are found at greater depths on the
New Zealand side" of the Tasman Sea than on the Australian.

It has been variously described as the Australian Current, the
East Australian Current, and the Coastal Current of New South
Wales. But as there are many Australian currents, a distinctive
name would be useful. So I propose the name Notonectian
(south swimming) to be applied to the stream running past the
coast of New South Wales, without reference to its earlier or
later history.

As the Gulf Stream influences western Europe, so does the
Notonectian control the meteorology of our coast. The enervating
climate of Sydney in midsummer is due to the warm moisture
absorbed by the sea breezes from the surface of the Notonectian
and immediately precipitated on the town.

Under favourable circumstances, animate or inanimate objects
might drift in a couple of weeks from the tropics to Sydney.
The attention of the Society has often been directed to tropical
products, messages from reef and palm, cast on beaches around
Sydney. In our Proceedings mention is made of pumice (xxx.,.
p.351), seeds of Aleurif.es{xx., p. 2 10), and of Barringtoniai\x.w.^
p. 542), NaiUilus shells(xviii., p.239), living Hawksbill turtles
(xxii., p.254), a sea snake(xiv., p.633), BoiieUia{xxxi., p. 462;, and

Du Petit-Thouars, V"oy. Venus, Histoire iii., 1S41, p. 437-8.

prp;sident's address. 11

rocillopora{xxiv.,TpTp 192, 413)clrifted from the north. Thedugongs
on which tlie Blacks of Botany Bay and the Macleay River once
feasted* had a similar origin. Tropical fish which journey down
the stream are cited by Waite.f Further south stranded
Nautilus shells were noticed at Twofold Bay by Dr. Cox,f and
at Flinders Island in Bass Strait by Dr. Milligan.§

The investigation of this current is the largest, most fruitful,
and fascinating problem within the reach of the Sydney marine
biologist.

Perhaps the first observation of the Notonectian was made by
Bass and Flinders on March 25th, 1796. They stood out to sea
from Port Jackson Heads, and when they steered back again
towards the land in the afternoon expected to fetch Cape Solander.
To their surprise they sighted Mt. Kembla instead, and realised
that a strong current had carried them some twenty miles beyond
their reckoning. ||

The day after leaving Sydney on his way to Cook Strait, New
Zealand, Capt. Dumont D'Urville of the "Astrolabe" found on
December 21, 1826, a current running to the south-east at the
rate of twenty -four miles in as many hours. ^

Commodore Wilkes of the American Exploring Expedition
traversed this current several times, his tender the " Peacock "
observing it seventy miles off the land. He found it variable in
breadth and strength, but running at certain seasons of the year
with great rapidity, reminding him of the Gulf Stream. On his
first arrival in Sydney in November, 1839, he found its tempera-
ture to be 73°, which on his return from the Antarctic in March,
1840, had risen to 75°.**

* Etheridge, Rec. Austr. Mas., vi., 1905, p. 17.
t Waite, Mem. Austr. Mus., iv., 1899, p. 16.

+ Cox, The Nautilus, xi., 1897, p.43.

§ Proc. Roy. Soc. V. D. Land, i., 1850, p. 292.

II Flinders, Voy. Terr. Austr., i., 1814, p.xcviii.

H D'Urville, Voy. Astrolabe, Histoire ii., 1830, p.4.

** Wilkes, Narrative U. S. Explor, Exped., 1845, ii., p. 362; iii., p.S/

p. 472.

12 president's address.

Sailing out of Sydney with the "Erebus" and "Terror," in
August, 1841, Sir James C. Ross was surprised to find the tem-
perature of the surface of the sea rise from 55° in the liarbour to
63° immediately outside the Heads. From subsequent observa-
tions he concluded that the breadth of the warm current running
to the southward at the rate of about twenty miles a day along
the coast of New South Wales does not much exceed three
hundred miles.*

We still owe the best description of the Notonectian to the
"Challenger" Expedition. In June, 1874, the survey directed
by Sir George Nares found the current in reduced circumstances.
After a continuance of westerly winds, it was developed as a
stream thirty miles broad running at an average rate of one and
a half miles an hour, its inner edge twenty miles from the land.
The temperature stood at 69° to 70'7°, whereas the ocean
traversed by the current was only 63°. In the previous April
the same expedition found the current in a more vigorous con-
dition running close in shoi'e with a higher temperature of 72*^.1

In an interesting study of local atmospheric conditions, Mr. H.
C. Dannevig has discussed this current in relation to the dispersal
of fish ova. From data collected by steamers running between
Sydney and New Zealand, he considered that the centre of the
warm current lies normally from a hundred to a hundred and
fifty miles east of Sydney. During stormy l)lows from the west,
the current is pushed bodily seawards, but in easterly weather
its western border brushes along the headlands. J

[2) The Continental Shelf.

The continental shelf may be defined as tliat area extending
outwards from the land to a depth of about one hundred fathoms.
This distinction is not arbitrary, for at or about this point the
sediment alters to finer and the slope of the sea-floor to steeper.

* Ross, Voy. Discovery Antarctic Regions, ii., 1847, p. 5.

t Chall, Report, Narrative, i., 188.5, p. 464.

+ Dannevig, Journ. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales, xli., 1907, p.4;i

PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. 13:

These features indicate the approaching limit of sediment.
Wherever the profile of the New South Wales coast be examined,
a terrace is found to project from the beach to the hundred-fatliom
line, whence the ground quickly changes to a steeper grade.
Compared with most other coasts, the continental shelf is here
exceptionally narrow, resembling in this respect that of Western
South America. Off Cape Dromedary the shelf contracts to a
dozen miles, and off Newcastle it broadens to thirty-four. This
narrowness of the shelf renders it impossible that extensive
trawling grounds may be discovered in the waters of our State,
The continental shelf of New South Wales is described and con-
trasted with that of Queensland by Dr. H. B. Guppy.*

Working across the shelf with dredge or trawl, the bottom
proves rough and rocky upon the shallower inshore half. Out-
side Sydney the projecting reefs are the favourite resort of the
schnapper, and their positions are known to the fishermen by
cross bearings. But in the outer portion the rocks disappear
and the bottom is found to be a smooth even floor of sand and
mud, a plain of sedimentation. Geologists have collected con-
vincing evidence of recent submergence of this coast. f So that
it is likely that the rough inshore part of the shelf within forty
or fifty fathoms I'epresents an old denuded land surface, including
perhaps the stumps of sea cliffs of a former coast-line. In Western
Europe river-beds have been traced into the Atlantic for a hundred
miles beyond their present estuaries. | Thus we might expect to
find submarine gorges crossing the Australian shelf in continua-
tion of present valleys. But I am unable to distinguish traces
of such among the soundings on the chart, and conclude that if
in existence they have been obliterated by sediment. There are
indeed some irregularities of the contour lines outside Port Jack-
son and Port Stephens, but these may result from the ebb tide
eddying from those harbours.

* H. B. Guppy, Journ. Vict. Inst, xxiii., 1890, p.59.
t David and Halligan, Journ. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales, xlii., 1908 (1909)^
p. 229.

X Hull, Trans. Victoria Institute, xxx., 1897 (1898), p. 311.

14 president's address.

It is now suggested that the continental shelf of this State
owes its profile lo the Notonectian current. A bank so regular
in depth and so extensive in length must be of recent geological
date. Otherwise diiferential crustai movements, lowering in one
place and hoisting in another, would have disturbed its unifor-
mity. It is again a fair infei'ence to deduce that, however it is
made, this bank is still in the making. Since recent depression
of the coast is an accepted fact, it has been deposited since the
last subsidence and an older or e\en a succession of shelves may
lie buried beneath the present one. The sudden angle of the
shelf seems to have suggested faulting to Mr. C. S. Wilkinson,
who wrote: "[At] a line about 20 miles east from the precipi-
tous coast . . . the bed of the ocean probably . . . has
been faulted to a depth of over 12,000 feet."*

On the Kosciusko Range, long wreaths of snow stretch along
the eastern mountain brow through the summer and after all
the rest of the winter's fall has melted away. The cause of this
snow wreath is the prevailing westerly wind which sweeps off
the winter's snow falling on the mountain top and drops it on
the sheltered slope where it packs in a talus to a great depth.
In such a manner I imagine that the current sweeps sediment
along the continental shelf till it is tipped over the edge into
quiet waters. A section of the bank thus formed is sliown in
the Ulladulla profile; the sedimentary deposit being separated
from its conjectured continental base by a white line.

Neither the irregularities of the land above nor of the base
beneath disturb the sweep of the 100-fathom line upon the
chart. But east and south of Newcastle and Broken Bajr,
whence issue the Hunter and Hawkesbury Rivers, the shelf
broadens considerably so that Sydney is past before the shelf
retreats to its ordinary breadth. Where the shelf is carried out
farther the talus slope beyond is correspondingly longer, just as
would be the case in a railway embankment carried along a
mountain side. Thus in the model of the coast off Sydney,

* Wilkinson, Notes on Geology of N. S. Wales, 1887, p. 70.

president's address. 15

(Plates i. and ii.) the northern wall being nearer to the
Hawkesbury carries tlie 100-fathom line five miles further sea-
ward than does the southern. Consequently a sharper angle, a
more abrupt fall occurs in the former than in the latter. All
these features of the shelf accord with the hypothesis that
its margin is built up by the current. In the shallower
-depths the rocks are swept bare of sediment : perhaps this
zone even suffers erosion; deeper, I suppose, that the stream
.sweeps detrital matter about till on reaching the edge it is
washed over into still water^ there to form a talus slope. From
this point of view the depth of the bank is an index to the
depth of the stream, namely, a hundred fathoms. Bej'ond the
shelf in the open sea, the current may run deeper still. As yet
the current has not been plumbed by hydrographers, if we
except the temperature section drawn by the Challenger Expe-
dition. Taking the isotherm of 65° as the current boundary,
tlieir diagram (opp. p. 467) carries it down to 70 fathoms.

From eighty to three hundred fathoms according to my
experience, and in four hundred fathoms according to the
" Challenger" observations, there extends a deposit of glauconite
sand and mud. On washing dredgings from those depths, the
water is suffused with a green cloud which is slow to settle. As
Dr. Flint remarks, this colouration must be due to extremely
minute and amorphous particles.* These deposits are character-
istic of steep and exposed coasts like ours, where no large rivers
pour out detrital matter. Probably the glauconite extends
vertically from a hundred to a thousand fathoms and horizontally
along the whole coast of New South Wales.

Messrs. Lee and Collet have traced out a complicated evolu-
tion for this curious marine mineral. Empty shells of foraraini-
fera fill with clay, the alumina of which is gradually replaced by
peroxide of iron, forming an internal cast. This change is
indicated by the colour passing from grey to various shades of
brown. Finally, glauconitisation ensues through the introduc-

Flint, Bull. 55, U.S. National Museum, 1905, p. 14.

16

PllESIDENTS ADDRESS.

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president's address. 17

tion of potassium, converting the whole to a hydrated potassic
ferric silicate, and the characteristic greenish hue is assumed.*

{3)The Continental Base.

In illustration of the slope below the shelf, here termed the
continental base, a profile is selected extending seventy! miles
east-south-east of UlladuUa, and produced backwards to include
the coast range. Your attention is first drawn to the insigni-
ficant proportions of a lofty hill upon tlie left, 2,-500 ft. high,
compared with the depths of the ocean abyss of more than three
vertical miles. As a more forcible illustration, the point is
mai'ked to where Mt. Cook, IS[.Z.(r2,359 ft.) would reach if it
could be torn from its roots and sunk in the Tasman Sea. Then
note the abrupt angle of the continental shelf already discussed.
Between sixteen and eighteen hundred fathoms, another irregu-
larity occurs in the curve, which is also repeated in the model of
the section off Sydney (Plates i. and ii.). This latter inflexion
possibly continues the curves shown in Professor David's
section across the Blue Mountains and Sydney coal field. | So
that the Ulladulla irregularity probably represents a subfold
rather than a fault or a drowned continental shelf.

Without excluding faulting as a minor agent, it is suggested
that the whole sweep of the diagram portrays an earth-fold of the
first magnitude; that it represents the further luall of a pressure-
trough driven hy a thrust from the east, a gigantic buckle which
is bending down the whole eastern coast of Australia. If so it
must be a component of a vast system. The uniform and recent
subsidence which extends from Torres Strait to Tasmania is in
harmony with this suggestion. For all Eastern Australia anil
Tasmania is to be regarded as a geographical unit. Absence
of earthquakes may indicate a temporary equilibrium, but if this

* CoUett & Lee, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, xxvi,, 1906, pp.238-278.

t Not fifty-five, as inadvertently stated on the diagram. Mt. Sidney of
the Admiralty charts is Talaterang of the Lands Department maps. Milton
Hill is the north end of Kingiman Range.

X David, Journ. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales, xxx., 1896, PI. ii.
o

18 president's address.

movement is renewed or continued, as seems probable, then it
may be the fate of the site of Sydney to sink under the sea.

Section across New Zealand, in the latitude of Mt. Cook.

Continuing the Ulladulla section eastwards across the Tasman
Sea, the ocean floor rises very gradually till the South Island of
New Zealand is reached. Mark how South New Zealand con-
forms in shape and motion to a westward rolling wave as in the
above diagram. Not only does the steep face front Australia,
the hogs-back slope behind and the crest advance before the
centre, but the forefoot sinks under the sea in drowned land
vallej'^s and the rear rises in elevated Tertiary plains.

Again, New Caledonia may be pictured as another earth- wave
of the first magnitude, rolling in upon the Australian continent.
Its south-west coast, bordered by the narrowest shelf and plung-
ing into deep water, represents the face, and the broad shelf
upon which the recently elevated Loyalty Islands stand, the rear.
Further north, the elevated reefs of British New Guinea are
contrasted with the subsidence of the Great Australian Barrier
Reef on the opposite coast. Professors Haddon, Sollas and Cole
"distinctly see in Australia and its islands " . . . "the vast
folds of the earth's crust roll slowly inwards upon the central
continental mass."*

This rolling wave of New Zealand is complementary to the
trough of the Tasman Sea, forced down against the resistance
of the continent. Thus the trough is distorted by the resistance
it has encountered from the I'egular zeta-curve of a trough
moving between rolling waves.

• Trans. Roy. Irish Academy, xxx., 1894 p.473.

president's addrkss. 19

While the subacrial crest is hacked by denudation, the sub-
■marine trough lies undisturbed. Had the upper limb remained
intact, it might have reared a noble arph eighteen thousand feet
high, the symmetrical counterpart of the three tliousand fathom
trough off TJIladuIla. It was considered by Rev. W. B. Clarke
that Australia and New Zealand were " separated by a synclinal
curve of the rock formations forming the sea channel between
them."* But an ordinary syncline would have its maximum
depth in the centie, not close to one side as it is in the Tasman
Sea.

For comparison with the pressure trough, we will glance at
another type of coast. The whole contour of the Great Austra-
lian Bight appears to be governed by the Jeffreys Deep, a linear
depression df three thousand fathoms, whose axis nearly corres-
ponds to the steamer track from Melbourne to Cape Leeuwin.
Bass Strait, it is now suggested, niay owe its origin to an
extension of this furrow. Recent surve3^s by Mr. H, C. Daunevig
on the Fisheries Investigation vessel, " Endeavour," show the
sea-floor in and east of the Bight to descend from the coast in a
flight of broad steps suggestive of block faulting. The western
shore of the Bight extends in a wall of cliffs, truncated Tertiary
beds, which may be held the topmost step, unless indeed the con-
centric mountain ranges of the interior be so regarded.

Below and beyond the continental shelf, the soundings off
Sydney exhibit great irregularity, which, it is now suggested,
may indicate a range of deep sea volcanic cones. From a study
of the basaltic dykes which intrude the Triassic strata around
Sydney, it appeared to Mr. G. A. Waterhouse that the radii of
one system would converge to a focus about a point twenty-three
miles east of Botany Heads. This focus is marked by a star
under the centre of the continental shelf on Plates i. and ii. The
radiation of these dykes has been thus plotted in the "Geological
Sketch Map of the country in the vicinity of Sydney," Mines
Department, 1903. Their occurrence shows a centre of great

•Clarke, Tians. Roy. Sec. N.S.W., ix., 1875, 1876, p 23.

20 president's addkess.

volcanic eneri(v to have existed thereabouts in Post-Tiiassic and
probably Tertiary times. *

No soundings are available about this focus of the Sydney
dykes. But further out to sea, viz., 46 miles east by south from
Bondi, the "Challenger" recorded a sounding (Station 164) of
960 fathoms. The position of this important .sounding was
accurately fixed by astronomical observations. Five miles south-
west by west of Station 164 she made another sounding (Station
164a) of 1,200 fathoms. This is supported by yet another
sounding, not of the "Challenger," of 1,100 fathoms, at a point
13 miles to the south-west of Station 164.

As a rule, eastwards the depth increases very rapidly, but in
this exceptional case a hill actually projects some 720 feet above
the level of a point several miles to the westward or shoreward
of it. And as it is improbable that the "Challenger" chanced
to strike on the exact summit of Station 164, the elevation of the
peak may be greater still.

Since "Challenger Station 164 " is an awkward and inexpres-
sive aiipellation, I propose, with the permission of the Society
and of Dr. Walter G. Woolnough, to name this submerged cone
Mount Woolnough, after our valued fellow member.

Bej'ond Mt. Woolnough the floor is covered with globigerina
ooze, and sinks down graduall}^ to the red mud abyssal plain.
No tract of the terrestrial surface extends in so level, so
monotonous an expanse as do these great abj^ssal plains. East
from Sydney the northern end of one of these plains is traversed
for about four hundred mile.s, after which the ground ri.ses in a
succession of undulations to New Zealand.

Prof. Milne writes, " the home of the earthquake is at the base
of the steep sub-oceanic slopes where most deformation is in
progress."! But our slopes have not troubled us much in this
respect, telling that for the present there is a cessation of pres-
sure movement.

* Morrison, Kec. Geol. Survey, N. S. Wales, vii., 1904, p. 201.
t Milne, Journ. Geogr. Soc. 1897, p. 135.

president's address. 21

The bottom temperature at 2,100 fathoms was found by the
*' Challenger " to be 34'5°. This probably indicates that a body
of cold and heavy water, two and a half degrees aljove freezing,
here creeps north from the Antarctic.

Looking backwards, I remind you that the Society now
celebrates its thirty-fifth anniversary, and that twenty-five of
such Meetings have been held in this Hall. During this exist-
ence we hope that not only have we advanced abstract science,
but that we have also done the State some service in economic
science. Looking forward, I conclude with the Presidential
Amen

Floreat Societas Linneana !

EXPLANATION OF PLATES I. -II.

Plate i.

Full face view of model of the submarine slope off Sydney from Deewhy on
the north to Cronulla on the south twenty-three miles, and extending east by
south for sixty-six miles down to two thousand one hundred fathoms. Above
is seen the entrance to Port Jackson on the right and to Botany Bay on the
left. Tlie cliffs of the coast are roughly expressed as a continuous wall
three hundred feet high. Below the cliffs the sea floor is steep and broken,
exposures of bare rock prevail. Beyond this again the rough bottom is
buried under a nearly level expanse of sand and mud. Here the contour
lines are emphasised to show bays opposite the harbour mouths and a cape
running out between them . The limit of the continental shelf is determined
by the steep slope reached after passing the hundred fathom line. On the
right the shelf is carried out further and ends on a more sudden fall than
on the left. This is associated with its proximity to the estuary of the
Hawkesbury. The focus of the Sydney dykes is marked by a star. Various
soundings on the Admiralty chart upon which the contours are calculated
are shown by beads at 290, 650, 960, 1100 and 1200 fathoms respectively.
The most important are the 960 and 1200 fathoms points on which Mount
Woolnough is modelled. About this horizon the boundaries swell in an
intermediate curve which may refer to other volcanoes, but is compared
with a similar subfold below Ulladulla. The slope below Mt. Woolnough
is gentler and continues beyond the area mapped. It is carpeted with
globigerina ooze.

L'2 president's address.

Plate ii.
Another view of the same model foreshortened and seen from a lower
plane to express the relation of the continental shelf to the continental
base. Here the disproportion of the vertical to the horizontal scale
exaggerates the steepness of the slope as seen in profile.

Mr. J. H. Campbell, Hon. Treasurer, presented the balance
sheet for the year 1909, duly signed by the Auditor, Mr. F. H.
Eaymeut, F.C.P.A., Incorporated Accountant; and he moved
that it be received and adopted, which was carried unanimously.
The h>ociety's income for the year ended December 31st, 1909,
was £985 18s. 9d.; the expenditure £1,065 lis. 6d.; with a
credit balance of £43 19s. 5d. from the previous year, leaving a
debit balance of £35 13s. 4d. The income of the Bacteriological
Department was £547 6s. 8d.; and the expenditure £532 6s. 7d.;
with a credit balance of £507 Os. 4d. from the previous year,
leaving a credit balance of £522 Os. 5d. Macleay Fellowships'
Account: the income was £1,490 13s. 6d.; and the expenditure
£1,101 15s.; leaving a credit balance of £388 18s. 6d. to be
carried to Capital Account.

No nomination of other Candidates having been received, the
President declared the following elections for the current Session
to have been duly made : —

President: C. Hedley, F.L.S.

Members of Council (to fill six vacancies) : R. H. Cambage,
r.L.S., J. H. Campbell, H. G. Chapman, M.D., B.S., T. Storie
Dixson, M.B., Ch.M., Alex. G, Hamilton, and Professor J. T.
Wilson, M.B., F.R.S.

Auditor : [To be appointed at a Special General Meeting to
be held on 3rd November, 1910.]

On the motion of Mr. W. S. Dun, seconded by Mr. J. E. Carne
a very cordial vote of thanks was accorded to the President, by
acclamation.

23

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27

ORDINARY MONTHLY MEETING.
Makch 30th, 1910.

Mr. C. Hedley, F.L.S., President, iti the Chair.

The Donations and Exchanges received since the previous
Monthly Meeting (November 24th, 1909), amounting to 62 Vols.,^
304 Parts or Nos., 87 Bulletins, 12 Reports and 85 Pamphlets,
received from 127 Societies, &c., and 4 Individuals, were laid
upon the table.

NOTES AND EXHIBITS,

Mr. David G. Stead exhibited three living examples of the
remarkable amphibious freshwater eel, Monopterus javanensis
i.,acepede, part of a large consignment which had been imported
into the State for consumption by Chinese residents, by whom
this species is considered to be a great delicacy.

Mr. Carter showed a pair of specimens representing a new
family of Coleoptera; tarsal formula 5-5-4, therefore, referable to
the Heteromera; inhabiting ants' nests; obtained by Mr. H.
Hacker in North Queensland.

Mr. Baker, on behalf of Dr. Cuthbert Hall, exhibited and
offered some observations on a seedling pot-plant of Encalyptxis
eximia with three cotyledons, the first foliage leaves, which are
peltate, forming a whorl of three, instead of a pair of opposite
leaves.

Mr. Fred. Turner exhibited, and offered some observations on,
Martynia fragrans Lindl., a Mexican plant that has recently
established itself in parts of the Narromine district, N.S.W.;
the two long incurved hooked beaks terminating the fruit cling
to any woolly or hairy substance, and pasture animals uncon-
sciously carry them long distances and distribute the seeds far
and wide. Stockowners regard this plant as a formidable new

28 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

weed pest. He had also received the fi'uit of M. prohoscidea
(ilox., for identification, from the Young district, N.S.W., about
two years ago.

Mr. T. H. Johnston showed an interesting-series of Australian
Entozoa, compri.sing — {\)Po7'ocephalns sp., a linguatulid parasitic
in the lung of the spinifex-snake {Diemenia psammophis var.
reticulata Krft.) taken by Dr. J. B. Cleland in the north-west of
West Australia : (2) Bothridium arcuatum Baird, a cestode
inhabiting the intestine of the diamond and carpet snakes
{Python spilotes Lacep., and var. variegata Gray); N.S.VV. : (3)
Cytodites nudths Viz., a small acarid taken from the mesentery
of a fowl (Cleland & Johnston; Sydney), not previously recorded
from Australia : (4) Sderostomum vulgare Looss, from the
intestine of horses in West Australia (J. B. Cleland), and N.S.
Wales (T.H.J.), not previously recognised from these States :
(5) Sclerostovium edentalum Looss, also from a horse; collected
b}^ J. B. Cleland in West Australia; not previously recorded
from that State. He also recorded the occurrence of the follow-
ing parasites which had not been recorded as occurring in the
States mentioned after each — (6) Spiroptera, sanguinolenta Rud.,
(N. S. Wales), apparently rare, occurring in tumours in the
stomach of the dog : (7) Dipylidhitn caninum Linn., in cats and
dogs(W. Australia; J. B. Cleland): (8) Ascaris Inmbricoides Linn.,
from man (South Australia; Queensland): {9) Asca^'is megaloce-
plialo Cloq., from horses(Queensland) : (10) Oxyiiris vermicularis
Linn., from children(Queensland; South Australia): (11) Tccnia
saginata Goeze, from human beings (Queensland; uncommon) :
12) 7\nnia crassicollis Rud., from cats(West Australia): (13)
Tfenia marginata Batsch, from dog8(West Australia).

29

THE SLIME OF THE HOUSEHOLD BATH-SPONGE.

By R. Greig Smith, D.Sc, Macleay Bacteriologist to the

Society.

Rhizohium limososjynngue, n.sp.

The sliaiing of household-sponges is a matter of common
observation, and it appears to be the general idea that it is
caused, in some way, by the soap used with the sponge. The
explanation thus given is probably traceable to the difficulty
experienced by the housekeeper in finding a more suitable
explanation. Doubtless the formation of a lime-soap scum on
water in basins and baths, induced the idea that a deposition of
a similar substance occurs in the pores of the sponge. Probably
the best means for removing the slime, without injuring the
substance of the sponge too much, is to immerse it in hot, sofi
water, as this causes the slime to swell. The sponge is then
squeezed in a cloth or towel, when the swollen slime oozes through
the cloth. A repetition of this procedure will probably remove all
the slime.

If one prepares and examines a stained film of the slime, one
sees it is crowded with long, more or less bent, rod-like forms;
and that the rods ai-e swollen irregularly, very often with partially
detached ends, characteristic of the Rhizobmm-ty^e of micro-
organism.

When the slime was smeared upon plates of saccharose-bean-
agar, the preparation of which has already been described,* a
number of colonies of slime-forming bacteria developed in the
course of a few days. The great majority of them were of the
Rhizobiurii-ty\)Q, and the slimes varied in consistency. The

* These Proceedings, 1906, p. 261

30 THK SLIME OF THE HOUSEHOLD BATH-SPONGE,

original colonies were by no means pure. Some contained Radio-
bacter, which grows best in combination with other l:)acteria.
■Others contained Sareinpe and short rods. A second smearing,
followed by the usual dilution-method of plating bacteria, enahled
pure cultures to be obtained. There were several kinds of
Rhizobia, some stouter some thinner, but all produced what
appeared to be a similar kind of slime. One of the organisms
was taken for further work. A bacterium forming a tough
slime was taken as a second microbe because it was probable
that this was the cause of the slime being so adhesive to the
sponge. The latter micro-organism appeared to lie midway
between Rhizobium and Bac. alatus Greig-Smith.

The two bacteria were smeared upon a synthetic agar-medium
containing phosphate and aspatagin in combination with various
sugars, etc., in order to see which sugar to use in preparing a
quantity of the slime. The tough slime-bacterium refused to
grow, while the other (Bac.ii.) produced luxuriant slimes from
saccharose, levulose, and dextrose, and no slime from lactose,
glycerin, dextrin, maltose or mannit. Another test was made,
using bean-extract as a basis, with the same result as far as the
loose slime-bacterium was concerned. The tough slime-bacterium
(Bac. i.) produced a luxuriant slime in the presence of saccharose,
levulose, glycerin, mannit and maltose, but failed to respond to
lactose and dextrin.

These slimes were used to prepare films for microscopical
observation. Both bacteria were Gram-negative and varied ver}'
much in size and shape, not only with regard to different sugars,
but even with each sugar; and, upon the same film, great varia-
tions were seen.

Witli Bacillus i., a smaller or larger oval shape predominated.
From glj'cerin, the cells were comparatively small and stained
deeply; from the other media, they stained diffusely. From
maltose and dextrose, types similar to Bac. alatus* with winged
xjapsules were common. Levulose and mannit favoured the

These Proceedings, 1905, p.570.

BY R. GREIG-SMITH.

31

formation of oval cells which remained attached, in groups of
three and four, as short chains, the individuals of which varied
in size; and sometimes the terminal pair were at right angles to
the others, thus producing a T- or Y-shape.

Bacillus ii. rarely exhibited the alatiis-iovm. The typical cell
was oval and stained terminally. Mixed with these were bent
rods staining irregularly and evidently containing two, three, or
four oval cells within a rod-shaped capsule. The exclamation-
mark (!) form was genei'ally seen, and in some films Y-forms were
noted. It was clearly of the Ehizohiutn-ty^e, while Bac. i. was
evidentl}^ allied.

The respective slimes were obtained in quantity by growing
Bac. i. on saccharose-bean-agar, and Bac. ii. on levulose-asparagin-
agar. From these slimes, gums were prepared according to the
method used in the preparation of other gums.* The slime
squeezed from the sponge was precipitated with alcohol, treated
with water, and made to yield its gum in the same fashion. All
the gums were tested with various reagents with the following
results.

Sponge gum.

Bac. i. gum.

Bac. ii. gum.

Alcohol

+
+
+

X
X

+
0

+

X

+
0
0

0

?

0
0

+
+
+

X
X

+
0

+

X

+
0
0
0
?

6

0

Basic lead acetate

4-

Ammoniacal lead acetate

+

Neutral lead acetate

Barium hydrate

^

Ferric chloride

-L.

Copper sulphate

CuSO^idil.) followed by KOH

Phosphotungstie acid

0

+

Fehling's solution

4-

Milk of lime

Silver nitrate

Iodine

0

V
{)

Tannic acid

9

Sulphuric acid

0

Sodium hydrate

0

+ ^-coagulation; x =a precipitate; ? = opalescence; 0=no reaction.

These Proceedings, 1906, p. 268.

32 THE SLIME OF THE HOUSEHOLD BATH-SPONGE,

These guins are similar to one another, and are probably
identical. They are somewhat similar to the gum obtained from
Rhizobium legtominosarum, excepting in one or two reactions, as,
for example, Fehling's solution, with which the Rhizobium- gum
does not coagulate. Otherwise Rhizobium-gwm forms a jelly,
while these sponge-gums form mucilages.

The bacterial gums were completely hydrolysed by boiling with
5% sulphuric acid, during which process furfural was evolved.
Before and after hydrolysis, the gum of Bac. ii., which had been
grown from levulose, was dextrorotatory. The solutions of the
sugars, obtained after neutralising the sulphuric acid with barium
carbonate and evaporating the filtrate to small bulk, were treated
with phenylhydrazine-acetic acid mixture, and the impure
osazones filtered oflf.

These were purified by the method already described,* and
found to consist of galactosazone. No other osazone could be
detected, although crystalline osazone-like bodies with indefinite
melting points (140° to 155°) were obtained. I have previous!}'
suggested that these are probably derived from the furfuroid or
similar bodies. Upon oxidation with nitric acid the gums
3'ielded a mixture of oxalic and mucic acids. Thus the gums
were galactans.

Bac. No. i. formed a dry, rough, scaly, glistening growth on
nutrient agar. In bouillon it grew scantily, chiefly as a surface
ring, and the fluid remained clear; nitrates were reduced to
nitrites and indol was formed. Litmus-milk was bleached, and
the casein slowly peptonised, the reaction becoming alkaline,
especially at the surface, where the dried casein appeared as a
broad, deep blue ring. In glucose-gelatin, the growth was trans-
lucent and rough, the medium becoming slowly liquefied; the
colonies were translucent and moruloid. In nutrient gelatin,
the growth was similar, but there was no liquefaction. On
potato there formed a transparent, flat, glistening growth which

* These Proceedings, 1902, p. .394, and 1903, p. 546.

BY U. GREIG-SMITH. 33

became brownish. In Lemco-broth, with various sugars, the
bacteria formed surface-rings, but there was no production of
acid.

Bacillus No. ii. {Rhizohuim limosospongiae, n.sp.) formed, oii
nutrient agar, a very scanty, slowly growing collectioa of isolated
colonies, which slowly fused as a translucent, glistening, raised
growth. The cells were entirely of the bacteroid type, as found
in the tubercles of certain Leguminosse. The growths in bouillon
were scanty, nitrates were reduced to nitrites, and indol was
formed. Litmus-milk became alkaline. The bacterium would
not grow on gelatin, either glucose or nutrient. On potato, the
growth was dull white, flat, and scanty. In Lemco-bouillon con-
taining saccharose, dextrose, levulose, lactose, mannit or glycerin,
surface-rings were formed, but there was no production of acid.
No motility was ever observed.

While the bacteria are capable of producing slime upon the
surface of certain nutritive agar media, they are apparently
incapable of doing so when immersed in fluid. This was shown
in an experiment in which the bacteria were grown, for three
weeks, in a faintly acid solution containing asparagin(0 06 %),
sodium pliosphate(0-2 %), and levulose or dextrose(2 %). This
nutrient fluid favoured the formation of branched forms of
hhizohhim leguminosarum, but did not do so with these two
bacteria. In the fluids, which were a centimetre deep, no slime
was produced; and a similar absence of slime was noted in the
cultures in Lemco-bouillon with various carbonaceous nutrients.

The condition, as regards the supply of oxygen, will be very

much the same upon the surface of a damp sponge, as upon the

surface of agar, while the nutrients are quite difi'erent. The

question, therefore, arises, from what substance is the slime

elaborated in the sponge "? The solids of the water will supply

the necessary saline matter, and it is conceivable that the traces

of nitrogenous matter derived from the skin may be the source

of the carbon. It may be the soap, but one does not expect that

a sodium fatty acid salt would do this. In experiments with

fluid and solid (agar) uifdia containing asparagin and soap, no
3

L I 8 R A R yX

34 THE SLIME OF THE HOUSEHOLD BA'JH-SPONGE,

slime was obtained. Soap* is, therefore, out of the question as
a source of slime.

The most feasible explanation is, that the substance of the
sponge serves as a source both of carhou and of nitrogen. It
consists chiefly of spongin, a proteid which contains 16 % of
nitrogen. This is the more pi'obable as the texture of a sponge,
which has been attacked, is appreciably softer after the slime has
been removed.

The activity of the bacteria in ))roducing slime from sponge-
substance, was tested by using four sponges, one of which was
infected with an emulsion of Bac. i., another with Bac. ii., and a
third with a mixture of both, while a fourth was reserved as a
control. All were kept moist in covered beakers at 27°. In
17 days the sponge infected with Bac. ii. was a sodden, slimy
mass, and had shrunken considerably. The control was
unaffected, while the others were slightly slimy. The behaviour
of the sponge with the mixture of bacteria, was explained by its
having had a slight infection, the remains of what had not
been soaked up by the first sponge. Subsequently it became much
more slim}^ Although the experimental sponge had been
reduced in size and elasticity, there was no apparent change in
the microscopical appearance of the network; the only difl:erence
noted between the infected and the control sponges was that, in
the former, masses of bacteria-containing slime filled up the
spaces of the sponge. The slime from the sponge contained
trreat numbers of rod-forms, of various dimensions, ;ind stainin^^

^ If a slimy sponge is rubbed with soap, Mjueezed, and rubbed up again
and again, one can obtain a condition in which the sHme appears to have
been removed, and the sponge behaves?, to soapy water, as if no slime were
in it. The slime, however, has not been removed; it has simply been
coagulated, and the sponge will regain its slimy consistence on removal of
the soap with changes of fresh, soft water. A sponge which is slightly
slimy in hard water, becomes very slimy when soft water is used. These
facts show that the slime is coa,gulated by soap, and by various salts. The
same thing was noted when fragments of slime were inserted in nutrient
bouillon; they did not swell and diffuse, but appeared to become coagulated,
and remained in the medium as lumps of slime.

Jiy l{. GREHi-SMIlH. 35

irregularly, like the original bacteria used for infecting. Others
appeared as short, oval bacteria contained in a long, sometimes
lihick, sometimes thin, cylindrical capsule, the who]e resembling
a Htreptococcus. Plate-cultivation showed a mixed culture of
bacteiia, some producing no slime, and others forming raised,
compact colonies of the irregularly staining rods imbedded in a
tough slime. Tliese were similar to the infecting bacteria,
although the slime was tougher.

It was evident that the growth upon the sponge had altered
the character of the bacillus, to the extent of causing it to pro-
duce a more viscous slime. Further examination showed that
the growth-characters had also altered. The growths upon
media were much more vigorous. It now grew upon glucose
and nutrient gelatin as a dull, rough layer, slowly liquefying
the ni'idium. In litmus-Lemco-gelatin with various sugars, acid
and gas were produced from dextrose,, saccharose, and mannit,
while lactose was unaffected. A dry, yellowish layer formed on
potato.

Sriminary. — The sliminess of the household-sponge is caused
by slime-forming bacteria, one of which, Rkizohium limosospouf/ice
n.sp., has been shown to be an active agent in producing the
phenomenon.

36

THE BACTERIAL FLORA OF RACIirTIC ST00L8.

By R. Greig-Smitk, D.Sc, INL^clkay Bactkriologist to the

Society.

Rachitis appears to l:»e intimately associated with a disturbed
conilitioii of the normal digestive powers of the child, and is ia
all probability caused by badly balanced or insufficient feeding.
Findlay, however, traces it to a lack of exercise such as can be
brought about experimentally by confinement, and his experi-
ments are certainly very convincing. But possibly the lack of
exercise brings about a digestive disturbance, especially if it is
accompanied by improper feeding, and undoubtedly some of the
symptoms, e.g., abdominal distension, constipation, offensive
motions, point to intestinal disturbance.

Tiiis being the case, it seemed to be possible that a bacteiio-
logical examination of the stools of children suffering from the
malndy might show some common bacterial condition, and with
tills idea a few specimens of dejecta were examined. The samples
were not so numerous as could have been wished for the end in
view, but Rachitis is not a common disease in Australia, and a
greater number could not be obtained. Still enough was done
to give an indication of the natui*e of the bacteria generally
found.

The specimens of the stools'''' were received in sterilised bottles,.
to the wooden corks of which an iron spoon was attached. Upon
its arrival at the laboratory, the sample was thoroughly mixed-
and a gram of material was rubbed up in a sterile glass mortar
with 99c.c. of sterile water. One c.c. of this was mixed with
99 c.c. of sterile water( = suspension i.). Two c.c. of this suspen-
sion were mixed with 98 c.c. of sterile water ( = suspension ii.).
Plates of media were prepared, and, after the agar had set, a
diagonal was drawn across the bottom of the Petri dish with a
glass pencil. A large loop of stout platinum-iridium wire (internal
diameter of loop = 45 mm., was dipped in suspension i., and
smeai^ed over half of the plate. The loop was then pushed over

* For the specunens of ihachitic stools and for the notes upon the cases-
Jam indebted to Dr. Stoiie Dixson.

BY U. GREIG-SMITFI. 37

the diagonal and the second half smeared. Thus a thick and a
thin seeding were obtained. A second plate was siuiilarh' treated
with suspension ii. The surface moisture was then evaporated
by exposing the uncovered Petri dishes in the incubator at 37*
for half-an-hour, after which the plates were covered, inverted
and allowed to incubate for from 1 to 3 days, the longer time
being necessary for the growth of the streptococci.

The media employed were iNIacConkey's lactose bile salt
iieutral-red agar, Endo's fuchsiu agar, lactose agar or nutrient
agar, with the addition of either 01 c.c. of normal lactic acid or
05c.c. of 10% sodium carbonate per 10 c.c. nutrient agar,
nutrient gelatine and glucose agar for anaerobic cultivation.

Anaerobic cultivation did not assist in isolating oreranisnis
other than those which were capable of growing aerohically.
The anaerobic glucose-agar plates favoured a growth of
streptococci, but these were also favoured by the aerobic-acid
and especially the alkaline media. Bac. sporogenes enteritidis
was specially sought for, but was never found. Deep tubes of
glucose-agar inculcated anaerobicall}' did not reveal microbes
other than those obtained aerobicall}' upon plates, and the
method was rather troublesome on account of tlie formation of
gas bubbles and an exudation of bouillon.

The colonies that developed upon the plates were examined,
and probable races and species were picked out and stroked
upon agar and gelatin. The condensed water of the agar
cultures was examined for the motility of the organisms, and
these tests, together with the morphological appearances and
reaction to the Gram stain, enabled the bacteria to be thinned
-down to a few possible kinds. These were purified by plating
on gelatin, and presumably pure colonies were picked out and
stroked on agar. From these cultures, Lemco-gelatin with
various sugars, etc., litmus-milk, nitrate bouillon, etc., were
infected. The non-motile organisms were frequently tested for
motility.

It is possible, by pursuing certain methods of enrichment, to
obtain fioni stools a very varied flora containing perhaps Bac.
hifidiis, or one of the bacteria grouped under the name Bac.

38

THP; BACTERIAL FLOllA OF HACIIITIO STOOLS,

acidophilus; and although it is not claimed that the analysis of
the bacterial flora of the stools, as given in this paper, gives a
true indication of all the kinds of bacteria present, yet they are
more representative than the enumeration of a number of
bacteria originally present in infinitesimal proportions and
isolated after enrichment in special fluid media. Preliminary
experiment had shown that the growths on MacConkey's and'
Endo's agar were very similar to that obtained on nutrient agar
or gelatin, while the special media enabled a count to Ije more
easily made. The comparison between the media will be seen
under D.S. (p. 42).

Another thing that was brought out in some preliminaiy
experiments was, that, to have any clear idea of the flora of the
stools, it woidd be necessary to count the various colonies upon
the plates. It appeared to bs useless to indicate the kinds of
bacteria isolat»d without at the same time indicating the relative
proportions in which tliey occurred.

Faecal Bacteria of the coli-ty^e,
positive to indol and nitrite tests, negative to Gram, gelatine not liquefied.

No.

o

Gelatin
growth.

•

Dextrose.

Mannit.

Lactose.

Milk.

Saccha-
rose.

^

Acid

Gas

Acid

Gas

Acid

Gas

Acid

Clot

Acid

Gas

B,

X

flat

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

B.
B.

X
X

raised
flat

x

X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

Bi

z

raised
fiat

\

X

X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

X

X

X
X

X
X

X
X

B,,
B^

X

raised
flat

X

X

X
X

X

X

X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

X

X

B«

flat

—

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

,

—

ih,

flat

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

—

—

B,o

—

raised

\

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

—

—

Bxj

X

raised
flat

—

X
X

X

X
X

X

X

X

X

X
X

X

X

X

X

Bit

-^

flat
flat

X

X

X
X

X

X
X

X

X

—

X

X

X

B,n

—

raised

X

X

X

X

X

—

—

—

—

—

—

Bifi

X

raised

X

-^

X

X

X

—

—

— -

—

—

—

Bi,

\

flat

X

X

X

X

X

— ■

—

—

—

—

—

B,.

—

flat

—

X

—

X

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Bj.,

X

Ihit

X

X

X

~

—

X

X

X Positive.

— Negative reaction.

HY R. GRElG-SillTH.

39

Races of Enterococcus,

Growth

on agar

and gelatin.

X
X
X

Acid from

Milk clot.

6

13
I

No.

■X.

X
X
X

<4J

m

g
3

o

c3

CO

Lactose.

i

,x

X

X

Str. i.
Str. ii.
Str. iii.

scanty,
scanty,
scanty.

X

X
X

X

X

X
X
X

X
X

—

X
X
X

X

X Positive. — Negative reaction.

The pliysiological characters of the bacteria which have no
action upon gelatine, wliich are negative to the Gram stain,
vvliich reduce nitrate to nitrite, and which form indol in peptone
salt solution, differ so gradually from one anotlier that it appears
probable that they have been derived from a common type or
ancestor, and have become altered by various conditions of
environment. It appears to be simply a question of research to
obtain all giaduations from an absolutely positive to an abso-
lutely negative race. It is therefore difficult to fix a race to any
one name. The absolutely positive races are undoubtedly Bac.
coli communis, but the absence of any one, or even more than
one positive character, is not sufficient to differentiate the race,
for the character may be only temporarily lost. Some work
which is in progress upon the permanency of these race-
characters shows that this is the case. One of the typical
characters of a bacterium is its motility, but an absence of
motility may have been noted in a faulty medium or at a wrong
time. For example, B^^ was non-motile at first, but after culti-
vation for some weeks in the laboratory, it became actively
motile. It therefore appears to be a mistake to include a race
under the name Bac. coli immobilis. The regeneration of the
one chaT:acter in the case of B indicates that, under favourable
circumstances, other negative characters may become positive.

40 THE BACTKRIAL FLORA OF RACHITIC STOOLS.

For this reason, the races in the table have been classified as
follows — Bj to Bg, Bac. coli communis; B- to B^j, atypical
coli; and B12 to Bj,,, indeterminate.

Tlie streptococci fell into three groups, called Str.i., ii., and iii.,
all probably races of the same organism. No.i. is of the salivary
type, inasmuch as it ferments (i.e., produces acid from) saccha-
rose but not from mannit. No.ii. is Sir. acidi laclici, which,
according to Sittlei,* is identical with the Enterococcus .so
frequently mentioned by writers upon the flora of infants' stools.

The following are the analyses of the stools, the numbers of
bacteria being expressed in percentages. The notes are by Dr.
Storie Dixson (Infants' Hospital) : —

A. J., aged 12 weeks. Incipient Rickets.

MacConkey's medium ... Bg, 100

Endo's medium ... ... B.^, 20; Str. i. and ii., 80

Acid agar ... ... ... Bg, 95; Micr. candidns, 5

Alkaline agar ... ... ) „, .. ,,.^

® . ) &tr. 11., 100

Glucose-agar (anaerobic) ... j

Acidit}' of stool ... ... 1 grm. =0.6 c.c. y^ acid

Typical bacterium = line, coli communis.
Typical streptococcus = Str. ii.

Notes. — Outpatient, incipient rickets, only came once. 11/8/09.

H.M., aged 1 year and 8 months. Convalescent from acute
Rickets.

MacConkey's medium ... 1

Endo's medium ... ... B.^lOO

Acid agar .. .. ... )

Alkaline agar ... ... ) ^i. ••• i aa

° Stf. Ill, 100

Glucose-agar (anaerobic) ... !

Acidity of stool ... ... 1 gr, n. = 1-5 c.c. j-^ acid (very

jicid witli strong fjecal .smell)

*C:entrl. fiir Bakt. Orig. 47. 16.

BY K. GKEIG-SMITH. 41

Typical liacterium = Bac. coli communis.
Typical streptococcus = Str. iii.

Notes. — Outpatient, came for treatment on 6/5/09, very characteristic
■shape of head, severe vomiting and diarrhoea, motion sent 19/8/09. At 17
months of age anterior fontanelle was over ^ inch wide at widest part.

L.S., aged 11 months.

MacConkey's ruedium ... B,. 100

Etido's medium ... ... B^. .30; B^g 5; Str. iii., 6-5

Acid lactcse-agai- ... ... Bg 1.5; Str. iii., 85

Alkaline a^ar

> Str. iii.,

100

Glucose-agar (anaerobic)

A';idity of stool ... ... 1 grin. = 0 1 c.c. ^^^ acid

Typical bacterium = Bac. coli communis (immobilis).
Typical streptococcus = Str. iii.

Notes— Inpatient, 'admitted 26/7/09, motion sent 19/10/09. Indications
of rickets only slight.

V. B., aged 1 year and 8 months. Convalescent from sliglit
Rickets.

MacConkey's medium ... B^^ 90; B^^^ 10

Eiido's medium B^g, 19; Bi ^^ 1; Str. i., 80

Acid lactose-agar ... ... B^^ 20; Str. i., 80

Alkaline glucose-agar ... Str. i., 100

Aciility of stool ... ... lgrm.:=0 3cc. y^ acid

Typical bacterium^ indeterminate.
Tj'^pical streptococcus=;Str. i.

Notes : -Inpatient admitted 23/3/09, motion sent 19/10/09. Symptoms
of rickets only slight.

31. E., aged 1 year and 2 months. Convalescent from acute
Rickets.

MacConkey's medium ... B- 100

Endo's medium ... ... B- 88; Str. i., 12

Acid lactose-agar ... ... B^ 100

Alkaline agar ... ) ^, . , ^^

<jrlucose agar (anaerobic) j

42

THE BACTERIAL FLORA OF RACHITIC STOOLS,

Acidity of stool ... ... i grm. ^0'4 c.c. ~ acid

Typical bacterium=atypical coll..
Typical streptococcusr=Str. i.

NoTE.s: — Outpatient, first treated 23/3/09, severe rickets, motion sent
18/8/09, by wliich time the severe sweats, pallor and diarrhoea had long dis-
appeared. Though now 14 months old, was only beginning to cut its teeth
(six appearing almost simultaneously). A brother, 4 years of age, had a
very characteristic form of head, and the other children of a family of
six had all died early in life.

D. 8., aged 9 months. Pronounced Rickets.
MacConkey's medium ... B^ 70; B^g 30
Endo's medium ... ... Bj 85;By^ 12; Bac. vulgaris, 3

Acid lactose-agar ... ... B^q 86; B^ 14

Nutrient agar Bi,,^ 28; B- 12; Str. iii., GO

Alkaline lactose agar ... Str. ii., 25; Str. iii., 75
Glucose-agar (anaerobic) ... B^,, 30; Bac. vulgaris, 5; Str.ii.jGS-
Acidity of stool ... ... 1 grm.^0-3 c.c. ~ acid

Typical bacterium=indeterminate : coli ( immohilis ) : : 3 : 2
Typical streptococcus:=Str. iii.

D.S. : tliree days later.

MacConkey's medium ... B,;;_100

Endo's medium B^.-QS; B^^^ 2

Acid lactose-agar ... ... B^., 50; Str. iii, 50

Nutrient agar ... ... Bj., 94, Str. iii., 6

Alkaline lactose-agar ... B^.^ 50; Str. ii., 50
Nutrient gelatin ... ... Bj;. 100

Enriclied in glucose-bile salt bouillon (anaerobic) then
Endo's medium ... ... B^ 50; B^,, 50

Nutrient agar ... ... Bj 98; B-^ 2

Acidity of stool ... ... 1 grm.=0-4 c.c. ^-^ acid

'J'ypical bacterium =indeterminate.
Typical streptococcus=Str. iii.

Notes -.-Inpatient, admitted 30/8/09, motions sent 1/9/09 and 4/9/09.
Very characteristically shaped head, motions brown and relaxed, but though
these rapidly lost their relaxed nature, they remained browner than usual
in infants.

BY R. GREIG-SMITH. 4.?

This is the only case where very pronounced rickets was present when
the motion was sent and the patient only just beginning to be treated.

All the above infants had the characteristic head, and though two were
only mild cases, the others had been fairly severe.

The bacterial flora uf tliese stools is varied, but the relative
preponderance of Bac. coll, communis in some of the stools, and
especially in the case of the infant of twelve weeks (A.J.), raised
the suspicion that a coZi-intoxication may have some influence
otie wa}' or another, either in establishing or accelerating the
disease. The examination, howev'er, of stools from healthy
children showed that this was not the case, as in these, the races
of the co/t-group were well represented.

The analyses of the stools of a few healthy children are as
follows : —

P.H., aged 15 months.

MacConkeys medium ... Bg, 95; Bi-,5

Endo's medium Bg, 90; B5, 5; B^,, "j

Acid lactose-agar ... ... B5, 100

Alkaline lactose-agar ... No growth

Nutriejit agar B-, 100

Acidity of stool ... ... 1 grm. ^neutral

Typical bacteria m=;5ac. coll communis (immobllis).
Typical streptococcus=none.

A. T., aged 10 months.

MacConkey's medium ... B^,* 100

Endo's medium B^, 50; B^q, 50

Acid lactose-agar ... ... Bj^, 63; B^^, 7; 8tr. ii., 30

Alkaline lactose-agar ... Str. ii., 100

Nutrient agar B^q, 40; Str. ii., 60

Acidity ... Neutral

Jypical bacterium;^ Z>ac. coll comimmis.
Typical streptococcus^Str. ii.

*It is evident that B^ was indistinguishable from B^^, on MacConkey's
medium and nutrient agar, both of which probably contained a mixture of
the two races. This mixture is shown on Endo's medium.

B,, 100

44 THK BACTERIAL FLOKA OF RACHITIC STOOLS,

A.W., aged 14 months.
MacConkey's medium
Endo's medium
Acid lactose-agar ...
Nutrient agar
Alkaline lactose-agar ... White sarcina, 100
Acidity ... ... ... Neutral

Ty|)ical bacterium=atypical coli : Bac. colt conmmuis : : 5 : 3
Typical streptocoocus=none.

S.B., aged 5 mouths.

MacConkey's medium ... B,., 98; B^, 2

Endo's medium Bg, 100

Acid lactose-agar ... ... B^, 98; B^, 2

Alkaline lactose agar ... No growth
Nutrient agar ... ... B^, 100

Acidity ... ... ... 1 grui.=04 c.c. j~ acid

Typical bacterium = Z?ac. coli coinmunis {immohilis).
Typical streptococcus=noiie.

The analyses show that the flora of the dejecta of normal
children is very much the same as that of tlie children affected
with rickets, so far as the bacteria of the co^i-group are concerned.
But there is a difference in the comparative absence of the
streptococci.

These were rather conspicuous in the stools of the cases of
rickets, growing even on Endo's medium, and thus in the analyses
they were prominently brought before one. Such was not the
case with the normal children, and indeed it is with regard to the
streptococci that an}' difference can be found between the dl.5-
eased and the healthy condition.

According to Tissier,* ths Eaterococcus, the chief strepto-
coccus of the rachitic stools, can withstand an acidity of from 2
to 2'45, while Bac. coli succumbs when 1-73 is reached. From this
we infer that it is capable of producing a relatively greater

' Annales de I'lnstitut Pasteur 19, 109.

BY K. GKElG-SMlTll. 45

amount of acid. In the duodenum and upper partsi of the
intestine of normal children the contents are slightly acid and
contain coccal forms almost to the exclusion of the rod forms.
Further and further down the tract, the hacilli become more and
more evident until, in the rectum, the cocci are comparatively
rare and the rod forms predominate (Tissier). This is rather
important, and is in agreement with the bacteriological analyses
of the healthy stools, in the majority of which no streptococci
were found. The fact that streptococci are more in evidence in
the stools of rachitic children shows that they persist for a
greater distance down the tract and that they are in relatively
theater numbers all along the canal. Their greater numbers
indicate a more acid condition of the intestinal contents, but it
is difficult to say whether they are the cause or the effect. Pro-
bably a vicious cycle has been set up.

The rod bacteria thrive well upon sugar-free media, such as
nutrient agar, w^hile the streptococci grow better upon saccharine
media, and form verj' scanty growths in media devoid of sugar.
This appears to show that in cases of rickets in which strepto-
cocci predominate, the sugar derived from the food is in e.Kcess,
and the proteid is deficient in the intestinal contents. This is in
agreement with the experience of medical practitioneis who, in
treating cases of rickets, pre.scribe an alteration of the diet,
increasing the proteids and the fat, and diminishing the carbo-
hydrates. The effect of the increased proteid would be to
increase the relative number of the co^i-bacteria, while the
diminution of the carbohydrate would further accentuate the
difference by decreasing the streptococci. The increased fat
woidd supply the necessary energy and heat, and at the same
time offer a less favourable pabulum for the growth of the
streptococci.

The case in favour of the streptococci being associated with
the disease is not, however, absolutely clear. Their occurrence
in the convalescent cases may weaken the argument. It is true
that in two of the stools they were of the salivary type, but the
third contained Str. iii., which was the typical race in the instance

46 THE BACTERIAL FLOHA OF RACHITIC STOOLS.

of pronounced I'ickets. There is also the occurrence of Str. ii. in
one of the normal stools.

It is probable that, as in all other biological phenomena, we
must take into account the idios3'ncrasy of the individual, some
being able to tolerate a relative excess of streptococci while
others cannot.

On the whole, there is some reason for believing that the
occurrence of a preponderance of streptococci in the stools of
rachitic children is associated with the disease.

47

WEDNESDAY, APRIL 27th, 1910.

The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Society was held in
the Linnean Hall, Ithaca Road, Elizabeth Bay, on Wednesday
evening, April 27th, 1909.

Mr. C. Hedle}^ F.L.S., President, in the Chair.

Mr. A. S. Le Souef, C.M.Z.S., &.c., Zoological Gardens,
Sydney, and Dr. Robert Henry Pulleine, Adelaide, S.A., were
•elected Ordinary Members of the Society.

In taking farewell of Mr. E. J. Goddard, B.A., B.Sc, on his
retirement from a Linnean Macleay Fellowship, to fill the position
of Professor of Zoology and Geology at Victoria College, Stellen-
bosch, South Africa, the President, on the Society's behalf,
tendered to Mr. Goddard heart}' congratulations on his appoint-
ment, and all good wishes for his success in his new sphere
of work. As Mr. Goddard iioped to continue and extend his
work on freshwater Annnlates, he would still be glad to be
supplied with Australian specimens.

The President offered the Societj^'s congratulations to Dr. H.
G. Chapman, to whom the Syme Prize for 1910, for the encour-
agement of Research Work in Natural Science, had recently
been awarded by the University of Melbourne.

The President made reference to the recent death of Mr. F. W.
Petterd, of Launceston, a Member of the Society, and also a
member of the Chevert Expedition to New Guinea, in 1875.

The Donations and Exchanges received since the previous
Monthly jNteeting, amounting to 20 Vols., 58 Parts or Nos., 33
Bulletins, I Report and 18 Pamphlets, 1 Map, received from 50
Societies, ifec, and 2 Individuals, were laid upon the table.

48

NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

Mr. Cheel showed fruits of tomato {Li/cope7-sicum esculentiim)^
infested with the Sleeping Disease {Fusarium lycopersici Sacc),
found at Penshurst. Cases of this disease were previously found at
Gosford in December, 1899, by Mr. Froggatt, and afterwards by
the late Mr. A. Grant among plants growing in the Botanic
Gardens, Sydney, in February and April, 1903. In Great
Britain, according to Mr. Massee, the disease causes very great
damage to tomato-crops.

Mr. Tillyard exhibited a larva of St/ntheniis eustalaeta Burm.,
(Neuroptera : Odonata) which had been without food for three
months, and had been subjected to gradual drought-condition.s
culminating in three weeks of complete absence of water. The
insect was still alive and quite healthy. Tliree others, though
apparently lifeless when first examined, quickl}' revived when
dropped into water. This seemed to be the first absolute proof
of the ability of any dragonfly larva to stand a complete drought.

Mr. T. H. Johnston showed a fine specimen of a tomato affected
by the Irish Blight-fungus {Phytophthora infestans). The exhibit
was grown in the Sydney district. Though it is well known that
tomatoes are susceptible to this potatodisea.se, infected fruits
are very seldom met with, though tomato-plants may be growing
side by side with potatoes which are badly blighted.

Mr. Fred Turner exhibited, and offered observations on^ two-
species of Chenopodiacece, viz., Auisacantha divaricata R.Br., and
Sclerohena bicornis Lindl.,from theBrewarrina district, New South
Wales. On one pastoral holding three years ago only a few scattered
shrubs of the former were to be found; now they were to be seen
covering an area of twenty-five thousand (25,000) acres to the

NOTES AND EXHIBITS. 49

exclusion of almost any obher plant. Some few years ago, when
botanising near Blacktown, with the late Honorable Dr. James
Norton, M.L.C., he fouad two plants of Anisacantha, divaricata
R.Br.; but there was no doubt that the seeds had been brought
from the western country in railway trucks that conveyed shee|i
to the Riverstone meat-works. As far as he was aware, that
was the first time this species had been found growing on the
eastern side of the Dividing Range. In the interior stockmen
call the spiny fruits of various species of Anisacantha " bindy-
hies," which are often a terror to those who camp out. Sclero-
Icena bicornis Lindl., had spread very much during recent years
in some parts of the Brewarrina district. This plant is disliked
by pastoralists on account of its spiny fruits. Some varieties of
this species have strong, and very sharp spines more than half
an inch long.

Mr. Fletcher asked if any Member could furnish him with
references to scientific records of the occurrence of freshwater
eels in the creeks of Norfolk Island, as he had been unable to
ascertain that ichthyologists had had the opportunity of examin"
ing specimens from this locality. Nevertheless Lieutenant King,
who commanded the party which first colonised the island, both
in his "Description of Noi'folk Island,"* and in his Journal,!
speaks definitely about them. As the common freshwater eel
(Anguilla australis Rich.) had been recorded from Lord Howe
Island (Australian Museum Memoirs No.2, pp.20 and 72), it was
worth investigating whether conditions at Norfolk Island had

*"The island is well supplied with many streams of very fine water,
many of which are sufficiently large to turn any number of mills. These
springs are full of very large eels." [Description of Norfolk Island, by
Lieut. -Governor King, 10th January, 1791. Historical Records, Vol. i.,.
Part 2, p 429].

t " The island is well supplied with many streams of very fine water,
.some of which are sufficiently large to run any number of mills : it is pro-
bable that most of these rivulets originate from springs near Mount Pitt.
. . . . All these streams abound with very fine eels." [Lieut. King's
Journal, in Hunter's Historical Journal, 1793, p.3S9].

4

50 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

altered, resulting in the disappearance of the eels, or whether
they were still to be met with.

The Secretary intimated that, at the next Meeting, he proposed
to initiate discussion upon the application of Jordan's Law, or
the Law of Geminate Species, to the case of the Australian fauna
and flora — "Given any species, in any region, the nearest related
species is not to be found in the same region nor in a remote
region, but in a neiglibouring district separated from the first
by a barrier of some sort or at least by a belt of country, the
breadth of which gives the effect of a barrier." Members were
asked to furnish examples of geminate species, and to throw light
upon the character of the barriers which prevail.

51

CONTRIBUTION TO A KNOWLEDGE OF AUSTRA-
LIAN HIRUBINKA. Part v. LEEcii-MKTAMERiSM.

By E. J. GoDDAKD, B.A., H.Sc, Lixnean Macleay Felt.ow of

THE Society in Zoology.

(Plate iii.)

The subject of '• Metamerism in the Hirudiiiea " has for a long
time attracted the attention of workers on the group. It has
long been known that the annuli which appear on the surface of
the leech do not represent true segments or metanieres, but that
in each genus more or less typically a certain number represent
conjointly the limits of a somite. The number of annuli thus
entering into the constitution of a somite is, as a rule, constant
fundamentally in each genus, although in connection with the
extension of the somite variations may take place in the various
species of a genus. This, however, happens in but few genera in
comparison with the number in which the numbfi- of annuli
entering into the formation of the " unabbreviated " somites is
constant, and characteristic of the genus. At either extremity
of the bod}' are found "abbreviated" somites, that is, segments
wliich do not comprise the full number of annuli as found enter-
ing into the formation of the complete somite which is present
in the middle region of the body. These " aljbreviated " somites,
when their exact limits have been carefully mapped out, throw
much light on the mode of formation and order of origin of the
annuli, as we |iass from the hypothetical primitive and uni-
annulate conditi n\ of the somite. For our present day concp.p-
tion of the limit of the somite we are indebted mainly to Castle
iind Moore.

52 ALiSTKALIAN HIRUDINEA, V.,

From a study of the nervous system it is evident that 34
somites are represented potentially in the body of all members of
the Hiradinea, the number of these visible on external examina-
tion of the leech being always much less. In the ventral
nerve-chain lie 21 distinct, norn)al, ganglionic masses, and in
addition at either extiemity lies a much swollen ganglionic mass.
These latter terminal aggregations of the ventral chain represent
the fused ganglia of 13 somites, of which those represented in
the anterior terminal mass are represented externally as "abbre-
viated" somites at the anterior extremity of the body. The
somites denoted by the capsules of the posterior terminal gangli-
onic mass are not represented externally on the body as segments.
From this we can conclude that the missing somites of the
posterior extremity are represented in all the various groups of
the Hirudinea by the posterior sucker; and, furthermore, that in
the Ichthyohdellidce a number of tlie anterior somites are repre-
sented in the "capula." In support of this it may be stated
that the posterior sucker often shows a faint annulation, and the
same is often to be noted in connection with the capula of the
Ichthyohdellidfp.. Again, it is only by this means that we can
make the position of the genital npertures in the Ichthyobdellidm
coincide within somite-limits with that found in the Glossi-
phoniidoi, GnathohdelUdce, and Ileiyohdellidce, inasmuch as the
genital apertures in the IchtJiyohdellidai are more anteriorly
situated, if one leckons from the first visible annulus behind the
capula.

If we are to regard the Hirudinea as having been descended
from an Oligochaetan stock, we must regard the ancestral form
as a uniannulate worm whose body consisted of 34 distinct
somites. More will be said in r-eference to this after the descrip-
tion of the somitic constitution of a number of forms which I
have had the opportunity of examining.

In a study of various genera in which the number of annnli
entering into the constitution of a typical somite is different, one
has some opportunity of deciding definitely the order of origin of

J5Y K. J GODDARD. 53

•the annuli, and the significance of the same as bearing on the
generic importance of that annulation. In my studies in this
connection I have assumed the uniannulate condition as being
the primitive one, and in this subject for consideration the
question is raised as to which annulus of the somite represents
potentially that hypothetical primitive ring.

Tn many leeches there occur, on special annuli, certain sensory
~ papilliB which are more important and prominent than au}^ others
which may be developed on the remaining annuli, and these
papillae serve as an indication of the somite-arrangement and
constitution. Among other externals which are of the same
assistance may be mentioned the nephridiopores, whose position
relative to that of the main sensory papillae is constant. It was
■only natural that these two structures should have been taken by
•earlier workers as external signs of the metamerism, as it was
read ily corroborated by a study of the central nervous system; and
it can be readily understood that Whitman should have assumed
that the annulus bearing the sensory papillae represented the first
ring of a somite (this annulus carrying also the nerve ganglia),
and that the nephridial aperture lay in the last annulus of the
.somite. Whitman's idea in this connection was upheld until
Castle, in 1900, came to the conclusion, from a detailed study of .
•the nervous system, that the limits of a somite were to be recog-
nised from a knowledge of the neuromerism, and from a study of
this he came to the conclusion that the sensory annulus repre-
sented in general not the first but the middle or potentially
middle annulus of the somite. He has further worked out the
order of abbreviation, etc., at either end of the body, pointing
out that the sensory ring was the most stable of the component
annuli of the somite, and that the other annuli were in the first
place derived from this sensory annulus by divisions of it
anteriorly and posteriori}'.

Castle's conclusions have, in the main, been supported very
strongly by l^ivanow's excellent detailed work on the nervous
system.

54 AUSTKALIAN IIIKUDINEA, V.,

Ill view of the results obtained by tliese worivers, the opinion'
of present day students n;ust be that the sensory annulus denotes
the nii<ldle or potentially middle annulus of the somite.

I have had occasion, in mapping out the soinitic constitution
of various Australasian representatives of the group, to test
Wliitman's and Castle's methods of determiuing somite-limits,
and the conclusions are interesting in that they show that con-
siderable variation takes place in various genera regarding the
manner of origin of the annuli; and that, while Castle's conclu-
sions are found to V)e correct in the greater number, in other
forms there is a yreat divergence from the conditions which
obtain in the formei'. From a study of these, the importance of
the somitic constitution as a generic character has i)een found to
depend on the manner of the origin of the annuli.

LiiimobdeUa aitstj-alis. — This leech, iov all practical purposes
as far as this discussion is concerned, niay be considered as
belonging to the genus Hirudo, inasmuch as it has the same
number of annuli, same pentannulate somite, position for the eyes
and genital apertures, same number and position of nephridio-
pores, and the general auatoniy is very closely related. Con-
sequently, we can safely conclude that it has the same somitic
constitution throughout as in those forms which would fall within
the limits of the genus Hiriido in its more narrowed sense. In
this way we can derive a.ssistancein the study of the metamerism
of Limnohdella auairalis, inasmuch as we find metameric sense-
papillae very well developed in such forms as Hirudo inedicinaiis,
and one can most legitimately use the position of the.se structures
as if they were present in L. australis itself. What is now to 1)6
stated in comiection with the metamerism of L. australis applies
equally well to all species of the Hir^idinea which would IaW
within the limits of the diagnostic characters of Hirudo in its
wider sense; that is, all species which possess 102 annuli, and
have the eyes situated on annuli 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8, and the genital
apertures situated in annuli 30, 35, and 36 respectively,

BY E. J. GODDARD.

55

According to Whitman's scheme and Castle's scheme respec-
tively, we find the metamerism of the anterior extremity to be as
follows : —

Somite.

Annuli(AVhitman).

Annuli(Castle).

ii.
iii.
iv.

V.

vi,

vii.
viii.

1

2

3, 4

5. 6, 7

8, 9, 10
11, 12, 13
14, 15, 16, 17, 18
19, 20, 21, 22, 23

1
2

3, 4
5, 6

7, 8, 9
10, 11, 12
13, 14, 15, 16
17, 18, 19, 20, 21

It is now regarded by most workers on the group that the
somite consisting of a few annuli is more primitive than that
which is multianniilate, and with this view I am in accord. This
view is then, in efiect, that aunulation of the segment is a
secondary character. Consequently when we find two annuli
intimately fused we must regard this state of affairs as the result
of an incomplete differentiation and not of abbreviation.

Now we find in L. australis that annuli 5, 6, and 7, 8 are well
diiferentiated from each other respectively on the dorsal side, but
they are fused ventrally. This shows clearly that 5 and 6 belong
to one and tlie same somite, 7 antl 8 to another somite. This
being so, it must then be concluded that the sense-papillae repre-
sented by the eyes situated on annnlus 8 do not lie on the first
annulus of the somite. If Whitman's scheme applied in this
case, then we should have th« absurdity of an annulus in one
somite originating from that in another somite. In the table
given above, I consider the annuli as distributed according to
Castle's scheme to be the correct one. On the assumption that,
at the extremities, we find the somite developing through the
same stages through which the pentannulate somite passed, and
that no " fusion " has taken place at all, we find that somite iv.
consists of two annuli of which the first is sensory; the second
annulus has arisen posterior to this annulus, but, inasmuch as it

56 AUSTRALIAN HIRUDINEA, V.,

is Still fused with it ventrally, the differentiation is not yet com-
plete. In somite v., we find there are three annuli, the middle
one of which is the sensory annulus; the posterior ring of the
somite is quite distinct dorsally and ventrally from the sensory
ring, but the anterior annulus is still fused ventrally with, or
rather not yet differentiated from, the sensory ring. Passing
now to somite vi., we Hnd the segment consisting still of three
annuli, all distinct from each other. In somite vii., there are four
annuli, the sensory ring being placed second; and in somite viii.,
we find the first complete nuniVjer of annuli.

From these facts it will l)e seen that we have a complete series
showing the development from the uniannulate somite of the
extremity of the bod}' to that which is pentannulate; and in L.
australis we get clearly the order of development of the annuli
in the somite, a fact which is most important in connection with
the condition of the complete somite. It will be seen, from the
facts stated above, that the sensory annulus gives rise by division
to another annulus posteriorly, later another anteriorly; then a
fourth develops at the posterior extremity of the somite, and
finally a fifth annulus at the anterior extremity. This is exactly
in keeping with the ideas of Whitman, Bristol, and Castle in
this direction.

OrobdeUa. — This Japanese genus is represented by three species
of which 0. Whitmani is tetrannulate, 0. Jjimai has six, and 0.
octonaria has eight annuli entering into the formation of the
" unabbreviated " somite. We may reasonably regard 0. Whit-
mani as exhibiting the most primitive condition as regards the
constitution of the somite for the genus. As it has been shown,
in the case of Philcemon, Pontobdella, and Ozobranchus, that the
sensor)' annulus represents the third ring of the adult tetrannu-
late somite, we may, with every reason, conclude that the same
liolds in 0. Whitmani. This means that in this species the
ganglion of the ventral chain in the middle region of the Ijody is
found in the third annulus of the somite, and the nephridiupores
on tlie posterior margin of the second annulus.

BY E. J. GODDARD. 57

Considering now the three species of Orohdella from this stand-
point, and examining the genital region, we find that the male
genital poi-e in the species is situated in i-eference to the sensory
annulus as follows : —

0. Whitmani in 2nd annulus anterior to ganglion.

0. Ijimai in 3rd
0. octonaria in 4th

9>

The nephridiopores are situated in 0. Whitmani and 0. Ijhnai
-on the posterior margin of the annulus preceding that in which
the ganglion lies. In the case of 0. octonaria the ganglia lie in
two annuli, and the nephridiopores on the posterior margin of
the annulus preceding the more anterior of these two annuli, so
that we may conclude that the same two annuli represent the
sensory annulus of 0. Whitmani and 0. Ijimai, and further that
the nephridiopores occupy the same relative position as in the
latter two species. Again, from the fact that the ganglion is so
situated in 0. octonaria, we may conclude from comparison with
the other two species that the sensory annulus remained quite
stable as regards somite-extension or increased annnlation in the
passage of the somite from the tetrannulate condition of 0.
Whitmani to that exemplified in 0. Ijimai with its somite com-
posed of six annuli. Later, however, in the passage to the con-
dition of the somite composed of eight annuli this sensory annulus
underwent division as shown in the manner above described in
O. octonaria. In tlie diagram shown in illustration of this I
have attempted to map out the order of origin of the annuli.
Somite-extension more readily affects the extreme annuli of the
somite, and we find that the anterior and posterior annuli of the
tetrannulate somite have divided to give rise to the somite of six
annuli. One may prove this by stating that, in the Hirudinea
in general, the terminal annuli are more prone to divide; that,
further, the sensor}' annulus, for reasons given above, appears
not to have been concerned in this stage; that the genital aper-
ture lies in the third annulus in front of the cansHon in 0.
Ijimai instead of being found in the second annulus reckoned in

^S AUSTRALIAN HIKUDINEA, V.,

the same way in 0. Wliitmaul, thus proving that another annulus
has Keen achied in front of the sensory annulus, and this coukl
have taken place only hy division of annulus 1, and not of
annulus 2; that another annulus has been added at the posterior
region, and only annulus 4 could have been concerned in this.
In considering the passage now from the somite of six annuli to
that of eight annuli we find, as shown above, that the sensory
annulus has divided, and that no further annulus has been added
posteriorly. The only point to consider now is whether la, lb,
or 2 lias divided to give rise to the extra annulus anterior to the
ganglion. As the sensory ring is usually so stable, but has been
proved to divide in this case, it would seem very probable that a
division has taken place in 2 also. The order of appearance of
these annuli would then appear to be as shown in the diagrams
illustrating the constitution of these species. (Plate iii., figs. lA,
IB, IC.)

Pontobdella macrotltela Schmarda. — The specimen of this
species which I had the opportunity of examining, offered special
interest for the study of the somite in that genus, inasmuch as
the limits of the somite are verj' clearly shown on external
examination without entailing any reference to papillae, etc.
In this species the somite is triannulate, and the annuli con-
stituting the somite consist of one very wide, and two equally
small. The annuli are found to be arranged so that the large
ring is very intimately bound up with a small one anterior to it,
and another posteriorly situated. The line of division between
any two small annuli is denoted by a very strongly marked
groove so clearly that, on a very casual glance, one could easily
determine the limits of a somite without reference to papill;t\
The annuli are all provided with prominences, but, in the case of
the large annuli, the arrangement and importance of develop-
ment are quite ditierent. It is this large annulus which corres-
ponds to the large papuliferous annuli of other species of Fontoh-
delJa, such as P. aust raliensis and P. muricafa. The only abbre-
viated somites to be noted occur towards the posterior extremity,
and here it is found that a biannulate somite is represented by a

iJV E. J. GODDAKD. 59*

large anterior anuulus (sensor}'), and a small posterior annul us.
This constitution for a biannulate somite is l)y far the commoner
in all members of the Ilirudiuf".

In some cases the somite of I'oufobdella consists of four annul i,
and then, says Castle, "Apparently, however, it is at the anterior
end, for in these animals which I have had an opportunity to-
examine, the new ring appears to he united more closely with
the ring which precedes than with that which follows a sensory
ring. Moreover the riug which piecedes the sensory ring is
usually not so broad as the one wliicii follows it. This is an
indication that it is the former rather than the latter wldch has
undergone division." I have not yet had the opportunity of
examining a species of Pontohdella in which thu souiite consists
of four annuli, but Castle's observations show very clearly that
in such forms the third aunulus is the sensory ring.

Ozohranchihs hranchiatus. — Lately I have had the opportunity
of examinitig specimens of this form, and, inasmuch as the species
has not been noticed and examined in detail since Menzies
described it in 1791, the metamerism of such a species, since the
nature of the leech-body morphologically has been variously
interpreted since that time, should offer some little interest.

In the " neck "-region of the young individual eight distinct
somites can lie made out, ami, judging from the intimacy of the
connection of the annuli, the limits of a somite are clearly marked
off. Eauh somite consists of an anterior annul u.s which is twice
the size of a posterior small annulus. In most instances, also,
but particularly in the posterior region of the " neck," there is a
more than faint indication of division in the large anterior
annulus, so that the somite is foreshadowed in its triannulate
condition. This fact shows that the large anterior annulus
represents within itself potentially the original primitive annulus
of the uniannulate somite; further, that the posterior annulus of
the somite is formed and definitel}^ diti'erentiated before traces of
the anterior annulus can be made out; and, again, the middle
annulus of the triannulate somite represents the primitive ring.
This is in keeping with what is to be observed in most cases in

60

I'fgard to the order of development of annuli towards the consti-
tution of a triannulate somite, namely, that the annuli are
developed alternately posteriorly and anteriorl)' to the sensory
annulus. The anterior extremit}'^, or " head," although not
forming a distinct " capula " as in other Ichthj'obdellids,
represents a number of fused annuli or somites whose lines of
■division are not shown externally on the lijody-surface, beyond
that the margin of the " head " is furrowed as far as the midline.

Semilageneta HUH. — In my original description of this genus I
pointed out that the somite was triannulate, and that the limits
of the somites were denoted in the anterior part of the body by
the presence of distinct papilhe, and in the remaining body-
portion by the outline of the body which was divided into
segmental regions, consisting of three annuli, by well marked
sulci. These areas I still consider to represent distinct somitic
divisions. Passing forwards from xii., which is the first of the
somites thus marked off, we find xi. triannulate and carrying
papillae on the first and not on the second or middle annulus-
This distribution of the papillae then agrees with Whititian's plan'
and not with that of Castle.

Addendum to original description. — I originally placed Semi-
lageneta among the Glossiphoniidiv, but, judging from the po.sition
of the genital aperture, it should find its place among the Ichthy-
obdeUida:'. The nature of the anterior extremity, however, is
distinctly intermediate between that found in the IcJithyohdellidm
and G/ossiphoniidce, there being no capula developed as in the
former of these two groups.

PJiiloimoit pungens. — In examining some killed specimens of
this species, n)y attention was attracted to a regular separation of
groups of annuli on the ventral surface, and, strangely enough,
these groups consisted of four annuli. The leech is readily seen
to be tetrannulate from the distribution of the jiapilhie. The
fuirows or gaps which occurred on the ventral surface, dividing
off groups of foui' annuli, seem, then, to mark off the somite-
limits, inasmuch as the number of annuli composing the groups

BY E. J. GODDARD. 61

was the same as tliat entering into the somitic constitution, and
their presence seemed to denote a more intimate connection of the
annuli composing each group, with each other than with the
aunuli of another group.

On this reasonable assumption it was found that the sensory
annulus was denoted by the third annulus of tlie somite. It has
been definitely proved that the sensory annulus occupies the
same position among two of the otlier three tetrannul ate forms —
Pontohdella and Ozohranchti^ hranchiatiis — so that we can safely
conclude that the somite-limits are thus definitely shown by the
assistance given by the furrows mentioned above, and that the
sensory annulus is the third ring of the adult somite.

Reasons will be advanced later to show that all the tetrannulate
leeches are similarly constituted in this respect.

Geobdella tristriata. — In examining a single specimen of this
newly ])roposed species, gaps somewhat similar to those observed in
the case oi PhiUHmott ^j?t/i</e?is were noted, and these are evidently
due to a buckling of the bodj^ as the resultant of the effect of
the killing fluid. These I proved, in the case of Fhilcumon, to
mark oS" the somite-limits, so that I have reasonabl}' concluded
that the same holds in this case. Geobdella is a pentannulate
genus. In the two Australian species there are well developed
papillfe, but I was unable to detect any such structures in
the killed specimen of G. tristriata. However, inasmuch as the
eyes hi,ve the same disposition, and the number of annuli is the
same in all species, I have legitimately made use of the disposition
of the papillse as denoted in the other species, in mfipping out the
position of the sensory annulus in G. tristriata. In the manner
denoted above, the greater p.irt of the body is divided up
into groups consisting of five annuli; and, by taking into account
the position of tlie jiapillae in the other species and the position of
any of the above-mentioned gaps, I found that the sensory annulus
was denoted by the first annulus of the pentannulate somite.
^ It is interesting to note that in Philcemon and Geobdella, which
anatomically are closely allied, the somite-limits were denoted in
the peculiar manner indicated above. The fact that this occurs

•62 AUSTRALIAN HIKUDINEA, V.,

in botli, would seem to lend additional weight to the argument
that the gaps do signify the dividing lines of the somites.

It is interesting to note that two of our Australian gen^-ra,
Semilagetieta and Geobdella, which are thus unique among the
Ilh'udinea, as far as we know at present, in that the somite-
-extension lias alfectod 011I3' the posterior region of the somite, tlius
leaving the sensory ring at the anterior extremity of the somite,
have also other unique characters which are of some note. As
mentioned previously, Seinilayeneta resetnl)les in many respects
the Glossiphoniidce, and again the Ichthyubdellidce. It is a
Rhynchobdellid leech, but does not find its place definitely
in either of the two divisions of that group. Again, Geobdella \^
unique in that it possesses only two jaws and has the genital
apertures separated by seven and a half rings although the somite
is pentannulate. This latter peculiar character of Geobdella may
be due in some measure to the unique manner in which the
annuli have been generated in connection witli somite-extension.

Another noteworthy feature about Semilageneta is that there
has been an absorption of somites at the anterior extremity,
analogous to the fusion of the anterior somites to form the capula
of the IcldhyobddlidK; and further, inasmuch as this absorption,
judging fi-om the position of the genital apertures, could only
have affected a few somites, tiiere must have been a great
absorption of somites at the posterior extremity, since the number
of somites represented externally is so very small in comparison
with other leeches.

Semilageneta like Ozobranchns may yet have to be regarded as
a type of a new family intermediate between the IchUhyobdellidm
and the Glosniphoniidce.

Conclusions. — -We must resard the llirudinea as havins" been
^descended from an Oligochaetan-like worm which was uniannulate,
and whose body consisted of 34 distinct somites. This represented
the condition of the primitive ancestor of the grouj^, as it left the
main stem of the phylogenetic tree of tiie Annulata. Special

BY K. J. GODDAUD. 63

Structures, such as the anterior aiil posterior suckers were
-developed, and in the generation of these were concerned the
segments at the anterior and posterior extremities. In this con-
nection took place the fusion of the ganglia of the originnlly
distinct segments at these extremities. The traces of annulation
sometimes visible on the posterior suckers of members of the
Ilirudinea in general, and sometimes on the capula of the
IchthyohJelUdoe, support this view. Later came the necessity for
the extension of the somite in order to enable of an extension of
the body, and this represents tlie direct reason behind the
annulation of the leech-body, inasmuch ts, apparently, the somite
was incapable of giving rise to another distinct somite, or in
other words there lias been no increase in the number of ganglia,
although the nervous system has given rise to special branches
for the innervation of the newly acquired annuli which are so
supplied quite separately from the original primitive sensory
annulus, which represented, in fact, a sensory unit. This extension
of the sonite has bsen CDUcerned chief!}' in connection with the
greater part of the Ijody which may be termed more or less
"central." We tind the intermediate stages in the passage from
the uniannulate to the midtiannidate stage represented in proper
serial order, passing from either extremity to that portion of the
body in which the complete annulation characteristic of the genus
is found. In these intermediate somites we find the key to the
order of development of the annuli, nnd this order, although very
different in each of many genera, is constant in the species of
any one genus. It may not be out of place to remark here, tliat
we find in such forms as Ji ranchiohdella and B/e/lodrilas a
representative very closely allied to the hypothetical primitive
ancestor of the Hirudluea at the time of its leaving the mi,iii stem,
or very soon after. These organisms, although certainly not
members of the Hlrudinea, may represent in themselves, and
probably do, examples of homoplasy, in that they have developed
suckers; still the}' serve at the same time as examples of what
has been said above.

64 AUSTRALIAN HIRUDINEA, V.,

Passing on from the uniannulate condition, we meet with
Microbdella which is biannulate in the adult state of the snniite.
In this case the second annulus has been added posterior to the
sensory annulus. By the addition of another annulus anterior
to these, we meet with the normal]}' developed triannulate adult
somite which is so prevalent among the members of the
Rhynckohdellidfe.

Mesobdella, a distinctly Arhynchobdellid leech, rejjresents
the only member of that group, in which the somite retains its
simple triannulate nature.

In some cases, however, \<'e find that the third annulus
developed is posterior to the second; in other words, that the
sensory annulus represents the tirst annulus of the somite;
examples of this are found in only a few genera such as
Semilagenetci and GeohdeUa. Such might well be expected as a
variation even in the development of the " fundamental " tri-
annulate somite, inasmuch as we tind considerable variation jn
the order of development of the extra annuli in the evolution of
the multiannulate somite. As far as I know, there is not one
known instance among the Ilirudinea in which the second annulus
of a somite is developed anterior to the sensory annulus. After
this annulus has been developed, it would seem then that two
lines allowing for variation are opened uj). In the majority of
cases we find the third annulus developed anteriorly, but in
some posterior to the second annulus. In the latter case, such as
in Semilagenefa and Geobdella, we tind the sensory annulus
represented by the tirst ring of the triannulate somite. The
stimulus given to the exclusive division of the posterior annulus
of the somite results in the formation, in Geobdella, of a
pentannulate somite, the most anterior annulus of which is the
sensory ring, and is to be regarded as representing potentially the
primitive annulus of tiie somite.

In the following table is given a list, as complete as possible,
of the more important of the known genera of the Hirudinea, and
idicating the annulation of the various genera of the Ichthyol-
dellidce, Glossiphoaiida'; IIerj)obdeUidce, and Gnathobdellidm.

BY E. J. GODDARD. 65

Order BhynchobdelliDvE.
Suborder Ichthyobdellid.*:. Suborder Glossiphoniid.e.

Genus.

Annuli
in Somite.

Branchellion 3

Ozobranclms { ^.^^eiy 4

PonfobdfUa 3 or 4

Ciistohranchiis 7

Trachylohdella ;■», 6

CallohdMa 6

Piscicola 1'2, 14

Semilageiieta 3

Genus.

Annuli in

Somite.

(j1o>i>iipli.on ia 3

Helobdella 3

Hcementeria \ '- . \

{ o ventral.

Plarobdella 3

ffe7niclep/<i>! 3

M icrobdeUit 2

Order Arhynchobdellid.e.
Suborder Hkrpobdellid.e. Suborder Gnathobdellid.?;.

Genus.

Annuli
in Somite.

• Genus.

Annuli
in Somite.

Herpobdella ....

Dina

Trocheta

Dinefa

Orobdella

5

5

. 6,7,8,11

0

4, 6, 8

Hirudo

Limnobdella

Hirudobdella

MacrobdeUa

Philcfmon .

5
5
5
5
4

Geobdella

.5

Hd'inadipsn

Mesobdella

5
,3

Xerobdella

5

Cylicobdella

Lumbricobdella ...

Linmatis...

Haemopis

5
5

In only four genera of the Ilirudinea is the complete .somite

known to consist of four annuli. In this category fall species of

Pontohdella, Ozohranchun Margoi, Orobdella Whitinani, and

Philcemon pungens. lu all these forms it appears that the

sensory annulus is represente(i by the third ring. This fact is of

some special interest in the study of the order of development of

the annuli from the uniannulate to the multiannulate condition

of the somite, especially as it bears directly on the question of
5

66 AUSTRALIAN HIRUDINEA, V.,

generic differences as regards tlie nature of the somite of the
various leeches. It would seem that the order of the appearance
of the annuli in these tetrannulate genera is different from that
in such a pentannulate form as Hirudo, and furthetmore that
this is very possibly the reason that these forms aie tetrannulate,
etc., and not pentannulate. For example, in somite vii., of
Liianobdeila australis, or in fact of any species which falls within
the limits of the characters given for the old genus Hiriulo, we
find four annuli. It is the second and nob the third annulus in
the latter which represents the sensory ring. I liave already
shown that somite iv. is biannulate, and somites v. and vi.
triannulate in L. cntstralis, and that in the former somite the
anterior ring is sensory and both its component annuli partlj^
fused. Again in somite v., the middle annulus is sensory and
the anterior ring is partly fused with this, but the postei'ior
annulus is distinctly differentiated. This shows clearly that the
posterior annulus is the first non-sensory annulus to appear, and
that the order of appearance of the various annuli of the somite
is as follows : —

Annuli 12 3 4 5

Older of development ... e c a b d

As has been clearly shown in the case of species of Poutobdella,
and Ozobranchus branchiatus, the fourth annulus of the somite is
represented by the anterior annulus of the tetrannulate somite.
The order of appearance of the various annuli would then be as
follows :

Annuli 12 3 4

Order of development ... ... d c a b

Inasmuch as this holds in the case of all the Hirudinea in which
the adult somite is tetrannulate, and the former order in the
case of most pentannulate forms, it seems reasonable to conclude
that the effect of this variation is reflected in the natux-e of the
adult somite. In connection with this question I might mention
that in HcenierUeria, we tind the somites triannulate dorsaliy but
pentannulate ventrally. This condition evidently obtains in all

BY K. J. GODDAKD. 6T

specimens which may be deemed as mature, irrespective of details
as regards age. From this we conclude that, in Hcementeria, the
somite has not yet reached the pentannulate condition, and
further that this state would be reached by a division, evidently
simultaneous, of each of the terminal or non-sensory annuli of the
triannulate somite. The order of development of the annuli
would then be : — -

12 3 4 5

d c a b d

This order shows then again a variation from that which obtains
in such pentannulate forms as Hirudo, ami is intermediate
between that which obtains in the latter forms and such forms
as Ozohranchus, PontobdelLa, Orohdella, and Philcenion. A point
of further interest in connection with this is that the triannulate
adult .somite is the prevalent condition among the Rhynchohdellidce,
and tlie pentannulate among the Arhy nchobdellidce.

Hcementeria is the only member of the lihyachobellidce which
shows any trace of the pentannulate somite, and occupying an
equally UTiique position among the ArlcynchobdelUdce we find
Mesobdella which is th« only member of the latter group in which
the adult somite is triannulate. Both these genera then serve as
intermediate forms between the Iihy)ichobdellidce and Arhynchoh-
dellidce in connection with the nature of the somite.

Summari/.—Fvom facts and .statements given above, it may be
concluded in general that the posterior region of the sensory
somite is first aflfected in connection with somite-extension.
Furtiier divisions may affect the posterior region exclusively as
in Semilageneta and Geobdella, but in the majority of cases we find
the anterior similarly aflPected. The fact that the division is
proved to be restricted to the posterior region iu some forms is
not astounding, (and is very interesting in keeping with the fact
that the posterior annulus of the l)iannulate somite is the first
non-sen.sory annidus developed in that it shows a distinct stimulus
behind this region) in regard to division, and inasmuch as con-
siderable variation takes place in the evolution of the multianu-
late condition of the somite is but to ba expected. In the

68 AUSTRALIAN HIRUDINEA, V.

iiiajority of forms, however, as stated above, the anterior portion
of the somite is affected after the addition of the first posterior
annulus. Later divisions typically affect both extremities, or in
some cases may be restricted, at least for a time, to the anterior
extremity. Examples of the latter are to be found in those leeches
in which the adult somite is tetrannulate. After the formation
of terminal non-sensory annuli the sensory annulus is, as a rule)
not affected, but sometimes is as a result of the inability of the
terminal annuli to undergo further division.

In discussing the question of metamerism I have attempted to
explain the nature of annulation in all the forms as the result of an
action of extension. There is no scientific support behind the
flat denial that " abbreviation " or fusion takes place. However,
if such a process does occur, it is quite secondary in importance
and by no means frequent in occurrence.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

Figs. 1 A, IB, IC, — Diagrams showing the aiiangement of the annuli in the
genital somite of Orohdella Whitmani, 0. Ijimai and 0. octonaria
respectively, according to the scheme laid down in the text.

Figs.2A, 2B, 2C, — Diagrams of the same, showing the annuli of the genital
segments arranged according to Whitman's scheme.

Jigs. 3 A, 3B, 3C, — Diagrams showing the arrangement of the annuli in
Geobdella, Phikemon, and Fontobdella macrothela respectively.

69

CONTRIBUTION TO A KNOWLEDGE OF AUSTRA-
LIAN HIRUDIXEA. Part vi.

The Distribution 0¥'snv.HiRUDiNEA,\yiTYi. Special Rkference
TO Australian Forms, and Remarks on their Affinities,

TOGETHER WITH REFLECTIONS ON ZOOGEOGRAPHY.

By E. J. Goddard, B.A., B.Sc, Linnean Macleay Fellow of
THE Society in Zoology,

Of the Australian forms enumerated in a list of species which
I have made, at least five genera are characteristic of Australasia
(in its ordinar}"^ geographical sense). Of these, three are aquatic
genera — Semilageneta, Diiieta, and Hirudobdella; the remaining
two genera, Geohdella and Phikevion, are land-forms. From this
it will be seen that we have characteristic generic representatives
of the IchthyohdellidcB (if Semilayeneta must be allotted a position
under the present classification), Herpohdellidoi and Gnathoh-
dellidcf. Some little interest attaches to Ozohranchus hranchiatus
from a distributional standpoint, in that the onl}' other known
species of the genus is that noted by Apathj^ in the Mediterra-
nean Sea. In connection with this, I have previously stated
that this genus is evidently always associated, under parasitical
conditions, with members of the Chelonia, in contradistinction to
the confinement of species of Branchellion to the Pisces. Chelone
mydas, the host of Ozohranchus hranchiatus, is distributed over
the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans, so that, in all possi-
bility, this member of the Hirudinea has a very wide distriljution.
Oka, in 1895, described a species from Japan which he doubtfully
referi-ed to 0. Mendesi, and this, no doubt, is meant for 0. hran-
chiatus. Unfortunately I have not had the opportunity of
reading Oka's original paper, and have gleaned my information
from a reference made by Moore.
6

70 AUSTRALIAN HIRUDINEA, VI.,

Branchellion, which is represented by at least three definite
species in Australian waters, is a universally distributed genus,
being noted from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.
Pontohdella is likewise a cosmopolitan form, and is represented
by at least one definite characteristic Australian species, Pontoh-
della australiensis. P. macrothela was originally found by
Schmarda in Jamaica, and Blanchard has noted the same species
from Sumatra; so that the presence of this species in Australian
waters would seem to indicate that it is universally distributed.
Semilageneta, represented, up to the present time, by a single
species known from no other part of the world, is interesting in
that it is ap])arently intermediate between the Ichthyobdellid
and Glossiphonid forms, as noted previously. No characteristic
representative genus of the Glossiphoniidce is to be noted in Aus-
tralasia. Three genera, Glossiphonia, Placobdella, and Microh-
della have been found, the former in Australia and Tasmania,
the latter two in New Zealand. The occurrence of Microbdella
in the latter place is interesting, in that it was discovered almost
exactly at the same time as Moore discovered and described the
type-species, M. hianmdata, from Carolina, U.S.A. As I have
previously pointed out, no terrestrial member of the Rhynchob-
dellidcB has ever been noted in any part of the world, and, in
view of this, the occurrence of these freshwater forms in Austra-
lasia, in contradistinction to the limited distribution of the
terrestrial members of the Hirudinea, serves as excellent corro-
borative evidence of the cosmopolitan distribution of freshwater
forms of life, which is due, no doubt, to a great extent to the
means of transmigration offered by birds, etc.

Among the Herpohdellidce, we find in Australia the cosmo-
politan genus Herpobdella, and a genus, Dlneta, confined, so far
as is known, to Australia. The latter form, however, as has been
noted previously, is very closely allied to the former, and, again,
both these genera are freshwater forms.

The Gnathobdellid representatives fall into two groups, viz.,
aquatic and terrestrial. Among the former are comprised repre-
.sentatives of three genera — Li7nnobdella, Hirudohdella, and

BY K. J GODDARD. 71

Hiruflo. Limnohdella australis of Australia and L. mauiana of
New Zealand are exceedingly closely allied, and apparently they
differ onl}' in colour -pattern, and perhaps slightly in dimensions.
Their anatomy agrees in the points of difference as cited for the
differentiation of the genus from the common genus llirudo.
Whether we regard them as distinct species or not, their distri-
bution is of some interest. Tn support of this, we find in New
South Wales a new genus, Hirudobdella, which was originally
discovered by Prof. Benham in New Zealand, in the form Hirudo
antij)odum, which Prof. Benham himself thought must fall into
a new genus. Limnohdella is known from other parts of the
world, and so, like other freshwater forms, has a cosmopolitan
distribution. Hirudubdella, represented up to the present by
one New Zealand species and one Australian species, is also a
freshwater form; and, |)robably, when viewed critically from the
.standpoint of distribution, is to be regarded as a highly moditied
subgeneric offshoot from the Hirudo-stock.

In considering the question of distribution, perhaps the most
important members of the Australasian Hirudinea are the
terrestrial genera, Philcemou and GeohdeUa. Before entering into
a discussion of the affinity and distribution of these forms, it
will perhaps not be out of place to point out the distribution of
the terrestrial ArhynchohdeUidce tliroughout the world, with a
view to pointing out the significance of their distribution in
bearing on zoogeogiaphical questions.

The number of terrestrial species is very small: so far only
eight genera are known, five of which belong to the Gnathob-
dellidte and three to the Herpobdellidxe. The former include: —

Htemadipsa Tennent, 1861; Ceylon, India, Burmah, and
Japan.

Xerohdella von Frauenfeld, 1868; mountains of Europe.
Mesobdella Blanchard, 1893; Chili.

Geobdella Whitman, 1886; Australia and New Guinea.
Philcemou Blanchard; Australia and Tasmania.

72 AUSTRALIAN HIRUDINEA, VI.,

The Uerpohdellidce include: — ■

Cylicobdella Grube, 1871; South America and West Indies.

Lumbricobdella "Kennel, 1886; South America aud West Indies.

Orohdella Oka, 1895; mountains of Japan.

Forbes, in 1890, also recorded the occurrence of a terrestrial
species, in North America, of the genus Semiscolex, whose
members are generally aquatic.

In comparing now the distribution of these forms with that of
aquatic forms, it will be seen that the former are much more
limited and do not enjoy a cosmopolitan distribution.

The Hirudinea in general were probably derived from an
aquatic ancestor; and, in view of the fact that the great majority
of species are still aquatic in habit, we must regard the terres-
trial forms as being specially modified for a terrestrial existence,
or as having specially adapted themselves to an environment
quite different from that under which the majority of the forms
have maintained their existence.

It might be merely suggested that the adaptation of some
forms to a terrestrial existence might be due to the adaptation
of an aquatic host by evolution to terrestrial conditions. This
suggestion would receive some weight from the argument, which
is well supported, that the Hirudinea represent an archaic
group. At the same time it is to be borne in mind that several
of the terrestrial Gnathobdellidce differ in only a small degree
from certain allied aquatic forms of the same group.

In New Zealand, no land-leeches have yet been noted. Mr.
Moore, of the United States National Museum, and Prof.
Benham have shown definitely that the s^iecimens of Geobdella
limbata ascribed to New Zealand are identical witli H. {Chthonob-
della) limbata described by Grube from Sydney, and no doubt
this represents the locality whence they were obtained. Further,
land-leeches would certainly have been discovered long ago if
they existed in the New Zealand bush. Two terrestrial genera
have been noted in Australia, viz., Philoimon and Geobdella.
Both these forms are very characteristic, and exhibit points of
special interest. Philcemon fungens is the sole species known of

BY E. J. GODDARD. 73

that genus, and is to be found in Victoria and Tasmania, and in
New Soutli Wales. Geobdella is represented by three species —
G. aiisiraltensis, G. Whitmani, and G. tristriata — the former two
being present in New South Wales and Queensland, and the
latter in New Guinea. This latter distribution is of interest
from a zoogeographical standpoint. The fact that they are so
<;onfined in their distribution would seem to indicate with some
certainty that the problem of migration of the species of these
terrestrial forms is much more difficult than in the case of the
aquatic forms, and that we may consider them, in their distri-
Ijution, seriously in connection with zoogeographical schemes.
Again, these forms are in all probability limited to the eastern
side of the continent, the conditions of moisture, and the sub-
tropical nature of a good part of this area being much more
suitable for such forms of life. We may probably conclude from
this that the genus Geobdella had a range extending from
Austz'alia through at least part of the once existing Austro-
Malayan Peninsula, and that in all possibility sufficient time has
elapsed since the separation of this land-mass from Australia to
allow of the evolution of the New Guinea species, G. tristriata,
which is quite distinct from the Australian forms, and like them
is terrestrial. Further, we are also to regard Philcemon as being
characteristic of the southern half of the old Australasian conti-
nent, including Tasmania, and Geobdella of the northern and
more tropical half.

Perhaps I ma}' he excused, preliminarily, before entering on a
discussion of the affinities of these two genera, if I attempt
to review in consideration the distribution of these forms with a
view to demonstrating their antiquity. If we assume that the
occurrence of one and the same species of P/ii/«;»jo/i in Tasmania,
Victoria, and New South Wales, is not due to the interference of
mankind (and this assumption I strongly support later), then we
must conclude that this genus once spread over the whole
of these combined areas when a land-connection existed between
Victoria and Tasmania, and further that inasmuch as only one
species is known, the genus must be a distinctly archaic one. In
support of this, we have the intere.sting fact that Geobdella,

74 AUSTRALIAN FIIRUDINEA, VI.,

which, as will be pointed out later, is very closely allied to>
Phikemon and might very well, on many scores, be regarded as a
subgenus, is confined to the northern half of New South Wales,
Queensland and New Guinea. In considering, then, the distri-
bution of these two genera, we are forced to conclude that both
have been evolved from a common stock, and that Geobdella has
adapted itself to tropical and subtropical conditions, and Philcenion
to more temperate conditions.

I think that I may now reasonably suggest, if not conclude,
that both forms are distinctly archaic. In concluding these
remarks in their special reference to the question of distribution,
it may be stated that one might reasonably have expected to
meet with representative species of one of our Australian terres-
trial genera in some of the Island groups to the east of
Northern Australia which, many men of science, in consideration
of the continental nature of the group, have suggested were
connected as an extension in an easterly or south-easterly
direction with the Austro-Malaysian Peninsula. When engaged
in a collecting tour in Fiji some years ago, although I spent
some months in active collecting in the thick bush of that region,
I met with no member of the group, nor did I ever hear any^
reference made by natives, a vast number of whom rendered me
every assistance possible iii my work, and most enthusiastically
proferred any information they had. Further, I know of no
records from the New Hebrides. This leads one, at the least, to
suggest that neither of the Australian forms found its way beyond
New Guinea, either in an easterly direction or in a westerly
direction. I have mentioned these details witli a view to-
suggesting that our two Australian genera have arisen from,
a common Australian ancestor which was evidently not far
removed from either of them in nature; and further, that
this evolution has taken place since the splitting up and separa-
tion of the outer portion of the supposed peninsular continental
mass but prior to the separation of New Guinea from Australia.
Again, if New Zealand were ever connected in a northerly or
north-easterly direction with any of the continental masses above-
mentioned, the absence of these forms in New Zealand is explained

BY E J. GODDARD. 75

either by the fact that they never did spread to any distance in
an easterly direction, or that this hypothetical connection with
New Zealand is of enormous antiquity.

In discussing the relationship of the two genera, Philcemon and
'Geohdella, it is interesting to see that they show marked affinities,
which in themselves are unique characteristics of the two genera,
viz., the presence of only two jaws, and the same position of the
eyes. These affinities must be seriously considered as representing
certain fundamental characters common to both, and probably to
be found in an ancestor common to both, inasmuch as one of these
points, viz., that of the jaws, is a most important factor to be
considered in connection with classification. At the same time
there are wide differences V)etween them which would seem to
indicate that both forms have long been differentiated sufficiently
for the generation of separate genera. I have pointed out, in
connection with the subject of metamerism, in another chapter
that in Geohdella the pentannulate somite has been derived from
the uniannulate segment by the addition of fourannuli posterior
to the primitive ring, whereas in Philcemon the sensory ring is
denoted by the third annnlus of the tetrannulate somite, indicat-
ing tiiat the order of origin of the annuli is quite different.
Tlie question is now to be considered whether this tetrannulate
condition has been arrived at by the absorption of the last annulus
of tlie pentannulate somite, as seen in Geohdella (or the pent-
annulate somite by the addition of another annulus to the
tetrannulate somite of Philcemon); or whether these two forms
were differentiated after the common ancestor had developed the
biannulate somite. One finds that, in connection with somite-con-
stitution, the chief change is that of extension, or in other words,
the generation of the nmltiannulate condition. This we know
definitely lias taken place extensively in all members of the
Hirudinea to a greater or less extent, but, at the same time,
there is no substantial scientific support behind the denial that
retrogressive changes ever take place, that is, that an abbrevi-
ation may take place secondarily. If one removes the last
annulus of the pentannulate somite of Geohdella, it will be seen
-that the sensory annulus would not occupy the same position as

76 AUSTRALIAN HIRUDINEA, VI.

that seen iu Phihemon, with its tetranuulate somite; or again, by
adding another annulus to the somite of Philcemon the pent-
annulate somite of Geobdella would be obtained; but the position
of the sensory annulus would not correspond in both.

It must, of course, be borne in mind that although the number
of annuli in the whole body is different in the two genera — 79 in
Philcemon, 95 in Geohdella — and the peculiar positions of the
genital apertures in Geobdella are of great importance, tiieir
anatomy agrees very closely.

The total number of annuli in the body is dependent on the
fact that one is pentannulate, and the other tetranuulate, and
this may explain to some extent also the peculiar relative-
positions of the genital apertures in Geobdella, which at first
would seem to be of such great importance.

In view of what I have stated in connection with metamerism'
and the importance of the order of origin of the annuli in
discussing genetic relationships of leech-forms ; and taking into-
consideration what I have stated as conclusions to be drawn
from a study of the distribution of these two forms as a reflection
of their ai'chaic nature; seeing that the order of origin of the
annuli is so different in these two forms; I conclude that they
have been derived from a common ancestor which agreed very
closely with them in regard to the jaws, position of the eyes, and-
general anatomy, l)ut which, at the time these two geuera were
differentiated, had not developed a somite of more than two
annuli.

In conclusion, I may state that the remarks which have been
made in this paper in regard to the conclusions to be drawn
from the distribution of our terrestrial Hirudinea in regard to
zoogeographical schemes, are in keeping with those which the
distribution of Monotremes, Marsupials, and Peripatus, etc.,
has long since justified. In this direction I have, then, merely
added corroborative evidence from a study of the Hiriodinea
themselves, and have hopes that I have conclusively pointed out
that the terrestrial members in general of the Hirudinea serve-
as good types to l>e considered in connection with a study in-
zoogeography.

/ (

REVISION OF SYMFETES AND HEL^EUS: WITH
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF TENEBRI-
ONIDjE [COLEOPTERA].

By H. J. Carter, B.A., F.E.S.
Revision of the genus Sympeles (Pasc, Journ. of Ent. ii., p. 464).

History. — In 1866 Pascoe formed this genus for the recep-
tion of S. Macleayi. It is distinguished from Helceus by the
anterior angles of the thorax not meeting in front of the head^
and from Saragus by the niesosternum having no notch for the
reception of the prosternal process. Pascoe does not appear to
have examined the types of Hope and de Breme, or he would
have included S. contractus, S. testxulineus, and aS'. Brcniei of the
former; and S. gayates, S. orbicularis, S. rotundatus and S. sub-
rugosus of the latter author. This is the more curious, since he
refers to S.{Encar a) tricostellas White, as belonging to this genus,
of which the type is in tlie British Museum. Moreover he
described Saragus patelliformis (Ann. Mag.Nat.Hist.1870, p. 100),
leaving it to Mr. Champion to point out that this species as well
as S. Duboulaii Pasc, is a Sympetes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1894, p. 384).
From de Breme's figure there is little doubt that S. tonicarinatus
Boisd., should also be included in this genus, though I do not
know this species. In 1896, Lea described two species, S.
acutifrons and <S'. itndulatus.

Thus Masters' Catalogue contains only two names under
Sympetes, viz., S. Macleayi Pasc, and S. niagister Pasc, while
Lea has added two under the genus. Of these four, two are, I
consider, synonyms, while *S'. niagister Pasc, is certainly not a
Sympetes at all.

Ten species have been removed from other genera into this
group, and three new species are herein described, making a total

78 REVISION OF SYMPETKS AND HEL.EUS, ETC.,

of fourteen known species; all (except iS'. unicarinatus Boisd., from
Kangaroo Island) being denizens of West Australia.

Synonymy.

(1) S. tricostellus Breme(?iec White) = 6'. contractiis Hope, =iS'.
gagates Breme.

(2) S. Macleayi Pasc. = 6'. tricostellus White.

(3) S. Duhoulaii Paso. = 5". Bremei Hope.

(4) S. undulatjis Lea = »S'. testiulineus Hope.

(5) S. magisier Pasc. = Pterohekeus Icarus Carter, and is not a
Sympetes (vide infra).

S. tricostellus Brerae(?iec AV"hite) = 6'. gagates Breme = i.S'. con-
tractus Hope. — Through the courtesy of Mr. H. Giles, of the
Zoological Gardens, Perth, I have obtained a long .series of
Sympetes from that district. My own notes taken at the Hope
Museum, and at the London Nat. Hist. Museum, with further

4

valuable help given most generously by Mr. C. J. Gahan, enable
me to affirm the above synonymy with some certainty. At first
I was inclined to separate my specimens into two species, dis-
tinguished as follows, the larger A( 19-20 x 14-15 nun.) very nitid,
with smaller punctures on the elytra : tlie smaller B(16-18 x 1 l•5-
12mm.) with larger elytral punctures. Extreme forms of these
are in the Macleay Museum, Sydney, A, (from Rottnest Island)
labelled .S'. tricostellus White; B, labelled ^S*. gagates Br. A. more-
over, is more convex, with the lateral margins proportionately
narrower, especially at apex. All the specimens of A are Q,
while those of B are ^. A agrees very well with Breme's figure
of aS'. tricostelhis, B with that of S. gagates. Mr. Gahan writes,
" The specimen you take to be S. tricostellus{Bveme) agrees rather
better than the smaller one with what we have as S. contractus
Hope. I don't think your two specimens are really specifically
distinct. Our set of specimens here are all more or less inter-
mediate between the two, both as to size and punctuation of the
elytra." The variations inform, especially sexual, are, therefore,
probably responsible for this synonymy. S. contractus Hope, is
.evidently, by figure and description, one of these. Indeed,

BY H. J. CARTER. 79

Hope's note " it may be considered at a future period as forming
a subgenus " seems to show that h did not know the two species
described by de Breme, notwithstanding his reference to de
Breme's monograph, and the statement that " several of the
species were described from my coll." since the figures given by
Breme would show the .strong likeness. Moreover, there is an
evident error in the dimensions given by Hope as " Long. lin. 9^,
lat. lin. 3|," while the figure (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1848) shows an
insect 9^ x 6 lines (by taking the length as the standard). The
above specimens A and B are therefore 9 and ^ of the species
which must be known as .S'. gagates Breme.

S. Macleayi Pasc. = .S'. tricostdlus White. — Mr, Gahan has had
the Hope type sent from Oxford to compare with the Pascoe and
White types in the British Museum. It is evident, both from Mr.
Gahan's information and fromWhite's description (Grey's Travels,
App. p. 464) that de Breme was mistaken in his identification of
S. tricontelhis White. The first words of White's description are
" Much larger than B. gihbosus, of a dirty brown, glossed, the
wide margin of elytra flat." Here are three statements which
apply to S. Macleayi Pasc, but not to S. tricostellus Breme. Mr.
Gahan writes, " S. contractus Hope, is not the same as S. trico-
stellus White. It is much smaller, darker or more strongly
chitinised; diifers a good deal in shape of pronotum " (a rough
sketch of each is sent). " The species figured by Breme as S.
tricostellas White, looks very much more like S. contractus Hope,
and Breme's (S*. rotundatus has, in the figure, a form very like
that of S. tricostellus White, but is much smaller. *S'. Macleayi,
Pasc, comes nearer to S. tricostellus White, than does S. con-
tractus, but is somewhat more oblong and less rounded in form "
[aS'. Macleayi Pasc, is often much rounded. H J.C.]. " I think
it possible that S. rotundatus is only a small S. tricostellus. Our
biggest S. tricostellus is 24 x 20 mm. I feel coafident, however,
that .S'. contractus Hope, is distinct from S. tricostellus White,
but it appears to be S. gagates Breme, and S. tricostellus Breme
{nee White)." From this it is evident (1) That .S'. tricostellus
White, was not correctly identified by de Breme. (2).b'. Macleayi

80 REVISION OF SYMPETES AND HELiEUS, ETC.,

Pasc. = iS'. tricostellus White. The variability, especially sexual,
in the form of the latter would easily cover Mr. Galian's remarks
on that point, while my measurements of specimens identified as
S. Macleayi Pasc, are quite in accord with those of <S'. tricostellus
White, in the British Museum. The remark as to aS'. rotundatus
being possibly only a small .S. tricostellus is especially strong
evidence, since I have had some difficulty in separating S.
rotundatus from S. Macleayi except by size. *S'. tricostellus White,
was described from King George's Sound, not from Swan River as
de Breme states of his species. Macleay has pointed out Pascoe's
omission of the carinated prothorax in his species. There is
considerable variation also in form, size, and convexity. Six
specimens under observation vary from 23 x lS-5 to 27 x 21 mm.
As in the other species of this group of Sympetes (B of table,
infra), the male is smaller than the female, with thediscal portion
more convex, subapical margins narrower than on basal half.
The apical spines on tibia) are shorter in the male. My speci-
mens are from Albany and Kellerberrin.

*S'. Bremei Hope = -b'. Duboulaii Pasc. — This synonymy has
already been suggested by Lea and Ijy mj'self. Mr. Gahan has
corroborated this by a comparison of the types, and writes —
" The type of the latter is a small black specimen, but shows no
structural difference." My own specimens vary in colour from
light brown to black, and this may be explained by immaturity.
I am inclined to think that this species, like other sand-dwellers
(e.g., Scymena variabilis Pasc.) may be of either colour when
mature.

.S'. undulatus Lea = aS'. testudineus Hope. — Having seen the
types of both at different times, T have only my memory to add
to the evidence of their descriptions. Mr. Lea's note (These
Proc. 1897, p. 586) as to the absence of the anterior tibial spur is
scarcely sufficient to constitute a distinction. The geographical
difference may be noted. S. undulatus is from Geraldton, S.
testudineus is from Port Essington. Mr. Gahan writes — " aS'.
undulatus Lea, is, Ithink, aS'. testudineus Hope, after comparing his
description witli the type of the latter." My own measurements

BY H. J. CARTER. 81

of the Hope Museum specimen do not agree with those given by
Hope. Mine give 20 X 15 mm., while Hope's description (incor-
rectly quoted by Macleay as 8| x 7f lines) gives 8| x 6f lines.

«S'. magister Pasc. — PteroheUeus Icarus Carter = Saragus
magister Pasc. — Suspecting this species to be out of place amongst
Sympetes, and my evidence suggesting the above synonymy, I
sent a specimen of my P. Icarus to Mr. Gahan, who writes —
"aS'. magister Pasc, is, as you correctly surmise, a true Saragus,
with mesosternum hollowed out for reception of the prosternum.
The specimen you send appears to be the same species, allowing
for a certain amount of variation. It is a little larger than
either of Pascoe's two specimens, with the prothorax a little more
expanded at the sides, and the margins more convex. Your
specimen also shows some rows of very small punctures on the

front half of the disc of the elytra It is certainly

conspecific with one of our two specimens. The other (the actual
type described) differs in having no punctures on the elytra,
except the row at the junction of the explanate border." This
must, I think, establish the above synonymy. Together with
P. Darwini Lea, lately examined by me, through the courtesy of
Mr. Lea, S. magister forms a valuable link in the chain connect-
ing Pterohelceus with Saragus. The short metasternum in both,
with the merely rudimentary wings, clearly separate them from
PteroheUevs, while it is probable that a dissection of fresh speci-
mens of many species of Saragus would show some approximation
to these rudiu)entai-y wings. As it is inadvisable to create a new
genus on so (to my mind) insufficient a character, both species
must at present be referred to Saragus. I have not, however,
been able to find these wings, so far, in S. Pascoei MacL, (tlie
nearest in general facies to *S'. magister Pasc). The wings in aS'.
magister extend about half-way from base to apex, and less than
half-way from sides to suture, being attached near the shoulders.
The species has a wide distribution over the inland parts of South
Queensland and New South Wales. My specimens are fronv
Forbes and Toowoomba, and all have the fine punctuation noticed
by Mr. Gahan, but omitted from my description (possibly obscured

by grease at the time).
8

82 RKVISION OF SYMPETES AND MELIUS, ETC.,

Notes . — S. rotnndatus Brenie. This species is very close to
S. Madeayi Pasc, ((S'. tricostellus White), but is separated by
evident and apparently constant difierences of size. Specimens
of both sexes from Perth measure 16-18 mm. long, while S.
tricostellus White, varies from 23 to 27 mm. long, and is found
near Albany. S. roiundaius is also more finely punctured,
especially on the underside of the margins, which are, out of all
proportion, very much more coarsely punctured in the larger
species.

S. snhrugosus Breme. — Identified from Perth, wiiere it is
apparently common, exactly corresponding-to figure and descrip-
tion. This is possibly the insect referred to by Clmmpion(Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1894, p. 384) as differing h'o\n S. patelliformis
Pasc, "in having the prothorax more densely punctured and with
sharper anterior angles." If I have identified >S'. pateUiformis
correctly, they are very different, the latter having a smoother
surface, with the elytral costse subobsolete, while in S. suhrugosus
they are quite evident.

S, unicarinatus Boisd., from Kangaroo Island. — I have seen
the type in the Paris Museum, but have never seen any other
specimen.

S. orbicularis Breme. — I have five specimens under observa-
tion, which seem to belong to this species. Three are from
Kellerberrin, W.A., taken b}' Mr. Duboulay, junr. ; the other
two are labelled W.A., and are in the French Coll. of the Mel-
bourne Museum. Here, as in the case of Pterohelceus Guerinii
discussed by me (These Proceedings, 1909, p.l23), there is a
curious discrepancy between the dimensions in the description
and the dimensions of the plate given in de Breme's Monograph.
In the description, the dimensions are given as long. 19, larg.
16 mm., whereas the plate, if standardised by the length, gives
19x14 mm.; there is the further mistake in the reference to the
plates given in the description, tig. 3 being (as correctly stated on
the plate) S. rotimdatus, fig. 4, S. orbicularis. Following the plate,
fig. 4 as correct for the width, I have no hesitation in identifying
*S'. orbicularis as the Kellerberrin insect. In only one specimen
is the prolonged apex as distinct as in the plate.

liY H. J. CARTKli. 83

The following are descriptions of three new species, together
with a table to assist identification : —

Sympetes bicolor, n.sp.

Widely ovate, shining, glabi'ous, discal portions of upper
suiface and borders of foliate margins piceous-black or brown;
foliate margins above and below creamy-yellow; abdomen, undei-
side of disc, legs and antennse reddish.

Head : lal)ruiu narrowed in front and evident, e|iistoma trun-
cate and a little raised, front with a triangular ridge in front of
eyes, the apex between the eyes depressed, transverse suture
separating front from epistoma well marked, the whole evidently
but sparsely punctured; antenme not extending to base of pro-
thorax, basal joints very slender and subcylindrical, apical four
joints enlarged, 8-10 obconic, eleventh elongate-ovoid. Prothorax
very transverse and flat (5 x 13 -5 mm.), the discal portion occupy-
ing about one-third of the total width, greatest width at base,
apex circularly emarginate, anterior angles strongly produced in
front of the eyes, acutely dentate and pointing upwards, sides
rapidly expanding in a wide curve, sinuate anteriorly, posterior
angles very acute, slightly upturned and overlapi>ing elytra;
extreme borders wide, convex, reflexed on upper and lower
margins except near anterior angles, base and apex with narrow
dark I'eflexed border, base trisinuate, foliate margins nearly flat
and dotted with very shallow punctures; disc almost flat and
rather uneven, with irregular depressions, central carina sub-
obsolete but faintl}^ defined near base by a depression on eacli
side, the whole finely punctulate. Scictellum semicircular and
keeled. Elytra wider than prothorax at Ijase, wider than long
(15 X 16-5 mm.); foliate margins nearly equally wide all round,
widest at base where they are two-thirds of total width, slightly
narrower at apex, humeral angles widely obtuse, sides slightly
widening to about half-way, each elytron separately rounded at
apex, borders concave, of same width as those of prothorax when
viewed from the side and similarly reflexed above and below,
foliate margins very thin and transparent, slightly undulate, with

84 REVISION OP SYMPETES AND HEL^US, ETC.,

humei'al callus prominent and a lens prominent convexity half
way, closely dotted with shallow punctures : disc with suture
strongly carinate throughout, and five fairly definite smooth
costse on each elytron; of these the first is a short postscutellary
costa parallel to the sides of the scutellum, the next three, parallel
and equidistant, extend from the humeral region, obliquely
approach the suture, becoming obsolete on apical declivity, the
fifth subobsolete, half-way between the fourth and the outside
of disc; junction of disc and margins marked by a line of large
punctui'es in a depressed line, these most evident towards cipex,
the extreme border of disc itself a little raised and crenulate; the
intervals between costse faintly rugose, coarsely and irregularly
punctured. Abdomen finely and closely, underside of foliate
margins coarsely punctulate, tibiae armed at apex with two spines,
one very long, under surface of legs rugose, tarsi and lower parts
of tibiaj clothed with yellow hairs. Dimensions— 19 x 16 5 mm.

//«6. — Shark Bay, West Australia; sent by Mr. C. French.

I have two specimens, both, I think, ^, generously presented
by Mr. French. While evidently very close to S. acutifrons Lea
(from Geraldton), the dimensions, especially the proportion of
length to width, diff'er sufficiently to make a clear distinction;
moreover, in Lea's species the margins are testaceous, while in
S. hicolor they are a distinct cream-yellow in both specimens; .S'.
acutifrons Lea, is described as having elytral interstices "irregular,
feebly raised," in S. hicolor the costal are evident. Type in
author's coll.

I have since compared it with liea's type, and find it evidently
distinct in (1) the much stronger contrast of colours in disc and
margins; (2) the much wider form, especially of explanate
margins; (3) wider head with more truncate epistoma.

Sympetes quadratus, n.sp.

Widely and squarely oval, dull brownish-black, tarsi and upper
surface of antennae red.

Head wide, a little convex, with epistoma squarely truncjile and
overlapping the labrum, front angles squarely rounded and a

BY H. J. CAKTER. 85

little reflexed. Eyes large, transverse, bordered in front by
oblique moderately raised impression; front very minutely granu-
lose; antennae as in S. Macleayi Pasc. Prothorax very transverse,
depressed (6 x 16 mm.), deeply and squarely emarginate, anterior
angles almost (in one case quite) enclosing the head, anterior
angles sharply rectangular, with extreme apex showing a tendency
to form a tooth. Sides widely rounded, strongly reflexed, widest
at the acute posterior angles. Base strongly bisinuate. Border
wide in front (where it is notched in the middle) and sides,
narrow at base. Viewed from the side, the edge is convex and
continuous with the under surface, and narrower than that of
the elytra. Margins very wide and covered with minute granules.
Disc much soioother, almost obsoletely carinate towards apex,
but raised into a narrow hump towards base. Discal portion
6*5 mm. wide. Scutellum transversely elliptical at ba-se, appa-
rently smooth. Elytra wider than long(14 x 17 mm.), squarely
oval, greatest width behind the middle, a little narrower than
prothorax at the shoulders, these widely obtuse; sides gradually
expanding till near apical third, then rather abruptly I'ounded.
Apex triangularly notched at suture. Margins not so wide as
those of the pi'othorax, widest at shoulder (where they are slightly
gibbous) and behind the middle, narrower at middle and apex
through the bulging of the discal parts in these regions; finely
and rather distantly granulose. Disc moderately convex through-
out, rugosely punctulate, with three faintly indicated costse
about equidistant from one another, moi*e or less parallel,
becoming obsolete on apical declivity. Suture strongly carinate
from base to the junction with margin, only slightly raised on
apical margin. Frostermun minutely granulose, metasternum
and abdomen finely rugosely punctured, the sculpture of abdomen
appearing like a series of longitudinal scratches, reverse of
margins coarsely punctate. The whole underside a dull black.
Legs 6nely punctulate and with short scattered recumbent hairs
of a reddish colour. Tibial spines shorter and thicker than in
S. 3Iacleayi Pasc. DLaenslons — 19-22 mm. long, 17-19y mm.
wide.

86 REVISION OF SYMPETES AND IIEL.EUS, ETC.,

Hah. — Shark Bay, West Australia.

Four specimens, all ^, sent by Mr. W. Duboulay, junr. It is
easily distinguished from its congeners by its extraordinary width
and square shape. In this respect it is the widest beetle known
to me. More convex than S. Macleayi Pasc, but less so than
S. gayates Breme. Type in author's coll.

SyMPETES EXCISIFRONS, n.sp.

Almost ci'-cular, convex, coal-black above, antennae and under-
side opaque piceous-black, discal surface nitid, underside and
legs sparsely clothed with short adpressed reddish hairs

Head: labrum not evident, epistonia widely truncate, its angles
rounded in ^, obtuse in 5; behind this angle a distinct curved
excision, sides then narrowing to the eyes (not rai.sad as in .S'.
orbicularis iJreme, nor is frontal ridge so prominent), surface
minutely but not closely granulose, eyes more widely separated'
than in S. orbicularis, antennas stouter. Prothorax nearly four
times as wide as long (length measured in the middle), widest at
base, widely explanate, dis^c about as wide as the two margins
combined, deeply arcuately emarginate in front, anterior angles
very slightly rounded and obtuse (about 100°), extending almost
to the excision in epistoma, sides circularly widening and forming
a continuous curve with sides of elytra, border more strongly
recurved than in S. orbicularis Br., posterior angles acute and
overlapping elytra. Disc with central carina less evident than
in aS'. orbicularis, surface apparently smooth and impunctate,
foliaceous margins minutely granulose and nearly horizoital.
Scutelluin transverse, triangular. Elytra Vvider than long, widest
behind middle, less convex than S. orbicularis, more convex than
S. quadratus, strongly carinated at the suture throughout, disc
much more coarsely and deeply punctured, with interstices
irregularly transversely rugose, and with two or three subobsolete
cost?e on each elytron showing near base, the most evident of
these, near the suture, continuous from base to apex; surface
subglabrous, sparsely clad with minute black bristles; margins
flat, wider than in S. orbicularis, wdth extreme border thicker

BV H. J. CARTER. 87

and more recurved, minutely granulose and separated from disc
by a line of large lateral punctures. Underside a darker colour,
but similar to .S'. orbicularis. Dimensions — (J, 15"5xl3-5; 2>
18x16 mm.

Hab. — Onslow, West Australia; sent by Mr. C. French, F.L.S.

Two specimens are under examination, one of either sex. This
species is intermediate in form between S. orbicularis Breme, and
*S'. quadratas. From the former it is differentiated, inter alia,
by its widi^r and more circular shape, coarser sculpture of elyti'a,
and its wider margins. These last are much narrower than in
S. quadratiis, which moi'eover has sharply defined rectangular
anterior angles to the prothorax, and is altogether a flatter and
larger insect. The excised head, immediately behind the anterior
angles of the epistoma, should serve to identify this species. It
is so distinct in the female specimen that I thought it was an
accidental breakage, until the male showed a similar but smaller
excision. The elytral sculpture of the three species is thus to
be differentiated: —

S. excisifrons — punctures regular, clearly separated, round and
deep; intervals coarse, shining, irregularly rugose.

^\ orbicidaris Breme — punctures irregular, large and small,
but on the whole smaller, closer and less deep than in S. excisi-
frons; intervals showing no definite ridges on central portion and
only slightly at sides.

S. quadralus— densely packed with small round punctures, the

intervals more finely but more distinctly rugose than in S,

excisifrons.

Table of Sympetes.

A. Explanate margins of elytra oblique, not hovizontal, surface strongly

chitinised.
S. gagates Bveme^tricostellus Bxemeinec White) =contractics Hope.

B. Explanate margins flat and horizontal, surface less chitinised.
a. Explanate margins of elytra together as wide as disc at base.

b. Anteiior angles of prothorax acutely produced.

c. Form very wide (margins of elytra 3'5mm.) hicolor, n..sp.

cc. Form narrower(margins of elytra 2 ram.) acutijrons Lea.

hh. Anterior angles not acute.

88 REVISION OP SYMPETES AND HELiEUS, ETC.,

d. Size large / tricostelhis 'White.

\ Madeayi Pasc.

dd. Size smaller, punctures much finer rotundatus Breme.

aa. Explanate margins of elytra together not as wide as disc at base.

e. Elytra about as wide as long orbicularis Breme,

ee. Elytra much wider than long.

/. Anterior angles of prothorax obtuse excisifrons, n.sp.

jf. Anterior angles subdentate and rectangular.

quadratus, n.sp.

C Explanate margins of elytra undulating \ testudiiieios Hope.

1 undulatus Lea.
D. Explanate margins of elytra narrow, size small.

a. Elytral suture carinate.

h. Prothorax carinate , unicarinatus Boisd.

bb. Prothorax not carinate.

c. Anterior angles acute and salient subriigosus Breme.

cc. Anterior angles not acute and salient patelliformlsFeLSc.

aa. Elytral suture not carinate j Bremei Hope.

{ Duboidaii Pasc.

H E L iE u s Latreille.

This genus has been discussed by de Breme in 1842, and again
by Macleay in 1887. The Rev. T. Blackburn, in 1899, added
.several new species and gave an excellent table for identifying
the larger species (Trans, Roy. Soc. South Aust. 1899, p. 37).
The acquisition of new material, and a study of this group enable
me to add a few notes, and tables which may help students to
identify the known species with greater facility. Reasons have
already been given why little regard should be paid to the varied
overlapping of the anterior prothoracic processes (These Proceed-
ings, 1909, p. 124). Nor is colour a i-eliable test of difference of
species, since immaturity is often the cause of such difference.

The groups fall naturally into five sections.

Section i. — Those liaving elj^tra smooth or only granulate.
Section ii. — Those having elytra pilose or tufted.
Section iii. — Those having elytra bicostate (or with the suture,
tvbcostate).

Section iv. — Those having elytra 4- or more costate.
Section V. — Tho.se having elytra tuberculate.

BY H. J. CARTER. 89

Section i. lias already been discussed by Blackburn, and his
suggestion that the study of the external margin of the prothorax
and elytra would give valuable results is fully endorsed by the
present writer. I regret the want of opportunity of examining
his types closely, as it is doubtful if he has always allowed
enough for the natural variations of tlie variable species of this
genus. Thus H. aridus Blackb., seems to me to be the same, or
at most but a variety of H. princeps Macl.(Hope'?). The distinc-
tion drawn by the author of the first, lies in the absence of the
carina on the prothorax of H. aridus, which is present in //.
princeps. In the Macleay Museum are two specimens labelled
II. princeps Hope, by Macleay. In one of these this carina is
distinct, in the other specimen it is almost obsolete. They are
from the same district, and are evidently conspecific. There is
a large collection of duplicates from the interior of South Aus-
tralia, which show the same variation. This fact throws some
doubt as to the value of H. aridus Blackb., as a distinct species,
and can, I consider, only be admitted as a variety of the species
passing for H. 2^rinceps Hope. Another character — that by
which II. lubricus Blackb., is distinguished from the two preced-
ing in the table — is " sutural carina of elytra (viewed from the
side) being parallel with the edge of the lateral margin and
straight in the middle (about half) part of its length." This
character, depending only on the convexity of the disc, might be
and is often only a sexual difference, and without several
examples should not be used to differentiate species.

H. subseriatus Blackb., and //. elongatus Blackb. — The author
distinguishes between these by the elytral punctures of the
former being extremely fine, and of the latter very distinct. I
have had several s[)ecimens identified readily as II. subseriatus
from Nungarra, W.A. (sent by Mr. Giles), and one specimen
which I identify as 11. elongatus from Kalgourlie. These species,
though closely allied, are, I consider, quite distinct.

H. Brownii Kirby. — This species was omitted by Mr. Black-
burn from his table. There is a specimen in the Macleay
INl useum whicli is, I believe, correctly identified. The lateral

90 REVISION OF SYMPETES AND HEL^U8, ETC.,

edge of prothorax is concave, as wide as that of the elytra and
faintly rugulose. The elytra have rows of small, distant pustules.
There is an evident subsutural costa near scutellum, the others
obsolete. The basal tooth on prothorax is sharp, erect, and sub-
conical, while the carina in front is subobsolete. Dimensions,
20x 11 mm.

Section ii. — Elytra pilose or tvfted.

There are five species so far described, on which I append
short notes.

H. perforatus Latr., is the original type of the genus. I have
taken specimens at Perth, and have examined the type in the
Paris Museum. It is well known in all collections by its four
rows of long black hairs.

H. Kirhyi Breme. — I have a specimen from N. W. Australia,
easily to be distinguished from H. perforatus by the following-
characters — Form more regularly elongate-oval (less enlarged
posteriorly), margins narrower and more horizontal, tufts of hair
shorter, more sparse and red; prosternal keel more elevated and
nitid, especially between the coxse.

//. Spencei Breme, possibly a variety of the former, has its
elytra much wider than the thorax.

//. Spinoloi Hope, differs from all others of the genus in that
the anterior processes of prothorax do not meet in front. Macleay
therefore placed it in the incisus-gvowT^ of Saragus. Having
seen the t^'pe in the Oxford Museum, I have no doubt as to its
being a true Helieus, and am inclined to consider it as an aberrant
form of H. perforatus. I have never seen any other specimens.

H. fulvo-hirlus Lea, is much smaller than the preceding. Lea
gives 20 X 14 mm. as the dimensions, but a specimen in the
Macleay Museuu), presented by Mr. Lea, measures 19x12 mm.
The prosternum is rounded, not carlnate, the elytra finely
punctured.

Section iii. — Elytra bicostate.

Synonym y. — II. falcatus Pasc., = Zr. Perronii Boisd.C?) As
in most cases, Boisduval's species are impossible to identify by

BY H. J. CARTE[<. 91

description, the one useful fact therein being its locality, Kangaroo
Island. De Breme redescribed it, giving a figure, as from Swan
River. lb seemed improbable to me that this distribution, and,
therefore, identification was correct. I was unable to find Bois-
duval's tj^pe in the Paris or Brussels Museums, but Mr. Gahan
has kindly sent me a specimen labelled H. Perronii Boisd,, from
the British Museum for examination, with the locality-label of
Kangaroo Island(A. H. Davis). This specimen is identical with
specimens in the Macleay Museum, and Mr. Lea's collection, as
H.falcatus Pasc, and corresponds exactly with Pascoe's descrip-
tion. It is probable that Pascoe relied on de Breme's monograph,
already shown to be fallible in the case of Sympetes tricosielhis
White. Until Boisduval's type is shown to be identical with
de Breme's, it is preferable to assume that the two insects
described from Kangaroo Island are the same. It is thus pos-
sible that one of the new species described below may be the
insect figured and described by de Breme as II. Perronii Boisd.

a. consularis Pasc. — I have two specimens, exactly correspond-
ing to the author's description, from Kellerberrin, W.A., taken
by Mr. Duboulay, junr., and one from Norseman, W.A., which
difiers only in the prothoracic processes not meeting. I consider
this last only a variety. In these Proceedings, 1889, p. 1269,
Mr. Blackburn has some doubt as to the distinction between this
species and II. moniliferus. Macleay also notes that it was
unknown to him. Tiie follov/ing comparison of prominent
characters will therefore be useful : —

H. constdaris Pasc. //. moniliferus Pasc.

Form obovate, widest at Form ovate, widening behind

shoulders. shoulders.

Elytral costse not parallel or Costse much closer, parallel

approximate. for greater distance.

Pronotal carina reaching Pronotal carina not reaching

base. base.

Prosternal keel not raised at Prosternal keel shai-p, even,

apex, smooth behind and produced behind,
rounded between coxae.

92 REVISION OF SYMPETES AND IlEL^US, ETC.,

I have examined many s[)ecimens of //. moniliferus in the
Macleay Museum, which are cotypes of those sent to Pascoe by
Mr. Masters from South Australia. I have received specimens
from Mr. Goudie from Sea Lake, N. W. Victoria.

H. ellipticus Lea, is easily diflferentiated from the former two,
by its elongate-ovate form, the sides being parallel behind tlie
shoulders. The prosternal keel is strongly raised throughout, is
notched, bifid, and wedge-shaped at apex, and strongly produced
behind coxje; the elytral costse are crenated only on the outside
(on both sides in the former two species), and there is a raised
border round the eyes with a sulcus intervening between it and
the eyes. Mr. Lea has kindly lent me his type for examination.
My specimens are from Condon and Mt. Margaret, "VV.A.

H. castor Pasc. — This species, and its ally H. Georgei Cart., aie
much flatter than the rest, with the prosternal keel obsolete.
The under side of the prothoracic flange of H. castor is thickly
pitted with large punctures.

H. squamosus Pasc. — Specimens compared with cotypes in the
Macleay Museum have the front angles rounded and overlapping,
with the ii\jtia\ costse terminated on the apical declivity. The
four apical joints of antennse are distinctly broader than the rest.
My specimens are from Cunuamulla, Q.; Milduia, Vic; and
Tarcoola, S.A.

H. Derbyensis Macl., compared with what, I presume, is the
type, though unmarked as such in the Macleay Museum. The
front angles are acute and scarcely overlapping, the pronotal
carina smaller and more uniformly elevated. The last three
joints of antennse are not broader than the rest, while the elytral
costee are continued almost to the apex. The suture is slightly
carinate at apex, though Macleay says it is not. My specimens
are from Condon, N.W. Australia, taken by Mr. Giles.

In both the last two species the prosternum is nearly flat.

H. Mastersi Pasc. — There is a specimen labelled Salt R.(W. A.)
in the Macleay Museum which, Mr. Masters assures me, is a
coty|)e of the specimen sent to Pascoe. If this be so, Pascoe's
description is in error in stating that it is "furnished above with

BY H. J. CARTER. 93

short erect black l)ristles " (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser.4, Vol. v.,
p. 99). This specimen, which is exactly similar to one sent by-
Mr. Duboulay, junr., to me from West Australia (unlabelled), is
furnished above with distinct red bristles, but otherwise corres-
ponds to the description. I am unwilling to doubt the evidence
of so accurate an entomologist as the veteran Curator, and have
written to the British Museum for information on this point.
In reply, Mr. Gahan writes, " //. Mastersi Pasc, has distinct
bristles of a rather darkish or rusty reddish colour, not black."

H. sparsus Gavt., [infra) is particularly interesting as forming
a link connecting Sections ii. and iii., having the long tufts of
hair as in Section ii., with the bicostate elytra of Section iii.
There are two specimens in the Melbourne Museum, identified
by myself.

Section iii. Elytra bicostate (siiture sometimes costaie).

A. Size large, 20-24 mm. long, elytral costse not (in general) parallel

(subparallel in H. moniliferus) .

B. Form widely ovate, margins wide.

C. Elytra widest at base consularisVn.s,G.

CC. Elytra widest at, or behind, middle.

D. Colom- brilliant nitid-black, prosternum not carinate.

spinifer, n.sp.

DD. Colour subnitid-brown, prosternal carina sharp.

monili/erus Pasc.
BB. Form elongate, elytral margins narrower.

C. Elytra glabrous.

D. Elytral costse extending nearly to apex of disc, prosternal

carina bifid at apex ellipticus Lea.

DD. Elytral costte terminating on apical declivity, prosternal

carina subobsolete anteriorly approximate, n.sp,

CC. Elytra sparsely pilose, hairs long comatus, n.sp.

CCC. Elytra squamose.

D. Anterior prothoracic processes rounded at apex, elytral

costfe terminated on apical declivity sqiiamosus Pasc.

DD. Anterior processes acute at apex, elytral costse con-
tinued almost to apex Derbyensis MacL

AA, Size medium, 15-18 mm. long. Elytral - costte parallel or
nearly so.
B. Form widely ovate.

94 RKVISION OF SYMPETES AND HKL^EUS, ETC.,

C. Prothoi'acic carina forming a double, or triple, curve (seen
sideways).
D. Form rather flat.

E, Margins horizontal, equally wide all round castor I'asc.

EE. Margins slightly concave and undulate, costae more

approximate Oeor(/ei, n . sp.

DD. More convex, explanate margins of elytra narrowing to
apex.
E. Anterior prothoracic processes blunt.
F. Upper surface strongly bristled.

G. Bristles red , Master&i Pasc.

GG. Bristles black.

H. Pronotum nearly smooth Gihm, n.sp.

H H . Pronotum pustulate occidentali^t, n. sp.

EE. Anterior prothoracic processes acute (falcate) f PerroJiu Boisd,

[falcatiis Pasc.
BB. Form less widely ovate.

C. Prothoracic carina forming a single curve (seen sideways).

D. Surface not bristled 7'Vffosipennis, n.sp.

DD. Surface densely bristled opacicollis, n.sp.

BBB. Form elongate-ovate,
c. Elytral costte entire.

d. Surface nearly smooth Machayi Breme.

dd. Surface with tufts of long hair sparsus, n.sp.

oc. Elytral costse broken into nodules posteriorly Frenchi, n.sp.

AAA. Size small, 8-11 mm. long.
b. Elytral cost;e parallel.

c. Anterior prothoracic processes overlapping. graimlaUis Lea.

cc. Anterior prothoracic processes not meeting Haagi Dohrn.

bh. Elytral costae not parallel ZTo^ei Breme.

Section iv., at present contains only one species, herein described
as H. crenatipennis milii.

Section iv. Elytra quadricostate.

crenatipennis, n.sp.

Section v. — Elytra tuherculate.

Consists of four described species, but they are perhaps the
most difficult of all to identify or classify with any real defiuite-
ness. Taking tliem in order of priority of description, they are
H. ovatus Guerin, //. taberculatus Breme, //. echinatus Hope, and

BY H. .T. CARTER. 95

//. horridus Blackb. So far as I am aware, this group is confined
to New South Wales and Victoria, but enjoys a wide range over
this area. I have examined a very large number of specimens,
and liave twenty-two specimens befoi'e me now. It may be
doubted whether the four are not merely geographical varieties
of the same species; but for the present I will note my own
observations on the differences noted in the types inspected, and
in the specimens observed.

//. ovatus Guer., is the largest of the four, and the only one
having distinct costse, two on each elytron, the first a short
scutellary costa, the second more or less parallel to tliis, both
being uninterrupted or non-nodulose, at least, on basal part of
disc. The outside edge of elytra (seen sideways) is very thin and
laminate, but a little recurved; while the extreme edge of the
prothorax is wide, convex, and so much recurved as to be nearly
horizontal. My note on inspecting the specimen in the Hoi)e
Museum is, that it is only a variety of H. echinatus Hope. My
largest specimen, from Cowra, N.S.W., measures 17x12 mm.;
other specimens from Mulwala and other parts of New South
Wales are normal in size.

H. tuherculatus Breme. — I do not think I have seen the type
oi this, but, from de Breme's figure, it appears to be the form
commonly found throughout the whole of New South Wales. I
have specimens from Mudgee, Muswellbrook, Camden, Gunta-
wang, Baan Baa, etc., varying in length from 10^ mm. to 14 mm.
They can be distinguished from the other three species by Mr.
Blacb burn's test as to the comparison of the extreme margins of
the prothorax and elytra. Alone of the group, this species (if I
am correct in ray identification) has the extreme edges of the
elytra, seen sideways, more or less concave or flat, and similar
to, though sometimes slightly narrower than, those of the pro-
thorax, which are narrower and much less upturned than in H.
ovatus Guer. The tubercles are also smaller than on the other
species, and, in general, round.

//. echinatus Hope. — The type or cotype of this is probably
the specimen referred to by Sir W. Macleay (These Proceedings,

96 REVISION OF SYMPETES AND HELjEUS, ETC.,

Ser.2, Vol.ii., p.649) and which I have closely examined in the
Macleay Museum, It is labelled H. echinatus Macleay, N.S.W.
I have specimens exactly like it from Mount Macedon and other
parts of Victoria. The edges of the elytra are thin, as in H.
ovatus Guer., those of the prothorax wide and upturned. The
tubercles of the elytra are larger than in H. tuberculattcs Breme,
the short scutellary costa is nodulose or broken, and the large
seriate punctures are more evident than in the other species.
The form is in general narrower than in H. tuherculatus. The
'figure given by Hope is of little use for distinguishing the main
points of difference between this and the other species.

H. horridus Blackb., is not aptly named, since horridus
suggests spines, while the description evidently refers to
"tubercles" only, on the elytra. These tubercles are larger
than in any of the preceding. I have three specimens, taken by
myself near Mt. Kosciusko, which correspond to Mr. Blackburn's
description. The author only states of the locality that " the
South Australian Museum possesses a single specimen, probably
taken in South Australia." The extreme edges of the prothorax
and elytra are as in H. ovatus Guer., and H. echinatus Hope.

Section v. Elytra tuherculate.

A. Edge of elytra (seen sideways) concave or flat hiberculafus Breme.

A A. Edge of elytra (seen sideways) laminate.

B. Elytra costate ovatus Guer,

BB. Elytra not costate (in general).

C. Elytral tubercles small \&r.(?) echinatus Hope.

CC. Elytral tubercles large ya,v.(l) horridus Blackb.

HELiEUs Perronii Boisd.
N. falcatus Pasc.

Widely oval, convex, pitchy black, prothorax opaque, elj^tra
rather nitid, antennae and tarsi piceous, the former reddish at
apex, underside black, slightly nitid.

Head : labrum emarginate, epistoma nearly flat, truncate in
front, angles widely obtuse, epicranium not much depressed, eyes
approximate, surface minutely shagreened, antennse much shorter

KY n. J. CARTER. 97

than prothorax, third joint as long as fourth and fifth combined,
8-10 oval and flattened, eleventh obovoid and longer than tenth.
Prothorax (5x9 mm.) widest at base, length measured to apex of
anterior process, sides narrowing in a curve from base to apex, a
little sinuate anteriorly, posterior angles acute, slightly produced
and deflected at the tips, anterior processes narrowing to a point,
gradually rising above the plane of prothorax and exactly meet-
ing vertically above the middle of the head (not produced in
front of head) with their edges vertical at their junction [this
character is not constant, and subject to variation], each process
separately rounded or falcate, and recurved at the apex; foliate
margins wide, concave, separation from disc marked by sulcate
depression in front only, extreme border thick and reflexed from
above (seen sideways, thin and continuous with under surface).
Disc convex and carinate, the line of carina, seen sideways, form-
ing a triple curve, or trisinuate line, the posterior equiangular
triangular tooth much the most prominent part, with posterior
edge oblique and continuous to base; surface of disc and margins
closely pustulose, base closely fitting elytra and crenulate.
Scutellum transversely semielliptic, finely punctured and non-
carinate. Elytra as wide as long(10'5 mm.), oval, widest behind
middle, slightly narrower than prothorax at base, apex a little
produced, shoulders obtuse-angulate, the angle emphasised by
strongly raised border ending abruptly at middle of basal side,^
vertical near shoulder but gradually becoming explanate at apex;
foliate margins of same width as those of prothorax at base,
gradually narrowed and obsolete at apex, slightly gibbous at
base, convex behind, exti'eme border reflexed and much thinner
than that of prothorax (seen sideways it is much thicker than it
and convex, the lower edge carinate and below the plane of
undersurface); disc tricostate, the suture and two subparallel
costse strongly raised; of these the suture less raised, continuous
from base to apex, the other two little divergent at base, very
slightly convergent and abruptly terminated on apical declivity,
crenulate on both sides; surface lineate-punctate, the part between
costse containing two rows of large punctures at intervals of
9

98 RKVISION OF SYMPKTKS AND IlKL^US, ETC ,

about the diameter of one of them (besides the large punctures
on the sides of the costse), between costee and margins the punc-
tures much smaller, but still liaeately arraiij,'ed, disc and margins
clad with very short reddish hairs, on each side a line of spini-
form pustules situated considerably above the junction with
margins; prosternum convex, cylindrical between coxae; abdomen
.smooth, minutely punctured ; tibite hairy, apical spines small.
Dimeiisions — 13-15 x 9-10'5 mm.

Hah. — -South Australia and Kangaroo Island.

HEL.EUS SPINIFER, n.sp.

Widely elliptic-ovate, glabrous, moderately convex, entirely
black; the whole, except head and margins of prothorax, bril-
liantly nitid, antennae piceous, tarsi clothed witli red tomentum.

Head: labrnm emarginate, fringed with red hair; epistoma
truncate, angles rounded, with strongly raised ridge separating
epicraniiim from forehead continuous with frontal ridge (between
the eyes); epicraniam depressed and sparsely punctured; eyes
large, transverse, separated by space less than 1 mm.; antennae
extending to the base of prothorax, third joint cylindrical, as
long as fourth and fifth combined, succeeding joints successively
wider to apex. Prothorax{S x 14 mm.), length measured to apex
of anterior process, width at base, sides moderately rounded,
faintly sinuate in front, incurved and produced posteriorly into
a distinct tooth, anterior processes just meeting, regularly narrow-
ing, on both edges, at the apex into a U-shaped termination,
enclosing head in an oval of 3 mm. diameter; foliate margins
wide (margins : disc as 3 : 7), raised near base, ratiier flat and
obliquely raised in front, extreme margin vertically raised and
.strongly thickened posteriorly, surface of margins opaque, very
minutely roughened and separated from disc b}' irregular depres-
sion. Disc convex, depressed along anterior edge (extreme
border slightly raised) ; edge, seen sideways, thin; two large
foveate depressions near base, strongly carinate at centre, carina
not continued to apex and terminated posteriorly by a long spini-
form tootli, produced obliquely backwards, surface smooth and

JJV H. J. CARTKK. 99

impunctate, curve of carina (seen sideways) continuous. Scu-
tellum semielliptic, raised in middle. EUjlra as wide as long
(16 mm.), widest behind middle, of the same width as prothorax
at base, sides gradually widened, widely rounded at apex, humeri
(seen from below) obtusely angulate; seen from above, the angle
formed by thickened raised border is rounded; foliate margins as
wide as those of prothorax at base, only slightly narrowed at
apex, gibbous at shoulders, horizontal at sides, more convex at
apex, extreme border very tliick and strongly reflexed, edge(seen
sideways) deeply concave and much wider than that of prothorax.
Disc convex, apparentl}' impunctate, separated from margins l>y
a row of round pustules continuous from behind humeral callus
almost to apex of costis; with strongly raised costa on eacli
elytron extending from base to apex of disc, diverging at base)
gradually converging on steep apical declivity, again a little
divergent near apex (3-5 mm. apart at base, 2 mm. distant at
apex), costje crenulate on sides, tlie suture slightly raised from
middle to apex, sulcate on each side, the depression widening
towards apex into a concavity between suture and costse, and
containing a single line of punctures rather widel}'^ separated.
Abdomen finely, not deeply punctured, underside of legs opaque
and slightly rough, tibiae coarsely punctured, sparsely clad witli
red recumbent hair and strongly bispinose. Prosternum convex
in front, cylindrical between coxie. Dimensions — 22 x IG mm.

Hah. — West Australia.

A single specimen, probably female, in tlie French Collection
of the National ^Museum, Melbourne. It is very distinct from
any described s[)ecies by its combination of large size and polished
-ebony-black colour. Though widely differing from H. coniiiilaris
Pasc , it is perhaps nearer that species than to others, but may
readily be distinguished by its more brilliant polish, by thespini.
form prothoracic carina, by its more ])arallel elytral costse, and
by its widely oval form. (//. consularis is obovate, widest at
shoulder, //. spinijei- widest behind tlie middle). Type in th«
^National Museum, Melbourne. /CC^l C^"/^\

LU I L I B R A R Y ^ ^

100 REVISION OF SYMPETKS AJ<D HEL^US, ETC.,

Hel^us approximatus, u.sp.

Elongate-ovate, glabrous, piceous-black, subnitid, almost
impunctate above, underside piceous with margins and legs
lighter colour.

Head with labrum slightly emarginate and fringed with
reddish hair, epistoma truncate and reflexed, minutely granulose,
eyes almost contiguous, centre of forehead in front of eyes
depressed, antennse rather slender, joints 9 and 10 shorter but
not wider than the rest, eleventh elongate-ovoid, raentum cordate
and longitudinally carinate. Prothorax transverse(8 x 11^ ram.),
widest at base, uniformly narrowing to apex, much less convex
than H. dlipticus Lea, margins widely reflexed, thickly bordered
at base, border becoming gradually obsolete towards apex,
anterior angles acute and overlapping at the points, posterior
angles acute, markedly dentate and produced downwards, anterior
processes minutely punctate near the edge. Disc impunctate,.
with central carina more uniform and less elevated than in U.
ellipticus, not extending to either margin, and less strongly
"beaked" behind; base strongly trisinuate, with margin closely
serrated. Scutellum widely triangular, concave and defined by
raised border, punctulate. Elytra ovate, subparallel on the
anterior half, a little narrower than prothorax at base, humeral
angles subdentate, obtuse(about 100°), concave margins less wide
than those of prothorax, with reflexed border on sides only con-
tinued for a short distance at base and becoming gradually
attenuated to a thin line at apex; edge of border (viewed side-
ways) strongly ccncive, this lateral channel narrowing from base
to apex, but distinctly narrower than in II. ellipticus. Disc with
suture evidently carinate towards apex, less so anteriorly (exc-pt
on sides of scutellum), with two strongly raised carinas on each
side of the suture, these carinse 6nely sinuate when viewed closel}',
slightly curved outwards at the middle, and terminated near the
summit of the apical declivity; a row of small lateral pustules
beainnin2 behind the humeral callus and obsolete on apical
curve. Prosternal keel moderately raised, not notched, but

BY H. J. CARTER. 101

punctulate between the coxae, and produced hindvvard into a
distinct subvertical tooth; anterior segments of abdomen with
longitudinal lines of very minute granules, apical segments finely
rugosely punctate; legs rugose and finely granulated on the out-
side, thickly clothed on the inside with reddish hair. Dimensions
— 20 X II '5 mm.

Ilab. — Onslow, West Australia.

A single specimen ($) kindly sent by Mr. C. French. An
evident ally of H. ellipticus Lea, it can readily be separated from
that species by (1) much less convex form; (2) more narrowly
pointed prothorax with more acute anterior angles; (3) dentate
posterior angles to prothorax; (4) el3'tral carinte terminated con-
siderably before the apex; (5) slenderer antennse, especially of
apical joints; (6) prosternum less raised in front and dentate
behind. Type in author's coll.

Hel.eus comatus, n.sp.

Elongate-ovate, black, nitid; antennae, palpi and tarsi piceous
red; whole upper surface finely, sparsely and irregulai-ly granu-
lose, each granule bearing a long whitish hair.

Head immersed in thorax beyond the eyes, flat, minutely
punctate, and granulose, labrum emarginate, epistoma subtrun-
cate; autennte long, extending to base of prothorax, third joint
about equal to fourth and fifth combined, three apical joints
globular and successively larger, eleventh much the largest.
Prothorax{l x 9 5 mm.), length measured to the apex of anterior
process, width at base, anterior processes acute, just meeting at
tips, and enclosing head in a transverse oval 3 mm. wide, sides
arcuate anteriorly, a little sinuate behind, posterior angles very
acute, dentate with tooth deflexed, base strongly trisiiiuate,
central lobe produced backward; foliate margins wide (especially
the anterior portion), inclined obliquely upwards, posteriorly
reflexed at extreme margin, surface minutely and sparsely
granulose and pilose only near base; extreme margin (seen side-
ways) widely concave, becoming laminate at apex, distinctly
punctate, basal edge of margins and disc strongly serrated; disc

102 REVISION OF SYMPETKS AND HEL/EUS, ETC.,

moderately convex, central carina interrupted anteriorly and not
extending to apex, at base forming a widely rounded huinp, with
posterior extension produced downwards into a distinct " beak"
overhanging the base; seen from above this carina posteriorly
widened, convex, and punctate. Scutellum triangular, strongly
ridged in the middle. Elytra{\2 x 9*5 mm.), base trisinuate and
serrated, less wide than prothorax, humeri rectangular and
dentate at their lower margin, the upper raised margin more
obtuse and rounded, sides subparallel, slightly widened bs-hind
the middle, a little acuminate at apex; foliate margins moder-
ately wide and horizontal at base, becoming narrow, sub-
vertical, and continuous with disc before middle, extreme
border thickened, crenulate and little raised, seen sideways
concave, wide as that of prothorax at base, gradually narrow-
ing to apex, with double border thick and nitid. Disc
depressed at l)ase, convex behind, bicostate, a thick crenu-
late carina on each elytron, these 3 mm. apart, outwardly
directed in front, subparallel for the greater part, nar-
rowed, converging, and abruptly terminated on apical
declivity, suture nowhere raised, a line of round pustules extend-
ing from behind shoulder, then growing smaller hindwards and
becoming obsolete before apex. Prosternum widely carinate,.
carina transversely notched, nitid, bifurcate, and terminated at
base by two round shining pustules; strongly produced backwards
and received into a deeply U-shaped mesosternal cavit}', this
cavity itself bordered by a raised notched margin, metasternum
with similar but less raised carina than that of prosternum;
abdomen finel}' granulose, interstices closely and minutely punc-
tate, whole undersurface, legs, palpi and antennee strongly pilose,,
the flavous hair longest on legs and sternum, tibife strongly spinose,
legs (especially tibife) long. Dimensions 19 x 9'5mm.

i/rti.— Minilya, West Australia(Mr. T. Warr).

The above very interesting addition to the genus is represented
\)y a unique male specimen in the French Collection of the
National Museum, Melbourne, and bears a label inscribed
"Menilya, W. Aust., pres. by T. Wan-, 1902." It is very

BY H. J. CARTER. 103

distinct from other members of the bicostate group, though (very
superticiall}') nearest to H. ellipticus Lea. It is, however,
narrower, in proportion to lengtli, than H. ellipticus, while its
detailed structure is very different. The prothoracic margins
take a wide sweep forward, and the long, sparse, pale yellow
hairs above, and the thicker and darker clothing beneath, make
this species easily identifiable.

Hel^eus Georgei, n.sp.

Widely ovate, rather depressed, dark brown, moderately nitid,
with edges, costae, oral organs, and tarsi reddish, antennae and
tibiae pitchy-red.

Head narrowly rounded in front, with epistoma reflexed and
limited behind by a straight transverse suture, forehead flat,
minutely pustulate, eyes approximate; antennae extending beyond
base of prothorax, third joint as long as fourth and fifth com-
bined, 8-iO round, eleventh wider and longer than preceding,
ovoid. Prothorax 4x10 mm., width at base, length in middle,
flat and depressed on disc, margins widely perfoliate, together
half as wide again as disc, nearly semicircular in outline, faintly
sinuate towards apex, base bisinuate, anterior processes over-
lapping, narrowing but rounded at apex, posterior angles acute
and produced backward, extreme margins strongly raised, outside
edge (seen sideways) concave; foliate margins increasingly concave
towards apex, disc minutely punctate, pustulate and clothed with
very short reddisli hair (very sparsely so on margins); base and
apex with thin, raised, reddish border, disc with central carina
bicurved, little raised, and not continuous to base or apex.
Scutellum raised, strongly transverse and elliptic. Elytra much
wider than prothorax, widest at middle, foliate margins wide and
slightly undulate, their planes a little inclined upwards, very
little narrowed at apex, faintly punctulate; exti'eme edge (seen
sideways) concave, slightly wider than that of prothorax, forming
a reflected margin subobsolete at apex; disc with two sharp sub-
parallel costae strongly raised, slightly divergent at base, abruptly
ending on apical declivity and narrowly separated (about 2 mm.);

104 REVISION OF SYMPETES AND HEL^US, ETC.,

suture also costate but less raised than preceding, surface of disc
closely, coarsely and confusedly punctured, with two equidistant
lines of punctures between the costse and margins, interrupted
and confused with the rest at base and apex, but forming with
the rugose intervals two short indistinct lines near centre; a row
of lateral punctures placed in a deeply indented sulcus; epipleurse
and overlapping sides of sternum very coarsely punctured, with
intervals rugosely vermiculate; abdomen finely rugose, with faint
longitudinal strigose aspect. Legs normal. Dimensions 16 x
12-5 mm.

Hab. — King George's Sound, West Australia.

A unique specimen, female, in the Macleay Museum, labelled
H. Ferr onii ^oisd.; but this identification is in glaring defiance
of the description and figure as given by de Breme.* It is
evidently nearest to H. castor Pasc , in its ovate form and
depressed thorax, while it differs from that species in (1) smaller
size, (2) less circular form, (3) closer elytral costae, etc, I have
named it after the veteran Curator, Mr. George Masters, while
its name will also suggest its habitat.

Hel^us Gilesii, u.sp.

Broadly ovate, convex, nitid, black above, piceous-black
beneath, tarsi and apical joints of antennae reddish.

Head with labrum emarginate and truncate, with rounded
angles, epistoraa truncate and rather flat, rounded at the sides,
epicranium forming a subtriangular plate between and continued
in front of the eyes on the same plane as the eyes, part between
this and the epistoma rather abruptly depressed; eyes large,
separated by less than 1 mm., antennae not extending to the base
of prothorax, third joint cylindrical and slender, 4-7 obconic,
slightly increasing in width, 8-11 subspherical, forming a club
much wider than the rest, eleventh largest and not at all pointed.
Prothorax transverse(6 x 10 mm.), width measured at base, length

* The above was written before receiving the (I believe) true H. Perronii
from Mr. Gahan. H. Georgei is still further removed from this species.

BY H. J, CARTER. 105

in the middle to ajDex of anterior process, glabrous, not per-
ceptibly punctured on disc, minutely bristled on margins, widest
near base, then narrowed, a little sinuately to the apex, slightly
incurved at the posterior angles; anterior processes acute, over-
lapping at the points, enclosing the head in a circle of 2 mm.
diameter, posterior angles acute and dentate, foliate margins
together about half the width of disc, gibbous at the base,
concave anteriorly, with the edge thin, rounded and raised, con-
tinuous with the under surface; base strongly trilobed, the discal
lobe curved backwards and meeting the marginal base in a wide
but distinct angle, the marginal base coarsely serrated; base and
apex not apparently margined. Disc with central carina not
reaching apex, rising strongly in a double curve and forming a
large blunt tooth near base, with its posterior outline subvertical
(not beaked or overhanging). Scutellum transverse, triangular,
-and depressed. Elytra nearly as broad as long(12-5 x 11 -5 mm.),
widest behind middle, humeral angle defined and obtuse, sides a
little incurved at shoulder, then very gradually widening to apical
third, widelj'^ rounded at apex, the apices of elytra very slightly
produced and separately rounded, foliate margins as wide as those
of the prothorax at base, narrowing to half-way, and narrowest
at apex, subhorizontal at base, more oblique and concave towards
apex, with extreme border strongly raised and infolded at base;
border reflected at sides, nearly flat at apex, with edge (seen
sideways) flat, slightly grooved, and wider than edge of pro-
thorax, but narrowing at extreme apex. Disc convex, coarsely
punctured, with some indications of a linear arrangemeut, and,
together with margins, thinly clad with fine short black bristles;
the suture, and one on each side of suture, forming three equally
raised parallel costje; of these the sutural costa is continued from
base to apex, the discal costse extending from base to the summit
of the apical declivity and distant about 35 mm. apart, all three
costas having a line of large punctures at each side on the elytra.
Abdomen more densely but less coarsely punctured than elytra,
legs (especially tibiae) rugose and finely granulated and bristled,
-apex of tibiag strongly bispinose (longest on the fore tibiae), tarsi

]06 REVISION OF SYMPETES AND HKL^DS, ETC.,

beneath clothed wibh reddish tomentura. Prosternum slightly
convex; with raised border extending around the coxpe, hind
margin subvertically produced; submentum closely punctured.
Dimensions 18 x 11 -5 mm.

Hab. — South Perth, West Australia; collected by Mr. H. Giles.

Four specimens are before me, one ^, the rest, I think, 9, sent

by that very observant naturalist, Mr. Henry Giles, of the

Zoological Gardens, South Perth, to whom I am much indebted

for these and other specimens, and after whom I name this insect.

From //. rihgosipennis Carter, it differs in its broader form,

smoother and more nitid prothoi'ax (with its double humped

carina), and the bristly clothing of its elytra. Type in author's

coll.

Hel.eus occidentalis, n.sp.

Wider and more convex than the preceding {H. Gilesii), and
of a more nitid black on the upper surface.

Head wider than in //. Gilesii, with upper surface dotted with
small pustules, triangular impression in front of eyes bisected by
distinct longitudinal sulcus, extending to base of eyes; antennae
stouter, especially the basal joints. Prothor ax {Q x 11 mm.)
bearing minute setigerous pustules on disc and margins, widest
at base, narrowing more abriiptl}', and more sinuate towards
apex than H. Gilesii; posterior angles acute, dent;ite and deflexed
at point, but not incurved, anterior processes widely rounded and
overlapping, enclosing the head in an ellipse wliose major (trans-
verse) axis is 2 mm. Width of combined margins to disc at base
as 5 : 6, these more concave than in //. Gilesii, with the edge more
thickened and not continuous with under surface; base trilobed,
marginal base very finely serrated, not margined. Disc with
central carina not reaching apex, more strongly raised in a double
hump {i.e., with frontal declivity much steeper) and forming a
high rounded tooth near base, with posterior outline less vertical
than in //. Gilesii. SciUellum transverse, triangular, and raised.
^Zy^ra broader than long (11 x 12-5 mm.), widest behind middle,
humeral angle rounded, nob defined, sides scarcely incurved at
base, apices separately rounded, foliate margins wider than those

BY H. J. CARTER. 107

of pi'Othorax at base, gradually narrowing to apex, but flatter
than in //. Gilesii, extreme borders subvertical or slightly out-
wardly oljlique, with edge (seen sideways) concave, wider than
the edge of ))rothorax and perceptibly wider than in H.
GiUsii, especially near apex. Disc very convex, finely and more
closely punctured, with no indication of a linetir arraiige-
ment except by two faint lines of larger punctures equally and
widely separated; the punctures bearing short black bristles;
three strongly raised costte arranged as in H. Gilesii; discal
costte 4 mm. apart, the junction of margins with disc also indi-
cated by a slightly raised interrupted costa, outside which is a
row of large lateral punctures (much larger than any on //.
Gilesii). Abdomen very minutely and densely punctate, under
side of margins with larger punctures (in botli cases finer than
in //. Gilesii); otherwise similar to //. Gilesii. Dimensions
17 X 12 -5 mm.

Hah. — Shark Bay, West Australia.

Two specimens, both ^, are before me, sent by Mr. 0. French^
F.L.S. A close ally of H. Gilesii mihi, it differs most in its
shorter, wider form, greater convexity, much more abrupt apical
declivity of discal parts, its wider and more horizontal elytral
margins, more nitid surface, finer and more irregular elytral
sculpture, besides the other differences noted above. Type in
author's coll.

Hel.eus hugosipennis, n.sp.

Oval, convex, almost glabrous, subopaque black above, piceous
and more nitid beneath.

Head nearly round in front, rather narrow, epistoma not
convex, epicranium little depressed, antennal orbits not pro-
minent, eyes approximate, antennae much shorter than prothorax,
third joint shorter than fourth and fifth combined, apical five
joints considerably wider than preceding, seventh and eighth
larger than ninth and tenth respectively, these two short and
transversely elliptic, eleventh largest and oval. Prothorax {oi $)
5 X 8 mm., widest at base, length measured to apex of anterior

108 REVISION OF SYMPETES AND IIEL^US, ETC.,

process, sides sinuately narrowed to apex, posterior angles acute,
produced a little backwards and downwards into a short tooth,
antei'ior processes slightly overlapping, hollowed and narrowly
rounded at extreme point, enclosing head in a circle of less than
3 mm. diameter; foliate margins concave, strongly reflexed at
border, edge (seen sideways) thin and continuous with under
surface; disc convex, with central carina rising in a single curve
to its highest point near, but not at apex, posterior edge of
Citrina descending in a steep declivity tob;^se, head and prothorax
minutely and closely pustulose, base strongly trisinuate, edge not
crenulate. Scutellum transversely triangular and a little raised
in middle. Mytra {9 x 9 mm.) ovate, widest at middle, of same
width as prothorax at base, a,pex of each elj'tron separately
rounded; shoulders obtusely angulate, foliate margins as wide as
those of prothorax at base, narrowing to apex, concave for the
greater part but horizontal, not gibbous at base; extreme edge
reflexed, seen sideways narrow, convex, of same width as those
of prothorax and continuous with under surface; surface of
margins sublpevigate. Disc very convex, tricostate, with the
suture and two subparallel costse forming strong ridges of almost
equal height; sutnral costa continuous from base to apex, the
other two scarcely divergent at base and very little convergent
and abruptly ending on apical declivity, crenulate on sides;
between these costae and the sides are two subobsolete costte
continuous from base almost to apex, the junction of disc with
margins marked also hy crenulate impression, on the outside of
which is the line of large lateral punctures : whole surface of
disc coarsely and irregularly foveate-punctate, without linear
airangement, intervals coarsely, subreticulately rugose. Pro-
sternum little raised, posterior process flat and sulcate at sides,
abdomen minutely shagreened, under side of femora smooth,
tibiae rugose, not hairy, apical spines small. Dimensions, ^
14x9 mm.; 9 16 x 10 mm.

Hah. — Bridgetown, West Australia(Mr. H. M. Giles).

Two specimens are under observation, for which I am indebted
to the enthusiasm and generosity of Mr. Giles. The species is

BY H. J. CARTER. 109'

distinguished by its almost glabrous surface, besides the other
characters described above. With a strong lens, very minute
bristles may be detected on the elytra, but they are in marked
contrast to the evident clothing of all the preceding species
described by me. The female specimen is larger, and has its
anterior px'ocesses more recurved and a little wider at the apex
than the male, so that the apical part of the head is covered; in
the male, they are more extended, so that there is some clear
space between them and the front outline of the head. Types in
author's coll.

HELiEUS OPACICOLLIS, n.sp.

Broadly ovate, very convex, head and prothorax opaque, elytra
subnitid, upper and lower surface black, antennae and palpi
slightly piceous.

Head with labrum narrowly truncate in front, straight at sides,
epistoma truncate, not reflected, and arched (from front view);
sides a little raised, widening in a straight line to the antennal
orbits, front with epicranium raised, anterior portion depressed
to the plane of the epistoma, without suture to define these
regions; the whole upper surface of head and prothorax closely
and distinctly granulose; antennae not extending to base of pro-
thorax, third joint subcylindrical, as long as the fourth and fifth
combined, 4-7 wider and subtriangular, 8-10 much widei' than
the preceding and round (8th larger than 9 or 10), eleventh
largest of all, widely ovoid. Prothorax more convex than in H.
Gilesii, glabrous, nearly twice as wide as long (5-2 x 10 mm.),
foliate margins more concave, rugose and narrow, width of disc
to combined maigins as 3 : 2, the anterior processes rather narrow,,
widely overlapping, acute and incurved (falcate) at the points,
enclosing the head in a transverse ellipse (1 "5 x 3 mm.), sides
gradually narrowing from base to apex, with apex more blunt
and incurved than in H. Gilesii, a little incurved at postei-ior
angles, these acute, dentate, and overlapping elytra; outside edge
raised and reflexed (seen sideways, very narrow and round j, basal
margin not apparently serrated. Disc very convex, with central
carina starting near apex, rising to an elevated flattened hump

110 IIEVISION OF STMPETES AND HEL^US, ETC.,

near base, with posterior outline steeply slo|)iT)g (iiot overhanging)
to the base. Scutellum transverse, triangular, and gianulose.
Elytra very convex, as wide as long (11 mm.), widest beliind
middle, .slioulders bluntly rounded, foliate margins wide and
concave at base, strongly narrowing towards apex, becoming
horizontal in that region, exti-eme edge (seen sideways) wider
than that of prothorax, concave and gradually narrowing from
base to apex, obsolete behind; margins and disc closely set with
short upright black bristles. Disc strongly tricostate, sutural
costa extending from scutellum to &\)Qx; two parallel costse, one
on each elytron (3'5 mm. apart), more strongly raised than sutural
costa at base, abruptl}'^ ending on apical declivity, coarsely and
inegulaily |>unctulate on disc, margins impunctate, with faint
intlications of raised longitudinal lines on disc outside costse, and
a more or less continuous line of raised linear granides on the
outside of disc, forming a low crenulate costa. Abdomen very
finely and longitudinally rugosely punctate; under side of margins
coarsely punctulate, prosternum transversely rugose, submentum
finely granulated; le^js (especially tibiae) thickly granulated, tibial
spurs much shorter than in //. Gilesii; prosternum convex, with
posterior process rounded and margined, and only slightly pro-
duced. Dimensions 16 x 11 mm.

Hab. — Perth, West Australia.

A single speciDien((J), sent by Mr. W. Duboulay. A specimen
in the Macleay Museum is paiied witli another species labelled
//. Mastersii Pasc It is superficially like both //. Gilesii and
the specimen from 8alt River, W. A., which, Mr. Masters assures
me, is a cotype of //. Mastersii Pasc; but the last has red bristles
(though described with black), and the side edge of pronotum is
concave and equall}' as wide as that of the prothorax; with wider
anterior processes to the prothorax, and wider lateral margins;
H. opacicollis is strongly differentiated from //. Gilesii by its
opaque granulated head and prothorax, intei' alia.

Hel^us spausus, n.sp.

Elongate-ovate, subparallel, depressed, subnitid, piceous-black,
with foliaceous margins yellowish on the prothorax and in

BV II. J. CARTEK. Ill

patches on the elytral margins; antenn*, palpi, and tar^ii reddish,
with apical joints of the first lighter.

Head finely rugose, with onl}' a portion of the eyes and fore-
head not covered by the prothoracic processes; labrum red, trun-
cate and protuberant; eyes round, large, flat, close, and coarsely
faceted; antennas nearly extending to base of prothorax, third
joint cylindrical and thinner than the succeeding, as long as the
fourth and fifth combined, 4-8 obconic, gradually more transverse,
9-10 widely oval, eleventh largest and spheroidal. Prothorax
transverse (5x9 mm.), glabrous, widest at base, narrowed semi-
circularly to apex, anterior processes widely truncate at apex,
and just overlapping, the perforation enclosing head forming
nearly a complete circle of 2 mm. diameter, with the basal margin
a little intrusive; foliate margins wide, with raised thickened
border obliquely flattened on its edge, posterior angles acute and
closely fitting base of elytra; margins finely punctured and
granulose, base of margins strongly serrated; disc rather flat,
minutely rugose, with central carina uniformly raised (not denti-
form) from base almost to apical margin, the former thinly, the
latter not perceptibly bordered. Elytra parallel fcjr two-thirds
of their length, longer than broad (11 x 10 mm.), more convex
than prothorax, with flattened foliate .sides of the same width as
those of the prothorax, slightly narrowed at tipex. shoulders
rather square with the extreme angle rounded, apex squarely
rounded, border strongly raised, with oblique edge of the same
width as that of prothorax and a little concave; disc furnished
with two strongly raised sub|)arallel costse very close together
(less than 1 mm. apart), extending from the base almost to apex
of disc, a little divergent^ at base, and convergent and closely
a.()proximate at apex, near which they abruptly end, suture
faintly carinate near ape^ O'lly; outside the costte on each elytron
four rows of thinly arranged tufts of long piceous hair, the
external rows closer thiin the rest, eacli tuft consistini; of two
or three coarse upright hairs curved at the tips, with about
fifteen such tufts in a single row, otherwise glabrous; disc
coarsely and irregularly lineate-punctate. Abdomen glabrous.

112 nEVISION OF SYMPKTKS AND HELiEUS, ETC.,

and rugose with a tendency to longitudinal strigosity, prosternum
distinctly cariuate, produced hindward and rounded at hinder
apex. Legs very rugose, inside of tibife and under side of tarsi
lined with short reddish hair. Penis longitudinally sulcate above.
Dimensions 16 x 10 mm.

Hab. — Onslow, West Australia. Sent by Mr. 0. French, F.L.S.

A single specimen, ^, entirely differing from all the other
tufted species, with its strongly raised elytral costse more approx-
imate than in any of the costiform species, though nearest to H.
Macleayi Breme, in this respect. The yellow markings on the
margins may be individual and due to immaturity, but their
transparency is due to the thin structure of this part Type in
the author's collection. There are two specimens in the French
Collection, Melbourne Museum.

Hel^us French!, n.sp.

Elongate-ovate, black, very nitid and smooth, antennae and
legs piceous, the former with apical joints red.

Head : labrum evident, epistoma truncate in front, with blunt
angles, sides a little raised towards the antennal orbits, limited
behind by a straight transverse ridge; behind this the front
triangularly raised, the triangle defined by raised impression
with apex between the eyes, its base formed by transverse ridge;
this triangle depressed in tlie middle. Eyes nearly contiguous,
large and oblique. Antennre at rest not reaching base of pro-
thorax, third joint less than fourth and fifth combined, 4-7
obconic, 8-10 round, eleventh ovoid. Prolhorax transverse
(6x8 mm.), circularly emarginate, disc rather flat except at the
strongly rai,sed central carina, sides angulately raised, so that
(viewed sideways) the outside margins are considerably higher
than the discal carina; widest at base (in ^ slightly in front
of base), then gradually arcuately narrowing (a little sinuate
anteriorly) to apex; anterior processes hollow, terminating in a
rounded point, just crossing (in 9 not quite meeting), posterior
angles acute, produced backwards into a blunt tooth (viewed
sideways, these denticulate angles, though deflexed at the apex,

BY H. J. CARTER. 113

are seen to be raised above the rest of the margins); margins
wide with border strongly raised and reflexed, generally concave,
especially near boi-der, with a convex swelling within at about
half-way; surface of margins a little transversely wrinkled.
Disc slightly concave anteriorly, raised posteriorly, finely punc-
tured, punctures more evident towards the sides: central cai'ina
two-lobed, anterior part not extending to apex, with outline low
and uneven, posterior lobe much more raised into a rouud pro-
tuberance with its hinder edge subvertically terminated some
distance from base. Scutellum very transverse and not pro-
minent. Elytra nari'owly oval, convex longitudinally and trans-
versely; as wide at base as prothorax, then gradually enlarged
to behind the middle. Shoulders prominent, obtuse, and reflexed;
explanate margins much wider in front than behind, strongly
reflected and deeply channelled at junction with disc, concave at
humeral region, with two raised callosities occupying the full
width of margins, the anterior of these more prominent and
ridged than the posterior; border of margin itself rather widely
reflexed and vertical. The border itself (viewed from the side)
a little concave, with a fine sulcus defining the lower rim, this
also deflected below the undersurface. Disc with suture carinate
throughout, and two strongly raised subparallel costse, one on
each side of and rather close to the suture, the .'^pace between
them widening a little at base, the costte broken up into denticu-
late nodnles behind and terminated on reachins; apical declivitj';
about half-way between the costse and lateral gutter is a short
row of shining pustules, obsolete at base and apex, a second
row of closer and smaller pustules on the discal side of gutter
itself. A row of punctures along each side of sutural carina and
costse, and a row of larger punctures at sides of disc, the disc
itself (between the costse) and explanate margins minutely punc-
tulate. Under side of margins of prothorax rather rugosely, of
elytra coarsely punctulate, punctures I'ound; prosternum with
epimera finely transversely strigose, prosternal process with pro-
minent subcylii drical keel, received into mesosternum liy semi-
circular groove; abdomen finely rugose, scarcely punctulate and
10

114 REVISION OF SYM PETES AND HEL^US, ETC.,

glabrous; femora and tibiae finely punctured, tibise very sparsely
and tarsi moderately clothed witii reddish hair, tibia? armed with
two short spines at apex. (In 9, hind tibise perceptibly longer).
Dimensions (J 17 x 9-5; 9 20 x 10-4 mm.

Hah. — Phillips River district, West Australia.

I am indebted to that enthusiastic and indefHti<j;able collector,
Mr. C. French, of the Victorian Department of Agriculture, for
a pair of the above distinct species, which I have great pleasure
in dedicating to him in appreciation of his services to entomology.
While belonging to the same group as //. echidna White, and H.
Macleayi Bieme, it differs markedly from eacli; the elytral costse
of H. Frenchi replacing the spines of the former, while the costse
of the latter are much less prominent, and not broken up into
teeth beliind, with the many other differences shown above.
Types in the author's coll.

Hel^us crexatipennis, n.sp.

Oblong, subparallel, opaque, rusty-brown, thickly clothed with
squamose pile above, surface beneath pile and underside opaque,
pitchy-black, tarsi reddish.

Head : labium narrowly produced, epistoma rounded and
slightly raised, separated from forehead by arcuate ritlge, front
convex; eyes widely transverse and narrow, separated by a space
equal to the width of an eye (diameter of minor axis), eyes
bordered by smooth black surface ovally widened in front. Head
as well as the prothorax and elytra thickly clothed with short
brown squamosity. Antennae piceous, much shorter than the
prothorax, third joint not as long as the fourth and fifth com-
bined, scarcely enlarged towards apex, with four apical joints
rounded, eleventh bluntly pointed. Prothorax transverse (6x8
mm.), widest at base, thence arcuately regularly narrowed to tlie
anterior processes, the latter narrowly acute, not furrowed in the
middle and not quite meeting; posterior angles acute (about 75°)
and very little produced backwards; foliaceous sides wide, slightly
deflexed at base, their plane gradually rising and border more
reflexed anteriorly. Disc moderately convex and strongly carinate

BV M. J. CARTER. 115

in the middle, carina interrupted about half-wa}' by depression,
with its hinder lobe (seen from the side) widely oval in outline
(not pointed) and produced behind. Scutellum trianguUir.
Elytra of the same width at base and half as long again as the
prothorax, shoulders rectangular and subdentate, sides a little
narrowing behind shoulder, then subparallel till near apex, witli
border regidarly creniilated, except near apex, explanate margin
.flat, widest at shoulder, then narrowed rather suddenly and
continued of uniform width to apex; each elytron with two
costse equidista,nt from the sutui'e, each other, and the sides
respectively; the first strongly rising in abrupt curve from basal
margin, becoming less raised posteriorly, abru[>t]y ending on
apical declivity ; the second starting from well behind the
shoulder, then parallel to the first and terminating at the same
distance from apex; the suture itself carinate from the middle to
a little behind the termination of the other four costse. The
whole uiidersurface thickly clothed with stout brown upright
hairs, prosternum a little transversely strigose towards the sides;
femora and tibiie thickly clothed with fawn-coloured recumbent
hair; tibiae shortly spinose at the apex. Dimensions 15x8 mm.

Hab. — Port Darwin.

I have received, through the kindness of Mr. C. French, a
single male specimen. It is quite distinct from the other
described squaraose species by its crenulate-sided and 5-costate
elytra, inter alia. Type in the author's coll.

En'cara latum, n.sp. (Fig. 1.)

Widely .ovate-cordate, chestnut-brown, glabrous, moderately
mitid; antennae and palpi red, underside pale red.

Head transversely oval, epistoma flat, rounded, and slightly
raised at sides, eyes large, separated by a space less than the
diameter of one, forehead coarsely, epistoma finely punctate;
antennae extending beyond base of prothorax, third joint less
than the fourth and fifth combined, apical five joints successively
widening and thicker than preceding. Prothorax (S x 12 mm.)
length measured in middle, width at base, width between

116

REVISION OF SYMPETES AND HELiEUS, ETC.,

anterior angles 3 mm., disc very little wider than each margin at
base; circularly emarginate at apex, anterior angles subrect-
angular but blunt at tips, sides a little sinuate
but rapidly widening to base, posterior angles
acute and overlapping elytra, base trisinuate;
foliate margins wide, horizontal, with outside
part (not extreme edge) slightly reflexed,
narrow raised border only apparent at apex,
edge (seen sideways) laminate ; disc rather
flat, central line indicated by depression near
centre and base,two large irregular depres-
sions near sides at base, disc and margins
finely and closely punctured, with some indica-
tions of longitudinal lines on disc and oblique
wrinkles on margins. Scutellum curvilinear
or triangular, coarsely punctate. Elytra wider
than prothorax at base, widest near middle,
abruptly narrowing to apex, foliate margins
very wide, slightly gibbous near humeri, and
a little convex for the greater part of width, outside portion-
recurved, this portion narrowed and horizontal at base, wider
and concave at apex; disc with suture carinate, and six
obscure costse ou each elytron becoming obsolete at apex,
of these the second and fourth more strongly raised^ wliole
surface of disc and margins closely and finely punctate, and a
single row of large punctures at junction of margins with disc
from base to apex. Prosternum carinate, coxte enclosed by dark
raised border, posterior intercoxal process narrowly triangular;
abdomen very nitid and minutely punctate, apical segment a
little atrigose, under side of margins rather coarsely punctured,
tibial spurs shoit, hind tarsi with basal joint as long as the rest
tosether. Dimensions 16 x 14 mm.

Hab. — North-west Australia.

A single specimen, male, in the Macleay Museum, distin-
guished from its congeners by its subcordate form; the deeply
immersed head, wide prothorax, and very wide elytral margins

Fis. 1.

BY H. J CARTER. 117

■rendering its identification easy. The combined margins of the
elytra are to the disc as 3 : 4.

PTBROUELyEUS SOLIDUS, n.sp.

Widely and somewhat elongate-ovate, very convex longitu-
dinally and transversely, deep black, nitid, antennae and apical
joints of tarsi reddish.

Head: transversely elliptic, with labrum prominent, truncate
and subrectangular, fringed with golden hair and closely
punctured; epistoraa strongly reflexed and hollowed within,
regularly and widely rounded in front and on sides, with finely
marked suture starting in front of eyes, continuing obliquely out-
wards to margin; e3'es large, separated by a space about equal to
their greatest diameter; distinctly but rather distantly punctured
on front, closely punctured towards the sides. Antennse stout,
third joint as long as fourth and fifth combined, with apical four
joints nearly round and wider than the rest. Prothorax almost
smooth or almost imperceptibly punctured, moderately convex,
and transverse (5 x 12 mm.), width measured at base, length in
middle; deeply semicircularly emarginate at apex, bisinuate at
base, sides a little rounded arcuately converging to apex, width
across anterior angles 4mm.; anterior angles widely rounded
(less widely than in P. Walkeri Breme), posterior angles acute and
slightly deflexed, foliaceous margins moderately wide, outer edge
reflected. Elytra slightly wider than and more than three times
as long as prothorax, very convex, with apical declivity steeply
inclined from behind the middle, apex rather sharp with each
elytron diverging and submucronate at apex (bluntly produced);
punctate-striate, each elytron with seventeen deep striae, besides
a short scutellary stria, containing rows of unevenly placed
large round punctures, intervals convex and minutely punctured,
the fourth and eighth wider and more raised than the rest, the
suture also slightly raised towards apex, the outside striae
containing large punctures, about seven (largest of all), more
widely separated, near the huineri; the margins narrower than
those of prothorax and horizontal with narrow outside border

118 REVISION OF SYMPETES AND HEL,EUS, ETC.,

slightly reflexed at sides, margins narrowing behind middle
(caused by slight bulging of disc); underside very nitid, strongly
longitudinally strigose, apical segment of abdomen finely
punctured; prosternum arched, sharply carinated throughout its
whole length; tibiae and tarsi thickly clothed with fulvous hair.
Dimensions ^ ■20-5 x 13 mm : ^ 22 x 14 mm.

Ilab. — Rockhampton and Gogonga, Queensland.

I received the ^ specimen from Mr. H. Brown, who took it at
Gogonga; since then Mr. C. French has sent me another specimen
from Rockhampton, which proved to be 2- Compared with P.
Walkeri Br., it is far more convex; seen sideways, a vertical line
to its highest point from the elytral margin measures about
6 mm., wliile a similar line in /'. Walkeri Br., measures 3 mm.
Its outline, seen thus, is a strong oval with its posterior part
steeper, the prothorax and head forming a continuous curve with
the elytra. This character, combined with its deeply and almost
evenly striated elytra and comparatively narrow elytral margins,
make this s{)ecies easy to identify. Types in author's coll.

Pterohel^us undulatus, n.sp.

Widely ovate, moderately convex, glabrous, opaque, piceous,
the margins paler, underside reddish, epipleurse, antennae, and
legs ferruginous.

Head : labrnm emarginate, ciliate in front, punctate above;
epistoma widely bisinuate, with apex concave, not reflexed in
front and but slightly raised at sides; angles widely rounded,
limiting suture, strongly indented at sides and base, a little pro-
duced forward in middle and extending to the sides; antennal
orbits almost continuous with sides of epistoma, little raised and
abruptly constricted behind, front gently sloping toward suture;
entirely smooth and impunctate; antennae extending to base of
prothorax, stout, third joint less than fourth and fifth combined,
apical four joints transverse and oval, eleventh elongate-ovoid,
bluntly rounded at apex. Prothorax (4xll'5mm.), length
measured in middle, width at base; depressed, arcuate-emarginata
at apex, anterior angles widely rounded and produced to middle

BY H. J, CARTER. 119

of canthus, sides widening in a regular curve to near base, then a
little narrowed, not sinuate, at the acutely undentate posterior
angles; base trisinuate, foliate margins wide (at base together
nearly equal to width of disc), nearly horizontal, extreme borders
very thick and round at sides (seen sideways very concave and
carinate above and below), obsolete at base and very narrow at
apex; disc with central line faintly indicated near base, very
minutely punctate (only apparent under high power lens), with
some obscure fovese at base, the most evident of these one
at middle, and one near each side. Scutellum transversely
triangular, minutely punctate. Elytra widely oval, depressed in
front, convex near apex, wider than prothorax at base, widest
near middle, sides Very gently curved and widely rounded at
apex, shoulders subangulate and obtuse, foliate margins wide,
subhorizontal and very gradually narrowed to apex, reflexed
border not so thick as that of prothorax (seen sideways, of .same
or even greater width than that of prothorax, carinate below,
folded above), smooth and inipunctate, junction with disc marked
by row of large punctures becoming smaller from base to apex,
immediately above this a row of smaller punctures on sides of disc
becoming obsolete behind : disc with six obscure broad and little
raised costse on each elytron, their ridges forming distinct
undulating (almost ' zig-zag ') lines, obsolete at apex; between
these? are very faint indications of minute lineate punctures, seen
more distinctly near suture. Pro- and mesosternum minutely
granulose, anterior coxee with square carinate Vjorder, abdomen
and femora very minutely punctate, tibiae slightly pilose, under
surface of tibite and tarsi clothed with golden tomentum.
Dimensions 17x13 mm.

Hah. — Stanthorpe, South Queensland.

A single specimen (2) has been received from Mr. C. French.
It is evidently distinct from all described members of Macleay's
first section of the genus. Of a more widened oval form than
P. piceus Kirb}'^, with more convex disc, wider and more horizontal
margins. The sculpture is somewhat obscure, presenting the
appearance of ilattened crenulate costse, of which four are most;

120 REVISION OK SYMPETES AND HELiEUS, ETC.,

evident on the centre of disc. It is the smoothest of all the
species in this section. The form, especially the front outline,
of the epistoma is unusual. Type in the author's coll.

PxEROHELiEUS SEPTEMCOSTATUS, 11. sp.

Elongate-oval, parallel, depressed, opaque-black, the elytral
costiB and underside more nitid, antennae and tarsi piceous.

Head nearly hexacjonal, with front outline of epistoma a little
concave and arched, upper surface of the same flat, not reflected;
a slight depression (more distinct at sides) separating epistoma
from front, eyes rather small, transverse, and widely separated,
the whole scabrous or finely shagreened; antennae extending to
two-thirds of the prothorax, third joint shorter than fourth and
fifth combined, 4-7 successively wider and rounder, 8-10 spherical,
eleventh bluntly ovoid. Prothorax moderately convex(3 x 5nim.),
length at middle, greatest width behind middle, seniicircularly
emarginate at apex, with anterior angles rounded but produced
in front of eyes, sides moderately rounded, gently, not sinuately,
converging towards the acute backwardly produced posterior
angles; base bisinuate, outside border only faintly visible at sides
and apex; foliaceous margins wide and horizontal, without
distinct gutter separating the disc. Disc in general (not in all
specimens) showing faint traces of central channel, with two
shallow fovese at base and slight depression in scutellary region,
the whole surface scabrous and shallowly punctured, presenting
a shagreened appearance, slightly longitudinally rugose anteriorly,
smoother on foliaceous margins. Scutellum triangular, finely
punctured. Elytra flattish, very little wider than prothorax at
base, and three times its length, subparallel throughout the
greater part of their length, humeri rather sharply rectangular,
foliaceous margins subobsolete and narrowly bordered, each
elytionwith three nitid equidistant costse besides the sutural
costa, the former parallel for the greater part, the two outside
(first and third) costfe approximately converging on apical
declivity, the middle one shorter, ending abruptl}'; the sutural
costa wider, less raised, continuous to apex, l)ifurcating on each

BY H. J. CARTER. 121

side of scutellum; between this and scutellary margin a short
row of about eight large punctures; between each of the costse
Are four rows of regularly and closely placed round punctures;
between the outside costje and the margins the rows of punctures
less regular and distinct, except a single row of larger lateral
punctures; the ely tral punctures largest near suture and gradually
smaller towards the sides. Abdomen punctured in the middle,
longitudinally strigose towards sides, whole surface of sternum
scabrous like upper surface of pronotum, femora punctate, apex
■of tibiae and tarsi sparsely clothed with yellowish tomentum.
Dimensions 12-14 mm. long; 5J--6|-mm. wide.

Hab. — Port Darwin, and Camoweel (North Queensland).

Sixteen specimens are before me, sent by Mr. C. French, F.L.S.
Both sexes are evidently present, the males in general being
smaller, a little more convex, with anterior tarsi wider. An
evident member of Macleay's Section ii.. Subsection 1, it is
distinct from the seven described species of that group. Its
nearest ally is P. crenulatus Macl., but that species is smaller,
with its costse nodular, " the whole having a crenulate and
olathrate appearance." In P. seplemcostatus there is a faint
indication of nodulation of the costse at the apex only in some
specimens, and a still fainter suspicion of crenulation, but it is
very different from Macleay's species, with which I have compared
it. Type in author's coll.

Pterohel^us puncticollis, n.sp.

Elongate-ovate, elytra rather depressed, prothorax opaque,
elytra more nitid, brown-black, beneath reddish; antennae black,
apical joints piceous.

Head: epistoma finely, front coarsely and rugosely punctured,
front and sides of epistoma nearly circular, not limited behind
b)"- definite suture, strongly widened and raised on antennal
orbit, then abruptly narrowing to the eyes, these widely separated.
Antennae slender at base, with four apical joints much wider
than preceding and flattened, 8-10 round, eleventh half as long
-again as the tenth, ovoid. Prothorax (4x9 mm.), length in

122 REVISION OF SYMPKTES AND HELiEUS, ETC.,

raifldle, greatest width behind middle, moderately convex, much
wider at base than at apex, apex arcuately emarginate, anterior
angles widely rounded, sides gradually rounded and widened till
near base, then a little incurved at the falcate and acute pos-
terior angles, these overlapping elytra, base strongly bisinuate,
foliate margins wide and flat, extreme border not reflexed,
margins finely roughened. Disc coarsely and closely punctured,
the punctures shallow and becoming smaller at base and sides,
intervals finely rui^ose, medial line indicated by smooth depres-
sion on centre of disc, basal fove* represented by large shallow
depressions. Scutellum curvilinear-triangular and sculptured as
prouotum. Elijtra{^ x 11 mm.), basal half subparallel, each with
three distinct subcrenulate costse extending from base to the
apical declivity, the outermost of these thinner and more crenu-
late tlian the other two, the suture more widel}'^ but less raised
throughout, the raised portion widening at the scutellary region;,
half-way between and exterior to these costte are less raised lines;
between the suture and the first costa are four lines of large
round punctures regularly placed at intervals rather greater
than the diameter of one of them, a short scutellary row of
similar punctures; in the intervals exterior to the first costa tlie
punctures indistinct, or concealed by the derm, with the excep-
tion of the rows of large punctures at the base of the costte;
foliate margins rather convex, much narrower than those of pro-
thorax, and becoming obsolete at apex. Presternum very convex
and carinate, produced backward into a tooth, received by the
nietasternum, and dotted with small pustules, metasternum with
strong medial sidcns, and, together with the underside of femora,
finely punctured; abdomen finely longitudinally strigose and
punctured, the last two segments punctured only. Dimensions
16x19 mm.

H((h. — North-west Australia.

A single specimen in the Macleay Museum, probably <^. It is
evidently a close ally of /-*. alternatus Pasc, and P. depressius-
culus Macl., but the former has its prothorax " minutely punc-
tured " and " no groove," its elytra are said to be " finely seriate-

BY H. J. CARTER. 123

punctate," while the latter has its prothorax similarly diflferen-
tiated as to sculpture, witli the elytral punctures small except
near the sides.

PTEROHEL.EUS NODULOSUS n.Sp.

Elongate, subparallel, flattish, opaque rusty-black above, nitid
below, underside of tarsi and terminal joints of anteilnae reddish.

Head and pronotum densely and finely shagreened, base of
forehead showing a number of minute shining nodules densely
packed; epistoma truncate in front, sides oblique, little raised at
the antennal orbit, without definite limiting suture; eyes widely
separated and transverse, antennae much shorter than prothorax,
stout, hairy, third joint subcylindric, shorter than the two
following combined, 4-7 successively shorter and wider, 8-11
nearly globular, 11th little longer than lObh. Prothorao: (3x7
mm.) length in middle, width at base, apex semicircularly
emarginate, sides regulai'ly rounded and securiform, wider at
base than apex, anterior angles prominent but widely rounded,
posterior angles produced backward and acute (about 75°), base
bisinuate, margins wide but not differentiated from disc, surface
uniformly rough, not punctured, and sparsely clad with short
reddish hair, no central line. Scutellum equilateral triangular,
rough. Elytra (8 x lO-Smm.) each with three well marked
interrupted costai extending the greater part of length, nodulose
tov/ards apex, with intermediate rows of nodules less conspicuously
raised but evident, the suture itself nodulose; surface coated
sparsely with short brown down, and, like the pronotum, with
short reddish hair thinly scattered; without evident punctures.
Underside of head, prothorax, and femora shagreened; prosternum
flat, abdomen thickly and coarsely punctured, tibise densely
bristled. Dimensions 15 x 8mm.

Hah. — Roper River, North Australia.

A single specimen, probably 9, iti the Macleay Museum. It
is clearly distinct from all described species, though neare.st to P.
crenulatus Macl., (from Port Darwin). It is evidently much
larger than Macleay's species, which is separated from it by its

124 REA-ISION OF SYMPETES AND HELiEUS, ETC.,

differently sculptured elytra with its "rows of deep square closely
placed punctures " The specimen has evidently lost much of the
squaraose clothing with which it appears to have been clad. It
forms a connecting link between Macleay's Section ii., Subsection
1, and Subsection 2, since the smaller rows of nodules may be
described as granular, while the larger form distinct costse
irregularly interrupted. There are three kinds of such rows,
{i.) three equidistant interrupted costse; (ii.) less raised lines of
nodules intermediate and exterior toi.; and (iii.) still smaller lines
of granules irregularly spaced but generally evident between and
exterior to ii. Type in Macleay Museum.

Table of P<eroAeteMs( Macleay's Section i.).

Species of broadly ovate form, and largely expanded margins to both
thorax and elytra.
a l.(15)Intervals of elytra costate, size large(more than 20 mm. long).
'2.(ll)Anterior angles rounded.
3.(l9)Length to breadth about 3 : 2.

4. (9)EIytra at middle as wide or wider than at base.

5. (14) Alternate intervals of elytra more prominent.

6. (9)Elytra subparallel on basal half.

7. (7)Lateral angles of head raised Wulkeri Breme.

8. Lateral angles nearly flat riverince Macl.

9. Lateral angles dentate c ornuius M&cl.

1 0. Elytra obovate, costas crenulate or notched Bremei Macl.

*11. Elytra not at all parallel, their margins very wide coslatus Macl.

12. (14) Anterior angles of prothorax acutely produced.

IS.Apex of elytra mucronate spinicolli^ Macl.

14. Apex of elytra not mucronate ...acuticollis Macl.

15.A11 intervals equally raised, convexity twice that of 7.... solidua, n.sp.
^Evident costee fewer, less raised than in group a, size less than 20 mm.
long (except P. abdominalis Lea).

16.(19)Elytra not parallel.

17. Elytra with 3 costaa (at least) evident pireun Kirby.

18. Elytra with a few subobsolete costre.

19.Form more convex, punctures larger than in 17 Pascoei Mael.

* P. nk/ricornii Champ., is unknown to me, but seems only to present
ome slight colour-variations from P. costatm Macl., from the same region.

BY H. J. CARTER. 125

*20. Elytra parallel at basal two-thirds, length to breadth as 5 : 3.

abdominalis Lea.
yDisconnected and anomalous forms.

21. Elytra seriate-granulate, size large r aucns Blackh.

22.Elytral eostye partly broken into series of granules arcanus Pasc,

23.Elytral costse entire, size small, 15 mm., form very oval (length to
breadth as 5 : 3) insularis Breme.

24. Elytral costa horizontally undulate, length to breadth as 4 : 3

imdulcUiis, n.sp.

25. Elytral cost® obsolete, intervals and punctures subobsolete.

dispar Pasc.

26. Anterior angles of prothorax produced outwards and forwards into a

round wide lobe simiaticollis M ael.

S27.{29)Length to breadth as 7 : 4.
28. Prothorax wider than elytra at base, alternate intervals raised.

laticollis Macl.
29. Prothorax not wider than elytra at base, alternate intervals not raised.

hepaticus Pasc.

Table of f <ero7ie^^t;«.s(Maeleay's Section ii. ).

Form elongate or oblong-oval. Elytra more or less narrowly margined.
Subsection i. Elytra seriate-punctate; intervals more or less costate.

1. (9)Size large, 20 mm. long.

2. (12) Disc of pronotum smooth or finely punctate.

3. (5)Sides of prothorax sinuate anteriorly.

4. Upper surface strongly pilose. hirtus Macl.

fa. Upper surface smooth (?) Reichei BrSme.

6.(17)Sides of prothorax evenly rounded.

7. Sternum smooth.. elongattts MslcI^

8. Sternum granulate.

9.Granules of sternum fine depressimculus Macl,

* P. pnmiosMsPasc, is impossible to identify from the description; so far
as it goes, however, it must be very near P. abdominalis Lea, which may
prove to be synonymous with it. The " fine uniform whitish exudation"
mentioned by Pascoe, is common to many species of the genus in fresh
specimens. P. Darwiniensis Macl., as suggested by its author, shows a
decided affinity to the insects of Section ii., in its narrow margins. It
seems out of place in the above P. fraternus Bha.ekh., (if identified cor-
rectly by me), also from description, from its small size, and nearer affinity
to forms like F. vicarius Pasc, seems more at home in AIacleay"s Section iii.

t P. Reichei Breme, is unknown to me, and may be an abraded form of
/'. hirtus Macl. At least nothing is said in the description as to pilose
clothing.

126 REVISION OF SYMPKTES AND HELiBUS, ETC.,

*10. Granules of sternum round and coarse, size smsLller... (l)alternalus Pasc.
11. (I3)Size medium, 16 mm long.

12.Elytral costse faint, form wider than 10 Darwiniensis Macl.

IS.Disc of pronotum coarsely punctate puncticollis, n.sp.

14.(16)Size small, 10-14 mm. long.

IS.Elytral costte nodular and crenulate.. cremilatus Macl.

16.Elytral costse scarcely nodular and crenulate septemcoiitatiLS, n.sp.

17. Elytra with lines of granules between costse, size larger than 16.

nodnlo'^ns, n.sp.

Sauagus Mastersi, n.sp.

Widely ovate, convex, dark brown, slightly nitid, margins
paler, legs and underside nearly black.

Head flat; epistorna arcuate in front, it.s angle.s blunt Wiit sub-
rectangular, sides straight and narrowing to ej'es without any
limiting suture at base; eyes separated by distance equal to the
diameter of one, surface coarsely granulated; antennae not reach-
ing base of prothorax, third joint as long as fourth and fifth
combined, with five apical joints thickened and round. Prothorax
(3 X 9'5 mm.), length measured in middle, width at base; circularly
emarginate at apex, anterior angles obtuse, enclosing head in
front of e3'es, sides arcuately widened to base, posterior angles
very sharp and deflexed, foliate margins wide and reflexed near
edge, width of combined margins to disc as 11 :8; edge (seen
sideways) laminate, surface of margins roughly and closely
granulated; disc slightly convex, closely rugose and scabrous.
Scutelluni curvilinear-triangular, finely granulose. Elytra wider
than prothorax at base, widest at middle, shoulders obtuse, foliate
margins wide but narrowing at apex, undulate at middle and
granulose; extreme margins thick and reflexed, edge (seen side-
ways) convex and much wider than edge of prothorax. Disc
very convex, bicostate, with two subparallel carinte extending
from base to apical declivity 3 mm. apart, these bordered on each
side with rows of large punctures; surface of disc coarsely, closely

* P. alternattis Pasc. — If I am correct in my identification of species from
Queensland (Cloncurry and Roma), this species has a coarsely granulated
.sternum, the granules being large and round, rendering its recognition easy.

BY H. J. CAKTER. 127

and rugosely punctate, sonietimes obscured by short silky derm;
prosternum carinate and finely granulose, abdomen and femora
closely and finely punctate, tibiaj scabrous, and, with the tarsi,
clothed beneath with red tomentum. Dimensions 13 x 11-5 mm.

Bab. — North west Australia.

A single specimen, male, in the Macleay Museum, is readily
distinguished from the other described species with bicostate
elytra by its small size and nearly circular form.

Sar.\gus montanus, n.sp.

Moderately elongate-ovale, broad, convex, glabrous, black:,nitid.

Head deeply sunk into prothorax, closely rugose-punctate;
epistoma limited at sides by well marked suture, at base by
shallow groove, apex truncate, sides widely rounded, canthus
raised and separately curved, eyes widely separated, antennse
with third joint shorter than two following combined, apical
four joints wider and rounder than preceding, elevent!) largest
and flattened. Prothorax (4x11 mm.), length measured at middle,
width at base; deeply emarginate in front, sides rounded and
converging from base to apex, base trisinuate; posterior angles
very acute and deflexed; foliate margins wide and concave,
extreme margin thin and slightly reflexed, surface of foliate
margins finely rugose, transversely wrinkled at border; disc
irregularly and distinctly punctate, central channel only indicated
by laevigate line, with two smooth impressions, one at each side
near front, two transverse foveate depressions at base near
scutellum, basal edge finely serrated near sides. SmUellum
curvilinear-triangular, punctured as prothorax. Elytra thrice
as long as prothorax, of same width at base, gradually widening
to middle, broadly rounded at apex; humeri obtuse but distinct,
bicostate, with two parallel carinse extending from base, abruptly
ending Vjefore apical declivity, about 3 mm. apart and having
rows of large punctures on each side; the suture also raised from
the middle to apex; between the suture and each carina are two
rows of large punctures with additional and more confused
puncturation near scutellum, between each carina and the foliate

128 RKVISION OF SYMPETES AND HEL^EUS, ETC.,

margins are eleven similar rows of punctures, these large and
regular, separated by a distance of the diameter of one of them,
with a larger row of punctures at the junction of the disc with
the margins; foliate margins wide, narrowed at apex, flat and
smooth, extreme edge narrowly reflexed (seen sideways, laminate).
Prosternum carinate, abdomen black, nitid, closely and finely
punctate, pleurae smooth, tibiae rough, and, with the tarsi, clothed
beneath with reddish tomentum, tibial spurs short. Dimensions
$.11 X 12 mm. : 9.15-5 x 11 mm.

Hah. — Blackheath, Blue Mountains.

Two specimens are under examination, one undoubtedly male,
the other probably female, but without any decided sexual
differentiation. The former, taken by my.self, the other by Dr.
E. W. Ferguson, under Eucalyptus bark. In colour and general
form somewhat like S. Blackbtirni Mac!., but much smaller, less
parallel and convex than that species; otherwise I knovv no other
Saragus at all resembling it.

Saragus Frenchi, n.sp.

Widely oval, convex, glabrous, nitid, black, antennae piceous.

Head : epistoma semicircular, narrowly raised on margin,
strongly and narrowly raised at antennal orbits depressed in front
of eyes, these larger and not so widely separated as in S.
bminnipennis Mack; head and prothorax vei'y minutely punctured,
antennae of same length as prothorax, apical joints slightly
enlarged and rounded. Prothorax (2-5 x 7 mm.) widest at base
where it is more than twice as wide as apex, the latter semi-
circnlarly emarginate, anterior angles obtuse, posterior acute,
sides rapidly narrowing from base to apex, foliate mai-i;ins wide
and deflexed at base, narrower and convex in front, extreme
border verj' narrow at apex and sides, obsolete at base, base very
little sinuate, disc without evidence of central line, with minute
punctures more evident on margins than on disc. Elytra finely
and rather irregularly lineate-punctate, with abouh 17 lines of tine
punctures, both punctures and lines obscure and ii're<j;ular at
centre, more distinct and regular towards the sides, with about

BV H. J. CARTER. 129

three obscurely marked Jsevigate intervals, equally placed; other
intervals very minutely punctured; foliate margins as wide as
those of prothorax at base, very little narrowed till the middle^
then rapidly narrowing to apex, extreme edge narrow and reflexed,
shoulders round, disc separated by a row of larger punctures.
Abdomen finely longitudinally strigose, apical segments closely
punctured, tibiae hairy, tarsi clothed below with red tomentura.
Dimensions 11x8 mm.

Hah. — Eucla, South Australia.

Two specimens, both ^, are before me; the type from Eucla was
kindly sent me by Mr. C. French, the other specimen is amongst
the specimens examined by me for the Melbourne Museum, and
is labelled "Overland Railway, South Australia." It is evidently
very close to >S'. Macleayi Blackb., and less closely allied to S.
hrimnipennis Macl., but distinguished from the former by its
greater size, and width and different sculpture. Mr. Blackburn
distinguishes his species from S. b?ninnipennis "in having it&
thorax more strongly sculptured and the interstices of its elytra
more or less convex," S. Frenchi has its prothorax much less
strongly sculptured than *S'. briinnipennis, while the interstices of
its elytra are not convex, though the loovij^ate intervals give that
appearance in certain aspects. It is easily distinguished from >S'.
hrunnipennis by its rounder shape, and less pronounced sculpture.

Agasthenes EUCLENsis, n.sp. (Fig.2).

Elongate-ovate, above and below jet black, subnitid, apical
joints of antennae and all tarsi piceous, the latter, together with
apex of tibiae, with brown tomentose clothing.

Head subtrapezoidal; labrum strongly_^emarginate and rounded,

showing membranous hinge; epistoma truncate and raised, with

corners obtusely rounded; sides of head raised and rather straightly

widened to the antennal orbits; forehead widely convex and

separated from epistoma by a wide nonsulcate depression, closely

and finely punctulate; antenna? slender, third joint longer than

fourth and fifth combined, 4-7 obconic, 8-10 round and wider,

eleventh elongate, flattened and ovoid. Prothorax transverse
11

130

REVISION OF SYMPETES AND HEL^EUS, ETC.,

Fig. 2.

(4 X 5-5 mm.), widest behind middle, apex circularly emarginate,
anterior angles acute, strongly produced forward and a little
outward, sides widely sinuate anteriorly, more
abruptly behind, posterior angles widely acute (about
80°), subdentate and deflexed, base a little trisinuate,
and, together with the apex, very narrowly bordered;
sides with a thick round raised border abruptly end-
ing at both angles; lateral margins foliate (wider
than in A. Goudiei Carter) with the disc more con-
vex, not perceptibly punctured, having two large
depressions in front of basal border. Scutelhim
widely triangular, very convex and glabrous. Elytra
wider than prothorax at base, parallel for two-tliirds
of their length, rather flat anteriorly, surface uneven
with shallow rugosity, rather closely dotted with
large shallow punctuies connected by short irregular
depressed lines; on each elytron three faintly defined
equidistant costse, obsolete at base and apex ;
shoulders rounded, sides narrowly horizontal and
bordered by narrow raised edge. Abdomen shining, finely
longitudinnlly strigose, the metasternum sulcate in the middle,
the prosternum narrowly convex and produced behind, men-
turn and submentum strongly punctured, the tooth of the latter
small, front and intermediate tibiae slightly curved, all tibiea
with a few scattered reddish hairs and strongly punctulate,
anterior tarsi transverse, posterior tarsi with basal joint nearly
as long as the rest combined. Dimensions 15x6 mm.

Hab. — Eucla, South Australia.

A single specimen, ^, has been sent by Mr. C. French since
my last paper was written. It is nearest to A. Goudiei Carter,
but differs most markedly in the following characters : (1) size
smaller ; (2) prothorax with anterior angles less directed outwards,
less widely rounded, and deflected, not produced outwards at the
posterior angles; (3) elytra more deeply punctured, with more
evident costae. Type in the author's collection.

ti

BY H. J. CARTER.

131

Agasthenes Championi, n.sp. (Fig. 3).

Elongate, subparallel smooth, subnitid, oral organs and
antennae reddish.

Head more finely and closely punctured than in A. Westwoodi
Bates, its structural characters otherwise similar; antennae not
quite reaching base of prothorax, third joint at least
as long as fourth and fifth combined, cylindrical,
4-10 successively wider and shorter, obconic, eleventh
elongate-oval, four apical joints lighter led. Pro-
thorax (5x7 mm.), length in middle, widest behind
middle, base half as wide again as apex, widely
emarginate at apex, anterior angles acute (less acute
and more outwardly directed than in A. Westwoodi),
sides widening in a regular curve to beyond half-way,
then rather suddenly narrowing and widely sinuate
before the acute posterior angle, this produced
obliquely outwards and backwards into a blunt tooth-
base thinly margined, apex moderately margined at
sides only, sides thickly margined; disc minutely and
closely punctured (punctures more evident than
in A. Westwoodi), otherwise smooth. Scutellum
transverse, triangular. Elytra (10-5 x 7 mm.) wider than pro-
thorax at base, shoulders much more squai'ely rounded, with mar-
gins more raised than in A. Westwoodi, sides subparallel till near
apex, convexity as in A. Westivoodi, suture depressed, lateral
gutter more defined and wider than in A. Westwoodi, with about
three obscurely marked depressions, even more minutely punc-
tured than in A Westivoodi, with the lateral row of large punc-
tures continued almost to apex. Abdomen faintly strigose,
submental teeth bluntly rounded, submentum much less coarsely
and more sparsely punctured than in A. Westwoodi; other charac-
ters very similar to those of Bates' species. Dimensions
.^.17x7 mm.: 5. 19 x 8 mm.

Hah. — Overland railway route E. of Wunbering Rocks, South
Australia.

Fig. 3.

132 REVISION OP SYMPETES AND HELiEUS, ETC.,

Two specimens occur amongst the Tenebrionidse examined
from the French Collection, Melbourne Museum. This fine
species, while nearest to A. Westwoodi Bates, can readily be dis-
tinguished by its smaller size, more parallel elytra, and the
widely different form of the prothorax. The most marked
difference lies in the oblique, prominent, posterior angles, with
the regular deep sinuation at the sides. In A. Westwoodi these
angles are wider, less prominent, and meet the incurved sides
more abruptly. I have much pleasure in naming it after my
friend, Mr. G. C. Champion, to whose courtesy and assistance I
am much indebted. Type in National Museum, Melbourne.

Table of described species of Agasthenes.

A. Anterior angles of prothorax acute.

B. Size large (more than 20 mm. long) Westwoodi Bates.

BB. Size smaller (less than 20 mm. long).
C. Prothorax widest near middle.

D. Sides of prothorax not sinuate anteriorly Championi Carter.

DD. Sides of prothorax sinuate anteriorly.

E. Posterior angles of prothorax deflexed euclensis Carter,

EE. Posterior angles of prothorax directed outwards.

Goudiei Carter.

CC. Prothorax widest near base Frenchi Carter,

AA, Anterior angles of prothorax not acute Stejjheni Carter,

Adelium Fergusoni, n.sp. (Fig. 4).

Rather widely ovate and flat, dark copper-bronze with a highly
polished metallic lustre; oral organs, antennae, and tarsi reddish;
under side metallic black with bluish reflections.

Head with labrum very prominent, epistoraa evenly rounded,
flattish and limited behind by defined circular suture, closely and
coarsely punctured, rugose on forehead; eyes transverse and pro-
minent; antennae extending to base of prothorax, third joint
subcylindric and little longer than the fourth, joints 4-10 suc-
cessively wider, obconic, 8-10 distinctly wider than preceding,
eleventh largest, elongate-ovoid. Prothorax transverse(2 x 3-1
mm.), arcuate-emarginate at apex, truncate at base, base and
apex about the same width, widest behind middle, moderately

BY H. J. CARTER.

133

•convex, anterior angles distinct and subrectangular, sides strongly
rounded, rapidl}' widening, sinuately contracting before the wide
dentate rectangular posterior angles; these a little
deflexed; marginal lobes separated by a groove
strongly defined anteriorly but not foliaceous {i.e.,
sculpture of disc continuous to sides), the whole
closely and coarsely punctured with finely rugose
intervals in places; medial channel distinct through-
out, surrounded by a smooth narrow raised border,
most evidently raised at the posterior angles.
Scutellnm small, transverse, triangular. Elytra
considerably wider than prothorax at base and
nearly thrice as long, oval with base subtruncate,
humeri rather squarely rounded but promin-
ent ; punctate-striate, with eight deeply grooved
striae on disc and two more on sides; punctures
in grooves close and small, scarcely evident ^'^' *'

towards middle, intervals rather flat in centre of disc, becoming
strongly convex laterally, and themselves closely and distinctly
punctured. Prosternum, undersides of prothorax, margins and
epipleurse strongly punctured, apical segment of abdomen finely
punctured, intercoxal process widely rounded, tibiee and basal
joints of tarsi clothed beneath with fine yellowish hair. Dimen-
sions 10 X 4 mm.

Hah. — Kuranda, North Queensland.

Two specimens, probably the two sexes, have been generously
given to me by Dr. E. W. Ferguson, who captured them. The
only sexual difference I can detect, is the slightly longer antennae
of the specimen which I take to be the male. It is an aberrant
member of Section ii., Subsection D(These Proceedings, 1908,
p.276) in that its elytral intervals are distinctly convex towards
the sides, and the elytra are deeply striate; and, moreover, dis-
tinguished from all of them by its brilliant metallic colour, and
its very pronounced hind angles to prothorax. Type in author's
coll.

134 REVISION OF SYiMPETES AND HEL^EUS, ETC.

Stigmodera pallidipenyiis Blackb. — Since writing my notes
(These Proc, 1909, p. 121), Mr. Blackburn has shown me the
type of this species. It is quite distinct from S. rmistelamajor
Thorns. I was mi,sled by assuming the specimens in the Macleay
Museum to be correctly named.

Espites hasalis Pasc. — I have received two specimens of this
beautiful insect from Cape York; and have also seen specimens
collected by Mr. Hacker, while Mr. Lea has since sent me a
specimen for identification, also from the same region. It was
described from New Guinea, and has hitherto not been recorded
as an Australian species.

Cardiothorax pygmceus Carter. — I found this species fairly
common on the hills near Twofold Bay during a short stay in
January last. Fre.sh specimens are darker in general colour than
the Macleay Museum types, but tliis colour is relieved by the
raised golden interstices of the elytra near the humeral margins,
this gold or coppery sheen decreasing towards the middle of the
disc. Larger female specimens are nearly as large as specimens
of G. australis Carter, but it may be readily distinguished by the
more abrupt and distinct dentation of the bind angles of the
prothorax.

135

WEDNESDAY, MAY 25th, 1910.

The Ordinary Montlily Meeting of the Society was held in

the Linnean Hall, Ithaca Road, Elizabeth Bay, on Wednesday
evening, May 25th, 1909.

Mr. C. Hedley, F.L.S., President, in the Chair.

In opening the Meeting, the President made reference to the
sorrowful event, whose shadow still lay upon the Empire — the
death of His Majesty King Edward VII., which had transpired
so unexpectedly in the interval since the last Meeting. Antici-
pating the wishes of the Members at large, the Council, on
behalf of the Society, had already arranged for the transmission
of a letter expressive of sincere regret, and of heartfelt sympathy,
to His Excellency, Lord Chelmsford, the Governor of the State :
and a copy of the letter was read from the Chair.

Mr. Gilbert Wright, Sydney University, was elected an
Ordinary Member of the Society.

The President announced that, under the provisions of Rule
XXV., the Council had elected Dr. T. Storie Dixson, Mr. T. Steel,
F.L.S., Mr. A. H. S. Lucas, M.A., B.Sc, and Mr. J. R.
Garland, M.A., to be Vice-Presidents; and Mr. J. H. Campbell,
[Royal .Mint, Macquarie Street] to be Hon. Treasurer, for the
current Session.

The Donations and Exchanges received since the previous
Monthly Meeting, amounting to 12 Vols., 52 Parts or Nos., 7
Bulletins, 3 Reports and 16 Pamphlets, received from 46 Societies,
&c., and 3 Individuals, were laid upon the table.

136

NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

Mr. T. Harvey Johnston exhibited a series of plants showing
pathological conditions produced by the presence of minute gall-
mites, Phytoptus spp. [Eriophyes spp.) belonging to the family
Phytoptidcn — (1) pear-leaves showing "blisters" due to the action
of P. pyri Pag.(Tas.): (2) oranges showing "maori"(P. oIeivo7-us
Ashm. ; coastal districts of New South Wales) : (3) tomato
" rosette " (Phytoptus sp.; Sydney, Bathurst) : (4) Crowfoot
(Ranunculus sp.) showing minute brightly coloured galls along
the stem (New South Wales) : (5) Gmelina Leichhardtii, show-
ing a feltwork on the leaves (Berry; Dr. Cleland) : (6) Banksta
marginata, showing thickening of the bark (Hawkesbury River;
Dr. Cleland) : (7) Couch-grass (Cynodon dactylon) showing
^' rosette " (Sydney) : (8) Casuarina sp., showing deformity of
Small branches (Sydney; Dr. Cleland) : (9) Eucalyptus sp., show-
ing small brightly coloured galls on petioles and backs of leaves
(Pambula, N.S.W.; W. J. Rainbow).

Mr. J. H. Maiden exhibited a " cushion "-plant, locally known
as " Yai'eta," from subalpine Bolivia. It is described as a resinous
material used as fuel, and the locality given is *' Cerro Alto,
altitude 1600 feet," which, it is suggested, may be a mistake for
metres. It comes from a correspondent of Mr. G. S. Card,
Curator of the Mining and Geological Museum, Sydney. The
protective substance is not hair, as in the case of the Vegetable
Sheep of New Zealand, but resin. It shows no inflorescence, but
is probably a species of Azorella, of which three species are
recorded from Bolivia. Mr. Maiden also exhibited, for com-
parison, herbarium specimens of Bolax glebaria Covaevs., (Azorella
ccespitosa Cav.) collected by Dr. (now Sir) J. D. Hooker in the
"Erebus" and "Terror" Expedition. He also showed a fine
porti'ait of Robert Brown, litho. by Rud. Hoffmann, 1859, from
a contemporary photograph by Maull and Polyblank of London;
received from Dr. R. S. Rogers, of Adelaide.

Mr. McDonough exhibited some fine specimens of the fruits of
Eadiandra glohosa[^.0. Laurine^e] from Mullumbimby, N.S.W.,
.somewhat larger than any previously noted.

NOTES AND EXHIBITS. 137

Mr. Cheel exhibited a series of fungi, remarkable or from
unrecorded localities, compi-ising — Agarigace^: Lentinibs cyalJnis
Berk, and Broome (syn. L. scleroticola G. Murray); both the
sclerotia and sporophores of this species were collected, among other
fungi, by Mr. W. W. Froggatt at Russell Island, Solomon Group,
in August, 1909; the only other specimen represented in the
National Herbarium collection is a portion of a large slab of
sclerotia whittled out by the natives, and brought from Santa
Anna Island by Dr. H. B. Guppy, Surgeon, H.M.S. *' Lark," in
1883; (for an account of the species, see Murray, Trans. Linn. Soc.
Lond. Second Series, Yol. ii. p.229, 1886, PI. xxxii., figs.1-4); the
sclerotium was formerly known as Pachyma cocos, and commonly
called the Tuckahoe-truffle, or Indian Bread, in North America —
UsTlLAGlNEiE : TJstilago utriculosa TuL; host. Polygonum hydro-
piper Linn.; Wimburndale Creek, Bathurst(J. H. Maiden and R.
H. Cambage; March, 1910); previously recorded only from Vic-
toria and South Australia on P. minus and P. gracile. U. hro-
mivora Walldh.; host, Bronius mollis Linn.; Jindabyne, N.S.W.
(Sir J. H.Carruthers; January, 1909): and on B. arenarius Labill.;
Tammin, W.A.(J. H. Maiden; September, 1909); not previously
recorded from West Australia. Tolyposporium anthistirice Cobb;
host, Themeda Forskalii Hdck. (Anthistiria ciliata Benth.); Cop-
manhurst(Rev. — Rupp; November, 1909). Dr. Cobb recorded
this from New South Wales without locality (Agric. Gaz. N. S.
Wales, iii., 1006, 1892, fig.22) — Boletine.e : Boletus hceditms B.
& Br.; Thirroul(E. Cheel; April, 1910); Tuggerah Lakes (S. J.
Johnston; April, 1910); previously only recorded from Queens-
land. B. lacimosus Cke. & Mass.; Hill Top (E. Cheel; March,
1910); an edible species previously recorded only from Queens-
land. B. granidatus Linn.; a very common species in pasture-
land around Sydney and suburbs, but recorded only from Victoria
and Queensland in older works; and from Tingiringi Mountain,
N.S.W. (These Proceedings, xxvii., 542, 1902) — Hymenogas-
TRACE.E: Rhizopogon luteolus Tub; Penshurst (E. Clieel; June,
1907, and May, 1910; Burwood (Mrs. Walter Friend; August,
1907); Wahroonga(J. Staer; April, 1910); Gladesviile and Mos-

138 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

raan(Miss M, Flockton; May, 1910); the only other previous
Australian record is that of Mr. M. C. Cooke, for Victoria(Handb.
Aust. Fungi, p.246), the measurements of the spores being stated
to be 7-16 X 4-6 /x; in inatured specimens from Penshurst, the
spores were found to measure from 5-9 x 3-3^ m; these were also
examined by Mr. T. H. Johnston, of the Bureau of Microbiology,
whose measurements were 7"2fiX 2-7^, thus practically agreeing.
Mr. G. Massee, in his " Monograph of British Gastromycetes,"
[Ann. of Bot. iv. 40, 1889] gives the spore-measurements as
8x3/i. The " Native Truffle " or " Widida " of the Blacks,
mentioned by Mr. Herbert Basedow as having been found at
Sandhills, north of Opparinna Spring, South Australia, during
the Prospecting Expedition in I903(vide Trans. Proc. Roy. Soc.
S. Aust., xxviii., p. 18, 1904) is very probably identical with this
species. It is also mentioned by J. Coghlan, as a delicacy of
the Blacks, and found on the western side of the Mulligan(^;^c/^
Roth's " North Queensland Ethnography," Bull. No.3).

Dr. Cuthbert Hall exhibited an abnormal seedling of Euca-
lyptus Cambagei and another of Angofliora lanceolata. The
first had normal cotyledons; the first leaves were a normal
pair, but the next three leaves were alternate, and following
these, then came five whorls of three. One cotyledon of the
second had undergone division, giving rise apparently to three
cotyledons; the first two pairs of leaves were opposite, sessile, and
decussate. A hybrid carnation (^Dianthus caryophyllus) with
three cotyledons, and leaves in whorls of three, was also shown.

Mr. Basset Hull called attention to Mr. F. E. Littler's
" Handbook of the Birds of Tasmania and its Dependencies,"
recently published at Launceston, and issued at a very moderate
price, a copy of which was shown; and he expressed the hope
that the day when similar Handbooks would be available in the
older States was not disappointingly far off.

(Continued on p. 30 4-.)

139

REVISION OF AUSTRA^LIAN TORTRICINA.
By E, Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S., Corresponding Member.

In 1881, I published in the Proceedings of this Society two
papers, in which I dealt with the Tortricina of Australia and
New Zealand, so far as then known to me. Excluding the New
Zealand species (which are not now given, as I am revising them
in a paper in course of publication in the Transactions of the
New Zealand Institute), 132 Australian species were there
recorded, to which I subsequently added a few more, whilst Mr^
Lower has described a good many on various occasions. I am
now enabled to record altogether about 434 species, of which
about 232 are described as new, so that the progress made has
been very considerable, and the character of the fauna can be
fairly estimated.

For this excellent result I am gx'eatly indebted to the aid of
my Australian correspondents, who on learning that I contem-
plated this task, sent me a large quantity of most valuable
material for examination; I apju'eciate most highly this generous
assistance. Especially I would thank Mr. Geo. Lyell, of Gis-
borne, who not only sent a completely representative set of all
species and varieties in his own extensive collection, but also
took pains to get together additional material from his corres-
pondents; the material collected by Miss M. Wise and Messrs.
Berthoud, Bleeser, Drake, Findlay, Goudie, Hill, Jarvis, and
Trebilcock was forwarded by him. Mr. O. Lower very kindly
transmitted the types of all his described species (except two);
this was of great importance, as I was thereby enabled to
identify them with certainty. Dr. A. J. Turner sent a very
useful representative collection of Southern Queensland species.
In all, more than twenty collectors have at one time or another

140 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

contributed to the following records, acknowledgment being
made in each instance; records of locality are attributed to the
collector from whom they were first received; the collector's name
(added in brackets) must be understood to refer to all those
localities in the same State which precede it without the inter-
vention of another collector's name; if no name is given, the
observation is my own, except in the case of a few records from
the islands, where the collector's name is unknown to me. The
South Australian and West Australian species were collected
principally during m}' journeys in 1882 and 1886 respectively.

This paper includes full characters of all families and genera,
with partial synonyms of genera (so far as seemed useful to
Australian students); a catalogue of all species, with full Aus-
tralian synonymy; descriptions of all new species, with additional
notes or supplementary descriptions in the case of species pre-
viously but unsufficiently described; full records of localities;
and short recitals of larval habits when recorded, or full par-
ticulars if new. Tabulations of the genera are given, but I
have not attempted tabulations of the species, because in
those genera where they would be most needed, it seemed
impossible to make them of practical value; the species are so
similar, the colouring so obscure, and the markings often so
irregular, indefinite, and variable, that it is impracticable to
state distinctions and base categories on a single concise phrase.
An attempt to do so in the case of Capua and Tortrix, for
instance, would have been more likely to mislead than to edify.
The group is admittedly a difficult one, and there is no easy
road to its comprehension; students are advised to study the
descriptions closely, and, in the case of nearly related species, to
notice particularly the slight structural differences in the
secondary sexual characters. Any collector who comes across
one of the more local species will do well to devote attention to
securing a good series of it, with a view to its proper compre-
hension. Little has yet been done towards studying the larval
habits, and it is much to be desired that collectors should give
more time to this, which would well repay them; probably many

BY E. MEYRICK. 141

of the larvse feed internally in flower-heads, fruits, stems, or
roots.

Owing to the difficulty of the subject, insufficient material,
and the bad condition of many of Walker's types in the British
Museum, I now find that in my former paper I wrongly identified
some of Walker's species. For the purpose of the present paper
I carried up my whole material to the British Museum, and made
a close comparison with Walker's types, and believe that I have
now identihed every one of these satisfactorily. The synonymy
given in this paper should, therefore, be taken as correcting and
superseding that given formerly.

I have also modified my conceptions of certain genera; in
particular, I have discarded the presence or absence of a costal
fold in the ^ as & distinctive character, finding that it tended to
separate forms otherwise closely related and more naturally
placed together, whilst intermediate species occurred in which
the fold was in such a rudimentary condition that they might
equally well be placed in either class. I consider also that the
costal fold and its contained hair-pencil can only be regarded as
a particular example of a class of structures which, being
intended for sexual recognition and excitement, are essentially
specific and not generic in character; and I hold, therefore, that
similar tufts and folds occurring in other positions (such as the
dorsum of hind wings) are equally unfitted for use as generic
distinctions. I do not, however, apply this to other secondary
sexual characters, which are not concerned with specific dis-
crimination, such as the structure of the antennae in the male-
the ciliations of these, for example, are evidently necessary to
the male and not to the female, and there can be little doubt
that by means of them the male apprehends the female, but
there is no reason to doubt also that if the male of one species of
Capua could be equipped with the antennse of another species,
they would serve him equally well, whilst the costal hair-pencil
of another species would emit a wrong scent, and would there-
fore not serve him at all. It will be observed, however, that in
some genera, as now limited, the costal fold is as a matter of fact

142 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICIJSA,

<

always present, whilst in many others, even in some of the largest
{e.g., Argyro2)loce, of which I am acquainted with about 200
species) it is always absent.

I consider the Tortricina to have originated from the Uilaro.
ffrapha-group of the PhUellidce, and the connecting links are
now, in my opinion, pretty well ascertained. The Chlidanotidce
and Eucosmidfe started as two collateral lines of development,
but the Chlidanotidce never came to much. Laspeyresia was the
earliest form of the E'licosmidce, and the Argyroploce-gi'oup sprang
immediately from this. From the Argyroploce-gvow^ originated
the Peronea-gvouTp of the TortricidcH, and the C arjjosinidte are a
specialised development of the Feronea-group. The Phaloniadce
are an independent offshoot fiom an early form oi\A\B Tortricidce,

Tabulation of Families.

l.Vein 2 of forewings from beyond | of cell 2.

Vein 2 of forewings from before f of cell 3.

2.Hindwingswith 5 absent 1. CARPOSINID^.

Hindwings with 5 present 2. PHALONIADCE.

S.Hindwings witb basal pecten of hairs on lower

margin of cell 4. EUCOSMID^.

Hindwings without such pecten 4.

4. Forewings with 8 and 9 stalked or coincident;

hindwings with 5 parallel, 6 and 7 stalked.. 5. CHLIDANOTID^.
Forewings with 8 and 9 rarely stalked, and if
stalked, then with 5 of hindwings approx-
imated to 4 at base 3. TORTRICID.E.

1. CARPOSINID^.

Ocelli absent. Forewings with tufts of scales on surface; 2
from posterior jfifth to cell, 7 to termen, separate. Hindwings
with or without basal pecten on lower margin of cell; 5 absent»
6 usually absent or rudimentary, parallel to 7 when present, 7 to
apex.

The elongate wings, tufts of forewings, and peculiar neuratiou
of hindwings make this family easy of recognition. Some of the
species are so narrow-winged that even an expert may easily
•overlook them as not belonging to the Tortricina. The larvae

BY E. MEYRICK. 143

probably all feed in fruits, shoots, or bark. The main develop-
ment of the family is in the Australasian region and Pacific
islands.

l.Vein 6 of hindwings developed 6. Sosineura.

Vein 6 of hindwings reduced to a fold or absent 2.

2. Second joint of palpi in J" with long curled hairs,
in $ cylindrical with rough scale-projection

towards base above 5. Coscinoptycha.

Second joint of palpi not so formed 3.

3. Hindwings with basal pecten on cell 4.

Hindwings without basal peeten on cell 5.

4.Forewings with S and 9 stalked 2. Meridarchis.

Forewings with 8 and 9 separate 3. Carposina.

S.Palpi in <? subascending, terminal joint moderate; 3

and 4 of hindwings usually separate 1. Bondia.

Palpi in $ porrected, terminal joint short, 3 and 4

of hindwings stalked 4. Paramorpha.

1. Bondia Newm.

Bondia Newm., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.(n.s.) iii., 289

(1856) ... ... ... ... ... type B. nigella.

Antennfe in ^ with long fine ciliations (4-5). Palpi in ^
moderately long, moi'e or less ascending, in ^ very long, por-
rected, second joint densely rough-scaled above and beneath,
terminal moderate, slender, obtuse, exposed. Forewings : 8
separate. Hindwings without basal pecten on cell; 3 and 4
separate or nearly connate (in B. digramma stalked), 6 absent.

All the species are narrow-winged insects of blackish colouring,
and frequent the trunks of Eucalyptus, heing specially assimilated
to their appearance when charred by bush fires; which would
seem to prove that such fires must be of very ancient occurrence
to allow time for the development of a genus of several species
wholly adapted to them. The genus is confined to Australia.

1. B. caseata, n.sp.

(^9- 17-20 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax blackish, sometimes
slightly whitish-sprinkled. Abdomen blackish, anal tuft in (flight
yellowish. Forewings elongate, narrow, hardly dilated, costaslightly
arched, apex round-pointed, termen slightly rounded, very oblique;

144 REVISION OP AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

dark ashy-fuscous irrorated with black, mixed throughout with
golden-leaden-metallic, more brilliant in (J; a small light ochreous-
yellow spot in disc at § : cilia fuscous mixed with black. Hind-
wings with 3 and 4 separate or almost connate; in ^ orange-
yellow, in ^ light ochreous-yellow; costa narrowly suffused with
dark fuscous; a dark fuscous apical spot extending over about ^
of wing, in ^ sometimes very slenderly produced along upper
part of termen, in ^ forming a narrow irregular streak or rather
broad fascia variable in extent; subdorsal hairs blackish; cilia
dark fuscous.

Victoria: Melbourne(Raynor), Gisborne(Lyell) — South Aus-
tralia: Mount Lofty, Mount Gambier(Guest); from December to
March, six specimens. Formerly confused with B. dissohUana;
the distinguishing characters are noted under that species.

2. B. dissolutana Meyr.

{Bondia dissolutana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N, S. Wales, 1882,
182.)

The description should be amended in the following particulars:

Forewings in ^ mixed throughout with bright golden-leaden-
metallic. Hindwings in ^ with apical dark fuscous spot ex-
tending over ^ of wing, produced as a moderate irregular fascia
along termen to below middle; in 9 pale grey, more or less tinged
with 3'ellow-whitish in disc, suffused with grey towards apex and
along upper part of termen,

New South Wales : Blackheath, 3500 feet, in October. The
supposed Melbourne record refers to the preceding species.
Differs from B. caseata by the absence of yellow discal spot of
forewings, the anal tuft of ^ dark fuscous instead of yellowish,
the hindwings in 9 not yellow, and in ^ with more extended dark

apical patch.

3. B. atlenuatana Meyr.

{Bondia attemiatana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1882,
183.)

New South Wales : Parramatta, in June and July. This
inconspicuous winter species is very probably overlooked by
collectors.

BY E. MEYRICK. 145

4. B maleficana Meyr.

{Bondia maleficana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.Wales, 1882,
183.)

Queensland : Brisbane, in July and August (Turner) — New
South Wales : Sydney, Parramatta, from September to Novem-
ber and in March.

5. B. nigella Newm.

[Bondia nigella Newm., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.(n.s.) iii., 289;
Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1882, 182.)

Queensland: Brisbane (Turner) — Nkw South Wales : Glen
Innes(3500 feet), Sydney — Victoria: Gisborne (Lyell), Mount
Alexander, Healesville — Tasmania : Hobart — South Australia :
Mount Lofty, Hoyleton, Mount Gambler (Guest); from May to
October.

6. B. digramma, n.sp.

^9. 13-15 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark fuscous, slightly
whitish-sprinkled. Abdomen pale grey. Forewings elongate,
narrow, hardly dilated, costa slightly arched, apex round-pointed,
termen very oblique, slightly rounded; dark shining leaden-grey,
sprinkled with blackish; five cloudy irregular transverse blackish
streaks, last subterminal, and additional small blackish spots on
costa in middle and before apex; a transverse linear whitish mark
in disc at f, its upper end right-angled anteriorly and suffused
with yellow-ochreous, and a transverse whitish mark rather
before it above dorsum; in one ^ a white transverse line follow-
ing first blackish streak, some white sufi"usion in disc before
middle, and lower posterior white mark enlarged and connected
with upper : cilia grey mixed with black. Hindwings with 3
and 4 stalked; grey-whitish, suffused with grey posteriorly and
on lower margin of cell; cilia grey-whitish, suffused with grey
round apex and upper half of termen.

West Australia : Albany, from September to December; five
specimens. Dithers from all by stalking of veins 3 and 4 of hind-
wings, and whitish markings of forewings. I regard this as the
most ancestral form, and think the genus probabl}' originated in
West Australia.
12

14G REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

2. Meridarchis Zell.

Meridarchis Zell., Stett. E. Zeit. 1867, 407(1867). ...

type trnpeziella.
Pexinola Hamps., Cat. Lep. ii., 79(1890) ... type longirostris.

Antennse in ^ with long fine ciliations (4-5), basal joint stout.
Palpi in ^ moderately long, in ^ very long, porrected, second
joint with dense projecting scales above and beneath, terminal
very short, exposed. Forewings : 8 and 9 stalked. Hindwing.s
with basal pecten on cell; 3 and 4 connate or stalked, 6 absent.

A characteristic Indo-Malayan genus; I am acquainted with
jibout ten species from that region. It is doubtless a develop-
ment of C arposina.

7. M. zi/inota, n.sp.

{J. 16 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax whitish-ochreous irrorated
with grey, base and lower longitudinal half of palpi black.
Abdomen grey, anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate,
rather narrow, posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa hardly arched
except towards apex, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, oblique;
whitish-ochreous, irregularly irrorated with fuscous and dark
fuscous, somewhat suffused with brownish-ochreous towards
costa and on veins; seven more or less elongate marks of blackish
irroration on costa; several small ochreous-brownish spots in
disc, accompanied by raised tufts; two or three spots of blackish
suffusion towards upper angle of cell, and a black dash beneath
costa beyond these; some undefined dark fuscous marks round
apex and termen : cilia fuscous, irrorated with pale whitish-
ochreous. Hind wings rather thinly scaled, grey; cilia grey.

N. Guinea: Woodlark Island, in April(Meek); one specimen.

3. Carposina HS.

Garpo'siiia HS., Schm. Eur. v., 38(1855) ... type berbei'iJetla.

Enopa Walk., Cat. xxxv., 1738(1866) ... type iiiedifil/a.

Oistophora Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales,

1881,699(1881) type mediella.

Jleterocrossa Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales,

1882,178(1882) type adreptel/a.

BY E. MEYRICK. 147

Antennae in ^ with moderate or long ciliations (1-4). Palpi
rather long or very long, longer in Q, porrected, second joint
with projecting scales above and beneath, terminal more or less
concealed. Forewings : 8 separate. Hindwings with basal
pecten on cell, sometimes in ^ developed into a large expansible
tuft of hairs; 3 and 4 stalked, 6 absent.

The largest genus of the family, with an interesting distrilni-
tion, the species at present known comprising 2 from Europe, 1
Maderia, 2 North America, 12 Australia, 8 New Zealand, and
3'^ Hawaiian Islands, indicating an ancient South Pacific (pro-
bably Australian) origin; the case is analogous to that of the
Pyralid genus Scoparia. The few larvie known feed in fruits
and shoots.

S. C. viediella Walk.

{Enopa mediella Walk., Cat. xxxv., 1738; Oistophora ptero-
■cosmana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881, 699.)

Vic: Melbourne(Raynor) — Tasm.: Deloraine — S. Aust.: Mount
Lofty(Guest) — W. Au.ST.: Albany; in November and December.
My Sydney record is erroneous, and refers to the following
species; the distinguishing characters are given below. This and
the next species are the only two known to possess the large
expansible tuft of hindwings, but some of the others are only
known in the female sex. The female does not possess this tuft;
otherwise it resembles the male.

9. C. taractis, n.sp.

(J 9. 18-19 mm. Head whitish, in 5 tinged with ochreous.
Palpi in ^ dark fuscous, in 9 ochreous mixed with dark fuscous,
upper hairs white. Antennse in ^ shortly ciliated (1). Thorax
white, collar and shoulders brown, iu 9 dorsally spotted with
brownish. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, segmental margins white.
Forewings elongate, narrow, posteriorly dilated, costa gently
arched, apex round-pointed, termen almost straight, oblique-
whitish, irregularly mixed with ochreous-fuscous, and thinlj'
sprinkled with black; a black dot near base in middle, and a
blackish dot beyond it towards dorsum; a small blackish mark

148 REVISION OP AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

on costa at ^, another at J, and five blackish strigulse betweer*
this and apex; several small ochreous-fuscous spots accompanied
by tufts of scales in disc; a fine blackish terminal line : cilia
whitish sprinkled with fuscous, on basal half indistinctly barred.
Hindwings in ^ with expansible scale-tuft not reaching ^ of
wing, thicker and broader than in C. 7nediella; whitish, in ^
posteriorly greyish-tinged, tuft and dorsal area in ^ tinged with
ochreous; cilia whitish.

N.S. W.: Sydney, in October and April; two specimens. Differ*
from G. mediella by character of tuft of hindwings, which in G.
mediella extends from base to fully 1-, and forms a very long
dense pecten rather than a broad tuft; also by less oijlique
termen of forewings, and absence of distinct black dots in disc.

10. G. nesolocha, n.sp.

9. 14-16 mm. Head white. Palpi extreme)}^ long, light
brownish-ochreous more or less suffused with white above, base
and lower longitudinal half dark fuscous. Thorax white, with
anterior transverse series of four black dots. Abdomen pale
whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, narrow, posteriorly haidly
dilated, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen straight,
very oblique; whitish-ochreous slightly tinged with brownish,
with some scattered black scales, beconiini^ yellowish-white
towards base and anterior half of costa; a sharp black almost
basal dot in middle, one towards dorsum near base, and one-
beneath costa at ^; two small black strigulse on costa before and
in middle; a small blackish spot beneath fold before J, and one
above fold beyond ^; a round blackish spot partially edged with
whitish above fold before middle, another more distinctly white-
edged on upper angle of cell, and a third less marked on lower
angle of cell, between these in middle of di.sc is a transverse grey
blotch, and beyond upper angle of cell a snaall patch of grey
suffusion; some light grey irroration towards posterior half of
costa and termen; some indistinct blackish dots on termen : cilia
gre}'^ irrorated with whitish, with two darker lines. Hindwings
pain giey; cilia grey- whitish

W. AuST.: Geraldton, in November; two specimens.

BY E. MEYRICK. 149

11. C. autologa, n.sp.

9. 22 mm. Head wliite. Palpi extremely long, fuscous iri'o-
rafced with dark fuscous, second joint white above. Thorax
ochreous-white, with anterior transverse series of four blackish
<lots. Abdomen pale whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate,
narrow, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex round-
pointed, termen slightly sinuate, very oblique; ochreous-whitisli,
becoming whitish-ochreous posteriorly, posterior half with a few
scattered blackish scales; an ochreous-brown costal streak from
base to beyond middle, suffused towards costa with dark grey; a
black dot towards dor.^um near base; a small blackish spot
towards dorsum at \, and a dot above fold beyond it; a small
blackish spot in middle above fold, followed by a transverse
blotch of grey suffusion; a small blackish spot on upper angle of
cell and a dot on lower angle, connected by light brovvnish-
ochreous sufifusion; some brownish-ochreous and grey suffusion
towards costa posteriorly and termen, and four undefined small
blackish-grey spots on posterior half of costa; a cloudy angulated
transverse streak of brownish-ochreous and fuscous sufifusion
about 4; a black line along termen : cilia fuscous irrorated with
whitish, with two darker shades. Hindwings whitish-grey; cilia
grey-whitish.

W. AusT. : Geraldton, in November; one specimen. Very
similar to C. negoloa-hn, but differs b}-- larger size, forewings more
dilated posteriorly, termen distinctly sinuate, brown costal streak,
black terminal line, and absence of black median dot near base.
It is certainly distinct, and though nominally obtained at the
same place and time, I took it actually in a diflfereut locality
from the two examples of the preceding species, which were
captured together.

12. C. mimodes, n.sp.

(J. 23. mm. Head whitish, crown irrorated with pale fuscous,
collar marked with dark fuscous. Antennal ciliations 3. Palpi
■extremely long, white irrorated with pale fuscous, lower longi-
tudinal half suffused with blackish. Thorax ochreou.s-whitish,

150 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

partially tinged witli pain ochreous. Abdomen ochreous-whitish.
Forewings elongate, narrow, posteriorly dilated, costa gently
arched, apex round-pointed, termen slightly sinuate, rather
strongly oblique; light yellow-ochreous, indistinctly streaked
between veins with white mixed with fuscous, with a more dis-
tinct white subcostal streak from base to middle; costal edge
sutfused with dark fuscous from base to middle; a black dot in
disc at I, another obliquely before it beneath fold, a third before
middle above fold, and two at angles of cell; an elongate patch
of fuscous irroration mixed with whitish in posterior half of cell;
three slight marks of blackish irroration on costa posteriorly, and
a row of indistinct minute dots along termen : cilia grey-whitisli
finely spiinkled with blackish, base ochreous-tinged. Hindwings
vi^hitish-grey, paler anteriorly; cilia whitish, round apex greyish-
tinged.

W. AusT. : York, in October; one specimen. Superficially
much like C inediella, but differs structurally by the much
longer antennal ciliations and ptlpi, and the absence of the
expansible tuft of hindwings.

13. C. telesia, n.sp.

5. 20 mm. Head and thorax whitish irrorated with grey.
Palpi extremely long, dark gvey irrorated with whitish, upper
edge whitish. Abdomen ochreous-grey-whitish, with a dark
fuscous spot on back at base. Forewings elongate, narrow, pos-
teriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen
straight, rather strongly oblique; light brown, irregularly mixed
with grey, especially in disc; a small blackish dot near base in
middle, and another beyond it near dorsum; a blackish dot in
disc at J, and one before it beneath fold, placed in an oblique
brownish mark partially outlined with whitish; a small indi.s-
tinct whitish ring above middle of disc; ati indistinct blackish
dot below middle of disc; two indistinct blackish dots placed in
a brown mark partially edged with whitish traversing end of
cell; some slight vi^hitish irroration between veins posteriorly;
five indistinct dots of blackish irroration on posterior half of

BY E. MEYRICK. 151

costa; a terminal series of small dots of black irroration : cilia
light fuscous finely sprinkled with whitish. Hindwings pale
grey; cilia grey-whitish.

W. AusT.: Albany, in September; one specimen.

14. C. orphania, n.sp.

9. 20 mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous, face irrorated with
whitish. Palpi vei-y long, light fuscous irrorated with blackish.
Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, narrow, posteriorly dilated,
costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen slightly rounded,
rather strongly oblique; fuscous suS'usedly irrorated with dark
fuscous, bases of scales more or less distinctly paler; posterior
half of costa with several suffused darker spots followed by pale
dots; an elongate blotch of dark suffusion in posterior half of
cell, terminated by an obscure pale curved line; usual tufts
darker and obscurely pale-edged posteriorly : cilia fuscous mixed
with dark fuscous. Hindwings and cilia whitish-fuscous.

S. AusT.: Mount Lofty, in May (Lower); one specimen.

15. C. pelrcea, n.sp.

(J$. 20-23 mm. Head and thorax whitish, shoulders slightly
marked with fuscous. Antennal ciliations in (J 1. Palpi very
long, longer in 9, whitish, lower longitudinal half dark fuscous.
Abdomen ochreous-whitish, dor.sal scales in ^ modified on median
third and slightly ochreous-tinged. Forewings elongate; in ^
rather narrow, little dilated, in 9 narrow, moderately dilated
posteriorly, costa slightly arched, apex round-pointed, termea
almost straight, in ^ rather strongly oblique, in 9 very oblique;
light fuscous mixed with darker fuscous and whitish, towards
anterior half of costa more or less suffused with whitish; six
small spots of dark fu.scous irroration on posterior ^ of costa;
normal tufts dark fuscous preceded by yellow-ochreous suffusion,
viz., one beneath fold near base, one in disc at J, one beneath
fold obliquely before it, one beneath middle of disc, and two at
angles of cell : cilia whitish irrorated with fuscous and dark
fuscous. Hindwings whitish-grey; cilia whitish; in ^ with a

152 REVISION OP AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

long whitish hair-pencil from base of dorsumbeconiing feiruginous-
ochreous towards apex,

Vic: Gisborne (Lyell) — S. AusT. : Mount Lofty (Guest); in
November; two specimens.

16. C. neurophorella Meyr.

{Bpischnia neu^'ophorella Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,
1879, 232.)

Originally based on a single female; I therefore now describe
a fine male in Mr. Lyell's collection, the species being little
known.

(J. 20 mm. Head and thorax whitish, longitudinally streaked
above with dark fuscous. Antennal ciliations 1. Abdomen
grey-whitish. Forewings elongate, narrow, posteriorly little
dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely
rounded; whitish, partially tinged witli yellow-ochreous; all veins
marked with well-defined streaks of dark fuscous irroration;
blackish raised dots in disc at ^, beneath fold before this, below
middle of disc, and two more conspicuous black marks on angles
of cell : cilia whitish irrorated with dark grey. Hindwings
grey-whitish, towards base and dorsum suffused witli pale whitish-
ochreous, hairs of 16 curled; cilia whitish.

N.S.W : Sydney— Vic: Melbourne (Lyell)— S. Aust. : Mount
Lofty(Guest); in August, September, and December. Mr. Lyell
has taken it " emerging from trunk of Casitaritia "; I presume
the larva fed in the baik; the association with Oasuariiia
accounts for the longitudinal striping of the wings, which is
frequent in Lepidoptera attached to that tree, being adapted to
resemble the light and shade effects of the slender twigs.

17. C. pinarodes, n.sp.

^. 23 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, thorax with
some small marks of dark fuscous irroration. Antennal cilia,
tions 1^. Palpi extremely long, whitish-ochreous, lower half
.suffused with dark fuscous except at base. Abdomen ochreous-
whitish. Forewings elongate, narrow, posteriorly dilated, costa

BY K. MEYRICK. 153

gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen almost straight,
oblique; whitish-ochreous, irregularly sprinkled with blackish; a
small black dot near base in middle, one towards dorsum beyond
it, and a larger one beneath costa at ^; a streak of blackish irro-
ration along costa from bevond this to near middle, and six small
spots or dots of blackish irroration on costa posteriorly; cloudy
dark fuscous dots suffused with l)rownish-ochreous in disc at J,
beneath fold before this, and beneath middle of disc, and irregular
spots of blackish irroration between and around these; a brownish-
ochreous streak across end of cell, marked at upper extremity
with a dark fuscous dot, and preceded by a transverse cloud of
blackish irroration, extended irregularly to costa and dorsum at
.§; a transverse series of undetined marks of blackish irroration
from 1^ of costa to tornus; termen dotted with blackish irrora-
tion : cilia pale fuscous, somewhat mixed with dark fuscous and
S|)rinkled with whitish. Hindwings grey-whitish; cilia whitish.
W. AusT. : Albany, in October; one specimen.

18. C. latebrosa, n.sp,

(J. 15-16 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen pale whitish-
ochreous; palpi extremely long, lower longitudinal half suffused
with dark fuscous, upper edge whitish; antennal ciliations 1.
Forewings elongate, narrow, posteriorly rather dilated, costa
gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen almost straight, very
oblique; very pale whitish-ochreous, more or less sprinkled with
fuscous except towards costa anteriorly; a minute black dot near
base in middle, and a larger one beneath costa at i; six oblique
blackish strigulse or dots on posterior ^ of costa, first sometimes
thick; an inconspicuous dark fuscous dot in disc at ^, another
obliquely before it beneath fold, and one more distinct at upper
angle of cell; a series of dark fuscous marks or dots along termen^
cilia whitish sprinkled with fuscous. Hindwings with hairs on
margin of cell and 16 long and bristly, slightly tinged with
•ochreons; whitish; cilia whitish.

Tasm. : Deloraine; in December; two specimens.

154 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA

19. C. perileuca Low.

{Paramorpha perileuca Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust. xxxii.
(1908), 116.)

^<^. 14 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen white. Antenna!
ciliations in ^ 21. Palpi in $ long, in ^ very long, white, lower
half dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, ^ narrow, posteriorly
somewhat dilated, costa slightly arched, apex round-pointed,
termen almost straight, rather strongly o!)lique; white, thinly
sprinkled with dark fuscous or blackish; a short black dash
beneath costa near base, and a black dot towards dorsum near
base; six oblique black marks on posterior ^ of costa; an oblique
dark fuscous mark in disc at ^, another beneath fold before this,
a somewhat curved sometimes interrupted longitudinal line above
middle of disc, and an elongate dot below middle of disc; an
angulated subterminal series of undefined spots or marks of dark
fuscous irroration; a blackish line along termen : cilia whitish,
with two broad fuscous shades. Hindwings and cilia whitish.

N.S.W.: Sydney— \^ic.: Gisborne(Lyell), Melbourne, Castle-
maine( Lower); always in March. Redescribed from Lower's
type (a 2, not ^ as stated) and three other specimens.

4. Paramorpha Meyr.

Pararnorpha M^yr., Proc. Linn. Soc N.S.Wales, 1881,

690 ... ... ... ... ... ... type aquilatia.

Antennae in ^ strongly ciliated {2-2|). Palpi in both sexes
very long, porrected, second joint with rough projecting scales
above and beneath, terminal short, exposed. Forewings : 8
separate. Hindwings without basal pecten on cell; 3 and 4
stalked, 6 absent.

Besides the four Australian species, I have six Indo-Malayan.
The Australian forms are small whitish insects of similar appear-
ance, and there has been some confusion between them.

20. P. semotheta, u.sp.

(5'9. 13-18 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax white, in Sydney
form more or less suflfused with grey, oblique basal half of palpi

BY E. MEYRICK. 155-

dark fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Forewings elongate,
narrow, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex
obtuse, termen slightly rounded, very ol)lique; white, or in
Sydney form grey-whitish, more or less irregularly irrorated with
grey and sprinkled with dark fuscous; markings blackish-fuscous;
a semioval spot on base of costa, and a subdorsal dot near base;
six small spots on posterior | of costa; an inwards-oblique some-
times interrupted linear mark in disc beyond ^; a more or less
defined elongate blotch above middle of disc, terminated by two
small round spots partly edged with white; a small spot on fold
before middle, and one on dorsum at 4; these markings are
accompanied by raised tufts, and sometimes edged posteriorly
with pale ochreous suflPusion; a more or less indistinct irregular
subterminal streak of dark suffusion; some very indistinct dark
spots on termen : cilia whitish, with two or three cloudy grey
shades, sometimes broken into bars. Hindwings and cilia
whitish.

N.S.W.: Sydney, in September — -TASiM.: Mount Wellington,
3100 feet, in December; seven specimens. Specially charac-
terised by the spot on base of costa.

21. P. rhacJiias, n.sp.

(J9, ir>-14mm. Head and thorax white. Palpi white, base
and lower longitudinal half dark fuscous. Abdomen in ^ light
grey, in 9 whitish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, rather
dilated posteriorly, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed,
termen almost straight, rather strongly oblique; white, more or
less faintly tinged with greyisliochreous except towards costa
anteriorly, with a few fine black specks, veins posteriorly marked
with faint greyish-ochreous streaks; a short black strigula on
costa beyond J, and five longer oblique black strigulee on posterior
half of costa; a dot of ochreous-grey and black irroration accom-
panied by a tuft of scales beneath fold at ^, another above fold
at f, a third at lower angle of cell, and a small irregular blackish
spot at upper angle of cell; a blackish line or series of marks
along termen : cilia fuscous irrorated with whitish, paler towards
tornus. Hindwings and cilia whitish-grey.

156 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

N.S. W.: Murrunindi, Sydney, in November and April; three
specimens. Formerly confused with P. aquilatia, from which it
may be distinguished by the black costal strigula before middle,
and the absence of the black discal dot at J.

22. P. aquilana Meyr.

{Paratnorpha aquilana Meyr.^ Proc. Linn. Soc. K. S. Wales,
1881, 697.)

N.S.W.: Blackheath, 3500 feet— Vic: Melbourne, Gisborne

(Lyell); in February and March. My Sydney record refers to

/-*. rhacJdas, which is included in the original description; P.

aquilana has no black strigula on costa before middle, and there

is a sharp black dot in disc at or slightly before \; it is also a

narrower-winged insect than P. rhachias, and the termen is more

oblique.

23. P. hapalopis, n.sp.

9. 15 mm. Head and thorax grey-whitish. Palpi white irro-
rated with pale grey, base and lower longitudinal half dark
fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate,
narrow, posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa gently arched, apex
acute, termen somewhat sinuate, very oblique; whitish, with
scattered black specks, suifusedly irrorated with grey except
towards base, becoming darker grey towards costa and posteriorly;
a white subcostal streak from base to beyond middle, marked
with a black dot near base, and edged beneath by a streak of
dark fuscous suffusion except at base; cloudy whitisli streaks
between veins towards termen; a short line of black scales on
termen above middle : cilia grey irrorated with whitish, paler
towards tornus, tips mixed with dark fuscous towards middle of
termen. Hindwings and cilia whitish.

W. AusT.: Albany, in September; one specimen. Distinct by
the acute apex and absence of black dots.

5. CosciNOPTYCHA Meyr.

Coscinoptycha Meyr., Proc. Liiii). Soc. N.S.Wales, 1881,

700 ... ... ... ... ... ... type improbaita.

I

BY E. MEYRICK. 157

Antennse in ^ thickened-dentate, strongly ciliated (3), basal
joint swollen. Palpi in ^ moderately long, subascending, second
joint densely rough-scaled beneath and clotlied with long curled
expansible hairs above, terminal very short, exposed; in ^ very
long, porrected, second joint evenly thickened with dense toler-
ably appressed scales, towards base above forming an abrupt
rough projection, terminal moderate, exposed. Forewings in ^
with longitudinal membranous bladder-like ridge in disc ante-
riorl}'^, clothed with flap of dense scales; 8 separate. Hindwings
without basal pecten on cell; 3 and 4 connate or short-stalked, 6
absent.

An endemic genus, containing only the single species.

24. C. improbana Meyr.

{Coscinoptycha improbana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,
1881, 701).

Q.: Brisbane(Turner) — N.S.W.: Sydney; from July to Sep-
tember, in December, January, and April.

6. SOSINEURA, n.g.

Antennse in ^ strongly ciliated (3), basal joint dilated. Palpi
in ^ moderate, subascending, in ^ longer, porrected, with
appressed scales expanded above towards apex, terminal joint
very short, exposed. Forewings in ^ with deep longitudinal
groove in cell anteriorly, causing margins of cell to be approx-
imated towards base; 8 separate. Hindwings in ^ with large
basal patch of modified scales, without basal pecten, in ^ with
basal pecten on cell; 3 and 4 stalked, 6 present, remote, parallel
to 7 anteriorly.

Type S. mimica Low. This appears to be the most primitive
form of the family at present known; the genus is endemic, and
contains only one species.

25. S. mimica Low.

{Heterocrossa mimica Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr. 1893,
168.)

N.S.W.: Sydney — Vic: Melbourne(Kersha\v), Gisborne(Lyeli)
— Tasm.: Hobart(Lyell)— S. Aust.: Mount Lofty(Guest) — W

158 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

AusT. : Albany; from September to April. Lower's description
is good and sufficient.

PHALONIAD^.

Ocelli usually present. Forewings with 2 from posterior fifth
of cell. Hindwings without basal pecten on lower margin of
cell; 5 present, 7 to costa.

As thus limited, this family is characteristically European;
about 200 species are known from that region, whilst elsewhere
it is represented only by a few stragglers. Of the two Australian
genera, Heliocosma, though endemic and distinct, is a normal
exponent of the family; but Hyperxena presents dubious features.

7. Heliocosma Meyr.

Heliocosma Meyr., Troc. Linn. Sou. N. S. Wales, 1881,

693 ... ... ... ... ... type i7icongrtiana.

Antennte in ^ broadly compressed and iiatteiied. Palpi very
long, porrected, second joint with rough projecting scales dimin-
ishing anteriorly, terminal moderately long, exposed. Thorax
without crest. Forewings with scale-tufts on surface, 7 to termen,
8 separate. Hindwings with 3 and 4 remote, 5 parallel, 6 and 7
remote, nearly parallel.

At present only known from the Australian region; though
similar to Eui'opean forms, it differs from them all by the parallel
veins 6 and 7 of hindwings, which are closely approximated or
sstalked in all European genera.

26. II. anthodes, n.sp.

(^J. 17-18 mm. Head and thorax in ^ vvhitish-oclireous,
tinged with crimson on face and shoulders, in Q yellower and
more largely suffused with light crimson. Palpi crimson-whitish
•or light crimson, becoming fuscous towards apex, whitish towards
base. Abdomen pale whitish-ochreous, in Q tinged with gre}'.
Forewings elongate, narrow towards base, dilated posteriorly,
costa slightly arched, more strongly posteriorly, apex round-
-pointed, termen sinuate, oblique; ochreous-whitish; a pale crimson

BY E. MEYRICK. 159

streak along costa from base to |, in 9 broader and more suffused;
a white streak running from beneath apex of this ahiiost to
dorsum beyond middle, whole anterior area of wing yellow-
ochreous, becoming deeper and brownish-tinged just before the
white streak; in ^J undefined patches of pale whitish-rosj^ suffu-
sion before and beyond tornus and on costa before apex, post-
tornal patch edged above and costal beneath by marks of yellow,
ochreous suffusion, and some yellowish suffusion in disc before
these; in 9 tlie whole posterior area is suffused with light crimson,
except whitn wedge-shaped marks resting on termen below apex
and below middle : cilia in ^ whitish partially tinged with pale
rosy, in 9 wholly pale crimson. Hindwings in ^ whitish-grey,
in 9 grey; cilia grey-whitish.

W. AusT.: York, in October; two specimens.

27. H. rhodopnoana Meyr.

(Heliocosma rhodoi)noana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,
1881, 694.)

The ^ (not hitherto described) is similar to the 9, but varies
considerably in the development of the crimson colouring, the
groundcolour varying from ochi-eous with a faint rosy tinge to
rose-pink, but not so deep or bright as in 9-

Vic: Melbourne(Raynor), Gisborne(Lyell) — Tasm.: George's
Bay — S, AusT.: Mount Lofty(Guest) — W. Aust.: Perth, Albany;
from November to January.

28. H. hicongruana Walk.

{Conchylis incongruana AValk., Cat. xxviii., 363; Eromene
apertella ib. xxxv., 1762; Heliocosma incongruana Meyr., Proc.
Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, 1881, 695.)

Q. : Duaringa (Barnard), Warwick, Stradbroke I. (Turner) —
N.S.W.: Tenterfield (Turner), Blackheath (3500 feet), Sydney—
Vic. : Gisborne, Beaconstield(Lyell), Wandin(.Jarvis), Melbourne
— Tasm.: Deloraine, George's Bay, Hobart — S. Adst.: Mount
Lofty(Guest); from September to April. Larva in a portable
case on flowers of Lysinema pungens and Epacris in August (and
doubtless later).

160 RKVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TOKTHICINA,

29. H. exceca, n.sp.

(J^. 12-13 mm. Head and thorax white. Palpi white, tinged
externally with ochreous. Abdomen whitish. Forewings
elongate, posteriorly, dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,
termen obliquely rounded; white, ]>artially tinged with pale
oclireous-yellowisli; l>asal fifth of costa suffused with ochreous; a
more or less developed outwardly oblique ochreous streak from
dorsum near ba.se. reaching half across wing; a deep ochreous
narrow fascia slightly beyond middle parallel to termen, tending
to be" obsolete at extremities, posteriorly edged with a few black
specks; an irregular narrow ochreous fascia just before termen
from apex to tornus, anteriorly edged with a few black specks;
between this and preceding fascia is sometimes more or less
irregular pale yellow-ochreous suffusion : cilia white, partially
tinged with yellow-ochreous, with a few black specks, especially
at tornus. Hindwings and cilia whitish.

New Guinea: Sudest I. (Meek) — Q.: Townsville, in May(Dodd);
three specimens. The smallest, relatively shortest-winged, and
least decorative species.

8. Hypkrxena Meyr.
Hyperxena Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1882,

177 ... .^ ... ... ... ... type sci'?ra?ia.

Palpi very long, porrected, second joint with long rough
obliquely projecting scales above, terminal long, rough-.scaled
above. Thorax with double posterior crest. Forewings with
tufts of scales, 7 to costa, 8 separate. Hindwings with 3 and 4
remote, parallel, 5 nearly parallel, 6 to costa, 6 and 7 remote,
nearly parallel.

The single species, of which the ^ is still unknown, is super-
ficially dissimilar to the rest of the family, and its structural
characters are so far unspecialised as to leave its affinity some-
what uncertain; but after a very careful consideration of the twa
original specimens, which are all I have seen, I can see nO'
grounds for referring them elsewhere, and think they may be a
primitive type of this group.

BY E. MEYRICK. 161

30. -ff. scierana Meyr

{Hyperxena scierana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1882,
177.)

N.S.W.: Blackheath (3500 feet), Parramatta; in August and
September. Probably overlooked by collectors through its early
appearance; should be looked for at Sydney in July.

TORTRTCID^.

Ocelli present. Forewings with 2 from before f of cell.
Hindwings without basal pecten on lower margin of cell.

This extensive family contains the majority of the Australian
Tortricina, and the same case holds in New Zealand, whilst in
other regions the Eucosmidce are the dominant family. The
forty Australian genera fall roughly into three groups, which are
natural, though not capable of strict definition; viz. («) the
primitive Peronea-gvo\.\Y>, in which the forewings have tufts of
scales on the surface, and the neuration is variable and unspecial-
ised (genera 37-48); (5) the typical Tortrix-gvoxxT^ (genera 25-36);
and (c) the Capua-gvon^, in which veins 7 and 8 of forewings are
stalked (genera 0724). This last group, though occurring also in
other regions, is much more extensively developed in Australia
than elsewhere; whilst the first group is less developed than
elsewhere, and probably mainly indicative of comparatively
recent Malayan immigration.

1 . Head smooth-scaled 2.

Head not smooth-scaled 4.

2. Forewings with 3 from angle 3.

Forewings with 3 fromconsiderably before angle... 26. Chresmarcha.

3. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate, 6 and 7 stalked. 27. Zacorisca.
Hindwings with 3 and 4 approximated, 6 and 7

approximated 28. Atteria.

4. Forewings with 7 absent (coincident with 8) 21. Atelodora.

Forewings with 7 present 5.

5. Forewings with 7 and 8 stalked. . . 6.

Forewings with 7 separate 22.

6. Forewings with 7 to costa 39. Dichelopa-

Forewings with 7 to termen 7.

13

162 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

7. Forewings with 9 out of 7 40. Drachmobola.

Forewings with 9 separate 8.

8. Forewings with 3 and 4 stalked 41. Tymbarcha.

Forewings with 3 and 4 separate 9.

9. Hindwings with 4 absent 18. Lamyrodes.

Hindwings with 4 present 10.

10. Hindwings with 3 and 4 separate 1 ! .

Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate or stalked 17.

11. Forewings with 3 from considerably before angle.. 12.
Forewings with 3 from angle 13.

12. Thorax with crest. 20. Aristocosma.

Thorax without crest 23. Adoxophyes.

13. Hindwings with 3 and 4 remote 14.

Hindwings with 3 and 4 nearly approximated at

base 22. Procalyptis.

14. Hindwings with 3, 4, 5 equidistant 15.

Hindwings with 4 nearer 5 at base than 3 16.

15. Palpi suljascending, thoracic crest large 12. Pybgotis.

Palpi porrected, thoracic crest small or absent 11. Isochorista.

16. Thorax with crest 13. Acropolitis.

Thorax without crest , 10. Paraselkna.

17. Palpi ascending 18.

Palpi porrected 19.

18. Thorax with crest 14. A.sthenoptycha.

Thorax without crest 24. HoMO>fA.

19. Antennae with basal third thickened with dense

scales 15. R uomboceros.

Antennae with basal third not thickened 20.

20. Palpi in <^ with large expansible fringe of hairs

above 16. Acroceuthes.

Palpi in J* without such fringe 21.

21. Palpi in ^ cylindrical, with appressed scales

except near base 17. Aeolostoma.

Palpi with projecting scales above and beneath 19. Capoa.

22. Forewings with 8 and 9 stalked 23.

Forewings with 8 and 9 separate 24.

23. Thorax with crest _ 48. Mictonectra.

Thorax without crest 44. Parastranga.

24. Forewings with 7 to costa 46. Peronea.

Forewings with 7 to apex or termen 25.

25. Forewings with 3 and 4 stalked 26.

Forewings with 3 and 4 separate 27.

26. Hindwings with 4 absent 45. Eboda.

Hindwings with 4 present 42. Spatali.sti.s.

BY K. MEYRICK. 163

■27. Hindwings with 7 from cell considerably before

angle 43. Scolioplecta.

Hindwincrs with 7 from angle 28.

28. Hindwings with cell open between 4 and 6 37. Diactenis.

Hindwings with cell closed 29.

29. Hindwings with 3 and 4 separate 30.

Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate 34.

80. Hindwings with 3 and 4 widely remote 31.

Hindwings with 3 and 4 approximated at base 32.

31. Forewings with tufts of scales 47. Pal^otoma.

Forewings without tufts 9. Proselena.

32. Thorax with crest ,34. Harmologa.

Thorax without crest 33.

3.3. Palpi ascending 30. Meritastls.

Palpi porrected 31. Epichorista.

-34. Palpi ascending 25. Caccecia.

Palpi porrected 35.

35. Terminal joint of palpi absent 36. Xenothtctis.

Terminal joint of palpi present 36.

36. Hindwings with 6 and 7 stalked 35. Cnephasia.

Hindwings with 6 and 7 approximated 37.

37. Forewings with tufts of scales 38. Argyrotoxa.

Forewings without tufts 38.

3S. Antennae in <^ dentate, fasciculate-ciliated, palpi

long or very long 32. Arotrophora.

Antennae in ^ simply ciliated, palpi moderately

long 39.

39. Thorax with crest 33. Eulia.

Thorax without crest 29. Tortrix.

9. Proselena Meyr.

Proselena JVleyr., Proc. Linn. 80c. N. S. Wales,

1881, i^l ... .. ... ... ... type annosana.

Prothelymna Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst., 1882, 57, type, antiquana.

Antennae in ^ rather strongly ciliated. Palpi moderate, por-
rected, second joint dilated with rough scales above and beneath,
terminal short. Thorax smooth. Forewings with 7 to termen,
8 separate. Hindwings with 3 from much before angle, remote
and nearly equidistant from 2 and 4, 4 from angle, 5 rather
approximated to 4 at base, transverse vein extremely oblique, 6
and 7 long-stalked.

164 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

Originally founded on a single species; I subsequently widened
the generic characters so as to include some other forms which 1
now believe to have no immediate affinity here, and have there-
fore removed them to a new genus in the neighbourhood of
Tortrix. There is now only one Australian species, which is
undoubtedly closely allied to the following genus, Paraselena, and
must be supposed to have arisen from it by the reduction and
disappearance of the stalk of veins 7 and 8 of forewings; and two
New Zealand species, curious forms which are not much like the
type or one another, but appear to agree in all essential structure.

31. P. annosana Meyr.

(Proselena annosana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1881,
421.)

N.S VV.: Parramatta — Tasm.: Launceston — S. AusT.: Wiria-
bara; from September to November.

10. Paraselena, n.g.

Antennae in (J moderately ciliated. Palpi moderate, porrected,
second joint dilated with rough scales above and beneath,
terminal short. Thorax smooth. Forewings with 7 and 8
stalked, 7 to terraen. Hindwings with 3 from much before
angle, remote and nearly equidistant from 2 and 4, 4 from angle,

5 rather approximated to 4 at base, transverse vein very oblique,.

6 and 7 long-stalked.

Type P. thamnas Me3'r. The species are similar in general
characters to the preceding, from which they differ onl}' by the
stalking of veins 7 and 8 of forewings. The genus is endemic,
and must be regarded as a modification of Isochorista.

^o^

32. P. tenella, n.sp.

5. 8 mm. Head and palpi whitish. Thorax whitish, partially
tinged with pale yellow-ochreous. Abdomen pale whitisli-
ochreous. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex
round-pointed, termen rounded, rather strongly oblique; white,
thinly sprinkled with fuscous; an undefined basal patch and

BY E. MEYRICK. 165

moderately broad fascise at i and | formed by irregular yellow-
ochreous suffusion : cilia whitish, with a few fuscous specks.
Hind wings and cilia white.

N.S.W. : Bathurst, 2.500 feet, in Novembei-; one specimen.

33. P. thamnas, n.sp.

(J. 12 mm. Head whitish, tinged with fuscous on crown except
in middle. Palpi whitish, sprinkled with grey externally.
Antennal ciliations 2. Thorax whitish-fuscous sprinkled with
dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate,
costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, termen rounded,
rather strongly oblique; light fuscous mixed with whitish; some
undefined spots of yellow-ochreous suffusion arranged as though
indicating a basal patch and narrow transverse fasciae at i and
^ : cilia giey-whitish, with a few fuscous specks. Hindwings
and cilia whitish-grey.

S. AusT. : Adelaide, in October; two specimens.

11. IsocHORiSTA Meyr.

Isochorisla Mevr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,

1881, 424 ... ... ... ... ... type ranulana.

Antennte in ^ shortly or moderately ciliated. Palpi moderate,
porrected, second joint dilated with rough scales above and
beneath, terminal short. Thorax usually with slight crest. Fore-
wings with 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen. Hindwings with 2
widely remote from 3, 3-5 moderately remote, equidistant and
nearly parallel, transverse vein oblique, 6 and 7 long-stalked.

An endemic genus, probably derived from Capua, to which the
species are generally similar. They are frequently small and
obscure insects, but locally abundant where they occur. JS^one
are yet known in the larval stage.

34. /. cerophanes, n.sp.

(J. 13 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax light ochreous-yellowish.
Abdomen light giey. Forewings elongate, suboblong, without
costal fold, costa moderately arched towards base, thence nearly

166 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

straight to near apex, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded;^

whitish-ochreous, with a few scattered dark fuscous scales; about

10-11 little oblique rather irregular ochreous-yellow transverse

strise, partially coalescing to form a basal patch and central

fascia; some dark fuscous strigulation towards dorsum before and

beyond central fascia; some scattered dark fuscous strigulse on

costa; costal edge of central fascia suft'used with dark fuscous,

and two small dark fuscous spots with some grey suffusion on

costa towards apex: cilia light ochreous-yellowish. Hindwings

and cilia fuscous.

Q.: Eumundi; amongst subtropical scrub, in November(Turner);

two specimens. Diffei's f rom all by its general ochreous-yellowish

colouring.

35. /. melanocrypta, n.sp.

(J. 11-12 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen bronzy-
fuscous; antennal ciliations minute. Forewings elongate, with-
out costal fold, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen
slightly rounded, oblique; rather light purplish-grey; markings
formed of mixed ferruginous and black scales; a moderate basal
patch, outer edge angulated in middle; a stria near beyond this;,
central fascia reduced to a costal spot not reaching half across
wing, connected by a stria wiih dorsum; an irregular stria beyond
this, costa somewhat marked with white about its origin; two
or three irregular strise before termen, coalescing on posterior
fourth of costa into a triangular patch : cilia whitish-ochreous,
basal half spotted with dark grey. Hindwings grey; cilia whitish-
grey, with grey subbasal shade. Undeisurface of forewings
suffused with dark purplish-fuscous except towards dorsum and
teruien; undersurface of hindwings with streaks of dark purple-
fuscous suffusion along dorsum and anterior half of costa.

Q.: Mount Tambourine, in October(Turner); two sppcimens.
An obscure insect, but specially' characterised by the dark suffu-
sion of undersurface, which is, however, not improbably a sexual

character.

36. /. eiicotodes, n.sp.

(^^. 14-15 mm. Head and thorax brownish mixed with dark

fuscous. Palpi dark fuscous, with a few whitish scales. Antennal

BY E. MEYRICK. 167

ciliations in (^ 1. Abdomen dark grey. Forewings elongate,
moderate, costa gently arched, in ^ without fold, apex obtuse,
termen sliijhtly rounded, oblique; fuscous, with a faint purplish
tinge; about 9-10 coarse oblique striae of black irroration more or
less mixed with deep ferruginous; in the ^ example there is
some irregular whitish irroration between these, especially in the
space between basal patch and central fascia, and towards costa
beyond central fascia : cilia fuscous mixed with paler, with a
blackish antemedian line. Hindwings rather dark fuscous; cilia
fuscous, with a darker subbasal shade.

Tasm.: Mount Wellington, 1200 feet, in December; two speci-
mens. This and the next species are best distinguished from the
other similar obscure species which follow, by the absence of
costal fold in ^.

37. I. pumicosa, n.sp.

(J. 1 2 mm. Head and thorax ashy-fuscous. Palpi dark fuscous,
with some whitish scales. Antennal ciliations J. Abdomen
dark grey. Forewings elongate, costa without fold, gently
arched, apex obtuse, termen almost straight, oblique; ashy-
fuscous; about ten coarse irregular oblique striee of black irrora-
tion somewliat mixed with ferruginous scales, on costal edge
separated by whitish scales : cilia fuscous with a dark fuscous
antemedian shade, base whitish. Hindwings rather dark fuscous,
darker posteriorly; cilia fuscous, with dark fuscous subbasal
shade.

Vic: Mount St. Bernard, 5000 feet, in February(Lyell); type
in Coll. Lyell. Diflers from /. encotodes by much shorter cilia-
tions of antennae in ^, therefore certainly distinct; smaller and
darker, with much less ferruginous admixture, and central fascia
not obviously defined.

38. /. parmi/erana Meyr.

{Capita jjarmifer ana Meyr,, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, 1881,
534.)

N.S.W.: Woodford(Lyell), Sydney; in October and March.

168 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

39. /. ranulana Meyr.

{Isochorista ranulana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, 1881,
424).

Q.: Biisbane(Turner), Toowoomba— NS.W.: Glen Innes(3500
feet), Murrurundi, Bathurst, Mittagong, Sydney, Bulli — Vic:
Beaconsfield(Lyell), Healesville, Sale — S. Aust.: Mount Lofty,
Wirrabarra; from August to December, and in March and April.
The smallest species of the genus.

40. /. helota, n.sp.

(J. 9-10 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax brownish, sometimes
mixed with blackish, base and extreme apex of palpi whitish.
Abdomen dark grey. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched,
with fold reaching to near -i, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded,
oblique; fuscous, with a faint purplish tinge; about 8-10 irregular
broken oblique transverse striiB of blackish irroration largely
suffused with bronzy-yellowish or bronzy-ochreous, on costa some-
times edged with whitish : cilia whitish-yellowish partially
suffused with grey, with two blackish lines. Hindwings dark
fuscous, with slight bronzy tinge; cilia grey, with darker subbasal
shade.

Vic. : Healesville — Tasm. : Deloraine; in November and De-
cember, ten specimens. Smaller than any other species except /.
ranulana, which is narrower-winged and much more distinctly
marked.

41.7. panceolana Meyr.

{Isochorista panceolana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,
1881, 425.)

N.S.W. : Blackheath (3500 feet)— Vic. : Gisborne, Mount
Macedon, Beaconsfield (Lyell) — Tasm. : Mount Wellington — S.
Aust. : Mount Lofty, Mount Gambier(Guest); from September
to December. Mr. Lyell writes " in swarms on grassy hillsides
in spring."

42. /. chaodes, n.sp.

(J$. 12-14 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous, sometimes
with a few ochreous scales. Abdomen bronzy-fuscous. Fore-

BY E, MEYKICK. 169

wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa slightly arched, with
fold reaching to beyond middle, apex obtuse, termen almost
straight, oblique; fuscous, with a slight purplish tinge, with very
undefined irregular oblique striae of black irroration more or less
interspersed with reddish-ferruginous and yellow-whitish scales;
often a large triangular whitish dorsal blotch somewhat before
middle, reaching more than half across wing, but this is some-
times indistinct or absent; sometimes more or less whitish suffu-
sion between striae towards tornus and termen : cilia fuscous,
more or less distinctly barred with pale ochreous, with a line of
black irroration. Hindwings rather dark fuscous, slightly brassy-
tinged; cilia light fuscous or whitish-fuscous, with darker sub-
basal shade.

Tasm. : Hobart — Vic. : Mount Macedon(Lyell); in December,
ten specimens.

43. /. acrodesma Low.

{Capria acrodesma Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr., 1902, 234.)

(J. 12-15 mm. Antennal ciliations |. Ferewings elongate,
costa slightly arched, bent towards middle, fold reaching to
beyond 'i, apex obtuse, termen straight, oblique; light ashy-grey
mixed with whitish; about ten irregular oblique striae of mixed
black and ochreous scales : cilia light grey barred with whitish,
with an interrupted black subbasal line. Hindwings grey; cilia
grey, paler towards tips.

N.S.W.: Broken Hill(Lower)— Vic: Wandin, Gisborne(Lyell);
in September and October, Shortly redescribed from type
and four other examples.

44. /. callizyga Low.

{Pyrgotis callizyga Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr. 1901, 69.)

Groundcolour of forewings varies from pale ochreous-yellowish
to ochreous-white. Characterised by well-defined dark fuscous
markings, extension of basal })atch along dorsum, and tornal
blotch connected with central fascia.

170 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

Vic: Gisboine(Lyell) — S. Aust.: Mount Lofty, Mount Gam-

bier(Guest); in October and November. Three specimens seen,

all$.

45. /. cosmota M.eyv.

(Isochorista cosmota Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S Wales, 1886,
1038; Acropolitis heliochares Low., Proc. Linn. vSoc. N. S. Wales,
1898, 47.)

Forevvings with costal fold reaching to beyond middle; a sub-
costal flap of projecting scales from near base to near middle; an
expansible triangular projection of scales from dorsum towards
base. Hindwings beneath with a strong upcurved longitudinal
ridge traversing upper part of cell, causing partial distortion of
wing; 5 unusually remote from 4.

Vic: Gisborne(Lyell) — S. Aust.: Mount Lofty(Guest), Black-
wood(Lower); in November and December. Very distinct by
the yellow colouring, with dark fuscous costal streak and poste-
rior band; I give fully the peculiar .sexual characters above; only
three ^ specimens seen.

12. PvRGOTis Meyr.

Pyrgotis Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881,

439 ... ... ... ... ... ... type insignana.

Antennae in ^ moderately strongly ciliated. Palpi moderate,
subascending, second joint with rough projecting scales beneath
and towards apex above, terminal moderate. Thorax with large
double crest. Forewings with 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen.
Hindwings with 3-5 separate, equidistant, rather approximated
towards base, 6 and 7 short-stalked.

Besides the following, I now include only two New Zealand
species in this genus. Prof. Fernald endeavours to make P.
plagiatana Walk., the type, but it does not agree with the
structural characters as defined.

46. P. insignana Meyr.

[Pyrgolis insignana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1881^
440.)

BY E. MEYHICK. 17!

Q.: Brisbane— N.S.W.: Blackheath, 3500 feet— Vic: Gisborn&
(Lyell), Melbourne — ^Tasm.: Deloraine— S. AusT.; Mount Gambler
(Guest), Mount Lofty — W. Aust.: Waroot)a(Berthoucl), Albany;
from September to December, and in March.

13. AcROPOLiTis Meyr.

Acropolitis Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,

1881,432 ... ... ... ... ... iy^e magnana.

Thrinco'phora Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales,

1881.431 ... ... ... ... ... type hnpUtana.

Antennje in ^ moderately ciliated. Palpi moderate, pnrrected,
second joint more or less dilated with projecting scales above and
beneath, terminal short. Thorax witli double posterior crest.
Forewing.s with ridges of slightly raised scales, 7 and 8 stalked,
7 to termen. Hindwings with 3 from rather before angle, more
or less separate from 4, 5 closely approximated or connate with
4, 6 and 7 closely approximated at base or short-stalked.

Confined to Australia; it is not improbable that all the species-
are attached to various forms of Acacia. The genus is easy of recog-
nition; but the specie.s, though all of rather large size, ai-e difficult
and puzzling, and require very close attention. When writing
my former paper, I was unfortunately not sufficiently alive to
this difficulty, and therefore identified some of Walker's species
wrongly; but I think the synonymy as now given after careful
examination of his types will be found correct.

47. A. dryinodes, n.sp.

(J 25-26 mm., 9 30-36 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark ashy-
fuscous. Abdomen fuscous. Porewings suboblong, costa ante-
riorly moderately arched, posteriorly straight, in ^ with fold
reaching J-, apex obtuse, termen almost straight, nearly vertical;
dark ashy-fuscous, bases of scales more or less whitish, strewn
with scattered black strigulee, sometimes with some ferruginous-
brownish scales especially in disc above middle and on veins;
markings obscure and undefined, formed by darker suffusion, viz,,,
a small basal patch with outer edge angulated, an irregular very

172 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

oblique central fascia, contracted above middle, broader on lower
portion and tending to coalesce with an elongate-triangular blotch
•extending along posterior | of costa, and a transverse patch rest-
ing on termen above tornus; sometimes a slender black longi-
tudinal dash crossing middle of central fascia, above which in ^
is sometimes more or less undefined ochreous-brownish suffusion :
cilia grey with a blackish line. Hindwings with 6 and 7 usually
approximated; fuscous, strigulated with darker, towai'ds apex
suffused with darker; cilia grey, with darker subbasal sliade,
-sometimes becoming whitish towards dorsum.

N. S. W. : Blackheath, 3500 feet(Turner)— Vic. : Gisborne(Lyell);
in March and April, fifteen specimens. Bred in plenty from spun
leaves (phyllodia'?) of Acacia melanoxylon by Mr. Lyell, who sent
me a fine series, showing the constancy of the specific characters.
The Blackheath specimens seen are only females, a large and fine
form, but apparently not distinguishable.

48. J. dolosana Walk.

{l^ortrix dolosana Wn\k., Cat. xxviii., 3-31; Acropolitis dolosana
Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1881, 435.)

(J 20-25 mm., 9 24-30 mm. Fore wings with costal fold in J"
reaching somewhat beyond J, termen in ^ almost straight, in 9
slightly sinuate, hardly oblique, rounded beneath; leaden-grey,
very obscurely strigulated with ferruginous-ochreous, with dark
ashy-fuscous markings sprinkled with black. Hindwings with 6
and 7 stalked, fuscous with distinct (sometimes strong) fulvous
tinge, strigulated with darker fuscous. Recognisable by the dark
colouring and suff'used markings.

Vic: Gisborne(Lyell), Melbourne(Raynor) — Tasm : Deloraine

— S. AusT.: Mount Lofty, Balaklava(Guest); from September to

December.

49. A. excelsa, n.sp,

^. 24 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax grey. Abdomen pale
grey. Forewings suboblong, costa anteriorly moderately arched,
posteriorly nearly straight, with fold reaching to beyond J, rather

BY E. MEYltlCK. 173-

broad, apex obtuse, termen straight, vertical, rounded beneath;
grey, somewhat sprinkled with ferruginous and whitish, and
strewn with blackish strigula;; markings formed by dark grey
suffusion, viz., a basal patch with outer edge angulated, a central
fascia moderate towards costa, dilated and more mixed with
black in disc, becoming obsolete towards dorsum, a costal patch
confluent with this anteriorly and gradually diminishing to apex,
a transverse blotch from termen above tornus, and a spot along
upper half of termen : cilia pale grey mixed with darker (imper-
fect). Hindwings with 6 and 7 stalked; light grey; a yellowish,
white costal patch extending from i to ^; cilia whitish, round
apex suffused with grey, with a grey subbasal line.

Vic: Mount St, Bernard, 5000 feet, in February(Lyell); type
in Coll. Lyell. Most like A. signigerana, but certainly distinct
by different costal fold, and costal patch suffused into central
fascia.

50. A. vialacodes, n.sp.

$. 28 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax white, finely sprinkled
with yellowish-grey. Abdomen whitish. Forewings suboblong,
costa anteriorly moderately arched, posteriorly nearly straight,
apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, little oblique, rounded
beneath; white, partially very faintly tinged with ochreous>
markings faint, formed by a fine grey sprinkling, here and there
slightly marked with yellowish; an angulated stria indicating
edge of basal patch; central fascia narrow on upper half, inter-
rupted above middle, broad and irregular on lower lialf; five
small spots on posterior half of costa, last three included in a
triangular suffused patch; a narrow patch along lower | of termen,
sending a triangular projection towards middle of disc : cilia
white, with an interrupted grey line. Hindwings with 6 and 7
stalked; whitish-grey; cilia white.

W. AusT.: Albany, in December; one specimen. Distinct by
the white groundcolour and faint markings.

51.^. magnana Walk.

{Tortrix magnana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 3.30; Acropolitis mag-
nana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881, 434.)

174 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

Forewinsjs broader than in other species except A. passalutana,
termeii vertical, in ^ almost straight, in 9 ^l^Shtly sinuate;
costal patch connected with termen above toriius by a moderate
fascia, preceded and followed by distinct white suffusion Hind-
wings with 6 and 7 stalked, distinctly tinged with yellowish
throughout.

N.S.W.: Sydney, Newcastle; in October.

52. A. canana Walk.

(Tortrix canana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 331; Acropolitis canana
Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.Wales, 1881, 433.)

Q.: Brisbane. Walker's type is a 9; it is still unique.

53. A. impletana Walk.

(^Tortrix impletana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 331 ; Thrincophora
impletana Mey v., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.Wales, 1881, 431.)

9. 27 mm. Head, jialpi, and thorax fuscous mixed with dark
fuscous and whitish. Abdomen light fuscous. Forewings sub-
oblong, costa anteriorly moderately arclied, posteriorly straight,
apex obtuse, termen somewhat rounded, little oblique; fuscous or
grey mixed with whitish and a few ferruginous-brown scales, and
strewn with dark fuscous or blackish strigulae; basal patch
indicated, edge obtusely angulated; markings formed by darker
grey suffusion, viz., a very oblique central fascia narrow on costal
third and broad on lower §, marked with a black longitudinal
dasli in middle, a spot on middle of costa, a triangular blotch on
gosta posteriorly not reaching apex, a transverse blotch from
termen above tornus, and a spot on termen beneath apex : cilia
grey-whitish, basal half barred with dark grey and limited by a
blackish line. Hind wings with 6 and 7 closely approximated
towards base; light grey, posteriorly suffusedly and obscurely
strigulated with darker; central third of costa suffused with
whitish as far as middle of cell; cilia grey-whitish, with grey
subbasal shade.

S. AusT.: Mount Gambler, in November — Tasm.: (Walker's
types). I have described above my own single example, having

BY E. MEYRICK. 175

previously only given an incomplete description from the original

types.

54. A. ergojihora, n.sp.

J. 26 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous mixed with white
and ferruginous. Abdomen light fuscous. Forewings suboblong,
costa anteriorly moderately arched, posteriorly straight, apex
obtuse, termen distinctly sinuate, vertical, rounded beneath;
whitish mixed with light grey and pale reddish-fuscous, and
strewn with dark reddish-fuscous strigulse; markings formed by
brownish suffusion, viz., a basal (>atch with outer edge angulated
in middle, an oblique central fascia narrow towards costa and
dilated into an irregular blotch below middle, and an elongate-
triangular blotch extending along posterior half of costa, whence
three strigse proceed towards tornus : cilia pale red-brownish
barred with whitish, with a subbasal blackish line. Hindwings
with 6 and 7 stalked; grey, posteriorly darker-strigulated; cilia
grey-whitish, with grey subbasal line.

Tasm.: George's Bay, in January; one specimen. The distinct
sinuation of termen of forewings is a marked characteristic.

55. A. signiyerana Walk.

(Tortrix signigerana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 332.)

^ 24-25 mm., ^ 27-28 mm. Head, palpi, and tliorax grey or
brownish mixed with dark fuscous, tips of patagia whitish.
Abdomen fuscous. Forewings suboblong, costa anteriorly moder-
ately arched, posteriorly nearly straight, with fold in ^ not
reaching ^, apex obtuse, termen almost straight, nearly vertical,
rounded beneath; wliite, more or less sprinkled especially ante-
riorly with grey or brownish, and strewn throughout with black
or dark fuscous strigulse; basal patch partially suffused with
fuscous or grey, sometimes ochi*eous-tinged, outer edge angulated;
markings rather dark fuscous, somewhat mixed with deep ferru-
ginous towards costa, viz., a very oblique central fascia narrow
on upper half and broad on lower half but becoming less marked
towax'ds dorsum, lower half edged above by a black dash, a small
pot on middle of costa connected by a striga with posterior

176 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

edge of central fascia, a triangular blotch extending along
posterior f of costa, connected beneath with a transverse blotch
resting on termen above tornus, and a spot extending along upper
half of termen; space above middle of disc included between these
dark markings in ^ suffused with pale ochreous : cilia ochreous-
whitish, indistinctly barred with grey, with a blackish subbasal
line. Hindwings with 6 and 7 approximated towards base; light
grey, in ^ posteriorly obscurely darker strigulated; a whitish
costal space from ^ to |; cilia wliitish, with light grey subbasal
shade.

Vic: Gisborne (Lyell), Beaconsfield (Drake), Melbourne (Ray-
nor); in December, January, and April, seven specimens. This
species is quite distinct from A. rudis Walk., with which I con-
fused it in my former paper; it is broader-winged, with the costal
fold of (J much shorter, and the ochreous discal suffusion is in
this species characteristic of the 9> '^ut in A. 7-ndis of the ^.

56. A. cerasta, n.sp.

,^ 2i-22 mm., ^ 27 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax brownish
more or less mixed with dark grey irroration, and thorax pos-
teriorly with whitish. Abdomen light fuscous. Forewings-
suboblong, costa anteriorly moderately arched, posteriorly nearly
straight, with fold in ^ reaching |-, apex obtuse, termen slightly
rounded, little oblique; grey, more or less mixed irregularly with
white, partially suffused with pale ochreous-yellowish, and strewn
with blackish strigulte; markings formed by dark brown or dark
fuscous suffusion, viz., a basal patch with outer edge angulated
but sometimes little marked, a very oblique central fascia, narrow
on costal third and broad on lower §, connected above middle
with a ti'iangular blotch on posterior ^ of costa, an irregular
transverse blotch resting on termen above tornus, and a spot on
termen beneath apex; a more or less marked black longitudinal
dash ci'ossing middle of central fascia, subcostal area above this
often suffused with yellow-ochreous : cilia light brownish mixed
with whitish and sometimes indistinctly barred with pale grey,,
with a blackish subbasal line. Hindwings with 6 and 7 short-

BY E. MEYRICK. 177

stalked; grey, upper part of cell and costa above it more or less
suffused with yellow-whitish, apical haif of wing strigulated with
darker grey; cilia grey, becoming grey-whitish towards dorsum,
with a dark grey subbasal line.

Q.: Toowoouiba, in October(Turner); (our specimens. Smaller
and rather broader- winged than A. lignigerana, which it most
resembles; the costal fold in ^ longer, there is more tendency to
yellowish colouring, and veins 6 and 7 of hindwings are stalked.

57. yl. riidis Walk.

{Sciaphila rudisana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 349; Penthiua inde-
cretana ibid. 377; Acropolitis sigtiigerana Meyr., (nee Walk.) Proc.
Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, 1881, 438.)

^ 17-22 mm., ^ 24-26 ram. Forewings narrower than usual in
the genus, termeii more rounded and more oblique; costal fold iu
^ reaching |; black discal dash always well-marked, ^ showing
more or less ochreous suffusion above it, 2 always without och-
reous^ suffusion; costal triangular patch connected with post-
tornal blotch into an irregular fascia; hindwings with 6 and 7
stalked.

Q. : Brisbane (Turner), Toowaomba — N.S.W. : Tentertield
(Turner), Sydney, Cooma (3000 feet) — Vic: (jrisborne(Lyell)>
Melbourne, Healesville— Tasm.: Hobart — S. Aust.: Mount Lofty,
from July to November, and in January and February.

58. A. lignigerana Walk.

(Pcedisca lignigerana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 380; Sciaphila irtcon-
ciaana ibid. 352; Acrojiolitis lignigerana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc.
N. S. Wales, 1881, 437.)

$ 24-26 mm, ^ 27-32 mm. Forewings with costal fold in ^ not
reaching ^, teroien almost straight, nearly vertical; hindwings
with 6 and 7 approximated.

Q.- Duaringa(Barnard), Brisbane(Turner) — S. Aust.: Mount

Lofty, Balaklava(Guest); from September to Decembei'. As the

type of S. inconcisana is in very poor condition and was formerly

thought unidentifiable, and the name lignigerana is now well-

14

178 REVISION OP AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

known for this species, I retain the latter, their publication
having been simultaneous.

59 A. passalotana Meyr.

(Acropolitis passalotana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,
1881, 436.)

Forewings shorter and broader than any other, termen faintly
sinuate, somewhat oblique; hindwings with 3 and 4 unusually
remote, almost parallel, 6 and 7 stalked.

Q.: Toowoomba, 2000 feet, in September. Still unique.

14. AsTHENOPTycHA Meyr.

Asthenoptycha Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.

Wales, 1881, 461 ... ... ... type hemicryptana.

Anatropia Meyr., Pioc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales,

1881, 463 ... ... ... ... type crateraiia.

Antennae in $ ciliated. Palpi moderate, curved, a.scending
{especially in ^), second joint with scales appressed above, more
or less rough-scaled beneath, terminal short, erect. Thorax with
well-developed crest. Forewings with 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to
termen. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate, 5 approximated to 4
at base, 6 and 7 stalked.

An endemic genus, of which the species are similar and liable
to be confused.

60. A. epiglypta, u.sp.

(Asthenoptycha conjnnctana Meyr.,(«ec Walk.) Proc. Linn. Soc.
N. S. Wales, 1881, 462.)

N.S.W.: Mount Kosciusko, 5000-6000 feet— Vic: Beaconsfield
(Lyell) — Tasm.: Launceston, Deloraine; from October to January.

61. A. Gonjunctana Walk.
[Sciaphila conjunctana Walk., Cat. xxviii.* 348.)

(J. 17-20 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax brownish .sprinkled
with dark fuscous. Antennal ciliations |. Abdomen light
greyish-ochreous mixed with grey. Forewings elongate-triangular.

BY E. MEYRICK. 179

costa gently arched, fold rudimentary, apex obtuse, termen
slightly sinuate, somewhat oblique; fuscous-whitish, suffusedly
irrorated with fuscous, more or less strii^ulated and striated with
dark fuscous; markings dark brown mixed with blackish; a
moderate basal patch, outer edge obtusely angulated in middle;
central fascia broad, oblique, narrower towards costa, bifurcate
on lower half, suffused witli blackish in middle, posterior edge in
one specimen with irregular prominence in middle; dorsal space
between basal patch and central fascia more or less distinctly
paler and ochreous-tinged; three small spots on costa posteriorly,
tir.st sometimes giving rise to a more or less developed striga :
cilia fuscous, at tornus mixed with whitish-ochreous. Hindwings
grey; cilia pale grey or whitish-grey, with darker subbasal shade.
N.S.W.: Moust Kosciusko, 4500-4700 feet— Vic: Gisborne
(Lyell), Beaconstield(Drake) — Tasm.: Deloraine, George's Bay;
in December, January, March, and April. The pale ochreous-
tinged dorsal space is characteristic.

62. A. hemicryptana Meyr.

(Asthenoptycha hemicryptana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.
Wales, 1881, 461.)

Q.: Brisbane, Rosewood, Toowoomba — N.S.W.: Glen Innes
(4500 feet); from September to December.

63. A. craterana Meyr.

{Anatropia craterana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, 1881,
464.)

N.S.W.: Blackheath(35U0 feet), Mount Kosciusko(4700 feet);
in January.

64. A. iriodes Low.

{Anatropia iriodes Low., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, 1898,48.)
Vic; Gisborne(Lyell); in November, December, and February.

Di^ilinct by the conspicuous white area; as Mr. Lower remarks,

it imitates birds' droppings.

180 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

65. vl. sphaltica, n.sp.

5, 17 mm. Head and thorax brownish-ochreous mixed with
fuscous, thoracic crest strong, dark fuscous. (Palpi broken.)
Abdomen rather dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, somewhat
dilated posteriorly, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen
slightly sinuate, somewhat oblique; fuscous-wliitish; markings
formed by blackish striae irregularly mixed with deep yellow-
ochreous and filled up with leaden-grey; a moderate basal patch,
outer edge obtusely angulated above middle; an indistinct stria
beyond this; central fascia rather broad, little oblique, on lower
half subconfluent with a conical praetornal spot so as to appear
dilated; a triangular apical patch, its anterior margin running
from I of costa to tornus, somewhat broken up towards costa :
cilia dark bronzy-fuscous, towards tornus paler-mixed. Hind-
wings rather dark fuscous, towards base lighter and somewhat
fulvous-tinged; cilia fuscous.

N.S.W.: Sydney (Manly Beach), in February; one specimen.
As the palpi are broken, the generic location is not assured, but
probably correct.

15. Rhomboceros, n.g.

Antennae in ^ moderately ciliated, basal third much thickened
with dense projecting scales above and beneath, serrate. Palpi
moderate, porrected, second joint much expanded with long dense
projecting scales above and beneath, terminal concealed. Thorax
with posterior crest. Forewings with 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to
termen. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked, 5 almost parallel, 6
and 7 stalked.

Differs from C'a2)ua b}' the peculiar antennae.

66. R. nodicontis, n.sp.

J". 12 mm. Head and thorax light greyish-ochreous mixed
with brownish, face dark fuscous. Palpi brownish, internally
blackish. Antennae whitish-ochreous, basal thickened portion
suffused with dark fuscous. Abdomen brownish-ochreous, apical
tuft very large, suffused with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate,^

BY E. MEYRICK. 181

posteriorly dilated, costa slightly arched, with fold reaching to
beyond middle, and an expansible hair-pencil from base resting
on this outside (besides the usual hairs inside), apex obtuse>
termen hardly sinuate, vertical, rounded beneath; pale fuscous;
costal half of fold and tuft fuscous, lower half whitish-ochreous;
markings dark fuscous mixed with light ochreoiis-yellowish and
obscurely margined with whitish-ochreous; an irregular spot in
disc indicating angle of basal patch; central fascia represented by
a transverse spot extending from middle of disc to near dorsum,
its upper extremity enlarged; a narrow somewhat sinuate fascia
running from | of costa to tornus, its upper extremity furcate
and enclosing a fuscous spot; a small dark fuscous spot on costa
towards apex, space between this and fascia fuscous ; some
strigulse along upper half of termen : cilia whitish-ovhreous.
Hindwings along costa from base to near apex with fringe of
long pale brownish hair-scales directed downwards over surface;
bronzy-fuscous with a faint reddish tinge; cilia whitish-ochreous
faintly tinged with reddish.

N.G.: Sariba I.(Meek); one specimen.

16. AcROCEUTHES Meyr.

Acroceuthes Meyr., Proc Linn. 8oc. N. S. Wales,

1881, 458 ... ... ... ... type metuxanthana.

Antennte in $ ciliated. Palpi moderate, porrected, second
joint witii projecting scales above and beneath, in $ above with
large expansible fringe of long hair-scales, terminal short, con-
cealed. Thorax without crest. Forewings with 7 and 8 stalked,
7 to termen. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate, 5 approximated
to 4 at base, 6 and 7 stalked.

A specialised form of Capria, sufficiently characteristic for
distinction.

67. A. metaxauthana Walk.

{Cacoecla metaxanthana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 315; Sciaphila
projecta?ia, ib. 352; Carpocapsa trajectana, ib. xxx., 992; Acro-
ceuthes metaxanthana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, 1881,
45»).

182 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

Q. : Brisbane — N.S. W. : Newcastle, Sydney — Vic. : Beacons-
field Drake); fromi August to March.

17. Aeolostoma, n.g.

Antennse in ^ ciliated. Palpi in ^ long, cylindrical, witli
appressed scales, normally porrected but erectile, towards base
of second joint with scales projecting above to form a small tuft,
tei'minal joint moderate; in Q moderate, porrected, second joint
with projecting scales above and beneath. Thorax without crest.
Forewings with 7 and 8 stalkeil, 7 to termen. Hindwings with
3 and 4 connate, 5 approximated to 4 towards base, 6 and 7
stalked.

Also a modification of Capua.

68. A. scutiferana Mej'^r.

Capua scutiferaua Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881,
456.

Q.: Goodna(Turner), Rosewood — N.S.W.: Sydne}', Kangaroo
Valley; in September, October, and January.

18. Lamyrodes, n.g.

Antennae in ^ minutely ciliated. Palpi moderately long,
porrected, with appressed scales tapering to a point anteriorly,
terminal joint concealed. Thorax without crest. Forewings
with 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen. Hindwings with 4 absent, 5
approximated to 3 at base, 6 and 7 closely approximated towards
base.

Correlated to Capua.

69. L. phileris, n.sp.

(J. 16 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous-brownish, face
paler. Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous mixed with grey. Fore-
wings elongate, rather narrow, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa
gently arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen somewhat
sinuate, oblique ; ochreous-brownish tinged with ferruginous;
costa with some dots of dark fuscous scales anteriorly and

BY E. MEYRICK. 183

scattered short whitish strigulse posteriorly; a moderate oblique
somewhat darker central fascia indicated on costal half only; a
line of dark brown scales along termen : cilia parle ochreous-
yellowish, towards base whitish. Hindwings pale fuscous,
slightly yellowish-tinged; cilia ochreous-whitish.
S. AusT.: Mount Lofty (Guest); one specimen.

19. Capua Steph.

Capua Steph., 111. Brit. Ent. iv., 171(1834) ... type /avillaceana.
Upngoge Rh., Yerz. 389(\82Q) ... {^ type grotiana.

Z>tc/ie^ta Guen., Micr. Ind. 7(1845) ... ... type groliana.

Teratodes Quen., Micr. Ind. 34(1845) ... type /avillaceana.

Sperchia Walk., Char. Het. 83(1869) ... type intractana.

Epitymhia Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.Wales,

1881,657 ... ... ... -.. ... type alaudana.

Antennae in ^ ciliated. Palpi moderate or long, porrected,
second joint with more or less projecting scales above and
beneath, terminal short. Thorax usually with slight crest.
Forewings with 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen. Hindwings with
3 and 4 connate or seldom stalked, 5 approximated to 4 at base,
6 and 7 stalked.

A considerable genus of Indo-Malayan origin, but now more
largely developed in Australia than in any other region. I do
not adopt the name Epagoge, because (1) tlie application of it is
dubious, as 1 do not admit the principle of accidental fixation by
Stephens' use, and (2) I hold that the name Capua, which has
over 70 years' use in a sense undoubtedly correct, is not to be
overriden by an obsolete name now revived.

70. C. alaudana Meyr.

(Epitymbia alaudana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.Wales, 1881,
658.)

N.S.W.: Parramatta, in September. Still unique.

71. C. phellodes, n.sp.

9.12 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax pale brownish-ochieous.
(Abdomen broken.) Forewings elongate, hardly dilated poste-

184 REVlSIOiN OF AUSTRALIAN TORTKICINA,

riorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, terinen straight, oblique;
whitish-ochieoiis, irregularly striated with fuscous; markings
fuscous tinged with yellowish; a moderate basal patch, outer
edge rather curved, irregular; central fascia repiesented by two
dorsal blotches with a pah; space betweeii them, a dark fuscous
costal blotch, and a dark fuscous transverse di-cal mark between
these; a moderate fascia from ^ of costa to teimen above tornus,
broadest on costa where it forms a dark fuscous blotch, and
marked in disc with several blackish strigul?e : cilia whitish-
ochreous mixed with fuscous and dark fuscous. Hind wings
rather dark grey; cilia grey, with darker subbasal shade.

N.S. \V.: Gosford, in November(Lyell); one specimen. I'ype
in Coll. Lyell.

72. C. periopa, n.sp.

Q. 20-22 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous.
Foiewings elongate, costa anteriorly moderately arched, poste-
riorly nearly straight, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded,
oblique; brownish, somewhat mixed with leaden-grey and lerru-
einous; marking's dark brown mixed with lerruiiinous and dark
grey, and strigulated with black; a moderate liasal patch, outer
edge angulated in middle but partially confluent beneath witli an
irregular spot on dorsum beyond it; a moderately broad central
fascia not reaching dorsum; an irregular longitudinal black
streak rising from this in middle of disc and more or less extended
towards termen, posterior portion sinuate downwards; a subtri-
angular costal patch extending from middle to |; a small spot on
costa beyond this; an irregular wndetined streak along termen :
cilia brownish mixed with dark fuscous and blackish. Hind-
wings with 3 and 4 stalked; orange; a terminal fascia of dark
fuscous suffusion, broadest at apex; dorsum suffused with fuscons;
cilia fuscous, with dark fuscous subbasal shade.

N.S.W.: Narrabeen(Lyell), Parramatta(Raynor) — Vic: Gis-
borne(L3'ell), Lilydale; from September to November and in
April, four specimens.

BY E. MKYRICK. 185

73. C. cotimopis Low.
{Dichelia cusmo2ns Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr. 1894, 87.)
(^9. 14-17 uui). Antennas in (J strongly ciliated. Forewings

in (^ with costal fold; variable in development of white marking

between basal patch and central fascia, sometimes obsolete in <^.

Hindwings variable in extent of dark fuscous terminal suff'usion.
N.S.W.: Sydney— Vic: Gisborne(Lyell), 8ale(Miss M. Wise),

Melbourne — S. Aust.: Mount Gamliier(Guest), in March and

April.

74. C plathanatia ]Meyr.

{Cajnia plathanana Meyr., Proc Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, 1881,
457.)

^5. Sexes .similar.

N.S.W.: Sydney; in October, December, and Februarj'.

75. C. diemeniaiia Zell.
(Cotichylis diemenia'iia Zell., Hor. Koss. xiii., 138.)

(J^. 11-13 mm. Antennal ciliations of ^ minute. Foiewings
in ^ without costal fold; basal 'i ochreous-yellow, rest daik
fuscous. Hindwings with basal 4 yellowish, rest fuscous. Veiy
distinct on this brief diagnosis.

Q,.: Brisbane(Turner) — N.S.W.: Sydney(Lyell) — Vic: Heales-
ville(Lucas) — T.\SM.: witliout locality(Zeller); in October and
April, apparently not common.

76. C. pentacosma Low.

[Aiiatropia pentacusina Low., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,
1900, 409 )

Vic. : Castlemaine (Drake), Healesville (Lucas) — S. Aust. :
Blackwoocl(Lower); in March. Handsome and distinct; Lower'.s
•description is correct, though not very clear.

77. C pentazo)ia Low.

(Capua pentazona Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr. 1901, 75.)
(J. 15-16 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark fuscous. Antennal

186 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

ciliations 1. Abdomen dark giey. Forewings elongate, eosta
gently arched, without fold, apex round-pointed, termen slightly
sinuate, oblique; glossy fuscous; about seven or eight irregular
rather oblique dark fuscous striae strewn with whitish-yellowish
brassy-tinged linear scales, and two or three additional strigse
towards costa : cilia fuscous. Hindwings rather dark fuscous;
cilia grey, with darker subbasal shade. Undersurface of hind-
wings suifused with whitish.

9. Palpi whitish beneath. Thorax partially suffused with
yellow-whitish. Forewings with striae stronger and blacker,
more largely mixed and suffused with yellow-whitish; ground-
colour paler, towards costa suffused with white, but with basal
patch, central fascia, and a transverse semioval costal patch
darker fuscous.

Tasm. : Hobart (Norman), Zeehan (Findlay), Deloraine ; in
October and November, three specimens, viz , Lower's original
female type, and two males, which notwithstanding the apparent
dissimilarity, owing to the absence of white suffusion, I think are
probably referal)le here.

78. C. parastactis, n.sp.

(J. 12-14 mm. Head and palpi grey. Antennal ciliations
minute. Thorax whitish-ochreous, more or less mixed with pale
grey except on patagia, tips of patagia whitish. Abdomen grey.
Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, without fold, apex
round-pointed, termen sinuate, oblique; rather light glossy grey;
about seven or eight irregular much broken oblique transverse
blackish-fuscous lines suffu.sedly edged with pale ochreous-
yellowish, one from ^ of costa to tornus forming a thicker entire
streak : cilia light glossy grey, tips whitish. Hindwings grey;
cilia whitish-grey, with grey basal line.

2- Forewings with groundcolour largely suffused with white,
except on a moderate central fascia, and triangular costal patch
confluent with the dark postmedian streak.

Tasm.: Deloraine; in November and December, eight specimens.
Nearly allied to C. pentazona, but differs structurally by the
minute antennal ciliations of ^.

BY E. MEYRICK,

187

79. C. isographa, n.sp.

(J. 13-H mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen bronzy-grey.
Antennal ciliations |. Fore wings elongate, posteriorly hardly
dilated, costa slightly arched, witliout fold, apex obtuse, termen
almost straight, oblique; pale grey, irregularly striated with dark
fuscous; markings suffused with darker grey or fuscous; a moder-
ate basal patch, outer edge straight, rather oblique ; space
between this and central fascia sometimes whitish-tinged; central
fascia moderate, dilated towards dorsum, posterior edge irregular,
with strong triangular incision above middle; an undefined patch
occupying whole apical area, and including four small dark
fuscous costal spots : cilia pale greyish, basal half sprinkled with
dark fuscous. Hindwings grey, obscurely darker-strigulated;
cilia light grey, with darker subbasal shade.

Vic: Gisl)orne(Lyell); in March, two specimens. Type in
Coll. Lyell.

80. C. cnaphcd 'des, n.sp.

(J. 13 mm. Head and thorax whitish, crest mixed with
blackish. Palpi whitish, second joint externally irrorated with
blackish. Antenna subdentate, ciliations -J. (Abdomen broken.)
Forewings elongate, posteriorly considerably dilated, costa
slightly arched, bent about middle, with fold reaching to middle,
apex obtuse, termen straight, rather oblique; pale whitish-fuscous
mixed with pale brown-reddish, with about ten irregular oblique
strife of fuscous irroration mixed with black; an oblique patch
from dorsum towards base, a very undefined central fascia, and
triangular costal patch slightly indicated by fuscous suffusion :
cilia whitish, with fuscous shade mixed with black. Hindwings
whitish, suffusedly and coarsely strigulated with grey; cilia
whitish, with grey subbasal shade.

Vic: Lorne(Lyell); in February, one specimen. Type in Coll.

Lyell.

81. C. nummulata, n.sp.

(J. 10-11 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, shoulders
more or less bronzy-ochreous, thoracic crest mixed with blackish*

188 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTKICINA,

Palpi bronzy-ochreous sprinkled with fuscous. Antennal cilia-
tions 1. Abdomen light greyish-ochreous. Forewings elongate,
posteriorly slightly dilated, costa slightly arched, with fold reach-
ing beyond J, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, rather
strongly oblique; pale yellow-ochreous, with about twenty small
bright leaden-metallic spots arranged in about five irregular
transverse series, last paitly terminal; markings very indefinite,
ferruginous sprinkled with blackish; a streak along costal fold;
an oblique patch from dorsum near base, reaching ^ across wing;
a moderate very oblique central fascia, strongly marked towards
costa but nearly obsolete dorsally, a triangular costal patch, space
between ti)is and central fascia whitish-tinged; a .streak along
termen : cilia pale ochieous-yellowish, with btonzy-oclireous
subbasal shade. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; grey-whitish,
thinly scaled, veins suffused with grey; cilia giey-whitish, with
grey subbasal line.

Q.: Toowoomba(Turnei); in September, two specimens.

82. C. pseiuJarcha, n.sp.

(J 2. 13-14 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish, in ^ more
or less suffused with yellow-ochi-eous. Palpi with long rough
scales, ochreous-whitish, second joint centrally sufl'used with
ochreous. Antennal ciliations in ^ \. Abdomen ochreous-
whitish, in 5 with dense anal tuft. Forewings elongate, some-
what dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, in ^ without fold,
apex obtuse, termen almost straight, oblique; ochreous-wliitish,
sometimes more or less suffu-sed with pale ochreous-yellowish,
sometimes suffusedly strigulated with yellow-ochreous between
the markings; markings yellow-ochreous, variable in depth and
development, partially slightly sprinkled with blackish specks on
margins; some indications of strigulfe of blackish irroration along
costa; basal patch more or less indicated, outer edge angulated
in middle, slightly blackish-marked on angle ; central fascia
moderate, very oblique, posterior edge nearly straight, irregular,
more or less well-marked, anterior edge suffused on lower half; a
more or less defined subtriangular patch on costa about |; a

BY E. MEYRICK. 189

streak along termen : cilia whitish-ochreous, with traces of a
fuscous line, at tornus with a few blackish scales. Hindwings
grey-whitish, strigulated with pale grey; cilia grey-whitish.

W. AusT.: Perth, Albany; from October to December, four
specimens. Exceedingly similar to C. decolorana, yet certainly
distinct by the absence of costal fold in male.

83. C. decolorana Walk.

{Grapholita decolorana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 392; Capua deco-
lorana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881, 447.)

N.S.W. : Sydney, Bulli Pass, Blackheath (3500 feet)— Vic. :
Healesville; from September to November, and in February.
Other recorded localities are based on confusion with allied
.species. From the following species it may be distinguished by
the whitish hindwings; it is a common Sydney insect, and appears
to be constant.

84. G. euphoria, n.sp.

^5. 13-15 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, shoulders
more or less suffused with yellow-ochreous. Palpi yellow-
ochreous, above and beneath white. Aiitennal ciliations of ^ .^
Abdomen light grey, in Q with dense anal tuft. Forewings
elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, in ^ with fold
reaching beyond J, apex obtuse, termen almost straight, oblique;
white, basal half more or less .suffused with pale ochreous-yellow-
ish; markings deep ochreous; some costal strigulee sprinkled with
blackish; an irregular spot in disc indicating angle of basal patcli,
ed^ed with black scales externally; a moderate very oblique
central fascia, undefined anteriorly, especially towards dorsum,
posteriorly edged with black scales in disc; a rounded-quadri-
lateral costal patch at |, more or less edged or s[)rinkled with
dark fuscous, and containing a small whitish costal spot; a light
ochreous-yellowish streak along termen, sometimes slightly
sprinkled with dark fuscous: cilia whitish-yellowish. Hindvvings
grey, faintl)' darker-strigulated; cilia light grey, witli darker
basal shade.

190 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

Q.: Brisbane, Stanthorpe(Turner) — N.S.W.: Bathurst — Vic:
Gisborne, Macedon, Beaconsfield (Lyell) — Tasm. : Launceston,
Deloraine, Hobart; from October to March, twenty specimens.

85. C . acritodes, n.sp.

(J^. 12-16 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, sometimes
faintly greyish-tinged. Palpi pale ochreous mixed with grey,
above and beneath wliitish. Antennal ciliations in ^ ^. Abdo-
men light grey, in 2 with dense anal tuft. Forewings elongate,
posteriorly slightly dilated, costa gently arched, in ^ with fold
reaching ^, apex obtuse, termen alaiost straight, oblique; grey-
whitish sometimes tinged with yellowish, moi-e or less indistinctly
strigulated throughout with grey; markings grey, sometimes
tinged with yellowish, more or less sprinkled with dark fuscous
or blackish; an irregular .spot in disc indicating angle of basal
patch; a moderate oblique central fascia, anterior edge ill-defined,
posterior well-marked; a very indefinite rounded-quadrilateral
costal patch at |; traces of a streak along termen : cilia och-
reous-whitish witli two grey shades. Hindwings light grey, faintly
darker-strigulated; cilia whitish-grey, with darker ba.sal shade.

Vic.: Casterton — S. AusT. ; Adelaide, Wirrabara, Port Lincoln;
in October and November, ten specimen.s. Nearly allied to the
preceding, but with greyer markings, and structurally distinct
by the obviously shorter costal fold of male.

86. C. ammochroa Low.

(Capua ammochroa Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust., 1893, 167.)

S. Aust.: Glen Osmond, Blackwood(Lower); in September and

October. This and the following species are the only two of

which I have not .seen types; I am unable to identify them, but

they appear to belong here.

87. C. leitcospila Low.

(Capua leucospila Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust., 1893, 167.)
S. Aust.: Glen Osmond, Golden Grove(Lower); in September

and October. Unknown to me; appears to be a distinct species,

allied to the following.

BY E. MEYKICK. 191

88. C. phryctora, n.sp.

(J^. 11-14 mm. Head and thorax brownish-ochreous some-
times mixed with fuscous. Palpi rather long, brownish-oclaeous>
white towards base beneath. Antennae in ^ dentate, ciliations 2.
Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, posteriorly somewhat
dilated, costa slightly arched, with fold reaching ^, apex obtuse,
ternien faintly sinuate, oblique; brownish-ochreous or brownish,
sometimes largely suffused with white; markings darker feiru.
ginous-brown sprinkled with black; an oblique transverse blotch
from dorsum towards base, reaching ^ across wing; central fascia
moderately broad, oblique, usually less marked and partially
obsolete on lower half, upper half terminated by a black spot
below middle of disc; a rounded-transverse costal patch about |,
reaching | across wing, costal space between this and central
fascia forming a more or less defined white triangle; a suffused
streak along termen : cilia brown mixed with dark grey, outer
half between apex and tornus pale ochreous-yellowish beyond a
dark fascous line. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia light grey or
whitish, with dark fuscous subbasal shade.

W. AusT.: Albany; in September and October, seven speci-
mens. Nearly allied to C. deuterasiis, but differently and more
deeply coloured, and distinguished by black discal spot below
upper half of central fascia.

89. C. deiUerastis, n.sp.

^. 13-14 mm. Head and thorax ochreous, partially whitish-
tinged. Palpi rather long, ochreous, beneath white. Antennse
dentate, ciliations 2. Abdomen grey. Forewiugs elongate, pos-
teriorly somewhat dilated, costa slightly arched, with fold reach-
ing 1^, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, oblique; whitish-
ochreous, suffusedly strigulated throughout with biownisli-och-
reous, sonietiiues finely sprinkled with dark fuscous; markings
ochreous-grey; an oblique patch from dorsum near base, reaching
§ across wing; a moderately broad central fascia, becoming obso-
lete on lower half; a semioval costal patch containing a whitish

192 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

costal dot, space between this and central fascia whitisli-mixed'
or in one specimen forming a clear white costal triangle ; a
suffused streak along termen : cilia grey mixed with brownish-
ochreous, outer half pale ochreous-3'ellowish between apex and
tornus beyond a dark fuscous line. Hindwings grey; cilia
whitish, with grey subbasal shade.

W. AusT.: Perth; in October, four specimens.

90. C. dryina, n.sp.

(J^. 12-15 ram. Head, palpi, and thorax whitish-ochreous or
pale brownish-ochreous. Antennae in ^ dentate, ciliations 1.
Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, more so in ^i i" (J some-
what dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, in ^ with fold
reaching |, apex obtuse, termen almost straight, oblique, more so
in 9; light brownish ochreous, sometimes slightly reddish-tinged,
often more or less strigulated with grey; dorsal edge dotted with
blackish scales; markings varying from fuscous to ferruginous-
brown, sometimes more or less mixed with black in disc, in 9
indistinct or often wholly obsolete; some irregular marking in
disc indicating angle of basal patch; central fascia moderate,
very oblique, obsolete on dorsal half; a large triangular costal
patch extending from middle of costa to near apex : cilia whitish-
yellowish with two more or less indistinct giey shades, apical
third clear. Hindwings grey-whitish distinctly strigulated with
grey; cilia whitish, with pale grey subbasal shade.

Tasm.: Deloraine — W. AusT.: Waroona{Berthoud), Albany;
from September to November, twelve specimens.

91. C. tarachola, n.sp.

(J9. 12-14 mm. Head and thorax ochreous, variable in tint,
thorax sometimes sprinkled with brown. Palpi ochreous, some-
times mixed or partly suffused with fuscous. Antennae in ^
dentate, ciliations 1. Abdomen light grey. Forewings elongate,
posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, in ^ with fold reaching
to middle, apex obtuse, termen straight, oblique; light brownish-
ochreous or red-brownish; markings ferruginous, more or less

BY E. MEYRICK. 193

mixed with fuscous and dai'k fuscous and sprinkled with blackish;
a basal patch more or less marked, with outer edge angulated in
middle; a moderate oblique central fascia, rather dilated down-
wards; a triangular costal patch extending from beyond middle
to near apex, on costa marked with dark and pale spots; a
variaV)le transverse spot or streak resting on termen above tornus;
some blackish scales along termen : cilia whitish-ochreous, with
a snbbasal interrupted shade of ferruginous and dark fuscous
scales. Hindwings light grey, faintly strigulated with darker;
cilia whitish, with grey subbasal shade.

W. AusT. : Perth, Albany; from September to December,
seven specimens.

92. C. ephedra, n.sp.

^. 16 mm. Head and thorax ochreous- whitish. Palpi fuscous,
margins mixed with whitish. (Abdomen broken.) Forewings
elongate, hardly dilated posteriorly, costa gently aiched, apex
obtuse, termen faintly sinuate, oblique; ochreous-whitish; some
scattered blackish dots on costa and dorsum, accompanied by
slight brown suffusion; markings rather dark fuscous, mixed
with ferruginous and on costal half with blackish; a moderate
rather oblique central fascia; a triangular costal patch extending
from beyond middle to near apex, space between it and central
fascia fuscous mixed with ferruginous; some scattered ferruginou.s
and fuscous scales on terminal area : cilia whitish-ochreous.
Hindwings whitish, suffusedly spotted throughout with light
grey; cilia whitish, with grey basal line.

Tasm. : Mount Wellingtoo, 1500 feet; at the beginning of
February, one specimen. Allied to G . dryina, but not a variety
of it, the central fascia being differently placed, less oblique and.
broader, entire.

93. C. hemicosmana Meyr.

{Capua hemicosmana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, 1881,.
449.)

Vic: Macedon(Lyell), Wandin(Jarvis), Warragul; from Octo-
ber to December.
15

194 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICIVA,

94. C. oxygona Low.

{Capua oxygona Low., Proc. Linn. See. N. S.Wales, 1899, 92.)
N.S.W. : Broken Hill(Lower); in October. Much like C.
vacuana, but with palpi longer, head not dark, forewings
obviously longer and narrower, hind wings whitish. Sub.sequently
Mr. Lower, by an oversight, described a different species also as
Capua oxygona {Tv&ns, Roy. Soc. S. Aust. 1908, 115.)

95. C, vacuana Walk.

{Conchylis vacuana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 367; Grapholita muta-
tana ib. 393; Capua vacuana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales,
1881, 448.)

Q.: Duaringa( Barnard), Toowoomba, Brisbane — N.S.W.: Syd-
ney, Bulli — Vic: Melbourne — Tasm.: Launceston; from August
to April.

96. C. fusciceps Walk.

(Conchylis fuscicepsana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 364; C. cepsana ib.
366; C. mundulana ib. 368; (?) C. albidaua ib. xxx., 987; Dichelia
fusciceps Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881, 473 )

Q. : Brisbane, Toowoomba — N.S.W. : Narrabeen, Ourimbah,
Lilyvale(Lyell), Sydney, Bulli; from September to May.

97. C. clarana Walk.

(Dichelia clarana Meyr., Proc. Liun. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881,
475.)

N.S.W.: Sydney, Blackheath (3500 feet)— Vic. : Gisborne,
Beaconsfield, Lorne(Lyell), Melbourne — Tasm.: Deloraine, Camp-
belltown, George's Bay, Hobart — S. AusT.: Mount Gambler
(Guest); from December to March.

98. C. solatia Walk.

(Teras solana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 300; Dichelia solana Meyr.,
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881, 476.)

Q.: Brisbane— N.S.W.: Sydney, Bulli — Vic: Wandin(Jarvis;,
Melbourne; from August to December, and in April.

BY E. MEYRICK.

99. C therviaterriiaa Low.

(Dic/ielia thermaterivinia (err. ac prav.) Low., Trans. Roy. Soc.
S. Aust., 1893, 168.)

j)^. 12-15 inm. Head and thorax brownish-ochreous, some-
times suffused with fuscous. Palpi brownish-ochreous more or
less mixed with dark fuscous. Antennal ciliations of (J 1.
Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, not dilated
posteriorly, costa gently arched, in ^ without fold, apex obtuse,
termeii slightly rounded, oblique; brownish-ochreous mixed with
light brown-reddish, in one ^ suffused v/ith fuscous, more deeply
and irrorated with dark fuscous posteriorly; basal patch more or less
imarked with dark fuscous, outer edge ol>tusely augulated above
middle; central fascia moderate, oblique, dark fuscous edged with
blackish, towards dorsum broader, less marked or nearly obsolete,
more or le.ss mixed with brown-reddish, posterior edge seinicir-
cularly excavated above a longitudinal more or less developed
blackish mark in middle; costal patch flattened-triangular, dark
fuscous marked with blackish, with three small dark spots on
costa; some dark fuscous strigulse towards termen : cilia pale
brownish-ochreous, on basal half more or less barred with grey
and blackish, in the dark Q basal half sufFu.sed with fuscous and
dark fuscous. Hindwings grey, darker posteriorly; cilia light
grey, with darker subbasal shade.

Vic: Gisborne, Lorne(Lyell) — S. Aust.: Mount Lofty(Lo\ver);
in March and April. Lower quotes Tasmania as a locality on
my authority, but this was based upon a supposed identification
of mine which I now think mistaken. I have redescribe«l the
species from three specimens (one male, two females) received from
Lower and Lyell; it is an obscure insect, but seems to be a good
species. Tlie orthography of the name adopted is that intende(J
by the author.

100. G. hyperetana Meyr.

(Dichelia liyperctana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, 1881,
479; Palceobia crepusculana ib. 668; Dichelia diptheroides Low ,
Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust. 1902, 252.)

196 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA

Vic: Warragul(Raynor), Macedon(Lye!l), Birchip(Goudie\
Healesville — Tasm.: Launceston, Deloraine, Hobart; in Novem-
ber and December. Both sexes taken abundantly in Tasmania;
varies in development of markings, but always distinct from the

preceding.

101. C. montivagana Meyr.

(Dichelia montivagana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, 1881,
477.)

N.S.W.: Sydney, Blackheatli (3500 feet), Nowra — Vic: Gia-
borne(Lyell), Melbourne — Tasm. : Deloraine, George's Bay — S.
AusT.: Mount Lofty; from November to March.

102. C. argillosana Meyr.

{^Dichelia argillosana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N S.Wales, 1881,
479.)

Vic. : Melbourne (Raynor). This distinct .species is still
unique.

103. C. atristrigana Meyr.

{Dichelia ah'istrigana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, 1881,.
478; D. lunifera Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust, 1908, 321.)

N.S.W.: Broken Hill(Lower), Lilyvale, Como(Lyell), Parra-
matta; in March and April.

104. C. intractana Walk.

{Sperchia intractana Walk., Char. Het. 82; Capua sordidatana
Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881, 454; C. obfuscatana
ib. 455.)

Q.: Duaringa(Barnard), Brisbane, Toowoomba — N.S.W.: Syd-
ney, WoUongong, Kiama — Vic. : Melbourne(Ra3'nor), Gisborne
(Lyell) — Tasm.: Deloraine — S. Aust.: Adelaide(Guest); all the

year except May.

105. C. unersana Walk.

(Teras mersana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 298; Cajnia chimerinana
Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881, 452.)

N.S.W.: Moruya(Murray), Sydney— Vic: Kewell(Hill), Wan-
din(Jarvis), Gisborne, Beaconstield, Lorne(Lyell), Melbourne —

BY K. MEYRICK. 197

Tasm. : Launceston (Lyell), Hobart (Lea), Deloraine, George's
Bay — S. AusT. : Mount Gambier, Mount Lofty (Guest) — W.
AusT. : Bridgetown(Bracken), Waroona(Berthoud), Albany, from
September to June.

106. C. montanana Meyr.

[Capua montanana Meyr., Proc, Linn. See. N. S. Wales, 1881,

451.)

9. 13 mm. Smaller than ^ type, but otherwise similar.

N.S.W.: Blackheath, Mount Victoria(3500 feet); in November

and March.

107. C. placodes Low.

(Capua jylctcodes Low., Proc, Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1899, 93.)

(^. 20-21 mm. Head whitish-ochreous or greyish-ochreous, tips
of scales whitish. Palpi fuscous, more or less suffused above
witl) ochreous-whitish. Antennae dentate, ciliations 1. Thorax
reddish-ochreous-brown mixed with whitish. Abdomen pale
whitish-ochreous, sometimes sprinkled with grey. Forewings
elongate, rather narrow, posteriorly dilated, cosSa slightly arched,
with fold almost reaching middle, apex obtuse, termen slightly
rounded, oblique; pale ochreous, more or less tinged with light
red-brownish, sometimes partially sprinkled with grey; markings
ochreous-brown sometimes mixed with grey; costal fold strigu-
lated with blackish; basal patch .sometimes marked with black,
narrowest on dorsum, outer edge rather acutely angulated in
middle; a semioval spot on middle of dorsum; central fascia
moderate, oblique, with a strong angular prominence in middle
of posterior edge, marked with a longitudinal median black dash
which extends into this prominence and is there edged above
with white; costal blotch formed by three small costal spots con-
nected with an irregular longitudinal spot beneath tliem; an
elongate spot extending along lower | of termen : cilia whitish-
ochreous, more or less barred on basal half with dark fuscous, on
costa whitish barred with dark fuscous. Hindwings grey or
light grey, obscurely darker-strigulated posteriorly; cilia whitish,
with grey subbasal shade.

198 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

N.S.W.: Broken Hill(Lower); from September to December.
Lower's description is not satisfactory; I have therefore rede-
scribed the species from the original type and a second tine
specimen received from Mr. Lower. The species is allied to C.
montanana, but distinct.

108. C. leplospila Low.

{Capua lejjlospila Low., Trans. Jioy. Soc, S. Aust. 1901, 74.)
(J. 19 mm. Head white. Foiewings with costal fold reaching
middle; fuscous much mixed with white, with coarse scattered
dark fuscous strigulie; basal patch undefined; central fascia
moderate, oblique, indicated by absence of white mixture, marked
with a dark fuscous spot, in middle; four small rather dark
fuscous spots on costa posteriorly, and an elongate transverse
spot before lower portion of termen : cilia whitish, barred on
basal half and on costa with rather dark fuscous. Hind wings
pale whitish-grey, faintly darker-strigulated; cilia white, with
interrupted greyish subbasal shade.

N.S.W.: Broken Hill(Lower); in May. I have thought it
necessary to redescribn this also from the type; it is allied to the

preceding.

109. C. notogrcqda, n.sp.

9. 18-19 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous irrorated with
whitish-ochreous, thorax mixed witli ferruginous. Abdomen
ochreous-whitish mixed with grey. Forewings elongate, some-
what dilated posteriorly, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse,
termen straight, oblique; pale whitish-ochreous, more or less
sprinkled with whitish; markings dark grey, more or less mixed
with ferruginous-brown and edged with black; a narrow oblique
fascia from dorsum towards base, nearly reaching costa; an
elongate spot extending nearly over central third of dorsum;^
central fascia moderate, very oblique, posterior edge deeply
emaro'inate above middle; costal patch semioval, marked on costa
with three small dark spots separated by spots of groundcolour;
a small spot on costa before apex; a thick streak close before
termen on lower |, sometimes connected beneath with central

BV E. MEYRICK. 199

fascia : cilia whitish-ochreous, round apex tinged with rerldish-
ochreoiis, with dark fuscous bars above and below apex. Hind-
wings whitish, coarsely strigulated and spotted with grey; cilia
grey- whitish.

Vic.: Birchip(Goudie); in April, two specimens. Type in
Coll. Lyell.

110. C. ceramica Low.

{Capua ceramica Low., Trans. Ro}-. Soc. S. Aust. 1908, 115.)
(J. 19-20 mm. Palpi unu&ually long. Forewings with costal

fold rather broad, reaching \-; characterised by obsolescence of

basal patch and central fascia. Hindwings whitish-grey, spotted

and strigulated with grey.

Vic: Monbulk(Lower), Beaconsfield(Lyell), Wandin(.Jarvis);

in August and September.

111. C. debiliana Walk.

[Sciaphila debiliana Walk., Gat. xxviii., 351; *S'. sidneyana ib.
352; Capua melancrocana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,
1881, 450.)

N.S.W.: Sydney — Vic: Gisborne(Lyell), Castlemaine(Drake)
— S. Aust.: Mount Lofty (Guest) — W. Aust.: Waroona(Ber-
thoud), York; from August to October.

112. C. scotinopa Low.

{Dichelia scotinoi^n Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust. 1902, 235.)
^(^. 18 mm. Autennal ciliations in ^ minute. Forewings in
^ without costal fold. A distinct species, sufficiently charac-
terised by Lower.*

Vic: Stawell(Lower), Gisborne(Lyel]); in March and April.

113. C. ophthahnias, n.sp.

(J^. 21-23 mm. Head and palpi in ^J grey, in 9 brownish-
ochreous mixed with dark red-brown. Antennae in ^ dentate,
ciliations 1. Thorax in ^ reddish-brown, in 9 dark purplish-
fuscous mixed on shoulders with dark red-brown. Abdomen

2U0 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

grey. Fore wings elongate, in ^ posteriorly dilated, in 5 sub-
oblong, costa gently arched, in ^ with fold reaching to near
middle, apex obtuse, termen in ^ hardly (sinuate, rather oblique,
in ^ sinuate, little oblique; in ^ reddish-brown, in Q rather dark
purple-grey, obscurely strigulated with dark red- brown; costa
more or less strigulated with blackish; basal patch in ^ some-
what darker, outer edge indicated in disc by a transverse streak
of blackish scales; a patch of pale suffusion above middle of disc,
sometimes whitish-mixed, edged beneath by a thick black down-
curved streak extending more than ^ of length of wing, anterior
extremity in ^ connected with costa by a fuscous spot and
posterior by a triangular fuscous costal patch which is trifurcate
on costa : cilia reddish-brown, in 9 mixed with dark purple-
fuscous. Hindwings in ^ whitish-grey spotted with grey, in ^
grey strigulated with darker; cilia pale grey, with darker sub-
basal shade.

N.S.VV.: Hazelbrook(Lyell) — Vic: Melbourne(Kershaw); in
April, three specimens.

114. C. isoscelana Meyr.

{Dichelia isoscelana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881,
470.)

N.S.W.: Blackheath (3500 feet), BuUi Pass— Vic. : Gisborne,
Beaconstield(Lyell), Wandin(Jarvis), Melbourne — Tasm.: Zeehan
(Findlay)— S. AusT.: Mount Lofty; in October and November.

115. C. disputana Walk.

{Sciajjhila disputana Walk,, Cat. xxviii., ,349; Dichelia dis-
putana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wale.s, 1881, 472.)

N.S.W. : Sydney; in February, March, and from June to
September.

116. C. paraloxa, n.sp.

(J. 14-16 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax brownish-ochreous,
.scales of palpi rather appressed beneath. Antennal ciliations
minute. Abdomen ochreous-whitish, sometimes tinged with
grey. Forewings elongate, suboblong, costa moderately arched,

BY E. MEYRICK

201

-without fold, apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate, rather oblique;
pale brownish-ochreous, more or less tinged with light brown-
reddish; markings rather dark brown; a basal patch more or less
partially indicated, outer edge straight, oblique; central fascia
moderate, very oblique, anterior edge straight, well-marked,
posterior very indefinite, broadest and most distinct towards
dorsum, narrower on dorsum itself; a straight well-marked streak
from § of costa to termen above tornus, beyond which is some
slight dark suffusion and scattered dark fuscous strigula? : cilia
whitish-ochreous, basal half more brownish-ochreous, becoming
darker and greyish towards apex. Hindwings grey-whitish,
towards apex slightly ochreous-tinged, with some faint grey
striguhe; cilia grey-whitish, with faint grey subbasal shade.

N.S.W.: Lawson(Lyell) — Vic: Beaconsfield (Lyell); in No-
vember, March, and April, three specimens.

117. C placoxantha Low,

{Anisogona placoxaibtha Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust. 1896,
160.)

(J9. 13-16 mm. Antennal ciliations of $ 1. Forewings in ^
without fold. A very distinct species, recognisably described by
Lower, but the pale costal spot between central fascia and costal
patch is usually white more or less tinged with ochreous towards
■costa, not yellow.

Vic: Gisborne, Beaconsfield, Macedon, Lorne(Lyell), Stawell
(Lower), Healesville — ^Tasm. : Zeehan(Findlay), Hobart; from
October to December, and in Februai-y. Allied to the following
species.

118. C. oxygravimana Meyr.

{Acroceuthes ooyygrammana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales,
1881, 460.)

^2- 15-16 mm. Antennal ciliations of (J I- Forewings in ^
■without fold. Sexes quite similar.

Vic: Macedon (Lyell), Beaconsfield (Drake) — Tasm.: Hobart,
Evandale(Raynor); from November to January.

202 REVISION OP AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

119. C. epiloma Low.

(Capua epiloma Low., Tratis. Roy. Soc. S. Aiist. 1902, 235.)
(J. 15-16 mill. Palpi long. Antennal ciliations 2. Forewings

with costal fold narrow, not reaching ^. Lower's description is

otherwise sufficient.

N.S.W. : Batliui-st(Lower), KHtoomba(Lyeil) — Vic: Macedon

(Lyell); in November and December.

120. C. effidgens, n.sp.

(J. 15mm. Head, palpi, and thorax bioiizy-ochreous. Antennal
ciliations 1. Abdomen grey. Forewings suboblong, costa
anteriorly rather strongly, posteriorly slightly arched, without
fold, apex ol)tuse, termen slightly sinuate, rather oblique; bronzy,
ochreous suffusedly mixed with dark grey, towards middle of
disc yellower and less mixed with grey; a suffused light ochreous-
yellow costal patch extending from ^ to i, narrowed to
extremities. Hindwings i-ather dark grey.

Tasm.: Zeehan(Findlay)j in February, one specimen, in poor
condition, but a very distinct species. 'I'3'pe in Coll. Lyell.

121. C. leucostacta, n.sp.

(J9- 14-16 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax brownish-ochreous or
ferruginous-brownish, variably sprinkled with grey; palpi long.
Antennal ciliations of (J 1. Abdomen whitish-oclireous mixed
with grey. Forewings elongate, suboblong, costa anteriorly
rather strongly, posteriorly slightly arched, in ^ without fold,
apex obtuse, termen hardly sinuate, somewhat oblique; brownish-
ochreous or brownish, in Q mixed or strigulated with ferruginous,
obscurely and suffusedly strigulated with gre}', with a few
blackish scales; costal edge more or less white, irregularly
strigulated with blackish-grey; dorsum dotted with white and
blackish-grey, with a small white spot before tornus; in ^ a pale
yellow patch reticulated with ferruginous-orange extending along
dorsum from ^ to near tornus, widest in middle and narrowed to
extremities : cilia In-ownish with two dark grey shades. Hind-

BY K. MKYRICK. ' 20^

wings with 3 aud 4 sliort-stalked; whitish strigulated with grey,
in 5 suffused with liglib grey; cilia whitish with grey subbasal
shade.

N.8.W.: Lavvson(Lyell) — Vic: Beaconsfield{Drake); in No-
vember, December, and April, seven specimens (i^, 89).

20. Aristocosma Meyr.

Aristocosma Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,

1881, 427 ... .. ... ... type chy-ysophilana.

Antennae in J strongly ciliated. Palpi moderate, porrected,
second joint dilated with rough scale.s above and beneath, terminal
moderate. Thorax with posterior crest. Forewings with 3 from
considerably before angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen. Hind-
wings somewhat narrower than forewings, with 3 from consider
ably before angle, remote from 4, 4 from angle, 5 rather approx-
imated to 4, 6 and 7 long-stalked.

Contains only the single species; probably a development of
Adoxofhyes.

122. A. chrysophilana Walk.

(Cacoecia chrysoijhilana Walk., Cat. xxviii,, 315; Aristocosma
chrysophilana Meyr., Pioc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881, 428.)

Q.: Brisbane (Illidge), Stradbroke Island (Turner)— N.S.W.:
Newcastle, Sydney; from August to November. The species
varies somewhat; Mr. Lyell has a specimen with the costal edge
of forewings pale yellowish, but otherwise no pale central costal
blotch.

21. Atelodora Meyr.

Atelodora Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,

1881,426 ... ... ... ... ... ty^e pelochytaiia.

Antennae in ^ shortly ciliated. Palpi moderately long, por-
rected, second joint dilated with rough scales above and beneath,
terminal moderate. Thorax without crest. Forewings with 7
absent. Hind wings with 3 from before angle, tolerably remote
from 4, 5 approximated to 4, 6 and 7 stalked.

204 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TOUTRICINA,

Only two closely allied species are known. The genus is
correlated to the following.

123. A. pelochytana Meyr.

{Atelodora pelochytana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,
1881,427.)

Q.: Brisbane(Turner) — N.S.W. : Murrurundi, Newcastle(Ray-
nor) — Tasm.: Deloraine; from August to December, and in March.
At Brisbane, according to examples of both generations sent by
Dr. Turner, the spring (August) form is normal, whilst the
autumn (March) form is very much smaller (9 mm.), but not
otherwise different.

124. A. agramma Low.

{Atelodora agramma Low., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1900,
408.)

S. AusT.: Adelaide(Lower); in October. Nearly allied to the

preceding, but quite distinct by the much darker hindwings and

cilia.

22. PltOCALYPTIS, n.g.

Palpi moderate, porrected, second joint rough-scaled above and
beneath, terminal moderate. Thorax without crest. Forewings
with 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen. Hindwings with 3, 4, 5
approximated at base, 6 and 7 closely approximated towards
base.

Only the following species is known.

125. P. oncota, n.sp.

9. 18 mm. Head and thorax reddish-ochreous-brown. Palpi
ochreous-whitish tinged with reddish -fuscous. Abdomen pale
brownish. Forewings suboblong, costa anteriorly moderately
arched, posteriorly nearly straight, apex obtuse, termen slightly
rounded, hardly oblique; reddish-brown, obscurely strigulated
with darker ochreous-brown, interspaces somewhat mixed with
pale grey : cilia glossy brownish-ochreous, darker towards base.

BY E. MEYRICK. 205'

Hind wings pale fuscous obscurely suffused with whitish-yellowish
except on margins; cilia pale greyish-ochreous.

W. AusT.: Northampton; in November, one specimen,

23. Adoxophyes Meyr.

Adoxophyes Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc, N. S. Wales,

1881, 429 ... ... ... ... ... type heteroidana.

Antennse in ^ shortly ciliated. Palpi moderate, porrected,
second joint dilated with rough scales above and beneath,
terminal moderate. Thorax without crest. Forewings with 3
from considerably before angle, 7 and 8 long-stalked, 7 to termen.
Hindwings with 3 from considerably before angle, remote from 4,
5 approximated to 4, 6 and 7 stalked.

An Indo-Malayan and Australian genus, whose centre of
development seems to lie in the region of New Guinea.

126. A. tripselia Low.

{Capua tripselia Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust. 1908, 318.)
^ 12-10 mm., 9 16-20 mm. Head dark fuscous, back of crown
whitish. Distinct by whitish groundcolour of forewings, and
whitish hindwings; markings of forewings edged with dark
fuscous, partially filled with variable fuscous suffusion, and more
or less marked with brownish-ochreous on veins, in $ usually
more or less obsolete except two fuscous spots on costa repre-
senting central fascia and costal patch; hindwings in ^ faintly
ochreous-tinged, with apex more or less grey.

NG. : Sariba Island(Meek) — Q. : Cairns(Dodd); in October
and November.

127. A. ioterma, n.sp.

(J. 12-14 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous more or less-
mixed with ferruginous. Palpi ferruginous-ochreous. Abdomen
whitish-ochreous. Forewings rather short and broad, costa
moderately arched, with broad fold reaching |, apex obtuse,
termen almost straight, vertical, rounded beneath ; whitish-
ochreous, more ochreous along costa, with a few scattered ferru-

'206

REVISION OF AUSTHALIAN TORTRICINA,

giiious stiigulfe; lower half of basal patch irregularly marked
witli fen-u^inous; other markings brownish outlined with ferru-
ginous; central fascia moderate, very oblique, graduaHy dilated
towards dorsum, extending as a broad streak along costa to base;
a somewhat curved fascia from f of costa to termen above tornus,
moderately broad in middle and narrowed to extremities, anterior
edge curved-prominent beneath costa, posterior edge projecting
in middle so as to touch costa near apex : cilia yellowish. Hind-
wings in Australian form whitish, in New Guinea and St. Aigiian
■examples pale grey tinged with yellowish, in those from Sudest
Island rather dark grey; cilia whitish, in darker examples tinged
with gre}'.

N.G.: Samarai, St. Aignan Island, Sudest Island(Meek) — Q.:
•Cairns(D()dd); from September to November, nine specimens.

128. J-. heferoida7ia Meyer.

(Ac/oxo/Jit/es heteroidana Meyi-., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,
1881, 4-29.)

Q.: Rosewood; in September and December.

129. A. bematica, n.sp.

5. 23-25 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale whitish-
ochreous. Palpi light yellow-ochreous. Forewings suboblong,
costa anteriorly strongly arched, posteriorly nearly straight, apex
obtuse, termen sinuate, vertical; pale whitish-ochreous; edge of
basal patch and of a narrow central fascia indicated only by a few
small dai-k ferruginous-fuscous strigulae; an elongate-triangular
brown patch marked with dark fuscous and grey extending along
costa from | to near apex, from posterior side of which two series
of dark ferruginous-fuscous striguhe converge to termen above
tornus : cilia light fulvous-oclireous, becoming ochreous-whitish
towards tornus. Hindwings and cilia ochreous-whitish, cilia
slightly yellowish-tinged round apex.

S(}L0M0N Islands : Treasury r.(Meek); two specimens.

BY E. MKYRICK. 207

130. A. viiidicata, n sp.

2-17 lain. Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish-oclu'eous.
Palpi pale ochreous-yellowish, towards base with some brownish
scales. Forewings suboblong, costa anterior}}^ strongly arclied,
thence nearly straight, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, nearly
vertical; whitish-ochreous; basal patch indicated hy median and
subdorsal ferruginous streaks; central fa.scia represented b}- dark
fuscous triangular costal and dorsal spots connected by a ferru-
ginous stria, the costal spot also sending a straight ferruginous
streak to tornus; a triangular dark fuscous spot on costa about
^, whence a ferruginous gradually attenuated streak runs to
termen above tornus: cilia whitish-ochreous tinged with yellowish.
Hindwings ochreous-whitish; cilia ochreous-whitish, in middle of
termen with a greyish-ochreous spot.

S.I.: Choiseul(Meek); one specimen.

131. A. melichroa Low.

[Capua melichroa Low., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.Wales, 1899, 92.)
(J 1.5-16 mm., 2 18-21 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous
•or ochreous-yellow. Forewings with basal patch sometimes
marked with several dark ferruginous-fuscous strigulse towards
dorsum; central fascia ver}'^ narrow, narrowest and sometimes
interrupted in disc, rather dark purplish-fuscous mixed with
ferruginous; posterior fascia often more or less interrupted in
middle. Hindwings whitish-yellowish ; cilia in 9 with a
thickened whitish-ochreous spot below middle of termen, centrally
tinged with grey.

N.G.: Kei Islands — Q.: Cairns(Dodd), Mackay( Lower); from
September to December, and in April. Also occurs in Burma.

132. .4. epizeuota, n.sp.

(J 15 mm., 9 16-18 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous-
yellowish, thorax posteriorly sutiusedly mixed with ferruginou.s.
Abdomen pale ochreous. Forewings iu (J rather short and
broad, in ^ suboblong, costa moderately arched, in J" with broad

208 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

fold reaching f, apex obtuse, termen almost straight, vertical^
rounded beneath; whitish-ochreous, partially slightly sprinkled
witli pale reddish-fuscous, costa suffused with ferruginous-yellow-
ish and marked with a few fuscous strigulje; markings dark
ferruginous-brown; basal patch represented by an oblique striga
not reaching margins and a longitudinal streak or patch below
submedian fold; central fascia narrow, straight, oblique, posterior
edge irregular and dilated on dorsum; a narrow fascia from | of
costa to termen above tornus, broadest towards costa : cilia pale
ochreous-yellowish. Hindwings ochreous-whitish, in ^ faintly
greyish -tinged towards dorsum; cilia whitish-yellowish, in ^ with a
thickened patch of grey scales in a sinuation below middle.

S.I.: Isabel I.(Meek), two females(type)— N.G.: Woodlark I.,
in April(Meek), one male.

133. A. 2^0'nxantha Low.

{Capua panxanlha Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust. 1901, 75.)
5. 16-20 mm. Head and thorax ochreous, thorax sometimes
sprinkled with fuscous. Forewings yellow-ochreous, with pale
glistening iridescence, strigulated with darker; markings more or
less indicated by dark reddish-fuscous irroration, indefinite;
basal patch with outer edge oblique, sometimes obsolete; central
fascia very narrow, oblique: a triangular costal patch, with traces
of a connection with termen above tornus : cilia yellow-ochreous.
Hindwings ochreous, dorsal third tinged with fuscous.

Q.: Cooktown (Lower) — N. Aust.: Port Darwin (Bleesej-); in
February.

134. A. iemplana Pag.

(Tortrix iemplana Pag., Zoologica xxix., 225.)
Q. 17-20 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-yellow, sometimes
marked with ferruginous-orange. Forewings suboblong, costa
anteriorly moderately arched, posteriorly nearly straight, apex
obtuse, termen almost straight, vertical; yellow, strigulated with
ferruginous-orange; markings formed by suff"usion of similar

BY E. MEYUICK. 209

strigulse, variably spotted or suffused with fuscous and sprinkled
with black; basal patch very ill-defined, much widest om dorsum,
edge angulated belovv middle, sometimes connected afc this point
by dark suffusion with central fascia; central fascia narrow,
oblique, abruptly dilated posteriorly on dorsum to reach tornus;
costal patch suboblong, lower anterior angle distinct and some-
times connected by a thick bar with middle of central fascia,
lower posterior angle sending a more or less marked gradually
diminishing streak to termen above tornus : cilia yellow. Hind-
wings whitish-ochreous, sometimes slightly tinged with fuscous
towards dorsum; cilia whitish-ochreous.

S.I.: New Georgia, Treasury I., Guadalcanar(Meek) — Bismarck
ISLWDS : Kinigunang, ■STew Britain — N.G.: Woodlark I.(Meek)
— N. AuST.: Port Darwin.

135. A. Jasciculana Walk.

{Tortrix Janciodana Walk., Cat. xxxv., 1785; Adoxophyp.s
cyrtosenia Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1886, 276; Capua epi-
pepla Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust. 1908, 318.)

ToNGA(Mathew)— FiJi(Lucas) — S.I.: Guadalcai.ar, Isabel I.
(Meek) — N.G.: St. Ai^nian I.^^Meek) — Moluccas: Ceram — Q.:
Cairns(Dodd); in November and December.

136. A. privatana Walk.

(Dichelia privatana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 320.)
Much like A. fascicidana, with similarly broad costal fold and
large anal tuft of ^^ fornwings with groundcolour more or less
wholly suffused with fuscous, margins of fasciae straighter and
more regular (not .so sinuate-curvedj, edge of basal patcli defined
throughout, furcate bianches of central fascia narrower; liind-
wiiigs grey, tinged with ochreous towards costa (in A. f'asciculana
light fulvous-oclneous).

N.G.: Ferj^usson [.; in October, one specimen. Common in
India, Burma, and Ceylon. i i . _

16 A^\^A

210 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTKICINA,

24. HOMONA Walk.

Homona Walk., Cat. xxviii., 424(1863)... ... type coffearia.

Ericia Walk., Cat. xxxv., 1802(1866) ... ... type cestivana.

Anisogona Meyr., Proc. Linn. See N. S. Wales,

1881, 464 ... ... ... ... ... type siinilana.

Antennae in ^ ciliated. Palpi rather short, ascending, with
appressed scales, terminal joint short. Thorax without crest.
Forewings with 3 from angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to ternien.
Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate, 5 approximated to 4 at base,
6 and 7 stalked.

A development of Caccecia, to which it closely approaches.
Besides the following, there are a few closely allied Indo-Malayan
species. The typical JI. coffearia is a highly prolific and injurious
pest of tea-plantations in Ceylon,

137. H. mediana Walk.

(Pandemis mediana Walk., Cat. xxviii, 311.)

^^. 18-20 mm. Head and thorax reddish-fuscous or reddish-
grey, sides of crown tinged with whitish. Antennal ciliations in
^ 1. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated,
costa anterior!}' moderately arched, in ^ without fold, posteriorly
in (J almost straight, in ^ slightly sinuate, apex obtuse, termen
sinuate, rather oblique; brownish, reddish-fuscous, or reddish-
grey, with transverse series of darker strigulse except in darkest
specimens; basal patch and central fascia sometimes obscurely
darker but usually obsolete; costal patch darker, triangular,
sometimes obsolete; sometimes a semioval blotch of dark fuscous
suffusion extending over posterior § of dorsum : cilia rather dark
fuscous, with a whitish tornal patch. Hindwings grey; costal
half whitish, with some small scattered grey spots, towards apex
tinged with ochreous; apex itself sometimes suffused with grey;
cilia grey-whitish, with grey subbasal line.

N.S.W. : Blackheath, 3500 feet — Vie. : Beaconsfield, Lome
(Lyell), Healesville — Tasm.: Deloraine, Hobart — S. AusT.: Mount
Lofty; from October to December, and in March. Forewiugs

BY E. MEYRICK. 211

narrower anteriorly than in H. similana, with costa less arched
and termen moie oblique, and easily known by costal half of
hindwings whitish, not grey or yellow, in ^ without thickening
of costal cilia towards apex.

138. H. similana Walk.

{Teras similana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 300; Ariisogona sim,ilana
Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881, 466.)

Q.: Brisbane, Warwick(Turner), Toowoomba — N.S W.: Moruya,
Hawkesbury (Lyell), Newcastle, Sydney, BuUi — ViC: Geelong
(Trebilcock), Melbourne — S. AuST.: Mount Lofty(Guest); from
August to October, and from January to May. Hindwings in 9
with distinct thickening of costal cilia towards apex.

139. H. homogama n.sp.

5. 13-16 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax pale biownish-ochreous.
Abdomen light grey. Forewings suboblong, costa anteriorly
strongly arched, posteriorly sinuate, apex obtuse, termen rather
strongly sinuate, somewhat oblique; pale brownish-ochreous
tinged with brown-reddisli; two oblique transverse slightly
curved brownish-ochreous lines or streaks sometimes more or less
sprinkled with dark brown, representing edge of basal patch and
anterior margin of central fascia; a flattened-triangular fuscous
costal patch mixed with dark brown and black extending on
costa from middle to ~, from apex of which a third similar streak
runs to tornus; some dark brown strigulse towards apex : cilia
pale brownish-ochreous, with light brown-reddish suffused shade,
on costa with a small blackish anteapical spot. Hindwings
rather dark grey, sometimes faintly reddish-tinged; cilia pale
grey, with darker subbasal shade.

N.G.: St. Aignan I. (Meek) — Q.: Cairns(Dodd); in November,
five specimens.

140. H. sim,ana Meyr.

(Anisogona simana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1881,
465.)

212 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

N.S.W.: Newcastle(Rayiior), in September. I have seen no
further specimens, but I am informed by Mr. J. H. Durrant,
who has examined the single male, now in Lord Walsingham's
collection, that it possesses a costal fold, which I failed to detect.

141. H. fistulata, n.sp.

(JlSmm., 9l8ram. Head and thorax ochreoiis-whitish, face
and palpi dark brown. Antennae in ^ minutely ciliated.
Abdomen whitish-oclireous, in $ dorsally suffused with light
fuscous. Forewings suboblong, shorter and broader in ^, costa
anteriorly strongly arched, in $ without fold, posteriorly in $
slightly arched, in 9 nearly straight, apex obtuse, termen slightly
sinuate, nearly vertical; vein \c bent up and shortly anastomos-
ing with 2 near origin, stalk of 7 and 8 very long; in $ whitish-
ochreous, in 5 browmsh-ochreou-^ tinged with grey; edge of basal
patch indii'ated by a curved brown line; a small semicu'cular
dark brown spot on middle of costa; a slightly incurved brown
line from middle of disc to middle of dorsum; four very small
dark brown spots or elongate marks on costa posteriorly; a few
small scattered dark brown strigulse towards termen : cilia in $
whitish-ochreous, in $ pale ochreous mixed with grey. Hind-
wings in (J whitish-ochreous, slightly fui vou^-tinged towards
apex, m 9 fuscous, beco ning pale fulvous-ochreous posteriorly;
some small scattered grey spots posteriorly; cilia as in forewings.

Q.: Cairns(Dodd), in September a .d October, five specimens.

142. i/. (Estivana Walk.

{Ericia cestivana Walk., Cat.xxxv., 1803; H. posticana ib.l803.)
(J. 26-30 mm. Head, !)al|)i, and thorax pale yellow-ochreous
more or less mixed or suffu-ed wiih reddish-brown. Antennal
ciliations 1. Audoin^^n hairy, oclneous yellow. Forewings sub-
oblong, posteriorly markt^dly dilated, co^ta slightly arched, with-
out fold, apex obi use, te- meri faintly sinuate, little oblique;
reddish-ochreous-fuscoiis; co^ta sometimes suffused with ferru-
ginous; basal area sometimes irregularly suffused with dark
fuscous, tendii\g to un.te with au ii regulat spot ot ferruginous

BY K. MEYRICK. 213

or dark fuscous suffusion above and before middle of disc; some-
times a short blackish streak alonj? upper part of termen : cilia
reddish-ochreous-fuscous. Hindwings ochreous-orange ; cilia
ochreoiis-yellovvish tinged with reddish-fuscous.

Q.SOnim. Forewings formed as in H. mermerodes c^; light
ochreous-brown, with scattered dark fuscous strigulse. Hind,
wings oclireous-yellow; cilia grey-whitish, greyer towards base.

N.G.: Fakfak, 8t. Aignan 1.(3 males), Woodlark 1.(1 female)
(Meek); in November and April. Also from the Philippines.
The female specimen is conjecturedly referred to this species on
account of the yellow hindwings; but it might be a variety of
H. mermerodes; the sext-s in this genus differ so much that it is
difficult to be sure of their identity unless taken together.

143. i/. mermerodes, n.sp.

$. 21-26 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax pale greyish-ochreous
or brownish-ochreoiis, variably mixed or suffused with fuscous or
reddish-biown. Antennal ciliations 1. Abdomen hairy, greyish-
ochreous or grey. Forewings suboblong, sliglitly dilated poste-
riorly, costa moderately arched, faintly sinuate in middle, without
fold, apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate beneath apex, bowed,
rather prominent; pale greyish-ochreous or brownish-ochreous,
often variably tinged or mixed with ashy-fuscous or light brown-
reddish; sometimes the dark suffusion is confined to costal or
dorsal ai-ea; lower part of basal patch sometimes represented by
a blotch of dark suffusion; central fascia often indicated by an
irregular spot edged with dark fuscous or deep ferruginous above
middle, sometimes narrowly connected with costa; usually a
narrow apical patch of dark suffusion, often edged on lower half
by a dark fuscous streak and marked on costa with some small
dark fuscous spots : cilia varying from whitish-ochreous to i>ale
fuscous. Hindwings rather dark grey; cilia varying from grey
to grey-whitish.

9. 29-36 mm. Forewings oblong, costa very abruptl}' arched
towards base, posteriorly slightly sinuate, apex round-pointed,

214 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

prominent, teraien concave below apex, rounded-prominent
beneath; brownish-ochreous, brownish, reddish-fuscous, or rather
dark asliy-fuscous tinged with reddish, darker specimens some-
times strigulated with dark fuscous; anterior edge of central
fascia sometimes indicated towards costa by a dark fuscous
oblique striga; usually two or three dark fuscous elongate marks
on costa posteriorly; sometimes indications of blotches of dark
suifiision towards dorsum posteriorly, and on apical area, but
these are quite indefinite : cilia varying from pale ochreous to
grey, sometimes with dark grey snbbasal shade. Hind wings
fuscous or rather dark fuscous, usually more or less tinged with
orange-fulvous, sometimes strongly; cilia greyish.

S.I.: Rendova, Gizo — N.G.: Fakfak, Mailu, Sudest I., 8t.
Aignan I., Goodenough I., Trobriand 1., tlossel I., Fergusson I.,
Wooillark l.(Meek) — Q.: Cairns(Dodd); in April, July, Novem-
ber, and December; twenty-six specimens(12(J, 1 45). Both sexes
are very variable in colour.

144. jfiT. pharangitis, n sp.

/?. 16-17 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous. Antennal
ciliations |. Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous. Forewings oblong,
rather broad, costa anteriorly strongly arched, posteriorly straight,
with broad semioval fold reaching from base to i, apex obtuse,
termen sinuate, vertical; Ic bent and approximated to 2 near
origin, stalk of 7 and 8 rather short; pale whitish-fuscous, with
scattered brownish-ochreous strigulse mixed with fuscous and
partially slightly tinged with reddish; a large basal patch of dark
asiiy-reddish-fuscous suffusion, its edge straight, oblique, suffused,
running from J of costa to | of dorsum; in one specimen the
dark strigulation obscurely indicates a triangular costal patch
beyond middle : cilia whitish-ochreous somewhat mixed with
light brown-reddish, with suffused grey subbasd shade. Hind-
wings fuscous, basal half darker fuscous; cilia pale fuscous, tip
mixed with whitish.

Q.: Cairns(Dodd); in October and April, two specimens.

BY E. MEYRICK. 215

145. H. spargotis, n.sp.

(J. 17-18 mm. Head and thorax brownish-ochreons, face and
palpi brownish. Antennal ciliations 1. Abdomen grey, anal
tuft pale ochreous. Forewings oblong, costa anteriorly moder-
ately arched, posteriorly straight, with broad semioval fold
reaching to beyond \, apex obtuse, termen rounded, somewhat
oblique; light brownish-ochreous, s})rinkled with pale reddish-
fuscous; costal fold suffused with reddish-fuscous irroration; a
dorsal patch of dark fuscous or reddish-fuscous suffusion before
central fascia; central fascia entire, reddish-fuscous, rather
narrow towards costa, with a few black specks beneath costa,
rather broadly dilated towards dorsum; an apical patch of
reddish- fuscous suffusion, its anterior edge subconcave, running
from 1^ of costa to about middle of termen : cilia pale ochreous.
Hind wings dark grey, extreme apex tinged with fulvous; cilia
grey-whitish, with grey subbasal shade.

5. 25-26 mm. Hardly differs from H. phancea 5; face and
palpi irrorated with fuscous; forewings with costa more abruptly
arched anteriorly, without sinuation before middle; edge of basal
patch somewhat curved.

Q.: Cairns(Dodd) — N. AusT.: Port Darwin(Bleeser); in Octo-
ber, April, and May, six specimens.

146. H. phancea, n.sp.

(J. 20-22 mm. Head and thorax brownish-ochreous or brown-
ish, face and palpi ferruginous-brown. Antennal ciliations 1.
Al)domen brownish-ochreous. Forewings subobloiig, costa ante-
riorly moderately arched, posteriorly straight, with broad semi-
oval fold reaching 4, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate
beneath apex, hardly oblique, rounded beneath; pale yellow-
ochreous or brownish-ochreous, with scattered grey strigulsfi;
costal fold brownish-ochreous, with several grey costal strigulse;
rest of basal patch brownish-ochreous or dark brown, outer edge
angularly produced on dorsum; central fascia represented by a
rather small rounded-triangular fuscous spot edged with dark
fuscous on costa before middle, and a quadrate fuscous blotch

216 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

edged laterally with brown on dorsum before tornus, anterior
edge extended as a brown streak to aWove and before middle of
disc; a somewhat curved brown streak from before j of costa to
termen above tornus, apical area beyond this more or less suffused
with fuscous, with three brown marks on costa posteriorly : cilia
pale ochreous. Hind wings light orange-ochreous suffused with
pale fuscous except towards costal area; cilia pale ochreous
tinged with fuscous.

5. 27-30 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax brownish oclireous.
Abdomen light ochreous-orange. Forewings eloiigate-oblong,
costa anteriorly strongly arched, slightly sinuate before middle
and again on posterior half, apex rounded-ja'ominent, termen
concave beneath apex, little ol)lique, rounded beneath; brownish-
ochreous, finely stiigulated with fuscous; markings more or less
partially iufuscated, sometimes very slightly, edged with fine
brown etriie; basal patcli with outer edge oblique, obtusely
augulated above middle or almost straight; central fascia broad,
oljlique, rather narrowed towards costa; apical patch as in ^ but
less marked : cilia pale brownish-ochreous. Hind wings light
ochreous-orange, towards termen sometimes tinged with fulvous;
cilia concolorous.

S.I.: Isabel I., Rendova, Choiseul, Treasury I.(Meek)— N.G.:
St. Aignan I. (Meek), Kei Is.; sixteen specimens.

"25. Caccecia Hb.

Cactecm Hb., Verz. 388(1826) type xylosteana.

Cryptoptila Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,

1881, 481 ... ... ... ... ■• type australana.

Anteiime in $ ciliated. Palpi rather short, ascending, with
appressed scales, terminal joint short. Thorax without crest,
Forewings with 3 from angle, 7 and 8 separate, 7 to termen,
Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate, 5 approximated to 4 at base, 6
and 7 approximated towards base.

This genus, being now separated from Tortrix by the difference
in palpi instead of the costal fold, is much reduced in extent, so

BY E, MKYRICK. 21T

far as Australian species are concerned; it contains, however, a

a considerable number of species in the Northern hemisphere.

The name Archips Hb., lately revived for this genus by Lord

Walsinghain, being published wholly without cliaracters, cannot

be adopted, and being moreover obsolete for a century, is doubly

barred.

147. C. thysayioma, n.sp.

(J. 18-20 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous. Antennal
ciliations ^. Abdomen grey. Forewings suboblong, posteriorly
hardly dilated, costa anteriorly gently arched, posteriorly nearly
straight, with broad semioval fold not reaching ^, apex obtuse,
terraen sinuate, little oblique; lather dark bronzy-fuscous; series
of dark fuscous strigulfe accompanied by sonify whitish-ochreous
scales indicating edges of basal patch and broad ratiier oblique
central fascia, and others towards apex and before termen; costal
fold filled with curved expansible whitish hairs : cilia brownish
suffusedly barred with dark grey, on tornus and at tips suffused
with whitish-ochreous. Hindwings fuscous suffusedly strigulated
with darker, towards costa especially posteriorly obscurely
whitish-suffused between the dark strigulte; cilia whitish-grey>
with dark grey subhasal shade.

Q. :Brisbane(Turner); three specimens.

148. C. iirsina, n.sp.

(J. 19 mm. Head light greyish-ochreous. Palpi pale greyish-
ochreous sprinkled with fuscous, above with white expansible
hairs. Antenna? light greyish-ochreous, ciliations |. Thorax
light grej'ish-ochreous mixed with red-brown. Abdomen whitish-
ochreous sprinkled with fuscous. Forewings oblong, costa ante-
riorly moderately arched, posteriorly nearly straight, costal fold
rather broad, reaching i, apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate,
hardly oblique; fuscous or brownish, more or less tinged with
reddish, towards costa mixed with pale greyish-ochreous, with
scattered dark red-brown strigulse mixed with dark fuscous;
markings deep red-brown mixed with blackish; basal patch
rather small, formed of irregular striguhe, outer edge angulated

218 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

in middle; central fascia indicated on upper half by interrupted
margins, and in disc by an oblique patch of suffusion, beneath
this obsolete; costal patch moderate, semioval, well-defined, on
costa marked with pale greyish-ochreous; a small costal spot
beyond this: cilia fuscous mixed with red-brown. Hindwings
grey, faintly darker-strigulated; cilia light grey, with darker
subbasal shade.

Q.: Mount Tambouriue(Turner); in November, two specimens.

149. C. polygraphana Walk.

{Tortrix polygraphana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 330; Cacoecia poly-
graphana Meyr., Proc. linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881, 495.)

Palpi in ^ with expansible whitish hairs above; antennae in ^
whitish above, with a short black streak on stalk near base.
Tliis latter character is peculiar to the species, and will distin-
guish it from all similar insects. The species is nearly allied to
the two preceding, and the resemblance to some species of Tortrix
{7\ J'errea, T. pyrose7nana, and T. lag anodes) is superficial only;
the structural characters of palpi and broad costal fold aflford
clear distinctions.

Q. : Stanthorpe (Turner)— N.S.W. : Glen Innes (3500 feet),
Blackheath (3500 feet), Bathurst (2500 feet). Mount Kosciu.sko
(5000 feet)— Vic. : Mount St. Bernard(5000 feet), Beaconsfield,
Gisborne (Lyell), Melbourne — Tasm.: Launceston, Canipbelltown,
Deloraine, George's Bay, Hobart — S. AusT.: Mount Lofty, Bala-
klava. Mount Gambier(Guest); from November to March.

150. C. australana Lew.

{T'ortrix australana Lew., Ins. N. S. Wales 11, pi. 17; Teras
*«imersc«ia Walk., Cat. xxviii., 302; Cryptoptila immersana Meyr.,
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881, 481, 535; Caccecia australana
ib. 485.)

Varies considerably; there is a common variety of ^ with pale
thorax and basal patch of forewings, which gives it a distinct
appearance; also there is a form of 9 in which the markings are
quite as in normal (J; the other and diverse form arises from this

BY E. AIEYKICK. 219

by the development of pale variegation; all intermediates occur.
The costal tuft of hiudwings in $, though peculiar amongst Aus-
tralian species, and unusually well-developed, occurs in a less con-
spicuous form in many other species of the genus.

Q. : Killarney(Turner), Rosewood — N.S.W. : Newcastle, Syd-
ney— Vic: Mount Macedon (3000 feet), Gisborne (Lyell), Mel-
bourne, Trafalgar; from Se|>tember to February. Larva on ivy
{Hedera), honeysuck]e(Zo?ticera), Emhothrium, etc. Mr. Lyell
found the larvae gregarious, "hundreds together," in a great web
on leaves of " mountain ash" on Mount Macedon, perhaps only
due to unusual abundance, as I found them feeding separately.

26. Chresmarcha, n.g.

Head with appressed scales, face smooth. Antennse in $
moderately ciliated. Palpi rather short, porrected, second joint
shortly rough-scaled, terminal short. Thorax without crest.
Forewings with 3 from considerably before angle, 7 and 8 in $
stalked, in 9 separate, 7 to termen. Hindwings with 3 in $
remote from angle, parallel to 4, in 9 approximated to 4, 5 rather
approximated to 4, 6 and 7 short-stalked.

Type C. sihj/Uina. This and the next two genera belong to a
curious group differing from the normal type of the family by
their smooth heads and bright colouring, but otherwise entirely
conformable; they appear to be a development of Tortrix.

151. C. delphica, n.sp.

(J. 21mm. Head and palpi orange. Thorax pale whitish-
yellow. Abdomen pale ochreous, two apical segments blackish.
Forewings elongate, suboblong, costa without fold, towards base
strongly, posteriorly slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded,
slightly oblique; silvery-white; costal edge black, from near base
to apex with a series of attached irregular black marks at first
very small but gradually increasing to near apex, where they
reach } across wing; a transverse black spot in disc near termen;
a narrow black streak along termen, tending to be interrupted
into two or three separate marks on lower half; apical area

220 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

faintly yellowish-tiii<^ed : cilia wliite, on termen with a blackisb
basal line interrupted on lower portion, not reaching tornus.
Hinclwings yellowish-white; a moderate suffused dark grey streak
along upper half of termen; cilia white, with a dark grey basal
line opposite dark patch. Undersurface of all wings white, with
black markings much as above.

N.G.: Biagi, Mambare R., (5000 feet; Meek); one specimen.

152. C. sibylliua, n.sp.

^ 21 mm., ^ 18 min. Head and palpi orange. Thorax light
yellovi'ish, in ^ white posteriorly. Abdomen ochreous-yellow,
basal and two apical segments blackish (in ^ broken). Fore-
wings elongate, suboblong, costa without fold, towards base
strongly, posteriorly slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded,
slightly oblique; silverj'-white; costal edge black, very finely
towards base, in ^ posteriorly gradually much thickened and
irregular-edged, in ^ slender; some pale yellowish suffusion
towards apex, and in ^ on veins near termen; in ^ a slender
irregular black streak along termen preceded above middle by an
irregular transverse black mark, in ^ with a terminal series of
black marks on veins connected on termen : cilia white, in ^
with a blackish terminal line except towards tornus. Hindwings
dark gre}', darker towaids apex; cilia white, with grey basal
line. Undersurface of all wings dark grey, in ^ hindwings
mixed with whitish.

N.G. : Owgarra(Meek); two specimens. Very like the pre-
ceding, but immediately known by the different hindwings and
undersurface.

27. Zacorisca, n.g.

Head smooth-scaled. Palpi long, porrected, second joint
thickened with dense appressed scales, terminal ratlier long,
cylindrical, obtuse. Thorax without crest. Forewings with 3
from angle, 7 separate, to termen. Hindwings with 3 and 4
connate, 5 closely approximated to 4 at base, 6 and 7 stalked.

BY E. MKYRICK. 221

153. Z. holantha, n.sp.

$. 28 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax deep iridescent blue.
Abdomen blue-blackish, apex ochreous-white suffused benenth
Avith ochreous-yellow. Forewings elongate, rather nari'ow, costa
moderately arched, apex obtuse, terraen slightly rounded, almost
vertical; deep iridescent blue; a rather narrow deep coppery-red
terminal fascia : cilia purplish-coppery, above apex and below
tortius deep blue. Hindwings blackish suffuse<l with deep blue;
cilia bright purple-blue with coppery reflections, with deep blue
basal line.

N.G.: Owgarra(Meek); one specimen.

28ATTERIA Walk.

Atteria^a\k., Cat. xxviii., 421(1863) ... type strigicinctana.
Cerace Walk., Cat. xxviii., 422(1863) ... type stipatana.

Head suiooth-scaled. Antennae in ^ simple. Palpi rather
long, porrected, second joint with smooth appressed scales,
terminal moderately long, cylindrical. Thorax without crest.
Forewings with 3 from anyle, 7 separate, to term^n. Hind-
wings with 3, 4, 5 approximated at ba.se, 6 ami 7 approximated
towards base.

A genus of moderate extent, characteristic of S. Asia, the
Malayan region, and S. America.

154. A. thiasodes, n.sp.

(J. 36 mm, Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen deep blue,
upper and lower margins of face whitish, anal tuft shining
whitish-ochreous. Forewings subiblong, rather dilated po.ste-
riorly, costa anteriorly rao<lerateiy, posteriorly slightly arched,
with moderately broad costal fold from base to near ^, tlience
abruptly narrowed and continued to |, apex obtuse, termen
haidly sinuate, almost vertical; orangs markings briglit deep
purple-blue; a short str-eak on base of costa; central fascia rather
broad, oblique, extended on costa along nar ow portion of fold,
jiarrowed on dorsum, posterior edge angulated towards dorsum;

222 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

a triangular apical patch extending over J of costa and f of
termen : cilia dark grey with deep blue subbasal shade, with an
orange tornal patch. Hindwings blackish-purple; a deep orange
terminal fascia, broad on costa and containing a blackish-|)urple
apical /blotch almost united with main area by blackish irrora-
tion, gradually narrowed downwards and hardly reaching tornuSy
cilia orange-ochreoiis, on dorsum and round apex dark grey.

9. 36-40 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen deep irides-
cent blue. Forewings formed as in (J, without fold; orange; base
very narrowly deep blue, shortly produced along costa; a large
triangular deep purple apical patch, edge running from about
middle of costa to tornus : cilia deep purple-blue round patch.
Hindwings deep orange; a rounded purple-blackish apical blotch;,
cilia orange, on dorsum and round apex dark grey.

N.G.: Biagi, Mati.bare R.(5000 feet), Aroa R.(Meek), Fakfak-
six specimens.

29. ToRTRix Linn.

Ihrtrix hiwn., Syst. Nat. x., i., 496(1758) ... type vi7-idana.
Lozotcenia Hteph., Cat. Brit. Ins. 169(1829) ... type for ster ana.

Antennae in ^ moderately ciliated. Palpi moderate or long,
porrected, second joint dilated with rough scales above and
beneath, terminal moderate. Thorax without crest. Forewings
with 3 from angle, 7 separate, to termen. Hindwings with 3
and 4 connate, 5 approximated to 4 at base, 6 and 7 approximated
towards base.

Largely represented in all regions; it is probable, however,

that the Australian species form a homogeneous group developed

locally. Many species possess the costal fold in ^, but it is

usually slight and narrow. The full generic synonymy is not

given above.

155. T. molesta, n.sp.

^ 16mm., Q 17-19mm. Head pale ochreous, between antennae-
mixed with fu.scous. Palpi whitish-ochreous sprinkled with
fuscous. Antennal ciliations of /J minute. Thorax pale ochreous
somewhat sprinkled with fuscous. Abdomen grey. Forewing.s

BY E. MEYRICK. 223'

subobloiig, in 9 somewhat more elongate, costa anteriorly moder-
ately arched, posteriorly nearly straight, costal fold in ^ moder-
ately broad, reaching to near middle, apex obtuse, termen nearly
straight, rather oblique; whitish-ochreous more or less tinged
with pale brownish, especially posteriorly; a very few small
scattered dark fuscous strigulse on costa; central fascia very
oblique, fuscous, rather narrow, somewhat marked with dark
fuscous on costa, slightly dilated towards dorsum, anterior edge
slightly concave below middle; an irregular rounded-triangular
fuscous spot suffusBdly irrorated with blackish close before middle
of termen : cilia whitish-ochreous, at apex and tornus with
fuscous bars mixed with black. Hindwings grey; cilia ochreous-
whitish more or less tinged with grey, with grey subbasal shade..
Q.: Cairns(Dodd); from September to November, three speci-
mens. Recognisable by the characteristic blotch before termen;
the costal fold of ^ is more strongly developed than in any other
Australian species of the genus.

. 156. y. calculata, n.sp.

(J. 17 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen whitish-och-
reous; palpi long. Antennal ciliations 1. Forewings rather
elongate-triangular, costa anteriorly moderately, posteriorly
gently arched, costal fold narrow, reaching \, slightly dilated
with scales towards middle, apex obtuse^ termen distinctly
sinuate, somewhat oblique; whitish-ochreous, with some small
scattered grey strigulse, more numerous towards termen; base of
costa slenderly blackish; six blackish dots in disc, viz., two
indicating margin of basal patch, one in disc before middle, one
towards dorsum beyond middle, one towards costa at |, and one
in disc at f : cilia whitish-ochreous. Hindwings ochreous-
whitish, faintly tinged with grey; cilia whitish, with faint grey
subbasal str»ak.

Tasm.: Deloraine; in November, one specimen. Distinct from
all Australian species, and nearly allied by the long palpi and
other characters to the New Zealand T. conditana Walk.(7'..
astrologana Meyr.), with which I formerly identified if, but now

2^4 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

think it should be kept separate; T. conditana is much larger,
22-25 mm., very variable, in some forms very dissimilar, darker-
coloured and fasciated; pale specimens in which tlie normal
markings are obsolete certainl}'- approximate, but the hind wings
are always more or less spotted with grey.

157. T. xylodus, n.sp.

(^.17-23 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, sometimes
brownish-tinged, usually more or less wholly tinged or suflFused
with fuscous, tliorax with a more or less marked dark fuscous
transverse bar before middle. Palpi whitish-ochreous irrorated
with fu&cousor dark fuscous. Antennal ciliations 1|^. Abdomen
pale greyisli-ochreoMs mixed with grey. Forewiugs suboblong,
costa anteriorly moderately arched, posteriorly straight, costal fold
narrow, reaching to near middle, somewhat dilated with dimin-
isliing scales on postei'ior |^, apex obtuse, termeii almost straight,
little oblique, rounded beneatli; whitish-ochreous to brownish-
ochreous, sometimes more or less irrorated with fuscous, on
maigins and towards termen striyulated with dark fuscous or
blockish; basal patch brownish, with a few blackish strigulse,
outer edge above middle with an irregular acute angular projec-
tion more or less edged with black strigulte; central fascia
brownish or fuscous, oblique, upper half rather narrow, well-
defined and more or less marked with black, with an acute
angular projection on posterior edj^e above middle, lower half
more or less suflFused and in<listinct, posteriorly confluent with
an irregular patch extending over tornus and lower | of termen;
costal patch brownish or fuscous, very elongate and narrow,
exte ding along costa from middle to near apex, sometimes
suffused with upper part of central fascia into a laige triangular
blotch, which in one specimen is dark fuscous : cilia whitish-
ochreous, sometimes partially brownisii-tiiiged, with an inter-
rupted dark grey subbasal line. Hindwings light gvey, spotted
with darker, wliitish along costa and sometimes somewhat
suffused with whitish towards dorsum; cilia whitish, with some-
what interrupted dark grey subbasal line.

BY E. MEYKICK. 225

9. 23-26 mm. Forewings more elongate than in ^, fuscous or
brownish; markings darker, formed as in J", but suffused and
indistinct, sometimes almost wholly obsolete. Hindwings as in
^, sometimes more whitish-tinged.

N.S.VV.: Mount Victoria (3000 feet)— Vic: Beaconsfield, Gis-
borne, Macedon, Lorne(Lyell) — Tasm.: Launceston(Lea), Hobart
(Turner) — W. Aust.: Albany; from August to February, four-
teen specimens. Larva cylindrical, rather attenuated at extremi-
ties, with a few whitish hairs; bright yellowish-green; dorsal line
dark green; head greenish-ochi'eous : feeds between joined leaves
of Pultencea sp., in September and October.

158. T. ashtvorthana Newm.

{Tortrix ashworthana Newm., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.(n.s.) iii.,
286; Teras responaana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 297; Pandertiis secun-
daria ib. 310; Gaccecia responsana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8.
Wales, 1881, 500.)

Q. : Toowoomba (Turner)— N.S.VV. : Glen Innes (3500 feet),
Sydney — Vic: Gisborne, Macedon, Melbourne(Lyell) — Tasm.:
Launceston, Deloraine, Hobart ; from September to April.
Larva amongst spun shoots of Acacia decurrens. I am now
satisfied that the description of T. ashtvorthana can only be
referred to this species; I do not know where the type-specimen
is.

159. T. postvittana Walk.

{Teras postvittana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 297; T. retractana ib.
288; T. scitulana ib. 298; T. basialbana ib. 299; T. secretana ib.
300; Pandemis consociana ib. 311; Dichelia reversana ib. 321;
D. fosdana ib. 321; D. vicariana Walk., Char. Het. 82; Gaccecia
postvittana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881, 502.)

Q.: Bundaberg, Brisbane, Stradbroke Island, Mount Tambou-
rine(Turner)— N.S.W.: Glen Innes (3500 feet), Newcastle, Syd-
ney, Orange, Kiama, Mount Kosciusko (4500 feet) — Vic: Mel-
bourne, Casterton — Tasm. : Launceston, Deloraine, Hobart — S.
Aust.: Mount Gambler, Mount Lofty, Port Lincoln — W. Aust.:
Albany; from August to April, Also occurs in New Zealand
17

226 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

and Hawaiian Islands, but doubtless artificially introduced from
Australia. Larva amongst spun leaves, flowers, and seeds of
Correa, Persoonia, Grevillea, Boronia, etc., and has been bred
from an apple.

160. T. stipularis, n.sp.

^.17 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax pale ochreous, palpi
whitish beneath. Antennal ciliations 1. Abdomen whitish-
grey, Forewings suboblong, costa anteriorly moderately arched,
posteriorly nearly straight, costal fold narrow, reaching |,
triangularly dilated with scales towards its middle, apex obtuse,
termen rounded, rather oblique; whitish-ochreous; markings
rather light yellow-ochreous; costal fold marked with several
blackish strigulse ; basal patch faintly indicated, outer edge
augulated above middle, central fascia oblique, towards costa
moderate, posterior edge forming a strong angular dilation in
middle, beneath this hardly defined posteriorly except on dorsum
where it is broad, with traces of a faint streak rising from it
parallel to termen; costal patch flattened-triangular, beginning
at f but undefined posteriorly : cilia whitish-ochreous. Hind-
wings light grey; cilia whitish.

Vic: Murtoa(Lyell); in February, one specimen. Type in
Coll. Lyell.

161. 2\ pyrrhtda, n.sp.

$. 17 mm., 5. 18 mm. Head whiti.sh-ochreous, face with a
ferruginous transverse bar. Palpi whitish-ochreou.s irrorated
with ferruginous. Antennal ciliations \n ^ 1. Thorax whitish-
ochreous irrorated or suffused with ferruginous-ochreous. Abdo-
men ochreous-whitish. Forewings suboblong, in ^ rather dilated
posteriorly, costa anteriorly moderately arched, posteriori}^
straight, in ^ with very slight fold from base to |, somewhat
enlarged with scales towards its middle, apex obtuse, termen in
(J slightly rounded, in ^ almost straight, little oblique, rounded
beneath; whitish-ochreous tinged with yellowish, in ^ sprinkled
and on margins strigulated with ferruginous-ochreous, in 2
suffused with ferruginous-ochreous and strigulated throughout

BY E. MKYRICK. -227

with ferruginous, strigulse posteriorly irrorated with dark grev;
markings iu ^ ferruginous-ochreous, in ^ ferruginous sprinkled
with dark grey; central fascia oblique, rather narrow and well-
<lefined on upper third, rest broad, irregular, undefined; costal
patch flattened-triangular, containing several costal dots of dark
grey irroration : cilia in ^ whitish-ochreous faintly barred with
ferruginous-ochreous, in Q ferruginous-oclireous with base spotted
with dark grey irroration. Hindwiugs ochreous-whitish indis-
tinctly spotted with pale grey; cilia whitish.

S. AusT.: Port Lincoln; in November, two specimens.

162. T. liadelpha, n.sp.

(J. 18-20 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax brownish-ochreous
Antennal ciliations 1. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Forewings
suboblong,costa anteriorly moderately arched, posteriorly straight,
costal fold very narrow, reaching |^, somewhat expanded with
.scales towards its middle, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight,
hardly oblique, rounded beneath ; whitish-ochreous strewn
thioughout with yellow-ochreous or ferruginous-ochreous strigulte;
costal fold ferruginous-ochreous; central fascia very olilique,
reddish-fuscous mixed towards middle with ferruginous-ochreous,
rather narrow, posterior edge slightly prominent above middle
and abruptly dilated into a suffused blotch on dorsal third;
■costal patch flattened-triangular, reddisli-fuscous : cilia whitish-
ochreous. Hind wings ochreous-whitish, sometimes greyish-tinged
on lower half, thinly spotted with light grey; cilia ochreous-
whitish.

5. 20 mm. Head, palpi, and tliorax brownish-yellowish.
Fon-iwings as in (J but rather more elongate; leather deep yellow-
ochreous, strigulated throughout with ferruginous-ochreous witli-
out markings : cilia ochreous-whitish. Hindwings as in ^.

W. AusT.: Albany; in October, three specimens.

163. T caryutis, n.sp.

(J. 21-22 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax whitish-ochreous more
or less tinged with ferruginous-brownish. Antennal ciliations 1.

228 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

Abdomen light grey, anal tuft ochreous-whitish. Forewings sub-
oblong, costa anteriorly moderately arched, posteriorly straight,
costal fold very narrow, reaching middle, its posterior f some-
what expanded with gradually diminishing scales, apex obtuse,
termen almost straight, slightly oblique; whitish-ochreous, more
or less faintly and sufFusedly strigulated with yellow-ochreous;
basal half of costal fold suffused with reddish-fuscous; central
fascia very oblique, reddish-fuscous more or less mai-ked with
purplish-fuscous and ferruginous, rather narrow, posterior edge
suffused and indefinite on lower half; costal patch light reddish-
fuscous, suffused, narrow, extending from 4 to apex ; a few
reddish-fuscous striguUe towards termen : cilia ochreous-whitish,
with more or less indicated pale fuscous-reddish subbasal line.
Hindwings light grey, indistinctly strigulated with darker; cilia
whitish, with grey subbasal line.

^. 24 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax reddish-brown. Fore-
wings more elongate than in ^, fulvous-ochreous, suffusedly
strigulated with fuscous-reddish; edge of basal patch and of
central fascia indicated on dorsum by dark reddish-fuscous
striguh\! : cilia ochreous-whitish, basal half light reddish-ochreous.
Hindwings whitish-grey, becoming ochreous-whitish towards
apex, faintly strigulated with grey; cilia whitish, with light grey
subbasal line.

N.S.W.: Mount Kosciusko, 5000 feet— Vic: Mount St. Ber-
nard, 5000 feet(Lyell); in January and February, four specimens.

164. T. tanyplera. n.sp.

(J. 24-25 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ferruginous. Antennal
ciliations 1^. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Forewings suboblong,
costa anteriorly moderately arched, posteriorly straight, costal
fold narrow, reaching |, somewhat dilated with diminishing
scales on posterior 4, apex obtuse, termen straight, little oblique,
rounded beneath; deep ochreous tinged with reddish, more or
less strigulated suffusedly with bright ferruginous, especially
anteriorly; a few very slight blackish sti-igulse on costal fold;
central fascia little marked, ferruginous, sometimes mixed with

BY E. MEYRICK. 229

grey, narrow, oblique, almost obsolete in disc, rather broadl}'
dilated posteriorly towards dorsum; sometimes a few scattered
blackish scales towards termeii : cilia whitish-ochreous tinsed
with yellow, basal half reddish-ochreous with two or three dark
grey dots beneath apex, and a blackish-grey subbasal shade on
tornus. Hindwings whitish, partially slightly tinged with grey,
strigulated with pale grey, towards apex slightly tinged with
yellowish : cilia wlutish faintly tinged with yellowish, with a
pale grey subbasal shade.

9. 28-30 mm. Forewings more elongate than in $, similarly
coloured, without markings, except some more or le.ss indicated
minute scattered fuscous-reddish strigulse : cilia deep ochreous
more or less tinged with reddish, towards tips yellow-whitish,
with a blackish-grey subbasal shade towards tornus and on upper
part of termen, between these partially indicated by dots. Hind-
wings as in (J, but more or less tinged with fulvous-ochreous
towards apex.

Vic: Melbourne(Kershaw), Gisborne(Lyell); in March and
April, "beaten from Acacia nielanoxylon"(Jjyell); five specimens.

165. 1\ dotatana Walk.
[Teras dotatana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 298.)

9. 31 mm. Forewings brownish-ochreous, markings nearly
obsolete, dorsum marked with dark fuscous. Hindwings grey-
whitish spotted with grey.

Tasm.: one specimen in British Museum. 1 cannot identify
this with any species known to me, unless it is the other sex of
the following.

166. T. ophiodestna Low.

(Cacoicia oj)hiodes7na Low,, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust. 1902, 251.)
^. 29 mm. Palpi long, with appressed scales. Antennal
ciliations 2. Forewings with costal fold very slight, not reaching
f, somewhat dilated with diminishing scales on its posterior |^;
pale brownish-ochreous; an oblique dark fuscous mark in disc
before \; central fascia narrow, oblique, dark fuscous, sinuate
outwards in middle, on lower half becoming ochreous-brownish,

230 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

less defined posteriorly, but sufiused with dark fuscous anteriorly
except towards dorsum; costal patch small, acute-triangular,
brownish-ochreous, with angles suffused with dark fuscous; some
minute dark fuscous striguhie towards termen : cilia pale brownish-
ochreous. Hindwings ochreous-whitish, lower half slightly
greyisli-tinged except posteriorly, with a few pale grey spots in
disc; cilia ochreous-wliitish.

Tasm.: Sheffield, in November; redescribed from type in Coll.
Lyell. As suggested above, it is quite likely that tliis may be
the (J of T. dotatana, in view of the correspondence in size and
Tasmanian origin, but it seems better to await further evidence
before uniting them. Veins 6 and 7 of hindwings appear to be
very closely appressed towards base, but not truly stalked as
stated by Lower.

167. T. cetrata, n.sp.

(J. 19 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ferruginous-ochreous.
Antennal ciliations 1 Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Forewings
suboblong, costa anteriorly moderately, posteriorly slightly
arched, costal fold very narrow, reaching t, slightly expanded
with scales on posterior half, apex obtuse, termen slightly
rounded, somewhat oblique; ochreous-yellow, margins suffused
with ferruginous-ochreous; angulated edge of basal patch faintly
indicated with ferruginous-ochreous; markings reddish-fuscous
suffused with rather dark fuscous; costal fascia broad, very
oblique, narrowed towards costa, costal patch moderate, cloudy,
these two suffused together with reddish-fuscous so as to form a
very large subtriangular patch, leaving a suffused terminal fascia
of groundcolour : cilia ochreous-yellow, paler towards tips.
Hindwings grey-whitish; cilia ochreous-whitish.

Tasm.: Deloraine; in November, one specimen.

168. T. oenopa, n.sp.

(J. 19 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax brownish-ochreous, suf-
fusedly mixed with fuscous-reddish and ferruginous. Antennal
ciliations 2. Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous. Forewings sub-

BY E. MEYRICK. 231

oblong, costa anteriorly moderately arched, posteriorly almost
straight, costal fold narrow, reaching |, somewhat dilated with
diminishing scales on posterior f, apex obtuse, termen rather
obliquely rounded; fuscous-reddish, somewhat mixed with ferru-
ginous, especially on anterior half; extreme edge of costal cilia
whitish-ochreous on posterior |; markings deeper, undefined,
suffusedly mixed with rather dark grey; central fascia oblique,
rather narrow on upper half, posterior edge expanded so as to
form a subquadrate blotch on lower half; costal patch narrow,
semioval, very indistinct : cilia light yellowish-ochreous, basal
third brown-reddish. Hindwings ochreous-grey-whitish, lower
half slightly greyer; cilia ochreous-whitisli.

Vic: Gisborne(Lyell); in March, one specimen. Type in Coll.
Lyell. Near T. cetrata, but certainly distinct by the longer
antennal ciliations.

169, T. ocyptera, n.sp.

9. 22 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax reddish-ochreous tinged
with giey. Abdomen light grey. Forewings suboblong, costa
moderately arched, apex pointed, termen sinuate, oblique;
reddish-ochreous, with small scattered blackish-grey dots and
strigulse ; extreme costal edge whitish-ochreous ; a slender
blackish-grey streak along dorsum from I to near middle; central
fascia indicated by a small faint grey spot on costa at |, and a
subtriangular dorsal blotch of grey irroration before tornus, with
posterior angle marked by a triangular black dot : cilia pale
whitish-ochreous, round apex and upper part of termen tinged
with reddish, and at apex with grey. Hindwings pale greyish
strigulated with grey, towards costa and apex suifused with
whitish; cilia oehreous-white, towards tornus with a grey basal
shade.

Vic: Macedon(Lyell); in March, one specimen. Type in Coll.
Lyell. The form of forewings is distinctive.

170. T. arcaria, n.sp.

,J. 21-23 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax varying from pale
ochreous to fuscous, palpi long. Antennal ciliations f . Abdo-

232 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

men pale greyish-ochi-eous or grey. Forewings moderately elon-
gate, posteriorly dilated, costa anteriorly moderately, posteriorly
gently arched, costal fold very slight and rudimentary, hardly
traceable exce[)t where somewhat enlarged with scales for a short
distance before ^, apex rectangular, termen faintly sinuate, some-
what oblique; varying from pale ochreous to fuscous; extremities
of central fascia indicated by small obscure suffused darker spots;
sometimes a few scattered blackish specks, especially towards
termen : cilia concolorous. Hindwings ochreous-whitish, faiutly
greyish-tinged in disc and towards base, thinly spotted witli light
grey except towards apex; cilia ochreous-whitish.

9 23-24 mm. Forewings more elongate-oblong, not dilated;
varying from pale greyish-ochreous to ochreous-fuscous; central
fascia sometimes faintly darker, very narrow towards costa,
moderately broad and irregular on lovver |, with an irregular
projection from near dorsum directed towards apex, sometimes
quite obsolete. Hindwings as in ^.

Tasm.: Deloraine; in November and December; seven speci-
mens.

171. 7\ ly codes, n.sp.

^. 23 mm. Head and thorax ochreous mixed with ochreous-
whitish, patagia mixed with dark ferruginous-fuscous. Palpi
ochreous sprinkled with dark ferruginous-fuscous. Antennal
ciliatioiis 1. Abdomen greyish mixed with ochreous-whitish.
Forewings suboblong, costa anteriorly moderately arched, poste-
riorly nearly straight, costal fold very narrow, reaching |, slightly
dilated with scales on posterior |, apex obtuse, termen distinctly
sinuate, somewhat oblique; ferruginous-brown suffusedly mixed
with pale ochreous, anteriorly sprinkled with fuscous; scattered
dark fuscous strigulse along costa; basal patch indicated by unde-
fined darker suffusion; central fascia very oblique, darker, on
upper half very narrow and mixed with dark fuscous and ferru-
ginous, with an angular projection on posterior edge above middle,
on lower half very indistinct, extended as a patch of cloudy suf-
fusion to tornus; costal patch ill-defined, flattened-triangular,
extending from middle to near apex, mixed with dark fuscoug

BY E. MEYRICK. 233

and ferruginous : cilia pale brownish-ochreous mixed with grey

on basal half. Hindwings light grey, towards costa with a few

darker grey spots and somewhat whitish-tinged partially between

these; cilia grey-whitish, with greyish subbasal shade.

Tasm. : Mount Wellington, 3500 feet ; in December, one

specimen.

172. T. fahricata, n.sp.

(J^. 19 mm. Head and palpi brownish-ochreous. Antennal
ciliations 1. Thorax ferruginous-ochreous. Abdomen grey, anal
tuft grey-whitish. Forewings suboblong, costa anteriorly moder-
ately arched, posteriorly straight, costal fold narrow, reaching to
middle, its posterior | somewhat expanded with gradually dimin-
ishing scales, apex obtuse, termen straight, somewhat oblique,
rounded beneath; light brownish-ochreous; markings yellowish-
fuscous mixed with light brown-reddish, dark-edged, well-defined;
basal patch moderate, outer edge curved, oblique; central fascia
oblique, moderate on upper half, twice as broad on lower lialf by
sudden dilation of posterior margin; an apical patch edged by a
sinuate line from before ^ of costa to termen above tornus : cilia
pale brownish-ochreous, round apex tinged with brown-reddish.
Hindwings in ^ dark grey, cilia grey whitish, with grey subbasal
shade; in ^ grey, broadly whitish towards costa, towards apex
ochreous-tinged, cilia whitish.

Vic: Lorne{Lyell); in February and March, two specimens.,

\1Z. T. jugicolana ^leyv. .»

(Oaccecia jugicolana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881,
499.)

N.S.W.: Murrurundi(Raynor); in October. Larva on a species
of Coniposike resembling Senecio.

174. T. sobriana Walk.

[Dicfielia sohriana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 322; Caccecia ninemo-
synana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1881, 504.)

(J9. 16-18 mm. Sexes quite similar. Hindwings grey-whitish
or whitish-grey, spotted with grey.

234 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

N.S.W. : Sydney, Bulli— Vic, : Gisborne, Macedon (Lyell),
Warragul, Melbourne — Tasm.: Hobart; from August to Decem-
ber, and from March to June.

175. T. jisapharana Meyr.

(Cacoecia psapharana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.Wales, 1881^
174.)

Tasm.: Launceston, Hobart; in December and January.

176. 1'. peloxythana Mej'r.

(Tortrix peloxythana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,
1881, 514.)

N.S.W. : Murrurundi— Yic: Castlemaine(Drake); in November.

177. 1\ plastica, n.sp.

(J. 18 mm. Head whitisli, lower part of face tinged with
fuscous. Palpi fuscous. Antennal ciliations 1. Thorax light
fuscous. Abdomen light grey, sides and anal tuft whitish.
Forewings suboblong, costa anteriorly moderately, posteriorly
hardly arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen almost straight,
oblique; white; markings light fuscous mixed with ferruginous-
brown and sprinkled with dark fuscous; a moderate basal patch,
outer edge angulated in middle; space between this and central
fascia sprinkled with pale ferruginous-brownish; central fascia
broad, very oblique, somewhat narrowed towards costa, running
to tornus, where it unites with a broad terminal fascia narrowed
to a point at apex; costal patch flattened-triangulai-, extending
from § to near apex : cilia light fuscous obscurely spotted with
light ferruginous-brown, towards tips suffused with whitish.
Hindwings whitish-grey; cilia whitish.

Tasm.: Mount Wellington, 3000 feet; in February; one specimen.

178. T. cerussata, n.sp.

(J. 22-23 mm. Head whitish. Palpi light fuscous, more or
less suffused with white above and beneath. Antennal ciliations
1^. Thorax whitish, patagia suffused with brownish. Abdomea

BV E. MEYKICK. 235

grey, anal tuft whitish. Forewings suboblong, costa anteriorly
moderately, posteriorly slightly arched, without fold, apex obtuse,
termen faintly sinuate, somewhat oblique; ochreous- whitish;
markings variably suffused with grey or yellowish-grey, some-
times partially much marked with dark fuscous towards costa;
basal patch well-marked on upper half, obsolete towards dorsum,
outer edge obtusely angulated in middle; space between this and
central fascia towards dorsum more or less strisulated with
fuscous, grey, and pale yellowish; central fascia moderately
broad, very oblique, well-marked, slightly narrower towards
costa, posteriorly somewhat prominent above middle and usually
coalescing at this point with costal patch; costal patch semioval,
extending from middle of costa to near apex ; sometimes a
terminal baud connecting this and central fascia, variable in
development, sometimes reduced to a few strigulee and a trans-
verse dark fuscous mark indicating its anterior margin : cilia
ochreous-whitish, basal third fuscous or pale yellowish suffusedly
spotted with fuscous. Hindwings whitish strigulateu and spotted
with grey, sometimes partially sprinkled with grey; cilia whitish
with interrupted fuscous subba.sal line.

Vic: Mount St. Bernard(5000 feet), Macedon(Lyell); in Feb-
ruary and March, five specimens.

179. T. spodota, n.sp.

(J 20 mm., 9 22-25 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen
pale whitish-ochreous irrorated or .suffused with grey. Antennal
ciliations of ^ |. Forewings suboblong, costa anteriorly
strongly, posteriorly slightly arched, without fold, apex obtuse,
termen in ^ straight, nearly vertical, in ^ slightly sinuate,
somewhat oblique, rounded beneath; pale whitish-grey-ochreous,
moi-e or less suffusedly irrorated with grey; basal patch indicated
by increased irroration, sometimes slightly marked with ochreous,
very indefinite, outer edge angulated in middle; central fascia
moderate, very oblique, becoming broader posteriorly on dorsal
half, in ^ light greyish suffused anteriorly and towards costa
with ochreous, in Q more or less indicated by grey suffusion, very

236 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

indefinite; costal patch in ^ triangular, greyish, partially marked
with ochreous suffusion, in ^ not traceable; some indefinite dark
strigulation towards termen: cilia pale wliitish-ochreous. Hind-
wings whitish, strigulated with grey, in ^ slightly suffused
with grej'ish: cilia whitish, witli greyish subbasal line indicated
towards tornus.

Vic. : Macedon(Lyell); in March, three specimens.

180. 1\ scleropa, n.sp.

(5". 21-22 mm. Head and thorax whitish-grey-ochreous, patagia
tinged with light brownish-ochreous. Palpi whitish-oclireous
sprinkled with grey. Antennal ciliations H. Abdomen grey-
whitish. Forewings suboblong, costa anteriorly moderately,
posteriorly slightly arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen
very faintly sinuate, somewhat oblique; very pale ochreous-
yellowish sprinkled with white, before central fascia broadly
suffused with whitish; central fascia moderate, very oblique;
ferruginous-ochreous somewhat sprinkled with dark grey, anterior
edge straight, well-defined, posterior suffused and indistinct,
extended as a cloudy patch across tornus; costal patch slightly
indicated by faint ferruginous-ochreous and greyish suffusion,
and in one specimen whole posterior area beyond central fascia,
suff'usedly sprinkled with ferrugiiious-ochreous; a cloudy spot of
grey irroration on middle of termen: cilia light grey, with darkei-
subbasal sliade. Hindwingsand cilia whitish.

9. 26 mm. Head and palpi light gre3^ Thorax light brown-
ish-ochreous. Forewings more elongate than in ^, brownish-
ochreous slightly tinged with reddish; costal edge slenderly
suffused with grey, extreme edge white; dorsum and termen
rather broadly suffused with light grey; central fascia hardly
darker except towards dorsum, where it is suffused with dark
grey irroration: cilia grey. Hindwings whitish, faintly tinged
with grey towards lower part of termen; cilia whitish.

Vic: Mount St. Bernard. 5000 feet(Lyell); in February, three
specimens.

BY £. METRICK. 237

181. T.finnata, n.sp.

(J. 21 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, patagia
ochreous-brownish. Palpi whitish-ochreous sprinkled with
fuscous. Antennal ciliations 1. Abdomen light giey. Fore-
wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa anteriorly gently,
posteriorly slightly arche<I, without fold, apex obtuse, termen
slightly rounded, rather oblique; whitish-ochreous, strigulated
with pale ochreous mixed with fuscous; basal patch small,
ochreous-brownish, dotted with dark fuscous on costa, outer
edge marked with dark fuscous, angulated in middle;, central
fascia rather broad, very oblique, rather dark fuscous, slightly
narrowed towards costa, above tornus sending out a streak of
fuscous suffusion near and parallel to lower half of termen; costal
patch moderate, seuiioval, rather dark fuscous, with one or two
pale strigulas on costa in middle: cilia whitish-ochreous, on basal
half with traces of slight brownish bars near apex. Hind wings
pale grey, towards apex whitish-tinged and somewhat darker-
strigulated; cilia white.

Vic: Birchip(Goudie); in September; one specimen. Type in
Coll. Goudie.

182. T. stigmatias, n.sp.

(J. 17-20 mm. Head and thorax pale fuscous, sometimes
tinged with reddish. Palpi pale fuscous, more or less sprinkled
with blackish. Antennal ciliations f. Abdomen pale greyish-
ochreous sprinkled with grey. Forewings elongate-triangular,
costa gently arched, costal fold very slight and rudimentary,
reaching to about middle, without dilation of scales, apex obtuse,
termen faintly sinuate, hardly oblique: whitish-fuscous or light
fuscous, more or less mixed with light brown-reddish, often witli
scattered small dark fuscous strigulte, especially on margins and
posteriorly; central fascia oblique, on upper f narrow, brownish,
edf^ed witli black and terminated beneath by a small blackish
spot, usually interrupted beneath this, lower portion very in-
definite, represented by a cloudy fuscous suffusion extending
across tornus to lower half of termen and edged anteriorly by a

'238 Rf:visiON op Australian tortricina,

more or less indicated convex pale wliitish-ochreous suffusion
sometimes tinged with reddish ; cilia whitish-fuscous, becoming
oclireous-whitish towards tips, often more or less suffused with
pale ferruginous. Hind wings grey-whitish, spotted with ligh t
grey; cilia grey-whitish, with grey subbasal shade.

Tas.: Deloraine— Vic: Mount St. Bernard, 5000 feet(Lyell); in
November, December, and February; nine specimens.

183. T. fsarodes, n.sp.

(JQ. 23-26 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax whitish-fuscous more
or less mixed with brownish and sometimes partially with ferru-
ginous. Antennal ciliations in ^ 1. Abdomen fuscous-whitish
sprinkled with brown. Forewings suboblong, posteriorly dilated,
costa towards base moderately, then hardly arched, in J" without
fold, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, little oblique ; brownish,
slightly tinged with ferruginous, sometimes irrorated with fuscous,
sometimes strigulated throughout with dark fuscous, in one ^
slightly and in ^ considerably whitish-mixed between strigulae;
Central fascia on upper half narrow, irregular, fuscous or only
indicated by some blackish edging, on lower half wholly obsolete :
cilia ochreous-whitish, with sul)basal ferruginous line dotted with
blackish, in Brisbane specimens suffused with ochreoiis-brownish.
Hindwings grey-whitish or whitish-grey, strigulated with grey;
cilia whitish or grey-whitish, with grey subbasal line.

Q.: Brisbane (Turner) — Vic: Gisborne (Lyell), Sale (Miss M,
Wise); a winter species, from June to August; four specimens.

184. T. laganodes, n.sp.

5. 21-22 mm. Head light greyish-ochreous partially suffused
with grey. Palpi pale greyish-ochreous irrorated with grey.
Thorax reddish-fuscous more or less mixed with grey. Abdomen
whitish-ochreous mixed with dark grey. Forewings suboblong,
somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa anteriorly moderately arched,
posteriorly straight, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, somewhat
oblique; reddisii-fuscous, strigulated with dark grey, witli trans-
verse series of deep red-brown strigulse; markings formed by dark

BY K. MteYRICK. 239

grey suffusion; central fascia moderate, oblique, sometimes nar-
rowed towards costa, tovvards dorsum ill-marked or obsolete;
costal patch moderate, semioval at about ^; more or less dark
suffusion towards termen: cilia reddish-fuscous, more or less mixed
with dark grey, extreme tips ochreous-whitish on termen. Hind-
wings grey, darker-strigulateJ; cilia ochreous-grey-whitish, with
two grey shades.

Vic: Gisborne, Beaconsfield(Lyell); in February and March,
two specimens. Type in Coll. Lyell.

185. T. piperata, n.sp.

(J. 17 mm. Head and thorax fuscous. Palpi brownish,
beneath suffused with dark fuscous. Antennal ciliations •^.
(Abdomen broken.) Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated,
costa gently arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen slightly
rounded, rather oblique; light fuscous, with small scattered fer-
ruginous-brown strigulse, some on costa marked with black; a
narrow irregular oblique ferruginous-brown streak marked with
black from |- of costa to above middle of disc, and a small similar
spot beneath costa before | : cilia light fuscous. Hindwings
bluish-hyaline, strewn with black specks; veins and a moderate
terminal fascia grey; cilia light grey, with interrupted dark grey
subbasal shade.

Q,: Brisbane(Turner); one specimen.

186. T.ferrea, n.sp.

(J. 18-20 mm. Head, palpi, aud thorax varying from light to
rather dark fuscous. Antennae with moderate ciliation3(l) at
apex of joints only. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate,
posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, without fold, apex
obtuse, termen nearly straight, rather oblique; light greyish-
ochreous to brownish, strigulated throughout with fuscous or
dark fuscous, these strigulse almost obsolete in the darkest .speci-
men but very strong and numerous in the lightest: an oldique
fuscous streak from costa at f to above middle of disc, dilated
beneath, sometimes obsolete; costal patch rather small, triangular,

240, REVISION OF AUSTRx\LlAN TOKTRICINA,

fuscous, indistinct or obsolete : cilia concolorous, outer half some-
times suffused with whitish. Hindwings grey, with traces of
darker strigulse; cilia light grey, with darker subbasal shade.
Vic: Birchip(Goudie); in April, three specimens.

187. T. pyrosemana Meyr.

{Cacoecia pyrosemana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,
1881, 496.)

(J, 18-23 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax light fuscous sprinkled
with darker. Antennal ciliations 1^, at apex of joints. Abdo-
men grey. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa
anteriorly moderately, posteriorly slightly arched, without fold,
apex obtuse, termen sinuate, somewhat oblique; ochreous-grey,
strewn with very indistingt darker strigulte; costa and dorsum
shortly strigulated with dark fuscous; upper half of central
fascia darker, ill-marked, oblique, terminated abruptly and
somewhat black-marked beneath; costal patch hardly indicated :
cilia ochreons-grey. Hindwings grey, faintly darker-strigulated;
cilia light grey, with somewhat darker subbasal line.

N.8.VV.: Sydney — Vic: Wandin(Jarvis), Macedon, Gisborne
(Lyell), Melbourne — S. Aust.: Mount Lofty; in November, Feb-
ruary, May, and June. Described originally from the '^ only,
which sex is much more distinctly marked; the ^ is very similar
to T.ferrea, from which it appears to be truly distinct by the
longer antennal ciliations, and sinuate termen of forewings.

188. T. Jythrodana Meyr.

(Cacoecia lythrodana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881,
497.) '.

N.S.W.: Blackheath, (35C0 feet)— Vic: Mount St. Bernard
(5000 feet), Gisborne, Beaconstield, Lorne(Lyell), Melbourne —
Tas.: Mount Wellington — S. Aust.: Mount Lofty; from December

to March.

189. T. oriarcha, n.sp.

(^. 20 mm. Head white. Palpi white, second joint extern-
ally dark fuscous except towards apex. Antennal ciliations 1.

BY E. MEYRICK. 2il

Thorax white, shoulders and a posterior spot dark fuscous.
Abdomen light grey, anal tuf t suflFused with whitish. Forewings
suboblong, costa anteriorly moderately, posteriorly slightly
arched, costal fold very slight and narrow, reaching |^, with tri-
angular dilation of scales at i, apex obtuse, termen straight,
rather oblique; dull white; markings dark fuscous; costal fold
dark fuscous; a triangular blotch on base of dorsum, reaching |
across wing; a straight oblique narrow fascia representing edge
of basal patch, almost or quite interrupted near dorsum; central
fascia nearly straight, narrow, oblique, posterior edge in middle
with a narrow projection; a small spot on dorsum before tornus,
and a large triangular spot above this, anteriorly connected with
central fascia; a triangular blotch towards apex, its upper side
connected with costa by three bars, of which first is sometimes
prolonged almost to touch projection of central fascia, its lower
angle resting on termen above tornus; some dark fuscous scales
along termen : cilia white, on basal half with some narrow dark
fuscous bars. Hindwings grey; cilia whitish, with indistinct grey
subbasMl shade.

Vic: Mount St. Bernard, 5000 feet'Lyell); in February^
amongst "Snow-gums" on the ridges. Type in Coll. Lyell.

190. T. desmotana Meyr.

(Cdcoecia desmotana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881»
506.)

N.S.W.: La wson( Lyell), Blackheath (3500 feet). Mount
Kosciusko (4000 feet); from January to April.

191. T. amoenana Walk.

(Conchylis amoenana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 366; C. sem,irectana
ib. XXX., 987; C. galbana Feld., Reis. Nov. pi. cxl., 29; Tortrix
amoenana Meyr., Proc, Linn, Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881, 510.)

Hindwings sometimes suffused with dark fuscous (Gisborne
form).

N.S.W.: Sydney, Blackheath (3500 feet). Mount Kosciusko
(3500 feet)— Vic: Mount St. Bernard (5000 feet), Gisborne
18

242 REVISION OP AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

(Lyell) — S. AusT.: Victor Harbour(Guest); from November to
March. Larva amongst spun shoots of Monotoca scoparia,
usually three or four together in a good deal of dense web.

192. T. suhjurcatana Walk.

(^Conchylis suhjurcatana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 368; Tortrix sub-
furcatana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881, 511.)

N.S.W. : Moruya (Lyell), Richmond River, Sydney, Bulli,
Bathurst, Mittagong, Mount Kosciusko(4300 feet) — Vic: Gis-
borne(Lyell), Melbourne, Healesville — Tasm.: Launceston, Delo-
raine, George's Bay, Hobart — S Aust.: Mount Graham, Mount
Lofty; from September to March.

193. T. paurozona Low.

{Tortrix paurozona Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr. 1902, 252.)
(J. 19 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax brownish mixed with
whitish. Antennal ciliations 1|. Forewings elongate, costa
slightly arched, witliout fold, apex obtuse, termen straight,
oblique; light brown; markings ochreous-whitish ; a curved
transverse streak from costa about \, reaching more than half
across wing; a small costal mark before f ; a slender oblique
fascia from dorsum at \, reaching | across wing; slender irregular
streaks from dorsum at § and ^ meeting in disc bn-yond middle;
three or four dots on posterior half of costa; a slender sinuate
streak from beneath costa at 4 to torn us; a subtriangular spot
near termen lieneath apex; a dot at apex, and one on teimen
beneath middle. Hindwings dark fuscous suff'usedly spotted
with light brownish; on under surface these spots are suffused
with whitish, and confluent in transverse series.

S. Aust.: Black wood (Lower); in November(according to label,
not October as stated by Lower). Described from type.

194. T. aphrotis, n.sp.

(J^. 16-20 mm. Head white. Palpi white, tinged with grey
externally. Antennal ciliations of ^ 1. Thorax white irrorated
with grey. Abdomen whitish-fuscous. Forewings suboblong,

BY E. MEYEICK, 243

<;osta anteriorly gently, posteriorly hardly arched, costal fold in
(J narrow, reaching 4, triangularly dilated with scales towards
its middle, apex obtuse, termeii nearly straight, rather oblique;
pale greyish-ochreous, sometimes very finel3' speckled with dark
fuscous, more or less suffusedly mixed with white, especially
towards costa, which is sometimes wholly suffused with white;
sometimes obscure grey or fuscous markings, consisting of some
indefinite spots indicating basal patch, an oblique streak from
costa before middle, becoming broader and continued longitu-
dinally aV)Ove middle to near termen, three or four small spots on
jiosterior half of costa, and a blotch above tornus, but these are
generally wholly obsolete (only represented in two specimens) :
cilia white, basal half more or less tinged with grey and finely
t<peckled with dark fuscous. Hindwings light fuscous, becoming
paler and whitish-tinged anteriorly; cilia white, sometimes with
more or less indicated fuscous subbasal line.

W. AusT.: Carnarvon, Gerald ton; in October and November,
twelve specimens. Larva cylindrical, grey-whitish, greenish-
tinged; dorsal slender, greyer; sometimes other lines faintly
indicated; spots white; head marbled with brownish, or brown
spotted with dark brown : feeds in spun-together shoots of a
maritime shrub with grey-whitis!i leaves, not found in flower and
therefore not identified, in October.

195. T. paralia, n.sp.

(J^. 17-21 mm. Head whitish, sides of crown sometimes grey.
Palpi grey, above and at base whitish. Antennal ciliations of ^
1. Thorax giey, sometimes mixed with white, posterior margin
white. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Forewings suboblong, costa
anteriorly gf^ntly, posteriorly slightly arched, costal fuld in ^
narrow, reaching 4, triangularly dilated with scales towards its
middle, apex obtuse, termen straight, rather oblique; white, some-
times somewhat spi'inkled with ochreous-grey or brownish towards
dorsum and termen, seldom (in two specimens) suff"used with
brownish on dorsal half and towards termen; costal fold some-
times partially or wholly fuscous; markings yellow-ochreous,

244 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

sometimes mixed or partially suffused with fuscous or dark
fuscous; basal patch more or less indicated by suffusion in disc
and often an angulated series of three or four spots representing
outer edge; an oblique streak from costa at 4, angulated and
continued above middle of disc to near termen, costal extremity
and posterior portion sometimes obsolete; an irregular spot
beneath angle of this, another above tornus, and a third towards
dorsum between these, varying much in development, sometimes
combined into a triangular blotch, sometimes partially or wholly
obsolete, sometimes partially connected with longitudinal streak
above it; five small spots on posterior half of costa, often wholly
obsolete; sometimes a slender irregular streak along termen : cilia
white, with a more or less developed interrupted dark fuscous
subbasal line, sometimes wholly obsolete. Hindwings light
fuscous, paler and whitish-tinged towards base; cilia white, some-
times with light fuscous subbasal line.

S. AusT.: Wallaroo, Port Lincoln; in November, eleven speci-
mens. Somewhat broader-winged than T. ajihrotis; ordinary
forms of the two species are distinct enough, but some varieties
approximate. Larva cylindrical, rather light green; dorsal and
subdorsal narrow, dark green, conspicuous; head and second
segment greenish-ochreous ; feeds in spun-up shoots of Aster
axillaris, in October and November.

196. T. hydractis, n.sp.

(J. 19 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen rather dark
fuscous, palpi whitish towards base beneath, apex of patagin
white. Antennal ciliations L Forewings elongate, rather
dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, fold slight, narrow,
reaching f , with triangular dilation of scales at \, apex obtuse,
termen somewhat rounded, oblique; white; markings dark fuscous
suffusedly mixed with brownish-ochreous; extreme base dark
fuscous; two moderate fasciae representing basal patch, outer
angulated in middle; a transverse blotch on dorsum beyond this;
a moderate oblique irregular-edged fascia from ~ of costa to f of
dorsum; a small spot on costa and two or three irregular dots iu.

BY E. MEYRICK. 245

disc beyond this; an irregular fascia from | of costa to tornus,
including a white dot on costa, connected posteriorly with a
rounded blotch above middle; two small spots on costa before
apex; an irregular streak along termen : cilia fuscous, basal half
white barred with dark fuscous. Hindwings rather dark grey;
cilia grey, with darker subbasal shade.

N.S.W.: Mount Kosciusko, 6000 feet; in January, one speci-
men.

197. T. technitis, n.sp.

(^9- 22-24 mm. Head and thorax whitish more or less tinged
or mixed with fuscous, shoulders and patagia except apex dark
fuscous. Palpi dark fuscous, whitish above and towards base
beneath. Antennal ciliations of ^ |. Abdomen grey. Fore-
wings suboblong, costa anteriorly moderately, posteriorly slightly
arched, costal fold in $ slight, narrow, reaching |, with triangular
dilation of scales at 4, apex obtuse, termen almost straight, rather
oblique; white; markings dark fuscous; costal fold dark fuscous;
a median longitudinal streak from base, terminated in an oblique
streak running from \ of costa to beneath middle of disc, some-
times interrupted posteriorly; a subdorsal streak from base to
beyond J; a small dorsal spot beyond its apex, and some scattered
fuscous scales round this; an oblique streak from |- of costa to
middle of disc, where it forms an angle often coalescing with
apex of preceding streak from costa, and is continued above
middle to near apex, posteriorly enlarged and forming a more or
less marked projection downwards, and above coalescing more or
less completely with three small inwardly oblique spots on pos-
terior part of costa; a semioval spot on costa beyond middle; an
oblique streak from | of dorsum to disc at f , thence angukted
to tornus, variable and irregular in outline; a slender irregular
streak along upper part of termen : cilia white, basal half suf-
fusedly barred with dark fuscous, beneath apex and at tornus
with grey patches. Hindwings grey, darker posteriorly; cilia
grey-whitish, with grey subbasal shade.

N.S.W.: Bathurst(Stephenson) — Vic: Lorne(Lyell); in March,
ten specimens.

246 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

198. T. calaractis, n.sp.

^. 20 mm. Head whitish, upper half of face fuscous. Palpi
dark fuscous, whitish towards base beneath. Aiitennal ciliations
f. Thorax fuscous, posteriorly whitish. Abdomen whitish-
fuscous, with iridescent-silvery bands on margins of segments,
anal tuft ochreous-vvhitish. Forewings suboblong, costa ante-
riorly moderately, posteriorly slightly arched, costal fold narrow,
reaching |, with triangular dilation of scales about its middle,
apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate, somewhat oblique; ochreous-
whitish, with .some scattered fuscous scales in disc; costal fold
dark fuscous; a fuscous streak mixed with dark fuscous from
base above middle to |, triangularl}^ dilated posteriori}'; a fuscous
baud Occupying dorsal third throughoub and continued along
termen to apex, where it is terminated by a strong dark fuscous
streak rising from costa at -I, running obliquely to middle of disc,
and thence angulated to apex; some dark fuscous scales scattered
along upper margin of dorsal band, and a triangular dark fuscous
spot resting on it above tornus : cilia whitish suffusedly mixed
with fuscous (imperfect). Hindwings grey; cilia whitish, with
grey subbasal shade.

Vic: Mount St. Bernard, 5000 feet(Lyell); in February, one
specimen. Type in Coll. Lyell.

199. 2\ tessidcUana Meyr.

{Cacoecia tessulatana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. !S. Wales, 1881,.
506.)

Vic: Melbourne(Kaynor). Still unique.

200. T, serrata, n.sp.

2.22 mm. Head whitish. Palpi fuscous, above and beneath
whitish. Thorax fuscous, posterior edge white. Abdomen
pale whitish-ochreous tinged with grey. Forewings suboblong,
costa anteriorly gently, posteriorly slightly arched, apex obtuse,
termen slightly rounded, rather oblique; rather light fuscous,
somewhat sprinkled with whitish and dark fuscous; a rather
broad white costal streak from base to f , narrowed posteriorly^

BY E. MEYRICK. 247

cut by two narrow angulated dark fuscous fasciae representing
basal patch but not reaching dorsum, and an oblique dark fuscous
bar at -|, and beyond this enclosing four triangular dark fuscous
costal spots; a transverse dark fu.scous mark in middle of disc,
and a small dark fuscous spot on middle of dorsum; an irregular
dark fuscous blotch above tornus, its upper angle preceded by a
white dot : cilia whitish mixed with fuscous (imperfect). Hind-
wings fuscous, lighter anteriorly; cilia whitish with two fuscous
shades.

Vic: Nhill(Lyell); in June, one specimen. Type in Coll.
Lyell.

201. T. agrypna, n.sp.

(J. 19-20 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen light fuscous.
Antennal ciliations f. Forewings subobloug, costa anteriorly
moderately, posteriorly slightly arched, costal fold narrow, reach-
ing middle, with triangular dilation of scales at y, apex obtuse,
termen hardly sinuate, oblique; light fuscous more or less
sprinkled with ferruginous and whitish; basal patch indicated by
some irregular blackish-fuscous irroration, and a blackish-fuscous
mark in disc representing its angle; central fascia on upper half
fuscous irrorated with blackish, moderate, oblique, preceded and
followed by more or less whitish suffusion towards costa, on
lower half hardly indicated except by some blackish irroration
towards dorsum before tornus; a small darker spot on co->ta
before §; two or three transverse series of small blackish strigulse
in posterior paitof wing : cilia pale whitish-ochreous, with a more
or less marked brownish subbasal line. Hindwings light fuscous;
cilia as in forewings.

Victoria: without further record; three specimens.

202. T. eugramma Low.

{Tortrix eugramma Low., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales^ 1899,
91.)

(J. 17-18 mm. Head and thorax fuscous mixed with whitish.
Antennal ciliations 1^. Forewings suboblong, costa anteriorly
gently arched, posteriorly straight, without fold, apex obtuse,

248 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

termen slighfcly rounded, rather oblique; fuscous mixed with
dark fuscous, and sometimes partially with wliitish; a moderately
broad whitish band, partially tinged or sometimes much suffused
with light fuscous, rising obliquely from costa at |, narrower
here, anterior edge forming an acute angular projection in disc,
angulated below middle and running to apex, lower edge concave
beyond angulation; a whitish mark immediately beneath costa in
middle, sometimes obsolete. Hindwings grey, indistinctly
darker-strigulated.

Vic: (Sale(Miss M. Wise); from November to January. Re-
described from type and two other specimens, all from Sale; I
think Lower's record of Brighton may be an error based on T.
lathrcea.

203. T. lathrcea, n.sp,

(J. 15-17 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax whitish-ochreous or
grevish-ochreous, more or less sprinkled with dark fuscous.
Abdomen greyish, Antennal ciliations 1. Forewings elongate,
costa anteriorly gently arched, posteriorly nearly straight, with-
out fold, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, oblique; whitish,
partially tinged with pale ochreous-yellowish, on dorsal half and
posteriorly more or less irrorated with light grey or dark fuscous;
markings fuscous irrorated with dark fuscous, sometimes mixed
with ferruginous or light yellowish; a moderate basal patch,
outer edge angulated in middle; a flattened-triangular blotch
extending along costa from \ almost to apex, often containing
an oblique whitish spot on middle of costa indicating the division
between central fascia and costal patch; a blotch extending over
tornus and termen, its edge running from !} of dorsum to apex,
triangularly prominent below middle : cilia pale greyish-ochreous
or whitish-ochreous with brownish shade, often s[)eckled with
fuscous or dark fuscous. Hindwings grey, darker posteriorly,
sometimes faintly strigulated with darker; cilia grey-whitish or
pale greyish, with grey subbasal shade.

Vic. : Melbourne — Tasm. : Deloraine; in November and De-
cember, eleven specimens.

BY E. MEYRICK. 249

204. T. echinitis, n.sp,

(^9. 17-20 mm. Head and palpi pale brownish-ochreous, palpi
whitish towards base beneath. Antenna) ciliations of ^ li.
Thorax brownish-ochreous. Abdomen pale grey. Forewings
elongate, costa gently arched, in ^ without fold, apex obtuse,
termen very faintly sinuate, oblique; brownish-ochreous mixed
with light red-brownish, upper half of wing suffusedly mixed
with whii ish except on margins ; markings oclireous-fuscous
sprinkled with blackish-grey; an undefined patch in disc towards
base, extended by grey suffusion almost to central fascia; central
fascia narrow, sinuate, very oblique, not quite reaching tornus,
edged anteriorly with whitish suffusion, sending a thicker branch
from above middle gradually diminishing to costa before apex;
from lower side of this branch near origin rises a streak, at first
very narrow and running obliquely downwards, then thicker and
bent up to termen beneath apex : cilia ochreous-whitish, basal
third pale ochreous more or less spotted with pale red-brownish
. and dark grey. Hindwings light grey, faintly darker-spotted
towards apex; cilia ochreous-whitisli, with fine grey subbasal
line.

S. AusT. : Port Lincoln; in November, two specimens.

205. T. aulacana Meyr.

{Tortrix aulacana Meyr., Proc, Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881,
513; 1\ aathenopis Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr. 1902, 252.)

N.S.W. : Sydney — Vic. : Melbourne (Lower), Beaconsfield
(Lyell), Healesville, Mount Macedon — Tasm. : Deloraine — S.
AusT. : Mount Lofty; from September to December, and in May.
A variety occurs in which the markings are nearly obliterated by
a general suffusion of the groundcolour.

206. T. epichoi'da, n.sp.

^. 17 mm. Head and thorax light grey, crown sometimes
whitish-tinged. Palpi ochreous-fuscous, whitish above. Antennal
ciliations 1^. Abdomen grey, a[)ex whitish. Forewings elon-
gate, costa moderately arched, without fold, apex obtuse-pointed.

250 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

termen very faintly sinuate, oblique; light fuscous largely suffused
with whitish, with some scattered dark fuscous scales, tending
to indicate transverse series of dots; costal edge dark fuscous
towards base ; a narrow somewhat [^upcurved fuscous streak,
mixed with dark fuscous and tinged with ochreous, above middle
from base to apex; a little-marked oblique bar of dark fuscous
irroration from costa to this streak, indicating central fascia; a
very small dai-k fuscous spot on dorsum at J; a rhoniboidal
blotch of fuscous suffusion and dark fuscous irroration on tornus,
extending over posterior third of dorsum and lower | of termen :
cilia pale whitish-ochreous, at apex with a fuscous bar, and at
tornus with a small dark fuscous basal spot. Hind wings grey,
posteriorly darker spotted; cilia whitish, with grey subbasal
shade.

Victoria: without further record; two specimens.

207. T. eucela, n.sp.

^^. 18 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous mixed with
yellow-whitish, palpi rather long. Antennal ciliations of (J 1.
Abdomen light grey, Forewings elongate, costa gently arched,
in (J without fold, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; fus-
cous, closely strewn throughout with yellow-grey -whitish scales,
and sprinkled with blackish specks : cilia yellow-whitish, basal
third light fuscous edged by a line of blackish irroration. Hind-
wings light grey; cilia grey-whitish, with grey basal shade.

Tasm.: Mount Wellington, 3 100 feet; in December, two speci-
mens.

208. T. telephanta, n.sp.

(J. 18-19 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous. Antennal
ciliations 1^. Abdomen grey, anal tuft light greyish-ochreous.
Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, without fold, apex
obtuse, termen almost straight, oblique; fuscous-grey, strewn
with whitish scales, sometimes with small scattered blackish
strigulse; markings dai'ker, without whitish admixture, edges
more or less marked with scattered blackish strigulse sometimes
accompanied with some light brownish-ochreous scales; basal

BY E. MEYRICK.

251

patch with outer edge ill-defined, irregular, very oblique; central
fascia motlerate, irregular, very oblique, dilated on tornus; costal
patch flattened-triangular, extending from beyond middle to near
apex; an irregular blotch towards middle of termen, sometimes
suffusedly confluent with one or other of preceding : cilia light
fuscous, with darker basal shade. Hindwings rather light
fuscous; cilia whitish-fuscous.

Tasm. : Mount Wellington, 4100 feet ; in December, three
specimens.

209. T. tasmaniana Walk.

(Conchylis tasmaniana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 365 ; Dipterina
tasmaniana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881, 524.)

Vic. : Gisborne, Beaconsfield(Lyell), Melboume(Raynor) — S.
AuST. : Mount Lofty(Gue3t) — Tasm. (Walker) — W. Aust. : Ger-
aldton, York, Perth, Albany; from September to November, and
January to March.

210. T. nP2)haula, n.sp.

(J. 13-15 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen fuscous,
palpi white beneath. Antennal ciliations |. Forewings elon-
gate, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, without
fold, apex obtuse, termen almost straight, rather oblique; fu.scous-
grey, more or less sprinkled or mixed with whitish, especially
towards costa, and variably strewn with strigulse of black and
reddish-brown scales; markings very indistinctly indicated, hasdly
darker, without whitish mixture; basal patch hardly defined,
outer edge angulated in middle; central fascia moderate, oblique,
only distinct towards costa : cilia pale grey, sometimes obscurely
barred or partially sutfiised with whitish, with a dark grey sub-
basal shade sometimes with some black and red-brownish scales.
Hindwings fuscous, darker towards apex; cilia light grey with
darker subbasal shade, tips whitish-suffused.

Tasm.: Mount Wellington, 3000 feet; in December, four
specimens.

252 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

211. T. isochroa, n.sp.

(J. 17-19 mm. Head and thorax greyish, sometimes suffusedly
spotted with ferruginous. Palpi greyish. Antennal cilia tions
1-|. Abdomen whitish-ochreous tinged with grey. Forewings
suhoblong, costa anteriorly moderately, posteriorly slightly
arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded,
oblique; light fuscous suffusedly irrorated with white; markings
formed by ferruginous irroration or suffusion, ill-defined and
variable in development; basal patch very indefinite or almost
obsolete; central fascia oblique, well-marked and rather narrow on
upper half, sometimes marked with blackish irroration, on lower
half considerably dilated posteriorly but sometimes little marked;
a more or less marked triangular apical patch, extending to | of
costa and middle of termen : cilia whitish, with grey subbasal
line. Hindwings pale whitish-grey; cilia whitish, with faint
greyish subbasal line.

W. AusT.: Waroona(Berthoud), York; in September and
October, two specimens.

212. T. liquidcma Meyr.

{Cacoeoia liquidana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881,
505.)

Variable, with tendency to localisation of colour- varieties;
forewings sometimes partially tinged or wholly suffused with
ferruginous ochreous; this suffusion begins towards dorsum and
spreads more or less over whole wing; sometimes in ^ the veins
are indicated by lines of blackish specks. From Bathurst and
All)any I have seen only the form with ferruginous-ochreous
suffusion; at Gisborne and in Tasmania the grey and ochreous
forms occur together, with intermediate varieties.

Q.: Stradbroke Island (Turner)— N.S.W.: Sydney (Lyell),
Bathurst, Blackheath (3500 feet). Mount Kosciusko (4700 feet)
— Vic: Gisborne(Lyell), Melbourne — Tas.: Launceston, George's
Bay, Mount Wellington — S. Aust.: Mount Lofty, Wirrabara,
Port Lincoln — W. Aust.: Albany; from October to April.

BY E. MEYRICK. 253

213. T. indigestana Meyr.

{Tortrixindigestana^leyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881,
520.)

Vein 7 of foi'ewings in ^ sometimes runs to termen, but
usually to apex, a somewhat unusual form of variation. A
specimen in Mr. Lyell's collection has vein 4 of forewings absent
on one side, though present as usual on the other.

N.S.W.: Sydney— Vic. : Gisborne(Lyell), Kewell(Hill)— Tas.:
Hobart(Norman), George's Bay — S. AusT.: Port Lincoln — W,
AuST.: Albany; from August to January. Also in New Zea-
land, but perhaps accidentally introduced. Larva amongst spun
shoots and leaves of Hibbertia linearis, perhaps also other plants.

214. T. haplodes, n.sp.

1^. 14-16 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen grey-whitish
irrorated with grey. Antennal ciliations 1. Forewings sub-
oblong, costa anteriorly moderately, posteriorly slightly arched,
costal fold slight and very narrow^, reaching about f, with tri-
angular dilation of scales before i, apex obtuse, termen rounded,
rather oblique; pale greyish-ochreous, tinged with whitish and
faintly strigulated witli greyish; central fascia darker, undefined,
moderately broad, oblique, rather narrowed towards costa : cilia
pale whitish-ochreous. Hindwings light grey; cilia ochreous-
whitish, with faint greyish subbasal shade.

N.S.W.: Sydney; in November, two specimens.

215. T. concordana Meyr.

(Toririx concordana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,.
1881,519.)

Q.: Stradbroke Island (Turner) — N.S.W.: Sydney, Blackheath
(3500 feet), Bathurst— Vic: Melbourne— S. AusT.: Mount Lofty
(Guest); from July to November, and in March. Larva in
spun shoots and amongst cylindrically joined leaves of Hibbertia
linearis and H, fasciculata.

^54 REVISION OP AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

216. T. standishana Newm.

{Tortrix standishana Newm., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend. iii.(n.3.),
286; Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881, 522.)

Q. : Duariiiga (Barnard), Brisbane (Turner) — N.S.W. : Glen
Innes (3500 feet,), BUickheath (3500 feet), Sydney— S. Aust. :
Mount Gambler, Mount Lofty — W. Aust. : Geraldton; from
August to December, and in March.

217. 2\ concolorana Meyr.

{Tortrix concolorana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.Wales, 1881,
522.)

KS.W. : Sydney — Vic: Birchip (Goudie) — Tasm.: George's
Bay, Hobart; from September to January.

218. T. scandaloia, n.sp.

^. 17-18 mm. Head, palpi, and thoiax yellow-ochreous.
Antennal ciliations 1. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, dorsally
suffused with grey, Forewings rather elongate, posteriorly con-
siderably dilated, costa anteriorly moderately, posteriorly slightly
arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen almost straight, rather
oblique; whitish-ochreous, with silvery reflections; markings
yellow-oclireous marked with blackish on costa; basal patch more
or less marked, outer edge somewhat bent and marked with a
few dark grey scales in middle; one or two irregular striae
between this and central fascia; central fascia very narrow,
rather oblique, marked with several very small grey spots; a
stria from ^ of costa to before tornus, marked with a few dark
grayscales in middle; three more or less confluent striae from
costa posteriorly : cilia whitish-ochreous. Hind wings light giey;
cilia ochreous-whitish, with light grey subbasal line.

Vic: Mount St. Bernard, 5000 feet(Lyell); in February, two
specimens.

219. T. imniersana Walk.

(Pcedisca immersana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 380; Tortrix trygo-
dana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881, 515, 535.)

BY E. MEYRICK. 255

N.S.W.: Sydney — Vic: Sale — W. Aust.: Waroona(Berfchoud);
in September and October.

220. T. divulsana Walk.

{Conchylis divulsana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 364; Tortrix glaphy-
rana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881, 516.)

Q. : Duaringa (Barnard), Brisbane, Stanthorpe, Warwick
(Turner), Toowoomba — N.S.W.: Katoomba(Lyell), Newca.stle,
Sydney, Bathurst, Shoalhaven, Cooma — Vic: Gisborne(Lyell),
Castlemaine(Diake), Wandin(Jarvis), Melbourne — Tasm.: Delo-
raine, Hobart — S. AusT.: Mount Gambier(Gue.st), Mount Lofty,
Port Lincoln — W. Aust.: Bridgetown (Berthoud), Geraldton,
Perth, Albany; from October to April. Larva feeds on lucerne
and is an injurious pest(Lyell); probably also on allied plants.

30. Meritastis, n.g.

Antennae in ^ moderately ciliated. Palpi rather short, slender,
ascending, with appressed scales, terminal joint short. Thorax
without crest. Forewings with 3 from angle, 7 separate, to
termen. Hindwings with 3, 4, 5 approximated at base, 6 and 7
closely approximated towards base.

Apparently a modification of Epichorista.

221. M. umbrosa, n.sp.

(J, 17-18 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen dark grey,
shoulders sometimes mixed with ferruginous-brown. Antennal
ciliations 1. Forewings .suboblong, costa anteriorly gentlr, pos-
teriorly slightly arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen alnmst
straight, rather oblique; rather dark grey; about nine irregular
indistinct partially interrupted darker striae mixed with blnck
and ferruginous-brown scales : cilia ochreous-whitish tinged with
brownish, basal half grey mixed with ferruginous-lirownish.
Hindwings rather dark grey; cilia light grey, with darker sub-
basal shade. Hindwings beneath suffused with grey-whitish and
strigulated with dark grey.

Vic: Macedon(Lyell); in November, two specimens.

256 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

31. Epichorista Meyr.

Antennfe in ^ ciliated. Palpi moderate, porrected, second
joint with rough projecting scales above and beneath, terminal
joint short. Thorax without crest. Forewings with 3 from
angle, 7 and 8 separate, 7 to termen. Hindwings with 3 and 4
approximated at base, 5 rather approximated to 4, 6 and 7 closely
approximated towards base or stalked.

I have characterised this genus in the Annals of the Transvaal
Museum, and also in the Transactions of the New Zealand
Institute for the current year, but as neither is yet published, I
cannot give exact reference. The genus contains seven described
species from New Zealand, and several from South Africa, but is
not known elsewhere.

222. E. Serena, n.sp.

(J. 16-17 ram. Head and thorax light yellow-ochreous. Palpi
yellowish-ochreous, externally tinged with fuscous towards middle.
Antennse dark grey, ciliatioiis nearly 3. Abdomen grey. Fore-
wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, without
fold, apex obtuse, termen almost straight, oblique; ochreous-
yellowish or pale yellowish, slightly sprinkled with grey; costa
and dorsum usually shortly strigulated with dark fuscous irrora-
tion; numerous irregular cloudy pale silvery-grey or silvery grey-
whitish striae or series of small spots; basal patch and extremities
of central fascia sometimes indicated by grey suffusion : cilia
ochreous-yellowish or pale yellowish, paler towards tips, at apex
with a greyish spot. Hindwings with 6 and 7 stalked; grey;
cilia whitish-grey, with grey subbasal line.

Tasm.: Mount Wellington, 2100-2300 feet; in December, three
specimens.

223. E. smenodes, n.sp.

^. 16 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax yellow-ochreous, palpi
somewhat sprinkled with dark fuscous. Antennse dark grey,
ciliations nearly 2. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, pos-

BY E. MEYRICK. 257

teriorly dilated, costa gently arched, without fold, apex obtuse,
terraen straight, oblique; pale oclireousyellowish, posterior half
mixed with ferruginous and sufFusedly irrorated with dark grey;
costa and dorsum shortly strigulated with dark fuscous; numer-
ous irregidar cloudy pale leaden-grey transverse stiise: cilia
white, basal third ferruginous mixed with dark grey, sharply
limited. Hindwings with 6 and 7 stalked; grey; cilia grey-
whitish, with grey subbasal line.

Tasm.: Hobart; in December, one specimen. Nearly allied ta
the preceding, but distinguishable by the shorter antennal cilia-
tions, and quite different cilia of forewings.

224. E camacinana Meyr.

{Proselena camacinana Meyr., Proc. Linn. See. N. S. Walesr
1882, 172.)

Tasm.: Mount Wellington(2000 feet), Deloraine; from Novem-
ber to February.

22-5. E. iUucida, n.sp.

9- 17- 18 mm. Head and thorax pale fuscous, shoulders suffused
with whitish. Palpi ochreous-whitish, suffused with light grey
towards apex. Abdomen whiti.sh-ochreous dorsally suffused
with pale grey. Forewings suboblong, costa anteriorly moder-
ately arched, posteriorly nearly straight, apex obtuse, termen
sinuate, vertical; whitish-ochreous, obliquely and suffusedlj
striated with shining prismatic .silvery-whitish, and more or less
mixed with pale brown-reddish; costa marked with oblique
ferruginous-brown strigulse, from which rise about tive very
oblique striae of black specks mixed with red-brownish, and a
red-brown stria just before termen; a large undefined semioval
patch extending along dorsum from base to near tornus and
reaching half across wing, formed of light red-brownish suffusion
variably mixed with darker red-l*rown and more or less strigu-
lated with blackish irroration : cilia ferruginous-brown with a
grey line, on tornus suffused with whitish-ochreous. Hindwings

with 6 and 7 approximated; grey, costal area broadly ochreous-
19

258 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

whitish or pale yellowish, apical area suffused and strigulnited
with grey; cilia ochreous-whitisli soinntimes tinged with yellowish,
round lower part of termen and dorsum more or less tinged with

grey.

Q.: Mount Tambourine, Eumundi('Purner); in October and
November, two specimens. A peculiar spe-cies, superficially
resembling a Homona, but structurally very different.

226. E. iodes, n.sp.

(^9. 17-20 mm. Head and thorax grey-whitish, patagia
sprinkled with ferruginous-ochreous. Palpi whitish, externally
tinged with ochreous and irrorated with grey. Antennal cili-
ations of (J H. Abdomen whitish. Forewings elongate-oblong,
posteriorly hardly dilated, costa towards base gently arched,
posteriorly straight, without fold, apex obtuse, termen rounded,
somewhat oblique; ochreous-whitisli, more or less iirorated on
costal half with ferruginous and on d >rsal half with grey; basal
patch represented by some undefined spots of ferruginous
suffusion, and a ferruginous streak along costa to central fascia;
central fascia very undefined, veiy oblique, formed of grey
irroration; suffused with ferruginous towards costa, and on an
elongate patch beneath middle and a praetornal spot; costal
patch flattened-triangular, ferruginous, extending from near
middle to near apex; an irreifular transverse ferruginous blotch
before termen from above middle to n<-ar tornus, tend. ng to unite
with submedian patch of central fascia : cilia whitish, basal half
irrorated with ferruginous. Hind wings light grey, towards b-ise
somewhat whitish-tinged; cilia white, with partial grey subbasal
line.

S. AusT.: Glenek'('iuest), Wallaroo, on coast sandhills; in
November, four specimens.

227. E. petrochroa Low.

{C'tptia petrochroa Low., Trans. Koy. Soc. S. Austr., 1908,
115.)

(J9- 15-22 mm. Antennal ciliations of q 1. Forewings with
co.sta gently arched towaids base, postt-riuily nearly straight,

BY E. MEVRICK. 259

without fold, termen rounded, somewhat oblique; whitish-
ochreous, strigulated throughout with yellow-ochrHous; some short
fuscous striguliB oa costa aaneriofly; markings yellow-ochreous.
-sometimes tinged with brownish in disc; basal patch more or less
marked, outer edge angulated above middle; central fascia rather
narrow, very oblique, anterior edge projecting angularly above
Tiiddle, beneath this slightly convex, posterior ed^e suffused; two
more or less indicated dots at angl^^s of cell; anterior portion of
costal patch indicated by a cirved mark; sometimes a more or
less marked slender transverse streak in middle towards termea :
cilia whitish-ochreous. Hindwings with 6 and 7 short-stalked;
ochreoiis-whitish, sometimes faintly greyish-tinged posteriorly;
cilia whitish.

N.S.W.: Broken Hill (Lower)— Vic : Birchip (Gou lie) — S.
AuST.: Wallaroo; in October, November, April, and May. Larva
amongst loosely spun leaves of Zi/g'tphyllum Jriiticalosuia, in
October. This and the next two species are closely similar, and
careful attention must be given to the details of descriptions.

228. B. therlna, n sp.

(J^. 15-16 mm. Hexd and thorax whiti>h-i>chreous, pntaiiia
tinged with brownish. Palpi whitish ochreous, externally tinged
with brownish. Antennal ciliations of ^ f Abrlomen whitish-
ochreous mixed with pule grey. Forewings elonuate-oblong, cista
anteriorly moderately arched, posteriorly nearly straight, without
fold, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, oblique; light ochreous-yellow-
ish; several minute daik fuscous strigtdae on anterior half of
costa; markings yellow-ochreous tinged with giey; sometimes a
dot on fold at f ; central fascia nioderrite, very oblique, consider-
ably narrowed towards costa, anterior edge slightly convex on
lower half, marked with a black dot above middle, posterior
edge prominent in disc and near tornus sending an oblique stre-k
parallel with termen to above middle, marked with two or three
black scales in disc; costal patch semioval, on costal edge foiming
ithree small dark fuscous spots separated by wliiti-h-ochreous
interspaces; another small dark fuscous spot on costa before apex;

260 KEVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

a slender streak along termen : cilia whitish-ochreous, at apex
somewhat mixed with fuscous. Hind wings with 6 and 7 short-
stalked; light grey, darker towards apex; cilia whitish, with grey
subbasal line.

Tasm.: Deloraine; in November and December, four specimens.

229. E. microstictis, n.sp.

(;^9- 171S ^^'^^- Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, patagia
tinged with brownish. Palpi whitish-ochreous, externallj' slightly
tinged with brownish. Antennal ciliations oi ^ \. Abdomen
light grey, anal tuft ochreous-whitish. Forewings elongate-
oblong, costa anteriorly gently arched, posteriorly nearly straight,
without fold, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate, rather
oblique; whitish-ochreous, tinged with yellowish, posteriorly with
traces of darker dots or strigulje sometimes tinged with grey;
two or three minute black dots on costa; a small ochreous spot
mat ked with a minute black dot on submedian fold at f ; mark-
ings yellow-ochreous, sometimes slightly tinged with grey; central
fascia slender, very oblique, anterior edge straight, marked with
several minute black dots from above middle to near dorsum,,
posterior edge more or less irregular; a slender streak from tornus
parallel to termen reaching middle, marked with several minute
black dots; costal patch indicated by a short slender curved
streak from costa marked with three minute black dots, and two
or three blackish dots on costa beyond this; a very slender streak
along central portion of termen, marked with a few black scales :
cilia whitish-ochreous. Hindwings with 6 and 7 short-stalked;
pale grey, posteriorly obscurely darker-strigulated; cilia whitish,
with grey subbasal line.

N.S. W.: Mount Kosciusko, 5000 feet; in Januar)'^, two speci-
mens.

32. Arotrophora Meyr.

Arotrojjhora Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales

1881, 528 ... ... ... ... ... type arcuatalis.

Antennse in ^ dentate, fasciculate-ciliated. Palpi long or
very long, porrected, second joint with gradual!}' diminishing

BY B. MEYRICK. 261

rough projecting scales above and beneatli, terminal joint moder-
ate. Thorax without or sometimes with slight crest. Forewings
with 3 from angle, 7 separate, to. termen. Hindwings with 3
and 4 connate, 5 approximated at base, 6 and 7 closely approxi-
mated towards base.

Closely allied to Tortrio:, of which it may be regarded as an
endemic development. In addition to the characters of antennae
and palpi, it is marked as a natural group by its geographical
restriction and {)robab]y also by being almost exclusively attached
to plants of the Natural Order Proteacece, especially Bcmksia,
with which I have always found them associated. The species
are usually inactive, and seldom i-emoved from their foodplant.
None possess a costal fold.

230. A. cosnioplaca Low.

{Arotrophora cosmopiaca Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr.,1903,
219.)

W. AusT.: Warooua(Bertlioud), Perth, Geraldton; in October
and November. A handsome and very distinct species.

'22>\.A. ochraceella Walk.

(CramhihS ochraceellus Walk., Cat. xxvii., 177; Arotrophora
ochraceella Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1882, 175.)

N.S.W.: Newcastle, Sydney; in October. Attached to ^«riAsia
serrata, the larva probably feeding in the cones.

232. A. charistis, n.sp.

(J. 16-17 mm. Head and thorax white. Palpi 3^, ochreous)
white above and towards base beneath. Antennse strongly
dentate. Abdomen whitish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow
towards base, posteriorly dilated, costa slightly arched, apex
obtuse, termen straight, rather oblique; white, with some small
fine scattered pale ochreous-yellowish strigulte, especially towards
margins, where they are touched with grey; a deep yellow streak
from before ^ of costa to beneath middle of disc, thence angulated
upwards to end of cell, narrowed towards extremities; a straight

262 RETISION OF AUSTRALIAN TOKTRICINA,

deep yellow streak, suffused with ferruginous-orange posteriorly
from apex to tornus : cilia white. Hindwings whitish; cilia
white.

Q.: Cooktown(Meek); two specimens.

233. A. arcuatalis Walk.

(Scopula arcuatalis Walk., Cat. xxxiv., 1474; Cramhus suh-
margittellus ib. xxxv., 1760; Eromene transcissella ib. 1762;
Arotrophora arcuatalis Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.Wales, 1881,
530.)

N.S.W. : Sydney, Blackheath (3500 feet)— Vic. : Gisborne,
Dimboola(Lyell) — Tasm.: Lauuceston — S. Aust.: Mount Lofty,
Mount Gambler, Wirrabara — W. AusT.: Bridgetown(Berthoud),
Perth, York, Geraldton; from October to December and February
to April. Larva in flower-cones of Banksia serrata, in July and
August, and again in January.

234. A. chionaula, n.sp.

^2- 15-16 mm. Head white. Palpi 4^, fu.scous, white above
and towards base beneath. Antennse in (^shortly dentate. Thorax
white, shoulders more oi' less suffused with fuscous. Abdomen
ochreous-whitish tinged with gre}'. Forewings elongate, poste.
riorly rather dilated, costa anteriorly gnntly arched, posteriorly
stmight, apex round-pointed, ternien faintly sinuate, obliriue;
whitish densel}' irrorated with dark fuscous, appearing dark
grey; sometimes an undefined streak of ferruginous red suffusion
beneath costa anteriorly; a suffused irregular white longitudinal
median streak from base to end of cell, thence bent up to costa
before apex; a more or less marked spot of ochreous-yellowish
suffusion beneath this in middle of disc; sometimes some ferru-
ginou.s-red scales at apex : cilia whitish, with three fuscous shades
tipped with dark fuscous. Hindwings whitish-grey or light
grey, becoming darker grey towards apex; cilia whitish, with two
indistinct grey shades.

W. Aust.: Perth; in November, nine specimens.

BY E. MEYRICK. 265

235. A. canthelias, n.sp.

$.21 mm. Head and thorax light fuscous irrorated with
whitish. Palpi 5, ochreous irrorated with grey and beneath with
whitish. Abdomen light greyish-ochreous. Forewings elongate,
posteriorly considerably dilated, costa gently arched, apex
obtuse, termen somewhat rounded, slightly curved, rather
oblique; ferruginous-ochreous irrorated with dark grey, dorsal
third suflFused with grey and sprinkled with whitish; trapezoidal
blotch of dark grey suffusion extending on costa from near base
to beyond |, discal edge much shorter and broadly suffused with
bright ferruginous, posteriorly reaching end of cell, posterior
side edged by a fascia of white suffusion sprinkled with grey
strigulse and extended to dorsum : cilia white suffusedly barred
with grey. Hindwings pale grey, faintly ochreous-tinged; cilia
grey-whitisli.

N.S.W.: Mittagong; in March, one specimen, beaten from
Banksia spinulosa.

236. A. jnrastis, n.sp.

$.16 mm. Head and thorax pale fuscous mixed with whitish.
Palpi 6, fuscous, darker beneath with base whitish, sprinkled
with whitish above. Abdomen light fuscous. Forewings
elongate, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa anteriorly moderately,
posteriorly slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen straight, oblique;
fuscous, irregularly strigulated with ferruginous and sprinkled
with whitish; an undefined triangular patch of darker fuscous
suffusion extending on costa from A to a[)ex, with angle resting
on end of cell; a small ferruginous spot with some black scales
beneath submedian fold at ^, another beneath lower angle of cell,
and a short linear transverse mark on upper angle; some scattered
blackish scales on dorsum and termen : cilia light fuscous, with
two darker shades. Hindwings and cilia pale fuscous.

Tasm.: Deloraine; in November, one specimen.

237. A. castanea, n.sp.

$. 20 mm. Head whitish. Palpi 6, dark grey, mixed
externally with ferruginous-ochreous, above and beneath sprinkled

264 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TOKTRICINA,

with whitish. Antennae shortly dentate, thickened on central
third. Thorax whitish, shoulders suffused with ferruginous-
brownish. Abdomen pale grey. Forewings elongate, i)osteriorly
rather dilated, costa anteriorly gently, posteriorly slightly arched,
apex obtuse, termen almost straight, oblique; ferruginous-
brownish, much mixed with grey; dorsal third mixed with
whitish, with a few black specks; an elongate-triangular patch of
dark grey suffusion extending along costa from \ to apex, mixed
witli deep feiruginous-brown, undefined anteriorly, darkest
posteriorly, with angle resting on upper angle of cell; posterior
margin of cell marked with bright ferruginous-brown, with a
few l»la.ck specks : cilia light grey, with two dark grey shades.
Hindwings light grey, darker-strigulated; cilia whitish-grey, with
faiut darker subbasal line.

S. AusT,: Mount Lofty(?); one specimen. Type in Coll. Lower.

238. A. xythopterana Meyr.

{Arotrophora xythopterana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,
1881, 529.)

N.S.W.: Sydney, Mittagong; in August and March. Larva
in a silken tube among leaves of Lomatia silaifolia; probably
also on Banksia, as the imago has been beaten from it.

239. A. anemarcha Low.
(Tortrix anemarch», Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr. 1902, 236.)

(T9. 24-30 mm. Head and thorax light brownish-ochreous.
Palpi 6. Antennae in ^ strongly dentate. Forewings elongate-
oblong, ))osteriorly rather dilated, costa gently arched, apex
obtuse, termen nearly straight, rather oblique; pale greyish or
pale ochreous, reticulated throughout with ferruginous-brown or
ferruginous-ochreous : cilia ochreous, irrorated or suffused with
ferruginous-brownish. Hindwings whitish-grey, obscurely stri-
gulaied with grey; cilia whitish.

N.S.W.: Sydney — Tasm.: Launceston — W. Aust.: Perth; in
October and November, beaten from Banksia marginata. Pro-
bably rather common but very retired in habit. In Lower's

BY E. MEYRICK. 265

original description the size given, 20 mm., is a clerical error for
30 mm.

240. A. anwiodes, n.sp.

(^9. 20-22 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous-brown, palpi
5, tinged with ferruginous. Antennae in ^ strongly dentate.
Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa
moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen almost straight, rather
oblique; ferruginous-brown; a rather broad streak of grey suffu-
sion with a few blackish specks extending along dorsum from
near base to a large similar subtriangular tornal patch, which
limits cell posteriorly and reaches its upper angle; a minute
blackish dot above lower angle of cell : cilia rather dark grey.
Hindwings grey, obscurely darker-strigulated; cilia whitish-grey,
with grey subbasal shade.

Vic. : Dandenong, Beaconsfield (Lyell) ; in November and
March, two specimens.

241. A. pertiiiax, n.sp.

9.22 mm. Head and thorax light fuscous. Palpi 5, light
fuscous sprinkled with darker. Abdomen whitish-fuscous.
Forewings suboblong, costa moderatel}' arched, apex obtuse,
termen almost straight, oblique; light fuscous, strewn throughout
with ferruginous-fuscous strigulae sprinkled with black specks; a
slight darker sufifusion indicating a basal patch with irregularly
augulated outer edge, and an angulated central fascia confluent
with a large triangular costal patch extending nearly to apex :
cilia light fu.scous mixed witii darker (imperfect). Hindwings
pale grey, indistinctly darker-strigulated; cilia whitish-grey.

Vic: Healesville; in November, one specimen.

242. .(4. salebrata, n.sp.

(J9. 15-16 mm. Head and thorax light fuscous irrorated with
whitish. Palpi 3^-4, fuscous irrorated with whitish. Antennae
in ^ rather strongly dentate. Abdomen light greyish-ochreous.
Forewings elongate, posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa gently
arched, apex obtuse, termen hardly rounded, oblique; light

266 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

fuscous, more or less distinctly strigulated with dark fuscous,
especially on margins; an undefined trapezoidal patch of dark,
fuscous suffusion extending on costa from near base to |, discal
edge much shorter and terminated posteriorly by a white trans-
verse-linear mark on end of cell; some whitish irroration bevond
this patch, especially towards costa; two patches of dark fuscous
irroration towards termen more or less distinctly outlined with
dark fuscous and sometimes partially edged with whitish, upper
subtriangular, lower larger, somewhat i-eniform : cilia pale fuscous
irrorated with whitish, with three interrupted darker fuscous
shades indicating bars. Hindwings uniform pale fuscous; cilia
whitish-fnscous, towards tips whitish.

Vic: Gisborne(Lyell); in February and March, two specimens..

243. A. humerella Walk.

(Crambus humerellus Walk., Cat. xxxv., 1758; Tortrix ceiitu-
rionana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881, 518.)

N.S.W.: Sydney — Vic: Beaconsfield(Lyell) — S. Aust.: Mount
Lofty; in July and August.

244. A. hemerana Meyr.

{Arolrophora hemerana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,
1882, 176.)

Female with forewings narrower than in ^, termen more
oblique.

Vic. : Mount St. Bernard, 5000 feet (Lyell)— Tasm. : Mount
Wellington, 3000 feet; in February.

245. A. confusana Walk.

(Foidisca confusana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 381; Arotrophora

confusana Meyr., Proc, Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881, 532.)

N.S.W. : Sydney; in October, March, and April, amongst

Banksia.

246. A. livulana Meyr.

{Arotrophora lividana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,
1881,531.)

BY K. MKYRICK. 267

Q.: Brisbane — N.S.W.: Sydney, Bulli, Mittagong, Bathurst —
Vic: Gisborne, Dimboola(Lyell) — ^Tas.m.: Launceston, George's
Bay — S. AusT.: Mount Lofty — W. Aust.: Albany, Perth, York;
in October, November, January, March, and April. The species
varies a good deal, even in form of wing; some specimens may be
said to have the costa moderately arched, others slightly; the
Bathurst example is the largest (9, 16 mm.), with the longest
palpi, and has the terraen of forewings sinuate, but I am unable
to regard it as distinct; no two specimens are quite alike. I
was, however, accustomed to meet with the species commonly,
and never had any doubt of its identity. I mention these par-
ticulars because they contribute to the ditficulty of what follows.

I have bred this species from the larva under circumstances so
singular that I cannot interpret them to my own satisfaction,
and therefore give tlieui at length in the liope that local workers
will make investigations on the subject. 1 found some extra-
ordinary larvae, of which I made the following description : Larva
apodal, slender, cylindrical, head small, semicircular, segments
2-4 (especially 2) much swollen, all incisions well-marked, anal
segment pointed and with short spines towards apex; positions
of all legs indicated by feeble sucking-bases; ordinary spiracles
absent, but two dorsal spots on eacli of segments 2-4 greatly
enlarged and furnished with a longitudinal .slit; rather dark
fuscous, reddish-tinged; head and back of segment 2 blackish,
segments 2 and 3 with a i-eddish dorsal line; large dorsal spots
of segments 2-4 light ochreous; all other spots obsoletely repre-
sented by slight depressions ; anal segment blackish towards
apex : mines a long rather broad gallery down leaves of a large
coarse sedge like plant growing in dry bush at Botanj' Ba}-, in
August; the last three segments of body are held at a right angle
and used as a lever for motion within the gallery; pupation out-
side the mine, amongst refuse. From these larvae I bred one
rather small and pale female specimen, with somewhat less
ferruginous suffusion than any other example possessed, fore-
wings hardly dilated posteriorly, costa slightly arched : I have a
captured male from Sydney which hardly differs from it, and

268 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTBICINA,

shows the normal structure of the antennae, which is character-
istic, the dentations being very strong. There are three possible
interpretations of this recorded observation, viz.:

(1.) The larval habit recorded is tha,t oi A . lividaiia : against
this may be set the repeatedly observed fact that the imago is
attached to Banksia, from which I have habitually beaten it,
this being recorded in my diary, and that the allied species are
all equally attached to Banksia, implying community of habit;
whilst the other bred species of the genus are known to feed
on Banksia and its allies, and their larvee are quite normal in
structure. The larva described above is altogether singular, and
I know nothing approaching it.

(2.) The larva described is that of some other species unknown,
and the larva of A. Uvidana was introduced accidentally with
the foodplant without being observed; as only one was bred, this
is conceivable, but it does not seem at all likely. I always kept
each kind of larva in a .small separate receptacle.

(3.) Two species are confused under the name of A. lividaua,
one feeding as described, the other being a Banksia-ie&diGv; this
explanation derives some support from the variation in the speci-
mens, but involves the improbable supposition that two species
so closely allied as to be practically indistinguishable have larvae
so divergent in structure.

For myself, I can only say of the above explanations that all

three seem to me nearly equally improbable. I fully expected

some specially interesting insect from these curious larvae, and

was much disappointed to rear a common Tortricid of which I

had regarded the habits as practically already known. If obliged

to choose one of the three explanations, I should select the

second.

247. A. atimana Meyr.

{Arotrophora atimana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,
1881, 533.)

Q.: Brisbane(Turner) — N.S.W.: Sydney; in August, September,
And January. A small thoracic crest is present in this species.

BY E. MEYRICK. 269'

248. A. anaptis, n.sp.

(J 9. 16-18 mm. Head, pnlpi, and thorax fuscous finely
sprinkled with whitish, palpi 3^. Antennae in ^ moderately
dentate. Abdomen ochreous-grey. Fore wings elongate, pos-
teriorly dilated, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen
straight, oblique; fuscous, finely sprii.kled with whitish, towards
margins strigulated with darker; a trapezoidal darker fuscous
blotch on dorsum before middle, its upper edge forming anteri-
orly a spot of deep ferruginous and blackish scales reacliing fold;
a larse subtriangular suffused darker fuscous blotch extending on
costa from before \ to beyond middle and reaching fold, variably
mixed with deep ferruginous and blackish, darkest posteriorly,
and containing a lighter patch on costa; bej'ond this is sometimes
abroad fascia of stronger whitish irroration, in which aie two
black dots on angles of cell; two or three somewhat darker spots
on costa posteriorly, and an irregular transverse streak bi-fore
termen : cilia fuscous, slightly whitish-sprinkled, with darker sub-
basal line. Hind wings grey; cilia pale grey.

N.S.W.: Blackheath(3500 feet). Mount Kosciusko(4700 feet)
— Tasm.: George's Bay; iu January and February, seven
specimens.

33. EuLiA Hb.

Eulia Hb., Verz. 392 (1826J ... ... ... iyT^e minisirana.

Lophoderxis Stph., Cat. Brit. Ins. 184(1829) ... type mhiistrana.
Goboea Walk., Cat. xxxv., 1805(1866) ... ... type copiosana.

Antennse in ^ moderately ciliated. Palpi moderate, poi reeled,
second joint dilated with rough scales above and beneath, terminal
moderate. Thorax with well-developed crest. Forewiiigs with
3 from angle, 7 separate, to termen. Hindwings with 3 and 4
connate, -5 approximated to 4 at base, 6 and 7 approximated
towards base.

A genus of some extent, but mainly European and American,,
especially developed in South America.

270 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TOKTRICINA,

249. E. copiosana Walk.

(Gobcea copiosana Walk., Cat. xxxv., 1805; Tortrix ceramicana
Meyr., Proc. Linn. See. N. S. Wales, 1881, 512; T. argyraspis
Low., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1900, 410.)

Q.: Brisbane; in December and May. This species seems to
be distinctly related to the South American forms of the genus.

34. Harmologa Meyr.

Harmologa Meyv ., Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. 1882, 44... type oblongana.

Antennas in ^ ciliated. Palpi moderate, porrected, second
joint with lough projecting scales above and beneath, terminal
moderate. Thorax with crest. Forewings with 3 from angle, 7
separate, to termen. Hindwings witli 3, 4, 5 approximated
towards base, 6 and 7 stalked or approximated towards base.

Besides the following, there are about eight New Zealand

species.

250. H. miser ana Walk.

(Teras miserana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 301; T. canigerana ib.301;
T. absumptana ib. xxxv., 1780; Cacoscia miserana Meyr., Proc.
Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881, 498.)

Q : Cairns(Dodd), Nelson(Lyell), Toowoomba— N.S.W.: New-
castle, Sydney, Wollongong; throughout tlie year. Also occurs
in Java and Assam. Larva rather slender, cylindrical, wiih
scatteied whitish hairs; grey-whitish, posteriorly ochreous-tinged;
two brownish-ochreous spots placed longitudinally on back of
each segment; lateral line moderately broad, reddish-fu.'<cous-
head dark fuscous; segment 2 whitish, posteriorly tinged with
ochreous, posterior angles suffused ly blackish : feeds between
jointed leaves oi Ficusbenjamitta&nd another /''icus not identified,
rolling up a corner for shelter, in August (and doubtless most of
the year); pupation in same position.

251.7/. crobylota, n.sp.

(J. 25 mm. Head white, between antennae with a long pro-
jecting tuft of hairs suffused with light grey. Palpi white, with

BY E. MEYRICK. 271

a longitudinal dark grey streak on side, above with expanded
white hairs. Antennal ciliations ^. Thorax white sprinkled
with grey. Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous. Foiewings sub-
oblong, costa anteriorly moderately, posteriorly sliyhtly arched,
with moderately broad fold reaching from base to middle, apex
Tounded-obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique; wliite, soraew hat
sprinkled with pnle greyish, and strewn throughout with dark
grey strigulse partially mixed with black and ferru^jinous; the
black markings appear to indicate edge of basal patch, anterior
edge of central fascia, and triangular costal pHtch, but these are
hardly traceable except towaids costa; a lather laige dorsal
patch of grey suffusion before tornus : cilia white, on basal half
with indicationsof undefined dark grey bars. Hindwings thinly
scaled, whitish, towards apex suffused with light grey; cilia grey-
whitish.

N. GuiNKA : Fakfak; one specimen. Allied to H. mherana,
but larger, with hindwings more whitish, and specially charac-
terised by the peculiar fruntal tuft.

35. Cnephasia Curt.

■{Jnephnsia Curt., Brit. Ent. iii., 100(1826) ... Xy\^e pascuana.
Sciaphila Ti'., Schraett. Eur. vii., 233(1829) . type wahlbomiana.
Dipterina Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc.N. S.Wales,

1881,523... ... ... ... ... ty^e imbrifurana.

Antennae in ^ moderately or strongly ciliated. Palpi moder-
ate or long, porrected, second joint witii projecting scales above
and beneath, terminal moderate. Thorax sometimes witli small
crest. Forewings with 3 from angle, 7 separate, to t' rmen.
Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate, 5 approximated to 4, 6 and 7
stalked.

A genus of considerable extent and nearly cosmopolitan.

252. C. periorma, n.sp.

(J9. 13-16 mm. Head, palpi, antennae, thorax, and ablomen
■dark fuscous; palpi with a longitudinal orange-yellow band on
second joint, base whitish; antennae in ^ denttto on apical half,

272 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

ciliations 2. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa gently arched,
apex obtuse, tennen rather bowed, little oblique; dark fuscous,
irregularly marked and striated with darker; basal patch contain-
ing two or three blue-metallic striae, its edge marked by a strong
curved dark fuscous stria, followed by two pairs of subconfluent
blue-metallic striae; disc beyond this strewn with scattered pale
bluish hairscales; a dark bronzy-fuscous streak from § of costa to
termen above tornus, preceded by a pair of lighter striae becom-
ing gradually violet-blue-metallic downwards, and followed by a
violet-blue-metallic stria, confluent beneath with a similar sub-
marginal stria; a light ochreous streak runs round npex, sometimes
nearly obsolete : cilia fuscous, with interrupted dark fuscous
subbasal shade. Hindwings dark fuscous irregularly striated
with darker, base of scales pale; along lower half of termen a
suffused blackish patch, irregularly marked on marginal portion
with violet-golden-metallic and on inner portion with liyht
ochreous-yellowish; cilia fuscous, with blackish-fuscous subbasal
shade, mixed with pale golden-metallic on terminal patch.

Q.: Cairns(Dodd); in October and April, six specimens. A.
very curious species, but C. catenata forms a clear connecting
link with normal forms.

253. C. catenata, n.sp.

(J. 15 mm. Head and thorax fuscous. Palpi rather long,
fuscous, second joint with a longitudinal ochreous-orange stripe.
Antennaj detitate, ciliations 1. Abdomen dark fuscous, anal tuft
yellowish. Forewings moderate, posteriorly dilated, costa moder-
ately arched, apex obtuse, termen bowed, somewhat oblique;
rather dark purplish-fuscous, with scattered dark feiruginous-
brown strigulse; costa strigulated with dark ferruginous-brown,
costal edge whitish between these; edge of basal patch dark
ferruginous-brown, obtusely angulated above and in middle;
central fascia very narrow, dark ferruginous-brown, angulated
and twice interrupted in disc, dorsal section somewhat broader; a
dark ferruginous-brown streak from § of costa to middle of ter-
men; apical area beyond this striated with leaden-metallic andi

BY E. MEYKICK. 273

ferruginous-brown : cilia light ochreous with two purplish-fuscous
shades sprinkled with dark fuscous, Hindwings ochreous-whitish,
posteriorly strigulated with grey, apex suffused with grey; some
dark purplish-grey suffusion on dorsum terminated by a dark
fuscous trapezoidal spot on tornus; cilia wliitish with a faint rosy
tinge, witli grey subbasal line becoming dark grey on tornus.

N.S.W.: Roseville, Sydney(LyeH); in April, one specimen.
Type in Coll. Lyell.

254. C. orthias, n.sp.

(J. 20 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark grey, thoracic crest
blackish. Antennal ciliations 4. Abdomen light grey. Fore-
wings elongate, moderate, rather dilated posteriorly, costa moder-
ately arched, apex obtuse, termen almost straight, rather oblique;
light grey, somewhat sprinkled with whitish, and strigulated
throughout with black accompanied by a few ferruginous scales;
basal patch rather small, darker, somewhat mixed with ferrugin-
ous-brown, edged by a strong straight direct black streak
attenuated to a line on costa, and somewhat bent just beneath it;
central fascia rather narrow, straight, rather oblique, darker,
edged with irregular blackish striae; apical area beyond an
irregular stria from f of costa to tornus suffused with darker
grey, on costa marked with four small blackish-grey spots : cilia
light grey mixed with darker, with blackish-grey subbasal shade.
Hindwings light grey, suffusedly spotted with daiker; cilia grey-
whitish, with two grey shades.

Vic: Castlemaine (Drake); in October, one specimen. Type
in Coll. Lyell.

255. C. lencea, n.sp.

^. 18 mm. Head and palpi grey sprinkled with darker and
tinged with reddish. Antennal ciliations 4. Thorax dark grey
mixed with ferruginous. Abdomen pale grey. Forewings
elongate-triangular, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen
faintly sinuate, rather oblique; light grey much suffused with
whitish, with slight scattered strigulge of black and ferruginous
scales; some small darker spots along costa; basal patch short,
2C

27 4 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

suffused with ferruginous-reddish and strongly edged with black,
edge angulated above middle and indented below middle; central
fascia very narrow, straight, rather oblique, suffused with ferru-
ginous-reddish and edged with black, posterior edge rather
rounded-prominent above middle; indistinct darker spots towards
tornus and middle of termen : cilia grey mixed with whitish and
light brown-reddish, basal third spotted with darker grey. Hind-
wings whitish-giey coarsely strigulated with grey; cilia grey-
whitish, with two grey shades.

5. Forewings more elongate and less dilated than in (J; dark
grey, suffused throughout with ferruginous-reddish, and strigu-
lated with deep ferruginous mixed with black, with scattered
grey-whitish scales; markings as in ^, but hardly traceable except
posterior edge of central fascia which is defined with deep ferru-
ginous edged with some grey-whitish scales, rounded prominence
above middle well-marked : cilia grey much suffused with ferru-
ginous-reddish, with two undefined blackish lines, tips ochreous-
whitish.

W. AusT.: Waroona (Berthoud); in September, two specimens
— Vlc: Castlemaine(Drake); in October, one specimen. Types in
Coll. Lyell.

256. C. phosphora, n.sp.

f^2- 18-20 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax grey or dark grey,
sometimes slightly reddish-tinged. Antennal ciliations in ^ 4.
Abdomen grey. Forewings rather elongate, moderate, dilated
posteriorly, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly
straight, oblique; grey or dark grey, somewhat sprinkled with
whitish and ferruginous-reddish, in ^ darker and more reddish-
tinged, with scattered dark strigse of blackish irroration with
some reddish scales, especially on dorsum and towards termen;
basal patch and central fascia dark grey, often sprinkled with
ferruginous-reddish, margined with cloudy blackish lines, edge of
basal patch curved or rather bent above middle, central fascia
moderate, oblique; four or five small dark grey spots on posterior
lialf of costa : cilia grej'ish, sometimes reddish-sprinkled, with

BY E. MEYRICK. 270

■two dark grey lines, basal third sometimes barred with darker.
Hitidwings clear whitish, with a few scattered grey spots; a
rather narrow suffused grey terminal fascia, broader at apex;
cilia whitish, with dark grey subbasal line and pale grey post-
median shade.

Tasm.: Mount Wellington, 3100 feet; in November and De-
cember, nine specimens. Nearly allied to C ricpicolana, but
immediately distinguished b}' the quite different hindwings.

257. C. rupicolana Meyr.

{Dijiterina rupicolana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Sec. N. S. Wales,
1881, 526; D. rejluana ib. 525.)

N.S.W.: Murrurundi, Sydney, Blackheath(3500 feet)— Vic:
■OisV)orne(Lyell), Wandin(Jarvis), Melbourne — S. AusT.: Mount
Lofty(Guest); from August to October. The form rejluana is
merely a dark variety.

258. C. rigida, n.sp.

^. 17 mm. Head dark brown with a whitish central stripe.
Polpi dark fuscous, apex of second joint brown-whitish. An-
tennal ciliations 1. Thorax blackish marked with white, patagia
wliite with a black subbasal bar and becoming dark brown at
tips. Abdomen pale ochreous-yellowish. Forewings elongate,
posteriorly dilated, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen
hardly rounded, rather oblique; ochreous-white; markings dark
leaden-grey edged with strong black striiB of raised scales; basal
patch marked with three black striai, with some whitish suffusion
between first two, outer edge irregular, excised below middle,
followed by two or three blackish strigulse towards dorsum; a
black dot on costa before central fascia, and two beyond it;
central fascia narrow, almost straight, direct, followed by a trans-
verse-linear black mark in disc; a narrow fascia from |^ of costa
to tornus; some black dots round apex and termen irregularly
connected with this and each other : cilia whitish-ochreous, with
two dark grey partially interrupted shades. Hindwings grey,

276 RKVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TOllTUICINA,

darker posteriorly; cilia whitish-ochreoiis, with broad giey sub-
basal shade.

W. AusT.: Waroona(Berthoud); in September, one specimen.
Type in Coll. Lyell.

259. C. (jedilis, n.sp.

(J. 13 ram. Head and thorax brown sprinkled with whitish
and blackish, thoracic crest well developed. Palpi rather long,^
brown sprinkled with black, tip white. Antennal ciliations 2.
Abdomen dark grey. Forewings elongate-oblong, costa ante-
riorly gently, posteriorly hardly arched, apex obtuse, termen
almost straight, rather oblique; whitish, with a few scattered
brownish strigulse, on costa with a few blackish dots; markings
dark ferruginous-brown mixed with black; basal patch moderate,
outer edge almost rectangularly angulated ia middle; central
fascia moderately broad, straight, very oblique; costal patch
moderate, semicircular; a triangular blotch extending along
upper % of termen, its apex reaching to disc beneath posterior
edge of costal patch : cilia light greyish, with a ferruginous-brown
subbasal shade mixed with blackish. Hindwings dark grey,^
lighter towards base; cilia whitish-grey, with dark grey subbasal
shade.

Vic: Lorne(Lyell); in February, one specimen. Type in Coll.
Lyell.

260. C tribolana Meyr.

{Dipteriim tribolana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1S81,
525; D. (jnophodryas Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr, 1902,
254.)

Vic: Macedon(Raynor) — -Tasm.: Mount Wellington; in Novem-
ber and December.

261. C. crotala, n.sp.

(J. 13-14 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous mixed with
white. Antennal ciliations 4. Abdomen light fuscous. Fore-
wings elongate, posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa gently
arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, rather strongly

BY E. MEYRICK. 277

oblique; light fuscous more or less mixed with whitish, with
scattered spots and strigulse of dark fuscous irroratiou; markings
somewhat darker fuscous, irregularly marked with strigula3 of
blackish irroratiou accompanied by some whitish-ochreous scales;
basal patch moderate, outer edge rather acutely angulated above
middle; central fascia moderately broad, acutely angulated above
middle, becoming obsolete on dorsal third; costal patch moderate,
rounded; a very undefined terminal fascia becoming obsolete
towards tornus : cilia light fuscous, with dark fuscous subbasal
line. Hindwings rather dark grey; cilia light greyish, with dark
fuscous subbasal line.

Tasm.: Deloraine; in November and December, three specimens,
262. C. stereodes, n.sp.

$<^. 15-17 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous mixed with
dark fuscous. Antennal ciliations in ^ 2^. Abdomen dark
grey. Forewings elongate, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa
gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, rather
oblique; fuscous or dark fuscous, sometimes more or less sprinkled
with ferruginous, irregularly strigulated with blackish; costal
-edge sometimes whitish; markings darker, mucli mixed with
blackish, especially on margins; edge of basal patch curved or
rather bent in middle; dorsal | between this and central fascia
more or less mixed with whitish; central fascia moderately broad,
narrowed towards costa, little oblique; a very undefined fascia
from § of costa to tornus : cilia grey, with interrupted blackish
subbasal shade. Hindwings dark fuscous, somewhat lighter
anteriorly; cilia fuscous, with darker subbasal shade.

Vic: Gisborne(Lyell), Wandin(Jarvis), Macedon, Heales villa
— Tasm.: Deloraine, Mount Wellington; from October to Decem-
ber, nine specimens.

263. C. rnermera, n.sp.

(J 9- 15-18 mm. Head and thorax fuscous mixed or sometimes
suflFused with whitish. Palpi fuscous irrorated with dark fuscous,
mixed with white towards apex of joints. Antennae in ^ dentate

278 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

on apical half, ciliations 1^ diminishing to I. Abdomen liglife
fuscous mixed with whitish. Forewings elongate, posterioily
dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen almost straight,
oblique; whitish, variably and irregularly marbled with fuscous
or sometimes mostly suffused with fuscous, more or less mixed
irregularly with whitish-ochreous or pale yellowish and some-
times in disc and towards dorsum with ferruginous; markings
rather dark fuscous marked with blackish; basal patch moderate^
outer edge obtusely angulated in middle; central fascia rather
broad, oblique, on lower half sometimes obsolete except posterior
edge; four or five subquadrate spots on posterior half of costa,
two of them sometimes confluent into a blotch; a variable
irregular blotch before middle of termen : cilia whitish barred
with fuscous, with a fuscous subbasal shade. Hind wings in ^
whitish suflPusedly striated with light grey, in the Gisborne speci-
men light grey striated with darker, in ^ gcfy; cilia whitish,
with grey subbasal line.

Vic: Lorne(3 (J's), Gisborne(l (J)(Lyeil)— Ta.sm.: Mount Wel-
lington, 3100 feet (3 ^'s); from December to March. This is a
variable species, and the fact that the sexes are from different
localities introduces a slight element of uncertainty, but there
seems no reason to dispute their identity.

264. S. sulfurosa, n.sp,

(JQ. 9-12 mm. Head and thorax pale whitish yellow, shoulders
narrowly dark grey. Palpi dark reddish-grey, towards apex
white. Antennal ciliations of (J 1. Abdomen light grey, anal
tuft whitish. Forewings elongate, ratlier narrow, costa slightly
arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; pale whitish-
yellow; a black dot on base of costa; a small triangular black spot
on costa at \, whence a transverse direct line of black specks
runs to dorsum, accompanied with two tufts of yellower scales;
central fascia and costal patch united to form a rather broad
dai'k grey black-mixed fascia beyond middle, considerably ex-
panded towards costa; anterior edge marked with a blackish stria,
forming a triangular black spot on costa and accompanied by

BY E. MEYRICK. 279

some raised scales, posterior edge also marked with raised scales
in disc; a line of black specks from costa at 4 to termen above
tornus : cilia grey-whitisli, towards base sprinkled with black
specks. Hindwings grey, in ^ thinly scaled and subhyaline
anteriorly; cilia pale greyish.

Q. : Stradbroke Island (Turner)— N.S.W. : Sydney— Vic. :
Melbourne(Drake); from September to February, seven specimens.

265. C. ochroptila, n.sp.

^. 16 mm. Head and thorax fu.scous-whitish. Palpi whitish-
ochreous somewhat mixed with fuscous. Antennal ciliations
minute. Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous sprinkled with fuscous.
Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa slightly arched,
ajiex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, somewhat oblique; light
brown irregularly mixed with darker; dorsal third mixed with
grey-whitish, and marked with longitudinal rows of small spots
or strigulse of blackish irroration; costa spotted and strigulated
with blackish; a large subtrriangular blotch of dark fuscous
suffusion extending on costa from about \ to 4, its apex in
middle of disc, posterior edge slightly concave, margined by an
ochreous-whitisli blotch extending to termen and nearly to
tornus, containing a roundish central spot of brown suffusion
connected with middle of termen by a brown and black streak :
cilia ochreous-whitish, barred with brown sprinkled with black-
ish. Hindwings light fuscous, suffusedly spotted with darker;
dorsal edge clothed with dense long hairs, beneath with a deep
irides-cent groove filled anteriorly with long ochreous-yellow hair-
scales and edged interiorly with rough blackish-grey hairs; cilia
whitish-ochreous, with fuscous subbasal shade.

N.S.W. : Sydney; in October, one specimen. An abnormal
species, recalling some forms of Argyroploce, but there is no basal
pecten in hindwings.

36. Xenothictis, n.g.

Palpi long, porrected, basal joint considerably elongated,
swollen, second joint long, clothed with dense appressed scales

280 REVISION OP AUSTRALIAN TOBTRICINA,

diminishing to apex, terminal joint absent. Thorax smooth.
Forewings with 3 from angle, 7 separate, to termen. Hindwings
witli termen indented or excised above middle; 3 and 4 connate,
5 approximated to 4 at base, 6 and 7 closely approximated
towards base.

Type X. parayona Meyr. Probably related to Cnephasia; it
has the neuration of Tortrix, but differs by the peculiar palpi
and form of hindwings.

266. JT. paragona, n.sp.

9- 23 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax pale browiiish-oclireous.
Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa
gently arched towards extremities, somewhat sinuate in middle,
apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate, little oblique; light
brownish-ochreous sprinkled with brown; a few minute black
strigulae on costa; edge of basal patch indicated on upper third
by a sinuate line of black specks; a small cloudy reddisli-fuscous
dot on end of cell; an angulated^ subterminal series of minute
black dots on veins : cilia light ochreous (imperfect). Hind-
wings with termen deeply excavated above middle, so as to form
an obtuse prominence on vein 3; grey, darker posteriorly.

Loyalty Is.: Lifu; one specimen.

267. -X". semiota, n.sp.

9. 23 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax brown. Abdomen grey.
Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched
towards base, somewhat sinuate in middle, nearly straight pos-
teriorly, apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate, little oblique;
brown, faintly lilac-tinged; basal patch small, edge indicated by
several small black dots, angulated in middle; a small dark
fuscous spot on costa before middle, a small dark fuscous spot of
raised scales on fold beneath it, and two or three small black
dots between these; indistinct irregular slightly darker patches
on costa at f, befoi'e tornus, and towards termen, edged with
scattered small blackish strigulte : cilia ochreous-brownish, on
costa barred with dark giey. Hindwings sinuate-indented on

BY E. MEYRICK. 281

tipper half of termen; dark grey, obscurely darker-strigulated; cilia
grey, with darker subbasal shade.
Loyalty Is.: Lifu; one specimen.

37. DiACTENis Meyr.

Diactenis Meyr., Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.

xvii., 979(1907) ... ... ..- ... tyi^e pteroiieura.

Antennae in ^ moderately ciliated. Palpi moderate, porrected,
second joint with rough projecting scales diminishing to apex,
terminal short. Forewings with tufts of scales on surface; 16
simple, .3 and 4 closely approximated from angle, 7 separate, to
termen, cell in ^ very short and narrow. Hindwings |, cilia l^;
3 and 4 separate, cell open between 4 and 6, 4 and 5 rising as
branches of parting-vein from near base, 6 and 7 as branches of
upper margin of cell from before middle.

Only one species is known at present; it may be regarded as a
development of Argyrotoxa.

268. D. jHeroneura Meyr.

(^Diactenis pteroneura Meyr., Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.
xvii., 980.)

^5- 8-10 mm. Forewings whitish-ochreous, pellucid between
veins, veins fringed with ochreous and dark fuscous scales; upper
half of central fascia ochreous, suffused on costa with blackish;
a curved posterior transverse series of black specks in disc.
Hindwings pellucid, veins fringed with whitish and grey scales.

Q.: Cairns(Dodd); in October, one specimen. Also from India
and Ceylon.

38. Argyrotoxa Stph.

Argyrotoxa Steph., Cat. Brit, ii., 189(1829)

(prav. Argyroloza) ... ... ... type hergmanniana.

Ejiitrichosma Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr.

1908, 320 ... ... ... ... type neuroba'pta.

Antennae in ^ ciliated. Palpi moderate, porrected, second
joint with rough projecting scales above and beneath, terminal

282 REVISION OP AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

short. Thorax with small crest. Forewings with tufts of scales
on surface; 3 from or near angle, 7 separate, to termen, 8 some-
times from before angle, cell sometimes narrow in (J. Hind-
wings with 3 and 4 connate, 5 approximated to 4 at base, 6 and
7 approximated towards base.

A small genus widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere.

269. A. neurobapta Low.

{Epiirichosma neui-obaptaLtOw., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr. 1908,
320.)

(^. 13-14 mm. Forewings with costa clothed with dense rough
hairs from base to |. Abdomen deep ochreous-yellow, with large
expansible pencil of very long light fuscous hairs from each side
before middle, reaching to apex.

Q. : Cairns(Dodd); from October to December.

270. A. lyssodes, n.sp.

(J. 21 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous. Abdomen
ochreous- whitish. Forewings suboblong, slightly dilated pos-
teriorly, costa gently arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen slightly
rounded, almost vertical; whitish-ochreous, strewn with small
brownish spots and strigulee, base of scales hyaline; these indicate
a basal patch with oblique somewhat curved edge, a rather broad
central fascia, a blotch from tornus reaching f across wing, an
elongate irregular spot beneath costa posteriorly, and a rounded
spot before middle of termen, these three last and a longitudinal
streak through disc irrorated with blackish, Hindwings and
cilia ochreous-whitish.

N. Guinea : Sogeri; one specimen.

39. DiCHELOPA Low.

Dichelopa Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr. 1901,

76 ... ... ... ... ... ... ty^G panoplana.

Antennae in ^ shortly ciliated. Palpi moderate, porrectecPor
subascending, second joint with rough projecting scales above and
beneath, terminal short. Thorax smooth. Forewings witli 3

BY E. ME Y KICK. 283

from angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa. Hindwings with 3 and
4 stalked or coincident, 5 closely approximated at base, 6 and 7
stalked.

Allied to Drachmohola; an endemic genus.

271. D. panoj)lana Mey r.

{Dichelia panoplatia Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N". S. Wales, 1881,
480; Dichelopa dichroa Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. 8. Austr. 1901, 76.)

KS.W. : Broken Hill (Lower), Murrurundi, Bathurst — S.
AuST. : Goolwa, Port Victor(Lower), Petersburg — W. AusT. :
Geraldton; in October, November, and May. I have a note that
the larva feeds on Dodoiuea, but no further particulars.

"272. D. loricata, n.sp.

(J. 9-10 mm. Head and thorax yellow-ochreous mixed with
leaden-grey, face with two whitish bars. Palpi yellow-ochreous
sprinkled with grey, base and apex whitish. Abdomen dark
fuscous. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,
termen very obliquely rounded; bronzy-ochreous spriukled with
dark fuscous; a series of irregular silvery-whitish spots along
costa; about six irregular narrow blue-leaden metallic transverse
fasciae not reaching costa, and some additional spots along dorsum
and termen : cilia bronzy-ochreous, with an indistinct grey line.
Hindwings with 3 absent; dark fuscous; cilia fuscous, basal third
dark fuscous.

Q.: Warwick(Turner) — N.S.W.: Murrurundi; from September
to November, four specimens.

273. D. achranta, n.sp.

(JQ. 12-14 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax light orange-yellowish,
sometimes mixed with whitish. Abdomen grey. Forewings
elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely
rounded; light ochreoiis-yellowish or orange-yellowish, in paler
examples appai-ently suflfiisedly mixed with silvery-whitish, in
darker specimens with numerous small silvery-whitish spots
arranged in transverse series, usually with some scattered dark

284: REVISION OF AUSTUALIAN TOUTRICINA,

fuscous specks, sometimes tending to form strigulse; sometimes a
deeper orange suffusion extending as a broad more or less defined
streak above middle from base to apex; costal edge tending to
be whitish, sometimes very indistinctly strigulated with fuscous :
cilia whitish-yellowish. Hindwings with 3 absent; grey; cilia
whitish-grey, with grey subbasal shade.

8. AusT.: Petersburg, Port Lincoln; in October and November,
eight specimens.

274. D. tarsotles, n.sp.

(^9- 1113 mm. Head and thorax ochreous yellow. Palpi
whitish, second joint centrally suffused with ochreous-yellow.
Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex
obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; ochreous-yellow, with
numerous small silvery-whitish spots arranged in transverse
series; costal edge more or less irrorated finely with grey between
spots : cilia pale ochreous-yellowish. Hindwings with 3 and 4
stalked; grey; cilia whitish-gre}'.

N.S.W.: Mount Kosciusko, 2700 feet; in January, twelve
specimens. A constant species, differing from similar varieties
of the preceding variable species by the more oblique termen of
forewings, and the presence of vein 3 in hindwings.

275. D. sahulosa, n.sp.

(J9- 13-16 mm. Head and tliorax whitish-ochreous, suffused
on sides with deep ochreous. Palpi ochreous, scales above and
beneath whitish. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Forewings elon-
gate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, in ^
rather strongly oblique, in ^ very oblique; light ochreous-yellow-
ish, suffusedly strigulated with brownish-ochreous or ferruginous-
ochreous, in 9 with a rather broad suffused streak of paie ground-
colour beneath costa from base to beyond middle : cilia ochreous,
paler towards tips. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; whitish-
fuscous; cilia grey-whitish.

Q.: Killarney(Turner); in October, four specimens.

BY E. MEYRICK, 285

40. Drachmobola Meyr.

Drachmohola Meyr., Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.

xvii., 978(1907) ... ... ... ... t-^^e periaslra.

AntennpB in ^ shortly ciliated. Palpi moderate, porrectecl,
second joint with rough projecting .scales beneath, terminal
moderate or rather long. Forewings with small tufts of scales
on surface; 3 from angle, 7 to termen, 8 and 9 out of 7. Hind-
wings with 3 and 4 connate or short-stalked, 5 approximated, 6
and 7 stalked.

Belongs to the group of Spatolistis and Argyrotoxa, in which
it is immediately distinguished by the neuration. The only
described species is from India.

276. D. sti'igulata, n.sp.

^.9-10 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, face whitish. Palpi
white, second and terminal joints with faint grey subapical bands,
terminal joint rather long. Antennal ciliations minute. Thorax
whitish, indistinctly spotted with brownish. Abdomen grev.
Forewings elongate, hardly dilated posteriorly, costa gently
arched, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, somewhat oblique; whitish-
ochreous tinged with brownish, strewn with brown or dark
fuscous strigulse; costa strigulated with blackish; basal patch,
costal portion of central fascia, and sometimes a narrow terminal
fascia more or less spotted with brownish suffusion; about twenty
small round silvery-leaden-metallic spots, arranged principally
in transverse rows on these markings and along dorsum and-
termen : cilia whitish-ochreous, barred with brownish and with
a dark fuscous subba.sal line except on a clear patch on upper
half of termen. Hindwitigs whitish-ochreous strigulated with
fuscous, towards costa suffused with grey, on low^er part of
termen with several small leaden-metallic spots; cilia pale greyish-
yellowish, with interrupted dark fuscous subbasal shade.

Q.: Cairns(Dodd), in August and November, two specimens.

277. D. ijjnitis, n.sp.
2. 13-14 mm. Head and thorax grey mixed with pale ochreous
and dark fuscous. Palpi pale ochreous sufi'usedly irrorated with

'286 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

dark fuscous except at apex of joints, scales of second joint long,
terminal joint moderate. Abdomen fuscous. Forewiugs elon-
gate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen somewhat sinuate,
rather oblique; grey, with very irregular transverse striae of black
irroration mixed with whitish-ochreous; between these are thick
irregular leaden-metallic strige : cilia grey, irrorated with whitish
and blackish points. Hindwings rather dark grey; cilia grey.
Q.: Cairns(Doddj; in November, two specimens.

41. Tymbarcha Meyr.

Tymharcha Meyr., Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.

xviii., 622(1908) ... ... ... ... type cerinopa.

Antennae in ^ minutely ciliated. Palpi moderate, porrected,
second joint with rough projecting scales above towards apex,
terminal joint short. Forewings with small tufts of scales on
surface; 3 and 4 stalked, 5 approximated, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to
termen. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked, 5 approximated, 6
and 7 closely approximated towards base.

Founded on one Indian species; a development of Spatalistis.

278. 7^. glycera, n.sp.

^.13 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen pale whitish-
ochreons. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,
termen sinuate, somewhat oblique; whitish-ochreous; markings
ochreous, infuscated on costa, with numerous tufts of raised
scales, and a few scattered black specks; basal patch indicated
by two strife, obtusely angulated in middle; central fascia distinct
on costal half, moderate, terminated beneath by a black scaletuf t
in middle of disc; four or five small spots on costa posteriorly,
and indications of striae proceeding from these : cilia pale
whitish-ochreous. Hindwings grey-whitish; cilia whitish.

Q.: Cairns(Dodd); in November, one specimen.

42. Spatalistis Meyr.

iSpalalistis Meyr., Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.

xvii., 978(ly07) ... ... ... ... type rhopica.

BY E. MEYRICK. 287

Antennae in ^ simple or minutely ciliated. Palpi moderately
long, porrected, second joint with rough projecting scales above
and beneath, terminal moderate. Forewings with tufts of scales
on surface; 3 and 4 stalked, 7 separate, to termon. Hinrlwings
with 3 and 4 stalked, 5 approximated, 6 and 7 closely approxi-
mated towards base.

A genus of several Indian species; together with the four pre-
ceding genera it forms a group derivable from Peronea.

279. S. nummifera, n.sp.

^.\\ mm. Head, palpi, and thorax light yellow. Abdomen
grey, anal tuft ocbreous-whitish. Forewings suboblong, costa
moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, rather oblique-
clear yellow, with scattered ferruginous-orange dots and strigulte;
three small patches on costa at base, ^, and beyond middle mixed
with fuscous and spotted with bright leaden-metallic; a patch on
middle of dorsum, and a large irregular patch on tornus and
lower part of termen reaching half across wing ferruginous-
oi'ange somewhat mixed with fuscous and spotted with bright
leaden-metallic; several small pale metallic spots towards apex ;
cilia pale yellow, on tornus mixed with ferruginous-orange.
Hindwings grey, rather darker posteriorly; cilia grey.
N. Guinea : Sudest Island(Meek); one specimen.

280, S. conchodes, n.sp.

^. 9 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous. Palpi whitish-
yellowish, becoming white towards apex. Abdomen grey. Fore-
wings suboblong, costa moderately arched, rather bent towards
base and beyond middle, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, hardly
oblique; light ochreous-yellowish, with violet-silvery iridescence;
basal patch with rather oblique edge, moderately broad rather
oblique central fascia, a moderate fascia from f of costa to tornus,
and narrow terminal fascia formed by yellow-ochreous suffusion,
indistinct, marked with small tufts of scales, some of which are
sprinkled with blackish : cilia light yellow. Hindwings light
grey; cilia whitish-grey.

N. Guinea : Sudest Island(Meek); one specimen.

288 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

43. ScOLiOPLECTA Meyr.
Scolioj)lecta Meyr., Proc. Linn. See. N. S. Wales,

1881, 646 ... ... ... ... ... type comptana.

Antennae in ^ moderately ciliated. Palpi moderate, porrected,
second joint with rough projecting scales above and beneath,
terminal joint short. Thorax with small crest. Forewings with
tufts of scales on surface; 3 from angle, 7 separate, to termen.
Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate, 5 nearly parallel, 6 from angle,
7 remote, rising from upper margin of cell considerably before
angle.

An endemic genus, related to Peronea.

281 >S. comptana Walk.

(Sciaj)hila comptana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 353; Scolioplecta
comptana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881, 646.)

(J^. 14-20 mm. Varies considerably; the white bands of fore-
wings are sometimes wholly suffused with rather dark fuscous.
Readily distinguished from the following species by the smaller
size, dark head, somewhat less oblique termen of forewings, and
differently coloured hindwings.

Q. : Stradbroke Island(Turner) — N.S.W. : Murrurundi, Syd-
ney, Blackheath(3600 feet)— Vic: Sale(Miss M. Wise)— Tasm.:
Campbelltown, George's Bay — S. Aust.: Mount Lofty; from
September to April.

282. .S'. molyhdantha, n.sp.

(J. 22-24 mm. Head white. Palpi white, more or less
sprinkled with dark fuscous. Antennal ciliations |. Thorax
white, shoulders and crest suffused with dark fuscous. Abdomen
dark grey, segments more or less suffused with whitish towards
base, anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, posteriorly
dilated, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly
rounded, rather oblique; white, with more or less marked grey or
brownish transverse strife; markings grey more or less suffused
with brown, and variably sprinkled or marked with black,.

BY E. MEYRICK.

2S9

especially on veins posteriorly, with numerous tufts of bluish-
leaden scales tipped with black; costa variably strigulated with
blackish and white; basal patch rather large, outer edge oblique,
irregular; central fascia moderately broad, sliyhtly curved,
oblique; an apical patch, its edge running from § of costa to
tornus, slightly concave; a white terminal line dotted with black :
cilia white, basal third grey tipped with blackish, with two pos-
terior blackish-grey lines. Hiudwings giey, darker posteriorly;
cilia whitish, with basal third dark grey, and grey postmedian
shade.

W. AusT.: Waroona(Berthoud); in January and February,

three specimens.

44. Parastranga, n.g.

Antennae in ^ shortly ciliated. Palpi long, porrected, second
joint with dense projecting scales above and beneath diminishing
to apex, terminal joint moderate. Forewings with slight scale-
tufts on surface; 3 from angle, 7 separate, to termen, 8 and 9
stalked. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate, 5 approximated, 6
and 7 closely approximated towards base.

An interesting form, derived from Peronea.

283. P. macrogona, n.sp.

^(^. 14-16 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, in $
suffused with light grey. Palpi grey more or less mixed with
light brownish-ochreous, towards base white. Abdomen ocl)re-
ous-whitish mixed with light grey. Forewings elongate, rather
dilated posteriorly, costa towards base gently arched, posteriorly
nearly straight, apex obtuse, termen straight, oblique; light
brownish, sometimes tinged with reddish, more or less inorated
with whitish-ochreous, with a few blackish specks; costa and
dorsum shortly strigulated with blackish irroration; basal patch
indicated by some small blackish strigulse; a very elongate-
triangular ferruginous-reddish patch, more or less suffusedly
mixed with grey and sprinkled with black, extending along costa
from before \ to near apex, its apex reaching nearly to middle
of disc and sometimes marked with black; sometimes this patch
21

290 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

is edged with whitish suffusion; an interrupted black terminal
line or series of strigulee, suffused with ferruginous-reddisli : cilia
pale grey, above apex with a whitish patch. Hindwings light
grey; cilia whitish-grey, with darker subbasal line.

W. AusT. : Perth, Albany; in October, six specimens.

45. Eboda Walk.

Fboda Walk., Cat. xxxv., 1804(1866) ... type smaragdinana.

Antennae in ^ minutely ciliated. Palpi moderate, subascend-
ing, second joint with dense projecting scales towards apex
beneath, terminal joint moderate. Thorax without crest. Fore-
wings with tufts of scales on surface; 3 and 4 stalked, 7 separate,
to termen (sometimes indefinite), Hindwings with 4 absent, 5
somewhat appioximated, 6 and 7 closely appressed towards base.

A development of Peronea; two or three Indian species are

known.

284. E. smaragdinana Walk.

(Ehoda smaragdinana Walk., Cat. xxxv., 1805; Meyr., Journ.
Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xvi., 587.)

(J^. 14-17 mm. Forewitigs deep emerald-green; costa dotted
with rosy-whitish; a round spot in disc beyond middle and bar
connecting it with dorsum outlined with whitish; a leaden-grey
terminal stripe preceded by a white line; sometimes these mark-
ings are suffu-^ed with brownish or dark grey, and there is a
tornal brown and grey blotch. Hindwinsis dark grey.

Solomon Isles: Choiseul, Isabel I. (Meek) — New Guinea.
Also from Inilia and Ceylon; probably attached to some tree or
shrub of cultivation.

285. K. exerixtis, n.sp.

(JQ. 15-16 mm. Head lii^lit brownish, crown suffused with
whiti^h-ochreous, lower half of f ice whitish. Palpi whitish, with
a line of blackish sca1e>< on side, towards apex sprinkled with
dark fuscous. Tliorax light, brownish. Abdomen fu-cous or
dark fuscous. Forewings s'lboblong, costa abruptly arched and
rough-scaled near base, beyoncl middle with an obtuse rough-

BY E. MEYRICK. 291

scaled prominence, apex rounded off, termen vertical, rounded
beneath; termination of 7 indefinite; light brownish or reddish-
fuscous, irregularly clouded with darker towards dorsum; some
small dark fuscous spots on costa, especially towards posterior
prominence, and in (J a darker fuscous patch extending along
costa from base to prominence, suflfused with bronzy -green
towaids each end; dorsum strigulated with dark fuscous; some
small scattei'ed tufts of whitish and black scales in disc; two
blackish dots above and below fold about |, and two others about
middle, in ^ distinct and edjjed wi'h whitish suffusion, in Q less
marked; a darker fuscous marginal streak round apex and termen:
cilia whitish-ochreous mixed with light reddish-fuscous and grey.
Hind wings daik fuscous, in ^ lighter and tinged with bronzy-
yellow except towards apex; cilia greyish.

Q.: Brisbane(Turner); in Apiil, four specimens. In this species
the apex of forewings is obliquely rounded so that it is impossible
to say where the actual apex is, and the termination of 7 is there-
fore indefinite; in B. smaragdinana the apex is well-definefl, and
7 clearly ends in termen; the two species being closely allied, and
having all other structures identical, we are justified in this
instance in classing the indefinite termination with the terminal.

46. Peronea Curt.

Peronea Curt., Brit. Ent. i., 15(1824) ... ... type cristana.

Acalla Hb., Verz. 383(1826) ... ... ... type hasfAaua.

Acleris Hb., Verz, 384(1826) ... .. ... type as'/^ersana.

Oxygrapha Hb., Verz. 386( 826) ... ... type literana.

Croesirt^ Hb., Verz. 39-(18"26) .. ... ... type hoi /niana.

Tera^t Tr., Schmett. Eur. vii., 233(1829) ... t\pe caudann.

Phricanth's Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.Wales,

1881,636 ... ... ... type, asperana.

Polyhpha Low., Trans. Boy. Soc. S. Anst., 1901,

71 ... ... ... ... ... ... type epidesma.

Antennae in ^ shortly ciliated. Palpi moderately long, por-
rected, second joint with projecting S( ales above and beneath,
terminal moderate. Thoiax sometimes with crest. Forewings

292 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA,

with tufts of scales on surface, 3 and 4 sometimes stalked, 7
separate, to costa. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate or short-
stalked, 5 approximated to 4, 6 and 7 closely approximated
towards base.

A genus of some extent, principally characteristic of the
Northern Hemisphere and South America. Many of the species
are remarkable for their great variability. The generic synonymy
is only partially given above.

286. P. asjjerana Meyr,

(Phricanthes asperana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, 1881,
636; Pohjlopha elaphris Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S.Austr. 1908,319.)

^2. 13-19 mm. Forewings with 7 and 8 connate or closely
approximated, but not stalked as stated.

Q. : Cairns (Dodd), Rockhampton (Barnard), Stradbroke I.,
Mount Taaibourine(Turner) — N.S.W.: Newcastle, Sydney; from
October to January.

287. P. flexilineana Walk.

(Sciaphila Jlexilineana Walk., Cat. xxviii., 345; Phricanthes
macroura Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr. 1908, 322.)

(J^. 18-22 mm. Forewings elongate, much dilated posteriorly;
grey mixed with whitish, with scattered black dots and strigulae;
costal edge black margined beneath with brown, and marked
with pairs of white strigulse; an irregular black longitudinal
streak above middle from base to near apex, broken into five or
six segments, more or less edged with whitish suffusion above and
partially margined with brown beneath; a spot of dark grey
suffusion in disc beneath middle; two or three leaden-grey strise
posteriorly. Hindwings rather dark fuscous.

NCt.: St. Aignan Island (Meek) — Queensland (Lower); from

August to October. Also from the Philippines, India, and

Ceylon.

288. P. ejyidesma Low.

(Polylopha epidesma Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr. 1901, 71;
Oxyyrapha j)orpacias Meyr., Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xviii., 625.)

BY E. MEYRTCK. 293

(J9. 16-19 mm. Forewings elongate, variably mixed with grey
and whitish, with numerous transverse ridges of raised scales;
sonietimes an irregular black patch in disc before middle, or a
black streak along posterior part of fold, or a broad streak of
dark fuscous suffusion along dorsum throughout, or a patch of
blackish-grey suffusion on costa about |, sometimes extended so
as to occupy entire apical | of wing and tinged with purplish,
or these markings may be variously combined. Hindwings dark
fuscous, lighter anteriorly.

Q.: Cairns, Townsville(Dodd), Duaringa(Barnard), Brisbane
(Turner); from November to January. Also from Siam and
Ceylon. Very variable; differs from the two preceding species
in the forewings not being dilated posteriorly.

47. Pal.eotoma Meyr.

Palceofoma Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,

1881,422 ... ... ... ... • . type styphelatia.

Antennse in ^ strongly ciliated. Palpi long, porrected, second
joint arched upwards, with dense rather appressed scales, terminal
joint in ^ moderate, in $ long. Thorax without crest. Fore-
wings with tufts of scales on surface, 3 from angle, 7 separate, to
termen. Hindwings with 3 and 4 remote, nearly parallel, 4 from
angle, 5 approximated to 4 at base, 6 and 7 stalked.

An early form, allied to Feroiiea; endemic.

289. P. styphelana Meyr.

{PalcEotoma stijphelana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,
1881, 423.)

N.S.W, : Sydney — Vic: Gisborne (Lyell), Birchip (Goudie),
Melbourne — S. Aust. : Mount Lofty — W. AuST. : Geraldton;
from September to January. Larva feeding in galls formed of a
metamorphosed shoot of Eucalyptus.

' 48, MicTONEURA Meyr.

Mictoneura^leyx., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 'S.Wales,

1881, 419 ... ... ... ... ... type Jlexanimana.

294 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN TORTRICINA.

Antennae in ^ dentate, moderately ciliated, basal joint with
apical scale-tooth anteriorly. Pal|>i long, porrected, second joint
above with projecting scales diminishing to apex, terminal joint
in (J moderate, in 9 long. Thorax with crest. Forewings with
tufts of scales on surface; 3 from angle, 7 to termen, 8 and D
stalked, closely approximated to 7 at base. Hindwings with 3
and 4 connate or short-stalked, 5 approximated to 4 at base, 6
and 7 closely approximated towards base.

An interesting endemic genus, clearly indicating affinity with
the Ar-gy roploce-gr oup of the Eucosmidce, from which I consider
the Tortricidce to have been derived; the genus Articolla in that
group is structurally very similar, with 8 and 9 of forewings
stalked.

290. M. flexanimana Meyr.

(Mictonenra Jlexanimana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,
1881, 420.)

The colouring would have been better described as fuscous
with the base of all scales whitish, producing the effect of fine
striation.

N.S.W.: Newcastle, Sydney; from September to December.

This concludes the family Tortricidce; the remaining families
will be given in a second instalment to follow shortly, and a full
index to all generic and specific names in both instalments will
accompany this.

295

THE FATTY ACIDS OF BRAIN LIPOIDS.

Part i.

By E. C. Grey, B.Sc, Junior Demonstrator in Physiology in
THE University of Sydney.

(From the Physiological Laboratory of the University of Sydney.)

Contents.
Historical.

Part i. The fatty acids obtained by complete saponification of
brain-substance.

The development of lipoid chemistry is reviewed by Bang*
and by Glikin.f It is intended here to bring together the work
done with regard to the fatty acids of lipoids.

Diakonow in 1868(1) showed that various fractions of phospha-
tides could be obtained, differing in the nature of their fatty
radicle. He separated substances containing oleic and stearic
acid; subsequently Strecker(2) added palmitic acid. Thudichum(3)
showed that lecithin always contains oleic acid and another acid.
Acids more unsaturated than oleic acid have been found by
Henriques and Hansen(4), and Cousin(5) in lecithin of eggs and
brain-substance; and by Erlandsen(6) in heart and voluntary
muscle.

Thudichum noted the existence of unknown fatty acids in
paramyelin, kephalinic acid in kephalin, and an oxyacid in amido-
and sphingomyelin. Koch(7) obtained from kephalin dihydroxy-

* Ergebnisse der Physiologie, Bd.vii. 1907.
t Handbuch der Biochemie (Oppenheimer), 1907.

296 THE FATTY ACIDS OF BRAIN LIPOIDS. I.,

stearic acid without oxidation. As regai-d.s the fatty acids of
protagon, reliable data are wanting.

Although, however, much labour has been expended on lipoids,
most of it has drifted in the wrong direction of examining b}'^
qualitative means substances ill-characterised and obtained by
chance solvents. No problem in biochemistry could be more
definite than that of determining the proximate constituents of
various organs, and these must surely be known before we are
concerned with the more complex structures into which they
may be built. The most obvious step in advancing our know-
ledge of the lipoids is to examine the fatty acids. Hartley* has
rightly entered the field in his examination of the fats of viscera.
This author has shown that his results apply to a great extent
to the lipoids. In the case of the brain, however, what is said
of the fatty acids applies chiefly to those combined as lipoids, the
quantity of free fat being negligible.

On the following page is given in tabulated form a review of
our knowledge of the fatty acid radicles of lipoids up to the
present time.

The object of this work is to examine the fatty acids of brain
lipoids. Part i. deals with the total fatty acids as obtained by
direct saponification of the brain.

Liter AT DRE.

(1) DiAKONOW— Cbl. Med. Wissenschaft, 1868.

(2) Strecker— Annalen der Chem. Pharm. Bd.cxlviii., s.77, 186.

(3) Thcdichum— Chem. Konst. der Gehirns der Menschen u. Tieren,

Tubingen, 1909.

(4) Henriques & Hansen— Skandr. Aich. fiir Physiol. Bd.xiv. p 3, 19Co.

(5) Cousin— Comptes Rendus Soc. Biol, tome 55, 1903.

(6; ERLAND.SEN— H. S. Zt. Physiol. Chem. Bd. 54, ss.71, 83, 104, 1907.

(7) Koch— Zt. Physiol. Chem. Bd.36.

(8) Zuelzer— lb. Bd. 27, s.2f.9, 1899.

(9) Baskoff— ib. Bd. 55, s.39o, 1908.

(10) KossEL u. Freytag— ib. Bd. 17, s.431, 1893.

* Hartley, Journal of Physiology, Vol. xxviii. p. 353(1909).

SiY E. C. GREY.

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298 THE FATTY ACIDS OF BRAIN LIPOIDS, I.,

Part i. Fatty Acids obtained by direct saponification op

THE WHOLE BRAIN.

i. Total fatty acids in humaii brain.
ii. The nature of the fatty acids in the human brain.

Of the methods which have been proposed for the estimation,
of the fatty acids in tissues, the one which is based on the
soundest principle seems first to have been proposed by Lieber-
mann.* This method has been adopted here with certain modi-
fications! in estimating the total fatty acids in the brain, and
also in obtaining larger quantity of the acids for examination.
The modifications are necessary for tissues which, like the brain,
contain much unsaponifiable matter.

i. Total Fatty Acids in Human Brain.

The fresh brain, freed as far as possible from superficial con-
nective tissue and blood, was pounded in a mortar, and passed
through a wire-sieve. The whole was then thoroughly mixed,
and samples immediately weighed into small flasks, fifty grms. in
each sample, and covered with 150 c.c. of alcohol. These samples
were used subsequently as required. For saponification, .samples
were taken with 25grms. KOH, and heated for six hours in reflux
condenser. The alcohol was partially removed, and the concen-
trated solution evaporated in a porcelain dish with the addition
of sand and sodium bicarbonate. The hard, dried residue was
finely powdered, and thoroughly extracted with anhydrous ether
till the extracting fluid, on evaporation, left no significant residue
of cholesterol. The cholesterol-free soap-powder was then decom-
posed by HCl, and the fatt}' acids extracted with ether, washed
free of mineral acid, and dried in current of anhydrous CO.^.

♦Liebermann, Pfliig. Arch. 72, 360.

t This method has also been modified by Kumagawa and Suto (Biochem-
ische Zeitsehrift, Bd. ix., s.212), but the slight modifications which they
have suggested do not entitle them to the claim to be authors of the method.
Many subsequent authors also seem to be unaware that Liebermann was
the author of this method.

BY E. C. GREY.

299

The following figures give the total fatty acids and cholesterol
found in moist brain-substance in three such experiments. The
results are also given, calculated upon the quantity of solid
matter in the brain, as found by drying to constant weight at
100°C. The fallacy in drying lipoid-containing substance in the
air at 100°C. will be obvious, but the results are given thus,
pending a better meaning of the term " total solids."

Fkesh Brain.

Calculated to Solids.

Fatty acid.

Cholesterol.

Fatty acid.

Cholesterol.

No.l
2
3

5-28
4-82
4-95

219
2-28
2-18

24-07
21-98
22-57

9-98

10-40

9-94

Mean...

5-02

2-22

22-87

10-10

The brain-pulp gave, as average of four estimations, 78*07 %
moisture, or 21-93% total solid matter.

ii. The Nature of the Fatty Acids op the Brain.

■ Method of obtaining the fatty acids.

The brain-substance was saponified in small lots (three), with
potash, the whole operation being conducted in an atmosphere of
coal-gas; the saponified mixture was then poured into a large
flask and treated with excess of H.,SOi(20%), or HC1(1 in 4),
freed from oxygen (by cooling in a stream of coal-gas), ether was
added, and the whole transferred to a Winchester quart and
placed in a shaking machine for one hour; the coloured ethereal
layer was separated and concentrated; the concentrated ethereal
solution was then resaponified by the method of Kossel and
Obermiiller.* This elegant method is well adapted to work of
this kind. The precipitated soaps were allowed to stand all night,
then centrifuged, and washed repeatedly in the centrifuge with
ether (five washings) till the ethereal solution was colourless.

The united sodium-soaps were preserved in dessicators in an
atmosphere of GO 3.

* Kossel & Obermuller, H. S. Zeit. phys. Ch., Bd.xiv. 599(1890).

300

THE FATTY ACIDS OF BRAIN LIPOIDS, I.,

In the preliminary examination of Uie fatty acids the soaps
were decomposed in the apparatus pictured below.

The object of this apparatus is to liberate
and wash the fatty acid in an atmosphere
of C0„. Tube A is connected to a Kipp
apparatus, and B is kept open.

When the separated fatty acid has risen
to the surface, tube B is closed; the force
of C0„ then drives the watery solution out
at C, which continues to siphon till tube
B is opened. The apparatus is heated in
a water-bath. The washed fatty acid is
then transferred to a weigliing bottle, and
dried at 100°C. in a current of anhydrous COo.

Nature of fatty acids from human brain.

In a preliminary examination, the lipoids had not been com-
pletely decomposed, only a portion of the total fatty acids being
split off. For complete splitting up of the lipoids by means of
20 % alcoholic KOH, six hours at a boiling temperature is
required. An interesting observation was made, however, in
that the fatty acids split off most easily from the lipoid bodies
have a smaller iodine-absorption figure than those more difficult
to split off.

The mean iodine-value of the total fatty acids from brain was
found to be 81-3 % in twelve to fifteen hours, while a sample
obtained by incomplete saponification gave a mean absorption of
51-3% iodine(Hubl).

The fatty acids split off at an early stage by incomplete sapon-
ification are, when first obtained, pale yellow in colour but
gradually darken on keeping, and rapidly at 100°C. ; but when
the saponification is continued for six hours, the fatty acids
obtained are brown in colour.

These results poiiit to the conclusion that the lipoids which
most resist saponification contain fatty acids of an unsaturated
nature.

BY B. C. GREY. 301

Data for iodine-absorption :

No.l. 0-47S4grm. fatty acid absorbed 297 cc. N/10 12—78-85% I^-
No. 2. 0-4447 grm. fatty acid absorbed 29-2 cc. N/10 I^— 83-3 % I2.

Slightly impure oleic acid under same conditions :

No.l. 0-5 grm. absorbed 36-75 cc. N/10 Iodine— 93-2% Ig,
N0.2. 0-5 grm. absorbed 36-20 cc. N/10 Iodine— 91 9% l^.

Separation of satui-ated atid unsaturated Jatty acids.

The separation is based on tho solubility of the lead-soaps of
the higher unsaturated fatty acids, and the insolubility of these
of the saturated fatty acids in ether. The method of Dekonigh
and Muter, with the modification of Drechsel, was used. Air
was carefully excluded prior to determination of iodine-absorptions,

TJte unsaturated fatty acids of human brain.

The mean iodine-absorption of the liquid fatty acids was found
to be 110-6 (in twelve hours, Hiild). Since, under exactly
similar conditions, that for oleic acid was much less than this, it
follows that the liquid fatty acids of the human brain are more
unsaturated than oleic acid.

An approximate calculation of the quantity of linoleic acid
which this would represent, shows that the liquid acids contain

Oleic acid 87-8%.

(Equivalent of) linoleic acid 22-2 %.

The saturated fatty acids of human brain.

The fatty acids which were obtained from the ether insoluble
soaps, by decomposition with hot HCl, were washed acid-free
with boiling water and dried. The ether-solution was decolour-
ised with animal-charcoal, and gave, on evaporation, perfectly
white fatty acids which set, on cooling, to an amorphous mass.
The fatty acid had a faint odour of beeswax.

The melting point of the solid fatty acids was 51-4°C.

The mean molecular weight calculated from analysis of lead-
soap was 318-7. This interesting result was immediately checked

302 THE PATTY ACIPS OF BRAIN LIPOIDS, I.,

by determination of the saponifying equivalent with KOH. The
figures, though low compared with lead-estimation, are con
sistently high, and give a mean molecular weight of 308'3. It
is probably difficult to obtain the lead-soap pure.

From these results there can be no doubt that the solid moiety
contains fatty acids of molecular weight much higher than those
of previously mentioned fatty acids. (The molecular weight of
stearic acid is 284). The low melting point of the mixture is
also significant, and does not correspond to any simple mixture
of palmitic and stearic acids.

Data for mean molecular tveight.

02872grm. lead-soap gave 0-10.S3grm. PbSO^ : mean mol. wt. =3187.
Saponification with alcoholic KOH

(1) 3-9812 grm. neutralised 26-0 cc. N/2 KOH, mean mol. wt. =306-8.
(2)0-9850 „ „ 31 -See. N/10 KOH ,, „ ,, 309-7.

(3)1-4786 ,, „ 48-3 cc. N/ 10 KOH „ „ „ 3041.

(4)1-4786 ,, „ 48-6 cc. N/IO KOH „ „ „ 306-4.

Separation of the saturated fatty acids.

This is based on fractional precipitation with magnesium-
acetate.

The separation was carried out with 4-5 grams fatty acid, but
the results prove definitely the existence of a fatty acid of high
molecular weight in the brain as already mentioned.

Four small fractions were separated with the following results:

Weight of fraction.

Mean mol.

wt.

Melting point.

No.l..

l-17g

344-2

54 0 C

No. -2..

1-.S3

291-6

55 5

No. 3..

0-68

288-0

No.4..

0-40

338-0

52-1

No.4 was obtained by making filtrate from No.3 strongly
ammoniacal, and is probably the same as No.l.

Fractions 2 and 3 had many characteristics of a mixture of
palmitic and stearic acids, but the colour and low melting point
_prove them to be more complex.

BY B. C. GREY. 303

Datajor molecular iveight determinations.

No.l. 1-1668 grm. neutralised 33-9 cc. N/10 KOH. Mean mol. wt. 344-2.

No.2. 1-3297 „ ,, 45-6 cc. N/10 KOH. „. ,, ,, 291-6.

No.3. 0-5154 ,, „ 17-85CC N/10 KOH. ,, ,, ,, 288 7.

No.4. 0-3595 ,, ,, 10-45 ce. N/10 KOH. ,, ,, „ 838-3.

General conclusions.

(1) The fatty acids of the human brain are more complex than
has previously been supposed.

(2) The liquid portion contains fatty acid more unsaturated
than oleic acid, equivalent to not less than 22 Jo linoleic acid.

(3) The solid portion contains, besides stearic and palmitic
acids, also a fatty acid of high molecular weight but low melting
point. It is not crystalline, and probably belongs to a different
group from stearic acid.

In conclusion, I beg to express my thanks to Professor
Anderson Stuart, in whose laboratory this work was done; nnd
to Dr. H. G. Chapman, at whose suggestion it has been under-
taken.

304 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

( CoiUinued from p. 138.)

Mr. David G. Stead sent for exhibition the jaws of a great
Ocean Sun-Fish, Mola mola (Linn.), which had been driven
ashore by sharks on the night of the 20th May, at Bondi, near
Sydney. While still in the surf, it was secured by Mr. E. S.
Courtne}'^, who, with the assistance of a number of other gentle-
men, dragged it up on the beach. A series of measurements was
taken, the morning after capture : total length (including caudal
fin) 8 feet 7 inches; length of caudal fin, 1ft. 11^ in.; distance
from point of snout to vertical from dorsal fin, 4 ft. 11 in.;
diameter of eye, 4 in.; width of mouth, 5|in.; diameter of gill-
opening, — ; depth of fish through eye, 3 ft. \^ in.; depth
through gill-opening, 3ft. 9^in.; depth of body at anus, 4ft. Tin.;
distance from point of dorsal fin to point of vertical fin, 9ft. lOin.;
distance from upper margin of eye to dorsal profile of head, 7^in.;
greatest thickness (at pectoral fin), 1 ft. 11 in.; girth at eye, 6 ft.
8 in.; girth at base of pectoral fin, 9 ft.; girth at base of dorsal
fin, 11 ft.; height of dorsal fin, 3 ft. 2|^in.; height of anal fin,
3 ft. If in.; length of pectoral fin, 1 ft. If in.; greatest width of
pectoral fin, ll|in.; greatest width of dorsal fin, 2ft.; greatest
width of anal fin, 2ft.; depth of caudal fin, 3 ft. 10 in.; supra-
orbital ridge very strongly developed.

Mr. Fletcher read extracts from a letter written by Mr. F.
Foskett Milford, and kindly communicated by Mr. T. H. Smith, of
Manly, by the co-operation of Mr. W. Houston, of the Land Court
of New South Wales, upon the occurrence of freshwater eels in
Norfolk Island. Mr. Milford, formerly a resident on the island,
stated that, during a period of drought, he had seen large fresh-
water eels stranded opposite Deastey's place in the drain known
as the water-mill; and that he had been reliably informed of their
occurrence in a deep pool, perhaps 12 feet or thereabouts in
depth, about 70 yards from the clifi" where the Cascades waterfall
is in evidence. Marine eels, on the other hand, particularly the
green eel, were to be caught all round the island from the water's-
edge to three miles off or even more.

[Printed ofT July 12th, 1910.]

P L.S.NS.W. 1910

Full-face View of Model of the Submarine Slope oil' Sydney.

P L S N S W 1910

View of the Model iif the Submarine Slope otf Sydney foreshortened and seen from a lower Plane

than in PL I.

P L S N S.W 1910

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Diiigrarus sliowing: tlie arrang-ement of tlie Auuuli iu the Genital Somite of Hirudiuea.

NOTES AND EXHIBITS. 305

Discussion. — After a brief exposition of President Jordan's
views on the subject of geminate species, Mr. Fletcher proceeded
to a consideration of the application of Jordan's law to the case
of the Australian Batrachia. Mr. Froggatt discussed the case
of the Australian Cicadidpe; Mr. Tillyard that of Australian
Dragon-flies; Mr. S. J. Johnston weighed the evidence fur-
nished by certain groups of vertebrates and plants, and ojffered
some criticism of the Law on the ground that it conceded too
much weight to geographical isolation, and not enough to physio-
logical isolation; Dr. Chapman brought forward some theoretical
considerations; and Mr. Maiden discussed the case of Australian
plants particularly Eucalypts. On the motion of Mr. Basset
Hull, the discussion was adjourned to next Meeting.

^ ^ « B R A ^ I

ft' • ^

22

306

WEDNESDAY, JUNE 29th, 1910.

The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Society was held in
the Linnean Hall, Ithaca Road, Elizabeth Bay, on Wednesday
evening, June 29th, 1910.

Mr. C. Hedley, P.L.S., President, in the Chair.

Messrs. Walter Reginald Brook Oliver, Christchurch, N.Z.;
Neville Burkett, Goulburn; and Frederick Wymark, Sydney,
were elected Ordinary Members of the Society.

A letter, forwarded by direction of His Excellency, Lord
Chelmsford, State Governor, thanking the Council, as the repre-
sentative of the Society, for its letter of condolence and sym-
pathy, on the occasion of the death of His Majesty, the late
King Edward vii., was read from the Chair.

The attention of Members was called to the Program of the
International Hygiene Exhibition to be held in Dresden, 1911,
with an accompanying invitation to exhibit in the Scientific
Section.

The President announced that Mr. Henry Deane, M.A.,
F.L.S., (fee, had kindly offered to show a series of lantern slides,
illustrating the topography and botany of the country along the
route of the contemplated Transcontinental Railway Line
between Port Augusta, S.A., and Kalgoorlie, W.A., at the next
Meeting.

On the Pi'esident's suggestion it was resolved, with enthu-
siam, that the hearty greetings and congratulations of the Mem-
bers present should be tendered to Professor David, B.A., F.R.S.,
C.M.G., recently honoured by the Sovereign.

The Donations and Exchanges received since the previous
Monthly Meeting, amounting to 11 Vols., 75 Parts or Nos., 15
Bulletins, 29 Pamphlets, and one portrait, received from 48
Societies, &c., and 3 Individuals, were laid upon the table.

307

NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

Mr. D. G. Stead recorded, as an addition to the fish-fauna of
New South "Wales, a species of Serranid Perch, Diagramma
crassisjnmun Ruppell( = D. affine Gtinther), a fine example of
which, measuring 674 mm., and weighing IGjIbs., had been
received by the Department of Fisheries, early in May, from Port
Macquarie. He also placed on record the second known occur-
rence of the Pristipomatid fish, Therapon jarbua (Forskal); a
specimen, measuring 1435 mm., having been received from the'
same locality. INIr. Stead also showed a piece of conglomerate
from a river-bar on the Barwon River, at Old CoUymungooI
Station, a few miles above the junction of the Meei or Gwj'dir,
and the Barwon; and he described the deposit as it appeared in
the outcrop on the river. Tlje whole area had the appearance as
if blood had been spilled over it and then diied; and from that
tlie Blacks had called the spot " Mul-qui " or " Mul-guae"(qui or
guae meaning blood). The most interesting thing about this
spot, however, was that traces of a series of aboriginal fish-traps,
resembling those at Brewarrina, were found. He believed that
the Blacks had been led to make these enclosures through observing
the natural trapping of Murray cod and other fishes in the holes
excavated by Nature in this peculiar conglomerate.

Mr. A. R. McCulloch exhibited, by permission of the Curator
of the Australian Museum, a small sunfish, Ranzania makua
Jenkins, which had been forwarded to Sydney by the Curator of
the West Australian Museum, This species has hitherto been
recorded from Honolulu and Japan only, tliough a specimen has
been in the Australian Museum for many yeai's, which was
received from Mauritius. Also young .specimens of Cyttus novce-

308 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

zelandice Clarke, from the Victorian coast. They ditfered from
the description of the adult in lacking several important char-
acters, but their identity witli the New Zealand species was
proved hy Mr. Waite, who had compared specimens of different
sizes froui both localities. A half-grown s[)ecimen, from New
Zealand, was also exhibited for comparison.

Mr. J. E. Carne showed specimens of tin and wolfram ores
from the F^>utler Tin Mine, Torington, New England, the interest-
ing point being the mode of deposition of the minerals associated
in these specimens — viz., quartz, chlorite, cassiterite, and wolfram.
Also an interesting rock from Hawkin's Lease, Rockvale Wol-
fram and Bismuth Mines, Cow Flat, New England, in which
tlie constituents — quartz and felspar — were each perfectly crys-
tallised; but on weathering these minerals were liberated as
perfect independent crystals.

Mr. C. F. Laseron, by permission of the Curator of the Tech-
nological Museum, exhibited a fine frond of C ardiopteris poly-
morpha Goppert, showing nine pinnules, from the Carboniferous
formation at Paterson, N.S.W. This so far has been found only
as isolated pinnules. Other exhibits from the Lower Marine
Series at Allandale, N.S.W., were a very fine specimen of
Strajjarollus ammonitiformis Eth. fil.; and also a well preserved
Keeneia, showing the band, and possibly synonymous with Platy-
schisma roimidatum Morris.

Mr. Cheel showed a fine series of Xylostroma giganteum Fries,
a timber-destroying fungus. It is usually found in various
species of Eucalypts, in whitish or tan-coloured masses, in some
cases resembling chamois leather, and in others of a whitish
tough papery nature. The tan-coloured masses very closely
resemble the "German TiwAQV-Ywngw^^' {Fomes fomentarius Cooke),
and probably belong to a closely allied species of that genus.
The white masses are probably the sterile mycelium of Polyporus
eucalyptorum Fries, which is known to infest various species of
Eucalypts. The sterile mycelia are usually forwarded without

NOTES AND EXHIBITS. 309

the sporophores, so that it is not possible to determine the species.
As these are known to be great timber-destroyers, it would be
interesting to have fuller information with a view of tracing
their life-history. The following is a list of specimens repre-
sented in the National Herbarium collection, not mentioned in
Mr. J. H. Maiden's "Useful Native Plants of Australia"(pp.639-
640) — (1) In Stringy bark {Eucalyptus eugenioicles), Walcha (A.
R. Crawford; May, 1899). Whitish sheets, thin and tough. —
(2) In E. Caleyi Maiden, Inverell district(J. H. Maiden; June,
1906). Soft and thick whitish masses. — (3) In a living "Red
Gum," Wilgo, Cobargo(Lindsay Henry; January, 1910). Thin
whitish sheets, communicated by the Curator of the Australian
Museum. — (4) In a " White Gum," at Cross Roads, near Sutton
Forest(Miss Georgina King). Thick whitish masses. — (5) Host
not stated, Parkes(C. F. Color; February, 1909). Thin whitish
sheets. — (6) In a "Blue Gum," at Cross Roads(Mis3 Georgina
King; July, 1897), Broken sheets of a dark tan-colour; and also
terete or finger-like forms found in a "Box-tree" at Riverstone. —
(7) Host not given, Macleay River(J. Emms; January, 1899).
A fairly large sheet, thick, tan-colour. — (8) In a " Stringybark";
■between the core and the wood; said to be fully six feet long.
Near Mount Tomah (F. Peck; 1907). This is a beautifully
mottled sheet, of a light tan-colour, with darker markings; com-
municated by Mr. Jesse Gregson.

Dr. Cleland showed a portion of a sand-pipe resembling coral,
from the sandhills along the shore of St. Vincent's Gulf at Ade-
laide[mo?e T. S. Hall's paper " On certain Incrustations on Wood
in Dune-Sand." Victorian Naturalist, xviii., 47, July, 1901].

Mr. T. H. Johnston exhibited a series of Entozoa comprising
specimens of (1) Physaloptera sp., from the intestine of the Brown
Snake, Diemenia textilis Dum. & Bibr. (syn. D. su2Jerciliosa
Gilntherj, collected near Sydney by Mr. D. Fry; (2) Forocephalus
sp., from the lung of a Whipsnake, Diemenia j)sammo})his Schl.
(Sydney). Also a number recently collected by him, by permis-
sion of the Curator of the Australian Museum, Sydney, from a

310 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

Sword-fish, Xiphias gladius Linn., which was found dead on
Cronulla Beach, near Sydney, recently, and is now in the Museum
collection. The species represented were (3) Fistulicola plicatus
E.ud., a cestode infesting the lower intestine, and frequently
producing fistuke on the outer part of the wall, as a result of
penetration; (4) Tetrarhynchiis sp., an elongate larval form,
infesting the muscles; (5) Tetrarhynclius sp., a small species,
with four comparatively long and delicate rostella, found on the
mesentery; (6) Tetrarhynchus sp., a rather large solid form, with
short, thick, rounded rostella, also from the mesentery; (7)
Gysticercus sp., a remarkable cyst with a well defined laminated
membrane like that of the common hydatid, Ecldnococcus poly-
morphus Dies., taken from the liver; (8) Ascarls incurva Rud.,
a nematode infesting the stomach. None of the above-mentioned
parasites had been recorded previously from the.se hosts in Aus-
tralia. He also exhibited photographs, and a series of potato-
tubers which showed the presence of rhizomorph strands on the
outside, and of hyplipe within the tuber, belonging to the Agaric,
ArmillariameUea{TQntQV?iQ\d, N.S.W.). Some of the tubers were
destroyed by the fungus.

Dr. Cuthbert Hall exhibited a hybrid seedling from seed
gathered from a cultivated specimen of Acacia Baileyana. It
had been found that this Acacia, when growing near Acacia
decurrens, gave about 20 % of hybrids, which differed materially
from either parent. The hybridisation ma}^ probably have been
efi'ected by bees, both specimens flowering at the same time. As
the two parent- species occur in widely separated localities, the
natural barrier of the Great Dividing Range intervening, this
has a peculiarly interesting bearing on Jordan's Law.

Mr. T. Steel exhibited a quantity of the dead bodies of an ant
Iridomyrmex nitidus Mayr, from Herbert River, Queensland,
found in March, 1908, in numerous little heaps scattered over
the surface of the ground. The heaps varied from a few dozen
bodies to many thousands. The ants were busy bringing the
bodies and placing them on the heaps. Could this mortality have

NOTES AND EXHIBITS. 311

been due to an epidemic of some sort? Microscopically the ants
exhibit no injury or give any indication of the cause of death.

On behalf of Mr. T. Stephens, of Hobart, Mr. Fletcher exhibited
portion of a plank destroyed by " dry-rot," (sp. undetermined)
from the floor of a building not more than 10-12 years old, with
an unventilated basement. The exhibit showed, very perfectly,
the delicate branching form of the mycelium assumed by the
fungus in spreading from the rotted joists to the underside of the
flooring-boards.

Discussion on Jordan's Law of Geminate Species (continued.)

Messrs. A. F. Basset Hull, R. H. GAmha,ge{IJticali/2^ius spp.^
and Angophora spp.), Dr. Cuthbert Hall, E. Cheel [Callistemon
spp.), and Dr. Cleland (Afeliphagidce), took part in the continua-
tion of the discussion. The President summarised the views put
forward. The Secretary thanked the Members for their cordial
response to the invitation to participate in the discussion.

(A resume of the discussion will be found after Mr, A. A.
Hamilton's paper.)

312

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS.

By R. J. TiLLYARD, M.A., F.E.S.

[Neuroptera : Odonata.]
(Plates iv.-viii.)

Introduction.

The genus Synthemis was proposed by de Selys, in 1871,* in
order to receive those species of the subfamily Corduliinoi in
which both the basilar and submedian wing-spaces were reticu-
lated. The type of the new genus was Epophthahnia enstalacta
Burmeister.f De Selys described in his " Synopsis des Cordu-
lines"{1871) five other species of the genus, viz., S. miranda, S.
onacrostiffma, S. leachii, S. guttata, and S. hrevistyla, besides
giving his own description of the type »!?. eustalacta, and pointing
out the important dififerences between it and the other species of
the genus Epophthahnia. Three years later, in his "Additions
au Synopsis des Corduliues"(1874)| he added two more species,
viz., tS. regina and S. virgula. Tlie habitat of all these species
was Australia, with the exception of S. miranda, whose locality,
it is to be feared, will never be ascertained with certainty. The
only known specimen of this, the finest and most interesting
dragonfly of the genus, was discovered by de Selys, pinned, for
ornamentation, into a lady's hat in a shop in Paris. He secured
it at once. It is a broken female, lacking five segments of the
abdomen. Its locality was stated to be New Caledonia; but
though the Museum in Paris is rich in collections from this
colony, another specimen has never been taken. It seems, there
fore, that the locality is very much open to doubt.

Specimens of the genus continued so rare in collections received
in Europe from abroad, that it was not until 1901 that another

* Bull. Acad. Belgique, 1871, xxxi., p. 557,

t Haudb. Entom. N6vrop. 1839.

X Bull. Acad. Belgique, 1874, i., p.29.

BY R. J. TILLYARD. 313

species was described, S. flavoterminata Martin.* Further addi-
tions -were S, pritnigenia Fdrster, from New Guinea,! S. nigra
TillyardjJ S. cyanitincta Tillyard,§ *S'. inarfAni Tillyard,|| ^S".
olivei Tillyard,^ .?. claincidata Tillyard.** Through the kind-
ness of Dr. F. F. Laidlaw, of London, who has carefully studied
the immature and somewhat damaged type of S. leachii Sel3's, in
the British Museum, and has compared it with cotypes of ^S*.
martini Tillyard, it has been established without doubt that the
two are one and the same species. The name martini Tillyard,
therefore becomes a synonym of leachii Selys. This leaves
fourteen well-established species in the genus. A new species
will be described in this paper, together with the hitherto
unknown female of >S'. clavicidata, which has just come to light.
The insects comprising this genus are among the most beautiful
and graceful of Australian Odonata. But papered specimens
invariably lose their beautiful colours, and the bright yellow and
creamy spots and stripes often fade away into a dull brown.
Apparently this has added considerably to the difficulty of
identification; for the genus has always been regarded more or
less as a puzzle. It was therefore, to me, a great advantage to
be able to study them in the field, when I found that some of
the most closely allied species difFei'ed both in habit and coloura-
tion, and could be separated by the eye, even when flyingj
though, when dried and placed in a collection, the determination
was not so easy. I therefore determined to note carefully the
colours of each species, and perpetuate them in water-colour.
These drawings are reproduced in the two coloured plates
attached to the paper. I venture to hope, on the principle that
" an accurate drawing is better than the most lengthy and

* ''Odonates da Continent Australien," Mem. Soc. ZooL France, 1901.

t Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungaiici, 1903.

+ Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1906, p.4S9.

§ Loc. cit. 1907, p. 724.

II Loc. cit. 1907, p. 726.

H Loc. cit. 1908, p. 747.

** Loc. cit. 1908, p. 749.

314 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS,

detailed description," that even those who have no special know-
ledge of Australian Odonata will be able to use the plates with
advantage.

Owing to the rarity of specimens of the genus, no detailed
study of it has been possible to entomologists outside Australia.
Doubtless many new species still lie hidden in out-of-the-way
parts of the continent. However, during five yeax's' collecting in
various localities, I have gathered together a great number of
specimens — every one of which has been carefull}?^ examined for
variation — and have studied their habits in the field. Further,
I have been fortunate enough, after long and careful search, to
discover, and identify by breeding, the larvae of no less than five
species, the only ones obtainable within a hundred miles of
Sydney. The life-histories of these I have worked out fairly
completely.

Those who have studied the peculiar venational characters of
the wing of Synthemis claim, with justice, that it is the most
archaic form of Cordidine wing still extant (with the possible
exception of the "quadrilateral" genus Gordulephya). I hope to
shew in the present paper that the morphology of the larva
strongly supports this view. The peculiar character of the Aus-
tralian fauna is evident in every group, and evidence of it is by
no means absent in the Odonata. Such archaic and isolated
forms as Synthemis, Petahira, Telephlehia, and Fhyllopetalia are
of the greatest scientific interest. The study of their life-
histories especially should throw a great deal of light on the
present-day affinities of the larger and more dominant groups,
and enable us to trace the synthetic evolution of existing types.
The peculiar characters of the larvae of Synthemis, to be described
in this paper, are of especial interest, and throw new light on the
relationships of Gord^diince to other subfamilies.

The objects of this paper are two. Firstly, to discuss the
morphological and ph3'siological characters of the group with a
view to a satisfactory scheme of subdivision for the genus,
and the placing of it in its correct position in the subfamily.
Secondly, to give a detailed descriptive account of the separate

BY R. J. TILLYARD. 315

species, their life-histories, larval forms, habits and imaginal
characteristics, and to supplement these with dichotomous keys
and plates shewing parts used in classification.

I am indebted to Dr. Laidlaw for examining the types of
Synthemis in the British Museum; to M. Rene Martin, of Paris,
for knowledge of the types in the de Selys collection, for the
information quoted above about S. miranda, and above all for
his excellent work on the Corduliince; and to Dr. Ris, of Rheinau,
Switzerland, for many valuable hints on field-work, and for his
great interest in, and kindly criticism of my new discoveries.

Material studied.

Imagines. — My earliest captures were forwarded to M. Kene
Martin for identification, and he was kind enough to return, with
them, some named specimens of his own, which had been com-
pared with de Selys' types. These were specimens of the three
closely allied species, .S'. brevistyla, S. guttata, and S. virgula. In
my collection there are two hundred and thirty set specimens of
the genus, comprising long series of all the commoner ones. All
these have been examined carefully for variation. Besides
these, I have examined another hundred or moi'e papered speci-
mens, which have since been sent out to my various correfspon-
dents. Of the rare species, J possess two males and three females
of *S'. nigra, two males and one female of S. claviculata, and two
males of jS. olivei.

I have never seen the unique female type of S. miranda, but
fortunately it is well figured in M. Martin's " Cordulines," and
de Selys' own description is also available. The series of *S'.
primigenia possessed by Prof. Forster of Berlin, is also inacces-
sible; but I have Forster's careful description, and a good figure
in Martin's work above-mentioned.

Larvce. — During the past two years I have collected and reared
a considerable number of larvae, at various stages of growth, of
<S'. ev.stalacta, S. macrostigma, and S. guttata. Over fifty of these
are preserved in my collection. Of S. regina I have only five
specimens, and of S. flavoterminata a dozen.

316 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS,

The advantage of studying large series in a group subject to
considerable variation is self-evident.

The publication of M. Rene Martin's magnificent "Cordulines,
Cataloge Systematique et Descriptif "* in 1906, has brought to
all odonatologists the means of studying this subfamily in detail,
and is of special value owing to the great rarity of a large number
of the species. Its appearance was the signal for renewed interest
in the group, and there followed in quick succession two excellent
papers on the scheme of classification of the subfamily. T refer
to Williamson's " Revision of the Classification of the Cordu-
liince"j and jSTeedham's " Critical Notes on the Classification of
the Corduliince."l AVilliamson's classification is a great advance
upon that adopted by de Selys and retained by Martin. Needham
suggests further improvements, bringing the comparative study
of the CorduliincB to a high degree of efficiency.

All this excellent work contains no attempt at studying life-
histories or describing the earlier stages of the insects, that being
outside their avowed scope. The classification has been adopted
on the study of wing-venation only. Furthermore, the genus
Synthemis has throughout been neglected and left in its Selysian
state, owing no doubt to lack of material for the study of it.

In the Williamson-Needham scheme of classification {loing-
venalion only), the subfamily Cordidiince, sens, lat., is divided
into two groups, which are themselves elevated to the rank of
subfamilies, viz.: —

(1) MacromiincH, in which the anal loop of the hind-wing is a
compact set of cells, of Cordidegasterine form, i.e., slightly longer
than bi'oad, and the hind wing-triangle is never recessed to the
level of the arculus.

(2) Corduliiiue, s.str., in which the anal loop (when present) is
very much elongated, and possesses a longitudinal bisector, and
the hind wing-triangle is often recessed to the level of the arculus.

* Collections Zoologiques du Baron Edmond de Selys Longchanips, Fasc.
xvii., Brussels, 1906.

tEntoDi. News, Vol.19, pp. 428-431, 190S.
JAmials Entom. Soc. America, Vol. i., No.4, Dec, 1908.

BY R. J, TILL YARD. 317

Under this scheme the genus Synthemis falls, apparently
naturally enough, into the subfamily Macromiince. From all the
other genera in that subfamily it can be distinguished by the
presence of cross-veins in the basilar space.

I have found it hard to believe that there is such a close
affinity between the slender, graceful, and timid Synthemis and
the coarsely-veined, swift and rapacious Macromia. Apart from
the wing-venation, Synthemis is absolutely Corduline in facies,
while Macromia is distinctly jEschnine. So much so that, even
so acute an observer as Professor Sjostedt, of Stockholm, has
described a female Macromia as a new j'Eschnid.'^' There are,
in fact, distinct Aeschnid tendencies in the whole Macromia-
group, and it will be interesting to see what light the study of
life-histories may throw on this question. I propose, however,
first of all, to take the whole question of the wing-venation of
Synthemis and Macromia, and to study it in detail. We shall
then see where the differences lie.

The essential difference seems to be this. In Macromia we
have, in its way, as highly evolved and specialised a wing as is
to be found in any dragonfly. I do not mean by this that all
parts of the Macromian wing are as highly evolved as in other
groups (for instance, the hindwing-triangle is never recessed, nor
is the stigma braced); but that the line of development followed
has evolved so beautifully perfect and strong a structure for
flight, albeit on simpler lines than in some other groups, that it
may well stand as a model of perfect development. Nor do I judge
it alone by arbitrary standards of development, so much as by its
actual test in the field. The flight of Macromia is something to
marvel at. When collecting in North Queen.sland, I found
Macromia tiUyardi and Synthemis flavoterminata flying on the
same creek. The contrast could scarcely be greater. Of the
latter, specimens would often fly almost into the net, and their
only idea of self-preservation was now and then to rise out of
reach of the net, continuing their weak to-and-fro flight undis-

* Hylaeschna paludis SjiJst. = Macromia melania Selys( ? ).

318 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS,

turbed, even when sfcruck at repeatedly. The former came and
went like a flash of light, so that one might truly say it was gone
before one realised that it had come. During a three weeks'
stay, I found the males absolutely uncatchable, while of the
females I secured only two.

What, then, makes all this difference between two wings
whose venation is on so similar a plan*? It is surely that in
Macroniia every superfluous vein has been eliminated, and the
whole strength of the wing-material thrown into its most useful
channels; whereas in Synthemis, reduction of cells and cross-veins
has proceeded only a little wa}* — not so far, in fact, as in any
other Corduline genus. Strong evidence of this is the persistence
of the cross-veins in the basilar space — an area of the wing
Avliich, above all others, needs to be strong and compact, with no
lines of weakness. Stronger evidence still is the excessive
variability of wing-venation, which can be seen on examining
any long series of Synthemis — not to mention the frequency of
absolute "freak-venation," of a kind that I have never seen in
any other group. Let us examine this venation in detail.

Cross-veins. — The number of cross-veins in the basilar space
varies, in different species, from one to five; in the submedian
space, from three to nine. The position of these, especially in
the submedian space, is not constant in the same species. For
instance, in S. regina male, with five cross-veins, there may be
only one beyond the arculus, or two, or one ma}'' be directly under
the arculus. In the triangles of both wings, which are usually
free, cross-veins often occur in one or moi-e of the four wings, and
sometimes even there ai'e two cross-veins in a triangle.

Recession of tlie hindwing-triangle. — This line of specialisation,
stated by Needham to be ttever present in the ^lacromiinm, is
almost accomplished (quite in one or two specimens) in Si/nthemis
cyanitincta(P]eite vi.). Fig.5 gives the usual position of the
arculus, the distance from its base to the inner angle of the
triangle being about one-fourth of the whole length of the latter.
In all other species the distance is from somewhat under to some-
what o\er one-half. (Compare the other figures with fig.5).

BY R. J. TILLY ARD. 319

Fusion of arcidus-sectors. — It is somewhat unexpected to find
this character, an evidence of considerable specialisation, well
■developed in all the species of Synthemis, except perhaps in *S'.
■cyanitincta,(P\a,te vi., fig.o) where the sectors fuse quite close to
the arculus. The same species, curiousl}' enough, shews the
greatest specialisation in the recession of the hind wing-triangle !
Anal loop. — The form of this area is of the greatest importance
to a correct understanding of Synthemis wing-venation. The ten
tigures of portions of wings of different species( Plate vi., figs. 1-10)
are arranged in order of development of their anal loops. In .S".
■olivei{fig.l) we have a scarcely formed loop of six cells; in ^S*.
Jlavoterminata{fig.2) the same six-celled loop is very distinctly
formed. Six-celled loops occur in several other species, but
always in males only (see figs. 5, 7, 9). A characteristic of the
females is that their venation is always more reticulate, and
hence the number of cells in the anal loop is greater. In S.
eustalacta{i^gii.3 and 4) we have a slightly deeper and larger anal
loop, as also in S. guttata{G.g.6). All these are of Cordulegas-
terine or Macromian form. But in S. regina J" we find a double
looping(fig.9), which I find is constant throughout my series,
except for one specimen, which has a large single loop. A double
loop is also the constant characteristic of S. macrosiigma 2 (fig. 8),
but in this species the two loops are very unequal, a basal loop
of 3-4 cells being followed by a distal loop of twice the depth,
more than twice the width, and 12 or more cells. In *S'. regina 2
we have the remarkable form of three loops(fig.lO), a basal one of
3-4 cells, a slightly larger middle one of 6-7 cells, and a distal
one of greater breadth, containing 12 or more cells. These three
loops occur in all my S. regina ^ except two; one of which has
a small basal loop of four cells, followed by a very large loop of
nearly 20 cells (evidently the two other loops fused together), and
another has one very large anal loop consisting of all three loops
fused together.

This interesting variability of the anal loop throws a strong
light on the problem of Synthemis wing-veuation. If we look at
the anal area of the hindwing of an archaic Aeschnid, say

320 MONOGRAPH OP THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS,

Petalura, we see that instead of an anal loop there are nearly
straight veins descending from various points of the anal vein
itself right to the posterior border of the wing. These can still
be traced(see fig. 10) in several species of Synthemis, and they
form the sides of the anal loops. Such straight veins are, in one
way, lines of weakness in a wing, since tliey make the posterior
margin very liable to tear. How quickly, for instance, does the
hind-margin of a Gomphine wing wear out ! The advantage of
the loop is not without many parallels in Nature. A very telling
one, it seems to me, can be seen in the difference between the
straight veins of the leaves of a monocotyledonous plant and the
" archings " of the secondary and tertiary veins in those of a
dicotyledonous plant. In the latter no vein that sets out towards
the leaf-border reaches it, but arches over on to the next vein;
between two arches, another smaller arch will be formed, and so
on; the final result being that all border veins run roughly
parallel to the margin. Such a leaf is not easily torn or split,
whereas a straight-veined leaf splits with great ease. The
pressure on the anal area of a dragonfly's wing during flight is
probably as great as that of a strong wind on a leaf, and hence
the development of loops should be expected, especially in those
dragonflies which have a long seasonal range or indulge in long
continuous flights. Petalura, though of great size, never indulges
in long flights. The Gompldniti have a very short seasonal range
and are seldom on the wing. The necessity, therefore, for the
development of loops in these insects has scarcely arisen. But
in Synthemis, where the seasonal range is quite as long as in most
dragonflies (many species that emerge in November last quite to
the end of March, and S. guttata may be taken right into May),
and when the insects are continually in flight whenever the sun
is out, the need for wing-strengthening has been much greater.
It points, therefore, to very feeble specialisation, that the group
has not yet developed a strong and invariable loop, such as is
found in Macromia.

Pterostigma. — A strong braced vein on the edge of tlie stigma
is a sign of high specialisation, and may be seen in the most

BY R. J. TILr.YARn. 321

advanced genera of many families. In Syiithemis the stigma is
usually unbraced, as in S. re^/ma (fig.l3), but -S'. macrnstigma
(fig.l5) shews a distinct advance towards bi-acing, while .S". clavi-
cidata(^Q^.W) possesses a bracing vein.

Freak-venatio^i in the Genus' — I do not recall, in an}' other
odonate genus, such remarkable fi-eak-venation as may be found
in Synthemis. Especially is this " freaking " to be found in the
region of the triangle and arculus. Passing by such small
"freaks" as a four-sided triangle, which is especially evident in
my series of ^S'. tasvianica, n.sp., and S. cyanitlncta, I come to
three remarkable freaks, which I have figured. In the right
forewing of a specimen of -S'. leachii ^(fig.ll), and in the same
wing of a specimen of S. cyanitincta 9(tig.l2), I find a freak-
variation of the triangle which is of especial interest, as being
almost exactly a reproduction of the venation, in this region, of
Karsch's remarkable Pentathemis memhranulata. The venation
of that peculiar insect is, apart from the triangle, almost exactly
that of an Aeschnosoma, and I suggest that the single type-
specimen (a female) described by Karsch is nothing more nor
less than a freak of that genus. If, in the twenty specimens of
S. leachii and in the doze:; ut S. cyanitincta taken by myself —
both series from the same district, and dui'ing the same fortnight
— two such freaks could occur, surely it is not a great stretch of
imagination to think not only that freaks in single wings are
common in this genus, but that a lucky collector might capture
one with the Pentathemis- tviAn<^\Q in both forewings. Whether
variation occurs also in jEschnosoma, sufficiently to justify the
application of this assumption to that genus, I cannot say; but
it seems at least quite possible. Any entomologist who can get
access to the Pentathemis-type should carefully compare the right
and left sides of the insect for any other indication of freaking or
variation; and any lack of complete .symmetry, especially in the
right and left triangles, would go a long way towards establish-
ing my contention that this insect is in reality a freak.

The freak figured in fig. 16, from the wing of a male »S'. regina^
is so extraordinary, that I doubt if the dilferent veins can be
23

RJ.Z

322 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS,

singled out at all. I figure it simply to show to what extraor-
dinary lengths variation may go in this unstable genus.

To sum up, I think the following conclusions may be fairly
deduced from the study of Synthemis wing-venation : —

Synthemis is an archaic furm, eoolving along Macromian lines
(as regards venation). Variation and "freaking" are rampant
in the group, shewing that the final and most advantageous form
of wing has not yet been attained. The most advanced wing-
type in the genus is probably that of S. clavicidata, with its

braced pterostigma and scarcity
of cross-veins. S. cyanitincta
shews a strong tendenc}^ to as-
sume the truly Corduline pro-
perty of a recessed triangle in
the hindwing. The oldest forms
are probably those with abun-
dant cross-veins, such as S.
Fig.l—Vf'mgsoi Syntkemh claviculata(x2). inir'anda, S. regina, and S.
onacrostigmix. In these, there is a more primitive condition of the
anal loop, which has not yet become consolidated into a single
compact Macromian loop. These are also three of the largest
insects in the genus, though by no means the best fliers. The
tendency is towards a reduction in size, as well as a reduction in
oross-veins. (I am inclined to regard .S'. olivei as an advanced
member of the genus, with traces of csenogenesis in the anal
loop).

Synthemis is essentially different from Macromia in that,
though following on similar lines of development, it is in a far
less complete and specialised stage.

In his new work on the Libelhdince, Dr. Ris has divided that
subfamily into groups having gi-eat phylogenetic value. He
places at the beginning of each group the most archaic genus still
extant, which contains the essential characteristic of that group,
and leads up to the most highly specialised genus in the same
group. The result is a series of groups containing widely diff'erent
forms, but giving a classification undoubtedly of more educational

BY R. J. TILLYARD. 323

value than the usual "linear" grouping of genera. If an attempt
be made to unravel the phylogeny of the CorduUince on the same
lines, the genus Si/nihemis might either be placed at the base of
the Macromian group, or it might be deemed worthy of a separate
group, in which the genera to be proposed as subdivisions of it
in tliis paper will also be foi*nd to be of distinct phylogenetic
value.

Let us now turn our attention to the larval forms of Synthemis,
the discovery of which should, I think, supply us with evidence
of at least coordinate value to that of the wing- venation.
(Descriptions of the larvas of five species of Synthemis will be
found below, pp. 340, 348, 355, 363, 370.)

The line of specialisation so well known in Gorduline nymphs,
viz., the rounded and smooth bod}--, somewhat triangular and
pointed front to the head, and long spider-like legs, is found
developed to its greatest degree in nymphs of Macromia and
allies. In these nymphs the abdomen is almost circular in out-
line; the hea,d has developed a prominent frontal horn of pyra-
midal form; and the legs are exceedingly long. Now if Synthemis
were really so close an ally of Macromia as has heen supposed,
we should expect a somewhat similar larval development. But
the contrast between the nymphs could scarcely be more striking
than it is. The nymphs of Synthemis are absolutely unlike any
other known Cordidine nymphs. Their principal characteristics
are — an elongate-oval body, exceedingly villose; strongly diver-
gent wing-cases; head very square in front, with small prominent
eyes projecting from the antero-lateral angles; and rather .short,
thick legs. Tiie general shape of the nymph, especially the head,
recalls at first sight the Orthetrum-gvoup of larvae in the sub-
family Lihellulincs. But as these two groups are quite distinct
in such important characters as the labium and form of wing-
cases, it is probable that a great deal of superficial resemblance
is simply due to the convergence of adaptive characters, brought
about b}'' similar conditions of living.

The nearest ally to the larva of Synthemis is most certainly
that of the European and American genus G or duleg aster. Thanks

324 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS,

to the kindness of Dr. Ris, I hav'e been enabled to study, from
his own excellent photographs, the nymph of Corduleyanter
annulatus, the commonest European species. The I'esemblance
between it and the nymph of Synthemis eustalacta, for instance,
is extraordinarily close. In both nymphs the head is of the same
shape, with .square front, prominent' eyes, and rounded hind-lobes;
the wing-cases of both are strongly divergent; the legs of ])oth
are much shorter, in proportion to the size of the larva;, than in
any G ordidine nymph; the abdomens of both are villous, elongate-
oval, and rather rounded than flab underneath. Tn general
appearance the Syntheviis n3'mph is shorter and broader — more
thickset — than the Cordidegaster nymph; but this is almost the
only difference.

In Gordulegaster the antennfe are seven-jointed, with two basal
joints thickened and rather rounded, the other five being filiform.
The same is true of the antennte of Synthemis(&ee Plate viii., fig. 4),
which are also very hairy. (I cannot say, from the photos,
whether those of Gordulegaster are also hairy, but it is highly
probable in so villous a nymph).

A comparison of the labia of the same two nymphs shews that
both are of the recognised Gorduliiie form, with sub triangular
mentum, broad lateral lobes, furnished with a terminal spine, and
strongly dentate along the distal border. Large sette are also
developed both on the mentum and on the lateral lobes. The
dentition of Synthemis eustalacta (ace Plate ix., fig. 1) is much
smaller and more regular than tliat of Gordulegaster, tlie nearest
approach to which may be seen in Synthemis niacrostigma (Plate
ix., fig. 3). In the position of rest, the labium is similar in both,
the mentum and lateral lobes forming together a large cup-shaped
or almost hemispherical cover to the underside of the head (see
Plate viii., fig. 3).

This remarkable similarity between the nymphs of Synthemis
and Gordulegaster is of great phylogenetic importance, for it
supplies the missing link between the two great divisions of the
Anisoptera — the ^Eschnidoi and Libelhdidce. Of the jEschnidoi,
Gordulegaster alone — shewing no trace in its imaginal develop-

BY R. J. TILLYARD. 325

ment of any Libellulid connectioa — yet possesses this remarkable
nymphal lal)ium of distinct Libellulid form, and distinctly non-
uEschnid in every particular. We now find that Syuthemis,
Aviiich in its imaginal development is absolutely Cordnline, with-
out a single J^schnid characteristic, possesses a larva exceedingly
similar to that of C or duleg aster. The gap, therefore, between the
two large families is in this way completely bridged. If we place
the genus Syntheniis at the end of the Libelhdidce, in the sub-
family Cordtdiince, and begin the ^Eschnidce with C or dtdeg aster,
we have a very good linear connection between the two. Further*
if we see in Synthemis and Cordulegaster two of the most archaic
survivals in the whole of the Anisoptera, it is to be expected that
such forms would shew small divergence compared with the
larger and more specialised groups.

The Larval Gizzard. — Dr. Ris has pointed out to me the great
importance of the form of the larval gizzard as a character for
the systematisation of large groups. In dragonfly nymphs the
gizzard is a well-developed organ, lying within the fii'st or second
segment of the abdomen, and furnished on its inside v/ith a set
of four or more chitinoiis plates or *' folds," carrying au armature
of strong hard teeth for the reduction of the food-masses. In the
Anisopterid families two main lines of development are found,
viz., (1) the Libellulid form, which possesses four plates arranged
in bilateral symmetry, i.e., one pair of one form, and one pair of
another; and (2) the ^schtiid form, in which the four plates are
radially symmetrical, i.e., all alike in form. Dr. Ris found an
almost exactly similar pattern in all the Libelhdid nymphs he
examined, both of the Libellidince and Cordidiince. But in the
uLschnidce, where a fair number of archaic forms have been
placed, the radially symmetrical development differs considerably
in the various subfamilies.

I have carefully examined the gizzard of Synthemis eustalacta,
of which a diagram is given below, in Text-fig. 2. The diagram was
prepared by cutting the gizzard open longitudinally, spreading it
out carefully on a glass slide, and placing another lightly above
it; so that the teeth are not ab.solutely flattened, but are viewed.

326

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS,

as it were, in half-profile. In each of the two inner* folds will
be found two large sharply hooked teeth; in each of the two outer
ones, there is a thick single tooth, also sharply hooked, but with

Rjr

Fig.2— Larval gizzard of Synthemis eustalacta(x 25).

a strong outer lateral edge carrying four or five small serrate
teeth, and indications of two very small serrations on the inner
lateral edge. For comparison, I examined the gizzards of two
other CordtUiiie}sirvse, Gordulephya jyygmcea and Hemicordulia
tau; and one J^Libelluliiie larva, Orlhelriun caledonicum. They
are all almost exactly like that of Synthemis eustalacta, the only
difference being in tlie number of small serrations along the
edges of the singlejtooth. This is a very interesting result, for
it proves, beyond all doubt, that the larva of Synthemis, though
so closely allied to that of C or duleg aster, is still of the true
Libellulid stock.

Another point of great interest is that in the larva of Cordide-
gaster, although the ^Eschnid radial symmetry is already estab-
lished, yet the dentition in each of the four " folds " is very much
like that of the two outer folds in Synthemis, viz., a single
strong tooth with a serrate edge. This is very unlike the denti-
tion in any other J^schnid group so far examined; in all of which

* The terms " inner " and " outer " refer only to the diagram; the line of
section might have been taken in a diametrically opposite position, and
then the positions would have been reversed; or another cutting might have
given us one pair on each side.

BY R. J. TILLYARD.

327

the teeth are much reduced in size, possessing no serrate edges,
and varying in number from two to nearly thirty on each '-fold."
This similarity in the dentition of the four folds of C or dnleg aster
with two of the folds of Synthemis, helps to convince us fui'ther
of the close relationship between the two genera. The develop-
ment of the original Anisopterid stock had evidently proceeded
but a little way when the progenitors of Synthemis and Cordule-
gaster branched off from it; and, most certainly, in their larval
forms, further divergence has been very limited, though in the
imagines the process of evolution has effected considerable
separation.

The lines of divergence of the two main grou[)S of Anisoptera,
viz., the Libelhdidce and jEsch^iidce, can be roughly indicated by
a phylogenetic diagram (text-fig. 3). In this diagram the five sub-
families at present dominant, representing the five lines of highly
successful specialisation of one kind or another, are arranged at
the top, while the remnants of the archaic groups (which we may

LlBELLULiaC

/ESCHNID/E

/UBELLULiN.t

CORDuuMN/E

(s.srr.)

.

4

Petal ura

Common Anisopterid Stock
Fig.S — Phylogenetic Diagram.

well believe have been, in their time, also the dominant groups)
are arranged lower down. Convergence of origin-lines indicates
convergence of the corresponding groups; e.g., I have placed the

328 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS,

line of origin of the peculiar Chloro(jom2}hus so as to converge
towards Synthemis, since it exhibits a remarkable enlarge-
ment of the basal area of the hind wing, which, in its retention
of cross-veins, and in the form of its anal loop, bears considerable
resemblance to Synthemis.

Such a diagram is not, of course, intended to exhibit accu-
rately the relative ages of the various archaic groups. These can
only be ascertained, if at all, by a careful study of their present-
day geographical distribution, coordinated with a knowledge of
the requisite geological data.

Tiie result of this study of both nymphal and imagiual charac-
ters in Synthemis seems to me to demand imperatively a further
altpi'ation in the accepted classification of the Corchdiinoi (ficnfi.
lat.). There are, in the subfamily, three distinct groups : Syn-
themis with a distinct non-Gorduline tendency in the nymph;
Macromia with a distinct non-Cordidine (^Eschiiine) tendency in
the imago; and, finally, the Gorduliince, s.str., forming the greater
part of the subfamily, in which the true Gordidine characters of
both nymph and imago are developed. I do not suggest the
elevation of tlie.se three groups into subfamilies, simply because
I do not consider that the C ordidiiiuH {iiQXi&.\a.t.) ca.n ever be
themselves admitted to more than that rank — their Libelhdid
connection is so close and evident. I would therefore suggest a
division of the subfamily Cor(Z^<.^^^?^«;(sens.lat.) into tln-ee main
groups as follows : —

i. Larvae with abdomen considerably rounded, but always longer
than wide, smooth; wing-cases parallel; head without frontal
horn, subtriaiigular in front, with eyes well behind tlie level of
the front; legs long and slender.

Imagines with (when present) an elongated anal loojJ, having
a more or less distinct longitudinal bisector; triangle of hind-
wings very often recessed to, or neai-ly to, the level of arculus;
basilar space alwaj's free Group Cordidina.

ii. Larvfe with abdomen very much rounded, nearly circular
when viewed from above, smooth, much flattened; wing-cases

BY R. J. TILLYARD. 329

parallel; head with a prominent pyramidal frontal horn; legs
long and spider-like.

Imagines with a compact anal loop, very little, if at all, longer
than wide; triangle of hindwiug never retracted towards arculus;

basilar space always free. Large insects of strong flight

Group Macroinina.

iii. Larvae with elongate-oval body, very villose; wing-cases
strongly divergent, head square in front, with eyes projecting
from antero-lateral angles; legs short, thick, hairy.

Imagines with anal loop never as long as wide; basilar space

always reticulated. Insects of rather weak flight

Group Synthemina.

Group i. contains over eighty species; Group ii., nearly fifty;
and Group iii., only fifteen. But it is inevitable, in any attempt
of this kind, that the most highly developed and successful forms
should far outnumber the members of a more archaic group. I
do not say, however, that we should rest content with Group i.,
as it now stands. There may be lines of division of equal value
to the others still to be found in that group. In particular, a
careful study of the life-histor}' of Cordulephija is necessary
before we can be content to leave it in the same group as insects
of a vei-y different type.

To turn now to the study of the Group Synlhemina, consisting
of the fifteen species of the genus Syntliemis. Various authors
have pointed out the need of some subdivision of the genus, but
the attempts made were only tentative, mainly from lack of
material to study the group as a whole. Prof. Forster, when
describing his new species, S. primigenia from New Guinea,
noticed the remarkable difference in the female sex-organs of
this species and those of S. brevistyla. Apparently he had no
knowledge of the type *S'. etistalacta, However, lie suggests a
subdivision into two genera as follows : —

5. Without ovipositor and conspicuous appendages : c<-10 lying

in one straight line; 8 clipped off straight behind. ...

Eusynthemis {S, brevistyla).

330 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS,

$. With 8 cut oS' slantingly, 9 and 10 bent upwards, and a
long ovipositor Palceosynthemis [S. jjrimigenia).

He adds a note to the effect that, owing to the great rarity of
specimens of Synthemis in collections, he cannot classify the
other species.

Of course, such a division, from a knowledge of two species
only, could scarcely be expected to be of any value for the recep-
tion of other species. Let us take, for instance, the type »S'.
eustalacta, with which Forster should surely have become
acquainted before making his attempt. It possesses an ovipositor,
though neither so long nor of so exaggerated a form as that of
S. primigenia. However, it must go into Palceosynthemis.
Hence the original type of the genus cannot now be the type of
either siibgenus.* Again, S. regina, a species very closely allied
to S. enstalacia, possesses no ovipositor, and would therefore go
into Eusynthemis with S. hrevistyla, with which it has very little
affinity.

Apart from any other reason, the excessive rarity of the
females of these insects is a strong reason for not employing the
female sex-organs in generic subdivision. But a study of the
ovipositors of the various species will, I think, convince us that
they are only of very limited value in this case.

First of all — and this is suggested partly by Forster's diagram
of S. primigenia 9 — it is necessary to remark tliat great varia-
bility exists in the appearance of the end-segments. Females of
Synthemis, on emergence, ai-e very flabby, and remain so, in their
retirement, for long periods, with not only the three end-segments
often imperfectly filled out, but with their whole bodies abso-
lutely flat from lack of food. Even if one is fortunate enough
to capture a well-developed female (generally one which has been
ovipositing), one finds considerable difterences in the position of

* See International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, Art. 29. "If a
genus is divided into two or more restricted genera, its valid name must be
retained for one of the restricted genera. If a type was originally estab-
lished for said genus, the generic name is retained for restricted genus con-
taining said type."

BY R. J. TILLYARD. 331

segments 9 and 10 with respect to 8. In some specimens,
especially ill-nourished ones, segments 9 and 10 are piled up
somewhat as in Forster's diagram, but I doubt if it ever is so in
a well-fed specimen, even of .S". primigenia. Though, in all those
species possessing an ovipositor, segments 9 and 10 are — seen
laterally — much narrower than 7 and 8, yet, in their proper posi-
tions, they lie in a line more or less parallel to, and above, the
ovipositor. Forster's diagram apparently I'epresents not only
an immature, but even a malformed or damaged specimen, for
the end abdominal appendages of segment 10 are entirely
Jacking I

Variation of the Female Sex-Organs. — We shall see, from a
study of every species of Synthemis of which the female is known,
that there is an enormous difference in these organs, even in the
most closely allied species. There is no doubt that the ovipositor,
where still present, has ceased to be used for its original purpose,
i.e., no species of Syatheinis now uses its ovipositor as a terebra
or borer. I have watched five species of Synthemis ovipositing.
Three of these possess well-formed ovipositors — S. macrostiyma,
S. eustalacta, and S. Jlavoterminaia. All three lay their eggs iu
the Lihellulid manner, by flying close to the surface of the water,,
then hovering with body almost vertical, and dipping it with
short quick movements, three or four times in succession, into the
water, so as to wash the eggs out, several at a time. Females of
S. eustalacta, captured in the act of oviposition, have immediately
exuded clusters of eggs from ten to a hundred or more in number.
(A portion of one of these clusters is figured, greatly magnified,
in Plate viii., fig.l). Females of S. macrostigma, however, cap-
tured in the same way, exude only two or three eggs in a cluster^
and sometimes none at all. These, also, sometimes support them-
selves by holding lightly to a reedstem, while still hovering with
their wings, and dipping their abdomens in the usual way. ^S*.
Jlavoterminata — and the two species, S, regina and S. guttata,
which do not possess ovipositors — all oviposit while flying rapidly
to and fro over the water, and wash out their eggs in large
clusters.

332 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS,

Probabl}' the ovipositor — especially when it is curved, as in
>S'. ^e«c;/u'i (Plate vii., fig. 18) — is still of some use in coatrolliug
the escape of the exuding egg-masses This may account partly
for its I'etention in so many species, long after its original use
Las gone.

In *S. Jlavoterminata, there is a remarkable variation in the
length of the ovipositor, compared with the end-segments, in
fully developed females. In Plate vii., figs.22«, h, and c, are shewn
the ends of three females in my collection. At first sight it
looks as if the ovipositor was very variable itself in length and
shape; but I think that this appearance is due mostly to change
in relative position, and that if the ovipositor of fig. 2 2c could be
cut out and measured, it would be very little larger than that of
fig. 22a, which projects only half as far. Still, this is evidence of
variability of the structure in this species, and it may be that
8. flavoterminata is even now in process of losing a structure
already somewhat aborted. Another peculiarity in the ovipositor
of tlie same species is, that it carries at its tip a small transparent
glutinous mass. This is present in all my specimens (twelve),
and therefore is not likely to be a remnant of the sticky sub-
stance which holds the eggs together. Its use appears to be to
supplement the short ovipositor in holding the egg-masses back
from too rapid exudation.

I have figured in Plate vii., the end-segments of the females
of eight S[)ecies. Next to *S'. primigenia, the longest ovipositors
aie possessed by the four species S. mac7'OStigma(fig.l7), S. leachii
(fig. 18), (S'. eustalacta(Gg.l9), and iS'. tas7)ianica{iig.20}. These
represent the most primitive form of the organ still existing in
Australia. We then have in S. Jlavoterminataifig.'I'l) a consider-
ably shorter and more aborted ovipositor. Passing on, we come
to S. regina(^gs,.\Qa and h) — a species very closel}'^ allied in other
respects to the >S'. eiostalacta-gvo\x^ — with only a small remnant of
an ovipositor left; S. c//«Hi7inc<a(figs.21a and b) with a still
smaller remnant; S. claviculata (not figured) with a similar tiny
remnant; and finally, to the closely allied group of four species,
/?. hrevistyla, S. virgula, S. gutJatn, and S. 9ugra(see (ig.23), in

BY R. J. TILLYARD. 333^

■which the ovipositor has completely disappeared, leaving the
ninth segment hollow without any prominent covering from the
underside of S.

It thus appears that the female sex-organs are, in this group,
too variable to be of much use in generic separation. The group
of four species last-mentioned is the only one in which I propose
to use it as a generic character.

Male Sex-Organs. — Throughout the group the primary sex-
organs of segment 2 are not prominent, the sheaths being fairly
large and well-rounded and forming an effective protection to the
penis, which is deeply recessed between and below them(see Plate
vii., fig.1.5). The foi'm of the penis itself is probably only of
specific value, varying, no doubt, considerably with the variation
already described in the female sex-organs. In any case, as the
specimen has to be saci'ificed in order to examine it, it is inad-
visable to use it in classification. However, I have figured the
penis of three species typical of the three genera into which I
propose to subdivide the group. The general shape is somewhat
the same in all three; but in S. ev,stalacta{fig.24:) there is a long
curved filament projecting from the base, followed by a row of
hairs decreasing in size; in S. gutiata(^&g.25) this filament is
absent, and the hairs are more numerous, but shorter; in S.fiavo-
^e?'mi?i«^a(fig.26) the filament is absent, and the hairs few. On
the upper part, S. euslalacta possesses a long curved filament
similar to that on the base; S. guttata a shorter one, nearly
straight; and S. Jiavoterminata the merest rudiment of one. I
have been unable to spare specimens from the rarer species to
carry this investigation further; nor do I think it of much \ alue
towards forming a really usefxd classification of the group.

We now turn our attention to the secondary male sex-organs,
i.e., the anal appendages of the abdomen, used as claspers in
holding the female. These are figured for every species (except
S. miranda, of which the male is unknown) in Plate vii., figs. 1-1 4.
We find here three distinct groups, each of which is associated
with a corresponding form of the abdomen. In the first group
(figs. 1 to 8), the superior appendages are long, and more or less
wavy; the corresponding abdomen is pinched at segment 3 or 4,

334 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS,

enlarged at 6 and 7, and slightly pinched again at 8-9 (except in
S. cyanitincta, where 7-9 are uniformly broad). In the second
group(figs.9-12) the superior appendages are very short, and
slightly forcipate; the corresponding abdomen is shorter, not very
pinched at 3-4 (except S. nigra). In the third gronp(tigs. 13-14),
the superior appendages are of medium length, slender and straight;
tlie corresponding abdomen is exceedingly slender and cylindrical.
(In the coloured Plates, figs. 1-7 belong to group 1, 8-11 to group
2, 12-13 to group 3; S. nigra, fig.9, has an abdomen varying in
shape, but the most slender specimen has been figured in order
to contrast more strongly with >S'. guttata, fig. 8).

As already shewn, there is very little iu the wing-venation
which is really constant enough to be of value in subdividing the
genus. There is, however, one character, not yet mentioned,
which seems to me to be of considerable importance, and that is
the form of the membranule in the hind wing. Nearly all Cordu-
liincH possess this membranule as a rather narrow, elongated, and
often darkened, membi'ane at the base of the anal vein; in the male
reaching some distance along the border of the anal triangle; in the
female attached to the corresponding curved anal border. Now
in the two %^%ciQ% S . Jlavoterminata &.\\di. S. olivet, the membranule
is so reduced as not to be visible to the eye, and the anal triangle
of the male has developed a slight convexity of its outer border,
instead of being slightly concave, as it is when the membranule
is present. These two species form group 3 above-mentioned.
So that, with their .slender bodies, thin straight appendages of
medium length, and this peculiai-ity in wing-venation, they are
sufficiently distinct from the main body of species to warrant a
new genei'ic name. There is also another important difTerence
between them and the rest, and that is the size of the front of
the head, which is only about half the width of that of any of
the remaining species. I propose, therefore, on the strength of
these characters, to separate out S. Jlavoterminata and S. olivei,
and to place them in a new genus, Chorlsthemis.* The tj'pe of
this genus will be S. Jiavoterminata Martin.

* Greek X'^P'-^ without, in allusion to the absence of membranule.

BY R. J. TILLYARD, 335

In studying the remaining thirteen species, we can at once
pick out a homogeneous group of four (group 2 above-mentioned)
characterised by the short anal appendages of the males, the
absolute loss of the ovipositor in the females, and the generally
rather shorter and less constricted abdomen. These are S hrevi-
styla, S. virgula, S. yittlata, and S. nigra. I regard these as the
most advanced members of the group Synthemina. Their vena-
tion is more open and .less inclined to variation than that of the
other species, and in the complete loss of the ovipositor, they have
at last reached an invariant stage. These four species are also
very much more closely allied to one another than any other two
species outside them. I therefore propose to place them in a new
genus, Metathemis, of which the type will be S. guttata Selys.

There now remain nine species (including the impei'fect female-
type, S. miranda Selys, which is retained next to S. regina, to
which it is closely allied in venation), in which the superior
appendages of the male are always long atid wavy, the mernbra-
nule always present, the front large, and the abdomen long,
pinched at 3-4, and (except in the smallest species, S. cyanitincta)
somewhat narrowed again at 8 or 9. Of these, the female of S.
primigenia possesses an enormously long ovipositor; the ovipositors
of S. eustalacta, S. tasmanica, S. leachii, S. macrostigma are large
and conspicuous; that of S. regina (closely allied in other respects
to S. eustalacta) is very small and those of *S'. claviculata and ^S'.
cyanitincta almost obsolete. The two latter are otherwise not by
an}- means closely allied, and are from widely different localities.
Of all the species it may be said that, in contrast to the four
species above separated out, they all possess at least a rudiment of
an ovipositor. I propose to retain these in the genus Synthemis
(restricted), the tyjie of the restricted genus, of course, remaining
S. eustalacta Bnvxa., the original type of the whole genus proposed
by de Selys.

I cannot see any advantage in suggesting further subdivision.
The nine species just considered form, without doubt, a less
homogeneous division than the other two, but they are in many
ways very closely allied, and are certainly the most archaic
members of the group still extant.

336 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS

There is also a corresponding difference between the larval
forms (so far as they are known). The nymph of S, Jiavoterminata
is small and of rather slender build, with a small projecting
frontal rectangular plate, fringed with small hairs; that of S.
guttata is of stouter build, and has a much larger almost semi-
circular projection or plate standing out from the front; those of
S. eustalacta, S. macrostigma, and S. regina are of stout build,
but possess only a row of hairs on the front and not a projecting
plate (see Plate viii., fig. 2, S. eustalacta; fig.5, S. guttata). The
fovir species comprising the genus Metathemis are so closely allied,
that I have no doubt this frontal plate will be found in the
nymphs of the other three, and will form an excellent generic
diagnostic for the larval forms.

The classification proposed may now be exhibited as follows:—

(Front small, abdomen narrow cylindrical, membran-
ule absent • Choristhemis, n.g.
Front large, abdomen of variable width, membran-
ule present 2.

'Superior appendages of male short; female without

ovipositor Metathe77iin, n.g.

Superior appendages of male long and wavy; female

with, at least, a rudimentary ovipositor Synthcmis (s.str.).

And, for the nymphs : —

'Small nymphs of slender build; front with a small
projecting rectanyiilar plate, fringed with small

hairs ... Choris(hemis,n.g.

Larger nymphs of stouter build 2.

Front with a conspicuous semicircular projecting

plate Metathemis, n.g.

Front without a plate, but with a row of hairs Synthemis (s.str,).

I now pass to the systematic description of the species, arranged
in the proposed genera. Where the life-history has been studied,
the details of it and the description of the nymph are given under
each species. The descriptions of the imagines are taken from
freshly killed specimens, and are made as short as is consistent
with a full determination of specific differences.

1.

BY R. J. TILLYARD. 337

Subfamily CORDULIIN.E.
Group Synthemiua
Imagines of slender build and rather weak flight. Anal loop
of hindwing of compact form, never as long as wide; basilar
(median) space always reticulated. Larvae with head squarish in
front, eyes projecting from the anterolateral corners; legs short
and hairy; abdomen elongate-oval in shape, villous; wing-cases
strongly divergent; distal margin of lateral lobes of labium
distinctly dentate.

Genus 1. Synthemis Selys, a me restrictum.
Membranule present, front large, abdomen varying in width,
always pinched at 3 or 4 and widening to 7. Superior append-
ages of male long and wavy. Female with, at least, a rudiment
of an ovij)Ositor, often with a large and conspicuous ovipositor.
Larvse of stout build, with a row of hairs along front of head, but
tvithout a projecting flat frontal plate. Type: Synthemis eitstalacta

Burnieister.

Kei/ to Sjiecies of Synthemis(s.str.).

Males.

r Thorax with antehumeral spots or stripes 2.

I Thorax without antehumeral spots or stripes 3.

^Thorax with four creamy antehumeral spots .. S. leachii,

(Thorax with antehumeral stripes 4.

! Segment 10 of abdomen with a conspicuous dorsal
spine or tubercle 5.

Segment 10 of abdomen without any dorsal spine or
tubercle 6.

{Antehumeral thoracic stripes yellow; colour metallic
black with yellow spots S. davicxdata.
Antehumeral thoracic stripes pale bluish, short; size
of insect small, colour brown with pale bluish
spots S. cyanUincta.

i Dorsal spine black, conical; size of insect large;

5. ' colours black and yellow 8. regina.

' Dorsal spine pale yellow, depressed anally 7.

{Inferior appendage just under half length of superior;
colour pinkish-brown with creamy spots S. macrostigma.
Inferior appendage considerably over half length of
superior; colour black with a few tiny yellow
spots S. primigenia,

{Abdomen blackish with bright yellow spots; inferior
appendage two-thirds length of superior, truncate S. eustalacta.
Abdomen dark brownish with paler yellow spots;
inferior appendage slightly over two-thirds
length of superior, truncate S. tanmanica.

(N.B. — The male of >S. miranda Selys, is unknown.)
24

338 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHKMIS,

Females.

(Four to five cross-veins in basilar space, eight to nine
in submedian S.miranda.
Not more than four cross-veins in basilar space, nor
eight in submedian 2.

j Segment 8 with a conspicuous ovipositor 3.

I Segment 8 without a conspicuous ovipositor 4.

(Ovipositor very long, reaching beyond end of seg-
ment 10 S. primigenia.
Ovipositor not reaching beyond end of abdomen 5.

(Thorax with a pair of antehumeral stripes 6.

Thorax without antehumeral stripes; colour black
and yellow S. regina.

) Thorax with four antehumeral creamy spots .S^. leachii.

( Thorax without antehumeral stripes or spots 7.

/'Thoracic antehumeral stripes yellow; colour metallic

J black and yellow S. claviculata.

\ Thoracic antehumeral stripes pale bluish or creamy,

\^ short; size of insect small S. cyanitincta.

( Lateral thoracic stripe entire 8.

J Lateral thoracic stripe broken into a rounded and
I an elongated spot; colour pinkish-brown with

1^ creamy spots. .. S. macrosiigma,

' Appendages in profile rather oval and flat; colour of

abdomen blackish with yellow spots S. eustalacta.

8.- Appendage in profile narrower and more cylindri-
cal; colour of abdomen dark brown with paler
yellow spots; insect smaller than above S. tasmanica,

1. Synthemis eustalacta Burra. (Plate iv., fig. 1.)

Burmeister, Handl)k. Entom. Nevropt. 18.39: Selys, Bull. Acad.
Belgique, xxxi. 1871; xxxvii. 1874.

(J. Total length 51 mm., abdomen .38 mm., liindwing 32 awn.

Wings : Costa jfellowish outwards, pterostigma 2*5 mm., dark
brown between black nervures; memhranule 2 mm., dull grey.
Three cross-veins in basilar space, 4-5 in submedian space; all
triangles usually free. Head: Eyes brilliant greenish (when
alive), bordered with dark brown, a pale yellow patch behind;
vertex hairy, black; front hairy, cleft medially, pale yellow above
and on sides, brown on face, black in median cleft; postclypeus
brownish, a yellow .spot on each side; anteclypeus brownish,
touched with pale yellow; labrum yellow edged with brown;
labium pale yellowish-grey, mouth edged with dark brown.

BY H. J. TILLYARD. 339

Thorax: Prothorax small, dark brown, a yellow collar in front^
a triangular yellow spot behind. Meso- and metathorax deep rich
chocolate-brown, a yellow line along dorsal ridge; on either side
of it a broad straight steely metallic band; a small bright yellow
spot at each wing-base. Sides of thorax witli a broad yellow
band, bordered above by a narrower steely metallic band; low
down, two yellow spots of fair size; notiim brown with jellow
scutella. Abdomen subcylindrical, pinched at 3, broadening
to 8; 9-10 narrower. Colour rich black, marked with i»ale bright
yellow as follows — 1, a dorsal spot and two small lateral spots;
'2, auricles yellow, a slanting spot on each side of dorsum; 3,
basal half yellow with a somewhat diamond-shaped black dorsal
iiiMik, rest black. Segments 4-7 with a pair of small basal spots,
•A pair of larger central spots, smallest on 6, larger and of irregular
shape on 7; 8 three-fourths covered by a pair of large bright
yellow spots, almost meeting along dorsum; 9 with two small
basal spots; 10 with a conspicuous pale yellow spine, bent over
anally, sharply pointed. Appendages: Superior 3-2 mm.,
slightly wavy, converging at tips, which are blunt and rounded,
almost black; inferior two-thirds as long, truncate, bent upwards.
(Plate vii., tigs.la,6).

9. A slightly larger and duller insect; wings often tinged with
pale brown or yellow, pterostigma 3 mm., pale brownish. Head
and fhorax&s in male; abdomen stouter, cylindrical; 2 with large
oval spots; 3 as in male; 4-7 with larger basal spots and with
central oval spots decreasing in size, smallest owl; 8, rather short
.above, with two small basal spots; 9-10 without spot. Ovipositor
2 mm., reaching to below 10, conspicuous; ajtpendages l'2mm.,
straight, somewhat flat and oval when viewed sideways, blacki.sh.
(Plate vii., fig. 19.)

Types: Coll. Germar, Coll. Selys, $^.

Hah. — New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia.

Common on bogs and marshes, and sometimes on small running
^streams, in mountainous districts. Females very rarely seen, in
-comparison with males.

340 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS,

L i f e - H i s t o r y of S. enstalacta.

The perfect insect emerges about the beginning of November,
and continues on the wing until March. Pairing takes place
from the middle of November onwards, but it is always difficult
to find either pairs in flight or females ovipositing. On a small
swamp at Leura, Blue Mountains, where the insect is common, I
have watched the female ovipositing in December. When pair-
ing, the male seizes the female in the usual way with his anal
appendages, clasping her round the prothorax, with the inferior
appendage bent forward over the front of the prothorax. In
this position they usually indulge in a wild up-and-down flight,
finally fl3'ing away into the bush. When a female appears on
the swamp there is usually more than one male ready to pair
with her, and often quite exciting scuffles occur before pairing is
effected. Pairs are also frequently heckled by single males^
which sometimes succeed in separating them.

When the female is ready to deposit her ova, she returns to
the swamp, flying low, and keeping as nuicli as possible out of
the main track of the numerous males flying up and down.
However, when she chooses to oviposit right in the track of their
flight, they seldom molest her. The place chosen for the eggs is
always the same, viz., in still water of from a few inches to a foot
or two in depth, overlying deep mud, and close to the main water-
drainage of the swamp. If one dredges such places in tlie early
spring, larvse of S. eustalacta will be found in abundance, but na
larvae of any otlier species.

Although the female possesses a conspicuous ovipositor, it is
apparently of no use to her except perhaps in controlling the
exit of the egg-masses. She flies close to the water, along the
edges of the reed-beds, continually dipping the tip of her abdomen
into the water, so as to wash out the eggs, which fall down and
settle on the mud. This is done in characteristic fashion, with
the abdomen held nearly vertical and bruslied forward at each
dip, so as to touch the water gently. Sometimes the action
ai)pears to be done easily and not hurriedly, but at other times —

I

BY R. J. TILLYARD. 341

particularly when a storm is brewing — I have seen it carried
out in great haste, and apparently in considerable trepidation.

A female captured by me, during oviposition, immediately
exuded a large cluster of small oval yellow eggs, over a hundred
in number. Portion of this cluster is shewn on Plate viii., fig.l.
Other females have exuded smaller clusters, and sometimes none
at all. There is no doubt that they can be persuaded to wash
out ova into a tube of water, while being held in the hand.
Unfortunately I was unprovided with one at the time mentioned,
so tliat I have had no opportunity of hatching eggs of this
species.

On dredging the swamp late in December, I have found a few
very small larvae, as well as a few fully fed ones not yet emerged.
Hence I conclude that the ova hatch out in from two to three
weeks (the usual period in the case of other Corduline ova which
I have hatched). The larvse evidently grow rapidly and are full
fed within the year. I have taken larvae in September only
half-grown, which, fed up in my aquarium, have emerged before
Christmas.

The young larva, which is very hairy, lies nearly buried in the
soft mud. In the aquarium, where they are supplied with fine
sand, larvse of all sizes throw up the sand all over them, and
scoop out in the process a depression into which they settle,
leaving just a slight outline of the body visible, and their eyes
and the top of the labium. I am not at all impressed with the
power of the labium as a weapon of offence. It is so short in
its reach that an insect would have to come very close up to it
before it could be captured and eaten. I think that insects and
other small water-animals are very seldom captured in this
manner, but that often the large cup-shaped labium is used to
draw in a large quantity of muddy water, which is then sifted
and examined by means of the numei'ous setse and the terminal
hook, and thus a considerable quantity of minute food is obtained.

In one jar' I kept a nearly fullgrown larva without food for
some weeks. He never moved his position once. I then intro-
duced, all at once, about two hundred mosquito larvae. As these

342 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYSTHKMIS,

wriggled past hi in, lie snapped at tliem again and again. At
every thi'ee or four tries only, he succeeded in catcliiiig one. But
so eagerly were they devoured that he accounted for nearl}^ fifty
in the course of ten minutes. After that he continued to snap
at them occasionally, without apparently any further desire to
eat them.

These larvee are very clumsy, hut are capable of running fairly
quickly when they have dragged themselves free from most of
the surrounding mud. When full-fed, they crawl about on the
surface of the mud or sand for days, being all the time only
partially covered with mud. They seem quite unable to ascend
a stick or stem rising from the water, but crawl out into the
sedge or grass first, probably to get drier. Finally they ascend
a stem in a most clumsy manner, and emerge in all sorts of
curious positions — -bent sideways, twisted nearly double, and
often nearly upside down. In my aquaria, larvae would con-
tinually get out over the side, and crawl far away into a corner
of the room; so that sometimes I found the newly emerged insect
on the window-curtain, and never found the exuviae at all.
Others failed to emerge, and the dead bodies of the larvae were
found hidden in all sorts of localities. Only a very few ascended
the sticks placed against rocks or wood in convenient positions
for them.

Taking the nymphs at random, I have bred an almost equal
number of both sexes, the females being slightly more abundant.
This shews that the rarity of the female on the swamps is due
only to her retiring habits.

The general cliaracters of the nymphs of Si/ntheinis having
already been indicated, I now pass to the detailed description of
the ovum and the full-fed nymph.

O v u-m about 1 mm. long, by 0'8 mm. broad, spheroidal, very
slightly pointed at the upper end where it is attached to the main
egg-mass. Colour yellow, darkening to orange on exposure to air,
and becoming less transparent(Plate viii.,fig.l).

Nym ph ('fully grown): total length 21 mm., abdomen 15 mm.;
width of head 5 mm.; wing-cases 6 mm. long; antennae 2*7 mm.
Colour dark brown; very hairy(P]ate viii., fig. 2).

I

BY R. J. TILLYARD. 343

Head square in front, with small prominent dark eyes at the
extreme antero-lateral corners; front fringed with a ridge of
irregular hairs; antennce seven-jointed(Plate viii., fig.4), first and
second joints from base short, stout and rounded, next four
longer and narrower, cylindrical, with pale tips; seventh (apical)
joint thin, sharply pointed; all segments furnished with irregular
hairs of varying lengths, and great fineness; ocelli inconspicuous,
in a small tiiangle on the rather flat epicranial surface; jjostocular
lobes full and well-rounded, hairy. The back of the head is of
irregular surface, so that mud and silt collect in ridges there,
giving the appearance, shewn in the Plate, of a slight colour-
pattern of light and dark brown alternately. (View of head
from in front is given in Plate viii., tig.3). Labium, in position
of rest, reaching to between the bases of middle and hind legs;
length, when closed, to base of mentum, 6-5 mm.; median and
lateral lobes of mentum when closed forming a nearly hemi-
spherical cup fitting close up to eyes and antennae; rest of mentum
projecting backwards more flatly; indentations of lateral lobes
fitting closely, and terminal hooks lying concealed along margin;
length of mentum 3 mm., greatest breadth 4-5 mm.; lateral lobes
1'8 mm. to base of terminal hook. Mentum broad, subtriangular,
with median lobe advanced to a blunt rounded apex; mental
setae, 5 primaiy, about 1 mm. long, 4 secondary, 0'2 to 0'3 mm.
long, on each side. Lateral lobes subtriangular, outer edge
strong, ridged, witli tiny stiff bristles arranged irregularly along
outer edge; five strong stiflf lateral setce springing from the inner
side of the ridge, from 1-2 to 08 mm. long; terminal hook just
above the top seta, very sharp, 1 mm. long; distal border strongly
dentate, there being generally seven distinct teeth on each side,
unsymmetrical, but arranged so as to fit one another accurately
when the mask is closed; teeth rounded, the larger ones tending
to overhang slightly on the lower side (" nodding "); largest
tooth, generally the middle one on the left-hand side, about
0"3 mm. broad by 02 mm. high (Plate ix., tig. 1). Thorax:
Prothorax short and broad, with protruding lateral angles.
Meso- and metathorax well-formed, fairly smooth, dark brown

344 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS,

above, paler beneath, especially around the coxse. Legs of
medium thickness, rather short; lengths of femur, tibia, and
tarsus respectively are — -foreleg 3-0-1-7 mm.; middle leg 5-4-5-2
mm.; hindleg 6-5-5-3 mm.; coxse pale, femora dark brown, some-
what hairy, tibiae dark brown, with longer and tiner hairs, tarsi
3-jointed, with a few small hairs, ending in two rather small
weak hooks. Wing-cases flat, hairy, strongly diverging from
bases, so that their tips reach the level of the middle of the sixth
abdominal segment, and rest, projecting very slightly from each
side of alidomen; fore wing-case placed so completely under that
of hindwing that only a small portion along the costa is visible.
Abdomen elongate-oval, well rounded above, fairly rounded
beneath; broadest at segment 6, tiien tapering rapidly to end,
which appears somewhat pointed; no colour-pattern, but the
trai.sverse sutures between the segments are rather deeply set
under a raised apical ridge of large and conspicuous hairs, giving
the body an exceedingly villous appearance, and causing the mud
to adhere to it in great quantities: caudal appendages, superior
1-6 mm., sharply pointed, curving slightly downwards; two
inferior 1 "8 mm, straight, pointed; two smaller laterals, 0-8 ram.;
all rather hairy.

Types: Coll. Tillyard(Leura, Blue Mountains).

2. Synthemis tasmanica, n.sp. (Plate iv., fig.2.)

^. Total length 45 mm,, abdomen 34 mm., hindwing 28 mm.

Wings : costa yellowish outwards, membranide 2-5mm. long,
whitish, anal triangle with a tiny cross-nervule very low down,
pterostigma 2-5 ram., pale brown between dark nervures-
Head: eyes greenish in the living insect, bordered with dark
brown, with a pale yellow mark behind; vertex small, dark brown;
front cleft medially, pale yellow above and on sides, rich brown
in front; clypeus pale glaucous-brown in centre, livid grey on
sides, a livid spot in centre of anteclypeus; labrnm and labium
shining livid grey, faintl}^ tinged with purple. Thorax: pro-
thorax brown, a narrow collar in front, and a dor.sal spot, both
pale yellow. Meso- dud metathorax rich daik brown, a yellow

BY R. J. TILLYARD.

345

line on dorsal ridge, edged on both sides by a broad metallic
black band; on each side a straight lateral band of pale yellowish
colour, enclosing tlie mesospiracle, bordered above by a shorter
and narrower band of metallic steely black; low down, two con-
spicuous oval yellowish spots; legs black, underside of profemora
partly yellowish; nottim brown with yellowish scutella; a con-
spicuous pale yellow spot at each wing-base. Abdomen: 1-2
enlarged, 3 pinched at base, then widening to 7, 8-10 slightly
narrower. Colour : 1, brown; 2, brown, with a slanting pale
yellow mark on each side, auricles pale straw-colour, genital
opening edged with yellow; rest of abdomen dark brown, marked
with pale yellow as follows — 3, a pair of semioval basal spots, a
pair of larger central spots i-ather pointed basally; 4-7, with the
basal spots smaller, the central spots oval in 4-5, almost round
in 6-7; 8 with two very large dorsal spots, oval, separated by a
fine dorsal line; 9 with two small round basal spots; 10 dark
brown with a small yellowish dorsal spine depressed anally.
Appendages: superior 2*8 mm., black, wavy, approaching one
another at tips, which are blunt; inferior 2 mm., broadly trun-
cate, upcurved, dark brown(Plate vii., figs.2a and h).

<^. Similar to male but slightly larger, especially in expanse of
wing. Total length 42 mm., abdomen 31 mm., hindwing 30 mm.,
pterostigma 2-8 mm.

Head and thorax as in male. Abdomen thicker than in male,
almost cylindrical, tapering slightly from base to apex. Colour
dark brown spotted with pale yellow as follows — 2, a small basal
point low down on each side, a pair of round central spots; 3-7,
a pair of semioval basal spots, a pair of larger oval dorsal central
spots nearly touching; basal spots decreasing in .size from 3 to 7,
being mere specks on 7; 8-10 very short, 8 with a pair of small
oval basal spots, 9-10 with a transverse narrow band in sutures.
Ovipositor conspicuous, reaching to end of 9, dark brown, tip
fairly wide and blunt; ajypenJages 15 mm., straight, cylindrical,
with rounded tips, dark brown, separated by a rounded projec-
tion of 10 which carries a small tuft of hairs (see Plate vii., fig.20).

Type-series: Coll. Tillyard, ^9 (St. Patrick's River,
Tasmania).

346 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS,

Hab. — Northei n Tasmania. I took it at St. Patrick's River,
Launceston, and Cressy, in December, 1908, and January, 1909.
I did not find it in Southern Tasmania.

Tlie type-series was taken along the swiftly-running mountain-
stream, where, no doubt, the larvae lived. At Launceston and
Cressy the insects were found inhabiting swamps — localities
similar to those frequented by S. eustalacta on the mainland.

This species is the Tasmanian representative of *S'. eustalacta,
the latter not being found in the island. Differentiation from
the parent-stock has proceeded far enough, in my opinion, to
justify the separation of the island-form as a separate species.
Apart from its very much smaller size and duller colouration — ■
characters which in themselves make the two species easily dis-
tinguished at a glance, though of little morphological value —
there is a constant difference in the appendages of both sexes.
In S. eustalacta ^, the inferior appendage is just about two-
thirds as long as the superior; that of S. tasmanica ^, is larger
by comparison, and somewhat more truncate. In «S'. etostalacta <^,
the appendages are more leaf-like and less cylindrical than in S.
tasmanica 5; also the ovipositor of the latter is shorter and more
upcurved tlian that of the former; these differences are clearly
shewn in the diagrams of Plate vii. (compare figs.l and 2, and
figs. 19 and 20).

The colour-scheme of the St. Patrick's series, when alive, was
rich chocolate-brown with pale yellow spots. So different were
they from all S. eustalacta I had ever taken, that 1 never connected
the two species until, on examination, I found the depressed
dorsal spine on segment 10 of the male. Later, when I took
specimens flying on swamps at Launceston and Cressy, I noticed
that these had more the colouring of typical S. eustalacta. It
seems, therefore, that the duller colouration is brought about by
a change of living, from stagnant to running water. This is also
the case with other members of the group; the brilliantly coloured
S. macrostigma, S. regina and aS*. eustalacta are dwellers in slow
or stagnant water, while the duller 8. leachii and the darkly
coloured Metatheuiis subgroup live in running streams.

BY R. J. TILLYARD. 347

In the coloured plate, the differences of colouration are very
carefully shown, and the two species placed side by side for
comparison of size also.

3. Synthemis kegina Selys. (Plate iv., Hg.3).

Selvs, loc. cit. 1874.

(J. Total length 57-60 mm , abdomen 45-47 mm., hindwing
33 mm.

Wings: costa pale yellowish outwards; pterostigma 2 mm.,
black, memhranule 2mm., narrow, whitish. Head : e?/e« deep
green in living insect; vertex black; front hairy, cleft medially,
3'ellow above, marked with a broad black T-mark, the stem of
which lies in the median cleft; face of front black, surrounded
above and on sides with yellow, the lilack centre being nearly
rectangular; c/ypeits pale yellow; /«6?'Mm black, with a pair of pale
yellow or creamy spots separated by a black bar; labium pale
dirty flesh-colour, gence black, inouth edged with black. Thorax:
prothorax black, a yellow collar in front, a large yellow
mark behind. Meso- and metathorao; black or very dark brown
with deep metallic bluish or greenish I'eflections; a conspicuous
yellow line along dorsal ridge; no dorsal hands. On each side a
broad band of lemon-yellow enclosing the mesospiracle; below
this a narrower band of the dark ground-colour, rest of sides bright
yellow; legs black, profemora pale yellow lined with black above;
underside of metatibiee ridged with pale grey; notum black, scuta
and scutella yellow. Abdomen very long and slender, 1-2
enlarged, 3 very narrow, widening to 7, 8-9 again pinched
Colour deep shining black, marked with light lemon-yellow as
follows — 1, a dorsal spot, also yellow on sides; 2, two slanting
basal marks nearly touching, auricles yellow, genital aperture
largely surrounded with yellow; 3-5, a pair of subtriangular
basal spots almost touching, a pair of suboval central spots,
somewhat pointed basally, separated dorsally by a line black line;
these spots are smallest and closest to base in 5; 6 wath basal
spots small, central spots flat and distant only one-third from
base; 7 nearly all bright yellow, caused by the fusion of two

348 MONOGRAPH OP THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS,

enormous central spots; basal spots sometimes present, often
obsolete, apical seventh of segment black; 8, a tiny basal
dorsal spot sometimes present, a pair of subtriangular spots; 9
black; 10 black, a sharp conical upright dorsal spine, black.
Appendages: superior 3'5 mm., black, fairly straight, tips
enlarged both outwards and inwards to a point, forming a barb-
shaped end; inferior 2*2 mm., narrow subtriangular, slightly
upcurved(P]ate vii., figs.3rt and b.)

9- Similar to male, but with shorter body and larger spread of
wing. Total length 52-59 mm.; abdomen 40-44 mm.; hindwing
36 mm.; pterostigma 24 uim., black.

Head and thorax as in male. Abdomen thicker, more cylin-
drical, marked as follows — 1, black; 2, black with a pair of
irregular slanting yellow spots enclosing a cup-shaped black
dorsal area; 3, basal half yellow, enclosing an elongated black
diamond-shaped patch, apical half black; 4-6 similar to male; 7,
bright yellow all over except last 1 mm. apically; 8 black, a pair
of minute yellow spots; 9-10 black, no spine on 10. Ovipositor
nearly obsolete; reduced to a pair of separate short black pro-
cesses (see Plate vii., figs. 16a and b). Appendages 2-4 mm., black,
narrow sublanceolate, pointed.

Types : British Museum and Coll. MacLachlan.

Hah. — Queensland, from the Tropic southwards, New South
Wales, Eastern Victoria. Inhabits swamps and slow-running
creeks in wooded country.

I have taken this beautiful insect at Gladstone(Q.), in the
Sydney district(N.S.W.), and at Alexandra(Vic.). Specimens
from the last locality are of great size (one being figured in the
plate). There is very little variation in the markings of this,
the most beautiful member of the genus,

L i f e - h i s t o r y of S y n t h e m i s r e g i n a .

In the Sydney district, this fine insect is found in fair numbers
on the slow-running and often stagnant Duck Creek at Auburn.
It emerges early in December, and is continually on the wing
until the end of March. I have found newly emerged specimens

BY R. J. TILLYARD. 349

as Inte as February. As with S. eustalacta, so with this species,
females are rarely met with. I have never seen a pair in cop.
Females when ovipositing are very shy. They select the deep
shady pools, especially on the tributary creeks, overhung with a
dense growth of tea-tree. By creeping cautiously along, on a
very hot sunny day, and peering down into these pools, I have
several times seen the female ovipositing, but have never been
able to capture her. She flies rapidly about, close to the water,
brushing the tip of her abdomen against the surface of the jiool,
and apparently laying a very large number of ova over a very
small area. I have never seen her molested by males; indeed
the spot chosen is generally too shady and retired for any to be
found there.

The larva lives in deep mud in the pools, and is a most
unsightly object when dredged out of its lair. If carefully
cleaned, it exhibits on the abdomen a slight colour-pattern,
shewing a pale dorsal band and pale sutures. The following
description is taken from a specimen which I took in the act of
emerging : —

Total length 22 mm.; abdomen 13 mm.; width of head 5 mm.;
wing-cases 6 mm. long; antennae 2 mm. Colour dark brown;
only sligJitly hairy. Head similar in form to that of the larva
of S. eustalactayq.v.), but smaller in comparison. Labium of
exactly similar pattern, slightly smaller; vientum with median
lobe advanced to a blunt rounded apex, mental setce 8 primary
and 5 secondary; lateral lobes with 7 stifl' lateral setce; terminat
hook just above the top seta, very sharp; distal border with 7
distinct teeth, similar in form to those of iS'. eustalacta but
slightly deeper(Plate ix., tig.2). Thorax: prothorax broader
than head; meso- and metathorax 6'5 mm. wide, rather flat. Legs
short, with stout femora, slightly hairy. Abdomen consider-
ably broader and flatter than that of »S'. eustalacta, ridges of
segments less raised and hairs very short, so that the body is
comparatively smooth ; underside fairly flat; greatest breadth
7*5 mm. at fifth and sixth segments. Appendages : superior
1'3 mm., straight; two inferior I'omm., straight; two lateral
1 mm., straight; all conical.

350 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTH EMIS,

This iiymph can be at once distinguished f i om any of the other
four known species l>y its greater breadth and flatness, and by the
comparative shortness of the anal appendages.

Types: Coll. Tillyard(Duck Creek, Auburn, N.S.W.).

4. Synthemis MIRANDA Selys.

Selys, loc. cit. 1871; Martin, " Cordulines," 1906, p.82, figure
of wings; Plate iii., tig. 19, coloured figure of type-female.

2. Unique. Half of abdomen lacking. Hind wing 4 4 mm.

As this species is so carefully figured by Martin, I have
omitted it from the coloured Plate. From the very detailed
description of de Selys, I append the following points for pur-
poses of comparison : — •

W i n g s very much tinged with russet-l)rown on their basal
halves, especially the hindwing (N.B. — -Tiiis is a condition often
found in newly emerged females); pterostigma 3'5mm., blackish;
membranule very long, smoky; all triangles crossed; 4-5 cross-
veins in basilar space, 8-9 in submediaii. Head steely-black,
with yellow markings on clypeus and labrmn. Thorax brown
above; two yellow bands on each side. Legs brownisli-black.
Abdomen slender, steely-black; 2 with a transverse ray,
broken dorsally; 3-4 with small basal spots, 3-5 with a pair of
round central spots.

Hah. — Supposed to be New Caledonia.

The remarkable discovery of this specimen by de Selys has
been already related. It is apparently similar, both in colour-
ation and wing-venation, to the female of S. regina, whicli is also
a large insect. In both the anal loop is divided into three
portions; a condition existing in no other member of the genus.
But the reticulation of S. reguia is much less den.se than in .S*.
miranda. In its suffusion with brown, and in the numerous
cross-veins, S. miranda recalls a large immature female of aS'.
macrostigma. It differs, however, from the latter in having the
lateral band of the thorax entire.

I do not think that the presence of cross-veins in the triangles,
and the generally dense venation warrants the formation of

BY R. J. TILLYARD. 351

another genus to I'eceive this species. As I have already shewn,
cross-veins often occur as " freaks" in one or more triangles of all
members of tlie group, and are especially likely to occur in the
more densely reticulated females. From analogy with -S'. regina,
we might expect the male of .S'. miranda, if it is ever discovered,
to have only two divisions in the anal loop, and to possess a
much simpler reticulation.

5. Synthbmis leachii Seljs. (Plate iv., fig. 4.)

Selys, loc. cit. 1871 and 1874; Synthemis martini Tillynrd,
Pruc. Linn. Soc.N.S. Wales, 1907, p. 726.

Tiie identity of the species described by me under the name
" S. martiai " with .S'. leachii Selys, hns been established beyond
doubt through the kindness of Dr. Laidiaw, who compared co-
types of my series, sent by me to him, with the original type of
4e Selys. This identity could scarcely have been guessed other-
wise, asde Selys' type is an immature and damaged specimen of so
pale a colour that it was more like a specimen of >S'. tnacrostigma,
at first sight. App-trently, too, the distinguishing maik of this
species, viz., the four antehnmeral thoracic spots, weie almost
oliliterated.

Tlie following description is an abridgment of my original one,
and contains all the points necessary for a clear understanding of
the differences between this and the other species : —

$. Total length 55-57, abdomen 42-44, hindwing 32-33 mm.

Wings: pterostiy in%neKv\y 3 mm., black; membranule ueAv\y
5 mm., pale greyish.

Head: eyes bright greenish in living insect, brown behind
witli a creamy mark; vertex (\a.vk hvov/n; front liaiiy, widely cleft
medially, dark brown with a creamy spot on each side; sides of
face greyish; clyjjeus greyish tinged with brown, labrum aud
labium pale dirty flesh-colour. T ii o r a x : prothorax dark brown
with a pale mark in front. Mtso- and metathorax dark brownish
with a metallic tinge; a straw-coloured line on dorsal ridge; four
fair-sized creamy antehumeral spots, the two front ones often
-cleft, the other two usually round. Sides of thorax with a broad

352 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS,

lateral creamy band, lower part of sides dull greyish; notum,
brown with creamy scutella; legs black. Four distinct creamy
spots at wing-bases. Abdomen pinched somewhat at 3, also
at 8-10. Colour : 1, brown with a creamy dorsal spot; 2 brown,
a pair of slanting basal marks,*and top of auricles, creamy; 3-10
black, spotted with cream as follows: — 3-8, a pair of triangular
basaj spots, and a pair of central roundish spots, the former
diminishing from 3 to 8, being only lines in 8, the latter rather
pointed basally in 3, round in 4 to 7, smaller and pointed apical ly
in 8; 9 black, often with two tiny spots; 10, with a large central
oval or diamond-shaped spot, two tiny lateral spots. Append-
ages: superior 3*8 mm., somewhat forcipate at tips, black;
inferior 2'2 mm., narrow subtriangular, slightly upcurved, pale
brownish with darker tip. (See Plate vii., figs. 5« and h.)

^. Similar to male but somewhat larger; hindwing 35 mm.
Wings shaded with brown at bases; pterostigma 4 mm., pale.
Head and thorax as in male but somewhat duller in colour,
thoracic spots generally larger and more irregular; abdomen
cylindrical, broader than in male, with larger spots; 9-10 short
and narrow; ovipositor reaching nearly to end of 10, with a blunt
upcurved tip; appendages OS mm., short, straight, black. (See
Plate vii., fig. 18).

Types: ^. Briti.sh Museum(" New Holland "); $. Coll. Till-
yard( Bridgetown, S.W.Australia).

Hab. — South-Western Australia, from Perth to Cape Leeuwin.

It occurs fairly commonly on all running streams and moun-
tain brooks, very occasionally also on freshwater lagoons.

Like all Synthemids, it has an easy flight and is not difficidt
to capture. In spite of its dull colouration, it is a most beautiful
insect when flying; the eyes gleam like living emeralds. Its
nearest ally is S. macrostigma, from which it is easily dis-
tinguished by its slightly greater size, darker colouration, the
four thoracic spots, and the larger inferior appendage of the male.

6. Synthemis macrostigma Selys. (Plate iv., fig. 5.)
Selys, loc. cit. 1871 and 1874.

BY P. J. TILLYARD. 353

De Selys described, in 1871, the type-male from a specimen
labelled "Oceania" without any further indication of locality,
and the type-female from Fiji. In 1874, he added some remaiks
on specimens in the British Museum, one labelled " North Aus-
tralia," another (9) " Swan River,'' and the rest without any
named locality. These he found different in some respects from
the Oceanic types.

I have taken a long series on the Blue Mountains, N.S.W.,
and another series at Bridgetown, W.A. These two series shew
considerable differences one from another, and also differ in
important respects from the types.

I append the following description from the Blue Mountain
series, (of which one m«le is figured in the plate) : —

(J. Total length 56 mm., abdomen 42 mm., hindwing 32mni.

Wings: costa pule brownish, a pale point on the nodus;
pterostigma 3-5 mm., deep rose-colour; membranule 2min., pale
greyish. In all four wings a touch of dark brown at base of
subcostal space. Head: eyes reddish-brown, a yellow mark
behind; vertex dark hrown; Ji-ont dark shining brown in median
cleft, pale creamy on sides, so that a rather thick indistinct
T-mark is formed; sides of face pale; clypeus brown, a pale tri-
angular spot in middle of anteclypeus, labi-um pale brown, or
orange, sometimes with two black points, labium pale violet-
brown, viouth edged with dark brown. Thorax: protJiorax
dark brown, a pale straw-coloured collar in front, a small spot
behind. Meno- and metuthorax deep rich chocolate-brown above,
with straw-coloured line on dorsal ridge; the dark brown bordered
by pale rosy-pink, which curves inwards to tiie dorsal ridge just
above the interalar ridge, forming a beautiful design; sides of
thorax rich rosy-brown; lateral stripe broken into two creamy
spots, one small and round; the other, enclosing the mesospiracle,
narrow elongate; these spots are encircled by a broad lateral
band of dark brown which fills the space between them; low down
on each side, an elongate creamy mark; notam rich brownish,
scutella creamy; legs cinnamon-brown, profemora ro.sy-pink.
Abd omen slender, pinched at 3 and again at 9. Colour rich
25

354 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS,

rosy-brown, with black sutures; marked with creamy spots as
follows : — 1, pale on dorsum; 2, a pair of triangular spots,
auricles brown below, [)aler above, genital aperture edged with
cream; 3, a pair of basal triangular spots, a pair of central spots
somewhat elongated basally; 4-7, a pair of small basal spots, a
pair of oval central spots; 8, with central spots only; 9, brownish;
10 brown, pale on dorsum. Appendages: superior 3*3 mm.,
wavy, approaching in a slight curve at tips, which are very
slightly enlarged; a tiny spine underneath near bases; colour
dark brown; inferior l'5mm., narrow subtriangular, pale
brownish, tips slightly upcurved (Plate vii., figs.4a and b).

9. Very similar to male but somewhat larger, with greater
expanse of wing, duller colouration, thicker and more cylindrical
abdomen; pterostigma 4 mm., pale yellow in teneral specimens,
rich brown in mature ones. Wings hyaline^ even in newly
emerged specimens, with basal dark brown touch as in male.
Ovipositor conspicuous, reaching to middle of segment 10, tip
rather blunt, usually scarcely upcurved; very dark brown or
black. Appendages short, 0"8 mm., subconical, pointed, dark
brown (Plate vii., fig. 17).

There is no doubt that this widely distributed species varies
considerably in many respects in different portions of its range.
I consider that the eastern and western Australian races are
sufficiently distinct from one another, and from tiie oceanic types,
to warrant subspecific names. They can be distinguished as
follows : —

A.. S. macrostiy^na macrostigma Selys. — Hindwing : (J 33, ^
32 mm. Black mark at base of wings very small in male, lying
in submedian space; vei'y large in female, reaching to arculus of
forewings and close up to triangle of hindwings, also in sub-
median space. Wings of female suffused with yelloivish. Front
with Si conspicuous dark T-mark, face and labrum pale. Append-
ages of male brown; 9-10 brown. Ovipositor of female, as
described by de Selys, very remarkable, reaching nearly to end
of appendages, with lamina slightly separated for part of their
length, confined again at tips. Types: ^. Coll. Selys("Oceania"):

I

BY R. J. TILLYARD. 355

9. Coll. Hagen(Fiji). Hab. — Fiji Islands, and probably other
Pacific islands lying off the coast of Australia.

B. S. macrostigma orientcdis, n.subsp. — Described above. It
■differs from A in the following points — Black mark at base of
wings very small in both sexes, lying in subcostal space. Wings
of female hyaline, ivithout any suffusion, even in newly emerged
specimens. (I have bred out several females, all with hyaline
wings). Front with a veiy inconspicuous T-mark; face and
labrum darker. Appendages of male dark brown, but dorsum
of segment 10 partly pale. Ovipositor of female never reaching
to end of 10, generally scarcely upcurved at tip. Type-series :
^9. Coll. Tillyard(Blue Mountains, N.S.W.). Hab.—l^ew South
Wales, Victoria, South Australia, and Tasmania. Found on
mountain-swamps; distribution local.

C. S. macrostigtna occidentalis, n.subsp. — Remarkable for the
small size of the male, hindwing only 28 mm.; female as large as
in A and B. Wings of male hyaline, with a conspicuous dark
brown basal spot reaching out 2-2-5 mm. along subcostal space.
Female with wings suffused tvith yelloioish-broion, costa pale
yellow, dark basal marks reaching 3 "5 mm. in fore- and 6 mm. in
hindwing, along subcostal space. Front with a fairly conspicuous
brown T-mark, but face and labrum very pale. Dorsum of 9-10
and basal three-fourths 0/ appendages of male very pale. Ovi-
positor of female reaching just to end of 10, usually with a blunt
upcurved tip, similar to that of S. leachii in Plate vii., fig 18.
Type-series : Coll. Tillyard (Bridgetown, Western Australia).
Hab. — South-western Australia; very rare. Occurs on swampy
creeks. The variability of the ovipositor of this species is a
strong argument against the use of that organ for generic dis-
tinctions in the group, and serves to support my belief that the
ovipositor', where still remaining, is essentially a variable organ
in process of reduction from having lost its original use as a
terebra.

L i f e - h i s t o r y oi S. m a c r 0 s t i g in a oriental i s, n. subsp.

The perfect insect emerges in November, and continues on the
wing until February. Immediately the wings are strong enough.

356 MONOGItAPH OF THE OENLS SYNTHKMIS,

tlie insect flies off into tlie bush, where it may remain for weeks^
In some localities where I have taken the full-grown nynipli very
commonly, I have never yet taken the perfect insect, except just
emerging. On very bright sunny days the males fly up and
down over tlie reed-beds and swamps, always keeping low and
close to the water. They are vevy easily captured. Females
are very seldom seen. The method of pairing is similar to that
of aS^. eustalacta. I liave once or twice secured a pair, in cojj., as
far as a mile from the breeding-j)]ace, in the bush. The female
returns alone to the swamp, and selects a part of it away from
the main drainage, where the muddy ooze is only just covered
with stagnant water. There she lays her eggs, .sometimes hover-
ing in the manner of S. eiosialacta, and sometimes holding liglitly
to a reed-stem, still keeping her wings in motion, and wa.shing
the eggs out on to the mud at its base. On capturing a female
during oviposition, I have never found large masses of eggs, but
at the most three or four at a time are exuded, and often none
at all. So that it seems that this species is le.'^s advanced than
any other knqwn to me, in its method of oviposition. The fact
that the ftmale still clings occasionally to reed-stems, shews that
it has not quite lost the instinct of ovipositing in the ^Eschnid
mannei". It would be interesting, if the females were commoner,
to see if tliey ever attempt to use their ovipositor as a borer. I
have not observed one to do so, but J have seen only half a dozen^
females ovipositing altogether.

Tlie young larva, which is very similar to that of S. eustalacta,.
can alwa3's be distinguished at once by its labium, and by ihe
fact that it inhabits quite a different part of the swamp. While
the nymphs of »S'. eitstalacta are always concealed in the mud and
silt which accumulates close to the main stream or drainage of
the swamp, and are always covered with fairly deep water, tliose
of S. macrostigma are found only on the outskirts of the swamp,
in vile muddy places where scarcely any water remains, and
where the mud is very thick and often caked. By scooping out
a small "pot-hole" of mud of this kind, only a few inches across,
with my hand, I have often secured several fully-grown larva?.

BY It. J. TfLLYARD. 357

The only other inhabitants of these places are the small larv<e of
species of NaiinoJythemis, and it may be supposed that a large
number of the.^e fall victims to the large, ugly S. macrostigma
iiyinphs

The full-grown nymph, an ugly, cumbersome, mud-bedraggled
•object, crawls out of its " pot-hole," and often travels some yards
before ascending a reed-stem to emerge. In the aquarium, these
iiymplis are very restless and unliapp3\ Last year, when I had
them in an ordinay aquarium with a foot of water, I succeeded
in breeding out only one, tliough many climbed over tiie edge and
wandered away into a corner of tlie room to die. This year, I
placed tiiem in a flat round tin, a yard in diameter, and just
covered the sand with water. Here they have done exceedingly
well, and all so far have emerged bj' ascending the reed-stems
phxced against the edges. They have, however, the greatest
difficulty in climbing, and assume all kinds of absurd attitudes
in their efforts to secure a firm hold before emerging.

Ovum slightly larger than that of .S'. eustalacta, pale straw-
coloured, semitransparent. N y m p h(full-grown) almost exactly
like that of S. eustalacta in shape, but larger, with a large abdo-
men, and very dark in colour, some specimens when cleined
being almost black, with paler hairs. Total length 2 4, abdomen
l-t, breadth of head 6, wing-cases 7 mm. Head dark brown,
with frontal tuft of hairs long and matted, postocular lobes hairy.
Labium very distinct from that of any other known species.
(Plate ix., fig.3), Considex'ably larger than that of S. eustalacta.
Mentuin with the median lobe projecting forward into a distinctly
protruding point. Mental setoe: 5 primary, 6 secondary. Lateral
lobes with 5 stiff setie and a strong sharp terminal hook; distal
border very strongly dentate, with four or five large teeth, the
lower one rounded (that on the right notched so as to fold over
the protruding median lobe), the others ratlier sharp and trian-
gular; largest tooth 0 7 mm., wide by O'-i mm. high. Thorax
broad, rather hairy; legs fairly long, stout, brownish, very hairy.
Measurements of hind-leg, 7 -1- 5 '5 -i- 3-5 mm. Abdomen long,
€longate-ova], very dark brown or black, witli long fine hairs

358 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS,

which often gather in tufts when wet. Appendages : superior
I'Smm., tip curved downwards; two inferior 21 ram., straight;
two lateral 0-8 mm., straight. In the dentition of its labium,
this species shews the closest approximation to C or duleg aster.
It is probably as deeply dentate as that of any known Corduline
nymph, except Cordtilej^ht/a. Types : Coll. Tillyard(Leura, Blue
Mountains).

7. Synthemis primigenia Forster.

Forster, Odonaten aus Neu-Guinea, 1903.

The following abridgment of Forster's description (in German)
will be sufficient to give the points of detail in which this species
differs from the others : —

(J. Abdomen 45-48 mm , hindwing 34-36 mm.

Wings: costa pale yellow in front; 2J^e^ostigma 2 mm., black;
memhranide 2"5 mm., greyish. One row of post-trigonal cells, one
cross-vein in basilar space. Head: vertex metallic blue; front
cleft medially, metallic blue, lower third yellow; face and lahivm
brilliant brownish-black, base of anteclypeus pale yellowish-green.
Thorax: prothorax black, yellow on front and hind borders.
Meso- and metathorax brilliant metallic-blue, a yellow line on
dorsal ridge; sides with a broad yellow band enclosing the meso-
spiracle; underside yellowish. Legs short, black. Abdomen
very slender, pinched at 3, broadening to 8, 9-10 narrower.
Colour jet black; 2-4, two round yellow dots in middle, traces of
same on 5-6; 8 with a longer yellow spot finely divided dorsally,,
7 and 9-10 quite black. Appendages: superior 3 mm., black,
somewhat forcipate towards tips; inferior scarcely two-thirds as
long as superior, narrow subtriangular (see Plate vii., figs. 7a and
b).

5. Abdomen 47, hindwing 41 mm. Abdomen stouter and more-
cylindrical than in male, black, willi yellow dashes or dots as
follows — middle of 2, each side of base of 3, two fine dots on
middle of 4-6; underside reddish-brown. Ovipositor very long
and sharp, extending well beyond the end of segment 10.

Types: ^. National Museum of Hungary; ^^. Coll. Forster
(Huon Gulf, Simbang, and Tamai Island, New Guinea).

BY R. J. TILLTARD. 359

Hab.—'Sew Guinea; taken by Karl Wahnes, in March, 1900.

This species, the only known representative of the genus in
New Guinea, is quite distinct from all the others, especially
because of its very long ovipositor, which seems to be still capable
of being used as a borer, judging by its shape. In this character,
it is certainly the most archaic member of the group. The
species is figured well in Martin's " Cordulines," Plate iii., tig. 20,
and the male appendages on p 84(fig.98).

8. Synthemis claviculata Tillyard. (Plate iv., fig. 6).

Tillyard, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1908, p.749((Jonly).

A second male of this rare species, and a female, the latter
rather immature, have just been forwarded to me by my friend,
Mr. E. Allen, of Cairns. They were taken in the same locality,
near Kuranda, as the type-male. As this second male is in very
good condition, I have figured it in the plate, and append a brief
description.

(J. Total length 49, abdomen 38, hindwing 32 mm.

Wings; costa pale yellowish outwards ; bases slightly
saffroned; pterostigma 1-8 mm., black; membrannle 2-5 mm ,
greyish. Head deep black, except two large yellow spots on
front, two dull yellow spots on labrum. Thorax brilliant
deep metallic bluish-green, dorsal ridge and two large ante-
humeral bands bright yellow; sides with a broad lateral yellow
band extending completely across notum; below this a narrow
band of metallic greenish-blue, rest of sides and underside yellow.
Abdomen blackish marked with bright yellow as follows — 1,
a triangular dorsal spot; 2, basal two-thirds, auricles, and genital
apertures all yellow; 3-6 with a pair of conspicuous central spots,
oval in 3-4, decreasing in size to 6, where they are round; 7, with
a pair of larger spots close to base; 8, with two very large spots,
covering three-fourths of segment; 9, two small basal spots; 10
black, apical edge slightly raised dorsally Appendages:
sujjerior 3 mm., black, wavy, slightly clubbed at tips, hairy;
inferior 1-3 mm., black, tip upcurved(see Plate vii., figs.6a and 6).

360 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS^

9. (Unique): abdomen 33, hind wing 34 mm. Wings : bases of
forewings beautifully saffroned for 5 mm., those of hindwings for
3-4 mm. Pterostigma 2 mm., black. Head almost completely
•shiny black, yellow frontal spots much smaller than in male.
Thorax deep metallic steely-blue, marked as in male. Abdomen
(flat and ill-nourished) broader and more cylindrical than in male,
marked with smaller and paler spots. Oi-'i;90,>"27ci?' almost obsolete,
reduced to a tiny black piojection, similar to that figured for S.
cyanitincld. Apj)e7idayes 1*2 mm., black, cylindrical.

Types: Coll. Tillyar(l,^$(Kuranda, N.Queensland; E. Allen).

Hab. — Apparently confined to one locality near Kuranda.
Very rare; January.

9. Synthkmis cYA.NiriNcrA Tillyard. (Plate v., fig.7).

Tillyard, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1907, p. 7 24.

The following is an abridged description, for comparisoji with
other species : —

^. Total length 41 mm., ablomen 31 mm., hindwing 26 mm.

Wings slightly suff'used with Ijrownish, bases .slightly
saffroned, a black mark for 2 nun. along subcostal space; ptero-
stigma 2 mm., brown; niembranule 3> mm., dull whiiish. Head :
e>/es green in living insect, bordered behind with white; vertex
dark brown; front deeply cleft, brown, with creamy spots on
sides ; clypetis and lahriim brownish ; labium dull brown.
Thorax dark chocolate-brown, a pair of short straight ante-
humeral stripes, of a pale bluish or creamy colour; sides with a
broader lateral stripe enclosing the mesospiracle, and a large
patch, low down, of the same colour; notiim brown with creamy
scutella; leys black, bases of femora brown. Abdomen
slender, rather short, not verj' pinched at 3, 7-10 somewhat
enlarged. Colour dark brown shading to black, marked with
pale bluish spots as follows — 2, a pair of semicircular spots;
auricles creamy; 3-7, a pair of central dorsal spots, oval or sub-
oval; 8, a pair of large oval spots; 9, a pair of small round basal
spots; 10 variable, marked with cream or pale bluish; 8, under-
neath carries a conspicuous bunch of hairs. Appendages;

BY R. J. TILLYARD. 361

superior 3 mm, slightly wavy, black, pointed; inferior l"8mm.,
brown, narrow subtriangular, tip upcurved (see Plate vii., figs. 8a
and b).

Q. Sliglitly different from male. Wings often much suffused
with brown; pterostigma pale brown; anleclypeus with small
triangular creamy spot. Abdomen thicker than in male, cylin-
drical, rather short, 2-7 spotted as in male, 8 with smaller spots,
9-10 brown; colour of spots and thoracic stripes usually dull
creamy. Ovipositor almost obsolete, being represented by a very
small projection under apex of 8 ; appendages 1 mm., black,
straight, pointed (see Plate vii., tigs. 21a and b).

T y p e - s e r i e s : Coll. Tillyard, (J 9 (Margaret River, W. A.).

Ilab. — Scattered localities in South-Western Australia. Mar-
gai'et River, Armadale, Waroona (a series from the latter locality
taken by Mr. G. F. Rerthoud). Inhal)its small running brooks.
December and January.

Easily distinguished from all otliers of the genus by its small

size, pale bluish markings, and the tuft of hairs under segment 8

of male. Allied to S. claviculata in the reduction of its ovipositor,

and in possessing antehnmeral thoracic stripes, but not in other

respects.

Genus 2. M E T a t h e M i .s, n .g.

Membranule present; front large; abdomen (except in M.nigra)
not much pinched at 3, broadened at 8-10. Superior appendages
of male short, more or less forcipate, inferior nearly as long.
Females with tip of abdomen rounded, no ovipositor, 9-10 not
reduced in depth, but short. Larvae with a conspicuous frontal
plate, flat and semicircular, projecting in front between tlie eyes;
build rather stout. Type : Synthemis guttata Selys.

Key to Species of Metathemis (both sexes.)

1. I A pair of antehuineral thoracic stripes, yellow M.virgula.

( No antehumeral thoracie stripes 2.

2. 1 Four distinct white or yellow spots at wing-bases 3.

( No spots on wing-bases M. guttata.

o f Lateral thoracic stripe entire M. nigra.

\ Lateral thoracic stripe cut in two, irregular M.hreristyla.

362 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS,

1. Metathemis guttata Selys (Plate v., fig.8)

Synthemis guttata Selys, loc. ct7.,1871 and 1874.

A full description of this insect, which is needed to supplement
de Selys' descriptions of fragmentary specimens, is here given: —

^. Total length 45-50; abdomen 33-37; hindwing 29-32 mm.

Wings: neuration black, open; pterostigma 2 5-2-8 mm.,,
black; memhranule 2 mm., grey -brown, no spots at wing-bases.
Head; eyes green in living insect; vertex black; front jet black,
with two large straw-coloured or creamy spots separated by a
very wide black band in median cleft; postclypeus black with a,
small spot at each side, anteclypeus creamy, or black with two
creamy spots, lahrutn and labium black, mouth touched below
with brown. Thorax: protho7-ax black; meso- and melathorax
very dark brown with dense hairs, dorsal ridge creamy, bordered
on each side by a broad black band, indistinct; on each side a
broad straight lateral band, entire, and a large patch low down,
both creamy or pale straw; jiotum black, crossed by the lateral
creamy band; scutella creamy; legs black, underside of proferaora
partly pale brown. Abdomen enlarged at 1-2 and 8-10
considerably. Colour black, marked with cream or pale straw as
follows: — 1, sometimes a triangular spot; 2, two small flat spots,
auricles creamy above; 3, two small basal spots, wide apart, two
central spots, oval, close together; 4-7, a pair of dorsal central
oval spots, very small on 6; 8 with a pair of larger central
spots, often pointed apically; 9-10 black. Appendages:
superior 1-5 mm, black, forcipate, with a small spine on outer
border one-third from base; slightly hairy; inferior nearly as longi
broad, subtruncate, slightly upcurved. (See Plate vii., figs. 11a
and b).

<^. Considerably larger than male, abdomen 34, hindwing 36-38
mm. Wings sometimes suffused with blackish at bases, especially
along subcostal space; pterostigma 2*8-3 mm., black. Head
blacker than in male, with smaller spots. Thorax and abdomen
very dark, almost black; thoracic stripes broad and regular;
abdomen broader than in male, cylindrical, 9-10 slightly enlarged,

BY R. J. TILLYARD. 363

marked with creamy spots as follows: — 1, a dorsal mark; 2, a
sub-basal transverse baud, broken on dorsum; 3, two small basal
spots wide apart; 3-7, a pair of small rounded central spots; 8, a
pair of smaller- basal spots; 9-10 black. No ovipositor, central
folds of 8-9 wide open as in M. virgula (Plate vii., fig. 23).
Appendages 0"7 mm., black, straight, pointed, separated, a round
hairy tubercle projecting below on 10.

Types: Coll. 8elys, (J9(" New Holland").

Hab. — Southern Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria.
Common on fast mountain-streams.

Var. — Specimens from the Illawarra District of New South
Wales are of small size, and the male has a pale creamy or straw-
coloured labium. I propose to name this var. pallida; it does
not deserve subspecific rank.

L i f e - H i s t o r y of M e t a themi s guttata.

The perfect insect emerges in November, and continues a long
time on the wing, specimens being occasionally taken as late as
May. It is not common in the Sydney district, but I have
studied its habits on the Blue Mountain creeks, where it is often
abundant. Females are excessively rare compared with males;
for instance, I have seen only one pair this year, though I have
captured many males. Pairs are usually seen in the bush, away
from water. The female returns to the creek alone, and oviposits
ia a rapid, rather frightened manner, flying quickly up and down
the creek, and dipping the tip of her abdomen continually into
the water. The eggs are exuded in large masses, and are .similar
to those of S. eustalacta in size and shape, but greyish or dull
brownish in colour, semi-transparent.

The larva lives in the clean sand of the clear running mountain-
streams. In concealment, it throws up sand over its back, and
settles down into a slight hollow, its eyes, frontal ridge and edge
of labium, and anal appendages alone being visible. In this
position in my aquarium, I have frequecitly fed it with mosquito-
larvse, which it eats with great avidity. When full-fed, it crawls
to the overhanging bank of the stream, and clambers up the

3fi4 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS

twigs or stalks of fera and grass that fringe it. It does not
experience quite as much difficulty in climbing as do the larvse
of S. eustalacta and S. niacrostigina; this is perhaps due to its
being free from slippery mud. One or two have climbed straight
up out of a deep aquarium and emerged.

In appearance and shape, there is great similarity between
the nymphs of *S'. eustalacta and 31. guttata. There are, however,
the followiug important differences — the abdomen of M. guttata
is .slightly longer, and the hindlegs shorter than in S. eustalacta.
Tliere is a conspicuous flat semicircular plate projecting in front,
between the eyes, in M. guttata (see Plate viii., fig.5). The whole
insect is comparatively clean, (from its habit of living) and the
abdomen shews a distinct colour-|)attern of light and dark brown;
each segment carrying a dorsal stripe and a large irregular spot
on each side, of a pale colour. The body is less hairy than in S.
eustalacta, the hriirs of the segment d ridges being few and very
fine, generally 4-5 on each side and none on dorsum.

Labium : mentam slightly more triangular than in S. eusta-
lacta; the median lobe with a distinctly protruding central angle,
as in H. macrostigma; mental setce, 5 primary, and 7-8 secondarj';
lateral lobes with six stiff lateral setae, and a sharp terminal hook;
distal margin with 6-7 rather flat rounded teeth, the largest
being 02 mm. wide by 0 1 mm high (Plate ix., fig. 4). Anal
appendages: superior 1 3 mm., distinctly cu7-ved doiomvards
at tip; two inferior 1'4 mm., also curved downwards slightly; two
lateral OS nun , straight.

Types: Coll. Tillyard(Leur.i, Blue Mountains).

2. Mktathemis nigra Tillyard. (Plate v., fig.9).

Tillyard, Proc. Linn. Soc. K S.Wales, 1906, p. 489.

Since publishing the description of this species, I have received
from Mr. F. P. Dodd, of Kuranda, a pair of this species which
differ in some respects from the type. These more than ever
convince me of the absolute distinctness of this species from M.
guttata. The following short description is appended for com-
parison : —

(J. Total length 50, abdomen 38, hindwing 33 mm.

BY U. J. TILLYAKD. 365

Wings: neu7-ation black, very open, costa yellowish outwards;
pterosiigma 2"5mm., black; membranuh 15 mm., dark brown.
Head: eyes green in the living insect; vertex hXauok; front dark
metallic blue, with two round creamy or pale yellow spots, close
together, placed well in front, and bordered on sides by a greyish-
brown patch; clypeus lilack, with two small central pale spots on
anteclypeus; labrum b'ack; labium brownish. Thorax black
with metallic greenisli-blue reflections, dorsal ridge creamy or
gieyish; on each side a broad continuous creamy lateral band,
and low down a small spot and larger subtriangular area of same
colour. Four distinct spots at iving-bases. Notum black, crossed
by the lateral band, scutella cieamy; legs black, part of profemora
brownish. Abdomen very slender, much pinched at 3, then
broadening to 6, 7-10 narrower (8 somewhat pinched in the speci-
men figured). Colour metallic Ijlack with creamy spots as follows
— 2, a pair of slanting points; auricles dark; 3-4, a pair of basal
dots and a pair of central dots; 5-7, a pair of central dots only;
8, two tiny points one-third from base; 9-10 black. (These dots
were either obliterated in the type-specimen, which was in poor
condition, or ehe not present). Appendages: superior
1-5 mm., slightly forcipate, hairy, a small spine on outer margin
close to bases, black; inferior nearly as long, broad 1}' truncate
(see Plate vii., figs. 12rt and b).

2 A larger and stouter insect, with shorter and more cylin-
drical abdomen; liindwing 36 mm. Wings suffused all over with
russet-brown. Markings of head and thorax as in male but
yellow; spots of 6-8 generally obsolete; all spots pale yellow; 10
projecting below in a rounded hairy tubercle. Underside of 8-10
similar to that of M. virgula (Plate vii., fig. 2 3); no ovipositor.
Ajjpendages 1 mm., hairy, black, straight.

Types: Coll. Tillyard, (^^(Kuranda, N. Queensland).

Hab. — Northern Queensland; not uncommon; November to
March.

The colouration reminds one of Syntheviis primigenia. Its
nearest ally is rather J/, brevistyla than M. guttata, for it agrees
with the former in possessing the four bright spots at wing-bases,.

366 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS,

and in having the frontal spots close together; whereas with the
latter it agrees only in having the lateral thoracic band entire.
However, in its general shape and appearance it is much the
most distinct species of the four comprising the genus.

3. Metathemis brevistyla Selys. (Plate v., fig. 10).

Synthemis brevistyla Selys, loc. cit. 1871.

(J. Total length 43, abdomen 32, hind wing 31 mm.

Wings slightly tinged all over with pale brownish; neura-
tion closer tlian in the two preceding species; pterostigma 3 mm.,
black; memhranule 2 mm., greyish. Head: eyes deep green in
living insect; vertex black; front black with two large pale yellow
spots, separated by a rather narrow black band in median cleft,
and extending on to sides, where their colour is more greyish;
clypeus black, a central yellow mark on anteclypeus; lahrum
black; labium pale straw-colour. Thorax very dai'k brown,
dorsal ridge yellow, a deep steely-black band on each side of it;
sides steely-black; lateral band completely broken, forming two
elongate-oval irregular spots, bright yellow; low down, a small
round yellow spot in front, a larger yellow area behind; notum
dark brown; scutella yellow; four distinct bright yellow spots at
wing-bases; legs black, undei'side of profemora pale brownish.
Abdomen : 1-2 and 7-10 somewhat enlarged, very dark brown
shading to black, marked with bright yellow as follows — 1, a dull
dorsal mark; 2, two slanting spots and auricles; 3, basal half
yellow enclosing an elongate-oval black mark with a fine apical
stem; 4-6, a pair of small basal spots, a pair of small central
spots; these spots largest in 4, decreasing rapidly to 6; 7, with
small central spots only; 8, a pair of large spots occupying the
basal half or more of the segment; 9, two small triangular basal
spots wide apart; 10 black. Appendages: superior 1 "5 mm ,
black, somewhat forcipate, a small spine on outer margin near
bases; inferior not quite as long, broad, nearly black, truncate
(Plate vii., figs.9a and b).

5. Very similar to male, but somewhat larger; hindwing 32mm.,
bases of wings touched with blackish-brown; pterostigma 3 3 mm.,

BY R. J. TILLYARD. 367

dark brown. Head and thorax, as iu male. Abdomen shorter
and stouter, more cylindrical; markings similar to male, but all
spots larger except those of 8, which are slightly smaller; 9,
black; 10, very short, black, ending in a large rounded hairy pro-
tuberance below appendages. No ovipositor, underside of 8-10
similar to M. virc/ula (PlAte vii., fig.23). Appendages 1mm.,
straight, black, pointed, very slender.

Types : Coll. Selys,^$(immature)(Port Denison, Queensland).

Hab. — Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria; November to
March.

It occurs along the larger rivers, often in company with M.
virgula, but very seldom in the same localities as 31. guttata. It
is especially abundant in Victoria and Southern New South
Wales, where the specimens are larger than the Queensland types.
The series described above by me, and of which the male is
figured in the plate, were taken at Alexandra, Victoria.

4. Metathemis virgula Selys. (Plate v., fig.ll).

Synthemis virgida Selys, loc. cit. 1874.

$. Total length 49; abdomen 37; hindwing 29 mm.

Wings : costa bright yellow outwards, neuration more open
than in J/, brevistyla; pterostigma 2-6 mm., black; memhranide 3
mm., pale greyish. Head: eyes dark green in living insect;
vertex black; front yellow, a narrow black band in the median
cleft, face yellow above and on sides, a large brown rectangular
patch in middle; clypeus and labrum yellow edged with brown;
labium pale yellow, mouth touched with brown. Thorax
dark brown, with indistinct steely reflections above; dorsal ridge
yellow; a pair of bright yellow antehumeral bands, pointed
sharply towards interalar ridge; sides brown with steely re-
flections, a bright yellow lateral band, irregidar bid continuous;
a large yellow patch low down. Notum brown, scutella yellow;
a distinct yellow spot at each wing-base; legs black, underside of
profemora pale brown. Abdomen, 1-2 and 7-10 somewhat
swollen, 3 rather narrow. Colour deep brown shading to black,
marked with bright yellow as follows : — 1, an indistinct dorsal

368 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS,

spot; 2, two large spots and auricles; 3, basal half yellow, en-
closing a narrow elongated basal oval mark on dorsum, sometimes
with a dark apical stem; 4, sometimes with basal half as ia 3,
sometimes with a pair of basal triangular spots and a pair of
central spots, conjoined; 5-6, a pair of basal spots and a pair of
central spots, small; 7, basal spots almost obsolete, central spots
round and small; 8, with two very large spots occupying the
basal half or more of the segment, and very close together; 9, two
large subtriangular basal spots; 10, two smaller roundish spots.
Appendages: superior 1 8 mm., black, somewhat forcipate,
no spine at bases; inferior nearly as long, broad, truncate, black.
(Plate vii., figs.lO« and h).

<^. Very similar to male, hindwing33 mm.; pterostigma 3 mm.,
dark brown; wings suffused with pale yellowish-brown. Front
witli brown maik in cleft slightly wider, otherwise head and
thorax as in male. Abdomen slightly shorter and more cylindri-
cal, 1-8 spotted as in male; 9, with smaller spots; 10, very short,
black. Underside of 8-10 as figured in Plate vii., fig 23; no ovi-
positor, folds of 8 pale yellow, of 9 touched with yellow, rest
dark brownish-black. Apjyendages 1 mm., thin, straight, pointed,
black; 10 ending beneath in a rounded hairy tubercle with two
smaller tubercles, one on each side, beneath it.

Types: Coll. MacLachlan, (J2('^i^l'-*<^u'"i^®)-

//rt6. — Southern New South Wales, Victoria November to
March.

It is usually found iu the same localities as M. brevistyla,
though always in less abundance. The series described above
were taken at Alexandra, Victoria.

Genus 3. C h o R i s T h e M i s, n.g.

Membranule absent or quite insignificant; front tjmall; abdo-
men slender, cylindrical. Superior appendages of male of medium
length, slender, almost straight. Ovipositor of female variable.
Larvae similar to these of Si/nthe/nisy s.str., but smaller and of
slenderer build; front with a small rectangular projecting plate
fringed with small hairs. Type: Synthemis Jlavoterminnta
Martin.

CY R. J. TILLYAKD. 369

Key to Species of Ghoristhemis.

C Medium size, metallic-black and bright yellow, no

J antehumeral thoracic stripes C. flavoterminata.

"j Small size, duller black and creamy, a pair of straight
' antehumeral thoracic stripes C.olivei.

1. Ghoristhemis flavoterminata Martin. (Plate v., fig 12).

Synthemis flavoterminata Martin, Mem. Soc Zool. France, 1901.

$. Total length 46, abdomen 36, hindwing 31 mm.

Wings hyaline in mature insect, tinted with brownish-yellow
ill teneral specimens; pterostigma 2-5 mm., black. Head: eyes
bright greenish in living insect; vertex black; front slightly cleft,
bright yellow; postdypeits black, anteclypeus yellow; labrum jet
black; labium yellowish-brown. Thorax: prothorax black
with a large yellow dorsal spot. Meso- and metathorax metallic
steely or greenish-black; dorsal ridge yellow, two round yellow
spots near interalar ridge; sides with a broad irregular lateral
band, a small round spot low down in front, and a large area on
metapleuriim, all bright lemon-yellow; notum black, with yellow
scute] la and scuta; legs black, basal half of profemora yellow.
Abdomen black spotted with lemon-yellow as follows — 1, either
a dorsal cross, or a dorsal and two lateral spots; 2, a dorsal cross
or fleur-de-lys; auricles yellow; genital aperture surrounded with
yellow; 3-4, basal half yellow enclosing an elongated dorsal mark;
5-7, a pair tif small basal spots, a pair of small central spots, both
decreasing in size from 5 to 7; 8, two small basal spots or points;
9-10 very variable, but mostly yellow; sometimes clear, some-
times with black suture or spots, or a black W-mark. Append-
ages: superior 2 mm., black, narrow subcylindrical, tips some-
what blunt, downy; inferior two-thirds as long, subtriangular,
tip truncate, slightly upcurved, black (Plate vii., figs. 13a and h).
Genital aperture of segment 2, viewed in profile, is figured,
(Plate vii., fig. 15).

9. Similar to male; expanse of wing greater; wings usually

sufi'used with pale yellowish-brown. Head and thorax as in male,

except front, which is black with a large yellow spot on each

side. Abdomen cylindrical, much stouter than in male; marked

26

370 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS,

as in male, except — -2, a yellow dorsal line and a pair of small
central spots, 3-7 with bases almost completely yellow; 7 a small
dorsal spot; 8, variable, usually black with an anal yellow spot;
9, variable, usually apical two-thirds yellow; 10, black, some-
times with a pair of yellow spots. Ovipositor black, variable in
length, with segments 8-9 also vaiying in length and position
above it; rather short and broad, tip rounded, and carrying above
a small gelatinous patch of varying size. Plate vii., figs. 22a, b
and c, shew the variations of the end of the abdomen; fig.22J is
22a seen from below. Appendages 1mm., black, slender, straiglit;
10 projecting below in a rounded hairy tubercle.

Var. — Besides the variation of the colouration of the end
abdominal segments already noted, there is, in North Queens-
land, a well-defined dwarf form: abdomen 32, hiiidiving 29;
pterostigma 2 mm.; only one row of post-trigonal cells, whereas
typical s|)ecimens liave one or more sets of two cells, followed by
single cells, after the triangle. Specimens from intermediate
localities shew intermediate variations.

Types: Coll. Martin, J'9(New South Wales).

Hab. — New South Wales and Queensland, from Illawarra to
Cape York.

The series described above was taken around Sydney.

L i f e - H i s t o r y of C hor i s thevii s j'lavoter ?n ina I a.

The perfect insect emerges in November, and continues on the
wing until March or April. It is found only along densely
wooded creeks and rivers, and prefers swiftly running water.
The method of pairing and oviposition is similar to that of M.
guttata, but tlie eggs are not exuded in such large quantities,
and are pale yellowish in colour. The larva lives in the sand at
the bottom of the deeper pools, or under tlie sidt^s of the stream
where the Itank overhangs and the water is fairly deep. It
■emerges by climbing up the stalks of fern and grass, often to a
considerable height. The full-fed nymph is very dark brown,
usu dly fairly clean, but less so than that of M guttata. Owing
to its greater villosity, particles of sand and silt often adhere to

BY R. J. TILLYARD. 371

it after emergence. In general appearance it resembles the
nymph of S. eustalacta, bub is riiuch slenderer and smaller.
Total length 17; abdomen 9-5; breadth of head 4; wing-cases
5 mm. Ze^'S fairly long. Abdo77ien with rows of curved hairs on
each segmental ridge. Labium: nientum rather short with
fairly broad base, median lobe triangular, but with no projecting
point; mental setce, 6 primary, 8 secondary. Lateral lobes rather
small, with six stiff lateral setce and a sharp terminal hook; distal
border carrying six well-formed and rather rounded teeth, very
similar in shape to tho.se of S. eustalacta, but not quite so higl'.
(Plate i.x., fig.5). Anal appendages of abdomen: superior 1*2
mm., with tip curved downwards; two inferior 1-4 mm., straight;
two lateral 1 mm., straight.

Types: Coll. Tillyard (North Sydney).

2. Choristhemis olivei Tillyard. (Plate v., fig.l3).

Synthemis olivei, Tillyard, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1908,
p. 747.

The following abridged description will serve to distinguish

it : —

(J. Total length 39, abdomen 30, hind wing 27 mm.
Wings: neuration fine, open; pterostignvi 1-7 mm., black.
Head: eyes grey-green in living insect; vertex black; front dull
whitish; clypens whitish with black sutures; labrnm white with
a fine transverse black line; labium pale brownish. Thorax :
prothorax brown, collar and two dorsal spots white. Meso- and
metathorax deep black; dorsal ridge creamy; two creamy ante-
humeral rays, straight and narrow, followed by two small white
spots; sides black with a large lateral irregidar mark like the
letter "n " flattened, and another patch low down, both creamy.
Abdomen very slender, cylindrical, black, marked withstiaw-
colour as follows — 2, a pair of dorsal marks; auricles creamy;
3-8, a pair of basal spots, and a pair of smaller central spots,
decreasing from 3 to 8; 9-10 black. Appendages: superior
1*8 mm., slender, straight, pointed, with two stiff hairs at tips,

372 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS,

black; inferior 1*3 mm., broader, truncate, black, tip upcurved
(Plate vii., figs. 14a and 6).

9- Unknown.

Types : Coll. Tillyard, two male.s(Cooktown, N. Queensland).

Hab. — Noi th Queensland. Very rare. Inhabits small moun-
tain-creeks and bogs. December-January.

Appendix.

Details of material examined.

I append lists of (1) set specimens of imagines; and (2) mounted
specimens of larvse and exuviae, in my collection. These have
formed the main material studied for the purpose of this paper.
Many other specimens, mostly taken by myself, have passed
through my hands, and liave been distributed as duplicates?
when such specimens came from localities not otherwise included,
they are noted in brackets. Unless otherwise stated, the speci-
mens were taken by myself. Specimens bred from larvae, or
taken in the act of emergence, are placed pinned beside the
exuviae, and are not included in List i. — except two Synthemis
macrosiiffma ^, which bred out, and were set and placed with the
series of imagines.

List i. (Set specimens of imagines).

Synthemis eustalacta Burm. — Blue Mts., N.S.W.,(Leura) Feb.,
1905, 5 males: (Medlow) Jan., 1910, 1 male — Jindabyne, N.S.W.,
Jan., 1910, 7 males, 6 females — Alexandra, Vic, Dec, 1906, 1
female. Total, 13 males, 7 females. [Other localities, Macedon,
Vic.(G. Lyell); Burnside, S.A.(S. Angel)].

S. tasmanica, n.sp. — St. Patrick's River, Tas., Jan., 1909; 3
males, 3 females — Launceston, Tas., Jan., 1909, 5 males : Cressy,
Tas., Jan., 1909, 2 males, 2 females. Total, 10 males, 5 females.

>S'. regiiia Selys — Sydney, N.S.W.,(Duck Creek, Auburn) Dec,
1905, 1 female; Feb., 1906, 1 female; Feb., 1907, 5 males, 1
female; Jan., 1908, 3 males, 1 female; March, 1908, 1 female;
April, 1908, 3 females; Dec, 1908, 1 female — Gladstone, Q., Jan.,
1908, 1 male — Alexandra, Vic, Dec, 1906, 4 males, 1 female.
Totxl, 13 males, 9 females.

BY R. J. TILLYARD.

373

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374 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SYNTHEMIS,

S. /eac^n Selys — Armadale, W. A., Dec, 1906, 3 males, 1 female:
Bridgetown, W.A., Jan., 1907, 8 males, 3 females : Margaret
River, W.A., Jan., 1907, 1 male, 2 females. Total, 12 males, 6
females. [Other locality, Mungar's Lake, Perth, W.A.].

*S'. macrostigma Selys, race orientalis Tillyard — Blue Mts.,
N.S.W.,(Leura) Feb., 1905, 3 males; Dec, 1908, 2 males:
(Medlow), Jan., 1910, 10 males, 7 females; two females bred Dec.
26th, 1909, and Jan. 6th, 1910, from larvae taken at Leura, Oct.,
1909— Macedon, Vic.(G. L^rell), Jan., 1906, 1 male. Total, 16
males, 9 females — Race occidentalis Tillyard, Bridgetown(Wil-
garrup), W. A., Jan., 1907, 11 males, 3 females. Total, S.macro-
stiyma, 27 males, 12 females.

-S'. claviculata Tillyard — Kuranda, Q.(E. Allen), Jan., 1908, 1
male; Jan., 1910, 1 male, 1 female. Total, 2 males, 1 female.

S. cyanitincta'YiWy Sivd — Bridgetown, W.A., Jan., 1907, 1 male:
Margaret River, W.A., Jan., 1907, 11 males, 2 females: Waroona,
W.A.(G. F. Berthoud), Nov., 1908, 1 male, 5 females. Total, 13
males, 7 females. [Other locality, Armadale, W.A.].

Metathemis guttata Selys— Jindabyne, N.S.W., Jan., 1906, 1
male : Illawarra, N.S.W.(Lily Vale), [var. pallida], April, 1907,
3 males; March, 1908, 1 male — Alexandra, Vic, Dec, 1906, 8
males, 11 females. 7'o^a/, 1 3 males, 1 1 females. [Other localities,
Sydney(Hornsby), Il]awarra(National Park), Blue Mts.(Leura,^
Medlow)].

M. nigra Tillyard — Kuranda, Q., Jan , 1905, 1 male, 2 females;
Dec, 1906, 1 male, (F. P. Dodd); Jan., 1908, 1 female : Cairns,
Q.(E. Allen), Jan., 1910, 1 male, I female. Total, 3 males, 4
females. [Other locality, Herberton, Q.(F. P. Dodd)].

3f. brevistyla Selys — Jiudabyne, N.S.W., Jan., 1906, 10 males,
8 females — Alexandra, Vic, Dec, 1906, 1 male, 2 females. Total,
11 males, 10 females.

M. virgida, Selys — Jindabyne, N.S. W., Jan., 1906, 5 males, 2
females — Alexandra, Vic, Dec, 1906, 6 males, 4 females. Total,
11 males, 6 females.

Choristhemis Jlavoterininata Martin — Sydney, N.S.W.(Wah-
roonga), Nov., 1904, 4 males 3 females; (Duck Creek, Auburn),.

BY R. J. TILLYARD. 375

Dec, 1907, 1 male; Jan., 1908, 5 males; Dec, 1908, 1 male;
(Hornsby), Dec, 1909, 4 males, 4 females: Illawana, N.S.W.
(Heathcote), April, 1909, 1 male, 2 females; Dec , 1909, 7 males,

1 female— Kurauda, Q., Nov., 1906, 1 mHle(F. P. Dodd): Cook-
town, Q., Jan., 1908, 1 male, 1 female. T'otaJ, 25 males, 11
females. [Other localities, IlUwarra, N.S.W. (National Park),
Sydney(Chelteiiham), Brisbane, Q.(Enoggera Creek)].

C. olivei Tillyard— Cooktown, Q., Jan , 1908, 2 males.

List ii.(Mounted larvae and exuviae).

S. enstalacta Burm.— Blue Mts., N.S.W.(Leura), Nov., 1908,
18 specimens.

S. macrostigina Selys, race orientalis Tillyard — Blue Mts.,
N.S.W.(Leura), Nov., 1908, 5 specimens; (Medlow), Nov., 1909,

2 specimens : Illawarra, N.S.W.(National Park), Nov., 190S, 17
specimens. Total, 24 specimens.

S. reyiua Selys — Sydney, N.S.W. (Duck Creek, Auburn), Dec ,
1908, 4 specimens; March, 1909, 1 specimen. Total, 5 specimens.

Sfetathemis guttata Selys — -Blue Mts., N.S.W.(Leura), Nov.,
1908, 6 specimens: (Medlow), Nov., 1909, 2 specimens: Sydney,
N.S.W. (Hornsby), Dec, 1909, 1 specimen. Total, 9 specimens.

Choristhemis Jlavoterminata Martin — Illawarra, N. S. W.
{Heathcote), Dec, 1909, 6 specimens : Sydney, N.S.W. (Chelten-
ham), De,c., 1909, 9 specimens: (Hornsby), Nov., 1909, 1 speci-
men. Total, 16 specimens.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES IV. -IX.

Plate iv. (all figs, x 2).

Fig. L — Synthemis eustalacta Burir.J.
Fig. 2. — Syntliemis ta^manica, n.sp. J^.
Fig. 3. — Synthemis reijina Selys J*.
Fig.4. -Synthemis leachii Se]ys<y.
Fig. 5. — Synthemis macrostigma Selvs J^.
Fig. 6. — Synthemis daviculata Tillyard cf.

376

MONOGKAPH OF THK GENUS SYNTHEMIS.

Plate V. (all figs, x 2).

Fig. 7. — Synthemis cyanitincta TillyardJ^.

Fig. 8. — Metathemis guttata SelysJ*.

Fig. 9. —Metathemis nigra Tillyard $ .

Fig. 10. — Metathemis brevistyla SelysJ^.

Fig. 11. — Metathemis virgula SelysJ^.

Fig. 12. — Ghoristhemis jlavoterminata Martinet. ,

¥igA^. — Ghoristhemis olivei Tillyard J".

Small figures— top, head seen from in front; second, colour-scheme of
side of thorax.

Plate vi. (wing-venation; all figs, x 9).

Fig.l. — Choristhemis olivei 3' hindwing; anal loop, arculus and triangle.

Fig. 2. — ,, flavoterminata^ ,,

Fig. 3. — Synthemis eustalactaS" ,,

Fig. 4. — Synthemis eustalacta'} ,,

Fig. 5. — Synthemis cyanitincta $ , ,

Fig. 6. — Metathemis guttata ^ ,,

Fig. 7. — Synthemis macrostigma ^ ,,

Fig. 8. — Synthemis maerostigma^ ,,

Fig. 9. — Synthemis regina 3 ,,

Vlg.lO. — Synthemis regina^ ,,

Fig. 11. — Synthemis leachii ^ , freak-venation of forewing iu region of

triangle.
Fig. 12. — Synthemis cyanitincta "} , freak-venation of forewing in region of

triangle.
Fig. 13. — Synthemis regina^, pterostigma.
Fig. 14. — Synthemis clavicnlata ^ , pterostigma.
Fig. 15. —Synthemis macrostigm-a<^ , pterostigma.
Fig. 16.— Synthemis regina, freak-venation of hindwing in region of triangle.

A, anal vein; arc, arculus; b, brace; C, costal vein; Cu. , cubitus; h,
hypertrigonal space; m, membranule; P, pterostigma; R-l-M, radius +
median; t, triangle.

Plate vii. (appendages, etc., figs. 1-23, x 9).

Fig.l. — Synthemis eustalacta^' , anal appendages, a dorsal, h profile view.

Fig. 2 — Synthemis tasmanicaS" ,,

Fig. 3. — Synthemis regina ^ , ,

Fig. 4. — Synthemis macrostigma S^ ,,

Fig. 5. — Synthemis leachii^ ,,

Fig. 6. — Synthemis claviculata ^ , ,

Yig.l.— Synthemis primigeniaS' „ ,, (after Martin)

Fig

8.-

Fig

9.-

Fig

10.

Fig

11.

Fig.

12.

Fig. 13.

Fig.

14.

Fig.

15.

Fig.

16.

BY R, J, TILLYARD. 377

—Synthemis cyanitincta^ , anal appendages, a dorsal, h profile view.

- Metathemis hrtmstylaS' ,, ,, ,,
. — Mftathemis virgula^' ,, ,,
, — Metathemis (juttaia^ ,, ,,
, — Metatlifimis nigra (^ ,, .,
, — Ohoristhemisflavoterminata^ ,, ,,
, — Choritthemis olivei^ „ ,,
— Choristhemis flavoterminata^ , profile view of segment 2, underside,

— Synthpmis regina2, i^st three segments of abdomen, a profile,
Ii ventral view.

Fi^' 17. — Synthemis maerostigmn^ , ^ast three segments of abdomen, profile

view.
Fig AS. —Synthemis leachii^ , last three segments of abdomen, profile view.
Fig. 19. — Synthemis eustalacta 2 ,, ,, ,,

F\g.20. — Synthemis tasma7iica 2 ,, ,. ,,

Fig.2l. — Synthemis cyanitincta^ , last three segments of abdomen, a profile,

1) ventral view.
Fig 22. — ihorislliemis flavoterminata^ ,\-Asi three segments of abdomen;

n,h,r, profile views of three different females; d, ventral view of a.
Wig.2^.— Metathemis virgula'} ,\?L?,i three segments of abdomen, ventral

view.
Fig.24. — Synthemis eustalacta^ , penis ( x 25).
Fig. 25. — Metathemis guttata^ , penis ,,
Wig.2Q. — ChoristhemisJlavoterminata^, penis ( x 25).

Plate viii. (larvae).

yig.l. — Part of egg-cluster of Synthemis eustalacta Selys ( x 10).
Fig.2. — Full-grown nymph of Synthemis eustalacta Selys ( x 4).
Fig. 3. — Head of Synthemis eustalacta Selys, seen from in front ( x 9).
Fig. 4. — Antennae of Synthemis eustalacta Selys ( x 25).
Fig. 5. — Head of Metathemis guttata Selys, from above ( x 9).

Plate ix. (labia of nymphs).

Fig. 1. — Labium of Synthemis eustalacta Selys ( x 25).

Fig.2. — Labium of Synthemis regina Selys ( x25).

Fig.3. — Labium of Synthemis macrostigma Selys (x25).

Fig. 4. — Labium of Metathemis guttata Selys ( x 25).

Fig. 5. — Labium of Choristhemis Jiaroterminata Martin ( x 25).

27

378

STUDIES IN AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY.

No.xvi. New Spkcies of Carabid^.

By Thomas G. Sloane.

(Continued from Vol.xxxii., p.381, 1907.)

Subfamily CARABINE.

Tribe Migadopini.

Stichonotus, n.g.

Head short, convex, wide at base and deeply set into prothorax,
strongly bordei'ed on each side above base of antennae; one supra-
orbital setigerous puncture near eye on each side; eyes not pro-
minf-nt. Lahrnm emarginate-truncate, 6-setose, outer seta near
anterior angle stronger than others, rising from a large con-
spicuous puncture; anterior angles a little advanced, rounded.
Clypeus short, emarginate; a setigerous puncture on each side.
Menhim short, broad, with a median tooth. Mandibles stout,
short, without a seta in outer scrobe. Maxillary palpi with
apical joint stout, elongate-oval, obtuse at apex. Labial palpi
with penultimate joint bisetose in front; apical joint stout, oval,
obtuse at apex. Antennoi slender, reaching behind base of pro-
thorax; four basal joints glabrous, first stout, bearing a seta,
fourth shortest, third longer than second, about as long as fifth.
Prothorax closely applied to elytra, wide at base, strongly
narrowed to apex ; anterior and posterior angles triangular,
pointed; lateral margins without setae. Elytra shortly truncate-
oval, bordered at base, striate; second* and third striae uniting

* The second stria (counting at the base) is evidently a false stria repre-
senting the short stride so often found at the base of the first
interstice in the Carahidce. In Stichonotus leal it is unusually prolonged,
and reaches to the apical third of the elytra. A similar conformation of
the elytral strise may be found in Amarotypus edivardsi Bates, a New Zea-
land representative of the tribe Migadopini.

BY THOMAS G. SLOAN E. 379

at base and rising from a punctiform impression a little distance
behind basal borderj third interstice impunctate, ninth(counting
near apex) seriate-punctate; margin not interrupted near apex.
Prosternum with anterior coxal cavities close J; intercoxal part
concave, produced a little at base; basal declivity narrow, abrupt.
Jfesoslermini narrow and longitudinally channelled between
intermediate coxjb; mesepimeron reaching coxa. Metasternal
episterna short, wide. Scutellum short, wide, obtusely i-ounded
behind. Legs short; anterior tibise incrassate with .six or seven
short spines along outer side, inner side deeply emarginate before
apex, inner spur remote from apex; anterior tarsi short, four
ba.sal joints wide, posterior tarsi slender, joints 1-4 successively
shorter, first as long as three succeeding joints together.

Stichonotus leai, n.sp.

Oval, convex, nitid. Piceous; prothorax and elytra with wide
ferruginous margins; scutellum and part of elytra adjoining
reddish; elytra with disc generally piceous, apical and lateral
declivities generally ferruginous (first interstice brown, the brown
tint reaching almost to apex; eighth and ninth interstices and
lateral channel wliolly ferruginous, seventh interstice piceous at
base and in middle of lengtli, sixth interstice reddish except
near base, fifth reddish for a short distance a little behind base);
undersurface piceous, inflexed borders of prothorax and elj'tia
ferruginous; legs, antennae, and mouth-parts ferruginous.

Head smooth, large (IS mm. across eyes), convex; clypeal
suture distinct. Prothorax transverse(l-45 x 2*9 mm), widest at
base, strongly narrowed to apex(l-7 mm.); sides lightly rounded-
apex widely emarginate; anterior angles pointed, advanced in a
short triangular prominence; base lightly sinuate on each side;
basal angles sharp, triangular; margins ferruginous, very wide,
but declivous, posteriorly; border well developed and equal on
sides, weak, but continuous, along anterior margin, obsolete on
base; a light fovea on each side of base opposite third stria of
elytra; median line lightly impressed, reaching base. Elytra
wide, short(3-8 x 3 mm.), convex; striae entire, finely crenulate.

380 STUDIES IN AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY, XVI.,

second (counting at l)ase) obsolete on basal declivity; interstices
lightly convex, ninth (counting at apex) narrow, merging with
margin near base. Length 6, breadth 3 mm.

Hab. — Tasmania : Magnet(Colls. Lea and Sloane).

My description is founded on a single specimen given to mn by
Mr. A. M. Lea. It is a reniaikable species, with the facif^s of
an Oodes, and apparently has no resemblance to any other mem-
ber of the tribe lUigadoj^iui. Its discovery brings this tribe into
the Australian fauna, and so leaves little doubt but tliat Nebrio-
soma is a genus thereof.

Subfamily HARPALIN.^.

Tribe Brosciiii.
Genus G n a T h o x y s .

Gnathoxys sulcicollis, n.sp.

Robust, convex; front and clypeus deeply biimpressed; pro-
thorax subparallel on sides, strongly constricted near base, not
bordered on base, a deep wide marginal sulcus along each side;
elytra ovate, seriately punctate-foveate; anterior tibite 3-dentate
externally above apex; prosternum glabrous in front of C( xaj,
intercoxal part wide, longitudinally concave in middle, truncate
behind, setigero-punctate on each side. Black, upper surface
with light bronzy reflections.

Head large^3-3 x 3-9 mm.), smooth, convex, transversely im-
pressed on a level with base of eyes; front a little raised above
plane of vertex; frontal spaces convex, lateral ones tapering
anteiioily; frontal sulci deep, wide, parallel, extending from
opposite middle of eyes nearly to anterior margin of clypeus; a
deep stria extending obliquely forward at each .side from eye to
base of clypeus and dividing the supra-antennal plates from the
lateral frontal spaces; clypeal suture deeply impressed across
median frontal space; clypeus deulivous to labrum, truncate, very
deeply longitudinally fossulate in middle; a puncture on each
side at anterior extremity of frontal sulci; eyes round, con\ex.

BV THOilAS G. SLOAN E. 381

Labium concave, longitudinally striate in middle ; anterior
margin emarginate, widely rounded at each side, sexsetose (tiie
two middle se tee very close together, rising from small punctures).
Prothorax longer than broad (6 '^ x 58 mm.), convex, truncate at
base and apex; m wide basal area sharply constricted on each
side and depressed below plane of disc; sides subparallel (a little
rounded in middle), shortly, roundly and decidedly narrowed to
apex, sharply narrowed posteriorly and meeting base at right
angles; lateral border narrow, extending from anterior to basal
angles; base not bordered or u[)turned; a deep wide marginal
sulcus along each side, extending from a little behind anterior
angle nearly to beginning of basal constriction; lower side of
marginal sulcus defined b}^ lateral border of prothorax, upper
side convex, arcuate; a lightly impressed wide curved impression,
(withafovea in middle), a littleahove mai'ginal sulcus, and extend-
ing from basal area to anterior angle; median line strongly
impiessed. Elytra wide(ll x 7'7 mm.), convex, declivous to
peduncle, subparallel on sides, widely rounded on base, gently
but decidedly inflated on each side of peduncle; humeral angles
not marked; apical declivity roughly granulate; four rows of
punctate fovese on each elytron, (first row narrow, second row
consisting of three or four wide punctate depre.ssions a consider-
able distance from base, third row consisting of three or four
wider and more elongate depressions,"fourth row more irregular);
about five widely placed umbilicate setigerous punctures placed
in wide depressions near lateral margins, in front of apical granu-
late part; lateral border narrow. Ventral segments 3-5 with a
narrow coriaceous border along posterior margin, bipunctate on
each side of middle. Posterior trochanters short, thick, reniform,
plurisetose on posterior margin; femora thick, swollen in middle,
posterior with an arcuate double row of setigerous punctures
from near base to apex; anterior tibiae with a long w^ide laminate
external spur at apex, external edge strongly 3-dentate above
apex, upper tooth triangular; shorter than others; intermediate
tibise short, stout, incrassate with a strong external spur at apex;
posterior tibia) much longer than femora, slightly incrassate at
apex. Length 20, breadth 7'7 mm.

382 STUDIES IN AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY, XV[.,

Hab. — Ceatral Australia(Coll. Sloane). Given to me by Mr.
C. French, who sent me also a second specimen, 15 mm. in length,
ticketed Esperance Bay.

A distinct species, showing more resemblance to Gn. insignitus
Macl.j than to any other described species, but diflfering con-
spicuously by larger prothorax with lateral sulci, and without a
channel along base; anterior tibiae 4-dentate; posterior femora
and coxEe with numerous setigerous punctures, etc.

Genus B r i t h y s t e r n u m .
Brithysternum macleayi, n.sp.

(J. Elongate, robust, lajvigate. Elytra widely rounded at apex,
lateral margins with a wide triangular explanate process on each
side about posterior third; intercoxal part of prosternum pro-
duced backwards in a long process excised at apex; intermediate
femora armed a little before apex on lower side with a long
stout slightly hooked spur; anterior tibise with a thick obtuse
triangular prominence on lower side a little above middle. Black,
nitid.

Head large, convex; eyes small, not inclosed at base; subocular
ridge well developed; clypeus bipunctate on each side, anterior
margin truncate. Labrum emarginate, anterior angles rounded.
Labial palpi stout; penultimate joint short with four or five setse
on anterior margin; apical joint a little longer than penultimate,
thick, a little compressed, truncate. Prothorax a little longer
than broad(9-5 X 9 mm.), subdepressed on disc, widest before
middle, lightly narrowed to base; apex truncate (hardly emargi-
nate); anterior angles very little advanced, obtuse; base truncate,
not bordered, except near each side; basal angles rectangular,
obtuse at summit; lateral lioider narrow, hardly wider at anterior
angles, subsinuate (but not wider) near base; lateral channel
narrow with four or live punctures along its course; median line
distinct; a well-marked transverse impression a little before base,
Elytra oval(17'5 x 8-6mm.), convex, declivous to peduncle; lateral
declivities abruptly rounded; ajiex strongly declivous; sides with

BY THOMAS G. SLOANE. 383

a wide triangnlar explanate process about posterior third, tliis
process lightly reflexed and obtuse at apex; border extending
obliquely downwards from humeral angles and almost meeting
border of infle-xed margins at lateral processes. Posterior tro-
chanters curdiform, not long; apex a little curved inwards,
obtusely pointed : intermediate femora wide towards apex, armed
on inner edge of lower side a little before apex with a long curved
spur-like process;"^' posterior elongate, not swollen in middle :
anterior tibiaj thick, bent; upper side widely sinuate in middle;
lower side with a strongly raised, wide, obtuse protuberance
opposite middle of sinuosity of upper side. Length 32, breadth
8 "6 mm.

^rt6. — Northern Territory of South Australia(ColI. French).

In many ways, this species and the following are the most
singular Carabs I have seen, and are very different f rom ' ^.
calcaratuin Macl., by the explanate lateral processes of the elytra.
In B. macleayi the lateral processes of the elytra project 1*5 mm.
from the sides, so that the width of the elytra is 11 "6 mm., if
measured at these prominences. The backward prolongation of
the prosternum is 3 mm. in length, subcylindrical, a little wider,
and triangularly excised, at the point. The antennae are more
elongate than in B. calcaratuin, and are glabrous, with a setulose
flattened space on lower side near apex of those after the fourth-

Note. — The description given above was founded on a single
specimen in the French Collection (now in the National Museum,
Melbourne). More recently Mr. French has received a number
of specimens, of both sexes, from the Pine Creek District of the
Northern Territory; these are smaller and present some minor
differences from the original specimen. I offer the following
note on these specimens : —

9. Differs from ^ by prothorax shorter, wider; sides more
rfiunded; anterior angles more prominent. Elytra mucli wider,

* In Pine Creek specimens this femoral tooth is a stout triangular denti-
form process.

384 STUDIES IN AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY, XVI.,

without lateral processes, border a little thickened at position of
these processes. Iiitercoxal process of prosternum mucli shorter
(in (J the intercoxal process is variable in length, and sometimes
has the apex obtusely I'ounded, not bifid or excised). Anterior
tibite sliortei*, and without median process of lower side. Diinen-
sious: (^.Length 26, head across eyts 5, prothorax 7-7 x 6-8; elytra
14-5 X 7, across lateral proce.s.ses 9-5: Q. length 24-26, head across
eyes 5-1, prothorax 6-5 x 6-7, elytra 15*8 x 9 mm.

Brithvsternum nodosum, n.sp.

^. Elongate, robust, Igevigate. Elytra with a wide lateral
plica on each side, extending obliqut^ly upwards and backwards
from lateral border just before apical curve. Prosternum with
a larsre nodule on each side a little behind anterior margin and
with its outer margin touching episternal suture; intercoxal part
wide, flat, deeply and roundly excised at hase, the sides of this
excision produced backwards to form two obtuse prominent
horns. Anterior legs unarmed; iiiteriiiediate femora with a long
horn projecting at right ajigles from lower side. Black, nitid.

Head large, convex (6 mm. across eyes), front lightly and
widely bi-impressed between antennae; eyes small, convex, not
inclosed at base; subocular ridge well developed. Labrum longi-
tudinally sulcate in middle, emarginate; angles rounded. Labial
palpi stout; penultimate joint short, with four or five setae on
anterior margin; apical joint a little longer than penultimate,
thick, truncate, narrowed to base, arcuate on outer side : max-
illary palpi with penultimate joint very short, triangular; apical
joint similar to that of labial but not narrowed to base or
arcuate on outer side. Prothorax longer than broad( 10 x 7 ■9mm ),
convex (disc subdepressed, nitid, with faint transverse striolse);
base and apex of about equal width (6'2 mm); sides almost
parallel in inidille, very lightly narrowed posteriorly; a light
sinuosity about lomni. before base; anterior margin sinuate-
truncate; anterior angles strongly advanced, ohtuse at apex; base
truncate; basal angles decidedly produced backwards in a short
obtuse prominence; lateral border thick, lightly reflexed, a little

BY THOMAS G. SLOANE. 385

infcurned just before base; latei'al channel narrow, a little expla-
nate near anterior angles, unipunctate (the puncture 2-5 mm. from
anterior angles); median line well-marked; a distinct transverse
impression a little before base — between sinuosities of lateral
border. Elytra oval(17 x 9*5 mm.), parallel on sides, convex,
sloping very gently to peduncle; surface subopaque owing to
numerous faint scratches; an elongate-oblique lateral process on
each side, just behind middle, this process forming a strong plica
rising opposite beginning of apical curve (about l'25mm. above
border of elytra) and extending forward about 3 mm. to join the
border; lateral border narrow, sinuate about middle of lateral
process; each side with four or five submarginal punctures along
anterior third, and with three similar punctures along apical
curve, another similar puncture in the concavity between the
lateral border and the plica. Ventral segments convex, rugulose,
impunctate; apical segment smooth, except near sides, unipunc-
tate on each side of apex. Posterior trochanters very short;
apex wide, roundly truncate : femora rather long; anterior not
swollen in middle, lightly incrassate to apex; intermediate
shorter than anterior, swollen towards apex, armed on lower
side with a long stout straight horn(length 2 mm.); posterior
narrow, rot swollen on lower side, upper side subcarinate towards
base : four anterior tibise a little bent, stout at apex; posterior
long, slender, lightly incrassate, curving lightly backwards: tarsi
short, posterior with first joint about one-half longer than second;
apical joint stout, cylindrical, hardly narrowed to base. Length
30, bi'eadth 9-5 mm.

^. Diifering greatly from (J, smaller, more robust. Prothorax
shorter (7'6 x 7 nira.); basal angles less produced backwards.
Elytra much shorter(15 x 9 mm.), more convex and without
lateral processes. Prosternum with lateral nodules much less
developed; intercoxal part somewhat similar but less developed,
almost equally emarginate at base. Legs unarmed; four anterior
tibiee not curved; posterior trochanters ovate, obtusely rounded
at apex (not widely truncate); posterior tarsi narrower with
basal joint longer. Length 24 mm.
28

386 STUDIES IN AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY, XVI.,

Hah. — Roebuck Bay District[ColIs. French((J) and Sloane(2)].
Sent by Mr. C. French, who presented me with a specimen, as
coming from N. W. Australia, towards Roebuck ^s^y.

Comparing the ^, it differs from B. macleayi SI., by prothorax
narrower, less narrowed to base; the strongly developed pectoral
nodes (in B. macleayi there is only a slight protuberance on each
side representing the pectoral nodules); intercoxal part of pro-
stei'num short, not greatly prolonged; elytra broader, with the
lateral processes far less prominent and not triangularly pointed,
etc.

Female specimens of the three species of Brithysternum are
before me, and may be tabulated as under : —

A. Prosternum without pectoral nodes, intercoxal part produced
backwards, this backward prolongation narrowed and notched
behind. Posterior trochanters cordate.

B. Prothorax with anterior angles wide, obtuse, prominent.
Elytral border not decidedly thickened at posterior third.
Posterior trochanters elongate-cordate B. calcaratum Macl.

BB. Prothorax with anterior angles narrow, subprominent.
Elytral border decidedly thickened at posterior third.

Posterior trochanters short B. macleayi SI.

AA. Prosternum with a nodule on each side placed a little behind
anterior margin in front of coxfe; intercoxal part wide and
deeply emarginate behind, its sides parallel. Posterior tro-
chanters short, oviform B. nodosum ^\.

Tribe Harpalini.

Genus Phorticosomus.

Phorticosomus zabroides, n.sp.

$. Elliptical-oval, robust, convex; mandibles longitudinally
strigose near inner margin of upper side; prothorax transverse,
wider at base(5 mm.) than at apex(3-8 mm.), anterior and basal
angles widely obtuse; elytra subparallel on sides, sti'ongly simply
striate, base wide with angles rounded, interstices convex, second
with a strong elongate striole at base, third impunctate; anterior
and intermediate coxa3, prosternum, mesosternum, and meta-

BY THOMAS G. SLOA.VE. 387

■thorax more or less setose; middle part of ventral segments 2-5
setigerous. Antennse with third joint one-half longer than
-second, setose only on the swollen anterior third. Labial palpi
with penultimate joint plurisetose; apical joint fusiform, bearing
a few fine long setee on each side. Labrum lightly emarginate.
Black, under surface and legs piceous-brown.

Head large, convex(3-5 mm. across eyes); clypeal suture distinct;
front foveate on each side between bases of antennae; eyes small,
convex. Prothorax wide(4 x 5*5 mm.), convex, lightly rounded
on sides, very little narrowed to base; anterior angles wide, not
marked; base truncate; basal angles hardly marked, wide; border
obsolete, or almost so, on middle of apex and base, wide and
reflexed on sides; median line lightly impressed; a short rugose
fovea on each side of base, space between these fov^eje longi-
tudinally strigose. Elytra not greatly wider than prothorax
{9'3 X 6-1 mm.), strongly declivous on sides; base wide, truncate;
apical curve oblique on each side; ninth interstice depressed,
wider and impunctate on middle part of course; border reflexed
on sides, curving widely round humeral angles. Presternum
(including antecoxal part) setigero-punctate ; mesosLernuni
between coxse, and on each side, setulose-punctate; metathorax
on each side behind intermediate coxse strongly setigero-punctate.
Anterior trochanters plurisetose on anterior side and with one
long seta on lower side : posterior trochanters reniform, obtuse
at apex, glabrous (except just beside coxte); a single conspicuous
setigerous puncture on inner side near base : femora short,
swollen in middle; posterior femora short; a row of setigerous
punctures along lower margin of anterior side; four anterior tibias
wide at apex : anterior tibiai with a stout dentiform apical pro-
jection on lower side beside insertion of tarsi; external margin
with two small teeth above the dilatate triangular apical projec-
tion ; intermediate tibise with outer side arcuate, denticulate;
.apex dilated into a strong triangular process; posterior tibiae
slender, a little dilated at apex : anterior tarsi short, without
fsquamulae beneath. Length 1 4 o, 'breadth 6-1 nun.

Ifab. — Queensland: Burketown District(Coll. Sloane; unique).

388 STUDIES IN AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY, XVI.,

The type-specimen of this strange species was given to me hy
Mr. C. French many years ago, as coming from the Gulf of Car-
pentaria, opposite the Wellesley Islands. It has no resemblance-
to any other species of Phorticosomus, being far more convex,
and with the prothorax much less narrowed posteriorly. P.
zahroides resembles the European Zabrus ieuebrioides Goeze, so
closely in size, shape, and a])pearance that one's first impression
is that a species of Zabrus is before him; but it differs from Z.
ienebrioides by elytra with humeral angles not marked, margia
not interrupted posteriorly, etc.

Tribe Trigonotomini.
Genus N u R i d i u s .

NURIDIUS GRANDIS, n.Sp.

Broad, robust, convex; head large(8'7 mm. across eyes), para-
gente widely dilatate behind base of mandibles, with anterior
angles widely rounded, two supraorbital setse on each side, clypeus
plurisetoi^e, mandibles plurisetose in basal concavity of outer side;
prothorax subquadrate, widest at anterior fourth, base and apex
of equal width(9 mm.), base widely depressed and fringed with
hair; elytra truncate-oval, lightly and evenly rounded on sides,
finely punctate-striate, interstices convex, third 2-punctate on
apical half, base not bordered, humeral angles dentiform; pro-
sternum (including middle of antecoxal part) setigero-punctate;.
intercoxal part of mesosternum sparsely setigero-punctate; meta-
sternura setigero-punctate behind the transveise suture; inter-
mediate and posterior coxse plurisetose, posterior trochanters
reniform, short, obtuse at apex, plurisetose. Black; head, pro-
thorax, and undersurface nitid; elytra opaque, base and scutellum
nitid, lateral margins (including ninth interstice) nitid and seriate-
punctate on inner side.

Head thick, convex, slightly inflated behind and below eyes;
frontal impressions wide, deep, short; eyes small, round, convex,
not inclosed beliind. liabrum rounded, sexsetose. Clypeus
lightly emarginate; about six irregularly placed setigerous punc-

BY THOMAS G. SLOANE. 389

tures on anterior half from side to side. Mandibles long; outer
side finely setigero-punctate (about twelve setse) in juxta-antennal
channel. Prothorax broader than long(7'5 x 1 i mm.), lightly
convex, decli\ous on anterior three-fourths and posteriorly to
basal depression; sides lightly rounded on anterior two-thirds,
lightly obliquely narrowed posteriorly; apex lightly and widely
emarginate; anterior angles not advanced, obtusely rounded;
base emarginate; basal angles widely obtuse; lateral border wide,
lightly reflexed posteriorly; median line lightlj' impressed; latei'al
basal impressions short, wide, distinct, connected by a wide basal
depression; posterior marginal seta placed beside lateral border
a little befoie basal angle; base with a marginal hair-fi'inge above
peduncle. Elytra much wider than prothorax(22 x 15-4 mm.)^
lightly and evenly convex, wide across base, evenly rounded on
sides, widely rounded without sinuosities at apex; interstices
finely shagreened, 1-7 convex, subcostate, third, fifth, and seventii
costiform and slightly more prominent than the others, eighth
depressed; border reflexed, less strongly so behind shoulders;
-striole at base of first interstice represented by a fine oblique
scratch; anterior puncture of third interstice placed a little
behind middle, posterior puncture about 3-5 mm. from apex of
interstice. Peduncle wide. Scutellum very wide and short.
Prosternuni with a wide deep intercoxal channel, this channel
not reaching base. Metasternum with a wide deep longitudinal
channel; epislerna short, declivous to epimera, bordered along
anterior, inner, and posterior sides. Ventral segments 2-6
setigero-punctate; second with a few punctures on each side near
trochanters; sixth with a few tine setae on each side; third,
fourth, and fifth with numerous punctures scattered over their
surfaces, except near sides and (in a general way) near anterioi-
jnargins. Length 39, breadth 15-4 mm.

Hah. — Queensland : Blackall Range(Hacker).

1 owe a single specimen of this remarkable species to the kind-
ness of Mr. Henry Hacker. Its much greater size distinguishes
It from N.fortis^il. It is evidently not iVitrits niger CivA\xd.,
which is described as having no vestiye of a tooth at the shoulders

390 STUDIES IN AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY, XVI ,

of the elytra, where the basal border blends with that of the sides.
It is extraordinary to find in this species, a Trigonotomid witb
the outer scrobe of the mandibles setose.

Genus Notonomus.

NOTONOMUS BANKSI, n.Sp.

(J. Elongate-oval, convex; head large(4"2 mm. across eyes);
prothorax almost as long as broad, not sinuate on sides near
base, apex and base of equal width(4 mm.), basal angles obtuse,
posterior marginal puncture on border just before basal angles;,
elytra deeply striate, interstices convex, third 4-punctate (pos-
terior puncture on apical declivity), eightli not convex, wide, not
wider than ninth, except near base, basal border not dentate at
humeral angles; intercoxal declivity of prosternum rounded,
narrow in middle; metasternum, with episterna, short. Tarsi
not striolate on upper surface, onychium glabrous beneath.
Head and prothorax shining bronzy-green; elytra peneous-bronze;
under surface, mandibles, and labrum black; anterior ventral
segments subviridescent laterally; legs, antennae, and mouth-
parts piceous-red.

Head convex; front strongly biimpressed; eyes, with oibits,
prominent. Mandibles decussating. Prothorax long, narrow
(5-3 X 5'5 mm.), widest before middle, strongly declivous to
anterior angles; sides lightly rounded, obliquely narrowed to
base, strongly rounded to apex; anterior angles obtuse, not
marked; base lightly emarginate in middle; basal angles hardly
marked; border narrow, extending round basal angles on to base
on each side; median line lightly marked; lateral basal impres-
sions narrow, deep near base, extending lightly forward in an
outcurved course. Elytra oval(13 x 7 mm.), convex; sides lightly
rounded; lateral apical sinuosities well-marked, but shallow;
basal boi'der joining lateral border at humeral angles without
interruption, but inner angle decidedly marked; lateral border
narrow; strise simple; interstices strongly and roundly convex,
not carinate on apical declivity, tenth well-developed and extend-
ing'forward to about one-half the length of elytra. Mesosternum

BY THOMAS G. SLOANE. 391

with intercoxal declivity concave. Legs stout; (femora thick,
swollen in middle). Length 22, breadth 7 mm.

//a6.— N. S.W.: Eden(H. J. Carter; January, 1910). Colls.
Carter and Sloane).

A single specimen of this fine species was given to me by Mr.
H. J. Carter. It is allied to iV. variicollis Chaud., from which it
differs by colour (head and prothorax not black, etc.); prothorax
with anterior angles less decidedly marked and more closely
applied to neck, basal angles much more rounded, not distinctly
marked; elytra with basal border less raised, particularly at
humeral angles, these less marked, eighth interstice wider and
less convex, ninth interstice much wider, etc.

NOTONOMUS FERGUSONI, n.sp.

Oval, robust; head large (3"2 mm. across eyes) ; prothorax
broader than long, basal angles rounded; elytra truncate-oval,
strongly striate, interstices convex in ^, lightly so in <^, third
2-punctate; intercoxal declivity of prosternum narrowed and
rounded in middle, of raesosternum lightly concave. Black

(J. Head convex; frontal impressions feebly marked behind
clypeal suture. Prothorax suborbiculate(.3-3 x 4'3 mm.), much
wider at apex(3-4 ram) than at base(2-8 mm.); sides strongly
rounded; basal angles widely rounded; border wide, passing
round basal angles to lateral basal impressions; posterior marginal
puncture on border at basal angle; median line well-marked;
lateral basal impressions deep, not long or wide. Elytra ovate
(7-6 X I'S mm.), lightly convex on disc, strongl}' declivous to apex,
strongly sinuate on each side of apex; basal border strongly
raised, joining lateral border at humeral angles without inter-
ruption, but inner angle sharply marked; lateral border strongly
reflexed and carinate near base; third, fifth, and seventh inter-
stices wider than others, eighth much wider than ninth on basal
half, tenth shortly developed in front of apical sinuo.sity. Length
15, breadth 48 mm.

Hab. — N.^.W.: Lindtield (a suburb of Sydney). Colls. Carter,
Fex'guson, and Sloane.

592 STUDIES IN AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY, XVI.,

The position of this species in the genus liotonomus is next
N. sydneyensis SL, from which it differs by colour wholly black,
without metallic reflections; head larger; prothorax shorter, more
rounded on sides and at posterior angles. It also lias some
affinity to N. scotti SI., but is very distinct, some conspicuous
differences being its smaller size; larger head; prothorax shorter,
more strongly rounded on sides and at basal angles, lateral border
wider; elytra less convex, more deeply striate; basal and lateral
borders much more strongly raised at point of junction. It was '
discovered by \)v. E. W. Ferguson, about two miles east from the
Lindfield Railway Station (seven miles from Sydney on the North
Shore Railway) where I have also taken it.

Genus CiiLiENioiDius.

Chl^nioidius interstitialis, n sp.

Elliptical oval, subdepressed; prothorax subquadrate, sides
lightly sinuate posteriorly, basal angles rectangular, with summit
obtuse; elytra crenulate-striate, interstices convex, first with
striole at base, third impunctate; intercoxal part of prosternum
not bordered. Brown.

Head convex (3 mm. across e3'es), minutely punctulate; two
short light impressions between bases of antennae; eyes convex,
inclosed behind. Prothorax broader than long(3-4 x 4-5 mm.),
depressed, much wider at base(4'25 mm.) than at apex(3-2 mm.);
minutely punctulate (punctulation stronger in lateral basal im-
pressions); sides lightly aicuate on anterior three-fourths, meet-
ing base at right angles; anterior margin hardly emai'ginate;
anterior angles not marked; base truncate on each side, lightly
emargiuate in middle; border wide on sides, extending along l)ase
on each side, narrow and entire on anterior margin; median line
finely impressed on disc; lateral basal impressions wide, shallow;
posterior marginal seta at basal angle (in the angle of the border).
Elytra wider than prothorax(9-7 x 6-25 mm.); striaj strongly im-
pressed, creuulate; interstices convex, minutely punctate, ninth
narrow, finely rugulose, seriate-punctate; apical curve sinuate on
each side; marginal channel wide; lateral border lightU' reflexed.

BY THOMAS G. SLOANE. 393

Posterior trochanters impunctate. Length 14-16, breadth 6-6 -25
mm.

Hah. — North-West Australia. Sent to me by Mr. C. French,
as from the Ashburton River. Coll Sloane.

Differs from the other dark-coloured species of Chlcenioidius
by the sliarply-markeJ posterior angles of the prothorax. It is
readily distinguished from C. prolixa Erichs., by prothorax more
depressed, wider in front, sides sinuate posteriorly, basal angles
mjve sharply marked, lateral basal im[)ression much shallower;
elytra with interstices convex; posterior trochanters not bearing
a setigerous puncture, etc.; from C. pceciloides Chaud., it differs
by prothorax longer, less strongly rounded on sides, less strongly
narrowed posteriorly, wider across base, basal angles more sharply
marked.

Note. — The brown colour would serve to differentiate it from
a'l the other species, but possibly this may be due to the imma-
turity of the specimens before me.

Genus Setalimorphus.

Setalimorphus regularis, n.sp.

(J. Robust, elliptical, parallel on sides; prothorax lajvigate,
-subquardate, widest before middle, sides unisetigerous at
anterior third; elytra strongly simply striate, humeral angles
dentate, interstices convex, third unipunctate a little behind
middle; metepisterna subquadrate (but, including epimera not
broader thun long). Black, antennfe and mouth-parts ferru-
ginous, legs piceous-red.

Head convex, wide(r5 mm. across eyes), sharply constricted
to a wide neck behind eyes; front biimpressed, impressions wide
apart, arcuate, diverging backwards, extending forward to
anterior m;irgin of clypeus; vertex transversely impressed on
each side behind posterior supraorbital punctui'e; eyes convex,
not rounilly prominent, strongly inclosed in orbits behind.
Prothorax broader than long(2 x 2 65 mm.), depressed on disc,
declivous to sides on anterior two-thirds; base much wider
(2-35 mm ) than apex(l-7 mm.); sides very lightly rounded on

394 STUDIES IN AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY, XVI.,

anterior half, very slightly and obliquely narrowed posteriorly;
apex lightly and widely roundly emarginate; anterior angles
obtuse, distant from neck; base emarginate in middle, truncate
on each side; basal angles subrectangular (a little obtuse at
summit); lateral border narrow; lateral channel narrow, ending
at basal angles; median line lightly marked; two lightly im
pressed impunctate basal impressions on each side, inner
impression linear, short, ])laced opposite fourth interstice of
elytra; outer impression short, wide, shallow, opposite sixth
interstice of elytra. Elytra very little wider than piothorax
(41 X 28 mm.), subdepressed on disc, strongly declivous to apex
and sides, lightly declivous to base on each side of scutellum,
truncate at base, rounded at apex; sides almost parallel; inter-
stices convex, 1-6 about equal on disc, 6-8 greatly narrowed to
apex, seventh and eighth narrow, ninth seriate-punctate. Pro-
sternum with intercoxal part truncate, bordered, vertical and
flat on posterior declivity; episterna nitid, impunctate. Mesepi-
sterna with a few punctures in channel. Metasternum with a
strong external marginal channel; episterna impunctate, longi-
tudinally sulcate near inner margin. Ventral segments 1-3 with
a few indistinct punctures laterally, 3-6 bipunctate, transversely
striate near posterior margin. Femora wide: four posterior tarsi
with joints sulcate externally, fifth joint setulose beneath;
anterior tarsi in ^ dilated and biseriately squamulose beneath.
Length 7 •2, breadth 2 -8 mm.

Hab. — Vic: Mordialloc(C. French, Junr.).

This species (kindly given to me by Mr. 0. French) is wider
and more depre.ssed than S. piinctiventris SI., with head wider,
eyes much less prominent and more strongly inclosed behind,
frontal impressions less strongly impressed; prothorax less convex,
wider, widest part more forward, sides less rounded, lateral basal
impressions much weaker and not punctate, no seta at basal
angle; mes- and metepisterna not strongly punctate. From S
nanus SI., it is at once distinguished by its much larger size,
wider form, more depressed upper surface; prothorax much more
transverse, proportionately much wider at base, etc. The second

BY THOMAS G. SLOANE. 395-

stria rises from a punctiform impression which also gives oflF a
very short rudimentary basal striole. As in S. nanus, there
seems to be no trace of the posterior marginal seta of the prothorax,
which is present in aS'. punctiventris in the lateral channel just
beside the basal angle. I believe the genus Setalimorj)hus is
apterous. The discovery of S. regularis, which i^ in many ways
intermediate between S. prmcfiventris -And S. nanus{ = Phenaulax
stenomorpha Tschitscherine) indicates that, conti'ary to my
formerly expressed idea, Phenrndax is not entitled to recog-
nition as even subgenerically distinct from Setalimorphus.*

Tribe Odacanthini.
Genus E u D a l i a ,

EUDALIA CASTELNAUI, n.Sp.

Black, vertex and disc of prothorax nitid. Head wider than
prothorax(19 mm. across eyes). Prothorax hardly longer than
broad(l-8 X 1-75 mm.), roundly ampliate on sides, Isevigate on
middle of disc, punctate anteriorly and posteriorly; base truncate;
basal angles obtuse. Elytra wide(6 -3 x 4mm.), punctate-striate;
interstices shagreened, glabrous, third and fifth intei'stices with
a row of distant setigerous punctures. Length 10-5, breadth
4 mm.

^a6.— Victoria : ("Alpine District")— N. S.Wales: Jindabyne .
(Carter).

This species is at once differentiated from the other large-sized
species of the genus by the glabrous interstices of the elytra; and
from U. froygatti Macl., and E. subUevis Macl., by its much larger
size. It is nearest E. nigra SI., but is easily distinguished from
that species by legs entirely black; head smoother, less setose
behind eyes; prothorax less setose, more convex, less ampliate on
sides, border less strongly developed, basal angles less marked;
elytra glabrous; sides of mesosternum and metasternum more
sparingly and less strongly punctate; second ventral segment
with only a few punctui'es on each side near anterior margin, etc.

* These Proceedings, 1907, p.368.

396 STUDIES IN AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY, XVI.,

I first received this species, in 1904, from Mr. C. French; sub-
sequently(January, 1906) Mr. H. J. Carter took it plentifully on
the margin of the Snowy River, at Jinclabyne.

Genus L a c ii n o T h o r A x .

Lachnothorax palustris, n.sp.

Head large, diamond-shaped, narrowly strangulate posteriorly
and united to prothorax by a condyle; prothorax globose; elytra
wide, with an irregular transverse inpression on disc at basal
tliird, striate, the strise entire, interstices finely setigero-punctate,
tarsi with upper surface hairy, fourth joint simple. Black with
an olivaceous tint (or, elytra obscurely bronzed); apical declivity
of elytra obscurely tinged with brown; femora clear brown on
basal two-thirds, infuscate towards apex; tibise infuscate with
middle third testaceous, tarsi fuscous; antennae, mandibles and
palpi piceous.

Head convex(l"35 mm. across eyes), setigero-punctate, strongly
constricted posteriorly, very narrow and strangulate by a trans-
verse furrow just before base; eyes convex, prominent. Pro-
thorax a little wider than head, longer than broad(l'75 x 1'45
mm.), convex transversely and longitudinally; sides roundly
ampliate in middle, very strongly and roundly narrowed to apex,
strongly and shortly narrowed posteriorly, strongly sinuate at
basal fifth, meeting base at right angles; apex and base truncate;
anterior angles closely applied to head; a lateral ridge on each
side of pronotum; upper and under surfaces setigero-punctate-
the puncturation strong beneath, finer and more sparse on upper
surface; constricted basal area closely punctate; sutures of under
sui-face obliterated; prosternal episterna ampliate, and visible
from above outside lateral border of pronotum. Elytra convex,
ampliate, twice as wide as prothorax(4:-5 x 3 mm.), widest before
middle; sides lightly rounded; base arcuate, declivous; apex
widely rounded,* striae strongl}' impressed, reaching to apex,

* It is impossible to regard the apex of this species as that of a Trim-
catipenne, it being rounded in an even cuive, without even the usual apical
sinuosities.

BV THOMAS G. SLOANE. 397"

strongly punctate towards base, puncturation obsolete towards
apex; interstices lightly convex near base, depressed posteriorly,
finely and rather closely setigero-punctate, first interstice with a
punctate stride at base very near suture; lateral channel punc-
tate anteriorly; inflexed mai'gins setigero-punctate. Mesosternum,
metasternum, and abdomen setigero-punctate. Male with anterior
tarsi not dilatate nor clothed beneath. Length 8-5, breadth
3 mm.

Hah. — Q.:Cairns(Anderson and Allen). Sent to me by Mr.
A. M. Lea, with the information that Messrs. Anderson and
Allen report it as not uncommon about salt-marshes near Cairns.

Lachnothorax formicoides, n.sp.

Winged, form ant-like. Head wider than prothorax, narrowly
strangulate posteriorly and united to prothorax by a condyle;
prothorax globose; elytra wide, convex, non-striate, sparsely
setose, a strong narrow transverse impression across disc at basal
fourth, inflexed margins glabrous; tarsi hairy above, fourth joint
entire. Piceous-black;* antennae, mandibles, condyle of head,
lateral channel and inflexed margins of elytra, and a narrow
transverse posthumeral macula testaceous-bro\vn, at bottom of
external part of transv^erse elytral depression, a small pale round
macula on apical declivity of each elytron opposite apical sinu-
osity; legs testaceous, with apical third of femora, base and apex
of tibiae and tarsi more or less infuscate.

Head wide(l mm. across eyes), convex, glabrous; one supra-
orbital seta near middle of margin of orbit and several (three or
four) similar postocnlar setse on each .side. Antennse slender,
lightly compressed; first joint large, bisetigerous in front; second
joint short; third cylindrical, sparsely setulose; fourth cylindrical,,
hardly shorter than third. Prothorax small, longer than broad
(I X 0-8 mm.), Ia3vigate; disc sparsely beset with long setie; sides
roundly ampliate in middle; episterna visible from above; a
transverse impression across base; a lateral ridge on each side of

* Two specimens before me have the colour yellowish-brown, with the
disc of the elytra piceous-brown; evidently these are immature.

398 STUDIES IN AUSTRAIJAN ENTOMOLOGY, XVI.,

pronotum. Elytra smooth (except for rows of fine setae), widely
oval(2-25 X 1 '8 ram.); base arcuate, declivous; apex obliquely
truncate on each side, rounded in middle, a very light sinuosity
just within outer angle. Length 5, breadth 1-8 mm.

Hah. — Port Darwin(Dodd). Coll. Sloane.

A very distinct species, diiJering from our other two allied
species, L. globidicoUis MacL, and L. riverince SI., by smaller
size, duller colour, two pallid apical maculae of elytra, basal part
of elytra impunctate (except for the punctures from which the
rows of setae rise).

The described Australian species of Lachnothorax (L. globuli-
collis and L. riverince were described under the genus Casnonia)
may be tabulated as under : —

A. Pronotum punctate; elytra regularly striate; length 8"5mm

L. palustris SI.

AA. Pronotum smooth with long setaj; elytra not striate (unless
near base, e.g., L. fiverhuv).
B. Prothorax red.
C. Elytra purplish-black, with a broad posthumeral and an

apical macula red; length 7 '5 mm L. glohulicollis Macl.

C. Elytra bluish -green, a single broad red fascia on apical half;

length 7 mm L. riverince^l^

BB. Prothorax piceous-black or brown. Elytra piceous-black,
each elytron with a small posthumeral yellowish fascia,
and a pallid apical macula; length 5 mm ...L. formicoides SI.

Note. — I believe the four species tabulated above are referable
to Motschulsky's genus Lach7iotho7'ax{\8G'2), and that Lachno-
thorax might well be considered a valid genus, distinct from
Casnonia. By their facies, short globose pi'othorax, haiiy tarsi,
etc., the four species of Lachnothorax are thoroughl}^ differen-
tiated from all other Australian species which have been referred
to Casnonia.

Tribe Pericalini-

Genus Catascopus.

Catascopus BREVispiNosus, n.sp.

Elongate-oval; prothorax a little wider at base(3'25 mm.) than
-at apex(3-l mm.), sides widely margined, strongly sinuate at

BY THOMAS G. SLOANE. 399

posterior third, two marginal setre on each side; elytra oval,
lightly crenulate-striate, third interstice 3-punctate, each elytron
bimucronate at apex. Head green with a slightly brassy tint;
prothorax seneous with a cupreous tinge, more marked in ^
than in 9; elytra chalybeous with greenish tints; under surface
greenish, abdomen dark with greenish metallic tints; femora
and posterior trochanters shining green, tibiae and upper side of
tarsi black; mandibles and labrum black; antennae and palpi
piceous.

^. Head as in C. chaudoiri Cast., (3-4 mm. across eyes). Pro-
thorax subquadrate, broader than long(2-8 x 3-7 mm.), widest
and feebly subangulate at anterior marginal seta(a little before
middle), lightly narrowed(obliquely at first, then roundly) to
anterior angles; upper surface transversely striolate; anterior
margin emarginate; anterior angles wide, prominent; base
lightly truncate-emarginate above peduncle; basal angles rect-
angular; lateral boi'der explanate posteriorly; a narrow depressed
area across base defined by a well marked transverse impression;
median line strongly impressed; anterior transverse impression
well marked. Elytra rather \vide(10 x 5'5mm.); interstices sub-
equal, very slightly convex behind basal fifth, first wide and
bearing a deep striole at base, fifth convex at basal fifth, seventh
much narrower than sixth or eighth and subcostate on basal
fifth; each elytron armed at outer apical angle with a strong
acute mucro about half a millimetre in length, and at inner
apical angle with a short stout pointed mucro. Prosternum and
metathorax, in middle, intermediate and posterior coxte thickly
clothed with a tawny villosity. Ventral segments 2-5 pubescent
in middle, apical segment a little setose in middle.

9. With anterior angles of prothorax as in ^. Prosternum
villose, but less densely so than in ^. Metasternum sparsely
setose anteriorly. Ventral segments glabrous. Length 16-5,
breadth 5'5 mm.

Hab. — Q.: Coen(Hacker; December and January). Two
specimens of this beautiful species were given to me by Mr.
Henry Hacker.

400 STUDIES IN AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY, XVI.,

It is closely allied to C. cupricoUis Chaud., from New Guinea,
which is unknown to me in nature; but the Australian species
evidently differs by the shorter, stouter apical mucros of the
elytra. It is the only Australian species which has a median
stripe of hair extending nearly to the apex of the aljdomen, but
this feature is found in some allied species from New Guinea.

Having all the Australian species of Catascopus before uie, it
seems well to tabulate them : —

A. Elytra not spinose at apex; outer apical angle rounded. Pro-
thorax with lateral margins narrow J C. elegans Fabr.,

( var. (nistrcdasice Hope.

A A. Elytra spinose at apex; outer apical angle spinose or angulate
Prothorax with lateral margins wide.

B. Elytra with inner apical angles obtuse C. chaudoiri Castla

BB. Elytra with inner apical angles mucronate.

C. Form elongate; prothorax wittout any seta at anterior
angles; elytra with outer angles strongly and sharply

mucronate C. brevispinosus SI.

CC. Form wide; prothorax with several setse at apical angles;

elytra with outer angles merely angulate C. laticollis Macl.

HOLCODERUS CiERULEIPENNIS, n.sp.

Head large(2-l mm. across eyes); prothorax small, transverse,
subangulate at widest part, 3-setose on each side, punctate along
sides, deeply and widely longitudinally sulcate in middle; elytra
parallel on sides, punctate-striate, interstices convex, third 3-
punctate, seventli narrow, apex deeply and roundly emarginate
at extremity of fifth interstice. Upper surface metallic; head
cseruleous, black on anterior part of front and on clypeus; pro-
thorax coppery; elytra blue; under surface and legs black;,
antennae and palpi reddish-piceous.

Head narrowed behind eyes, raiher depressed towards clypeus;
vertex Isevigate; front lightly and widely biimpressed, the
impressions bounded externally by a ridge. Prothorax broader
than long (1-7 x 2*8 mm.), widest about anterior third, obliquely
narrowed to apex, wider across base(2 mm.) than apex(l-8 mm.),
lightly convex, a little depressed on each side of median sulcus;
surface beset with very tine scattered punctures becoming dis-

BY THOMAS G. SLOANE. 401

tinct towards sides; apex truncate; anterior angles obtuse; base
bisinuate, rather strongly rounded in middle; basal angles a little
obtuse, though sharply marked; anterior marginal puncture just
behind anterior angle, middle one at widest part, posterior one at
basal angle; border narrow and oblique between middle and anterior
punctures, roundly incurved to anterior angle before anterior
puncture and continuous on each side of apex, lightly subsinuate
before basal angle, continuous on base; a depressed marginal
space near each basal angle. Elytra convex, wider than
prothorax(5-5 x 3-2 mm.), wide at base, rounded at humeral
angles, parallel on sides; lateral declivity lightly sinuate behind
anterior fourth; apex produced and obtusely rounded at extrem-
ity of three inner interstices; external angle rounded, not
prominent; striae strongly impressed, punctate; two anterior
punctures of third interstice near third stria, first about basal
fourth, second a little behind middle, posterior puncture near
apex; border continuous from peduncle to inner apical angle, a
little thickened at external apical angle. Length 10-3, breadth
3-2 mm.

Hah. — Q.: Cairns( Anderson). I am indebted to Mr. C.
French's generosity for a specimen of this beautiful species.

The discovery of this species adds another to the now numer-
ous list of Oriental genera which are known to extend to
Northern Australia. It differs from the three Asiatic species
described by Chaudoir, by its larger size, elytra with external
angle not dentate, etc. From a New Guinea species, which I
propose to describe later, it differs by its larger size; different
colour(elytra not violaceous); prothorax not strongly punctate,
less convex, wider at base, elytra more strongly striate, inter-
stices convex, seventh much narrower, etc.

Tribe Lebiini-

Genus Xanthophcea.

Xanthophcea ornata, n.sp.

Elongate; head stout, lightly constricted behind eyes, neck
wide; prothorax of equal length and breadth, wider across base
29

402 STUDIES IN AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY, XVI.,

(2 mm.), than apex(l*7 mm.), lightly rounded on sides, lightly
sinuate before base, basal angles subrectangular; elytra punctate-
striate, third interstice unipunctate about apical sixth. Pale
testaceous; head, pronotum, tarsi, antennae and palpi darker
than elytra; undersurface, legs and head on each side behind
eyes inf uscate; pronotum with a black vitta extending from apex
to base on each .side of disc; elytra with three black vitt8e, a
sutural one extending from scutelhim to apex on two inner
interstices of each elytron, and a lateral one on each elytron
extending from humeral angle to near apex on seventh inter-
stice, a transverse row of four black spots between apices of
each lateral vitta and the sutural vitta; abdomen with narrow
infuscate margin, apical ventral segment piceous-black; apex of
body infuscate, projecting beyond elytra.

Head large(2'15 mm. across eyes), convex, lightly and obliquely
narrowed behind eyes to the broad neck; vertex minutely
punctate under a lens; front biimpressed on each side between
base of antenna and eye; eyes convex, prominent; postocular
part of orbits small, not protuberant, rising gently from neck.
Prothorax decidedly wider than head(2-5 x 2-5 mm.), lightly con-
vex on disc, widely margined laterally, Isevigate on disc,
punctate towards apex and base, and on sides outside the black
vittse; apex truncate; anterior angles obtuse, near neck; ba^e
with median part shortly but decidedly produced backwards;
basal angles rectangular, with summit obtuse; anterior marginal
seta at widest part a little before middle, not on border; median
line deeply impressed. Elytra subparallel(7 x 4 mm.), widest a
little behind middle; sides very lightly sinuate about anterior
fourth; humeral angles rounded; interstices nitid, hardly convex,
a row of minute punctures along middle of every one, first with a
punctate striole at base. Metasternum with a few fine setigerous
punctures near sides(only perceptible under a lens). Ventral
segments glabrous, bisetigerous, apical segment 2-punctate on
each side in $. Length 11-13, breadth 4 mm.

BY THOMAS G. SLOANE. 403

Hah. — N.S. W. : Berovvra( Messrs. Carter and Ferguson). Colls.
Carter, Ferguson and Sloane.

A very distinct species, the handsomest of the genus. It
requires comparison only with X. grandis Chaud., from which
some conspicuous differences are — head convex, not strongly
constricted behind eyes; bivittate prothorax; less punctate
elytral interstices, etc.

Xanthophcea nigricincta, n.sp.

Elongate, convex; he^d — with eyes — wider tlian prothorax,
obliquely narrowed behind eyes; prothorax cordate, convex,
narrowly margined; elytra convex, punctate-striate; interstices
depressed, third unipunctate about posterior fifth. Ferruginous
(elytra a little paler than prothorax and head); prothorax nar-
rowly margined with black on sides; each elytron margined with
black (except base of interstices 2-6), this black margin narrow
along suture (occupying first interstice), apex and apical part of
sides, wider from shoulders backward to apical fourth (occupying
three external interstices).

Head 1-25 mm. across eyes, nitid, impunctate, convex, rather
strongly obliquely narrowed behind eyes, transversely impressed
behind orbits; front lightly impressed on each side behind clypeus;
eyes convex, prominent; postocular part of orbits rising obliquely
from neck. Prothorax hardly longer than broad(l*1.5 x 1-2 mm.),
widest before middle, convex; disc nitid, impunctate; apex
truncate; anterior angles near head, lightly indicated; sides
rounded on anterior three-fourths, sinuate posteriorly; base trun-
cate, basal angles marked, obtuse at summit; anterior marginal
puncture on border at widest part; marginal channel wide (but
not explanate), deep and foveiform at basal angles; border narrow,
reflexed; median line deeply impressed. Elytra greatly wider
than prothorax (4 X 2 mm.), convex, parallel; humeral angles
rounded; interstices nitid, a row of minute punctures perceptible
along middle of every one under a strong lens; first and second
striae not reaching basal puncture (this distinct, isolated); striole

404 STUDIES IN AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY, XVI.,

at base of first interstice not strongly developed. Length 6'5-8,
breadth 2-2*5 mm.

Hah. — N.S.Wales: Tweed River(Froggatt); Brunswick River
(Carter). Coll. Sloane.

A very distinct species, easily distinguished by the pattern of
its elytra, convex form, cordate narrowly margined prothorax,
etc. I owe my specimens to the kindness of Messrs. Froggatt
and Carter.

Genus MiCROLESTES.
MiCROLESTES ATRIFASCIATUS, n.Sp.

Oval, depressed. Head and prothorax piceous-black; elytra
pale testaceous, with a transverse vitta just behind middle, and
two small subapical maculae outside third interstice, black; legs
pale testaceous, with apex of tibiae and tarsi a little infuscate;
antennae and palpi testaceous.

Head finely shagreeued. Prothorax wider than head, trans-
verse(0'6 x 1 mm.), subconvex, finely shagreened; anterior margin
lightly and widely emarginate, not bordered in middle; sides very
lightly narrowed to base, not sinuate posteriorly; lateral border
reflexed, wide at the obtuse basal angles, entire on base — wide
on lateral parts, very fine on basal lobe. Elytra oval(2 x 1 "5 mm.),
not attaining apex of abdomen, finely shagreened; five inner
striae finely but distinctly impressed, others obsolete, first stria
lightly out-turned near base and (with .second stria) rising from
a basal puncture, third and fourth striae uniting near posterior
margin of the black fascia; third interstice with a fine setigerous
puncture just behind the black fascia, and another at apex.
Ungues serrate. Length 3-6, breadth 1*5 mm.

Hob. — Q.: Kuranda(Dodd). Coll. Sloane.

This species is at once differentiated from all the other Aus-
tralian species by the pattern of the elytra. The black fascia
has its posterior margin sloping obliquely backwards towards the
suture, with the outline broken; the anterior margin is less
oblique, consequently the fascia is widest at the middle.

BY THOMAS G. SLOANE. 405

Four Australian species of Microlestes have been described,
which may be tabulated as under(iT/. hnmeralis, if. yarrce, and
M. australiensis were described as species of Dromius): —

A. Species with bicolorous elytra.

B. Elytra infuscate, with base widely (also a sutural spot near

apex) testaceous M. h^imeralis M&oX.

BB. Elytra testaceous, with a narrow black fascia behind

middle M. atri/asciatus SI.

AA. Black species j M. yarrce Blkh.

^ {M. australiensis SI.

Subfamily PSEUDOMORPHIN.^.

Genus Adelotopus.

Adelotopus insignis, n.sp.

Elongate-oval, parallel, convex. Piceous-black, shining;
under surface piceous. Head large(2 mm. across eyes), sparsely
but distinctly punctate. Prothorax large, parallel on sides,
broader than long(2'2 x 2-5 mm.), sparsely minutely punctate;
anterior margin truncate; anterior angles marked, subrectangular;
inner angle formed by junction of lateral and anteiioi- margins
sharply marked; base lightly emarginate above peduncle; basal
angles not marked, very widely rounded; lateral margin not
explanate; lateral cliannel narrow; border wide and reflexed on
sides, entire and very narrow ou apex and base. Elytra parallel,
not wider than prothorax(4 x 2'5 mm.), not covering apex of
body, seriate-punctate(nine rows of punctures on each elytron);
inflexed margins with a row of setigerous punctures (setse near
shoulders duplicated and visible from above). Exposed apex of
body strongly punctate. Antennae much longer and more
slender than usual in Adelotopus, extending to middle of anterior
coxal cavities; basal joint much larger and more inflated than
usual iu the genus. Labial palpi very widely securiform. Pros-
ternum not carinate, punctate before coxse; intercoxal part
depressed, shortly truncate posteriorly. Length 7, breadth
2*5 mm.

Hab. — Victoria : Sea Lake, Mallee District(Goudie). Coll.
Sloane.

406 STUDIES IN AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY, XVI.

This remarkable species represents a separate section of the
genus Adelotopus. The setigerous puncture on each side of the
clypeus is -placed on the upper surface, not under the anterior
margin of the head, as in other species; and there is on each side
of the fi'ont, at a considerable distance from the middle of the
inner margin of the eye, a setigerous puncture, more conspicuous
than the other scattered punctures of the head. This is the only
case of an Adelotopus with intraorbital setae, known to me. The
pronotum bears minute scattered punctures on its surface, and
is without the more or less explanate lateral margins found in
other species of the genus. The punctures of the elytral series
are separately impressed in the derm at a little distance from
one another in the rows; the narrow marginal border, not
hiding the inflexed margins near the shoulders and traceable to
the sutural angle, is a character found in no other species. Mr.
J. C. Goudie found one specimen, which he generously presented
to me.

407

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL FAUNA OF NAURU ISLAND,
OF THE OCEAN ISLAND GROUP.

By Walter W. Froggatt, F.L.S.

Nauru is an isolated island almost on the equator, lying about
150 miles north-west of Ocean Island. It was known as Pleasant
Island before it was included in the group of different islands
comprising the German zone, when the name was changed to
Nauru; while in some of the charts it is called Nawada Island.
It is much larger than Ocean Island, measuring thirteen miles
in circumference, but has no great elevation above the sea. It
has a small native population, and a fair growth of vegetation,
comprising some coconut groves, with mangroves, and pandanus
on the water's edge. The vegetation in general is low and
scrubby, with scattered " mangoni " trees growing on the better
laud; the open country is well grassed. Both Ocean and Nauru
Islands contain very rich deposits of phosphates, so that there is
a comparatively large population at work upon them at the
present time.

The insects herein noted, were obtained by Mr. F. W. Steel,
and are chiefly intrusive, having been introduced with timber
and produce, though several are cosmopolitan in their range.
Mr. Steel informs me, however, that the material furnished does
not represent the whole of the insect-fauna, as there are many
dragonflies to be found round a lagoon or lake occupying the
centre of the island; and that mosquitoes are very troublesome
at times. Butterflies were rare, though he noticed a good many
different species of moths. Among the specimens received
were three diptera; but these have not yet been identified.

408 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL FAUNA OF NAURU ISLAND,

ORTHOPTERA.

Family Forficulid^e.

Chelisoches morio Fabr.

This earwig is common to many of the Pacific islands. It is
slender, shining, and black, measuring up to an inch in length,
with the antennae and apical segments of the abdomen shaded
with reddish-brownj the forceps long, slender, and toothed in
the male.

Kirby* gives the range Otaheite, India to New Guinea. Dr.
Burr, to whom I am indebted for the identification, says —
"This species is exceedingly abundant and widely distributed
throughout the Oriental regions." It is very common in the
Pacific Islands, abundant in the Sandwich Islands; and is spread-
ing artificially, as I have specimens from East Africa; and it has
been taken in Kew Gardens. During my recent visit to the
Solomon Islands I found it very plentiful upon the trunks of
the young coconut palms, sheltering under the bases of the leaf-
stalks,

Anisolabris annulipes Luc.

This is another cosmopolitan species, ranging from Europe,
across India, to the Islands of the Pacific. The specimens were
immature, but Dr. Burr says they belong to this species.

Family B l a T T i D iE .
Periplaneta AUSTRALASiiE Fabr,

This cosmopolitan species was described from Australia in
1775; it is comparatively rare in this country, but is the common
domestic cockroach of Florida, and other of the Southern States.
It has a wide range over the Pacific Islands.

Pycnoscelus surinamensis Linn,

Originally described from Surinam, it has since been redescribed
under half a dozen other specific names. Mr. Shelford says of

* Brit. Mus, Cat. Orthoptera, i., p. 33.

BY WALTER W. FROGGAT'J', 409

it — "A cosmopolitan, slightly variable species." I have received
it, in company with the last, from several of the Pacific Islands,
the Carolinas, and Tonga.

COLEOPTER^.

Family Hydrophilid.e.

Dactylosternum abdominals Fabr.

This beetle has a very wide range through the Australian and
Oriental regions, and is common on the Mediterranean. Mr. J.
J, Walker says — " I have taken it at Gibraltar. It is probably
disseminated by commerce, as it lives in rubbish and decaying
vegetable matter; and I should not be surprised if it turned up
some day in England." It is a small, shining, black beetle, with
reddish-brown antennae and palpi; and the elytra marked with
fine, parallel, punctate striae. Length about i inch.

Xylopertha sp.

This handsome little Bostrychid beetle was submitted, with
others, for identification, to Mr. J. J. Walker, who furnished the
following note — " This is a common Australian Bostrychid, near
the genus Xylopertha, if not actually belonging to it." He could
not determine the species, however. Mr. A. M. Lea, of Hobart,
who also examined it, said it was unknown to him.

Head and thorax black, with the front of the latter covered
with tine rugose points on either side, and finely punctured in
the centre, the rest of the upper surface finely rugose. Legs and
elytra leddish-brown, the latter very finely and closely punctured,
furnished with a fine flange round the outer margin. Length
^ inch.

Trogosita (Tenebroides) mauritanica Linn.

There are a number of specimens of the world-wide flour-beetle
from Nauru. This curious, flattened, shining, black beetle has
been redescribed under a number of dififerent names; and has
been spread all over the civilised world, with flour and grain, the

410 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL FAUNA OF NAURU ISLAND.

latter being the favourite food of the larva. It is known as the
"Cadelle" in France. Both the beetle and its curious larva were
figured by me in the Agricultural Gazette of N. S. Wales (Octo-
ber, 1898) from specimens obtained in wheat in Sydney.

Otiorrhynchus sp.

The genus to which this weevil belongs, is a very large one,
containing a great number of diflferent species. Mr. J. J.
Walker examined the collections in the Hope Museum, at
Oxford, without finding anything like it. He then sent it to
Mr. Gahan, of the British Museum, and afterwards wrote. —
" Neither Mr. Gahan nor I could find anything, even generically
near it, in the large series of these found at the Museum; and it
is probably something quite new. I do not remember anything
like it in the Australian beetle-fauna." Mr. Lea says, "*This is
close to several European species of OtiorrhyncMi^s in my
collection, but I have nothing exactly like it."

It measures ^ inch in length, and is of a general shining
greyish-brown tint, with reddish legs and antennae; clothed with
fine white pubescence. The head from above the eyes to the
jaws is finely punctured; thorax finely but irregularly punctured;
elytra marked with fine, parallel striae, with the edge of the
elytra produced into fine serrate spines along the outer edge,
but absent at the extreme tip.

HYMENOPTERA.

Fam. F 0 R M I c I D ^ .

Only one species, a very small red ant, was obtained; about
twenty examples were received, without any information about
its habits. Specimens were sent to Dr. A. Forel, who has
described it as a new species, Prenolepis{N'ylandey'ia) Steeli
Forel, " Formicides Australiens regus de MM. Froggatt et
Rowland Turner." Revue Suisse Zool.: Ann. Soc. Zool.
Suisse et du Mus. d' Hist. Nat. de Geneve. Tome xviii., fasc.l,
p.69, 1910.

411

A NEW SPECIES OF LEPIDOSPERMA[^.0. CYPERA-
CE^] FROM THE PORT JACKSON DISTRICT;
WITH SOME MISCELLANEOUS BOTANICAL
NOTES.

By a. a. Hamilton.

Lepidosperjia Fousythii, n.sp.

Centennial Park, in swamps; flowers in April; fruit in August,
1902(A. A. Hamilton).

A tufted spreading herb with a short rhizome. Stems 3 to 5
ft. long, comparatively slender, obtusely angular, finely striate,
occasionally grooved. Leaves reduced to long, loose, broad,
scarious sheaths with a lamina scarcely | in. long (short for the
genus). Panicle about l^in. long, spreading, much branched,
the rhachis very flexuose as in L.Jlexuosum R.Br. Sheathing
bract of the panicle about 1 in. long. Bracts of the panicle-
branches and spikelets gradually shorter, all obtuse but with a
short lamina. Glumes obtuse, the midrib produced into a con-
spicuous point. Spikelets 4 to 5 lines long. The young inflor-
escence pale brown, growing darker with age. Barren and
fertile flowers as in the genus. Nuts obovoid, with three flattened
ribs, broadly contracted at the base, finely reticulate, not shining,
reddish when young, the colour gradually fading as the fruit
matures. Scales irregular, frequently all on one side of the nut,
longer, narrower, and more lax than in L. flexuosum.

Planta csespitulosa, difi"usa, herbifera; rhizoma brevi. Calami
1-1 "5 m. alti, comparative graciles, obtuse angulati, tenuissime
stiiati, nonnunquam canaliculati. Folia attenuata ad iongas
latas laxas scariosas vaginas, lamina circiter 1-3 cm. longa.
Panicula circiter 3*8 cm. longa, diffusa, ramosissima, axe tarn
flexuoso quam in L. jiexuoso^.^v. Bractea amplectans paniculse
circiter 2 '5 cm. longa. Bractese ramorum, panicularum spicu-
lorumque gradatim breviores, omnes obtusse at lamina brevi.

412 A NEW SPECIES OF LEPIDOSPERMA, ETC.

Glurna3 obtusse, costa elongata ad manifestum apicem. Spicula
8-9 mm. longa. Inflorescentia immatura f usca-pallida, maturitHt&
atrior. Flores steriles fertilesque tamquam in genere. Nuces
obovoidese, costis tribus, complanatis, basi attenuatse, delicatis-
sime reticulate, non nitidpe, immaturitate rubentes, maturitate
gradatim decolorantes. Squamae incompositse, ssepe omnes in
unum, longiores, angustiores, laxiores quam in L. Jlexuoso R.Br.

Allied to Z.^e«w,osMm R. Br., and L. car phoides Y.y.M. The
former differs in having the stems terete, not grooved; leaf-
sheaths closely appressed, with a long lamina; points of the bracts
of the panicle-branches, spikelets, and glumes inconspicuous^
nuts oblong, smooth, shining, brown-mottled; scales short, broad,
appressed; the whole plant smaller and less robust.

L. carphoides differs in the appressed leaf-sheath with long
lamina; fruit obtusely angular, strongly reticulate; scales almost
regular, standing out from the attenuate base of the nut; panicle
spike-like, the branches not flexuose.

This plant was first discovered in a swamp in the Centennial
Park, in March, 1897, by Mr. W. Forsyth, a Member of this
Society, who forwarded specimens to the National Herbarium^
On examining the material, it was found that there were no
mature fruits (which furnish an important character in the genus).
A provisional description was prepared, and laid aside with the
specimens, awaiting more advanced nuts. Later, the writer
collected fruiting specimens in the same locality. While work-
ing recently on Cyperaceous plants, particularly Lepidosperma, I
prepared some notes on this species which were forwarded, with
complete botanical material, to Mr. Maiden, who later on
returned them, accompanied by the " Herbarium Notes," which
he generously placed at my disposal. The plant appears to be
confined to the above locality. The name is proposed in compli-
ment to the discoverer. The type-specimens will be presented to
the National Herbarium.

Tricostularia pauciflora Benth.

Leura(A. A. Hamilton; November, 1909). New for New South
Wales.

BY A. A. HAMILTON. 413

Some difficulty was met with in the determination of this
plant, owing to an inadvertent reference of the species to Lepid-
osperma Jiliforme Labill., by Sir J. D. Hooker, in his " Flora of
Tasmania "(Vol. ii., 93). See note on Tricostularia pauciflora
Benth., Fl. Austr., vii. 383. This reference has evidently been
followed by Mr. Archer in the placing of Tasmanian specimens
of T. pauciflora Benth., (now in the National Herbarium,
Sydney) under Lepidosper ma Jiliforme Labill

References. — Chapelliera paiici/lora Nees, fid. Mueller,
Hooker's Fl. Tasm. ii., 93; Schcenus pduciflorus F.v.M., Syst.
Census of Austr. Plants, p.l28, 1882; Chapelliera jyaif-ciflora 'Nees;
Tricostidaria 2i(^uciflora Benth., = Lepidosperma jjaucifloruvi
F.V.M., Index Kewensis.

ffab. — "Victoria: near Mt. Abrupt, F. Mueller; near Mt.
William, Sidlivan"[¥\. Austr. p. 383]. Mr. W. Forsyth has
collected specimens of this plant at La Peronse(November, 1899);
and we have, in the National Herbarium, specimens from
Sutherland, (November 14th, 1900) and French's Forest(Septem-
bei-, 1908), collected by Mr. J. L. Boorman.

Note on Cyperacece. — In determining Cyperaceous plants, the
characters, colour of the fruits, and height of the plants, are
occasionally used to distinguish a species, or separate a genus
into groups. Of the former character it is noticed, that the
fruits of several species are coated, when young, with a " pale "
membranous testa, which persists for a lengthy period, finally
withering, and exposing the " dark " nuts. In reference to the
latter, we find plants placed under a group 1 to 3 in. high,
attaining a height of 6 to 9 in., which would qualify them for
inclusion in a difierent group.

Three Cyperaceous plants from the Blue Mountains hitherto
regarded as coastal —

Schcenus Moorei Benth.

Mount Wilson(J. Gregson; November, 1901); Wentworth
Falls(J. H. Maiden; September, 1898); Leura(A. A. Hamilton;
November, 1909).

414 A NEW SPECIES OP LEPIDOSPERMA, ETC.,

Lepidospora TENUISSIMA, F.V.M.
Leura(A. A. Hamilton; November, 1909).

Heleocharis multicaulis Sm.
Katoomba(A. A. Hamilton; March, 1910.)

Miscellaneous notes, new records, kc.

Persoonia cham^peuce Lhotsky.

Near Narrabeen(A. A. Hamilton; June, 1908). Not recorded

in Dr. Woolls' " Plants indigenous in the Neighbourhood of

Sydney."

Acacia asparagoides Cunn.

Medlow(A. A. Hamilton); flowers in October; fruit in Decem-
ber, 1907. Only one locality is given for this plant in the Fl.
Austr., " Rai'e on the rocky verge of Eegent's Glen, Blue
Mountains." ..." Pod unknown." It is plentiful on both sides
of the Bathurst Road, from Medlow to Blackheath; and we have
specimens, in the National Herbarium, from Clarence Siding(J.
H. Maiden; September, 1898); and Mount Wilson(J. Gregson;
September, 1901). The pod is more or less constricted between
the seeds, about 1 line broad. Seeds longtitudinal, the funicle
slightly folded and filiform, as in A. juniperina Willd.

PULTENiEA GLABRA Benth.

Leura Falls(A. A. Hamilton; December, 1907). Recorded
from the Blue Mountains without specific locality. It is com-
mon, in swamps, from Hazelbrook to Katoomba.

Gnaphalium japonicum Thunb., var. radicans F.v.M., MS.

Leura(A. A. Hamilton; November, 1909). Previously re-
corded from the Munyong Mountains, Vic, F.v. Mueller; and
Mt. Koscuisko, tree-line to 7000 ft. (J. H. Maiden and W.
Forsyth; January, 1899). See these Proceedings, 1899, p.l48.

BY A. A. HAMILTON. 415

Chenopodium NITRARIACEUM, F.V.M.
Atriplex leptocarpum, F.V.M.

George's River(A. A. Hamilton; November, 1909). Two
Salsolaceous plants, known as interior species, which have
found their way to the coast probably through the agency of
travelling stock.

ASTROLOMA HUMIFUSUM R.Br.

Mt. Victoria(A. A. Hamilton; April, 1908). This species has
not been recorded from the Blue Mountains.

Panicum gracile R.Br.

Stanwell Park(A. A. Hamilton; June, 1909). A degraded
form of P. gracile R. Br., with the panicle-branches reduced to
a single spikelet, the rhachis produced into a point longer than
the spikelet.

Cyperus trinervis, R.Br.

Carlingford(A. A. Hamilton; April, 1909, and Fairfield, May,
1909). Not mentioned in Dr. Woolls' "Plants indigenous
in the Neighbourhood of Sydney."

416

Discussion.

Subject — 'The application of "Jordan's Law" to the case of the
Australian fauna and flora.

The generalisation, to which Dr. J. A. Allen has applied the
name of Jordan's Law, has been stated thus — "Given any species,
in any region, the nearest related species is not to be found in
the same region nor in a remote region, but in a neighbouring
district separated from the first by a barrier of some sort or at
least by a belt of country, the breadth of which gives the eflfect
of a barrier."

President D. S. Jordan has given an exposition of his views,
in a paper entitled "The Law of Geminate Species " (American
Naturalist, Vol. xlii., p. 73, February, 1908). Geminate species
are defined as " twin species — each one representing the other on
opposite sides of some form of barrier. In a general way, these
geminate species agree with each other in all the respects which
usually distinguish species within the same genus. They differ
in minor regar^Is, characters which we mny safely suppose to be
of later origin than the ordinary specific characters in their

group"(p.75) "One of the most remarkal)le cases of

geminate species is that of the fishes on the two sides of the
isthmus of Panama. Living under essentially the same condi-
tions, but separated since the end of the Miocene Period by the
rise of the isthmus, we find species after species which has thus

been split into two"(pp 75-76) "Among plants we

often notice the fact — rare though not unknown among animals
— of numerous species of the same genus occupying the same
area. In some cases these species are closely related, suggesting
mutants, and in other cases the relation indicates the existence
of hybrids Eucalyptus, Acacia, and Epacris in Aus-
tralia are examples even more striking. But I have never seen
very closely related or geminate forms in any of these genera
actually growing together. 1 suspect that they do so sometimes
and that the explanation is found in reinvasion"(pp.78-79).

■i^

DISCUSSION. 417

Mr. Fletcher — Before considering the case of the Australian
Batrachia, the obvious, important, natural barriers which have
been mainly instrumental in bringing about the existing distri-.
bution and segregation of species, may be pointed out — the Great
Dividing Range, Torres Straits, Bass Straits, and the climatic
barrier due to the aridity of dessicated Central Australia. The
first of these is the oldest; but in places, at any rate, it is not an
absolute barrier to some species; and it runs out altogether to
the south-west. The others are believed to be not older than
Post-Pliocene. The second, Torres Straits, must be left out of
account because of the lack of knowledge enabling one to com-
pare the Batrachian faunas of North-East Australia and New
Guinea. The contiguous faunulae into which the barriers indi-
cated have subdivided the Batrachian fauna, are not specially
remarkable for the number of geminate species which they offer.
They may be described, in general terms, as comprising repre-
sentatives of widely spread species which had already attained a
very wide distribution before the barriers indicated (the Dividing
Range, perhaps, excepted) had become effective, or of slightly
modified forms — colour-varieties, geographical races or subspecies,
not entitled to receive sj»ecial names; together with a few species
(like the Tasmanian and Victorian species of Crinia, for example)
which are perhaps entitled to be considered geminate forms : or
of such an assemblage, together with local species, and representa-
tives of restricted or even monotypic genera. For instance, a
Tasmanian collection of frogs might be successfully passed off upon
an unsuspecting biologist as a South Victorian collection. The
frogs of King Island, in Bass Straits, as far as known, are to be
found in both Tasmania and South Victoria; and the freshwater
fishes in one or the other, or in both (Johnston). On the other
hand, allied forms certainly do occur in the same area, without
any discernible physical barrier operating, so far as one can judge
— e.g., Hyla ewingii var. calliscelis and H. krefftii; Limnodynastes
tasmaniensis and L.Jletcheri Blgr.; Pseiidophryne australis and
P. hihronii. In such cases, physiological isolation probably
functions as a barrier. As far as the Australian Batrachia
30

418 DISCUSSION.

are concerned, a reasonable conclusion seems to be that the
existing physical barriers are not sufficiently old, geologically
speaking, in most cases nothing like so old as Miocene; or not
absolutely impassable and effective; or, when climatic, liable to
intermittent or partial break-downs; and that, for these or
other reasons, Jordan's Law is not strikingly applicable.

Mr. Froggatt exhibited specimens representing six species,
referable to three genera, of the Family Cicadidce; which, he con-
sidered, might fairly be called three pairs of geminate species.
(1) Thopha saccataYahv., is confined to the south and east coasts
of Australia, from South Australia to Brisbane; it is the largest
species common about Sydney; the country about Gosford and
Newcastle is one of its favourite localities. T. sessiliba Dist.,
was described from Townsville, Q.; it ranges from the Northern
Territory to Townsville; recorded also from Tennant's Creek,
N.T., and Goonowindi at the head of the Barwon River, on tlie
Queensland border. The break between the areas over which
these two species are distributed is well marked; though Goono-
windi is about in line with the northern limit of T. saccata,
there is a good barrier offered b}' a mountain range. (2) Cysto-
soma saundersi West wood, was formerly common at Ash Island,
Hunter River; it is not found south of Sydney, Gosford being its
southern limit; recorded also from Armidale, Glen Innes, and
the Bellenger River; but not known from any locality north of
the Richmond River. G. schmeltzi was described by Distant,
from Gayndah, Q.; it occurs also in the neighbourhood of Towns-
ville, Q. The southern species was common in Citrus orchards
in 1860; it is found on sweetbriar at Armidale, and at Glen
Innes upon the willows; this points to the fact that its native
scrub food has been destroyed. The barrier between the two
species is due to the character of the country, with a scarcity of
scrub on the coast to the south of Townsville. (3) Tetligarcta
tomentosa White, from Launcestou, Tasmania, living in fern-tree
gullies, according to Mr. Simson; it has been erroneously recorded
from Victoria; but is not found on the mainland, though Distant
incorrectly gives the habitat as Australia in his Catalogue(1906).

DISCUSSION. 419

T. crinita Distant, described from Australia, without exact
locality; Gippsland, Melbourne, and Kunell East, are the only
known localities for it — a wide range along the southern portion
of Southern Victoria; Kershaw says it is found, like the
Tasmanian species, in fern-tree gullies.

Mr. Tillyard — Australian dragonflies(ODONATA) seem to offer
a very good test-case, for several reasons. (1) The group is a
small one, so that careful records of localities, sufficient to indicate
the range of distribution of species, can be made and analysed
with great exactitude. (2) There is very little variation in the
species of the group. (3) Hybridisation between closely allied
species is impossible, owing to the remarkable divergence in
formation between the genital appendages of both sexes in closely
allied species. A male of one species cannot pair with a female
of another closely allied species. In many cases the two species
may be almost exactly alike in colouring and may occur together
on the same river or lagoon, yet crossing cannot possibly take
place. This is a most important point, as it simplifies matters
very greatly.

An analysis of the 170 species comprising the Australian
Odonate i&unsi gives the following results : — (1) Nearly 50 species
belong to monotypic genera; these are of no value in this dis-
cussion. (2) Between fifty and sixty have their distribution
too imperfectly known to be of any real value. (3) Out of 65
remaining species, belonging to 18 genera, all possible pairs
which are clearly very closely allied* have been chosen. A few
pairs, not really closely related, but still placed in the same
genus in the present classification, have also been omitted.
The total is forty-thiee pairs. Of these only eight are geminate,
in the sense of being closely allied species separated by a definite
barrier. They are as follows : —

* It is necessary to bear in mind the operation of the " personal equa-
tion " in this choice. By including the few pairs which have been rejected
as being, in the speaker's opinion, not sufficiently closely allied, the number
of geminate species is not only not increased, but their proportion to the
whole is diminished.

420 DISCUSSION.

(A) — Barrier, Bass Straits.*

Synthemis eustalacta Burm.(S.A., Vic, N. S.W.).
,, tasmanica Tillyard(Tas.).

{

(B) — Barrier, Desert-Belt between E. and W. Australia.

( Nannodythemis dalei Tillyavd(East Australia and Tas.).

\ „ occidentalis Tillyard{W. A.).

( Procordulia jacksoniensis Rarab.(Vic. and Tas.).

\ „ affinis Selys(W.A.).

{Austrogomphus a^istralis Selys(S.A. ).
„ collaris Selys( VV.A.).

( Austroceschna parvistigma Selys(East Australia and Tas.).
\ „ anacantha Tillyard(W. A.).

f Argiolestes grisea Selys(Vic. and N. S.W.).
\ ,, minima Tillyard(W.A.).

(Pseudagrion cyane SeIys(East Australia and Tas.).
\ „ cceruleum Tillyard(W.A.).

(C) — Barrier, Southern Pacific.

{ Phyllopelalia patricid Tillyard, N. S. W.
1 [Phyllopetalia and allied subgenera. Chili]. f

Of these eight pairs, no less than six indicate the desert-belt
between Eastern and Western Australia as the determining
barrier. It is interesting, therefore, to enquire what proportion
of the total Odonate fauna is represented by "geminate " pairs.
There are 27 species so far recorded from Western Australia.
Of these, one has no close allies; two others belong to a distinct
Australian genus, but are not closely allied to any of the Eastern
species of that genus; no less tha^i eighteen occur on both sides of
the barrier without the slightest modification. The proportion
of geminate species, then, in the West Australian Odonata is
only two-ninths, or 22 %. About the same number of species
occur in the area lying east of the barrier, including the southern

* See also Hedley, on the " Bassian Isthmus," Proc. Linn. Soc, N. S.
Wales, xxviii., 1903, p.876.

t An interesting barrier, Torres Straits, separating Australia from New
Guinea, is not here discussed, owing to lack of data.

DISCUSSION. 421

parts of South Australia, Victoria, and Tasmania, so that the
proportion is about the same for this side of the barrier also.

In the case of Bass Straits, of the twenty-four species found
in Tasmania, twenty-three occur also in Southern Victoria. It
is curious, however, to notice that several common South Vic-
torian species, including the large strong-flying Hetnianax jmpu-
enses, have not succeeded in establishing themselves in Tasmania.

In the case of New South Wales and Chili, there are, as might
be expected, no species common to both; and only one pair of
closely allied species.

When the 43 closely allied pairs chosen are classified, it is
found that they fall easily into three main groups, which may be
termed respectively Inlying Pairs, Overlapping Pairs, and Isolated
Pairs*: —

{I) Inlying Pairs. — Those in which the distribution of one
species is a small region entirely surrounded by a larger region,
over which the commoner and more widely distributed second
species ranges. There are ten cases of this out of the 43.

(2) Overlapping Pairs. — Those in which the distribution of
one species coincides with that of the other for a greater or less
portion of the total area. There are 24 cases of this.

(3) Isolated Pairs. — Those in which the two regions of distri-
bution are quite distinct. There are nine cases of this, viz., the
eight "geminate" pairs, and the isolated Lestes aridus Tillyard,
which has been paired with L analis Ramb., a species that
surrounds it on all sides but does not reach the same region.

Assuming that, in the case of the Odonata, geographical
isolation has played a distinct part in the formation of new
species; and, admitting also, the strong probability of " muta-
tion " or the sudden arising of new forms, a simple explanation
can be offered not only for the occurrence of these tiiree forms,
but for their relative frequency: —

(A). In fig.l of Plate x., let the large, lightly-shaded area repre-
sent the region of distribution of a species, X. Suppose a muta-

* Three exceedingly apt terms suggested by Mr. A. H. 8. Lucas.

422 DISCUSSION.

tion X^ to arise suddenly at an internal point a(fig. 1), and to
propagate itself in the vicinity of a(6g.2). This may finally
establish itself as a definite species X^ in a smaller region (dark
area in fig. 3), completely surrounded by the region of the original
species. This would be an example of an Inlying Pair.

(B). Let the large lightly-shaded area, represent, as before,
the region of a species, X. Suppose a mutation X^, to arise
suddenly at a point 6(fig.4), near the border of the region; and
to propagate itself, partly within, and partly without that region
(fig. 5). This may finally establish itself as a definite species,
X^, in a smaller region partly overlapping the other region(fig.6).
This would be an example of an Overlapping Pair.

(C). Taking the large area, as before, for the region of X,
let a geological change raise a barrier across the region at ab
(fig.7). Let this gradually increase the isolation of one portion
of X from the other(fig.8). The two portions of X may be
expeeted finally to evolve in slightly different directions, yielding
two closely allied species, Xj and Xg, separated by a definite
barrier(fig.9). This would be an example of an Isolated Pair.

(D). If, at a later period of time, the geographical barrier
raised in C be removed, the two species Xj^ and Xj may extend
their bounds, and remain as a distinct Overlapping Pair, pro-
vided they are sufficiently diflferentiated to preserve their par-
ticular characters*(fig.lO).

Assuming that, in taking a very large number of cases, all
four possibilities are equally likely, a result may be expected,
approximating to : —

o

Inlying Pairs(Case A) 25%

Overlapping Pairs(Cases B and D) 50%

Isolated Pairs(Case C) 25%

* Mr. C. Hedley has suggested the term " area of cohabitation " for the
region common to both species in this case. The same term would apply
to the similar region in case B.

DISCUSSION. 423

The analysis of the 43 pairs of Odonata chosen, yields a result
remarkably close to this expectation, viz : —

Inlying Pairs(10 out of 43) 23%

Overlapping Pairs(24 out of 43) 56%

Isolated Pairs(9 out of 43) 21%

It is not proposed to claim the dignity of a natural law for
these suggestions, as it is obvious how very far from the truth
they might be in the case of a complicated group, such as the
Australian Eucalypts; where, even if the numerous species
could be defined satisfactorily, and the main causes that gave
rise to them were known, many other forces besides those here
taken into account, must have operated in forming them. The
evidence of the Australian dragonflies, therefore, is on the whole
distinctly adverse to the acceptance of " Jordan's Law," as
holding generally between allied species. In Australia, at any
rate, the barriers have been neither strong enough nor lasting
enough to have affected the majority of native forms.

Acting-Professor S. J. Johnston — In formulating his law,
Jordan seems to have supposed that one of the essential factors
in the evolution of his geminate species from their ancestral
types, is Geographical Isolation. While this may be mainly true
in the case of the higher animals, in the case of lower animals
and of plants phi/siological selection is a much more potent
factor and may quite exclude geographical isolation; so that we
find two closely related species, so closely related that they may
be looked upon as having diverged from a common ancestral
type, living side by side and not separated by a geographical
barrier, as Jordan stal»es. As we descend in the scale of animal
life Jordan's Law seems to be less and less applicable, while to
plants it does not seem to apply at all. In plants, for instance,
physiological selection, working through such factors as jore-
pof.ency, differences in the time of ripening of flowers, small
differences in structure adapted to special insects, seem to be much
more potent in producing that divergence in structure which
leads to the formation of new species th^n geographical isolati

i f

V

' " ^^ ^. /

L I B R A R Y)3D

424 DISCUSSION.

In looking over closely related pairs of Australian species of
plants, we find them growing not in closely adjacent districts
which are separated by some geographical barrier, but actually
growing side by side as we should expect when some form of
physiological isolation has been the chief factor in separating
them. For instance : Todea barbara and T. fraseri; Darwinia
fascicularis and D. taxifolia; Dillwynia ericifolia and D.
floribunda; Angophora lanceolata and A. intermedia; Epacris
pidchella and E. jyurpurascens — pairs of very closely related
species, more closely related to one another, apparently, than any
others of the same genus are found, not isolated but growing side
by side. Corresponding pairs of species of animals to wliich
similar remarks are applicable are — Macropus giganteiis and M.
robustus; Python s^nlotes and P. variegata; Amphibolurus bar-
batus and A. muricatus; Tiliqua scincoides and T. nigrolutea;
and many other such pairs, both of plants and animals, could be
readily mentioned.

Dr. Chapman offered some theoretical considerations.

Mr. Maiden instanced the genus PAce?-os/)/icera[N.O. CoNiFERiE]
a very local genus, one of whose species has a very limited range
on certain mountains in Tasmania, and the other on the Blue
Mountains of N.S.W. Dodoiuea filifolia of Queensland and New
South Wales, and D. ericifolia of Tasmania, probably had a
common ancestor which grew along the greater part of the entire
eastern coast of Australia. The genus Eucalyptus, which
includes m;uiy species, offers some which may fairly be looked
upon as geminate. Tlie E. stelhdata-Moorei, E. aviygdali7ia-
regnaus, E. amygdalina-dives pairs all grow together, without
obvious barriers. The E. Cambagei-goniocaJyx, E. polyantJiemns-
Mudderi pairs have localities which join on to one another, or
are separated by not a wide barrier. Tlie E. tereticornis-Seeatia
pairs grow together, but the E. tereticornis-rostrata pair is
separated by the dry barrier of the Eastern Plains, though they
touch, where the climatic conditions approximate, in the Yass-
Bowning district. Speaking broadly, the law seems to be cmly
of imperfect application to Australian plants.

DISCUSSION. 425

Mr. R. H. Cambage — Tlie physical features of New South
"Wales in'ovide excellent conditions for testing Jordan's Law in
regard to plants, inasmuch as the high mountain-range so
divides the climatic conditions that, on the eastern side, the
climate is moist and warm, while on the west the atmosphere
is dr3^ Taking some of the Box-trees belonging to the genus
Eucalyptus, results are found somewhat in support of Jordan's
Law, but for the most part the exam[)les rather fail to harmonise
with it; and it is thought that, although the law may hold for
some species which originated prior to the formation of a par-
ticular barrier, there are other causes which produce the same
results. On the eastern face of the mountain-barrier, JS.
hemiphloia is common, while on the western slope £J. albens is
plentiful. These are closely allied species, and there is some
uncertainty whether one is not a variety of the other. Where
the mountain is low in the Liverpool Range, E. albens comes
through with the drier atmosphere, and both species are then
found in the eastern area, being at times difficult to separate
botanically. Just beyond the western margin of the habitat of
E. albens occurs E. Woolhiana, a species closely allied in some
forms to E. hemiphloia, but distinct from E. albens, with which
it is often found growing. E. hemijjhloia and E. albens, which
are closely allied, are for the most part separated by a barrier.
E. hemiphloia and E. Woollsiana are separated by the same
barrier, and a greater distance, and are closely allied; while E.
albens and E. Woollsiana, found side by side, differ more from one
another than either does from E. hemiphloia. E. viminalis and
E. rubida, which are closely allied species, do not support the
Law, both occurring side by side, throughout the mountains,
though sometimes showing slight partiality for different geo-
logical formations. E. dives and E. amygdalina, allied species,
are also found together on the mountains, though the former
slightly prefers the dry, and the latter the moist side of the
highlands. E. stellulata and E. Moorei are closely allied, and
both found on the mountains. E. terelicornis, E. dealbata and
E. Bancrofti, all so closely allied that the latter two are some

426 DISCUSSION.

times considered as only vai-ieties of the former, are found in the
same forest in the north-western part of the mountain-area,
though the first two are sometimes found at long distances apart
on the same( western) side of the mountain-barrier. E. Banksii
and E. Bridgesiana are closely allied, and occur together on the
northern part of the mountains. E. coriacea and E. vitrea are
closely allied species, occurring together on the mountains. E.
saligna and E. Deanei are closely allied, and are not separated
by any barrier. E. capitellata and E. macrorrhyncha, though
for the most part occurring on opposite sides of the barrier, are
often found together on the mountains. Angophora sicbvelutina
and A. intermedia are very closely allied, and in many places
occur side by side.

Dr. Cuthbert Hall referred to his exhibit of a hybrid
seedling from a cultivated Acacia Baileyuna pollenised probably
by Acacia decurrens. The seed was gathered from a cultivated
tree of the former, which gi-ew about 150 yards from a wild
specimen of the latter, no other Acacia plant being within half
a mile. The seed gave about 20% of hybrids, which appeared to
be uniform, the foliage being green, the leaves larger than those
oi A. Baileyana, and the leaflets longer but not so broad and
less crowded. They were, however, flatter and more crowded
than those oiA. decurrens. From inquiries made from nurserymen,
it was ascertained that wiien seed was taken from A. Baileyana
growing near A. decurrens, it invariably gave hybrids. A. Bailey an
occurred naturally in a small area around Cootamundra; whilst
A, decurrens inhabited the coastal area, separated by the Great
Dividing Range. Yet they were sufficiently nearly allied to
intercross under altered conditions; and miglit he considered,
perhaps, geminate species.

Mr. Cheel — From a study of the genus Callistemon, [N.O.
MvKTACEiE] which is represented by 22 species and varieties
distributed over Australia, the conclusion was, that the appli-
cation of Jordan's Law in this case, fails, unless it can be proved
that two reputed species were hybrids, namely, C. speciosus D.C.,
and C. viminalis Cheel(syn. Metrosideros viminalis Solander,

DISCUSSION. 427

MS.). These two forms are allied by certain structural
characters, such as, the staminal filaments shortly but distinctly
united at the base into a tube, a character, possibly, of sufficient
importance to justify the establishment of a Section l^ibulosce.)
The matured fruits of both species open out very broadly at the
orifice and are similar in general outline. There are certain
other characters, however, by which they may be easily
sepai'ated. The length of the filaments, the thickness of the
rim of the fruits and its stiff upright habit readily distinguish aS'.
speciosus, which is common in West Australia. The short
filaments, thin-rimmed fruits, and its tall, slender, and pendulous
habit as readily distinguish C. vwiinalis, common in North-
Eastern New South Wales, and throughout Queensland. C.
rigidus R.Br., and C. linearis DC, are both sufficiently distinct
to be regarded as good species, especially as the seedlings
develop the characteristics of their respective parents; but these
are both found in the Port Jackson District.

Dr. J. B. Cleland. — The avifauna of Australia seems to be well-
fitted, in some ways, for the study of the relationships of species.
The typically Australian family of the Honey-eaters( J/eZi/?^rt^/c/fe)
affords examples of what seem to be two independent ways in
which new species may be evolved. Two species of Meliomis,
M. novce-hollandice and M. sericea, are common in the neighbour-
hood of Sydney. They closely resemble each other in general,
but the former has a white iris, when adult; and the latter, a
dark brown iris, and a larger patch of white feathers near the
ears. Their habits are almost identical, but there is a slight
difl'erence in the notes of the two species. The geographical
range of AI. novce-hollandice, however, is more extensive than
that of M. sericea. In West Australia, two similarly related
species are found, M. longirostris corresponding to 31. novce-
hollandice, and M. mysticalis to M. sericea. In a young specimen
of M. novce-hollandice obtained recently in the neighbourhood of
Sydney, the irides were found to be of the tint of cafe au lait
(the cotFee-colour predominating), instead of enamel-white. On
the universally admitted rule that, in its development, each

428 DISCUSSION.

individual climbs up its own genealogical tree, it may be safely
assumed that the ancestry of M . tiovce-hollajidice at one time did
not possess white irides. Furtlier, in this respect, M. sericea
would approximate more to the original common ancestor than
would M. novce-hollandiot, and thus would be like M. australa-
siana, the fifth species of the genus. The ancestors of the genus
Melio7'nis, like the other species of Meiiphagidce whose irides have
been examined, had, therefore, almost certainly, dark-coloured
eyes. Now it can hardly be maintained that the striking white
iris has been gradually evolved by a slow series of changes, each
of which was of particular service to the individual possessing
it, especially when there is seen, side by side with the species in
question, another descended from the same stock, but not showing
these changes. It seems more reasonable to assume that a
sudden marked mutation occurred in the development of a white
iris; and that, in the terms of Alendelian heredity, this feature
was a dominant one, and stamped itself effectively on the
offspring of the white-irised bird and its brown-irised mate.
These offspring, possessing dominant white-iris characters and
recessive brown ones, may be supposed to have bred more between
themselves — the birds being considered to be capable of recog-
nising the difference in colouring — than with brown-eyed fellows;
and so eventually, though occupying the same liabitat, a pure
strain of the white-eyed type arose. As time went on, and the
white-eyed birds mated with each other, to the exclusion of the
brown- eyed forms, and vice-versa, secondary differences such as
those of plumage and note evolved; until, finally, the present-day
species were firmly e.stablished. The example here quoted may
be taken as an instance of the mutational origin of a species.
That this is a highly probable explanation, will be admitted,
when the case of the famous Ancon breed of sheep is borne in
mind. This race, which finally bred quite true to itself, arose
as a "sport" in a single animal; the special character being a
dominant one, it impressed itself on the mixed offspring. But,
in the difference between the West and the East Australian
species of Meliornis, still another process is seen to be at work^

DISCUSSION. 429

depending chiefly on the wide extension of the genus geogra-
phically. This illustrates the general type of natural selection,
a process by which the fluctuating variations about a mean are
taken advantage of in some particular direction in certain locali-
ties, with the development therein of races, and finally perhaps
of species. What determines these fluctuations, we know not;
but it seems natural to suppose, in accordance with observation,
that certain conditions of environment will predispose to fluctua-
tions in a certain direction, even though these fluctuations be
seemingly of little advantage to the individual. Where the
connecting links between two groups of individuals, which are
developing by fluctuating variations along different lines in
separated localities, have disappeared, we have then an instance
of Jordan's Law, which is exemplified by the two eastern species
of Meliornis and their two western representatives. A similar
striking illustration is seen in the eastern and western sj)ecies of
Psophodes and Falcunculus. The Australian avifauna would
seem, therefore, to furnish examples of the establishment of new
species by two quite distinct processes.

The President summarised the views put forward. The
Secretary thanked the Members for their cordial response to
the invitation to participate in the discussion.

430

WEDNESDAY, JULY 27th, 1910.

The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Society was held in
the Linnean Hall, Ithaca Road, Elizabeth Bay, on Wednesday
evening, July 27th, 1910.

Mr. C. Hedley, F.L.S., President, in the Chair.

A letter from Professor T. W. Edgeworth David, B.A., F.R.S.,
C.M.G., returning thanks for greetings and congratulations from
the Members assembled at last Meeting, was read from the
Chair.

The Donations and Exchanges received since the previous
Monthly Meeting (June 29th, 1910), amounting to 19 Vols.,
81 Parts or Nos., 11 Bulletins, 2 Reports and 6 Pamphlets,
received from 56 Societies, &c., and 1 Individual, were laid
upon the table.

431

NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

Mr. Froggatt showed specimens of Xylotriipes nimrod, the
coconut-palm beetle and its pupse, which ranges from New Guinea
to Java. The larvfe live in decaying vegetable matter, whence
the pupfe wex'e obtained. The beetles bore into the stem of the
young palm, and damage the terminal bud.

Mr. Maiden .showed fruits of the Jarrali of Western Australia
[Eucalyjytus marginata Sm.) showing an irregularly striate
appearance. As shown in the specimens, it is the result of the
contraction of subsucculent vascular tissue over longitudinal
bands of fibrovascular tissue. This appearance is only occasion-
ally seen in Eucalyptus fruits, e.g., in those of Karri(^. diversi-
color F, v.M. ). Also seedling plants of Cassytha panicidata R.Br.,
raised by Mr. Boorman, of the Botanic Gardens. He read a
paragraph from Kerner k Oliver's " Natural History of Plants,"
(i., 176) in which the life-history of Cassytha seedlings is
described; and the exhibitor observed that the seedlings are
rarely observed in Nature, partly because of their grass-like
appearance, and partly because they soon enter upon their
parasitic, non terrestrial state.

Mr. A. R. McOulloch exhibited, by permission of the Curator
of the Australian Museum, some small fishes which he had
collected at difierent localities along the Great Barrier Reef,
Queensland, which do not appear to have been I'ecorded from
Australia. Halichoeres opercularis Gunth., and H. nebulosus C.
and v., from Masthead Island off Port Curtis, are common species
throughout the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Acanthoclinus littoreus

432 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

Foister, from the same locality, was previously known only from
Lord Howe Island and New Zealand. Corythroichthys waitei
Jord. and Seale, from Cairns Reef, oif Cooktown, has been
recently described from Samoa; while Microphis pleurotcenia
Guuth., a Hawaiian species, is now recorded from Murray Island,
Torres Strait, Cairns Reef, and Masthead Island. Mr. McCulloch
also contributed the following Note on the identity of the Fresh-
water 'Perch{Percalates fluviatilis Stead): " In May, 1906, Mr.
Stead exhibited, before this Society, a specimen of Percalates,
which, in consideration of its very elongate body combined with
other less striking chaiacters, he proposed to distinguish under
the new name, F. ^fluviatiliti{These Proceedings, xxxi., 1906,
p. 261). The Australian Museum has recently received a tine
specimen of this form, which was caught at Unauderra, N.S.W. ;
and I have been able to compare it with others in the Museum
collection, identified by Mr. Ogiliy as Percalates colonorum Giinth,
These latter are part of the series upon which that author
based his opinions published in his " Edible Fishes and Crus-
taceans of New South Wales,"(1893, p.2). As a result of this
examination, I can onl}' come to the same conclusion as did Mr.
Ogiliy, namely, that the one is but a variation of the other; and
that there are intermediate forms between the two exti'emes
Mr. Stead also stated that he considered that none of the names
now taken to be synonyms of P. colonoruyn were applicable to
the new form. It appears to me, however, that Steindachner's
figure of Dules novemaculeatus{iiitzh. Ak. Wien, liii., i., 1866,
p. 428, PI. i., fig. 2) exactly represents the slender form; and,
beyond such differences as would be caused by shrinkage due to
different methods of preservation, (alcohol, Steindachner; and
formalin, Stead), it does not differ from Mr. Stead's figure
published in the "Edible Fishes of New South Wales,"(1908,
p.54, PL xxii)."

Mr. T. H. Johnston exhibited a series of entozoa, comprising :
(1) Trichocephalus trichiurus Linn.,(syn. T. dispar Rud.) from
the csecum of the orang-outan, Siinia satyrus Geoff"r., (Sydney Zoo-
logical Gardens; from the East Indies); and (2) from Macacus

NOTES AND EXHIBITS. 433

nemestrimis['Me]houvnn Zoological Gardens{A. S. Le Souef); from
the East Indies)], (3) Dictyocaulus viviparus BL, {syn. Strongijlus
micrurus Mehlis) from the lung of a calf(Sydney)j (4) Nemato-
dlrus filicollis Rud.,(syn. Strongylus filicollis Riid.), from the
small intestine of asheep(Macleay River, N.S.W.), not previously
recorded from Australia; and (5) Coccidium sp., infesting the
submucosa of the small intestine of Parry's Wa\\ahj,(Macro2}>(s
parryi Bennett, South-Eastern Queenssland).

Mr. E. Cheel exhibited a number of interesting funei,
including — Pucciniack^ : PucciniaccdendulceMcAX^.; host, Ca/-
endula officinalis 'Linn.; Penshurst{E. Cheel; July, 1910); previ-
ously recorded only from Victoria(Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,
1903, xxviii., 558; and in "Rusts of Australia," p. 151 — Helo-
TiACEiE : Sclerotinia sclerotioruin Lib., (syn. *S'. Libertiana Fckl.).;
sclerotia and mycelium were found infesting "Epicure Beans," in
a garden at Penshurst, causing great damage; not previously
recorded from Australia, so far as can be ascertained. — The
mycelium of an undetermined species, pendulous in habit, found
in the Pioprietary Mine, at Hillgrove by Mr. J. Staer, in
December, 1909. — Tne mycelium of a radiating fungus on a
board, Ijeneath a brass plate which had been exposed on a
building in Dean's i'lace, Sydney, for a period of eight years.
Rhizomorpha subterranea Pers., was also shown for comparison. —
PHALLOIDE.E : Jcinsia rugosa{%); Rook wood (A. G. Hamilton). —
A series of seedling tubers of potatoes, obtained from seed of
the variety known as " Blue-eyed Russet," were also shown,
exhibiting extreme variability in colour and shape.

In response to a request, made at last Meeting, for exhibits of
the rare Protead, Grevillea Gaudichaitdii R.Br., from the Bluo
Mountains, Messrs. H. Deane, A. A. Hamilton, and W. Forsj th
showed specimens collected by them, more or less closely resem-
bling the pinnatifid type-form described by Robert Brown and
Mr. Bentham. Mr. Fletcher showed a remarkable series of
specimens exhibiting almost every gradation between entire
leaves closely resembling those of G. laurifolia when lanceolate,

31

434 notp:s and exhibits.

and pinnatifid leaves with as many as tliiiteen lobes, some of
these again 2- or 3-lobed, approximating to those of G. acanthifolia.
On this ground, in conjunction with other reasons, the opinion
was expressed that G. Gaudichaudii is a natural hybrid between
the species named; and tliat the specimens shown were even
strongly suggestive of reci|)rocal hybridism, the plants with entire
or slightly divided leaves possibly representing G. laurifolia 9 x
G. acanthifolia ^; and those with markedly pinnatifid leaves, G.
acanthifolia 9 x G. latirifolia ^. All three species fall into Series
2 of Section i., of Mr. Bentham's tabulation : " Heheyynoi. — Ovary
sessile or scarcely stipitate, densely villous, &c." G. Gaudichaudii
is said to have the habit. inflorescencH, and flowers of G.
acanthifolia, and a nearly sessile densely villous ovary. The
first of these characters needs amending, as G. Gaudichaudii is a
prostrate procumbent plant like G. laurifolia, except jierhaps
when the stems are very short. On the other hand, the inflores-
cence and flowejs of the latter are not very markedly different
from those of the other two. Mature fruits or seeds of G.
Gaudichaudii are apparently unknown or at least unrecorded.

435

RE VISIONAL NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN CARABID^.

By Thomas G. Sloane.

Part iii.

Tribes Oodini, Chlaeniini, and Sphodrini [Coleoptera].

Introductory note.

Attention may be drawn to some features which have hitherto
\yeen overlooked, or have had but little attention given to them,
as far as the Carabidce are concerned.

(1) Basal hair-fringe of proihorax. — Frequently the basal
socket-hole of the prothorax, to receive the peduncle of the body,
is fringed with hair both above and below the peduncle (e.g.,
Caremi^m, Mystropomus, Hyperion); often only the upper part of the
socket-hole is fringed(e.g.,C'«r«6zts, Paniborus, Delinius, Chlcenius);
sometimes the base is not fringed, either above or below (e.g.,
Teropha, Secatophus, Eurylychnus, Oodes).

{^) Infiexed margins of elytra when in repose, enveloped by
the outer margin of the metasternal episterna. This is the
usual form in the Carahidce, but in the Ozsenini, Helluonini, and
Brachynini the margins of the elytra are not so supported or
held in position by the margins of the metepisterna.

(3) Ventral segments bordered at sides. This is the usual form
throughout the Carahidce, but in tlie tribes Ozteuini, Helluonini,
Brachynini, Miscelini, and Pericallini; and the genera Acrogenys,
Lachnothorax Stricklandia, and Pogonoglossus, tlie ventral seg-
ments are merely roundly reflexed, without a border at sides.

(4) Tactile setce of intermediate coxce. — The intermediate coxae
among the Carabidce usuall}' bear two tactile setee, and may
therefore be called bisetose, One of these setse is placed on the
lower face of the coxa, between the inner side of the coxa and

436 REVISIONAL NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN CARABID^E,

the insertion of the trochanter; this may be called the discal seta;
the other is on the side of the coxa, below and forward from the
insertion of the trochanter; this may be calletl the lateral seta.
Sometimes corresponding tactile setse may be found on the
SiVitQviov coxsd{Q.g., Secatophus, Teropha, Paranuriis, Ceratoferonia,
Loxodactyhis, JVotononius, etc.). Both the anterior and inter-
mediate coxse may have, besides the tactile setae, their surface
more or less pubescent {e.g., Chlseniini), and frequently several
lateral tactile setae are found on the intermediate coxae.

Tribe Chlseniini-

BiuUe, Hist. Nat. Ins. 1834.

Head with one supraorbital puncture on each side; mandibles
without setigerous puncture in external sciobe. Prothorax with
posterior socket-hole usually fringed with hair above peduncle;
a marginal seta at, or near, each basal angle. Body not pedun-
culate; scutellum dividing elytra at base. Elytra bordered at
base, striate, setulose at least towards sides and apex; margin
interrupted posteriorly and with a distinct internal plica; ninth
interstice variable in width, never linear, or situated in a furrow,
or below plane of eightli. Mesosternum with intercoxal declivity
deeply excavated; intercoxal parts of prosternum and meso-
sternum, anterior and middle coxEe setose. Posterior coxse not
raised abruptly from first ventral segment; tarsi with fiftli joint
setulose beneath.

The tribe, as represented in Australia, contains two genera,
which may be differentiated thus : —

Head shagreened, not punctate; pronotum with only a few minute punc-
tures; prosternum impunctate before coxae: penultimate joint of labial
palpi without setfe Hololeius.

Head more or less punctate; pronotum coarsely punctate; prosternum punc-
tate before coxae; penultimate joint of labial palpi with several setse on
anterior margin in all Australian species Chl.enius.

Genus Hololeius.
Laferte, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1851, p. 27 4.

BY THOMAS G. SLOAN K. 437

HoLOLEius NITIDULUS Dejean.

Species, ii. p.341; Chaudoir, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva, viii.,
1876, p.290; Chlcenius ceylanicus Niebner, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hi.st., 1857, xix. p. 241; {VfPvecilus ornatusTiyon, Report Admin-
istrator Brit. N, Guinea, ii., 1890, Appendix; var. H. punctulatus
Chaudoir, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1857, ii. p. 10.

I believe the description of Pcecihis ornatus Ti-yon, is founded
on this widely distributed species, which is found in Asia, as well
as in the eastern coastal districts of Australia, northwards from
the Clarence River.

Genus C h l ^e n i u s .

Bonelli, Obs. Ent. i., Table, 1810; Chaudoir,(Monograph) Ann.
Mus. Civ. Genov. viii., pp. 10-287.

There is no need for another definition of Chlcenius, which is
one of the best known genera of the Carahidce; but attention
may he drawn to the following features, which have received
little, if any, attention, at least so far as the Australian species
are concerned.

Marginal seUeof pronotuin. — Normally, in the genus Chlcenius,
the pronotum has two marginal sette; the anterior placed a little
before the middle of the length of the pronotum, the posterior
near the basal angle(e.g., Ch. australis, Ch. ophonoides, etc.); but
in Ch. subcostahis Macl., and Ch. darlingensis Cast., the anterior
seta is lost, and the posterior is distant from the basal angle —
somewhat similarly placed (though not quite so far forward) as
in the genus Phero2}sophus.

Hair-fringe along basal socket of prothorax above peduncle. —
This is present in all our species except Ch. subcostatus,* and
Ch. darlingensis.

Pu/ncturation of posterior legs. — In all the Australian species
the posterior trochanters have, on their outer side, minute non-

* In Ch. subcosiatus there appears to be a scattered fringe of hairs, but a
close examination will show that these arise from pores on the upper surface,
near the extreme margin of the pronotum, not from the edge of the socket-
hole.

438 REVISIONAL NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN CARABID^,

setose punctures; this applies also to the outer side of the pos-
terior femora beneath; no Australian species has the ])Osterior
femora or trochanters witli tactile setae. This is a case of lost

setae.

Table of Australian Species.*

A, Elytra with interstices irregular, first, third, fifth, and seventh raised

into wide costse G. greyanus White.

AA. Elytra with interstices regular (equal or almost so).
B. Prothorax wide, anterior angles distant from head, basal angles obtuse;
elytra with internal plica interrupting margin posteriorly, not
margined with yellow (except at apex in C. queenslandicus), inter-
stices with several rows of setulose punctures on every one.

C. Elytra with interstices 1-S unicolorous.

d. Head and prothorax green; elytra obscure bronze with green

margin, interstices pubescent; legs black G. australis T>e].

dd. Upper surface green or purplish, legs testaceous

C. ophonoides Fairmaire,

CC. Each elytron with a testaceous mark towards apex.

E. Elytra green, apical marks comma-shaped and extending back-
wards to margin of apex. G. quee7islandicus S\.

EE. Elytra black or dark green (including margin of apical curve),

bimaculate at beginning of apical declivity.

f. c^. Anterior femora bearing a small dentiform projection on

lower side near base. (Antenna3, after three basal joints,

infuscate; legs testaceous, coxse, knees, inner side of apex of

tibise and tarsi black or piceous; palps black)

C. binotatusi Dej.

ff. ^ . Anterior femora not bearing a dentiform protuberance on
lower side.

g. Antennae and palps brown; legs black or piceous

G. maruliger Casteln.

gg. Antennae, palps, and tarsi brownish-testaceous; legs testa-
ceous (coxre piceous). G. rudicollis Ch?i\\A.

* For synonymy of Australian species, not noticed separately in this
paper, see Masters' Catalogue, Supplement, Part i., 1895.

t To the synonymy of Gh. hinotatus Dej., given by Masters, I.e., should
be added Gh. maculifer Ga.5t. , {teste Chaudoir, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. viii,
1876, p.48).

BY THOMAS G. SLOANE. 439

BB. Prothorax narrow, sides straight before base, anterior angles close to

head, basal angles sharply marked; elytra with internal plica not

interrupting margin posteriorly, margin yellow, interstices biseri-

ately setulose-punctate.

h. Interstices of elytra lightly raised into costiform rather nitid ridges.

C. subcostatus Macl.

hh. Interstices of elytra roundly convex, shagreened

C. darlingensis Casteln.

ChL^NIUS QUEENSLANDICUS, 11. 8p.

2- Green, metallic ou prothorax and head; prothorax with
narrow testaceous border; elytra opaque, setulose-punctate, with
testaceous marking on apical third(this testaceous marking
having the width of interstices 6-8, sinuate-tiuncate at base and
bending inwards across interstices 4-5, extending backwards on
interstices 6-8, and reaching along apical margin of each elytron
to suture); undersurface piceous-black, prosternal episterna
iridescent, apex of abdomen narrowly margined with yellow;
legs testaceous, tarsi brownish-testaceous; antennae and palpi
brownish-testaceous, with basal joints more liglitly coloured;
labruM) and mandibles testaceous-brown.

Head convex, finely punctate, 2-5 mm. across eyes. Pro-
thorax transverse(3 x 3'85 mm.), much wider across base(3'4
mm.) than apex(2'3 mm.), punctate, less closely so towards middle
of disc, more finely and closely so towards base; sides lightly
rounded, strongly narrowed to a]^ex, roundly and gently
narrowed to base; apex emarginate; anterior angles not marked;
base truncate; basal angles wide; lateral basal impressions
shallow, wide. Elytra ovate(7'8 x 5 mm.), lightly convex, finely
punctate-striate, interstices depressed, closely setulose-punctate,
the setulaB short, yellowish. Prosternum punctate before coxse,
finely bordered at base; episterna l8evigate(with only two or
three punctures near coxal cavities). Mesosternal episterna
smooth, with only a few fine punctures. Metasternum punctate
on each side below intermediate legs; episterna sulcate ex-
ternally, sparingly punctate. Ventral segments smooth.
Length 125, breadth 5 mn).

H<ib. — Q : Kuranda(Dodd).

440 REVISIONAL NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN CARABIDiE,

The comma-like testaceous mark towards the apex of each
elytron at once separates this species from all the other Aus-
tralian species; its position in the genus is beside Ch. bihamatus
Chaudoir, a Javan species.

Chl^nius maculiger Castelnau.

Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, viii., 1868, p. 148; Chaudoir, Ann.
Mus. Civ. Genov., viii., 1876, p.67; Maindron, Resultats Exped.
Scient. Neerland. Nouv. Guinee, v. 2, 1908, p. 295; Ch. nigripes
Macleay(not Dejean), Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, (2) i., 1886,
p. 140.

I compared a specimen from Kuranda, in my collection, with
Macleay's type of his Ch. nigripes, in the Australian Museum,
Sydney, and found them to be one species.

Hab. — Q.: Rockhamptonf^c/e Castelnau), Kuranda(Dodd) —
New Guinea: Fly River(Froggatt; fide Macleay), Manikion
(fide Maindron).

ChljENIUS rudicollis Chaudoir.

Ann. Mus. Civ, Genov., viii., 1876, p. 47; Ch. bimaculatus
Macleay(not Dejean), Trans. Ent. Soc. N. S. Wales, i., 1864,
p.ll5.

Baron Chaudoir, in his Monograph of 1876, when redescribing
and renaming Macleay's Clt. bimaculatus, placed it in a group
characterised by having the anterior femora in ^ dentate
beneath; but, in this assignment, he was wrong. I have
examined the type-specimen((J), in the Macleay Museum, and
found it to have the anterior femora edentate beneath, as is also
the case with a specimen((J) sent to me by Mr. F. P. Dodd.
Its position is near Ch. maculiger Cast.

Hab. — Q.: Port Denisoii(Masters; fide Macleay); Chillagoe
District(Dodd).

Chl^nius darlingensis Castelnau.

Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., viii., 1868, p. 148; C. marginatus, Cast.,
(not D ejesin) ibid.; C. Iceteviridis Chaud., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov.,
viii., 1876, p.l09.

BY THOMAS G. SLOANE, 441

Chaudoir, in his Monograph, gave the name of C. Iceteviridis
to the Australian species which Castelnau had taken for C.
marginatus Dej.; and, at the end of his note, says C. darling-
f-.nsis is only a specimen with lightly convex interstices. Seeing
that one of Castelnau's names is valid according to the rules of
nomenclature, there seems to have been no reason for a new
name from Chaudoir.

Tribe Oodini.

Laferte, Ann. Soc. Eut. Fr., 1851, p. 2 14; Chaudoir,(Mono-
graph) Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1882(6), p.317.

Some species of the tribe Oodini have two supraorbital
punctures on each side of the head. I have noticed this character
only in Anatrichis australasicH Chaud., A. pusilla SI., A. sex-
striatis SI., Oodes modesties Cast., 0. impressus Chaud., and 0.
bostocki Cast. The hind puncture is placed above the posterior
third of the eye, and bears a fully developed tactile seta; this
puncture and seta are invariably present throughout the tribe
Oodini. The otlier puncture, whicii I have noticed onlj' in the
species mentioned above, is small, shallow, and without a seta
(only once, in a specimen of 0. modestus, have I noticed a
minute setule in this puncture, on one side of the head). The
presence of this small i)uncture, in these few species, must be
considered a rudimentary character, indicating that the Oodini
are descended from a stem which had two supraorbital punctures;
and, if due weight be given to this clue of origin, the view of
Chaudoir, that the Oodini are a tribe coordinate with the
Chlaeniini, must be upheld against G. H. Horn's idea, that the
Oodini were only a subtribal division of the Chlaeniini. This
tribe may be briefly defined as follows : —

Head with one fully developed supraorbital seta rising from
a puncture above posterior third of eye(rarely a second non-
setigerous puncture is present above anterior third of eye).
Mandibles without a setigerous puncture in outer scrobe. Pen.
ultimate joint of labial palpi without tactile .setae. Prothorax
glabrous; posterior socketdiole not fringed with hair above

442 REVISIONAL NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN CARABID.E,

peduncle; lateral margins normally without setsefonly in 0.
oblongus, and 0. inornatus Cast., have I found a marginal seta
near each basal angle). Body not pedunculate; scutellum divid-
ing elytra at base. Elytra bordered at base, striate, glabrous;
margin interrupted posteriorly and with a distinct internal plica;
ninth interstice linear, and placed in a marginal furrow. Meso-
sternum with intercoxal part deeply excavated; intercoxal part
of prosternum and mesosternum, and anterior and middle coxfe
not pubescent. Middle coxse bisetose; posterior coxse not
raised abruptly from first ventral segment; tarsi with fifth joint
glabrous beneath

According to Chaudoir's classification, the Australian fauna
contains three genera of Oodini; and though the differences
which distinguish these three genera seem to me hardly of full
generic importance, yet, seeing that often there must be varying
opinions on the status of such groups, it has seemed best to
recognise Chaudoir's views on the subject, rather than to reduce
Anatrichis and Coptocarpus to subgenera of Oodes. I tabulate
our genera thus : —

Clypeus without setigerous punctures. (Labrum with anterior margin tri-
foveolate, the median fovea with two or four fine sette. In male, anterior
tarsi with two basal joints Hghtly dilatate and squamose beneath, tliird
and fourth joints smaller, subequal in width) Anatkichis,

Clypeus bisetigerous.

Elytra with first stria lightly deflexed considerably behind scutellum, and
reaching puncture at base of second stria; scutellar striole elongate
(rarely obsolete or obsolescent). Prosternum with intercoxal part usually
not bordered (bordered in O. latus Cast., 0. inornaUis Cast., and 0.
jyarvictps SI.). Fourth and fifth ventral segments bisetigerous. In
male, three basal joints of anterior tarsi dilatate and spongiose beneath,
fourth joint attached to third in middle Oodes.

Elytra with first stria parallel with suture to, or almost to, its basal
extremity, not attaining puncture at base of second stria. Scutellar
striole obsolete, or very short. Prosternum with intercoxal part
bordered. Fourth and fifth ventral segments without ambulatorial
setas. In male, three basal joints of anterior tarsi very widely dilatate
and spongiose beneath, fourth joint small, narrow, attached to third
near innerside Coptocakpus.

BY THOMAS G. SLOAN K. 443-

Genus Anatrichis.

Leconte, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, x., 1853, p.SOl.

Table of A ustralian Species.

A. Elytra fully striate.
B. Black species.

C. Elytra strongly rounded on sides; disc convex when viewed from the-
side; stri;e deep, coarsely punctate, third and fourth reaching
basal border; scutellar stride elongate, strongly impressed, punc-
tate A. australa sitii Chaud.

CC. Elytra lightly rounded on sides; disc depressed behind scutellum;.
striae finely impressed, lightly punctate, none of those outside the
second reaching base; scutellar striole short, consisting of two or

three punctures A. piisiUa SI.

B. Species with bronzy elytra A, lilliputaiia Mud.

AA. Elytra with seventh stria wanting A sexstriata S\^

Anatrichis AUSTRALASliE Chaudoir.

Aan. Soc. Eat. Fi-., 1882 (6) ii., p.3'22; Oodes pygnKeus Macl ,
Proc. Linn Soc. N. S. Wales, (2) iii., 1888, p.464.

I have examined the type of 0. jjy y mcezis ^Isicl., in the Macieny
Museum, and found it identical with the common Queensland
species, which I identify, from Chaudoir's description, as A. aus-
fra?asice Chaud. I found this species common about the edges of
sandy and stony pools that remained in the beds of the creeks
near Cooktown, Kuranda, and Townsville, in June, 1906; also,
once I took a specimen in the flood-waters of the Murray Rixer,
at Mulwala, N. 8.AV.

Anatrichis pusilla, n.sp.

Oval, convex. Labrum with three setigerous foveoles along
anterior margin, median foveole bearing four fine setse. Maxillary
palpi with penultimate joint shorter than apical joint. Two
supraorbital punctures above eyes, the posterior puncture bearing
a fully developed seta, the anterior puncture small (rudimentary)
and without a seta. Prothorax with a distinct round fovea on
each side a little distance from the basal margin, opposite
extremity of third elytral stria. Elytra convex, crenate-striate;

444 REVISIONAL NOTKS ON AUSTRALIAN CAKABID^,

sciitellar stride short., feebly indicated by two or three punctures,
seventh stria strongly impressed; interstices flat, third minutely
2-punctate; humeral angles minutely dentate.

Black; sides of prothorax (widely near base) and reflexed
border mandibles, and labrum piceous-red; legs and three basal
joints of antennse ferruginous; antennae fuscous after third joint.
Lengtii 5-2, breadth 2'2 mm.

Hah. — Q. : Kuranda(Sloane).

The smallest Australian species. It differs decidedly from
A. australasue Chaud., by much smaller size; more parallel and
less convex form; prothorax with basal foveoe; elyura more finely
striate, the strife much more finely crenulate, interstices not the
least convex. From A. lilliputana Mac!., it differs by colour not
bronzy; scutellar striole not "three times the length of scntellum,"
etc. Its place in tlie genus is apparently beside^, indica Chaud.,
(unknown to me in nature) with the description of which it agrees
by the form of the basal fovese of the prothorax, the eighth inter-
stice of the elytra not narrower than the seventh, nor narrowed
to the base, colour, etc.; but it is smaller. Under a lens of high
power, it is seen that the derm of the head, prothorax, and elytra
is minutely punctulate. Two specimens occurred to me, washed
from the banks of a pool in a creek, near Kuranda, in June,

1906.

Anatrichis sexstriata Sloane.

My localities for this .species are Vic: Moonbulk (D. A. C,

McGill)— N.S.W.: Mulwala and Grenfell (Sloane), Wyong (H.

Cox).

Genus O o D E s .

Bonelli, Observ. Ent. i., 1810; Chaudoir, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.,
1882(6), p.341.

Table of Australian Species known to me.
i. Presternum with intercoxal part bordered. Humeral angles of elytra
marked(subdentiform). Colour black.
A. Metepisterna elongate, bordered and strongly suleate along anterior
and inner sides, outer margin strongly raised. (Prothorax with a

fine seta on each side of base a little within basal angle)

0. inornatus Cast.

BY THOMAS G. SLOANK. 445

AA. Metepisterna but little longer than broad, bordered, but not sulcate,
along inner side, outer margin not strongly raised... 0. parviceps SI.
ii. Prosternum with intercoxal part not bordered. Humeral angles of elytra
edentate.

B. Black species.

C. Opaque. Elytra finely and lightly striate; interstices flat, bearing
some minute punctures. (Prothorax with a fine seta on each side

of base a little within basal angle). Size large, r2'5-14mm

0. oblongus Cast.

CC. Nitid. Elytra finely, but decidedly, striate; interstices without
minute punctures. (Male with intermediate tibiffi arcuate). Size
small, 9-10'5 mm.

D. Elytra finely and simply striate; scutellar striole faintly indicated
by a row of punctures; interstices quite flat. Size 10-5 mm. ..
O. irisulcahis Cast.

DD. Elytra more strongly striate; scutellar striole strongly impressed;
interstices subconvex. Size 9-10 mm 0. fitzroyensis Macl.

BB. Bronzed species.

E. Labrum with six separate setigerous punctures along anterior margin.

F. Elytral striae strongly erenulate; ninth interstice forming a narrow

border to eighth. Intermediate tibiee in male arcuate. Size

large, 14'5mm 0. denisonensis C&st.

FF. Elytral strife finely erenulate, or subcrenulate, under a lens;
ninth interstice not forming a border to eighth. Intermediate
tibise in male not bent.
G. Size large, 12'5-13-5mm.

H. Elytra with marginal channel constricted near base ; inter-
stices subconvex; .scutellar striole strongly impressed

,0. waterhousei Cast.

HH. Elytra with marginal channel not constricted near base;

interstices quite flat; scutellar striole feebly marked

0. frogrjatti Macl.

GG. Size small, 9-11 mm.

J. Elytral striaa and interstices as in 0. waterhousei; scutellar
striole well marked. Prothorax with evident lateral basal

impressions 0. impressus Chaud.

JJ. Elytra finely striate; interstices depressed; scutellar striole
faint. Prothorax not perceptibly impressed on each

side of base 0. inodestus CdiSi.

EE. Labrum with three punctures (middle puncture bearing four fine
sette) along anterior margin 0. hostocki C&s,i.

446 REVISIONAL NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN CAKABID^,

Note — 0. latus Casteln., and 0. jxiroensis Casteln,, are un-
known to me in nature. 0. lal.ios seems, from Chaudoir's des-
cription (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr, 1882 (6), p. 344), to resemble 0.
parviceps SI.; but to differ \>y having the shoulders not dentate,
the legs and antennfe darker. 0. paroensis Cast., is not noticed
by Ciiaudoir in his monograph; but, from consideration
of Castelnau's slight description, it seems nearly related to(if
not identical with) 0. oblongus Casteln. 0. reichei Laf.(nomen
nudum) = Coptocarpus convexus Cast.; of. Chaud. Mon. p.510.

OoDES INORNATUS Castelnau.

Trans Roy. Soc. Victoria, viii., 1868, p. 151; Chaudoir, Ann.
Soc. Ent. Fr., 1882 (6), p.343; 0. proximus Casteln., I.e.

It is on the authority of Chaudoir, in his Monograph(p.344),
that 0. proximus has been placed as a synonym of 0. inornatus.
I have identified this species from Chaudoir's description.

Hah. — N.S.W.: Junee(Sloane) — Vic: Bircliip(Goudie).

OoDES PARVICEPS Sloane.

Rept. Horn Exped., Zool., 1896, p. 382.

Bab. — Central Australia: Paisley Bluff, MacDonnell Ranges
(Spencer) — Q.: Mt. Garnet District(inland from Cairns; Dodd).

OoDES OBLONGUS Castelnau.

Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, viii., 1868, p. 149; Chaudoir, Ann.
Soc. Ent. Fr., 1882 (6), p.360; Copiocarpus riverince Macleay,
Trans. Ent Soc. N. S. Wales, 1873, ii., p.329; C. planipennis
Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ii., 1878, p. 216.

This species has an extensive range, but I have never yet
found it. Castelnau's type was from Eastern Creek, near
Sydney. I have inspected the types of Voptocarpus riverince
Macl., in the Macleay Museum, and have no hesitation in
referring them to 0. oblongus. The types of 0. planipennis
Macl , in the Macleay Museum, though more nitid, evidently
represent this species, and have a fine marginal seta within
each basal angle of the prothorax. Below, under 0. Jroggatti,
will be found .some features which differentiate the type-speci-

BY THOMAS G. SLOANE. 447

mens of 0. planipennis and 0. froggatti; all the cliaracters
there attributed to 0. planipennis, are also found in 0. ohlongus.

OODES TRISULCATUS Castelnau.

Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoiia, viii., 1868, p. 150; Chaudoir, Ann.
Soc. Ent. Fr., 1882(6), p. 362.

I have identified this species from the descriptions of
Oastelnau and Chaudoir.

Hah. — Q.: Port Denisonf^ic/e Castelnau), Townsville and
Kuranda(Dodd).

OoDES FiTZROYENsis Macleay.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. VVales,(2), iii., 1888, p.464.

My specimens were given to me by Mr. (J. French, as from
the Burketown District, Gult of Carpentaria; and have been
compared witli Macleay's tj'pes.

Hab. — Q.: Gulf of Carpentuiia — W.A.: King's Sound(Frog-
gatt; teste Macleay).

OoDES DENisONENSis Castelnau.

Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, viii., 1868, p. 150; Chaudoir, Ann.
Soc. Ent. Fr., 1882 (6), p.363.

Hab. — Q.: Port Denisonf^c/e Castelnau), Townsville (Dodd) —
Northern Territory: Pine Creek(^(/e French).

OoDES WATEKHOUSEI Castelnau.

Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, viii., 1868, p. 149; Chaudoir, Ann.
Soc. Ent. Fr., 1882 (6), p. 364; 0. interioris Cast., I.e. p. 150.

A widely distributed species.

Hab. — N.S. W.: Grenfell District(Sloane)— Q.: Cooper's Creek
(teste Castelnau), 'VVinton(yio?e French) — Central Australia: Lake
Callabonna(Zietz), MacDonnell Ranges(Spencer).

OoDES FROGGATTI Macleay.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,(2), iii., 1888, p,463.

This species requires differentiating from 0, jt;/a?tt^e«jas
Macleay. 1 have examined the types of both species in the
Macleay Museum, and found the following differences : —

448 RKVISIONAL NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN CAUABID^,

, 0. froggatti Macleay.

Type,(5'. (unique). Coloui', shining bronzy. No seta at posterior
angle of prothorax. Elytra without scattered minute punctures
on interstices; no trace of scutellar striole at base of first
interstice; a large foveiform puncture at origin of first and
second striae.

0. 2ilanij)ennis Macleay.

Types, (J., two specimens. Colour, black. A seta at posterior
angle of prothorax. Elytral interstices minutely punctate;
scutellar striole at base of first interstice present; a fine puncture
at origin of first and second striae.

OoDES iMPRESSus Chaudoir.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1882 (6), p.365.

I have identified, from the description, specimens found in
Western Australia( Beverley and Rottnest Island) by Mr. A. M.
Lea, as 0. impressns Chaud.

Codes modkstus Castelnau.

Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, viii., 1868, p.l49; Chaudoir, Ann.
Soc. Ent. Fr., 1882 (6), p.366.

Widely distributed in Tasmania and South-Eastern Australia
(New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia).

Codes bostocki Castelnau.

Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, viii., 1868, p. 151; Chaudoir, Ann.
Soc. Ent. Fr., 1882 (6), p.367.

Mr. French has given me a specimen from the Gulf of
Carpentaria, which I identify as this species, from the des-
criptions of Castelnau and Chaudoir. Castelnau gave Nickol
Bay as the locality.

Genus Coptocarpus.

Chaudoir, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc, 1857, ii., p.59; Ann. Soc.
Ent. Fr., 1882 (6), p.507.

{

{:

BY THOMAS G. SLOANE. 44&

Table of Species,

A. Metepisterna not broader than long.

B. Metepisterna and basal segments of abdomen punctate

C. australis Dej.
C. convexus Cast,

BB. Metepisterna impunctate ; ventral segments finely longitudinally
strigose, impunctate, except a transverse row of fine punctures on

basal segment C. cAawrfoiVi Macl.

AA. Metepisterna (with epimera) broader than long.

C. Mesepisterna smooth (only a row of punctures at bottom of femoral
channel); metepisterna and ventral segments not punctate

C. doddi SI.
C. nitidus Macl.

CC. Mesepisterna, metepisterna, and ventral segments punctate.
D. Elytral interstices, after first, equal, depressed; striae light.

Form oval C. gibhts Chaud .

DD. Third and fifth elytral interstices evidently narrower than
fourth and sixth. Form elongate C. impar SI.

Note. — Oodes fuscitarsis Blanchard, has been considered by
Chaudoir (Monograph, p. 509) as synonymous with C. australis
Dejean; but I am doubtful as to the correctness of this. Oodes
thoraciciis Qa.ste\n&\x, -which is placed by Chaudoir (Monograph,
p.5r2) as a Coptocarpus, is unknown to me.

CoPTOCARPUS CONVKXUS Castelnau.

Oodes convexus Castehiau, Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, viii.,
1868, p,151; Coptocarpus convexus Chs^wdo'iv, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.,
1882 (6), p.510.

DiflFers from G . australis Dej., by shorter, more oval shape;
prothorax more strongly angustate to apex; head smaller; met-
episterna shorter. It is more polished and nitid; antennae, tibia?,
and tarsi of a clearer ferruginous colour. I ha\ e identified it
from the descriptions. Length 85 mm. (after Chaudoir).

Hah. — W.A.: Mount Barker and Beverley (Lea), Roebuck
Bay(received from Mr. French).

Var.1 C. championensis Chaudoir. — I have identified, from
comparison with Chaudoir's description, specimens collected by
Herren Michselsen and Harmeyer at Eradu, near Champion Bay.,
32

450 REVISIONAL NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN CAEABIDjE,

as C. championensis , which seems to me rather a local form of
C. convexiis than a distinct species. The less strigulose-opaquei
mesepisterna, without punctures on the surface, except at bottom
of channel to receive the intermediate femora, is the only decided
character by which I can differentiate this form. Length 8'5-9'2,
breadth 3'9-4-5 mm. (Chaudoir gives the size as " Long. 8^-9^,
larg. 3f-4^mill.")

r ,

' CoPTOCARPUS CHAUDOIRI Macleay.

Trans. Ent. Soc. N. S. Wales, ii., 1873, p. 329.
■ This is the northern form representing G. australis Dej.;from
which it seems distinguished chiefly by its nitid sternal side-
pieces without punctures on their surface, the basal ventral
segments nitid, the second not closely covered with a fine
puncturatioii;

,,,' (. CoPTOCARPUS DODDI, n.sp. , '^

c* "' - - • ■

\,s Oval, convex, nitid; labrum 6-setose; prothorax without basal
impressions; elytra : truncate-oval, strongly striate, striae crenu-
|a,te, first interstice witliout striole at base, third interstice biv
impressed on apical half; prosternitra with intercoxal part
bordered, episterna with a few punctures near coxal cavities;
mesepisterna 8raooth(only punctate at bottom of femoral
<;h&.nnel;)^ metepisterna broader than long, impunctate; ventral
segnients impunctate; anterior tarsi in ^ with three basal joints
widely dilatate, fourth joint attached to third near inner side.
Black, shining; lateral margins of prothorax piceous-red;
antennae and palpi reddish; tarsi reddish-piceous.

Head wide(l'6 mm. across eyes), short; eyes round, convex,
inclosed behind. Piothorax convex, declivous to sides(strongly
so anteriorly, lightly so posteriorly), wide(2'3 x 37 mm.), widest
just before base, about twice as wide at base(3-65 mm.), as at
apex(l-8 mm.), minutely shagreened under a lens; sides narrowed
anteriorly in an even curve; apex decidedly emarginate; anterior
angles widely obtuse; base very slightly emarginate, hardly
trisinuate; basal angles subrectangular but obtuse at summit;
median line fine, sometimes hardly perceptible. Elytra wide.

BY THOMAS G. SLOAXE. 451

short(5 X 3-8 mm.), very little wider than protliorax, convex,
strougly and roundly declivous to apex; sides suLparallel towards
base; apex widely rounded; strife 4-7 not reaching base, seventh
and eighth interstices uniting near apex to form a narrow convex
costa. Apical ventral segment in ^ with a conspicuous foveiform
setigerous puncture on each side of middle; in 9 with four
setigerous punctures near apical margin. Length 8-9, breadth
3-8-4-1 mm.

//a6.— N.T.: Port Darwin(Dodd). Coll. Sloane.

A very distinct species, differing from all others with the
metepisterna short, by its impunctate mes- and metepisterna,
and ventral segments; from other species, except C. impar SI.,
it differs by size smaller, elytra more strongl}^ striate, etc.; from
C. impar it differs by its short, wide, more convex form(both
prothorax and elytra much shorter), etc.

CoPTOCARPUs NiTiDus Macleay.

Trans. Ent. Soc. N. S. Wales, ii., 1873, p. 330; C. ovi/ormis
Chaudoir, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1882 (6), p.511. .

I have inspected one type-specimen(9) of C. nitidus Macl., in
the Macleay Museum. I consider, from Chaudoir's description,
that C. oviformis Chaud., is synonymous with it. G. nitidus
has, from type, the metepisterna short, impunctate; mesepisterna
impunctate, except at bottom of femoral channel.

CoPTOCARPUs GiBBUS Chaudoir.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1882 (6), p.511.

I have identified this species from Chaudoir's description.
The female is very convex, the male less so. It is variable in
size, length 10-13, breadth 4-1-5-3 mm.

Hah. — W.A.: Albany(Helms), Bunbury and Mount Barker
(Lea). -

COPTOCARPUS IMPAR, n.sp,

(J. Elliptical, narrow; labrum 6-setose; prothorax trapezoid;
elytra truncate-oval, strongly crenulate-striate, interstices

452 REVISIONAL NOTES OX AUSTRALIAN CARABID^,

sliagreened under a lens, third interstice bipunctate, liumeral
angles marked but not dentiform; metepisterna quadrate, nob
longer than broad, bearing a fe\v(tlu"ee or four) punctures;
anterior tarsi with second and third joints very widely dilatate.
Black, shining; antennte and tarsi ferruginous.

Head elongate(l-8 mm. across eyes), convex; eyes prominent,
distant from anterior angles of prothorax. Prothorax broader
than long(2-63 x 3 6 mm.), widest about basal fourth, much
narrower at apex(l-9 mm.) than at base(3 mm.), siibdepressed
towards base, shining, but minutely shagreened under a lens;
sides lightly arcuate, subobliquely narrowed anteriorly; apex
lightly emarginate; anterior angles not prominent, obtuse but
marked; base lightly trisinuate; basal angles sharply marked
but obtuse at summit; lateral liorder narrow; median line faintly
indicated on disc; a lightly marked basal impression on each
side opposite fourth interstice of elytra. Elytra shining, a little
wider than prothorax(G x 3-8 mm ), liglitly convex; sides lightly
rounded, bending in a long gentle curve to apex; strife finely
crenulate, extending in full depth to apex, 4-7 not reaching
base, sixth and seventh terminating abruptly some distance
from base, seventh strongly impressed; second, fourth, and
sixth interstices wider than the alternate ones. Prothorax with
a few punctures on each side; episterna smooth but bearing a
number of strong punctures. Mesepisterna strongly punctate.
First and second ventral segments punctate, 3-6 smooth; sixth in
(J with a setigerous puncture on each side of middle, in 9 with
four .setigerous punctures near apical margin. Lengthd^- Roe-
buck Bay) 10, breadth 3-8 mm.

9. Differs from ^ l)y upper surface opaque, owing to being
far more strongly shagreened. Length(9. Shark's Bay) 8-2,
breadth 3*6 mm.

//ab. — W. A : Shark's Bay, Roebuck Bay. Coll. Sloane.

I owe two specimens of this species to the generosity of Mr.
C. French. It is evidently a much narrower species than G.
thoracicus Oast., unknown to me in nature, and which Chaudoir
describes as resembling C. oviformis Chaud., not tnore elongate.

BY THOMAS G. SLOANE. 453

From Chaudoir's description of C. ovi/ormis, I conclude that
C. impar must differ from that species by eyes less convex; pro-
thorax with sides less rounded, basal angles more sharply
marked; elytra with apex much more acutely rounded.

Tribe Sphodrini.

Sphodrldce Castelnau, Etud. EntomoL, 1834, p. 78; Bedel, Faune
Col. Bas. Seine, 1881, p. 102 : Platynides Leconte, 185.3; Platy-
ja"ni Horn, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, ix., p. 141; Sloane, Proc. Linn.
Soc. N.S.Wales, 1903, xxviii., p.631.

Priority indicates that, if this tribe is to be recognised, as I
believe it should be, the tribal name must be Sphodrini, not
Platynini.* It is not necessary to define the tribe again.

Tahle of Axintralian Genera.

A. Elytra without dorsal punctures. Tarsi hairy above (ungues with

several teeth near base) , L.^mostenus.

A A. Elytra with dorsal punctures on third interstice. Tarsi glabrous above.
B. Tarsi with fourth joint entire, of interior tarsi small, much
narrower than third joint.

C. Ungues simple Platykus.

CC. Ungues with a single long sharp tooth on inner side near base

UlCKANONCUS.

BB. Tarsi with fourth joint (of four anterior tarsi at least) bilobed, in
anterior tarsi almost as wide as third joint Colpodes.

Genus L .e M o s x e N u s .

Prislonychus Dejean, 1828, is now i-egarded as a synonym of
LcBmoslenus Bonelli, 1810.

L^MOSTENUS C0MPLANATU3 Dejean.

Prislonychus aiistralis Blackburn, must be regarded as one of
the numerous synonyms of this universally distributed species,

* European coleopterists (including Bedel, but not Tschitsclierine) have
considered, in recent years, this tribal name unnecessary; and (following
Schaum) have included it in the tribe Pterostichini; but I am not yet con
-vinced of the correctness of this view.

454 REVISIONAL NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN CARABIDiE

which has evidently been introduced into Australia. Chaudoir
recorded L. complanatus from Australia in 1874;* and, according
to Bedel, P. australis Blkb. = Z. complanatus. '\

Genus Platynus.:j;
Bonelli, Observ. Ent. 1810.

Table of Australian Species.

A. Tarsi with fifth joint glabrous beneath.

B. Elytra with eighth interstice not narrow and convex at apex.

c. Prothorax transverse, strongly narrowed on sides to base and apex.

d. Elytra viridieneous, with narrow testaceous margin; legs pale

P. margiiiicollis M acl.

dd. Elytra obscure; legs fuscous P. marginellus Er.

CO. Prothorax elongate (one-sixth broader than long, yfrfe Blackburn),

gently narrowed to base and apex P. murrayanus Blkb.

BB. Elytra with eighth interstice narrow and convex at apex (size small).

E. Prothorax widely margined, posterior angles not marked; elytra

strongly striate, punctnres of third interstice small... P. machayi SI.

EE. Prothorax narrowly margined, posterior angles marked; elytra

finely striate, punctures of third interstice large, foveiform

P. cooki SI.

AA. Tarsi with fifth joint setulose beneath. (Prothorax narrow, elytra
wide, purple) P. poryhyriacus SI.

Platynus macleayi, n.sp.

Winged, oval, depressed; elytra strongly striate, interstices
lightly convex, third 3-punctate, eighth narrow and convex at
apex; tarsi with fifth joint glabrous beneath. Black; legs and
mouth-parts brownish-testaceous, antennae more infuscate; expla-
nate margins of prothorax piceous-brown.

* Ann. Soc. Ent. Beige, xix., p. 124.

t Cat. Raisonne Col. N. Af., p. 200(1 900). See also Sloane, These Pro-
ceedings, 1903, p. 631.

X Bedel, in his Catalogue Raisonni^ des Col^opteres du Nord de I'Afrique,
p.216(1902) has the following note — " he nom d' A gowun Bon., est anterieur
a celui de Platynus Bon., adopte dans la plupart des ouvrages r^cents. "
Probably this contention is strictly correct; though I am not prepared to
discard the name Platynus without further evidence.

BY THOMAS G. SLOAN E. 455

Head sraooth, lightly and widely impressed on each side of
ifront; eyes convex, reniform. Prothorax broader than long
(1-4 X 2 mm.), widest at anterior marginal puncture, rounded on
sides, more strongly so to apex than to base; anterior margin
lightly emarginate, finely bordered; anterior angles obtuse; base
arcuate-truncate; basal angles obtuse; lateral margins wide,
wider towards base than apex, very wide and upturned at basal
angles; lateral basal impressions deeply concave, wide, margined
externally by the explanate lateral margins; disc rather convex,
strongly canaliculate. Elytra ovate (4'7 x 2*8 mm.); humergtl
angles rounded; apical curve lightly obliquely sinuate on each
side, apex itself rounded; strife deep, simple; third iirterstice
■with a fine puncture near third stria at anterior fourth, and two
other similtir punctures near second stria on posterior half;
eighth interstice a little wider than ninth on' sides, narrow and
convex towards apex. Anterior tarsi of ^ with three basal
joints dilatate and squamulose beneath; fourth joint small, sub-
emarginate; four posterior tarsi with fourth joint small, entir^;
ungues simple. Length 7, breadth 2-8 mm. ■

Hab. — Q.: Kuranda(Dodd). Coll. Sloane.

This species is readily separated from all the other described
Australian species by its convex elytral interstices. It is very
different from P. cooki SI., by its wider prothorax, more widely
margined, posterior angles not marked; elytral interstices nofc
depressed, punctures ot third not foveiform; eyes less prominent,
etc. From the description of the Papuan species, P. jjapuensis
SI., it offers the following evident differences — legs and antennae
not " pitchy black "; posterior angles of prothorax not marked,
elytral interstices not " flat."

Platynus porphyriacus, n.sp.

"Winged, oval, subdepressed; prothorax small, subquadrate;
•elytra strongly striate, third interstice 3-punctate, eighth
depressed at apex; tarsi with fourth joint small, entire, fifth joint
setulose beneath. Elytra purple(of a dark tint), reflexed margins
dark piceous; prothorax and head black; vertex, mandibles.

456 REVISIOXAL NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN CARABIDjE,

labrum, antennae, under part of head, metasternum, coxae, tibiae-
towards apex, and tarsi more or less reddish-piceous.

Head elongate, convex(l*75 mm. across eyes). Prothorax
narrower than head with eyes(l-5 x 2 mm.), widest a little before
middle, not ampliate or rounded on sides; disc finely transversely"
striolate; border not wide, reflexed, more widely so and sub-
sinuate posteriorly; lateral channel wide, developed posteriorly
into a strongly marked wide lateral impression on each sidej
median line strongly marked, extending from the deep arcuate
anterior impression to the wide basal depression. Elytra
truncate-oval, twice as wide as prothorax(6"2 x 4 mm.), lightly
convex, declivous to base; humeral angles rounded; apex of each
elytron obliquely subtruncate; striae deep, finely crenulate; third
interstice with a fine setigerous puncture placed in a light
depression about 1 mm. from base, second puncture about middle
of length, third about posterior fourth; eighth interstice wider
than ninth, narrower but not convex, towards apex. Length.
10, breadth 4 mm.

Hah. — N.S.W.: lllawarra(Carter; type); Blue Mountains-
(Mount Irvine; Ferguson).

At once distinguished from all Australian congeners, by colour;
small narrow prothorax; fifth joint of tarsi setulose beneath.

Note — Near the base of the ungues of the tarsi, a very small
nodule is perceptible at the position of the tooth which is so-
prominent in Dicranonciis.

Genus Dicraxoncus.
Chaudoir, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc, 1850, ii., p.392.

Dickanoncus queenslandicus Sloane.

riatynus qxieevslandicus, Sloane, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.^
Wales, 1903, xxviii., p.633.

Platynus queenslandicus, SI., must be referred to the genu*
Dicraiiuncns, the tarsi having tlie fifth joint setulose beneath.

BY THOMAS G. SLOANE. 457

and the ungues bearing a single strong sharp tooth on the inner
«ide near the base — features which escaped my notice when
■describing this species.

My description was founded on a specinien(2), evidently
■slightly discoloured by age; a fresli specimen((J) received from
Mr. F. P. Dodd, is much brighter; it is coloured as follows.
Head clear yellowish-brown; prothorax nitid, piceous with a
median stripe of the same colour as head; explanate margins
testaceou3(the prothorax has on each side of tlie disc a wide
infuscate area fading to a yellowish colour towards middle,
apex, and base); elytra piceous-black, subopaque with lateral

.margins, lateral border, and suture(narrowly)testaceous; under
surface, inflexed margins of elj^tra and legs pale testaceous;

.antennae and anterior tarsi slightly darker than legs.
Hah. — Q.: Kuranda(Dodd).

Genus COLPODES.

Macleaj', W. S., Annulosa Javanica, 1825. p. 17; Chaudoir
(Monograph), Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1877.

The two Australian species may be differentiated thus : —

■Colour a;neous. Elytra with apex rounded, unarmed C. lafertei Montrz.

• Colour violaceous. Elytra bispinose at apex C. violaceits Chaud.

CoLPODES LAFERTEI Montrouzier.

Anchomenus laJerUA Montrouzier, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr , 1860,
p 238; Colpodes lafertei Cha,n(\o\v, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1877,p.341:
I'lalynus planipennis Macleay, Trans. Ent. Soc. N. S. Wales, ii.,
1871, p.ll2.

Platynus planipennis Macl., agrees so well with Montrouzier's

• brief note on his Anclioinenus lafertei, and with Cliaudoir's note
on the same species, in liis Revision(1877), that (considering, also,
liates's having recorded C. lafertei from Australia), T feel

• certain it is the same species. My former note, suggesting its

probable identity with I'latynus maryiuellus Erichs., was quite

swrong. It is a Colpodes.
33

458 REVISIONAL NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN CARABID^.

Hah. — Australia : Eastern Coastal Districts, from Kuranda,,

Q.,(Dodd) to Ourimbah, N. S.W.(Sloane)— New Caledonia.

CoLPODES viOLACEUS Ciiaudoir.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1859, p. 351; C. mucronatus Macleay, Proc.
Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,(2) ii., 1887, p.218.

I have seen specimens of Colpodes violaceus Chaud., from New
Guinea; and, on comparing them with C. nmcronatus Macl., from
North Queensland, could find no difference; therefore, I cannot
doubt but tliat Macleay's species is conspeci6c with Chaudoir's.

459

POLYMORPHISM AND LIFE-HISTORY IN THE"
DESMIDlACEuE.

By G. I. Playfair.

(Plates xi.-xiv.)

The present paper is to some extent a reply to certain criticisms
of my statements in previous papers, regarding the growth of
Desmids. Originally made to myself in some correspondence^
with which I was favoured, these have recently appeared in print
in "The Algae of the Yan Yean Reservoir," by Dr. G. S. West,
F.L.S. (Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot., Vol. xxxix , 1909). On page 44,
Dr. West remarks : — "Judging by his continual references to-
' immature forms,' Mr. Playfair seems to have rather curious^
ideas on the growth of Desmids. He appears to imagine that a
Desmid may change its form, or develop spines or warts, at any
time during its existence, losing sight of the fact that, unless
dealing with monstrosities, at least one seinicell of any Desmid
must he mature. Cell-division, except under abnormal circum-
.stances, does not take place until the two halves of a Desmid are
equally developed, the newer half having arrived at maturity^
Consequently, in any Desmid in which the two semicells are
exactly alike, growth has ceased and that individual is mature^
Further alteration of form, excluding the possiVjility of changes
caused b}^ the attacks of parasites, does not take place after the
comi)letion of the development of the new half, and spines onc&
formed cannot become bifid or trifid, or in some other way
change their nature, as Mr. Playfair appears to imagine." [The
italics are Dr. West's].*

* In a footnote Dr. West twits me with having mistaken a diatom for a
ClosUrium, quite unconscious apparently that in " Freshwater Algre of
the Third Tanganyika Expedition," (p. 140, PI. 5, f.lS) he has himself
described and tigured the same diatom, Xitzachia ?'ecersa, as Artkistrodesmus-
nitzchiokles, sp.n.

-460 POLYMORPHISM AND LIFIMIISTOKY IN THE DESMIDIACE.Ii:,

With all deference to my distinguished critic, I cannot accept
these statements in their entirety, as I believe they are in some
, i-espects erroneous. I have, indeed, quoted the remarks at
length, because they so clearly and succinctly set forth the
opposite of the facts of Desmid life, as I understand it, and I
, maintain that the more thoroughly the latter is investigated, the
more completely will the truth of this assertion be established.
In the first place, in Australia, in warm weather and in shallow,
stagnant waters, cell-division t/oes take place a second timebefoie
the nascent semicells have become fully developed, and it is
exactly this that gives rise to the multitude of degenerate forms
or " species." I have already given a plain proof of this in my
tirst paper (These Proceedings, p. 197, 1907, Plutes ii.-v.) from
specimens all found in one locality, many years ago. On PI v.,
fig.24, is shown a semicell of Cos', veuustum, and of this species fig.
26(left figure) is a young form(Cos. trilobidattim Reinsch, forma)
, developing into a typical Cos, veuustum through fig. 26 (right
- figure), 'I'he middle figure of the three shows a mixed form of
Cos. trllobnlaluni, and an immature form (f. incogtiita Playf. );
while in tig.25 the latter is sliown as a complete cell. ]n what
. way could fig.25 have come into existence except by division of
., the mixed furm 1— A-t- l>, at division, becomes A + A and B+ l^>.
Agfii", on Pl.xi., of the present paper, tig 7 shows a chain of
eight semicells, which has come about in this way. A, A, formed
the original cell, B,B, are the semicells resulting from the first
division. Before these semicells aie full-grown, or even discon-
nected, a second division has taken place in both cells (almost-
idways in both, showing that it is the outcome of external
influences affecting all alike) and C,C, D,D, are produced This
specimen was abstracted from a small phial containing living
Desmids; before they were disturbed, tully a score of such chains
could be observed, with the aid of a Coddinuton lens, adhering to
the glass. On account of their fragile nature, such chains are
not often f lund in gatherings, though halves are not infrequent
— three immature semicells, and a more mature fourth; rj.
Pl.xi v., figs.9-10. In hot weather, and in shallow stagnant

BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 461

■waters, however, they are quite the rule of li^e, and are the
origin of the immense number of degenerate forms connected
with a species. Vide Pl.xiv., fig. 11, which is part of one end of
a very long chain composed of not less than 24 semicells.

The remaining figures of Pl.xiv., satisfactoril}^ establish this
point. In a gathering of Desmitls lately obtained, fig. 1, Micr.
triiitcaia var. decemdenlata was abundant. In the laboratory,
the weather being warm, they commenced to divide rapidly.
Fig. 2 shows the result of the first division, but before the young
.seniicell(b) has completed its growth, a second division has taken
place, and fig.3, an entirely distinct type, has been formed. As
the result of the fourth division, fig.5 is produced; and, later, I
noted complete cells of the type fig.6rt(practically Micr. oscitans).
In six rapidly repeated divisions, therefore, we find three distinct
degenerate types brought into existence, in addition to the
oiiginal form. All these immature forms, which were present
in quantity, will develop, under favourable conditions, gradually
into that represented by fig.l; and this is not it.self fully
developed, as many specimens were observed with the lateral
lobules doubling tlie teeth(figs.7-8), and thus passing over into-
the type-form, Micr. truncata. In the face of such evidence as
this, it is surely quite clear that the word " mature '' has no
meaning except when applied to the fully-developed and, there-
fore, final form of the species.

But Dr. West might at least have accepted his own evidence.
In "Variation in the Desmidiece''\3 owrn. Linn. Soc. Bot.,Vol.xxxiv.,
Pl.x., tigs. 14-15) he has himself illustrated, in the case of Cos.
Reynesii, what he now denies can take place. He remarks(^.c.,
p. 388), "Many stages were observed in the division of the cells,
and it often happened that a second division of the cells com-
menced before the first was completed. This sometimes con-
tinued until several immature cells intervened between th^
original adult semicells." Compare, also, W. k. G. S. West's
Monog. Brit. Desm.(Vol. iii., Pl.lxviii., f.25). Again, in "Kew
and Interesting Brir. Frw. Algae," Journ. E. Micr. Soc, 1896,
Part 2, these authors have described(p 159) and figured{Pl.iv.,
34

462 rOLYMOBPHISM AND LIFE-HISTORY IN THE DESMIDIACn:^,

f.56) a siinilur same state of repeated division in the case of Sf.
■brad datum. There is nothing abnormal in this kind of division.
Wherever tlie type is to he found, the same immature form
which is produced in this manner may be noted separately, some-
limes in quantity, but tlien it is a new species !

Finally, in tlie last-mentioned paper, it is shown'^Pl.iii., f.29,
:uid Fl.iv., f.43) that newly-divided cells may conjugate and pro-
duce a zygospore. If such cells can accomplisii that rare act, it
cannot be believed that they are unable, under natural condi-
tions, to manage mere vegetative division.

In the second place, so far from growth having ceased when

-cell-division is complete, it is only then that the development of

the plant begins, continuing very slowly in the intervals of cell-

-division. It is because the latter bulks so largely in the life of

the Desmid, that degenerate forms of the species are to be found

in such ai)undance and variety, while the fully-developed form

itself is so very rarely seen. A true Desmid-species consists of

an immense number of distinct polymorphic forms which ai'e

partly successive modifications of the sporangial type under stress

-of rapidly repeated cell-division, partly abnormal (but in no sense

monstrous ) forms pi'oduced by unusual combinations of circum-

.stances, and partly types arising from all these as the result of

their struggle to develop upwards towards the perfect examplar

of the species.

. That spines and processes do develop on the cell, has already

■been conclusively proved in "Some Sydney Desmids." Pl.xii.,

f.9, shows the well-known St. orbiculare with processes full-grown

At the basal angles, and developing in pairs down the sides.

According to Dr. West, St. orbiculare being mature, in the sense

that both semicells are alike, cannot develop any furtlier. But

we see tliat it does, and I have myself observed every stage of

the development.

Compare also Plate xii. of the present paper, where figs.9-14
exhibit the growth of the upper processes of St. sexanmdare, and
tigs.15-18 and 20, form a series illustrative of their very gradual
development (granule — spine — process), and of the resulting pro-

BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 463

gression of the cell from one so-called " species " to another.
The specimens of the latter series all occurred in profusion in the
same gathering(]Sro.60, N.H.S.).

In the following notes, I have made some attempt to exemplify
the real conditions of life and development among the Desmid-
iacece, the result of fifteen years continued observations of the
same "species" from the same localities, at different times and
under a variety of circumstances. This kind of study does not,
indeed, cause one to become acquainted with a very large number
of true Desmid-species, but on the other hand it affords excellent
opportunities for gaining an insight into the life, development,
and connections of such as are to be found locally. The truth
turns out to be exactly what Rev. W. Archer so cautiously
suggested in Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. (New Ser., Vol. ii., 1862).
"It is not proved," he says, " that some other form, whioh in the
{present state of knowledge we are constrained to suppose a
distinct species, may not in truth be only a phase of variation or
of development, or an 'alternation of generation' of the actual
species, whose extremes of variation, or whose life-history, are as
yet unknown."

The Desmidiacece are essentially plants that require to be
studied on the spot, by comparison of the contents of repeated
-gatherings from the same habitat; no reliable determinations can
possibly be made from the contents of isolated samples, and this
is true also not only of the so-called Unicellular Algse, but
-equally of the Diatoms, Peridiniete, Flagellata, and Infusoria as
Avell. In all these realms of life something like ninety per cent,
of the " species " are polymorphic forms of the other ten; and it
is only by tracing out their life-histories through the observation
of transition-forms, that the specific connection of their innumer-
able variations can be established.

I am not aware that this aspect of the subject has received
;niuch consideration hitherto. Three short papers, however, are
mentioned by Prof. 0. Nordstedt in the Bibliography of his
invaluable Index Desmidiacearum, viz.: — F. B. Carter, "Desmids,
;their life-history and classification," Amer. Month. Micr. Journ.,

464 PuLYilORPHISM A\D LIFE-UISTORY IN THE DESMIDIACE^,

Vol. X., No.2, Feb., 1889, and Vol. x., No.4, April, 1889. Also^.
A. M. Edwards, " On ' species ' in tlie Desmidiacese," ibid, VoL
XV., 1894.* Unfoitunately I have not seen these contributions
to the subject.

Polymorphism of Doc. trabecula(lihr.).

There is not the slightest doubt, in my mind, that Doc. Ehren-
berr/ii, trihncatum, creniilatum{F\oy & Bisset), 7/m,xiwMm(Reinsch),
coronatum, Archerii{J)e\'^.), Indicum(^Gr\xn.), baculoides{^oy it
Bisset), nodulosum, phceode'nnum{iicha,a.r.), 6'eor(/ic?t//*(Lagerh.),
SHbffeor(/icu7n{CushnvAu), mamobriumlW . & G. S. West), and even-
bncuhcni are all growth-variations of one and the same species,
which, by the accident of priority, must be called Doc. trabecula.
This may appear a large order, but in truth these forms never
.should have been accorded specific rank in the first instance. A
comparative study of these forms soon compels the conclusion
that they are all one. Accordijig to Turner(Alg. E. India, p. 38),
Ehrenberg recognised several of them as forms of his Doc. tra-
becula; he cites Infusoria, T.vi., f.ii. Is it possible also to scan
the excellent figures in Delponte(T.xix.) without admitting Doc.
nodulosiim as a variation of Doc. irabeculal In fig.3, nodulosiini
and truncalnm are seen as semicells; and fig. 10, which, if
magnified 416 diameters, is a good illustration of Doc. trabecida,.
would at the lesser magnification be considered a form of fi".2
i.e., of D. 'iiodidotiitm. Compare, too, the figures of trabecula
(PI. XXX., figs. 12, 13) with those of maxivnimCPl xxxi,, figs. 1,2) iir
W. ik G. S. West's Monog. Brit. Desm.( Vol.i.). Fig.l of maxi-
tnwu has even the double basal inflations which seem to be char-
acteristic of European forms of Elirenhergii; so also has the figure
of trabecida in Pl.xxx., f. 11.

* Consult also G. S. West, "Variation in the DesmidieaB," Journ.
Linn. Soc, Bot., xxxiv., 1899; W. Schmidle, " Ueber die individuelle
Variabilitut einer Cosmaiienspecies," Hedwigia, 1893, Heft 3; 0. Borge,
"Ueber die Variabilitjit der Desmidiaceen," Ofveis. af K. Sv. Yet.-Akad,
Fiirh., 1890, No.4; and J. Liitkemiiller, " Beob. iiber die Chlorophyllkorijer
einig. Desmid." Oesterr. botan. Zeitschiift, xHii., 1893, No.l.

BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 465

In this genus all the biological groups and variations of a
species are determined by the basal diameter, not by such details
as the configuration of the semicell or peculiarities of the apex,
which may occur at any stage in the life-history. The clavate
c/avaf7im{P\.a]is), the suhc\a,v ate{s^lbclavatum Wittr.), the cylin-
drical (»z«a;«m?<m Reinsch, haculoides R. & B.), the excavated
haculum, phceodermuin), the undulate, etc., are not, strictly
speaking, even variations, let alone species, but merely shapes
caused by growth, which may, and to a large extent do, occur in
every size of the species from lat.lO to lat.54, and probably also,
but of this I have no certain knowledge, right up through the
higliest reaches of lat.60-85.

The chai'acter of the membrane is of no value whatever as a
proof of identity. If the scrobiculation or granulation arose as
the outcome of forces within the cell, they might -have some
weight as distinctive of variation or subspecies; but as a matter
of fact, external circumstances, such as continued stagnation, are
very largely, if not altogether, responsible for them. In sample
No.l09,(N.H.S.), gathered from just a few points along the edge
of the swamp at Gardener's Road, Botany, upon a single occasion,
there are to be found bacuhim, haculoides, Ehr. f. minor, Ehr.
type, Ehr. with 7-undulate base, Ehr. f. elongata, trah. v. crenu-
latnm, trah. v. Farquharsonii(Roy), all alike plainly punctate-
sci-ohiculate. Any extent of scrobiculation, therefore, may be
met with in cells of any age or size. Compare Pl.xi., f.3a, and
Pl.xiv., f. 11, where the scrobiculse are replaced by granules ia
the same cell.

Delponte's Doc. Ehrenhergii. — The stout forms of Doc. Ehren-
hergii — trah. v. Delpontei mihi, and trah. v. constrictum mihi, are
certainly intermediate between the forms of Ehrenhergii proper
and trabecula v. crenulatum (the full-grown form of trahecula-
itself). They exactly bridge the gap, both in size and character,
and might indeed be equally well arranged in the trahecula-
roup. However, Delponte(Desni. subalp. p.2'28, T.xx., figs. 1-7)
and W. & G. S. VVest(Alg. Madag., p.45, PL v., f.40) have alt
accepted them as forms of Ehrenhergii; I have, therefore, included

35

»

466 POLYMORPHISM AND LIFE-HISTORY IN THE DESMIDIACE^,

them within that biological subspecies. As might be expected
of forms linking two subspecies, the specimens of var. Delpontei
vary a good deal in character, specially as regards the apex. The
only character that can be unhesitatingly relied upon, is the
breadth(basal inflation 30-39^). W. & G. S. West, in their Mon-
ograph, have included this variation with the smaller Ehrenhergii-
forms. This is quite impossible with Australian specimens.
Doc. Ehrenbergii proper here, wliile it has precisely the range of
length and breadth given by W. West in Frw. Alg. W. Ire.,
differs from the British forms in having only one basal inflation
at all prominent {never as in Monog., Vol.i., PI. 29, tigs.10-11),
and the apex very often quite smooth. Our forms of Delponte'.s
Ehrenbergii either lean towards trab. v. crenulatum in having a
plicate apex, or it has the apical granules strongly accentuated,
generally in shape more like the teeth of Doc. nodosum, quite
unlike any other form in the species.

The case of Doc. bacnlum. — At the outset I had no idea of
including baculum in the forms of Doc. trabecula, in considera-
tion of its axile chloroplast. In gathering No. 109, however, it
was fairly abundant in excellent condition. There was indeed a
single chloroplast, but parietal and curved round the semicell
into a tube, no pyrenoids at all being present. It seems certain,
therefore, that the chloroplast is first axile, with a central row of
pyrenoids; but, as the cell develops, the chloroplast becomes
parietal, the pyrenoids are absorbed, and the centre of the cell
becomes hollow. Finally, the chloroplast splits up longitudinally
into three or four jiarietal fillets in which the pyrenoids are
reformed.

The inflated form of baculum, which I figure(Pl.xii., f.2) had a
row of decided basal granules; and accompanying it, were cells
more like the typical form in Ralfs(Pl.xxxiii., f.5), and W. & G.
S. West(Monog., Vol.i., PI. 27, f. 1 ). Of these latter, some had
the basal granules replaced by fainter plicae, others had no basal
markings at all, and in other cells again, one semicell would have
basal plicae and the other granules(Pi.xii., f.3). Moreover, a cell
was seen(Pl.xii., f.4), baculoides in shape, but the breadth of

BY G. I. PLAYPAIR. 467

LEhrenhergii f. minor, one semicell showing distinctly the basal
plicse. The pHcse, still more faint, were also noted in a cell of
var. Ehrenbergii(P\.x\i., f.5). These plicae are not visible at the
edge, over the margin of the cell; and it has been contended that
they are of an entirely different nature from the basal granules.
On the other hand, I find them occupying the same position on
either side of the suture, and replacing the granules in the same
cell. Neither granules nor plicae are permanent; as the cell
develops the}' are drawn out flat and disappear. Not only so,
but the SacM^wm-shape may be observed on a larger scale(Pl.xii.,
f. 16), with the 6acw^?t?>i-chloroplast, but without either granules
or plicse. Finally, a cell has been observed(Pl.xii., f.la) having
parietal taeniae proceeding out of an axile chloroplast. Doc.
bdcuhcm, therefore, can be looked upon only as a young growing
form of var. Ehrenhergii, and a variation of Doc. trabecida.
The genus Pleurotcenium also must be included in Docidium.

»"

Notes on, and descriptions of various forms.
Docidium trabecula Ehr.

Doc. trabecula Ehr., cf Nag., Gatt. einz. Alg. T.vi., i.Ab.

Long. semi. 186; lat. bas. 40, centr. 36, ap. 18/j(PI.xi., i.lb): long.
. cell. 380; lat. bas. 44, centr. 37, ap. 21/x; Nag. I.e.

Auburn.

This is Njigeli's form, the dimensions being in perfect agree-
ment. It is a younger form than that generally figured as Doc.
trabecula{Fl.x^[., f.9). A still more immature condition(/>. trun-
catuni) is shown joined to it(f. la and Pl.xii., f.7). Such forms
are quite common here.

Doc. TRABECULA Ehr., another form(Pl,xi., f.9).

Long. 300-33.5; lat bas. 35-38; centr.30-33; ap. 20-21//.

Guildford(78, 114).

In quantity(114), with var. Delpontel mihi, the intermediate
form. This gathering afforded another proof that incrassatioti,
scrobiculation, and granulation of the cell-membrane are due to
stagnation. It remained for a month corked up in a small phial

468 POLYMORPHISM AND LIFE-HISTORY IN THE DESMIDIACE^,

standing in a weak light. On examination, the living cells were-
found to be yellow, incrassate, strongl}' scrobiculate, and in some
cases even granulate; whilst the cells originally dead, of which
there were a considerable number, I'emained unaltered, with a
faintly scrolnculate liyaline membrane. This breadth of trahecula
corresponds to trii.ncatuni f. gracilior Richter.

Doc. TRABKCULA Ehr., forma. (Pl.xi., f.4).

Forma parte inferiori semicellularum cylindracea; lateribus
parallelis, sursum ad apices rapide convergentibus; apicibus rugis
circ.l2(visis 7) ornatis. Long. 346; lat. bas.44; centr.40; ap.21/i.

Guildford(78).

This is the outgrowth of var. Farquharsonii(Roj).

Var. FARQUHARSONii(Roy). (Pl.xi., f.5).

Long.200; lat. bas.55; centr.51; ap.24M.

Botany(109).

Cf. W. ctG. S. West, Monog. Brit. Desm. PLxxix., f.6.

Var. BREFELDii(Istvanffi), f. gracilior. (Pl.xiii., f.23a).

Forma gracilior; apicibus late-rotundatis. Long. semi. 67; lat.
bas.30; max. 38; ap.20/x.

Auburn. Cum var. trwicato.

Cf. IstvanfB, Felso-raagyar. tozeg. megvizs. T.ii., f.35.

Develops into var. truncatnm. Compare Pl.xi., f.3, the two
inner semicells.

Var. TRUNCATUM(Breb.). (Pl.xi., Lla,2,3a),

Long.l70-22S; lat. max.37-45; ap.18-20^.

Auburn(57, 67, 70, 8.5, lOt, etc.).

When the heat causes the large forms of Doc. trahecula to-
divide repeatedly, they descend greatly in size and shape(c/.P]. xi.,
f.7). These degraded forms, howevei', gradually pull themselves
together, and var, truncatum is the result. It is the lowest form
of Doc. trahecula, with the exception of var. ^re/e/f/u'(Istvanffi),
Pl.xiii., f.23«, and allied shapes like vai-. crasaum Boldt(Sibir..

BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 469

Clilor. T.vi., f.44). Var. trnncatum is the form with which the
cell makes a new start in longitudinal growth.

Var. CRENULATUM(Roy &. Bissett), non Ehr. (Pl.xi., f. 13).

Forma Dog. traheculce, semicellulis apices versus attenuatis, rugis
14-16(visis 8-9) intra jiiarginera apicalem instructis. Long.520-
800; lat. bas.35-54; centr.32-51; ap.20-32^.

Ubique (See slides 1,7, 10, 21 for fine specimens).

Cf. Roy & Bissett, Jap. Desra., f.l9. I have never, however,
seen a specimen with a granulate apex. Here the apex is
invariably plicate within the margin. The younger cells are
attenuated from about the centre, but in more mature specimens
only near the tip. This attenuate tip, with its plicfe, is charac-
teristic of this form, which is the variation of trabecula commonly
found in this country. Lat. bas.42-45 is a general size for well-
grown specimens. Roy ct Bissett, I.e., identify this form with
Doc. crenulatum Ehr., but this seems doubtful, as Bailey (in
Ralfs, p. 2 19) identifies the latter with nodidosum. Doc. crenu-
latum Ehr., was an American form, and the figures in West(Frw.
Alg. W. Ire., PI. 19, f.8-12) show that the apex of nodidosum
{coronatum) may easily appear crenulate, or the undulations in.
tJlie sides might have given rise to the name; whereas in Roy &
Bissett's form the plications do not catch the eye even under a
ihigh majjuification.

Var. MAXlMUM(Reinsch), forma. (Pl.xi., f. 15-1 6).

Forma semicellulis apices versus paullo attenuatis; apicibus
trancatis, rugis 14-16(visis 8-9) instructis. Long. 730-875; lat
bas.44-58; centr.38-45; ap.28-30/i.

Collector, Auburn(7, 10). Cum priori rarius.

Doc. maxim,um Reinsch, is only the well-grown and strictly
-cylindrical form of trabecida, with a pronounced basal inflation.
Compare W. & G. S.West, Mouog., Pl.xxx., f.l2, 13, with Plxxxi.,
f.l, 2, It is surely impossible to deny that these are the. same
plant in diti'ereut stages of growth. In this country, any speci-
jnen of trabecida over 400/m long is certain to have a plicate apex;

470 POLYMORPHISM AND LIFE-HISTORY IN THE DESMIDIACEiE,

hence our forms of Doc. maximum dijBFer in this respect from
European cells. This variation is rare here, and the two cells
figured are the nearest approach to the shape of maximum that
I have ever seen.

The order of growth in the trahecida-^t&ge of this species is,
(1) var. Brefeldii, (2)var. Iruiicatum,, (3) traj)ecula, (4) var. crenu-
latum, (5) var. maxitnum — the last occasionally only.

Var. DIADEMATUM, n.var. (Pl.xi., f.8).

Forma lateribus parallelis apices versus convergentibus; basi
levissime inflata; apicibus granulis validis distinctis ornatis.
Long.494-600; lat. bas.37-43; ap.21-24/x.

Collector; Coogee(l); Prospect(43); Auburn(lO).

Found with var. Ehrenhergil&nd var. crenulatum. Thisform dis-
tinctly shows transition going on from the slenderer forms of var.
Ehreiibergii and var. Deljwntei to the stouter ones of trabecula
proper, by increase in breadth from the base upwards. The
upper part of these semicells belongs to the former, as the apex
clearly shows; the lower half to the latter.

This coroneted ajiex is never found in the trabeculaiovms
proper, but is peculiar to the stout form of E]irenhergii[va.r. Del-
pontei mihi). Tlie apex, though it looks so strong, is not per-
manent; the granules are merely rucks in the membrane, and, as
the inflation of the semicell proceeds upwards, it smooths them
out, producing the typical crenulatum-a-pex with faint plicie.

Subspecies Doc. Ehrenhergii mihi.

I use this expression simply as a subheading to indicate a
definite biological group of forms within the species. The word
subspecies has formerly been embodied in the name of the Desmid.
This is, however, not absolutely necessary, and complicates the
nomenclatuie to such an extent as to be quite intolerable. It is
absurd that one should have to employ a whole line of print in
order to make passing reference to some particular form; and,
while it is most important that the various forms should be
arranged according to their natural biological connection, yet why

BY G. I. PLAYFAIR.

471

should it be thought necessary to embody a system of classifica-
cation in the name of any organism? I have, therefore, made
every distinct form a variation of the type holding priority.

Subspecies Ehrenhergii is only the forma minor or, as only
breadth counts in these long forms, the forma gracilior of trahe-
cida proper. Disregarding what may be termed infantile forms,
the breadth in this group ranges from 18^ to 37//, while in
trabecula proper the range is from 37/i to 76/x.

Doc. TKABECULA var. EHRENBEGIl(Breb.).

Long.264-608; lat. bas.18-28; centr. 17-25; ap.12-18/^,
Ubique.

The sizes include f. minor and var. elongatiim. (See note,.
supra, on Delponte's Ehrenhergii).

Var. CONSTRICTUM, n.var. (Pl.xi., f.ll).

Forma var. Ehrenhergii proxima, cylindracea, apices versus
levissime attenuata; lateribus parallelis; apicibus subtruncatis;
supra inflatione basali valde constricta et sursum leviter
excavata et infiata (ad haculum ace), lateribus in excava-
tione undulatis. Membrana vulgo dilute scrobiculata. Long.
644-606; lat. bas.26-28; centr.24-25; ap.l8/x.

Prospect(43), Coogee(l).

The only differences between this form and var. Ehrenhergii
are the decided constriction, and curious excavated appearance
above the basal inflation, in which lie one or two lesser undula-
tions. The shape is somewhat like Doc. 6ac?t^Mm(compare Pl.xi.,
f.l4). This form is intermediate between var. Ehrenhergii and
var. Delpontei; the excavated appearance is, I consider, caused
by the swelling of the cell above the basal u-ndulations prepara-
tory to a widening of the isthmus. The base is somewhat like
that of PL Georgicum Lagerh., Amerikas, f.29, but the semicell
hardly at all inflated.

Var. Delpontei mihi. PI, Ehrenhergii Delp., T.xx., f.1-7.

Forma inter var. Ehrenhergii et traheculam var. crenulatum
intermedia. Semicellulse cylindracese, basi levissime inflatse et

472 POLYMORPHISM AND LIFE-HISTORY IN THE DESMIDIACE^

sursum interdnm inflationibus minoribas, ad apices versus leviter
attenuatae; apicibus truncatis, rugis 14-16 (visis 8-9), vel sjepe
granulis 12-16 (visis 7-9), vel granulis 6 (visis 4) infra marginena
ornatis. Sutura prosiliente. Membrana vulgo dilute scrobiculata.
Long.390-500; lat. bas.30-39; centr.28-35; ap.20-27/i.

Auburn(7, 10, 16, 21), Coogee(l, 4), Guildford(78, 114).

Wherever well-grown specimens of Doc. trabecula var. crenu-
latum are met with, the above form is sure to be found accom-
panying them, along with some form of var. Ehrenhergii. In
slide 1a(N.H.S.) mounted haphazard from a pure gelatinous
crust of Desmids obtained at Coogee, there may be seen, side by
side, four forms exhibiting plainly the development from var.
Ehretibergii to var. crenulaiuui. (I) Var. Ehrenbergii, lat. bas.
20/Li(Pl.xi , f. 10). (2) Var. constricticin mihi, lat. bas.28/x(Pl.xi.,
f.U). (3) Var. Z)e^;)o?i«eimihi, lat.bas.34^(Pl.xi.,f.l2). (4) Var.
crenulatum, lat. bas.42yLi(Pl.xi., f. 13). The forms of var. Delponiei
seem to have a strongly granulate apex more commonly than any
other form in this species. Pl.xi., t.17-21 show five varieties of
apex found in specimens of this variety. ( Ftc^e note on this varia-
tion, supra).

Forma mediol^vis (Playf.). PL mediokeve, ante, 1907,
Pl.ii., f.lO.

Long.410-684j lat. bas.30-38^.

Auburn.

This is merely an incrassate form of var. Delpontei with
strong!}' accentuated scrobiculas. The cells have grown to their
full length, as the square apex shows; and a slight further growth
has taken place at the suture. The apex in this form is exactly
as figured by Delponte, T. xx., f.7. My forma gracilior, I.e.,
p. 162, is only Ehr. f. minor in the same condition.

Forma constricta, n.f. (Pl.xi., f.U).

Forma latitudine ut in var. Delponiei; semicellulis ut in var.
constricto conformatis; apicibus rugis granulisve ornatis. Long.
518-750; lat.bas.30-39; constr.24-31; centr.26-34; ap.l6-27/x.

Aubiirn(7, 10, 21), Botany(108, 109).

BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 473

Var. OVATUM, u.var. (Pl.xi., f.6).

Foi'ma Doc. ovato Nord. consimilis; semicellulis e sutura valde
inflatis; lateribus ad apices rapide convergentibus; apicibus tiun-
catis. Forma var. Delpontei e divisione producta. Long. semi.
95; lat. max.44; ap.21|Li.

Coogee(slide 1a).

Var. lNPicuM(Grun.), non Turner, Frw. Alg. E. Ind, T.iv., f.8.

Long.624-790; lat. bas.28-36; centr 24-33; ap.22-24/ii.

Sydney water-8upply(80, 81).

A plankton form of var. Ehrenbergli, or one caused by serai-
plankton-conditions (a strong current of water). I have never
met with it except in the )Sydney water-supply.

Var. BACULOiDEs(Roy &l Bisset), forma.

Forma bievior, inflatione basali unica tantum. Endochroma
in tsenias parietales 3-4 ordinata. Long.200-276; lat, bas. 15-18-
■centr.14-15; ap.lO-12yx.

Botany(109A). Cum formis sequentibus duabus.

The semicells were the sliape of Pl.xii., f.3rt, but without the
basal plicte.

Var. BACULUM(Breb. ) (Z)oc. bacnlnni). (Pl.xii., f.2, 3).

Long.178-254; lat.bas. 12-15; constr 9-10; centr. 13-15; ap.8-10/x.

Botany(109A). Cum priori.

Endochroma in lamina unica sed parietali disposita. Pyrenoi.
dibus nullis. Jn an empty semicell, the base of which was tilted,
the basal granules were plainly to be seen. They were 16 in
number, each with a plication ascending half-way up the basal
iiiflation. It is noteworthy that there is the same number of
plicae in Doc. inaaubrium, Frw. Alg. INIadag., p.^4.
Forma major, n.f. (Pl.xii., Lib/.

Forma granulis basalibus nullis vel inconspicuis; semicellulis

perfecte cylindraceis, supra isthmum valde inflatis et sursum

. interdum levissime constrictis; apicibus aut rectis truncatisque

474 POLYMORPHISM AVD LIFE-HISTORY IN THE DESMIDIACEiE,

aut rotundatis levissime inflatis, f^ranulis plicisve minutissimis
ornatis. Endochroma in lamina unica ut videtur convoluta, ad
apicein planam ordinata.

A. Long. semi. 200; lat. bas.21; constrict.! 2; centr.l4; ap.lG/^.

B. Long. semi. 244; lat. bas.26; constrict. 16; centr.17; ap.l6/x.
Auburn, Guildford.

A. joined with var. Ehrenhergii, B. with var. Delpontei, the
endochrome of the latter specimen not noted. The semicell is
the shape of var. baculum, but the basal granules or plicpe are
■wanting, and the size is larger. The interest and importance of
the lind lies in the fact that, whereas the endochrome of the var.
Ehrenhergii semicell was normal, the part within the basal infla-
tions of both seniicells was evidently in the form of a parietal
tubular lamina. This portion exhibited the appearance of vertical
fibrils, and this slightly supports my contention that the parietal
lamina of var. haculum divides vertically into four fillets as the
cell develops into var. Ehrenhergii.

Var. EHRENBERGii(Breb,), forma. (Pl.xii., f.5).

Forma ad suturam utrinque serie plicarum obscurariim(circ.
9-10 visis) ornata. Long. 516; lat. bas.25; constr.21; centr.23; ap.
17/x.

Botany(109A). Cum antecedent!.

All the forms in 109 had distinctly punctate-scrobiculate mem-
branes. The three foregoing all had the same smoothly rounded
but truncate apex (Pl.xii., f.8), and showed such an unmistakable
similarity that there could be no doubt whatever of their specific
identity. Doc. manubrium W. A G. S. West, Frw. Alg. Ceylon,
PI. 19, f.ll, and Frw. Alg. Madag., PI. 5, f.31, is simply var.
Ehrenhergii and var. Deljjontei in which the basal plicje of var.
baculnm have persisted. It should stand as Doc. trabecula var.
manubrium. The form here noted is practically the same, but
the plicae very faint. What difference is there between Pl.xii.,
i.\a, and Frw. Alg. Ceylon, PI. 19, f.ll?

BY G. I. TLAYFAIR. 475

Var. PYGM^UM, n.var. (Pl.xii., f.6).

Forma inflatione nulla vera, sed paiillo supra basin constric-
tione levi; apices versus leviter attenuata; apicibus truncatis
glabris; sutura prosiliente. Endochroma in taenias disposita.
Long. 206; lat. bas.l2; centr.l2j ap.9/x.

Botany(108).

COSMARIUM RECTANGULARE Grun.

A large number of well-known "species" combine to form the
life-history of Cos. rectangulare. All of them are mere growing
forms, developing one into another under suitable conditions.
Tiiere is not the slightest doubt about these identifications,
as all the forms occur together, and show that peculiar likeness,
under the microscope, which it is impossible to describe or put
on paper. Wherever one is found, the others are sure to appear
on diligent search. The species is very local round Sydney; after
large and repeated gatherings, not a single one of any of the
forms here mentioned has been obtained from such rich localities
as Coogee, Botany, and Centennial Park. The species is entirely
confined to the clay-soil district of Auburn, Guildford, Fairfield,
Canley Vale, etc., where it occurs in profusion; and although
there are other and permanent waters in the vicinity, yet its
variations are not found except in the tiny drainage-pools and
swampy patches of ground along the Southern railway line, and
at Auburn. Nor have any of them been noted in the Sydney
water-supply, the drainage of a large area at some distance from
Sydney. As confirmatory of my conclusions about these forms,
it should be remarked that many years ago at Collector, 250
miles from Sydney and 2300 feet above sea-level, I found all the
principal variations associated together before.

The "species" included in this life-history are Cos. pseudopi-o-
tuherans Wilie(not Kirchner), and /3 angustius Nord., Cos. sulca-
tum Nord., Cos. repaiidum Nord., Cos. sexangulare Lund., Cos.
hexagonum Elfv., Cos. Elfvingii Rac, and var. saxonicum Rac,
Cos. cydopevm Playf., Cos. odontopleurum Arch.(Koy »k Bissett,.

476 POLYMORPHISM AND LIFE-HISTORY IN THE DESMIDIACEiE,

Scottish Desm., Pl.ii., f.l3), (i)Cos.Jiavum Roy k Bisset, I.e. Pl.ii.,
f.l7, and Cos. jyrottiberans Lund. The last three I have not seen,
but the others are certain. Cos. jiavum must go wherever Cos.
odontopleuTuin goes — the zygospores are exactly alike. The latter
has already been placed as a f. minor of Cos. repandum (vide W.
■& G. S. West, Monog. Br. Desm., iii., 54).

Tlie following variations of this species have been observed
here : —

•Cos. RECTANGULARE var. NODULATUM Playf., «7i<e, 1908, Pl.xii.,f.5

Long.50-62; lat.38-44; crass.30-r>6; ap.17; isth.lO/x.

Auburn, Guiklford(23, 45, 60). Cum forma typica.

This is, as far as I know, the final and fully-developed form.
A vagueness about the apex, which seems to belie this, is pro-
bably due to the appearance of incrassation at the basal angle
and upwards, making the upper part of the cell look weaker by
contrast.

Forma minor. (Pl.xiii., f.5).

Long.36-38; lat.28-30; ap.14, isth.lO/x,

Guildford (60).

Both with and without nodules. This form is almost var.
Cambrense (Turn.) W. &' G. S. West, but a little broader. The
latter in same gathering.

&■-

Var. CAMBRENSE(Turn.) W. & G. S. West, forma.

Forma semicellulis paullo latioribus; hi/ra tnargmes apicales
juxta angulos superiores nodulis singulis utrinque praeditis;
lateribus angulisque plus minusve rotundatis. Long. 36; lat.28;
ap.14; isth.lO/i.

Gui]dford(60).

The nodules in this form were below the apical margin.

Var. UENTATUM, n.var. (Pl.xiii., f.46).

Forma semicellulis ad var. nodidatum accedentibus; lateribus
6 basi fere parallelis; angulis basalibus dentatis. Long.50-52;
lat.38;ap.20-21;isth.8-12/..

Guildford(89, 114).

BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 477

Var. ALTius, n.var. (Pl.xiii., f.4rt).

Forma semicellulis basin versus quadratis; angulis basalibus
rectis; lateribus e basi parallelis suisum ad apices convergen-
tibus; apicibus late-truncatis; angulis lateribus et superioribus
levigatis. Long.60; lat.40; ap.20; isth.8//.

Guildford(89). Cum priori.

Var. QUADRIGEMINATUM Playf., I.e., p.614. (Pl.xiii., f.l).

Long.45-52; lat.34-38; crass. 25; ap. fronte 15-20; latere 14/x.

Guildford(60), Fairfieid(79). Cum priori rarius.

With its four nodules at the apex, this has the appearance of

being a collateral type. It is, I think, certain, however, that it

resolves itself into var. nodulatum. Tlie form of var. Camhrensey

supra, is practicall}' a forma minor of this, as it must have four

nodules.

Var. NOTATUM, n.var. (Pl.xiii., f.2).

Semicellulje altiores, magis quadratae; lateribus parallelis;
apicibus leviter arcuatis: angulis inferioribus ut in Cos. repando
Nord. notatis. Long.50-51; lat.40-42; crass. 24-3 1/x.

Collector.

This has the same markings under the basal angles as Cos.
repanduin ; they foreshadow the accentuated angles and pointed,
end-view of var. nodulatum.

Var. REPANDUM(Nord.). (Pl.xiii., f.l 2).
Forma lateribus perfecte rectis. Long.43-50; lat. 30-40; crass.

00

J.2fi.

Collector.

Cf. Nord., Frw. Alg. N. Z., p.5S, PI. 6, f.l4. This form pro-
bably develops into var. nodulatum; while Nordstedt's form,
with hollow sides, grows into var. denlatum mihi.

Var. ANGUSTius(Nord.), I.e., p. 58, T.vi., f. 15, 16.

Long.32-33; lat.24; isth.8;i.
Collector.

478 POLYMORPHISM AND LIFE-IIISTORY IN THE DESMIDIACE*,

According to outline, this really goes under var. repandum, of
which it is the forma minor. Its sides are not so sloping as in
var. Finmarkice. Var. angustius has the same I'elation to var.
repandum that var. cyclopeuvi has to var. Finmarkice, or var.
Cambrense to var. notatum.

Cos. RECTANGULARE Grun., type.

Long.43; lat.33/x.

Guildford(60), Auburn(85).

Var. 7?ii}i?<s( Wille), {Cos. gotlandicum /3 minns Wille, Norges
Fersk., p. 31, T.i., f. 13) I have not yet noted, but I think it
certainly a var. of rectangulare. From the figures given by Wille
and Wittrock, and lately hy W. & G. S. West in their Monograph,
it appears that the common form in Europe is depressed in the
semicell, while ours are more generally subquadrate.

Var. FiNMARKl^, n.var. (Pl.xiii., f.I3).

Forma lateribus e basi plana rapide divergentibus; angulis
superioriljus plus minusve rotundatis; apicibus arcuatis. A vertice
semicelluifB ellipticpe utrinque inflatte. Long. 38- 42; lat.33-38;
crass. 2 2-2 7/i.

Collector, Canley Vale(llO).

Develops into var. repandum or var. nodulatum by broadening
of the base, the sides becoming less divergent. I had tliis
originally down as var. pseicdoprotitbei-ans (Kirchner), but the
forms given by Nordstedt, Desm. Gionl., T.7, f.3, and W. &, G.
S. West, Monog. iii., Pl.lxxii., f.6-8, certainly belong to Cos. con-
tractuni Kirch., as does also the Cos. stdcatuni var. incrassaium
AV. & G. S. West, Alg. Ceyl, PI. 20, f.36-38, a form extremely
common in this district. The variations of Cos. rectangulare
(including sulcatum, etc.) never have an incrassate centre or an
open sinus. Cos. coutractam, Cos. ellipsoideum, Cos. foveatum
Schm.( = Cos. incrassatum Playf., according to G. S. West), and
Cos. pseud oprotnberans Kirch., are young forms of ^r. Bulnheimii
Rac.j^Desm. Nowe, T.vi., f. 17) of which Xan. iiiclioatum Nord.,
. and /3 mammUlatum Playf., are variations. These forms are all

BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 479

• commonly incrassate in the centre of the semicell; and never
have a linear sinus, but always an open one, or, at most, one
with parallel sides. Compare the Cos. coiitractian in Rac, Desm.
Polou., T.X., f. 10. The development of the latter also is from
the top downwards; the broad truncate apex tends to remain and
become broader. In Wille's pseudoprotuberans,{ = var. cyclopeum
Playf., forma) which is certainly a variation of Cos. rectangidare,
the semicell develops from tlie base upwards, the truncate apex
being continually obliterated. Wille's form is said(Monog., iii.,
ip.TO) to be a variation of Cos. protii^berans Lund., and this I
think very probable. The latter, then, must be considered a
variation of Cos. rectangulare, a form indeed smaller than any I
have yet observed, but Gutwinski has recorded the type as low

■ down as 28 x 25. Like Cos. protuherans Lund., all these
recta7igula7-e-v a.ria.tions have a minutely and closely punctato-
scrobiculate membrane, not always so evident as in my figures,

• but always visible. Relying, therefore, on the evidence of Nord-
stedt and W. & G. S. West, I have relegated the name j^seudo-
protiiherans to Cos. conlractum. But my form in Pl.xiii., f. 13, is
manifestly(38-42 x 33-38) the f. major of Wille's specimen(33 x 27)
and is certainly identical with the '■'■ forma angidis superioribus
semicellularum rotundalis" of Borge, Norska Finmark, p. 12,
f. 10, upper semicell. I have, therefore, given it the name var.
Finmarkice.

Var. ROTUNDATUM, n.var. (Pl.xiii., f.l7).

Forma var. Finmarkice angulis superioribus valde rotundatis.
Semicellulai subreniformes; lateribus e basi plana divergentibus,
minimo spatio rectis; angulis lateralibus laterotundatis; dor.so
latissime et perfecte arcuato, Membrana punctato-scrobiculata.
Long.38-42; lat.32-3(.i; crass.21; istli.8/x.

Guildford(114), Canley Vale(llO).

This form, of whose connection there is no doubt, affords an
excellent example of the smoothing down of a characteristic
feature in the stress of cell-division. In the smaller forms com-
pare var. reniforme and var. suhreniforme.

480 POLYMORPHISM AND LIFE-HISTORY IX THE DESMIDIACEiE,

Var. HEXAGONUM(Elfv.)W. & G. S. West, forma major.

(Pl.xiii.,f.3).

Forma major, prse latitudine pauUo longior, Semicellulse
magis quadratse, lateribus longioribus; a vertice ellipticse mediis
lateribus angulatis, polls late-rotundatis. Long. 44; lat. 36;.
crass. 24/Li.

Guildford.

Compare Elfving, Desm. Finsk. T.i.,f.8j synonym Cos. Elfvingii
Rac, Desm. Polon., p. 27.

Var. SAXONicuM(Rac.). (Pl.xiii., f.6).

Long.44; lat. 40; isth.8/i.

Canley Vale(llO).

Syn. Cos. Elfvingii var. saxonicum Rac, Desm. Nowe, T.i., f.l4.

This is practically var. Finmarkice with the basal angles-
developed into a tooth. Many other forms occasionally show the-
tooth, sometimes onl}' on one basal angle. The tooth is not per-
manent, but develops, as the cell grows, into the basal angle of
var. nodulatum.

Var. AUSTRALE, n.var. (Pl.xiii., f. 15).

Forma var. sa.xowico(Rac.) consimilis(sine dentibus); lateribus
brevibus, leviter divergentibus; angulis basalibus acuniinatis,
superioribus fere rectis plus minusve rotundatis; apicibus
arcuatis. Membrana minute punctato-scrobiculata, interdum
plicis subapicalibus binis, ternisve ornata. A vertice semi-
cellulse ellipticje polls rotundatis (vel aciiminatls 1) utrinque
inflatione glabra, bi-, tri-cuspidata vel bi-papillata instructie.
Long.38-42; lat.36-38; crass. 2 2-2. 5/x.

Collector, Guildford(69).

The above bears considerable resemblance to Cos. sulcatum
Nord.,(fornia) W. & G. S. West, Alg. Madag., PI. 9, f.28; and I
had, at first, the intention of making that the type-form under
the name of var. Madagascarense, However, the Madagascar
form is slightly flattened above, has more pointed angles, more
sloping sides below and the typical sulcatum end-view, in all of.

BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 481

which it leans to var. sulcatum, and is indeed the transition-form
between the latter and var. australe.

Forma. (Pl.xiii., f.l4).

Forma apicibus plus minusve acuminatis, ceteris ut supra.
Long.42; lat.38; crass. 24^.

Guildford (6 9). Cum priori.

This form shows the beginning of growth towards a truncate
apex and subhexagonal outline.

Var. OCELLATUM, u.var. (Pl.xiii., f.l6).

Forma incrassatione ad angulos laterales instructa. Pyren-
oidibus singulis magnis. Long. 40-42; lat. 34-35; crass. 20; isth.6/ii.
Guildford(89).

The peculiar appearance across the lateral angles is not a true
ocellus, but apparently an incrassation. It seems to be one of
the ways by which the angle is obliterated.

Yar. PATEREFORME, H.var, (Pl.xiii., £.18).

Forma semicellulis subreniformibus; basi plana; angulis later-
alibus late rotundatis; lateribus levissime arcuatis ad apices con-
vergentibus; apicibus truncatis; angulis superioribus peene levi-
gatis. Long. 40-42; lat.3o-37; ap.l2; isth.8/i.

Guildford(89), Canley Vale(llO).
Forma. (Pl.xiii., f.l9).

Forma angulis lateralibus macula incrassata ornatis; ceteris ub
supra. Long.40-44; lat.35-38; basis 30-32; ap.l4; isth.8-10/[x.

Canley Vale(llO), Guildford(I14).

Yar. SEXANGULARE(Lund.). (Pl.xiii., f.22).

Forma senilis, membrana incrassata, Long.40; lat.37; isth.8;^.

Collector,

Cos. sexangulare Lund., Desm, Suec. T.ii., f.23. The hexagonal
form is not stable, but gradually develops into a higher form.
Occasionally, however, it becomes fixed by incrassation,

36

482 POLYMORPHISM AND LIFE-HISTORY IN THE DESMIDIACEyE,

Var. sULCATUM(Nord.). (Pl.xiii., £.21).

Long.37; lat.32; crass. 18/x.

Collector, Moura.

Cos. sulcatum Nord., Alg. Sandvich. T.i., f.lS, 19. This is
sciagraphically a variation of sexangulare (as is also papillahim,
mihi) with more pointed lateral angles and narrower base.
Exactly the same two forms occur here in Cos. hirehim. The
dimensions given by Lundell agree perfectly with Nordstedt'.s
highest for Cos. sulcatujn. The sulcae are not characteristic of
this variation, or indeed of any of them, being sometimes present
and sometimes not, in all forms of var. FinmarkicH and var.
cyclopeurn, besides. In none have they any permanence, being
simply a transitory device to allow for the considerable develop-
ment in thickness {crass.) characteristic of the highest forms. In
the lower forms they are often reduced to a single granule, or
refractive (but not incrassate) spot, generally just below the
apical margin but sometimes nearer the centre of the semicell.
These hexagonal forms do not constitute a separate life-history
within the species, or a distinct side-issue of it. In difFerenfe-
sizes they alternate in development with those forms having a
regularly arcuate apex. Like most other Desmids, so far from
being fixed unchangeable organisms, they are merely shapes, types
of outlines which occur over and over again with varying dimen-
sions in different stages of the life-history of the plant. The
species at its simplest is not a form, but a series of forms, through
which development moves. Tliis series, however, is, in Cosmi-
rium, obscured largely by a number of degenerate forms produced
by repeated division, and by a third set of forms the product of
environment. In tliis species, however, I have noted a well-
mafked series in major and minor sizes. Compare reniforme-
suhreniforme-cyclopeum-suhhexagonum, with rotundaluta-patere-
fovhie-australe-nodulatuni. There maybe in a species, a form a
'minima, forma minor-, forma major, and forma marAm^t, of the
same shape, but never under any circumstances does any one of
these develop directly into another — always through at least one
different form.

BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 483

Var. PAPILLATUM, n.var. (Pl.xiii., f.20).

Forma var. sulcata consimilis, sulcis nuUis, papilla autem sub-
apicali ornata. Long.35; lat.33; basis 22; ap.l2; isth.8/x.

Canley Yale (110).

In all the(llO) specimens the papilla was general and distinct,
showing plainly in side-view, whether it occurred in VAVxyclopeum,
var. suhhexagonum, var. suhreniforme, or var. 2^«pi^^a<^<»i. This
is another point that goes to show that differences in the mem-
brane are largely due to conditions of environment affecting all
alike. In other localities, the papilla is rare or only faintly-
expressed, the form of the cell being the same.

Var. SUBHEXAGONUM, n.var. (Pl.xiii., f.Sa, 11).

Forma semicellulis var. cyclopeo congriientibus, subhexagonis
autem; dorso elevato, plus minusve angulato; interdum papillis
subapicalibus 1-3 instructis. Long.33; lat.29; ap.lO; isth.6/ij

Guildford(114).

Found also as : —

Forma mixta 1. — var. suhhexagonum et var. cyclopeum. Long.
33; lat. var. subhex.'Id, v&v.cyd. 27; isth.6/x.

Forma mixta 2. — var. suhhexagonum et var. suhreniforme.
.Long.34; lat. var. subhex.30, var. suhren.2.b; isth,5/i.
Guild ford (11 4).

Var. CYCLOPEUM(Playf.), ante, 1907, PI. v., f.l2.

Granulnm parvum infra apices saepissime abest. Pyrenoidibus
singulis. Endochroma verticaliter divisa. Long.30-36, lat.26-32j
basis 18; crass. 18; isth.6-8/i.

Collector, Guildford(114). (Pl.xiii., f.7).

This form, first found years ago at Collector, is not uncommon
here along with other forms of the species. It turns out to be
the same as Wille's pseudojjrotuberans f. minor in Norges Fersk.,
Pl.i., f. 18. The breadth being worked out from the figure, his
dimensions are 33 x 27 x 21, isth.S/i. It lias no connection with
■Cos. pseudoproiuberans Kirchner.

484 POLYMORPHISM AND LIFE-HISTORY IN THE DESMIDIACE^,

Var. SUBRENIFORME, n.var. (Pl.xiii., f.9).

Forma e var. cyclopeo, angulis lateralibus basalibusque conflu-
entibus pr-oducta. Semicellulse subtriangulares; apicibus angustis
subtruncatis; angulis basalibus latissime rotundatis; lateribus
sursum leniter deplanatis, ad apices rapide convergentibus; api-
cibus infra marginem interdura papilla instructis. A vertice
ellipticse, utrinque leviter inflatte, polis obtusis. Pyrenoidibus
singulis. Endochroma verticaliter divisa. Long. 30-35; lat. 23-30;.
crass. 15; ap.8-12; isth,5-6/x.

Canley Vale( 110), Guild f ord( 1 1 4).

The basal angles of this form are always broadly rounded,,
never sharp as in Cos. nitidulum De Notar., and Cos. galeritum
Nord. Var. suhreniforme and var. reniforme are produced from
var. cyclopeuvi by repeated division.

Forma mixta — var. cyclopeum et var. suhreniforme, Long.30;
lat. var. cycl 28, var. suhreii.^b; isth.6/x.

Guildford(114).

Var. RENIFORME, n.var. (Pl.xiii., f.lOa).

Forma e. suhreniformi producta, dorso depresso. Semicellulfe
depresspe, pajne reniforme.s; dorso leniter arcuato. Membrana
minute punctato-scrobiculata.

Found as yet only as mixed forms : —

Forma mixta 1. — V&.Y. reniforme et\a.v. suhreniforme. Long^
33; lat. renif. 29, snhrenif. 29, ap. 10; isth.6/n.
Fairfield(116).

Forma mixta 2. — var. reniforme et var. cyclo2:)eum, f. Long.-
27; lat. renif. 25, cycl. 23; isth.Syn.

Guildford(114).

The latter is practically identical with the mixed form figured
by Borge, Alg. v. Schweden, T.2, f.26; the size also is the same.
It has already been connected with Cos. rectangulare by W. & G.
S. West, Monog., p.56.

I had at first intended arranging all these variations in three
sections or subspecies, viz.: — (!) lower sides parallel, (2) lower

BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 485

sides divergent, (3) semicells hexagonal. Simple and reasonable
as this classification looks, when only a few forms are known, it
is entirely artificial and broke down at once as soon as proper
research was made into the life of the species. First, a large
number of forms appeared, both in quantity and as formce
mixtce, which had rounded outlines and yet were too closely con-
nected with more typical forms to be separated from them and
■ classed by themselves. Secondly, I discovered that between the
extremes of the type, on the one hand, and var. sexangulare on
the other, there might be found every degree of slope in the
lower sides. This goes far to prove the connection of them all
in one species.

St. monticulosum Breb., and St. forficulatum Lund.

When a small isolated pool or patch of swampy ground is
selected, and the Desmids it contains subjected to close and
systematic investigation extending over several years, two things
-ipay be expected. Firstly, we may be simply overwhelmed with
polymorphic forms, all plainly connected together in life and
growth (among which will probably be many well-known
"species"), and all anastomosing togethei', through transition-
forms, into a perfect maze. Secondly, a series of forms may be
obtained, showing every stage in the development of any given
Desmid; and, by patient search, the difference between any two
terms of the series may be made as small as desired.

There might be some justification for the theory that a certain
similarity in outline is merely the record of evolutionary relation-
ship, provided we were able to retain a reasonable gap between
the forms. But when two such evolutionary relations become con-
nected by a series of forms exhibiting no greater diff'erence among
themselves than may be found in the figures of a kinematograph
film, we are justified in considering that it is the record of one
-continuous action. Such a series is figured in PI. xii. , f. 15-20.

The following are the specifications of the various forms : —

St. orbiculare var. MUTicuM(Breb.). (PI. xii., f.l5).
jLong.SOj lat.24; isth,8/x.

486 POLYMORPHISM AND LIFE-HISTORY IN THE DESMIDIACE.E,

Guildford(60).

The seraicells become a little more adpressed in the next formy,
which develops out of this — hence the cells are a little shorter.

Var. GRANULOSUM, n.var. (Pl.xii., f.l6).

Forma semicellulis subreniformibus, sinu angusto introrsum
rotundato constricta; angulis lateralibus interdum aculeo minuto
prseditis; apicibus interdum levissime deplanatis; lateribus den-
ticulationibus minutissimis 3-5 instructis. A vertice semicellulse
triangulares; lateribus concavis; angulis inflatis acuminatis aculeo
minuto munitis; medio granulis 6 concentrice ordinatis et mediis
angulis binis. Membrana minute punctato-scrobiculata. Long,
27-28; !at.24-30; ap.8-10; isth.8-10^.

Guildford (60).

This form is found sometimes with four denticulations and a
spine (or five without) on each side, developing through var.
aculeatiim into t\\Q forficulatnm-iovn\; and sometimes with three
denticulations and a spine (or four without) growing directly into
var. bi/arium forma.

Var. ACULEATUM, n.var. (Pl.xii., f.l7).

Forma sinu angusto non lineari constricta. Semicellula3 sub-
triangulares, plus minusve adpresste; apicibus minime deplanatis;
angulis lateralibus in processum bifidum brevissimum productis;
lateribus levissime convexis, aculeis brevibus geminatis binis
superiie instructis et interdum denticulationibus supra processum.
A vertice semicellulae triangulares, interdum angulis inflati*
lateribus concavis, interdum angulis planis lateribus psene aut
perfecte I'ectis; apicibus angulorum constrictis, in processum
cylindraceum brevissimum productis. Membrana punctato-
scrobiculata. Long. c.ac. 34, s.ac. 30-32; lat. c.proc. 32, s.proc.
28-30; long, spin.circ. 2; ap. 10; isth. 8-10/i.

Guildford(60).

The end-view is at first with inflated angles and hollow sides,^
as in Si. orhiculare; but develops into one with flat sides. At
this stage, the end-view much resembles that of St. suhmonticu-

BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 487

los^im Roy & Bisset (Jap. Desm., f.7); which is another variant
of this species.

Var. BiFARiUM(iS"ord.) forma. (Pl.xii., f.18).

Forma angulis lateralibus in processum brevem productis; pro-

cessibus(si)inisve) sublateralibus inter angulos et apicem superne

positis. Membrana punctato-scrobiculata. Long, c.proc. 25-38,

sj.proc. 25-30; lat. c.proc.30-36, s.proc.24-26; ap.12-14; isth.lO-12/i.

Guiklford(60).

Specimens of long.2o-28/Li, are those in which the apical pro-
cesses are very short, hardly projecting above the apex. The
processes, which in Nordstedt's form are on a level with the
lateral angles, are here situated higher up, projecting above the
sides in front view; but as the semicell develops, they grow out
more and more horizontally, and descend gradually to the level
of the lateral processes.

St. ToJiopekaligense Wolle,(c/^. W. & G. S. West, Frw. Alg. Ceyl.,
p.181, P1.21, f.27)is amore fully developed form of var. hifarium.
The shape of the body is that of St. orbiculare var. muticum, and
the size exact(36 x 27, isth.9-5). Thei-e is, of course, no specific
characteristic in the length of the processes — it stands to reason
that they grow longer; nor is the number of spines of any value;
it is just as easy for a third and fourth to develop as it was for
the first two.

Var. FORFicULATUM(Lund.) forma. (Pl.xii., f.20).

Forma minor, verrucis basalibus et processibus utrinque ad
angulos deficientibus. Membrana punctato-scrobiculata. Long,
c.proc. 34, s.proc. 30-32 ; lat. c.proc. 36, s.proc. 28-30 ; ap. 14 ;
isth. 10-16/i.

Guildford(60, 114).

Ya.v. forjiciilatum is a collateral variation with var. hifarium
in this line of development. In the latter the apical processes
develop at the expense of the others, while in the former it is
the lateral processes that do so, the others being reduced (for the
time) to mere bifid verrucje. Lundell's end-view does not seem

488 POLYMORPHISM AND LIFE-HISTORY IN THE DESMIDIACE^E,

to be quite accurate. Thex'e are three pairs of processes down
each side; there should be three, therefore, (besides the sublateral
ones) in end-view. Tlie two denticulations at the apex of his
figure are the tips of the two apical verrucae at the head of the
foreshortened angle.

A mixed form of the above and var. hifarium forma was noted.

Var. AGGERATUM(Playf.), ante, 1907, Pl.iv., f.21.

Long. 28; lat. s.sp. 30/i.

Botany.

Both front and end-views are quite correct. Var. aggeratum
is a young form of var. forficulatum, and develops into it through
var. aculeatum.

Forma. (Pl.xii., f.l96).

Forma lateribus apicibusque magis rotundatis, glabris; apicibus
quam levissime deplanatis; angulis lateralibus interdum aculeo
interdum nullo prseditis.

Common round Sydney. This form, like var. granulosum, is
common to both the hifarium and forficulatum lines of develop-
ment. Dimensions noted as yet only in : —

Forma mixta. — var. hifarium f. et var. aggeratum f., Pl.xii.,
f.l9. Long, c.proc. 35, s.proc. 32; lat. var. hifar. c.proc. 38, s.proc.
26; lat.var. agger, c.sp. 34, s.sp. 28^.
Guildford(60).

St. SEXANGULARE(Bulnh.) Ptabenh.

Descriptions of variations illustrating the development of
pi'ocesses.

St. sexangulare var. STELLiNUM(Tarn.).

Synonyms, St. stellinum Turn., Alg. E. Ind., PL 15, f.6; St.
sexangulare f. 5-radiata immatura Playf., an^e 1907, p. 185, PI. v.,
f.ll. Lat. c.proc. 7 5- 120^.

Collector.

The processes become shorter and stouter as the denticulations
form.

BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 489

Forma mixta. — var. stellinum et var. gemmescens (infra).
Long, c.proc. 34, s.proc.32; lat. stell. 98, lat. gemmesc. 7'2fi.
Collector.

Var. PLATYCERUM(Josh.). (Pl.xii., f.9).

Long. 30; lat. corp. 16, c.proc. 76; isth. 10/x.

Sydney "Water-supply.

A six-rayed form; only an optical section is given of all the

forms. Compare Joshua, Burm. Desm., PI. 24, f.2. Whatever

the author intended fig.l to be, it can be accepted only as the

end-view of a four-rayed form. Cf. Borge, Austral, siissw., T.2,

f.23.

Var. DENTATUM, n.var. (Pl.xii., f.lO).

Forma dentibus triangulis singulis vel aculeis validis singuh's
in vieem processuum superiorum instructa. Long, centr. 30-40;
lat. corp. 17-18, c.proc. 64-76; isth. 10; long.spin. ad 12fx.

Sydney Water-supply. Cum priori rarius.

Fig. 10a shows the spine from another specimen, indicating a
second mode of development. Granules form on either side of
the spine, and as these grow outwards into spines the upper part
of the original falls in and is drawn out flat.

Var. GEMMESCENS, n.var. (Pl.xii., f.ll).

Forma processibus superioribus brevissimis, glabris, bifidis;
apicibus cellularum interdum productis truncatis. Long.centr.
36; lat.c.proc. 80/^.

Collector.

Var. SUBGLABRUM W. & G. S. West, forma. (Pl.xii., f.l2).

Forma processibus superioribus perfecte glabris, vel denticula-
tionibus singulis utrinque munitis, Long.centr. 60; lat.c.proc.

100;..

Collector.

Var. ASPERUM, n.var. (Pl.xii., f.l3).

Forma denticulationibus processuum psene in aculeos protractis;
processibus leviter inflatis. Long.centr. 60; lat.c.proc. 105/..
Centennial Park. Rarissime.

490 POLYMORPHISM AND LIFE-HISTORY IN THE DESMIDIACE^,

Pen. spirostriolatum Barker. (PI.xiii.,f.24).

Long. 210; lat. 18; ap. 10/x.

Botany(109).

A cell with costse more spiral than any I have seen before.
The specimen shows very well the development of the membrane.
The new growth perfectly hyaline and unstriate, the older portion
rufescent and costate.

Cl. rostratum Ehr. (Pl.xiii., f.25).

Forma cum endochroma 6-radiata; vesiculis terrainalibus dis-
tinctis granulos circ. 7 continentibus. Membrana corporis
rufescente, striisnullis. Long.293; long.corp.152; lat. 18; ap.3,4/x.

Potts Hill(113).

The beak of the lower semicell approximates to that of Cl.
Kiltzingii. This species is a most serious example of the way in
wliich obvious and striking characteristics have been ignored
liitherto in the diagnosis of the species, and minute differences,
which can often with difficulty be recognised, have been elevated
into fundamental specific characters. Cl. Kiitzingii, Cl. setaceum,
Cl. promim Breb., and elegans Breb., ai'e all merely growth-
variations of Cl. rostratum as the nomenclatural type. In this
connection it should be noted that W. & G. S. West, in their
Monograph, have failed to recognise Cl. pronum Breb. Brebisson
in his "Liste," pp.156-157, uses the same words to describe the
beak oi Cl. p)'>'onum as of Cl. setaceum, viz.: — " prolongement fili-
forme diaphane," the apex "obtus et meme un peu renfle." Cl.
pronum, which is not uncommon round Sydney along with Cl.
Kiltzingii, has a body about one-half the length of the cell, much
longer proportionately than in Cl. setaceiim, and about 8/i broad.
Sometimes the body is fusiform and evenly attenuated, but some-
times flat on one side (mdre or less) and inflated on the othei'.
The latter is Brebisson's form, and gives rise to his remark : —
" Ce Closterium ressemble au Cl. gracile." The membrane is
generally slightly rufescent and faintly striate, the striae always
with difliculty detected. Cl. elegans Breb., in my judgment, is a

BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 491

young form of CI. j)i'onum in which the setaceous beak is not
quite formed, the tip acute. Cleve's figure, Sveriges sotvattens-
a]g., f.8., shows both these forms together, the lower semicell
pronum, the upper elegans. The range of dimensions noted in
Australian specimens was : — Long. 159-400; lat. 7-11; ap.circ.2//;
with broader specimens of lat. 13-18 intermingled. The latter
verged on CI. seiaceurn, but the body proportionately longer, and
still the tendency in the inflation to be towards the inner side.
Br^bisson's figures work out at about : — Long. 4 54-483; lat.9-13/Li.
Raciborski, Desm. Ciast, p. 10, Pl.i., f. 40, gives — Long.314; lat.8;
ap. 2fjL — membrana luteola, subtiliter striata. Compare the
remarks by Bernard, Protococc. et Desm., p.64, and his figure
Pl.i.,f.54.

Trip, gracile var. suPERBUM(Maskell) Nord., forma.
(Pl.xiii., f.26).

Long. semi. c.sp. 290, centr. 278; lat.bas.c.sp. 60, s.sp. 38/x.

Botany(2a).

This specimen I noticed lately in the same sample that yielded
Trip, serratran Playf. {ante 1907, Pl.ii., f.2). By comparing it
with the latter, the development of the teeth may be observed.
From the back of each tooth, a second grows out, the two
together forming a bifid verruca (cf. var. ornatum Borge, Austral-
sussw., T.4, f.56). The latter may become still more elaborate
by growth of additional verrucse; note the three basal verticils
in my figure. In a note. I.e., p. 163, on T7-ip. serraticm, I
remarked that such a form might develop either into var.
sw^e?'6if?n(Mask.) or into var. bidentalum Nord. As a matter of
fact it does both. Here we have an example of the former; and
lately I noticed a cell of this kind with the teeth of CI. serratiim
but drawn out at the tips into aculei in length equal to one-half
the diameter of the cell, i.e., nearly twice as long as those in
Nordstedt's form. All forms of Tri2)loceras are growth-variations
of one species, viz., Trip>. gracile Bailey, 1851, e.g. var. verti-
cillatum^aXl., 1848, var. aculeatum Nord., var. bidentatum Nord.,
var. superhum Mask., var. occidentale Turn., var. hilobatum Turn.,

492 POLYMORPHISM AND LIFE-HISTORY IN THE DESMIDIACE^,

var. serratum Playf., and var. de7iticulatu7n{V\siyi.) G. S. West.
Why not apply this same rule to the other genera 1

Doc. TRABECULA var. Delpontei inihi, formte. (Pl.xi,, f.7).

Long, semicell. per ordinem deorsum 210, 133, 133, 162, 180,
162, 140, 310,..

Slide 110a.

The lengths of the semicells A, A, viz., 2lO/x and 310/. respect-
ively, show that the original cell was not complete when the
first division took place.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XL -XIV.
Plate xi.

Fig.l. — Doc. trahecula Ehr.(b) + var. fruncatum (Breb.)(a) (x23*2).

Fig.2.— ,, \&i-. truncatum(Br:6h.) {x2S2).

Fig. 3 — The same dividing ( x 232),

Fig.4. — Doc. trabecula — form with square base — outgrowth of fig.5 (x34:7).

Fig.5.— ,, var. Farquharsonu(Roy) ( x 347).

Fig.6. — ., var. oraiwn, n.var. ( X 347).

Fig. 7. — ,, y&v. Del2)ontei mihi {x 116). An example of double

division, a phenomenon which is very common but not very often
seen, as the chain of cells necessarily breaks up very easily. A,A,
the original semicells; B,B, the semicells formed at the first divi-
sion; C,C, and D.D, semicells formed at the second division.

Fig. 8.— -Doc. trabecula var. diadeiiiatum, n.var. ( x 232).

Fig. 9. — Doc. trabecula more advanced in growth (x347).

Fig. 10. — ,, var. £'/ire>i&erg'u(Breb.) ( X 347).

Fig.n. — ,, var. constrictum, n.var. (x347).

Fig. 12. — ,, var. Z)eZ/)o?(iei mihi ( X 347).

Fig. 13. — ,, var. c?-e7!'M;ai!w7t(Roy & Bissett) ( x347).

Figs. 10-13 are four forms found side by side in a wiount made from a

single mucilaginous growth of desmids. They serve to show the develop-
ment of var. Ehrenhergii into var. crenulatttm.

rig.l4. — Doc. trabecula '<!&v. Del^^oiitei i. constricta, n.f. ( x 347).

Figs. 15-16. — Doc. trabecula var, maximum Reinsch, Australian forms
( x 232).

Figs,17-21, — Various forms of apex in Doc. trabecula vav. Delpontei mihi
( x 463).

BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. . 493-

Plate xii.

Fig. 1. — Doc. trahecida var. Ekr enhergii (Breh.) (a) + a baailum-sha,ped
semicell (b) (lat.bas.21) showing that the chloroplast alters from an
incomplete tube in var. bacuhim to parietal fillets in var. Ehren-
bergii as the cell develops. The lower portion of the endochrome
is still undivided in (a), and the apical part in (b) shows the
original axillary lamina, Pleurota'nium is only the adult form of
Docidium. ( x 347).

Fig.2. — Doc. trabeculav&Ti:. baculnm (Breh.) showing the tubular parietal
chloroplast ( x 463).

Fig.3. — Doc. trabecida var. bac^dicm (h) + a. younger form in which the basal
grannies are replaced by fainter plies not visible beyond the margin.
There is thus no essential difference between the granules and the

plieas (x463).

Fig. 4. — Doc. tr abecula va.r. &rtCM?o«Ze.s (Roy & Bissett), forma ( x 347). A
curious form, uniting the shape af var. baculoides, the basal plicae
of var. baculum and the size(lat.bas, 18) and apical granules of var.
Eh7'enbergii,

Fig.5. ~Z>oc. trabecida vav. Ehrenbergii {Br 6h.), forma (x347). Basal por-
tion only, to show the faint plicae discernible on either side of the
isthmus.

Fig.6. — Doc. trabecida var. pygmcnmn, n.var. ( x463).

Fig.7. — Doc.trabecida{\>) + \&r. truncatum, a living specimen, showing the-
" cellular " arrangement of the protoplasm ( x 347).

Fig.8. — Apex of forms of D. trabecida, viz., var. Ehrenbergii, vsux.baculuviy
and VB.i\ pygiyio'um, all found together in one gathering(No.l09).
The cell-wall of all these was strongly punctato-scrobiculate, as
shown; at the ends the pores could plainly be seen running through,
the incrassate membrane (x463).

Fig.9. — St. sexangulare Bulnh., var. 2)Iaii/ceritm(Josh..) (x463).

Fig.lO. — ,, var. dentatum, n.var. (x463).

Fig.ll. — ,, var. j/emwesceH-s, n.var. ( X 463).

Fig.l2. — ,, var. subglabrum W. & G. S. West, forma ( x 463).

Fig.l3. — ,, var. n-s/ferMm, n.var. ( x 463).

Fig. 14.— ,, type(x463).

Figs. 9-14 show the development of the upper processes in St. sexavgidare.

Fig. 15. — St. orbicidare var. 7nufinvm{Brtih.) ( x 695).

Fig.l6. — ,, var. gramdosum, n.var. (a) end ( x 695).

Fig.l7. — ,, var. acnleatum, n.var. (a) end ( x 695).

Fig. 18.— ,, var. bifarium{'NoT(\.) f. (a) end ( x 695).

Fig.l9. — St, orb. var. bijarium f.,(a) + var. aggeratiwi Playf., forma (b)y
(x463).

Fig.20. — St. orb. v&v. for^cidatumiLund.), forma ( x 695).

494 POLYMORPHISM AND LIFE-HISTORY IN THE DESMIDIACEjE,

Figs. 15-20 show the growth of the processes in St. montkulosuynBr^h.,
and St. forjiculatum Lund., and the development of these desmids out of
St. orhiculare \a.r. muticum (Breb. ) All the forms were found in the same
gathering(60) in quantity, except fig. 20.

Fig. 21. — Doc. trabecida \&i\ crenulatum, showing reticulate incrassation

(x463).

Plate xiii.

Fig.l. — Cos. rectangidare var. quadrigemincctum Playf., (a) side ( x 463).

rig.2.— ,, var. ?jo<a/,m?i, n.var. (a) side ( X 463).

Fig.3. — ,, var. hexagonumiElty.) W. & G. S. West (a) end

( X 463).
Fig. 4. — Cos. red. var. altim (a) n. var. -t- var. daitatum (b) n.var. (x463).
Fig. 5. — ,, var. nodulatum'P\?i^i., f. mmo7\ n.f. ( x G95).
Fig. 6. — ,, var. •s«xo?ucMm(Kac.) ( x 4C3).
Fig.7. — ,, var. c?/dojoei<m' Playf.) ( x 695).

Fig.8. — ,, var. subhexagonmn, n.ve^r. (a)-fvar. c)jdopeum{h) ( x 695).
Fig, 9. — ,, var. subreniformc, n.var. (a) end ( x695).
Fig.lO. — ,, var. renifornie (a) n.var. -f var. cydopeum (b) ( x 695).
Fig. 11. — Cos. redangidare var. suhhexagonum forma ( x 695).
Fig. 12. — ,, var. re/jawc^2tm(Nord.), f. ( x 463).

Fig. 13, — ,, var. i^'mmari-jce, n.var. ( X 463).

rigs.14-15. — ,, var. a;t.s<?-a/e, n.var. ( X 463).

Fig.l6. — ,, var. oce^^a<tt??i, n.var. ( X 463).

Fig. 17. — ,, var. ?•o<^t?^rfai^<m, n.var. ( X 695).

rig.18. — ,, var. pfi<ere/br»ie, n.var. ( X 695).

Fig. 19.— ,, ,, forma (x 695).

Fig.20. — ,, var. papillatum, n.v&Y. (x(i95).

Fig.21. — ,, var. su^ca^Mm'.Nord.) ( X 695).

Fig.22. — ,, viix. sexangidare{hun6..) i. senilis ( X 4:63).

Fig.23. — Doc. trahecida var. BrefehUi{Istv.) (a)4-var. tnuicatum(h) ( x 463).
Fig.24. — Pen. S2nrostriolatum Barker, forma ( x 463).

Fig.25. — C;. rostratimi Ehr., (a) + var. Kutzi7igii{Bi-6h.) Klebs (b) ( x463).
Fig.26. — Trip, gracile var. superb um[M.aiSkell) Nord. , forma ( x 232).

Plate xiv.

Figs. 1-10. — Degeneration in type produced by continuous cell-division due
to rise in temperature. The forms are not described or named, as
they came about under more or less artificial conditions. (Figs.7-8
X 347. The rest x 463).

Fig.l. — Micr. truncata var. decerndentata(^iig.) , the original cells.

Figs.2-4. — Results of first, second, and third divisions respectively.

Fig. 5. — Result of fourth division. Figs. 5, 46 and Qb resemble Micr. incisa
Breb., cf. Turn., Alg. E. Ind., T.vi., f.7, 8.

BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 495

■JFig. 6. —Result of fifth division; 6a is practically Micr. oscitans P»,alfs,
f. minor.

Fig3.7-S. — Lateral lobules of Micr. truncata vnr.decemdeniata developing
into the type by growth of additional spines and cleavage of lobules.

Figs. 9-10. — Examples of continuous division, halves of 4-celled chains {six
immature semicells with a more mature semicell at each end); (9)
in Ar. triangularis; (10) in Micr. truncata var. decerndentata.

Fig. 11.— Part of a very long chain of degenerate cells of Docidium traheeula
produced by continuous division. The cell A+B has divided a
second time before B has completed its previous division, being not
yet cut off by a septum. The chloroplasts were continuous through
three semicells. All these four cells were alive, and joined into a
chain, as marked.

■*

496

THE ORE-DEPOSITS OF BORAH CREEK, NEW
ENGLAND DISTRICT, N. S.W.

By Leo A. Cotton, B.A., B.Sc, Linnean Maclbay Fellow of
THE Society in Geology.

(Plates xv.-xvi.)

contents. page

Introduction ' ... 496

Geology 497

Ore-Deposits ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 499

The Fracture-System 500

The Lodes 503

The Genesis of THE Deposits 509

Sequence of processes involved ... ... ... ... 513

Correlation with other occurrences ... .„ ... 515

Summary 516

Conclusion 519

introduction.

In June and July, 1909, it was my good fortune to visit the
Conrad Stannite Mine at Borah Creek. The Manager, Mr. L.
Judell, made my stay a very pleasant one, and afforded me every
facility for investigating the mine throughout the greater part of
the workings. Unfortunately mining opei-ations were suspended
at the time of my visit; and though the water was being kept
out of the main drive, the bottom level was still under water and
could not be examined. It is my desire to record here my great
appreciation of Mr. Judell's kindness and help in assisting me to
an understanding of the mine and its workings.

[The mine was again visited in May, 1910. It was then
under the management of Mr. Beasley, to whom, as well as to
Mr. J. F. Stephen, I am indebted for the information obtained
during this second visit.]

The Conrad Stannite Mine is situated on Borah Creek, at
Howell, about 18 miles south by west from Inverell. It may be

BY LEO A. COTTOX. 497

reached fi'om t!ie latter town either by the Inverell-Copeton
Road, or by a turn-ofF from the Inverell-Bundara Road. The
country in the immediate vicinity of Howell pi-esents some very
interesting physiographic features. The New England Plateau
is here worn to the level of the Stannifer* peneplain, above
which residuals of an older peneplain about 400 feet higher are
visible. This plateau is intersected by the Gwydir River, of
which Borah Creek is a tributary.

The country-rock is one of the " acid granites, "f and is of a
reddish colour on account of the abundant pink orthoclase
crystals present. Comparatively large areas, several acres in
extent, of smooth bare granite relieve the forest-greens by their
brick-red colour. Tiiis is specially noticeable on the northern
sloj^es of the hill facing the town. The Borah Creek Lode has
proved of less hardness than the " acid granite," and its con-
sequent more rapid rate of erosion has determined the position
of the creek, wliich follows the outcrop in a most marked manner
(see text-fig. 1). The lode has been intersected by one con-
spicuous fault which has thrown it, and has also left its mark
upon the topography. Where the fault crosses the lode in
Borah Creek, a small tributary is developed on each side along
the line of the fault-plane (see text-tigs. 1-2).

Geology.

The geological formations of the district consist of three units,
slates, granites, and basalts.

The slates are the oldest series, and are probably of Silurian
age. They are everywhere much altered by the intrusions of the
later granites. The nearest occurrence of these rocks to the mine
is a comparatively small patch, situated about 2 miles to the
north by east from Howell.

* Andrews, E. C, "The Geology of the New England Plateau. Part i.»
Physiography." Records Geol. Survey N.S.Wales, Vol.vii., pp.2Sl, 1904.

f Ibid., Parts ii. and iii., with special reference to the granites of Northern
New England. .,''fCT7»~S'"*?s^

Li t i B R A R Y
V^ -^^"^

BY LEO A. COTTON. 499

The basalts are the youngest foimations, and, like the clay-
stones, do not occur closer than a mile or thereabouts to the
mine. Even at this distance there is no great development of
basalt, the occurrence being of the nature of cappings to Tertiary
leads. The basalts themselves have been clearly demonstrated
to belong to the Tertiary period.

It is with the granites that the ore-deposits are concerned; and
of these granites there are two main types. The most important
in this discussion is the " acid granite," previously mentioned;
and the other has been designated, by me, the Tingha Granite.
The latter is certainly the older rock, and has been intruded by
the " acid granite." It is a hornblende-biotite granite, with large
porphyritic crystals of plagioclase felspar. The " acid granite "
consists almost entirely of quartz and felspar in its type develop-
ment. Various phases of it contain small proportions of biotite,
and tourmaline is occasionally present. Micrographic inter-
growth of quartz and felspar is a very characteristic feature.

A small part of the generalised map of the district (see text-
fig.3) given in a former paper'^' is reproduced to show the approx-
imate relationships of the geological units in the vicinity of the
mine. The boundaries here have not been traversed, and are
only crude approximations; yet they are sufficiently accurate for
the purposes of this discussion.

Ore-Deposits.

It will be seen, by reference to the map, that the ore-deposit
at Borah Creek occurs in a tongue of " acid granite," at no great
distance from the contact formed by its intrusion into the Tingha
Granite; indeed the south-eastern portion of the ore-deposit
crosses the j a action of the granites. The lode, though readily
traceable on the surface for over two miles, has, for such a per-
manent ore-body, quite an insignificant outcrop. Towards its
north-western limit the main lode is joined by another, known

* Cotton, Leo A., "The Tin-Deposits of New England, N.S.W. Part i.
The Elsmore-Tingha District." Pioc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, 1909, p.733-

500 THE ORE-DEPOSITS OF BORAH CREEK,

as the King Conrad Lode. The main lode has now been pros-
pected for more than a mile in length, and the ore-values have
proved fairly uniform over that distance. Shoots of ore do occur,
but these will be considered later. The main drive in the mine-
is at the 400-feefc level from the King Conrad shaft, and this is
connected right through to the Conrad shaft, about half a mile
to the south-west. Several shafts have been sunk on the lode,
and these may be seen by reference to text-fig. 2. As the lode
outcrops on the summit of the hill, about 400 feet above the
King Conrad Mine; and as the deepest level is the 550 feet drive
from the bottom of Moore's shaft, the vertical extent of the ore-
body has been proved for about 1000 feet.

The chief minerals present are quartz, galena, sphalerite,
arsenopyrite, pju'ite, chalcopyrite, and stannite. The combina-
tion of these makes the ore a very refractory one; and the
metallurgical problem has, so far, been the stumbling block in
the development of the mine.

The fracture system of the district is worthy of some considera-
tion, as it enables the relative age of the ore-body to be deter-
mined. Observations of joint-systems show that the following
directions of jointing are represented within two miles of the-
mine. The bearings are given in degrees, measured clockwise
from north, which is taken as the zero-position.
25°, 43°, 92°, 103°, and 355°.

A comparison of these directions with those prevalent in the
Elsmore-Tingha tin-bearing area,* some 10 miles to the east,
shows that they may all be grouped in the representative systems
of that district. The bearing of the King Conrad Lode is 98°,
and that of Alwell's lode is 85°. These both correspond to
known fracture-systems of the area just mentioned. Tlie main
Conrad Lode, however, bears 125°, and does not correspond to
any of the important systems of fracture above referred to. This
lode, moreover, is thrown by a fault bearing N.15°W., which
direction has no representative in the Elsmore-Tingha District.

* Cotton, loc. cit., p. 752.

BV LEO A. COTTON.

501

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Conrad Shaft

oores Shaft

Davis' Shaft

502

THE ORE-DEPOSITS OF BORAH CREEK,

From this it would appear, that the main Conrad Lode and the
large fault which intersects it, are younger than the Elsmore-
Tiiigha system of fractures; for it is difficult to imagine how such
a large and permanent fissure could have escaped alteration
during the epoch of formation of cassiterite veins. The fault
referred to is, in the main, due to horizontal strain. The fault-

Text-fig. 3. — Illustrating the relation of the
lodes to the geology of the district.

T.G., Tingha Granite— A. G., Acid Granite—
B., Basalt— S., Slate.

plane is nearly vertical, hading slightly to the west; and the
horizontal displacement of the lode, which is itself practically
vertical, amounts to about 15 feet. It is probable that the
fissure was formed to relieve the strain due to the final^^stages in
the cooling of the granite-stock.

by leo a. cotton. 503

The Lodes.

The King Conrad Lode has been mentioned as a fissure joining
the main Conrad Lode from the south-west side. The main shaft
was sunk on the north side of the lode to a depth of 400 feet,
and the lode was then worked by a main drive from this level,
which was carried on to the Conrad Lode. There was no indi-
cation that the King Conrad Lode crossed the Conrad Lode, and
work has not been carried on beyond the latter ore-body.
Another level has been driven at 150 feet, and most of the good
ore has now been stoped above this level. The lode is narrow,
varying from about 9 inches up to 3 feet in thickness; the
average width is about 18 inches. The lode-material consists of
quartz, pyrite, arsenopyrite, argentiferous galena, sphalerite,
chalcopyrite, and stannite. The last of these was not observed
in any portion of the lode visited by me, but the Manager informs
me that its presence is revealed?jby analyses. The fissure is a
clean break, and the lode is exceptionally free from brecciated
masses in the lode-material. Near its junction with the Conrad
Lode there is, however, a large lens of granite at the 400-feefc
level. The lode abuts sharply against the granite-walls, which
have not been impregnated with mineral to any extent. There
is no soft casing or " dig " to the lode, but the ore-body is
'• frozen " to the walls. An excellent section of the lode at the
150-feet level was sketched from a fresh fracture (see text-fig. 4).
The ore-body here consisted of a solid minei'al mass about 2 feet
wide, and a couple of small veins each about an inch wide,
running parallel to the main mass. The three outer layers of
mineral are symmetrically disposed on each side of the lode, while
the two central bands destroy the symmetry of the whole.
Arsenopyrite, as a solid crystalline mass, occupies the outermost
zone; next comes a band of sphalerite and chalcopyrite; and the
third zone is a band of milk-white, crj'stallised quartz, which
towards its outer margin, is intergrown with argentiferous
galena. The central portion of the vein is filled by two bands
of mineral, one of arsenopyrite and the other of argentiferous
galena.

504

THE ORE-DEPOSITS OF BORAH CREEK,

A noticeable feature of the lode is that there is practically no
zone of oxidation, the sulphides being found right at the surface.
What little oxidised ore does exist, occurs on the slope of the hill
near Moore's and Davis' shafts, and extends only to a depth of
30 feet. A very interesting example of metasomatic replace-
ment of galena by quartz is to be seen in one of the upper stopes.
Here the crystallised galena can be traced gradually into pure
quartz. The quartz has retained the cleavages of galena to per-
fection. Samples of the latter, in thin seams between flat sheets

Scale

2 Feet

Text-fig. 4. — Section of King Conrad Lode, iUustrating sequence
of the ore-deposition,

a, granite slightly altered next the lode — b, arseuopyrite — c,
sphalerite and chalcopyrite — d, quartz intergrown with argen-
tiferous galena and sphalerite — e, argentiferous galena — c^ small
banded veins, chiefly sphalerite and galena.

The Conrad Lode.

of quartz, may be observed where the replacement is not quite
complete. The replacement has been effected by surface-waters.
It is worthy of note that this metasomatic action has taken
place in the main ore-shoot of the King Conrad Lode. A glance
at text-fig. 2 shows the position (marked A) with reference to the
ore-shoot, which may be seen as an irregularly shaped mass
pitching easterly.

The Conrad Lode is undoubtedly the main ore-body; it per-
sists for considerably more than a mile in length, and has been

BY LEO A. COTTON. 505

prospected for over 6000 feet along the line of outcrop. The
latest figures show that the mine has been worked continuously
for more than 4000 feet along the lode. North of its junction
with the King Conrad Lode the outcrop is not so well marked,
but two prospecting shafts sunk along the line of lode have both
shown ore-values. The lode has been mainly worked between
the King Conrad and the Conrad Shafts. These shafts have
been connected, at the 400-feet level, by a long drive along the
ore-body, and much of the ore has been stoped from this level,
practically, and in some cases actually, to the surface. From
the ground-level, at the Conrad Shaft, an adit has been driven
into the "Big Hill" for about 2000 feet; this is connected
with the surface by Moore's Shaft. The mouth of this latter
shaft is some 300 feet above tliat of the Conrad Shaft. The
accompanying section (text fig. 2) illustrates the positions of the
shafts referred to.

The Conrad Lode, like the King Conrad, has a well defined
ore-shoot, pitching to the south-east at a steep angle. This is
represented by the shaded area in the figure. A very prominent
feature of this lode, in which it differs from the King Conrad,
is the presence of a conspicuous soft casing or " dig," as it is
termed. This occurs sometimes on one, and sometimes on the
other side of the fissure. It is always intermediate in position
to the lode and the country-rock. It varies from 2 to 9 inches
in width, and is of a clayey nature, with abundant quartz-grains
similar to those in the granite. The junction of this clay-selvage
with the granite-wall is frequently marked by slickensides; and
the strise are vertical in some cases, and horizontal in others.
The presence of this soft band is of great economic importance,
as it enables mining to be carried on at a minimum cost.

As far as the mineralogical structure of the lode is concerned,
it resembles that of the King Conrad. The constituent minerals
are the same, consisting of arsenopyrite, pyrite, galena, sphalerite,
chalcopyrite, stannite, and quartz. In this lode the stannite,
though more abundant than in the King Conrad Lode, is yet only
.present in small quantity — the tin-content averaging about 0'5 %

506

THE ORE-DEPOSITS OF BOHAH CREEK,

of the ore. The silver-values for average ore are higher than ia
the King Conrad Lode. Tlie silver is probably associated with
galena, (possibly as sulphide of silver) but assays show that, of
the metalliferous minerals, arsenopyrite and sphalerite also con-
train appreciable quantities. It was also noticed that, where the
galena is associated with sericite, the silvei-- values are higher;
and it is possible that the sericite itself contains silver.

Text-fig.5 is a section of the lode, which is symmetrically
banded, and shows the same order of deposition as was noted in
the King Conrad Lode. This lode, too, is rather wider than the

Scs/e

z Feef

Text-fig. 5. — Illustrating the banding of the Conrad
Lode.

a, granite — s, soft band of kaolinised rock, the
"dig" — h, arsenopyrite — c, sphalerite and chalcopy-
rite merging into sj)lmlerite and galena — d, comb-
quartz.

King Conrad, its average width being about 2 feet. This section
differs from that of the King Conrad Lode chiefly in the exist-
ence of a pronounced " dig," which has been described. The
outer bands are of arsenopyrite, and these are followed by
admixed sphalerite and chalcopyrite, which pass over into a zone
of mixed sphalerite and ax-gen tiferous galena. The central
portion of the vein is filled with quartz exhibiting well marked
comb-structure. It was diflicult to select a specimen of suffi-
ciently large size to illustrate the nature of the banding, but
Plate xvi., gives a fair representation of portion of the lode. It

BY LliO A. COTTON. ' 507

is worthy of note that the widest portious of the lode are usually
the richest.

The shoot previously mentioned, and represented in text-fig. 2,
is wider than the normal vein. The latest developmental work
in the mine was carried out in prospecting this shoot. Moore's
shaft was sunk 150 feet below the main drive, and a winze-
(marked C in text-fig.2) was put down to the same level, from a
spot some distance north, in the main drive. From the bottom
of each of these, drives were started to connect with one another.
A very interesting and important phenomenon was observed in
the drive from the bottom of the winze. After driving for a
short distance, it was found that water was entering the drive
underfoot. A further examination revealed the fact that the
water was proceeding from the clay-selvage. After this, the
drive was observed to become hot and stuffy, as well as being
continually wet. Unfortunately the tempei-ature of this rising
water was not recorded, but the Manager is of the opinion that
it was appreciably warm, and that the heat was due to this
cause. The foul air was probably due to gases emanating from
the water. The amount of water entering the drive was esti-
mated at about 4,000 gallons per day. This drive was under
water at the time of my visit. The drive from Moore's shaft did
not meet with any such phenomena, and remained cool and fresh
throughout.

Another interesting feature in this part of the mine is the
abundant replacement of crystallised quartz by zinc-blende. This
process has been most active at the spot marked B in text-fig. 2.
It will be seen that this is close to the place where the water
was observed entering the mine from underfoot. The signifi-
cance of this will be pointed out later.

Three phases in the replacement are well marked : —

The first con.sists of masses of crystallised quartz in which an
occasional crystal of quartz has been partially or wholly replaced^
by zinc-blende. In this phase, the cry.stals adjoining the replaced-
crystal are unafi'ected by the process(Plate xv. fig. 2, A).

508 THE ORfe-DEPOSITS OF BORAH CREEK,

The second consists of masses of crystallised quartz, in whicli
many of tlie crystals have been attacked— some wholly, and
others partially replaced by zinc-blende. About one-half of the
original material has been attacked in this phase (Plate xv.,
fig.2,B).

The third consists of masses of zinc-blende, most, if not all, of
which has replaced the crystallised quartz. There still remain,
strangely enough, odd crystals of quartz which have quite pre-
served their integrity, though completely surrounded by zinc-
blende(Plate xv., fig.2,C).

These facts have suggested to me that, in metasomatic changes,
the molecular structure of the crystals plays a very important
part. It would appear that a complete crystal may preserve its
integrity even where a wholesale metasomatic change is taking
place, and yet, as in the first phase, another crystal may entirely
break down in the midst of a resisting body of crystals. This
has suggested, further, that if, by some means, a portion of a
complete crystal be destroyed, the remaining part is in a state of
unstable equilibrium, and is thus much more readily attacked
than a complete crystal. This miglit be explained by supposing
that each molecule is less strongly attached to the crystal by tho
attractive forces of its fellow-molecules on a fractured surface,
than when in a complete crystal. This may also explain the
readiness with which metasomatic processes, in general, operate
.along cracks in various minerals, as sericite after quartz, etc.

Galena was also found crystallised in the quartz in juxtaposi-
tion to the metasomatic zinc-blende, but no- definite evidence
could be obtained to indicate that it was a metasomatic product.
It is probable, however, that such is the case.

At various places throughout the mine, numerous vughs occur.
These are lined with large quartz-crystals projecting inwards
towards tlie centre of the cavities. The vughs vary in size from
a few inches to several feet in diameter; and are generally bean-
shaped, and have their long axes vertical. It is worthy of note
that these cavities frequently contain hydrous iron-oxides.

BY LEO A. COTTON. 503'

An occurrence which is quite rare in tlie mine, is the presence
of molybdenite. A small piece of that mineral, about the size of
a shilling, was found on the north side of the Conrad Lode, at
its junction with the King Conrad Lode. There is no evidence
of cassiterite or allied minerals in connection with this discoverA'.
Small pieces of molybdenite were also found in the adit-level, and
in the 100-feet level, at the Conrad Shaft, The wall-rock bound-
ing the Conrad Lode has not been altered to any great extent.
It has been impregnated for a few inches, chiefly with arsenical
pyrites and sericite, but the change is not very marked.

The Genesis of the Deposits.

It has been shown that, though the bearing of the King
Conrad Lode corresponds to a well marked fissure-system in the
Tingha area, some ten miles to the east, yet that of the Conrad
Lode is quite unique in direction. It is well established that
the tin-deposits are due to the ascent of heated vapours and
liquids along lines of fracture; and hence, had the Conrad fissure
been in existence at the time of the formation of the tin-beariiifr
veins, it is inconceivable that it could have escaped alteration by
the tin-bearing solutions. Hence it is fair to assume that this
important fissure is younger than the tin-veins.

Again, it is probable that the King Conrad fissure was initiated
contemporaneously with the corresponding set of^fractures in the
Tingha area, but that it remained closed until crossed by the
heavier Conrad fissure, for it would appear that both lodes have
been formed simultaneously. It has, been mentioned that the
Conrad Lode lies at the margin of a large tin-bearing district,
and this must not be overlooked in considering the origin of the
deposits.

The occurrence of cassiterite in association with metallic
sulphides is by no means uncommon. In a previous paper,* I
have mentioned several instances; and these I would here reca-
pitulate, in order to trace a connection between tin-veins proper
and silver-lead veins.

*Loc. cit.

510 THE ORE-DEPOSITS OP BORAH CREEKj

There occur in the Tingha District —

A.(l) Tin-veins proper — with no metallic sulphides.

(2) Tin-molybdenite veins.

(3) Tinarsenopyrite veins.
B.(4) Tin-copper-arsenopyrite veins.

(5) Tin-copper-galena veins.
C.(6) Tia-silver-galena-zincblende-copper-arseuopyrite veins.
These six types fall into three groups —

A.Tin as oxide in association with oxides.

B.Tin as oxide in association with sulphides.

C.Tin as sulphide (stannite) in association with sulphides.

Thus a complete gradation can be traced from tin-veins proper
to lead-veins in this district. This, then, indicates a common
origin for both types of veins. In this connection it is interest-
ing to compare the Conrad Mine with other silver-lead mines in
different jtarts of the world.

Professor Vogt* has written an interesting summary on this
point which reads as follows: — "For the older as well as the
younger ones [mineral veins], we may declare that a clear genetic
connection with eruptive rocks can be established. In some
eruptive districts the latest eruptives of the series exposed are
even later than the ore-veins; hence the formation of the latter
must have occurred during the eruptive epoch."

" Partly for this reason, and partly because of the fact that,
on the whole, the veins are generally independent of the petro-
graphic nature of the country-rock, I think we are warranted,
in this department also, in assuming, as a working-hypothesis,
that the ore-material was extracted from a magma. With regard
to the younger veins especially, we must keep in mind a possible
extraction from a laccolitic magma in depth."

" In support of this hypothesis, we may cite the transitional,
or intermediate occurrences between the cassiterite- and the
silver-lead-veins. Thus, in Cornwall, the tin-, tin-copper- and

* Vogt, J. H. L., "Problems in the Geology of Ore-Deposits." Trans,
^Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., Posepney Vol.1901, pp. 656-7.

BY LEO A. COTTON. 511

the galeiia-veins are so closely related topographically and geolo-
gically that a common origin must be assumed for them. The
same is true of the cassiterite veins and the various silver-lead-
ore-formations of the E7-z(jehirye; and the peculiar tin-bearing
silver-lead veins of Bolivia may be recalled in this connection."

*' These intermediate groups warrant the conclusion that there
can have been no absolute essential difference between the genesis
of the cassiterite- and that of the silver-lead-veins. If the tin-
veins are to be explained by magmatic extraction, the silver-lead
veins may not be attributable to the work of underground water."

Again, Spurr,* in considering the sequence of ore-deposition,
has summarised his views as follows : —

" In an earlier paperf setting forth a theory of ore-deposition
it was proposed by the writer that the most important class o£
ore-deposits (save of the most common metals) were differentia-
tion-products resulting from the siliceous extreme of the differen-
tiation of rock-magmas; that the successive steps of this metal -
depositing stage of the differentiation followed one another in a
normal regular order, and were deposited in successive zones,
according to temperature. It was also pointed out that, with the
downward progress of the cooling of the parent magma (and the
consequent sinking of the isogeotherms), the successive zones of
mineralization would migrate downward, and successive cemen-
tations of successive openings at a single horizon would show the
superposition of one zone upon another originally distinctly-
lower."

" A preliminary attempt was also made to define some of the
principal zones as follows : —

" 1. The pegmatite zone, containing tin, molybdenum, tungsten,
etc., with characteristic gangue minerals, such as tourmaline
topaz, muscovite, beryl, etc.

* Spurr, J. E., " Ore-Deposition at Aspen, Colorado." Econ. Geol. Vol.
iv., No.4, June, 1909, p. 318.

t Econ. Geol. Vol.ii., No.8, December, 1907, pp. 781-795.

512 THE ORE-UEPOSITS OF BORAH CREKK,

" 2. The free gold-auriferous pyrite zone, with coarse quartz
gaiigiie.

" 3. The cupriferous pyrite zone.

" 4. The galena-blende (galena usually argentiferous) zone.

" 5. The zone of silver and also much gold, usually associated
with metals which combine with them to make substances which
are undoubtedly highly mobile, and account for the relatively
elevated position of the zone. These associated metals include
antimony, bismuth, arsenic, tellurium, and selenium. Charac-
teristic minerals of this zone are tellurides, argentiferous tetra-
hedrite and tennantite, polybasite, stephanite, and argentite.

*' 6. The zone of earthy gangues, barren of valuable metals."

Here we see that the order which he ascribes to ore-formation
from magmatic differentiation is, (1) tin and allied ores, (2) free
gold-auriferous pyrite zone, (3) cupriferous pyrite zone, (4) galena-
blende zone.

In connection with the Borah Creek Mine, it has been shown —

l.The Mine is situated in the same country-rock (the "acid
granite ") as the adjacent tin-dejDosits.

2. Arsenopjrite is the earliest deposited mineral in the lode.

3. This is followed by a sphalerite-chalcopyrite zone.

4. And further by a galena-zone (argentiferous).

5. And finally by a quartz-filling.

The order of deposition in the Borah Creek Mine, and its
association wiih the tin-deposits, is thus strikingly in accord
with the generalised order suggested by Mr. Spurr.

The arguments in favour of the formation of the Borah Creek
Lode from a deep-seated, magmatic extraction are briefly as
follows : —

1. The relationship of the deposits to the adjacent tin-deposits
— a complete gradation existing between the two types. This
relationship is not unique, but occurs in other parts of the world.

2. The absence of ore in the joints adjacent to the lode is
evidence against the lateral secretion theory.

3. The compact nature of tlie country-rock is also against the
lateral sectetion theory.

BY LEO A. COTTON. 513

4. The great length (more than a mile), and the great uni-
formity in both length and breadth, are not favourable to the
lateral secretion theory.

5. The presence of ascending warm water is in favour of a
deep-seated origin.

6. The presence of stannite, which could not have been formed
from meteoric waters by any known chemical reactions.

Sequence of Processes involved in the Formation of the

Ore-Body.

The following is put forth as an explanation of the Borah
Creek ore-deposits.

In or about Permian times, the shales in this portion of New
England were intruded, first by a biotite granite, and later by
the " acid granite." As this last intrusion solidified, it cooled
from above downwards, thus forcing the unsolidified portions of
the magma — largely silico-aqueous solutions of minerals — to a
greater depth in the earth's crust. The contraction of the mass,
consequent in cooling, gave rise to strains which were relieved
by systems of fracture, more or less constant in direction, along
which the aqueous mineral-bearing solutions were able to rise.

It has been pointed out that there were two eras of fracture
at Borah Creek, one contemporaneous with the fractures of the
Tingha tin-district, and the other postdating the formation of
these ore-deposits. The earlier fracture remained closed until
the development of the later one. The later fissure is, by far,
the more important, and its formation was attended by the
development of a crushed zone along the line of fissure. Solu-
tions arising along this crushed zone, attacked the felspars, and
eflfected complete kaolinisation. Following this kaolinisation,
further movement occurred, giving rise to slickensides on the
walls of the crushed zone. The movement was predominantly
vertical in some parts, and horizontal in other parts of the mine.
Next came the opening of the fissure, which gave a more ready
access to the solutions. In the course of this opening, the
crushed zone adhered, for the most part, either to one wall or

38

514 THE ORE-DEPOSITS OF BORAH CREEK,

the other, but occasionally divided, and adhered, in part, to both
walls. This open< d the way for the deposition of the ores.
Previously the solutions arising along the crushed zone were
slow-mo\ing, and chilled rapidly with ascent, thus losing, at the
same time, their solvent power. With an open fissure, however,
the ascending solutions could maintain a relatively high temper-
ature, and so carry the metallic subst;inces towards the surface.
When tlie temperature fell, the most insoluble minerals, under
the conditions of solution, were naturally the first to precipitate.

Change in the nature of the solution, due to minerals precipi-
tated from it and access of new solution, doubtless complicates
the problem, l)ut several well marked phases of deposition may,
nevertheless, be distinguished. Arsenopyrite is found forming
as the outside zone, and is, consequently, the earliest deposited
mineral. It is, as a rule, fairly well marked-off from the spha-
lerite band, which lies adjacent to it on either side of the lode.
In many places, a good deal of pyrite is associated with the
arsenopyrite, and seems to be partly later, and partly of con-
temporaneous origin Following the deposition of sphalerite,
came the formation of admixed copper pyrites and sphalerite.
Accompanying this phase of the deposition, stannite is to be
found in the vein. This mineral does not usually occur as a
distinct band or vein,* but in bunches of irregular shape and
size, situated between the zone of sphalerite and the inner
metallic zone, which is galena. The last deposition filled the
centre of the fissure with comb-quartz.

The presence of numerous vughs in the mine, with their linings
of quartz-crystals, and occasional fillings of hydrous iron-oxides,
suggests the following explanation. As the fissure became filled
by deposition from solution, some irregularity in the filling might
well be conceived; and, hence, the possibility of certain spaces
being cut off from the main body of solution, may be readily
admitted. Given an isolated body of solution, crystallisation

* In one place stannite was observed as a very distinct band in the lode.
In this case, it occupied a position between the arsenopyrite and sphalerite
bands.

BY LEO A. COTTON. 515

would proceed, with fall of temperature; and, according to the
observed order in the fissure-filling, quartz should be the last con-
stituent to crystallise; and this is found to be the case in the vughs.

Though the order given above is typical of the mine in general,
it frequently happens that one of the zones of mineral is repeated
in the series, e.g., the arsenopyrite band in the cenire(text-fig.4).
Again, quartz is always more or less present throughout the
whole width of the vein-stuff, being intergrown with all of the
minerals occurring in the mine. The irregularity in deposition
of the metalliferous zones may be ascribed to a pulsating move-
ment in the solution, so that a solution which has already
deposited, say, a layer of zinc-blende, may, by decrease in
pressure, be caused to sink in the fissure, and become diffused in
the bulk of the solution; thus when the fissure was asain charged
with solution, arsenopyrite would i)robably be again deposited,
and the cycle of deposition be le-established. A diagram lias
been drawn to indicate the relative order of crystallisation(text-
fig.7).

After the complete filling of the lode, further earth-movements
resulted in fractures trending about N.15°W., and S.15°E. These
have intersected both the King Conrad Lode and the Conrad
Lode(text-fig. 1), The faults intersecting the King Conrad are
due to minor movements, but that throwing the Conrad Lode is
on a larger scale. No deposition has taken place along any of
the fault-planes.

Correlation with other Occurrences.

Mr. Spurr, in examining the ore-deposits of Monte Cristo,
has tabulated some \ ery interesting observations on the order of
depo.sition of the ores in that district. He points out that, in
this mine, metasomatic changes have been so great that, except
in lojal crustified portions of the lode, it is difficult to make out
the sequence of crystallisation. In the Conrad Mine, on the
other hand, the lode is typically well banded, ai d the problem
is compai-atively easy of solution. As has been pointed out,
metasomatic action has not played an important part in the Conrad
Lode, being represented only by changes in the lode-material, and

516

THK ORE-DEPOSITS OF BORAH CREEK,

slight alteratioa of the walls of the lode. In his examination
of the ore deposits of Monte Cristo,* Mr. Spurr has given an
ideal diagram of tlie se-
quence of the ores in this
district. This is here
reproduced (text fig. 6),
sliglitly modified, for com-
parison with the order
ob.served in the Borah
Creek Mine. A corrc's-
ponding diagram (text fig.
7) has been drawn for the
sequence of ore-deposition
in the Borah Creek Lodes.
There is a very striking
similarity between the
structure of the two ore-
bodies.

Text-fig. 6— Modification of Mr. J. E.
Spurr's diagram illustrating sequence of
ore-deposition at Monte Cristo, Wash-
ington.

B, Beginning of crystallisation— E, End
of crystallisation — 1, quartz —2, arseno-
pyrite — ."}, pyrite — 4, chalcopyrite — 5,
pyrrhotite — 6, blende — 7, galena — 8, real-
gar— 9, stibnite — 10, calcite.

Summary.

The Borah Creek Mine is situated in the New England Dis-
trict of New Soutli Wale.s, within two miles of the Gwydir

River. The lode is a solid
granite, of a very acid
nature, which has intruded
an older and more basic
granite. The "acid granite,"
as Mr. Andrews has termed
it, has been shown by
several writers to be inti-
mately related to the tin-
deposits occurring along its
margin. The Borah Creek
Lode crosses the contact

Text-fig. 7. — Diagram illustrating
sequence of ore-deposition at Borah
Creek.

B, Beginning of crystallisation — E, End
of crystallisation — 1, arsenopyrite — 2,
pyrite -3, chalcopyrite —4, sphalerite —
'}, stannite — f>, galena — 7, quartz.

* Spurr, J. E., "Ore-deposits of Monte Cristo, Washington, Twenty-
Second Annual Report U.S. Geol. Surv., Pt.ii., Ore-deposits, p. 840.

BY LKO A. COTTON.

517

of the "acid granite" with the older granite, but lies mainly
within the former. T!ie age of this " acid granite " has been
estimated as Permian.

Tlie ore-deposits occupy two fractures, one trending E.5° N.,
and the other, and more prominent, trending E.35°S. The
former lode is parallel to a well developed series of fractures in
the tin-bearing district some ten miles further east; the latter
has no representative system of fractures in the district. It is
inferred that the Borah Creek deposits are of a younger age than
the tin-deposits, for, had sucli a fracture as the Conrad Lode
existed at the time when these were formed, the active processes
accompanying their formation would assuredly have affected the
fracture.

A series of faults bearing about N.15° W. have intersected
both lodes. A pretty example of the minor faulting in the King
Conrad Lode is represented in text-tig. 8. The only important
fault is that intersecting the Conrad Lode. This fault has

Text-fig. 8. — Diagram illustrating faulting in the
King Conrad lode. F,fault.

determined the position of several small streams. One of these
stream-courses may be noted in text-fig. 1, on which the sketch-
contours indicate how the fault has influenced the physiography.
This may also be seen in Plate xv., fig.l.

518 TH1-:

The proximity of the lodes to the tin-lodes and their occur-
rence in the same rock, suggest some relationship. A complete
series of types of lodes has been made out, between the tin-
veins proper and the complex ore-bodies of the Borali Creek
Lodes. The ores contained in the mine are arsenopyrite, zinc-
blende, chalcopyrite, stannite, and galena. The ores are the same
ill both lodes, but rather more stannite is present in the Conrad
than in the King Conrad Lode. In the Conrad Lode the clay-
selvage is present, sometimes on one side, sometimes on the other,
and occasionally on both sides of the lode. This does not occur
in the King Conrad Lode. The ores are very uniformly dis-
tributed througli the mine, botli along the lode and in depth.
There is practically no oxidised zone and the sulphide ore out-
crops in the bed of Borah Greek, the direction of which has
been determined by the lode. There are two fairly well defined
shoots in the mine, a small one occurring in the King Conrad
Lode, and a larger one in the Conrad Lode. These are shown
by the shaded areas in text fig. 2.

The order of deposition of the minerals, which form symmetri-
cal zones in the fissure, is arsenopyrite, stannite, pyrite, zinc-
blende, chalcopyrite, galena, and finally quartz. This normal
order is frequently disturbed by the reopening of the fissure, and
also by the rejuvenescence of the depositing solution. The
deposit is a very typical, banded fissure-lode, and very little
metasomatic replacement occurs, though it was carefully sought
for. The country-rock has been feebly altered for a few inches
from the lode, the replacing constituents being chiefly arseno-
pyrite and sericite. Two well-marked t-xamples of replacement
of the vein-material were observed. At A in text-fig.2, the
galena forming one of the zones in the lode has been replaced by
quartz, which has retained to perfection the cleavages of the
original mineral. This change has been effected by surface-
waters. At B, in the same figure, beautiful examples of i-eplace-
ment of quartz by zinc-blende are abundant. This change has
probably been effected by rejuvenated, ascending solutions. In
the bottom drive of the mine, at the spot marked D, warm

BY LEO A. COTTON. 519

ascending waters were observed to enter the drive from the clay-
selvage. This phenomenon is probably the last phase in the
deposition of the ores.

Comparison with other occurrences indicates the probability of
a genetic relationship between the silver-lead deposits and the
tin-deposits. Tlie tin-deposits of Cornwall, Germany, and Bolivia
have been thought to be closely related to the silver-lead deposits
in proximity to them. Again, Mr. Spurr has proposed a
magmatic extraction theory for ore-deposition, which is strongly
supported by the evidence of the sequence of deposition con-
tained in this paper. It is suggested that the Borali Creek
deposits liave been formed later tlian the tin-deposit'!, by deposi-
tion from higlily aqueous and siliceous magniatic extractions con-
taining relatively large amounts of metallic sulphides.

Conclusion.

In conclusion, it may he said that the genesis of the ore-
deposits indicates —

(1) Permanence of the ore-body at much greater depth than the
limits of mining can attain.

(2) A gradual increase, with depth, in arsenical pyrites, zitc-
blende, and possibly stannite, though, from the uniformity of the
lode, as already known, this probably takes place so gradually as
not to affect very appreciably the economic value of the deposits.

(3) The probable permanence of the shoot in which the ascend-
ing waters were discovered in the Conrad Lode.

It is not too much to hope that, in the near future, the
metallurgical difficulties in dealing with .so complex an ore may
be solved, and that this mine will take rank amongst the most
valuable of this State's mineral assets.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XV.-XVL

Plate XV.

Flg.l. — Photo, of Borah Creek, showing how the line of lode corresponds
with the Creek; and also showing the eiJeet of the large faults
upon the topography.

520 THK ORK-DEPOSITS OF BORAH CHKKK.

LLL, line of lode - FFF, line of fault— M, Moore's Shaft— D, Davis's
Shaft— C, Cjnrad Shaft —7, winze — 5, winze — A, Alwell's Shaft.

Fig. 2. —Three specimens illustrating extent of the metasomatic replacement
of quartz by sphalerite.
A, massive quartz with one hexagonal crystal, replaced by sphalerite —
B, more advanced stage of metasomatic replacement — C, stage of almost
complete replacement; only a few quartz crystals unattacked.

(Two-thirds nat. size.)

Plate xvi.

Portion of Conrad Lode illustrating banding.

A, pyrite and chalcopyrite with quartz — B, sphalerite, with quartz-seams
— C, galena — D, quartz.

(Two-sevenths nat. size.)

[Printed off September 15th, 1910].

P,L S N.S.W. lOlO-

SYNTHE.MIS Spp.

p. L.S.N S.W. 1910

SYNTHK.MIS Spp.

P.L.S.N.S.W. 1B10

Genus Siinfhciiiin : Wing- venation.

P.L.S N.S.W 1910

la U

Genus Sy/if/icmis .- Appendages and Genitalia.

P.L.S.N.S.W. 19'0

Figs. 1-4, Syiif'iiiiu's fustalacta. Fig. 5, Metathemis guttata.

PLS.N.S.W 1910

i.xfi. 1. dei.

Lalii;i of Nymphs in Sniitlirinin (Fiiis. l-oi, Mctatlnniis (Fit;-. 4), and Choristlirini^ (Fig. 5).

riQ.5.

fiqG.

FIQT.

FiQ g

FIG. 10.

RJTM

DeTeloi>meut of Inlying- (1-3), Overlapping (4-6, ami Ki), and Isolated (7-9) Pairs of Species.

P.L.S N S.W. 1910

Docidium tnihccuhi (Elii\); forms.

P.LS.N.SW 1910

Growth of spines and processes in Doc'tdium and Siuum>it,-uin.

P.L.S.N S.W. 1910

CQsmarium rectangulare Grim. : forms.

PL. S. NSW. 1910

Illustrations of the Results of coutinued Cell-divlsiou.

P.L.S.N S.W. 1910

Fig. 1. Borah Creek, sliowiug- how the liue of lode corresponds with the Creek, aud the effect of faults.

'0^ J'S

B

Fig, 2. Specimens illustrating the metasomatic replacement of quartz by sphalerite.

P.L.S N S.W 1910

Portion of Conrad Lode, illustrating buudint:-.

521

WEDNKSDAY, AUGUST 31st, 1910.

The Ordinaiy Monthly Meeting of the Society was held in
the Linnean Hall, Ithaca Road, Elizabeth Bay, on Wednesday
evening, August 31st, 1910.

Mr C. Hedley, F.L.S., President, in the Chair.

.Messrs. Arthur Larchin Butlp:r, Sanely Bay, Holtart, Tas.,
and FuANK Dkbenham, B. A., Sydney, were elected Ordinary
Meniljers of the Society.

The Donatiiins and Exchanges received since tlie previous
Monthly Meeting, amounting to 9 Vols., 67 Parts or Nos., 13
Bulletins, 4 Reports, 22 Pamphlets, and one Map, received from
_59 Societies, etc., and 2 Individuals, were laid upon ihe table.

.39

f)22

NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

Dr. J. B. Cleland exhibited an abnormal flower of one ( f tlie
common West Australian species of Candollea (Stylidium), the
corolla having an extra petal-lobe (six instead of five).

Mr. L. Harrison exhibited two females, adult and immature,
of the oriental cuckoo, Cucuhis saluratus Hodgs.,( = C. inter-
medins Vahl=C. canoroides Miill.) sent to him, in the flesh
from Broadwater, Richmond River, N.S.W., during April, 1907.
This species was first recorded for New South Wales, at a meet-
ing of this Society, on 28th June, 1905, when Mr. A. J. North
exhibited a skin from the Tweed River, killed in August, 1902;
and gave additional records of specimens from Gympie, Wide
Bay, Port Denison, and Cairns in Queensland. It is frequently
seen in collections from the Northern Territory, so that, even if
not a regular migrant, it is a frequent visitor to Australia, and
possibly to New South Wales. In Mathews' " Hand-List of
the Birds of Australia," it is described as "accidental " for New
South Wales, and the Northern Territory is omitted from tlie
distribution. The birds exhibited were in company with two
othei's of the same .species, moving unobtrusively among the heavy
scrub-timber; and constitute the most southerly record for the
species. They were not heard to utter any note. The stomachs
contained half-digested larvae of a large hawknioth. The
specimens recorded from New South Wales are all females, which
may indicate that this sex is more adventurous in its migrations
than the male. It is interesting to note that the birds in ques-
tion were obtained in April, when they would naturally be
expected to have reached the Asiatic end of their range.

Mr. Basset Hull exhibited a skin and an egg of the " Big Hill
Mutton Bird " of Lord Howe Island, and a skin and an egg of

NOTES AND EXHIBITS. 523

CEstrelata neglecta Schlegel, from the Kermadec Islands. Tlie
Lord Howe species is referred to under the specific name of the
Kermadec bird in Mr. Hull's paper on the Birds of Lord Howe
and Norfolk Islands (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1909, xxxiv.,
p.649), but he there expressed the opinion that the Lord Howe
bird is a distinct species. This opinion is verified by a com-
parison of the two specimens exhibited, and by a fuller account,
recently received from a resident, of the habits, and by examina-
tion of a series of the eggs of the Lord Howe bird. This is not
only distinct from ffi". neglecta, but it is an undescribed species;
and the exhibitor proposed to describe it in a further contribu-
tion to the Proceedings.

Mr. Froggatt showed (1) rust-galls on Acacia pendula, asso-
ciated with miteH{Oribatidce), from Nevertire, N.S.W.; the galls
were due to a iy\ug\xii{Uromycladium, apparently U. tepperianum);.
and the diseased condition may be spread by the mites. (2) Leaf-
galls on Eucalyptus sp., caused by a species of Phytoptus; from
Dandenong, Vic. (3) Leaf-galls on an undetermined scrub-tree,
due to a mite of the same group; from Nevertire. And (4)
peculiar growths on the terminal shoots of young Eucalypts,.
possibly of fungoid origin; from Katoomba, N.S.W.

Mr. Maiden exhibited coloured drawings of seedlings of Euca-
lyptus corymhosa Sra., with three cotyledons, from the Sydney
district; also an example of Eucalyptus patens Benth., from
Western Australia, with ternate juvenile leaves.

Mr. T. H. Johnston exhibited a series of Entozoa comprising
the following — (l)Hydatids in the lung of a Paddymelon,i/acro«Ms
thetidis Less.(New England, N.S.W.), and (2) of a Wallaroo, M.
rohustus Gould (N.S.W.), not previously recorded from these
hosts; (3) Coccidkim sp., from the intestinal walls of M. thetidis
(N.S.W.), not previously known from this host, but apparently
the same as that recently found by him in a similar situation in
M. parryi Benn., from near Brisbane; (4) Coccidium bigeminum
Stiles, from the intestine of a dog(Berry, N.S.W.), a sporozoon
not previously recorded from Australia; in addition to the typical

.524 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

elliptical form of spore, there were great numbers which possessed
a pyriform shape; (5) Uncinaria stenocephala Raill., a rare para-
site of the dog(N.S.W.), not previously reported from Australia;
{%) Anchyloatonia caiilnnm Ercol., also from the dog (Victoria;
collected by A. S. Le Sonef), recorded previously only from New
South Wales and Queensland; and (7) Fhysaloptera sp., from
Gould's jNIonitor, Frtrrt?«?ts ^o?t/o?i Sha\v( Victoria; collected by A.
S. Le Souef).

Mr. A. S. Le >Souef showed a photograph of a male Wallaroo
{Macropiis rohustv.a) which liad been castrated when young. The
usual colour of the male is black, and of the female light grey;
but this gelded male, which lias been in the Zoological Gardens,
Sydney, for some years, is light grey like the female, yet other-
wise possesses the usual masculine characters, for example,
larger size and stouter build. He sliowed, also, a photograph of
three Carpet Snakes of New South Wales (/'^/^Aon variegata)
illustrating the great variation in this species; two well niaiked
types and a transversely striped intermediate form were repre-
sented; one of the former is widely distributed, the other is more
restricted (County of Cumberland and about 150 miles round);
but the latter is comparatively rare; the specimen photogi-aphed
came from Foster, N. S.W.

Mr. E. Cheel showed a series of notewortlijr Fungi, com-
prising— Myxogastre^e : Arcyria nutans Rost.; Dante's Glen,
Lawson, Blue Mts., (Miss D. Wiles; communicated by Mr. A.
G. Hamilton; June, 1910) — Peronosporace^ : Pe.rovospora
schlei'leni Ung.; host, cultivated eschalots(J^^mm ' ascalonicitm
Linn.); Penshurst(E. Cheel; August, 1910). Previously recorded
by Dr. N. A. Cobb (Agricultural Gazette of New South
AVales, 189!, p. 616) as P. schleidenimia De Bar}', but without
specific locality. — Pucciniace^: Puccinia lasmaitica Diet.; host,
common gvoundse] (Semecio vulgaris Linn.), Thornleigh(E. Cheel;
August, 1910); SBcidia-stage only. This species is recorded by
McAIpine (" Rusts of Australia," p. 163) as occurring on IS.
pecliudtus DC; collected by Mr. J. H. Maiden, on Mount Kosi.

NOTES AND EXHIBITS. 525

usko; and also on ;S'. vulgaris L., from specimens collected by
Mr. A. G. Hamilton witliout specific locality; so far the teleuto-
spore-stage has not been found in this State. — PoDAXACKyE:
Podaxon cegyptiacus jNIont.; Cobar(L. Abrahams; April, 1910),
Girilambone(J. H. Maiden, and J. L. Boorman; August, 1910).
Previously recorded from near Bourke (these Proceedings, 1906,
p. 721). Lloyd, in his "Lycoperdacese of Australia, New Zealand,"
etc.,(().5; 1905) gives an excellent photograph of the Bouike
specimen.

40

526

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE
PRECIPITINS.*

By H. G. Chapman, M.D., B.S.

(From the Physiological Laboratory of the University of Sydney.)

Contents.

General historical introduction ...

Scope of inquiry

The relations of interacting substances...

Gravimetric estimations of the precipitate

Determination of specific relations

Observations on the precipitins for vegetable proteins

The relation of deviation of complement to precipitum

Remarks on the practical applications of precipitins...

General historical introductioyi.

Page.
526
529
531
.532
544
549
552
553

The existence of specific precipitins in the blood was first
demonstrated in 1897 by Kraus,t vvho added cholera, plague,
and typhoid antisera to filtered cultures of the corresponding
germs. On the addition of the homologous culture-filtrate a
precipitate was formed, but this did not appear if the antiserum
was not homologous. These observations were confirmed by
Nicolle, I who employed cultures of Bacillus coli, B. typhi, and
Vibrio massuali. These investigators called the bodies present
in the antisera employed by them agglutinins. In 1899 Bordet§
noted that rabbits, which had received several intraperitoneal

* Published by permission of the Council of the University of Melbourne,
to whom it was submitted as a thesis for the David Syme Prize.

t Wien. klin. Wochenschr. x , S.736, 1S97, quoted from Nuttall, .Tourn.
of Hygiene, i., p. 368, 1901.

+ Ann. de I'lnst. Pasteur, xii., p.l61, 1898.
§ Ann. de I'lnst. Pasteur, xiii., p.2.32, 1899.

BY H. G. CHAPMAN.

527

injections of defibrinated blood from fowls, yielded a serum nob
only possessed of hsemolytic power against tbe red corpuscles of
the fowl but also capable of giving rise, when mixed with fowl's
serum, to a precipitate which slowly became abundant and aggre-
gated into flocculi. In the same paper Bordet described " lacto-
sera." He applied this term to antisera which precipitated
caseinogen. Bordet* stated that this property of antisera had
already been investigated by Tchistovitch. Tchistovitchf stated
that, on mixing the serum of the eel with a strong antitoxin
from an animal (rabbit, hare, guinea-pig or dog) which had been
immunised for a little time, a cloud and a precipitate similar to
that which had been observed by M. Kraus in filtered cultures
of germs, were obtained. This precipitate was insoluble in water,
neutral salts and alkaline carbonates, but dissolved easily in
alkalies and acids. Its formation resembled the coagulation of
a substance dissolved in the toxic serum or antitoxin.

In 1900 Ulenhuth:}; commenced his researches on the precipitins
with a contribution on specific tests for egg-albumens. He con-
cluded that, by repeated intraperitoneal administration of a solu-
tion of hen's egg-white into rabbits, there were formed in the serum
bodies which, on their addition to solutions of hen's egg-white,
gave rise to a cloud or precipitate; that similar results were seen
with solutions of pigeon's egg-white; that the serum of rabbits
treated with solutions of pigeon's egg-white contained bodies
which produce clouds and precipitates in solutions of the egg-white
of the fowl and pigeon; that the reaction so produced occurred
only with egg-white, not with the numerous other proteins tested,
and that the reaction showed great delicacy. In a later paper§
Uhlenhuth concluded that it would not be possible to differen-
tiate eggs as had been possible for bloods. Gengou|| found that
he was unable to observe an}'^ difference in the action of hen's

* Ann. de I'inst. i'a.-,leur, xiii., p.285, 1S99.

+ Ann. de I'lnst. Pasteur, xiii., p. 406, 1899.

JDeulsch. med. Wochenschr. xxvi., S.7;54, 1900.

§ Ihid. xxvii., 8.260, 1901.

Ann. de I'Inst. Pasteur, xvi., p. 734, 1902.

528 A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE PRECIPITINS

e<rg-white antiserum upon solutions of the egg-whites of the fowl,
duck, pigeon, and turkey. Nuttall,* Levene,t and Graham-
Smith J obtained analogous results. ■ In 1901 UhlenhuthS
applied this biological method to the separation of different
kinds of blood, and especially to the identification of human
blood. Wassermaiui and Schutze,|| Mertens,^ Stern,** Nuttall
and Dinkelspiel,tt ZuelzerjJ and Ziemke§§ made important
investigations on these applications of the test.

Kovvarski|||| immunised rabbits with extracts of wheateu meal
from which the protein coagulated by heat had been filtered off
The antisera from such rabbits gave a precipitate with the extract
used for immunisation. Similar precipitates were given with
extracts of rye and barley. No precipitate occurred with extract
of oats. A pronounced cloud formed with extract of peas. It
was concluded that the vegetable proteins were not of such
diffei'ent kinds as the animal proteins

Bertarelli^^ examined the relations of the proteins of the bean,
pea, lentil, and vetch. He injected dogs with the extracts from
these seeds, and obtained weak antisera. No qualitative
specificity could be detected.

Relander*** prepared antisera for the vetch and barley. He
found the antisera to be specific for the two substances tested.

* Journ. of Tropical Med., iv., p.4U8, 1902.
+ Medical News, Ixxix., p. 981, 1901, quoted by Nuttall, Blood Immunity
and Relationship, Cambridge, 1904.

X Nuttall, Blood Immunity and Relationship, Cambridge, 1904.

§ Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., xxvii., S.83, 499, and 780, 1901.

II Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., xxvii., Vereinbeilage, S.SO, 1901.

H Deutsch. med. Wochenschr.. xxvii., S.161, 1901.

** Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., xxvii., S.135, 1901.

tt Journ. of Hygiene, i., p. 367, 1901.

++ Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., S.219, 1901.

§§ Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., xxvii., S.424 and 731, 1901.

nil Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., xxvii., S. 442, 1901.

HIT Cent. f. Bact. xi., S.8, 1903.

*** Cent. f. Bact. xx., S.518, 1908.

BY H G. CHAPMAN 529

Precipitin aiitisera have also been prepared for ricin,* crotin,
and ergot.f These have all shown a high degree of specificity.

Scope of Inquiry.

The study of the precipitins, as these bodies came to be called,
progressed rapidly in the next few years, since they seemed to
be concerned with those specific properties of the components of
the tissues of different genera and species which had evaded the
chemical tests formerly employed. Some investigators turned
their attention to the details of the use of the test for the recog-
nition of the blood and proteins of different forms in cases of
lesral interest. Others endeavoured to see whether the relations
revealed in the zoological kingdom by the biological method were
similar to those determined on morphological homologies. Others,
again, examined the conditions of formation of these substances
in the living bod}' in the hofie that they might lead to further
insight into those complex interactions by which the animal
organism defends itself against noxious microbic and chemical
agents. In this way certain definite paths of research became
established. With some of these lines of research the experi-
ments recorded in this paper are concerned. In the first place,
a furtlier attempt has been made to elucidate the interaction
between antiserum and homologous protein with the object of
eliciting the quantitative relationships of the i^eaction. In the
second place, the knowledge of the numerical relations of anti-
serum and protein has been utilised to arrange methods for the
differentiation of the proteins of closely allied species, and to
render more accurate the diagnosis of the source of individual
proteins. In the third place, an attempt has been made to
determine by the biological method the relationship of proteins
of vegetable origin. The greatly improved knowledge of the
technique for the use of precipitins will now enable differences
to be recognised in these proteins. And, lastly, the application
of the results obtained by gravimetric means to the deviation of
complement is pointed out.

* Jacoby, Hfm. Beitr. i., S. 51, 1901.
+ Ottoleughi, Biochem. Cent. 1902, No. 1435.

530 A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE PRECIPITINS,

General Hemar-ks on the Methods employed.

Tlie precipitin antisera were produced by the intraperitoneal
injection of the serum, egg-white or solution containing protein
into rabbits. In a few instances cats were employed. Sub-
cutaneous and intravenous injections were attempted, but these
methods of administration were not satisfactory. The rabbits
were well fed, and frequently gained weight during immunisa-
tion. The large amount of food eaten was noticed. A rabbit
weighing 1200 gm. would eat 400-600 gm. carrots in 24 hours.
The rabbits were not fed on the day of injection until after
the injection had been made. Daring the last three years the
precaution of washing and shaving the rabbits' skins has been
dispensed with. It was, however, of great importance that the
syringe, needle, and fluid to be injected should be free from
noxious organisms. The needle and syringe were rinsed in boil-
ing water immediately before each injection. This simple l)ut
efficient method has much diminished the time of injecting the
rabbits, so that twelve rabbits can be injected in a few minutes.
Injections were at first made every 4 or 5 days, but expei'ience
soon showed that an injection every second day was well
tolerated. In the last few immunisatjons daily injections were
em|)loyed. The rabbits were weighed daily, and a sudden fall of
weight was regarded as a sign to avoid injection for a day or
two. The amount injected varied with the material Ui-ed. Egg-
white antisera seemed more powerful when the total amount of
egg-white injected was large, so that lOc.c. or 20 c.c. were given
at each dose. With blood sera care had to be taken with the
initial injections, which were usually 3 c.c. to 5 c.c. If the
animal did not lose weight, the dose was increased to 10 cc. From
six to eight injections were given. As very powerful antisera
were obtained with five or six injections of small amounts of
protein, making the total amount injected as 0*2 to 0"3 gm. dried
protein equal to 2 to 3 c.c. blood serum, it was evident that the
quantity of protein injected did not necessarily determine the
amount of precipitin in the antiserum.

BY H, G. CHAPMAN. 531

The animals were killed 7 to 12 days after the last injection.
Huttall's method* was followed. The blood was caught in a
large sterile dish which was at once covered. The serum was
removed from the dish in 7 or 8 hours, and either sealed up in
sterile tubes and stored on ice, or drie(it in vacuo over calcium-
chloride at 37°C. Dried antisera were kept in a .securely closed
sterile bottle. Every precaution was taken to work under
aseptic conditions. All the tubes used for the interactions, all
pipettes, measuring cylinders, and other apparatus were sterilised
ill a Koch's steam steriliser. The salt solution used as the
diluent was sterilised by raising to the boiling point on three
successive days. The trouble of these precautions was amply
repaid by the tubes remaining sterile for 7 or 8 days after being
set up. All the tubes were plugged with sterile cotton wool.
When a l)acterial deposit may have simulated or concealed a
slight precipitate, the tubes have been rejected.

Measurements have been made with pipettes graduated to
1/lOOth of a cubic centimetre, and corrected by weighing the
quantity of mercur}' delivered by them.

Tiie tubes employed for the interactions were made of ordinary
glass tubing of about 5 mm. bore. The ends were drawn out and
ruunded off. The bottom of each tube was thus shaped as a cone.
For certain experiments, tubes of a larger bore — 8 mm. — were
employed.

The Relations of the Interacting Substances.

The characters of the interaction between the antiserum and
the protein employed for its production, have been studied to
determine the general laws governing the reaction. If a given
weight or volume of antiserum be allowed to interact with
increising quantities of protein, the precipitate formed increa.ses

* Nuttall, Blood Immunity and Relationship, Cambridge, 1904, p.o9.

+ On the advantage of using dried antisera, see Cha.pman, Proc. Linn.
Soc. N. S. Wales, 1905, xxx., p.392.

532 A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE PRECIPITINS,

up to a maximum. Under certain conditions, Arrhenius and
Hamburger have found that a precipitate may diminish again.

(Some qualitative experiments may be quoted first. A series
of tubes were arranged containinc; from 0-05 to 0-000000005 em
dried horse-serum dissolved in 0-5 c.c. saline solution (0-75 per
cent, sodium chloride) so that the dilution of the dried horse-
serum in 0-5 c.c. saline solution varied from 1 in 10 to 1 in
10,000,000. A control tube containing 0-5 c.c. saline solution
alone was also prepared. To each tube of the first series and to
the control was added O'Ol gm. dried antiserum (prepared in a
rabbit by the injection of 4*4 gm. dried horse-serum in 8 doses)
previously dissolved in 0"5 c.c. saline solution. The precipitates
were read in 48 hours by measuring the length of tube occupied
by the precipitate. A record of the readings is given in Table i.

Table i.

No.

of

tube.

Grams of dried
horse-serum
in each tube.

Dilutions of dried

horse-serum in 0-5

c.c, saline.

Precipitates in tubes
to which 0-01 gm.
dried antiserum was
added.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

0-05

0-005

0-0005

0-00005

0-000005

0-0000005

0-00000005

control.

1 in 10
1 in 100
1 in 1,000
1 in 10,000
1 in 100,000
1 in 1,000,000
1 in 10,000,000
saline alone.

1 mm.
1 -5 mm.
1 -5 mm.
1 -5 mm.
05 mm,
0-3 mm.
0-3 mm.
none.

From this Table it is evident that in tubes 1, 2, 3, and 4
maximal precipitates have been produced, while in tubes 5, 6 and
7 submaximal precipitates have been formed. After 48 hours
the superfluids above the precipitates were removed and 0-2 c.c.
fi'om each tube was placed in a clean tuVje. To each of these
tubes containing superfluid, O'OOOl gm. dried horse-serum dis-
solved in 0-5 c.c. saline was added. After 48 hours the readings
of these secondary interactions were taken. They are recorded
in Table ii.

BY H. G, CHAPMAN.

533

These results* show that there was no additional precipitate
in tubes 2 and 3, and small precipitates iu tubes 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8-

Table ii.

No. of tube.

Precipitates after the addition of horse-serum.

1

2

."J

4
5
6

7
8

not tested,
none,
none.
0-3 mm.
0 5 mm.
O'.T nnn.
0 .1 nmi.
0"o mm.

The maximum amount of preci[)itate is thus given by an amount
of homologous protein which is adequate to precipitate all (or
practically all) the precipitin. No further addition of protein
will augment the precipitate.

Another series of secondary tubes was also prepared by
placing 02c.c. superfluid of each of the primary tubes in clean
tubes. To each was added 001 gm. dried antiserum dissolved
in 0"5 c.c. saline solution. These secondary tubes were read in
48 hours. The results are recorded in Table iii.

Table iii.

No. of tube.

Precipitates after the addition of antiserum.

I
2
3

4
5
6

7
8

not tested.
2 "5 mm.
1'5 mm.
0"5 nam.
0-3 mm.
0-3 mm.
0"3mm.
none.

* The reading of tube 1 is too small, since the interaction is not complete
in 48 hours; compare Welsh and Chapman, Journ. of Hygiene, vi., p. 258,
1906.

41

534

A CONTRIBUTION TO THK STUDY OF THE PRECIPITINS,

Precipitates were obtained in each tube. The homologous
protein was thus not exhausted in any tube, and in spite of the
fact that only one-fifth of the amount originally present was
taken, it was still capable of eliciting from a second quantity of
antiserum precipitates not less abundant than those obtained in
the primary interactions. An apparent excei)tion is tube 4, in
which occurred a deposit much smaller than that primarily given.
But the smaller precipitate in this instance reinforces the argu-
ment, since it is in all probability attributable not to the
exhaustion of the homologous proteid but to the fact that the
amount of horse-serum (0-00005 gm.) originally present was just
insufficient to neutralise 001 gm. antiserum, and that the amount

Table iv.

No.

Amount of

Amount of

of

dried egg-white

dried antiserum

tube.

in grams.

in grams.

1

0-0000012

0 01

2

0 •00000-24

55

3

0-0000036

)»

4

0-0000048

J5

5

0-0000060

)>

6

0 0000072

J)

7

0-0000084

M

8

0-0000096

1»

9

0-0000108

)»

10

0-000012

5>

11

0-0000-24

91

12

0 000036

?>

13

0 000048

9 J

14

0-000060

5 J

15

0 00012

55

16

0-00060

))

17

0-00012

none.

18

none.

0-01

Precipitates

in

48 hours.

0-3 mm.

1 mm.

none,
none.

actually present in thesecondary reaction was 000001 gm. (already
once acted on), making the interacting quantities more nearly
equal to those in the primary tube 5. In tubes 4, 5, 6 and 7
uncombined precipitin (antiserum) coexisted with uncombined
homologous protein in the clear superfluid.

BY H. G. CHAPMAN.

535

A series of experiments illustrative of the action between
fowl's egg-white and fowl's egg-antiserum may now be described.
The rabbit was immunised by the injection of 6-48 gm. dried egg-
white in six doses. The antiserum was dried. Egg-white was
diluted with saline solution to facilitate measurement. The solid
content of the egg-white was determined by drying in vacuo over
calcium chloride to constant weight. All the primary tubes
were made up to 2-6 c.c. with 0-75% sodium chloride solution
Table iv, records the primary interactions.

After 48 hours the superfluid above each precipitate was
removed and filtered. The removed fluid was divided into three
portions of 0 5 c.c. each, A, B, and C. To each tube of series A,
0-1 c.c. of 1 % egg-white in saline solution (0-00012) was added.
To each tube of series B, O'Ol gm. dried antiserum dissolved in

Table v.

No.

Precipitates

Precipitates

Precipitates

of

in series A

in series B

in series C

tube.

(plus egg-white).

(plus antiserum).

(control).

1

1 mm.

0-3 mm.

none.

2

J)

9»

5 J

3

>>

) J

>>

4

J)

0 5 mm.

>>

5

)>

» J

>»

6

O'Smm.

j>

J>

7

))

))

J5

8

J )

))

>>

9

) )

1 mm.

5>

10

0-3 mm.

5)

J>

11

trace.

91

>>

12

)>

>»

J»

13

none.

2 mm.

> J

14

M

» )

>>

15

J)

>>

>>

16

) »

))

>>

17

1 )

>>

>»

18

1 mm.

none.

»>

0-1 c.c. saline solution was added. The tubes of series C formed
controls. After 48 hours, readings were taken, and these are
recorded in Table v.

536 A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE PRECIPITINS,

The results of this experiment show that in reactions 1 to 12 at
quantity of precipitin has not been neutralised by the albumen.
In reactions 13 to 16 the precipitin has been neutralised. It
also shows that in every tube in which egg-white was present the
further addition of antiserum caused a precipitate. On examina-
tion of the quantities it will be seen that a quantity of egg-white
between 0-000036 gm. and 0-000048 gm. completely neutralised
the precipitin in 001 gm. antiserum. The deposits given in
Table v., Series A, show that the amount of precipitin decreased
in tube 1 to tube 12, and that very little was present in tubes 11
and 12. It should be noted that not more than one-fifth of the
original precipitin can be ju'esent in the tubes of Series A, and
one-fifth of the original egg-white in the tubes of Series B
recorded in Table v. The results of these typical experiments
have l)een confirmed by comparison with similar experiments.
Thus five other series have been made between solutions of fresh
and dried egg-white and five other fowl's egg-white antisera (two
of which were not dried), one series between ostrich egg-white
and dried ostrich egg-white antiserum, one series between the
serum of the dasyure and an antiserum for dasyure serum, one
series between the serum of the bandicoot and an antiserum pre-
pared against the serum of the bandicoot, and one series between'
fresh horse and a corresponding antiserum. From similar data
Welsh and Chapman* concluded that, for constant quantities of
precipitin interacting with varying amounts of homologous pro-
tein, the amount of precipitum remains constant as soon as
sutticit^nt homologous protein is present to neutralise all the^
precipitin.

'These experiments serve to determine approximately the
quantity of homologous protein which will neutralise the pre-
cipitin in a given weight of antiserum. Table vi. records the
results obtained.

It is of interest to record in Table vii., the maximal precipi-
tates obtained on complete neutralisation of the precipitin in
these anti.sera.

* .Jouiii. of Hygiene, vi. , p. 259, 1906.

BV H. G. CHAPMAN.

537

These maximal precipitates were obtained by mixing 0'02 gm.
<lriecl antiserum and 0-004 gm. dried homologous protein. The
reaction was allowed to take place in a pipette graduated to

Table vi.

Weight in grams

Weight of protein

Weight in grams

of protein alw^ays

usually sufficient

of protein always

Antiserum.

insufficient to

to neutralise

sufficient to neu-

neutralise O'Olgm.

0-01 gm.

tralise O'OI gm.

antiserum.

antiserum.

antiserum.

Hen egg 1

U -0000 12

0-000024

0-000048

Hen egg 2

o-ooooi

0-00002

0-00003

Hen egg 3

o-ooooi

0-000025

0-00006

Ostrich egg

0-0005

—

0-0U2

Horse serum 1

0 00005

0-0001

O-OOOo

Horse serum 2

0-0005

—

0-002

Dasyure serum

0-0001

—

0-0005

hundredths of a cubic centimetre. The volume of the precipitate
was read in 48 hours. On comparing Tables vi. and vii., it is seen
that there is no correspondence between the amount of protein

Table vii.

Antiserum.

Hen egg 1

Hen egg 2
Hen egg 3

Ostrich egg
Horse serum 1
Horse serum 2
Dasyure serum

Volume of precipitum from 0-0
dried antiserum.

0-024 c.c.
0-021 c.c.
0-010 c.c.
0-10 c.c.
0-0-24 c c.
0-OOSc.c.
0-0025 c.c.

necessary to neutralise the precipitin in an antiserum and the
amount of precipitate to be obtained from an antiserum on
neutralising the precipitin completely.

Other series of experiments have been carried out in which the
amount of liomologous protein was constant and the amount of
antiserum was varied. Such a series is recorded in Table viii.

42

538

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE PRECIPITINS,

It will be seen from the results recorded in the Table that the
amount of precipitate is directly proportional to the amount of
antiserum, i.e., the quantity of precipitin.

Table viii.

No.

Weight of

Weight of

Precipitates

of

dried egg-white

dried antiserum

after 48 hours

tube.

m gms.

in gms.

in mm.

1

0 0001

001

2-0

2

00001

0 0075

1-5

3

OOOOl

0 005

1-0

4

0-0001

0 0O-25

0-5

5

0 0001

0-001

trace.

More accurate methods, however, are reqiiired to determine the
I'elation between the weights of interacting antiserum and homo-
logous protein and the weight of the precipitate formed. The pre-
cipitates have been, therefore, weighed, and an examination of the
precipitin i-eaction carried out by gravimetric methods. Measured
quantities of fluid antiserum or weighed quantities of dried anti-
serum have been mixed with weighed amounts of protein in large
tubes for the centrifuge. The tubes have been made up to a
fixed volume with saline solution and allowed to stand 48 hours
for the interaction to take place. The superfiuid above the pre-
cipitate has been removed with a pipette and the precipitate
washed five times with saline solution. Each time the precipi-
tate has lieen mixed with 50 c.c. saline solution and the precipi-
tate separated by spinning in the centrifuge. The precipitate
has been then washed five times in the same way with 50 c.c.
distilled water. The precipitate has been transferred to suiall
glass tubes with thin walls, weighing about 4 gms. These tubes
could be spun in a small centrifuge, and in this way the precipi-
tate has beeu washed with absolute alcohol and finally with ether
free from water. The tubes with their contents have been placed
in an oven at 80°C. for several hours and thence put into the
desiccator. The tubes have been kept a fixed time in the
desiccator and weighed. The weights have been checked three

BY H. G. CHAPMAN.

539

times. The tubes of a series have been weighed immediately
after each other. Owing to the hygroscopic nature of the pre-
cipitates the error in the weights of the tubes has been found by
experiment to be 0-3 mg. The mean figure of the several weigh-
ings has been taken in all cases.

Experiments were performed to ascertain the weight of pre-
cipitate obtained when a measured quantity of antiserum was
allowed to interact with increasing weights of homologous pro-
tein. It has already been shown {supra vide) that no precipitin
can be detected in the superfluid at the end of an interaction,
provided that the amount of homologous protein exceeds a certain
quantity. Table vi, records some of the results obtained by
testing the superfluid with a further addition of protein and
noting the presence or absence of a further precipitate. In the
series to be described, the quantity of protein was sufficient to
neutralise or precipitate* the precipitin in the antiserum. The
superfluids were considered free from precipitin since they yielded
no precipitate on the addition of 144 rag. dried egg-white. The
results are recorded in Table ix.

Table ix.

No.

of

tube.

Weight of
dried egg-
white in
milligrams.

Volume of

antiserum

in cubic

centimetres.

Volume of
saline solu-
tion
in cubic
centimetres.

Weight of
precipitate

in
milligrams.

Weight of
precipitate in
milligrams
from 1 c.c.
antiserum.

1
2
3
4

U-4
36 0

u-to

43-2 0

2 c.c.
2 c.c.
2 c.c,
2 c. e.

50 c.c.
50 c.c.
50 c.c.
50 c.c.

3-2
3-0
3-4
3-4

1-6
1-75
1-7
1-7

Here tlie antiserum was formed by the injection of hen's egg-
white, and the fresh antiserum allowed to interact with fresh
effw- white. A portion of the egg-white was dried to determine
the solid content of the solution. The precipitates are stated in
terms of the amount yielded with 1 c.c. antiserum. The weight

* Compare Welsh and Chapman, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, B.78, p.297, 1906.

540 A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE PRECIPITINS,

of precipitate remains practically constant although the protein
increases from 14 gm. to 432 gm. A somewhat similar series is
recorded in Table x. In this series 3 c.c. antiserum were allowed
to interact with 70, 140, 280 and 560 mg. dried egg-white. After
24 hours the superfluids were removed; to the superfluid of the
first tube 70 nisf. dried egg-white were added, to the second tube
1 40 mg. dried egg-white were added, and the remaining tubes
were tested in the usual way. The precipitates were treated in
the manner above described and weighed. No pr(<cipitates
occurred in the secondary tubes 3 and 4.

Table x.

Weight of

Amount

Amount of

Weight

Total
weight of
the pre-
cipitates.

! Total
amount of

a
H

dried
egg-white.

of
antiserum.

saline
solution.

of
precipitate.

^ precipitate
from 1 c.c.
antiserum.

1

70 mg.

3 c.c.

50 c.c.

2-8 mg.

3-5 mg.

|)l-16mg.

IB

pUis 70 mg.

0-7 mg.

2

2B

140 mg.
plus 140mg.

3 c.c.

50 c.c.

3-2 mg.

trace.

3-2 mg.

;|l-06mg.

3

280 mg.

3 c.c.

50 c.c.

3-0 mg.

3 0 mg.

1 1 -0 mg.

4

560 mg.

3 c.c.

50 c.c.

3-2 mg.

3-2 mg.

1-06 mg.

The superfluids fiom tubes 2B and IB were tested for the
presence of precipitin by the addition of more protein, but no
precipitates were obtained. In this series the weight of precipi-
tate obtained from 1 c.c. antiserum remains constant despite the
large increase in the quantity of protein. No stress can be laid
on the amount of precipitate in tube IB, since it is doubtful
whether the interaction in tube 1 was complete in 24 hours.

As it appears that the precipitate from a given quantity of
antiserum is constant, provided there be sufficient protein to
neutralise the precipitin, a series of experiments in which the
amount of antiserum was varied may be considered. With these
experiments may be considered one in which a duplicate was
cai-ried out. The details of the experiments were varied to avoid
errors. The results are recorded in Table xi.

BY H. G. CHAPMAN.

541

These results show that the amount of precipitate yielded by
each antiserum is a tixed quantity for each cubic centimetre of
antiserum. It must be noticed that the amount of saline solu-

Table xi.

B S

S^.5

-4-3 o-H

-2 Antiserum.

H

= C.2
S "" 0

<

1 Horse-serum 57

2-5 c.c.

100 mg.

50 C.c.

3-7 mg.

1 -5 mg.

2

2'5 c.c.

100 mg.

) y

3 "5 mg.

1-4 mg.

3 ' Hen egg-white 59

2-0 c.c.

134 mg.

) >

8-6 mg.

4-3 mg.

4

3-0 c.c.

134 mg.

)5

12"o mg.

4-2 mg.

5

4-0 c.c.

134 mg.

i»

16-7 mg.

4 '2 mg.

6 Horse-serum 53

2-5 c-c.

50 mg.

>)

2-0 mg.

0-8 mg.

7 ,

5-0 c.c.

200 mg.

))

4-0 mg.

0-8 mg.

8 ' Horse-serum 56

5-0 c.c.

100 mg.

) )

10-4 mg.

2-1 mg.

9

100 c.c.

100 mg.

) )

20-0 mg.

2-0 mg.

10 Hen egg-white 64

rOe.c.

28 mg.

)>

1 '4 mg.

1 -4 mg.

11 i

2-0 c.c.

28 mg.

>»

2 '2 mg.

\ 1 -35 mg.

IIB

plus 140 mg.

0"5 mg.

1

12

3-0 c.c.

28 mg.

) )

3-2 mg.

|l-4mg.

12B

J>

plus of) mg.

1-0 mg.

13

} J

4-0 c.c.

28 mg.

5 J

3 6 mg.

1 1-5 mg.

13B

»)

plus 56 mg.

2-4 mg.

tion used as a diluent is the same throughout the series. In
tubes 1 and 2, 2-5 c.c. antiserum for horse-serum interacted with
100 mg. dried horse-serum, and the duplicates agree well. In
tubes 3, -t, and 5, 2 c.c, 3 c.c, and 4 c.c. fowl's egg-white anti-
serum interacted with 100 mg. dried egg-white, yielding 8*6 mg.,
12-5 mg., and 16*7 mg. precipitate respectively. Calcidating tlie
amount for each c.c antiserum, it is fouud to be about 4 '2 mg. in
each case. In tubes 6 and 7, 2-5 c.c. antiserum for hor.se-seram
reacted with 50 mg. horse-serum, and 5-0 c.c. antiserum reacted
with 200 mg. horse-serum. The amount of precipitate in the
second tube was exactly double that in the first tube. In tubes
8 and 9, 5 c.c and 10 c.c. antiserum each interacted with lOOmg.
dried egg-white, and the weights of the precipitates agree suffi-
ciently well. In tubes 10, 11, 12, and 13, 1 c.c, 2 c.c, 3 c.c, and
4 c.c. antiserum for fowl's egg-white each reacted with 28 mg.

542 A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OP THE PRECIPITINS,

dried egg-white. After 48 hours the superfluids were removed

and a quantity of dried egg-white dissolved in saline solution

added to each superfluid. No further precipitate formed in tube

1, but precipitates formed in IIB, 12B, and 13B. Here again

there is fair agreement in the amount from each 1 c.c. antiserum.

When the amount of protein is insufficient to neutralise all

the precipitin in a given quantity of antiserum, the amount of

precipitate is diminished. An experiment showing the relation

of the precipitate to the amounts of the interacting bodies may be

now described. A rabbit was immunised by the injection of

9-6 gm. dried egg-white in eight doses. The antiserum was

employed fresh. A solution of egg-white was used for the

homologous protein and the solid content determined by drying

a fixed quantity. The quantities employed and the results are

I'ecorded in Table xii.

Table xii.

Amount

Weight

Amount

Weight

Weight of

Tube.

of

of

of saline

of

precipitate
from 1 c.c.
antiserum.

antiserum.

protein.

solution.

precipitate.

1

3 c.c.

1 -44 mg.

50 c.c.

rO mg.

0-33 mg.

2

.3 c.c.

3-6 mg.

.50 c.c.

1 -5 mg.

0-5 mg.

8

3 c.c.

7-2 mg.

50 c.c.

2-0 mg.

0-66 mg.

4

3 c.c.

14-4 mg.

50 c.c.

2-7 mg.

0-9 mg.

5

3 c.c.

28-8 mg.

50 c.c.

4 '2 mg.

r4 mg.

6

3 c.c.

14-4 mg.

50 c.c.

6-5 mg.

2-2 mg.

It will be seen that the amount of antiserum was 3 c.c. in each
tube. This quantity yields only a small precipitate in the tubes
1 and 2, so that great stress cannot be placed on these figures.
The weights of the precipitates have been set in the graph
appended(fig. 1). The curve tends to be of a regular form.
The amount of antiserum obtained from a rabbit is not usually
more than 20 c.c, so that extended series cannot be carried out
with antisera from rabbits. It was not considered legitimate to
employ mixed antisera. Another series gave a graph of similar
form. At present the data are too few to discuss these results at
length, in order to determine the type of the interaction.

BY II. G. CHAPMAX.

543

Tlie effect of tlie degree of dilution on the weight of precipitate
may be now considered. Two series of experiments were carried
out. In the first series the quantity of egg-white was constant,

6-.5

&b

G-0

1^

«-0

o

.'i-.5

II

>

.5-0

■--.

,_,

-:-6

aj

4-0

s-

tr

•>.5

E

z

;>o

Q

4^

2-6

• i-(

Cm

2-0

u

d

O

1-5

+3

Tc

1-0

GJ

^

0-5

o

^

--

- ■

o

X

^

/

?

)

/

/

/

^

(tI

1

t

t

I

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Weight of homologous protein in milligrams. 1 div. = 10 mg.

Curve of weight of precipitate formed with increasiiig weiglits of
homologous protein : 3 cc; antiserum interact with ascending weights of
dried egg-white.

and the amount of saline solution used to dilute the interacting
masses was varied. In the second series the quantity of egg-
white was maintained at a constant concentration in the saline
solution. The antisera employed were two fowl's egg-white
antisera prepared from rabbits. The results are recorded in
Table xiii.

544

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE PRECIPITINS,

The results of both series correspond, though the absolute
amount of precipitate from each antiserum was different. With
a quantity of saline solution of 25 c.c, there was a reduction in

Table xiii.

Amount

Weight

Amount

Weight

Weight of

Tube.

of

of

of saline

of

precipitate
from 1 c.c.
antiserum.

antiserum.

egg-white.

solution.

precipitate.

1

5 c.c. A

100 mg.

25 c.c.

10 8 mg.

2-2 mg.

2

5 c.c. A

100 mg.

50 c.c.

16 -2 mg.

3 "2 mg.

3

5 c.c. A

] 00 mg.

100 c.c.

15 mg.

3-0 mg.

4

Sc.c.B

100 mg.

25 c.c.

10-6 mg.

2-1 mg.

5

5 c.c.B

200 mg.

50 c.c.

19 '5 mg.

3-9 mg.

6

5 c.c.B

400 mg.

100 c.c.

17 '7 mg.

3-6 mg.

the amount of precipitate. All observers have noted this reduc-
tion, which lias been usually ascribed to a solvent action of the
concentrated serum. With a quantity of saline solution of 100
c.c, the precipitates were also reduced slightly. This reduction
was probably due to incomplete reaction in 48 hours, since the
superfiuirls removed from tubes 3 and 6 yielded small precipitates
on standing for another 48 hours. These results are in accord
with the qualitative results previously* obtained.

Determination of Specific Relations.

It has alread}' been shown that, under the conditions before
described, a given quantity of antiserum gives rise to a certain
weight of precipitate, provided a sufficient amount of homologous
])rotein be present. If the protein of the homologous species be-
replaced by the protein of a closely related species (as tested by
the biological method) the amount of precipitate from that
quantity of antiserum is diminished.

It is not practicable to weigh the precipitate from a given
quantity of antiserum interacting wdtli a quantity of unknown
pi'otein, as a means of differentiation of proteins. This same

* Welsh and Chapman, Journ. of Hygiene, vi., p. 256, 1906.

BY H. G. CHAPMAN.

545

principle adapted to other circumstances has been euijiloyed to
distinguish between closely related proteins, e.g., those of avian
eggs. As an example, an experiment may be considered which
records the interaction between an antiserum for fowl's egg-
white and the egg-white of the hen, duck, quail, ostrich, par-
tridge, and pheasant, by which the heterologous egg-whites of
the different eggs were clearly distinguished from the hen's egg-
white. The antiserum was derived from a rabbit which had
received six injections of egg-white containing 6'27 gm. dried
egg-white. When the rabbit was killed, the antiserum was dried
invactio over calcium chloride at37°C. At the time the experi-
ments were performed, the dried antiserum was over two months
old. For the experiment, 0-13 gm. dried antiserum was dissolved
in 5-2 c.c. saline solution. The antiserum was thus diluted sa
that 0*4 c.c. solution was equivalent to 001 gm. dried antiserum,
0-2 c.c. solution to 0-005 gm. antiserum, 0-08 c.c. solution to
0-002 gm. antiserum, 0-04 c.c. solution to 0-001 gm. antiserum,
and 002 c.c. solution to 0-0005 gm. antiserum. To interact with
the antiserum, 1 c.c. egg-white of each kind of egg was diluted
with 99 c.c. saline solution, and 0-1 c.c. of the solution of each

Table xiv.

Amount of

Amount of diluted

Weight

Amount of the

saline solution

egg-white, fowl,

Tube,

of

original solution

added to

duck, ostrich.

antiserum.

of antiserum.

solution of
antiserum.

pheasant, par-
tridge, and quail.

1

0-01 gm.

0-4 CO.

0-1 c.c.

0-1 c.c.

2

0-005 gm.

0-2 c.c.

0-3 c.c.

0-1 c.c.

3

0-002 gm.

008 c.c.

0-42 c.c.

0-1 c.c.

4

0-001 gm.

0-04 c.c.

0-46 c.c.

0-1 c-c.

5

0-0005 gm.

0-02 c.c.

0-48 c.c.

0-1 c.c.

6

none.

none.

0-5 c.c.

0-1 c.c.

kind of egg-white placed in each of six tubes. The antiserum
was measured out in quantities of six times that required for
each tube, and saline solution added in such quantity that the

5io

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE PRECIPITINS,

auiouiit of diluted antiserum for each tube measured 0-5 c.c. In
this way it was possible to measure the small amounts of anti-
serum with some approach to accuracy. The quantities of the
interacting bodies are recorded in Table xiv.

Tubes of 4 to 5 mm. bore were employed. Each tube contained
0"6 c.c. fluid. The readings of the precipitates after 48 hours are

given in Table xv.

Table xv.

Amount

of
antiserum

Fowl's

Duck's

Pheasant's

Partridge's

Quail's

Ostrich's

egg-white.

egg-white.

egg-white.

egg-white.

egg-white.

egg-white.

0-Olgm.

2 '5 mm.

I'O mm.

1 -0 mm.

0-8 mm.

0-8 mm.

O'Smm.

0-005am.

1 "0 mm.

0-3 mm.

0'5 mm.

0*5 mm.

0-3 mm.

0-3 mm.

0-002gm.

0-3 mm.

trace.

trace.

trace.

trace.

trace.

0-OOlgm.

trace.

trace.

trace.

none.

none.

trace.

O-O00.-S<<m.

trace .

none.

none.

none.

none.

none.

none.

none.

none.

none.

none.

none.

none.

The results show that the amount of precipitate with fowl's
egg-white was 2-5 mm., greater than the precijutate with any
heterologous protein. It is also evident that, by testing with
diminishing quantities of antiserum, the differentiation is easily
made. Although 43 tubes were employed, including controls of
antiserum and saline solution, and protein and saline solution, t!ie
amount of dried antiserum employed was only 0'13 gin., equal to
1'3 c.c. fresh antiserum. The method is therefore economical
with material. When the quantity of heterologous i)roteia
interacting with 0-01 gm. dried antiserum is increased to produce
the maximum piecipitate, the amount of precipitate is le.ss than
the full precipitate for that amount of antiserum yielded by the
homologous protein. This is evident from the results recorded
in Table xvi. This table records the results of an experiment
similar to that recorded in Tables xiv. and xv,, tube 1, but carried
out with another antiserum. After 48 hours, the superfluids
were removed to clean tubes and treated with a second O'l c.c.
solution of protein.

BY H. G. CHAPMAN.

547

The readings show that the combined precipitates with the
heterologous protein did not equal the precipitate with the
homologous protein.

Table xvi.

d
.a

D
EH

Weight

of

antiserum.

Amount of

diluted
egg-white.

Reading

in
48 hours.

Addiment

to
super fluid.

Beading

after
48 hours.

1

2
3

O-Ol gm.
0 01 gm.
0 01 gm.

0-1 c.c.(fowl).
0-1 c.c. (duck).
O'l c.c. (ostrich).

1 -5 mm.
0'5 mm.
0-5 mm.

0-1 c.c.(fowl).
0-1 c.c.(duck).
0"1 c.c. (ostrich).

0-3 mm.

none.
O'o mm.

Another method of differentiation of closely related proteins
has been described b}' Welsh and Chapman.* This method
depends on the inhibition of the formation of precipitate by
heated antisera, i.e., on the solution of precipitate by heated
antisera. It is not, however, so simple as that described above,
as it involves a thorough knowledge of the inhibitory powers of
the antisera employed, and requires a detailed examination of
each antiserum before use. The results obtained in the research
on crossed inhibition led Welsh and Chapman to suggest that
the precipitate given by hen-egg antiserum and ostrich or any
egg albumen other than hen-egg albumen might be regarded as
similar to that produced by ostrich-egg antiserum and any egg
albumen other than ostrich-egg albumen. It could be assumed
that this precipitate resulted from the general avian character or
component of the proteins used in immunisation, while the greatly
increased precipitate produced by hen-egg albumen and hen-egg
antiserum, or by ostrich-egg albumen and ostrich-egg antiserum
could be assumed to be due to the specific hen or ostrich char-
acter or component of the material used for injection. In this
connection, some observations made on the eggs used for the
experiment recoi'ded in Tables xiv. and xv., may be noted. After

* The principles of this method are outlined by Welsh and Chapman,
Proc. Roy. Soc. London, B.79, p.471, 1907.

548 A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE PRECIPITINS,

48 hours the reactions recorded in Table xv. were complete and
the precipitates were read. The superfluids of tubes 1 were
removed and to the superfluids certain addiments of solutions of
egg-white were made. The solutions were those used in the
primary experiments. The observations are recorded in Table

xvii.

Table xvii.

Tube.

Original protein
present.

Addiment of protein.

Amount of

precipitate

after 48 hours.

1
2

3
4
5
6

0-1 c.c. (fowl).
0-1 c.c.(duck).
O'l c.c. (pheasant).
0"1 c.c. (partridge).
0"1 c.c. (quail).
01 c.c.(ostrich).

O'l c.c. (ostrich).
O'l c.c. (ostrich).
O'l c.c. (partridge).
O'l c.c.(fowl).
O'l c.c. (partridge).
O'l c.c. (duck).

none,
trace.
0'5 mm.
1'5 mm.
none.
0-5 mm.

In the interpretation of these results, those recorded in Table
xvi., must be considered. The presence or absence of a precipi-
tate shows that in tube 1 the additional ostrich egg-white failed
to produce a precipitate, as the general avian precipitin was
already completely neutralised; in tube 2 there was no precipi-
tate for the same reason; in tube 3 the additional egg-white of
the partridge neutralised and precipitated the remaining preci-
pitin; in tube 4 the fowl egg-white neutralised the specific preci-
pitin for the fowl egg-white, yielding therefore a large precipitate;
in tube 5 the partridge egg-white failed to reveal any general
avian precipitin remaining present; and in tube 6 the duck egg-
white neutralised and precipitated the I'emaining general avian
precipitin. These results have also an interest in the light of
the similar properties of certain hsemolytic sera. The ambo-
ceptors present in these latter, combine with the corpuscles from
one species of animal, but after the corpuscles of this species
have extracted all the amboceptors capable of union with the
corpuscles, the corpuscles of a second species will unite with
other amboceptors present in the hsemolytic sera.

BY H. G. CHAPMAX. 549

Observations on the Precipitins for Vegetable Proteins.

Tlie study of the biological relationships of plants by means of
precipitins is much more difficult than those of animals. This is
-due to the difficult}'' of obtaining material in which reactions,
other than those between the interacting precipitin and protein,
do not occnr. In the first place, the solution of proteins for
intraperitoneal injection of the rabbits must be prepared free
from toxic substances. Such solutions must also be sterile. The
careful researches* of Dr. J. M. Petrie, in this laboratory, on the
seeds of the Acacias, have led to the choice of the proteins of
these seeds for preparing the antisera. As further work on the
decomposition-products of these proteins is likely to be carried
out, and as these proteins may differ widely in chemical pro-
perties from the proteins of blood-sera, it may be possible to
determine by chemical means whether the precipitates formed in
the precipitin reactions are composed of substances akin to the
proteins of the Acacias. Recent investigations! of the acidic
properties of the proteins and their union with bases, also offer
means for the preparation of purer solutions of proteins than
have hitherto been obtained. As extracts of the seeds of the
Acacias made with 10^ salt solution contain little toxic matter,
these extracts have been employed for injection after filtration
and dilution. They have been sterilised by heating to 55°C.,
from 3 to 6 hours. Antisera prepared with heated proteins have
been studied by Schmidt. J They may be used for the same
purposes as antisera prepared with unheated protein. Similar but;
less extensive experiments with antisera made with heated protein
have been carried out in this laboratory with the same results.

The antisera prepared by the injection of these heated proteins
have been allowed to interact with solutions of the seeds of
different species of plants. The solutions were made by extract-

* Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1908, xxxiii., p. 835.
t Brailsford Robertson, " The Proteins," University of CaUfornia Publica-
tions, 1909.

JBiochem Zeitschr. xiv., S.29i, 1908.

550 A CONTRIBUTIO.V TO THE STUDY OP THE PRECIPITINS,

ing 0-5 gm. powdered seeds with 10 c.c. saline solution. The
extracts were filtered and divided into two parts; one part was
then heated to 70°C. for 4 hours and filtered, while the second
part was unheated. The heated extract was sterile, and the
tubes did not show bacterial changes for some days. The
unheated extract soon showed signs of putrefaction. In addition
to the usual controls, it was necessary to arrange, each time, a
series of tubes in which normal rabbit's serum interacted with
the extracts of the seeds. The importance of this control is
evident from Table xviii.

Table xviii.

Seeds.

Amount

of
extract.

Amount of
rabbit's
serum.

Precipitate with

13

Unheated

Heated

r-

extract.

extract.

1

Acacia pycuuntha.

0 5 c.c.

0-1 c.c.

none.

none.

2

Sinapis alba.

99

0 0 mm.

2-0 mm.

.S

Albmm jjorr^tm.

>J

2-0 mm.

2 '5 mm.

4

Chaltac/ilora italica.

> J

> J

0 5 mm.

3'0 mm.

5

Casuarijia dUtyla.

>>

trace.

0"5 mm.

6

Hiimea ehgans.

1>

none.

none.

7

Astroloma p'mifolium.

}>

2"0 mm.

none.

8

Hemicyclia australaska.

) J

trace.

none.

9

E^id'iandra Sieberi.

) )

soHd.

8 0 mni.

10

Macadamia teridfolia.

>>

0'3 mm.

none.

11

Solanum verbasci/olium.

) )

none.

none.

12

Podocarpus elaia .

) J

trace.

none.

13

Pimelea {ignstrina.

J»

none.

trace.

14

Eucalyptus sideroxylon.

)>

none.

Oo mm.

15

Ficuv 7-nbiginosa.

I)

trace.

10 mm.

16

uone(coutrol).

5 J

none.

—

It is seen that 11 out of the 15 seeds gave extracts which
yielded precipitates with normal serum. These extracts could
not be used for tests with antiserum.

A series may now be recorded in which the preliminary tests
and controls were satisfactory. This experiment is recorded in
Table xix.

The antiserum v/as prepared by the injection of extracts of the
seeds of Acacia pi/cnantha containing 3*0 gm. dried protein, given

BY H. G. CHAPMAN.

551

in six doses. The tests were carried out by mixing 0"1 c.c. anti-
serum and 05 c.c. extract of the seeds to be tested. Both heated
and unheated extracts of the seeds were employed. The controls
are omitted from the table.

Table xix.

Tube.

Natural Order.

Species.

Heated

extract.

Unheated
extract.

1

Leguminosse.

Acacia pycnantha.

ppt.

ppt.

2

A . penniiiervis.

ppt.

ppt.

3

A. neriifolia.

ppt.

ppt.

4

A. Itptoclada.

ppt.

ppt.

5

A. accola.

ppt.

ppt.

6

A. spectahilis. .

ppt.

ppt.

7

A. pendula.

ppt.

ppt-

6

Pisum miivam.

ppt.

ppt.

9

Phaseolus lunatus.

nil.

nil.

10

Vicia faha.

nil.

—

11

Medicayo saliva.

nil.

ppt.

12

Graminete.

Triticum vulgare.

nil.

nil.

13

Avena sativa.

nil.

—

14

Myrtacese.

Eucalyptus slderoxylon.

nil.

nil.

15

Conifei'Ee.

Podocurpus tlata.

nil.

nil.

16

Solanacete.

Holanum verbascifoliimi.

nil.

nil.

17

Epacridese.

A sir oh ma ^nnifoli um .

nil.

nil.

18

Compositse.

Humea elegans.

nil.

nil.

19

Proteacese.

Macadamia ternifolia.

nil.

.

Quantitative differences in the amounts of the precipitates are
not recorded in the table. In the first place, it may be noted
that the seeds of the Natural Order of the Leguminosse are
marked off clearly from the seeds of the other well marked
Natural Orders. In the second place, certain of the sends of the
Let'uminosje do not react with the antiserum for Acacia pyc-
nantha. These results have been repeated with other aniisera
with similar results. It is probable that the precipitin test will
be equally useful in the vegetable kingdom as in the animal
kingdom. It po.ssesses also the possibility of supplying data* for
a correct appreciation of the value of morphological characters in
the differentiation of species.

*An extended research on this aspect is being carried out in collaboration
with Dr. Petrie.

552 A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE PRECIPITINS,

The Relation of Deviation of Complement to Precipitnm.

Moreschi, iu his first paper* on the phenomena of deviation,
showed that the fixation of complement appeared only as a sequel
of precipitation. In his second paperf he was less decided on
this point, but held tliat the amount of complement fixed was
pro()ortional to the amount of precipitate. Neisser and Sachs|
were of opinion that the essential feature in the deviation of
complement was the union of a substance (antigen) with its anti-
body. Gay§ regarded the precipitate as the all-important factor
in the fixation of complement. He found that, after the precipi-
tate had formed, the superfluid did not bind complement, hut
that the precipitate, even after thorough washing, fixed coni-
jDleraent. Muir and Martin|| investigated the I'elation of devia-
tion of complement to the precipitin test. They concluded, intei'
alia, that a mixture of serum and its antiserum had the property
of fixing or deviating complement and thus interfering with
hfemolysis, that the amount of homologous protein necessar}' to
produce a distinct deviation of complement was extremely small,
O'OOOOl c.c. oreven less — as a rule it was many times less than
the amount necessary to give a visible precipitate with the anti-
serum— that when a precipitate formed, the deviating substance
was present in the precipitate and might be so exclusive!}', and
that the precipitation was not essential to the deviation-pheno-
mena, as these could be given without the formation of a preci-
pitate. Welsh and Chapmanll have, however, found consistently
that precipitates form in 48 hours with quantities as small as
those employed by Muir and Martin. Stress need not be laid on
this point, as there is now general agreement that it is the
product of the interaction of antigen and antibody, and not a

* Beil. klin. Wochenschr. S.llS!, 1905.

t Berl. klin. Wochenschr, S.76, 1906.

X Berl. klin. Wochenschr. S.1388, 1905.

§ Ann. de I'lnst. I'asteur, xix., p.593, 1905.

il Journ. of Hygiene, vi., i).265, 1906.

U Journ. of Hygiene, vi., p.259, 1906.

BY H. G. CHAPMAN. 55

o

simple mixture of these substances, that has to do with fixation
of complement.

Moll,* Welsh and Chapman,! and Rodett have brought
forward much evidence to show that tlie precipitate or final
product of the interaction of antiserum and homologous protein
is mainly derived from the antiserum. Michaelis,§ in his recent
summary of precipitins, does not accept the general conclusion,
but grants that with the quantities employed by Welsh and
Chapman this conclusion holds. He writes "that these observers
have only had regard to mixtures of much precipitin and little

precipitable substance and have rightly concluded that

the precipitate consists wholly or almost wholly of the proteins
(Eiweisskorpfrn) of the precipitin serum." Now the quantities
of which Michaelis is writing show a much greater proportion of
homologous protein to antiserum than those employed by Muir
and Martin and other workers on deviation of complement. Dis-
regarding for the present purpose tlie source of the precipitate
under all circumstances, it can be accepted that the precipitate
which usually brings about deviation of complement is derived
mainly from the antiserum. It therefore follows that the amount
of complement deviated will be proportional to the amount of
antiserum used as antibody. It has been shown above that an
increase in the amount of antiserum leads to an increase in the
amount of precipitate, so that by increasing the amount of anti-
serum (antibody) deviation of complement may ha obtained with
smaller amounts of iiomologous protein. This factor has not yet
received attention in work upon deviation of complement.

Remarks tivon the Practical A2jplicatio)is of the Precipitins.

As pointed out in the introduction, the precipitin test was
applied early to tlie diagnosis of tlie source of blood-stains.

* Quoted by Rodet, loc. cU.

t Proc. Roy. Soc. London, B.lxxviii., p.310, 1906.

X Comp. rend. Soc. Biol. Paris, p. 671, 1906.

§ Oppenheimer, Handbuch der Biochemie, .Jena, 1909, Bd.ii., Hft. 1, S.565.

43

554 A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE PRECIPITINS.

During the subsequent years the range of appHcation has been
much extended.* Tlie increased attention to public health and
food-supply has led to the use of the test in analytical work con-
cerned with meat and animal foods generally. A detailed
account of the methods employed in the use of the test in routine
examinations in a municipal laboratory is given by Fornet and
Muller.f The test has also been utilised in medical diagnosis.
The application of the test to the diagnosis of hydatid disease,
so prevalent in this country, may be cited. The small amount
of manipulation required for these tests, and the speed with
which a result may be obtained, give this test a great advantage
over the test for deviation of complement which is used for the
same purposes.

* For ci summary of the practical applications of the test, see Welsh and
Chapman, Aust. Med. Gaz., 1907, p-l.

+ Zeit. f. biol. Meth. und Tech. i., p.201, 1908.

555

REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.

By a. J. Turner, M.D., F.E.S.

Fam. GEOMETRID.E.

Subfani. GEOMPiTRINiE.

Forewings with 7, S, 9 stalked, 10 usually stalked with them,
their common stalk arising from upper angle of cell, 6 nearly
always approximated or st^dked with them, 11 usually separate,
rarely stalked, either free or anastomosing shortly with 12 and
10, or with 12 only, no areole. Hindwings with 5 strongly
approximated to (i at origin, 8 approximated to cell near base,
diverging at or before middle, or rarely approximated to beyond
middle. Frenulum and retinaculum frequently rudimentary or
absent, being replaced by a rounded costal dilatation of base of
hind wing.

The Geomeirince form a very natural group. The Acidaliance
(or Sierrhince) are usually, though not always, distinguisliable by
the origin of vein 5 of the hindwings. But independently of
this, the structure of the forewings is fundamentally different in
the two subfamilies. In the Acidaliance, veins 11 and 10 arise
by a common stem, which anastomoses with the common stem of
7, 8, 9, forming the ai eole. Those genera in which the areole is
absent, have been developed from genera in which that structure
exists, by the gradual obliteration of the areole by fusion of its
walls. In the Geometrincc, on the other hand, an areole is never
developed ;■'>' vein 11 is either free, or very frequently anastomoses
first with 12 and tlieu with 10, or it may anastomose with 12

* My attention was called to this point byHampson's " Moths of India,"
iii., p.466; but Mr. Prout informs me that the absence of an areole in this
group was first insisted on by Lederer.

556 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.,

only. As a rare abnormality the anastomosis with 12 may be
missed, while that with 10 is present, but 10 arises always sepa-
rately from 11, and usually from the stalk of 7, 8, 9, and this is
fundamentally different from the normal structure of the Acida-
liance. Another radical distinction is, that the common stalk of
7, 8, 9 arises, in the AGidaliance, from well before the upper angle
of the cell, widely separate from 6, which arises at the angle.
In the Geometritue the common stalk arises from the angle, and
6 is usually either closely approximated to or stalked with it;
though, in rare instances, the origin of 6 is displaced downward.s.
From these considerations it follows that the Acidaliance are not
derived from the Geoinetrince, as I formerly .supposed, but are a
collateral and independent line of development.

The more primitive genera of the Geoinetrince differ from the
remainder of the group in two characters. Firstly, in the separate
origin of vein 10 of the fore wings from the cell, a character
present in the genera Protophi/ta, Heliomystis, Rhuma, and
Sterictopsis. Secondly, in the close approximation of vein 8 of
the hindwings to well beyond the middle of the cell, a character
found in Protophyta, Heliomystis, Rhuma, and Oenochlora. The
first of these characters is not uncommon in the Monocteniance
(Oenochromin(e), while the second is characteristic of that group.
If we endeavour to distinguish the two subfamilies by the point
of origin of vein 5 of the hindwings, we find that this is not a
distinction to be relied on absolutely. Vein 5 of the hindwings
usually arises in the Monocteniance rather nearer to 6 than to 4,
and in the genus Cernia the approximation is quite as strong as in
many Geo'inetrince. In a genus closely allied to Sarcinodes, which
I have from Northern Queensland, the approximation is even
stronger, 5 and 6 being almost connate; while in the Indian
genus Sarcinodes (Hmps., Moths Ind., iii., )>.315) 5 and 6 are
stalked. Though I am unable, at present, to separate the two
subfamilies by any absolute definition, I consider them geneti-
cally distinct. The two genera I have mentioned are not, in my
opinion, genetically allied in any close degree to the parent-stem
of the Geometrince. This group certainly arose out of the Monoc-

BY A. J. TDRXER. 557

teyiiance, and I regard Eumelea as the genus, of all witli which
I am acquainted, coming nearest to the parent-stem of the
former subfamily, being a somewhat aberrant branch from this
stem. The importance of the approximation of 5 and 6 of the
hindwings in the Geometrince does not consist in that character
being peculiar to the subfamily, for it occurs occasionally, as an
aberrant character, in some of the other subfamilies; but in the
fact that, iu the former, that character has become fixed, being
found without exception throughout the group.

A most important character of the higher Lepidoptera, that is
all except the primitive Microjjterygidce and Hepialidre, is the
presence of a frenulum. In certain groups the frenulum has
been lost, and in them its place is supplied by an expansion of
the base of the costa of the hindwing. In the Geometrince may
be found all gradations between a strong functionating frenidum
and its complete absence. In the lower genera it is well-
developed. The first stage in its obsolescence is the appearance
of a rounded dilatation of the base of the costa of the hindwing,
just be3'ond the origin of the frenulum. This is soon followed
Ijy the obsolescence of the frenulum itself, which usually occurs
most rapidly in the female sex. In the male it is longer per-
sistent, but becomes weak and slender; while the retinaculum
shilts to nearer the base of the forewing. Evidently, though
developed, these organs are not strongly functionating. In the
next stage, frenulum and retinaculum become completely obsolete
in both sexes. By the use of these characters, the Geometrince
ma}' be readily divided into three divisions, the genera which
may be regarded as intermediate being extremely few, at least
in the Australian fauna.

Div. i. — Hindwinji with a stronjc rounded dilatation at base
of costa. Frenulum and retinaculum completely absent in both
sexes.

Div. ii. — Hindwing with a rounded dilatation, usually strongly
marked, at base of costa. Frenulum in ^ usually weak,
retinaculum usually close to base of forewing. Frenulum in
female usually absent.

558 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.

In the genus Apodasmia, however, the frenuhim is represented
ill the 5 by a strong tuft of long hairs. In C hr i/sochloroma the
costal dilatation is only moderate, and the (J frenulum is strong,
while that of the 9 is nearly obsolete.

Di\-. iii. — Hindwing without basal costal dilatation. Frenu-
lum in (J strong, in 9 represented by a strong tuft of long
hairs.

From this last group we may separate

Div. iv. — Forewings with vein 10 arising separately from cell.

Though these divisions are natural, they do not in every
instance represent genetic groups. I recognise at least three
different lines of ascent between the second and first divisions.
This appears of special interest as an example of a tendency,
within a group, to develop in a certain direction, whether the
tendency be regarded as innate, or as the effect of environment.
Between the third and second divisions there does not seem, in
the Australian genera, any necessity to assume more than a
single stem.

Much caution and the examination of a large amount of
material are necessary before basing the generic definitions, in
this group, on variations in the neuration. The variations in "
vein 11, for instance, may not infrequently be found all to occur
within the same species. Other examples of variability will he
given in. this paper. • The stalking or separation of veins 6 and
7 of the hindwing is, on the other hand, very constant; I have,
so far, observed only one exce|)tion, in the genus Uliocnemis,
though the examination of larger material may show others.
Differences in the shape of the cell, more especially of the
discocellulars, sometimes afford valuable characters, as in the
genera Comostola, Argyrocosma, and Thalassodes. The shape of
the hind wings is sometimes a reliable generic character, but its
right application calls for discrimination. The variations in
the length of the palpi in both sexes frequently mark out natural
genera, but in the more primitive genus Terpnathey do not seem
to have attained fixity, and are, I think, of specific value only.
Variations in the antennae of either sex give good characters in

BY A. J. TURNER. 559

this group, though in other families of Lepidoptera they may be
less reliable; the ciliMted male antennae of the Ilemithea-group,
for instance, separate this group of genera sharply from its
allies.

For our knowledge of the Australian species we are mainly
indebted to one of Mr. Meyrick's valuable papers(Proc. Linn.
Soc. IST. S. Wales, 1887, p. 835), which will always remain classical.
Since its publication the number of known species has been
much increased, especially from the northern part of the conti-
nent; and a more minute study of certain details of structure has
necessitated considerable generic alterations, without, however,
in any way affecting the characteristic accuracy of Air. Meyrick's
work. Sir Geo. Hampson's " Moths of India " contains some
valuable information regarding structui'al points. Mr. Warren's
papers in the " Nov' itates Zoologicae " are indispensable for
i-eference, but must be used with caution. To Mr. L. B. Prout,
who has lately undertaken an examination of this subfamily for
the "Genera Insectorum," I am much indebted for information
regarding some exotic genera, and for the right understanding of
the genera Comostola and Leucestkes; also for sending me types
of some of the Hiibnerian genera. As my tabulation of the
genera is necessarily, to some extent, artificial, I have attempted
to illustrate their natural relationships by means of a " genea-
logical tree." Such a device, though useful, can be at best no
more than a rough approximation to the truth; and a
knowledge of the exotic genera, which I do not possess, would
probably entail considerable modification.

Following Mr. Meyrick, the lengths of the palpi are expressed
in terms of the breadth of the eye, the lengths of their terminal
joints in terms of the second joint, and that of the antennal
pectinations or ciliations in terms of the breadth of the antennal
stalk. The numerals following records of locality refer to the
months of capture. A f is attached to the names of species,
whose structure I have not been able to examine.

I am, as usual, much indebted to Mr. Geo. Lyell for the loan
of specimens from his extensive collection, and for many locality-
references.

zQenochlora

SGynandrid

9.Cymatopkx

DIV.L

I. B^td

2. Co mo s tola
\

5.ChIoeres^

BLeucesihes

lo.EuloKia

[Micro/oxi^J

I .

llChlorocoma

vmn.

/zMaxaJ-es^ isfretmopus

id.Diplodesiva

I9.t1emime<;i

ZcMetalht^lors 2,.(/r,/Ma

IZPrasinocyma

i4.Comib3en3'^£S"^'P''''
/

/6Tha!dsso</es

2')^ Apodasmia

2z./lrgyrocosfna

23. ChrysochJoPoma

[Pseudofeppna]

29.Agathia

25.UliocnetT?/5

2(>..dgath/op5.'s
Z7 Ei/cycbdes
26. C/i/orodes

Dw.m.

So.Dysphania

si.Aufonepsia

\3Z.Crysihhcn3

^\\^ Si.Terpna

J6.0enochfora

33-Epiprisfls
34-. Acfe/iochroma

DlV.IV,

37.Sterichpsis
38./?/fi//m

39./ye//o/nyshs

^O.Protophyfcl

BY A. J. TURNER.

561

Tabulation of Ge.nera.

A. Hindwings with a rounded costal expansion at
base beyond point of origin of frenulum.
B. Frenulum and retinaculum absent in both sexes.
C. Palpi 1 or less, terminal joint minute in both
sexes.
D. Posterior tibife without middle spurs.

E. Tongue absent, palpi minute 7. ChNoCHLORA.

EE. Tongue present, palpi short but well-
developed.

F. Antennae pectinated in both sexes 8. Gyxandria.

FF. Antennte pectinated in J, simple

in 5 9. Cymatoplex.

DD. Posterior tibiae with middle spurs.

E. Forewings with 10 anastomosing with 9. 6. Leucesthes.
EE. Forewings with 10 not anastomosing

with 9 10. Eri.oxiA,

CO. Palpi over 1 , terminal joint rather long, at
least in $ .
D. Forewings with discocellulars separate on
vein 5, dorsal arising posteriorly to costal.
E. Hindwings dentate, with a strong pro-
jection on vein 4 1.

EE. Hindwings not dentate, rounded or

angled on vein 4, not projecting 2.

DD. Forewings with discocellulars not sepa-
rate on vein 5.

E. Hindwings markedly elongate 3.

EE. Hindwings not elongate.

F. Both wings with 3 and 4 widely sepa-
rate at origin , 4.

FF. Both wings with 3 and 4 approxi-
mated, connate, or stalked 5.

BB. Frenulum in S" present but nearly always

weak, retinaculum nearly always close to

base of forewing, frenulum in J usually

absent.

C. Palpi 1 or less, terminal joint minute in both

sexes. II. Chlorocoma.

CC. Palpi I or more, terminal joint more or less
elongate, at least in J .
D. Antennae in ^ pectinate.

Berta.
comcstola.

Pyrrhorhachis.

Neothela.
Chloeres.

562 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.,

E. Hinclwings with costal edge of cell con-
siderably over § of dorsal edge.

F. Frenulum in ^ strong 24. Cheysochloroma.

FF. Frenulum in ^ slender.

G. Hiudwings quadrate, acutely angled

and strongly produced on vein 4... 12. Maxates.
GG. Hindwings not quadrate.

H. Posterior tibiae of ^ aborted, with-
out spurs 13. Eretmopus.

HH. Posterior tibiae of J not aborted.

J. Posterior tibiae of J^ with a long

slender terminal process about

i length of tarsus 14. Comib^na.

JJ. Posterior tibiae of ^ with ter-
minal process short or absent.
K. Posterior tibife of ^ with ter-
minal spurs absent 15. Oenospila.

KK. Posterior tibia; of ^ with all

spurs present 17. Prasinocyma.

EE. Hindwings with costal edge of cell
about f of dorsal edge.
F. Hindwings with discocellulars not
widely separate on vein 5, 3 and 4

stalked 16. Th alassodes.

FF. Hindwings with discocellulars widely
separate on vein 5, 3 and 4 remote

at origin 22. Argyrocosma.

DD. Antennaj in J' ciliate.

E. Hindwings with 6 and 7 stalked.
F. Forewings with 11 and 10 arising out

of 9 and running into 12 IS. Uiplodesma.

FF. Forewings with 11 from cell, 10 not
running into 12.
G. Posterior tibiffi of ^ without middle

spurs 19. Hemithea.

GG. Posterior tibite of J^ with middle
spurs.
H. Hindwings angled or produced on

vein 4, not produced at tornus... 20. Metallochlora.
HH. Hindwings with termen straight
and long, and with a rounded

projection at tornus 21. Urolitha.

EE. Hindwings with 6 and 7 separate 23. Apodasmia.

BY A. J. TURNER. 563

AA. Hinclwings without costal expansion at base,
frenulum and retinaculum in J" well-developed,
frenulum in J usually represented by a long
tuft of hairs.
B. Forewings with vein 10 stalked with 7, 8, 9.
C. Thorax with a strong posterior crest.

D. Posterior tibise without middle spurs 25. Uliocnemi.s.

DD. Posterior tibiaj with middle spurs 26. Agathiopsis.

CC. Thorax not crested.

U. Hindwings with 6 and 7 stalked.

E. Hindwings with costal edge of cell about

I length of dorsal edge 27. Eucyclodes.

EE. Hindwings with costal edge of cell con-
siderably exceeding § 28. Ch lorodes.

DD. Hindwings .with 6 and 7 separate or
rarely connate.
E. Hindwings with termen strongly pro-
duced on vein 4 29. Agathia.

EE, Hindwings with termen rounded.

F. Antennte pectinated in both sexes, in

(^ to apex 30. Dysphania.

FF. Antennte in J simple, in $ with
apical J simple.
G. Forewings with vein 6 arising near

o, remote from 7 31. Autanepsia.

GG. Forewings with vein 6 closely ap-
proximated or connate with 7.
H. Posterior tibiae without middle

spurs 32. Crypsiphona.

HH. Posterior tibias with middle
spurs.
J. Antennte in $^ ciliate.

K. Thorax smooth or only slightly

hairy beneath 33. Epipristis.

KK. Thorax very densely hairy

beneath 34. Actenochroma.

JJ. Antennae in $ pectinate.
K. Hindwings with 8 diverging

from cell at or before middle 35. Terpna.
KK. Hindwings with 8 closely ap-
proximated to cell to well

beyond middle 36. Oenochlora.

^B. Forewings with vein 10 arising separately
from cell.

56 i RBVISIOX OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V

C. Thorax and abdomen crested,

D. Hindwings with 6 and 7 stalked ?7. Sterictopsis.

DD. Hindwhigs with 6 and 7 separate.

E. Antennte of S' ciliate 38. Rhuma.

EE. Antenna; in ^ pectinate , 39. Helxomystis.

CC. Thorax and abdomen not crested 40. Protophyta.

Gen. 1. i> E R T A .
Berta, Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxvi. p. 1621.

Face smooth. Tongue well-developed. Pal|)i slender, por-
rect, moderate in ^, rather long in Q; second and terminal
joints smooth-scaled; terminal joint in ^ J, in ^ |-. Antennae
in ^ pectinated, apices simple; in ^ simple. Thorax and
ahdomen not crested; thorax not hairj' beneath. Posterior tibise
with all spurs present; in ^ dilated with along tuft of hairs
lying in a groove on inner surface, terminal spurs shortened, and
a short stout terminal process. Hindwings elongate, t rmen
dentate with a strong projection on vein 4; a strong rounded
costal expansion at base; frenulum and retinaculum obsolete in
both sexes. Forewings with 3 and 4 connate or slightly
separate, 6 connate, 11 stalked with 7, 8, 9, 10 beyond 6
and anastomosing with 12; discocellulars separate on vein 5,
dorsal arising posteriorly to costal. Hindwings with 3 and 4
stalked, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 approximated to cell near base and
rapidly diverghig; discocellulars moderately oblique, slightly
angled or nearly straight on vein 5, costal edge of cell con-
siderably over f.

Differing from Comostola only in the shape of the hindwings.
Type, Berta chrysolineata Wlk.

1. Bekta chrysolineata.

Berta chrysolineata Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxvi. p. 1621; Moore,
Lep. Ceyl. iii. p. 435, PI. 196, f.4; Hmps , Moths Ind. iii. p. 516.

Euchloris leucospilota Turn., Trans. Roy. Sue. S. Austr. 1904,
p. 221.

N.A.: Port Darwin, 1, 12. — N.Q.: Kuranda, 3, 4. Also from
Ceylon and India.

BY A. J. TURNER. 565

Gen. 2. C o m o s t o l a.

Comostola Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887, p. 869.

Face smooth. Tongue well developed. Palpi slender,
porrect, in ^ moderate, or rather long, in ^ ^ong; second and
terminal joints smooth-scaled; terminal joiat usually short in
(J, always elongate in 9- Antennte in ^ pectinated, apices
simple; in ^ simple. Tiiorax and abioraen not crested; thorax
not hairy beneath. Posterior tibiae with all spurs present; in ^
dilated, with terminal spurs shortened, and a tuft of long hairs
on inner side, sometimes with a short stout terminal process.
Hindwings with termen rounded or slightly angled on vein 4,
not projecting; a strong rounJed costal expansion at base;
frenulum and retinaculum obsolete in both sexes. Forewings
with 3 and 4 stalked or connate, 6 separate or short-stalked, 11
arising from cell or stalked with 7, 8, 9, 10 beyond 6, not
anastomosing; discocellulars separate or widely separate on vein

5, dorsal arising posteriorly to costal. Hindwings elongate;
with 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7 stalked; 8 connected with cell
at a point near base and rapidly diverging; discocellulars nearly
straight, slightly oblique, dorsal sometimes curved so as to be
more oblique; costal edge of cell considerabl}'^ over |^.

Type, lodis Icesaria Wlk. The structure of the cell of the
forewings, together 'with the elongate hindwings. which may
have the termen either strongly rounded, or slightly angled on
vein 4, but never projecting, are the distinguishing marks of this
genus. The separation of the discocellulars of the forewings,
sometimes slight, becomes very pronounced in C. Icesaria and C.
nereidaria. Vein 11 may either arise free from the cell, as in
most Geometrince; or may be stalked with 7, 8, 9, 10 well beyond

6. In view of the close specific relationship of C. suhiiliaria
Brem., from Eastern Asia, which has the former structure, with
C. Icesaria, I do not think the difiPerence can be made use of for
generic subdivision.

1. Hindwings obtusely angled on vein 4 2.

Hindwings rounded 5.

566 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.,

2. Wings with numerous discal spots edged with pale

ochieous 3.

Only one discal spot in each wing, not edged with pale
ochreous .„ 4.

3. Head with dark red transverse line, costal edge of cell f 2. kesaria.
Head without dark red line, costal edge of cell h 3. nereidaria.

4. Discal spot of hindwings large, with leaden-metallic

scales ^ 4. leucomeirita.

Discal spot of hindwings small, without leaden-metallic

scales 5. h aplophanes^

5. Wings edged with white 6. chlorargyra.

Wings interruptedly edged with fuscous-red 7. eucraspeda.

2. COMOSTOLA LiESARIA.

lodis Icesarla Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxii. p.544; Eucrostis
perlepidaria Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxxv. p.1610; Comibcena
macidata Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 638; Coinostola
perlepidaria Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales 1887, p. 869.

Frons green, with a narrow transverse dark red line anteriorly
fillet broadly white. Palpi in ^ 2, terminal joint i^; in J 3|
terminal joint §. Forewings with costal edge of cell | dorsal;
veins 3 and 4 stalked or connate, 11 stalked with 7, 8, 9, 10
beyond 6; two fuscous costal dots representing origin of first and
second lines; second line represented by a well-developed series
of spots. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked. Posterior tibiae of

«

^ dilated, with tuft of hairs, shortened terminal spurs, and v'ery
short stout terminal process.

N.A.: Port Darwin, 9, 10— Q.: Brisbane, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12;
Southport. Also from Ceylon and India.

r

r

3. CoMOSTOLA NEREIDARIA.

Comostola nereidaria Snel. ; Gomostola jiavicincta Warr., Nov,
Zool. 1896, p,288.

Frons narrowly green posteriorly, anteriorly yellow-ochreous,
which colour is suffused over fillet, either wdiolly or leaving its
anterior edge white. Palpi in ^ If, terminal joint J; in 2 2^,
terminal joint f. C. meritaria, Wlk., which is very similar,
differs in neuration. Forewings with costal edge of cell ^

BY A. J. TURNER. 567

dorsal; 3 and 4 connate, 11 stalked with 7, 8, 9, 10 beyond 6;
darker green than in C. Icesaria, all spots smaller except the
discal which appear disproportionately large; no fuscous costal
dots. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked. Posterior tibise of
^ dilated, but terminal spurs not abbreviated, and without
terminal process.

N.Q.: Kuraada, 4; Geraldton, 11. Also from Louisiades and
Celebes.

4. COMOSTOLA. LRUCOMERATA.

Clilorochromci leucoiaerata Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxxv.
p. 1609; lodis leucomeraia Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,
1887, p.889.

Palpi in ^ 1|-, terminal joint |; in 5 ^h terminal joint 1.
Foiewings with 3 and 4 stalked or connate, 11 from cell.
Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked. The discal spots on both
wings are sometimes white in the centre. Posterior tibise of ^
dilated, with tuft of hairs, shortened terminal spurs, and very
short stout terminal process.

N.Q.: Kuranda — -Q.: Brisbane, 12; Mt. Tambourine, 2. Also
from New South Wales, according to Mr. Meyrick.

5.C0MOSTOLA HAPLOPHANES, n.sp.l(nrXo(f)uvr]s, of simple appearance].

(J. 23 mm. H!ead green; fillet snow-white; face ferruginous,
loweredge green-whitish. Palpi whitish, external surface of second
joint ferruginous; in ^ 1^, terminal joint ^. Antennte white;
pectinations in ^ 10-12. Thorax and abdomen green, sides and
undersurface whitish; legs whitish, anterior pair, except coxse,
fuscous anteriorly; posterior tibia) of ^ dilated with internal
groove and tuft, and abbreviated terminal spurs. Forewings
triangular, costa nearly straight, strongly arched near base, less
so towards apex, apex round-pointed, termen straight, oblique; 3
and 4 connate, 6 short-stalked, 11 from cell; bright green; costal
edge yellowish; a small dark ferruginous discal spot; an obscure^
dark green, markedly dentate, postmedian line; cilia pale yellow,
with a narrow, interrupted, dark ferruginous basal line, best

568 RRVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.,

marked at apex. Hind wings with teniien obtusely angled on
vein 4; 3 and 4 stalked; colour and markings as forewings.
Underside whitish. Type in Coll. Lyell.

N.Q.: Kuranda, in May; one specimen, received from Mr. F.
P. Dodd.

G.COiMOSTOLA CHLORARGYRA.

Comibcena chlorargyr(X Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxii., p. 577;
Coynostola conchijlias Me}^-., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1889, p. 490.

Mr. Prout informs nie that this is distinct from G. dispansa
Wlk., Vi^hich has a green abdomen.

Forewings with 3 and 4 separate at origin, 11 from cell.
Hind wings with 3 and 4 stalked. I have only one specimen for
examination, Thex'e may be some considerable variation in mark-
ings of forewings. Posterior tibiae of ^ dilated but without
terminal process.

N.Q. : Kuranda, 9,10,3; Townsville, 4,5. Also from New
Ouinea, Borneo, and Ceylon.

7.COMOSTOLA EUCUASPEDA, n.sp.[evKpa(nr€dos, well-bordered].

9- 24 mm. Head dull red irrorated with blackish, face pale
red, fillet narrowly whitish. Palpi whitish; in 9 2^, terminal
joint §. Antenna} red, towards apex whitish. Thorax bright
green, small spots on shoulders and a large posterior spot reddish
iriorated with l>hickisli. Abdomen whitish, with a median dorsal
reddish streak [badly rubbedj. Legs pale reddish; posterior pair
except tarsi whitish. Forewings with costa rather strongly
arched, [apex broken], termen slightly bowed, oblique; 3 and 4
connate, 6 separate, 11 stalked with 7, 8, 9, 10; bright green; a
red lish streak thickly irrorated with blackisli along costa and
termen; costal portion rather broad, with a dentate internal
process at middle; terminal portion fine, dilated into spots at
tornus and above middle; [cilia abraded]. Hind wings with
termen strongly bowed; 3 and 4 short-stalked; 6 and 7 short-
stalked; colour and markings as forewings but without costal
streak. Type in Coll. Turner.

N.A.: Port Darwin, in November; one specimen, received from
Mr. F. P. Dodd.

BY A. J. TURNER. 569

Gen. 3. Pyrrhorhachis.

Fyrrhorhachis Warr., Nov. Zool. 1896, p.292.

Face smooth. Tongue well developed. Palpi long, slender;
terminal joint elongate, especially in ^. Antennas in q pectinate,
apices simple; in 2 simple. Thorax and abdomen not crested;
thorax not hairy beneath. Posterior tibiae with all spurs present.
Frenulum and retinaculum obsolete in both sexes; hindwings
Avith a strong costal expansion at base. Forewings with 3 and
4 stalked, 11 from cell or stalked with 7, 8, 9, 10 before 6, free
or anastomosing with 12; discocellulars not separated on vein 5.
Hindwings markedly elongate with termen strongly rounded; 3
and 4 stalked, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 approximated to cell near base
discocellulars scarcely angled, but slightly oblique.

Type Eucrostis i-)ijrrhogona Wlk. In the shape of the hind-
wings, this agrees with Comostola chlorargyra, but differs in the
form of the cell of the forewings. I regard the genus as ancestral
to Comostola.

8. Pybrhorhachis pyrrhogona,

Eucrostis pyrrhogona Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxxv., p.1610;
lodis marginata Luc, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales 1888, p. 1268;
Comostola pyrrhogona Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1889, p. 491;
Euchloris pyrrhogona Hnips., Moths Ind. iii., p. 500; Pyrrho-
rhachis cornuta, Warr., Nov. Zool. 1896, p.292.

The only x^ustralian species which can be described as blue.
There may be a reddish discal spot on each wing margined with
ochreous, and containing a few blackish scales, or discal spots
may be completely absent. Palpi in ^ 2, terminal joint |. I
have not examined a male.

N.A.: Port Darwin, 9, 10, 12— N.Q.: Thursday Island;
Kuranda, 4, 5, 10 — Q.: Brisbane, 12. Also from New Guinea,
Ceylon, and India.

Gen. 4. NeoTHELA, n.g.\ye6dr]\os, freshly green.]

Head smooth. Tongue well-developed. Palpi slender, por-
rect, rough-haired beneath towards base; terminal joint in ^

44

570 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.,

minute; [in 9 probably longer]. Antennse in ^ pectinated,
apices simple. Thorax and abdomen not crested; thorax slightly
haiiy beneath. Posterior tibise with all spurs present; in ^
strongly dilated, with a groove containing a tuft of hair on inner
side. Hindwings witii a strong costal exj)ansion at base;
fieriulum and retinaculum obsolete in both sexes. Forewinss
with 3 and 4 widely separate at base, 6 separate, 11 from cell,
anastomosing first with 12 and then with 10. Hindwings with
3 and i widely separate at base, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 closely
approximated to cell near base, thence diverging; di.scocellulars
islightly angled on vein 5, dorsal strongly curved so as to become
very strongly oblique, costal edge of cell considerably exceed-
ing S-

Type iV. cissochroa Turn. This genus differs from Chloeres in

the wide separation of veins 3 and 4 of both wings.

9. Neothela CISSOCHROA, n.sp. [Kicro-oxpooy, ivy-green.]

^. 24 mm. Head bluish-green; fillet snow-white; face green.
Palpi in ^ 1|; whitish, tinged with green above. Antenna)
white; pectinations in ^, outer row 7, inner row 5. Thorax
bluish-green. Abdomen bluisli-green, apices of segments, tuft,
sides, and under-surface white; under-surface of fourth segment
in ^ occupied by a patch of long coarse whitish-ochreous hairs.
Forewings triangular, costa moderately arched, upex round-
pointed, termen nearly straight, oblique; bluish-green; lines veiy
slender, white; first at ^, obtusely toothed outwardly beneath
middle; second at |, finely denticulate; a slender white circle
above middle; cilia gi-een. Hindwings with termen bowed on
vein 4; colour, discal circle, postmedian line, and cilia as
forewings. Type (unfortunately in poor condition) in Coll.
Turner.

N.Q.: Townsville, in September; one specimen, received from
Mr. F. P. Dodd.

Gen. 5. Chloeres, n.g.[x\orjpr]s, green.]

Face smooth. Tongue well developed. Palpi slender; in ^
short or moderate, with minute terminal joint; in 9

BY A. J. TURNER. 571

longer, with longer terminal joint. Antennse in ^ pecti-
nate, apices simple; in ^ simple. Posterior tibise with all
spurs present; in ^ sometimes dilated. Frenulum and retinacu-
lum obsolete in both sexes; hindwings with a strong rounded
expan.sion at base. Forewings with 3 and 4 slightly separate,
connate, or stalked, 11 from cell, not anastomosing. Hindwings
with 3 and 4 stalked or connate, G and 7 stalked, 8 approximated
to cell near liase; discocellulars scarcely anirled on vein 5, dorsal
bent and moderately oblique.

Type, Chlorochroma citrolimharia, Gn. I place this genus lovv
down on the Comostola-stem. The relationship to Euloxia is, I
think, collateral.

10. Chloeres citrolimbaria.

Chlorochroma citrolimharia, Gn., Lep. ix. p 366; nee Wlk.,

"Cat. Brit. Mus. xxii. p. 562: Chlorochroma inchoata Wlk., Cat.

Brit. Mus. xxii. p. 563; lodis inchoata Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc.

N. S. Wales, 1887, p. 881; lodis illidgei Luc, Proc, Linn. Soc.

N. S. Wales, 1889, p. 603.

(J^. 22-31 mm. Head green, anteriorly yellow; fillet narrowly
white; face reddish, lower edge white. Palpi small, slender;
whitish; in $ 1, terminal joint ^; in ^ 1^2' terminal joint |.
Antennfe yellow, pectinations and apices whitish. Thorax and
abdomen green, a median yellowish dorsal line from midthorax;
apical segments, sides, and under surface of abdomen white.
Legs white; anterior pair reddish; anterior coxse white; posterior
tibise in ^ not dilated and without terminal process. Forewings
triangular, costa nearly straight, apex round-pointed, termen
nearly straight, oblique; 3 and 4 usually stalked, sometimes con-
nate, 11 from cell; green; without lines; a narrow yellow costal
and terminal streak; cilia yellow. Hindwings with termen but
slightly bowed; 3 and 4 stalked or connate, 6 and 7 only short-
stalked; colour and cilia as forewings. Underside whitish-
green.

N.Q.: Kuranda, 4, 5 — Q. : Nambour; Brisbane, 5; Mount
Tambourine, 2, 5, 10, 11.

572 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.,

Mr. R. Illidge lias reared this species from larvae feeding oii
Duhoisia.

11. ChLOKRES CISSINA n.sp.[/ctcra-ti'a, ivy-green.]

^ 25 mm. Head and face green; fillet and antennae white.
Palpi green; in ^ \^, terminal joint 5. Thorax bluish-green.
Abdomen bluish -green, tuft, sides, and lower surface white.
Legs whitish; anterior femora, tibiae and tarsi reddish-tinged;
anterior coxse greenish; posterior tibiae in ^ dilated, with a tuft
of long hairs in a groove on inner side, terminal spurs shortened,
and a very short stout terminal process. Forewings triangular,
costa moderately arched, apex roiiud-pointed, termen slightly
bowed, oblique; 3 and 4 slightly separate at origin, 6 separate,
11 from cell; bluish-green; a whitish dot on dorsum at |^, and
another on submedian representing first line; a series of faint
whitish dots on veins at ^ representing second line; cilia whitish-
green. Hindwings with termen strongly bowed; 3 and 4
connate; as forewings but with no trace of first line. Underside
whitish-green.

Q.: Killarney; in October, one specimen.

Type in Coll. Turner.

Gen. 6. Leucbsthes.

Leucesthes Warr., Nov. Zool. 1902, p. 348; Acibdela Turn.,
Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr. 1906, p. 130.

Face smooth. Tongue well developed. Eyes larger in J' than
in 9. Palpi slender, short; in (J f , in 2 1; terminal joint minute
in both sexes. Antennae in ^ })ectinated to near apex, terminal
^ simple; in 9 simple. Thorax and abdomen not crested. Pos-
terior tibiae with all spurs present, rather closely approximated.
Hindwings narrower than forewings; with a strong rounded
costal expansion at base; frenulum and retinaculum obsolete in
both sexes. Foi'ewings with 3 and 4 remote at origin, 6 out of
7, 8, 9, opposite or beyond 10; 11 anastomosing with 12 and
then with 10; 10 anastomosing or connected with 8-1-9. Hind-
wings with 3 and 4 well separated at base; 5 strongly approxi-
mated to 6; 6 and 7 stalked, 8 approximated to cell as far as

BY A. J. TURNER. 573

Twiddle, then gradually diverging; discocellulars angled on vein
5, dorsal curved so as to become rather strongly oblique, costal
edge of cell not much shortec than dorsal. Type, Nearchci alba
Swin.

Mr. L. Prout first pointed out to me that this genus belongs to
the Geometrince, and he is certainly correct. The strong approxi-
mation of vein 5 of hind wings to 6, the absence of a frenulum,
tosfether with the smooth face and anastomoses of vein 11 of
forewings are decisive. The exact place among other genera is
more difficult to determine. The somewhat long approximation
of vein 8 of hindwings to cell, as in the Monoctenimice, may be
ancestral, but may also be a recent modification secondary to the
narrowed hindwings, and in either case is nearly as well marked
in Euloxia gratiosata. The absence of a frenulum is not likely to
be found in a primitive genus. The anastomosis of 10 with 9, the
pectinations of antenna; to apex, the narrow wings and the white
coloration are peculiar characters, but not of great importance.
The genus is one of the peculiar forms of Australia, and does not
appear to have any near allies.

12. Leucestiies alba.

Wearcha alba Swin., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), ix. p.79(Feb.,
1902); Leucesthes marga7-ita Warr., Nov. Zool. 1902, p.348(July).

^2- 22-24 mm. Head, face, palpi, antennee, thorax, and abdo-
men white. Legs whitish. Forewings narrow, triangular, costa
slightly arched, apex rounded, termen strongly bowed, strongly
oblique; shining white; a suffused whitish-ochreous subcostal
streak along veins, and sometimes a narrower streak along median
vein; cilia white. Hindwings elongate, narrower than forewings,
termen very strongly rounded; shining white; cilia white.

N.W.A. : Roeburne. I have received two specimens, for
■ examination, from Mr. G. Lyell.

Gen. 7. Cenochlora.

Cenochlora Warr., Nov. Zool. 1898, p. 12.

Face smooth, rounded, not projecting. Tongue absent. Palpi
Jialf aborted, slender, very short, less than ^. Antennae with

574 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.,

long pectinations in Ijotli sexes, apices simple. Tiiorax and
abdomen not crested. Thorax not hairj^ beneath. Posterior
tibife without middle spurs in botli sexes. Hindwings with a
strong rounded costal expansion at base, frenulum and retina-
culum obsolete in both sexes. Fore wings with 3 and 4 remote
at origin, 6 separate, II connected with 12 on a point only(four
specimens examined). Hindwings with 3 and 4 widely remote
at origin, 6 and 7 short-stalked or connate, 8 connected with cell
at a point near base, then diverging: discocellulars slightly angled
on vein 5, dorsal 'rather strongly oblique; costal edge of cell
considerably over §.

Distinguished from the following genus by the absence of
tongue, and half-aborted palpi. It also differs in the neuration.
Type lodis qiiieta Luc.

As Genochlora is one of the best genera that Mr. Warren has
characterised, it is surprising that he should have subsequently
(Nov. Zool. 1905, p. 422) merged it in the equally natural but
widely different Chlorochroma Gn. There are no less than six
points of difference between them, any one of which is sufficient
for generic separation.

Genochlora Warr. — (1) Tongue absent. (2) Palpi half-aborted.
(3) Antennae with long pectinations in both sexes. (4) Frenulum
in (J absent. (5) Posterior tibiae without middle spurs in both
sexes. (6) Veins 3 and 4 of hindwings widely remote at origin.

Chlorochroma Gn. — Tongue present. Palpi well-developed,
though short. Antennae in ^ simple. Frenulum in ^ present.
Middle spurs well developed. Veins 3 and 4 of hindwings closely-
approximated, connate, or stalked.

1, Both wings with bases of cilia and discal dots dull reddish 13. quieta.
Cilia wholly white, no discal dots 14. quantilla.

13. Genochlora quieta.

lodis quieta Luc, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qsld. 1891, p. 79; C'enochlora
felix Warr., Nov. Zool. 1898, p. 12.

BY A. J. TURNER. 575

(J9. 18-22 mm. Head, face, and palpi green; fillet snow-white.
Antennre white; pectinations in both sexes 10. Thorax and
abdomen green, beneath green-whitish; the hitter with one or
two median white dots on dorsum. Legs green-whitish; anterior
pair green. Forewings triangular, costa gently arched, more
strongly at base, apex round-pointed, termen bowed, oblique;
green; a white costal streak, tinged with ochreous at base; two
dentate whitish lines; first from |- costa to J dorsum, outwardly
curved; second from § costa to |^ dorsum, nearly straight; a
minute dull reddish median discal dot; cilia dull reddish, apices
white. Hindwings with termen strongly bowed; colour and
markings as forewings, but first line obsolete.

Although I have not seen the type, I think Mr. Warren is
correct in his identification(Nov. Zool. 1905, p.422). It is true
that the head is reddisli-ochreous and the face ochreous in the
original description, but some allowance must be made for the
inexactness of Dr. Lucas' descriptions.

Q.: Duaringa; Brisbane, 4; Rosewood, 3, 4; Toowoomba, 4;
Bunya Mountains, 12. I have four examples, including one 2>
all taken singly.

14. CeNOCHLORA QUANTtLLA, n.sp.[quantillus, how little !]

(J. 15 mm. Head and face green; fillet snow-white.
Palpi whitish. Antennae white; pectinations 8. Thorax and
abdomen green; beneath white. Legs whitish. Forewings
triangular, costa gently arched, more strong at base,
apex pointed, termen bowed, oblique; green; fir.st line
obsolete; a fine whitish dentate line traceable at f; cilia
white. Hindwings with termen strongly bowed; as forewings.
Type in Coll. Turner(slightly worn).

N.Q.: Townsville; in April, one specimen, received from Mr.
F. P. Dodd.

Gen. 8. Gynandria, n.g.

Face smooth, rounded, not prominent. Tongue present but
weakly developed. Palpi short, not exceeding 1; second joint

576 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.,

rough-scaled; termiual joint minute in both sexes. Anteunse
bipectinate in both sexes, apices simple. Thorax and abdomen
not crested, Thorax slightly hairy beneath. Posterior tibia;
without middle spurs in both sexes. Hindwing with a strong
rounded costal expansion at base; frenulum and retinaculum
obsolete in both sexes. Forewings with vein 6 out of 7 (this is
probably not a constant character), 11 usually anastomosing with
12, but sometimes separate. Hind wings with 3 and 4 usually
stalked, sometimes connate, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 anastomosing
shortly with cell near base, then rapidly diverging; discocellulars
angled on vein 5, dorsal strongly oblique; costal edge of cell
considerably over |.

Type, Geometra latiliaeata Wlk. I do not know whether there
are any other species. This and the preceding genus differ from
Cy^natoplex in the pectination of the 9 antennae, a character which
is found also in the unrelated genera Uliocneinis and Di/sphania.

15. Gynandria latilineata.

Geometra latilineata Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxxv. p. 1605;
Euc7-ostis latilineata Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887,
p.868.

A pretty and abundant species, of a bright bluish-green colour
when fresh but rapidly fading. The antennal pectinations are
rather short(^ 2, $ 1). Northern specimens are smaller, with
broader lines; in southern specimens the lines are finer, and the
anterior line of forewings may be al)sent.

N.A.: Port Darwin, 1, 10, 11— N.Q.: Kuranda, 2; Towns-
ville — Q.: Duaringa; Maryborough; Gympie; Nambour, 11, 12;
Brisbane, 1, 2, 3, 9, 12; Stradbroke Island; Mt. Tambourine;
Rosewood, 3; Nanango; Dalby, 12; Miles — N.S.W.: Tentertield,
2.

Gen. 9. Cymatoplex, n.g.[iicu/iaro7rXe^, wave-beaten.]

Face smooth, rounded, not projecting. Palpi slender, short,
not exceeding 1; terminal joint small in both sexes. Tongue
present, rather weak. Antennae pectinate in (J, apex simjtle; in

BY A. J. TURNER. 577

2 thick and slightly serrate. Thorax and abdomen not crested.
Thorax slightly hairy beneath. Posterior tibite without middle
spurs in both sexes. Hindwings with a strong rounded costal
expansion at base; frenulum and retinaculum obsolete in both
sexes. Forewings witli 3 and 4 separate or connate, 6 stalked
or sepaiate, 11 free or anastomosing with 12. Hindwings with

3 and 4 separate or connate, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 connected with
cell near base, then rapidly diverging, discocellulars slightly
angled on vein 5, dorsal moderately oblique, costal edge of cell
considerably over |, cell one-half length of wing or more. Type
Jodis crenulata, Luc.

I have not noticed 3 and 4 of the hindwings to be stalked, but
this may occur in the genus.

Microloxia, Warr., differs from this genus by the presence of
a weak frenulum in the ^, and forms a connecting link between
it and Chlorocoma. The European Eucrostes, Hb,(t3'pe E.
indigenata, Vill.) differs iu the elongate hindwings, with short cell
(about I), and long stalking of 3 and 4, also in 11 of forewings

running into 12.

16. Cymatoplex crenulata.

lodis crenulata Luc, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1891, p. 294;
Euchloris dichroa Low., Trans. R. Soc. S. Austr. 1903, p. 217;
Chlorochroma imparicornis Warr., Nov. Zool. 1905, p. 422.

(J 5. 17-29 mm. Head pale ochreous; face deep ochreous; fillet
snow-white. Palpi and antennse white; pectinations in ^, outer
row 12, inner 8. Thorax and abdomen pale green. Legs white,
ochreous-tinged. Forewings triangular, costa nearly straight,
apex round-pointed, termen slightly bowed, oblique; pale green,
with five or six parallel wavy or dentate transverse whitish lines;
a white costal streak with an ochreous streak immediately
beneath, in ^ costal edge ochreous; cilia whitish, sometimes
ochreous-tinged. Hindwings with termen bowed; as forewings.

A coastal species. Southern examples are rather larger than
northern.

N.A.: i'ort Darwin, 12 — N.Q.: Thursday Island; Townsville,
4, 5, 6, 12 — Q.: Brisbane; Stradbroke Island; Southport, 2.

578 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.,

17. CymatoPLEX HYPOLICHNA, n.sp.[ii7roXtxw<r, somewhat dainty.]

^. 17 mm. Head and face ochreous; fillet snow-white.
Palpi wliitish-ochreous. Antennae white, undersurface
ochreous; pectinations 8. Thorax green. Abdomen green,
apical .segments and underside white. Legs white; anterior
coxse green. Forewings triangulai-, costa sliglitly arched,
apex pointed, termen slightly bowed, oblique; an ochreous streak
along costa; costal edge white except towards base; two taint
whitish wav}^ transverse lines; first from i- costa to ^ dorsum;
second from | costa to § dorsum; cilia whitish-ochreous. Hind-
wings with termen bowed; as forewings. Tvpe in Coll. Turner.

N.A.: Port Darwin, in October; one specimen, received from
Mr. F. P. Dodd.

18. ICymatoplex argocrana,

Eucrostis argocrana Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887,
p.867.
Vic.:—

19. fCVMATOPLEX IOCENTRA.

Eucrostis iocentra Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887,
p.868.

Q.: Duaringa.

Gen. 10. E u l o x i a .

Euloxia Warr., Nov. Zool. 1894, p. 390.

Face smooth. Tongue well developed. Palpi short, not
exceeding 1, second joint hairy beneath, terminal joint minute
in both sexes. Antennte in $ with long pectinations, apices
simple; in ^ simple. Thorax and abdomen not crested; thorax
only slightly haiiy beneath. Posterior tibia! with all spurs
developed in both sexes. Hindwings with a strong rounded
costal expansion at base; frenulum and retinaculum obsolete in
both sexes. Forewings with 3 and 4 separate, 6 separate or
short-stalked, 11 anastomosing tirst with 12, then with lU, or
rarely with 12 only. Hindwings with 3 and 4 separate, connate,
or short-stalked, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 closely approximated to cell

BY A. J. TURNER. 579

for some distance, gradually diverging before or at middle; disco-
cellulars slightly angled on vein 5, dorsal slightly or moderately
obhque, costal edge considerably over |. Type lodis fugitivaria
Gn.

A very natural genus, distinguished from Chlorocoma by the
absence of a fienulum in the ^. Euloxia is closely allied to
Eucldoris Hb.,(type sinaragdaria Fabr.) which difiers in the
longer palpi(l5 or more), with second joint thickened with dense
hairs above and beneath.

/oc/i's Hb., (type /. chrysoprasaria^^^. =vernaria Hb., ?ifc Linn.)
is still more closel}' allied, but the sliort palpi are smooth, not
rough-haired, beneath, and the Q antennae are shortly pectinated.

1. Fillet deep ochreous-yellow 2.

Fillet white or whitish 3.

2. Hindvvings ochreous-yellow 20. gratiosata.

Hind wings green- whitish 21. meandraria.-

3. Forewings with oblique whitish postmedian line 4.

Forewings without postmedian line 7.

4. Face brown or ochreous 5.

Face green '. 6.

5. Forewings with postmedian line nearly straight, not

dentate 22. /ur/itiuaria.

Forewings with postmedian line sinuate and finely

dentate 23. isadelpha.

6. Forewings with lines narrow, antemedian line bent

inwards in disc 24. leucochorda.

Forewings with postmedian line thickened, antemedian

not bent inwards in disc 25. hypsithrona.

7. Crown of head green 26. iochthaula.

Crown of head orange with two green dots 27. iheryllina.

Crown of head wholly orange-ochreous 28. pyropa.

20. Euloxia gratiosata.

Netnoria gratiosata Gn., Lep. ix. p. 351, Pl.xvii. f. 1; lodis
gratiosata Meyr., Proc. Linn, Soc. N, S. Wales, 1887, p. 876.

This species is exceptional in having vein 8 of hindwings
approximated to cell as far as middle.

Tas. : Launceston, 3; Hobart; Strahan, 2 — -Vic: Melbourne,,
Beaconsfield, Apsley; Gisboine, 3.

580 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.,

21. EULOXIA MEANDRARIA.

ludis meandraria Gn., Lep. ix. p. 355; Meyi'., Proc. Linn. Soc.
N.S.Wales, 1887, p.874.

Vic: Gisborne, 1, 2, 12; Moe.— Tas.: Hobart.

22. EULOXIA FUGITIVARIA.

lo lis fugitivaria Gn., Lep. ix. p. 354; Meyr., Pi-oc. Linn. Soc.
N. S. Wales, 1887, p. 876; lodis intacta Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus.
xxii. p. 545; lodis obliquissima Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxii. p.546.

Q.: Toowoomba, Dalby— N.S.W.: Armidale, 2— Vic: Mel-
bourne; Gisborne, 11 — Tas.: Launceston, 1; Deloraine, 11, 12.

23. EuLOXIA ISADELPUA, n.sp.[i(raSeX^os, like a brother.]

(J. 29 mm. Head green; fillet white; face brown. Palpi
green. Antennae white; pectinations in ^ 5. Thorax green.
Abdomen green on dorsum and undersurface, tuft and sides
white. Legs with coxse and femora green; anterior and middle
tibiae and tarsi grey; posterior tibiae and tarsi white. Forewings
triangular, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen howed,
oblique; bluish-green; antemedian line obsolete; a fine post-
median line from beneath | costa, sinuate, finely dentate; cilia
bluish-green. Hindwings with termen strongly bowed; pale
bluish -green becoming whitish towards costa and base; a fine
curved whitish Hne towards dorsum at |; cilia bluish-green.
Underside pale bluish-green partly suffused with whitish. Type
in Coll. Lyell.

Closely allied to E. fugitivaria, from which it differs in the
differently shaped line on forewings.

W.A.: Waroona, in October; one specimen, received from Mr.
G. A. Berthoud.

24. EuLOXIA LEUCOCHORDA.

lodis leucochorda Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc N. S. Wales, 1887,
p.875.

Tas.: Deloraine, 12; Lottah.

BY A. J. TURNER.

25. EULOXIA HYPSITHRONA.

581^

lodis hypsithrona Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887,
p.87 4.

The only specimen I have been able to examine has vein 1 1
anastomosing ^¥ith 12 only, not with 10. This is probably
exceptional.

N.S.W.: Mt, Kosciusko, 1.

26. t EuLOXIA OCHTHAULA.

lodis ochthaida, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc, N. S. Wales, 1887,
p.877.

W,A.: Carnarvon, 10.

27. t EULOXIA BEBYLLINA.

lodis heryllina, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887,
p.877.

W.A.: Gerahlton, 11.

28. EULOXIA PYROPA.

lodis pyropa, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887, p. 878.

In the Victorian specimens I have examined, the dorsal cilia
of hindwings are pale green; in the West Australian pale
ochreous; otherwise they are identical.

Vic: Castlemaine, 11; Bendigo, 11— W. A.: Perth, 11;
Waroona, 10.

Gen. 11. Chlorocoma, n.g.[xXco/)d/<o/xo?, green-leaved.]

Ghlorochroma Gn., Lep. ix. p. 365, nee Dup.

Face smooth. Tongue well developed. Palpi rather stout,
short, 1 or less; terminal joint minute in both sexes. Antennte
in (J pectinate, apices simple; in ^ simple. Thorax and
abdomen not crested; thorax slightly hairy beneath. Posterior
tibiae with all spurs present in ^, dilated, with a tuft of hairs
in groove on inner side. Hindwings with a strong I'ounded
costal expansion at base; frenulum in ^ weak, retinaculum

582 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.,

close to base of farewing; frenulum and retinaculum in 9
obsolete. Forewings with 3 and 4 separate, 6 short-stalked, 11
anastomosing with 12 ami then with 10, or anastomosing with
12 only, or free. Hindwings with 3 and 4 separate, connate, or
short-stalked, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 approximated to cell near base,
then diverging; discocellulars but slightly angled at vein 5,
dorsal slightly or moderately oblique; costal edge of cell consider-
ably over §. Type, C. dichloraria, Gn.

A very natural genus, the species being closely inter-related.
All the variations in vein 11 of the forewings, and veins 3 and
4 of the hindwings occur within the same species. I regard
this genus as arising from Prasinocynia; with Prasinocytna
semicrocea, Wlk., it shows real relationsliip. In turn it is the
parent of Euloxia. Chloeres I regard as arising from Prasinocynia
by a sepai'ate stem.

1. Face crimson or fuscous-crimson 2.

Face deep ochreous 10.

Face green 12.

2. Crown of head wholly crimson 3.

Crown of head green posteriorly 5.

3. Hindwings with a fuscous-crimson discal spot 29. cadmaria.

Hindwings without discal spot 4.

4. Forewings with costal edge and apices of cilia whitish 30. rhodocrossa.
Forewings with costal edge and apices of cilia crimson 31. rhodoloma.

5. Thorax and abdomen with a pale median dorsal line 6.
Thorax and abdomen without dorsal line 8.

6. Lines on forewings finely denticulate, cilia crimson

at apices 32. dichloraria.

Lines on forewings obsolete or not denticulate, cilia

pale ochreous 7.

7. Veins finely whitish-ochreous 33. carenaria.

Veins not outlined with whitish-ochreous 34. asshnilis.

8. Cilia whitish at apices 35. fmonocy ma.

Cilia crimson at apices 9.

9. Wings whitish-green, without lines SQ.fhalocldora.

9. Wings deep green, with finely denticulate lines 37. externa.

10. Wings with ochreous discal dots 3S. periphracta.

Wings without discal dots 11.

11. Anterior coxae deep ochreous 39. melocrossa.

Anterior coxee silvery- white 'iO.iargocnemis.

BY A. J. TURNER. 583

12. Wings with ferruginous discal dots 41. teiraspila.

Wings without ferruginous discal spots 13.

il3. Forewings without lines 42. asemanta.

Forewings with at least a postmedian line 14.

14. Postmedian line of forewings straight, strongly

oblique, not reaching costa 43. stereota.

Postmedian line of forewings parallel to termen,

finely denticulate or wavy 15.

15. P'orewinga with a strong white costal streak 45. tachypora.

Forewings with costal edge only ochreous-whitish 44. neptunus.

29. Chlorocoma cadmaria.

Chlorochroma cadmaria Gn., Lep. ix. p. 365; C hlorochroma vul-
nerata But!., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), ix. p. 91, 1882; lodis
cadmaria Meyr,, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887, p. 886.

N.S.W.: Sydney, 1, 11, 12; Katoomba, 3, 4; Bathurst— Vic:
Melbourne, Beaconsfield; Gisborne, 11, 12; Beechworth — Tasm.:
Hobart— S.A.: Mt. Lofty— W. A.: Waroona, 2.

30. Chlorocoma rhodocrossa.

Euchloris rhodocrossa Turn., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr. 1906,
p. 128.

W.A.: Bridgetown, 2.

31. Chlorocoma rhodoloma, n.sp.[poSoAco/xo?, rosy-edged.]

9. 24 mm. Ciov/n, face, and palpi crimson; fillet white.
Antennae white, towards apex grey. Thorax bluish-green.
Abdomen bluish-green(fafling to whitish). Legs crimson;
posterior pair ochreous-whitish. Forewings triangular, costa only
slightly arched, apex round-pointed, termen slightly bowed,
slightly oblique; bluish-green; without lines; a crimson streak
along costa throughout; termen narrowly whitish; cilia crimson,
with obscure fuscous dots opposite veins, on dorsum pale green.
Hindwings with termen rather strongly bowed; colour and cilia
as forewings. Underside pale green, a crimson costal streak on
forewing, cilia crimson with a strong, interrupted, basal, dark
fuscous line. Type in Coll. Lj'ell.

AV.A.: Waroona; in April; one specimen, received from Mr.
■G. A. Berthoud.

584 revision op australian lepidoptera, v.,

32. Chlorocoma dichloraria.

Chlorochroma dichloraria Gn., Lep. ix. p. 365, Pl.vi. £.8j
Chlorochroma vertumnaria Gn., Lep. ix. p. 365; Geometra suh-
missaria Wlk., Cat. Brifc. Mus. xxii. p.5"29; Chlorochroma con-
genita Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxii. p. 564; lodis dichloraria
Meyr., Proc. Linn. See. N. S. Wales 1887, p. 884; lodi.s
vertumnaria Meyr., op cit. 1887, p.885.

G. vertumnaria Gn.^C. congenita Wlk., differs only in the
wholly crimson cilia. I regard it as merely a variety. C.
dichloraria varies much in the extent of cx'inison in the cilia.

Q.: Toowoomba, 1; Warwick, 10— N.S.W.: Newcastle;
Sydney, 4, 9 — Vic: Melbourne; Gisborne, 1, 3, 11; Ballarat,
Birchip — Tasra.: Launceston; George's Bay; Hobart, 4, 1'2;

Zeehan, 2.

33. Chlorocoma carenaria.

Chlorochroma carenaria Gn., Lep. ix. p. 366; lodis carenaria
Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales 1887, p.881.

(J^. 28-42 mm. Crown green posteriorly, anteriorly narrowly
dull red; fillet whitish-ochreous; face and palpi dull red.
Antennae whitish-ochreous, inner pectinations tinged with
reddish; pectinations in ^ 5. Thorax and abdomen green; a
narrow median dorsal whitish-ochreous line from before middle of
thorax; apical segments, sides, and lower surface of abdomen
whitish. Legs whitish; anterior pair reddish in front. Fore-
wings triangular, costa slightly arched, apex round-pointed,
termen nearly straight, oblique; green; costal edge whitish-
ochreous, near base reddish; all veins slenderly outlined in
whitish; a slightly curved, not dentate, whitish line from mid-
dorsum towards, but not reaching costa shortly before apex,
becoming attenuated towards extremity; cilia whitish-ochreous,
on tornus green. Hindwings with termen bowed, slightly pro-
duced at tornus; colour and markings as forewings; but post-
median line slightly dentate. Underside green; basal fourth of
costa of forewings reddish.

Vic: Gisborne, 2, 3, 4— Tas.: Hobart.

by a. j. turner. 585

34. Ohlorocoma assimilis.

lodis assimilis Luc, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales 1888,
p. 1265; lodis commoda Luc, op. cit. 1892, p. 252.

(J. 30-34 mm. Crown posteriorly bluish-green, anteriorly-
crimson; fillet whitish; face deep crimson. Palpi crimson,,
beneath whitish. Antennae whitish, stalk and inner pectinations
crimson-tinged; pectinations 4-5. Thorax and abdomen bluish-
green, with a median dorsal vvhitish-ochreous streak from mid-
thorax: shoulders narrowly crimson; underside whitish. Legs
crimson; posterior pair whitish. Forewings triangular, costa
nearly straight except near- apex, apex pointed, termen nearly
straight, oblique; bluish-green; an ochreous costal streak
becoming crimson at base; lines usuallj' obsolete; postmedian
line sometimes present, straight, from -I costa towards apex;
cilia whitish-ochreous, at apex crimson. Hindwings with
termen bowed; colour and cilia as forewings. Underside pale
green.

/. commoda Luc, is the form with postmedian line developed,

Q.: Brisbane, 7 — W.A.: Waroona, 5 (Berthoud).

35.tCHLOROCOMA MONOCYMA,

lodis monocyma Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales,1887,p.883.
-W.A.: Carnarvon, 10.

36.tCHLOROCOMA HALOCHLORA.

lodis halochlora Meyr., Proc Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, 1887,p.878.
Perhaps this should be referred to the genus Euloxia.
S.A.: Quorn, 10.

37. Chlorocoma externa.

Chlorochroma externa AVlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxii. p 564; lodis
externa Meyr , Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887, p. 885.

In my specimens the red line on crown is reduced to a trace.

There is a close superficial resemblance between this species and

JPrasinocyma semicrocea Wlk., which may be at once distio::.^

45

»*- L I 3 R A R Y rx j

586 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.,

guished by the longer pal[)i and green face. Probably the
relationship is real, as well as apparent.

N.S.W. : Bathurst— Vic: Gisborne, 3— Tasm.: Deloraine —
S.A.: Mt. Lofty.

38. Chlorocoma pbriphracta.

JSuchloris periphracta Turn., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr., 1904,
p. 2 19.

Q.: Stradbroke Island, 9, 10.

39. Chlorocoma melocrossa.

lodis siibmissaria Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887,
p.882, «ec Wlk.; Euchloris xuthocraiiia Turn., Trans. Roy. Soc.
S. Austr., 1906, p. 127; Chlorochroma citrolimbaria Wlk., Cat.
Brit. Mus. xxii. p.562, nee Gn.; lodis melocrossa Meyr., Proc.
Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887, p.879.

Mr. Prout has re-examined the type of /. melocrossa, and
assures me that it is a form of my species, with the lines reduced
to white vein-dots.

Q.: Stanthorpe — Vic. : Melbourne; Castlemaine, 3; MonbuUc,
11 — Tasm.: Deloraine, Strahan — S.A.: Mt. Lofty.

40.tCHLOROCOMA ARGOCNEMIS.

lodis argociiemisMeyv., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, 1887,p.883.
W.A.: Perth.

41. Chlorocoma tetkaspila.

Euchloris tetraspila Low., Trans. Pv.oy. Soc. S. Austr.l901,p.66.

(J. 25-28 mm. Head green; fillet white; face green. Palpi
green; terminal joint crimson. Antennge white, inner pectina-
tions slightly crimson-tinged; pectinations 6. Thoiax and abdo-
men green; beneath whitish. Legs pale crimson, posterior pair
whitish. Forewings triangular, costa moderately arched, a)iex
pointed, termen nearly sti'aiglit, oblique; green; costal edge pale
crimson; a fuscous discal dot margined with ferruginous; lines
nearly obsolete, indicated by minute whitish specks on veins;

BY A. J. TURNER. " 587

cilia green, apices whitish. Hind wings with termen angled and
slightly produced on vein 4; colour, lines, and cilia as forewings;
discal dots as forewings, but slightly larger; cilia on angle some-
times tinged with ferruginous, 'i'ype in Coll. Lyell.

The shape of the hind wings is peculiar in the genus.

Vic: Gembrook, near Beaconstield — I'asui.: Kelso, 3.

42. Chlorocoma asemanta.

lodis asemanta Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales,l887,p.879.

A specimen sent by Mr. G. A. Beithoud, which I refer to this
species, differs slightly from Mr. Meyrick's description, as
follows : — (J. Face green, its upper edge and a few scattered scales
crimson; fillet pale pink. Pal[>i very short(|); pinkish. Fore
and middle legs suffused with pink.

W.A : Carnarvon; Waterloo, 5.

43. Chlouocoma stereota.

lodis stereota Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887, p. 875.
Vic: Melbourne, 10; Gisborne, 3, 4, 11, 12.

44. Chlorocoma neptunus.

Chlorochroma neptiuius Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1886, p,435;
lodis neptuniis Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887, p. 881.
Antennal pectinations of ^ 6.
Q. : Rockhampton; Rosewood, 4.

45. Chlorocoma tachvpora, n.s[).[TaxvTropos, quick of motion.]

(J. 20-24 mm. Head bluish-green, fillet broadly snow-white,
face yellowish-green. Palpi extremely short, scarcely exceeding
A; whitish. Antennae white; pectinations in ^, anterior 4,
posterior 6. Thorax and abdomen bluish-green; tuft, sides, and
lower surface white. Legs whitish; anterior pair grey-whitish.
Forewings triangular, costa nearly straight, apex round-pointed,
termen nearly straight, oblique; a broad white costal streak
narrowing at base and apex; lines whitish, dentate, indistinct;
first at J, second at f, approaching first towards dorsum; an

588

REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.

obscure darker green median discal dot; cilia whitish-green.
Hindwings with termen rather strongly bowed; colour, lines,.
discal dot, and cilia as forewings. Underside green-whitish.

This little species is nearesti C. nejolanus. The frenulum is
very slender. Although the jDalpi are unusually small, the tongue
is well developed. Type in Coll. Turner.

. Q.: Stradlu'oke Island; in rel;)ruary and August; two speci-
mens.

Gen. 12. M a x a t e s .

Maxates Moore, Lep. Ceyl. iii. p.436; Hmps., Moths Ind. iii.
p. 505.

Face smooth. Tongue well-developed. Palpi IJ; second joint
long, thickened with rough scales beneath; terminal joint stout,
obtuse in ^, \. Antennse of ^ pectinated, apices simple; of 9
simple. Thorax and abdomen not crested; thorax only slightly
hairy beneath. Posterior tibise with all spurs present; in ^
dilated, terminal spurs shortened, and a tuft of long hairs in a
groove on inner side. Hindwings with a strong rounded costal
expansion; fienulum in ^ present but weak, retinaculum near
base of forewing. Forewings with 3 and 4 connate or stalked; -
11 anastomosing with 12. Hindwings quadrate, acutely angled
and strongly produced on vein 4; 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7 stalked,
8 closely approximated to cell for a short distance, diverging
before middle; discocellulars somewhat angled on vein 5, posterior
curved and becoming strongly oblique towards dorsal angle of
cell; costal edge of cell considerably over §. Type M. coelataria
VVlk., from India.

A small genus differing from Prasinocyma in the shape of the
hindwings.

46. Maxates tanygona.

Eucldoris tanygona Turn., Tran.s.Roy.Soc.S.Austr. 1904,p.220.
Q: Mount Tambourine, 11.

Gen. 13. E r e T M 0 P U S, n.g.[6p6T/xo7roy?, paddle-footed.]

Face smooth. Tongue well-developed. Palpi over 1; second
joint thickened with roughisli hairs; terminal joint well de-

BY A. J. TUKNER. 589

veloped. Antenope in ^ pectinated, apices simple; in 9 simple.
Thorax and abdomen not crested] thorax moderately liairy
beneath. Posterior legs of ^ stib-aborted, tibiae and tarsi
dilated and clothed with rough hair, all spurs absent, tarsi
flattened and closely appressed beneath abdomen. Hind wings
with a slight costal expansion at base; frenulum in ^ present
but weak: retinaculum close to base of forevvins. Forewin-'s
with 3 and 4 slightly separate at origin, 6 stalked, 11 from cell,
not anastomosing. Hindvvings with 3 and -4 connate or stalked*,
5 strongly approximated to 6, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 closely
approximated to cell for some distance, diverging shortly before
middle; discocellulars not angled and only slightly oblique.

A development of Prasinocyma. The hindlegs of the $ have
an extraordinary resemblance to those of Eois eretmopus, Turn.,
but have been independently developed, there being no near
kinship between the two. Ty]>e Thnlassodes jnarinaria, Gn.

47. ErETMOPUS MARINARIA.

Thalassodes marinaria Gn., Lep. ix. p. 361; Hmps., Moths
lud. iii. p. 508: Geometra discissa Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxii.
p. 5 17; G eovietra jysnicillata Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxii. p. 525.

(J. 38 mm. Crown green, with a very narrow faint reddish
line anteriorly; fillet broadly snow-white; face and palpi grey-
bro.vn. Antennae white, towards apices ochreous-tinged; pecti-
nations in 5" 3. Thorax and abdomen. bluish-green; tuft, sides
and under surface whitish. Legs whitish; anterior pair dull
purple-brown. Forewings triangular, costa nearly straight to
near apex, then strongly arched, apex rounded, termen sligiitly
bowed, oblique; bluish-green with faintly paler transver.se
strigulse sparsely distributed; costal edge whitish-ochreous, at
base whitish; cilia whitish, with minute fuscous dots at end of
veins. Hind wings obtusely bowed on vein 4; as forewings.
Underside green-whitish; costa of forewings and base of hind-
wings tinged with ochreous.

* Stalked in myexampled, not stalked according to Sir Geo. Hampson.

590 RKVISIOX OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.,

This seems to agree sufficiently with descriptions drawn from
Indian examples, which are, however, rather larger. On a
casual inspection it might be confused with G. albicosta Wlk.

N.A.: Port Darwin; in December; one specimen, received
from Mr. F. P. Dodd. Also from Borneo and India.

Gen. 14. Comib^na,

Comibcena Hb., Verz, p. 284; Comostolodes Warr., Nov. Zool.
1896, p.308; Prololosceles Warr., Nov. Zool. 1896, p.368.

Face smooth. Tongue well-developed. Palpi moderate or
rather long; second joint roughly scaled; terminal joint in ^
short, ill 5 moderately elongate. Antennas in ^ pectinated,
apices simple, in 9 simple. Thorax not crested; slightly hairy
beneath. Abdomen sometimes with faint indications of dorsal
crests. Posterior tibite with all spurs present; in ^ with a long
slender tei'minal process about half as long as tarsus. Hind-
wings with a strong rounded costal expansion at base; frenulum
in (J present but very slender, retinaculum close to base of
forewing; frenulum in 9 represented by a few weak hairs.
Forewings with 3 and 4 connate or stalked, 6 separate or
stalked, 11 from cell or stalked with 7, 8, 9, 10 beyond 6, free
or running into 12. Hindwings Avith 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7
stalked, 8 closely approximated to cell near base, diverging
before middle; discocellulars not angled on vein 5, only
moderately oblique.

Although, as will be noted below, there are substantial
diflFei-ences between the neuration of the forewings of the two
Australian species, yet, in view of the variability of the same
points in the genus Comostola, I do not think they can be relied
on for generic separation. The genus is best charactei'ised by
the posterior tibial process, which is an exaggeration of a
structure found to a slighter extent in some other genera; but
in the latter (except in Eiocyclodes callislicta) never attaining
half the length of the tarsus. Type G pustulata Hufn., from
Europe.

BY A. J, TURNER. 591

48. COMIB^NA INDUCTARIA.

Phorodesma inductaria Gn., Lep. ix. p. 370: Nemoria smaragdus
Hmps., 111. Het. viii. p. 110, P1.151, f.loj Moths Ind. iii. p.504:
Comostolodes consohrina Warr., Nov. Zool. 1897, p. 210.

(J. 14-16 mm., 9. 21 mm. Crown and fillet green; face green,
narrowly margined above, below, and on sides with white, which
sometimes contains a few reddish scales. Palpi whitish, partly
greenish-tinged; terminal joint in ^ |-, in 9 ^. Antennse white;
pectinations in ^ 5. Thorax green; crossed anteriorly by a
narrow white line, margined posteriorly with pale red. Abdomen
green; a white dorsal spot at base, and a second and larger white
spot about middle, both edged with pale red; apex, sides, and
undersurface whitish. Legs whitish; anterior femora and tibiae
annulated in ^ with green, in 2 with fuscous. Forewings with
costa moderately arched, apex rounded, termen bowed, oblique;
3 and 4 short-stalked; 11 stalked with 7, 8, 9, 10, usually running
into 12, sometimes free; bright green; a white costal streak,
narrowly edged with pale red, and expanded into spots at J- and
^; several white spots edged with pale red; one on dorsum at -|,
and another on median vein at '^, together with first costal spot
represent antemedian line; one on toinus, and one on vein 4 at
1^, together with second costal spot and some intermediate dots
represent postmedian line; a terminal series of similar dots on
veins; cilia whitislt-ochreous witli a reddish fuscous basal line.
Hindwings with termen strongly bowed; as forewings, but with-
out discal, costal, and dorsal spots, and with large spots on tornus
and termination of vein 4. Underside whitish-green.

N.Q.: Cooktown; Kuranda, 3, 4, 9, 10; Townsville, 12.

49. COMIB^NA MARI^.

lodis marice Luc, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1888, p. 1266;
Probnlesceles albipunctata Warr., Nov. Zool., 1898, p. 15; Probo-
losceles connata Warr., Nov. Zool. 1898, p. 15.

(J9. 22-32 mm. Crown and fillet green; face green, narrowly
margined above, below, and at sides with white. Palpi purple-

592 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.,

fuscous, base white beneath; in ^ 1^, terminal joint ^; in ^ 2J,
terminal joint ^. Antennae white, base of stalk green. Thorax
gieen. Abdomen giey-brown; with a lateral greenish suffusion
before middle, and three triangular snow-white median dorsal
spots ; apex, sides, and undersurface white. Legs white;
anterior and middle paii'S annulated with fuscous ; anterior
tibiae with a dense posterior tuft of fuscous hairs in both sexes.
Forewings triangular, costa gently arched, ajoex rounded, termen
bowed, oblique; 3 and 4 connate, 11 from cell, free; bright green;
a slender white costal streak; a minute grey-brown discal dot; a
large grey-brown tornal blotch, sometimes pale-centered, some-
what variable in form, with wavy margin; a slender grey-brown
terminal line, interrupted by white dots on veins; cilia whitish-
ochreous, with a broad interrupted grey-brown basal line. Hind-
wings with termen rounded; as forewings, but with a large apical
instead of a tornal blotch.

The green fillet, white-margined face, and white dots on abdo-
men are interesting indications of afiinit}' to C inductaria.

Mr. R. Illidge informs me that the larvse feed on the flowers of
Acacia, and are concealed by witliered fragments of the flowers
adhering to them.

N.Q.: Herberton; Kiiranda, 3 — Q. : Duaringa; Brisbane, 3, 4.

Gen. 15. CE n o s p i l a .

(Enospila Swin., Trans. Ent. See. 1892, p. 5; Hmps., Moths Ind.
iii. p.508.

Face smooth Tongue well developed. Palpi in Q very long,
second joint long, terminal joint |. Antennae of ^ pectinated,
apices simple; of ^ simple. Thorax and abdomen not crested;
thorax slightly hairy beneath. Posterior tibise of J" with terminal
spurs absent; of 9 with terminal spurs shortened, especially outer;
inner proximal spur long, outer short in both sexes. Hindwings
with a strong costal expansion at base; frenulum in 2 obsolete.
Forewings with 3 and 4 separate, 6 stalked, 11 from cell, not

BY A. J. TUUXER. 593

anastomosing. Hindvvings with 3 and 4 long-stalked, 5 closely
approximated to 6 at origin, 8 touching cell near base, rapidly-
diverging; discocellulars only slightly oblique. Tj'pe, O.Jlavifu-
sata Wlk.

I have Ijeen able to examine only the Q; for the charactei's of
the (J I rely on Sir Geo. Hampson(/oc. cit.). The posterior tibise
distinguish it from Prasinocyma, of which it is an immediate

derivative.

50. CEnospila flavifusata.

Thalera Jlavifiisata Wlk. , Cat. Brit. Mas. xxii. p.59C; Thcdas-
sodes sinuata Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. ^37; Thalassodes
/lavifiisata Hmps., Moths Ind. iii. |).50S; (EuosjjUa flavilinea
Warr., Nov. Zool. 1897, p. 212; Gelasina{1) perliueata Warr., Nov.
Zool. 1899, p. 330.

9. 26-28 mm. Head and face green; tillet snow-white. Palpi
whitish-green. Antennse white, towards apex grey-brown.
Thorax and abdomen green; sides and undersurface whitish.
Legs whitish; anterior tibise and tarsi grey-brown. Forewings
elongate triangular, costa slightly arched, apex pointed, termen
slightly bowed, oblique; bright green; slightly darker, sharply
dentate, antemedian and postmedian lines discernible with diffi-
culty; reddish-fuscous dots on dorsum at J and f, at extremities
of lines; a similar discal dot; a snow-white costal streak not
extending to base, margined by a slender yellow streak, which
becomes reddish towards apex; a narrow dark red terminal line,
interrupted by white dots on ends of veins; cilia reddish, apices
paler. Hindwings with termen bowed and slightly dentate, tooth
on vein 4 being the most developed; colour and markings as fore-
wines, but costal streaks and antemedian line obsolete. Under-
side green-whitish.

N.Q.: Cooktown, Cairns, Geraldton; Kuranda, 6 Also from
Solomons, .Java, Borneo, Ceylon, and India.

Gren.l6. Thalassodes.

Thalassodes Gn., Lep. ix. p. 359; Hmps., Moths Ind. iii. p. 507.
Face smooth, with a slight projecting tuft of scales at lower

594 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.,

edge. Tongue well developed. Palpi rattier long, ascending;:
second joint rough-haired beneath; terminal joint stout, obtuse,
well developed in both sexes. Antennse in ^ pectinated, apices
simple; in ^ simple. Thorax and abdomen not crested; thorax
moderately or densely hairy beneath Posterior tibise with all
spurs present; in ^ sometimes strongly dilated, with a short stout
terminal process. Hindwings strongly angled on vein 4; with a
modei'ately strong costal expansion at base; frenulum in ^ rather
slender, retinaculum near base of forewing; frenulum in J obsolete.
Forewings with 3 and 4 usually short-stalked, rarely connate, 6
stalked, 11 free. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7
stalked, 8 closely approximated to cell as far as middle, then
diverging; discocellulars nearly straight, slightly wavy, strongly
oblique, costal edge of cell §. Type, Thalassodes quadraria Gn.
As restricted, this is a small genus, which I regard as a
development of Prasinocyma having most affinity to P. ocyptera
and P. albicosta. Its most striking characteristic is the extremely
oblique margin of the cell of hind wing, with its appreviated costal
edge. The three species are extremely similar.

1. Face purple -brown 51. quadraria.

Face green 2.

2. Posterior tibite of 3' dilated . 52. veraria.

Posterior tibise of c? not dilated 5,3. dorsilinea.

51. Thalassodes quadraria.

Thalassodes qaadraria Gn., Lep. ix. p. 360; Hmps., Moths Ind-
iii. p. 507: Geometra digressa Wlk., Cat. Brit, Mus. xxii. p. 5 13;
Geometra dissita Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mas. xxii. p.519; Geometra
semihyalina Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxii. p. 528; Thalassodes
dissepta Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxii. p. 550; Thalassodes immi-
saria Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxii. p.553; Thalassodes iepulsata
Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxii. p.555; Thalassodes iuconclusaria
Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxii. p. 556; Thalassodes byrsopis Meyr.,
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1886, p.249; lodis byrsopis Meyr ,
op. cit., 1887, p. 902; lodis implicata Luc, op. cit., 1891, p. 293.

Palpi in (J 1|; terminal joint |. Posterior tibise oi ^ dilated,,
with a groove containing a tuft of hairs on inner side, terminal

BY A. J. TURNER. 595

spurs not notably abbreviated, and a short stout terminal
process.

I doubt whether Thalassodes pilaria Gn., from Tahiti, is really-
identical.

N.A.: Port Darwin, 12 — KQ.: Kuranda, 4; Atherton — Q.:
Rockhampton. Also from New Guinea, Celebes, Borneo,
Ceylon, and India.

52. Thalassodes veraria.

Thalassodes veraria Gn., Lep. ix. p. 360; Hmps., Moths Ind.
iii. p. 508: Thalassodes opalina Butl., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.(5).
vi. 1882, p.2l4; lodis rhytiphoms Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. H.
Austr., 1893, p. 156.

Palpi in ^ H, terminal joint ^. Differs from T. quadraria in
the green face and green upper surface of palpi. Otherwise
they seem almost indistinguishable. My examples are also
slightly larger; the postmedian line of forewings is also more
distinct, straighter, less wavy, the terminal process of posterior
tibife of (J is rather longer, and there is a tine interrupted median
dorsal line on abdomen, but I cannot be sure that these
differences are constant.

N.Q.: Thursday Island, Cuoktown; Kuranda, 5. Also from
Java, Ceylon, and India.

53. Thalassodes dorsilinea.

Thalassodes dorsilinea Warr., Nov. Zool. 1903, p. 364.

$. 28-30 mm.; 5. 32-37 mm. Crown bluish-green; iillet broadly
while; face green. Palpi oi ^ \\, terminal joint \; of 9 ^i'
terminal joint J; green, beneath whitish. Antennse ochreous-
whitish, sometimes greenish-tinged, towards base white; pecti-
nations in ^ 6. Thorax and abdomen bluish-green., with a fine
uninterrupted median whitish line from centre of thorax; sides
and under surface whitish; thorax only moderately hairy
beneath. Legs whitish; anterior and middle tibise and tai'sipale
brownish-ochreous; posterior tibite of ^ not dilated, without
groove and tuft of hairs, and without terminal process.

-596 REVISION OP AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.,

Forewings triangular, costa nearly straight, arched before apex,
apex rouml-pointecl, termen nearly straight, oblique; bluish-green
with small white transverse strigulations; lines whitish, con-
verging; antemedian near base, from beneatli i costa to ^
dorsum, often indistinct; postmedian from beneath |^ costa to 4
dorsum, straight; a whitish-ochreous streak along costa from
near base; cilia whitish. Hindwings with termen angled on
vein 4, straight on each side of angle; colour and markings as
forewings, but lines obtusely bent in disc and thence crenate to
dorsum. Underside whitish-green.

Mr. L. Prout has kindly examined, for me, the type of this
species, which is very like T. veraria but considerably smaller,
shorter palpi; and is immediately distinguished by the ^
posterior tibise.

N.A.: Port Darwin, 12 — N.Q.: Ivuranda, 1, 2, 3; GeraLiton,
5. Also from New Gruiuea.

Gen. 17. Prasinocyma.

Prasinocyma Warr., Nov. Zool. 1897, p. 44.

Face smooth. Tongue well developed. Palpi moderate or
rather long; terminal joint in ^ short or moderate, in 9 always
elongate. Antennae in ^ jjectinated, apices simple; in 2 simple.
Thorax aud abdomen not crested; thorax slightly or moderately
hairy beneath. Posterior tibiae with all spurs present; in ^
sometimes dilated, with a tuft of long hairs in groove on inner
side, and terminal spurs abbreviated; rarely with a short
terminal process. Hindwings with a strong costal expansion at
base; frenulum in ^ present but slender, retinaculum close to
base of forewing; in 9 obsolete. Forewings with 3 and 4
separate, connate, or short-stalked, 6 separate or stalked, II free
or anastomosing with 12, rarely also with 10. Hindwings with
3 and 4 usuall}?^ stalked, sometimes connate, 6 and 7 stalked, 8
closely approximated to cell for some distance, divei'ging before
middle; discocellulars slightly or not at all angled on vein 5,
dorsal straight or curved, moderately or rather strongly oblique,
costal edge of cell considerably exceeding | dorsal edge. Type,

BY A. J. TURNER. 59 T

Thalassodes vermicularia Gn., an African species clo.sel}^ allied to
P. nlhicoxta Wlk.

The species included by me in this genus, show considerable
varietj' of facies, and considerable variation also in certain
details of structure, as will be noted below, and may possibly
need to be divided.

1. Face crimson 54. rhodocosma.

Face ferruginous or brown 2.

Face green 4.

2. Wings with dark reddish-brown lines 5?>.-\exoterica.

Wings without dark reddish-brown lines 3.

3. Hindwings with termen angled and projecting on

vein 4 56.tcros.so<«.

Hindwings with termen rounded 37. ocyptera.

4. Hindwings with termen rounded 5.

Hindwings with termen angled on vein 4 6.

5. Wings with numerous transverse whitish strigulse 58. ulbicosia.

Wings not strigulated 59. semicrocea.

6. Forewings with a snow-white costal streak 7.

Forewings without a snow-white costal streak 8.

7. Cilia green barred with white and reddish 60. ioslicia.

Cilia whitish QZ. floresaria.

8. Discal dots obscure green 9.

Discal dots ferruginous-fuscous 10.

9. Wings with slender dark green lines 61. centrophylla.

Wings with lines represented by white dots on veins.. 62. calaina.

10. Discal dots large, no terminal blotches 64. phceostigma.

Discal dots minute, large grey-brown terminal blotches 65. anomcea.

54. Prasinocyma rhodocosma.

lodis rhodocosma Meyr., Proc. Linn. Sue, K. S. Wales, 1887,
p.889.

Palpi in ^ 1^, terminal joint minute; in 5 2^, terminal joint
•|. Posterior tibiae of ^ moderately dilated, with a tuft of hairs
from base on inner side, terminal spurs rather short, Forewings
with 3 and 4 connate, rarely .short-stalked, 6 connate or short-
stalked, 11 free, or rarely anastomosing shortly with 12. Hind-
wings witli 3 and 4 stalked: discocellulars very sliglitlv angled
dorsal moderately oblique.

598 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.,

N.Q.: Atherton; Towiisville, 3, 4— Q.: Brisbane, 2, 3, 4, 7,
12— N.S.W.: Newcastle, Sydney— W. A.: Waroona, 12.

55. IPkasinocyma kxoterica.

lodis exoterica Meyr , Proc. Linn. See. N. S. Wales, 1887,
p. 891.

N.S.W.: Newcastle.

56. jPrasinocyma crossota.

lodis crossotd Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887, p. 894.
Q.: Biisbane.

57. Prasinocyma ocyptera.

lodis ocijftera Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887,
p. 887; lodis gracilis Luc, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S, Wales, 1888
p.1266.

Pal|ii in ^ 11, terminal joint ^; in J 2, terminal joint |.
Posterior tibiae in (J not tliickened. Porewings with 3 and 4
connate, 6 usually stalked, sometimes connate, 11 free. Hind-
wings with 3 and 4 stalked; discocellulars straight and rather
strongly oblique.

Q.: Brisbane, 2, 4, 8 — W.A.: Carnarvon, Geraldton, 10, 11.

The localities for this species are at extreme ends of the
continent. Doubtless subsequent discoveries will fill up the gap.

58. Prasinocyma albico.sta.

G'eometra alhicosta Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxii. p.529; lodis
albicosta Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887, p. 888;
lodis bicolora Luc, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1888, p. 1265;
Tkalassodes JlavicosLa Warr., Nov. Zool. 1897, p.214.

Antennal pectinations in ^ 6. Palpi in ^ 1^, terminal joint
-J; in 9 H) terminal joint §. Posterior tibia? in ^ not dilated.
Forewings with 3 and 4 separate, connate, or stalked, 6 separate
or stalked, 11 free. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; dis-
cocellulars nearly straight, rather strongly oblique.

BY A. J. TURNER. 599

Mr. Prout has kindly examined forme the type of T fiavicosta
Warr.

N.A : Port Darwin — N.Q.: Cape York, 11 — Q : Brisbane, 5.

59. Prasinocyma semicrocea.

Geomelra semicrocea Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxii. p. 528;
Chlorochroma hiter'mixta Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. • xxii. p.563;
Chlorocliroma decisissima Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxii. p. 564;
lodis semicrocea Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887,
p.887; lodis subalpina Luc, Proc. Linn. Soc, N. S. Wales, 1888,
p.1264.

Pectinations of antennae and terminal part of stalk in ^
sometimes suffused with crimson. Palpi sometimes green, some-
times crimson, beneath whitish; in (J l^, terminal joint ^; in
^ 2, terminal joint §.

Q. : Brisbane — N.S.W.: Glen Innes, Sydney — Vic: Gisborne,

3, 4, 11; Fernshaw, Moe, Bairnsdale- -Tasm.: Hobart — S. A.:

Mt. Lofty.

60. Prasinocyma iosticta.

lodis iosticta Meyr., Proc Linn. Soc JST. S. Wales, 1887, p. 893.

Posterior tibiae in (J greatly dilated, and terminal spurs much
abbreviated.

Q.: Brisbane, 8; Southport — N.S. W.: Newcastle.

61. Prasinocyma centrophylla.

lodis centrophylla Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887,
p. 880; lodis angulata Luc, Proc Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1888,
p.l264.

Palpi in both sexes 1^, termincd joint ^. Posterior tibise in ^
not dilated. Frenulum in ^ very slender, easily overlooked.
Foiewings with 3 and 4 short-stalked or connate, 6 separate, 1 1
anastomosing with 12. Hindwings with 3 and 4 short-stalked
or connate; discocellulars angled on vnin 5, moderately oblique.

Vein 11 is closely applied to 10 also in my examples, bat not
anastomosing. I have no doubt that Mr. Meyrick is right in
stating that it sometimes anastomoses.

600 REVISIOX OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.,

Q.: Brisbane, Stradbroke Island, Toowooraba, 11 — N.S.W.:
Sydney — Vic: Melbourne; Beaconsfield, 3, 11; Gisborne, 11 —
Tasm.: George's Bay; Kelso, 3; Georgetown, 4.

62. PrasinOCYMA CALAINA, n.sp.[i<aXaiVos, bluish-green.]

(JQ. 30-33 mm. Head, face, and palpi green; fillet white.
Antennae white; pectinations in ^ 6, inner row green-tinged.
Palpi in ^ H, terminal joint -^-; in ^ 2, terminal joint |. Thorax
and abdomen bluish-green; tuft, sides, and under surface white.
Legs white; anterior pair, except coxse, green. Forewings
triangular, costa gently arched, more strongly at base, apex
acute, termen nearly straight, oblique; 3 and 4 separate, 6
separate, 11 free; bluish-green; costal edge narrowly whitish-
ochreous; antemedian line represented by three or four whitish
dots oa veins; discal dot linear, obscure, dark green; postmediau
line represented by a straight series of white dots on veins at
|; cilia bluish-green, apices whitish. Hind wings with termen
angled on vein 4; 3 and 4 connate, discocellulars not angled,
dorsal slightly oblique; as forewings, but antemedian lin&
obsolete, and postmedian line angled. Under side whitish-
green, darker towards costa of forewings. Type in Coll. Turner.

Q.: Mount Tambourine; in September and in April ; two
specimens.

63. Prasinocyma florksaeia.

Geometra Jloresaria Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxxv,, p.l604; lodis
oxycentra Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887, p. 888.

Antennal pectinations in ^ 4. Palpi in $ l^, terminal joint
\; in 9 2, terminal joint \. Posterior tibiae of ^ dilated, with
terminal spurs abbreviated, and a stout terminal process.
Forewings with 3 and 4 separate, 6 separate, 11 free or
anastomosing with 12. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate or
short-stalked; discocellulars nearly straight, slightly oblique.

N.Q.: Cairns; Kuranda, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10; Townsville, 12. Also
from Flores.

BV A. J. TURNER. 601

64, PraSINOCYMA PHAEOSTIGMA, n.sp.[<^aioo-Tty/iOf, darkly branded.]

9- -iO mm. Head bluish-green; fillet white; face })luish-green,
lower edge white. Palpi in Q moderately long (Ih), terminal
joint §, acute; bluish-green, beneath whitish. Antennae white,
towards apex pale brownish. Thorax and abdomen bluish-green;
.sides and under surface whitish. Legs wliitish; anterior pair
pale brownish. Forewings triangular, costa strongly arched at
base, thence nearly straight, slightly sinuate, apex round-
pointed, termen moderately bowed, oblique; 3 and 4 separate, 6
short-stalked, 11 free or anastomosing(approximated to 12 at a
point, probably sometimes anastomosing, anastomosing shortly
with 10 on one side only); bluish-green, rather thinly scaled;
costal edge narrowly whitish-ochreous; lines obsolete; a fuscous
discal spot on posterior edge of cell, surrounded by a brownish
halo, and preceded by a cre,scentic fuscous mark; cilia con-
colorous. Hindwings with termen rounded, crenulate, dentate
on vein 4; 3 and 4 short-stalked, 8 approximated to cell near
middle, tlien diverging, discocellulars angled on vein 5,
moderately oblique; as forewings, but discal spot preceded by a
roundish spot. Under-side whitish, thinly scaled. Type in Coll.
Turner.

N.Q.: Kuranda; in November; one sf)ecimen received from
Mr. F. P. Dodd.

65. PrasinOCYMA ANOMOEA, l\.fi[).[dv6fiows, unlike, dissimilar.]

9. 36 mm. Head green; fillet broadly purple-brown; face green,
lower edge purple-brown. Palpi in 9 2, terminal joint |, obtuse;
purple-brown, undersurface whitish. Antennae purple-brown.
Thorax green, with a large posterior purple-white .spot, edged and
irtorated with dark fuscous. Abdomen purple-white, with slight
dark fuscous irroration; undersurface ochreous-whitish. Legs
ochreous-whitish; anterior pair, middle tibia?, and tarsi brownish.
Forewings triangular, costa nearlj' straight to near apex, then
strongly arched, apex rounded, termen bowed, oblique, wavy; 3 and
4 connate, 6 connate, 11 free; bright green; costal edge brownish;
46

602 RKVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LKPIDOPTKRA, V.,

a ferruginous erect streak from ^ dorsum to mid-disc; a minute
discal dot, dark fuscous with some ferruginous scales; a very
large tornal and terminal blotch with lobed outline, from | dorsum
to near costa, then narrowing and ending just below apex, purple-
whitish, suffused partly with ferruginous, strigulated with fuscous,
and edged with ferruginous-fuscous; a dark fuscous terminal line;
cilia ochreous-wliitish, with a faint purplish median line. Hind-
wings with termen dentate on veins 4 and 6; 3 and 4 short-
stalked, 8 approximated to cell for a short distance near base;
discocellulars nearly straight, oblique; as forewings, but with a
large apical and smaller tornal blotch connected witli a straight-
edged bridge; the latter prolonged along dorsum nearly to base
as a narrow streak. Underside whitish-green; a large dark
fuscous blotch on forewings from tornus nearly to costa; a smaller
subapical blotch on hindwings. Type in Coll. Lyell.

N.Q.: Kuranda; in April; one specimen, received from Mr. F.
P. Dodd.

Gen. 18. Diplodesma.

Diplodesma Warr., Nov. Zool. 1896, p.289.

Face smooth. Tongue well developed. Palpi moderate in ^,
rather long in 5; second joint rough-scaled beneath; terminal
joint in $ abbreviated. Antennae in ^ ciliated, in ^ simple.
Thorax and abdomen not crested; thorax slightly hairy beneath.
Posterior tibise in ^ dilated, middle spurs absent; in ^ with all
spurs present Hindwings with a strong costal expansion at
base; frenulum in $ present l)ut slender, retinaculum near base
of forewing; frenulum in 5 obsolete. Forewings with 3 and 4
short-stalked or connate, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 stalked, 10 and 11 short
and running into 12. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7
stalked, 8 touching cell at a point near base, then rapidly tliverging;
discocellulars nearly straight, moderately oblique.

A derivative of Hemithea, from which it differs in veins 10 and
11 of forewing arising out of 9 and running into 12, a character
which I have not found elsewhere in this group. Type, Thalera
celataria Wlk.

BY A. J. TURNER. 603

66. DiPLODESMA CELATARIA.

Thalera celataria Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxxv. p. 1614; Idiochlora
contracta Warr., Nov. Zool. 1896, p.l07; Eiichloris thcdassica
Turn., Trans. Roy. Soc. 8. Austr. 1904, p.221.

Antennal ciliations in ^ 1. Palpi in -^ 1^, terminal joint
very short; in ^ 2, terminal joint |. In two ^ examples from
Port Darwin the discal dots are obsolete.

N.A.: Port Darwin, 2, 10— N.Q.: Kuranda, 3, 4, 10,12, Also
from Sula Islands and India.

Uen. 19. H E M I T H e a .

Heraithea Dup., Lep. France, iv. 2, p. 233; Hmps., Moths Ind.
iii. p.490.

Face smooth. Tongue well developed. Palpi in ^ moderate,
terminal joint sliort; in ^ long, terniinal joint long. Antennae
in (J more or les.s serrate, ciliated, in $ simple. Tliorax not
crested, slightly hairy beneath. Abdomen with a series of
minute dorsal crests. Posterior tibise in ^ dilated, with a short
terminal process, middle spurs absent; in ^ with all spurs pi'esent.
Hindwings with a strong rounded costal expansion at base;
frenulum in ^ present but slender, retinaculum close to base of
forewing; frenulum in $ obsolete. Forewings with 3 and 4
connate or short-stalked, 11 free or rarely anastomosing with 12.
Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 approximated
to cell near base, rapidly diverging; discocellulars nearly straight,
moderately oblique. Type, H. strigata Miill., from Europe.

With the preceding and two following genera it forms a closely
connected natural group, whose affinities are not ver}' clear.
Nemoria Hb., which is closely allied, differs in the absence of
abdominal crests.

1. Cilia whitish 69. pesina.

Cilia greenish or grey 2.

2. Wings with white lines 67. insularia.

Wings with green lines and white dots 68. pdlucidula.

604 revision of australian lepidoptera, v.,

67. Hemithea insularia.

Hemithea insularia Gu., Lep. ix. p. 385; lodis wuka Pag., J.B.
Nass. Ver. xxxix. p.l53(1886); Nemoria iosoma Meyr., Trans. Ent.
Sec. 1889, p.495; Hemithea pictifimbria Wan-., Nov. Zool. 1896,
p.290.

Autennal ciliatious in ^ |t. Palpi in (^ 1|, terminal joint ^;
in 9 2^, terminal joint |.

N.Q : Kui-anda, 9, 1*1; Townsville, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 12. Also
from New Guinea and Borneo.

68. Hemithea pellucidula.

Nemoria pellucidula Turn., Tran.s. Roy. Soc. S. Austr. 1896,
p.l29.

Antennal ciliations in ^ 1. Palpi in ^ \\, terminal joint \;
in 5 2, terminal joint |.

N.Q.: Kuranda, 5, 9, 10.

69. Hemithea pisina.
Nemoria pisina Warr., Nov. Zool. 1899, p 26.

Palpi in 9 2, terminal joint \.

I identified this specie.s by comparison with the type. Unfor-
tunately the Australian example is a female in poor condition,
with the legs broken off. Structurally it agrees with the defini-
tion of the genus, so far as axn be ascertained.

N.A. : Port Darwin, 3 (Coll. Lyell). Also from Tenimber

Islands.

Gen. 20. Metallochlora.

iMetaliuchlora Warr., Nov. Zool. 1896, p. 290.

Face smooth. Tongue well developed. Palpi in ^ moderate
or rather short, in 9 moderate or rather long; basal joint hairy,
second joint smooth-scaled; terminal joint in ^ abbreviated.
Antennae in (J ciliated, in 9 siiaple. Thorax not crested, slightly
or moderately liairy beneath. Abdomen usually with three to
five rounded metallic meilian dorsal crests. Posterior tibise in 1^
dilated, with a short terminal process; all .spurs present. Hind-

BY A. J. TURNER. 605

wings angulated, and sometimes strongly produced on vein 4; a
strong costal expansion at base; frenulum in ^ present but
slender, in 9 obsolete. Forewings with 3 and 4 connate or
short-stalked, 6 connate or short-stalked, 11 free. Hindwings
with 3 and 4 long-stalked, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 touching cell at a
point near base, then rapidly diverging; discocellulars not angled
on vein 5, moderately oblique, dorsal sometimes curved so as to
become strongly oblique.

Differs from Hemithea in the presence of middle spurs in ^.
Type, M. ineeki Warr., from the Louisiades.

1. Hindwings dentate 2.

J Hindwings angled, not dentate 3.

'2. Hindwings crenulate-dentate "JO. tetralopha.

Hindwings strongly produced in an acute tooth on vein

4, not otherwise dentate 1\. decorata.

3. Wings with pale green basal blotches 72. venusta.

Wings without basal blotches 4.

4. Abdomen with metallic crests, ^ antennal ciliations 1^.. 73. militaris.-
Abdomen without metallic crests, (J antennal ciliations | 74. ametalla.

70. Metallochlora tetralopha.

Euchloris{V) tetralopha Low., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1898,
p.43.

(J^. 25-28 mm. Crown and fillet pale yellowish-green; face
fuscous-red. Palpi in ^ 1, terminal joint minute; in 9 11)
terminal joint \; fuscous-red, beneath whitisli. Antennae dull
purple, towards base whitish; ciliations in ^ \\. Thorax pale
yellowish-green. Abdomen, basal segments and tuft pale
yellowish-green; middle segments whitish densely irrorated with
purple, and with four or five large rounded median purple
crests with metallic reflections; beneath ochreous-whitish. Legs
brownish-ochreous; posterior pair ochreous-whitish. Forewings
triangular, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen bowed,
oblique, wavy-crenulate; pale yellowish-green; an ochreons streak
along costa strigulated with dark fuscous; a dark fuscous dot on
end of cell at |; a line of cells showing unctuous reflections from
inidcosta through discal dot to near l)ase, there bent in a V to

606 liKVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPIERA, V.,

end on dorsum at 'j; a similai' subterminal liue parallel to termen,
preceded and followed by a few scattered purplish scales; a broad
ob^sCLire dark median shade from dorsum beyond middle, sinuate,
not reaching costa; a dull purple spot on tornus; a blackish
terminal line; cilia whitish, basal third pink. Hindwings with
termen dentate-crenulate, with a more prominent tooth on vein 4;
colour and markings as forewings, but auteiaedian line and discal
dot obsolete. Underside green-whitisli; forewings with a tornal
fuscous spot, hindwings with a larger apical spot; cilia mostly
fuscous.

N.Q.: Kuranda, 5, 6, 7, 9.

71. Metali.ochlora decokata.

Thalerura{1) decorata Warr., Nov. Zool. 1896, p.369.

(J. 26-28 mm. Crown dull olive-green; fillet j-ellow; face
yellow, upper and lower margin orange red. Palpi in (^ l\,
terminal joint minute; white, u[)per surface except ape.K orange-
red. Antennte dull reddish, towards base yellow; ciliations in
(J U. Thorax and abdomen dull olive-green; the latter with
two or three fuscous-reddisli median dorsal dots; beneath
whitish. Legs whitish. Forewings triangular, costa gently
arched, aijex acute, termen straight, oblique-; dull olive-green;
sometimes with sparsely scattered fuscous scales; a fine fuscous
costal line, towards apex interrupted; a fuscous spot becoming
orange-red on margin of dorsum at 'i, with several similar
minute dots on veins representing antemedian line; a similar
but more numerous series of dots on veins at f representing
postmedian line; a tine fuscous-reddish terminal line; cilia white,
with H slight reddish suffusion at apex and tornus. Hindwings
with termen produced in a long very acute tooth on vein 4,
straight on each side ef tooth; colour and markings as forewings,
but tirst line obsolete; a linear fuscous-reddish di.scal mark;
second tine angled, or obsolete; costal edge of tooth whitish;
cilia on tooth reddish; a fuscous dot on cilia on each side of base
of tooth. Underside green-whitish, with fuscous spots on cilia

BY A. .T. TURNRR. 607

at apex and torrius of forewing, and fuscous cilia on tooth of
himlwing.

N.Q.: Cooktown; Kuranda, 3, 5, 10, 11.

72. Metallophlora venusta.

C?irysomphe venusta Warr., Nov. Zool. 1896, p. .365.

(5 5- 32-38 mm. Crown yellowish-green; tillet and face purple.
Palpi in ^ I, terminal joint minute; in 9 2, terminal joint |;
purple, beneath white. Antennae ochreous-purple; ciliations in
^ 1^. Thorax yellowish-green. Abdomen yellowish-green, with
three rounded median golden-metallic dorsal crests; tuft, sides,
and under-surface whitish. Legs whitish. Forewings triangular,
costa gently arched towards apex, termen slightly sinuate,
oblique; dull olive-green; an irregularly rounded basal patch of
paler yellowi,sh-green projecting in middle to centre of disc;
costal edge green-whitish with some reddish-fuscous strigulations;
lines thick, curved, not dentate, greenish-yellow; first at ^,
obscured in basal blotch; second from | costa to | dorsum;
terminal edge green-whitish; cilia green-whitish, towards apices
paler. Hindwings obtusely angled on vein 4; colour and
markings as forewings. Underside whitish.

N.Q.: Cooktown; Kuranda, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12.

73. Metallochloua militakls.

lodis lailitaris Luc, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, 1891,
p.295; Metallochlora dotata Warr., Nov. Zool. 1896, p.367;
MeldJlochlora Jlavifiinbria Warr., Nov. Zool. 1896, p.367;
Melallochlora differens Warr., Nov. Zool. 1897, i).41.

<J9- 2"^ '""^- Crown bright green, fillet whitish-yellow, face'
fuscous-purple. Palpi in ^ 1|, terminal joint minute; in 9 1|,
terminal joint ]: fuscous-purple, beneath white. Antenn;e
whitish or yellowish; ciliations in ^ 2. Thorax bright green.
Abdomen bright green, with three or four rounded golden-
metallic median dorsal crests margined with fiiscous-purple;
tuft, sides, and undersurface whitish. Legs whitish. Fore-
wings triangular, costa slightly arched, apex round-pointed,

60S REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTEKA, V.,

termea straight, oblique; biiglit gi-een; a fine oclireous .streak,
interrupted by fuscous dots, along costa; lines obsolete; a fuscous
or reddish median discal dot at J; a similar dot on vein 6 at f ;
a terminal series of dark fuscous dots l)etween veins, that at
apex larger; cilia whitish-yellow. Hindwings with termen
angled on vein 4; colour and markings as forewings, but without
subapical dot. Underside green-whitish.

N.Q.: Kuranda, 4, 5; Cairns, 6; Geraldton; Mackay — Q.:
Bundaberg; Nambour, o\ Brisbane. Also from Tenimber
Islands.

74. AIetallochlora ametalla, n.sp.[fi/x6T<iAXo$-, not metaUic]

^. 22-2imni. Crown bright green; fillet ochreous; faceochreous
with a few dark purple scales. Palpi in ^ 1|, terminal joint |;
fu.scous-re(ldish, beneath white. Antennae ochreous-whitishi
towards apex purplish-tinged; in (J serrate, ciliations 1. Thorax
and abdomen bright green, the latter with a median whitish line
on middle segments; tuft, sides, and undersurface wliitish. Legs
whitish. Forewings triangular, costa slightly arched towards
apex, apex round-pointed, termen slightly bowed, oblique; bi-ight
green; a fine ochreous costal line interrupted by dark fuscous
dots; lines o)>solete; a fu.scous or reddish median discal dot at
}; a similar dot on vein 6 at |; a median and postmedian series
of .slightly paler blotches with darker edges of groundcolour; a
terminal series of dark fuscous dots between veins, that at apex
larger; cilia whitish-yellow. . Underside green-whitish.

Closely allied to M. militaris, but the different structure of
the jj antennae is sufficient to remove any doubt as to its dis-
tinctness. Type in Coll. Turner.

N.A.: Port Darwin; in September and October; two specimens,
of which one is in Coll. Lyell.

Gen. 21. Urolith a.

Urolitha Meyr., Proc. Linn. 8oc. N. S. Wale.s, 1887, p.861.
Face smooth. Tongue well developed. Palpi in ^ moderate,
in 9 rather long; basal joint hairy, second joint smooth-.scaled;

BY A. .(. TUKNEK. 609

terminal joint in ^ abbreviated. Antennae in (J ciliated, in 9
simple. Thorax not crested, slightly hairy beneath. Abdomen
sometimes with metallic dorsal crests; in ^ with lateral tufts on
terminal segments. Posterior tibia? in ^ dilated; all spurs
present. Himlwings witli termen straight and long, forming a
rounded projection at tornus containing a dark spot; a strong
rounded costal expansion at Ijase; frenulum in ^ present but
rather slender, in 9 obsolete. Forewings with .3 and i short-
stalked or connate, 6 short-stalked or connate, 11 free or rarely
anastomosing with 12. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and
7 stalked, 8 touching cell at a point near l>ase, then rapidly
diverging; discocellulars nearly straight, moderately oblique.

Type lodis hipunctifera Wlk. Closely allied to MetaUocJdora
Warr., differing only in the peculiar form of the hindwings, which
in this instance appears to be sutlicient, also I)y the lateral
abdominal tufts of ^. The occasional presence of metallic
crests on the ab(]omen is an interesting indication of atfinity.
They are usually completely absent.

75. Urolitha bipunctifera.

lodis bipunctifera Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxii., p. 546; Urolitha
bipuHctifera Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887, p. 866.

Anteunal ciliations in $ \-^. Palpi in $ \\, terminal joint
very short; in 9 2, terminal joint ■^.

Q.: Brisbane, 1, 2, 3, 4; 8tradbroke Island, 4, 9 — N.S.W.: New-
castle; Sydney, 9, 10, 11.

Gen. 22. A R G Y R O C O S M a, n.'^.\apyvpoKO(T{xos, adorned with silver.]

Face smooth. Tongue well developed. Palpi in ^ moderate,
in 9 long; second joint well developed, and thickened with rough
scales beneath in both sexes; terminal joint in ^ abbreviated,
in 9 '*5i^S- Antennae in ^ with long pectinations, in 9 simple.
Thorax and abdomen not crested; thorax slightly hairy beneath.
Posterior tibiae with all spurs present, rather closely approxi-
mated, in (J with a short terminal process. Hindwings with a
rounded costal expansion at base; frenulum in ^ present but

610 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.,

sleuder, retinaculum near base of forewing; fi-enulum in ^
obsolete. Forewings with 3 and 4 remote at origin, 3 being froQi
well before angle, 6 separate, 11 long-stalked with 7, 8, 9, 10, not
anastomosing, discocellular oblique and separate on vein 5,
Hindwings with 3 and 4 remote at origin, 6 and 7 stalked, 8
approximated to cell at a point near l);ise, rapidly diverging; dis-
cocellulars widely separate on vein 5 (or twice-angled), dorsal
strongly oblique, costal edge of cell considerably over '4.

The neuration, which appears to be constant, is highly peculiar
in die remote origin of 3 and 4 of both wings, the long-stalking
of vein 11, and the twice-angled discocellulars. Tj'pe Euchloris
aryosticta Turn.

70. Argyrocosma argosticta.
Euchloris argoisticta Turn., Traus.Roy.Soc.S.Austr. 1904,p. 220.
Antennal pectinations in $ \i. Palpi in ^ H, terminal joint
minute; in ^ ^i terminal joint ^.

N.A : I'ort Daiwin, 10— N.Q.: Kuranda, 9; Townsville, 1,2,
3,7.

Gen. 23. C ii i: v s o c ii L o R o M a .

Ghrysochloroiiia Warr., Nov. Zool. 1896, p. 288.

Head smooth. Tongue well developed. Palpi in ^ moderate,
in 9 long, ascending, terminal joint in ^ much shortened and
bent downwards. Antennse in ^ pectinate, apices simple; in ^
simple. Thorax aiul abdomen not crested; thorax densely hairy
beneatii. Posterior tibia) with outer proximal spur much
shortened or absent in ^. Hindwings quadrate, strongh' angled
or slightly produced on vein 4; with a moderate costal expansion
at base, frenulum and retinaculum in ^ strongly developed;
frenulum in ^ represented by a weak tuft of scales. Forewings
with 3 and 4 separate or connate, 6 connate or stalked, 11 free.
Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 appio.xi-
uiated to cell for some distance, diverging before middle.

Type, Chrysochloroma meeki Warr., from the Trobriand
Islands, off New Guinea.

HY A. J. TURNEK. 611

A small uaturHl genus, which lies near the borderland of the
first two groups. There is oal\' a moderate costal expansion at
base of forewings: and, while the ^ frenulum is strongly de-
velojjed, the weak tuft of scales representing it in 9 is not
always discernible. The peculiar form of the hindsvings and ^
palpi are good distinguishing features. 'J'he l)ending of veins 12
and 1 1 descril)ed by Warren is strongly marked in C. meffahptera,
less so in C. urthodesma, but I ilo not consider it an important
character.

1. Line on wings slender 77. megalopteru.

Lines dilated into fasciae lH. orthodesma.

77. Chkysochloroma mkgaloptera.

Euchhris rnegaloptera Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. 8. Austr., 1894,
p. 87; Chrysochloroma subalbida Warr., Nov. Zool. 1896, p. 364;
Euchloris hypoleiicns Low., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, 1897,
p. 26 3.

(J2- 40-47 uini. Head green; fillet broadly white; face
reddish-brown, lower third brown-whitish, the darker colour
forming a median tooth. Palpi in ^ 1|, terminal joint minute;
in Q 3, terminal joint |; reddish-brown, beneath white.
Antennie white, apices ochreous-whitish, pectinations tinged
with green. Thorax and abdomen green, tuft, sides, and under-
surfaee whitish. Legs vvhitisli; anterior pair, except coxte and
middle tibite, and first joints of tarsi green on uj^per surface in
(J, brownish in Q. Forewings triangular, costa straight, strongly
arched towards apex, apex acute, slightly produced, costa
slightly bowed, oblique, very slightly wavy; bright green; a
snow-white streak along costa nearly from base, which is edged
with dark purple near apex; lines pale green, slender, converging
not dentate; antemedia)i from I dorsum, not reaching costa;
postmedian fx-om or from before f dorsum to lieneath costa at
-|, nearly straight; a ferruginous-fuscous discal dot on end of
cell; cilia white with a median purple line. Hind wings as fore-
wings but witli antemedian, line obsolete, and discal dot rather
larger. Underside whitish-green, forewings rather darker.

612 KKVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.,

Type C. megaloptera in Queensland Museum ; tyi>e E.
hijpoleucua in Coll. Lyell.

N.A.: Poi't Darwin, 10 — N.Q.: Cooktown; Laura; Towns-
ville, 12. Mr. Dodd has found the larviij in tlie nests of the
green tree-ant.

78. ClIRyS0CHI4)R0MA ORTHODESMA.

Euchloris orthodesma Low., Trans. Roy.Soc. S.Austr. 1894,p.86.

9. 34-38 nun. Head and face bluish-green; fillet narrowly
white. Palpi in 9 2, terminal joint i; bluish-green. Antennae
brown-whitish, towards base white. Thorax and abdomen bluish-
green; beneath whitish. Legs whitish; anterior tibiae and tarsi
brownish. Forewings triangular, costa gently arched, ape.x acute,
ternien slightly bowed, oblique; bluish-green; costal edge whitish-
ochreous ; an inwardly-oblique, broad, suffused, bluish-white
median fascia, containing a median dark green discal dot; a
similar fascia, slightly waved, before and parallel to termen;
cilia pale green. Hind wings as forewings, but second fascia
touching termen on dorsal side of angle. Undersurface whitish-
green. T3'pe in Queensland Museum.

N.Q.: Cairns; Kuranda, 4, 5, 9.

Gen. 24. A P 0 D a S M 1 a , n.g.[d7ro8d(r^iios, parted from.]

Face smooth, slightly projecting at lower edge. Tongue well
developed. Palpi moderately long, porrect; second joint rough-
haired above and beneath; terminal joint short in both sexes.
Antennae serrate and ciliated in both sexes; ciliations longer in ^.
Thorax and abdomen not crested; thorax slightly hairy beneath.
Posterior tibiae with middle spurs present; in ^ not dilated, but
with inner terminal spur absent. Hindwings with a strong-
rounded costal expansion at base beyond origin of frenulum;
frenulum in ^ present but weak, retinaculum small and close to
base of forewing; frenulum in 9 represented by a tuft of long
liairs. Forewings with 3 and 4 separate, 6 separate, 11 anasto-
mosing witli 12 and 10. Hindwings with 3 and 4 separate, 6
and 7 sejiarate, 8 closely approximated to near middle of cell,

BY A. J. TURNER. 613

then diverging; discocellulars slightly angled on vein 5, slightly
oblique, dorsal curved.

Type, Fidonia rnfonigraria Wlk. The ff'inulum in the ^ is
certainly weakly developed, but, contrary to the usual rule, that
in the 9 is represented by a well marked tuft of hairs. It must
certainly be separated from JEpipristis Meyr., as it has no close
affinity to B. miniiiiaria Gn. Minor peculiarities are the longer
approximation of vein 8 of hindwings to cell, the hairy palpi,
serrate antennae, and absence of inner terminal spur in hiudleg

of ^.

79. Apodasmia rufomgraria.

Fidonia{V) rnfonigraria Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus, xxiv. p. 1036;
EpiprisfAs r^ifonigraria Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.Wales, 1887,
p. 9 16.

Palpi 2; terminal very short and alike in both sexes. Antennal
ciliations in ^ 1.

Q.: Brisbane— N.S.W.: Sydney, 9— Vic: Gisborne, 11 — W.A.:
Bridgetown, 4.

Gen. 25. U l i o c N e m i s .

Uliocnemis Warr., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 355; Hmps., Moths
Ind. iii. p. 487.

Face slightly roughed-scaled. Tongue present. Palpi ratlier
long, ascending; second joint long, roughly hairy beneath;
terminal joint bent forwards and porrect, in ^ short. Antennae
pectinated in both sexes, apices simple. Thorax with a strong
posterior crest; beneath hairy. Abdomen with a series of
median dorsal crests. Posterior tibiai with middle spurs absent
in ^, not dilated and without terminal process. Hindwings
without costal expansion at base; frenulum and retinaculum in
^ well developed; frenulum in ^ (not examined). Forewings
with 3 and 4 separate, 6 separate, connate, or short-stalked, 11
free. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate or short-stalked, 6 and
7 connate or stalked, 8 approximated to cell near base, rapidly
diverging; discocellulars scarcely angled, dorsal curved so as to
become rather strongly oblique; costal edge of cell considerably
over |.

€14 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LKPIDOPTERA, V.,

Type, Phorodesnia cassidara Gii., from Ceylon, in wliicli
species, as Mr. L. Proub informs me, the middle spurs of ^ are
wholly absent. The variability of veins 6 and 7 of the hindwing
in the same species is exceptional. This character is usually
constant in each genus.

80. UlIOCNKMIS PARTITA.

Comibrena partita Wlk,, Cat. Brit. Mus. xxii. p. 573; Butl., III.
Het. vi. PI. 117, f.ll: C omibiena feliGitata Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus.
xxii. p.579; Thalera concisiplaga Wlk. , Cat. Brit. Mus. xxii. p. 598;
lodis partita Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, 1887, p.89-2;
Uliocnemis partita Hmps., Moths Tnd. iii. p. 488.

Palpi in ^ 2, terminal joint minute. Antennal pectina-
tions in (J 10.

N.Q.: Prince of Wales Island, 6; Kuranda, 3, 5, 6; Towns-
ville, 5 — Q.: Brisbane. Also from Borneo and India.

Gen. 26. A g a x h i o p s i s , n.g.

Ayathiopsis Warr., Nov. Zool. 1896, p.285.

Face smooth. Tongue well developed. Palpi rather short,
terminal joint short in both sexes. Antennae in $ pectinated,
apices simj)le; in 9 ^sinr^ple. Thorax with a strong posterior
crest; beneath densely hair}'. Abdomen not crested. Posterior
tibiae with all spurs present in both sexes, inner fairly long, outer
about ^. Hindwings without costal expansion at base; frenulum
and retinaculum in ^ [unknown]; frenulum in 9 obsoleteC?).
Forewings with 3 and 4 connate, 6 short-stalked, 10 arising from
8 after 7, 11 free. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7
stalked, 8 anastomosing with cell near base, rapidly diverging^
discocellulars slightly angled on vein 5, only slightly oblique.

Type, Agathiopsis maculata Warr., from the Louisiades. The

characters being based on one female specimen are not complete,

Ijut sufficient to show that the genus is allied to Uliocnemis, but

quite distinct.

Agathiopsis basipuncta.

Ayathiopsis basipuncta Warr., Nov. Zool. 1895, p.285;
Euchloris amphibola Turn., Trans. Roy. Soc. 8. Austr., 1896,
p. 128.

HY A. T. TUHNEK. 61 ;>

Palpi in $ 1;^, terminal joint }. For description of the male
see Wairen, loc. cit.

N.Q.: Kuranda, 6, 7. Also from Louisiades.

Gen.27. Eucyclodes.

Euci/dodeg Warr., Nov. Zool. ISQ-t, p. 390; Anisogamia Warr.,
Nov. Zool. 189«, p.286(;;mocc.).

Face smooth, sometimes with some projecting scales on lower
edge. Tongue strongly developed Palpi in $ moderate or
rather long, with terminal joint fairly long or abbreviated; in ^
long. Antennae in ^ pectinated, apices simple; in 9 dimple-
Thorax and aljdoraen not crested; thorax densely hairy beneatli,
usually with a tuft of very long hairs beneath base of forewing.
Posterior tibise with all spurs present; in ^ dilated, with a stout
terminal process. Hind wings without costal expansion at base;
frenulum and retinaculum in ^ well developed; frenulum in ^
represented by a pencil of long hairs. Forewings with 3 and 4
widely separate at origin, 6 connate, 11 usually free, rarely
anastomosing with 12, or with 12 and 10; discocellulars strongly
incurved. Hindwings with 3 and 4 usually stalked, sometimes
connate, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 closely approximated to cell for some
distance, sometimes nearly to middle; discocellulars very oblique,
usually straight, sometimes slightly angled, with dorsal somewhat
curved; costal edge of cell short, usually f , rarely |.

Type, Phorodesmcc huprestaria Gn. The genu.s is a large one
in the Papuan region. Its characteristics are the well developed
frenulum in both sexes, the dense woolly hairiness of the under-
side of the thorax, the wide separation of veins 3 and 4 of the
forewings, and the extremely oblique discocellular of hindwing,
with consequent abbreviation of the costal edge of the cell The
species ar-e mostly remarkable for the great diversity of colour
and markings in the two sexes, a very rare trait in the Geo-
metridce. In E. metaspila and E. buprestaria, however, the
sexes are alike. The larvae of E. insperata, E. jrieroides, and E.
metaspila are known. They are very similar, having large
flattened projections on both sides of the dorsum of each segment.

616 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.,

It will be most convenient to tabulate the two sexes separ-
ately : —

$3.

1. Hindwings with termen dentate 2.

Hindwiiigs with termen rounded or wavy, angled or

dentate on vein 4 only 5.

2. Forewings with a broad white antemedian line 82. 2'io'oides.

Forewings with antemedian line slender or incomplete 3.

3. Forewings with a large white costal spot on origin of

antemedian line 85. fascinan-'i.

Forewings without large white costal spot 4.

4. Wings with white median subterminal blotches, and a

few white dots SQ. speciosa.

Wings with very numerous white dots and small spots,

no blotches^ 87. callisticta.

5. Cilia green or green and white 6.

Cilia mostly reddish or purplish S.

6. Lower third of face white 7.

Face green, extreme lower edge only white 91. moniliata.

7. Wings with broad straight white postmedian lines 88. inspet-ala.

Postmedian lines very slender, curved 89, erotyla.

H. Wings with termen brown 94. hupreslar'ia.

Wings with termen green 9.

9. Face green 92. metasjnla.

Face red 93. satnrataria.

? $.

1. Hindwings with termen dentate 2.

Hindwings with termen rounded or wavy, angled or

dentate on vein 4 only 5.

2. Forewings with a reddish-brown triangular basal blotch 82. pieroides.
Forewings without basal blotch 3.

3. Wings with broad uninterrupted terminpl band 83. dfintata.

Wings without terminal band 4.

4. Forewings with a grey-whitish apical blotch 84. goniota.

Forewings with a fuscous tornal blotch 85. fascinans.

Forewings without blotches 86. speciosa.

5. Face green, or green and white 6.

Face red, or brown and white 8.

6. Forewings with costa and cilia reddish-brown 92. metaspila.

Forewings with costa and cilia mostly grey 7.

7. Forewings with apical, midterminal, and tornal

blotches 88. insperata.

Forewings with narrow terminal line only 91. moniliata.

BY A. J. TURNEU.

617

8. Patagia. except at base, purplish 92. erymnodes.

Patagia green 9.

9. Wings with termen green 93. saturataria.

Wings with termen brown 94. huprestaria.

82. EUCYCLODES PIEROIDES.

9- Comibcena pieroides Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxii. p.580; ^.
Thalassodes scitissirnaria Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxvi. p. 1564; Comi-
Ixcna calcinata Feld., Eeise Nov. PI. 127, f.23; lodis pieroides
Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887, p.897.

Anteniial pectinations of ^ 2|. Palpi in ^ 2, terminal joint
}]-. in 93, terminal joint §. Discocellulars of hindwing nearly-
straight.

The larvae are found in gardens on roses.

N.Q. : Townsville, 3, 4, 5, 6; Stannary Hills — Q.: Diiaringa;
Eockhampton; Gympie; Brisbane, 3, 4, 5, 10; Htradbroke
Island.

S3. EuCYCLODES DENTATA.

Atiisogamia dentata Warr., Nov. Zool. 1897, p.34.

(J. Unknown.

9. 36 mm. Crown and fillet whitish irrorated with brown and
dai'k fuscous, and posteriorly also with green; face green, lower
edge with a broad white streak tending to be interrupted.
Pal|)i 3, terminal joint |^; pale brown, beneath white, terminal
joint annulated with dark fuscous. Antennse brown-whitish.
Thorax green; a broad posterior median streak from middle
whitish irrorated with brown and dark fuscous. Abdomen
whitish irrorated with brown and dark fuscous, with some green
on basal st'gments. Legs ochreous-whitish; anterior tibiae and
tarsi broadly annulated with dark fuscous. Forewings triangular,
costa strongly arched, apex rounded, termen bowed, oblique,
strongly dentate ; green, thinly scaled, with slight obscure
whitish strigulations; abroad costal streak brown-whitisli irrorated
and chequered with dark fuscous; a transverse irregularly oval
whitish spot before middle, its margins irrorated with fuscous,
touching costal streak; a broad terminal band with rounded
47

618 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LKPIDOPTERA, V.,

dilatations above middle and on tornus, reddish-brown with
some fuscous scales; cilia grey-whitish. Hindwings strongly
dentate, with more prominent teeth on veins 4 and 6; discocel-
lulars nearly straight; as torewings but without discal spot;
some white dots on basal veins; terminal band thickened at apex
and above middle, narrower at tornus. Underside green- whitish;
a dark fuscous subterminal band, outwardly dentate, inwardly
with rounded projections as on upper side.

X.Q.: Cooktown; Cairns, 8; Kuranda, 4, 5.

84. EUCYGLODES GONIOTA.

Euchloriii goniota Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr., 1894, p.86;
Atiisogamia curvigutta Warr., Nov. Zool. 1897, p.34.

(J. Unknown.

9. 32 mm. Crown, fillet, and face whitish-ochreous with .some
brownish scales. Palpi 2^, terminal joint |; pale brownish,
beneath whitish. Antennae whitish-grey. Thorax green, some
hairs in tegulae and a large posterior .spot whitish-ochreous.
Abdomen whitish-ochreous with a few brownish scales, under-
surface whitish. Legs whitish; anterior tibiae and tarsi fuscous
with whitish annulations. Forewings triangular, costa rather
strongly arched, apex round-pointed, termen bowed, oblique,
crenulate; green with a few obscure whitish strigulae; a fuscous
costal streak strigulated with whitish-ochreous; a fine, slender,
waved, whitish antemedian line from \ costa to | dorsum; an
ochreous-whitish apical blotch reaching to midtermen, its lower
extremity showing a rounded dilatabion, irrorated sparsely with
fuscous and including a terminal series of fuscous lunules between
veins; a series of ochreous-whitish dots on terminal ends of veins
between apical blotch and tornus; cilia green, on costal blotch
and terminal dots ochreous-whitish tinged with grey. Hind-
wings with termen dentate, with stronger teeth on veins 4 and
6; as forewings but without antemedian line; apical blotch
similar but more elongate. Underside green- whitish: abrownisli-
fuscous spot on apex of both wings.

BY A. J. TURNER. 619

My description is taken fr<)m tl)« type, which is in the Queens-
land Museum.
N.Q,: Mackay.

85. EUCYCLOIJES PASCINANS.

/odis fasciuaus Luc, Proc. Linn. 8oc. N. 8. Wales, 1893, p. 138.

(J. 32-36 min. Crown green; fillet green edged with white
anteriorly; face green with a broad white streak on lower edge,
partly inteirupted. Palpi 2, terminal joint ^; pale brownish or
fuscous, apices of joints and undersurface white. Antennte grey,
base of stalk white; pectinations 3|. Thorax green; a large
white posterior spot including a pair of green dots. Abdomen
green, with a median and a lateral series of white dots, which
may be mixed with fuscous, and may be lost posteriorly in a
general white irroration; tuft and undersurface white. Legs
white; anterior tibiie and tarsi broadly barred with dark fuscous
in front. Forewings triangular, costa moderately arched, apex
rounded, termen bowed, oblique, moderately dentate; green,
rather strongly scaled, with numerous fine transverse white
strigulai, sometimes reduced to dots on veins; a fuscous streak
strigulated with white on costa beyond middle; a large white
spot touching costa at |, from which sometimes proceeds a fine
waved line to -i dorsum; a similar but smaller spot at ^, giving
rise to a dentate interrupted postmedian line; this is succeeded
by similar subterminal and submarginal spots and lines, the last
line consisting of a series of spots only; a terminal series of white
dots on veins; cilia green, apices opposite dots white. Hindwings
with termen rounded and dentate; discocellulars nearly straight;
as forewings but without antemedian spot and line; base and
dorsum sometimes with confluent strigulai; a large ochreous or
brown apical spot, margined with white, sometimes containing
an interrupted fuscous line. Underside green-whitish; a dark
fuscous apical spot on hindwing; sometimes a greenish-fuscous
line emitting three processes on apex of forewing.

2.28 mm. Differs as follows — Palpi 3^, terminal- joint |.
Abdomen fuscous; basal segment green; a series of median dorsal

620 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LKPIDOPTEKA, V.,

dots and uudersurface white. Wings gieeii, with obscure whitish
strigulfe but without white spots. Forewings with a fuscous'
streak along whole of costa, a large fuscous spot on dorsum near
base, another before teruien above middle, and a third, smaller,
on tornus. Hinclwings with a fuscous apical blotch. The under-
side is similarly marked.

Though rather small, this 5, t>t which tliei-e is one e.xample
from Kuranda, in Coll. Lyell, is, 1 think, to be referred to this
species, though it is just possible that it may belong to E.
callisticta.

N.Q.: Kuranda, 4, 5, 11, 12 — Q : Brisbane, 1.

86. EUCYCLODK.S SPECIOSA.

9. lodifi speciosa Luc, Proc. Linn. 80c. N. S.Wales, 1889, p. 1094;
^. Eiichloria chiunop/uca Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. 8. Ausbr., 1893,
|i.28S; ^(^. Aniiiogamia albiniaculaWRVV., Nov. Zool. 1897, p. 33;
^. lodis sidera/.is Luc, Proc Hoy. Soc. Qsld , 1898, p.6S.

(J. 35 mm. (!rown and fillet green; face green, with a broad
interrupted white line on lower edge. Palpi 2, terminal joint
I; dull green, extreme apex and undersurface white. Antennte
grey-whitish; basal joint fuscous-brown, its anterior surface and
extreme apex white; pectinations 3. Thorax green, with a large
white posteiior «pot edged with fuscous. Abdomen green; with
a fuseous-brown dorsal spot about middle; anterior to this are
three minute white median dots, posterior a small fuscous spot
immediately succeeded by a large white blotch; tuft and under-
surface white. Legs white; anterior tibiae and tarsi fuscous
barred with white in front; posterior tibiae with a stout terminal
process. Forewings ti-iangnlar, costa moderately arched, apex
bowed, oblique, crenulate; green, rather thinly scaled, with a few
scattered whitish strigulai; a fuscous streak along costa, inter-
rupted by white strigulse; a minute white dot beneath costa at
base; a fine wavy white antemedian line, from | costa to |
dorsum, towards dorsum edged on both sides with fuscous; post-
median line represented by a series of white dots on veins at ^,
joined in middle by a similar series of dots from apex; above

BY A. J. TURNER 621

conrtueiice and between veins 3 and 4 is a large white spot
narrowly niargineil with fuscous; a terminal .series of very distinct
white dots on veins; cilia green, apices white. Hindwings with
t<3ruieii rounded and moderately dentate; discocellulars nearl}'
straight; as forewings but without antemedian line; the large
whitfc ' pot is placed across vein 3, and there are two small white
dots betuct a it and termen. Underside green-whitish; a fuscous
streak strigulatt.d with whitish along costa of forewing.

5. 38 mn). Differs as follows — Palpi 3, terminal joint |.
Spots on thorax aiid abdomen more l>roadly outlined with fuscous;
no white l)lotch on abdomen; penultimate abdominal segments
fuscous. White spot on forewings reduced to a linear mark, and
that on hindwings absent. Terminal dots on both wings ochreous-
whitish outlined with fuscous-brown. A)i elongate fuscous spot
with a brown centre on apex of hindwing. Cilia on terminal
spots pale fuscous.

These descriptions are from larisbane examples. A pair from
Kuranda shows, in the male, more irregularly shaped white
blotches and smaller terminal dots; no white blotch on abdomen,
but mid<lle segments fuscous; in the female, absence of brown
apical spot on hindwing, and of browu outlines around terminal
dots. Evidently the species is variable within limits.

N.Q. : Cooktowji; Greraldton; Kuranda, 5, 0; Alackay — i^. :
Brislmne.

87. EUCYCLODES C.\LL1STICTA.

hlnchloris cafllaticta Turn., Trans, lioy. Hoc. .S. Austr. 1904,
p. 222.

Palpi ill ^ H, terminal joint ~. Antenna! pectinations in ,^
4. Discocellulars of hindwing not angled, dorsal cur\ed. Pos-
terior tihiie of (^ with terminal proce'^s unusually long, exceeding
^ tarsus.

§. Unknown.

N.Q.; Kuranda, 3, 4, .^, 11, 12.

622 KEVI.SIOV 01" AL'.STKAJ.IAN I.KllDO I' TKRA, V.,

88. EUCVCLODBS INSPEKATA.

Tlialassodes insperata Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxii. 555; lodis
insperata Meyr., Proc. Linn. Hoc. N. 8. Wales, 1887, p. 895.

.^ntennal ciliations of $ 2\. Palpi in $ 1|, terminal joint \'j
in 9 2, terminal joint \. Discocellulars ot liindwing nearly
straight.

N.Q.: Mareeba, 12— Q.: Brisbane, 4, 8; Stradl)roke Island, 10;
Southport — N.S.W.: Newcastle: Sydney — Vic: Mell)ourne^
Tas.: George's Bay.

89. KUCXCLODKS EKOTYLA n.sp.[e'/>(aTvXos, a darling, j

(j. 29 mm down green with a white posterior spot; Hllet
narrowly white; face green, lower third and lateral erlges white.
Pali)i fuscous, beneath white; in $ \'l, terminal joint |. An-
tennie white, sharply barred witli fuscous on dorsum, towards
ape.x giey; [)ectinations in ^ 2. Thorax green; a broad wliite
fascia from before middle, containing laterally paired green spots
behind middle. Abdomen green, a series of median dorsal spots,
tuft, sides, and under surface wliite. Legs white; anterior femora
fuscous anteriorly, anterior tiliite and tarsi fuscous annidated
witli white. Forewings triangular, costa rather strongly arched,
apex round-pointed, termen bowed, oblique, very slightly wavy;
green with numerous white transverse strigulse; a liroad fuscous
coslal streak s[)otted and strigulated with white; transverse lines
veiy slender, curved, white mixed with pale fuscous; antemedian
from ~\ cosla to r dorsum: postmedian fiom | costa, shortly
bifurcated al)Ove dorsum, one branch ending on \ dorsum, the
other just before tornus; subterminal similar but interrupted;
one or two small white spots just above tornus: three or four
white terminal dots on veins; cilia green, apices white. Hind-
wings with termen wavy,' angled and toothed on \ein -1:; disco-
cellulars slightly angled on vein 5, dor.sal curved; as forewings
but antemedian line oltsolele, and white st rig u he very pronounced
on dorsum. Underside whitish. Type in Coll. Turner.

9. Unknown.

BV A. J. TURNKK. 623

Q.: Brisbane; ii» May; one specimen received from Mr. R.
I]li(],-e.

90. EUCYCLODES EKVMNODKS, 11. sp.[epi/^^a)8;;s, like a fortification. ]

(J. Unknown.

9- 28 mm. Crown and face dull purplish mixed witli white;
fillet white. Palpi slender: dull purplish, beneath white: in ^ 3.
terminal joint ^. Antennae grey. Thorax dull purplish: tegulae
Hiid bases of patagia green. Abdomen dull purplish, some obscure
median dorsal dots, apex, sides, and undersurface white. Legs
white; anterior tibiae and tarsi pale fuscous. Forewings triangular,
costa rather strongly arched, apex round-pointed, termen bowed,
oblique, very slightly wavy: pale green; a basal fascia prolonged
as a broad costal streak dull purplish: the costal streak shows a
strong triangular tooth in disc at .^; continuous with costal streak
is a terminal fascia of the same colour, showing a large rounded
expansion in njiddle, and another on tornus; these expansions
are paler, ochreous tinged with some pale fuscous irroration; a
dark purplish terminal line interrupted on veins: cilia ochreous-
whitish with some pur|ilish tinge. Hindwings with termen wavy,
angled and toothed on vein 4; discocellulars nearly straight; as
forewings but without costal streak: terminal fascia expanded at
apex and beneath middle. Undersurface whitisti. Type in Coll.
Lyell

N.(^.: Kuranda; in June: one specimen received from Mr. F.
P. Dodd.

91. EUCVCLODES MONIMATA.

2- Aidsogamia mo'inHata Warr., Nov. Zool. 1897. p.34; ^. Ani-
soffdi/iia iiAtdilinea Warr., Nov. Zool. 1897, p,35.

(J. 30 mm. Crown green; fillet broadly snow-white: face green,
lower edge with a white streak, sometimes interrupted in midflle.
Palpi ]l, terminal joint l; green, beneath white. Antennal
stalk white; pectinations 2i, grey Thorax green, with a median
and two posterior white spots. Abdomen green, median dorsal
.spots, tufts, sides, and undersurface white. Legs white; anterior

<)24 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LBPIDOPTEKA, V.,

pair ochreous-grey in froMt; posterior tibiie with a very stout
terminal process. Forewings triangular, costa moderately arched,
apex round -pointed, terraen bowed, oblique, scarcely wavy; V)riglit
green; a white streak along costa, sparsely irrorated with pale
fuscous: lines slendei', white, sharply dentate, sometimes inliM-
rupted; antemedian from ] costa to t dorsum; postniedian from
beneath ^ costa, first outwardly curved, then bent inwards to |
dorsum; a terminal series of white dots on veins; cilia green,
apices grey-whitisli. Hindwings with termen wavy, bent and
slightly toothed on vein 4; discocellulars nearly straight; as fore-
wings but without basal line, and with some white dots on basal
veins. Underside whitish; costal area of fore wing suffused with
green; costal edge of fore wing white, with an oclireous subco.stal
streak towards base.

9. 32-36 mm. Head as in ^. *Palpi 1|, terminal joint ^; pale
brown, beneath whitish. Antennae pale brown, towards base
white. Thorax green, a broad posterior median band extending
to middle brown mixed with whitish. Abdomen brown mixed
with whitish, base green, undersurface whitish. I^eg-s ochreous-
whitish; anterior pair grey in front. Wings shaped a.s in ^C
Forewings green; a broad costal streak whitish densely irrorated
with pale fuscous; antemedian line as in (J; postniedian line
obsolete; a small whitisli linear discal dot at j; a fine ochreoiis-
whitish terminal band, very slender in middle, anteriorly inter-
ruptedly edged with fuscous-brown; cilia ochreous-whitish. Hind-
wings as forewings but without antemedian line. Underside
green-whitish; costal edge of forewings pale brownish.

There need be no doubt, I think, as to these fornts being sexes
of the same species.

N.Q.: Cooktown; Kuranda, "2, o, lU.

92. EUCYCLOUK.S MEIASPILA.

ComihiKua melaspda Wlk., (Jat. Brit. Mus. xxii. p.580; lodis
metaspila Meyr., Proc. Linn. 80c. N. S. Wales, 1887, p.895; lodis
eu<-alypti l>uc., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1888, p.l2G7.

BY A. .1. TURNKK.

fi-J5

Aiitennrtl pectinations of ^ 2^. Palpi in ^ '2h, terminal joint
■^; in 9 21, terminal joint h Discocellulars of hindwing slightl}-
angled on vein 5; dorsal curved.

N.Q.: Cairns, 8 — Q.: Toowoomba, 11; Brisbane.

93.tKuCYCLODES SATURATARIA.

Chlorochroma .latiu-atario Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxxv. p.l6U9;
lodis satnrataria Meyr., Proc. Linn. See. N. S.Wales, 1887, p.895.

I have seen only the type ($) in the British Museum, sent l)y
Mr. Diggles, and probably taken in the neighbourhood of Bris-
bane. It seems closely allied to E. metaspiJa, and proVtably the
.sexes are similar as in that species.

94. Eut:YCLOUK,S buprestakia.

Phorode>ima bnprestaria Gn., Lep. ix. p.371, Pl.vii. f.-t; lo^Hs
buprestdvia Meyr., Pioc. Linn. Soc. N. 8 Wales, 1887, p. 890.

Antennal pectinations in $ 2. Palpi in ^ IJ, terminal joint
minute; in 9 U, terminal joint 1, Discocellulars of hindwing
very slightly angled on vein ."), dorsal slightly curved.

N.S.W. : Sydney, 11— Vic. : Melbourne, 11; Nhill, 9.— Tas.:
Launceston.

(jen.28. C h l o k o d k s .

Chlorodes Gn., Lep. ix. p. 378.

Face smooth. Tongue well developed. Palpi in i>oth sexes 1^;
second joint rouglily hairy above and beneath; terminal joint
equally short in both sexes. Antennae in ^' pectinate, extreme
apices simple; in 9 "^i'liple. Tliorax and abdomen not crested;
thorax hniry beneath. Posterior tibite with all spurs present; iu
(J not dilated and without terminal process. Hindwings without
costal expansion at base; frenulum and retinaculum in ^ well
developed; ^frenulum in 9 represented b}' a tuft of long hairs.
Forewings with 3 and 4 well separated at origin, 6 short-stalked,
11 free, or anastomosing with 12 only, or with both 12 and 10;
discocellulars scarcely incurved, nearly straight. Hindwings
Hvith 3 and 4 slightly separate or nearly connate, 6 and 7 long-

62G KEVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTKKA, V.,

stalked, S closely ;ipproxiniated to cell, sometirnes nearly as far
as middle, then j^radually diverging; discocellulars but slightly
angled, or nearl}' straight, moderately or rather strongly obli(|ue;
costal edge of cell considerably over |.

Type, Chlorodes hoisduvalaria Le G. Tlie sepaiation of 3 and
4 is better marked in the forewing, which is unusual. The
roughly hairy palpi are another peculiarity, as is the pectination
of the ^ antennje nearly to apex. Structurally this genus comes
near Terpna, with the important exception of the stalking
of G and 7 of the hind wings.

95. C'hlorodks boisduvalakia.

Geomelra hoischtralaria Le G., Rev. Zool. 1841, p. 257; Chlor-
odes mirandaria Gn., Lep.ix. p.379, PI. v. f.7; lodis hoisduvalaria
Meyr., Proc. Linn. 8oc. N. S. Wales, 1887, p.892.

Vic : Gisborne, 2: Mt. St. Bernard, 2 — Tas.: Launceston.

I have .seen a drawing, by Mr. A. Sira.son of Launceston, of
tli<! larva of this species. It has paired dorsal processes on each
segment, analogous to those of Eucyvlodes.

Gen. 29. A u A T H i a .

AyntJiia Gn., J^ep.i.v. p.380; Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.
Wale.s, 1887, p.899; Hnips., Moths Tnd. iii. p.485.

Face rounded, strongly convex, smooth. Tongue well de-
velo}ied. Palpi rather long in ^, longer in 9: basal joint as long
as second joint; terminal joint in ^ very short, in 5 elongate.
Antennje simple in both sexes, in $ minutely ciliated. Thorax
Jiot crested; hairy lieneath. Abdomen sometimes smooth, some-
limes with small median dorsal crests; in ^ with large tuft and
lateial crests on teiminal segments, and svith an extrusible tuft
of hairs near base on ventral surface. Posterior tibise with all
spurs present; in $ dilated, with a groove containing hairs oii
inner surface, and a short stout terminal process. HindwingH
with a long acute tooth on vein 4; without basal costal expan-
sion; frenulum and retinaculum in (? well developed; frenulum
in 2 represented by a tuft of long hairs. Forewings with 3 and

1!V A. .1. TLRNKK. 627

4 separate but appioximHled at origin, 6 separate, 11 free or
rarely anastoiuosiiig with 12. Hindwings with 3 and 4 separate
but approximated at origin, 6 and 7 separate but approximated,
8 anastomosing ivith cell near base, closely approximated to j,
then div^erging; discocellulars scarcely angled, scarcely oblique
except lower end of dorsal, whicli is strongly curved.

Type, A. lyciHuaria Koll., from India, China, Java, and Borneo.

96. Agathia L/ETata.

I'hahmia hc.lala Fabr., Ent. Syst. iii. 2, p. 164; Moore, Lap.
Ce}'!. iii. PI. 197. f. 1: Ayathut hilarata ijrn. Lepix. p.381; Ayathia
catenaria Wlk., Cat. Brit. iMus. xxii. p.591; Agathia quinaria
Moore, Proc. Zool. 8oc. 1867, p. 039; Agathia carissima Butl.,
III. Het. ii. p.50, PI. 36, f.7; Ayathia lacnnaria von Hedenian,
Hor. Soc. Ent. Koss.xiv p.512, Pl.iii.f.4; Agathia asleriasMeyr.,
Ptoc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887, p.899; Ayathia prasinaspis
Meyr., Trans. Knt. Soc. 1889, p. 495; Agathia pj'«smrt Swin.,
Ann. -Mag. Nat. Hist.(6) xii. p.219; Agathia iodioidet< Luc, Proc-
Linn. 8oo. N. 8. Wales, 1891, p.296; Agathia distribtita Luc, op.
cit. 1891, p.296; Agathia loetala Hmps., Moths Ind. iii. p.487;
Agathia discowaecto. Warr., Nov. Zool. 1890, p.362.

Palpi in ^ l^, terminal joint minute; in ^ 3, terminal joint I.
I have a long series, and am satisfied tliat they constitute one
species, which is notably polymorpiiic The abdomen may be
either smooth or crested, either uniformly fuscous-purple or red-
dish on dorsum, or green with fuscous-purple or reddish spots, or
with any intermediate combination. The antemedian line of
forewings may be fairly broad and entire, or broken into spots or
obsolete. The postmedian line may be entire or interrupted.
The terminal line may be entire and broad, or interrupted, or
nearly obsolete. Similar variations exist in the dark band of the
hindwings. The white .spot at base of the sharj) tooth on hind-
wings is usually sharply defined clear white, but may be suflFu.sed.
For the extra-Australian references 1 follow Sir Geo. Hampson.

N.A.: Port Darwin, 3 — N.Q.: Cape York^ 7; Cooktown; Port
Douglas; Cairns; Geraldton; Kuranda, 2, 4. 5, 6, 7, 10; Townsville,
7; Mackay — Q.: Duaringa, Brisbane, Southport.

G2S> RKVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTKRA, V.,

(^611.30. I) Y S P II A N I A .

Dijsphaida Hb., Veiz. p. 1 75: Euscli.f^nui Hb., Verz. p. 175;
Hnips., Motlis ind. iii. )>. 467.

Face smooth. Tongue well developed. Palpi moderate, pot-
rect; ba.sal and second joints somewhat rough-liaired beneath;
bas^l joint as long as second joint; terminal joint long in both
.sexes. Antennpe pectinated to apex in both sexes. Thorax not
crested; den.sely hairy beneath. Alxlomen without dorsul crests;
in (J with large terminal tult, and lateral tnft.s on penultimate
segment. Tibial spines shoit; posterior tibiae of ^ strongly
,dilated. Hindwings without costal basal expansion; frenulum
and i-etinaculum in $ strongly developed; frenulum in 2 lepre-
Siented by a few short hairs. Forewings with 3 and 4 -separate,
6 stalked, 11 free oi- anastomosing with 12; a small fovea on
underside above base of vein 1 in both sexes. Hindwings with
3 and 4 .separate, 6 and 7 connate or separate, 8 approximated to
cell near bane, gradually diverging.

Type, A', miliiaris Linn., from India, China, and Ja\a.

Althougli differing markedly in size and coloration, this genus
does not show any striking divergence in structure from Tfivpna,
but only several minor peculiaritie.s.

97. DVSPHANIA FKNK.STUATA.

//eUoiia jeiiestrata Swainson, Zool. Illust. Pl.llG; Euscheina
tfifttaiis Wlk., (^'at. Brit. Mus. xxxi. p.l75; Di/.'^phnnia clialyhpata
But)., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.(4), xviii. p. 1*27 ( 1 S7G); Diisphania
/jtagniJiGaiiwiu., (Jat. Oxf. Mus.ii. p.377.

(J9- 7698 mm. Head and face yellow or orange. Pal^ii in
boih sexes 2^, terminal joint ^; yellow or orange; first and second
joints sometimes <lark purple on outer surface; terminal joint
fuscous. Antenine dark fuscous; pectinations in ^. inner row
2^, outer low 3; in ^, inner row 1 1, outer row 2. 'I'horax dark
purple, anteriorl}' and posteriorly broadly yellow or orange.
Abdomen yellow oi- orange with 1 or 5 dark purple or fuscous
rings. Legs dark fuscous; coxa; yellow or orange. Forewings
elongate-triangular, narrowei- in ^, costa gently arched, apex

BY A. .1. TUKNKK. 629

rounded, tennen scarcely bowed, strongly oV)lique; dark purple,
with whitish seinihyaline markings; a sliort broad streak from
l)ase of dorsum to mid-disc at ^/, a broad fascia, interrupted by
veins, from beneath 1 eosta outwardly oblique, then curved in-
waids, nai'rowing, and suffused, to mid-dorsum; a similar fascia,
usually narrower and more interrupted, from ^j costa to tornus;
and a third similnr fascia from f costa ending opposite mid-
termen: cilia dark purple. Hindwings with termen gently
lounded; ilark purple; a whitish semihyaline blotch in cell;
several similar blotches, variably developed, beyond cell; a sub-
tttrminal series of conspicuous yellow or orange spots, the two
central spots being displaced towards termen; cilia dark purple.
Underside simihir.

The large size and conspicuous colouring are undoubtedly
aposematic. In this, the species differs from all other Austialian
GeornetritifH which are protectively coloured; the Terpna gvoix^
imitate tlie bark of trees, while the colour of the majority of
species is assimilated to foliage.

This species varies according to locality, forming local races.
In the Cairns district is developed a dark form, the pale blotches
being lelatively reduced, especially in the hindwing; and the
head, thorax, abdomen, and hindwings being decorated with
yellow. In Torres Straits the pale blotches are larger, and
3'ellow is replaced l)y orange. At Port Darwin the pale blotches
are still further eidarged and confluent, the dark purple areas
being reduced to a minimum, the decoration is also orange.

N.A.: Port Darwin, 9— N.Q.: Banks Island, 2; Bloomfield
River; Dunk Island; Cairns; Geraldton, 11; Ingham; Towns-
ville, 5. Also from New Guinea and Moluccas.

I have received a closely allied but distinct species from Kei
Island; and other allied .species occur in the Archipelago.

Cen.31 . A li t a N K P S I a , n.g.\avTave-^ia, a cousin.]

Head with an anteriorly directed crest on crown, face rough-
haired. Tongne well developed. Palpi rather long, porrect;
ba.sal and second joints densely hairy beneath; terminal joint long

630 REVISION OK AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTEHA, V.,

in both sexes. Antenuaj iu ^ pectinated, apices simple; in $
simple. Thorax not crested, beneath densely haii-y. Abdomen
with dor.sal crests slightly indicated by some loose .spreading
hairs; terminal segments in ^ with lateral tufts. Posterior ti bite
with all spurs present; in ^ not dilated. Hind wings without
basal costal expansion; frenulum and retinaculum in ^ strong;
frenulum in 9 represented by a strong tuft of scales. Forewings
with 3 :ukI 4 remote at origin, 5 approximated at origin to G, 6
widely .separate from stalk of 7, 8, ii, 10, which arises from well
before angle of cell, 1 1 anastomosing with 12 and 10. Hind wings
with 3 and i widely separate, 6 and 7 separate, 8 approximated
to cell as far as middle, diverging rather abruptly; dorsal disco-
cellular strongly curved.

Type, Hypochroma loilsonl Feld. Distinguished from Terpiia
mainly by the peculiar neuratioii of the forewing, which was
noted by Mr. Meyrick.

98. AUTANEPS/A WILSONI.

Hypochroma tvilsoni Feld., Reise Nov. PI. 125, f.4; Meyr., Proc.
Linn. Soc. N. S. Wale.s, 1887, p.906.

Palpi in both sexes 2, terminal joint f^. Antenind pectinations
in (J, inner row 3, outer row 0.

N.Q.: Stannary Hills (Dr. T. Bancroft)— Vic: Melbourne;

Gisborne, 10.

Gen. 32. Crypsiphona.

(Jrypaiphoua Meyi-., Proc. Linn. .Sue. N. S. Wales, 1887, p.901.

Face smooth. Tongue well developed. Palpi obliquely ascend-
ing, basal and second joints with long rough hairs beneath; basal
joint longer than second joint; terminal joints short in both
sexes. Antennae in ^ pectinated, apices simple; in O simpile.
Thorax not crested, or with a slight anterior crest; beneath
xlensely hairy. Abdomen without dorsal crests; in (J with lateral
tufts of hair on each segment. Posterior tibiae without middle
spurs in both sexes; in ^ sometimes dilated, with groove con-
taining hair-tuft. Hind wings without costal expansion at base;
frenulum and retinaculum in ^ strongly developed; frenulum in

in A. .1. TURNKK. 631

5 represented by a tuft of long hair.s. Forewings with 3 and 4
separate, 6 separate or short-stalked, 11 anastomosing witli 12
and 10. Hindwings with 3 and 4 separate, 6 and 7 separate or
■connate, 8 closely approximated to cell near base, rapidly
diverging; discocellulars nearly straight, rather strongly oblique,
costal edge of cell considerably exceeding |.

Type, C. mdanosenia Meyr. An endemic development of
Terpna, differing in the palpi, absence of middle spurs, and of
dorsal abdominal crests.

99.tCRYPSIPHONA MELANOSEMA.

Grypsiphona melanosema Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales,
1887, p.901.

W.A.: Albany, 9, 12.

lOCfCRYPSIFHONA AMAURA.

(Jrypsiphona amaura Meyr., Proc. Linn. 8oc. N. S.Wales, 1887,
p.902.

W.A.: Albany, 9, 10.

101. Crypsiphona occultaria.

Fhal(jena occultaria Don., Ins. N. Hoi I. p.36; Ni/pochnnna ofcvi-
<«/-ia Gn.jLep.ix. p. 281; Crypsiphona occultaria Meyr., Proc. Linn.
Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887, p.903.

Palpi in ^ 1|, in 2 1^; terminal joint minute in both sexes.
Antennal pectinations in ^ 3. Posterior tibiae in ^ not dilated.

N.Q. : Townsville, Stannary Hills — Q. : Duaringa, Gayndah,
Nambour; Brisbane, 2, 3, 9; Mt. Tambourine; Nauango; Dalby;
Warwick, 10 — N.S. W.: Newcastle; Sydney, 4; Bathurst — Vic:
Melbourne; Beaconsfield, 11; Gisborne, 2, 3 — Tas.: Hobart —
S.A.: Mount Lofty — W.A.: Albany; Waroona, 7.

Gen. 33 E p i p r i s t i s .

Epipristis Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887, p.916.
Face smooth, rounded. Tongue well developed. Palpi moder-
ate, porrect; second joint smooth above, smooth or slighth' hairy

G32 KEVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTKKA, V.,

beueatli; terminal joint stout, iiiodeiate, somewhat longer in 5
Antennae simple in both sexes; ciliations in ^ minute. Thorax
and abdomen not crested; thorax smooth or but slightly hairy
beneath. Posterior tibije with all spurs present; in ^ not dilated.
Hindwings without costal expan.sion at base; frenulum and retin-
atnluni in ^ well developed; frenulum in 9 represented by a tuft
of long hairs. Forewings with 3 and 4 separate but clo.sely
approximated at origin, 6 separate, 11 anastomosing
shortly with 12. Hindwings with 3 and i separate but closely
approximated at origin, 6 and 7 separate, 8 closely approximated
to cell at a point near base, rapidly diverging; discocellulars
nearly straight, but slightly oljlique. Type, Hypochroiiia mini-
iiuiria Gn.

Actenochroma Warr , is sufficiently distinguished from this
genus by the den.se woolly hairiness of the underside of the
thorax, and the longer approximation of vein 8 of hindwings to
the cell.

102. EpIPRISTIS MINIMARIA.

H ypochroiaa minlinaria Gn., Lep. ix. p. 279; Hy])ochroina par-
vii.la Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxi. p.435; Acidalia truiicataria Wlk.,.
Cat. Brit. Mus. xxiii.p.774; Epipristis oxycynia Meyr., Proc. Linn.
Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887, ^.^X'o; Pseiidoterpna ininimaria Hmps.,,
Moths. Tnd.iii. p. 479.

Palpi of ^ 1^, terminal joint \; of 9 2, terminal joint ^.
Antenual ciliations in ^ extremely minute.

N.A. : Port Darwin, 1, 3, 10, 11 — N.Q : Cape York, 8— Q.::
Duaringa. Also from Borneo, Ceylon, and India.

Gen. 34. A c T k N o c H R o M A .

Actettochroma Warr., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 350.

Face smooth, lower edge somewhat projecting. Tongue strong.
Palpi moderate, obliquely ascending; basal joint with long spread-
ing hairs beneath, second joint smooth or slightly hairy beneath.
Antenna? in ^ slightly serrate, ciliated in tufts; in 9 simple.
Thorax not crested; beneath den.sely hairy. Abdomen with
.several median dorsal crests; terminal segments in ^ with slight

BY A. J. TURNKR. 633

lateral tufts. Posterior tibiae with all spurs present. Hindwings
without basal costal expansion; frenulum and retinaculum in ^
well developed; frenulum in 9 represented by a tuft of long hairs.
Forewings with 3 and 4 separate but approximated at origin, 6
separate, 11 free or anastomosing with 12 and 10. Hindwings
with 3 and 4 separate, 6 and 7 sepnrate, 8 approximated to cell
for some distance, diverging before middle.

Type, A. turneri. Differs from Tevpna in the ^ antennae. Pro-
bably the palpi and other points vary as in that genus; and I
have, therefore, refrained from drawing up the definition too
rigidly on the single Australian species.

103. ACTKNOCHROMA TURNERI.

Hypochroma turneri Luc, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1889,
p. 1096; Actenochroma {1) prasina Warr., Nov. Zool. 1896, p. 282.

(J9- ^^"^^ ii^'"- Crown green with some whitisli, and some-
times with some brownish, .scales; face reddish-fuscous, upper
third green, lower edge white. Palpi 1^, terminal joint very
short in both sexes; above reddish-fuscous, beneath whitisli-
ochreous. Antennae fuscous; ciliations in ^ |. Thorax green;
tegulee and sometimes a posterior spot brownish-fuscous; some-
times rt central whitish spot. Abdomen pale purple-fuscous and
greenish, either colour preponderating; under surface whitish-
ochreous. Legs whitish-ochreous; anterior coxae, femoi'a, and
tibiae suffused with purplish; anterior tarsi annulated with dark
fuscous. Forewings rather elongate-triangular, costa nearly
straight; apex rounded, termen strongly bowed, oblique, slightly
crenulate; green with extensive areas of purplish-fuscous suf-
fusion, extreme costal edge oclueous; a streak along costa
purplish with dark fuscous strigulations; a similar basal patch,
sometimes bisected; sometimes an irregular white subcostal suf-
fusion from base to first line; first line dentate from ^ costa to ^
dorsum, dark fuscous; second line similar, from ^ costa bent first
outwards, then inwards to mid-dorsum; included median area
suffused with purplish-fuscous towards dorsum and second line,
and with a small suffused discal spot of the same colour; terminal
48

634 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.,

area extensively suffused witii purplish-fuscous, leaving an apical
area, and a spot on inid-tennen, green; a dark fuscous terminal
line interrupted on veins; cilia greenish mixed with purplish-
fuscous, sometimes with a whitish spot opposite mid-termen.
Hindwings with termen rounded, crenulate; as forewiiigs but
without first line and apical green patch. Underside pale pur-
plish more or less suffused with ochreous towards hase; on fore-
wing a large dark fuscous roundish discal spot, with a whitish
spot on its terminal side; on hind wing a purplish-fuscous discal
dot; a whitish postraedian line, on forewings narrow and inter-
rupted, on hindwings broad; a whitish spot on niid-termen of
both wings.

A handsome but variable species. In two of my examples
vein 11 is free; in the third it approaches 12 but fails to anas-
tomose, and then anastomoses with 10. The posterior tibife of
the $ are not dilated in my one example.

N.Q.: Kuranda, 5, 6; Mackay. Also from Louisiades.

Gen. 35. T E u P N A .

Terpna H.-Sch., Aussei". Schmett.; Hypochroma Gn., Lap. ix.
p.275; Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887, p.904(;)r«;occ.).

Face smooth (rarely hairy), sometimes slightly rounded, some-
times slightly projecting at lower edge. Tongue well developed.
Palpi moderate or long, porrect or ascending, basal and second
joints densely hairy beneath, second joint smooth or hairy beneath;
basal joint as long as second; terminal joint .short or moderate, and
equal or nearly so in V)oth sexes, or much longer in 9. Antennas
in $ pectinated, apices simple; in 2 simple. Thorax not crested;
beneath densely hairy. Abdomen usually with small median
dorsal crests, but these are sometimes obsolete; in ^ with lateral
tufts on terminal segments. Posterior tibiae with all spurs
present; in ^ sometimes dilated, with a groove and tuft of hairs
on inner .side. Hindwing without rounded costal expansion at
base; frenulum and retinaculum in ^ always strongly developed;
frenulum in $ represented by a tuft of long hairs more or less

BY A. J. TURNKR. 635

developed. Forewiiigs with 3 and 4 separate, 5 widely separate
from 6, 6 separate but closely approximate, or connate, 11 free,
or anastomosing with 12, or with 12 and 10. Hindwings with 3
and 4 separate, 6 and 7 separate, 8 approximated to cell to ^ or
to about middle, diverging gradually or rather abruptly; disco-
cellulars angled on vein 5 or nearly straight, slightlj' or moder-
ately oblique, dorsal curved or nearly straight.

Type, Terpna hcemaiaria H.-Sch., Ausser. Schmett., f 205, 206.
A large genus; vein 8 of the hindwings varies in the length of
its approximation to the cell and in the abruptness of its iliver-
gence, but the extremes seem to be connected by intermediates.
In the palpi there are also considerable variations, but I have not
seen my way to divide the genus on this ground, though on a wide
survey of the whole group this might be possible. The species
are coloured to imitate the bark of trees, being speckled, mottled,
and often variable; they are difficult to distinguish by descrip-
tion. The undersides, which are much more constant, are valuable
for identification.

This genus must not be identified with Pseudoterpna Hb., of
which the type is pruinnta Hufn. In that species thei'e is a
well marked basal costal expansion of the hind wing, and the
frenulum, though fairly strong in the ^, is obsolete in the <^.

1. Forewings with antemedian lineforming two strong

rounded projections 111. cinerea.

Antemedian line of forewings without rounded
projections 2.

2. Diseal spot of forewings above linear 3.

Discal spot of forewings above, when developed,

not linear... 9.

3. Hindwings beneath briglit orange towards base. .. 104. emiliaria.
Hindwings not orange beneath 4.

4. Forewings beneath tinged with reddish 5.

Forewings beneath not tinged with reddish 6.

5. Wings above green-whitish with fuscous lines 106. myriosticta.

Wings above brown-whitish with reddish-brown

lines 101. paroptila.

*. Wings above green 105. muscosaria.

Wings above whitish or grey 7.

636 RKVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTKRA, V.,

7. Wings beneath with a subterminal series of white

spots in a dark band 109. erebata.

Wings beneath without subterminal white spots... 8.

8. Forewiugs with antemedian line straight 108. jjercomptaria.

Forewings with antemedian line strongly dentate... 110. chlora.

9. Hindwings above pinkish-tinged 112. metarhodata.

Hindwings above not pinkish-tinged., 10.

10. Wings above bright green 11.

Wings above not bright green 12.

11. Wings beneath with subterminal band reddish 114. riridicata.

Wings beneath with subterminal band fuscous 12.

12. Wings above irrorated and strigulated with blackish 115. acanthina.
Wings above not irrorated with blackish 116. hypochromaria.

13. Wings beneath with crimson or reddish markings.. 14.
Wings beneath without crimson or reddish mark-
ings W^. deteriorata.

14. Wings above with blackish crenated terminal line.. 117. s.tihrubescens.
Wings above without terminal line 118. quadrilinta.

104. Terpna emiliaria.

Hypochroiiia emiliaria Gii., Lep. ix. p.280; Meyr., Proc. Linn,
Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887, p.911; Hypocltronia aw'antiacea Luc,
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1891, p. 297; Hijpochronia stibor-
nata Warr., Nov. Zool. 1896, p.."?60; Ili/pochroma purpurissata
Luc, Proc. Roy. Soc Qsld., 1901, p. 77; Hypochroma assidens
Luc, op. cit. p 79.

(J5< 38-48 mm. Head whitish- or greenish-grey more or less
mixed with dark fuscou.s, less commonly brownish-whitish; lower
part of face sometimes dark fuscous. Pnlpi in ^ 2|, terminal
joint \\ in $ 3, terminal joint 1; colour as head on upper sur-
face; lower surface whitish usually .suffused with purple-reddish;
whitish more or leas mixed with fuscous, sometimes mostly
fuscous; pectinations in ^ 2^. Thorax whitish variably mixed
with pale reddish, greenish, and dark fuscous scales. Abdomen
with dorsum coloured as thorax but usually paler; sides orange-
ochreous; under surface whitish-ochreous. Legs whitish-ochreous;
anterior coxae reddish; middle and anterior tibiae and tarsi
fuscous anteriorly, with oclireous-whitish or greenish annulations;
posterior tibiae in ^ dilated, with internal groove and tuft.

BY A. J. TURNER. 637

Forewiugs triangular, costa slightly arched, apex rounded, ter-
nien bowed, oblique, crenulate; whitish more or less irrorated
and suffused with dark fuscous, pale reddish, and often with
greenish; lines distinct, blackish, antemedian sometimes preceded
and postmedian succeeded l)y a fuscous suffusion, leaving a pale
median area; antemedian line slightly outwardly curved, crenu-
late, from I costa to \ dorsum; postmedian sinuate, dentate,
from § costa to slightly beyond mid-dorsum; a linear dai'k discal
mark, outwardly oblique, beneath midcosta; a whitish, much
dentate, subterminal line; a blackish terminal line, often inter-
rupted and thickened into dots between veins; cilia whitish with
pale reddish or greenish suffusion, and some dark fuscous irrora-
tion. Hindwings with termen rounded, dentate; colour and
markings as foi'ewings but without antemedian line; with tufts
of raised scales before middle of disc, and on dorsum; dorsal cilia
orauge-ochreous. Underside of forewiugs with base suffused
with purple-reddish; a bright orange subcostal streak reaching
to middle; a ti'iangular median white blotch including a large
roundish discal sj)ot; a broa<l dark fuscous terminal band includ-
ing a subterminal series of white dots. Underside of forewings
bright orange bordered by a median whitish transverse line;
sometimes preceded by an elliptical blackish discal spot, but this
is usually completely absent; a broad terminal dark fuscous band,
mixed with whitish on termen; cilia whitish.

Very variable in the coloration of the upper surface, but
always recognisable by the under side.

N.A.: Port Darwin, 10 — N.Q.: Prince of Wales I.sland, 5, 6;
Thursday Island; Cape York, 8; Cooktown; Cairns; Kuranda, 3,
5; Card well; Dunk Island; Stannary Hills; Herberton — Q. :
Gympie; Brisbane, 1. Also from New Guinea.

J

^ 105. Tehpna muscosaria.

Hy]Mchroma muscosaria Gn., Lep. ix. p. 281, Pl.vi., f.3; Meyr.,
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887, p.912 : Hypochroma cetraria
Feld., Rnise Nov., PI. 125, f.7; Hypochroma squamata Feld , Reise
Nov.,Pl.l26, f.U.

638 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LKPIDOPTERA, V.,

(J$. 36-54 mm. Palpi in q 1^, terminal joint .\; in 9 2 J,
terminal joint §. Posterior tibite in (^ dilated with internal
eroove and tuft.

Q.: Brisliane, Stanthorpe — N.S.W.: Newcastle; Sydney, 11, 2;
Mt. Kosciusko(2,700ft.)— Vic: Warlnuton.

106. Trkpna myriosticta.

Psettdoterpyta niyriostictaTuvu./i'vuuH. Hoy. Soc. 8. Austr. 1904,
p.223.

Palpi in 9 1^, terminal joint .\.

Q.: Eumundi, near Nambour, 11: Brisbane, 6.

107. TeRPNA PA150PTILA.

FseHdoier]ma paropti/a Turn., Trans. Koy. .See. 8. Austr. 1906,
p. 130.

N.Q.: Athertoii.

108. Terpna pekcomptaria.

Hypochroma percomptariaGn., Lep.ix. p. 280, PI. vi., f.4; Meyr.,
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, 1887, p. 907.

Palpi in both sexes 1|, ter'jiinal joint ^. Anteniial pectina-
tions in ^ 4. Posterior tibi;^ in ^ not dilated.

N.Q.: Mt. Molloy, 12— Q.: Brisbane— N.8.\V.: Newcastle-
Vic: Melbourne; Gisborne, 1, 2, 3, 4, 12— W.A.: Albany.

109. Terpna ererata.

Hypochroma erebiisala Wlk., Brit. Mus. Cat. xxi. p.443; Hypo-
chroma erebala Mejr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, 1887, p. 914.

Palpi in ^ 2, terminal joint i; in 9 2?) terminal joint |.
Antennal pectinations in ^ 5. Posterior tibise in ^ not dilated.

Q.: Diiaringa; Gynipie; Brisbane, 1, 2, 3, 4, 11.

110. Terpna chlora.

Phahena chlora Ci"am., Pap. Exot. iv. P1.398, f.C : Hypochroma
crenaria Gn., Lep, ix. p.278; Meyr., Proc Linn. Soc. N. 8. AVales,
1887, p. 915: Hypochroma lariaria Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus.xxi.p.433;

BV A. .T. TURNKR. 639

Hypochroma dhtenta Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxi. p.434; Boarmia
feucostigmaria 'S\etn., Ediiib. New Phil. Journ. 1862, p. 387; Hypo-
chroma irroratarid Moore, Pioc. Zool. See. 1867, p. 632; Hypo-
chroma snblimbata Biitl., Ann. Mag. Nat Hist.(5)x. p. 232; Hypo-
chroiiia panlhiaria Pag., Jahib. Nass. Ver. 1885, p. 47, Pl.i. f.l;
Piiigasa caiulidaria Warr., Nov. Zool. 1894, p. 382; Pseudoierpna
chfora Hmps., Moths Ind. iii. p.473.

Palpi long, ascending; in ^J 2. terminal joint 1; in $ 3; terminal
joint H. Antenna! pectinations in ^ 2. Posterior tibise in ^
dilated, with internal groove and tuft. Hind wings with 8
approximated to cell to |, then abruptly diverging. The elevated
tufts of scales on the hind wings of this and some other species
are of specific value only.

N.Q.: Cairns, Atherton, Stannary Hills; Towns ville, 4; Dunk
Island — Q.: Rockhanipton; Nambour; Brisbane, 2, 5; 8tradbroke
Island, Also from the Malay Archipelago, Ceylon, and India.

111. Terpna cinerea.

Pitigasa cinerea Warr., Nov. Zool, 1894, p. 382; Hypochrovia
singularis Kershaw, Vict. Naturalist, 1897, p. 104; i^korpisth^s
uiidascripfa Luc, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qsld. 1899, p. 143.

(J, 42 mm. Head ochreous-whitish. Palpi 1|, terminal joint
-J; ochreous-whitish; outer aspect of second joint pale fuscous.
Antennas ochreous-whitish. Thorax ochieous-whiti.sh. Alidomeu
ochreous-whitish, crests pale reddish-brown. Legs ochreous-
whitish. Forewings triangular, costa gently arched, apex
rounded, termen bowed, oblique, crenulate; ochreous-whitish;
costa strigulated with pale grey; a dark fuscous line from | costa,
forming two rounded projections outwardly in disc, then strongly
inwardly oblique to | dorsum; an oval dark fuscous discal ring
before middle; a tine postmedian dark fuscous line from -| costa,
at first transverse, then strongly inwardly oblique to mid-dorsum,
with numerous very acute dentations, placed closely in transverse
part, widely .separate in oblique part; this line is followed by two
fuscous blotches, one above middle, the other above tornus; a fine
dark fuscous terminal line; cilia ochreous-whitisli. Hindwings

640 REVISION OP AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.,

elongate, termeu strongly bowed, strongly dentate; vein 8 closely
approximated to cell to \, abruptly diverging; colour as fore-
wings: a ridge of raised scales before middle of disc; no ante-
median line nov discal dot; postraedian line and blotches as fore-
wings; terminal area suffused with pale grey. Underside whitish;
forewings with oval fuscous discal spot; both wings with fuscous
terminal bands, in forewings especially broad at apex, in hind-
wings narrow at apex.

9. 48 mm. Palpi 2, terminal joint §. Wings finely irrorated
with pale gre}'^; lines mixed with pale reddish scales; discal mark
of forewings inconspicuous And linear; postmedian blotches pale
reddish.

Q.: Wynnuni, near Brisbane — Vic: Narracan, 2.

This species is remarkable for its attitude during re.st. The
forewings are directed directly forwards, the costse being parallel,
while the hindwings are-directed backwards, their dorsal edges
being appressed to the abdomen. It appears to be very retired
in its habits, and very hard to distinguish on the bark of the
stems of Melaleuca.

112. 'J'erpna metarhodata.

Scotosia metarhodala Wlk., Oat. Brit. Mus. xxvi. p. 1724; Hypo-
chroma metarhodata Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887,
p.908.

Palpi 1|, terminal joint short in both sexes. Antennal pecti-
nations in (J 2^. Posterior tibiae in ^ not dilated.

Q.: Brisbane— N.S.W.: Newcastle, 9; Sydney, 3, 4, 9— Vic:
Sale, 1.

113. Tkrpna deteriorata.

Hypochroma deteriorata Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 441;
Meyr., Proc Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887, p.913: Hypochroma
nigraria Feld., Reise Nov. PI. 126, f. 1,

Palpi in ,^ 1-^; terminal joint ^. Antennal pectinations in ^
4. Posterior tibiie in ^ slightly dilated.

N.S.W.: Sydney, 4, 10.

BY A. J. TURNER. 641

114. Tbrpna VIRIDICATA.

Hypochroma viridicata Luc, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,
1889, p.l094.

^. 44 mm. Palpi 2, terminal joint |. Antennal pectinations
3. Forewings triangular, cosfca straight, apex rounded, termen
bowed, oblique; mossy green, markings l)lackish-fuscous; an in-
terrupted wavy line from midcosta to -i dorsum; an ill-defined
discal spot beyond this line; an interrupted dentate line from §
costa to f dorsum, containing two conspicuously dark teeth about
middle. Hind wings with termen rounded; colour and markings
as forewings. Underside pale ochreous; a dark fuscous oval
discal spot on forewings; a linear reddish discal mai*k on hind-
wings; a broad reddish subterminal band on both wings, contain-
ing ill forewings a suffused fu.scous spot above middle.

Q.: Brisbane, Buderim Mountain, near Nambour;in December,
one specimen in the Queensland Museum, in poor condition;
taken by Mr. C. J. Wild.

115. Terpna hypochkomaria.

Cleoraf?) hypochromaria Gn., Lep. ix. i'.234; Hypochrovm
hypochromaria Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887, p.9U9;
Pstudoterpna bryophanes Turn., Trans. Roy, Soc. S. Austr., 1904,
p. 222.

Palpi in both sexes 2, terminal joint 5. Antennal pectinations
in (J 3. Posterior tibiae of ^ dilated, with internal groove and
tuft.

N.Q.: Cape York, 4— Q.: Brisbane, 5, 8, 9, 11— N. S. Wales. — .

116. Terpna acanthina.

Hypochroma acanthina Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,
. 1887, p.910.

Palpi in ^ Ij, terminal joint minute. Antennal pectinations
in ^ 3. Posterior tibiae in ^ not dilated.
Q.: Duaringa.

642 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN I.KPIDOPTERA, V.,

1 1 7. Terpna «UBRUBKSCENS.

II ijpochroma stibrubescns Wan., Nov. Zool. 1896, p. 101.

^. 30 mm. Head white, face with a dark green transverse line
below middle. Palpi in ^ li, terminal joint short; fuscous, ex-
treme base and apex whitish. Antennte whitish, towards apex
grey; pectinations in ^ 2. Thorax white mixed with dark green.
Abdomen white; tuft and underside ochreous-whitish. Legs
ochreous-whitish; anterior pair dark fuscous annulated with
wliitish; posterior tibiae in ^ not dilated. Forewings triangular,
costa nearly straight, apex rounded, termen bowed, oblique;
white, faintly pinkish-tinged, with dark green irroration in places;
costa witli minute dark green strigulations; lines dark green
mixed with blackish; a transverse litie at base not reaching costa;
a strongly dentate line at |; a short line from midcosta to a
somewhat triangular white-centred discal spot; postmedian finely
dentate, outwardly curved from | costa, lost in disc; subterminal
with blackish dentations, sinuate, edged posteriorly by a fine
white line; a crenulate blackish terminal line, touching termen
on veins; cilia white, with some greenish and pinkish suffusions,
interrupted hy blackish bars opposite veins. Hindwings with
termen rounded; colour as forewings but without basal and ante-
median lines and di.scal dot. Underside whitish-oclireous; fore-
wings with a l)lackish discal spot and a broad crimson streak above
dorsum; both wings with fine postmedian lines and broad sul>-
terminal bands, partly crimson, partly blackish-fuscous.

N.Q,: Townsville, 4; Mackay(ty|)e).

118. Terpna quadrilinea.

H ypochro)na qnadrilinea Luc, Proc. Roy. 8oc. Qsld. 1891, p. 80;
Actenochroma ochrea Warr., Nov. Zool. 1896, p. 360.

(J9- 32-44 mm. Head whitish; face whitish with some reddish
and dark fuscous scales, rarely mostly dark fuscous. Palpi in
both sexes 2^, terminal joint ^\ fuscous, apex and undersurface
whitish. Antenrue whitish; pectinations in ^ 2. Thorax and
abdomen whitish Legs whitish; anterior pair suffused with pale
fuscous leaving whitish aniiulations; posterior tibiae in (J not

BY A. J. TIRNKR. 643

dilated. Forewiiigs triangular, costa nearly straight, apex
rounded, termen bowed, oblique, slightly crenulate; whitish,
markings fuscous or fuscous-i)ro\vn; a series of dots on costa,
those marking conimencement of lines being larger; antemediiin
line from ^ costa to \ dorsum, often obsolete except at extremities;
a suffused fuscous median discal spot containing a whitish central
dot; postmedian from | costa to | dorsum, tine, dentate, j-onie-
times partly obsolete; sometimes a blotcii on dorsum following
antemeilian; a suffused irregiihir lilotch between postmedian and
termen; besides these markings, a variable amount of irroration
sometimes forming strigulre; cilia whitish. Hindwings witli
termen rounded, crenulate: colour, irioration and cilia as fore-
wings: no antemedian line; discal dot minute or absent; post-
median curved, finely dentate. Under-side ochreous-whitish;
markings dark reddish or dark fuscous, one or the other shade
preponderating; both wings with discal spots, larger on forewinys,
fine postmedian lines, and broad sul)terminal bands; forewing.s
with a bi'oad longitudinal streak above and parallel to dorsum.

A variable species. My examples are mostly undated, but I
suspect there are two sea.sonal forms, a larger paler sunmier form
with markings on underside mostly reddish, and a smaller darker
winter form with markings on underside mostl}' fuscous.

N.Q.: Kuranda, 3; Mackay — Q.: Brisbane, 12 — N.S.W.: Byrun
Bay,l.

Gen. 36. O e n o c h l o k a .

Oeaochlora Warr., Nov. Zool. l!S96, p. 353.

Face smootli. Tongue well developed. Palpi stout, rather
long, obliquely ascending; second Joint smooth, or only slightly
roughened beneath; terminal joint stout and ratlier short in
both sexes. Antennte in ^ pectinated nearly to apex; in 2
serrate. Thorax and aljdomen not crested; thorax hairy beneath;
abdomen in ^ with slight lateral tufts on terminal segments.
Posterior tibia- with all spurs present; in ^ strongly dilated,
with internal groove and tuft. Hindwings without basal costal
expansion ; frenulum and retinaculum in ^ well developed;
frenulum in 9 represented by a tuft of long hairs. Forewings

644 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LKPIDOPTERA, V.,

with 3 and 4 separate, 6 separate, 11 anastouiosiug strongly witli
12 and 10, sometimes the anastomosis with 12 is replaced by a
short connecting bar. Hind wings with 3 and 4 separate, G and
7 separate, 8 closely approximated to cell from near base to
beyond middle; discocellulars not angled, l)ut rather strongly
inwardly curved, only slightly oblique.

Type, Oeuochlora imperialis Warr. The true position of this
genus is not open to doubt. The only important character in
which it differs from Terpna is the longer approximation of
vein 8 of hindwings to the cell, a primitive trait in which it
agrees with Rhuma and Heliomystis.

119. Oenochloka impbrialis.

Oeyiochlora imperialis Warr., Nov. Zool. 1896, p. 354; E^iarestus
nobilitans Luc, Proc. Roy. Soc.Qsld. 1899, p. 142; Euarestus imtro-
cinatus Luc, Proc. Koy. Soc. Qsld. 1899, p. 142.

(JQ. 40-44 ram. Head and face bright green. Palpi 2, terminal
joint ^; purple, extreme apices of joints and basal part of under-
side ochreous-whitish. Antennse whitish, towards base purple;
pectinations in ,^ 3. Thorax bright green. Abdomen green;
usually with a brownish or brownish-fuscous band before middle;
apex and undersurface whitish-oclireous. Legs whitish-ochreous;
anterior femora suffused in front with fu.scous-purple; middle
and anterior tibiae and tarsi annulated with fuscous. Forewings
triangular, costa rather strongly arched towards b^se, apex acute
and slightly produced, termen straight, rounded towards tornus;
bright green; markings very variable; costal edge purplish dotted
with fuscous; antemedian line obsolete or very faintly indicated;
postmedian line darker greeu, slender, straight, from | costa to |
dorsum, .sometimes with minute purplish dots on veins, the whole
line often obsolete; sometimes one or two whitish-ochreous spots
outlined with reddish-purple, innnediately following middle of
postmedian line; sometimes a large purplish tornal blotch; cilia
green. Hindwings with termen but slightly bowed, tornal angle
prominent; colour as forewings; costa suffused with pale purplish;
sometimes a dark green median transverse line ; sometimes

BY A. J. TURNER. 645

irregular patclies of purplish sujffusion in dorsal area beyond this
line. Underside pale orange-ochreous; a discal dot, and a broad
irregular subterminal band on both wings purple; terminal area
greenish.

N.Q : Cooktovvn, Cairns; Kuranda, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12 — ^Q. : Bris-
bane; Mount Tambourine, 2.

(ien.37. St e r i c to ps i s .

Sterictopsis Warr., Nov. Zool. 1898, p. 257.

Face smooth or shortly rough-haired. Tongue well developed.
Palpi moderate, ascending, basal and second joints densely
rough-haired beneatli, second joint rougli-haired on uppersurface,
terminal joint short in both sexes. Anteuna? in ^ pectinated,
apices simple. Thorax with a short but dense posterior crest;
beneath densely hairy. Abdomen with four large dense median
dorsal crests. Posterior tibiae with all spurs present; in ^ dilated,
witli internal groove and tuft. Hindwings without basal costal
expansion; frenulum and retinaculum in ^ strongly developed.
Forewings with 3 and 4 separate, 6 separate or stalked, 10 arising
separately from cell, 11 free, or anastomosing with 12, or with 12
and 10. Hind wing with 3 and 4 well separated at base, 6 and 7
short-stalked, 8 closely approximated to cell as far as middle,
then diverging; discocellulars not angled, only moderately oblique,
dor.sal curved.

Type, HypocJtroma paratorna Meyr. In the separate origin of
vein 10 and the thoracic crest this agrees with Heliomyslis. The
main point of distinction is the stalking of 6 and 7 of the hind-
wings. The shorter approximation of vein 8 to cell is an addi-
tional point. I havje examined the structural characters of the
type of Sterictopsis inco^iseqiiens Warr.

120. Sterictopsis paratorna.

Hypochroma paratorna Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S Wales,
1887, p.906; Pseudoterpna argyraspis Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S.
Austr., 1893, p. 157; Sterictopsis inconsequens Warr., Nov. Zool.,
1898, p.257.

■646 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LKPIDOPTEBA, V.,

Antenna! pectinations in ^ 3. Palpi H. Though easily
recognised Vjy the structural characters, this seems to be a very
variable species. J have two examples before ine, both males,
and both fiom Gisborne. The first corresponds generally to Mr.
Meyrick's description, but differs in details; the Hrst line is
obsolete on one side, on the other very slender and dentate, the
discal spot pale-centted, the second line is reduced to streaks on
veins, there is a dentate subterminal line in costal area onlj', and
the tertninal line is obsolete. The second example is melanic,
the greater part of the forevvings is suffused with dark fuscous,
and the whole of the hind wings is dark fuscous except for a
very slight imperfect subterminal line. The two examples ai"e
certainly conspecific.

Q.: Duaringa, 10 — Vic: Gisborne, 11, 12 — S. Austr.: Mount
Lofty.

Gen. 38. 11 H u M A .

Rhuma Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxi. p.483.

Face smooth. Tongue well developed. Palpi moderate, por-
rect or obliquely ascending; basal joint with long spreading hairs;
second joint smooth; terminal joint short in both sexes. An-
tennae in (J slightly serrate, ciliated; in ^ simple. Thorax with
a small posterior crest; beneath densely hairy. Abdomen with
strong median dorsal crests. Posterior tibiae with all spurs
present; in ^ strongly dilated, with internal groove and tuft,
middle spurs long, terminal spurs abbreviated, and with a shoi't
stout terminal process. Hind wings without basal costal ex-
pansion; frenulum and letinaculinn in ^ well developed; frenu-
lum in 9 represented by a tuft of long liair.s. Forevvings with 3
and 4 separate, 6 separate, 10 arising sepaiately from cell, 11
free. Hindwings with Sand 4 widely separate, 6 and 7 separate,
8 closely approximated to cell to well beyond middle; discocel-
lulars not angled, moderately oblique, dorsal curved.

Type, Rhuma siibaurata Wlk. Closely allied to Heliomystis.
The thoracic crest is less marked, and the ^ antennae not
pectinated.

by a. j. turner. 647

121. Rhuma subaurata.

Rhuma subaurata Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mu.s. xxi. p. 484.

jT^^. 32-40 mm. Crown fuscou.s-grey; face whitish or wliitish-
ochreoiis witli two fuscous dots below middle. Palpi in $ \\,
terminal joint very short; in 9 1^, terminal joint \; fuscous,
apex whitish. Antennae fuscous, inner surface towards base
whitish; ciliations in ^\. Thorax fuscous-grey; apices of tegula;
and bases of patagia white. Abdomen fuscous-grey; beneath
pale ochreous. Legs fuscous; anterior tibife and tarsi annulated
with white; posterior pair whitish-ochreous. Forewings tri-
angular, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen bowed,
oblique; fuscous-grey; raedinn area white; markings dark fuscous;
a quadrangular spot beneath costa near base; three similar costal
spots in white area; antemedian line at ^, represented by a
curved series of three or four large dot.s; an oval white-centered
discal spot beneath inidcosta; postraedian line represented by a
series of large dots on veins, from f costa, angled in di^c, thence
sinuate to mid-^dorsum in ^, to | dorsum in $; a fine interrupted
crenulate subterrainal line, pieceded by a darker shade; veins in
outer part of disc suflFused with ochreous; an interrupted terminal
line; cilia fuscous-grey, obscurely barred with whitish. Hind-
wings with termen rounded; colour and markings as forewings,
but without fii st line, median area not white, dorsal cilia usually
ochreous. Underside deep ochreous with dark fuscous circular
discal spots and broad subterminal bands on both wings.

Q.: Brisbane 11.

Gen. 39. H E L I o M y s T I s .

Heliomystie Meyf., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887, p.900.

Face shortly hairy. Tongue well developed. Palpi moderate,
porrect, basal and second joints densely hairy beneath, second
joint hairy on upper surface, terminal joint moderate. Antennge
in (J pectinated nearly to apex. Thorax with a dense posterior
crest; beneath densely hairy. Abdomen with strong median
dorsal crests. Posterior tibiae with all spurs present; in ^ dilated,

648 REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LKPIDOPTKRA, V.,

with internal groove and tuft. Hindwings without basal costal
expansion; frenulum and retinrtculum in (^ strong. Forewings
with 3 and 4 separate, 6 connnte, 10 arising separately from
cell, 1 1 anastomosing with 12. Hindwings with 3 and 4 separate,
6 and 7 separate, 8 approximated to cell beyond middle; disco-
cellular.s angled on vein 5, dorsal strongly angled towards base
beneath vein 5, then rather strongly oblique.
Type, H. ehctrica Meyr.

122. Hkliomystis electrica.

Ueliomystis electrica Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1887,
p. 900.

Antennal pectinations 4, Palpi in ^ 2, terminal joint ^.
Vic: Gisborne, 12.

Gen. 40. P K O T O P H VT K,n.g.\npa>To<^vTos, firat-born.]

Face smooth. Tongue well developed. Palpi moderate,
obliquel}' ascending; basal joint with long spreading hairs; second
joint rough-haired above and beneath; terminal joint moderate.
Antennae in ^ pectinated, apices simple. Thorax and abdomen
not crested; thorax densely hairy beneath. Posterior legs of ^
[unknown]. Hindwings without costal expansion at base; frenu-
lum and retinaculum in ^ well developed. Forewings with 3
and 4 separate, 6 separate, 10 arising separately from cell, 11
anastomosing with 12. Hindwings with 3 and 4 separate, 6 and
7 separate, 8 closely approximated to cell to well beyond middle;
discocellulars incurved, not oblique.

Type, Psendoterpna castanea Low. I regard this as the most
primitive genus so far known, and as almost in the direct line of
ancestry of Ter'pna.

123. Protophyta castanea.

Pseudoterfna castanea Low., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,
1898, p.45.

^. 39 mm. Head ochreous-whitish. Palpi in ij 1^, terminal
joint \', ochreous-whitish. Antennae ochi-eous-whitish; pecti-

BY A. J. TURNBK, 6i9

nations in ^ 3. Thorax ochreous-whitish, anteriorly suffused
with reddish-brown. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Legs fuscous
annulated with whitish; [posterior pair broken]. Forewings
rather elongate-triangular, costa slightly arched, apex rounded,
termen bowed, oblique, crenulate; ochreous-whitish, markings
reddish-brown; a suffused subcostal streak bi.sected by a whitish
line near base; a wavy line from ^ costa to \ dorsum, darker
towards dorsum; a similar line from mid-costa to f dorsum,
followed by a dark fuscous mark on dorsum; an interrupted sub-
terminal line; an interrupted terminal line, obsolete towards
apex; cilia ochreous-whitish. Hindwings with termen dentate,
teeth on veins 4 and 6 more prominent; colour and cilia as fore-
wings; a suffused antemedian brown band obsolete towards costa;
a double brown subterminal line. Underside ochreous-whitish,
with reddish-brown subapical circular blotches on both wings.

Type(redescribed) in Coll. Lyell.

N.S. W.: Liverpool near Sydney; one specimen on tea-tree bark,
in January.

Species ^mrecognised or wrongly referred.

\'2i. Hypochroma velutinata Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxi. p.4:42,
is a synonym of Gastrina cristaria Gn.{Boarmiance).

125. Hypochroma dissentanea Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxi. p.442,
and

126. Hypochroma dissonala Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 443,
are both synonyms of Ectropis fractaria Gn.{Boarmiance).

127. Hypochroma nyssiata Feld., Reise Nov. PI. 1 25, f.3, is
probaVjly a species of Hypographd (^Monocteniance).

128. lodis glaucosa Luc, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1888,
p. 1263, belongs to the genus Asthena (^Larentiance).

129. Hypochroma maculata Luc, Proc Linn. Soc. N, S. Wales,
1889, p. 1095, from Mackay.

130. /oc?ts barnardce Luc, Proc. Linn. Soc. N, S. Wales, 1891,
p. 293, from Duaringa.
49

660

REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.,

131. lodis multitincta Luc, Proc. Linn. See. N. S. Wales, 1891,
p.295, from Brisbane.

132. Hypochroma diffundenshuc, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,

1891, p. 298, from Duaringa.

133. lodis nitidahuc, Froc. Linn. Soc. N. S.Wales, 1892, |).252,
from Eumundi, near Nambour, Q.

ISi.Iodis ipo7nopsis'Lovf., Tr&nH. Roy. Soc. S. Austr. 1892, p. 14,
from Balhannah and Belair, S.A.

135. Hypochroma eugramma Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr.,

1892, p. 14, from Adelaide.

136. Euchloris microgyna Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr. 1894,
p,85, is a synonym of Astkena glaucosa Ijy\c.(La7-entiance).

137. Uticrostes nanula Warr., Nov. Zool. 1897, p.211. The type
is much worn and so imperfect as to be unrecognisable.

138. Hypochroma conspiircata Luc, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qsld. 1898,
p.68, from Brisbane.

139. Hypochroma munita Luc, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qsld, 1901, p.78,
from Cairns.

140. Euchloris pisochroa Turn., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr. 1906,
p. 128, belongs to the genus Aplochlo7'a{Boarmiance).

INDEX TO GENERA.

ACTENOCHROMA WaiT.

AOATHIA Gn

Agathiopsis Warr.
Apodasmia, n.g.
Argyrocosma, n.g.
Aotanepsia, n.g.

Berta Wlk

Cenochlora Warr, ...

Chloeres, n.g

Chlorocoma, n.g.
Chlorodes Gn.
Chrysochloroma Warr.

COMIB^NA Hb. ...
Comostola Meyr.
Crypsiphona Meyr. ...
Ctmatoplex, n.g.
Diplodesma Warr.
Dysphania Hb.
Epipristis Meyr.
Eretmopus, n.g.

No.

No.

M

Eucyclodes Warr.

... 27

29

EuLOXiA Warr

... 10

26

Gynandbia, n.g.

8

24

Heliomystis Meyr.

... .39

22

Hemithea Dup.

... 19

31

Leucesthes Warr.

6

1

Maxates Moore

... 12

7

Metallochlora Warr.

.., 20

5

Neothela, n.g.

4

11

Cenochlora Warr. ..

... .36

28

Oenospila Swin.

... 15

23

Prasinocyma Warr. ..

... 17

14

PltOTOPHYTA, n.g.

... 40

2

Pyrrhorhachis Warr.

3

32

Rhuma Wlk

... 38

9

Sterictopsis Warr. ..

... 37

18

Terpna H.-Sch.

... 35

30

Thalassodes Gn.

... 16

83

Uliocnemis Warr.

... 25

13

Urolitha Meyr,

... 21

BY A, J, TURNER.

651

INDEX TO SPECIES.

Synonyms in italics.

No.

No.

Acanthina Meyr.

116

conchy lias Meyr.

G

alba Swin. ... ...

12

concisiplaga Wlk.

.. 80

albicosta Wlk

58

congenita Wlk. ...

.. 32

alhimacula Warr

86

connata Warr

49

alhipunctata Warr

49

consobrina Warr.

.. 48

amaura Meyr. ..

100

conspurcata Luc.

.. 139

anietalla, n.sp

74

contracta Warr.

.. 66

umphibola Turn.

81

cornuta Warr. ...

8

angulata Luc. ...

61

crenaria Gn

.. 110

anomcea, n.sp

65

crenulata Lue

. 16

argoenemis Meyr.

40

crossota Meyr. ...

.. 56

argocrana Meyr.

18

curoigutta Warr.

84

argosticta Turn.

76

decisiasima Wlk.

59

argyraspis Low.

120

decorata Warr

71

asemanta Meyr.

42

dentata Warr. ..

83

assidens Luc

104

depidsata Wlk

.. 51

assimilis Luc

34

deteriorata Wlk.

.. 113

asterias Meyr. ...

96

dichloraria Gn

.. 32

auranliacea Luc.

104

dichroa Low.

.. 16

barnardae Luc. ...

130

diferfjis Warr

.. 73

basipuncta Warr.

81

diffundens Luc

.. 132

beryllina Meyr

27

digressa Wlk

51

bkolora Luc.

58

discissa Wlk. ...

47

bipunctifera Wlk

75

disconnecta Warr.

.. 96

boisduvalaria Le G

95

dissentanea Wlk.

. 125

bryophanes Turn. ,.m

115

dissepta Wlk

.. 51

buprestaria Gn.

94

dissita Wlk

... 51

byrsopis Meyr. ...

51

dissonala Wlk. ...

.. 126

cadiuaria Gn

29

distenta Wlk.

., 110

calaina, n.sp

62

diMributa Luc. ...

96

calcinata Feld „

. 82

dorsilinea Warr.

.. 53

callisticta Turn.

87

dotata Warr.

73

candidaria Warr.

. 110

electrica Meyr

.. 122

carenaria Gn

. 33

emiliaria Gn

.. 104

carlssima Butl

96

erebata Wlk

.. 109

castanea Low. ...

123

erotyla, n.sp

89

catenaria Wlk

96

erymnodes, n.sp.

.. 90

celataria Wlk

. 66

eucalypti Luc

.. 92

centrophylla Meyr

61

eucraspeda, n.sp.

7

cetraria Ye\d

105

eugramma Low.

.. 135

chalybeata Butl.

97

exoterica Meyr.

.. 55

chionoplaca Low.

86

externa Wlk

.. 37

chlora Cram ,.

110

fascinans Luc, ...

... 85

chlorargya Wlk.

6

felicitata Wlk

.. 80

chrysolineata Wlk.

1

felix Warr

.. 13

cinerea Warr. ...

111

fenestrata Swains.

97

cissina, n.sp

11

flavicinctaW&rT.

3

cissochroa, n.sp.

9

Jlavicosta Warr.

... 58

citrolimbaria Gn.

. 10

Jluvijimbria Warr.

... 73

commoda Luc

. 34

flavifusata Wlk.

... 50

652

REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA, V.,

/lavUinea Wair.
floresaria Wlk. ...
fugitivaria Wlk.
glaucosa Luc. ...
goniota Low.
gracilis Luc.
gratiosata Gu. ...
halochloia Meyr.
haplophanes, n.sp,
hilar ata Gn.
hypochromaria Gn.
hypoleucus Low.
hypolichna, n.sp.
hypsithiona Meyr.
illidtjei Luc.
inmiism-ia Wlk.
imparicornis Warr.
impeiialis Warr.
implicata Luc. ...
inchoata Wlk. ..
incondusaria Wlk.
inconseqttens Warr.
inductaria Gn. ...
iusperata Wlk. ...
insularia Gn.
intacta Wlk.
intermixta W^lk.
iocentra Meyr. ...
iodioides Luc. ...
ioso7n<i Meyr.

iosticta Meyr. ...

ipomopsis Low

irroralaria Moore

isadelpha, n.sp....

lacunaria v.Hed.

laesaria Wlk. ...

laetata Faljr.

lariaria Wlk. ...

latilineata Wlk.

leucochorda Meyr.

leucomerata Wlk.

leticospilota Turn.

leucostii/niaria Nietn.

macidata Moore

maculata Luc. ...

magnijica Swin.

margarita Warr.

marginata Luc.

marise Luc.

marinaria Gn. ...

meandraria Gn.

megaloptera Low.

melanosema Meyr.

No.

No.

50

melocrossa Meyr.

... 39

63

metarhodata Wlk.

... 112

22

metaspila Wlk

... 92

128

microgyna Low.

... 136

84

niilitaris Luc. ...

.. 73

57

minimaria Gn. ..

... 102

20

mirandariaGn...

... 95

36

moniliata Warr.

... 91

5

monocyma Meyr.

... 35

96

multitincta Luc.

.. 131

115

munita Luc

... 140

77

niuscosaria Gn

... 105

17

myriosticta Turn.

... 106

25

nanula Warr

137

10

neptunus Butl

... 44

51

nereidaria Snel.

3

16

nigraria Feld. ...

... 113

119

nitida Luc

... 133

51

aobilitana Luc

.. 119

10

nyssiafa Feld. ...

... 127

51

obliquissima Wlk.

... 22

120

occultaria Don

... 101

48

orhrea Warr

... 118

88

ochthaula Meyr.

... 26

67

oeyptera Meyr

... 57

22

opalina Butl.

... 52

59

ortliodesma Low.

... 78

19

oxycentra Meyr.

... 63

96

oxycyma Meyr —

102

67

paratorna Meyr.

... 120

60

paroptila Turn

... 107

134

partita Wlk

80

110

parinda Wlk

... 102

23

patrocinatns Luc.

... 119

96

panliimria Pag.

... 110

2

pellucidula Turn.

... 68

96

penicillata Wlk.

... 47

110

perconiptaria Gn.

... 108

15

periphracta Turn.

... 38

24

perltpidaria Wlk.

2

4

perlinenta Warr.

... 50

1

phaeostigum, n.sp.

... 64

110

pictijimhria Warr.

... 67

2

pieroides Wlk

... 82

129

pisina Warr. ...

... 69

97

pisochroa Turn.

... 141

12

prasina Swin. ...

... 96

8

prasina Warr

... 103

49

prasinaspis Meyr.

... 96

47

purpurissata Luc.

... 104

21

pyropa Meyr. ...

... 28

77

pyrrhogona Wlk.

8

99

quadraria Gn

... 51

BY A. J. TUUNKK.

653

No.

No.

quiidrilinea Luc.

118

siMimbata Butl,

.,. 110

quantilla, n.sp. ...

14

sub7)iissaria Wlk.

... 32

quieta Luc.

13

subornata Warr.

... 104

quiiiaria Moore...

96

subrubescens Warr.

... 117

rhoilocosma Meyr.

54

tachypora, n.sp.

... 45

rhodocrossa Turn,

30

tanygona Turn,

... 46

rhodoloma, n.sp.

31

tentans Wlk

... 97

rhi/tiphorus Low.

52

tetralopha Low.

... 70

riifonigraria Wlk.

79

tetraspila Low

... 41

satiivataria Wlk.

.. 93

thalassica Txxvn.

... 66

s<'itissimaria Wlk.

82

truncataria Wlk,

... 102

seniicrocea Wlk.

59

turner! Luc

... 103

Bemihyalina Wlk.

51

unda-scripta Luc.

... Ill

sideralis Luc. . . .

86

undilinna Warr.

... 91

sinyiUaris Kershaw

Hi

celut'mata Wlk.

... 124

siniiata Moore ...

50

venusta Warr

... 72

smaragdus Hmps.

48

veraria Gn

... 52

speciosa Luc. ...

86

i^ertumnaria Gn,

... 32

sqnamata Feld...

105

viridicata Luc

... 114

stereota Meyr. . . .

43

mdnerata Butl

... 29

subalbida Warr.

77

wilsoni Feld

... 98

suhalpina Luc. ...

59

vniha Pag.

... 67

subanrata Wlk....

121

xiUhocrania Turn.

.. 39

PosTCRiPT (added 2iid November, 1910). — Mr. L. B. Proub
inforni-s me, in a letter received as thi.s is going through the
pre.ss, that there is a specimen of " iVenio7-ia" pisina Warr., in
the British Museum, from Nortli-West Austi'alia; and that it is
a male, with two pairs of spurs on the posterior tibise; also that
there is another example from Port .Moresby, which answers to
the description of lodis neomela Meyr. The synonymy will
therefore stand as follows : —

Metallochlora nkomela,

lodis neomela Meyr., Trans, Ent. Soc. 1889, p. 492; Nemoria
pisina Warr., Nov. Zool. 1899, p. 26.

N.A.: Port Darwin — N.W.A. Roebuck Bay Also from
New Guinea and Tenimber Islands.

Tlie reference for Comostola uereidarin Snel., is Tijd. v. Ent,
1881, p.76. Pi. 10, f. 10, 11. Mr. Meyrick has recorded this
species from New Guinea.

Corrigendum. —In the Table, on p. ;>60, for 32 Crysiphona, rtud 32
Cbypsiphona. The break in the main line to allow for the insertion of this
name, i.s accidental, and therefore without significance.

654

DESCRIPTION OF A FO.S.SIL LORICA FROM NORTH-
WESTERN TASMANIA.

By A. F. Basset Hull.

[Mollusc A : Polyplacophora j

(Plate xvii., tig.s. 1-2.)

LORICA DUNIAXA, U.sp.

One example of median valve.

Shell elevated, carinated, deeply decussated throughout.
Lateral areas: stiuiigly raised, ornamented with four,' increasing
at the sutural edge to seven, radial rows of large flattened pustules.
A well defined row of ocelli follows the front ridge of the area.
Central area: longitudinally ribbed with about 25 strong nodulose
ridges, with broad iiiters|iaces gradually increasing in width
towards the insertion-plates, and diminishing in height over the
jugal tract. Dimensions : width 25 mm.

Insertion-plates are missing, but theie is an indication of one
slit.

Remarks. — This species is allied to L. affini'^ Ashby and Torr,*
but is distinguishable from that species by the wider interspaces
in the central area, and the larger pustules and number of rows
on the lateral areas. It is also allied to the living species, L.
voli'ox Reeve,(New South Wales, South Australia, etc.) but differs
from that species in the number of ribs on the central area, and
the distribution of pustules.

This fossil Chiton was collected by Mr. W. S. Dun, from the
base of the Turritella Sandstone, at the foot of -a bluff between

* Ashby, E., and Torr, W. G., " Fossil Polyplacophora from Eocene Beds
of Muddy Creek, Mornington (Schnapper Point) and Moorabool, Victoria.
Trans. Roy. Soc. of South Australia, 1901, p. 137, pi. iv., fig. 7.

BY A. F. BASSET HULL. 655

Wynyard and Table Cape, North-west coast of Tasmania. Mr.
Dun adds : " These beds are referred by Hall and Pritchard to
the Jan-Jukian, that is to say they are near the base of the
Tertiary as developed in Southern Australia. Victorian geolo-
gists correlate them with the marine series at Spring Creek. The
Eocene age attrilnited to these beds must be regarded as purely
relative."

I have much pleasure in associating this species with the
di.scoverer. Type in the Australian Museum.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII., FIGS. 1-2.

Fig.l. — Lorica duniana: one-half valve (median); insertion plate "restored."
Fig.2. — Lorica volvox Reeve: corresponding one -half valve for comparison.

Both much magnified.

656

WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 27th, 1910.

The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Society was held in
the Linnean Hall, Ithaca Road, Elizabeth Bay, on Wednesday
evening, September 28th, 1910.

Mr, C. Hedley, F.L.S., President, in the Chair.

Mr. Harry Burrell, Manilla, N.S.VV.; Mrs. Harry Burrell,
Manilla, N.S.W.; Mr. Edward Griffiths, B.Sc, University of
Sydney; Miss Annie Rosina Rothwell, Lismore, N.S.W.; and
Mr. Henry L. White, Belltrees, Scone, N.S.W., were elected
Ordinary Members of the Society.

The President made regretful reference to the death of Mr.
William Forsy tli, B.A., a Member of the Society, who was present
at the last Meeting, apparently in excellent health; and whose
demise took place unexpectedly and somewhat suddenly on Sep-
tember 14th. A number of Members bore testimony to Mr.
Forsyth's merits, personal and scientific; and, on the motion of
Mr. R. T. Baker, it was resolved that an expression of regret,
and of sincere sympathy with the members of the family, should
be tendered to Mrs. Forsyth.

The Donations and Exchanges received since the previous
Monthly Meeting (August 31st, 1910), amounting to 10 Vols.,
68 Parts or Nos., 36 Bulletins, 1 Report and 17 Pamphlets,
received from 41 Societies, &c., and one Individual, were laid
upon the table.

657

IfOTES AND EXHIBITS.

Mr. Froggatt exhibited (1) specimens of the Sliade-midge(5i6io
imitator) with a note on its life-history. Mrs. Lister Lister
found parts of her garden at Mosmau swarming with elongate
Itrown maggots having each segment fringed with a coarse bristle-
like appendage. The larvae pupated in the damp soil, and the
flies emerged on the 25th September, 1910. (2) A collection of
ants containing the cotypes of a number of new species recently
described by Dr. Forel, from the Solomon Islands, and Teunant's
< 'reek, Central Australia, collected by Mr. Field, with observations
on some of the cosmopolitan species.

Mr. D. G. Stead exhibited a series of specimens'* of the Estuary
Perch, Percalales co/oMoritm(Gunther), and the Freshwater Perch,
P. JluvuUilis Stead, to illustrate the distinctiveness of the two
species; and he conttibuted the following Note: — " At the July
Meeting of this Society, Mr. A. R. McCulloch read a Note upon
the identity of the Freshwater Perch, and stated that, from an
examination of a series, including intermediate forms, he believed
it to be, in reality, an extreme variation of P. colonorrcjn; and
that it appeared to be represented by Steindachner's figure of
Dules novemacideatus. With the latter part T need not deal
here, as it i.^ merely a question of synonymy, and has no bearing
U[)on the actual question of the specific identity of the two
Eastern Perches. Mr. McCulloch intends to convey to us, as
Ugilby did in 1893, upon an examination of the same material
(apparently with the exception of one specimen), that the two
forms distinguished by nie, and by my Department, as " Fresh-
water" Perch and "Estuary" Perch respectively, are specifically
the same. Now the conclusions come to by me in 1905, and
upon which the separation of the two species was founded, were
only arrived at after the examination of a great many specimens

* Both kinds preserved in formalin.

658 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

from various localities, and no " intermediate forms " were ever
found. Since that time, thousands of these fishes have coitif
under my observation, and many hundreds of each species have
passed through my hands; and jiever at any time was there a
moment's hesitation as to the species to which any individual
belonged, either on my part, or on the part of assistants. I
specially mention this, as the differences between the two forms,
to which I shortly drew attention in these Proceedings in 1906
(pp.261-262), and which are now still further insisted on as abso-
lutely constant, are not of such a nature as to require the judg-
ment of the expert, as they are apparent to every fisherman and
angler. I have observed and examined these two species of
fishes from the l?ippsland Lakes to the Tweed River; and in all
cases the leading features of difference were the same, and the
two kinds easily separable. In addition, 1 may mention that, in
an ofhcial capacity, some hundreds of living examples of the
Freshwater Perch have come under my notice, as they have been
kept in ponds under observation; but in no case has the Estuary
Perch been kept (the latter in view of my discovery as to the
localities of spawning). In many waters the fishermen have dis-
tinctive names for the two kinds. For instance, in the Gipps-
hmd Lakes they call the Estuary Perch " Perch," and the Fresh-
water Perch " Leather jacket " Perch. The latter, it may lie
mentioned, is the real " Gippsland " Perch, which has achieved
great fame in Victoria for its sporting qualities. Much more
might be written here regarding this question, but I think the
differences, as set out in the following paragraphs, will serve my
purpose best : —

Freshwater Pkrch {Fercah(tei< Jfuviatilis). — General foim
somewhat elliptical and elongate. Body somewhat compressed.
Local habitat : from the limits of the freshwater down to the
brackish water (and occasionally in flood-time penetrating to the
saltwater bays and estuaries). Spawning time : about September
and October (or still later). Spawns in the freshwater of the
eastern rivers and creeks. Egg adhesive and demersal. Grows
exceptionally to a weight of 6 lbs. The " Black Bass " of Aus-

NOTKS AND EXHIBITS. 659

tralici, much sought after by anglers. Takes the fly and the
"spinner" well, and is a great fighter. Usually caught by line,
near the surface.

EsTU.\RV Pekch {Percalates colonorum). — Back more gibbous
and short, and with an excavate snout. Body higlily compressed.
Local habitat : from the ocean entrances to bays and estuaries,
up to the limits of brackisli water, and occasionally beyond.
Spawning time : about June and July. Spawns in the bays and
estuaries. Egg separate and pelagic. Grows exceptionally to a
weight of 4 lbs. Not much sought after by anglers. Very rarely
takes any artificial bait at all, and has never yet been known to
take the '* .spinner." Usually caught by line, near the bottom.

Much more might be written to show the differences existing
between these two species of /'e?'c«^a<es, but sufficient has been
put forward to justify what has been previously written by me
on the same subject. Good photographic illustrations of typical
examples of the two species will be found on Plate xxii. of my
"Edible Fishes of New South Wales " (1908). In conclusion, I
may mention that a considerable amount of material bearing on
this question has been, and is being, worked up, and will be
published later on.

Mr. Stead also exhibited a water-beetle, Eretes australis, which
he had found, in great abundance, in the Dry Began, at Mooculta,
near Boui'ke.

Mr. T. H. Johnston exhibited a series of Entozoa comprising —
(1) Strongylus ruhidns Hass. and Stiles, from the mucosa of a
pig's stomach(Sydney); (2) Trichostrongylns instabilis Raill., from
the intestine of sheep (N.S.W.); (3) Trichosoma retusum Raill.,
from the intestine and the submucosa of the oesophagus of a fowl
(Sydney); (4) Echinorhynchus sp., from the subperitoneal tissue
of Diemenia 2)sammophis var. reticulata Krft., (North-west of West
Australia; collected by Dr. Cleland); (5) Echinorhynchus up., from
the outer coats of the intestine of Diemenia textilis D.tfe B. (Sydney;
D. Fry); (6) Thysanosoma giardi Moniez, from the intestine of
sheep(N.S.W.); (7) Tetrarhynchus sp., a small encysted larval

660 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

form from the intestinal walls, etc., of the red gurnard, Cheli-
doaichthys kumu Less. & Garn., and of theflathead, Platycephalus
fuscua (both from Port Jackson; collected by Thos. Steel); (8)
Echinorhynchus sp., a spiny form from the two last-mentioned
fishes (Port Jackson). None of the above, except No.6, had been
previously recorded as occurring in Australia, No.6 having been
recorded from West Australia, and doubtfully from New South
Wales.

Mr. E. Oheel exhibited a living plant of Orobanche cernua Loef.,
(Orobanchacefe) found on the roots of a cultivated plant of IVo-
pteolum pentaphylhim lja,m., (Geraniace(e) in Mr. A. Yates' seed-
testing nursery at Concord. Also a plant of groundsel infected
directly from secidiospores of Puccinia tasmanica Diet., developed
upon a plant exhibited at last Meeting, showing the progress of
the disease in thirteen days; no teleutospores had yet been
found.

Mr. Fred Turner exhibited and oflPered observations on tlie
following plants: — (1.) Protea cynaroides Linn., a remarkable
and rare South African Protead, grown in the garden of the late
Honble. Dr. James Norton, M.L.C., at '• Ecciesbourne," Double
Bay. The shrub is now about nine feet high, and this year is
carrying five expanded flower-heads and several buds. Hitherto
tlif^ plant has produced not more than two flower-heads annually
for a number of years. It is worthy of note that Dx*. Norton
was the first to flower this remarkable plant in New South
Wales. The flovver-head shown was twelve inches in diameter,
including the involucral pink scales. (2.) A variegated form of
Evodia micrococca F.v.M., grown in the garden at " Eccies-
bourne," and named var. marmorata by the exhibitor. Last
season the parent-tree produced a fair quantity of seed, and
some of the resulting self-sown seedlings have developed varie-
gated foliage, a state which Mr. Turner had not hitherto observed
either in cultivated or naturally grown specimens. This indi-
genous Australian tree is fairly common in many of the coast
districts of New South Wales and southern (^leensland. (3.)

NOTES AND EXHIBITS. 661

Melilotiis ormthoj)odioides Pers., a European clover-like plant
which had recently sprung up in several places in the Hay
district, N.S.W. Like its congeners, it has a strong perfume
due to the presence of coumarin, a chemical principle which per-
vades all parts of the plant. Although only of annual duration,
it has some value as a forage plant, particularly in late winter,
and early spring.

Mr. Fletcher showed a .series of seedlings of Angophora cordi-
folia, exhibiting anomalous cotyledons — polycotyledony, one
cotyledon "split," fused cotyledons, and splitting followed by
fu.sion.

662

THE ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS OF MELALEUCA
LIN A RII FOLIA Sni.

By C. T. MussoN and W. M. Caiine, Hawkesbury Agri-
cultural College.

(Plates xviii.-xix.)

It has long been noticed at Richmond, N. S. Wales, and near
Sydney, that the Swamp Teatree{J'/e^a/eitcn linariifoUa Sra.)has
its very papery bark more or less covered and interpenetrated
by fine, irregularly branching growths having all the appeai'ance,
at first sight, of some climbing plant making free use of the stem
as a support. In reality they are outgrowths from the stem,
which, growing through the l)ark now reach the air, travel over
the tree for varying distances, then re-enter the bark and end,
usually, low down therein close to the wood; probably only now
exposed through wearing away of the outer bark. Within the
bark they flatten out, and branch in such a way as to accommodate
themselves to a necessarily restricted location between the bark
sheets, which are sufficiently loose to allow of their penetration
in any direction. These adventitious roDts arise below the cam-
bium, and are covered with a protective bark very similar to that
of the twigs, their centres being occupied by a cylindrical fibro-
vascular strand. From one to three feet in total length, even
longer in some cases, they vary in diameter from less than 2 mm.
to as much as 1 cm.; in some cases they assume even stem-like
dimensions; for in a few old trees such growths, arising at some
point in the stem 10 or 12 feet above the ground, have eventually
reached it, struck root, and become Banyan-like secondary stems,
though remaining closely appressed to the parent-stem. A few
of the smaller growths arising near the ground have also entered
it and struck root. The distal ends of these bark-penetrating
root-growths show nothing resembling hairs or a root-cap; they
are paler in colour than the rest of the enclosed root, which is

BY C. T. MUSSON AND W. M. CAUNK. 663

reddish, like the unexposed bark-layers; the terminal cells are
loosely compacted and free fiom any protective covering. On
stripping away the stem-bark down to near the wood, the course
of these growths is readily traced to both terminals. Within
the lower layers of bark, there is a rapid accumulation of waterj^
liquid which forms blister-like swellings In seeking a cause for
these exceptional growths, we need to consider the conditions
under which the trees live. Usually found near watercourses or
in swamps, these trees are seldom found away from such locations
as allow of their becoming surrounded by water after heavy rain,
with the consequent filling of creeks and waterholes. The trees
may stand for months actually in water; whilst, on the water
disappearing, their location may dry out, leaving them to battle
through periods of drought. They have, therefore, to contend
with two very opposite sets of conditions as regards water-supply,
shortage, even to almost complete absence; and, at the other ex-
treme, actual flooding which may endure for months. It is
worthy of note that these conditions operate with respect to cer-
tain Eucalypts, Casuarinas, and other species of Melaleuca; ad-
ventitious roots have, however, only so far been seen on the tree
under notice. It would be interesting to know the actual root-
conditions especially with regard to root-hairs, as to quantity and
variability in number during the extremes referred to; also
whether any symbiotic organisms exist thereon; and if so whether
there is any correlation between their presence and the conditions
of habitat. Fungus mycele is commonly found here on roots of
many and diverse plants; its presence may have a special signifi-
cance in relation to our soil and climatic conditions. With
respect to the part played by these adventitious roots in the life
of the tree, several suppositions present themselves. They may
function as aerating organs, though the extremities are never
exposed directly to the air, being always hidden beneath the
bark layers. The stilt-roots of the Mangrove are probably not
analogous.*

**' BespiratioD in the roots of Shore-plants," Dr. J. Bancroft, Report Aust.
Assocn. Adv. Science, Sydney, 1887, vol.i. p. 327.

664 THE ADVENTrXIOUi ROOTS OF MELALEUCA LliS AHll FOLIA,

These Tea-tree adventitious roots can hardly be air-passages,
fof they arise, as do true roots, not in the bark, but from beneath
the cambium; therefore, connecting with the tissues in use for con-
veyance of sap upwards. Their place of origin and the peculiar
situation of their terminations seem to indicate that they are in
some way connected with the tree's water-supply; possibly they
are a means for reinforcing it at certain times from the stores in
the lower layers of bark. Our observations have been made
during the last few years, which have been noticeably dry; the
outgrowths appear as dry as the outer bark; though, as stated,
there is a plentiful supply of moisture deep down in the bark.
The trees havp suffered much through the continuous dry sea-
sons; and are very bare of leaves; apparently a flooded period is
required to restore them thoroughly to full vigour.

A third possible explanation suggests that these outgrowths
may be of no special present use, but have been so in the past;
that they are vestigial organs. It lias been stated that " adventi-
tious roots occur in places where the atmosphere is warm, stag-
nant, and loaded with moisture:" these conditions would be
present for considerable periods when these trees stand in water,
as we have seen to be the case for months together. The fact
that such root-growths seek the dark recesses of the bark is quite
natural, if they are really absorbing organs approximating in
function to true roots; though in this case their action will be
like that of hairless roots in water, absorption taking place
through the loose unprotected cells at their extremities.

These roots should also be compared with those of the Moreton
Bay and other fig-trees; tho.se of the latter striking directly into
the air, and remaining there. Taking all the circumstances into
consideration, it is believed that these adventitious roots are of
assistance in the general upward sap-circulation, peiforming
auxiliary duties at some sjjecial time, most likely during one of
some particular stress. This may be when the soil-roots are
completely immersed in water, and are perhaps unable to function
properly; at such times it is possible that these roots take up the

m C. T. MUSSON AND W. M. CARNB. 665

duty of supplying water to the higher parts of the tree; or it may
be that they operate specially during drought. We are disposed
to think the former is the more likely.

We have not succeeded in finding any published references to
the occurrence of adventitious roots in any species of Melaleuca.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XVIU.-XIX.

Plate xviii.
Melaleuca linariifolia Sm.
Photograph of portion of a stem, showing the bark with " adventitious
roots;" in the lower part the outer bark has been cut away to show the
penetrating habit(College Farm).

Plate xix.

Photograph of an old tree(Rickaby's Creek) showing Banyan-like
arrangement of large adventitious roots, which have become stems through
^entering the soil and rooting.

50

666

ON SOME EXPERIMENTS WITH DRAGONFLY

LARV^.

Bv R. J. TiLLYARD, M.A., F.E.S.

During the past few years I have kept and reared a large
number of dragonfly larvae of various species. The present paper
is an attempt to collect together, in the form of a short narrative,
the notes I have made about them concerning three points only,
viz.: — longevity, resistance to starvation, and resistance to
drought. The chief experiments carried out were made with (1)
an unknown Libellulid larva of very peculiar structure, (2) a
number of larvae of Synthemis eu&talacia Burui. I shall deal
with these separately.

i. The unknown Lihellidid larva.

On October 10th, 1908, I dredged from tlie loose trash (con-
sisting mainly of half-decayed vegetable matter such as eucalypt
leaves) which collects in the small pools of the Heathcote Creek
(Illawarra district, N.S.W.), a large number of larvse of Austro-
gomphus ochraceus Selys. Together with these, I found twa
remarkable larvse of Libellulid form, which I am quite unable to
recognise as belonging to an}' known species. They are very
hard, and when touched, curl up into a half-ball, remaining
motionless for a considerable time. They have very short legs, a
somewhat triangular head, a broadly oval body absolutely flat on
the underside, and a deeply and very irregularly indented labium.
At the time I took them, I was already acquainted witli the
larvae of every dragonfly occurring in the neighbourhood, except
that of Synthemis Jlavoterminata Martin, so that it was not un-
reasonable to expect that this was the larva of that species.
However, I have since taken, and bred out, the larva of S.
Jlavoterminata, which is of an absolutely different type to the one

BY R. J. TILLYARD. 667

under our notice. I must content myself, therefore, with calling
it larva X, and trust that in course of time I may be able to
breed it out and solve the problem.

Of the two larvse taken, one was killed and mounted for my
collection. It is interesting to note that with this hard-skinned
larva, 1 was able simply to drop it into boiling water, pick it out
again, and mount it on cardboard, without any shrinking or
change of shape taking place. The specimen is to-day exactly as
it was on first mounting, and in perfect preservation. It was
nearly full-fed, judging by the size of its wing-cases, which
reached to the end of the third abdominal segment. The second
specimen, which I kept alive, was not quite so large, and had
somewhat smaller wing-cases.

During three succeeding visits to Heathcote, in October and
November, 1908, I was very disappointed at failing to obtain
another specimen of this peculiar larva. Nor have I succeeded
during 1909 and 1910, in obtaining a single specimen, though I
have carefully dredged the creek several times. Nor have I,
amongst the numerous exuviae collected, ever found this species.

I did not doubt, for a moment, when I first placed this larva
in a small jar for ob.servation, that I should succeed in breeding
it out during the summer of 1908-09. I suj)[»lied it with plenty
of food, chiefly mosquito-larvue and small insect-larvae picked out
of the trash of the creek-bed. In the jar there was plenty of
water- weed growing, and a strong stick was placed in an upright
position for use on emerging. The larva settled at the foot of
this stick head downwards, ate three mosquito-larvai which I drove
almost into its mouth, and then remained in this position, day
after day for weeks, without taking the slightest interest in
anything. Once or twice I got up at midnight and found it
climbing up the side of the jar or walking round the edge, so that
I concluded that it was a nocturnal feeder.

By the middle of December, 1908, all the other larvae which I
had collected had emerged. 'J'he larva X was, however, still in
its old position on the stick, had undergone no ecdysis, and did

668 ON SOME EXPERIMENTS WITH DRAGONFLY LAKV/E,

not appear likely to emerge for a long time. As I was then
leaving for Tasmania, I covered the jar with a muslin top, put
in a good supply of food, and left it.

I returned on January 25th, 1909. I found the water in the
jar almost evaporated, the water-weed growing rather thickly
on the damp sand, and the larva still in the same position on the
stick, but with its head partly buried in the damp sand. It was
evident that it could withstand these semi-drought conditions;
so I allowed them to continue for nine weeks, viz., up to the end
of March. During that time, T sprinkled water on to the sand
with my fingers about once a week, so that the sand did not get
absolutely dry, nor did the weed completely die away. No food
of any kind was supplied to the larva, which evinced no desire
even to move, much less to feed. On April 2nd, fearing that a
continuance of these conditions might prove too much for the
larva, which I did not wish to lose, I filled up the jar with tap
water. As the larva still remained in its old position, T did not
put any food in, l)ut left it to itself throughout the winter.
Though I watched it very often, both night and day, it never
once changed its position, nor showed an}'^ sign of life.

It remained thus until the end of September, 1909. By this
time the water-weed was growing again, and a good crop of duck-
weed covered the surface of the water. The temperature of the
water was now considerably higher than during the winter. On
September 29th the larva awoke from its long period of hiberna-
tion, and began wandering round the jar. I put in a number of
mosquito-larvpe, but the dragonfly larva seemed frightened at
them, and kept continually backing away from them. However,
when at last I managed with a stick to drive one wriggling
straight to its head, it snapped at it and swallowed it whole.
I succeeded in getting it to eat two more. At night I noticed
it to be on the look-out for food, and I have no doubt it secured
a good meal. During the next few weeks it usually occupied a
position on the stick, sometimes head downwards and sometimes
head upwards; occasionally half-way up, hnt usually at the base
of the stick.

BY R. J. TILLYARD. 669

Meanwhile its colour darkened fioin a semi-transparent brown
to a dark opaque bIackish-l)rown, indicating the approach of an
ecdysis. On November .'3rd it changed its skin. I was fortunate
in seeing the change, wliich occurred in the earl}' morning and
took a considerable time — nearly an liour. The larva on emerging
from its skin was of a very pale green colour, but on my return
in the afternoon it was quite brown again. I do not know of any
other dragonfly larva in which the skin iiardeus and darkens so
quickly after ecdysis.

I now had hopes that tins larva, alread3'more than a year old,
would emex'ge during the summer of 1909-10. But although it
was plentifully supplied with food, it seldom took a meal, and
grew very slowly. By the beginning of March it had settled
down again in its old position at the base of the stick, Though
it occasionally wanders about at night, it keeps in one position
during the day. To-day (June 11th, 1910) it is still quiescent.
As it is now nearly midwinter, it will evidently not emerge until
October or November, at tiie earliest.

The conclusions I make from these observations are : —

(1) As regards longevity. Dragonfly larvae of some species can,
and do, live for more than a year; under adverse conditions, they
can live more than two yeai's. Even supposing that the ovum
from which the larva X sprang was laid as late as February, 1908,
and hatched, say, in March, this larva is now two years and three
months old. And as it was already so far grown, when I took it
in October, 1908, as to possess small wing-cases, I do not think
we can possibly suppose that it was hatched later than March,
1908.

(2) As regards resistance to starvation. The larva X certainly
had no food from January 2.")th, 1909, to September 29th of the
same year, i.e., for eight months; and probably it had gone without
food for a month previous to Januar}'^ 25th, during my absence
from .Sydney.

(3) As regards resistance to drought. The larva X, taken from
a clear mountain-stream which is never dry, withstood a con-
siderable degree of drought for nine weeks. As I did not allow

670 ON SOME EXPERIMENTS WITH DRAGONFLY LARV.^E,

the sand to dry up completely, so as to cake into a hard mass,
we cannot say from this that it could have survived a moie
vigorous drought. But in its natural haunts, supposing at any
time a long-sustained drought had occurred, there would have
been at times a fall of dew which would have served the same
purpose as the sprinkling of water which I gave once a week.

ii. The larvaj of Si/nlhemis eustalacta Burm.

About twenty of these were obtained from a swamp at Leura,
Blue Mountains, on October 1st and 2nd, 1909, together with
about a dozen larvaj of >S'. laacrostigma Selys, all from one-half to
three-quarters grown in size. As these larvje are incapable of
climbing oat of a deep glass aquarium, I placed them in a
specially designed circular tank, one yard in diameter, wath sides
only six inches high. From two to three inches of sand covered
the bottom all over, rocks were placed here and there, clumps of
water-weed planted, and the tank filled with water to within
half-an-inch of the brim. A large quantity of duck weed was
placed on the water, and clumps of reed and sedge placed so that
the larvaj could climb up and emerge.

In the previous year, nearly all my larvye of these two species
died through inability to emerge from a deep aquarium when full-
fed. During November and December, 1909, however, all the
larvae of S. macrostigma emerged, and also many of the S. eustal-
acta larvae. There were, as a matter of fact, eight of the latter
larvae in the tank on December 25th, 1909, together with two
Hemicordulia tau and a few small Agrionid \a.wis{^Pseudagrioii
cyane). T determined to subject these to a rigorous drought and
starvation process. To do this naturally, no more food was put
in, and the water was allowed to evaporate of its own accord.
Also, in the centre of the tank, two flat rocks were arranged, so
that one leaned slantwise on the other, forming a small " haven
of refuge," which I could at any time examine, by lifting the
slanting rock, without disturbing the larvae.

By February 2nd the water had all evaporated, but the sand
was still very damp, especially around the rocks. A week later

BV K. J. TILLYAUD. 671

all the Agriiniid larvfe, and the two Hemicordidia tail, were dead
— stretched, flat and dried up, on the sand*. In the "haven of
refuge " three larvae of S. eustalacta had settled down into tlie
(lamp sand. The other five were wandering round the tank
searching for damp corners, under tlie rocks. I noticed that they
appeared to be considerably annoyed by a tinj^ fly which settled
often on their backs. It will be interesting to find out whether
the laiva of this fly is a parasite on the living dragonfly larva.

On February 16th, there was only one S. eiistalacta larva in the
"haven of refuge." This one was caked all over with dry sand,
and I picked him up and examined him. He was quite vigorous,
and ran acrcss my hand. I put him back again, and noticed that
the other two had crawled to the edge of the t^nk and had got
partly under the shelter of a large flat rock near the edge. The
sand was now absolutely dry, and caked hard. The tank was left
without observation from^ this date until Good Friday (March
25th). On that day I turned up the slanting rock in the centre,
and found the same larva of S. eustalacta sitting under it in
e.\;actly the same position as when I left it. It was quite lively,
and ran vigorously across my hand. It appeared very hard and
dry, caked with sand, but not at all shrivelled or reduced in size.
I then turned up the other rocks, and discovered three more
larvae of the same species, firmly set into the dry sand. These
came out like drj' hard lumps in a cake of sand. They were
absolutely inert, and to all appearances dead, but not .shrivelled,
and only a little reduced in size. I dropped these three into a
jar of water. Two of them revived immediately, and swam to the
bottom of the jar, where they buried themselves at once, with
just their heads and anal ends appearing above the sand. The
third larva floated on the water for haif-an-hour, when he sud-
denly revived and descended to the bottom of the jar, where he
sat on the sand without attempting to bury himself.

* It is interesting to note that before the very dry winter of 1907, huge
swarms of Hemic ordulia tau appeared during March and April all over New
.South Wales. Many followed the watering-carts in Sydney for weeks, and
the occurrence was noted in the daily press.

672 ON SOME EXPEHIMKNTS WITH DRAGONFLY LABViE,

These three larvae were supplied with a jar full of mosquito
larvae (about two or three hundred). As these wriggled past
them, they seized and ate with the utmost greed all that they had
time to catch. One larva ate over fifty mosquitoes in ten minutes,
t)ut after that refused to eat any more until the next day. These
larvae are now in one of my large aquaria; are feeding well and
appear to be nearly full-fed; but T do not now expect them to
-emerge until next November.

The remaining larva was again returned to his place under the
middle rock*. The tank was then left without observation for
just over five weeks, i.e., until Sunday, May 1st. On lifting the
middle rock on that date, I found that the larva had de.serted his
old haunt. I examined the other rocks, and found him buried
flat under one of them, so I carefully replaced the rock upon him.
I was quite unable to find any other larvaj, though I knew that
there should be three or four more somewhere.

Another month was now allowed to pass. On May 29th I
again lifted the rock under which J had left the larva. It was
still there, but appeared somewhat shrivelled and inert. Fearing
that it had about reached the limit of endurance, and desiring to
preserve it and breed it out at a later date, I now removed it and
dropped it into an aquarium. Tt revived at once, swam to the
bottom, and began a vigorous onslaught on the mcsquito-larvse
with which I supplied it. It is to-day alive in the aquarium and
feeding well.

Regarding the experiment now as practically ended, I removed
and examined all the rocks. I found no larvae under any of
them. I then took a watering-pot and watered the sand all over
until it was soaked completely through. In a few minutes
bubbles appeared in various places, and there crawled out two
or three specimens of a small dark centipede, several small red
worms of a kind I have often seen in fresh-water ponds, 'Aud/our

* This larva was kept in a small box of dry sand from Friday, April 25th,
to Wednesday, April 30th, and was exhibited on the latter date at the meet-
ing of the Linnean Society. Vide Proceedings antea, p.48.

1!V l;. .7. TIIJ.YAKD. 67 3

more larvceof S. enstalacta Tliese latter were placed in a separate
aquariuD). Three of them attempted to swim downwards, but
could not, as their bodies were so light. They then took up a
position similar to that adopted by Notonecta, walking under the
surface of the water, with legs uppermost. In this position they
caught and ate a fair number of mosquito-larvje. A few hours
later they managed to swim to the bottom. It was ludicrous to
see their attempts at covering themselves with sand. No sooner
had they heaped a fair quantity on to their backs, and striven to
settle down flat in it, than the buoyancy of their bodies overcame
them, and they rose helplessly up into the water. To-day, a
fortnight later, only one has so far succeeded in burj'ing itself.
Tlie other two sit on the lead at the corner of the aquarium ami
feed quite contentedly.

Finally, the fourth larva floated, to all appearance dead, for six
hours. It then showed signs of life, and adopted the Notonecta
attitude. It remained thus for Ave or six days, feeding well. It
is now able to crawl about in the water-weed, but is still too
buoyant to keep on the sandy bottom.

Of the eight larvae I now possess, which have passed through
this trying ordeal, I trust that some will emerge next summer.
It will be most interesting to see the effect of their experiences
on the size and colour-pattern of the resulting imagines.

I should like to add that I was most careful to test the dry-
ness of the Srind, helow the surface, by digging; and satisfied
myself that on February 16th the sand was ahsoliUely dry and
caked hard throughout, right down to the bottom of the tank.
(The total depth of sand was only three inches).

The chief conclusion to be drawn from this experiment is that
the larva of Synthemis eustalacta possesses the power of resisting
drought to a most remarkable degree. This is all the more
surprising, inasmuch as none of the species of this genus are
found in the drier parts of Australia. On the Blue Mountains,
where I obtained the larvte, the average rainfall is very heavy,
ranging from 30 to over 50 inches per annum. Droughts, how-
ever, of some duration are known to occur. The test that I
51

674 ON SOME EXPERIMENTS WITH DRAGONFLY LARViE,

applied, which amounted to a severe drought of ten weeks'
length, without even the help of a single fall of dew through
the whole period, is, I think, sufficient to prove that the memV)ers
of this genus can easily survive the driest conditions they are
ever likely to meet with in their natural habitat. This is of
great interest, since I have noticed that most dragonfly larvje,
such as nearly all the ^schnidoi and Agrionidce, with not a few
of the LibeUulidcn, perish as soon as the pond or river containing
them dries up. It may go far to explain the peculiar success of
the Sy^Uhemis-type in Australia, and the manner in which tliey
have survived and successfully held their own against more
highly evolved types in all parts of the continent. As regards
those few Libellulidce which appear to have established them-
selves permanently in the desert belt of Central Australia (and
whose larv8e therefore we might expect to possess a drought-
resisting power superior to that of Synthemis), we are not yet in
a position to know whether it is really their larvae which with-
stand drought, or whether the imagines themselves may not
scatter far and wide over the heated sandy plains, and so always
keep the race alive over a large area, by ovipositing in whatever
waterholes may happen to contain water at any given period.
As far as I know, only Orthetrum caledonicum and Diplacodes
heematodes occur commonly over the whole of Central Australia;
and these two dragonflies are noted above all others in Australia
as being sand-lovers. Even in well watered regions they seek
out the dry patches of sand and settle on them in hundreds.
Also, whereas the seasonal range of the imago in Synthemis is
comparatively short (from the end of November to the end of
February), that of the above-mentioned species is long. They
occur all the year round in tropical parts, and in New South
Wales they may be taken from early in September right up to
the beginning of June.

The experiment also shows that the larvse of Synthemis, when
conditions are unfavourable to development, can and do remain
alive for more than one year. As »S'. eustalacta is only on the
wing from November to February, and most of the ovijiositing is

BY R. J. TILLY ARD. 675

done before February, these larvae must at any rate have been
liatched by March. So that they are wow fifteen months old.

As regards resistance to starvation, these larvae went without
food for about three months, and I have no doubt could endure
a longer fast if necessary. Often, in the winter, their mountain
haunts are frozen up, and they are compelled to go without food.
As regards 5. macrostignui, which inhabits the thick mud at the
edge of a mountain bog, it is probable that it is often completely
enclosed in the hard cake of frozen mud in which it lives, with-
out being any the worse for it.

In conclusion, I find that, as far as my experiments go, most
dragonfly larvse can go without food for long periods. I suspect
that many others besides those which were made the subject of
these experiments are able to exist as larvae for two or even three
years. I do not, however, think that many can resist drought;
that is a power possessed only by a few Libellulidce, and possibly
also by Petalura and Argiolestes.

Postscript (added 18th October, 1910). — Since thi.s paper was
read, much that is of interest has occurred with regard to the
unknown Libelhdid larva mentioned therein. By the middle of
September it appeared quite full-grown, and on several successive
days it moved up the twig and rested partly out of the water.
However, the weather not being very warm, it returned again to
the bottom of the jar, and became very listless and inert. On
October 7th, it emerged from the water, and climbed well up the
twig, resting some three inches above the surface of the water.
There it remained all day, unable to effect the final change. The
weather wa« rather cold and exceedingly windy, so that it was
unfortunately by no means a good day for a successful emergence.
On my return home I found that the larva had fallen off the
twig dead. Its thorax was much swollen, and the parts of the
head were dry and partly cracked; so that it was evident that
the final change had begun, but that the larva had lacked strength
to complete it. How far this failure was due to unnatural con-
ditions I cannot say, for the larva was quite strong and healthy
until a few days before it died.

676 ON SOME EXPERIMENTS WITH DRAGONFLY LARViE.

I was much disappointed at this failure to breed out such an
intei'esting larva, after having kept it just over two years. How-
ever, I carefully removed the wing-cases from it, and, with some
trouble, I was able to stretch out the wings nearly to their full
size, and to sketch all the important parts of the venation. As
a result of a short examination of them, I am able to state that
the larva belongs to a hitherto unknown species of the subfamily
Gorduliince, which will form the type of a new genus allied to
Syncordulia. It is strange that, after having collected carefully
at Heathcote for so many years, and at so many diflferent times
of the year, [ have not j^et met with the imago. To obtain it
will now be one of my principal aims.

I visited Heathcote again on October 1st of this year, for the
purpose of obtaining more of these larvse. Careful dredging for
some hours yielded no results, but finall}', amongst a large collec-
tion of (rash washed down by the rains into a deep pool, I found
no less than six of them. They are all small, the largest being
smaller than the one I originally found on October 2nd, 1908.
These are now in my aquarium, and will be watched with great
interest. They will probably take two, or possibly three, years
to reach maturity.

677

THE H^MATOZOA OF AUSTRALIAN REPTILIA. No.i.

By T. Harvey Johnston, M. A., B.8c., and J. Burton Cleland,

M.D., Ch.M.

(From the Bureau of Microbiology, Sydney )

(Plate XX.)

In connection with our systematic researches upon the h^ema-
tozoa of Australian vertebrates, we pi'opose to deal from time to
time with those met with in reptiles, this paper forming the
first part. We consider it advisable to begin our paper with
a list of Australian reptilia from which lisematozoa have been
already recorded.

Ohelonia (Turtles, Tortoises, etc.).

X.Chelodina obloiiga Gray — Hamogregarina clelandi Johnston,*
Perth, Western Australia.

2.C'helodina longicoUis Shaw — Trypanosoina chelodina John-
sonjt South Australia. Hoimocystidium chelodhuH Johnston and
01 eland; I Sydney.

Ophidia (Snakes).

^.Python amethystiuus Schn. — Hcemogregariyia {Karyohjsus)
amethystiua Johnston.!^

* Johnston, T. H., "On some Haemogregaiines from Australian Reptiles."
Proe. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1909, xxxiv., pp.407-8. The host given was
C. oblonijaC?) and has since been identified by Mr. A. R. McCuUoch as
belonging to that species.

tJohnson, E. A., Australasian Medical Gazette,l907,xxvi.,p.26. Summary
given in Johnston, I.e., pp. 408-9.

J Johnston, T. H., and Cleland, J. B., "On a new Melanin-producing
Haematozoon from an Australian Tortoise." Journ. Proc, Roy. Soc. N. S,
Wales, 1909, xliii., pp.97-103.

§ Johnston, T. H., " On a new Hcemoprotozoan." Rec. Austr. Museum,
vii., 1909, pp.257-9.
52

678 THE HiEMATOZOA OF AUSTRALIAN RKPTILIA, I.,

^.Python spihtes vrv. variegata Gray — Hceniogregariiiai^Kaviio
lysus) shattocki Sambon antl Seligmann;* (Queensland). Hcemoyre-
garina [Karyolysus) morelioi Johnston;! West Australia.

b. Python spilofes Lacep. — Hcemogregarina (Karyolysus) s/iat-
tocki Sambon and Seligmann;* (N. S. Wales).

6. Pseiulechis poi'phyriacus Shaw — Hcemogregarina (Karyolysiin)
pseudechis Johnston;| (N. S. W.).

7 .Diemenia textilis Dum. k Bibr. — Trypanosoma sp. (?)§ ;
(Queensland).

The following is a list or species examined by us, but in which

hsematozoa were not found. The dates, localities, and number

examined are mentioned.

Ophidia.

Acanthophis antarctica Sliaw (the death-adder); Sydney, June,
1909,(1).

Diemenia textilis Dum ik Bibr.(the brown snake); Richmond?
November, 1909,(1); Sydney, August, 1910,(1).

Diemenia psammophis Schl.(the whip-snake); Queensland, Ju]y»
1910,(1).

Notechis scutatus Peters (the tiger-snake); Sydney, May, 1909,
(1); Sydney, June, 1909,(1).

Typhlops2)olygra7n7nicus^ch\. (the blind snake); Sydney,1909(l ).

Lacertilia.

Lygosoma (Hinnlia) tenue Gray; Hunter River, Feb., 1910,(1).
Lygosoma [Hinulia) tceuiolatum White; Moree, Oct., 1909,(1).

"* Sambon, L. \\., and Seligmann, C. G., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1907.
p. 284; Sambon, L. VV., Trans. Pathol. Soc. Lond., 1907, lviii.,p.310; John-
ston, T. H., Pioc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1909, xxxiv., pp.402-4; Dobell,
C. C, Parasitology i. (4), 1908(1909), p. 291; Sambon, L. W., Journ. Trop.
Med. Hygiene, xii., 1909, pp.lil-3.

t Johnston, T. H., I.e., pp. 404-5.
i Johnston, T. H., I.e., p.406.

§ This record is based on the following extract from the Australasian
Medical Gazette, xxv., 1906, p.40S— " Ur. Love exhibited under the micro-
scope a Trypanosoma from the blood of a brown snake aent by Dr. Tyrie."

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND J. BURTON CLELAND. 679

Lygosoma {Liohpisma) yuichenoti Dnm. & Bibr.; Sydney, July,
1910,(1).

Lygosoma {Lygosoma) ophioscincus Boulenger; Hawkesbury R.,

January, 1910,(1).

Pygopus lepidopus Lacep.(the slow-worm); Sydney, December,
1909,(1); June, 1910,(1).

Tiliqua scincoides White (the blue-tongued lizard); Sydney,
April, 1909,(1); July, 1909,(1); October, 1909,(1); December,
1909,(1): Hunter River, February, 1910,(1).

Amphibolurus m,uricatus Wljite (the common dragonj; Sydney,
July, 1909,(2); Sydney, March, 1910,(1).

Amphibolurus barbatus Cuv .{the jew-lizard or bearded di-agon);
Sydney, January, 1910,(1); Hunter River, February, 1910,(1).

The following species have been examined by us and found to
harbour heeniatozoa : —

Chblonia.

l.Chelodhia oblonga Gray,(a fresh-water tortoise); Perth, West
Australia, 1908; hsemogregarines (//^. clelandi) in one examined.

2.Chelodina longicolUs Shaw,(the long-necked tortoise); Sydney,
April, 1909. H(emocystidtim chelodince in one out of two
examined.

S.Emydnra krefftii Gray; Queensland, April, 1910. One out
of two examined harboured the following htematozoa — Trypano-
soma sp., H(einocystidium sp., and Hvemogregarina sp.

Ophidia.

\. Python amethystimis Schn.,(the northern carpet-snake); Port
Curtis, Queensland, January, 1909; lipemogregarines {H. amethy-
stina) in one examined.

b. Python spUotes var. variegata Gray, (the carpet-snake);
Enoggera, Queensland, April, 1909, hsemogregarines (^. shattocki)
in one out of three examined); Abrolhos Archipelago, West Aus-
tralia, 1908, hpemogregarines(//. morelue) in one examined.

Q.Psendechis porphyriacus Shaw,(the black snake); Sydney,
June, 1909, hsemogregarines {H. pseudechis) in one out of three;
Richmond, 1909,(1— nil); Sydney, December, 1909,(1— nil).

680 THE H^MATOZOA OF AUSTRALIAN REPTILIA, I.,

T.Diemenia psammophii^ var. reticulata Kretft(tlie spinifex-
snake of West Australia, a variety of our local whip-snake); West
Australia, 1908, Hcumogregaritia sp., in one examined.

8. Dendrophis 2Junctulatus Gray, (the green tiee-snake); Queens-
land, 1907, hajmogregarines (//. dendrophidis) present in one

examined.

Lacektilia.

%. Var anus var ills Shaw,(the lace-lizard or monitor), Sydney,
April, 1909,(1 — nil); Bingara, Decembei', 1909, hsemogregarines
{H. varaiiicola, n.sp.) in one examined; Cronulla, March, 1910,
(1-nil).

YQ.Lygosoma {Himdia) quoyi Dum. & Bibr.; Hawkesbury R.,
November, 1009, hiemogregarines {H. hiuulio') in one examined;
Hunter River, February, 1910,(1 — nil).

Our thanks are due to the following gentlemen for sending us
either reptiles or reptilian blood-films — Dr. T. L. Bancroft and
Mr. H. Wasteneys of Queensland; Messrs. S. J. Johnston, F. H.
Taylor, A. R. McCulloch, D. Fry, and H. Cawley; and also to
Mr. McCulloch for his kindness in assisting us in regard to the
nomenclature of the various specimens.

H^mogrbgarina (Kakyolysus) DENDROPHiDis, sp.nov., from
Dendrophis pimctulatus Gray.

(Plate XX., figs. 1-8.)

Dr. T. L. Bancroft recentl}' forwarded from Queensland to us
some blood-films labelled " Drepanidia from the green tree-snake,
Dendrophis punctulatus Gray, 10/12/07." The erythrocytes were
lieavily parasitised by a lia^mogiegarine belonging to the subgenus
Kari/olysus, which varied in size from 0-009 by 0-0015 mm. to
0-018 by 0-002 mm. The youngest forms were delicate thin
cre.scents with rather pointed ends, and a well defined nucleus
situated centrally. Somewhat older forms (about 0013 mm. long
by 0002 mm. broad) were broader, their ends being blunt and
rounded. The nucleus was usually placed nearer one end (the
posterior) and varied in size and shape. Sometimes it was narrow
and band-like, at others an elongate and more or less rounded

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND J. BURTON CLELAND.

681

C.Cff

structure. A capsule could be distinguished surrounding most of
the forms.

Still older hsemogregarines were present in the films. They
showed the presence of a short though distinct " tail " lying bent
round oil the concave side of the "body." The nucleus was large
and as a rule situated near the bend. These tailed forms reached
0-018 mm. in length (measuring along the midline and including
the tail). The surrounding capsule was usually recognisable. A
few very broad but relatively short capsulated forms (0-013 by
0-004 mm.) were also present. Here the nucleus was large, and
rounded. A fact worthy of mention is that the protoplasm of
these hfemogregarines frequently showed the presence of relatively
large chromatic granules staining a deep blue. These granules
were situated in the vicinity of the nucleus, being scattered
between it and the posterior end of the parasite as well as in the
immediate vicinity of the anterior border of the nucleus. In all
cases observed it was noticed that the other end of the organism
remained free from them.

The infected cells were
usually longer and narrower
than normal, and the host-
nucleus was frequently dis-
placed, sometimes coming to
lie at the side of the corpuscle.
No cell was seen in which the
nucleus had been ejected. A
few cases of double infection
were observed. Some para-
sites were found lying free,
but very probably they had
been set free by the rupture Text-flsr. i.

of the parasitised cell. One ^^- ' ^"^"'i?^' ^"^ of parasite-C,

^ . capsule— C.GR., chromatic granules —

very interesting parasite was H.N., host-nucleus— N., nucleus of

seen in proce.ss of extrusion parasite.

from its host-cell, probably as the result of artificial manijiulation.
The anterior half of the hsemogregarine (text-fig. 1) projected
53

682 THE H^MATOZOA OF AUSTRALIAN REPTILIA, I.

from the surface of the red cell, while the posterior half with the
nucleus still remained within. The tail was now straightened
instead of being bent on the body, and the parasite presented the
typical form of a narrow, elongated, slightly curved body whose
ends tapered gradually and fairly equally, and showed its well
marked nucleus and deeply stained blue granules. The
"capsular area" formerly occupied by the parasite in its host-
cell was readily distinguishable, as the accompanying camera-
lucida sketch shows.

The type-slide of Hiemoyregarina {Karyolysus) dendrophidis
has been depo.sited in the Australian Museum, Sydney.

HiEMOGREGAHiNA (Karyolysus), sj)., from Diemeiiia psatnmophis

var. reticidata Krefft.

(Plate XX., figs.9-12.)

Blood-films taken by one of us, 1907, from a " spinifex-sn;dce "
{Diemenia psatnmophis var. reticulata Krefft) in the north-west
of West Australian, were seen, on examination, to contain abund-
ance of heemogregarines in the red corpuscles. The preservation
was imperfect, and consequently only an incomplete account can
be given. The parasites were relatively large, being from 0 014
to 0016 ram. long, by about 0-004 mm. broad. They were fairly
uniform in size and shape, being mostly kidney-form, the con-
cavity closely approaching the nucleus of the host-cell. The ends
were generally broad and rounded, and of abont the same size,
though in some cases one end was rather narrower than the other.
In a few forms there was a slight bulging near the midregion,
and it was here that the band-like nucleus, when recognisable,
was seen to be situated. Some of the organisms showed the
presence of a small "tail" bent round upon the "body," but
very little detail could be recognised. A capsule was detected in
a few instances. Most of the infected cells were scarcely, if at
all, enlarged, and their nuclei were usually only slightly displaced,
even by parasites occupying nearly half the erythrocyte. In some
cases the nucleus was seen to be pushed over to the edge of the
red cell, and in a few instances was not present at all, having

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND J. BURTON CLELAND. 683

probably been ejected. Double infection of a cell appeared to be
rare. In one case noticed the parasites were large adults, and
there was scarcely any space left unoccupied in the extranuclear
protoplasm of the host. The nucleus was here pushed to one
side, but did not show any signs of degeneration.

Films from this snake were sent to Professor Minchin for
examination.

H.EMOGREGARINA (KarYOLYSUS) VARANICOLA, n.sp.

(Plate XX., figs.13-16.)

Blood-smears taken by Mr. Allan McCulloch, of the Austra-
lian Museum, from a monitor lizard, Varanus varius Shaw, shot
by him near Bingara, New South Wales, in December, 1909,
were examined by us, and the presence of a few hsemogregarines
in the erythrocytes was revealed.

The parasites were relatively larije, the more or less rounded
forms being 0-0135 mm. long, by about 0004 mm broad. "Tailed"
forms, measured along the middle, ^vere from 0'0167 to 0-018 mm.
long, by 0003 to 0-004 mm. in maximum breadth. A few
resembled crescents with broad rounded ends, the concavity
facing: the nucleus in some instances but remote from it in others.
Usually the central portion of the coucave face was considerably
swollen to form the broadest part of the ha?mogregarine. In a
few forms the parasite posse.ssed a broad end (regarded as
anterior), the other gradually narrowing to terminate in a fairly
wide " tail " with a rounded extremity. This tail was bent round
to lie in almost the same direction as the " body." The nucleus
was either a broad band or a more or less rounded structure
lying towards one end, in the case of tailed forms, the position
being at about the point where the " tail " commenced to bend
round. Some of these sporozoa showed the presence of a well-
marked capsule, this being easily seen in the tailed forms, a
distinct space being recognizable Ijetween the " tail '' and the
" body." Neither free nor segmenting stages were recognised.

In none of the infected cells was any distortion of form seen,
though in all cases the host-nucleus was displaced from its normal

684 THE H^MATOZOA OF AUSTRALIAN REPTILIA, I.,

positions. It usually lay against the side of ihe erythrocyte,
the parasite occupying a large part of the extranuclear area,
especially the centre. Probably, as the htemogregarines become
more mature, the host-nucleus would be ejected, as frequently
happens in reptilian blood cells infected by members of this
group. * Some of the infected cells appeared larger than normal,
but not markedly so.

The presence of a " tail " and the effect produced on the host-
cell, show that the organism belongs to the subgenus Karj/oli/sus.
The name Hcemogregarina (Km-yolt/sus) varanicola is proposed
for this parasite. The type-slide has been presented to the
Trustees of ohe Australian Museum.

Varanus varius ranges over Eastern Australia.

'!l^

HiEMOGREGARINA (KaRYOLYSUS) HINULI^, n.sp.

(Plate XX., figs.17-20.)

This hajmogregarine was detected in blood-films from a skink,
Lygosotna (Hinulia) quoyi Dum. k Bibr., shot at Milson Island,
Hawkesbury River, in March, 1909. Very few parasites were
present, and these with few exceptions were all of the one form,
being approximately kidney-shaped, as will be seen from tlie
figures. The length was from 0-015 to 0-018 mm., the breadtli,
which was fairly uniform in each parasite, being from 0005 to
U0065 mm. In only one form was the pi-esence of a tail dis-
tinguisliable. In this parasite, which was partly extruded from
the host-cell, one end was broad and rounded while the other
tapered somewhat, to end in a " tail " which was lient round on the
"body." This oiganisiu was much longer than any of the others
seen, being about 0-025 mm. in length, the breadth at the anterior
end being 0 0055 mm., decreasing to 0-0036 mm. just l)ehind the
nucleus, which in this case was located posteriorly near the point
where the tail began to bend I'ound. The nucleus itself in this
specimen was square, with a side of 0-0035 mm., and showed in
its centre a small clear spot occupied by a minute central dot.
The nucleus in the other specimens, when seen, was a rather

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND J. BURTON CLELAND. 685

small rounded structure lying towards one end and near the
convex side of the animal. A closely investing capsule was
distinguishable.

The parasite appears to exert a destructive influence on the
host-cell. The infected erythrocytes were greatly enlarged,
especially along their longitudinal diameter, the breadth remain-
ing practically unaltered. In all cases seen, the heemogregarine
was placed lengthwise along the length of the host-cell; and the
nucleus of the latter was seen to be displaced to such a degree
that it either lay at one end of the red cell, or was absent, having
apparently been ejected.

The type-slide of Hcemogregarina {Karyolysus) hinulioi has
been deposited in the Australian Museum, Sydney.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIL

Fig. L— Normal erythrocytes of Dendrophis punctulatus.

Figs. 2-8. — Hamogrtgarina deudruphidis in erythrocytes of Dendrophis

punctulatus.
Fig3-9-12. — Hamiogregarhia sp. , in erythrocytes of Diemenia psammophU

var. reticulata.
Figs. 13-16. — Hcemogretjariim varanicola in red cells of Varanus varius.
Fig. 17. — Normal erythrocyte of Lyyosoma (Hinidia) quoyi.
Figs.lS-20. — Hte))iog)egarina hinidiip from blood of Lygosomn (Hinnlia)

quoyi.
Fig. 18. — Parasitised cell minus nucleus.
Fig.20. — An encapsuled parasite seen lying free beside a crushed blood-cell.

Postscript (added September 29th, 1910). — During the inter\al
beLweeh the submission of this paper to the Society and its read-
ing, two papers appeared in Proc. Roy. Sue. Victoria, xxiii. (n.s.),
1910, one, on pp.36-38, by Prof. Gilruth, describing (but not
naming) a hsemogregarine from Varanus varius in Victoria; and
another, by Gilruth, Sweet, and Dodd, dealing with some hsema-
tozoa, amongst them being a hpemogregarine(/f. megalocystis, n.sp.)
from Python spilotes var. variegala, from Victoria (|)p.23'i-236).

686

WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 26th, 1910.

The Ordinary Montlily Meeting of the Society was held in
the Linnean Hall, Ithaca Road, Elizabeth Bay, on Wednesday
Evening, October 26th, 1910,

Mr. C Hedley, F.L.S., President, in the Cliair.

The President announced that the Council was prepared to
receive applications for three Linnean Macleay Fellowships,
tenable for one year from April 1st, 1911, from qualitied Cantli-
dates. Applications should be in the hands of the Secretary on
or before 30th November, 1910, who will afford all necessary
information to intending Candidates.

The attention of Members interested in Entomology was called
to a circular giving particulars of the Prizes for the three best
Essays or Papers " On the liistory, development, and present
position of the Maggot Ely trouble in Australia, as it affects the
sheep-growing industry," offered by Messrs. William Cooper and
Nephews, of Berkhampstead, England, and O'Counell Street,
Sydney.

The Donations and Exchanges received since the previous
Monthly Meeting, amounting to 17 Vols., 70 Parts or Nos., 12
Bulletins, 4 Reports, 3 Pamphlets, and 2 Maps, received from
56 Societies, itc, and one Individual, were laid upon the table.

687

NOTRS AND EXHIBITS,

]\Ir. T. Steel exhibited a remarkable bacterial growth forming
a coating half an inch in thickness inside a pipe through which
fermented molasses wash passed on its way to the still in a large
Sydney distillery working molasses. The deposit consisted of
bacteria, apparentl}- in pure culture, mixed with a very few yeast
cells.

Mr. A. F. Basset Hull exhibited skins of (a)Oestrelata leucop-
tera Gould, (b) Eudypttda minor Gould, and (c) Pelagodroma
marina Latham; also eggs of the two latter species. These
exhibits were collected during a visit to the Islands off the
entrance to Port Stephens, N.S.W., on the 16th October instant.
The Oestrelata was found on Cabbage Tree Island, the locality
where Gould's type of the species was taken. The birds were
discovered in considerable numbers, evidently mating and pre-
paring their nests, but no eggs were found. Two of the birds
taken contained nearly matured egg-^. Gould, in describing this
species, says " The Australian seas abound with Petrels, the
investigation of the various species of which, their habits and
economy, as well as their places of abode, will serve to occupy
the attention of ornithologists for years to come."( Handbook, ii.,
p. 455, 1865). It is somewhat of a reflection on the enterprise of
local students that tlie nest, egg, and habits of this bird, breeding
so near to Sydney, still remain undescribed. The Pelagodroma
was found breeding in large numbers on the northern side of
Broughton Island. In most cases the burrow contained a fresh
egg, but two were found partlj' inculjated. The Eudyptula was
found breeding on Cabbage Tree Island. Nests contained slightly
incubated eggs, or 3'^oung in various stages of growth up to nearly
full size of the adult, but still with some of the down adhering to
the neck and shoulders. This constitutes a record breeding-place

688 NOTES AND EXHIBITS. »

of both species, 146 miles further north than the exhibitor's pre-
vious record of both breeding on Tom Thumb Islands, off WoUon-
gong (These Proceedings, 1909, p.589).

Mr. Froggatt exhibited specimens of a curious fly (Oncodes
fumatus Erichs.), which deposited its eggs in such numbers, upon
the tips of apple-twigs in Mr. Richardson's orchard at Galston,
that tlie buds died back and the twigs became quite black.
Hundreds of the minute larvfe subsequently batched out; of these,
examples were exhibited. They are ISsegmented maggots, dark
brown in colour, and covered with stout hairs. The head-segment
is elongate-oval, smaller than the thoracic segments, which,
merging into the abdominal segments, are broadly rounded to the
anal segment. They progress by pressing the anal segment on
the bottom of the box, and curving tlie body round like a bow,
when they jump like cheese-mites. Nothing had been previouslj'
recorded of the habits of Australian species of this small but
cosmopolitan family of the Diptera; but, in America, two allied
species are, in the larval state, parasitic upon spiders; the larva
attaching itself to the body of the spider, and then devouring it.
Another fine dipterous species, Pterodontia mellii Erichs., was also
exhibited; this is usually found on tree-trunks or stumps, so that
it is probably parasitic upon large spiders found under the dead
bark. Specimens of a lai'ge longicorn, Demonsthra helleri Lam.,
and its larva?, from the Solomon Islands, were also shown.

Mr. A. R. McCulloch exhibited, by permission of the Curator
of the Australian Museum, two fishes wliich were previously
unknown in Australian waters — a small shark, Scyliorhinns
marmoratus Bennett, which had been taken at Port Darwin, N.
Territory, and the other an eel, Echidna zebra Shaw, from
Fremantle, W. A.

Mr. A. A. Hamilton exhibited a series of plants from unrecorded
localities, comprising Paiiicum fflabrum Gaud., (syn., F. lineare
Krocker, Paspahim amhiguihm. DC); Leura, Blue Mountains;
March, 1910(A. A. Hamilton). In the Proceedings of this Society
for 1908(p.344) Mr. Fred Turner recorded this Indian grass from

[Printed otf November 12th, 1910.]

P.L S N.S.W. 1910

4 '».'

i. «.^. A— »-<■-•

/'"."J*"* I 111. i> » .•-*■„

I- •

Fiy. 1.

Fig:. 2.

Fi^. 3.

Fig-. 1— One-half valve of Lorica duniana, n.sij. Fig-. 2— One-half valve of L. vnlvox Keeve.

Fig. 3— Wings of Cnmacijiia Of ?(e?fo (female) Tillyard.

P.LS.N.S.W. 1910

Adventitious Koots of Melaleuca linariiJ'oUa Sui.

P.L.S.N.S.W. 1910

Adventitious Roots of Melaleuca linariifolia Sm.

P L-S.N S-V/. 1910

/o

II

/Z.

n

r.H 7

Hsematozoa of Australian Reptilia.

io

NOTES AND EXHIBITS. 689

Vaucluse, and noted its rapid spread on the Vaucluse estate
The finding of this plant at Leura further demonstrates its
capacity for acclimatisation. — Eryngmni vesiculosum Labill.;
Hartley Vale; March, 1910(A. A. Hamilton). Described in the
Flora Austi'aliensis(Vol. iii., p.370) as having " stems elongated,
prostrate, with the appearance of stolons but not rooting." In
the specimens exhibited the stems had rooted. — Opercularia
dijjhylla Gartn.; Hartley Vale; March, 1910 (A. A. Hamilton).
Not previously recorded from the Blue Mountains. — Typhoniuin
Brownii Schott; Stanwell Park; October, 1910(A. A. Hamilton).
Not hitherto known south of Port Jackson.

Mr.E.Cheel exhibited a series of fungi, including — PucciNiACEiE
Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Br. Specimens of Coffee-tree leaves
were brought over by Mr A. R. McCulloch, from Mele, Port
Vila, New Hebrides, who reports that the plantations are very
badly affected. In the National Herbarium, Sydney, there are
specimens from Port Moresby, which were brought over by Burns,
Philp & Co. in April, 1903, a fact which clearly proves that tlie
disease has firmly established itself. — Lycoperdace^ : Geaster
tenuipes Berk.; Hobart, Tasra., (S. G. Hannaford; May, 1870);
and Byng, near Mount Canoblas, dated July, 1893 (Miss
Georgina King). In Cooke's " Handbook of Australian Fungi "
(|).227), the only locality recorded for this species is Tasmania.
C. G. Lloyd in " The Lycoperdacepe of Australia, New Zealand
and Neighbouring Islands," p. 18(1905) mentions that two collec-
tions of this species are at Kew, from Tasmania and New South
Wales, but he does not give any specific locality; and he is inclined
to refer the species to G. pectinatus. Geaster plicatus Berk.;
Tooloom Ranges, Sikes Gap (J. H. Maiden; December, 1907);
Rookwood (Miss A. Spencer; July, 1910; communicated by Mr.
A. G. Hamilton). Only a solitary specimen of this species was
recorded in these Proceedings for 1907(|).202), so that it is par-
ticularly interesting to have more specimens from such widely
separated localities. C. G. Lloyd (op. cit. pp.17-18) records this
species from Sydney, from specimens collected by Mr. R. T.
Baker. — DEMATiACEiE: Hehninthosporuim Ravenelii Curt., on the

54

690 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

inflorescence of SporohoLus indicus H.Br.; Cheltenham (A. A.
Hamilton; May, 1910), and Wahroonga (E. Cheel; September,
1910Miear Sydney; previously recorded only from Queensland.

Mr. Fred Turner exhibited and offered observations on Richea
dracophT/lla R.Br., a curious and very interesting Epacrid col-
lected on Mount Wellington, Tasmania. Near the summit it
grows about five feet high but lower down the slopes it attains
a height of twelve feet or more, and at Recherche Bay it is said
to develop into a fair-sized tree. The colour of the flowers in the
specimen shown was white, but there is a variety with pint
flowers though it is said to be uncommon. The allied Richea
gunnii Hook.f., the only species known to be indigenous to New
South Wales, is found on the southern mountains, near Mount
Kosciusko; and was first recorded for this State by Mr. Turner
in these Proceedings for 1893. This species is also found on the
Australian Alps in Victoria, and at high altitudes in Tasmania.

691

AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHIDjE.

By Arthur M. Lea.

(Plate xxi.)

Pselaphidce are numerous in Australia and Tasmania, and
fortunately most of the known species have been well described,
or the types are in Australia. So that Australian workers
having access to the Australian Museum in Sydney, where, with
a few exceptions, the types of King and Macleay are to be found,
are much more fortunately placed than with other families, in
which so many species have been referred to genera apparently
at random, the types lost, or at least their locations unknown,
and many of the original descriptions bad or even worthless.
Very fortunately also the main worker at the family, M. Raffray,
has, in addition to many species described by himself, i-edescribed
many other species, of which he has the types, cotypes, or
authenticated specimens, and has beautifully figured many.

Despite the highly distinctive features of many of the genera,
the family is a very difficult one to deal with, and in most
instances specimens must be set out so that all parts of the under
surface and appendages (even the palpi) are clearly visible, and
this is by no means easy with such minute insects. Consequently,
although much interested in them, it was only with great reluct-
ance that I determined to work out the species-of mj' collection;
and had it not been that so many occur in nests of ants and
termites, I would not have done so at all, or at least not till after
a re-examination of King's and Macleay's types.

For purposes of publication, the species have been divided
into two groups, the descriptions of those occurring with ants
and termites being sent for publication by the Royal Society of

692 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHIDiK,

Victoria, in a paper specially dealing with such iuquilines of all'
families of beetles, the others being given here.*

So far as the family is concerned, I am, however, rather fortu-
nately placed, having taken numerous species, and often with
abundance of individuals, at floods in many parts of Australia,
on fence-tops and similar situations at dusk, in nests of ants and
termites, and, especially from Tasmania, in mosses, tussocks, and
fallen leaves. f Many correspondents have sent me specimens
and have even, unsolicited, given me their unique examples. In
1900, M. Raflfray published, in these Proceedings, descriptions of
many species, the types of which were received from me; and,
whilst preparing that paper, he gave me names for many species
previously described by himself or other entomologists, many of
these names not being mentioned in the paper referred to. Shortly
after King's types were acquired by the Australian Museum, I
examined the whole of them;J and, in exchange for other insects,
received many cotypes. At the time, however, I had not paid
special attention to the Pselaphidce, although I had many species
for comparison with the types, and often from the same or
neighbouring localities; and it is probable (in some cases, unfortu-
nately, certain) that specimens appearing in his collection as
belonging to but one species, really belonged to two or more.
King seldom described the legs, and apparently never examined
the ventral segments and metasternum, in which so many remark-
able features exist in the males, and which alone quite easily dis-

* A few species of obscure (probably new) genera, and many females have
been left untouched.

f Mosses, tussocks, and fallen leaves have practically been unexamined
for Pselaphid(£ and other small beetles in Queensland, South and West
Australia, and very little has been done at them in New South Wales and
Victoria.

+ All families; unfortunately, however, some of the types were represented
by labels only, the insects themselves probably having been eaten by Psoci
or other vermin, the Anthicidce, perhaps, being the most unfortunate in-
this respect.

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 693

tinguish species that superficially strongly resemble each other.*
In consequence, I obtained and sent to M. RafFray as cotypes,
either for his own collection or for examination, a few species of
which the correctness of determination is doubtful. f But it is
quite certain that such species extremely closely resemble the
species they were supposed to be, on the upper surface.

King's types, in fact, need to be carefully examined and
redescribed, with especial reference to the under surface and the
sexual characters. A few of his types are in the Howitt Collec-
tion, and these, by the courtesy of Mr. Jas. A. Kershaw, of the
National Museum, I was able to examine and to redescribe.
Some of Macleay's species also need redescription.

In descriptions the sex, if possible, should always be noted;
and there are but very few species in which the males do not
possess some distinctive features in the antennae, legs, meta-
sternum, or ventral segments.

Many of our species were originally referred to genera that
now M. Raffray regards as being entirely absent from Australia,
so that generic transfers are frequent, as unfortunately they are
iin so many other families.

Sagola Tasmania, n.sp. (Plate xxi., tig.l).

(J. Reddish-castaneous, elytra and legs slightly paler; palpi and
tarsi flavous. Clothed with moderately long and somewhat
yellowish pubescence.

Head rather small; with a deep longitudinal impression. Eyes
very prominent. Antennae passing base of prothorax, first joint
cylindrical, slightly longer than second and third combined, these
somewhat rounded, second larger than third, fourth to tenth
trapeziform, ninth slightly wider than eiglith, tenth slightly

• I believe it to be impossible to point out distinguishing features in the
females of certain species of Eupines, Ctenisojihus, and perhaps of a few other
genera that will enable coworkers to correctly identify such females, in
-species that are quite easily distinguished by masculine characters.

t M, Raffray has commented on these.

694 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHIDiE

shorter and wider than ninth, eleventh briefly ovate, distinctly
shorter than the two preceding combined. Prothorax distinctl}^
wider than head, sides strongly rounded and widest slightly in
advance of middle, with a deep narrow impression near base,
marked by three foveate expansions, of which the median one is
the largest. Elytra slightly longer than wide, sides feebly
rounded; each with a small fovea at base of subsutural stria, and
another slightly behind it; dorsal stria represented by two fovese
— a small one at base, and a longer one behind it; a round fovea
at base between dorsal and subsutural strife; with fairly numerous
but rather indistinct punctures. Abdomen distinctly longer than
elytra, sides slightly dilated to fourth segment, which is largest
of all; under surface with a small fovea in middle of third
segment, and a considerably larger one common to the fourth and
fifth. Metasternum strongly convex. Hind trochanters strongly
but obtusely dentate. Length 2-2^ mm.

$. Differs in having the head smaller, antennae shorter and
thinner, abdomen feebly convex along middle of under surface,,
and hind trochanters unarmed. Length If mm,

Hab. — Tasmania: New Norfolk, Mount Wellington; in moss
(A. M. Lea).

I have referred this species to Sagola, as it agrees well with
Sharp's oi'iginal diagnosis of that genus* except that the meso-
sternum is not elongate, but almost certainly the word " meso-
sternum " was accidentally used for "metasternum," as Raffray.
says " Metasternum magnum." The genus is abundantly repre-
sented in New Zealand, but is now first recorded from any part
of Australia, Of the species figured by Raffray,t it appears to
be closest to *S'. punctulata. The only New Zealand species
actually known to me is S. immotaX (given by Raffray as a
synonym of S. laminata) which is somewhat wider, head different-

* I have not, however, dissected out the mouth-parts.

t Rev. d'Ent. 1S93, Plate i.

J For a specimen of which I am indebted to Major Broun.

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 695

between antennae, medio-basal fovea of prothorax considerably
larger, and elytral fovese somewhat differently placed.

The three apical joints of the antennae are certainly wider than
the others, but the difference is so trifling that the antennae could
fairly be regarded as being without a club. The middle tibiae
are separated by a very narrow keel. The only female before me
is probably immatui-e, as it is almost entirely flavous.

LiMONIATES QUADRATIPENNIS, n.sp.

(J. Reddish-castaneous, abdomen (except margins and tip)
somewhat darker, appendages paler. Clothed with rather short,
pale pubescence, fairly dense but sparser on prothorax than
elsewhere.

Head distinctly notched in middle of base; with a round fovea
near each eye, closed posteriorly but open in front. Antennae
short and stout, second joint subglobular, third to ninth distinctly
transverse, tenth larger and widely transverse, eleventh large
and briefly ovate. Prothorax distinctly wider than head, widest
slightl)' in front of middle; with a strong subbasal impression,
somewhat dilated in middle, and on each side expanded into a
large and somewhat irregular fovea; a small impression on each
side of middle at extreme base; median line very faint. Elytra
about as long as wide, sides very feebly rounded, angles feebly
rounded; with eight minute basal foveae; dorsal striae traceable
only on basal third; with numerous punctures. Metasternwn
deeply notched at apex. Abdomen gently flattened about middle,
near base, on under surface. Legs moderatel}^ stout. Length
11 mm.

Hah. — Tasmania: Hobart, New Norfolk; three specimens from
moss(A. M. Lea).

Much larger than L. australis, club stouter, and prothoracic
impressions rather more distinct.

On one of the specimens the head is slightly darker than the
prothorax. The antennae, at a glance, appear to have the club
one-jointed, although the tenth is almost as wide as the eleventh.

696 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHID^,

LiMONIATBS SUBTERRANEUS King.*

Pale castaneous, appendages almost flavous. Sparsejy pubescent.

Head shallowjy notched in middle of base, but with a short
deep impression starting from its middle; with two distinct fovese
on each side, of which the interocular ones are the larger, the
pairs feebly connected longitudinally but not transversely.
Antennae scarcely extending to apical third of prothorax, eleventh
joint large, briefly ovate, and much wider than tenth, which is
transverse. Prothorax not much wider than head, widest at
about apical third; near base with a strong impression, which is
expanded into three fovese of almost equal size (but not shape),
one in middle and one on each side; median line absent. Elytra
with dorsal striae deeper and slightly longer, and the punctures
less conspicuous, but otherwise as in the preceding species. Meta-
siernum rather deeply notched at apex. Abdomen feebly flattened
along middle of under surface. Legs moderately stout. Length
^ mm.

Hah. — New South Wales.

The specimen described is proljably a male, and was received
from the late Rev. R. L. King's Collection as Eujdectus subter-
raneus; and on comparing it with the type it was found to be
correctly named, but I cannot find the least trace of a median
line in front of the transverse subbasal impression; whereas King
says " thorace .... fovea elongata media antica." It is rather
narrower, paler, and more depressed than the preceding species,
clothing sparser, less narrowed in front, and impressions both on
head and prothorax more distinct.

From some directions, the lateral fovese of the head appear to
form two deep grooves, and, with the medio-basal longitudinal
impression, to be very distinct.

* As King's description of this species is both short and misleading, a
fuller one should be of use.

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 697

LiMONIATES VENTRALIS, D.Sp.

J". Reddisli-eastaneous, elytra slightly paler, appendages dis-
tinctly paler, abdomen and metasternum darker, sometimes almost
•black. With very short, pale pubescence.

Head (including mandibles) distinctly transverse; base
feebly notched, middle feebly longitudinally ridged; with
a shallow depression, but not foveate, on each side
of ridge. Antennse passing middle of prothorax, eleventh
joint large, briefly ovate and decidedly wider than tenth,
which is distinctly transverse. Prothorax feebly transverse,
scarcely, if at all, wider than head; with traces of a median line
only near base, each side of middle near base with an impressed
line dilating towards the side; with numerous and small but
fairly distinct punctures. Elytra not as long as wide, sides and
shoulders rather strongly rounded; with four small basal foveas;
dorsal striae lightly curved, deep at base and traceable almost to
apex; punctures rather more distinct than on prothorax. Meta-
^<e?*?iMm strongly sulcate along middle from base to apex. Lower
surface of abdomen with a longitudinal impression about the
length of metasternum, the impression almost filled by a ridge
covered with fine golden setae; apical segment with a feeble fovea.
Legs moderately long; femora stout; four hind tibise spinose at
apex. Length |-4 mm.

9. Differs in having metasternum feebly impressed and only
posteriorly, abdomen simple and tibife unarmed.

Hab. — W. Australia : Vasse River; numerous specimens in
flood-debris(A. M. Lea).

It is with some doubt that this species is referred to Limoniales,
as the impressions of the head and prothorax are so different from
those of the other species known to me; but the curious meta-
sternum and abdomen of the male render the species remarkably
•distinct.

Macroplectus quadrifoveatus, n.sp.

(J.Reddish-castaneous. With ratlier dense, fine, pale pubescence.
Head rather large; with a large fovea on each side of middle

698 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHID^,

near base, the fovese rounded and closed posteriorly, but narrowed^
and continued in front, the interspace distinctly raised. Antennae
with first joint subcylindrical and almost as long as second to-
fourth combined, second subglobular, distinctly longer than third,,
third to eighth small and more or less feebly transverse, ninth
somewhat larger, tenth slightly larger still, and, with the ninth,
subtrapeziform, eleventh elongate-subovate, about as long as
eighth to tenth combined. Prothorax slightly wider than head,
and, excluding the neck, slightly longer, rather strongly dilated
towards apex; each side near base with a large fovea, the middle
also foveate, the three fovese connected by curved lines; median
line very feeble; with small and rather sparse punctures. Elytra
almost as long as wide, rather narrow at the base, and dilated
posteriorly, apex gently incurved to middle: subsutural stria
rather deeply impressed, its base foveate; a fovea on each side
marking base of the (otherwise absent) dorsal stria; with fairly
numerous punctures. Upper surface of abdomen with second
segment almost twice as long as third, third distinctly longer
than fourth; lower surface with second strongly convex in middle,
the three following depressed and narrow across middle. Meta-
sternum gently flattened in middle. Legs unarmed. Length
2 mm.

Hab.—Y ictor'm{1)*

Diifers from M. tasmanicus, which in general appearance it
strongly resembles, by the abdomen longer than elytra, with the
segments very diiTerently proportioned, and the elytral punctures
less pronounced. From the description of M. calcaratus in the
unarmed front tibise. M. cephalotes is described as having a much
larger head, etc. The prothorax at first appears to be without a
median line, but from some directions a rather faint one can be
seen.

Three specimens from moss, at Waratah (Tasmania), are pro-
bably females of this species; they difter in having the head

* The two males before me are probably from Victoria; they were sent
from the National Museum as from the Collection of C. French,

BY ARTHUR M. LEA.

699

slightly smaller, with its impressions smaller, the antennae shorter,
with the club smaller, and the apex of the last joint less pro-
duced; and the second ventral segment regularly convex in
middle.

Macroplectus octofoveatus, n.sp.

^. Reddish-castaneous, With moderately dense, tine, pale
pubescence.

Head with a round fovea on each side of middle towards base,
the fovege open in front, with the impressions connected between
antennaj; the interspace somewhat angular. Antennae somewhat
shorter than in the preceding species. Prothorax very little wider
than head, and about as long, sides about apex rather strongly
inflated; each side near base with a large fovea, from each of
which a curved line connects with a medio-basal impression,
leaving two basal lobes, each of which has a small fovea; median
line narrow and deep at base, but not traceable to middle; punc-
tures very small. Elytra about as long as wide, each feebly
separately rounded at apex, sides very little dilated posteriorly;
subsutural stria very distinct, its base commencing in a small
fovea; two small fovese on each side representing the base of the
dorsal stria, and another small one between these and the one
close to suture; punctures numerous and small, but distinct.
Upper surface of abdomen with second segment slightly shorter
than third, fourth the length of third, but slightly narrower, and
slightly longer and wider than fifth; under surface with third
slightly shorter than second, and slightly longer than fourth.
Metastermivi very feebly impressed in middle. Hind trochanters
obtusely dentate. Length 1^-1 J mm.

9. Differs in having the antennae slightly shorter; metasternum
not at all depi'essed in middle, and trochanters unarmed.

Hab. — Tasmania : Mount Wellington, Hobart; in moss (A. M.
Lea)

In general appearance close to the preceding species, but elytra
with eight small basal fovese (a character which will distinguish
it from all previously described species of the genus). The

700 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHID^,

cephalic foveas are also smaller, with tlie result that the inter-
space is distinctly wider. The antennae are shorter, with the
joints of the male much as in the female of that species, whilst
those of the female are still shorter, with the eleventh joint more
ovate; the elytra and abdomen are also of different shape.

The place where the transverse and longitudinal impressions
of the prothorax cross, whilst very distinct, is scarcely inflated
so as to become foveate; from some directions the extreme base
appears to have five small fovese. The dorsal stria from most
directions appears to be absent, but from others very vague
geminate ones can be seen proceeding for a short distance from
the basal fovese. The apical ventral segment of the male has
some curious appendages, but these appear to be protrusible; in
ithe female that segment is flattened at its apex.

MaCROPLECTUS SEXPOVEATUS, n.S|).

Reddish-castaneous, abdomen slightly darker, appendages
slightly paler. With rather dense, fine, pale pubescence.

Head more convex than usual, but vaguely depressed along
middle; each side of middle towards base v/ith a distinct fovea,
closed behind but widely and shallowly open in front, the two
not connected between antennae, owing to the antennary tubercles
being rather longer than usual. Eyes very small. Antennfe
with first joint from some directions appearing not much longer
-than second, but really almost twice as long, second slightly
dilated to apex and distinctly longer than third, third slightly
longer than fourth, fourth to eighth very small, ninth slightly
larger, the tenth slightly larger still, eleventh subovate, but
rather strongly pointed, and about as long as eighth to tenth
combined. Prothorax slightly transverse, distinctly wider than
head, and, excluding the neck, slightly longer; sides dilated near
apex; with a deep and almost straight impression close to base,
and feebly dilated on each side; median line very feebly impressed;
a moderately distinct longitudinal impression on each side,
becoming deep near basal impression; with numerous very small
punctures. Elytra convex, almost as long as wide, sides some-

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 701

what inflated in middle, apex almost straight; subsutural stria
fairly deep, its base commencing in a small fovea; dorsal stria
fine and traceable almost to middle, a small fovea at its base,
and another between it and the shoulder; punctures indistinct.
Upper surface of abdomen with third segment a trifle longer than
second or fourth; lower surface feebly flattened in middle, second,
third, and fourth segments of about equal length in middle, the
fifth very short. Hind trochanters obtusely dentate. Length
1| mm,

Hab. — Tasmania : Mount Wellington; in moss(A. M. Lea).

When viewed from the sides, the head appears to be feebly
tuberculate immediately above the subbasal foveee. The ninth
and tenth joints, although larger than the eighth, are still very
small, so that the club appears to consist of one joint only, and
that not a very large one. The subbasal impressions of the pro-
thorax are very different from those of the two preceding species.

The only specimen before me appears to be a male, as its hind
trochanters are armed, but the metasternum is rather strongly
convex. The tip of the second ventral segment is minutely
emarginate on each side of the middle, in consequence of which
the middle itself appears to be slightly produced; but this
appearance is very indistinct from most directions.

EUPLECTOPS CARINATIFRONS, n.Sp.

(J. Reddish-castaneous, appendages and most of elytra some-
what paler. Clothed with distinct, but not very dense, pale
pubescence, and with a few longer haii's scattered about.

Head with a deep curved impression, each end of which appears
as a sti'ong fovea close to each eye, middle of base obtusely
notched, space between antennse raised in the form of a stout,
slightly curved carina. Antennse with two basal joints fairly
large, third slightly longer than wide, ninth and tenth moderately
lai'ge, eleventh subovate, base truncate, apex slightly produced,
almost the length of three preceding joints combined. Prothorax
about as wide as long, widest about middle, sides strongly but
evenly rounded to apex but irregularly narrowed to base; with a

'702 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHIDiB,

deep transverse impression close to base, and distinctly inflated
where the longitudinal impressions traverse it; of these the median
one is narrow but deep, and not quite continuous to base or apex,
. and the lateral ones are shorter, deeper, and wider. Elytra ahout
as long as wide; base with eight small fovese; with fairly numerous
and small, but distinct, punctures, discal striae distinct at base,
but not very deep elsewhere, and terminated about one-third
from apex. Upper surface of abdomen with a very feeble medic-
basal node, with a very feeble stria on each side of same; lower
surface somewhat flattened along middle, and with a shallow
impression on apical segment. Metasternum rather shallowly
impressed along middle. Front trochanters obtusely dentate.
Length 1^ mm.

Hah. — Tasmania : Frankford(A. M. Lea).

In size and general appearance resembling E. excisus, but
head differently sculptured, and prothorax rather narrower, with
shallower impressions.

From some directions there appear to be two distinct antennary
tubercles, but from others the bases of the antennae are seen to
be connected by a distinct curved carina. From some directions
the head appears to have three large foveae of almost even size,
and the interocular foveas to be completely isolated, but from
others all the large impressions are seen to be connected. The
fifth joint is slightly larger than the fourth or sixth. Owing to
the impressions the base of the prothorax appears to be in two
distinct lobes.

EUPLECTOPS CASTOR, n.sp.

(J. Reddish-castaneous, appendages and most of the elytra some-
what paler. Moderately and almost uniformly clothed with rather
long, pale pubescence, and with a few longer hairs scattered
about.

Mead with a strong curved impression, each end of which
appears as a strong fovea close to the eye, base obtusely notched
in middle, antennary tubercles oblique and rather strong.
Antennae rather short and stout, second joint about as long as

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 703

-wide, and the width of first, third to eighth small and trans-
verse, ninth larger, tenth trapeziform, eleventh truncate-ovate,
apex evenly rounded. Prothorax slightly wider than long, sides
rather suddenly inflated about middle, impressions somewhat as
in preceding species. Elytra about as long as wide, distinctly
•convex, basal fovese rather shallow, with numerous fairly distinct
punctures, dorsal strife distinct, but not continuous to apex.
Upper surface of abdomen with medio-basal node and striae feeble;
lower surface flattened along middle. Metasterrium foveate in
middle, and just behind each middle coxa. Front trochanters
very obtusely dentate. Length 1^-1 1 mm.

5. Differs in having somewhat thinner antennae, head slightly
narrower, with impressions shallower, abdomen more convex
along middle of under surface, metasteruum with median fovea
much less distinct, and the postcoxal ones almost absent.

Hah. — Tasmania : Mount Wellington, in moss; Stanley, in
tussocks at summit of "Nut"; Launceston, Bruni Island, Huon
River(A. M. Lea).

More robust and convex than E. sculpfus, antennae shorter and
stouter, etc. The prothorax is more convex and rather wider
than in the preceding species, and the impressions are rather
wider, with the foveate expansions of the basal one larger, but
the pubescence somewhat interferes with the clearness of the
same, whilst it does not do so in the former.

A male from Mount Wellington has the meso- and metasternum
quite black, but it appears to be only a variety.

EUPLECTOPS POLLUX, n.sp.

(J. Reddish-castaneous, ajspendages and most of elytra some-
what paler. Rather densely clothed with short, pale pubescence.

Head with a strong curved impression, narrow in front, and
■each end appearing as a strong fovea close to the eye, the inter-
space rather narrow, base obtusely notched, antennae connected
by a distinctly raised, curved carina. Antennae with second
joint rather stout, third slightly longer tlian wide, fourth to
eighth transverse, ninth and tenth somewhat larger,

704 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHID^,

eleventh briefly truncate-ovate, apex feebly produced. Prothorax
about as long as wide, widest across apical third, thence strongly
narrowed to apex and arcuate to base; with a strong transverse
impression close to base; with three deep longitudinal impressions^
of which the median one is narrower than the others, and is nob
quite continuous to apex. Elytra about as long as wide, sides
moderately rounded; with eight small basal fovese and with
rather small and fairly numerous punctures; dorsal strise distinct
on basal half, but vanishing posteriorly. Upper surface of
abdomen with medio-basal node feeble, and strise very indistinct;
lower surface slightly flattened along middle. Metasternum
feebly impressed along middle. Front trochanters obtusely
dentate. Length 1§ mm.

9. Differs in being somewhat thinner, antennae thinner with-
the club smaller, cephalic impressions less deep, metasternum and
abdomen convex along middle, and trochanters unarmed.

Hah. — Tasmania : Mount Wellington, in moss; Launceston(A.
M. Lea).

Close to the preceding species, but antennae slightly thinner, pro-
thorax less strongly impressed, and metasternum diff"erent. The
head is more deeply impressed than in E. sctdpttis, and the base
of prothorax is different.

On the sides there are a few long hairs scattered about, but
they appear to be entirely absent from the upper surface. The
base of the prothorax appears to be in two lobes, but the sub-
basal impression, although somewhat dilated where the longi-
tudinal ones traverse it, is almost straight. On the only male
before me, there is a broad flange-like process proceeding from
near the base of the flfth ventral segment, and very distinct
from the side; it is probably the sheath of the penis.

EUPLECTOPS DISCOPALLIDUS, n.Sp.

(J. Of a rather pale reddish-castaneous, appendages and most of
elytra somewhat paler. Clothed with rather sparse, pale pubes-
cence, interspersed with fairly numerous longer hairs.

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 705

Head with a deep and strongly curved impression, the ends of
which appear as strong interocular fovese; base obtusely notched;
antennae connected by a curved carina. Antennae comparatively
thin, second joint fairly stout but slightl}'^ longer than wide,
third to eighth small, ninth and tenth larger and more trans-
verse, eleventh briefly ovate. Prothorax about as long as wide,
sides strongly and, for the genus, evenly rounded; with a strong
transverse impression close to ba.se, and with three longitudinal
ones; of these the median one is narrow and rather short, and
does not traverse the basal impression; the lateral ones are wider,
and each terminates in a shallow, foveate expansion of the basal
impression. Elytra as in preceding species, except that the
dorsal striae are distinct for a greater distance. Upper surface
of ahdometi with two very short basal carin?e; lower surface
slightly flattened along middle. Metasternum shallowly impressed
posteriorly. Front ^?'oc/ian<ers obtusely armed. Length 1 J-l^mm.

Hah. — West Australia : Karridale(A. M. Lea).

In appearance close to Plectusodes breviceps, but apical joint
stouter, prothorax more convex and narrower, with basal impres-
sions more pronounced and of somewhat different shape. It is
fairly close to the description of Aulaxus rugicollis, but elytra
with more than four basal impressions, metasternum not piceons,
and prothorax with the median line almost closed posteriorly.
The median line is distinct in front, l»ut narrowed behind, and
scarcely visibly connected with the subbasal impression, a char-
acter which readily distinguishes it from most species of the
allied genera.

The curved impression on the head is comparatively narrow in
front, so that from .some directions the interspace appears to he
actually connected with the frontal carina. The club is rather
small, the eleventh joint is no longer than the two preceding
combined, and is scarcely produced at apex, but, owing to having
rather numerous apical hairs, appears at a glance to be somewhat
longer. The medio-basal abdominal node, if present on thetypes,/ % - . -
IS entirely concealed. / ..j ^^ — '^ /

..LIBRARY:^

706 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHIDiE,

EUPLKCTOPS CONICICORNIS, 11. sp.

f^. Reddish-castaneous, appendages somewhat paler. Moder-
ately densely clothed with pale pubescence, interspersed with
numerous longer hairs.

Head with a strong curved impression, the ends of whicli are
close to the eyes, base longitudinally impressed, antennary
tubercles oblique and distinct. Antennje with second joint
slightly thinner and shorter than first, ninth moderately, tenth
more strongly transverse, eleventh as long as the four preceding
joints combined, base truncate, apex rather strongly produced.
Prothorax rather strongly convex; with a straight, deep, and
rather wide impression close to base; with three longitudinal
ones, of which the median one is narrow and continuous
to base, but not to apex; the lateral ones for portion of their
length are rather shallow, but each terminates in a foveate expan-
tion of the basal impression; with fairly numerous and small, but
quite distinct punctures. Elytra rather strongly convex; with
eight small basal fovete; dorsal strias extending almost to apex, but
very indistinct posteriorly ; with fairly numerous punctures.
Upper surface of abdomen with two very short oblique basal
carinse, node apparently absent; lower surface scarcely flattened
along middle. Metasteritum shallowly subfoveate in middle.
Front trochanters obtusely armed. Length 1-li mm.

5. Differs in having the club somewhat smaller, cephalic impres-
sions less pronounced, metasternum and abdomen convex along
middle, and trochanters unarmed.

Hab. — Tasmania : Hobart, in moss; Mount Wellington, in moss
and fallen leaves(A. M. Lea).

The antennae have the terminal joint distinctly longer and more
pointed than in E. Odewahnii, the clothing is longer, elytra more
convex, and legs thinner. It is somewhat smaller than the pre-
ceding species, the antennfe more pointed, and clothing longer
and denser. In general appearance, except as to size, it is much
like Protoplectus pubescens.

The median impression on the base of the head is connected
with the strong curved one, so that from some directions its basal

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 707

parts appear in two almost semicircular lobes. On an occasional
specimen the eleventh joint appears as a rather elongated triangle,
its apex is strongly produced, in the male especially, and as it is
usually terminated by a pencil of hairs, it appears to be con-
siderably longer than it really is. The subsutural striae are
rather less distinct than usual.

EUPLECTOPS BRYOPHILUS, n.sp.

(J. Pale reddish-castaneous, appendages somewhat paler. Moder-
ately densely clothed with rather long, pale pubescence, with a
few longer hairs scattered about.

Head with a deep curved impression, the ends of which appear
as interocular fovese, base obtusely notched; antennary tubercles
fairly large but obtuse. Antennae as in the preceding species, except
that the eleventh joint is rather more pointed. Prothorax some-
what depressed, sides evenly and rather strongly rounded; with
a fairly deep and wide impression close to base; with three longi-
tudinal impre.ssions, of which the lateral ones are short and each
terminates in a foveate expansion of the basal impression; the
median impression is very feeble, and invisible from most direc-
tions. Elytra moderately convex, rather longer than usual; with
eight small basal fovese; dorsal striae generally traceable to about
middle, but distinct only at base; punctures more or less con-
cealed. Abdomen with node absent or concealed; under surface
feebly flattened along middle. Metasternum sliallowly impressed
along middle. Front trochanters ohlwaely de\\ta.te. Length 1mm.

5. DifFei's in having the antennae thinner, cephalic impressions
less pronounced, metasternum and abdomen rather strongly convex
along middle, and trochanters unarmed.

Hab. — Tasmania: Waratah, Hobart, New Norfolk; in all cases
in mo.ss(A. M. Lea).

In general appearance very close to the preceding species,
except that it is smaller, but with the median line scarcely (on
some specimens not at all) visible, and terminal joint of antennae
even more pointed. The disc of each elytron, as in most species

708 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSKLAPHIDiE,

of the genus, is somewhat paler than its base, apex, or suture,
but the shades of colour are not sharply defined.

The clothing renders the sculpture of the head rather indistinct
on some specimens, and on the prothorax more or less obscures
the punctures, which appear to be fairly numerous. Five males
before me each have a flange-like process much as noted under
E. jjolhix.

EUPLECTOPS ZICZAC, n.sp.

(J. Reddish-castaneous, disc of each elytron and appendages
somewhat paler. Moderately clothed with short pale pubescence.

Head with a deep curved impression, the ends of which appear
as fairly large and almost closed interocular fovese, base very
obtusely notched in middle; antennae connected by a slightly
curved carina. Antennae rather short, second joint subglobular,
third to eighth very small, ninth and tenth moderatel}' trans-
verse but still small, eleventh briefly ovate, slightly longer than
three preceding combined. Pro</iO?-ax depressed, widest at about
apical third, thence strongly narrowed to apex and less strongly
to base; near base with a strong, angular im|)ression; three
longitudinal impressions short, the median one almost round,
lateral impressions shallow in front, but foveate posteriorly; with
numerous fairly distinct punctures. Elytra slightly longer than
wide; basal foveae shallow and indistinct, subsutural striae much
deeper than usual, dorsal striae very distinct at base, but scarcely
traceable to middle; punctures fairly numerous. Abdomen with
medio-basal node and striae very indistinct; lower surface scarcely
flattened along middle. Metasternum shallowly impressed along
middle. Length 1 mm.

Hah. — Tasmania : Hobart(A. M. Lea).

The small size and comparatively large terminal joint of
antennae, at first appearing to form a one-jointed club, are some-
what suggestive of Linioniates, but the head and prothorax are
not as in that genus. About the size of E. Odewaknii, but head
and prothoracic impressions, and abdomen of male difierent.

There are hardly any longer hairs scattered amongst the pubes-
cence. The head is rather larger than usual, and its curved

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 709

impression is in parts decidedly narrow. The subbasal impres-
sion of the prothorax appears as a V in the middle, with an
oblique impression connecting it with each side, so that the raised
basal portion appears, from some directions, rather like a reversed
W or a broad M, or as two rather wide triangles. Tlie median
line appears as a short foveate impression, closed at both ends,
but from .some directions it appears very indistinctly connected
with the basal impression. The fifth ventral segment is gently
emarginate at apex, witli, beyond this, a rather deep transverse
impression; seen directly from behind, this impression appears to
consist of two small fovefe. The front trochanters of the type
are not clearly visible.

EUPLECTOPS DEPRESSICOLLIS, n.Sp.

Pale castaneous, disc of each elytron and appendages somewhat
paler. Moderately clothed with sliort, pale, adpressed pubescence.

Head with, for the genus, a comparatively shallow curved im-
pression, the ends of which appear as almost circular interocular
fovese, base obtusely notched in middle; antennary tubercles
rather feeble. Antennae rather short, second joint fairly large
ninth and tenth moderately large and transver.se, eleventh trun-
cate-ovate, about as long as four preceding joints combined, apex
distinctly j)ro(luced. Prothorax depressed; near base with a
straight transverse impression; median line very feeble, tlie
lateral impressions represented only by slight expansions of the
basal impression; with fairly numerous but very small punctures.
Elytra depressed, slightly longer than wide; with eight small but
distinct basal fove?e; dorsal striae distinct only at base; punctures
rather more numerous than on prothorax. Ahdoineii with two
very short oblique basal carinse, node apparently absent; under
surface very feebly flattened along middle. Metasternum very
vaguely impressed in middle. Length 1 mm.

Hah. — N. S. Wales : Tamworth, Clarence Riverf A. M. Lea).

The specimens described were seen l)y M. Raflfray and returned
as possibly Euplectns subterraneus, but King described the head
of that species as "fronte alte transverse foveolato " and pro-

710 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHID^,

thorax as "fovea elongata media antice." From E. hryophihi>i it
differs in being less convex, clothing sparser, antennae less pointed,
and cephalic sculpture shallow^er.

The cephalic impressions, from some directions, appear as three
fairly large, but, for the genus, decidedly shallow, isolated fovese.
The basal impression of the prothorax, although very distinct,
is, for the genus, rather shallow; the median line is so faint as to
be invisible from some directions. The two specimens described
are probably males, but 1 cannot see the front trochanters of
either.

EUPLECTOPS BASALIS, n.sp.

Pale castaneons, disc of each elytron and appendages somewhat
paler. Moderately clothed with short, pale pubescence, amongst
which are scattered a very few longer hairs.

Head \\'\ih a strong curved impression, the ends of which appear
as strong interocular fovese, base obtusely notched; antenna? con-
nected by a curved carina. Antennte as in the preceding species,
except that the apical joint is shorter and much less pointed.
Prothorax depressed, with a rather wide and slightly curved
subbasal impression, ending on each side in a foveate expansion
(these representing all that are left of the lateral impressions);
median line very faint; puncHues small but numerous and dis-
tinct. Elytra about as long as wide; with eight small basal
foveas; dorsal striae scarcely traceable beyond base, punctures
fairly distinct. Abdomen with a ver}' feeble niedio-basal node-
under surface feebly flattened along middle. Metastentimi some-
what flattened along middle. Hind tibue rather wider in middle
than usual. Length IJ mm.

Hab. — Tasmania : Waratah, in moss(A. M. Lea).

Close to the preceding species, but with more distinct punctures,
club stouter, tibiae wider, and impressions of head and elytra
different. It is le.ss hairy than E. bryophihis, with the club
shorter and less pointed, etc. 'l"he median line of the prothorax
is invi.sible from most directions.

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 711

MeSOPLATUS DUBIUS, 11. sp.

J". Reddish-castaneous, elytra slightly paler, appendages still
paler. Almost evenly clothed with short white pubescence.

Head transverse, base distinctly notched; with two rather
shallow foveje on each side. Antenna scarcely extending to base
of prothorax, second joint fairly large and subglobular, third to
eighth short, ninth and tenth larger, distinctly transverse and
subequal, eleventh subobpyriform, apex pointed, the length of the
three preceding joints combined. Palpi small. Prothorax dis-
tinctly wider than head, slightly wider than long, widest at
apical third, where the sides are strongly lounded, with a wide
and rather deep impression near base, traversed by a median and
rather feeble impression, but becoming foveate at the impression,
each, side with a large fovea; punctures partially concealed by
clothing. Elytra about as long as wide, sides feebly rounded;
with eight small basal foveee; dorsal stripe distinct at base, but
terminated before basal third; with moderately distinct punctures.
Metasternum with a small median fovea and feebly depressed
beyond this toJiinder a|)ex. Abdomen with a small medio-apical
tubercle on second .segment, the following ones flattened across
middle. Legs moderately stout; tibiae feebly inflated near apex,
the median pair obtusely spurred at apex itself. Length 1-l^mm.

9. Differs in having the metasternum scarcely depressed along
middle, ventral .segments gently convex in middle, atid the second
without a tubercle, the legs somewhat thinner and the antennae
slightly shorter, witli the club smaller.

Hah. — W. Australia : Vasse River(A. ]\[. Lea).

[n general appearance close to several species of Eiipleclops,
but second .segment of abdomen of male with a tubercle as in the
species of Mesoplatns. It is smaller than M. Edwardsi, not quite
so wide, and head differently impressed. The two foveje on the
front of the head are feebly connected, and also connected with
the others (which are slightly in advance of the eyes), but these
are not transversely connected; the pubescence, however, some-
what obscures all the impressions.

712 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSKLAPHID^,

BaTKISODES INSIGNICOLLIS, 11. sp.

(J. Pale reddish-castaneous. Clothed with rather long, pale
pubescence, and with numerous long hairs scattered about.

Head with a narrow and almost straight impression close to
apex, the impression indistinctly connected on each side with a
distinct round fovea close to each eye; forehead feebly impressed
along middle. Antennte long and thin, none of the joints trans-
verse, seventh distinctly longer than eighth or sixth, eleventh
somewhat shorter tlian ninth and tenth combined. Prothorax
slightl}' transverse, widest at about apical third, thence strongly
narrowed to apex and rather less, but still strongly, to base;
near base with a strong transverse impression, with a subfoveate
expansion in middle and another on each side, disc strongly
elevated, with a wide impression on each side of its middle, the
same connected with the latero-basal fovea, and irregularly con-
tinued across the middle not far from the apex; with an almost
closed transverse impression slightly nearer apex than base; with
irregularly distributed punctures. Elytra with dorsal strite dis-
tinct at base and shallowly traceable almost to middle; shoulders
unarmed. Metasternum rather deeply and widely impressed
along middle. Abdomen flattened along middle of under surface,
apical segment with a feeble apical node. Trochanters unarmed.
Length 2-2^ mm.

2- Ditt'ers in being slight!}' less robust, antennae somewhat
thinner, prothorax le.ss inflated near apex, with lateral and basal
impressions only, and disc less convex, the cephalic impressions
shallower, metasternum very feebly impressed along middle, and
abdomen nowhere flattened.

Hah. — Victoria(C. French); Wandin(National Museum).

Readily distinguished from all previously described Australian
species by the shape of the prothorax. On careful examination
all the prothoracic impressions can be seen to be connected,
although from most directions the transverse submedian one
appears to be closed; immediately in front ot this impression the
surface from some directions appears to be laised into obtuse

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 713

tubercles, almost (from some directions apparently quite) closing
the passage of the subapical impression. The space directly
behind the impression, from some directions, appears to be trans-
versely oblong.

On this and all the foUowirig species there is a more or less
conspicuous fringe of long pale hairs on each side of the lower
surface of the head, just behind the eyes. They also all have
several feeble elevations and depressions at the extreme base of
the upper surface of abdomen, but as the.se are more or less
distinct, according to the position of the elytra, it is not con-
sidered necessary to describe them.

Batrisodks TENUicoRNis, n.sp.

(J. Reddish-castaneous, elytra paler, appendages still paler.
With moderately long, [lale pubescence, and with a few long
hairs scattered about.

Head with a shallow impression between antennary tubercles,
which are fairly distinct; with a rather large fovea close to each
eye, closed beliind but shallowly open ia front; base feebly
notched Antennae long and tliin, none of the joints transverse,
third shortest of all, sixth and eighth slightly shorter than fifth
and seventh, ninth and tenth rather long, and each not much
shorter than eleventh. Frolhorax about as long as wide, sides
strongly rounded in front, and more gently to base; near base
with a deep sinuous impression; each side with a deep impression
which is narrowed in front and dilated behind, till it irregularly
joins in with the subbasal line; near apex with a deep, irregular,
transverse impression; disc strongly convex, the middle laised
and in the form of an obtuse triangle overhanging the frontal
impression; punctures sparse and very irregularly distriljuted.
Elytra vvitii dorsal striae deep and distinct at base, but rapidly
decreasing in depth, and terminated before middle; shoulders
unarmed. Metasternmn strongly impressed along middle. 7Vo-
chanters unarmed. Length 14^ mm.

Hab.—N. S. Wales : National Park(H. J. Carter).

In general appearance very close to the pi-eceding species, but
prothorax with different impressions and when seen directly from

714 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHIDiE,

in front with twomedio-apical tubercles instead of evenly rounded;
seen from the side, there appears an obtuse tooth overhanging
the frontal impression, the lateral impression seems to have an
isolated granule, and at the base itself there is a small closed
fovea.

Batrisodes gibbicollis, n.sp. (Pl.xxi., tig."2.)

(J. Bright reddish-castaneous, appendages very little paler.
With rather long pale pubescence; with sparse and paler long
hairs scattered about.

Head with antennary tubercles somewhat rounded and pro-
minent, a narrow impression between them; forehead with a
narrow longitudinal impression; with a distinct but rather small
fovea close to each eye, closed behind but narrowly open in front.
Antennae long and thin. Prothorax lightly transverse, sides
strongly dilated and with distinct punctures near apex; with a
deep, rounded fovea, close to base, and shallowly connected with
an irregular impression on each side of base, the irregular impres-
sion continued round sides to apex; disc strongly elevated, the
elevated portion gradually narrowed to apex, which is truncated or
very gently arcuate and overhangs a frontal excavation. Elytra
with dorsal strife fairly deep, but terminated before middle ;
shoulders somewhat raised but unarmed; with fine scattered
punctiiies. Metasternum rather shallowly impressed along middle,
with a granule between hind cox8e. Trochayiters unarmed.
Length 2|-2J mm.

Hab. — Victoria (National Museum, ex E. Jarvis).

Seen from the side the prothorax appears to be largely exca-
vated in front, with a tubercle overhanging the excavation; a
character which will readily distinguish the species from all
previously described ones. The antennae are much as in the
preceding species, except that the fifth and seventh joints are
slightly longer, and the ninth and tenth slightly shorter

Batkisodes apicicollis, n.sp.
f^. Colour and clothing much as in the preceding species.

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 715

Huad rather convex; aiitennary tubercles rather small, a
narrow impression between tlieui; with a rather large ovate fovea
close to each eye, closed behind but open in front; base obtusely
notched. Antennte as in B. tenuicornis. Frothorax slightly
longer than wide, widest at about apical third, thence strongly
narrowed to apex and subarcuate to base; with deep irregular
im|iressions; disc strongly raised. Elytra with dorsal strise dis-
tinct only on basal slope, but traceable to basal third; shoulders
unarmed. Metastermim strongly impressed along middle. Tro-
chanters unarmed. Length 2^ mm.

Hah. — ^. S.Wales: lUawai ra(H. J. Carter).

The prothorax is very irregularly sculptured; near the base
there is a deep fovea, from some directions appearing almost
round, from others somewhat V-shaped and shallowly and irregu-
larly connected with the sides. On each side of the base there
is a small isolated fovea, and two suboblique impressions close
together and connected at their apices. The dilated sides about
the apex have distinct punctures, and are separated from the
disc by deep lines. The disc is strongly raised and is triangularly
pointed in front (a character which will readily distinguish it
from the preceding species), the point being level with the middle
of tlie dilated lateral parts; the whole of the space in front, and
at the sides of it, is largely and irregularly impressed, but the
impressions are somewhat obscured by the clothing.

Batrisodes punctipkons, n..sp.

^. Colour and clothing much as in A', yibbicollis.

Head moderately convex; antennary tubercles rather small, a
shallow impression between them ; forehead with a distinct
median line; with a small round fovea close to each eye, closed
behind, but narrowly open in front. Antenuje as in B. gibbicoUis_
Prothorax about as wide as long, widest at about one-thiid from
apex, thence strongly rounded to ypex and more gradually nar-
rowed to base; with a fairly deep fovea close to base, and irregu-
larly and shallowly connected with sides, which are also iiregu-
larly foveate; a shallow impression on each .side marking off the

716 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAX PSELAPHIDiE,

dilated parts (which are densely punctured in front) from the
disc; disc convex, with the convex part gradually narrowed in
front, and at apex truncated. Elytra with dorsal stride fairly
deep about base, and traceable almost to middle; shoulders un-
armed and somewhat narrower than usual. Metasternum sliallowly
impressed along middle; with a small granule between hind coxae.
'trochanters unarmed. Length 2i mm.

ffab.—'^. S. Wales : lllawarra(H. J. Carter).

The prothorax is somewhat as in B. gibbicollis, but the apex as
seen from the sides is much less excavated, with the disc less
.strongly raised and its apex not overhanging; the lines marking
oflF the dilated sides are also much shallower, with the dilated
parts themselves punctured only in front. It is also a somewhat
narrower species.

Batrisodes kershawi, n.sp.

^. Reddish-castaneous, elytra and appendages slightl}' paler.
Clothed with rather long pale pubescence.

Head rather more convex and with smaller eyes than usual;
antennary tubercles rather large and obtuse, the space between
them depressed but without a sutuial line; forehead with a
narrow median carina; a rather short curved impression on each
side, ending in a slight foveate expansion close to the eye.
Antennae long and rather thin, third joint slightly longer than
second, fifth and sixth each slightly longer than seventh, eighth
shortest of all, ninth the length of sixth, tenth slightly shorter,
eleventh somewhat shorter than ninth and tenth combined.
Prothorax less convex than usual, slightly longer than wide, sides
strongly rounded and strongly lessened to apex, and less strongly
to base; near base with a fovea irregularly connected with latero-
basal impressions; each side with a deep impression appearing to
terminate suddenly about the middle, but really very feebly con-
nected with the apex. Elytra rather wider and less convex than
usual ; dorsal stria? traceable only on basal slope ; shoulders
unarmed. Metasternum widely impressed along middle, the
impression rather shallow at base, but becoming deeper in middle
posteriorly. Hind trochanters strongly dentate. Length 2^ mm.

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 717

Hab. — Victoria : Emerald, in damp places (National Museum
ex E. Jarvis).

In general appearance rather close to B. tibialis, but larger
and stouter, head not quite the same, dorsal striae much shorter,
tibife simple, etc. The head is somewhat as in B. bimucronatiis ,
but the prothorax is without the conspicuous median channel of
that species.

The pubescence is rather long, but on the two specimens before
me there are no long hairs scattered about. The medio-basal
impression on the prothorax from some directions a|ipears in the
form of a narrow deep isolated line, from others it appears fairl}'
large and rounded, with a feeble subtubercular elevation on each
side of it, the tubercles being quite distinct from the sides; the
lateral impressions from some directions appear rather deep, but
from others each appears as an almost rounded and isolated fovea.

E u P I N K s .

The males of this genus usually have very distinctive features
in the metasternum and abdomen, and often in the legs and
antennae, but the females seldom jiossess such. I think that no
species of the genus should be described from the female only,
although this has been done in many instances, with the proba-
bility of causing confusion.

It is not always easy to mount single and small (such as all
species of this genus are) specimens, so that both the under and
upper surfaces can be examined, but it is absolutely necessary to
do this in Eu2nnes, as many species strikingly alike on the upper
surface, even in such an abnormal feature as a strongly inflated
fifth antennal joint, are quite readily distinguished by the meta-
sternum and abdomen. The front trochanters of the males are
also frequently armed, but the armature is not always easy to
see, even on specimens mounted on their backs. The second
abdominal segment appears to be the first, the true first nearly
always being almost or quite concealed.

Of some of the species of which only the male is here described,
I probably have the female, but not being certain that they are
correctly mated, I refrain from describing the latter sex

718 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHIDiE,

EUPINES QUINTANA, 11. sp.

^. Piceous-brown, elytra bright reddish-castaneous, legs and
antennae somewhat paler, but club slightly darker. With rather
long, pale, straggling, sparse hairs.

Head with a minute puncture close to each eye, and a very
shallow depression behind base of each antenna. Antennae wi(h
fifth joint inflated, and angularly produced at its inner apex, ninth
slightly transverse and feebly produced inwardly, tenth more
transverse and also feebly produced inwardly, eleventh rather
large and ovate. Prothorax widest at about one-third from apex.
Elytra with a faint impression on each side of base, representing
the dorsal striae. Metasternum rather narrowly and deeply
grooved. Second segment of abr/onieii with a small flattened
suboblong median node, rather nearer its base than its apex,
apical segment flattened in middle. Front trochanters finely and
acutely dentate. Length 1 mm.

9. Differs in having the fifth joint of antennae scarcely stouter
(although slightly longer) than fourth or sixth, the club smaller,
metasternum faintly impressed and only at apex and abdomen,
and trochanters simple.

Hab. — Tasmania : Jordan River, Launceston, Stonor, Swan.sea,
Hobart(A. M. Lea).

Differs from E. glohulifera in having the antennae of both sexe.'-
longer, metasternum of male apparently strongly carinate* on
each side of sulcus and not tnberculate posteriorly. E. nigriceps
is smaller and differently coloured, with tenth joint of antennae,
and metasternum different. E. tdgricollis is larger, with two
distinct punctures or small foveae between eyes. E. hiclavata is
very differently coloured, with abdomen of male different. E.
sobrina (from Tasmania) is described as castaneous, with the
elytral disc paler. E. vitrea (also from Tasmania) is described
as differently coloured, and the sutural stria scarcely impressed.

Most of the specimens before me have the prothorax as dark
as the head, but on some it is not so dark, although never so pale

* This appearance is due to the rather precipitate sides of the sulcus, and
not to any elevation of the surface itself.

s

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 719

as the elytra; the latter occasionally have the suture feebly
infuscatecl. The ninth and tenth joints are slightly darker than
the eleventh. The clothing on some specimens is very distinct
but appears to \>e easily abraded.

Two specimens before me (sexes) are entirely pale, but this is
probably from immaturity. In appearance they are remarkably
close to K sulcata, but the second ventral segment has a much
shorter tubercle.

EUPINES DISTORTICORNIS, n.sp.

(J. Dull reddish-castaneous, legs somewhat paler, club slightly
darker.

Head rather more transverse than usual, with a shallow impres-
sion close to each eye, and a somewhat larger but shallower
impression behind each antenna. Antennse with fifth joint
inflated and angularly produced at inner apex, ninth moderately
transverse and somewhat produced on one side, tenth larger
than ninth, one side of apex somewhat produced, the other
excavated, eleventh fairly laige, with the inner base strongly
produced backwards. Prothorax widest at about one-third from
apex. Elytra rather more strongly dilated posteriorly than
usual, dorsal strife traceable at extreme base only. Metasternuvi
widely and shallowly impressed along middle. Abdomen with
second segment impressed along middle. Length 1 mm.

5. Differs in having fifth joint of antennae simple, metasternunj
not impressed along middle, and abdomen simple.

Hub. — W. Australia : Vasse, Boyanup(A. M. Lea).

In many respects close to Raffray's description of E. diversicolor,
but the antennae differ from Raffray's figure in the ninth joint
being much less produced, and the eleventh strongly produced
obliquely backwards on one side; the fifth is produced on one
side also. From the original description it differs in several
respects in colour. The shapes of the joints of the club readily
distinguish it from all other species having the fifth joint inflated.

The upper surface at first appears to be quite glabrous, but on
careful examination a few pale hairs are to be seen. The

720 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAX PSEf.APH I D/E,

abdominal impression from some directions appears to We supplied
with a minute tubercle on each side of its apex. The legs of the
male appear to have no distinctive features, but I cannot examine
the trochanters of the type.

EUPINES TUBERCULIFERA, n.Sp.

(J. Bright reddish-castaneous, legs and tip of abdomen paler,
head much darker, fifth and ninth and tenth joints of antennse
lightly infuscated. Upper surface with distinct and rather long
pale hairs.

Head with a shallow impression close to each eye, and a still
more shallow one on each side in front. Antennae with fifth
joint moderately inflated, ninth and tenth somewhat produced on
one side, eleventh ovate. Prothorax widest at about one-third
from apex. Elytra with sides rounded, but apex very little wider
tlian base, dorsal strise traceable only on basal slope. Metnsternum
distinctly impressed posteriorly. Abdomen with a conspicuous,
subconical, medio-apical tubercle on second segment. Front
trochanters each with a long acute spine. Length 1 mm.

Hab. — New South Wales : Sydney(H, J. Carter).

In other species the interocular impressions, when present, are
round and perfect, although often shallow; in the present species,
however, they open out towards the sides, so that from some
directions they appear to be semicircular, with the inner side of
each convex. The fifth joint of the antennae, altliough distinctly
inflated, is rather smaller than in other species having it large.

Agrees fairly well with the original description of E. pnmiliOy
Imt Raffray notes that species as having the second ventral
segment with a fine longitudinal carinule extending beyond the
middle, and the forehead with transverse impressions. There ai'e
several of Schaufuss's species with the fifth joint inflated, about
which information as to the ventral characters is still required,
but Raffray has fortunately described such for most of the
former's species.

EUPINES OBLONGIFERA, n.Sp.

(J. Colours as in the preceding species. Upper surface with
sparse, straggling, pale hairs, becoming rather conspicuous on
abdomen.

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 721

Head with four shallow impressions. Antennae with fifth joint
inflated and produced on one side of apex, ninth about as long as
wide, tenth rather strongly transverse, eleventh ovate. Prothorax.
widest at about apical third, and rather more strongly narrowed
to base than usual. Elytra comparatively large, apex distinctly
wider than base; dorsal stride traceable at extreme base only.
Metasternum rather strongly impi-essed along middle. Abdomen
with an oblong tubercle on second segment, the tubercle sur-
rounded by a narrow impression. Front trochanters feebly and
obtusely dentate. Length limm.

Hab. — New South Wales : Sydney(H. J. Carter).

In general appearance close to E. quintana, but abdominal
tubercle completely isolated by a narrow impression (somewhat
us on the prothorax of Bothrideres Mastersi), although from some
flirections it is not very distinct. The front trochanters are also
not acutely dentate, the fiifth joint is smaller, and the metasternal
impression is shallower and more dilated posteriorly. Tlie only
male before me was sent mounted on the same card with two-
males of the preceding species, and in fact it bears a quite extra-
ordinary resemblance to it, but the very different second segment
of abdomen, and front trochanters, readily distinguish the two
species. A female n)ounted and sent on the same card may
belong to either species; its abdomen and trochanters are simple^
and the fifth joint of antennae is not inflated.

EupiNES MIRA, n.sp.

(J. Bright reddish-castaneous, legs and eleventh joint of antennae-
paler, rest of antennae, except basal joints, darker. Upper surface
with very sparse, and rather short, pale hairs.

Head scarcely visibly impressed close to each eye, and impres-
sions behind antennae very faint. Antennae rather long, first to
seventh joints each longer than wide, eighth small, about as long
as wide, ninth moderately, tenth strongly transverse, eleventh
briefly ovate. Prothorax comparatively short, widest at about
two-fifths from apex. Elytra moderately dilated posteriorly,
dorsal striae traceable only at and about base. Metasternum.
56

722 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHID.E,

largely excavated along middle, each side of the excavation near
the apex with a small acutely conical tubercle. Ahdoinen widely
flattened along middle, apical segment shallowly depressed. Front
trochanters acutely dentate; front tibiae gradually dilated from
base to beyond the middle, and then suddenly narrowed to apex;
hind tibiae strongly and acutely dentate near apex, with the
apical half somewhat inflated. Length 1 mm.

9 Differs in having legs and abdomen simple, and metasternum
unarmed and more shallowly impressed along middle.

Hab. — W. Australia : Swan River, at lights; Vasse River, in
flood-debris(A M. Lea).

The combination of conspicuously pale terminal joint of
antennae, curious front and hind tibiae, with the armed meta-
sternum of the male, readily distinguish it from all previously
described specie.s.

The interocular impressions are so faint and minute that it is
only with great difficulty that they can be seen at all. The
metasternal tubercles are very distinct from the sides, and are
placed immediately behind the hind coxae. There are 29 females
before me, but only six males.

EUPINBS LITORALIS, n.sp.

(J. Rather pale castaneous. Clothed with very short, depressed
pubescence.

Head rather more transverse, and with rather larger eyes than
usual, interocular impressions very small and faint, frontal ones
almost or quite absent. Antennae short, first and second joints
moderately large, third to ninth very small, tenth large and
moderately transverse, eleventh briefly ovate. Prothorax shorter
than usual, widest almost at extreme apex. Elytra conjointly
gently arcuate at base, sides moderately dilated posteriorly;
dorsal striae entirely absent. Metasternicm very widely and
shallowly impressed along middle. Second segment of abdomen
with a minute median tubercle. Trochanters unarmed. Length
1 mm.(vix).

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 723

9. Diflfers in having tenth joint of antennae much, and the
eleventh slightly smaller; metasternum shallowly impressed and
only between hind coxte, and abdomen non-tuberculate.

Hab.—'i^ew South Wales: Clifton(A. M. Lea).

In general appearance close to U. exigua, but elytra very finely
pubescent, and at base with an even curvature not at all inter-
rupted by remnants of dorsal striae; and the metastei'num and
abdomen different. E. capitata, which it much resemble.s, has
distinct cephalic impressions, and elytra with remnants of dorsal
striae. E. Icevifrons is shining, and also with I'emnants of dorsal
striae. E. concolor is described as having a large fovea on the
apical segment.

The front and middle tibiae of the male are slightly dilated at
apex, but the inflation is not conspicuous; occasionally, however,
owing to the clogging of some hairs near the apex of the middle
pair, these appear to be rather strongly inflated. The club is
conspicuously two-jointed. The fine pubescence causes the derm
to appear subopaque. Numerous specimens were taken on a
beach, under stones, just above high-water mark.

EuPiNES Carteri, n.sp.

^. Pale castaneous, appendages somewhat paler, except club,
which is slightly darker. Clothed with very fine, depressed
pubescence.

Head with interocular impressions small but fairly distinct,
and frontal ones very shallow. Antennae short. Prothorax rather
shorter than usual. Elytra with a vague impression close to each
shoulder, representing the dorsal striae. Metasternutn widely and
shallowly impressed along middle. Abdomen with a small but
distinct tubercle in middle of second segment. Trochanters un-
armed. Length ^ mm.

Hah. — New South Wales: Gosford, in moss(H. J. Carter).

In general appearance very close to E. capitata, but male with
eleventh joint of antennae larger and tenth smaller, tubercle of
abdomen without a depression behind it when viewed from any
direction, and metasternum more excavated along middle. Also

724 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPIIIO/E,

close in appearance to E. exigua (tlie club of which is as in the-
male of E. cajntata), but elytral pubescence denser and finer, and
prothorax rather wider at base. Also very close to the preceding,
and with pubescence almost the same, although not quite so short,
but the metasternal excavation is rather shallower, prothorax
wider at base and a trifle shorter, and elytra with vague remnants
of dorsal striae. The antennae at first appear much the same, but
the tenth joint is shorter and so more transverse, and the eleventh
is even moie briefly ovate; the ninth joint is somewhat larger, so
that the club should perhaps be regarded as three-jointed instead
of two-jointed.

EUPINES BITUBEKCULATA, n.sp.

1^. Bright reddish-castaneous, appendages somewhat paler, head
generally much darker, suture lightly infuscated. Upper surface
glabrous.

Head without interocular impressions, and the frontal ones
very shallow and indistinct. Antennae rather long, ninth joint
feebly transverse, tenth fairly large but very feebly transverse,
eleventh ovate. Prothorax fairly long and strongly convex,
widest at about apical fourth. Elytra rather large and dilated
posteriorly although not to apex; subsutural striae comparatively-
feeble, the dorsal ones entirely absent. Metasternum rather
widely and shallowly impressed. Abdomen \iit\\ two conspicuous
tubercles close together at apex of second segment, and slightly
overhanging the third. Trochanters apparentl}'^ unarmed; front
tibiae moderately dilated at apical third, and then narrowed to
apex. Length 1-limm.

5. Differs in having the metasternum much more shallowly
impressed, the abdominal tubercles absent, and front tibiae
simple.

Hab. — New South Wales : Sydney, seven specimens in grass
tussocks(A. M. Lea).

The sexual characters are much as described by Raffray for E.
vielanocpphald, but the types are from Sydney, and the abdomen
in all of them is no darker than the elytra; Schaufuss described

BY AHTHUK M. LEA. 725

the head and abdomen as piceous-black, and the type as from
Tasmania.

Some of the specimens have the head no darker than the pro-
thorax, but on others it is almost black. The dilatation of the
front tibife, although distinct, is much less so than in several
other species, and has hardly a trace of a dentate a^ipearance.

EUPINES HELENiE, n.sp.

$. Dark piceous-brown, legs and palpi of a rather dingy casta-
aieous. Upper surface (except of abdomen, which is very finely
.pubescent) glabrous.

Head with a small but rather deep puncture close to each eye;
•frontal impressions absent. Antennae rather short, second joint
slightly longer than wide, third to ninth short, tenth large, feebly
transverse, eleventh ovate, slightly smaller than tenth. Prothorax
rather short, widest quite close to apex. Elytra about as long
as wide, apex very little wider than base; without traces of dorsal
strife. Metastermim rather vaguely impressed along middle.
Abdomen with a fairly di.stinct impression along middle of second
segment. Front Irochanters somewhat obtusely dentate. Length
I mm.

Hah. — Tasmania: Huon River, in tussocks; Hobart, in moss(A.
M. Lea).

More elongate than E. nigra, and tenth joint of antennae con-
siderably larger, with metasternum much less impressed along
^middle.

One of the specimens before me is almost black, another is of
a ratlier dark reddish-brown. The tenth joint is slightly shorter
than the eleventh, but its bulk is slightly more. I have named
this species after my eldest daughter, whose quick eyes have
frequently been of assistance to me, when examining sievings
from mosses and tussocks for insects.

EUPINES NIGRICLAVA, n.sp.

^. Blackish-brown, elytra dark reddish-brown, legs somewhat
•paler; antennae slightly darker than legs, but club distinctly
darker. Clothing as in the preceding species.

726 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHID^,

Head with interocular impressions very minute and frontal
ones very faint. Antennae with second joint fairly large, tenth
transverse, and not lialf the length of eleventh, which is ovate.
Prothorax and elytra much as in the preceding species, except
that the latter are rather more dilated posteriorly. Metasternum
widely and rather shallowly impressed. Abdomen \v\i\\ two small
tubercles close together near apex of second segment; apical seg-
ment with a round, shallow fovea. Front tihice rather strongly
inflated to beyond the middle, the inflation ending in a strong
subtriangular tooth, thence emarginate to apex. Length 1 mm.
(vix).

9. Differs in having the club slightly smaller, metasternum
convex, abdomen without tubercles or fovess, and front tibiae
simple.

Hab. — Tasmania : Frankford(A. M. Lea).

In general appearance very close to the preceding species, but
the tenth joint of male very ranch smaller than eleventh; and the
front tibiae armed; the latter character will also distinguish it
from E. nigra. I have not been able to see clearly the front
trochanters of the only male before me.

EUPINES MODICA, n.sp.

(J. Dark reddish-brown, or piceous-brown, elytra not much
paler, legs and eleventh joint of antennae still paler, but not very
pale. Elytra scarcely visibly pubescent, the abdomen with very
minute, but rather more noticeable clothing.

Head with interocular and frontal impressions absent or ex-
tremely faint. Antennae with second joint scarcely longer than,
wide, third to ninth short, tenth rather strongly transverse,
eleventh briefly ovate. Prothorax and elytra as in the preceding
species. Metasternum semicircularly impressed beyond the middle.
Abdomen with two very minute granules or fascicles near apex of
second segment, between which a very faint impression can be-
seen from some directions. Trochanters apparently unarmed..
Length 1-1 J; mm.

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 727

^. Differs in having antennae somewhat shorter, with the chib
smaller, metasternum impressed only between hind coxae, and
abdomen without granules or longitudinal impression.

Hah. — New South Wales : Ourimbah, in moss; Forest Reefs —
Tasmania : Huon River(A. M. Lea).

From E. nigra distinguished by the very feeble impression on
metasternum and much smaller abdominal granules; from E.
HelencB by the different tenth joint of antennae; from E. nigriclava
by the unarmed tibiae; and from E. hicolor by the shorter antennae
and very different abdomen.

EUPINES INDISTINCTA, n.Sp,

^. Dark piceous-brown, elytra somewhat paler, appendages still
paler, but not very pale. Upper surface glabrous, except of
abdomen, which is very finely pubescent.

Head with interocular impressions absent, and frontal ones
extremely faint. Antennae with second joint subglobular, third
to ninth short, tenth fairly large and transverse, eleventh briefly
ovate. Prothorax and elytra as in the two preceding species.
Metasternum rather widely and shallowly impressed. Abdomen
with a feeble impression on second segment. Front trochanters
very obtusely dentate. Length 1 mm.

Hab. — Tasmania: Launceston, in tussocks; Huon River, Hobart
(A. M. Lea).

Distinguished from the three preceding species, and from E.
bicolor, by the basal segment of the abdomen, which has a minute
median impression marking the apex of a feeble triangular depres-
sion, the base of which is at the apex of the segment. Both
impression and depression are extremely feeble, however, and
both can usually not be seen at the same time. From some
directions the median depression appears as a minute tubercle.
The tenth joint of antennae is distinctly larger than in either of
the two preceding species, but is smaller than in E. Helence.

Some specimens, which are probably females of the species,
differ from the males in being slightly smaller, antennae shorter
with tenth joint much smaller, metasternum impressed only

728 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHIDiE,

between the liind coxte, abdomen witliout impression and tro-
chanters edentate.

EUPINES TIBIALIS, n.Sp.

(J. Colours and clothing as in the preceding species, except that
the club is darker.

Head without visible interocular or frontal impressions. An-
tennae with second joint fairly large, tenth moderately large and
transverse, eleventh ovate. I'rotltorax and elytra as in the three
preceding species, except that the latter are rather more dilated
posteriorly. Metastermim largely impressed along middle, and
with an obtuse tubercle behind each hind coxa. Abdomen witli
a fairly large impression on second segment, the impression
dilated posteriorly, and at each side of its apex with an obtuse
tubercle; apical segment with a distinct but rather shallow
impression. Front trochanters obtusely dentate; front tibiae
somewhat inflated near apex, and thence suddenly lessened to
apex itself. Length IJinm.

Hab. — New South Wales: WollongongfA. M. Lea).

In general appearance very close to E. nigriclava, but antennas
with tenth joint larger; front tibise thickened near apex but not
obtusely dentate; and abdomen and metasternum somewhat
different. The tenth joint is almost as large as in the preceding
species. It is also very close to E. nigra, but front tibiae con-
siderably stouter, excavation of basal segment more pronounced,
with its marginal tubercles more conspicuous. In E. Melence the
sides of the elytra are somewhat rounded, but lines drawn from
the shoulders to the a[)ices would be parallel to each other; in
the three preceding species such lines would be somewhat diver-
gent, and in the present species still more noticeably so.

EUPINES INKRMIS, n.sp.

<J. Of a rather dark reddish-brown, upper surface of head and
of abdomen somewhat darker, legs and two apical joints of
antennae rather pale castaneous. Upper surface with very sparse,
straggling hairs.

BY AKTHUR M. LEA. 729

Head witliout iiiterocular impressions, the frontal ones feeble
-but fairly distinct. Aiitenuge comparatively long, second Joint
fairly large, third to eighth each slightly longer than wide, ninth
subglobular, tenth modertitely transverse and rather small,

'eleventh ovate. Prothorax moderately long, widest at about
■apical third. Elytra slightly longer than wide, shoulders strongly
rounded, a vague depression within each shoulder representing
remnants of dorsal strife. Metasternum rather strongly impressed,
the impression dilated posteriorly. Abdonteii with a feeble longi-
tudinal impression extending, with interruptions, to apex. Legs

• unarmed. Length 1 mm.

Hab. — New South Wales : Sydney (A. M. Lea).
In general appearance close to E. jmllipes, but witliout a con-
spicuous puncture near each eye, antenna; differently coloured,
and apex of abdomen not paler than the base. E. mira, which

..has the terminal joint of antenna? pale, is otherwise coloured, and
has four of the tibiae armed in the male.

EOPINKS RECURVA, n.sp.

(J. Of a rather bright pale castaneous; appendages somewhat
■paler. Upper surface glabrous, except of abdomen, which is
^finely pubescent

Head without interocular impressions, and frontal ones rather
"faint. Antennae with second joint rather large, tenth rather
small and feebly transverse, eleventh ovate. Prothorax leather
-short, widest quite close to apex. Elytra rather strongly dilated
posteriorly and much wider at apex than at base; dorsal striae
very faintly traceable, and only at extreme base. Metasternuin
shallowly impressed. Abdomen with a slightly raised and curved
carina at apex of second segment, the convex side of the carina
directed towards base, apical segment with a lai-ge curved impres-
sion. Front and hind trochanters obtusely dentate; front tibise
dilated to beyond the middle, and thence emarginate to apex.
Length 1 mm.

Hab. — New South Wales : Nepean River(A. J. Coates).

In some respects close to E. tuberosa, but head and club not
dnfuscated, and carina or tubercle of abdomen at axtreme apex

730 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHID^,

of its segment, instead of close thereto. Also close in appear-
ance to E. aurora, but smaller, second segment of abdomen not
subopaque, its tubercle of different shape, and apical one without
two setse directed forwards. From some directions the front
tibiae appear conspicuously dentate.

EUPINES TARSALIS, n.Sp.

(J. Reddish-castaneous, elytra and appendages somewhat paler.
With comparatively dense and somewhat golden pubescence,
rather sparser on prothorax than elsewhere.

Head with two small but fairly deep and conspicuous inter-
ocular fovese ; frontal impressions small but fairly distinct.
Antennee fairly stout, second joint very little longer than third,
second to fourth subglobular, fifth somewhat longer and more
cylindrical, sixth and seventh moderately, the eighth more
strongly transverse, ninth fairly large, acutely produced at outer
apex, tenth larger and of .somewhat irregular shape, eleventh
slightly larger than tenth and briefly ovate. Prothorax rather
short, widest at about apical third, with minute but traceable
punctures. Elytra slightly longer than wide, dorsal strise deep
at base and distinct to middle of disc; with fairly dense and quite
distinct punctures. Metasternum rather widely and deeply
impressed along middle. Abdomen with a small but conspicuous
medio-apical fascicle on second segment, apical segment very
shallowly impressed. Trochanters aparently edentate; femora
and front tibite rather stout; hind tarsi with basal joint minute,
second large, about one-third the length of tibia and inflated to
one side of apex, apical joint fairly large but partially concealed by
second; middle tarsi with first joint small but larger than on the
hind pair, second large, but not much larger than third, and much
smaller than the second of the hind tarsi; front tarsi with first
joint small and the second larger but not longer than third; each
terminated by a single claw. Length l|mm.

<^. Difi"ers in having the club with smaller and simple joints,,
metasternum convex along middle, abdomen non-fasciculate, and
hind tarsi with second joint shorter and not produced at one sidfr
of apex.

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. • 7311

Hah. — Tasmania: Mount Wellington, Waratah, in moss (A.
M. Lea).

The hind tarsi are very peculiar, and had the species been
before M. Raflfray it is possible that he would have referred it to
a new genus. It is unusually large for Efipines, and with the
dorsal striae and elytral punctures quite distinct. The under
surface of the tenth joint appears to have a feeble fascicle at its
apex, and from certain directions this causes it to appear feebly
tuberculate.

EUPINES CAPITATA King.
A male of this species from the late Rev. R. L, King's Collection
is before me. Its metasternum is widely and rather shallowly
sulcate. Basal segment of abdomen with a feeble median nodie
(from some directions this appears to be semidouble and marking,
the apex of a very short and feeble longitudinal impression)
immediately behind which is a feeble transverse impression at
the apex, but invisible from certain directions. The apical seg-
ment is widely and rather feebly impressed. In addition to the
transverse impression on the head, mentioned by King, there is
a very feeble rounded impression towards each side. The upper
surface is clothed with very fine pubescence.

EUPINES BICLAVATA Raffr.

A specimen of this species, from the Victorian Alps, is in the
National Museum, Melbourne.

EuPiNES SULCATA Sharp.

The male of this species is readily known by the inflated fiftb
joint of antennae, which is obtusely produced to one side, and by the
conspicuous median carina on the under surface of the abdomen.

Hah. — W.A.: Swan River, Beverley — Queensland: Dalby —
New South Wales : Sydney.

EuPiNES LATiCLAVA Schauf.(^r?/«xis).
A specimen* before me, from the Clarence River, in New South
Wales (the type was described as from Tasmania) probably

* It was sent to M. Eaffray some years back, but returned without
comment, although his attention was specially drawn to it.

732 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHID^.

belongs to this species. Schaufuss described the antennae as
" 10-articulatis, articulis 8-10 valde clavatis, uono latiore." The
Clarence River specimen, from above, certainly appears to have
but 10 joints, with the ninth widest; but from below the supposed
ninth joint is seen to be really the tenth, the true ninth being
small, and projecting to one side, but not sutRciently so to be
seen from above; the eighth is large and strongly transverse,
tenth largest and widest of all, sides rounded, one side of base
emarginate and produced, the other feebly emarginate and not
produced, eleventh briefly obpyriform.

From above, the eighth appears larger than from below, the
true tenth appears lai-ger at one end than the other, but scarcely
emarginate; the others appear as from below.

The specimen is a male, with the metasternum gently concave
and with a minute tubercle on each side of middle of apex; and
second segment of abdomen, on its under surface, with a flat
feeble medio-basal elevation, apj^earing semidouble from some
directions.

Rybaxis parvidens, n.sp.

J". Dark reddish-castaneous; legs slightly paler, elytra bright
castaneous, but suture darker, tenth joint of antennas piceous, the
eleventh palest of all. With short pale pubescence, more notice-
able on abdomen than elsewhere.

Head with two lai'ge, closed, interocular fovete, and a fairly
large interautennal impression. Antennae with first joint fairly
large and subcylindrical, second subglobular, fifth distinctly longer
than fourth or sixth, seventh and eighth short and subtriangularly
produced on one side, ninth larger and very obtusely produced
on one side, tenth rather large and subtrapeziform, eleventh ovate,
not as long as the two preceding combined. Frothorax widest at
about apical third, sides strongly rounded, with a large fovea on
each side near base, with a deep curved impression connecting
them, the impression but slightly expanded in middle. Elytra
rather large; dorsal strise distinct, somewhat curved and vanishing

BY ARTHUK M. LEA. 733

close to Hpex, with irregularly distributed punctures; epipleural
furrow deep, lightly curved and terminated at about one-fifth
from base and apex. Upper surface of abdomen with a small
medio-basal node, on each side of wliich is an extremely short
stria; lov/er surface soniewjjat flattened in middle. Metastemum
widely flattened or very gently concave in middle; on each side,
just behind liind coxae, with a fairly large subconical tubercle.
Front tibice lightly curved; very feebly dentate slightly nearer
base than apex. Length 14-2|^mm.

9. Differs in having thinner antennte, with none of the joints
produced inwards, and the eleventh as long as the ninth and
tenth combined; the abdomen is convex on its under surface, and
the metasternum and legs are unarmed.

ffab. — Tasmania : Hobart, Mount Wellington, Long Bay; in
nioss(A. M. Lea).

In many respects close to E. quadriceps, but smaller, darker,
and front tibise more curved and almost simple, instead of with
a conspicuous median tooth or emargination, and with the ninth
joint as well as the seventh and eighth produced to one side.
From E. adumbraia it diff"ers in the front tibiae with the tooth
nearer the base, body more robust, and metasternum with a
conspicuous subapical tubercle on each side.

Some specimens have the abdomen almost piceous. The ninth
joint of antennae is sometimes almost as dark as the tenth. From
some directions the seventh and eighth joints of the male appear
to be quite acutely produced inwards, and the latter to be very
small; the sixth also from some directions appears to be obtusely
produced inwards; the tenth on some appears to have a small
subbasal inner spine, but this is simply dUe to pubescence. The
dentition of the front tibiae is feeble, and from most directions
invisible, although fairly distinct from others.

In this, as in many other species of the genus, the seventh,
eighth and ninth joints appear of different shapes according to
the point they are viewed from. The sixtli and tenth, and even
the eleventh, are also occasionally subject to such variation.

'734 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHID.E,

RyBAXIS QUADRITUBERCULATA, II. sp.

^. Colour and clothing much as in the preceding species.

Head with rather wider impressions than in the preceding
species. Length 1^-2 mm.

Hab. — Tasmania : Huon River, in tussocks; Hobart, Burnie,
Marrawah, Waratah(A. M. Lea).

The colour is much as in the preceding species, except that the
■ darker parts are rather less dark, and that the elytral suture is
scarcely deepened in colour. The tenth joint of antennae also
although always decidedly darker than tlie eleventh, is occasion-
ally no darker than the preceding ones. The antennae at first
appear to be alike in structure, but the fifth joint, although longer
than the sixth, is scarcely perceptibly longer than the fourth, the
sixth and seventh appear to be produced for a siiort distance
inwards for their entire length (instead of subtriangularly,
although from some directions the seventh appears subtriangularly
produced), the eighth is much as in that species, whilst the tenth
is rather smaller. The prothorax, elytra and abdomen are the
same, but the metasternum has two small tubercles (each much
smaller than the single one of the preceding species) behind each
of the hind coxae; the front trochanters are finely but acutely
dentate, and the front tibite are rather strongly dentate at about
one-third from the apex, with the space between the tooth and
the apex itself emarginate; in the former species the tooth, which
is very feeble, is distinctly nearer the base tlian the apex, and,
• except at the tooth itself, the curvature of the tibiae is not inter-
fered with. The females of tlie two species are practically
indistinguishable.

In many respects close to E. quadricejjs, but smaller, and fifth
to eight joints not quite the same; the emargination of the front
tibiae is also distinctly nearer the apex. The two small tubercles
on each side of the metasternum distinguish it from E, adumbrdta.
In some respects close to the description of E. grandis (9 only
known to Raffray) but smaller, and head not darker than pro-
thorax, &c.

BV ARTHUK M. LKA. 735

Rybaxis crassipks, n.sp.

(J. Of a rather bright reddish-castaneous, elytra and legs some-
what paler, tenth joint of antennae somewhat infuscated and
•conspicuously darker than eleventh. With short, pale pubescence.

HpMd with two round, closed, interocular fovese of moderate
size; with a rather large interantenual impression. Antennae with
first joint fairly stout and widest near apex, fifth distinctly longer
than fourth or sixth; sixth, seventh and eighth produced on one
side, ninth and tenth trapeziform, tenth distinctly larger than
ninth, eleventh truncate-ovate, very little longer than tenth.
Frothorax about as long as wide, sides strongly rounded and
widest at about one-third from apex; each side near base with a
large fovea, the two connected by a deep impression across
•middle. Elytra comparatively narrow at base; each somewhat
membranous and obtusely produced at middle of apex; dorsal
striae deep at base and distinct to near apex, with small but
numerous punctures; epipleural furrow deep, almost straight and
extending to one-fifth from base and apex. Upper surface of
abdomen with a transverse medio-basal node, and without striae
or carinae at sides of same; lower surface flattened in middle.
Metasternujn with a small tubercle close behind each of the hind
coxae. Middle trochanters strongly but obtusely dentate, front
still more obtusely dentate; four front femora very stout; front
tibiae rather strongly curved, very feebly dentate at about basal
third; middle tibiae rather stout and obtusely produced at apex.
Length 2^ mm.

Hab. — Tasmania: Zeehan(K. Findlay).

The four front femora are unusually stout, and in many respects
it agrees with Rafifray's description of E.Jlavipes (from New South
Wales), but ninth joint of antennae not three times as long as
•eighth, the apical joint pale, and abdomen without carinae. In
Raflfray's description he says: "Carinulis abdomiiialibus brevibus,
divergentibus, et parum distantibus," but Schaufuss says : " Ab-
dominis . . . primo prope suturam oblique bistriolato."

From some directions the sixth, seventh and eighth joints
.appear to be produced on one side, and the produced points then

736 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAFHIDiE,

directed forwards, the three appearing identical in this respect;
but from other directions each joint appears of different shape,
witli the sixth decidedly larger than tlie eighth, and not at all
pointed. From some directions the tip of the eleventh is seen
to be slightly bent inwards. The subbasal prothoracic impression
is produced backwards at its middle, so that; the base itself
appears to be in two lobes.

Rybaxis aleatoria, n.S|».

(J. Bright castaneous, tarsi paler; club infuscated except apical
joint, which is palest of all. With very short pale pubescence.

Head rather longer than usual; with a deep, round, closed
fovea, of moderate size, close to each eye; and a smaller one
straight in front, and just behind insertion of antennfe. Antennse
with first joint fairly stout, second subglobular, fifth about twice
the length of fourth, and more than twice the lengtli of sixths
seventh slightly produced on one side, eighth smaller and more
strongly produced, ninth somewhat irregular on one side, tenth
considerably larger and trapeziform, eleventh almost as long as-
ninth and tenth combined. Prothorax about as long as wide,
.sides strongly rounded and widest at about two-fifths from apex;
with a fairly large, round fovea, on each side near base, and a
much smaller one in middle, the three without connecting impres-
sions. Elytra almost as long as wide; dorsal strito distinct to ■
near apex; punctures indistinct, witli a narrow marginal stria,
but epipleiiral furrow absent. Upper surface of abdomen with .
a small niedio-basal node; lower surface with a transverse depres-
sion at apex of second segment. Metastermmi gently concave in
middle. Legs longer than usual; front and middle trochanters
obtusely dentate; front tibiae rather suddenly curved at apex.
Length 2 mm.

Hab.— New South Wales: Sydney(A. M. Lea).

The unique male was seen by M. Raffray some years ago, but
returned without comment. The tenth joint is slightly paler
than the three preceding ones, but is conspicuously darker than ■
the eleventh. From the other species having the eleventh joint

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 737

paler than the preceding ones it is readily distinguished by the
sculpture of head, and under surface of abdomen, and by the
absence of an impression connecting the prothoracic fovese.

The fovese on the head are placed exactly as on the four of a
die; the interocular ones are smaller than in the three preceding
species. There is an obtuse tubercle on each side of the meta-
sternum, but the tubercles, instead of being erect, are pressed flat
down, so that they overhang the hind coxee; in consequence they
are not readily seen, and at first they appear to be really attached
to the coxse.

Rybaxis acutidens, n.sp.

^. Of a bright pale castaneous, legs and palpi still paler, apical
two-thirds of antenn£e infuscated. Abdomen finely pubescent,
elsewhei'e almost or quite glabrous.

Head rather large, with a fovea of moderate size close to each
eyQ, and with a rather vague interantennal impression. Antennte
with first joint subcylindrical, second subglobular, fifth slightly
longer than fourth, but scarcelj^ if at all, longer than sixth,
eighth very small, ninth larger and produced on one side, tenth
large, eleventh slightly narrower than tenth, but slightly longer
than ninth and tentii combined. ProtJiorax distinctly transverse,
sides strongly rounded and widest at about two-fifths from apex;
each side near base with a large fovea, the two connected by a
strongly impre.s.sed curved line, that is scarcely dilated at its
middle. Elytra ratlier wide; dorsal striae distinct almost to apex,
with small but fairly numerous and distinct punctures; epipleural
furroAv deep, lightly curved and extending to about one-fifth
from ba.se and apex, marginal stria rather deeper than usual.
Upper surface of abdomen with a very short oblique stria on each
side of the medio-basal node; lower surface slightly flattened in
middle. Metasternum concave along middle. Front trochanters
each with a long thin tooth; front tibise moderately curved, the
four hind ones longer and more noticeably curved, the hind pair
spinose at apex. Length 1^-1| mm.

Hah. — W. Australia : Bunbury, Vasse River(A. M. Lea).
57

738 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHID.E,

The dark club, which is rather larger than usual, with the
acute armature of the front trochanters, render this species very
distinct.

The eleventh joint is slightly paler than the tenth, but not
distinctly so, and is considerably darker than the basal joints.
From some directions the tenth joint appears feebly bidentate on
one side, but this appearance (although alike on two specimens)
may be due to the clothing. One specimen was seen by M.
Raflfray some years ago, but returned without comment.

Rybaxis atriclava, n.sp.

(J. Dark reddish-castaneous, head and abdomen black; append-
ages, club excepted, almost flavous. Upper surface with short
pale pubescence, more noticeable on abdomen than elsewhere.

Head with a round closed fovea of moderate size close to each
eye, and with a fairly deep interantennal impression. Antennae
comparatively thin, first joint cylindrical, fifth slightly longer
than fourth or sixth, sixth than seventh, and seventh than eighth,
ninth larger, tenth still larger, eleventh rather briefly subovate,
about as long as ninth and tenth combined. Prothorax not much
wider than long, widest and strongly rounded at about one-thiid
from apex; latero-basal fovese and connecting impression as in the
preceding species. Elytra moderately long, each slightly produced
in middle of apex; dorsal striae deep at base, and distinct almost
to apex; with fairly distinct but irregularly distributed punctures;
epipleural furrow fairly deep, lightly curved and rather nearer
marginal stria than usual. Upper surface of abdomen with two
small medio-basal nodes. Melasternum on each side, exactly
half-way between the middle and hind coxae, raised into a very
obtuse tubercle, the apical inner portion feebly striated. Front
tibicB very feebly dentate at the middle; hind pair spinose at
apex. Length 1| mm.

5. Differs in being thinner, antennae shortei", abdomen convex
along middle of undersurface, raetasternum unarmed and not
striated, and legs unarmed.

Hab. — Victoria : Mallee (National Museum).

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 739

The entirely dark club, curious metasteruum and front tibije,
render this species very distinct. The undersurface of the abdo-
men of the type-male appears to be concave along the middle and
obtusely tuberculate in places, but is so gummy that I may be
mistaken as to the tubercles; and, as it is rather damaged, it was
not subjected to treatment to remove the gum.

The elytra, except at base and suture, are slightly paler than
the prothorax. The three apical joints of tlie antennse are almost
black; and from no direction do any appear produced on one
side. The front tibiae from the base to the middle very feebly
increase in width, and then rather suddenly decrease and become
very feebly curved to the apex; from the middle, a seta projects.
I have regarded them as dentate, but that is perhaps hardly
correct,

Rybaxis variabilis, n.sp.

(^. Of a rather bright reddish-castaneous, appendages slightly
paler, abdomen slightly darker, head still darker, sometimes
almost black. With fairly uniform, pale, and I'ather short
pubescence.

Head with a fairly large round closed fovea close to each eye;
and with a large, shallow, interantennal depression. Antennae
rather long, first joint rather stout and subcylindrical, fifth slightly
longer than fourth and just perceptibly longer than sixth, seventh
and eighth decreasing in length, ninth slightly longer and wider
than eighth, tenth decidedly larger and trapeziform, eleventh
slightly longer than ninth and tenth combined. Prothorax
almost as long as greatest width, sides widest and strongly
rounded at about one-third from apex; each side near base with
a, large fovea, the two connected by a strong curved impression,
which is slightly drawn backwards at middle; with a narrow
impression almost at extreme base. Elytra dilated posteriorly;
dorsal strise deep at base and very distinct to near apex; with
rather distinct but irregularly distributed punctures; epipleural
furrow deep, straight, and short. Upper surface of abdomen with
& transversely oblong medio-basal node; lower surface gently
flattened in middle, the penultimate segment feebly concave in

740 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHIDiE,

middle. Metasternum gently depressed along middle. Four
fi'ont troclmnters each with a small but acute tooth; tibiaa ratlier
long. Length 2-2^ mm.

5. Differs in having shorter antennae with smaller club, epi-
pleural furrow shallower, abdomen rather strongly convex on
under surface, metasternuin gently convex and trochanters
unarmed.

Hah. — Tasmania (National Museum), Mount Wellington,
Hobart, two specimens from fungi, and others from moss (A. M.
Lea).

A moderately elongate species, much the shape of E, adumbrata,
but tenth joint not darker than eleventh, and tibiae unarmed.
In some respects close to description of E. ovensensis, but head
dark and with different sculpture, and hind tibiae not strongly
curved at apex.

The head is sometimes but little or no darker than the pro-
thorax, but is usually conspicuously darker; the abdomen is
usually just perceptibly darker than the elytra. One specimen
has the elytra (except the extreme outer and apical edges) and
abdomen (except the tips of the segments) deep black. Another
has the elytra and abdomen entirely black. Another has the
abdomen black (except the tips of the segments) and the elytra
(the discs slightly diluted) and prothorax much darker than usual.
Another has the whole body of a uniform shade of reddish-
castaneous, with the appendages slightly paler. In all, however,
the antennae are unifonn, the tenth and eleventh joints not being
at all contrasted in colour. From some directions the interocular
foveae appear to be shallowly open in front, but I think they
should be regarded as closed. The epipleural furrow commences
at the basal fourth, and terminates just beyond the middle, so
that it is shorter than usual.

Rybaxis hiksuta, n.sp.

(J. Of a rather bright reddish-castaneous, elytra (suture and
base excepted) and appendages somewhat paler. With short and

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 741

•rather sparse pale pubescence; in addition, with some longer hairs
scattered about.

Head with a deep, round, closed fovea, of moderate size, close
to each eye; and with a distinct interantennal depression.
Antennae with second joint subglobular, fifth slightly longer than
fourth or sixth, ninth slightly longer and wider than eighth,
tenth larger and trapeziform, eleventh rather briefly truncate-
ovate, about as long as ninth and tentli combined. Prothorax
distinctly transverse, widest and strongly rounded close to apex;
with a large fovea on each side near base, and a somewhat
smaller one in middle, the three connected by distinct curved
lines; extreme base with a row of rather coar.se but partially
•concealed punctures. Elytra rather wide, dilated to bej'ond the
middle; with eight small basal fovese; dorsal striae deep at base,
but less distinct elsewhere than usual; punctures sparse and
indistinct; marginal stria deeper than usual but epipleural furrow
absent. Upper surface of abdomen witli a transversely elongate
medio-basal node, from each side of which pi-oceeds a distinct
•oblique stria; lower sui-face with a feeble depression in middle of
second segment. Metasternum widely and rather strongly con-
cave. Middle trochanters acutely dentate ; four front tibise
moderately stout, tlie hind pair decidedly thinner and spinose at
Apex, Length l^-l|nim.

5. Differs in having shorter antennae, with the club somewhat
smaller, under surface of abdomen moderately convex, meta-
sternum depressed along middle only, and legs unarmed.

Hah. — Tasmania: Huon River, Mount Wellington, Stonor(A.
M. Lea).

In appearance somewhat like large specimens of R. 6-foveata
and R. electrica, but the three subbasal fovese of prothorax con-
spicuously joined together, although the connecting lines are
rather less deeply impressed than usual.

The longer hairs appear to be absent from some of the speci-
mens before me, but are really present, being pressed down
amongst the pubescence, this being due to the treatment received.
One specimen is entirely pale castaneous, j)robably from imma-

742 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSBLAPHID^,

turity. The first joint of the antennae is really distinctly longer
than the second, but as its base is more or less concealed from
certain directions, it appears to be even shorter than the second,
or at least no longer. Between the antennae, from some direc-
tions, there may be seen three impressions, the ordinary one but
of rather smaller size than usual, and a smaller foveate one quite
close to the base of each antenna, the three being obscurely con-
nected together.

A male from Mount Wellington differs from the typical form
in having the interocular fovese open in front (from some direc-
tions, however, they appear closed), the elytra with more distinct
punctures (especially near suture), and the dorsal striae more
distinct and longer. As in all other respects, however, even as
to the longer hairs scattered about (an unusual feature in the
genus), it agrees with the typical form, it is not considered
advisable to regard it as more than a variety.

Rybaxis ACANTHOSTBnNA, n.sp. (Plate xxi., fig.3).

(J. Of a rather dark I'eddish-castaneous, elytra and appendages
paler. Moderately clothed with short, pale pubescence.

Head with a fairly large, round, deep fovea, close to each eye,
and a moderately deep depression between antennae. Antennae
rather long, first joint stout, second shorter than third and scarcely,
if at all, wider, fifth slightly longer than fourth and sixth, seventh
and eighth shorter, ninth longer and wider, tenth distinctly longer
than wide, eleventh very decidedly curved, its inner base concave.
Prothorax moderately transverse, sides widest and strongly
rounded at about apical third; each side near base with a large
fovea, the two connected by a strong curved impression, which
is di-awn backwards, but scarcely foveate, at its middle. Elytra
about as long as wide; dorsal strias deep at base and distinct to
beyond the middle; punctures rather indistinct; epipleural furrow
deep, lightly curved, and extending to about one-fifth from base,
and one-fourth from apex. Undersurface of abdomen concave in
middle, a distinct tubercle projecting backwards from each side
of the depression on third segment. Metasternum gently and

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 743

widely concave, but just behind intercoxal process of mesosternum
with a strong, acutely conical tubercle or spine. Legs rather
long; front trochanters obtusely dentate; front tibiae thin, with
a distinct median tooth. Length 2|nim.

Hab. — Queensland (Taylor Bros.), Coen (H. Hacker).

The antennae approach those of R. hyalina, but the eleventh
joint is distinctly longer and thinner, and slightly concave on one
side of base, the ninth and tenth are also longer. But the whole
insect is larger, the legs are longer, and the metasternum and
abdomen are very different. The species is perhaps the most
distinct one of its genus.

Of the two specimens before me, one has the head conspicu-
ously darker than elsewhere; the other is distinctly paler, with
the head but little darker than the prothorax. From some
directions the tenth joint appears to be but little longer than
wide, but from others it appears almost twice as long as wide; the
ninth is also of somewhat irregular shape. From some directions
the dorsal striae appear geminate towards the base,

Rybaxis bryophila, n.sp.

(J. Bright reddish-castaneous, elytra and appendages slightly
paler. With short, depressed, pale pubescence.

Head with a large I'ound fovea close to each eye, and one of
larger size in the middle in front, but slightly behind antennae.
Antennae comparatively stout, second and fifth joints almost as
long as wide, third and fourth feebly transverse, sixth moderately,
seventh, eighth and ninth strongly transverse, tenth large, its
inner apex acutely produced, eleventh briefly ovate, very little
longer than tenth. Prothorax distinctly transverse, sides widest
and strongly rounded at about one-third from apex; each side
near base with a large fovea, middle with a somewhat smaller
one, the three connected by distinct but narrow lines. Elytra
dilated posteriorly, but not to apex; with six small basal foveae;
dorsal striae sharply defined on basal three-fifths, but then
vanishing; with numerous fairly distinct punctures; epipleural
furrow short. Lower surface of abdomen gently flattened in

744 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSKLAPHID^,

middle. Metasternum widely and sliallowly concave. Front
trochanters rather acutely dentate; front tibiae regularly increas-
ing in width, but near apex suddenly and strongly emarginate to
apex itself, the emargiuations rather densely clothed, middle
tibiae rather acutely mucronate at apex, the hind pair less notice-
ably so. Length 1^-lf mm.

^. Differs in having somewhat shorter antennse, with none of
the joints produced inwards, the tenth much smaller, the eleventh
simple at its inner base and fully twice the length of the tenth,
the undersurface of abdomen convex, metasternum less widely
and more shallowly concave, and legs unarmed.

JIab. — Tasmania : Hobart, Mount Wellington, New Norfolk.

The body is somewhat as in B. 5-foveata, but the antennse are
stouter and shorter, tenth joint different, abdomen non-carinate,
etc. On some specimens the elytra are of a uniform shade of
colour, but on otliers the suture, sides and apex are slightly darker
than elsewhere. The medio-frontal cephalic fovea is larger than
the interocular ones (with which, from some directions, it appears
to be vaguely connected), closed in front and not circular. The
eleventh joint of the male on the undersurface has a slight depres-
sion in which tlie produced inner apex of the tenth can be fitted.
From some directions the eighth and ninth are seen to be pro-
duced inwards. The epipleural furrow is short; it commences
and is fairly deep at about the basal fifth, but rapidly shallows
and terminates about the middle; in the female it is less distinct
than in the male.

Abundant in moss, and a few specimens taken from tussocks,
and rotting leaves.

Rybaxis pallida, n.sp.

(^. Of a rather pale castaneous, appendages still paler. With
short, pale, and, for the genus, fairly dense pubescence.

Head comparatively wide, with(for tlie genus) a rather small
fovea close to each eye, and with a rather shallow subfrontal
impression. Antennje comparatively thin, second joint fairly
large, third to sixth of about even size, seventh and eighth some-
what smaller, ninth slightly larger, and tenth slightly larger still,

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 745

•eleventh ovate, slightly longer than the three preceding joints
-combined. Prothorax strongly transverse, sides strongly rounded,
widest close to apex; with a rather large, and somewhat trans-
•\'erse fovea, on each side near base, and with a small round
median one; with numerous small punctures, ^/y^va moderately
transverse; dorsal striae distinct, more noticeably curved than
usual, and terminating at apex itself close to the suture; with
numerous small punctures; marginal stria distinct but epipleural
furrow absent. Abdomen somewhat flattened along middle of
under surface, the apical segment with a rather shallow longi-
tudinal impression. Metasternum rather widely concave in
middle; but the depression closed posteriorly. Four front tro-
chanters obtusely dentate; tibiae rather long. Length 1-li mm.

Hah. — Queensland : Cairns(H. Hacker's No. 204).

In general appearance fairly close to R. electrica, but the
middle trochanters distinctly dentate, and tenth joint of antennae
■much smaller, so that the eleventh appears to be conspicuously
larger, although it is about the same size in both species; and, in
fact, tiie club appears to be one-jointed only.

The cephalic fovese are placed as in the preceding species, but
the two have little else in common. The three prothoracic foveas
are disconnected, but from some directions a faint impression can
be seen proceeding inwards from each of the -lateral fovese, but
not quite touching the median one.

Rybaxis macrocephala, n.sp. (Plate xxi., tig.4).

^. Bright reddish-castaneous; elytra and appendages slightly
paler. With short, pale pubescence.

Head much larger, wider, and more convex than usual; with a
small fovea fairly close to each eye,butnot depressed between anten-
nae; with rather dense distinct punctures. Antennae with third
and fourth joints slightly shorter than second and fifth, sixth to
ninth still shorter, tenth larger and somewhat transverse, eleventh
large, ovate, about as long as the four preceding joints combined.
Prothorax distinctly transverse, sides widest and strongly rounded
towards apex; with dense clearly defined punctures; with a fairly

746 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHIDiE

large fovea on each side neai* base, and a small one in middle.
Elytra not much wider than long, dorsal strise finely impressed
to just beyond the middle, and then vanishing; marginal stria
deep, but epipleural furrow absent. Undersurface of abdomen
with two conspicuous parallel ridges extending to apex of second
segment, third and fourth not traceable across middle, Meta-
sternum strongly concave in middle, the concavity bounded be-
hind by a thin intercoxal lamina; with a small fovea close to
each of the middle coxse. Tibice rather long, especially the hind
pair, which are also rather strongly curved at apex. Length If
mm.

Hab. — N, S. Wales: Illawarra, Grose Valley, Blue Mountains;^
a single male from each locality(H. J. Carter).

The enormous head(in the female it is probably smaller) readily
distinguishes it from all other species of the genus(or indeed of the
family) known to me. The medio-basal fovea of the prothorax is
not connected with the sides, although there is an impression on
each side which almost touches it and the lateral ones; the
species therefore belongs to M. Raffray's second group of the
genus, although he would possibly regard it as representing a

new genus.

The interocular fovese are smaller and more distant from the
eyes than usual; from some directions they appear to be closed,,
but from others a vague depression can be seen opening out in
front from each of them. The antennae appear to have the club
one-jointed, as the tenth joint, although decidedly longer and
wider than the ninth, is very much smaller than the eleventh.
There are fairly numerous punctures on the elytra, but they are
much less distinct than those on the prothorax.

The males of the species here described may be tabulated as^
follows : —

A. Foveae of prothorax disconnected.
a. Abdomen with two conspicuous parallel ridges on

undersurface macrocephala.

aa. Abdomen without such ridges.

b. Metasternum with two depressed tubercles over-
hanging coxae aleatoria.

bb. Metasternum without tubercles pallida^

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 7 iT

AA. Foveas of prothorax connected.
B. Front tibiae edentat?e.

c. Antennae of uniform colour variabilis.

cc. Antennse with club dark aaitidens.

BB. Front tibiae dentate or emarginate.

C. Epipleural furrow absent hirsuta.

CC. Epipleural furrow present.

D. Metasternum without tubercles bryophila.

DD. Metasternum with one conspicuous tubercle acanthosterna.
DDD. Metasternum with four small tubercles, quadrituherculatar-
DDDD. Metasternum with two tubercles.

E. Four front femora very stout crassipes.

EE. Femora not conspicuously stout.
F. Tubercles much nearer hind than

middle coxce parvidens.

FF. Tubercles equidistant from mid-
dle and hind coxse atriclava.

Rybaxis Harti Blackb.

In these Proceedings for 1900 (p.lol), M. Raffray stated that
this name was a synonym of R. Isidorce, basing this statement
on the description of the intermediate tibiae. There are before
me, however, two species which have the four front tibiee peculiar,
and these I believe to be R. Harti and R. Isidurce.

The legs and antennae of R. Isidorce. (the male which I refer to
R. Isidorce agrees with the description of R. antilope; it is rather
larger than the female) are stouter than in R. Harti, the front
tibiae are more noticeably armed, and the median pair with the
armature of the strongly emarginated portion rather less con-
spicuous; the second joint of antennae is also considerably larger.
The elytral striation is more pronounced, and the upper surface
of the abdomen has the oblique impressions still shorter. But
the two are readily distinguished by the terminal joint of the
antennae. In R. Harti the apical joints are infuscate (Blackburn
says "apicem versus infuscatis "). In R. Isidorce the eleventh
joint is conspicuously paler than the tenth (Schaufuss says
" articulo ultimo .... pallidis ").

748 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHID^E,

The type of R. IsiJoroi was from King George's Sound; my
specimens (sexes) are from Vasse (not far from tlie Sound) and
• Swan River.

Rybaxis Isidore Scliauf.(^. anlilope RafFr.(?)).

R. Harti is not a synonym of this species (see above note).
But I think the male has been described by M. Raffray under
the name of R. antilope.

Rybaxis klectrica King.

This is probably the commonest species of Pselaphidce in Tas.
mania. It may be taken abundantly in moss and fallen leaves,
and on fence-tops, etc., at dusk.

Var.A. — Numerous Tasmanian specimens before me appear to
represent a variety. They dififer from the typical form in being
slightly larger, slightly more depressed, and with the small basal
fovefe of elytra rather more pronounced. The colour al-so is
rather brighter. Some of the larger of these specimens closely
resemble R. 5-foveata, but have the eleventh joint of antennae
distinctly smaller.

PSELAPHUS FOVEIVENTRIS, n.sp.

(J. Bright reddish-castaneons, palpi and tarsi paler. Very
sparsely clothed with pale depressed pubescence; elytra not
fringed at apex, but with the pubescence forming three feeble lines
on each. Undersurface with dense white pubescence on base of
abdomen, on mesosternum and at apex of prosternum.

Head rather narrow, with a continuous median groove but
somewhat irregular between eyes, without tubei'cles between eyes.
Antennas long and thin, all the joints distinctly longer than
wide, first longer than the three following combined. Palpi elon-
gate, club of apical joint elliptic, rather more than one-third the
length of peduncle, which is moderately curved. Prothorax much
longer than wide, rather strongly convex; with four subbasal
fovese, all feebly connected together, the outer ones produced
slightly backwards. Elytra much shorter than abdomen, not

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 749*

much wider than long; sutural striae distinct, the others feeble.
Under surface of abdomen with a rather deep, suboval, median
fovea. Motasternum with a wide, polished, median excavation,
continuous throughout but narrowed to base. Length 2^-2 1 mm.

Q. Differs in the metasternum being flattened along middle,
and the abdomen without a fovea.

Hab. — Tasmania : Mount Wellington, Hobart, Waratah(A,
M. Lea).

From some directions each side of base of prothorax appears to
be supplied with two deep grooves, with a narrow carina between
them. The species is longer and narrower, with the basal joint
of antennse longer than usual, and the sexual characters very
pronounced. Of the twelve specimens before nie, six were taken
from moss, and six from fallen leaves.

PSELAPHUS TUBERCULIVENTRIS, n Sp.

(J. Bright reddish-castaneous, palpi and tarsi somewhat paler*
Sparsely clothed with pale, subdepressed pubescence; elytra
fringed at apex, and with feeble lines of pubescence on disc.
Under surface with dense white pubescence at base of abdomen,
on mesosternum, apex of prosteinum and middle of neck.

Head moderately long, with a distinct median channel from
base to apex, but irregular between eyes. AntenuBe moderately
long, first joint as long as the three following combined, second to
eighth but little, or not at all, longer than wide, ninth and tenth
longer than wide, and combined about equal to eleventh. Palpi
elongate, club of apical joint about half the length of peduncle,
this distinctly curved. Prothorax very distinctly longer than
wide, with five subbasal impressions. Elytra much shorter than
abdomen, about as long as wide; sutural stria distinct, discal
fairly distinct. Undersurface of abdomen strongly convex in
middle, and at its highest part with a strongly raised truncated
tubercle. Length 2^ mm.

^. Diflfers in having shorter antennae and abdomen non-tuber-
culate.

:750 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHID^,

Hah. — Tasmania : Mount Wellington, Hobart; four specimens,
from moss(A. M. Lea).

In general appearance close to the preceding species, but the
antennae shorter, elytra fringed at apex, and the male characters
very different.

The head appears to have, from some directions, two conspicu-
ous interocular tubercles, but these are due principally to the
median groove, although partly also to their own elevation. The
medio-basal impression on the prothorax is separated from the
others by a feeble carina on each side; the lateral ones are longi-
tudinal, the intermediate ones transverse. From some directions
there appears to be a strong transverse subbasal groove slightly
interrupted on each side of middle.

PSELAPHUS VILLOSUS, n.sp.

^. Bright reddish-castaneous, legs and antennse paler, tarsi
and palpi somewhat flavons. Clothed with long straggling dark
setfle, on the elytra(which are not fringed at apex) ratlier sparser
on disc than elsewhere. Under surface with dense pale pubescence
at base of abdomen, on each side of mesosternum and on apex of
prosternum.

Head moderately long, with a wide but feeble median channel.
Antennae moderately long, first joint as long as second and third
combined, second stouter and slightly longer than third, third to
eighth about as long as wide, ninth and tenth subglobular, not
longer than wide, their combined length about equal to eleventh.
Palpi elongate, club of apical joint more than half the length of
peduncle. Prothorax much longer than wide, with a moderate
and somewhat curved subbasal impression, dilated in places by
five feeble fovese, of which the lateral ones are oblique and almost
isolated. Elytra much shorter than abdomen, much wider than
long; sutural and discal striae distinct, the latter strongly curved
and continuous. Basal segment of abdomen, on undersurface of
first segment, with a wide, shallow, median, longitudinal impres-
sion. Length 1|-1J mm.

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 751

9- Differs in having somewhat shorter antennae, and legs and
abdomen without a longitudinal impression,

Hob. — Tasmania : Launceston(A. M. Lea).

In Raffray's Table would be associated with P. pilosus and P.
longepilosus; from the former distinguished by the non-tuber-
culated head, and from the latter by the cephalic groove being
feeble posteriorly and sides of prothorax non-carinate.

The cephalic groove from some directions appears to be termi-
nated between the eyes, but from others is seen to be feebly
continued to the neck. From some directions there appear to be
two feeble interocular tubercles, but this appearance is due
entirely to the groove.

PSELAPHUS BRYOPHILUS, n.Sp.

Q. Briglit reddish-castaneous, appendages paler. Clothed with
very sparse, long, straggling, dark setse. Undersurface with
dense white pubescence at base of abdomen, on mesosternum,
apex of prosternum and head.

Head rather long, channel wide and shallow in front, deeper
and narrower behind, but interrupted between eyes. Antennse
long and thin, all the joints distinctly longer than wide, first
slightly longer than second and third combined. Palpi long and
thin, club of apical joint less than half the length of peduncle.
Prothorax much longer than wide, sides evenly rounded; with a
strong and somewhat curved subbasal impression, connecting
five small fovese, of which the lateral ones are longitudinal and
almost disconnected. Elytra much shorter than abdomen, dis-
tinctly wider than long, base narrower than usual; subsutural
and discal strise distinct, the latter narrowly impressed and
•terminated before apex. Legs rather thinner than usual.
Length 1^ mm.

Hah. — Tasmania : Frankford, in moss (A. M. Lea).

Thinner than the preceding species, antennae considerably
longer, long hairs longer and sparser (on the elytra there are
only seven of them on the type), and head distinctly grooved
to neck. It has much the size and appearance of P. elongatus,

752 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHID.E,

but anteniije longer and body with long clothing. The head'
from some directions appears to be feebly lobed, but there are no
distinct interocular tubercles.

PSELAPHUS PULCHELLUS, n.sp.

2. Bright reddish-castaneous, some parts darker. -Clothed with
long, straggling, dark setse, on the elytra (which are feebly
fringed at apex) confined to sides, and rather denser on apical
half of abdomen (where there are a few pale, short setse inter-
spersed) than elsewhere. Undersurface with dense white pubes-
cence at base of abdomen, on mesosternum and head.

Head elongate, with a continuous median channel, interrupted:
in middle by a small granule; with two tubercles between eyes.
Antennfe rather long, first joint as long as second and third com-
bined, ninth and tenth rather long, their combined length dis-
tinctly more than that of eleventh. Palpi elongate, club of
apical joint one-third the length of peduncle. Prothorax dis-
tinctly longer than wide, base much wider than apex; with a
rather strong, subbasal impression, connecting five shallow foveee,
of which the lateral ones are deeper, longitudinal and almost
isolated. Elytra no shorter than abdomen, about as long as
wide, apex not twice the width of base; gutural and discal strise
distinct, the latter narrow, rather strongly curved and continuous
throughout. Length 2^ mm

i/rt6. — Tasmania : Frankford(A. M. Lea) — New South "Wales :
Illawarra(H. J. Carter).

A beautiful species, with long hair somewhat as in P. jnlosns
and the two preceding species, but otherwise very different. In
some respects close to P. longepiJosus, but head conspicuously
bituberculate and sides of prothorax not carinate. The elytra
are also without long hairs except at the sides.

The elytra are brightly castaneous, but somewhat darker along
suture and apex, where the colour is much the same as that of
head and upper surface of abdomen; the prothorax is of a
chocolate-brown. The antennse are slightly paler than the head,
but darker than the legs, except that the knees are infuscated.

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 753

Tlie palpi are almost flavous, but with the upper surface of the
club as dark as the rest of the head. From some directions the
tubercles between the eyes are very conspicuous, and from others
there appear to be two conspicuous tubercles between the bases
of the antennse.

PsELAPHOPnus BiNODOsus, n.sp.

^. Reddish-castaneous; upper surface, except elytra, darker;
palpi flavous. Clothed with fine, recurved, dusky pubescence.

Head with a fairly deep but rather small fovea close to each
eye; antennary ridges separated by a shallow depression. Antennse
rather thin, passing middle coxse, first Joint fairly stout, as long
(when seen from below)as the two following joints combined, second
slightly longer than third, third to eighth small and subequal,
ninth larger and subglobular, tenth larger again, eleventh some-
what iri-egularly ovate. Prothorax about as long as wide, gently
Increasing in width to near apex, near base with a strong and
slightly curved impression; marked with a few indistinct punc-
tures in middle, and terminated on each side by a short, deep,
longitudinal impression. Elytra wider than long, each with a
strong sutural, and a strong curved discal stria, becoming sub-
foveate at bas^. Abdomen with second segment large, and on
undersurface with a shallow median impression (scarcely a fovea).
Metasternura with a large, but rather shallow apical impression.
Undersurface of head with two very distinct, round, flattened
tubercles. Femora stout, tibiae lightly curved. Length l|-2 mm.
9. Differs in having undersurface of abdomen convex, meta-
sternum narrowly impressed in middle of apex, femora thinner,
and tibije straighter.

Hab. — Tasmania: Burnie, Frankford (A. M. Lea).

Larger and wider than /'. clavatus, P. unicolor, or P. bicolor
and sculpture of head somewhat different. From the description
and figure of P. atriventris, the absence of a single large inter-
ocular fovea at once distinguishes it. On one specimen the upper
surface of abdomen (except the margins) is blackish-brown.
58

754 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHID^,

Tyraphus major Sharp.

There are before me three of each sex of a species that agrees
well with the description of this species. But one specimen was
before Sharp, and he considered it a male, although stating that
the " metasternum and hind body are not impressed." The type,
however, was a female. The male differs in having a distinct
tubercle on the middle of the undersurface of the large abdominal
segment; seen directly from above, this tubercle appears as a
short carina, but from the sides it appears subtriangular.

Hah. — W. Australia : Vasse (in fiood-debris).

Ctenisophus noctivagus, n.sp.

1^. Pale reddish-castaneous, appendages somewhat paler. Moder-
ately clothed with pale, scale-like setae, denser at apex of elytra
and on the basal segments of abdomen than elsewhere.

Head with two very shallow fovete between eyes. Antennae
rather long, first joint as long as second, but from some directions
apparently shorter, second stouter and slightly longer than third,
third to seventh small and subequal, eighth to eleventh about
three-fifths the total length of antennae, eighth cylindrical, dis-
tinctly longer than ninth or tenth, these subequal inter se, eleventh
elongate-elliptic, slightly longer than ninth and £enth combined.
Three apical joints of palpi each with a long, thin, appendage.
Prothorax lightly transverse, widest near apex, thence very feebly
decreasing in width to base; with a large but rather shallow sub-
basal fovea. Elytra each with a distinct sutural stria, and a
rather less distinct, and somewhat curved, disoal one. Mela-
sternum deeply sulcate. Abdomen with third segment large; its
undersurface somewhat flattened (scarcely impressed) in middle.
Legs long and thin. Length 1 mm.

Q. Differs in having shorter antennae, of which the ninth joint
is no longer than the eighth, the tenth distinctly longer and
stouter than the ninth (but shorter than in the male), and the
eleventh joint shorter and stouter than in the male and almost
as long as the four preceding joints combined. The third ventral
segment is also regularly convex.

BY ARTHUR M. LKA. 755

Hah. — Queensland : Cunnamulla, attracted to lights(H. Hard-
castle) — New South Wales : Tamworth(A. M. Lea),

Close to the description of C. fcirvus, but base of prothorax
decidedly narrower than near apex. Very close to C. vernalis,
but smaller, eighth joint slightly longer and thinner, and spines on
undersurface of head much less distinct. The absence of an ab-
dominal fovea in the male distinguishes it from C. rivularis.
Ctenisophus longicornis, n.sp. (Plate xxi., fig.5).

(J. Of a rather dark reddisli-castaneous, appendages somewhat
paler, abdomen darker, except at tip. Clothing much as in the
preceding species.

Head with two round and rather shallow fovese between eyes.
Antennse decidedly longer than usual; first joint stouter than
second and slightly longer(but from some directions apparently
■shorter), second stouter and slightly longer than third, thii-d to
seventh small and subequal; eighth to eleventh about two-thirds
the total length of antennae; eighth cylindrical, almost the length
of ninth and tentli combined, ninth and tenth subequal, eleventh
-elongate-subelliptic, distinctly longer than ninth and tenth com-
bined. Three apical joints of palpi each with a long thin append-
age. Prothorax moderately transverse, sides widest at apical
third, thence distinctly decreasing in width to base, which is not
much wider than apex; with a fairly large but rather shallow sub-
basal fovea. Elytra each with a strong sutural stria, and a
lightly curved discal one not quite so strongly impressed; with
numerous distinct punctures. Metasternum deeply sulcate. Ah-
■domen with third segment large, its under surface feebly flattened
(not at all impressed) in middle. Legs long and thin. Length
l|mm.

Q. Difi'ers in having shorter antennie, with the third to ninth
joints short and subaqnal, the tenth stouter and longer than
ninth(but much shorter than in male) and the eleventh shorter
and stouter than in tlie male, and as long as the four preceding
fiombined.

Hah — Tasmania : Jordan River, in flood-debris(A. M. Lea)

756 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHID^E,

The long eighth joint of the antennae of the male readily dis-
tinguishes it from all other species known to me. C. Andersoni
(certainly described from a male) has the eighth joint of the same-
length; but the species is described as about twice the lengtli of
the present one, and is the largest as yet recorded from Australia.

Narcodes taria King.

A cotype of this species is before me; its front trochanters are
obtusely tuberculated, scarcely armed, and its ventral segments
are convex, so it is probably a female. The front angles of its
prothorax appear from some directions as small subconical tuber-
cles. King says " angulis anticis acutis " and again " the angles
in front being acute." In his figure however(Plate v., fig.l) the
apices are not shown as acute as in my specimen, and the elytra
are figured as considerably longer than they really are*. King
described N. pulchra as a different species, but afterwards(p.l06^
stated it was the male of N. varia; he did not, however, describe
the abdomen, nor the armature of its legs.

A specimen from Mount Kosciusko agrees fairly well with
King's description of N. pulchra, and with his figure of the palpi
(Plate v., fig. 2a), except that the joints are more inflated towards
the apex and thinner towards the base. The colour, however,
is not as described " Fumosus, niaculis nigris irregularibus " but.
is of an almost uniform dingy brown; this, however, may be im-
material. Its front trochanters are large, and each has a strong,
tooth directed outwards and about the size of that on the femur,
which is rather larger than on the cotype of N. varia. Its ventral
segments are somewhat flattened along middle, and the second is-
shallowjy transversely impressed.

Narcodes nigriventris, n.sp. (Plate xxi., fig. 6).

(J. Black, head and prothorax dark brown, elytra and Jeg.s red-
dish castaneous, but club and femora more or less infuscated.
Clotlied with short and pale, but rather stiff pubescence.

*Iii a later note, however, he states that the figure is unsatisfactory.

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 757

Head distinctly transverse, very little wider across eyes than

at extreme base; with a narrow depression between antennary

ridges, and with two small intei-ocular foveae; coarsely and densely

punctate. Antennae passing middle coxae, first joint subcylindri-

cal, its base partially concealed, second slightly shorter and

stouter than third, the others to eighth feebly decreasing in

length, ninth about twice as long and twice as wide as eighth,

^eath slightly larger than ninth, eleventh subovate, as long as

ninth and tenth combined. Prothorax transverse, sides very

little rounded, base not much narrower than greatest width, which

is near apex; with a large, shallow, medio-basal impression, and

a feeble subbasal one on each side; punctures as on head. Elytra

widely transverse, much wider at apex than at base; dorsal striae

traceable almost to apex; with several very feeble depressions;

• coarsely and densely punctate. Abdomen with second and third

segments large and dilated posteriorly, fourth parallel-sided, fifth

anil sixth decreasing in width; lower surface with a large shallow

depression. Metasternum densely punctate, flat in middle. Legs

•rather long; front trochanters each with two small acute teeth of

almost equal size; front femora acutely dentate near base; middle

trochanters each moderately acutely dentate; four front tibiae

-somewhat curved and obtusely spurred at apex, hind tibiae longer,

Jess curved, and not spurred. Length 2^-2| mm.

9. Diflers in having the antennae shorter, with the club some-
what smaller; prothorax with sides slightly more rounded, and
alxlomen gently convex on undersurface.

Ilab. — Tasmania : Evandale Junction, in tussocks(A. M. Lea).

Readily distinguished from iV. varia by the front angles of the
prothorax rounded off in both sexes, and by the bidentate front
trochanters also of both sexes. The abdomen and metastei num
are also darker than the other parts of the body.

There is no sexual difference in the armature of the front legs.
The clothing appears to be slightly maculate, but this is due more
to slight inequalities of the surface and its disposition, than to
sliades of colour. Along the upper surface of the abdomen there
appear to be three very vague stripes. The palpi are peculiar;

758 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAX PSELAPHID^E,

the second joint is long, with the basal half thin and strongly
curved, and the apex inflated, third short and subovate, but pro-
duced at apex into a long and thin spur, fourth thin at tlie base
and dilated towards apex. The medio-basal prothoracic impres-
sion is not very distinct.

Palimbolus frater, n.sp.

(J. Reddish-castaneous, appendages paler, upper surface of head^
prothorax, and abdomen dark brown or black, shoulders and
apex of elytra and knees more or less infuscated. With rather
dense pubescence, paler on under than on upper surface.

Head with a wide and rather shallow fovea close to each eye,
a feeble medio-basal impression, and a deep frontal one. Antennae
comparatively stout, first joint as long as .second and third com-
bined, second to eighth feebly decreasing in length but of even
width, ninth strongly transverse and wider than eighth, tenth
slightly longer and wider than ninth, eleventh ovate, almost as
long as eighth to tenth combined. Prothorax slightly longer
than wide, with a deep medio-basal impression, narrowly con-
nected with extreme base, each side with a strong impression,
somewhat dilated near base, interrupted near middle and trace-
able almost to apex. Elytra about as long as wide; with four
small basal fovefe and numerous minute punctures. Metasternum
with a wide shallow median impression. Undersurface of abdo-
men with a wide shallow impression, common to four .segments.
Middle trochanters strongly, the hind ones very feebly, armed;
hind tibise with a short, subapical spur. Length 2|-3 mm.

Q. Differs in having somewhat thinner antennse, metasternum
flat along middle, abdomen gently convex on undersurface^ and
legs unarmed.

H<ib. — Tasmania : New Norfolk, in tussocks of grass (A. M.
Lea).

In general appearance very close to the species described by
Ratfray as P. Victorice of King, but the male with thinner
antennae, the apical joint of which is without an oblique impres-
sion on its undersurface, abdomen without an obtuse tubercle

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 759'

towards the sides of the fourth segment, the impression shallower
and different at apex, the spurs of the trochanters shorter, and
the hind tibia? very different. The spurs of the hind tibite are
readily seen from most directions, but they are much smaller
than in the other described species, and appear to consist of a
few setee forming a small fascicle. The females are rather shorter
and more compact, but otherwise much as in P. Victori(^. From
the male of P. mirandus (to which it is closer) it differs in the
abdomen being wider, with its impression more pronounced and
apex different, the metasternum not bifoveate in front, and the
hind tibiae feebly spurred.

Palimbolus femoralis, n.sp.

(J. Pale castaneous. Rather densely pubescent.

Head with a large shallow fovea close to each eye, with an
impression from base to apex, deep at apex, fairly distinct at
base, but scarcely traceable on middle. Antennae not very stout^
first joint slightly curved, slightly longer than second and third
combined, fourth to eighth of about even size and each feebly
transverse, ninth larger and moderately transverse, tenth slightly
larger than ninth, eleventh ovate, as long as ninth and tenth
combined. Prothorax and elytra much as in the preceding species.
Metasternuvi with a large semicircular fovea behind each median
coxa, each fovea aboixt two-thirds the length of the metasternum
itself. Undersurface of abdomen with a wide shallow depression
common to .several segments. Four hind trochanters strongly
dentate; front femora somewhat curved and each with a strong
obtuse tooth, which is provided at apex with a thin elongate
fascicle; hind tibise with a strong acute spur at about one-fourth
from apex. Length 2| mm.

Hab. — Australia(T. Blackburn).

A single male, without locality, given to me years ago by the
Rev. T. Blackburn as Tyrus mirandus Sharp; but evidently not
that species, although with similar hind tibiae, 'I'he front femora,
however, are very remarkable, and as a species before me (see
below) agrees perfectly with Sharp's description of T. mirandus,

760 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMAVIAN PSELAPHID^,

I prefer to regard that one as correctly identified. From that
species it diflers (besides in the front femora) in the metasternum
having the basal fovese considerably larger, the four hind tro-
chanters more acutely armed, and the apex of abdomen somewhat
different. The curvature of the basal joint of antennae is not
visible from above.

Although the type appears to be immature, it has been described,
as the remarkable front femora readily distinguish it from all
previously described species.

Palimbolus elegans, n.sp. (Plate xxi., fig.7).

(J. Reddish-castaneous, legs, palpi, elytra, and upper surface of
abdomen somewhat paler; elytra somewhat infuscated on sides
near base and apex, and on suture at apex; upper surface of
abdomen feebly infuscated in places. With rather dense but
somewhat unevenly distributed and more or less golden pubes-
cence.

Head rather narrower than usual, strongly convex, with a
shallow impression on each side near summit of convexity, with
a deep impression in front. Antennae, for the genus, rather
tliin, first joint as long as second and third combined, fifth
slightly longer than fourth or sixth, eighth not transverse, ninth
and tenth rather large and feebly transverse, eleventh ovate,
scarcely as long as ninth and tenth combined. Prothorax much
longer than wide, strongly convex, with a rather large but shallow
medio-basal impression, each side with a continuous impression,
but somewhat irregular about middle. Elytra at base much
wider than widest part of prothorax, sides increasing in width to
near apex, with fairly distinct but irregularly distributed punc-
tures, and with several basal impressions. Abdomen with stronger
margins than usual, those of the third segment strongly incurved;
undersurface with a strong transverse fovea on fourth segment.
Pygidium entirely ventral, with a distinct median fovea. Meta-
sternum strongly convex. Hind trochanters ^tvon^y 'And acutely
dentate; hind tibiae with a short acute spur at apical third.
Length 2A^-'2| mm.

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 761

9. Differs in having head and metasternum less convex, abdo-
men non-foveate and with normal margins, and legs unarmed.

Hah. — Tasmania : Mount Wellington, in moss; Ulverstone,
frankford, Waratah(A. JNf. Lea).

The strongly convex head and metasternum, with the narrow
prothorax of this beautiful species, are sufficient to distinguish
the females from those of all other species known to me. The
strong fovea on the fourth ventral segment of the male is very
distinctive.

The hind tibise are spurred somewhat as in P. mirandus and
T. fsmoralis, but the spur is more distant from the apex, although
less distant than in the figure of P. pwicticollis. The infuscation
of parts of the elytra and abdomen is not very deep, but is
readily seen.

Palimbolus foveicornis, n.sp.

(J. Reddish-castaneous; elytra and appendages more or less
^avous. Clotliiug rather long and moderately dense.

Head with three intejiocular fovete, of which the median one
is slightly posterior to the others, these almost touching the eyes;
with a strong depression between the interanteunary ridges.
Antennte fairly stout, extending to middle coxse, first joint
cylindrical, as long as three following comlnned, ninth and tenth
fairly large and transverse, eleventh briefly ovate, its under-
surface strongly impressed or foveate towards base. Prothorax
with sides strongly inflated slightly in advance of middle; with
three longitudinal fovese, the median one confined to the basal
third, but with a vague impression traceable from it almost to
apex, the lateral ones distinct to in front of the middle; punctures
rather indistinct. Elytra very decidedly wider than long, sides
strongly dilated to apex; with four basal foveas; punctures indis-
tinct. Abdomen decidedly wider than elytra, and about twice
as long; undersurface flattened along middle and scarcely im-
pressed. Metasternum depressed along middle. Hind tihioi
with a strong subapical spur. Length 2| mm.

Hah. — New South Wales : Sydney(H. J. Carter).

762 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHIDiE,

Readily distinguished from all previously described species by
the conspicuous fovea on the undersurface of the eleventh joint.
The impressions on the ventral segments are so feeble that from
most directions they appear to be absent. The spur of the hind
tibise is so placed that the apex itself appears to be wide and
triangularly notched. The elytra are shorter even than in P.
mirandiis P. armatus, described as having shorter elytra than
in P. Victorice, has the metasternum and abdomen very different.

Palimbolus dimidiatus Raffr.

Only the female of this very distinct species was known to
Raff^a3^

The male has the antennae slightly longer and more thickened
at apex than in female, but with the long basal joint no longer;,
the prothorax wider near apex and narrower at the base; the
undersurface with a strong impression from middle coxpe to apex
of abdomen; a strong obtuse median tubercle on each side of im-
pression on metasternum; an obtuse tubercle on each of the four
hind trochanters; and the hind tibiai curved, somewhat inflated
and pilose about middle, and thence to apex concave; at about
their apical third there is also a feeble spur, indistinct or invisible
from most directions.

Hah. — W. Australia : Bridgetown, Swan River.

Palimbolus VicTORiiE King.

The species described by Raffray as probably P. Victorice is the
commonest of all the larger species of Pselaphidce occuri'ing in
moss in Tasmania; and the males are easily recognisable by the
undersurface of the apical joint of the antennae, four hind tro-
chanters, abdomen and hind tibiae. Raffray describes the hind
tibise as " posticis intus ante apicem calcare maximo, lato, com-
presso et laminato armatis " and his figure(These Proceedings,
1900, PI. X., fig.39) agrees with this description; but the spur is
not solid as it appears at first sight, and is really a compressed
fascicle of setae or hair, evenly truncated. When stuck together
by gum, however, it appears really solid, no matter how examined
with a pocket-lens.

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 763-

Palimbolus MiRANDUS Sharp.

'['here are three males from Victoria( Victorian Alps and Bright)
before me, which appear to belong to this species, referred by
Sharp, with doubt, to Tyrus. Sharp does not mention the front
femora, but in the specimens under consideration these are fairly-
stout, curved, and from some directions appear concave oia the
lower or inner surface. The hind tibiee are spinose near the apex,^
the spine being at the same position as in P. Victorice; but of very
different shape from that of that species.

Tyromorphus speciosus King*(Plate xxi.,fig.8).

(J. Dark reddish-castaneous, palpi somewhat paler. With fine
pale pubescence, denser on abdomen than elsewhere.

Head longer than wide; with two large round interocular fovese,
and with a depression between antennary ridges; with moderately
distinct punctures. Eyes very prominent. Antennte long, first
joint cylindrical, slightly longer than second and third combined,
third distinctly longer than second, slightly longer than fourth
and seventh, and the length of fifth and sixth, eighth short, ninth
stouter and about twice as long as eighth, tenth slightly stouter
and slightly shorter than ninth, eleventh elliptic-ovate, almost as
long as ninth and tenth combined. Palpi rather long, first joint
very short, second almost as long as third and fourth combined,
its basal third thin, the apical two-thirds subelliptic, third about
half the length of fourth and not much longer than wide, fourth
elongate-subelliptic, not thin at the base, with an apical seta.
Frothorax strongly convex, distinctly longer than wide; with
tliree subbasal fovete, a shallow one on each side, and a smaller
but deeper one in middle; with dense punctures. Elytra strongly
convex, not as long as wide, sides moderately rounded; dorsal

*I had the description of this species written out as new when fortunately
I was enabled to examine the type( 7'y?'us of King) King's description is
utterly misleading, as all he says of the third abdominal segment is " postice
angulato"; and he omits any reference to the remarkable characters of the
metasternum, although part of the less remarkable leg-armature is noted.

764 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHIDiE,

striae rather deep and wide, but terminated before middle; punc-
tures much less distinct than on prothorax. Upper surface of
abdomen with third segment slightly shorter than second, its
middle strongly elevated and with a ridge tipped with short and
somewhat golden setae, fourth with a large fovea on each side of
middle, the middle itself strongly raised, with the elevated part
flattened at its apex and tipped with somewhat golden sette;
lower surface with third and fourth very short in middle, fifth
flattened in middle, and sixth with a large median impression.
Metasternum strongly convex; each side of middle with a strongly
raised, slightly curved, truncated tubercle, with a minute tubercle
half-way between its tip and the hind coxa. Legs long; front
trochanters strongly and acutely dentate; femora moderately
stout, the middle pair feebly dentate at basal third, the hind pair
feebly dentate at the middle; tibiae thin and gently curved.
Length 4 mm.

Hah.—^. S. Wales : Otford(A. M. Lea).

Readily distinguished from all other described species by
its large size(it is, in fact, one of the lai-gest of the Pselaphidce)
and remarkable abdomen and pygidium. I have a vague idea
that the specimen described was found in a nest of ants, but
unfortunately kept no record as to this.

Tyromorphus quadridentatus, n.sp.

Bright reddish-castaneous, appendages somewhat paler, but
ninth and tenth joints of antennae and abdomen somewhat darker.
Sparsely pubescent.

7/f3ao?(excluding neck) distinctly transverse; with a puncture or
very minute fovea close to each eye, and a moderately distinct
interantennal depression. Eyes very conspicuous. Antennae
moderately long, first joint cylindrical and as long as second to
fourth combined, second slightly longer than third, the others to
eighth(\vhich is slightly transverse) gradually diminishing in
length, ninth and tenth longer and wider, eleventh subovate, as
long as eighth to tenth combined. Palpi with first joint stout
and short, second rather strongly curved, with apical half inflated,

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 765.

third not much longer than wide, fourth rather briefly subovate-
and tipped with a seta. Prothorax almost as long as wide, widest
near apex, the sides thence rather gently decreasing in width to
base, with a very shallow depression on each aide near base, and
with a small fovea in middle near base; almost impunctate.
Elytra distinctly wider than long, apex much wider than base and
gently incurved to middle; dorsal striae rather wide on basal
slope, but then narrow'ed and terminated before middle; almost
impunctate. Upper surface of abdomen with second segment in-
creasinsj in width from base to apex, slightly longer than third
and fourth combined, but shorter than lifth, fourth scarcely one-
third the lengtli of third; lower surface very feebly convex along
middle, apical segment depressed. Metasiernuvi depressed alono-
middle. Legs moderately long; front trochanters and front femora
strongly and acutely dentate; tibiee moderately curved. Length
2-21 mm.

Hab. — Tasmania : Huon River, in tussocks; Launceston(A. M._
Lea).

In many respects close to the description of Tyrus spinosus,
but smaller; and head and prothorax of an almost uniform shade
of colour(of colour, Westwood says " Niger, ...capitis facie antice
picea,...prothorace piceo; elytris sanguineis"). The prothorax is
not wider than the head across the eyes, but really a trifle nar-
rower. Westwood describes the autennpe as of ordinary form,
but in the figure the basal joint is drawn as stouter, shorter and
much less cylindrical than in the present species, which also Iims
a small medio-basal prothoracic impression, that is neither men-
tioned nor figured in T. spinosus. T. nitidus has the front legs
similarlyarmed,but is figured and described as having the abdomen
produced in the middle and the tips of the antennae different.
It is closer to T. Uevis than to any other species known to me,
but the antennae are wider, abdomen darker than head, and con-
siderably wider than in that species.

I .should have imagined the three specimens before me to be
all males, but as Kaffray has described the dentition of the lews .
in the female of T. htvis, it is possible that they are all female*

'766 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PBELAPHIDiE,

Tlie apical dorsal segmenfc of the abdomen is large, rounded at
apex, and produced over the pygidium, which in consequence
appears to be ventral. At a casual glance, the head, prothorax,
and elytra appear to be glabrous; but, on close examination, fine
sparse pubescence becomes visible; the elytra also are tipped with
very fine and regular pubescence. From some directions a very
■vague longitudinal impression can be seen between the eyes.

Tyromorphus auuicomus, n.sp. (Plate xxi., fig. 9}.

^. Brownish-castaneous, sometimes almost piceous, appendages
.and part of elytra paler, ])alpi flavous. With moderately long
pubescence on upper surface, denser on abdomen and tips of
elytra than elsewhere; lower surface of abdomen with a con-
spicuous, more or less golden, fringe at extreme base.

Head distinctly transverse; with two round fovese of moderate
size slightly in advance of the eyes, and with a rather deep depres-
sion between the antennary ridges. Antennae moderately long,
first joint subcylindrical, slightly longer than second and third
combined, third to eighth feebly and regularly diminishing in
dength, witli the eightli distinctly transverse, ninth and tenth
rather large and subquadrate, eleventh slightly longer than ninth
.and tenth combined, its apex distinctly curved. Palpi rather
long, first joint very small, second almost as long as third and
fourth combined, thin at base, with the apical half moderately
inflated, third thin at base and regularly inflated to apex, fourth
once and one-half the length of third, thin at the base, with the
apical two-thirds elliptic-ovate, and tipped with a seta. Pro-
thorax almost as long as wide, widest near apex, the sides thence
gfiitly decreasing in width to base; with a small deep fovea in
middle near base, but without latero-basal fovese; with small and
rather sparse punctures. Elytra about three-fourths as long as
wide, sides gently rounded, apex scarcely wider than across
shoulders; dorsal striae deep at base, and traceable to beyond the
middle; with numerous rather distinct punctures. Upper surface
of abdomen decreasing in width from base to apex, second segment
longer than third, but shorter than fifth, third about once and

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 767

one-half the length of tifth; lower surface widely flattened along
middle. Metasteriium widely and gently concave in middle.
Legs rather long; trochanters unarmed, tibise thin, the middle
pair strongly spurred at apex. Length 14-2 mm.

O. Ditlers in having somewhat shorter antennae, the joints of
the club smaller, and the apical joint ovate and not incurved at
its tip; ventral segments not flattened along middle, metasternura
less concave, and the legs somewhat shorter, with the middle
tibiae not spurred.

Hah. — Tasmania : Waratah, Ulverstone, Mount Wellington,
Hobart(A. M. Lea).

Most of its punctures are small and inconspicuous, so that this
species should probably be referred to Raffray's section of the
genus "Al, Entirely smooth." At any rate the punctures are
far less conspicuous than those of the other section known to me
(7'. nigricornis, T. cribratus, T. Mastersi, T. clispar). From the
species belonging to Al, it differs from 7\ loivis a,nd the preceding
in being rather densely pubescent on the upper surface; the apical
joints of the antennae are almost as figured in T. nitidus, but the
abdomen is very different at the apex, and the legs are unarmed.
Tlie elytra have the basal half more or less dark than the
apical half, but the shades of colour are not sharply liudted. One
specimen has the abdomen almost black. The joints of the club
are usually slighter darker than the rest of the antennae. The
curvature at the apex of the eleventh joint of the male is very
pionounced from some directions, and its inner portion is some-
what concave. The head is described as transverse because its
upper surface is certainly wider than long; hut the lower surface,
in consequence of the muzzle being lengthened, is longer than
wide. Many specimens were obtained from moss, and one from
fallen leaves.

Tyromorphus l.evis RaftV.

There is Ijefore me a female (from the Tweed River), the only
sex described, that was returned by M. Raffray as T. Icevis; and
as his type was originally received from me and from the Tweed
River, this specimen can fairly be regarded as a cotype. In most

768- AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHIDiE,

particulars it agrees with his description, but its head is darker
than the rest of its body, and in fact is almost black; this, how-
ever, is probably an individual variation. Of the head, E affray
says : — " inter oculos foveis duabus "; on my specimen there are
two minute interocular impressions. Of the prothorax he says,
" fovea ante basali valida "; but, on my specimen, tlie fovea is-
decidedly small, and in other families of beetles would be regarded
only as a puncture, and a rather small one at that. By an error
in the table dealing with T. Icevis, the word " antennae" is used^
instead of " palpi."

Mr. Carter has sent me a male, from Sydney, that appears to
belong to the species; its head is no darker than the rest of its
body, and the armature of its legs is as follows : — four front
trochanters dentate, the teeth of about equal length, but more
acute in the front than in the middle pair; front femora each witb
a small acute subbasal tooth, middle femora each with an ob^
tuse subtriangular subbasal tooth; middle tibiae subdentate about
middle, and excavated thence to apex, with tiie apex itself pro-
duced into a long stout spur; front tibiae each with a strong;
obtuse apical spur. Its apical ventral segment is long, subtri-
angular, raised to apex, and with a feeble longitudinal impression.-

Hamotopsis auricomus, n.sp.

Reddish-castaneous; suture and abdomen somewhat darker.
Clothed with rather long and somewhat golden pubescence.

Head with dense and distinct punctures; a small deep fovea
on each side, and rather closer to the eye than to each other,
near middle of base with a very feeble impression, a distinct im-
pression separating antennary ridges; a short obtuse ridge touch-
ing the lower side of each eye. Antennae passing base of elytra,
first joint not quite as long as second and third combined, sixth,
seventh and eighth feebly transverse, ninth .slightly larger and
more transverse, tenth distinctly larger than ninth, eleventh
much wider than tenth, and about as long as eighth to tenth
combined, irregularly ovate or lopsided. Apical joint of palpi
very large and highly polished. Prothorax slightly longer than.

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 769

wide, widest across apical third, thence I'apidly diminishing in
width to apex, and rather feebly to base; with a distinct trans-
verse impression at basal third, and with numerous partially
concealed punctures. Elytra at ba.se not much wider than pro-
thorax at widest, but about twice the width near apex; sutural
stria distinct; with four subfoveate impressions at base; punctures
as on prothorax. Under surface with fairly numerous but more
or less concealed punctures. Leys rather long and densely punc-
tate; hind femora distinctly passing apex of abdomen. Length
3(vix)mm.

Hnb. — -Victoria: Hamilton(C. French).

Differs from H. Aiistralasice in being larger, fovete of head
smaller and deeper, portion of head in front of antennae more
produced, apical joint of palpi larger, more beau-shaped and
without apical seta, tenth joint of antennte decidedly transverse
and distinctly wider than ninth, legs longer(in H. Ausiralasice
the hind femora, at least in the female, terminate some distance
before apex of abdomen; in the present species they distinctly
pass it) and clothing(of both surfaces and legs) denser, longer and
more golden. The only specimen* before me, is of the same sex
as a cotype of H. Australasia, stated by M. Ea£fray to be a
female.

Rytus Kingi, u.sp.

(J. Reddish-castaneous, legs and antennae paler, tarsi and palpi
almost flavous. With moderately short pale pubescence.

Head with a deep curved impression between eyes, each side
marked by a few .stiff setse; in front of impression with a trans-
verse ridge, and then again depressed; with distinct punctures.
Antennae rather long, passing base of prothorax, second to eighth
joints subequal in length and width, ninth slightly longer and
wider, tenth wider than ninth but not longer, eleventh subovatc,
almost as long as the three preceding combined. Palpi with first

*Siuce this was written, Mr. Kershaw, of the National Museum, sent for
examination two males of this species, also from Hamilton and Mr. French's
Collection, They appear to differ only in having the front trochanters each
armed with a distinct and rather sharp spur.

59

770 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHID^,

joint concealed, second about as long as the width across eyes,
basal half thin and apical half dilated, third about half the length
of second, the extreme base thin but the rest as thick as tlie
dilated part of second, fourth about the length of second, and
much the same shape, except that the dilated portion is basal
instead of apical. Prothorax strongly convex, wider than long,
sides strongly rounded and widest close to apex; with a shallow
fovea on each side at base; with fairly distinct punctures. Elytra
distinctly wider than long, sides and shoulders strongly rounded;
with four small basal fovese; dorsal striae deep at base but ter-
minated at basal third; with numerous distinct and, for the
family, rather coarse punctures. Melastermim with a strong,
subquadrate, apical depression. Abdomen somewhat flattened
along middle of undersurface. Legs long; middle trochanters
acutely dentate; tibite moderately curved. Length l|^-l^nnn.

5. DiflFers in having the head without setae, without the strong
transverse impression, but with a shallow impression on each
side behind base of autennte, and one between them, antenna?
somewhat shorter, metasternum less impressed posteriorly, abdo-
men not flattened along middle, and legs shorter, with the middle
trochanters unarmed and the tibite less curved.

Hab. — New South Wales : National Park, Ourimbah (at both
places under rotting leaves), Sydney, Otford{A. M. Lea), National
Park(H. J. Carter).

The head conspicuously transversely impressed distinguishes
from R. subulatus, and metasternum impnnctatein middle instead
of with comparatively coarse punctures;* the general punctures
are also smaller, although still conspicuous, and the palpi are
rather stouter. In some respects close to the description of H.
coniiger, hut head without "two thick setae projecting like horns
from between the antenna?." Raffray described the head of li.
pjrcellus (the species he supposed to be E. coruiger) as bearing
*' two strong and short brushes of yellow hairs."

* A character omitted from the original description, but of which I can
be certain, having a cotype from Dunheved.

BY ARTHUR M. LEA. 771

From eacli side of the head the male appears to be deeply
■notched above the eye, with a conical tubercle iu front of the
notch. The lifth joint of antennae is slightly longer than any of
the three in front of or behind ir, l)ut the difference is not very
pronounced.

ScniSTODACTYLUS BREVIPENNIS, n.sp. (Plate xxi., fig.lO).

(J. Pale brownish-castaneous, appendages paler. Moderately
<;lothed with short pale pubescence.

JIead(exc\ndmg neck) feebly transverse, with two small and
shallow interocular fovese; with dense clearly defined punctures.
Antennae long, passing middle coxfe, first joint cylindrical, longer
'than second and third combined, second longer than third, the
others to seventh feebly decreasing in size, eighth slightly wider,
ninth slightly longer and distinctly wider than eighth, tenth
slightly wider than ninth, eleventh subovate, longer than ninth
and tenth combined. Prothorax about as long as greatest width,
which is near apex, sides thence regularly decreasing in width to
base; non-foveate; punctures as on head. Elytra very short,
strongly dilated from base to apex; subsutural stria on each com-
mencing in a feeble fovea, and regular to apex; the dorsal stria
also commencing in a feeble fovea, distinct to beyond the middle,
.aii,d traceable almost to apex; punctures almost as on prothorax.
Abdomen almost twice the length of elytra, and about middle
much wider; second segment largest of all; with small dense
punctures; under surface feebly convex along middle, the sub-
apical segment with a small fovea. Metasternum impressed along
middle; with fairly distinct punctures. Front trochanters each
with a long thin tooth or spine; femora stout, the front ones
each with a tooth as its trochanter; tibise thin, apex curved; tarsi
with basal joint short, second much longer, third about the
length of second, commencing close to its base, instead of from
its apex, and terminated by two small claws. Length 1^-2^ mm.

Hab. — Tasmania: New Norfolk, in tussocks; Lauuceston,
Wai'atah(A. M. Lea).

772 AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN PSELAPHIDiE.

Readily distinguished from L.iihantasma by the palpi; in Eaf-
fray's figures* the apical joint is obtuse and simple at tip, and
with a long recurved spine from the middle; in the present
species the apical joint is terminated by a thin spine and a fine
seta, whilst the recurved spine is basal, and, as also the spine oii
the subapical joint, curves forward instead of backward; the two
spines on the subbasal joint are unequal in length, with the longer
one about the length of the one on the subapical joint. The
species also differs from Raffray's description in not being glab-
rous, in the eleventh joint of antennte paler than the preceding
ones, or the club at least unicolorous with the rest of the antenna?,,
elytra with the subsutural stria regular throughout, and the dorsal
one continued beyond middle.

The tarsi of this genus are very peculiar, but RafFray may have
been mistaken in describing and figuring them as terminated by
single claws. At any rate in the present species some of the
tarsi(of the four specimens before me) appear to be each termi-
nated by a single claw, but this is probably due to gum, as on
others there are quite distinctly two very fine claws. The second
joint appears to have a groove into which the third is capable of
being partially received.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXL

Fig. L — Sagola TasmMikv Lea.

Fig. 2. — Batri^odes gibhicollis Lea.

Fig. 3. — Bybaxis acanthosterna Lea.

Fig. 4. — R. macrocephala Lea.

Fig. 5. — Cttnisophus loiiyicornU Lea,

Fig. 6. — Narcodes nigriventrh Lea.

Fig.7. — Palhnholui elegans Lea.

Fig.8. — Tyromorphus specioms King.

Fig.9. — 2\ auricomus Lea.

Fig, 10. — Schistodactylus brevipenni^ Lea.

^Kev. d'Ent.. 1SS3, Plate v., figsi.20-2L

773

AN ADDITIONAL NOTE ON THE BIRDS OF LORD

HOWE AND NORFOLK ISLANDS.

By Tom Irrdale.

(Co77imicnicaied by A. F. Basset Hull J.

My study of the avifauna of the Kermadec Islands necessitated
reference to literature dealing more especially with Norfolk and
Lord Howe Islands. I have received from my friend, Mr. A. F.
Basset Hull, his account of the Birds of Lord Howe and Norfolk
Islands{Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1909, Vol. xxxiv, pp.636
et seq.).

As almost all the earlier accounts of these birds are contained
in scarce books, I have ventured to bring them together, and
offer this as an appendix to Mr. Hull's paper. Whilst so doing,
I have noted some discrepancies which seem to me to point to the
solution of some matters hitherto in dispute.

There is a brief reference to pigeons, parrots, parroquets, and
rails in Cook's "Voyages,"(Vol, ii,, p. 148, 1777), in the account of
the discovery of Norfolk Island. In Hunter's " Historical Ac-
count of Port Jackson " <fec., 1793, Lieut. King's journal is repro-
duced. Regarding Norfolk Island, he writes " On our first
landing we found a great number of pigeons, which were so tame
tliat we knocked them down with sticks; but latterly they quitted
the low boughs, and generally harboured about the tops of the
pines. When plucked and drawn they weighed from three-
quarters to one pound each. The parrots are numerous, and the
ugliest bird of the kind I ever heard of; this added to the harsh-
ness of their note, makes them a very disagreeable bird. The
parroquets are entirely green, except a tuft on their head.
Hawks are numerous, and of two kinds, the grey and blue. . . .
Quails and curlews are plentiful, but very shy. The owls, which

774 THE BIRDS OF LOHD HOWK AND NORFOLK ISLANDS,

have very liaiidsome pluiuage, make a noise like one man calling'
to aiiothei-, and they pronounce the word ' yaho ' very distinctly.
. . . There are also a species of birds which burrow in the ground
like rabbits, where they hatch their eggs and rear their yountj;
they are web-footed, which is rather extraordinary, and their bill
is like that of other sea-fowl, l)ut they have not the least fishy
taste, and their flesh is very fine. These birds never quit their
holes till sunset, from which time until midnight the air is full
of them; they afforded us many fresh meals." Immediately suc-
ceeding. Captain Hunter was wrecked on Norfolk Island, and in
the same work he write3(p. 181) "In the month of April we
found that Mount Pitt, which is the highest ground on the Island,
was during the night crowded with birds. This hill is as full of
holes as any rabbit warren; in these holes at this season these
birds burrow and make their nests, and as they are an aquatic
bird they are, during the daytime, frequently at sea in search of
food. As soon as it is dark they hover in vast flocks over the
ground where their nests are. Our people(I mean seamen,
marines and convicts) who are sent out in parties to provide birds
for the general benefit, arrive upon the ground soon after dusk,
where they light small fires which attract the attention of the
birds, and they drop down out of tlie air as fast as the people
can take them up and kill them. When they are upon the
ground the length of their wings prevents their being able to rise,,
and until they can ascend an eminence they are unable to re-
cover the use of their wings. For this purpose nature has pro-
vided them with a strong, sharp and hooked bill, and in their heel
a sharp spur, with the assistance of which, and the strength of
their bill, they have been seen to climb the stalk of a tree suffici-
ently high to throw themselves upon the wing. . . . The}' are
webb-footed, and of a rusty black colour. . . . They lay but
one egg, and that is full as large as a duck's egg. They were at
the end of May as plentiful as if none had been caught, although
for two months before there had not been less taken than from
two to three thousand birds every night. Most of the females
t;iken in May were with ege, which really fills the whole cavity

DY TOM IKEDALE. 775

of the body, and is so heavy that I think it must fatigue the bird
much in flying. This Bird of Providence, which I may with
great propriety call it, appeared to me to resemble that seabird
in England called the puffin; they had a strong fishy taste, but
our keen appetites relished them very well; the eggs were excel-
lent." As a footnote is added "For a further description, and
an engraving of this bird, see the Norfolk Island Petrel in
Phillip's ' Voyage,' 4to edition."

In White's " Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales "(1790)
we have the discovery of Lord Howe Island chronicled, and get
the following account of the birds(p. 135) : — " They also found
on it in great plenty a kind of fowl, resembling much the Guinea
Fowl in shape and size, but widely different in colour, they being
in general all white, with a red fleshy substance rising, like a
cock's comb, from the head, and not unlike a piece of sealing-
wax. These not being birds of flight, nor in the least wild, the
sailors availing themselves of their gentleness and inability to take
wing from their pursuits, easily struck them down with sticks."
On p. 238 is described The White Fulica, Fulica alha, accom-
panied by a good figure.

More often quoted has been Phillip's " Voyage to Botany Bay."^
This was published by T. Stockdale, in 1789, and is a compilation
probably edited by the publisher. These accounts differ in details
from the ones I have quoted, and I believe this is due to the
editing. On p. 91, regarding Norfolk Island, is written : — " The
woods are inhabited by innumerable tribes of birds, many of
them very gay in plumage. The most useful are pigeons, which
are very numerous, and a bird not unlike the Guinea fowl, except
in colour(being chiefly white), both of which were at first so tame
as to suffer themselves to be taken by hand." On p. 182, where
the discovery of Lord Howe Island is chronicled, is found : — " On
the shore there are plenty of ganets, and a land fowl of a dusky
brown colour, with a bill about four inches long, and feet like
those of a chicken. . . . There are also many very lai'ge
pigeons, and the white birds, resembling the Guinea fowl, which
Tvere found at Norfolk Island, were seen liere also in great num-

776 THE BIRDS OF LORD HOWE AND NORKOLK ISLANDS,

bers. The bill of this bird is red and ver\' strong, thick and
sharp pointed." On p. 225 is given Lieut. Watts's account of the
discovery of Lord Howe Island, and amongst the birds are listed
"a new species, apparently, of the coote, and also of the rail."
On p. 250, Captain Marshall, who called at Lord Howe Island,
refers to a bird " somewhat resembling a Guinea-hen." On p. 161
is described the Norfolk Island Petrel, about which is written : —
"This inhabits Norfolk Island, and burrows in the sand like a
rabbit, lying hid in the holes throughout the day, and coming
out of evenings in quest of food. This bird appears to diflfer so
very little from the dark grey Petrel of Cook's " Voyage,"( Vol. i.,
p. 258), that it is not improbable that it may prove to be the same
species. This is described in the "General Synopsis of Biids,"
(Vol. vi., p..399), under the name of Grey Petrel." A Plate is
given, which suggests Oestrelata, though the d(;scription agrees
better with Piijf'inus yrif^ens Gm.; of this, more later. On p.273
the White Gallinule is described as from Lord Howe Island,
Norfolk Lsland, and other places," and is accompanied l)y a plate.

In Collins' "Account of the English Colony in New South
Wales,"(1798, p.23), we have :— "It[Lord Howe Island] abound-
ed with a new species of fowl, and a small brown bird, the flesh
of which was ver}' fine eating."

Much has been written about the Wliite Gallinule, but I con-
tend that a perusal of the preceding implies that it occurred solel}''
on Lord Howe Island, and that the Norfolk Island habitat, intro-
duced by the editor of Phillip's " Voyage," is erroneous. In
favor of this view we have, first. Captain Cook does not notice it;
Ijieut. King, in Hunter's " Historical Account," does not men-
tion it; and then Hunter himself, recording the lack of food, and
the finding of the " Bird of Providence," has nothing to say re-
garding it. Surely it is feasible to suppose that a starving man
would have had some remarks to make about it. Lieut. King
gives quite a detailed account of the avifauna without a word of
it; and it is worth pointing out that, when it is introduced as an
inhabitant of Norfolk Island in Phillip's " Voyage," it is in a
summary of King's papers. In Hill's " Lord Howe Island, "(p. 8),

BY TOM IRKDALE. 777

•this is quoted as " King's despatclies fioin Norfolk Island." I
feel certain that the Norfolk Island liabitat given in that place
is an error, as the only other time it is referred to is later on in
the same work, where obviously it is the editor's words. On the
■other hand, every visitor to Lord Howe Island was impressed
by it and referred to it; and, though all the writers had
visited Norfolk Island, they write of it as a new bird. Here again
it must be observed that the discovery of Lord Howe Island was
made on a trip to Norfolk Island, and thus a garbled account
■ could easily be produced. In this way I believe that tlie Norfolk
Island labels on some Lord Howe birds have been produced.
Thus, when the name Gallinrda alba was given to the White
Gallinule of Phillip's "Voyage" by Lathani(Index Ornith. ii.,
p.76'S, 1790) the habitat is incorrectly shortened to "Norfolk
Island." In the "General Synopsis, Supplement ii.,(23. 327),
1802," Latham adds White's name to the synonymy, amends his
•description to cover White's details, yet retains " Norfolk Island "
as the sole habitat. Von Pelzeln states that White's type was
labelled " Norfolk Island." That bird was figured in the "Ibis"
(1873, p.295). The skin is preserved in Vienna. The only other
specimen known is in the Liverpool Museum. Rowley, in the
"Ornithological Miscellany "(Vol. i., p. 37, 1875), figures the
latter as Porphyrio stanleyi, and gives a good historical account
of the White Gallinule. H. O. Porbe.s(Bull. Liverpool Museum,
Vol. ii., 1901, p. 62) has re-examined the Liverpool specimen, and
asserts its identity with the Vienna Ijird. In that paper some
statements are made which seem incompatible with the habitat
■of Lord Howe Island. The history to me seems incomplete, but
Forbes accepts the statement that it was " brought by Sir J.
Banks," " New Zealand rare," and consequently it must have
reached this country in June, 1771. I doubt this, and find con-
firmation in Forbes' own words : — " Unlike most of the birds
In'ought home hy Captain Cook it was not mummified;" and later,
" it is evident its pose was modelled from the Plate of the White
•Gallinule drawn by Miss Stone for White's Journal published in
i790." This suggests that the data, " brought by Sir J. Banks "

778 THE aiBDS OF LORD HOWE AND NORFOLK ISLANDS,

are incorrect; and, from the evidence I have put forward, that
the bird was confined to Lord Howe Island. In " Extinct Birds"
(1907, p. 143), Rothschild separates the two birds, calling the
Liverpool bird Notornis stanleyi Rowley, and identifying it with
the White Gallinule of Phillip's "Voyage," restricting it to Lord
Howe Island; the Vienna specimen he recognises as Notornis
alba White, and assumes that it lived only on Norfolk Island, hs
White gave no localit}'. But I have quoted the text of White's
"Journal," where he gives an account of it on Lord Howe Island,
so that it would seem White's bird came from that local itv,,
though afterwards labelled " Norfolk Island." I conclude tliat,
upon the preceding reports, the only habitat to be assigned to
the White Gallinule is Lord Howe Island, and, therefore, Fulica
alba White, Gallinula a/ba Latham, and Porphyrio staideyi
Rowley, are synonymous. Reference to the Watling drawings
seems to support this view. No. 258 is of a totally white bird^
and Watling wrote "one-third its natural size. Tliis bird is of
Howe Island, and when young is entirely black, from that to a
blueish grey, and from that to an entire white. This bird feeds
itself with its feet like a Parrot," and later he added " White
Gallinule complete, Latham Syn. Suppt. 2, p. 327." No. 259 was
first described by Watling as " Three stages of this Bird taken at
Lord Howes Island before it arrives to maturity," and later is
added " Three changes of the White Gallinule, Latham, Syn.
Suppt. 2, p. 327." Here is figured a blackish bird, a blackish
bird with the breast blue, and a pure white bird. It will be
noted that the only habitat given is Lord Howe Island. These
figures prejudiced Latham to the view that the white birds were
probably only albinoes of the Purple Gallinule, but a consideration
of the literature altogether discredits that conclusion.

The Watling drawings also provide the solution of the identity
of the Norfolk Island Petrel. No. 280 represents a Puffiniis; the-
legs and feet are yellowish-green, the claws black, the bill is
blackish at the tip, otherwise yellowish-green or horn-colour
Watling, when he drew it, wrote " Norfolk Island. The Mutton-
bird, in full feather." Later he added between " Norfolk Island'

BY TOM IREDALE, 779

and "The MiUtou-bird " the words " Petrel or," and at the bottom,
"Norfolk Island Petrel, Phillip's Voyages, pi. 10, p.l61, Latham
Syn. 2, p. 334." No. 281 is a drawing of a similar bird with all
the breast and abdomen covered with grey down; Watling's
original note reads "Norfolk Island Mutton Bird in second or
middle state." Here airain is inserted " Petrel or " between

O

" Norfolk Island " and " Mutton Bird," and there is added " Nor-
folk Island or Fuliginous Petrel a Young Bird, Latham Syn.
Suppt. 2, p.334:. No. 282 is of a bird with a black bill and feet,
and suggests Oestrelata rather than Puffinus; it is obviously not
the same as the two preceding, and just as clearly the same as the
Petrel figured in Phillip's "Voyage," where, however, the legs are
differently coloured and described. Watling originally wrote
" A Norfolk Island Bird." Later he added " Fuliginous Petrel,
Latham, Syn. Suppt. 2, p.33i;" but that species appears on p. 333,
and is jllajaqiceus aequinoctialis Linne.

The history and identification of the Watling drawings will be ■
found in the " History of the Collections of Natural History in ■
the British Museum " (A'^ol. ii , 1906). As preface to the draw-
ings, is a " Catalogue of Drawings of Birds, referring to my
General Synopsis of Birds," and above this heading is a note
"N.B. This Catalogue was wrote by Dr. Latham, author of the
General Synopsis of Birds." Of this note Dr. Sharpe says,
"probably in tlie handwriting of Mr. James Lee himself"; but
it is certainly Watling's. Every letter agrees with the writing
on the drawings correctly assigned to Watling, as evidenced by
bis signature.

In this Catalogue appeal's " 280-1-2, Norfolk Island Petrel.

•'»'

app

Sup. 2,334," showing that Latham confused the Puffinus and
Oestrelata. Of 280, Dr. Sharpe wrote(p.l52) "This figure is in
my opinion intended to represent Piiffinus cldororhynchus Less.,
to which it bears a very strong resemblance. If I am correct in
this supposition, the ' Norfolk Island Petrel' of Latham cannot
be referred to the Oestrelata neglecta Schl., as has been suggested,
in the Catalogue of Birds (.xxv., p. 41 2)." In making this sug-
gestion. Dr. Sharpe has overlooked the description where the taih

1780 THE BIRDS OF LORD HOWli; AND NORFOLK ISLANDS,

is stated to be " rounded." This divorces it from P. chlororhyn-
chus Less., and suggests P. grisens Gm., wliicli is emphasised by
the description and iiguration of the coloration of the soft parts.
To clinch this argument, we liave the fact tiiat Puffinv.s griseus
Gm., still breeds about the typical locality.

No. 282, Dr. Sharpe would identify with P. lennirostris Temm.,
hut it is undoubtedly a figure of the Oestrelata still breeding on
Norfolk Island. Here again we have the fact that Puffiyius
tenuirostris Temm., does not breed on Norfolk Island, whilst
there is an Oestrelata agreeing well with the figure. The con-
flicting accounts of the early writers are now easily reconciled.
To Oestrelata sp., may be assigned " they have not the least fishy
taste, and their flesh is very fine. These birds never quit their
holes till sunset," given hy King; whilst Hunter's account of the
.method of catching Avould apply better to P. griseus Gm.: and
his report of their climbing habits might refer to Oestrelata sp.j
the size of the egg and the strong fishy taste are moi'e applicable
to P. griseus Gm. The time of breeding is noteworthy. Mr.
Hull(p.649) notes the Lord Howe Island Petrel as breeding in
July- August, whilst the Norfolk Island Petrel is said to breed in
January(North, "Nests and Eggs," p.416). As Pvffiims griseus
Gra., breeds at Norfolk Island in December, further investigation
is necessary to clear up this point. One thing is, however,
<;ertain, and that is that the Oestrelata that burrows on Norfolk
Island must bear the name Oestrelata phillipi Gray, and it is not
identical with Oe. neghcta Schl. Whether the Lord Howe
burrowing Oestrelata is identical with the Norfolk Island species,
I cannot say. Hunter's comparison with the puffin of England
refers to the Pujftnus jmffinus Linne, which was called by
Ed\vards(1764) "the i)uffin of the Isle of Man"; obviously, he
had PuffimiS griseus Gm., in his mind. In the Tab. Enc. Meth.
i.(p.75, 1791), under P. grisea, Bonaterre gives a translation of
Phillip's account of the Norfolk Island Petrel. That account
was probably prepared by Latham, as tliose of most of the other
birds were, and it is copied almost word for word in Latham's
(works.

BY TOM iredale:. 78?

Mr. Hull notes thnt a paper on tlie Birds of Norfolk Island^
Ly A. von Pelzeln, in the Sitzungs. Kaiserl. Akad. Wissen.Wien,
(xii., pp.319-332, 1860) is not available in Sydney. A short
summary may therefore be acceptable. Twenty-one species are
recorded, the majority names only. These are : —

Astur approxiiyiaiisYig. ikHorsf., Climacteris scandensHQvam.,
ZosLerops tenuirostiis Gould, Zosterops alboyularis Gould, Gerij-
gone Diodesta, n.sp.,(p.320), Turdits jJoliocepJial'iis Lath., lihipidura
assimilis, n.sp.,(p.3'20), Pachycep)hala longirostris Gould, Campe'
phaga loiigicaiulata, n.sp.,(p.32I), Aplonis obsciu-us Duhus, A^estoj'
norfolcensis, n.sp.,(p.322, Plate of head), Hemiphaga spadicea
Lath., Leucosarciapicata Lath., Charadriiisxaiithocheilus Wagler,.
FAmosa baueri Natterer, Totanus (jlottis Linne, Xotornis (1:) alba
White, Anas superciliosa Gmel., Puffiiuis chlororhynclius Less ,
Procellaria atlantica Gould, PhaetJion phcenicuriis Gmel.

The name assimilis given to the lihipidura was changed ta
pelzelni by Gray, (Ibis, 1862, p. 226) on account of a prior use of
the name assimilis. Campephaga longicaudata Pelzeln, is a
synonym of Diap>Jioroj)teri(,s leucopygitts Gould. The figure given
of the head of Nestor norfulcensis is obviously that of a deformed
bird; and, as the extreme variability of species of that genus is
well known, the name seems superfluous. However, Rothschild
has advanced the theory that it may have been a native of Lord
Howe Island; he observes that it seems quite unlikely that
different species should be represented on Phillip and Norfolk
Islands. In favor of this view we have mention in Lieut. Watts's
account of "parrots" as well as parroquets when Lord Howe
Island was discovered. Though Mr. Hull gives Norfolk Island
alone as the habitat of the extinct Heviiphaga spadicea Lath., it
is obvious that it was formerly as common on Lord Howe Island.

When putting together these notes, I observed records of some
birds which have escaped Mr. Hull's notice. In the Eecords of
the Australian Museum^Vol. v., p. 126, 1904), North has written
"Another collection of birds made by Mr. Waite on Lord Howe
Island in December, 1902, contains two species that have not
previously been recorded from that Island, viz., 2'ringa subar-

782 THE BIRDS OF LORD HOAVE AND NORFOLK ISLANDS.

quata Giuldst., and Puffinus carneipes Gould. A specimen of the
latter was also obtained by Mr. E. H. Saunders, on the same
Island, as far back as 1887." In the " Monograph of Petrels,"
(PI. ii., p.l42, 1908) is written of P. carneipes Gould, " Mr. Ernest
Saunders procured specimens on Norfolk Island and Lord Howe
Island"; and, on p. 144, "The specimen described is in the British
Museum, and was obtained by Mr. Ernest Saunders on Norfolk
Island." It would be interesting to learn whether this Petrel
.breeds on either of these groups, or whether the birds recorded
were simply stragglers.

In the Catalogue of Birds, British Museum, xxiv., p.352, under
Nimienius cyanojncs Vieill., appears " Lord Howe Island, Sep. 8.
J. Macgillivray." As on p. 364, under Numenius variegatus Scop.,
it is recorded that Macgillivray also collected that species, there
can be no doubt of the accuracy of the occurrence. N. cyanopus
. should, therefore, be added to the list.

Another species, Megalestris antarctica Less., is mentioned in
the same Catalogue(Vol. xxv, p. 321): immature skin, Norfolk
island, F. M. Bayner, Esq.

'83

IFURTHER NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF LORD HOWE
AND NORFOLK LSLANDS.

By a. F. Basset Hull, Sydney.

(Plates xxii.-xxv.)

The very interesting contriljution by Mr. Tom Iredale, on the
-early records relative to the avifauna of Lord Howe and Norfolk
Islands, appears to settle finally the question as to the latter
Island being also the habitat of the extinct Notornis alba. I had
already arrived at the same conclusion^ and, in my previous
paper,* I assigned Lord Howe Island as the only habitat of this
species.

The references in the e-arly literature to birds of the Petrel
group, however, need very careful study; and much remains to
be done in the way of investigation to arrive at definite conclu-
sions regarding the identity of the species mentioned by King,
Hunter, and other writers.

I have fortunately been able to establish the Lord Howe Petrel
. as a distinct and new species, but there are certain conflicting
accounts as to the Norfolk Island Petrels yet to be reconciled.
Owing to the varying .seasons at which the diflferent species breed,
and to the fact that I was only a few weeks on the Island during
October and November, I was unable to make personal inves-
tigations, and have had to rely upon the statements of other
observers, and the examination of eggs furnished to me by resi-
dents, for some of my conclusions.

The most puzzling species undoubtedly is the Oestrelata (Oe.
}>hHllpi Gray), which has been classed in the British J\lu.seura
Catalogue and by later authorities with Oe. neglecta Schlegel. I

* Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1900, Vol. xxxiv., p.G46.

784 THE BIRDS OF LOKD IIOWK AND NORFOLK ISLANDS,

have already expressed the opinion that this classification is-
erroneous, my reasons being (1) Dr. Metcalfe's statement that it
deposits its single egg at the end of a burrow in tlie sandy soil,
and (2) the dimensions of the egg as given by North, viz.,
2'14 X 1-62 inches. t Both of these particulars, to my mind,,
effectuall}'^ reaiove Oe. fhilliin from Oe. neglecia. The latter
species never under any circumstances uses a burrow for breeding^^
pur|ioses, and the dimensions of its eggs average 2"48xl-77
inches. Dr. IMetcalfe obtained two specimens of the Norfolk
I.sland bird, one of which, I believe, was forwarded to Dr. Crow-
foot. If the present whereabouts of either or both skins could
be ascertained and an examination made, I feel sure that tha
question would be set at rest.

Captain Hunter's "Bird of Providence" is at present a
mystery. I ascended Mount Pitt, and savv no signs of occupation
by any burrowing bird (November); and my collector at Norfolk
Island carefully examined the locality early in August of this
year, but found no signs of either birds or burrows. Captain
Hunter's party found a species of Petrel present on Mount Pitt
in immense numbers in May, during which month most of the
females were "with egg." If this species bred there now, there
would be signs of recent occupation and probably immature birds
in August. Apparently, however, the insatiable demands of the
convicts resulted either in the complete extermination of the
colony or in its removal to some more secure breeding ground.
There appears little doubt that this bird belonged to the genus
Oestrelata. It might have been Oe. pliilUpi Gray, or (a sugges-
tion that I put forward with some hesitation) identical with the
species now breeding on Lord Howe Island. The colour "rusty
black " assigned by Captain Hunter is not an exact description
of the latter species, but the other particulars are applicable.

[ hope at some future date to procure more information as to
the extent to which Puffin^is griseus breeds on Norfolk Island.
At present the only data are Sir Walter Buller's expression of"

tNorth, "Nests and Eggs," (1st Ed.) p.416.

BY A. F. BASSET HULL. 785

opinion that Dr. Crowfoot's P. sphenurus (chlororhynchus) is P.
yriseus; and some eggs procured for me by a collector in Decem-
ber, which are certainly not those of P. chlororhyncluts, but
agree with the dimensions of those of P. griseus.

OeSTKELATA MONTANA, n.sp.

Lord Howe Petrel.

General colour above slate, feathers of the back broadly mar-
gined with darker, shafts darker; feathers of the crown of the
head brown, each with a narrow subterminal grey band; forehead
brown, the sides of the feathers broadly margined with white;
lores, feathers brown, wholly margined with white; throat slaty-
grey, visible bases of the feathers white, producing a mottled
-a|>pearance; cheeks and sides of head brown, under surface
ashy-brown, darker on the neck and abdomen, lower neck
feathers broadly margined with paler shade; bases of all blie
body-feathers pure white; wing-coverts, primaries brown, faintly
margined with grey ; secondaries brighter brown, margined
with lighter; primaries with quills black, except at the extreme
'base, where they shade gradually to white; outer webs black;
inner web next to the quill blackish-grey, then shading from
white at tlie base and for half the length of the feather to
greyish-black at the tip; secondaries slate, quills black; outer web
faintly margined at apical end with pale grey, inner web greyish-
white at base, blackish along quill extending diagonally to the
■edge of the featlier, which is faintly margined with white; under
wing-coverts slate, bases and margins of feathers white; rump
and upper tail-coverts slate, margined with darker, becoming less
dark and succeeded by a ziarrovv white outer edge; outer tail-
feathers dark slate, quills brown, basal half of inner web with
narrow margin extending to apical end of outer web white;
central tail-feathers almost uniform slaty-brown, with white
bases, narrow edge and tips white; bill black; tarsi and first
joint of inner toe horn-colour. Total length 17 "6 in., wing II "6,
tail 5*45, bill 1'37, tarsus 1'68, middle toe and claw 2-45; wing.__^
extends 0*75 in. beyond the tail. y}'. -/ . i^ y

LIBRARY

786 THE BIRDS OF LORD HOVVK AND NORFOLK ISLANDS,

In my previous paper on "The Birds of Lord Howe and
Norfolk Islands," I gave a brief description of a specimen of this
bird procured by Messrs. Hedley and McCulloch, of the Austra-
lian Museum, and Mr. W. S. Dun, from Mount Govver, Lord
Howe Island. I then expressed the opinion that it was a species
distinct from Oe. neglecta Schlegel, with which it had been identi-
fied by Mr. North.

I have since procured another adult skin, and a series of eggs,
taken on 3rd June, 1910, in the same locality by Mr. Herbert
Wilson, who also furnished me with some interesting particulars
reeardins the habits of the bird.

A compai'ison with a skin of Oe. neglecta supplied to me by
Mr. W. K. Brook Oliver (one of the Kermadec Island expedition)
shows that the difference is very marked indeed. In fact, Oe.
montana does not closely resemble any other of the thirty-two
known species of the genus. It is one of the largest and most
robust, and in its nature differs from the others, which are gentle
and timid.

It is somewliat remarkable that this bird, locally so well known
as the " Big Hill Mutton Bird," has not hitherto been described.
Although it breeds only on Mount Gower, that mountain is by
no means difficult of access to persons of ordinary strength and
activity; indeed, several ladies have successfully negotiated the
climb to the summit. A pliotograph of the mountain (Plate xxii.)'
renders a detailed description unnecessary. It is 2,840 feet in
height, and the ocean front consists of a series of precipices, with
steep slopes at the foot of each, covered with cliff debris, boulders,
and matted cutting-grass. One of these slopes, known as the
"Lower Road "(Pl.xxiii.), about 300 feet above sea-level, was tlie
locality from which my bird and eggs were taken, but breeding
places are found right up to the plateau at the top of the mountain.

In his account of the expedition to obtain specimens for me,
Mr. Wilson states that the locality was very rocky, with a few
patches of cutting-grass. The nests examined were all in
burrows, some as much as six feet in length, and mostly con-
structed where the ground was wet. No nest was found in the

open, but plenty existed under the ovei'lianging boulders in
inaccessible positions. The nest was a large accumulation of
cutting-grass, in which the egg was almost concealed. All the-
burrows examined had two outlets(See Plates xxiv., and
xxv). Mr. Wilson says " the birds would stop and fight
for a while. They can bite harder than any bird I have
ever robbed. I have got some of the marks on my hands
yet (r2th July)." He located the sitting bird.s by calling
out, when the birds gave an answering cry from their
burrows. He saw no variation whatever in the colourinc of the
plumage of the birds seen, but some were slightly smaller than
others. One bird only occupied the burrow, the mate being at
sea. One egg only is laid for a sitting, as in the case of all other
members of the Petrel family. Those pi-ocured are mostly stout
oval in form, some being more pointed than others; colour soft
dull white, with large, shallow, irregular pittings. The dimen-
sions of eight specimens obtained by Mr. Wilson are as follows: —
(a) 2-() X 1-9, (b) •2-6 x 1-86, (c) 2-55 x 1-92, (d) 2-.55 x 1-87, (e) 2-5
X 1-96, (/) 2-5 X 1-88, {</) 2-44 x 1-9, (A)24xl'9. Average
dimensions, 252 x 1'9. The average dimensions of nine earo^s of
Oe. neglecta, from the Kermadec Islands, are 2'4:8 x 1"77.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XXIL-XXV.
Plate xxii.

Mounts Gower and Lidgbu'd, Lord Howe Island. (Photo by A. F. Basset
Hull).

Plate xxiii.

The Lower Road, Moimt Gower, a breeding-place of Oestrelata montana,
(Photo by A. K. McCiilloch).

Plate xxiv.

Oestrelata montana, adult at entrance to burrow uuder overhanging rock,

Mount Gower. (Plioko by A. R,McUulloch).

Plate xxv.
Oeatrelata montana, nestling taken from nest, and placed above entrance

to burrow; Mount Gower. (Photo by A. R. McCulloch).

•,7;88

NOTES FROM THE BOTANIC GARDENS, SYDNEY.

No.16.
By J. H. Maidkn' and E. Bktche.

TILIACEiE.
EL.EOCARPUS HOLOPETALUS F.V.M.

Guy Fawkes(J. L. Boonnan; Decembet-, 1909).

Common in the southeni |.arts of New South Wales, but not

recorded from north of the Blue Mountains, so far as we know.

Mr. Boorman writes that it is fairly common at Guy Fawkes. It

attains a height of 30 to 40 feet near the coast, at the foot of the

ranges, and dwindles down to a liandsome shrub of 3 to 6 feet

at the summit of the ranges around Guy Fawkes, Armidale

district.

SUTACE^.

ZlERIA HOBUSTA, n.Sp.

East of Mt. Werong, 3,700 feet liigh, on the edge of "The
l>ig Plain" overlooking the Kowmung River (R. H. Cambage,
No.2261; October, 1909).

An erect compact shrub with erect branches, about 12-18
inches high, quite glabrous and densely covered with glandular
tubercles very prominent on the 3'oung shoots and petioles.
Leaves opposite, trifoliate, the common petiole about ^ inch longj
leaflets obovate, about ^ inch long, generally with a minute
lecurved point and with slightly irregularly crenate margins, the
glands chiefly prominent on the midrib. Flowers small, white,
almost concealed amongst the leaves, in short trichotomous cymes
about as long as the leaves, with small bracts. Cal3^\:-lobes
triangular, densely tomentose inside, pealts imbricate in the bud,
iininutely puberulent about twice as long as the calyx, the whole

BY J. H. MAIDEN AND E. BETCHE, 789*

flower hardly above ^ inch long. Anthers obtuse, not apiculate.
Fruits not seen.

Frutex erectus compactusque, 12-18" altus, glaber et glandu-
losis tuberculis dense tectus. Foliis trifoliatis, foliolis obovatis
5-7 mm. longis, petiolo communi circiter 5 mm. longo. Floribus
minutissimis in tricliotomis cymis parvis, bracteis circiter aeque
longis quam foliis et sfepe fere obscuratis sub foliis, toto Acre vix
4 mm. longo. Calycis lobis tomentosis, antheris non apiculatis..
Fructus non vidimus.

The new species can hardly be said to be closely allied to any
described species; its chief characteristic is its robust habit, more
like an Eriostemon than a Zieria. It comes perhaps nearest
Z. cytisoides and Z. ohcordata, but it differs essentially from both
in the inflorescence and the absence of hairs: the tubercular
glands it has in common with Z. grajiulata and some forms of
Z. Smithii, but hardly anything else, except the generic characters.

ASTEROLASIA CORREIFOLIA Bentll., var. MUELLERI F.V.M.

(A. Muelleri Benth.).

Mt. Lindsay, Nandewar Range(R. H. Cambage; November^
1909).

The most northern locality recorded. It was recorded from
Victoria alone till the first New South Wales specimen was col-
lected, in 1900, at Lobb's Hole, in the Tumut district. The
second New South Wales locality brings its range to several
hundred miles further north.

Phebalium Nottii F.V.M.

Upper Copmanhurst(J. L. Boorman; October, 1909).

Originally described from Queensland specimens, but recorded
by us, in 1898, as a New South Wales plant, from specimens col-
lected in the Harvey Range, near Peak Hill. The Copmanhurst
specimens have generally six or seven petals and calyx-lobes; and
are also, in other respects, closer to the typical Queensland speci-
mens than to those from the Harvey Range. They grow in rough
sandstone country, at an altitude of 1000 or 2000 feet, and aie
about 2^ to 3 feet high.

61

790 NOTES FROM THE BOTANIC GARDENS, SYDNEY, NO. XVI.,

LEGUMINOSJ;.
Phaseolus TRUXiLLENSis H. B., & K. New for N'ew South Wales.

G]ouce.ster(W. Heron; Februaiy, 1910); Copmanliurst(Rev. H.
M. R. Rupp; February, 1910).

Previously recorded, in Australia, only from Queensland and
N'orth Australia. It is undoubtedly wild in New South Wales,
and not raerely a garden-escape. The Rev. H. M. R. Rupp
writes : — " It is quite common in this district, and is known here
as 'Shell Pea,' yet one does not very often notice it, for it seems
to l)e a shy bloomer. It is a beautiful thing when well out. It
.always occurs in open or lightly timbered country." Mr. Heron
also replied tliat he found it about 13 miles north-east of GIou-
>cester, far removed from all habitations.

PuLTRNjE.'V SETULOSA Benth. New for New South Wales.

Mt. Lindsay, Nandewar Range(R. H. Cambage; November,
1909).

Previously recorded only from Queensland. Broad Sound is
the only locality given in Bentham's " Flora Australiensis " and
in Bailey's •' Queensland Florn." The New S<>utli Wales speci-
mens are erect shrubs, about 4 feet high, growing at an altitude
■of from 4,500 to 4,700 feet, and seem to differ from the type only
in the less conspicuous setee on the stipules, the character from
xwhich the specific name selulosa is derived.

PuLTEN^A FOLIOLOSA A. Cunn New for Queensland.
Texas, Queensland(J. L. Boorman; September, 1910). The
most northern locality of a plant common on the New England
Tableland in New South Wales, but not previously recorded
from Queensland.

E.UTAX1A EMPETRIFOLIA Schlecht. New for Queensland.

Inglewood, Queensland(J. L. Boorman; September, 1910).

The species is common in Southern New South Wales and
Victoria, but has not previously been recorded from Queensland,
and not even from Northern New South Wales, as far as we
.know.

BY J. H. MAIDEN AND E. BETCHE. 791

The Queensland specimens are, in aspect, very different from
the divaricate, thorny-branched shrubs of the Wyong district in
New South Wales, for example; and differ from Bentham's
description in the glabrous ovarium, but in no other essential
character. Some may regard it as a distinct species, but Bentham
includes such a variety of forms in Eutaxia empetrifulia, that we
feel justified in including also this form under that name.

Crotalaria juncea Linn. New for New South Wales.

Gordon Brook, Upper Copraanhurst(Rev. H. M. R. Rupp;
April, 1910).

A common East Indian species, and a well-known fibre-plant.
Previously recorded in Australia only from Queensland and North
Australia. The Rev. H. M. R. Rupp writes: — "The only place
■whei-e I have seen it, is on the south side of the Clarence, almost
directly opposite Gordon Brook homestead; it grows there freely,
reaching 2 feet 6 inches or 3 feet, but mostly shorter."

Jacksonia scoparia R.Br., var. gonoclada, n.var.

Nambucca Heads, on stony ridges overlooking the ocean(J. L.
Boorman; June, 1910).

An erect shrub, 4 to 6 feet high, very densely branched towards
the summit. Branchlets angular and narrowly winged, about ^
inch broad, grey from a minute hoary pubescence. Flowers from
pale to orange-yellow.

The shrub looks very different from the ordinary form of J.
scoparia, but does not differ in any essential floral characters.
It flowers apparently much more scantily, and the flowers are on
shorter pedicels, but the shape, proportionate length and indu-
mentum of calyx, petals, stipes, ovarium and style are identical,
and, therefore, we do not feel justified in separating it specifically
from J. scoparia. The flattened branchlets approach J. Clarkii
F.V.M., but that species is distinguished from J. scoparia by es-
sential floral characters. We have not seen fruits.

792 NOTES FROM THE BOTANIC GARDENS, SYDNEY, NO. XVI.,

composite:.
Helichrysum cassinoides Benth. New for New South Wales.

Gunnedah(J. L. Boorman; November, 1910).

Previously recorded from Queensland only, " Keppel Bay and
Broad Sound "(collected by Robert Brown); also from " Gains-
ford "(collected by E. Bowman, Nat. Herb., Melbourne).

It is a shrub, generally 4 to 6 feet high, exceptionally attain-
ing a height of 10 feet or more; and was found in stony places,
near the Black Jack Coal Mine, at Gunnedah.

STYLIDIEiE.
Levenhookia dubia Sond.

Hawkesbury Agricultural College, Richmond; plentiful in a
paddock on the College Farm(C. T. Musson; October, 1903).

New for the County of Cumberland; not recorded in Rev. Dr.
Woolls' " Plants indigenous in the Neighbourhood of Sydney."

EPACRIDEiE.

Epacris mucronulata R.Br.
In these Proceedings for 1898(Vol. xxiii., p. 13) we recorded the
above species as new for New South Wales. Prof. Ewart has
pointed out to us that he has determined the plant as E. pahidosa,
R. Br., and we consider that his view is the correct one. It is
an alpine form of E. pahcdosa, different in appeai-ance from the
form so common on the Blue Mountains, but still not specifically
different. We, therefore, withdraw the name of Epacris mucro-
nulata from tlie flora of New South Wales.

LABIATiE.
Westringia Cheelii, n.sp.

Road from Goonoo to Mudgee(J. L. Boorman; October, 1908),

A thickly branched, pale green shrub, 4 to 5 feet high and

nearly as broad, nearl}' glabrous but with a minute hoary tomen-

tum on the young shoots, distinctly visible on the contracted.

internodes on the tops of the branches. Leaves almost sessile in

BY J. H. MAIDEN AND E. BETCHK. 793

whorls of 3, oblong-elliptical to lanceolate, acute, about ^ inch
long, the margins thickened and slightly recurved, glabrous when
full grown, slightly hoary-tomentose on the underside when
young. Flowers rather small, the corolla hardly above twice as
long as the calyx, of a purplish-blue or sometimes white faintly
tinted with pink, axillary, but all crowded at the ends of the
branches, forming leafy terminal heads. Calyx green and glab-
rous, nearly ^ inch long, with a ribbed tube and short, broad but
acute lobes hardly ^ the length of the tube, the bracts under the
calyx very small. Corolla slightly hairy inside and outside; other
floral characters those of the genus. Ripe fruits not seen.

Frutex densus circiter vel plus 1 m. altus, fere glaber proeter
tomentum minutissinium ramisjuvenilibusefe latere inferiore foliis
juveniiibus. Foliis fere sessilibus, ternis, oblongo-ellipticis vel
lanceolatis, acutis, circiter 5 mm. longis, marginibus densatis et
aliquanto recurvatis. Floribus axillaribus sed apice ramorum
confeitis in capitibus fere terminalibus. Calyce viridi glabro,
bracteis minutissimis sub apice, tubuio costato circiter 4 mm.
longo, lobis latis acutisque circiter 1 mm longis. Corolla ali-
quanto pilosa.

The shrub grows abundantly and gregariously on slightly
elevated ridges on tiie plains between Goonoo and Mudgee. It is
not an attractive plant from an horticultural point of view; the
flowers are not very conspicuous, and the foliage is of a dull pale
green, often shading to purplish on the young shoots, according
to tlie collector's notes.

Bentham writes iu the " Flora Australiensis," in a footnote to
the genus : — " With the exception of W. cephalantha, the species
are so closely allied, and run so much into each other as to render
it exceedingly difficult to assign to them any tangible characters."
We find this remark very true, and it is difficult, for that reason,
to say to which of the described species our new species is most
nearly allied. It has the short calyx-lobes and very short bracts
of W. rigida R.Br., and has also the whorls in 3's in common
with that species, but it difl'ers from it in the glabrous calyx,

and widely in habit and inflorescence. In habit and inflorescence

62

794 NOTES FROM THE BOTANIC GARDENS, SYDNEY, NO. XVI.,

it comes nearest to the Tasmanian W. rubicefolia R.Br., but
differs from it in the short calyx-lobes and in the shape, arrange-
ment and the colour of the leaves. It cannot be tacked on as a
variety to any described species, as it is as much distinguished
from any of them as they are from each other. The chief char-
acteristic is the inflorescence, which comes nearest to the capitate
inflorescence of W. cephalanthaF.v.M., without being trul}' capi-
tate.

We name the plant in honour of Mr. Edwin Cheel, a co-worker
on the Australian flora. Mr. Cheel also diagnosed this plant and
we made use of his notes to some extent in this paper.

Prostanthera Leichhardtii Betith.

Cobar(E. C. Andrews; November, 1910).

Previously recorded from Queensland only, "Bottle Tree Creek,
Leichhardt," being the only locality recorded by Bentham, and
later still by Bailey.

The specimen was determined by Archdeacon Haviland, and
presented to the National Herbarium by the collector.

MONIMIACEiE.
Palmeria scandens r.v.M.

Coff's Harbour(J. L. Boorman; May, 1909); Acacia Creek,
Macpherson Range(W. Dunn; May, 1909, and May, 1910).

The fruits of this tall woody climber are incorrectly described;
the drupes are supposed to be completely enclosed in the enlarged
somewhat fleshy fruiting calyx. This is not the case in the fully
matured fruits, as the fruiting specimens from the above two
localities show. The fruiting calj'x Anally bursts irregularly,
and expands into a flat, very much lacerated disk bearing 2 to
6 sessile dark drupes on its surface, much as in Tetrasynandra
{Kibara Endl.), only the disk is much larger and more conspicu-
ous, and the drupes are smaller.

LAURACEiE.
Cryptocarya erythroxylon Maiden & Betche.
Gloucester district(W, Heron; November, 1909).

BY J. H. MAIDEN AND R. BETCHB. 795

The species was described in Maiden's " Forest Flora of New
South Wales," Part xxvi., No. 96, Plate 100(1907), from speci-
mens collected on the Macpherson Range. It i« a tall tieein the
northern locality, attaining 4 feet in diameter, but seems to be
much smaller in the Gloucester district. This new locality
extends its range several hundred miles. Mr. Heron wiites:— »
"It is scarce here, and is about 12 inches at most in diameter,
and up to 20 feet high."

PROTEACE^.
Embothrium Wickhami F.V.M., var. pinnata, n.vai'.

Dorrigo(J. L. Boorman; December, 1909).

This interesting Proteaceous tree is common in North Queens-
land, on the Bellenden-Ker Range and on the Barron River, but
has not been found in Southern Queensland, as far as we know;
and now it turns up again in Northern New South Wales, in a
very restricted area, in a different form. Mr. Boorman informs us
that he did not see more than about a dozen trees in a radius of
12 miles of the Dorrigo township, and that it .seems not to grow
anywhere else in the district. It is a true brush-tree, growing
in company with Araucaria, Dysoxylon, Harpullia, etc., attaining
a height of 60 to 80 feet, by about 5 feet diameter. The Howers
and fruits are quite identical with the Bellenden-Ker specimens,
but the leaves are pinnate in the New South Wales specimens,
and simple in the Queensland ones. Such a sharp distinction
would justify us in giving it a new name if it belonged to any
other Family, but the variability of the leaves is so marvellous
in Proteacefe, that we can only regard it as a pinnate-leaved
form. The leaves are from 9 to 18 inches long, including the
slender petiole, pinnate with 7 to 9 leaflets; leaflets lanceolate,
generally 4 to 5 inches long, and f to 1 inch broad in the middle,
tapering at botli ends, pinnately obliquely veined, only the
principal veins conspicuous. The rhachis between the leaflets is
in most leaves slightly winged towards the top, frequently
uuiting the three uppermost leaflets at the base, and thus showing
a tendency to relapse into apinnatifid leaf. This tendency is dis-

796 NOTES FROM THE BOTANIC GARDENS, SYDNEY, NO. XVI.,

tinctly shown in the floral leaves; the first leaves below the
inflorescence are frequently simple, next to the simple leaf follows
occasionally a leaf cleft to or nearly to the rhachis into two lobes,
and then follow, generally abruptly, the pinnate leaves.

Mr. Boorman distinguishes two forms growins; tosrether in the
same restricted area; one is the tall tree described above, the
other is a small shrubby form 10 to 15 feet high, with consider-
ably smaller leaves, and a greater tendency to simple or lobed
leaves. The specimens look very distinct, but this is again
merely an instance of the protean character of Proteaceae; the
small form will eventually grow out into the tall form, and only
lall old trees seem to have the large pinnate leaves. The tree is
of special interest because it is one of tiie few links which con-
nect the flora of Australia with that of South America.

HYDROCHARITACEiE,
Thalassia HEMPRiCHii(Ehrenb.) Aschers. New for Australia.

Murray Island, Torres Straits(Charles Hedley; September, 1907:
and J. S. Bruce; June, 1910).

Previousl}' recorded from the Indian and Pacific Oceans, from
the Red Sea to the shores of New Caledonia and New Britain
(Neu Pommern).

In these Proceedings for 190y(Vol. xxxiv., p. 585) we published
a note on the fruit of a marine plant doubtfully referred to Cymo-
docea ciliata. This is the plant in question; the better specimens
received through the goodness of Mr. J. S. Bruce, of Murray
Island, by the kind intermediary of Mr. Hedley, enable us to
correct the mistake. We regret that, by an oversight, the mark
of interrogation was omitted on the Plate on which the fruit is
figured as Cyinodocea, though the query was not omitted from
the note.

Together with the specimens of Thalassia, Mr. Bruce sent
excellent fruiting specimens of Enhalus Koenigii Tlich., (Enhalus
acoroides Steud.) a genus closely allied to Thalassia, hut distin-
guished from it chiefly by the long stalks of the fruits, which
ripen on the surface of the water. Both genera seem to be

BY J. H. MAIDEN AND E. BETCHE. 797

■equally common in Torres Straits. Mr. Bruce sends us the
following note about their distribution: — "'No.2{Enhalus Koenigii)
is recognised by the natives here as the true food of the Dngong;
it very seldom crops the leaves of the oth&r{Thalassia Hemprichii).
Both plants are found only in small patches around the Murray
Group, consequently Dugong is scarce; but at the islands to the
west of here, where the Dugong is plentiful, both plants are
found in profusion."

CYPERACE^l.

Tricostularia pauciflora Benth. New for New South Wales.

La Perouse(W. Forsyth; November, 1899): Leura, Blue Moun-
tains(A. A. Hamilton; December, 1909).

Previously recorded from Victoria only. The specimens were
presented by Mr. A. A. Hamilton, and determined by him.

LiPOCARPHA MICROCEPHALA R.Br.

Hawkesbury Agricultural College, Richmond, in a ditch where
used to be a swampy tract of country(VV. Greenwood, through C.
T. Musson; April, 19 lU).

New for the County of Cumberland. The Rev. Dr. Woolls

selected the boundaries of the County of Cumberland as the

boundaries of his Census of the " Plants indigenous to the

Neighbourhood of Sydney," and this plant is not included in his

list.

GRAMINE5:.

Panicum semialatum R.Br., var. latjfolium, n.var.

Duaringa, via Rockhampton, Queensland(J. H. Maiden;
March, 1909).

A slender grass, 15-18 inches high, apparent!}' annual. Leaves
short, flat, above |- inch broad at the base and less than 2 inches
long, tapering to a point, hirsute and ciliate as well as the long
leaf-sheaths and the stems. Stems slender, leafy at the base,
with a few short distant leaves higher up. Spikelets in rather
distant pairs on the panicle-bianches, the second glume smooth
and shining.

798 NOTES FROM THE BOTANIC GARDENS, STDNEY, NO. XVI.,

TIii.s slender grass looks very distinct from the robust typical'
P. semialatum, with long narrow leaves and spikelets crowded on
the panicle-branches, but it has the chief characters of that
species, i.e., the densely fringed second glume, and the cleft palea
of the third glume. The absence af the nerves on the second
glume is caused by the different texture of the glume; the nerves-
can be seen also in this variety, if one looks through the glume
against the light.

A remarkable form of the typical robust Fanicioiu semialatum,
with broad marginal wings on the second glume of the spike-
lets, has been collected by Mr. J. E. Hadley, at Warialda, N.S.W.,
in April, 1908, but the character is too inconstant for a distinct
variety. Normal plants and plants with winged glumes grow
side by side in the locality, and in other specimens spikelets with
winged glumes and spikelets, or with unwinged glumes are mixed
in all proportions. This character is not mentioned by Benthani,
in the " Flora Australiensis," and we propose to amend his des-
cription so as to include the Warialda form.

Bentham writes(Vol. vii., p.472) : — "Glumes , the

2nd the largest, membranous, 5-nerved, fringed on each side with
long pale or dark coloured hairs connected at the base on the
intramarginal nerve; 3rd glume with a small palea."

To the description of the 2nd glume should be added : —
occasionally winged by a horizontally striate wing fully ^ line
broad, and densely ciliate; and in the description of the .^rd
glume it should be mentioned that the paiea is deeply cleft.

Panicum semialatum is also an Asiatic grass, and a form, very
closely resembling the Warialda form, is figured by Griffith in
his " Icones Plaiitarum Asiaticaruin "(Vol. iii., t.l45), under the
name Paniaim viaticum. The second glume in the Asiatic form
is broadly winged, as in the Warialda form; the sole difference
is that the wing is present only in the lower three-quarters or
four-fifths part of the glume, leaving the margins of its upper
part bare.

Unfortunately Griffith published no description of his F. viati-
cum, and we have no means of knowing whether he deliberately

BV J. H. MAIDEN AND K. BETCHE. 799

rsejjarated his species from P. semialatum , which was published
about 40 years previously, on account of the broad wing on the
second glurae, or whether R. Brown's grass was unknown to him.

Sir J. D. Hooker mentions the gi-ass in the " Flora of British
India," under the name of Axonopus seniinlatiis; but, though he
•quotes Fauicuni viaticiim Griff., as a synonym, he describes the
margins of the second glume as " villous," and not as winged. In
bis Key to the genera of Indian grasses, he separates Axonopus
from Panicnni on account of the " broadl}' fimbriate marginal
•nerves of the second glurae and the deeply cleft palea of the third
glume," laying special stress on tlie cleft palea (see Hooker's
remark on the genus Axonopus, Fl. Br. Ind. vii., p. 64).

The small cleft palea is present in all Australian specimens we
.have examined, but Beutham omits to mention the character.

F. M. Bailey adopts the name Axonopus semialatus Hook., in
ibis "Queensland Flora," but also describes the second glume as
"fringed on each side," without mentioning winged glumes; it
seems that the form with winged glumes has not been observed
lin Australia, so far, in any other locality except Warialda.

FILICES.

PoLYPODiUM cucuLLATUM Nees et Bl. New for Australia.

Herberton district, Queensland(R. F. Waller; 1908).

This curious little fern has a great range, from Ceylon over the
Malayan Archipelago, the Phili[)pines, Samoa, Fiji, New Cale-
donia, (fee, but it has not been previously recorded from Aus-
tralia. Mr. Waller writes : " found growing on rocks at one
.place only, on the Dividing Range between Evelyn Scrub and
coastal waters."

PoLYPODiUM Wallkri, sp.nov.

Herberton District, Queensland; at an altitude of about 3,500
feet(R. F. Waller; 1909).

A small tufted epiphytic fern, glabrous except the broad linear-
Janceolate pale brown scales at the base of the very short stipes.
Fronds 1 to rarely 2 inches long, the largest somewhat above i

800 NOTES FKOM THK BOTANIC GARDENS, SYDNEY, NO. XVI.,

inch broad, lanceolate in outline, cut down nearly to the rhachis^
into erecto-patent entire or indi-stinctly lobulate blunt lobes with
slightly recurved margins, the lower shortened gradually into the
undulately winged short stipes, the upper ones shortened into an
undulately lobed blunt point. Veinlets simple or forked, con-
cealed amidst the almost herbaceous texture. Sori orbicular,
superficial or very slightly sunk into the tissue, comparatively
large, 3 or 4 on the longest lobes, solitary on the short ones.

Filix parva, pallide virens, glaber prseter squanias lineari-lan-
ceolatas basi stipitis brevissimi. Froudibus lanceolatis 1-2" longis
et circiter I" latis, pinnatisectis fere ad rhachem in lobis lineari-
obtusis, marginibus leviter recurvatis; lobis inferioribus in rhachi
undulate alato contractis, lobis superioribus in apice undulato
contractis. Venis simplicibus in textura fere herbacea occultis;
soris orbicularibus, superficiariis, 3 v. 4 in lobis brevibus.

This interesting small fern is so closely allied to Polypoduirn
sarmeiitosani Brackr., from the Sandwich Islands, that it may
perhaps be looked upon by some as a small form of it, but the
union would be rather forced. Besides the great difference in
size, the Queenslan<l fern difFeis from it in the very short stipes,
in the more herbaceous texture, in the slightly less deeply cut-
down lobes, and in the recurved margins of the lobes. Its posi-
tion in the Australian flora is next to P. blechnoides Hook., and.
P. fusco-pihsum Baker k. F.v.M.

AsPLENiUM AMCENUxM Presl. New for Australia.

Evelyn Scrub, near Herberton, N.Q., on rocks (R. F. Waller;
October, 1908).

This fern was originally described by C. B. Presl, in the
year 1836, in his " Tentainen Pteridographice," but it has since
been united with A. uidlaterale Lam., (.4. resectum Smith, in
Hooker & Baker's " Synopsis Filicum "). The Queensland fern
is so very distinct from A. unilaterale, that we are unable to
follow C. Christensen and Aldervelt van Rosenburgh in uniting
the two species; but ratiier follow R. Schlechter, who keeps A.
amcenum as a distinct .species in his " Beitrage zur Kenntniss der

BY J. H. MAIDEN AND E. BETCHE. 801

Flora von Neu-Kaledonien," in Engler's Bot. Jahrbiicher (Vol.
xxxix., p. 8, 1907). We have not seen Presl's description of A.
amcemim; his "Tentaraen Pteridographije " seems not to be in
Sydney, and we must rely on the correctness of Dr. Schlechter's
determination. Waller's Queensland specimens are quite iden-
tical with Schlechter's New Caledonian ones, and are very distinct
from the Australian form of A. unilaterale figured and described
by Mr. F. M. Bailey from Queensland, as A. resectum var.
attsiraliense.

We give here a short description of A. anuenuni drawn up
from Mr. Waller's Queensland specimens, and Dr. Schlechter's
New Caledonian ones : —

A tufted glabrous fern with simply pinnate fronds mostly
below one foot high, including the slender stipes, and 2 to 4^
inches broad at the base, gradually narrowed towards the top,
mostly bulbiferous near the apex. Piunse lanceolate, unequal-
sided, the upper side broadly cuneate at the base, the lower side
narrowly cuneate and sometimes slightly cut away, bluntly
toothed or lobed on both sides, the incisions shallow towards the
]joint of the pinnse, deeper near the base and cut down on the
upper side, nearly or quite to the rhachis in the lowest one or
two pairs of pinnaj, leaving thus a single pinnule on the base of
the lowest pinnse of the larger fronds. Texture thinly coriaceous.
Veins very oblique, forked. Sori in an irregular line on each
side of the midrib, the indusium opening towards the midrib.

AsPLENiUM NOUMALE Don. New for Australia.

Evelyn Scrub, near Herberton, N. Queensland; on rocks and
dead log.s(Pv. F. Waller; 1909).

A fern with a wide geographical distribution, recorded in van
Rosenburgh's " Malayan Ferns from Malacca, Sumatra, Celebes,
Philippines, China, North India and Hawaii." The Australian
specimens are much smaller than the Indian specimens(figured in
Beddome's " Ferns of Southern India" t.cxxxiii.), but they agree
well with the smaller forms from the Philippine Islands, though
63

802 NOTES FROM THE BOTANIC GARDENS, SYDNEY, NO. XVI.,

they are still smaller, the largest Australian specimen seen not
exceeding 6 inches.

Hymenophyllum Walleri, .sp.nov.

Evelyn Scrub, near Herberton, North Queeusland(R. F. Wallei-;
November, 1908).

Rhizome filiform, sparingly hairy with somewhat rufous scaly
liairs. Stipes slender, very sparingly scaly-hairy or naked when
old, not winged or very narrowly so in the uppermost part, about
^ to I inch long. Fronds dark -green, ovate, about 1^ inch long
and 1 inch broad, sometimes narrower in the sterile fronds, cut
down to the narrowly winged rhachis into 5-7 pinnse on each side.
Pinme spreading, the lower ones sometimes almost horizontally,
ovate to ovate-lanceolate in outline and overlapping each other,
pinnately lobed rather above half-way to the midrib, the lobes
shallowly lobed again; ultimate lobes short and broad, roundeJ
and with quite entire margins. Sori not numerous, terminal on
the upper lobes of the uppermost pinnae; indusium almost orbi-
cular, about one line long and at least as broad, tlie valves entire
or with slightly uneven margins. Receptacle included.

Rhizoma filiforme; stipes gracilis vix apice alatus, 7-10 mm.
longus. Frondes ovatse circiter 3| cm. latte, pinnatte 5-7 laciniis
utroque latere; laciniis latis, lobis pinnatis et rursus lobatis;
lobis ultimis brevibus, latis, rotuudatis, margine integro. Sori in
lacinulis laciniarum apicalium terminales; indusio orbiculari, cir-
citer 2 mm. longo latoque, margine integro; receptaculo incluso.

The chief characteristic of the new fern is the small frond with
a fringe of sori on the top; as far as seen, the sori seem to be
strictly confined to the top of the fronds. It is not closely allied
to any of the described Australian species but comes very near to
H. paniculijiorum Pr., figured in Van den Bosch's " Hymea-
ophyllaceje Javanicse," t.xxxiv. The chief point of diiference be-
tween the two ferns is that the indusium is twice as long as broad
in the Java fern, and at least as broad as long in our new species;
and the fronds are also broader in our fern, and the primary
pinnse are less deeply cut-down.

803

WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 30th, 1910

The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Society was held in
the Linnean Hall, Ithaca Road, Elizabeth Bay, on Wednesday
evening, November '26th 1910.

Mr. C. Hedley, F.L.S., President, in the Chair.

Dr. Ronald Hamlyn Harris, F.R.M.S., F.Z.S., Queensland
Museum, Brisbane, was elected an Ordinary Member of the
Society.

Candidates for Fellowships were reminded that the 30th inst.
was the last day for receiving applications.

The President gave notice of a Special General Meeting, to
be held at i p.m., on Wednesday, 21st December, 1910, in the
Board Room, Public Library, immediately before the Council
Meeting on that date. Business: to elect an Auditor for the
forthcoming audit, vice Mr. F. H. Rayment, F.C.P.A., who is
eligible for re-election; and who is recommended, by the Council,
for election (in accordance with the provisions of Rule xvi.).

The Donations and Exchanges received since the previous
Monthly Meeting (October 26th, 1910), amounting to 10 Vols.,
70 Parts or Nos., 45 Bulletins, 5 Reports and 31 Pamphlets,
and one Map, received from 56 Societies, &c., and one Individual,
were laid upon the table.

804

NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

Mr. Basset Hull exhibited skins of Fregetta grallaria VieilL^
and Oestrelata montana Hull, obtained at Lord Howe Island, in
October of this year, by Mr. T. Harvey Johnston. The former
constitutes a first record of this species from the locality; but, as
the specimen was picked up dead on the beach after a gale, its
discovery is not of value as indicating the possible breeding
ground of the species. The Oestrelata is a nearly full-grown
nestling, and has some of the down still adhering to the feathers
on the abdomen. The colour of the true feathers is a rather
deeper shade of slate tlian that of the adult bird (type) exhibited;
at the August meeting. The specimen was taken from a typical
nesting burrow at the top of Mount Gower, on 17th October.

Mr. R. T. Baker exhibited specimens showing various stages-
in the utilisation of Tickera-tibre, from botanical specimens of
Posidoiiia australis to cloth-material of various shades, manufac-
tured at Huddersfield. Also photographs showing a dredge,
hopper, and washer used in reclaiming the fibre from the shores
of Spencer's Gulf, S.A., where the industry has been successfully
established.

Mr. T. H. Johnston exhibited (1) an hydatid cy st(Echinococcti»
polymo^yhtis Dies.) from the lung of a goat (collected by Dr. T.
L. Bancroft in Queensland); and (2) portion of the small intestine-
of a kangaroo, Macropus gigantetis Zimm., showing the presence
of Coccidium sp. (collected by Mr. O. S. Le Souef at Coonamble.
N. S.Wales). Neither of the above parasites had been previously
recorded from these hosts in Australia.

Mr. Fred Turner exhibited and made observations on (1)
Panicum glabrum Gaud.,(syn. Paspalum ambiguuni DC.) from
the upper Tweed River, New South Wales. Mr. Turner was

805

the first to discover this Indian grass in Australia( Vaucluse, 1904);
since then Mr. F. M. Bailey, F.L.S., had recorded it from Southern
Queensland(1906); the exhibitor from Rose Bay, near Sydney, and
several places on the banks of the Parramatta River as far as
■the Ryde Bridge; and Mr. A. A. Hamilton quite recently from
Leura, Blue Mountains. It spreads very rapidly in favourable
situations, is an excellent pasture grass which horses and cattle
eat readily and on which they a])pear to do well, and is a good
grass for making a lawn. (2) A fasciated growth of Lepidiuni
ruderale Linn., found growing on the bank of the Macquarie
River, near Warren, New South Wales, a condition not previously
met with in this species. (3) Crotalaria Gunninghamii R.Br.,
■one of the most interesting species of the genus; a very rare
plant in New South Wales, found only in the far west. The
specimen sliown was grown by Mr. G. W. Wiggins, of Leichhai'dt)
from seed gathered in West Australia.

Mr. E. Cheel exhibited specimens of a fungus, Cronartium
jacksonice P. Henn.,on branches of Jacksonia Sternberg iana Hueg.,
from Cottesloe, near Perth, AV.A.(Dr. J. Burton Cleland; August,
1908;; and on{1)Aotus villosa Sm., Cronulla(Miss Carole; October,
1910). This fungus had not been recorded previously either from
West Australia or from New South Wales. Mr. Cheel reported
that he had succeeded in bringing about the development of the
teleutospores of Puccinia tasiaanica Diet., by infecting the
common groundsel with secidiospores.

Mr. W. M. Carne showed some extraordinary cases of floral
prolification in specimens of a species of Teasel( Z)i/)saciis), from
the Hawkesbury Agricultural College garden.

On behalf of Mr. H. Burrell, the President exhibited a photo-
graph of a marine vi\o\\\x%c[Cyrn,huun) in the act of ovipositing.

806

THE PERMANENCY OF THE CHARACTERS OF THE
BACTERIA OF THE BAC. C0Z/-GROUP.

By R. Greig-Smith, D.Sc, Macleay Bacteriologist to the

Society.

In a paper upon the Bacterial Flora of Rachitic Stools,* a
table was given showing the cultural characters of certain Gram-
negative bacteria of the Sac. coli-gronp. These diflfered more or
less from one another and, from the gradual variations, the-
opinion was expressed that further cultivation might bring about
such alterations as to reduce the number of races.

Certain of the bacteria were cultivated upon artificial media-
for over seven months, and occasionally examined during the
period of cultivation. Many of the characters were found to be
permanent, while a few proved to have been only temporary.
The alterations applied to what may be called the negative
characters, and it was evident that with some of the bacteria the
absence of fermentative activity was only transient.

A reference to the table in the former paper(p.38), will assist
in explaining the relation of the bacteria with the restored
characters, to the others. Twelve bacteiia were under obser-
vation; these were the first twelve that were obtained in the
former research.

The characters of Bj, B,,, B13 and B^g were permanent, and
the clianges in the others were as follows : —

Motility: B^ and Bj2 became motile.

Growth on gelatin: B._., B^ and B^j finally grew as a Hut
expansion.

Neutral-red: Bj g developed a fluorescence under anaerobic con-
ditions.

Dextrose and Mannit: The characters were permanent.

*A'nUa, p.36.

BY K. GREIG-SMITH. 807

Lactose: ^xe finally produced acid and gas.

Milk: Bj4 and B^, ultimately produced acid and clot; B^g
produced acid.

Saccharose: B,, B^^, B, 5 and B^ g produced acid and gas, while
Bjg developed acid.

Thus the races originally twelve in number were reduced to
eight.

Summing these changes together, it becomes obvious that the
bacterial activity towards dextrose and mannit is the most per-
manent of all the characters; then com.e the actions upon lactose
and neutral-red, next the motility, followed by the action upon
milk, and the growth upon gelatin; and finally, the most easily
restored character is the fermentation of saccharose.

808

CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF SOIL-
FERTILITY. I.

Thk Action of Wax-solvents and the Presence of
Thermolabile Bacteriotoxins in Soil.

By R. Greig-Smith, D.Sc, Macleay Bacteriologist to the

Society.

Tt has been known, since 1894, that soil after treatment with
carbon bisulphide, produces a greater crop than it would other-
wise have done. Girard used the disinfectant to kill nematodes,
and noted an increase of crop; Oberlin applied it in order to
destroy Phylloxera on grape-vines, and saw an enhanced pro-
ductiveness. Other investigators confirmed the fertilising action
of carbon bisulphide, and showed that chloroform, ether, benzene
and toluene gave similar results. It had also been previously
known (Frank, 1888; Leibscher, 1893) that heating the soil, as
for example, while sterilising it by steam, increased the solubility
or availability of the mineral and organic matter. The beneficial
eftect of either of these'treatments was manifest over two seasons,
but did not extend to the third crop. Furthermore, from the
dark gi-een colour of the foliage it was evident that the treatment
brought to the plant an accession of nitrogen, that is to say, the
crop behaved as if the soil had been treated with a nitrogenous
manure.

Investigation indicated that the increased fertility was con-
nected with an increased activity of the soil-bacteria. There
is something in untreated soils which keeps the number of
bacteria at a constant level, which naturally depends upon the
quality of the soil. Treatment with carbon bisulphide or with
heat reduces the number, by killing off the less resistant bacteria.
After the partial sterilisation, the more resistant bacteria increase,

BY R. GREIG-SillTH. 809

■and the number soon rises above the former leveL Tliere is, in
■consequence, a greater breaking down of the organic matter, and
more of the simpler manurial constituents are available for the
crop. Heat undoubtedly causes some chemical decomposition,
ifor the matter soluble in water is increased.

The most suggestive explanation is, that the partial sterilisa-
tion removes a number of microbes which are of little use econo-
mically, and which compete for the food-supply with the more
useful kinds. With the former out of the way, the latter increase
in numbers, and their activity would account for the increase of
crop. But the removal of the inactive bacteria does not explain
the increase in the number of the bacteria over the normal.
Kussell, working in conjunction with Hutchinson, suggests that
the reason for the absence of increase in the bacterial content of
a normal soil, is that the protozoa and amceb^, which occur in
soils, are phagocytes and consume the bacteria. The partial
sterilisation disturbs the balance which formally existed between
•the phagocytes and their prey, and, in the absence of the protozoa,
the bacteria are enabled to increase.

If the soil is considered as consisting of a solution of nutritive
matter and of soil-fragments, there is reason to expect the presence
of bacterial toxins. When bacteria are added to a nutritive
medium, they increase up to a maximum, and are then slowly
destroyed by the accumulation of their excreted products. To
all intents and purposes, these products are toxins. Many cells
survive, but the majority are destroyed, and this is just what we
find in soil. But in the soil there may be many toxins, as there
are many classes of bacteria. If some of the bacteria are
destroyed, as, for example, by heat, the remainder, on account of
the freedom from competition, will multiply up to a certain
limit, for the pre-existing toxin will keep the numbers down_
Should, however, the toxin be also destroyed, the road is cleared
for the bacteria to equal, and then to exceed the original number
of those previously existing in the soil.

Whitney and others had an hypothesis that the soil-toxins were
<ierived from plants, and were destroyed by fertilisers and by

810 CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF SOIL-FERTILITY,

fallowing; but more recently they consider* that the toxins arise
from the action of bacteria upon the residues left by the crop in.
the field-soil.

Believing that, in the soil, there are bacterial toxins, and that
much had yet to be discovered concerning them, and also that
the importance of the protozoal hypothesis had been exaggerated,.
1 began this work upon soils.

By the use of soil-extracts filtered through porcelain, I have
found that hacteriotoxins are normally present in soils, and that
these either kill off or restrict the growth of bacteria which had
been added. The result is entirely a question of the amount of
toxin, and also of the kind of bacteria. Some bacteria are more
sensitive to this toxin than others. The toxin is destroyed,
partially or entirely by heat, by the action of aqueous solutions,
in both of which the time-factor has an influence, and by the
action of sunlight. The solubility of the toxin varies according
to the salts present in aqueous solutions; it appears to be more
soluble in solutions of magnesium sulphate, potassium sulphate,.,
and sodium chloride than in water, in the order named.

A factor, which hitherto lias been unnoticed, has a certain
bearing upon questions affecting soil-fertility. This is the-
waxy or fatty substance present in all soils. It consists of a
mixture of saponifiable and unsaponitiable bodies, and, by water-
proofing the soil-particles, it limits the free solution of nutritive
matter. It is undoubtedly largely derived from vegetable
remains, and is probably the "matter soluble in ether" of
vegetable residues. The distribution of this " agricere " is
altered by the soil being treated with wax-solvents, such as the
volatile disinfectants; and is more or less segregated, not only
locally on the soil-particles, but also in the layers of the soil.
Thus the action of the disinfectants is partially explained. The
full explanation, however, is not yet evident,

Russell and Hutchinson, by excluding the presence of soil
toxins, came to the conclusion that the phagocytic protozoa were

Chem. Soc. London, Annual Report, 1908, p. 246.

BY R. GREIG-SMITH. 8111

the only agents which limited the multiplication of bacteria.
They did not directly test for toxins; and, although the reasons
which they bring forward* in support of the absence of toxins-
sound very convincing, yet a more intimate knowledge of the
behaviour of the toxins enables one to interpret their experimental
results generally in a manner different from what they have
done. The presence of toxin and the activity of its group-
specificity cannot be ignored. Furthermore, the identity of the
toxins, produced by superheating soils, with the toxins of untreated
soils has not as yet even been suggested, and certainly has not been
proved. The behaviour of the nitrifying bacteria towards this
toxin, which is one of Russell and Hutchinson's strongest ar»u-
ments against the presence of soil-toxins, cannot, therefore, l)e
considered.

Toxin is undoubtedly present in soil, and although it may not,
in ordinary or natural circumstances, be absolutely toxic, yet it
is sufficiently active to make itself evident as a restrainer. The
soil-nutrients accelerate the growth of bacteria, the soil-bacterio-
toxins restrain their multiplication, and an equilibrium becomes
established. The phagocytes doubtless play a part, assisting the
toxins, and the agricere also assists in preventing the rapid
solubility of the nutrients.

EXPERIMKNTAL.

In the various experimental results that follow, Bac. prodigiosus
was used to indicate the growth or otherwise of bacteria. This
bacterium is easy to detect, it grows rapidly, and it belongs to
the class of putrefactive bacteria which are, presumably, the-
active agents in soil-decomposition.

The soils were obtained from the Hawkesbury Agricultural
College, from an orchard near the summit of the Kurrajong, and'
from the garden around the Society's House. They were gener-
ally air-dried upon arrival in the laboratory, but in many cases,
this was unnecessary, and in certain cases the fresh soil was
used.

*Journ. Agric. Sci. iii (2), 117-118.

"812 CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUH KNOWLEDGE OF SOIL-FERTILITY

The extracts were prepared by stirring up 200 gms. of soil in
a mortar with 200 c.c. of aqueous solvent for an hour, after which
the solution was filtered through paper, and then through a
porcelain filter. Generally, 10 c.c. of filtered extract were
pipetted into a Freudenreich flask, to which 1 c.c. of suspension of
Bac. prodigiosus was added. This suspension was prepared by
suspending a portion of a culture in sterile tap-water, and centri-
fugalising until approximately half of the cells had been sedi-
mented. A portion of the supernatant fluid was removed, and
diluted until 1 c.c. contained about 10,000 cells. Having once
determined the number, a I'epetition of the same procedure will
give approximately the same number. This number was employed
in those experiments in which the bacterial change is calculated
upon 1,000 bacteria. Where the calculation is based upon 10
bacteria, the sowings were much heavier. It was only after
much work had been done, that the necessity for having weak
sowings for accentuating difl'erences in the method of treatment
became apparent. On this account the earlier or preliminary
work has not been recorded.

The experimental error is considerable, and no two experiments
were ever done under precisely identical conditions, as can be
seen from the control tests. When tested, the error varied up
to 10%, but I believe that, in some cases, it may liave ranged to
20%; and, on this account, I prefer to consider the results as
simply indicating a behaviour or a condition.

Tlie infected extract was incubated at 30°C. overnight, and,
after an interval of from 19 to 24 hours, it was thoroughly
shaken, and used for preparing dilutions. A capillary pipette,
discharging ^c.c, was employed for blowing the diluted sus-
pensions upon plates of nutrient agar. The drops were smeared
over the surfaces with curved, elongated loops of iron-wire (such
as is used by florists), after which the plates were dried in the
incubator at 37" for an hour, covered, inverted and incubated at
30°. Plates were also smeared immediately after infecting the
extract, in order to obtain the actual number of bacteria present
at the start.

BY R. GRKIG-SMITEI.

81J

In the experiments with soils, 20 gms. were moistened with
2 or 5 c.c. of suspension which was thoroughly incorporated. The
infected soil, or, in some cases, sand, was incubated overnight at
30°, as in the case of the infected extracts, and, in the morning, ib
was shaken up with 500 c.c. of sterile water for 30 minutes;
dilutions were then made. As a rule, those plates containing
from 40 to 400 colonies were reserved for counting.

The Effect of Heat upon Air-drlkd Soils.
Experiment i.

Soil heated for 2 hours at

10 bacteria became
(average of 4 soils)

220

500

100-108°

15

56

330

Experiment ii.

10 bacteria became

a

b

one day

one day

four days

not
heated

heated

not
heated

heated

not
heated

heated

Sand

11
31
13
84
24

114

145

56

28
107

75
16
19
15
33
36
41

741
56

712
19

119
4015

52
5
10
87
20
30
125

Hawkesbury soil 1

>f >> "

>) i> ^

»» >> 4

,, ,, 5 ... .
Garden soil

2

2
594

117

66

630

These tests show (Expt. i.) that the increase of the bacterial
activity is proportional to the temperature to which the soil lias
been heated, and (Expt. ii. 6) that soil, as compared with sand,
contains some substance which prevents the rapid growth of
bacteria. It is also shown that prolonged incubation may reduce
the number of bacteria, presumably by the development of auto-
toxins.

.S14 CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF SOIL-FERTILITY

The Toxic Action of Filtered Soil-Extracts.
Experiment iii.

Tap-water (control)

Extract of untreated soil

Extract of chloroformed soil

10 bacteria became

one day

three days

75
0

7,950

Experiment iv.

1,000 bacteria became

one day

two days

Extract of untreated soil

Extract of chloroformed soil

13

1 ,300,000

67

The same(Expt. iv.) untreated soil-extract was, two days after-
wards, heated in boiling water. The temperature was tested
several times, and found to be 94°. Portions were abstracted at
intervals, infected and incubated.

Experiment iv.a.

Extract not heated

Extract heated 15 minutes..
Extract heated 30 minutes..
Extract heated GO minutes..
Extract heated 120 minutes
Extract heated 180 minutes

1,000 bacteria became

24,800
272,000
1,200,000
3,000,000
3,850,000
3,710,000

It is evident from (iii.) and (iv.) that the aqueous extract of
soil, as made by treating the soil for an hour, contains a toxic
substance. In two days, at laboratory temperature, the toxin
has apparently disappeared; but that it has only been partly
destroyed, is shown from the effect of heat in (iv.a). Two hours'

BY U. GREIG-SMITH.

815

heating at 94° has completely destroyed the toxin which remained
in tlte extract.

The Relative Variation of the Toxix in Soils.
Experiment v.

Soil 1 extract

Soil 1 extract heated

Soil 4 extract

Soil 4 extract heated
Control (no soil)

1,000 bacteria became

0

36,500

0

2,000

117.200

The soils were extracted shortly after their arrival in the
laboratory, 0"2 % NaCl having been used for their extraction.

The experiment is interesting from the fact that the fertility
•of these two soils was widely different. No. 1 was described as a
" fairly rich alluvial soil," with a fertility of 8 points (10 being
the maximum obtainable). No. 4 was a poor sandy soil, with a
fertility of 2. Tlie poorer soil had the larger amount of toxin.
Both extracts were made in precisely the same way, and at the
same time (with an interval of half-an-hour between them); and,
as they were heated at the same time and for the same time in
test-tubes, in the same boiling water, the numbers can be taken
as being relative, one to the other.

To show that the lessened growth in the heated extract of
Soil 4 was due to partially destroyed toxin, and not to the
absence of nutritive matter, the unheated extract was boiled,
two days afterwards, and tested.

Experiment vi.

1,000 bacteria became

Soil 4 extract

•Soil 4 extract heated to boiling (this occupied

three minutes)

Soil 4 extract boiled for an hour

73

667

3,250,000

70,000

.Saline (control)

816 CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLKDGB OF SOIL-FERTILITY,.

The Solubility of Toxin in Saline Solutions.
Experiment vii.

Soil No. 4.

1,000 bacteria became

Extracted with tap-water

The same extract boiled for an hour

Extracted with 0-'2% NaCl in tap-water

The same extract boiled for one hour

Saline tap-water (control)

30

2,460,000

0

70,000

70,000

Experiment viii.

Soil No.4.

1,000 bacteria became

Extracted with 0-5%NaCl(dist. water)
KoSO^,,

boiled 1 hour

MsSO

i "

Control (NaCl in distilled water)

88

9,375

0

0

211,000

In (vii.) it is seen tliat dilute saline extracts more toxin tlian
water, while (viii.) indicates that sodium chloride falls short of
potassium and magnesium sulphate. That the lessened bacterial
growth was due to toxin, is shown in the following,which was made
with the unheated extracts, two days later. The plates smeaied
at the start of the experiment were spoilt, and the numbers aie
based upon 2o0 cells being in ^^^jcc; this was the average of
several experiments made before and after.

Experiment ix.

1,000 bacteria(estimated)
became

K2SO4 extract

,, ,, boiled for 3 hours

68

7,200,000

MgSO^ extract

24

,, ,, boiled for 3 hours

68,000

BY R. GREIG-SMITH. 817

The result with potassium sulphate is interesting, as Baker has
shown that, in the grains of cereals, there exists a toxin which is
toxic to brewery -yeasts. This toxin is also thermolabile. It is,
however, destroyed by potassium sulphate, and thus differs from
the soil-toxin. Whitney had an hypothesis that manures, when
applied to soil, simply destroy the toxins that have exuded from
plants, and enable the fertilising matters naturally in the soil to
assist the growth of crops. Potassium sulphate is such a manure,
and, as far as we know, does not destroy the toxiu.

The experiments wliich have been quoted, show that a bacterio-
toxin is unquestionably present in soils. The various sidelights
that have been thrown upon its nature, show that it is present in
soils in quantity which varies with the soil, a richer soil probably
containiijg less, a poorer soil more. It is slowly destroyed by
storage in aqueous solution, and rapidly broken up by heat. It
is more soluble in solutions of salts than in water, and indifferent
saline solutions it has a different solubility. It does not appear
to be of the same nature as the thermolabile toxin occurring in
the grains of cereals.

Thk Presence of Agricere in Soils.

In treating garden-soil with an excess of carbon bisulphide, it
was observed that, upon the surface, a curious moss-like efflores-
cence appeared as the disinfectant evaporated. The colour was
at first yellow, then it became greenish, then grey, and finally the
efflorescence disappeared. Microscopically it consisted of branch-
ing processes recalling coral. When picked up with the blade of
a knife, it melted to a brown wax-like substance. Subsequently
a similar phenomenon was noted when chloroform had been
employed.

Following up this observation, it was found that the disin-
fectants dissolve a wax, or group of wax-like bodies, which are
present in the soil. The solvents appear to differ in their powers
of extraction, not only in the appearance, but also in the quantity
of the extract; thus petroleum- ether took out of garden-soil a.
brownish-yellow wax, alcohol a brown wax, and chloroform ii.
64

818 CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF SOIL-FERTILITY,

very dark brown substance. It is possible that the petroleum-
ether dissolves waxes and fats, while the darker bodies may be
resins. A mixture is to be expected from such a substance as
soil, but, as the bulk is soluble in petroleum-ether, and as the
substance is of a wax-like nature, I propose, for convenience' sake,
to name it " agricere."

The agricere (0"39 grra.) was obtained from 500 gras. of garden-
soil by means of hot chloroform, and distilled in a small retort,
previous observation having shown that .some of the wax could
be volatilised. Several drops distilled over, varying in colour
from white to brown, but about one-thii d of the quantity remained
behind, condensing as it volatilised, while a portion charred The
wax or fat was separated from the carbon residue, and both
volatile and residual fatty matters were boiled with alcoholic
potash. After expulsion of the alcohol, ether extracted an
unsaponifiable portion; and the liquid, after treatment with
sulphuric acid, yielded brown fatty acids. The heating appeared
to destroy the substances of rather high melting point, as both
volatile and residual portions melted at 52°, and were identical.
The unsaponifiable matter melted at 43°, and the fatty acids at
53° to 54°.

The portion of a hot alcoholic extract, insoluble in petroleum-
ether, melted at 95°, and yielded a non-sapotiifiable portion melting
at 64°, and fatty acids at 68°. The ethereal solution was lost.

Petroleum-ether dissolved an agricere melting at 73°. This
gave an unsaponifiable portion, m. p. 57°, and fatty acids,m.p.69°-70°.
The former was again saponified, and yielded unsaponifiable
matter,m.p.54°-55°, and fatty acids,m.p.57°-58°.

The agricere is evidently a complex substance, the components
of which are found to differ according to the solvent used. The
components appear to be of the nature of waxes or fats which
yield fatty acids upon saponification, and of parafiin-like bodies
which are not saponifiable.

The observation that led to the discovery of agricere, also made
it evident that the solvent caused a redistribution of tliis sub-

BY R. GREIG-SMITH. 819

stance. It was clearly brought from the soil-particles below, and
deposited upon the surface. Experiments were made with a
solution of agricere in chloroform, and it was found that when
the chloroform was poured over fragments of unglazed porce-
lain, the solvent, in evaporating, left the wax upon the upper
surfaces or points of the porcelain. A solution of pitch in chloro-
form was poured over sand contained in a watch-glass. The
solvent evaporated, leaving the pitch as a black film cementing
the surface-grains together. Under the film, the sand-granules
were light in colour and loose. The great bulk of the pitch had
been carried to the surface. Large pieces of unglazed porcelain
were saturated with the pitch in chloroform, and hung up to dry.
The pieces dried with black surfaces, and, when broken across,
white centres were revealed.

This may be considered to be what happens when the soil is
treated with a solvent. The agricere is carried to the surface of
the soil -particles or to the surface of the soil, according to the
quantity of solvent used. The water-proofing of the particles
being destroyed, the nutritive material is dissolved by the soil-
water, and is then capable of being absorbed by plants, either
immediately or after its conversion into an available form by
bacteria.

The following four sets of experiments have a bearing upon
the redistribution and behaviour of the soil-wax. Each of the sets
a, b, c and d were made upon different days, and probably had
different periods of incubation. In a and h the 20 gm. tests
were treated with 5 c.c. of Bac. prodigiosus suspension, of such
concentration that there were added 6,400,000 and 8,600,000
bacteria, lespectively, per gram of soil. From a general survey
of the results, however, I believed that too many bacteria had
been added, and that the increases were too near the maximum
attainable. In c and d, therefore, a smaller number, 46,000 and
47,000, respectively, per gm., were added, in the hope of obtain-
ing more divergent figures. The soil was a garden-soil that had
been stored for about a month.

820 CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF SOIL-FEKTILITY,

Experiment x.a.

10 bacteria became

thick sowing

thin sowing

«

b

c

d

1. Stored soil

17
853

836

444

595

20
700

488

454

610

60
16,300

10,870

45

2. Stored soil extracted with hot chloro-
form

10,000

3. No. 2 with the addition of the chloro-
form extract and stirred while the
solvent was evaporating.

7,020

4. Stored soil treated with cold chloro-
form, and stirred while the solvent
was evaporating

5. Stored soil treated with cold chloro-
form, the solvent evaporating
spontaneously

These experiments show that the complete extraction of the agri-
cere enables a greater multiplication of the bacteria to take place.
The stirring of the soil, while the solvent was evaporating, caused
rather a better distribution of the soil-wax, but once the solvent
has been added, the distribution is permanently destroyed. It
appears to be a matter of indifference whether the agricere is
completely removed, and then returned, or the soil is moistened
with solvent. In both cases the wax is segregated at points upon
the surface, as can be seen by the microscopic examination of
grains of sand which have been treated with the chloroform
solution of agricere.

After extracting the soil with chloroform, it was dried and
exhausted with hot distilled water in the Soxhlet apparatus, and
dried. The aqueous extract was made to volume, and incorpo-
rated with sand, and dried. As would be expected, the treatment
favoured the "rowth of bacteria.

BY R. GREIG-SMITH.

Experiment x.6.

821

10 bacteria became

thick sowing

thin sowing

a

b

c

d

•6. Sand alone

1
792

4
895

2

74,900

8

5. Sand impregnated with aqueous

extract (halt strength)

Sand impregnated with aqueous
extract (full strength)

•

30,850

The residual soil, after extraction with chloroform and water,
still contained a considerable amount of available nutriment.

Experiment x.c.

10 bacteria became

thicl< sowing

thin sowing

a h

C'

d

2. Stored soil exhausted with chloro-
form

853
166

700
1,770

16,300
8,690

10,000

10. The same exhausted with hot water

7,660

It must be remembered that, in thi.s experiment, the garden-
^soil was extracted with hot chloroform for a day, and that this
treatment would have been sufficient to destroy much, if not all,
of the bacteriotoxin in the soil. We, therefore, have to deal with
the behaviour of the toxin-free soil relative to the agricere. From
the results we conclude that the removal of the inert agricere
enables the nutrients to be liberated and become available for
the growth of bacteria. Allowing for the action of the chloro-
form, the agricere, when returned to the soil, causes it to behave
like a normal soil. Stirring the soil during the evaporation of
the solvent dififuses the agricere, and prevents so free a libera-
tion of the nutrients. These are slowly dissolved by hot water,
and, even after a day's extraction, the soil contains a consider-
.able quantity.

822 CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF SOIL-FERTILITY,

It has been shov4fn that wax-solvents induce a segregation of
the agricere, and enable the soil-nutrients to be dissolved in
water, and made available for bacteria. There is, however, the-
possibility that the solvent may have an action of its own upon
the soil-toxin, either in destroying it or causing its segregation .-
In the latter case, the increased liberation of the nutrients may
counteract the depressing action of the toxin. A number of
experiments have been made in this direction, and will be con-
sidered in another paper of this series.

The Action of Sunlight.
The fertilising action of sunlight is a matter that has raised
some discussion, and the general opinion is that it has a distinct
effect upon the fertility of a soil. As the question appeared to
be related to the destruction of toxin, two experiments were
made to determine the truth of the belief. In the first, the
portions of soil, a rich orchard soil from the Kurrajong, were
spread out on |)a{)er in the garden. One portion was covered
with black calico, the other was exposed to the sun. Both were
under glass frames to prevent the soil being blown away with
the wind. The extracts were made with distilled water in the
usual proportion and time (200 grm., 200 c.c, 1 hour).

Experiment xi.

1 ,000 bacteria became

a

b

5 hours' exposure
light, average 46 '5°
dark, average 38"^

12 hours' exposure
light, average 62°
dark, average 42°
control, average 21 "

Extract of exposed soil

4,200

7

429,000
171,000

227,000

Extract of protected soil

Extract of protected soil,
boiled 2 hours

11

Saline control

,

Extract of control soil

9

It is evident that sunlight has a strong destructive action upon
the soil-toxin.

BY R. GREIG-SMITH.

822a

The Action of Toxin on Soil-Bacteria.

So far, the experimental results have been obtained with
Bac. prodigiosus, a bacterium taken for several reasons, the chief
being that it is a putrefactive microbe, and it can be easily-
grown and detected. But the data obtained with it also apply
to other soil-bacteria, although the effects are not so marked.
The soil-bacteria appear to be more or less immune, for we cannot
believe that the soil-toxin is specific for so rare a soil-organism
as Bac. prodigiosus. In counting soil-bacteria, one has to prepare
extreme dilutions, because, in the plates containing strong dilu-
tions, bacteria such as Bac. Jluoreseens will prevent the growth
■of other soil-bacteria.

In the following experiments the extracts were made with
tO'5 % NaCl and portions of the filtered extracts were seeded
with portions of the untiltered suspensions. After one day's
incubation, the dilutions were prepared. The plates were incu-
bated, in the first case for 1, 2, and 3 days; in the second case,

for 2 days-
Experiment xii. Kurrajong Soil.

Plates incubated for

1 day.

8

2 days.

3 days.

At start

22

29

After incubation for 1 day.
Extract

600
90,000

2,200
180,000

2,750
225,000

Extract boiled one hour

Experiment xiii. Hawkesbury Soil No. 4.

At start

After incubation
for I day.

Extract

Extract boiled..
Saline (control)

Colonies.

100

20,700
156,400
133,000

Approximate Percentage Analysis.

Bac. flao-
re'icen'i.

-3

3

4

27

r , fcsmall colo-

Large sua- \ ■ , „
, -P- ,., nies of B.

colonies.

63

1
I

10

biyeminus
major.

90
90
60

Other
colonies.

39

5

6
3

822b contributions to our knowledge of soiL-FERTrLrrr,

The result shows that the toxin is toxic towards the bacteria
naturally occurring in the same soils from which the extract was
obtained. Although the toxic action is not so pronounced as
with Bac. prodigiosus, yet it is active, and is destroyed by heat.
The chief organism that grew in the extracts was a uiiciobe
identi6ed as Bac. higetninus major. It is remarkably inert; it
does not liquefy gelatine, does not produce indol, or reduce-
nitrate, and does not ferment dextrose.

Summary.

Water extracts from soil a substance which is filterable through
porcelain, and which is toxic to bacteria.

The toxicity is made evident by the retardation of growth, or
by the destruction of the bacteria.

The toxin is destroyed by heat, by sunlight, and by storage.
It slowly disappears from air-dried soil, and rapidly decays in^
aqueous solution.

It is not destroyed by salts, such as sodium chloride, potassium,,
or magnesium sulphate.

Soils vary in the amount of toxin they contain; good soils
containing less, poor .soils more.

The particles of soil are covered or " waterproofed " with soil-
wax or " agricere," which consists of a mixture of saponifiable
and unsaponifiable bodies.

The wax-solvents (volatile disinfectants) alter the distribution,
of the agricere by carrying it to the surface of the soil, and
causing it to be segregated on the points of the soil-particle.s.

With the removal of the " waterproofing," the soil-nutrients
are more easily dissolved by «oil-water, and attacked by bacteria..

823

CARABID^ FROM DORRIGO, N. S.W.

By Thomas G. Sloane.

The township of Dorrigo is situated in the midst of a heavy
forest, about thirty miles west from the port of Coff's Harbour,
on a volcanic plateau having an altitude of about 2,000 feet above
sea-level. Three miles east from Dorrigo, the escarpment of the
plateau descends abruptly to the low-lying land of the coast.

In July, 1910, Mr. H. J. Carter and I made a hurried entomo-
logical trip to Dorrigo, going from Coff's Harbour, via the
Bellinger River. "We were able to spend only three days (9th
and 10th July, with portions of the 8th and the 11th) collecting
around the township, and to do a little minor collecting en route
at Bellingen and Raleigh. While we were at Dorrigo there was
a white frost each morning.

We devoted our attention almost entirely to collecting Carabidoe
and Tenehrionidce. In the present paper, I report on the Cara-
■bidce we found, together with some additional species obtained by
Mr. H. W. Cox during a vi.sit to Dorrigo, subsequent to ours, in
ihe month of August. Mr. Carter, in an appendix, will deal
with the Tenehrionidoi.

(1) List of Carabidoi found at Dorrigo and the Bellinger River :

Pamborus morbillosus Boisd., P. pradieri Chaud., (Dorrigo); P.

guerini Gory (Bellingen); Mystropomus snbcostatus Chaud.,

(Dorrigo); Clivina australaske Bohem.,( Raleigh); Eurylychnus

reg%daris, n.sp., Meonis angusticollis, n.sp., Amblytelus vninutus

Macl., A. marginicoUis, n.sp., Dystrichothorax vittipenyiis, n.sp.,

Leirodira auricoUis Cast., Ceratoferonia phylarchus SI., (Dorrigo;

common, liiding in rotting logs), Castelnaudia vigorsi Gory, var.

alternans SI., (Raleigh), C. marginkf'era Chaud., C. speciosa, n.sp.,

Notonomus angustihasis SI., iV. nitescens, n.sp., (Dorrigo); N.

bdJingeri, n.sp. .(Bellingen); W. australis Cast., var. cremdata,

■var.nov., A^otoleatus sidcipennis MacL, (Dorrigo) ; Zoedera
65

824 CARABIDiE FROM DORRIGO, N.S.W.,

ater Cast,, (slope of escarpment); Prosopogmus chalybeipennis
Chaud., P. oodiforrais Mad., Setalis niger Cast., Siagonyx ampli-
penyiis Macl.,(Dorrigo); Lacordairia c?/c^roio?es( Raleigh); L. sp.?
(unique), Gnathaphanus pulcher Dej., Gn. melanarius Dej.,
Diaphoronienis iridipennis Chaud., D. femoralis Cast., Hypharpax
nitens, n.sp., Lecanomerus mo/o?* Blkb., L. carteri, n.sp., L. ciirtus,
n.sp., ThenarotP.s airicej^s Macl., Xantliophcea grandis Chaud.,
Sarothrocrepis seiulosa, n.sp., »S'. suavis Blkb., »S'. blackburniy
n.sp., Goptodera australis Chaud., Agonochila punctulata, n.sp.,
A. macleayi, n.sp., Philophloeus luculentus Newm., var. guttifera,
var.nov., Scopodes angulicollis Mac].,(Dorrigo).

(2) Additional species from H. W. Cox : — Epicosmus elongatus
Cast., (Coff's Harbour); Teraphis helmsi SI., Dystrichothorax
■?;icM«tsBlkb.,(Dorrigo); Co^/?orfes^a/er^e^Montrz.,(CoflF's Harbour);
Trechus coxi, n.sp., Agonochila quadricoUisy n.sp., Philophlo&us
intermedius Chaud., (Dorrigo).

In all, fifty-two species, including sixteen new species, and
two new varieties.

EURYLYCHNUS REGULARIS, n.sp.

Robust, elongate, convex; head with one supraorbital seta on
each side; prothorax cordate; elytra oval, fully striate. Black;
tibiae piceous-red, tarsi piceous.

Head large (4-5 mm. across eyes), convex; vertex transversely
impressed on each side behind eye; frontal impressions strong,
curved, diverging backward; eyes round, prominent. Prothorax
broader than long (4-8 x 5*65 mm.), strongly narrowed to base,
much wider at apex than base; anterior angles wide, rounded;
basal angles obtuse, not marked; lateral border thick, merging
with surface of prothorax at basal angles; a short deep foveiform
basal impression connected with posterior extremity of lateral
channel on each side; a single marginal setigerous puncture at
about middle of the length on each side. Elytra convex(10-7 x
6'1 mm.); striae deep, simple, four inner ones reaching base, 5-8
terminating successively further from base; interstices lightly
convex; punctures along sides widely interrupted in middle.

BY THOMAS G, SLOANE 825

Prosternum bordered along anterior margin. Anterior tarsi in
(J not clothed beneath with spongiose tissue. Length 20, breadth
8-1 mm.

Hah. — Dorrigo; a single specimen (^J), hibernating beneath a
log in the bush.

This species requires comparison only with E. hlagravei Cast.,
from which it is very distinct by the prothorax more gently
narrowed to base, the sides without any juxtabasal sinuosity,
basal angles not prominent; elytra with interstices more even,
fifth (not fourth) dilated at base (in E. hlagravei the fourth stria
joins the lateral channel at the humeral angle, but in E. regularis
the fourth stria reaches the base considerably inwards from the
humeral angle — in a similar position to the third stria in E.
hlagravei); prosternum bordered, etc.

Note. — The remarkable interstitial sculpture of the elytra in
E. hlagravei has not been recorded. There are only seven stri«
and eight interstices on the elytra, and there is no sign that the
loss of one stria and interstice is caused by the eighth and ninth
interstices coalescing, and so forming a double interstice, as in
the case of E. dyschirioides Cast.( = E. olliffi Bates). The evidence
is rather that the loss of the stria and interstice occurs on that
part of the elytra between the humeral angle and the suture.
I believe that, in E. hlagravei, the two inner interstices represent
the three inner interstices of a normally sculptured species like
E. regidaris; 1 know of no case of similar striation in the sub-
family Harpalinse.

Mbonis angusticollis, n.sp.

Elongate, convex; prothorax very little longer than broad, sides
strongly sinuate posteriorly, basal angles rectangular; elytra much
wider than prothorax, oval, lightly 4-striate on disc on each
side of suture; fifth stria well developed on apical declivity.
Black, nitid; tarsi piceous.

Head narrow(2-2mra. across eyes), convex, strongly transversely
impressed behind eyes; two supraorbital punctures on each side;
front deeply bi-irapressed; eyes hemispherical. Maxillae with

826 CARABIDiE FROM DORRIGO, N.S.W.,

inner lobe not hooked at apex. Labial palpi with penultimate-
joint bisetose in front. Prothorax much wider than head, a trifle
longer than broad (3'2 x 3-15 mm.); sides lightly rounded on
anterior three-fourths, strongly sinuate near base; anterior margin
truncate; anterior angles obtuse, but a little marked; base
truncate, angles sharply rectangular; lateral basal impressions-
shallow; spaces between each lateral basal impression and lateral
channel narrow, convex; two marginal setse on each side, anterior
at anterior third, posterior in lateral channel a little before basal
angle Elytra oval, convex, much wider than prothorax
(6'1 X 4-2 mm.); sides rounded; base truncate; humeral angles
subdentiform; apex lightly sinuate on each side; first stria very
lightly impressed, not reaching base; striae 2-4 fine but strongly
impressed, fifth strongly impressed on apical declivity, becoming
obsolete before reaching middle of elytra; first interstice
narrow, the others wider, equal, hardly at all convex; a
row of punctures along lateral channel. Length 9-12, breadth'
3-2-4-2mm.

llab. — L)orrigo.

This species is readily distinguished from the other three
described species of the genus, by having the prothorax less
strongl}-^ rounded on the sides, lateral basal impressions much
shallower; elytra with striae much shallower, interstices hardly
at all convex. Specimens of two distinct sizes occurred together
at Dorrigo, in the brush; the larger 12mm., the smaller 9mm. in
length. Four specimens are before me; of these two of the larger
size and one of the smaller are females, the other specimen being
a male, 9 mm. in length.

Note. — Having specimens of the four species of Meonis before
me, it seems advisable to tabulate them as under : —

Elytra with disc deeply 5-striate. (Prothorax broader

than long, 3-25x3'5mm.) M. niger Cast.

Elytra 4-striate on disc, 5-striate on apical declivity.

Striag lightly impressed; prothorax lightly rounded

on sides M. angusiicollisSL

BY THOMAS G. SLOAN f. 827

Striae deeply impressed; protiiorax strongly rounded

on sides M. convexus SL

Elytra deeply 4-striate M. a<er Cast.*

AiMBLYTELUS MARGINICOLLIS, 11. sp.

Robust; head short, wide across occiput; prothorax broad,
wider across base(l-6 mm.) than apex(l'25 mm.), lateral border
very wide, flat; elytra convex, crenulate-striate, interstices a little
convex, third impunctate. Testaceous; margins of prothorax,
legs, and basal joint of antennae yellowish; elytra with a black
mark on each, bounded externally by seventh stria, reaching
apical margin, extending nearly to humeral angles on sixth and
seventh interstices, becoming wider posteriorly and coverings
interstices 2-7 on apical declivity; first interstice reddish; the
rest of tiie testaceous parts of the elytnt yellovver than head and
prothorax.

Head wide(l-3mm. across eyes); frontal impressions deep,
wide, parallel; a lateral channel extending forward from above
eye to base of antenna; space between each frontal impression
and lateral channel narrow, convex; eyes large, convex, inclosed
at base; postocular part of orbits projecting sharply, but a little
obliquely, from head. Prothorax widely transverse (1'15 x 1-8
mm.), broadest about middle; sides rounded, shortly and sharply
sinuate just before base; apex truncate between anterior angles,
these a little advanced, widely rounded; basal angles rectangular,
acute; median line lightly impressed; a well-marked impression
on each side of base: posterior marginal seta on edge of border
just before widest part of prothorax. Elytra ovate(4*25 x 2-7nira.),
lightly convex; apical curve lightly sinuate on each side at apex
of ninth interstice; first stria lightly out-turned in a faintly
marked course near base and uniting with second at point of

*From a specimen ( (J" ) in my Collection (received from Mr. A. M. Lea,
ticketed "Tweed River, N.S.W.") in which the elytra have only four striis^
the fourth as deep as the others on the disc, but becoming obsolete on the
apical declivity. This specimen has the prothorax broader than long.
(3"7 X 4mm.).

■828 CARABID^ FROM DORRIGO, N.S W.,

origin; seventh faintly marked, but distinct on sides; first
interstice wide and bearing an elongate stride at base, eighth
wide on sides, narrow and carinate towards apex, ninth narrow
and seriate-punctate; basal border uniting with inner part of
first interstice, sharply raised at humeral angles; lateral border
narrow, reflexed. Apical ventral segment in ^ 4-, in 2 6-setose.
Length 6-6-7, breadth 2'5-2-75 mm.

Hah. — Dorrigo.

This species can be readily separated from the other species of
the genus by the great width of the lateral borders of the pro-
thorax. It resembles A. discoidalis Blkb., by the rectangular
basal angles of the prothorax, and the pattern of the elytra; but
differs by the postocular part of the orbits rising more sharply
from the neck, prothorax more transverse, less narrowed to base,
lateral borders much wider, humeral angles of elytra more
prominent, etc.

DySTRICHOTHORAX VITTIPENNIS, n.sp.

Slightly convex ; head obliquely constricted behind eyes,
strongly bi-impressed between eyes; prothorax subquadrate, much
wider across base (2-2 ram.) than across apex, basal angles rect-
angular, posterior marginal seta on border beside basal angle,
anterior seta wanting; elytra finely crenulate-striate, seventh
stria obsolete, interstices a little convex, third bipunctate, fifth
impunctate. Nitid, testaceous ; elytra more lightly coloured
than head and prothorax, 4-vittate; vittse black, inner vitta of
each elytron occupying second and third interstices, outer vitta
occupying seventh and eighth interstices ; apex and margin
testaceous.

Head (l'75mm. across eyes) lightly transversely impressed
behind vertex, obliquely and decidedly narrowed behind eyes;
frontal impressions elongate, wide, parallel; vertex convex; eyes
prominent, inclosed behind. Prothorax broader than long
(1 7 X 2*3mra.), broadest a little before middle, very little narrowed
to base, strongly and roundly narrowed to apex; sides lightly
rounded anteriorly, oblique posteriorly; apex truncate between

BY THOMAS G. SLOANB, 829'

anterior angles, these, near neck, obtuse; base sinuate-truncate
(a slight protuberance behind each lateral basal impression);
lateral margin extending from neck to basal angle, wide, a
little wider posteriorly; median line well marked; lateral basal
impressions parallel, short, deep, wide. Elytra ovate(6"25 x 3-9
mm.), convex; base of same width between humeral angles as
base of prothorax; apical curve sinuate at extremity of ninth
interstice; first and second striae reaching marginal channel at
apex, fourth flexuous on apical declivity and uniting with third
before reaching marginal channel; first interstice narrow, widened
and bearing a lightly marked elongate striole at base, seventh
and eighth confluent before apical curve, divided (and eighth
carinate) on apical curve, ninth narrow, seriate-punctate; basal
border uniting with inner part of base of first interstice, arcuate
on posterior margin; humeral angles rather sharply marked)
lateral border wide on sides. Length 8"5-9-7, breadth
3-5-3-9mm.

Hah. — Dorrigo. Common under bark on trunks of Eucalypts.

Belongs to the section of the genus having an elytral pattern;
this section contains two other species, viz., D. vicinus Blkb., and
D. bicolor Blkb.; D. vittipennis is at once distinguished from
both by the pattern of the elytra, which resembles that of
Amblytelus curtus Erichs. In D. vicinus Blkb., the sntural part
of the elytra is black, except near the base, which is testaceous;
and this testaceous basal area is prolonged backward, on each
elytron, as a pointed vitta reaching to the beginning of the apical
declivity; in D. bicolor the discoidal part of the elytra is testaceous,
and each elytron has a wide black stripe on the side.

Castelnaudia speciosa, n.sp.

Closely allied to C. nitidicollis Cast. Head and prothora^x
brilliant purple; elytra opaque, dark purple, summits of costse
nitid, nigro-viridescent, margins metallic-purple; undersurface
black, nitid; tarsi and palpi reddish.

Elliptical. Head large (4'65 mm. across eyes), bisetose above
each eye. Prothorax subcordate, broader than long(5 x 6 mm.),.

i330 CARABIDiE FROM DORRIGO, N.S.W., *

not wider at base(4'2 mm.j than at apex(43 mm.); sides strongly
sinuate on each side posteriorly; basal angles subrectangular,
obtuse at summit; posterior marginal puncture near lateral
margin about half a millimetre before basal angle. Elytra
truncate-oval(12 x 7"i mm.); derm shagreened; interstices 1, 3, 5
and 7 carinate; second carina (third interstice) bisetose on
posterior half; spaces between carinse depressed and with two
rows of small punctures; ninth interstice seriate-punctate, hardly
indicated towards apex. Prosternal and mesosternal declivities
glabrous. Posterior trochanters {especially in ^) very broad,
roundly obliquely narroived from inner side to the obtuse apex.
Length 2'2, breadth 7-4 mm.

Hab. — Dorrigo.

Six specimens have been examined. This species is so closely
allied to C. nitidicollis, that it could easily be mistaken for that
species, unless the posterior trochanters are examined. The
prothorax hardly differs; though it is a little longer, narrower,
and less strongly rounded on the sides, posterior sinuosities of
sides longer, posterior marginal seta more distant from base. In
both sexes the posterior coxse have the external apical angle
more obtuse, and the posterior trochanters are much wider. In
C. nitidicollis the external apical angle of the posterior coxa
is, in (J, narrow and pointed; in Q, widely and obtusely triangular;
and the posterior trochanters are, in ^, long, narrow, obtuse at
apex, compressed (lightly and widely concave) towards base; in
^, narrower than in (J, elongate, not compressed. The form of
the penis in these two species is very different; in C. nitidicollis
it has the apex very wide, produced laterally on each side; on
outer side shortly and obtusel}', on inner side strongly and sharply
in a dentiform projection In C. speciosa the apex is wide, and
shortly produced laterally only on outer side; outer angle pro-
minent and dentiform.

C. nitidicollis and C. speciosa are the only two species of
Caslelnaudia with any noticeable sexual ditference in the form
of the posterior trochanters.

BY THOMAS G. SLOANE. 831

NOTONOMCS NITESCENS, 11. sp.

Oval, robust; head moderate (2-4 mm. across eyes); prothorax
Iruncate-cordate, basal angles rectangular, posterior marginal
set a on inner side of marginal channel near basal angles; elytra
strongly striate, interstices convex, third bipunctate, eighth and
ninth narrow, convex. Colour variable, nitid, with a more or
less cupreous tinge on upper surface; prothorax polished with
^metallic tints, usually more or less cupreous towards sides, some-
times almost black with merely a faint viridescent tinge towards
sides; elytra nitid, obscurely cupreous (rarely a bright co[)per-
colour in ^), eighth and ninth interstices and marginal channel
sometimes more brightly coloured (cupreous) than rest of elytra,
sometimes not brighter; undersurface and legs black; antennae
and tarsi piceous.

Prothorax broader than long (3-2 x 3-8 mm.), broadest about
middle, wider across base(3-l mm.) than apex(2-5 mm.), depressed
near base, strongly declivous to anterior angles; sides lightly
rounded, obliquely narrowed to base, lightly sinuate just before
basal angles; apex emarginate; anterior angles rather prominent
:but obtuse; base truncate on each side, lightly emarginate in
middle; basal angles rectangular but obtuse at summit; border
wide, reflexed, extending on each side of base to basal impres-
sions, these elongate, deep, narrow, parallel; median line strongly-
impressed. Elytra truncate-oval(7-5 x 4'8 mm.), lightly convex
on disc, strongly declivous on sides, widest about middle; apical
curve lightly sinuate on each side; basal border a little raised
above lateral border, but not very prominently so, at humeral
angles; stride simple, deep; interstices convex, carinate on apical
declivity, tenth short. Intercoxal declivities of prosternum and
metasternum flat. Length 11-14, breadth 4-5-25 mm.

JJab. — Dorrigo. Common about the township of Dorrigo. The
measurements given in the description are from a male 13 mm.
in length.

Belongs to the group of which iV. nitidicollis Chaud., is the
type. Very closely allied to iV. nitidicollis, but diff"ering [from
Q IX of N. nilidieollis unknown to me)], by more robust form;
66

832 CARABID^ FROM DORRIGO, N.S.W.,

prothorax wider across base: elytra with the interstices more
convex, not opaque, humeral angles less strongly dentiform.
From iV. latibasis SI., <^, it differs by form more convex; elytra
without green margin; interstices not opaque, more convex; apical
sinuosities less developed. From JV. queenslandic%is S!., ^, it
differs by the metallic tinge of prothorax and head; elyti-a not
very brightly margined; form heavier, less elongate; elytra with
interstices more convex, humeral angles less prominently denti-
form. From N. viridilimbatusCa,st., JV. violaceo-marginalus^lac],,
and ]V. melas SI., the prominent basal angles of the prothorax,
with the sides subsinuate before them, distinguish it, apart from
differences of colour. From N. planipectus SI., it may be differ-
entiated readil}' by the bright colour, smaller size, less elongate
form, prothorax more strongly narrowed to base, apical sinuosities
of elytra more feebly developed, etc.

NOTONOMUS BELLINGERI, n.sp.

5. Elongate-oval, depressed. Prothorax subcordate, subsinuate
before base, posterior marginal puncture a little before base on
inner side of marginal channel; elytra deeply striate, interstices
convex, third bipunctate, eighth and ninth narrow, convex,
humeral angles subdentate. Intercoxal declivities of i)rosternum
and mesosternum flat. Head and prothorax nitid, with obscure
purple tinge [sometimes(^)peneous]; elytra of a rather dull obscure
purple [sometimes((J)rather copperyj; undersurface piceous-black;
legs piceous, tarsi, palpi, and antennae reddish.

Head small as in JV. nitidicollis(2-2 mm. across eyes). Pro-
thorax broader than long(2-8 x 3'2 mm.), broadest before middle,
depressed, lightly declivous to sides on anterior two-thirds; apex
lightly emarginate, narrower (2-35 mm.) than base (2-65 mm.);
anterior angles marked, obtuse; sides lightly rounded, more gently
narrowed to base than to apex; base truncate; basal angles
rectangular, obtuse at summit; median line strongly impressed;,
lateral basal impressions deep, narrow, elongate; lateral basal
spaces depressed. Elytra truncate-oval(6"5 x 4 mm.), depre.ssed
on disc, lightly sinuate on each side of apex; basal border a little

BY THOMAS G. SLOANE. 833

raised above lateral border, but not jtrominent at humeral angles;
striie simple, deep; interstices convex, strongly so on posterior
declivity, tenth short. Length 11-3, breadth 4 mm.

//rt6.— Bellingen(H. J. Carter).

The specimen on which the description above is founded,
occurred to Mr. H. J. Carter at a place about two miles north of
the town of Bellingen, where I, also, found a second specimen((J)
only 9-6 mm. in length, and of a far more brassy colour than the
type. I have thought the smaller specimen is probably of
dwarfed size, and have, therefore, preferred to establish the species
on the larger one. Closely allied to iV. nitidicollis Chaud., but
differing by elytra more depressed, interstices much more convex,
humeral angles less strongly dentate, prothorax less strongly
rounded on sides, wider at base, etc. It is also near N. nitescens
SI., but differs by being less nitid, narrower and more depressed,
prothorax less rounded on sides, lateral border narrower near
l)ase, elytra more depressed on disc, more parallel on sides, basal
border less strongly arcuate on posterior margin and less promi-
nent at humeral angles, etc.

NoTONOMUS AUSTRALis Castelnau, var. crenulata, var.nov.

Differs from var. (eneomiccms Chaud., by size smaller, form more
convex, elytra much more declivous to apex, elytral strife far
more distinctly crenulate at bottom. Colour similar. Dimensions,
^, 17x6-2; g, 19 x 6-75 mm.

Hub. — Dorrigo. Two specimens, in brush.

i would index the species thus : — X. australis Cast., == N.
mneomicans var. A., Sloane, Revision, 1903(//a6. — Narrara and
Ourimbah): var. feneo?>iica«s Chaud. (Port Stephens; H. J. Carter);
var. crenidata SI.

I have said(These Proceedings, 1903, p. 600) that, in JV. ceneo-
micans, the tarsi have a single spinule on each side of the
onychium beneath; a recent examination of the material now in
jny hands shows that, in the typical form of iV. australis (which
I consider to be identical with var. A of my Revision), these
^pinules are often, though not invariably, present. Of live

834 CAKABID^ FROM DORRIGO, N.S.W.,

specimens examined, three had spinules and two were without.
Eight specimens of var. ceneomicans showed none with spinules;
and in var. crenulata, also, the onychium was glabrous.

Hypharpax nitens, n sp.

Robust, convex; prothorax subquadrate, posterior angles sub-
rectangular; elytra lightly striate, humeral angles dentate, inter-
stices depressed, second with a light striole at base, third
unipunctate just behind posterior three-fourths. Nitid, but
minutely shagreened; of a dark bronzy colour, submetallic oni
elytra; head black; prothorax black, with a faint greenish-bronzy
tinge; tibise testaceous towards base; antennse infuscate, basal
joint testaceous.

Head stout, convex (2"1 mm. across eyes); prothorax broader
than long(2-l x ■2-5 mm.), lightly roundly narrowed to apex(2-15'
mm.), very little obliquely narrowed to base (2-3 mm.); apex
lightly emarginate; anterior angles rounded; basal angles decidedly
marked, though obtuse at summit. Elytra truncate-oval(4 2 x 3'1
mm.); interstices depressed, narrow and convex at apex; basal
border forming a short dentiform prominence at humeral angle.
Posterior tarsi short. In ^, four anterior tarsi with joints 2-4
dilatate and spongiose beneath; first joint subtriauguhtr, of
anterior tarsi with a few squamae beneath near apex, of middle
tarsi not squamose beneath. Length 7, breadth 3*1 mm.

Hab. — Dorrigo.

Two specimens ((J^) have been examined. It is allied io H.
rectangulus Chaud., and H. ovatus Ciiaud. From //. rectangiihis
(from a Tasmanian specimen) it differs by form shorter, more
convex; prothorax shorter, less deeply emarginate at apex, not
subsinuate on sides posterioi-ly, basal angles not rectangular;
elytra with interstices narrower and more convex at apex; tibiae
not so darkly coloured. From H. ovatus (as identified by me
from specimens from Queanbeyan and Muhvala, N. S. W.) it
differs by size larger; prothorax more rounded on sides, basal
angles more marked; elytra more nitid, interstices becoming

BY THOMAS G. SLOANK. 835-

narrow and convex at apex (they are flat in H. ovatus), puncture
of third interstice more distant from apex, etc.

Lecanomerus carteri, n.sp.

Elongate-oval, ratlier depressed; prothorax subquadrate, wide
and not punctate at base, basal angles subrectangular; elytra
fully striate, interstices depressed, narrower and a little convex
near apex, second with a very short striole rising from a puncture-
at base, third impunctate about middle of length. Piceous;
elytra opaque in Q; margin obscurely ferruginous (including
inflexed margins of prothorax and elytra); femora testaceous^
tibife, tarsi, antennje, and labriim more or less ferruginous.

Head ordinarj(r3 mm. across eyes). Prothorax broader than
long(l-6 X 215), broadest about middle, much wider at base
(1-85 mm.) than apex(l-5 mm.), lightly declivous on anterior part
of sides, depressed across base; sides lightly arcuate, slightly
(obliquely, hardly roundly) narrowed to base; apex emarginate>
anterior angles marked but obtuse; base truncate, very lightly
emarginate above peduncle, a little curved at each side; basal
angles decidedly marked; a wide depressed impunctate basal
space on each side. Elytra truncate-oval(4:-5 x 3 mm.), lightly
rounded on sides-, lightly convex; apical curve hardly sinuate on
each side; humeial angles marked, not dentate; inner humeral
angles sharply marked. Length 7-8-3, breadth 2 75-3-25 mm.

Ilab. — Dorrigo.

This species is at once distinguished from L. verticalis Erichs.^
and L. flavocinctuti* Blkb., by its larger size, sharper basal angles
of prothorax, and the apex of the elytra far less strongly sinuate
on each side. It is by these characters associated with L. major
Blkb., and L. minor Blkb.; from L. major (to which species,
amongst those described, it is most nearly allied) it may be reaJily

* L. flavocinctu? Blkb., = L. occidentcdis SI. A specimen of L. flarocinctus-
was sent to me by the Rev. Thos. Blackburn, and, after comparing it with
cotypes of L, occidentalis in my Collection, I consider them synonymous.
The prothorax varies in width in my specimens from Western Australia.

836 CAUABIDiE FROM DORRIGO, N.S.W.,

differentiated by its less dark colour; elytra with li,«ht-coloured
margin; 9 with lateral interstices of elytra opaque; prothorax
wider, with basal angles less sharply marked, etc. L. minor is
very different, and may be distinguished from the other species I
liave examined bj its much shorter raetepisterna.

Lecanomerus curtus, n.sp.

Stout, oval; front shortly and obliquely bi-impressed; eyes close
to buccal fissure beneath; mandibles decussating; labial palpi
with penultimate joint bisetose in front; prothorax subquadrate,
much wider across base(l"75 mm.) than apex(l"2 mm.); elytra
ovate, lightly punctate-striate, interstices depressed, third unipunc-
tate about posterior third, striole at base of second wanting.
Black, nitid ((J and 9)j l^gs, antennae, palpi and labrum (also
abdomen) piceous-red; prothorax with a verj' narrow piceous-red
margin on sides posteriorly.

Head short, stout(l -05 mm. across eyes). Prothorax broader
than long(l-2 x 1-8 mm.), broadest a little before middle, hardly
■narrowed to base, lightl}^ and widely convex, subdepressed
towards base ; apex emarginate ; anterior angles obtuse but
marked; sides arcuate anteriorly; lightly and roundly narrowed
to apex, almost straight on posterior half; base truncate; basal
angles rectangular but obtuse at summit; lateral border narrow;
base impressed on each side; median line vex-y faint. Elytra
short(3-3 X 2-5 mm.) convex; base truncate, a little wider than
base of prothorax; basal border strongly developed, forming a
short decidedly dentiform prominence at humeral angles; apical
curve lightly sinuate on each side; lateral border narrow, reflexed;
striae lightly impressed (more strongly so on apical declivity),
formed of rows of closely placed punctures, sixth and seventh
obsolete towards base; eighth interstice convex at apex, ninth
wide, seriate-punctate, the punctures widely interrupted in middle.
Length 5-3, breadth 2'5 mm.

Hab. — Dorrigo.

A very distinct species, which can be compared only with L.
mastersi Macl., from which it differs conspicuously by facies;

BY THOMAS G. SLOANE. 83T

prothorax straight on posterior part of sides, basal angles not
roundly obtuse; elytra with dentiform humeral angles and punc-
tate striae; four anterior tarsi in ^5" far less dilated, etc. Three
specimens were found under the bark of a tree-stump blackened.
by fire, in a clearing near the township of Doriigo.

Sarothrocrepis setulosa, n sp.

^. Oval; prothorax subquadrate, widest at posterior angles,,
these acute; sides sinuate posteriorly; elytra finely crenulate-
striate, interstices depressed, covered with a distinct but sparse
puncturation. Testaceous; elytra with a wide irregular post-
median black fascia; tibiae and tarsi brownish; abdomen brown
towards apex.

Head ordinary(l-85 mm. across eyes); prothorax broader than
long(l"7o X 2-55 ram., width near anterior marginal seta, 2'5mm.);
apex(l"65 mm.) much narrower than base, lightly emarginate;
anterior angles obtuse; sides Tightly and roundly narrowed
anteriorly, sinuate before base; base truncate on each side, pro-
duced roundly backward in middle; basal angles triangular^
acute; lateral margins explanate, widely so posteriorly; derm
sparsely beset with minute setuliferous punctures. Elytra much
broader than prothorax (6"6 x 4'5 mm.) ; base truncate with
humeral angles obtnsft; striae finely and lightly impressed,
minutely crenulate; interstices shagreened, sparsely beset with
distinct small setigerous punctures. Length 10, breadth 45 mm.

Hab. — Dorrigo.

Resembling S. corticalis Fabr., in pattern; but differing by-
prothorax much narrower, sides more sinuate posteriorly, basal
angles much more prominent and acute ; elytra with striae
shallower and more finely crenulate, interstices not convex, dis-
tinctly setulose-punctate, inner humeral angle less marked;
abdomen setulo.se-punctate, etc.

Sarothrocrepis blackburni, n.sp.

Depressed; prothorax subquadrate, widest before middle, basal
angles marked but obtuse; elytra subquadrangular, finely crenu-

838 CARABID.E FROM DORRIGO, NS.W.,

late-striate, interstices lightly convex. Testaceous, femora much
paler than tibiae; elytra with piceous pattern forming a trans-
verse ante-apical band, from which a narrow sutural stripe (on
first interstice of each elytron) extends forward to sciitellum, and
a wide lateral stripe on interstices 6-9 extends forward to humeral
angle.

Head ordinary(r2 mm. across eyes). Prothorax broader than
]ong(l-2 X 1 75 mm.), wider at base(r5 mm.) than apex(l-2 mm.);
sides arcuate at widest part, roundly and decided 1}^ narrowed to
apex, obliquely narrowed to base, subsinuate just before l^asal
angles; disc convex; lateral margins narrow anteriorly, wide but
not explauate posteriorly, apex truncate; anterior angles obtuse,
not marked, bordered; base rounded. Elytra much broader than
prothorax(3'8 x 2-8 mm.), broadest behind middle; base truncate;
humeral angles widely rounded; apex truncate (hardly oblique
on each side); interstices .shagreened, third, fifth, and .seventh
with a few fine punctures on the dark ante-apical part. Apex of
abdomen in ^ widely and deepl}^ triangularly excised. All the
tai'si with fourth joint bilobed, intermediate tarsi in ^ squamu-
lose beneath. Length 5'6-6, breadth 2 2-3 mm.

Hab. — Dorrigo (common under loose bark on trunks of
Eucalypts).

I believe that, on account of the shape of the palpi and pro-
thorax, the Rev. Thos. Blackburn would place this species in his
genus Ectroyna* It is much larger than any species which Mr.
Blackburn has referred to that genus, but is evidently allied to
Lebiomorpha benejica Newm. No other species of Sarothrocrepis
that I have examined, has the apex of the abdomen in the ^J so
widely and deeply excised.

Agonochila quadricollis, n.sp.
Depressed, elongate; head small; prothorax small, narrow, basal
angles obtuse though marked; elytra much broader than prothorax

*Lebia civlca Newm., is the typical species of the Rev. Thos. Blackburn's
genus Ectroma {rf. These Proceedings iv.(2), 1889, p. 710). The name
Ectroma had ah-eady been used when Mr. Blackburn proposed it, but Baron
de Chaudoir had proposed the name Lebiomorpha for the same group (rf.
Bull. Soc. Imp. Mat. Mosc. 1876, p. 80).

BY THOMAS G. SLOANE. 839

(■2'8 X 2"1 mm.), finely and rather closely setulose-punctate.
Piceous ; head reddish near base ; prothorax piceous-brown,
reddish near margins; elytra piceous, reflexed margins, apex and
a large irregular discal plaga on each elytron testaceous; under-
surface reddish-brown, becoming piceous on sides of abdomen;
legs, antennpe, labrum and palpi testaceous.

Head (1 mm. across eyes) very finely shagreened, and with
scattered, minute, setulose punctures. Prothorax broader than
long{0"85 X 1"3 mm.), broadest about anterior third; derm very
minutely shagreened, and beset with small setulose punctures;
disc a little convex; lateral margins wide, depressed, widest
towards base, slightly angulate and setigerous at widest part;
sides oVjliquely narrowed to apex, lightly narrowed to base, hardl}^
subsinuate before base; base lightly lobate in middle, obliquely
truncate on each side; basal angles obtuse; median line strongly
impressed. Length 5, breadth 2-1 mm.

Hab.^^. S. Wales : Sydney (Lea), National Park (Taylor),
Dorrigo (Cox).

This species is allied to A. higuttata Chaud., from which it
differs b}'' prothorax, with sides, not so angulate at widest part,
nor decidedly sinuate posteriorly; elytra with discal plaga not so
narrow, but with an expansion outside in middle of external side
(as in A. curtula Erichs.). My description is founded on two
specimens given to me by Mr. F. H. Taylor, ticketed " National
Park."

Agonochila punctulata, n.sp.

Depressed; head, prothorax, and elytra setigero-punctate; pro-
thorax transverse, lightly emarginate at apex, basal angles rect-
angular, two marginal setaj on each side; elytra broad, densely
and rather coarsely setulose-punctate (setae yellow), striaj and
interstices indefinite. Head, disc of prothorax, peduncle, a
.sutural stripe and a lateral space on elytra piceous; a wide
indeterminate area on each elytron extending from shoulders
nearly to apex and uniting at basal third testaceous; sides of
prothorax more lightly colouied than disc; legs and antennae
testaceous.
67

840 CARABID^ FROM DORRIGOj N.S.W.,

Head wide(ri mm. across eyes); front and clypeus depressed,
punctate, the punctures stronger on front; eyes prominent. Pro-
thorax transverse(0'8 X 1-6 mm.), broadest a little before middle,
a little more narrowed to apex(l'15 mm.) than to base(l 3 mm.);
disc convex; lateral margins wide; puncturation close towards
margins, sparse in centre of disc; sides subangulate and bearing
anterior marginal seta at widest part, lightly narrowed poste-
riorly, subsinuate just before basal angles; anterior angles obtuse
but marked, hardly adv-anced; base widely and shortly lobed in
middle, truncate (but a little oblique) on each side; basal angles
rectangular ; median line strongly impressed. Elytra much
broader than prothorax(3 x 2'4mm.), depressed, broadest behind
middle, a little narrowed to base, rounded at humeral angles,
roundly truncate at apex. Length 4-9-5-2, breadth 2'4mm.

Hab. — Dorrigo(on the trunk of a Eucalypt), Glen Innes(Carter).

I cannot identify this species as one of those described by
Cliaudoir. From A. cribripennis Cliaud., it differs conspicuously
by the prothorax with only one anterior marginal seta (not three
or four), anterior angles less prominent, basal angles less acute.
From A. macleayi SI., it diflfers by smaller size, stronger punctu-
ration of head, prothorax, and elytra; darker colour; angles of
prothorax more marked, etc.

It requires comparison with A. suticralis Mad., unknown to
me in nature, which should have the prothorax j'ellow; unfortu-
nately the description of A. suturalis gives no information as to
the shape of the prothorax.

Agonochila macleayi, n.sp.

Depressed; head, prothorax, and elytra beset with fine short
hairs, under a lens; prothorax subquadrate,apex lightly emarginate,
basal angles well marked but obtuse, two marginal setie on each
side; elytra broad, densely and finely punctulate; Jstrise and
interstices indefinite, third interstice 3-setose (anterior seta at
basal fifth, second a little behind middle, third a little behind
apex of sutural vitta). Yellow-testaceous; elytra more lightly
coloured than prothorax and head, 3-vittate, a sutural vitta

BY THOMAS G. SLOANE. 841

•extending backwards from scutellum to apical fifth, a little wider
and extending on to third interstice near apex; also a lateral
vitta on each elytron, this lateral vitta narrow, but a little
variable in width and length.

Head broad( 1 •4mm. across eyes), depressed, minutely shagreened
and punctate under a lens; eyes large, prominent. Prothorax
transverse(ri5 X 2 mm.), widest a little before middle, hardly
narrower at apex(r6mm.) than at base(l-7 mm.), shagreened,
minutely punctulate; lateral margins explanate, not coarsely
punctate; sides roundly subangulate and setigerous at widest
part, lightly narrowed (hardly subsinuate) posteriorly; apex lightly
and widely emarginate; anterior angles wide, obtuse; base shortly
lobed in middle, oblique on each side; basal angles marked, obtuse
at summit; median line strongly impressed. Elytra subquadrate
(4-1 X 3-2 mm.), broadest behind middle, rounded on sides-
humeral angle rounded, inner humeral angle widely rounded.
'Length 6-3-6-8, breadth 3-3-2 mm.

Hab. — Dorrigo (plentiful under bark, on the trunks of
Eucalypts).

This species resembles A, cribripennis Chaud., but is larger
and differs conspicuously by the prothorax with only two setse
on 'each side, not strongly sinuate on sides posteriorly, basal
angles not acutely rectangular, lateral margins not coarsely
punctate; elytra far more finely punctulate, etc.

Philoplceus luculextus Newman, var. guttifera, var.nov.

Compared with specimens from Monbulk, Victoria (about 30
miles east from Melbourne), which evidently represent the typical
form of Ph. hiculentus Newm., var. guttifera agrees in facies (the
.prothorax has the lateral margins a little narrower before the
anterior marginal puncture, and the anterior angles a little more
marked); but differs by prothorax slightly inf uscate on disc, elytra
with a finer puncturation; also, by pattern of elytra. Ph. lucu-
lentus has the elytra piceous-black, with a large antemedian
space on each elytron, and the apex testaceous; the antemedian
.space broader than long, extending across interstices 2-7, much

842 CARABIDiE FROM DORRIGO, N.S.AV,

longer on interstices 2-4; the apical testaceous area narrow,
irregular on its anterior margin, decidedly divided from the
antemedian spaces by a broad black band. In var. (jrUtifera the
elytra are testaceous, with the base and sides widely margined
with black, suture black on anterior three-fourths, the sutural
black part very narrow (occupying only the first interstice of each
elytron) behind black basal area, expanding at median puncture
of third interstice to cover the four inner interstices of each
elytron, this postmedian black area irregular in outline, narrower
externally than internally; two small elongate black spots on
fifth interstice, anterior spot a little forward from the level of
the median punctuie of the third interstice, posterior spot extend-
ing forward from level with the third puncture of the third
interstice; sixth interstice with a small oblong black s|)ot opposite
median puncture of third interstice. Length 7, breadth 315mm.
The posterior expansion of the sutural black area is truncate-
sagittate on the three inner interstices of each, elytron, and the
small part on the fourth interstice may be looked upon as merely
a lateral attachment; this spot of the fourth interstice, with those
of the fifth and sixth interstices, may be considered to be the
remnants of the postmedian black band of the typical form of
Ph. luculenlus. A .specimen taken by me at Orange, N.S. W., is
intermediate between the typical form of Ph. luculentus and var.
guttifera, and indicates that differences in the elytral pattern are
merely of minor importance.

Hab. — Dorrigo.

Trechus coxi, n,sp.

Black; prothorax with lateral border reddish; elytra with a
posthumeral transverse macula extending across interstices 5-9
and a narrow broken transverse postmedian fascia yellow; under-
surface reddish; legs testaceous, tibiae and tarsi darker than
femora; antennae infuscate, basal joint testaceous.

Oval; prothorax broader than long, broadest before middle,
wider across base than apex, strongly narrowed to apex, very
lightly narrowed to base; sides widely margined; margins widest
at base; basal angles rectangular. Elytra widely oval, very

BY THOMAS G. SLOANE. 843

•convex, much broader than prothorax, faintly striate; first stria
entire, passing round apex of each elytron and curving forward
on apical declivity at about the position of the sixth interstice;
other stripe only faintly traceable; fourth interstice with a
puncture a little behind the humeral point of origin of the lateral
border; third interstice 2-punctate, the anterior puncture a little
behind middle, posterior puncture near apex. Length 4-4-25,
breadth 1-85-2 mm.

ir«6.— Dorrigo(H. W. Cox).

Six specimens of this pretty little species were sent to me by
Mr. H. W. Cox, ticketed " Dorrigo." It is very distinct from all
the described Australian species. Following the Rev. Thos.
Blackburn's Table of the Australian species of Trechus{TrRnii.
Roy Soc. S. Aust., 1901, p. 127), the elytra not fully striate
would place it beside T. haldiensis Blkb., and T. solidior BIkb.,
both obscurely coloured species without an elytral pattern.

Appendix : Tenebrionid^: from Dorrigo.

By H. J. Carter, B.A., F.E.S.

List of Tenebrionicke taken at Dorrigo and Bellingen (July,

1910): Platijdema striata Montr., Ceropria jteregrina Pasc, C.

vaJya Pasc, Acthosii^sbrunneus CsiVt., A. laticorn is 'Pa.sc, Toxicum

spp.(2), Pterohelitus j)la7ius{1) Bless., F. asellus Pasc, Uypaulax

ovalis Bates, Nyctobates crenata Boisd., Encyalesthus punctipennis

Pasc, Promethis Pascoei MacL, Jlenephilus ccerulescens Haag-

Rut., M. parvulics Mac!., M. sydyieyensis Blkb., Meneristes lati-

collis Boisd., M. servulus Pasc, Titcena columbina Erichs., Cardio-

thorax egerius Pasc, (Bellingen), C. cordicollis Pasc, (Coff's

Harbour) C.femoratus Bates, var., (Coff's Harbour), C. dorrigo-

ensis, n.sp., C. iridipes, n.sp., Blepegenes equestris Pasc, Otrintus

Jacksoni Cart., Adelium yeminatum Pasc, A. Helmsi Cart., A.

porcatum Fabr., var., (Bellingen), A. reductum Pasc, Apasis

sinuaticollis, n.sp., Avmrygmus striatus Macl., A. tristis Fabr.,
68

844

APPENDIX : TENEBKIONID.E FKOM DORRIGO,

Chalcopterns pitnctulatihs BIkb., (Coif's Harbour), Chalcopterus^
spp.(2?). Total : 35 species, including three new species.

Cardiothorax dorrigoensis, n.sp. (Fig. 1.)

(J. Elongate-ovate, violet-bronze, nitid, antennifi fuscous-brown,
tarsi piceous clothed beneath with reddish hair, undersurface
nitid black.

Head impunctate, labrum emaiginate and fringed with red
hair, the usual frontal impression distinct, with two deep foveas
near front angles of epistonia; canthus raised and somewhat
triangulate; antennae longer^than prothorax, third joint equal to

that of the first two combined, eleventh
elongate. Prothorax 4x5 mm., finely
margined throughout, wider at apex
than at base, widest in front of middle,-
arciiate-emarginate at apex and base,
front angles subacute but rounded, sides
slightly rounded with curve strongest
anteriorly, sinuate near base, hind angles
acute, dentate and twisted downwards
v^l and horizontally outwards; foliate mar-

I gins wide, flat, and brightly metallic,
slightly narrovi'ed at base, with a shallow
separating sulcus on anterior portion,
with six setiferous punctures placed at
equal distances near the border, disc
smooth, central channel well marked
throughout, two large basal foveae ac-
centuating the angular torsion. Scutellum
triangular, without any adjacent de-
pression. Elytra wider at base than
prothorax, moderately convex, shoulders
advanced but rounded, epipleural fold forming a raised margin,
on each elytron eight well marked sulci, intervals convex, the
fifth wider than the rest, a row of very small punctures on the
sides, epipleurai and abdomen smooth; all femora emarginate

Fig. 1. — C. dorrigoensis.

BY H. J. CARTER. 845

within at the apex, intermediate and posterior femora dentate
near apex, that on the posterior much the larger and lobate,
anterior tibise sb'ghtly bowed, intermediate and posterior tibiae
nearly straight.

5. Differs from the male in having thinner and undentate
femora, the antennae shorter, and the posterior tibiae quite straight.
Dimensions — (J. 17 x 6 mm.; 9.I8 x 6*3 mm.

Hah. — Dorrigo, New South Wales.

Two specimens; the sexes were taken, by the author, in July
of the present year. This species differs from, though most
closely allied to, C, femoratus Bates, in the following characters :
Size larger, colours more brilliant, especially on pronotum and the
foliate margins thereof, and particular in the strongly dentate
hind angles of prothorax and the antecedeyd sinuationof the sides.
The tooth on the posterior femora, though laige and lobate, is
not so prolonged in my specimen as in specimens of C. femoratus
Bates, from the Tweed and Yarrow Creek districts.

Cardiothorax iridipes, n.sp. (Fig. 2.)

Elongate-ovate, dark purple-bronze, nitid, pronotum with violet
reflections, underside nitid black, femora and tibiae iridescent
purple and cyaneous, antennae and tarsi piceous.

Head with labrum prominent, narrow and truncate, epistoma
convex, wide, a little raised at sides, minutely and closely punc-
tate, forehead with impression squarely truncate and deeply
indented in front, rounded behind, with about six large punctures
thereon; antennae 4| mm. long, joints 3-7 elongate-obconic, third
longer than fourth, 8-11 successively but only slightly wider and
shorter, eleventh ovoid-acuminate. Prothorax 3 x 3^ mm., wider
at apex than at base, greatest width in front of middle, apex
slightly concave with obtusely rounded anterior angles scarcely
prominent, sides slightly rounded in an even curve till near base,
then rather abruptly sinuate and deflexed at the posterior angles,
these forming a subrectangular tooth a little twisted downwards
and outwards; base truncate; foliaceous margins narrow, sub-
horizontal, widest at middle, the separating discal line nearly

846

APPENDIX : TENEBRIONID.E FROM DORRIGO,

OC^CX:^-

straight and forming a deep sulcus at middle; four setiferous
punctures on margins near border; extreme border smooth, raised

throughout, widest at sides; disc very
minutely and closely punctate (only
seen under a strong lens), medial line
strongly impressed throughout, on
each side of this a faint irregular
longitudinal impression. Scutellum
triangular. Elytra a regular oval,
wider than prothorax at base, and
about 2|- times as long, shoulders
moderately rounded, epipleural fold
scarcely evident, with nine sulci on
each elytron, intervals subequal,
convex, more sharply defined at apex;
epipleurse and abdomen irregularly
impressed and very minutely punc-
tured, sternum smooth, fore tibife
slender, minutely spined at apex,
posterior tibiae curved, with apex bent
forward. Dimensions— \\ x 4mm.

Hah. — Coff's Harbour, New South
Wales.

A single specimen, probably male, from its bent hind tibise,
taken by Mr. H. W. Cox, and generously given me. It presents
at least one character peculiar to the genus in its brightly
iridescent and coloured femora. It is most closely allied in size
and form to G. pygmaii(,s Cart., but differs from that species in
(1) narrower and more elongate prothorax, with narrower folia-
tion; (2) posterior angles of prothorax rectangular, anterior angles
obtuse; in G. pygmoius both angles are acute; (3) darker and
more violet-bronze colour; and (4) elytral intervals less sharply
defined. Type in author's Collection.

Apasis sinuaticollis, n.sp. (Fig. 3.)
^. Elongate-ovate, violet-bronze, very nitid, apical joints of
antennae obfuscated, tarsi reddish, underside metallic-black.

Fig. 2. — C. iridijjes.

BY H. J. CARTER.

847

Head widely truncate in front of epistoma, with a setiferous
■puncture inside each angle of the raised border, labrum emargi-

nate, can thus raised and somewhat
nodiform, frontal depression in form
of a horseshoe, sparsely punctured,
with two foveas near epistoma, sub-
mentum coarsely punctured on lateral
borders, sharply bidentate near middle,
antennae considerably longer than
prothorax, (when at rest with three
apical joints projecting beyond its
base) third joint about as long as
fourth and fifth combined, joints 8-10
slightly enlarged, eleventh elongate,
acuminate. Prothorax 3-5x4: mm.,
moderately convex, apex truncate,
base slightly arcuate (posterior outline
convex), apex and base of equal
width, sides widest at middle, slightly
rounded on anterior half, sinuate on
basal half, all angles obtuse and
rounded, with narrow raised border
throughout, margins not foliaceous
b-ut defined by a shallow sulcus, bearing a setiferous punc-
ture near anterior angle; disc smooth, impunctate, without
central canal (or indicated only by a fovea near front margin),
surface a little uneven near basal margin. Scutellum small,
rounded, with a narrow triangular sulcus on the adjacent suture.
Elytra three times as long as prothorax, and wider than it,
acuminate-elliptic, humeri obsolete, epipleural fold not visible
from above, greatest width at middle, with eight sulci on each
elytron, and two on sides, intervals equal, impunctate, flat near
the centre of disc, convex towards sides and apex, epipleurse
narrow and smooth; abdomen quite smooth except for a few
minute setae bearing fine yellow hairs, and impressions on each
segment laterally; all femora emarginate on outside border and

69

^ig. H. — A. sinuaticollis .

848 APPENDIX : TKNKBRIONID^ PROM DORBIGO.

smooth, all tibiae straight and slightly tomentose at apex, two
basal joints of anterior tarsi enlarged; intercoxal process truncate.

^. More robust, elytra wider and more convex, anterior tarsi
not enlarged, antennae shorter.

Dimensions — (J. 16 x 5 ram.; 2,16-5 x 5-6 mm.

Hab. — Dorrigo, New South Wales.

Six specimens, taken by the author, July, 1910; under bark of
rotting timber; also taken by Mr. Cox in the same district.

Its nearest ally is A. heplegenoides Cart., from which it diflfers
in (1) smaller size, (2) lighter colour, (3) in the sinuate prothorax,.
and the absence of central impression thereon, inter alia.

Types in author's Collection.

Cardiothorax femoratus Bates, varr. stibdentatus Cart. — Mr. H-
W. Cox took a large number of specimens near Coff's Harbour,
which difiPer from the typical form in having a small but distinct
dentation of the hind angles of prothorax. There is, however, one
specimen, at least, amongst them, in which this small outwardly
directed tooth is absent; and I have, in my collection, a specimen
from Bellinger River, taken by Mr. Jackson, also of the typical
form (i.e., without any appearance of a tooth), so that it would
appear that this character is variable in this district. The
species is so strikingly diflferent, in its femoral characters, from
all other species; and the tooth is so small, that it does not seem
to me desirable to describe it as a distinct species. The absence
or presence of this tooth is certainly not a sexual character, since
both sexes of the typical form, and of the variety, are before me.

Adelium 'porcalum Fabr., \'?lv. fulgens Cart. — Specimens taken
under bark of Eucalypts, near Bellingen, present a sti'iking
colour-variation from the normal type. This colour is a brilliant
violet-bronze, but darker specimens occurred amongst them. The
structural characters are normal.

849

NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF A LIMESTONE-
FLORA AT GROSE VALE.

By W. M. Carne.

Instances of the part played by geological formation in* the
distribution of species and the formation of plant-coQimunities
in New South Wales, have been put forward from time to time,
by various botanical and other workers. So far as the writer is
aware, no record has yet been published dealing with the effect
of a lime-deposit on vegetation.

The present note deals with an interesting, though small, patch
of vegetation occurring on an outcrop of a limestone at Grose
Vale, Hawkesbury District. The deposit is to be found below
Box Hill, and is followed by the Horseshoe Bend Road, which,
running N.E. and S.W., joins the main Kurrajong and Grose
Vale Roads. It is on the eastern slope of the hill, which curves
to form a natural amphitheatre sheltering orchards and other
cultivated areas. At about 100 yards from the Grose Vale end,
and following the road for about half a mile, nearly to what is
known as Lookout Hill, is the outcrop, with its vegetation, which
is so distinct as to be noticeable against the hillside from several
miles away. Another small deposit, denuded of timber, occurs
near the church, about half a mile from Kurrajong Road. The
deposit is about 800 feet above sea-level, and about 8 miles by
road from Richmond.

The dense growth of trees, entangled with many creepers, and
the absence of Eucalypts, resembles that of the luxuriant gully-
brushes of the eastern slopes of Kurrajong Rang(); or, perhaps,
more nearly, those on volcanic soils, such as at IMountain Lagoon,
Mount Wilson, or even of the Illawarra slopes. Above the road,
this vegetation extends nowhere more than 20 yards, while, on
the steep slope below, its width has been much greater, probably
owing to the soil having been washed down from the outcrop

850 OCCURRENCE OP A LIMESTONE-F LORA AT GROSE VALE,

above. Much of the lower portion has, however, been cleared,
and only a few patches remain to indicate the once luxuriant
nature of the flora.

The soil, in colour, is a brownish-white, and of a loose granular
texture. Where the rock is exposed, it is not unlike basalt, and
as such it is locally taken to be, a mistake probably influenced,
to some extent, by the vegetation. Where it is weathered, it
resembles a very soft sandstone. Mr. H. G. Smith* has recorded
deposits of similar limestone from Auburn and from Homebush.
Like that at Grose Vale, they occur as deposits in the Wiana-
niatta Shales. Mr. Smith informs me that the Gro.se Vale rock
contains more sand than the two deposits mentioned, but is
almost identical with that found near Lakemba, on the railway
between Belmore and Bankstown. Not being naturally exposed,
no botanical indications of these deposits were noted by liim.
Referring to the Auburn deposit, he sajs : " When first broken,
it is of a bine-grey colour, not much unlike basalt; it was spoken
of as ' blue metal ' by the quarrymen, who no doubt consider it
identical with the igneous rock bearing the same name. On
weathering, the limestone becomes lighter grey in colour." In
all these deposits no sign of organic structure can be detected
under the microscope. Mr. Smith classes them as hydiaulic
limestones. The normal soil of the Vale is that of the Wiana-
matta Shales, with the usual flora of stringybarks, ironbarks, red
gum, blackthorn, etc.

The explanation of this very distinct and localised plant-com-
munity seems to be due to (1) the richness of the soil due to the
relatively large amount of lime present, with its accompanying
greater availability of plant-foods, and its improved j)hysical
nature; (2) the sheltered eastern aspect; and (3) the good rainfall.

The following is Mr. Smith's analysis of the Auburn rock : —

CaCOg =39-673% MnCOg =0-425%

Clay =39-416% MgCO., =1-625%

FejOg = 2-G86% Alkalies present as chlorides = 0-679%

FeCOg =13-450% Water =2-260%

* Smith, H. G., "Preliminary'Noteon Limestone occurring near Sydney."
Journ. Proc. Roy. Soc. New South Wales, xxvi., 189-2, p. 302.

BY W M. CARNE. 851

An average sample of the soil at Grose Vale has been found,
by Mr. M. S. Benjamin, Assistant Chemist, Hawkesbury Agri-
cultural College, to contain 4-23% of lime. The litmus reaction
is faintly alkaline. Round the outcrop, owing to the inter-
mingling of the shale with the limestone, and the leaching of the
latter, the amount of lime is much smaller, less than 05%.
Here the two floras tend to mingle to some extent, although the
boundaries of the two are remarkably distinct. Here, too, are
found some plants, marked (J) in the accompanying list, which,
while not occurring on the limestone proper, are hardly typical
of the Wianamatta proper. These may be almost classed as an
intermediate flora. It may be mentioned that Wianamatta soils
give a strongly acid litmus reaction, and an average analysis of
ten samples shows only 0"136/o of lime.* Where, as in Australia,
soils tend to be deficient in lime, the amount present is often, to
a large extent, indicative of the value of the soil to plants. f It
is recognised in agriculture that the value of lime in a soil lies,
not so much in itself directly, as in the part it plays in encouraging
bacterial action, in rendering soil-foods available to plants, and
in improving the texture of the soil. The chief cause of the
luxuriant brush-like vegetation under consideration is the rich
open soil, resulting from the presence of an unusual amount of
lime. The difference in the vegetation on acid and basic granites,
as pointed out by Mr. Cambage and others, is due to the same
reason, for " acid granites low in lime-minerals yield poor soils;
basic granites fairly well supplied with lime-minerals yield good
soils. ":|: "Although the characteristics of the lime-flora are clear
and distinct, yet, in the past, the influence of lime upon vegeta-
tion has been overestimated. Indeed, a distinction has been
made between calciphilous and calciphobous plants. Recently
it has been definitely established that the amount of lime, in

* Jensen, H. I., Agric. Gazette of New South Wales, 1910, p.463.
t Guthrie, F. B., Agric. Gazette of New South Wales, 1898, p. 484; and
Jensen, H. I., op. cit. 1909, p.l091.

X Jensen, H. I., Agric. Gazette of New South Wales, 1910, p. 105.

852

OCCURRENCE OF A LIMESTONE-FLORA. AT GROSE VALE,

itself, in so far as it does not operate physically, cannot be the
cause of differences in the flora, for not only can calcicolous
plants be cultivated in soil that is poor in lime, but silicicolous
plants, and even bog mosses, which are regarded as pre-eminently
calciphobous, can grow vigorously in pure lime-water, if the
aqueous solution be otherwise poor in dissolved salts. It has
been overlooked that nearly all lime-soils are rich in soluble
mineral substances, and this wealth excludes plants belonging to
poorer soils; beyond this, the important physical characters of
calcareous soils come into play."||

As to where the plants forming this flora came from, it seems
sufficient to regard them, like the plants of the Blue Mountain
gullies, as remnants of the old tropical flora, which at one time
extended as far south as Victoria. Superior conditions in
circumscribed localities have enabled these remnants to persist,
while the rest of the country has become occupied by the present,
dominant, hardy flora which the drier conditions of to-day have
evolved.

The rainfall is good, about 33 inches.U Kurrajong Heights,
three miles away, and 1,000 feet higher, averages 50 inches per
annum. The moisture-capacity of the soil is equal to that of the
shale, but its capillarity is much greater. The less of water by
evaporation must, however, have been largely checked, before
any clearing had been carried out, by the dense shading of the
soil. The area certainly gains moisture by soakage from the
steep slopes above. The road remains moist after rain, long

II Warming, E., " Ecology of Plants." 1909, p.58.
H Of late years there has been a general diminution of rainfall in this
district (see Balletin No. 2, Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology, 1908).

For the following figures I am indebted to Mr. W. S. Arnold, who lives
not far from the limestone-outcrop.

Compare
Richmond

1903.

42 -24
3.3-32

1904.

37-96
33-95

1905.

26-18
22-84

1906.

25-17

17-17

1907. 1908.

21-35
17-77

29-48
25-06

1909.

25-98
23-07

Average, 29
years = 29 -90

BY W. M. CARNE. 853

after the soil-surface of the shale round about has dried up. On
drying, instead of caking, the soil becomes loose and open.
Moisture is thus readily absorbed, instead of running off down
the steep slopes. Severe frosts are unknown.

As the outcrop occurs inside the amphitheatre, and some way
down the hill side, the aspect, facing the morning sun, and
sheltered from the westerly winds, is almost an ideal one. These
matters of aspect and rainfall are almost sutficient, in themselves,
to bring into existence the well-known vegetation of Sassafras,
Coachwood, Myrtles, Tree-ferns, etc., typical of the gullies of the
eastern slopes of the Kurrajong, had there been sheltered gullies.
But the position is too exposed, and the vegetation quite distinct.
It is not confined to such small gullies as there are, but climbs
up their sides and spreads along the hill-slopes.

In the following list, those plants marked * are believed to
owe their position to the favourable conditions offered by the
limestone-soil. Many of these plants are admittedly found on
sandstone country, but they are not typical of that soil; and the
explanation of their presence is probably to be found in the
favourable local conditions. Mr. Hamilton§ shows, that at Mt.
Wilson, most of these plants prefer the basalt to the sandstone.

I have to thank Messrs. J. H. Maiden and C. T. Musson for
assistance in the preparation of this note.
RANUNCULACEiE ... Clematis aristata R.Br.

glycinoides DC.
MAGNOLiACEiE ...*Drimys dipetala F.v.M.

ANONACBiE ... .. * Eupomatia laurina R.Br.

MENisPERMACEiE . . .*Coccichis Muorei F.v.M.

* Sarcopetalum Harveyanum F.v.M.
CEUciFERiE ... ... Lepidium ruderale L.

PiTTOSPOREiE ...* Hymenosporum Jiavum F.v.M.

Btirsaria sjnnosa Cav.
*Citriobatus muUi/iorus A. Cunn.

§ Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1899, p.346.
*Found on the limestone, tlntroduced weeds. iTlntermediate flora (p. 851.)

854

OCCURRENCE OF A LIMESTONE-FLORA AT GROSE VALE-

MALVACEiE ..

STERCULIACEiE
LlNE^

Geraniace^

RUTACE.E ...

Meliace^ ...
Celastrine^e

RHAMNEiE ...

Ampelide.e .

SAPINDACEiE

Leguminos^

ROSACE.E

... Sida rhonibifolia L.

Abutilon oxycarpum F.v.M.

* H ihiscus heterophyllus Vent.

"fModiola iriultifida Moench.
...XStercuUa diversifolia G. Don.
...tZm?tm ffaliicuvi L.
... Geranium })ilosuni So\.
...XEvodia micrococca F.v.M.

* AcroiiycJiia Baueri Schott.
...*Melia composita Willd.

*Cedrela toona Roxb.
...*Elaeoderidron australe F.v.M,
..,* Alphitonia excelsa Reiss.
..*Vitis a^darctlca Benth.

* clematidea F.v.M.

* hypuglauca F.v.M.
...*Ctipauia seiniglauca F.v.M.

*Nepheliuin Itiocarpum F.v.M.

Dodonaea viscosa L.
... Indigofer-a australis Willd.

Desniodium brachy podium A. Gray.

Glycine dandestina Wend I.
^Medicayo minima Willd.
t denticulala Willd.

^Vicia hirsuta Koch.
*Cassia laevigata Willd.

* australis Sims.
Acacia longifolia Willd.

decurrens Willd.
■\ Trifolium repens L.
t dubiwn Sibth.

... Rubus parvifolius L.

* m,oluccanus L.
Acaena ovina Cunn.

saiiguisorbce Vahl.
jRosa rubiginosa L.

BY W. M. CARNE.

855'

SAXIFRAGKiE

Myrtace.e ...

OnaGRAUIEvE

PaSSIFLOREvE

Umbellifer.e
Caprifoliace^

COMPOSITiE ...

Campanulace^

EPACRIDEiE ...

Primulace^
Myrsine^e ...
Ebenace-e ...
Jasmines ...
Asclepiade^

Gentiane.e

. .'^.Aphaiiopetalum resinosum Endl.
*Citttsi<i viburnea F.v.M.

, Callisiemon salignus DC.
Melaleuca styphelioides Sm.
Eucalyptiis hemiphloia F.v.M.
tereticornis Sm.
* Rhodamnia trinervia Bl.
* Eugenia Smithii Poir.
.. Epilobiu7n glabellum Forst.
"f Oenothera rosea Willd.
t tetraptera Cav,

..* Passijlora aurantia Forst.
.. Apiuni leptophyllum F v.M.

Daucus brachiatus Sieb.
..*Sambucus xanthocarpa F.v.M.
.. Vitladinia austraiis A. Rich,
var. tenuissima.
Calotis lappulacea Benth.
\ Xanlhium spinosurn L.
Siegesbeckia orientalis L.
Bidens pilosus L.
fTagetes glandulifera Schrank.
Helichrysum diosmifolium Don.
Erechtites arguta DC.
fCarduus lanceolata L.
■\Sonchus oleraceus L.
.. Wahlenbergia gracilis DC.
Lobelia purpn7'ascens R.Br.
.. Leucopogon juniperinus R.Br.
..fAnagallis a)- vensis h. (red and blue varieties)
..IBapanea [Myrsine) variabilis Mez,
..^Cargiilia austraiis R.Br.
.. Notelaea longijolia Vent.
.*Marsdenia rostrata K.Br.

^Gomphocarpus Jruticosus R.Br.
.. Erythraea austraiis R.Br.

.■856

OCCURRENCE OF A LIMESTONE-FLORA AT GROSE VALE,

aspkrifoli^
•Convolvulach:^

SoLANEjE

Bignoniace^

ACANTHACEiE

Myoporine^

VERBENACBiE

Labiates ...

Plantagine^

Phvi'olaccage^
Che,vopodiacb,e

Amakantace^
Polygonace^

LAUBINEiE ...

Euphorbiace^

URTICACEiE ...

...*Ehretia acuminata R.Br.
... Dichondra repens Forst.
... Solanum nigruyn L.

f pseudo-capsicum L.

stelligerurn Sm.
xanthocarpum Schrad.

■\Physalis pertiviana L.
Nicotiana suaveolens Lehm.
...%Tecoma australis R.Br.
... Eranthemum variahile R.Br.
... Myoporum deb He R.Br.
. . t Verbena bonariensis L.

f venosa G. & H.

XClerodeudron tornentosum R.Br.
... Plectranthus parviflorus Willd.

Mentha gracilis R.Br.
... Plantago varia R.Br.

t lanceolata L.

...f Phytolacca octandra L.
... Ghenopodium triangidare R.Br.

t ambrosioides L.

... Nyssanthes erecta R.Br.
... liurtiex Brownii CampLh

■\ Polygonum convolvulus L.
... * EndiandraiV).

* Litsea dealbata Nee.s.

. . X Phyllanthus Ferdinandi J. Muell

I Gastroemii J. Muell.

I Breynia oblongifolia J. Muell.

X.Groton Verreauxii Baill.

*Garumbium populifoUum Reinw.
... Urtica incisa Poir.

X Trema aspera Bl.

* Ficus stephanocarpa Warb.
*Gudrania javanensis Trecul.

BY W, M. CARNE.

857

:SanTALACE.E

IrIDEvE
LiLIACEiE

C0MMET,YNACE.E
JUX(JACE,E ...
CYPERACEiE ..

CrRAMINE^

..*Santaluni ohtusifolium R.Br.

Exocarpus cupressiformis Labill.
. .* Sisyrinchium panicidatum Spreng.
.. Smilax atislralis R.Br.
Dianella longifolia R.Br.
Etistrephus latifolius R.Br.
Geitonoplesiuvi cymosum A. Cuun.
Xerotes longifolia R.Br.
.. Commelyna cyanea R.Br.
.. Juncus polyanthemus F. Buch.
.. Gahnia melanocarpa R.Br.
aspera Spreng.
Carex longifolia R.Br.
app7-essa R.Br.
.. Panicum pygmaeum R.Br.

Oplisnienus setariiis Roem. & Schulfc.
*Cenchrns australis R.Br.
Andropogon sericeihs R.Br.
pertusus Willd.
refr actus R.Br.
Microlaena stipoides R.Br.
Aristida vagans Cav.
Stipa verticillata Nees.
2iuhescens R.Br.
Dichelachue sciurea Hook.
Danthonia pilosa R.Br.
Echinopogon ovatiis Palis.
Cynodon dactylon L. C. Rich.
Leptochloa decipiens Stapf.
Sporobolus indicus R.Br.

Lindleyi Benth.
Eragrostis leptostachya Steud.
i Briza maxima L.
t minor L.

fFestuca hromoides L.
f Ilordeum m,icrinu7n Caesalp.

858 OCCURRENCE OF A LIMESTONE-FLORA AT GROSE VALE.-

FiLlCES ... . . .^Adiantum formosum R.Br.

*Adia)Utan affine Willd.
^ Pellaea falcata Fie.
*Doodia aspera R.Br.
Total 57 families, 130 genera, and 156 species. It is remark-
able how few genera are represented by more than one species.

There is no doubt that, even up to recent years, this flora
covered an area much larger than it does to-day. Many roadside
plants, both native and introduced, have established themselves..
Clearing is still going on. The conditions for luxuriant growth^
are no longer so favourable, and in a few years this interesting,
patch of vegetation will probably disappear.

859

<0N SOME KEMARKABLE AUSTRALIAN
LIBELLULIN^.

By R. J. TiLLYARD, M.A., F.E.S.
Part iii. Further Notes on Camacinia othello Tillyard.

(Plate xvii., fig.3.)

Since I first published the description of a unique male of this
magnificent dragonfly*, a considerable amount of information has
been collected about it. My friend, Mr. E. A. C. Olive, of Cook-
town, North Queensland, has paid many visits to the locality
where I took the type-male, with the result that he has succeeded
in securing a splendid series of males, both of mature and
immature colouring, and has at last also captured a perfect speci-
men of the female. The latter is a most beautiful insect, with a
very remarkable scheme of colour-shading on the wings, so that
I propose to give, in this paper, a full description of it, supple-
mented by a figure.

The range of the species has also been extended to several
widely separated localities. Mr. H. Elgner has taken it at Cape
York, and also at Prince of Wales' Island, Torres Straits. Mr.
F. P. Dodd has taken it at Port Darwin. Dr. F. Ris, of Rheinau
Switzerland, who has taken a great deal of interest in this
species, informed me that he had lately seen, at Brussels, some
old forgotten lots of dragonflies purchased by de Selys shortly
before his death. In one of these collections, from the Solomon
Islands, he noticed a beautiful CamaciniaQ "which might well be

*0a Some Remarkable AustraUan LibeUulince. Part ii., Description of
New Species. These Proceedings, 1908, Vol. xxxiii, p. 639, Plate xiv., fig.l.

860 ON SOME REMARKABLE AUSTRALIAN LIBELLULIN^, iii.,

the female of C, Othello." For purposes of identification I imme-
diately forwarded to liim a photograph of my Cooktown female,
together with a description, also offering him the use of both for
publication in his great work on the Libellulince. In his reply
he identifies the Solomon Island insect as C. Othello Q, but most
generously refuses to make use of my description and photograph,
on the ground that some trouble might arise as to which female
should be regarded as the true type, my specimen or the Solomon'
Island one. In a later letter, he tells me that he has received'
from the Frankfort Museum a small collection of dragonflies from
the Aru Islands, containing four males and one female of a
Camacinia intermediate between C. Othello and the well-known
and widely distributed C. gigantea Brauer, a Malayan species.
We are thus able to get some idea of the limits of the range of
C. Othello itself. It would be most interesting to know whether
it occurs in North-Western Australia or in Timor. It seems
fairly certain that it is the descendant of a somewhat early
invader from the Indo-Malayan stock, whose isolation has been
sufliciently complete and lasting to have produced a very distinct
and definite species. Whether it came in by way of Timor, and
travelled eastwards to Port Darwin, and thence to Cape York
and Cooktown; or whether it came by the easier route of Torres
Straits, and then spread westwards, I do not think we have
sufficient data to decide.

It is a most interesting point to notice that, of the great num-
ber of Libellulince which form the tropical invasion into Northern
Australia, very few indeed shew any variation at all from the
forms still found in the Islands. One or two forms deserve sub-
specific rank only, in Dr. Ris's opinion — such forms as Agriono-
ptera allogenes Tillyard,and A. regalisTiUysLvd; while Australian
representatives of Zyxomma obtustcm Albarda, and Orthetriim
pruinosum Burmeister, cannot be regarded as more than slight
variations from the types. The greater number of species, how-
ever, exist absolutely unchanged on both sides of the Straits.
We have therefore, in C. Othello, distinct evidence of the anti-
quity of the genus Camacinia itself.

BY K. J. TILLYARD, 861J

The following is a description of the type-female : —

Total length 49 mm.; abdomen 30 mm.; expanse of wings 11 L
mm.; forewing 49 mm.; hindwing 47 mm.

Head dark shining brown all over, edge of labrum and whole
of labium slightly paler; eyes bordered behind with paler brown:
Thorax shining brownish. A b d o m e n short, cylindrical,
fairly stout, dark brown with black transverse bands in the-
sutures' and a distinct black line crossing segment 3. Append-
ages short(l'4 mm) subcylindrical, rather pointed, slightly con-
verging. Wing s(see figure) with a beautiful colour-pattern of
dark semitranspai'ent brown, as follows : — between the costal
and anal veins, from base up to nodus and 4-5 mm. beyond it,
and completely filling the subcostal, median and submedian spaces,
(though in the costal space the upper half is practically clear,
leaving the cross-veins easily visible); the shading also completely
covers the hindwing triangle, but not that of the forewing.
Besides this, the tips of all four wings are suffused with rich brown
nearly to the level of the proximal end of the pterostigma. The
venation, as is usually the case in Camacinia and Neurothemis, is
somewhat less complicated than that of the male, especially in the
anal loop and surrounding areas of the hind-wing.

Hah. — Cooktown, N. Queensland. (Type $, December, 1907;
taken by myself); type 9, February, 1910, E. A. C. Olive; 12
$$, February, 1909, 6 $$, February, 1910, E. A. C. Olive; all
in the same locality near the Annan River. Cape York((J9.,
October, 1909; H. Elgner). Prince of Wales' Island, Torres
Straits((j9, September, 1908; H. Elgnei). Port Darwin(3(J(J,
299, February to April, 1909; F. P. Dodd). Solomon Island.-;.
(9, date unknown, communicated by Dr. F. Ris).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIL, FIG, 3,
Fig. 3. — Wings of Camacinia Othello. J (x|).

862

NOTES ON FRUIT-FLIES (TKYPETID^) WITH
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES,

By Walter W, Froggatt, F.L.S.

Since the distribution of my Report dealing with these pests
(Official Report, 1907-8; Fruit-Flies), I have received a great
many letters, and specimens from different parts of the world,
where fruit-flies are found; and I have thus obtained a great
deal of interesting material to examine for my correspondents.

I am indebted to Mr. C. C. Gowdey, for a fine series of
Ceratitis punctata from Entebbe, Uganda, where it is a pest
upon cocoa. Mr. Dupont, Curator of the Botanic Gardens at
Mahi, Seychelles, lias sent me Ceratitis catoirei bred from
oranges. Mr. J. J. Fletcher has obtained a new and very hand-
some species of Ceratitis from the fruits of a West Australian
Loranthus. Mr. P. Keenig, Director of Forests and Gardens at
St. Louis, Mauritius, sent me a series of Dacus signioides, the
common pest of melons. Mr. H. H. King, of the Gordon College,
Khartoum, has sent me several new species from Egypt; and Dr.
Roepke others from Java. During my visit to the Solomon
Islands, last year, I captured a number of specimens of a species
of Dacus, identified by Mr. Coquillet as D. zouatus Saund., and
other specimens of this species were given to me, from Murray
Island. I am indebted to Profes.sor Bezzi, of Turin, and to Mr.
D. W. Coquillet, of Washington, for the determination of several
of my specimens; and to the former, and to Mr. P. L. Lounsbury,
of Cape Town, S. Africa, for named specimens. Mr. T. Kirk, of
New Zealand, has also sent me some curious forms, obtained
from fruit imported from the Pacific Islands.

BY W. W. FROGGATT. 863

Ceratitis loranthi, nsp. A Mistletoe Fruit-Fly.
Length 6 mm. from front of head to tips of wings. General
form and size of C. capitata; but the greyish markings on the
dorsal surface of the thorax more regularly enclosed in black, the
central black blotch and club-shaped markings on either side
running up into the greyish area, where they are clearly defined,
forming with the scutellum three regular bands.

Basal portion of the wings as in C. capitata, but without any
yellow or ochreous clouding; the apical two-thirds cut off from
the basal area of the wings, with a broad fuscous band which
merges into a uniform stripe along the costal margin, from which
a second transverse stripe emerges, crossing to the hind edge;
beyond this a short finger-like bar turns downward, while the
costal stripe extends round the tip of the wings.

Chsetotactic characters. — Head: antennae covered
with fine spines; arista long; front with four bristles on either
side, a bristle springing out on either side of the lower ocellus;
two stout bristles on either side of the vertex, with two stout
bristles between them behind the ocelli; a fringe of short spines
round the hind margin of the eyes. Thorax : four small bristles
on the front margin, five on either side, eight on the dorsal
surface, and four on the scutellum.

Ilab. — Perth, W. Australia, Bred from fruits of Loranthus
penduhis on Eucalyptus sp.(J. J. Fletcher).

The fruits of the Loranthus were sent to Mr. Fletcher by Dr.
J. Burton Cleland, at that time resident in Perth, as botanical
specimens; on examination they were found to be badly infested
with fly-maggots; Mr. Fletcher, therefore, kept them under
observation, and when they bred out, handed the flies to me for
identification. The distinct banding of the wings is quite unlike
any other described species of the genus.

Ceratitis punctata Wiedm. The Cocoa Fruit-Fly.

This large, handsome fly was described by Wiedemann from
Ashanti, West Africa, in 1824; but was rare and comparatively
70

864 NOTES ON FRUIT-FLIES,

unknown in collections until now. Last year(1909), Mr. C. C.
Gowdey found this fly doing a great deal of damage to the Cocoa
pods, in the plantations at Uganda, and he sent a fine series of
specimens to Mr. Austen, at the British Museum, and also to me;
we both identified it as Wiedemann's long-lost species. Gowdey
has published a leaflet on the cocoa-fly, giving an account of the
damage it causes, and its life-history; but he does not give a
description of the adult fly.

This is one of the largest species of the genus, measuring up to
1^ inch from the front of the head to the tips of the wings.
General colour dull greyish-brown; spotted all over the dorsal
surface and abdominal segments with dark brown to black marks,
those upon the thorax small, except the three large, shining,
black blotches occupying the scutellum. Wings mottled and
barred much like those of C. ruhivora.

Chaitotactic characters. — First antennal joint with
a fan of fine bristles; face covered with fine scattered bristles,
but without large lateral bristles; hind margin of eyes fringed
with stouter bristles, eight or more in number. Thorax : each
black spot bearing a stout bristle; front margin of thorax with
six, two outer ones longest; no bristles on the rounded scutellum.
The whole of the dorsal surface of the abdomen clothed with fine
bristles, forming a transverse band round each segment, to the
sheath of the ovipositor of the female.

Hah. — Uganda, E. Africa; attacking Cocoa-pods (Mr. 0. C.
Gowdey).

Crratitis catoirei Guerin. The Mauritius Fruit-Fly.

From the Seychelles Islands, I have a female specimen of a
Ceralitis which was obtained by Mr. Dupont, Director of the
Botanical Station at North Mahi, from a Tangerine orange.

It agrees in colouration and size with Giierin's description of
C. catoirei, which was described from Mauritius as damaging
oranges.

Ohsetotactic characters identical with those of C.
capitata. Head : four bristles on either side of front, one on

BY W. \V. FROGGATT. 865

■either side of the lower ocellus, two on each side of the vertex
behind the angle of the eye, with a fine fringe of bristles round
the hind margin of the eyes. Thorax : five on. each side of the
thorax, a row of three on either side of the dorsal surface, with
four in the centre, the lower pair reaching over the scutellum,
which is furnished with four long bristles.

Dacus tryoni Frogg. The Gueensland Fruit-Fly,

Some interesting points have been worked out in the life-
history of this species, through the experimental work carried
out by Mr. W. B. Gurney at Narara. While non-existent,, last
season, in the orchard-fruits, a great number of the indigenous,
succulent-fruited scrub-trees, sucli as the Black App\e(Sideroxylon
{Achras) australe), the C\ie,e^Q\w ood{Acronychia Icevis), and the
White A.^\\{Schizomeria ovata) were found to have their fruits
badly infested with the larvae of this fruit-fly. These trees were
often growing in belts of scrub along the gullies adjacent to the
orchards, yet the fruit-flies did not spread away from the indi-
genous fruits. This tends to show that this fruit-fly is a native
of the coastal districts of New South Wales as well as Queens-
land, ranging as far south as Gosford, fifty miles north of Sydney;
but it is confined to the rich brush-lands upon which these
succulent-fruited, forest-trees and shrubs grow.

A small, red, braconid parasite, closely allied to a braconid
■wa,s^(Cratospila rudibtuida), the parasite of the Mexican fruit-
fly, Tj'i/peia ludejis, has been Vjred from the fly-larvae infesting
these wild fruits : and, as might be expected, tlie smaller fruits
have yielded the larger per centage of parasites. In the case of
the small White Ash berries, 50 per cent, of the fly -pupae collected
contained parasites. Though there appears to be little hope
that these parasites will be of any commercial value in destroying
the Mediterranean fruit-fly, in such fruits as oranges and peaches,
it may be valuable in dealing with the olive-fly of Italy; and we
propose, this coming season, to ship quantities to that country,
for experiments in this direction.

866 NOTES ON FRUIT-FLIKS,

Dacus cucumis French.

Journ. Agric. Victoria, May, 1907.

French proposed this, as a varietal name of a fly, bred from
cucumbers imported into Victoria from North Queensland. I
submitted this with other species to Dr. Bezzi, of Turin, and Mr.
Coquillet, of Washington, who both consider it to be a good
species.

This last year, a large number of specimens were obtained from
shipments of cucumbers condemned at the port of Sydney, which
had been grown in Mackay, Queensland. The distinctive
characters in which it differs from Dacus tryoni are, a somewhat
uniform lighter colour; a short yellow dorsal stripe down the
centre of the apical half of the thorax, but not reaching to the
basal margin of the scutellum; and four bristles on the apical
margin of the scutellum.

In Dacus tryoni there is a row of four bristles along the apical
margin of the thorax, behind the scutellum, and only two bristles
on the apical margin of the scutellum.

Dacus frenchi Frogg.

This species was described from a specimen obtained from Mr.
0. French, Government Entomologist of Victoria, who bred it
from oranges, from New Caledonia.

Among some fruit-flies sent to me by Dr. Roepke, of Java,
were four male specimens of an undetermined species, that
proved, on careful comparison with the type, to be the other .sex
of this species (the type being a female). The only difference is
in the shape of the abdomen, which is elongate and somewhat
spindle-shaped in the male.

This fly, therefore, must have a very wide range, if found in
New Caledonia and Java. Dr. Roepke's specimens were bred
from the fruits of Artocarpus integrifoUa.

Dacus kingii, n.sp.

(J. Length, 8 mm.; 9. 11 mm. to tip of ovipositor. More slender
in form than usual; thorax narrow, truncate in front, broadest

i

BY W. W. FIIOGGATT. 867

across tlie base of wings; wings liyaline, with a faint blotch of
fuscous at tips. Abdomen somewhat cylindrical, rounded at
apex; that of the ^ furnished with a slender tubular ovipositor,
projecting beyond, and as long as the abdomen. Dorsal surface
of thorax clothed with long silvery pubescence, that on the
abdomen golden.

Head yellow; eyes chestnut; two black spots below the antennse,
four on front between the eyes and the blotch round the ocelli
black. Thorax dark reddish-brown, the pubescence giving it a
greyish tint; humeri, a lateral stripe on the pleura, meeting the
slender wedge-shaped stripe, coming up the median suture, well
into the dor.sal surface, a double rounded blotch on the hypo-
pleura, a short wedge-shaped stripe in the centre of back in line
with centre of the scutellum, pale yellow. Legs yellow, with
the exception of a broad band of reddish-brown on the apical
half of the femora. Abdomen light reddish-brown; lightly
clothed with golden pubescence, and handed with pale yellow.

Chsetotactic characters. — Two pairs of bristles on
front between the eyes, a large one on either side of the vertex,
with a smaller one on either side behind the eyes. Thorax with
short bristles on the front margin, and on either side; scutellum
carrying a pair.

Hah. — Khartoum, Egypt (Mr. H. H. King, Entomologist,
Wellcome Research Laboratories, Gordon College). Bred from
the fruits of the TJ^ihev-iree^Calatropis procera).

Dacus sigmoides Coqu.

This .species was described by Coquillet, from one female
specimen, from Mauritius.

Mr. P. Keenig, Director of the Botanical Station at Mauritius,
sent me four specimens of a fruit-fly, very destructive to melons;
this agrees with Coquillet's description.

These specimens vary much in size, and in the black and
yellow markings on the dorsal surface of the thorax; one has the
short yellow stripe between the two black bars; others have the

868 NOTES ON FRUIT-FLIES,

yellow dorsal stripe wanting; and, in another, the black bars are-
hardly outlined on the thorax.

Dacus zonatus Saunders.

Dasyneiira zonata Saund., Trans. Ent. Soc. iii. pi. v., f.3, 1841.

Length 10 mm.

.Head ochreous; eyes chestnut; antennae large, apical joint
brown; arista long and slender; two black spots below the antennae,
with blotch above, three spots on either side of the front, and a
central blotch encircling the ocelli clouding the vertex. Thoi'ax
black, clothed with fine silvery pubescence; on either side of the
dorsal surface a short elongate yellow stripe, broadest in front
and tapering to a point behind; humeri large; a nude area on
mesopleura, with a wedge-shaped one above not reaching the dorsal
surface of the median suture; a double rounded blotch on hy[)0-
pleura; scutellum bright yellow. Legs yellow, tibiae of hind pair
clouded with brown. Wings hyaline; with the costal margin
and stripe across the basal portion brown. AVjdomen ochreous,
with golden pubescence; basal segment, a broad marginal band
on 3rd-5th segments, and a slender dorsal stripe from base of 2nd
segment reaching to the tip of the abdomen, black.

Chsetotactic characters. — Head: each of the six
frontal spots bearing a black bristle, four on the vertex, and a
fringe of small ones behind the eyes. Thorax : four bristles on
the front margin, central ones smallest, six on either side, and
two on hind margin of .scutellum.

Hah. — Bainka, Russell Group, Solomon Islands (Messrs.
McKenzie and Froggatt); Cejlon and India(in mango gardens);
Murray Island.

About thirty specimens, all males, were taken in an open glade
in the forest, by sprinkling the foliage with a citronella oil
mixture; until the oil was used, no specimens were seen. One
female specimen was taken with a sweeping net, on the edge of
the forest; it differs from the male in having darker-coloured
legs, and in the whole of the abdomen, witli the exception of th&
basal reddish band, being black.

BY W. W. FROGGATT. 8(59

In a paper entitled " Four new Dipterous Insects from Central
and Northern India," Saunders proposed the genus Dasynetira
for the I'eception of this fruit-fly. I am indebted to Mr. Coquillet
for identifying my species from the Solomon Islands, as the one
found in Central India, so many years ago.

It is very variable in the colouration of the abdomen, but the
dorsal stripe on the lower half of the abdomen is constant, if at
times indistinct. Saunders describes the general colour as
" reddish-brown," but the dorsal surface of the thorax of all my
specimens from India, Ceylon, and the Solomon Islands, is
decidedly black, with silvery pubescence.

Dacus pepisal^, n.sp.

(J. Length 12 mm.

Head ochreous; eyes dark reddish-brown; antenna© mottled
with black; arista black; two large spots below the antennae, a
blotch on the front above, which envelops the first pair of lateral
spots, two spots on either side above, and the area round the
ocelli, black. Thorax black, with an indistinct pattern of silvery
pubescence on the dorsal surface; humeri small, yellow, in contact
with upper edge of nude area on mesopleura, which extends to
the base of the middle trochanters; a small wedge-shaped nude
yellow area in the median suture on either side joins a dorsal
stripe on the sides of the mesothorax, which does not reach the
hind margin; a double oval patch on either side of the hypo-
pleura bright yellow; scutellum ochreous; truncate at apical
margin. Legs yellow, mottled with brown. Wings large,
clouded so thickly with yellowish-brown tliat only the first basal
cell, a transverse stripe behind it, the centre of the first posterior
and the anal cell are transparent. Abdomen ochreous, covered
with fine golden pubescence; the whole of the first segment, a fine
broken band across the second, and the outer third of the sides
of the third and fourth with a fine central stripe, and the whole
of the anal segment, black.

Chsetotactic characters, — The dark reddish-black
blotch on the front above the antennae is convex, and covered

870 NOTES ON FRUIT-FLIES,

with short black bristles, with three pairs of lateral bristles on
the front and two above the ocelli on either side. Thorax : no
bristles on the front margin, but a tuft of tine hairs on each
shoulder: lateral bristles five in number, and two scutellar bristles.
Hah. — Russell Group, Solomon Islands; one male, caught with
a sweeping net, on the edge of the forest(W. W. Froggatt).

Length 9 mm.

Dacus passiflor^, n.sp.

Head dull yellow; mouth-parts and antennae darker, terminal
joint of latter large; arista long, slender; eyes dark red; a lunate
dark blotch above the anteunse, front unspotted, dull brown;
ocelli enclosed in an angular black blotch. Thorax black, no
yellow on shoulders, the large angular nude area on mesopleura
not reaching the dorsal edge, yellow; scutellum narrow, convex,
dull yellow; double yellow spots forming a blotch on hypopleura.
Wings hyaline, nervnres chocolate-brown. Legs light yellow,
sometimes clouded at the apex of the femora, tibise, and tarsi.
Abdomen black, elongate, oval; in the female the basal segment
is broadly rounded, with the anal segments and ovipositor turned
down right under the basal portion; sheath of ovipositor large,
apex yellow.

Chjetotactic characters . — Head : three pairs of
bristles on the front, the first pair longest, crossing each other
at the tips; the third pair below the ocelli shorter; apex with a
pair of stout bristles on either side. Thorax : bristles on front
margin short, four on either side, with a pair on the dorsal
surface above the scutellum, the latter furnished with a pair on
the hind margin.

Hah. — Fiji (W. W. Froggatt; bred from Granadilla-fruits);
(A. Koebele; bred from mangoes); (T. Kirk; from fruit imported
into New Zealand).

Dacus tongensis, n.sp.

Length 9 mm., across outspread wings 12Jmm.
Head ferruginous; eyes reddish chestnut ; apical joint of
anteunse fuscous; two black spots below antennae, a blotch round

BY AV. W. FROGGATT. 871

theif base and back of head, black. Thorax : dorsal surface
Hack; with silvery pubescence forming indistinct bands; humeri
small, well down the sides; nude area on niesopleura forming a
narrow stripe not extending to the dorsal surface; two rounded
spots on hypopleura, and the narrow convex scutellum )'ellow;
apical portion behind the scutellum forming a distinct, black,
square patch marked off b}' the scutellum above, and the yellow
blotches on either side. Wings hyaline, nervurcs brown. Legs
straw-yellow, darkest at junction of femora and tibiae. Abdomen
of male spindle-shaped, broadest in the centre, tapering to apex;
of female much broader, anal segment narrow truncate, with the
sheath and ovipositor reddish. General colour ochreous, mottled
with black, forming an irregular dorsal stripe, with a lateral one
on either side, and the extremity black.

C h se t o t a c t i c characters as in Dacus passijlorce.

Hab. — Tonga(T. Kirk; bred from mangoes imported into New
Zealand).

Dacus kirki, n sp.
Length 8 mm.

Head reddish-brown; two large black spots below the antenna;,
spots on front very slight, hardly showing; a small blotch enclosing
the ocelli and back of head blackish, terminal joint of antennae
fuscous. Thorax black, shaded with silvery pubescence, forming
a broad well developed dorsal stripe in the centre, with the sides
irregularly frosted; humeri well down the sides, small, and
almost oval; nude area on the mesopleura forming a stripe on
the side, not reaching above the insertion of the wings, yellow;
scutellum angular, black on the upper surface, with the extreme
margins and undersurface yellow, joining a broad yellow stripe
on either side of the hypopleura. Wings hyaline, nervures
"brown. Legs pale yellow, mottled with brown, femora reddish-
"brown, tibiae darker. Abdomen elongate-oval or heart-shaped,
black, with two parallel yellow stripes separated from each other
by a narrow black dorsal stripe running down to the tip;
ovipositor small, undersurface yellow.

872 NOTES ON FRUIT-FLIES.

Chietotactic characters as in Dacus passijlorce, except-
that there are four bristles on the hind margin of the thorax,
two behind the scutellura and one on either side.

Hab. — C?) Bred from Island fruit imported into New Zealand
(T. Kirk); bred also from peaches.

Dacus RAROTONGiE, n.sp.

Length 9 ram.

Head ochreous, blotch round the ocelli and back of head black,
eyes dark brown. Thorax shining black; humeri small, nude
area on mesopleura large and angular, with a rounded blotch on
each side of the hypopleura pale yellow; scutelliim black. Wings
hyaline, nervures light brown, slightly fuscous on the costal
edge. Legs fuscous, hind pair almost black. Abdomen of male
oval, pointed at apex; of female almost diamond-shaped, angular
on the sides, sloping down from the middle to the small truncate
apex; anal segment and ovipositor yellow. Dorsal surface of
thorax and abdomen covered with fine scattered grey pubescence.

Chsetotactic characters . — Head similar to that of
D. 2)assiJlor(e, with the addition of a pair of short bristles on the
sides of the lower ocellus. Thorax with two bristles on either
side of front margin; five on either side above scutellum, two
short bristles with a longer one on either side; scutellum with a
pair of long bristles.

Hab. — ■E.arotonga[Cook Islands](T. Kirk; bred from mangoes).

RioxA (Trypeta) mus.e Ftoggatt.

Professor Bezzi, to whom I sent specimens of this and other
Australian fruit-flies, informs me that this species, which I
referred to the genus TryppAa in my original description, should
be assigned to Rioxa, which contains about half-a-dozen species,
confined to the Malay Islands. He says of it : " A distinct
form from all the other species of Rioxa, distinguished by the
wholly black stigma on the wings."

873

CONTRIBUTIONS TO A KNOWLEDGE OF THE:
ANATOMY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE
MARSUPIALIA.

No.i. The Genitalia of Sarcophilus satanicus (9).

By T. Thomson Flynn, B.Sc, Lecturer in Biology,
University of Tasmania.

(Plates xxvi.-xxxi.)

Introductory. — The specimen of Sarcophilus satanicus, of whose
genital organs this communication is a description, was forwarded
to me through the kind offices of Mr. J. E. C. Lord, of Hobart,
in August, of last year. I wish also to express my indebtedness
to several other gentlemen, notably Mr. W Stops, and Dr. J. S.
C. Elkington, for their endeavours to obtain specimens for this
work. This is the only female which I have as yet obtained,
and I had originally intenued that its description should wait
until further specimens had come to hand; the increased scarcity,
however, of these animals, together with the discovery of a
number of interesting and significant points in the morphology
of the genital organs, has influenced me to publish the results
earlier than otherwise would have been the case. Portions of
the paper can as yet be regarded only as preliminary notes.
This is due, in the first place, to scarcity of material, and, in the
second, to an unfortunate lack of original communications and
papers in Tasmania. I have had to depend on my friends,
especially Professor Haswell and Acting-Professor Johnston, of
Sydney, to remedy somewhat my deficiencies in this respect, and
I here take the opportunity of thanking them sincerely for the
help they have given me.

Description of specimen. — The specimen was a full-grown
female, with three fairly advanced young in the pouch. All had

:874 ANATOMY AND DKVKLOPMENT OF MARSUPIALIA,

been dead for two days. Tlie pouch-young were fixed entire in
■corrosive- sublimate- acetic-solution, the genital organs of the
mother in picro-sulphuric solution. In this latter case, on
sectioning, it was found that what blood there was in the vessels
had hardened so much, that it was only with extreme care and
difficulty that sections could be cut at all. The hopeless gapping
of the razor-edge, with consequent damage to the sections, is well
indicated in Fig. 10.

The present j^aper consists of two parts. One is a description
of the genital organs of a pouch young measuring 65 mm. in
greatest length, not meant to be exhaustive, but merely for com-
parison with the adult organs; the other contains an account of
the adult genital organs.

i. On the Genital Organs of a 65 mm. Poucii-Young of

SaRCOPUILUS SATAN ICUS.

External features of eynbryo. — Measurements: H.L, 33'5mm.;
«nout to root of tail (along dorsal curvature) 90 mm.; tail 20'5mm.;
arm 25 mm.; leg 21 mm.; foot 10mm.

Body seemingly naked, but really covered with minute, very
fine hairs; of the general body-hairs those on top of the head,
snout, and back are rather longer than others. There are well
•developed vibriss£e(8 mm. in length); there are about eight strong
hairs above the eyes, and twenty in a patch below and behind
them. On the shut and united eyelids, eyelashes are fairly well
developed. A small bundle of eight or nine specialised hairs is
placed on a small elevation on the posterointernal side of the
arm. The leg is devoid of special hairs. The lips are quite
united, as well as the eyelids. The ear-pinna is quite free, and
directed backwards. The umbilical scar is almost obliterated.
The marsupium consists of two contiguous deep sacs, with teat-
rudiments. Clitoris visible, and external. Limbs well developed;
fore-limb with five clawed digits, first shortest, third and fourth
longest, second and fifth equal and intermediate; hind-limb with
four equal toes.

BY T. THOMSON FLYNN. STS"

Tlie embryo seemingly corresponds, in age, witii the late
mammary foetus of Trichosurus vulpectda, figured by Broom(2,
Fig. 14), of which he says it "differs but little in its character
from the adult."

Genital Organs. — These are shown in Fig.2. In external
appearance their arrangement is similar to that of similar organs
in the adult(Fig.l). The ovaries are small, compressed, oval
bodies, quite smooth, with a length of 2 mm., and a breadth of
1-5 mm. Stretching back from the ovaries are visible the twa
genital cords, containing the Miillerian ducts and vestiges of the
Wolffian ducts, here confined to a short, blind passage from tlie
genital cord, through the mesoarium, and ending blindly in the
substance of the ovary. The genital cords pass back to meet
dorsally to the bladder. Between the Mullerian ducts pass the
ureters, to enter the bladder; and shortly after this, there is
formed, for a sliort distance, what Hill(3) has called, in the adult
Perameles, the urogenital strand, containing as it does the vaginal
portions of the INIiillerian ducts and the urethra. A little behind
this, however, the two Mullerian ducts open into the urogenital
sinus, which is directly continuous with the urethra. Most of
the cylindrical mass of tissue, then, seen in Fig.2, posterior to
the bladder, is not urogenital strand, but the enclosing tissue of
an extremely long and narrow urogenital sinus. It measures
6 mm. long, by an external width of from 1-2 mm.

Microscopic Structure. — The Ovaries: sections show that
the differentiation into primitive ova and follicular cells is just
in progress. The M ii 1 1 e r i a n ducts are contained in the
genital cords. Each duct is a fairly convoluted tube opening,,
in front, into the abdomen by the ostium abdominale tubse, and
behind into the urogenital sinus. The anterior portion of the
duct has an average breadth, in section, of 0 072 mm. The
uterine portion of the duct is much enlarged to form the anlage
of the uterus. This enlargement is not visible externally. When
the two genital cords come together dorsally to the bladder,
where the two cords almost completely fuse, the two Mullerian
ducts remain quite distinct, separated by a wall of connective

■876

ANATOMY AND DEVELOPMENT OF MARSUPIALIA,

tissue averaging 019 mm. in thickness. Farther back(Fig.4),
■the Miillerian ducts(^.«a^.c.) are now seen to diverge gradually,
but between, is a mass of connective tissue(£c) which soon remains
stranded between them, as shown in Fig. 5, where the Miillerian
ducts (J. vag.c.) are now seen to be still more separated. This
deeply staining mass of connective tissue(.'v) gradually disappears
in sections, lasting, all told, through 80. It is the indication, in
the embryo, of the future median vaginal cul-de-sacs (and pos-
sibly of a portion of, the pseudovaginal passage), passing, as it
does, backwards from the point where the Miillerian ducts begin
to diverge posteriorly.

/ vac c

ur

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

The two Miillerian ducts now approach one another, and come
to lie parallel in the narrow cylinder of tissue continuous with
the connective tissue enclosing the urogenital sinus, and known
as the urogenital strand. Each measures on an average O-057mui.
in diameter. Twenty-eight sections after the disappearance of
the connective tissue(x), they open into the urogenital sinu.'*, as
shown in Fig. 6.

The urogenital sinus has a very definite lumen, with a number
of longitudinal grooves; two of these are dorsal or dorso-lateral,
one is ventral, the others are ventral or ventro-lateral. The two
lateral vaginal canals open into the right and left dorsal grooves.
Owing to an accident, the wliole of the clitoris could not be

BY T. THOMSON FLYNN.

877

sectioned. The portions seen, however, showed the median
septum, and the two lateral septa, with a semicircular mass of
erectile tissue arranged round the latter, much as is found in
the adult Phascolarclos.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

ii. On the Anatomy of the Genital Organs of an Adult
Female Sarcophilus sataxicvs, with three advanced
Pouch- Young.

External appearance of the Genital Organs. — The genital
organs are shown in Fig. 1. They comprise two ovaries, two
Fallopian tubes, two uteri, the median vaginal apparatus, two
vaginae, and a long urogenital sinus. A general glance at Fig.l,
and a comparison of the figure with Hill's drawing of the genital
organs of /'er«meZes(3,Fig. 1) would give rise to the impression
that in Sarcophihis, as in Ferameles, there is present an elongated
strand of tissue, the so-called urogenital strand. But this is not
so. Sections show that the long cylindrical mass of tissue(w.s.)
seen in Fig.l, is almost entirely the wall of an elongated
urogenital sinus, only the most proximal portion of this tissue
representing the urogenital strand. But there is an important
point of agreement hetween the genital organs of Peranieles and
Sarcophilus, which needs to be fully emphasised; in both we
have, in the adult, a condition of the genital organs characterised
by Hill(3) as " persistently embryonic," inasmuch as the posterior

878 ANATOMY AND DEVELOPMENT OF MARSUPIALIA,

portions of the Miillerian ducts, together with the median vaginal!
apparatus, remain permanently embedded in the tissue extend-
ing between the median vaginal canals and the urogenital sinus,
— the persistent genital cord.

Another point, to which I wish to draw attention here, is the-
sharp division of the uteri into body and neck. In the figure
(Fig.l) the bodies of the uteri can be plainly seen(r.?t^.). The
canals leading posteriorly from these gradually converge and
meet. They are the uterine necks, and, just after meeting, each
presents a distinct os, which in this case does not project. into-
tlie cavity of the corresponding median vaginal culde-sac, but
into a short canal continuous with the uterine neck, which itself
leads to the median vaginal cul-de-sac, and which, for the time
being, I have named the median vaginal neck.

The O v a r i e s (Fig.l, r.ov.) are situated in the abdominal
cavity, some distance in advance of the pubic symphysis. They
are somewhat compressed oval bodies, with the long axis oblique
to the long axis of the animal. In this specimen, they measure
in length 7 "5 mm,, in breadth 5 mm. The surface is almost
smooth and finely granulated. The direction of the long axis of
the ovary to the long axis of the animal is by no means constant
on different sides of the same animal, as Fig.l indicates. In
Perameles the ovaries are situated dorsally to the uteri. In
Sarcophilus they are placed well in front (distant about 10 mm.)
of the uteri. Tlie ovaries are widely separated from one another,,
and are fully visible in the natural condition of the parts.
Between them stretches the median, united portion of the broad,
ligament. To this, the ovaries are attached by thickened^
upward invaginated portions.

Of the ovaries of Perameles, Hill says, " . . . they lie enclosed,,
together wdth the fimbriated openings of the Fallopian tubes, in
peritoneal pouches formed by the broad ligaments. The pouches
lie dorsal to the uteri, and open posteriorly by wide apertures,
into the dorsal uterine fossa."(3)

In Sarcophilus, on the other hand, the ovaries are not con-
tained in any pouches, but are freely and fully visible from above.

BY T. THOMSOX FLYNN. 879

However, immediately behind the ovaries there is a downwardly
directed pouch-like invagination of the broad ligaments, 4 ram.
in depth. The mouth of each invagination is directed upward
and niesially. In the outer wall of this invagination run the
ovarian ligament, and also the round ligament for a portion of
its course. These two ligaments arise from the uterus in such
close combination as to form a single ligament, the two shortly
separating.

The Fallopian T u b es (Fig.l,/<.) are rather peculiar in
not being greatly convoluted. They are thin, but well defined
tubes sharply marked oflf from the uteri behind, and extending
almost in a straight line, without any great convolution, forward
to become expanded and fimbriated. The fimbriae only slightly
invest the ovary. In their course between the ovaries and uteri,
the Fallopian tubes have to pass through the above-mentioned
pouches, dipping down in the anterior wall traversing the floor,
and rising again before each expands to form the uterus.

Uteri. — These(Fig.l, r.?t<.) have a peculiar shape, which,
however, is quite comparable with the shape of the similar
organs in Peramdes. Each is many times longer than wide, and
is divided into two portions, a " body" and a " neck." The two
portions are quite sharply and distinctly marked off from one
another. While in Perameles " the two bodies of the uteri lie
with their mesial surfaces in apposition, except anteriorly where
they are .separated over a short part of their extent and connected
by the common median portion of the ligamenta lata "(3), in
iSarcojyhilus they are completely separated from one another by a
considerable space occupied by the common forward and median
expansions of the broad ligaments. Each body has, in external
view, the inner side flatter in shape than the outer; and in section
the uterus is subtriangular, with the flat inner side perpendicular,
and the dorsal and ventral surfaces meeting at a somewhat blunt
angle on the outer .side of the uterine body. The dimensions of
the uterine body are, length 14 mm., greatest breadth 6 mm.

Microscopic Structure of the Uterus. — This is

similar to that described by Hill, for Perameles(^). The serous
71

880 ANATOMY AND DEVELOPMENT OF MARSUPIALIA,

layer is practically uniform in thickness(0-08 mm.) except at the
two points where the broad ligaments become continuous with
it, where it is much thickened. Within the serous layer is
the muscular layer composed entirely of plain, circularly
running fibres. Blood-vessels pass from this layer into the
mucous layer, and penetrate to a point just below the inner
epithelium. The mucous layer is characteristically disposed.
On the two sides where the broad ligament becomes continuous
with the serous layer, the mucosa is much tliickened, forming
two large cushion-like projections into the lumen of the uterus,
measuring in thickness I'l mm.; on the dorsal and ventral sides
of the uterus, however, the mucosa becomes much reduced in
thickness, measuringonly 0-19mm. Tlie uterineglands, even at this
stage, are somewhat smaller than in the virgin I'erameJes, having
a very small lumen, measuring from 001 6 mm. to 0035 mm. in
diameter. The mucous membrane is covered by a columnar
epithelium measuring, in thickness, about 0*027 mm.

Uterine Necks. — These(Fig.l, ?t^.M.) resemble externally
the Fallopian tubes. Each is quite distinct from the uterine
body. Internally the surface of each uterine neck is raised into
folds and ridges. Each neck ends in a distinct os, some distance
anterior to the point where all the ducts become blended into
one mass. The two necks approximate, and run side by side,
separated by a w^all of connective tissue 0506 mm. in thickness,
wliich, further back, decreases, by further approximation of the
necks, to 0-476 mm. Each os is extremely well defined, and of
large extent, differing markedly in this respect from the similar
structure in Perameles. The os of the left uterus extends through
eighty sections of medium thickness.

Median Yaginal Apparatus . — This consists, on each
side, of a median vaginal cul-de-sac, which is quite distinct from
its fellow of the opposite side, and separated from it by a thick,
complete partition-wall. The right median vagina is considerably
larger than the left. The whole ariangement of the median
vaginal apparatus is irregular. Each of the median vaginal
cul-de-sacs is a large, irregular chamber of no defined shape. The

BY T. THOMSON FLYNN. 881

method of entry and exit of the ducts leading to and out of eacli
median cul-de-sac, varies on each side, and seems to be arranged
on no settled plan. Leading from the uterine necks, posteriorly
to each os, is a fairly wide canal, which is, seemingly, quite
distinct, in this specimen, from the median vaginal cul-de-sac.
This is to be regarded as an anterior portion of the vaginal
section of the Miillerian ducts, which has not entered into
the formation of the cul-de-sacs proper. Pending further
enquiries into the relationship of this canal in the virgin, I have
called it, for the time being, the median vaginal " neck." The
vaginal necks on either side have a quite different arrangement.
On the left side, eighty-three sections behind the point where the
OS ends, there appears, a short distance outside the left vaginal
necks, a couple of small cleft-like openings which soon coalesce
and enlarge, forming an irregular chamber, the left median
vaginal cul-de-sac. The shape of the chamber is indefinite, but
it is lined by a well marked epithelium, the cells of which contain
large rounded nuclei. Further back the arrangement is as seen
in Fig. 8. The left median vaginal cul-de-sac is now a long, low
chamber, from which, on the outer side, is being separated ofi' a
portion to form the lateral vaginal canal, this being recognised
by the longitudinal foldings and corrugations in its walls. This
latter soon becomes separated from the left median cul-de-sac as
a distinct duct. Just anterior to the sections shown in Fie.8,
there has appeared, on the inner ventral side, a number of
irregular spaces which soon coalesce to form the large, irregular
chamber shown in Fig.8(r.m.v.c.). The position in which these
spaces first appear, is at the inner lower angle of the chamber
(r.m.v.c.) shown in that figure. The point of exit of the right
lateral vaginal canal is shown by the foldings appearing at the
lower outer angle of this chamber. Soon the right lateral vaginal
canal becomes quite separated fiom the corresponding median
cul-de-sac of that side. The irregularity of the whole arrange-
ment can be seen if it be noted that, in the case of. the l^ft median
vaginal cul-de-sac, the so-called median vaginal neck enters it
from the i7iner side, while the lateral vaginal canal exits from

882

ANATOMY AND DEVELOPMENT OF MARSUPIALIA,

it on the outer side; on the right side, the median vaginal neck
enters the cul-de-sac from its outer side, and leaves it by the outer
side.

The peculiar and irregular arrangement indicated here, points
to one of two conclusions.

(i.) That, in this Marsupial, the median vaginal cul-de-sacs are
not present in the virgin, and that they are mechanically caused
by the resting of the embryos in their course outwards; or,
which is more probable,

(ii.) That the enlargement of the median vaginal cul-de-sacs, if
present in the virgin, is not a result of conception, but a mechan-
ical result of the passage of the embryo itself.

Of these, the first is virtually disproved by the presence of
the epithelial lining to the median vaginal cul-de-sacs.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.

We have now in section, therefore, two median vaginal cul-de-
sacs lying side by side, but separated by a fairly thick wall,
which becomes still thicker further back. Posteriorly the median
cul-de-sacs terminate blindly in irregular spaces similar to those
in which they began. Tliere is no sign of any inter-communica-
tion between the vaginal cul-de-sacs, the intervening partition
being quite complete and unperforated. A study of Fig.9, some
sections behind Fig.8, shows that this form exhibits, in common
with Peramele$, that primitive arrangement in which the posterior

•v ..r'i

BT T. THOMSON FLVNN.

883

portions of the Miillerian ducts remain permanently embedded
in tlie persistent genital cord of the embryo. In the position
where the median vaginal cul-de-sacs disappear, there remains,
•occupying tlie central portion of the cord, a mass of deeply
•staining tissue, in the lateral portions of which the lateral vaginal
•canals are enclosed. Sectioning further back, the lateral vaginal
canals are found to diverge and lose connection with this central
mass of tissue. They soon come to lie at the surface, and the
central, deeply staining mass has become of rhomboidal shape,
as shown in Fig.9, where are also seen, between this mass and
the lateral vaginal canals, the inpassing ureters.

The divergence of the lateral canals is still greater in Fig. 10,
somewhat behind Fig.9, and the central mass has still further
changed its shape, as shown in the figure. After the ureters
have entered tlie bladder, the lateral vaginal canals quickly
converge, to enter the short cylinder of tissue continuous
externally with the wall of the urogenital sinus, and correspond-
ing to the urogenital strand of Perameles. The lateral vaginae
now come again into relation with the central mass, and, shortly
.after this, become quite obliterated without any lumen. These

closed canals can be seen
to come into relation with
the urogenital sinus. The
deeply staining mass above
spoken oi{x) represents the
path of the pseudovaginal
passage. The presence of
this passage is indicated
by various breaks or splits
in the tissue, some of
which extend through a
considerable number of
sections. At the anterior
-and posterior ends, however, the passage has quite healed
«up. The central mass(a;) comes into relation with the lateral
canals at the point where these canals

Fig. 10.

vaginal

become- ^ ,■

^ -^9^^

V'

LIBRARY -x-}]

884

ANATOMY AND DEVELOPMENT OP MAR&UPIALIA,

obliterated. A section in this region is shown in Fig. 11, wliere-
the obliteration of the canals can be well seen. In Fig. 12, the-
portion of tiie urogenital sinus into which the lateral vaginal
canals would open in their functioning condition, is shown. Its
irregular and torn shape will at once be noted. It should be
compared with Fig. 6, showing an exactly similar section of the
urogenital sinus of the embryo. The urogenital sinus is extremely
long, measuring 42 mm. in length. It opens into the cloaca on
the ventral side. The clitoris is bifid at the extremity, and
attached throughout nearly its whole length.

The cloaca is a large, well marked chamber. A pair of anal
glands is present

Fig. 11.

Fig. 12.

Parturition . — The arrangement of the urogenital organs
in Sarcophilus points to the fact that parturition occurs through
the medium of a direct median passage which is only temporary,
but the track of which is shown by the elongated mass of deeply
staining, connective tissue situated axially in the persistent
genital cord. Throughout the greater part of its extent, the
passage becomes obliterated, but here and there the traces of it
can be seen; and, at the posterior end, the obliterated remains of
the lateral vaginal canals come into relation with the urogenital
sinus, along a long, dorsally situated, deep fissure which, in my
opinion, is undoubtedly caused by the breaking of the embryos

BY T, THOMSON FLYNN. 885

from the pseudovagiual passage into the sinus. There is e\ idence
•of a considerable tearing and breaking of the tissues in this region.
Figs.ll and 12, representing sections through tliis region in the
^dult, should be compared witli Figs. 6 and 7 of tl)e similar
regions in a well advanced pouch-young. In Figs.6 and 7, the
urogenital sinus is of definite contour, and the lateral vaginal
•canals(Mullerian ducts) are quite open, definite canals plainly to
be seen entering the urogenital sinus. In Figs.ll and 1'2, the
urogenital sinus is seen to be considerably torn and partially
filled with corpuscular debris. The dorsal fissure shown in Fig.l2
comes into direct relation, in the section, with the left vaginal

•canal. There is also noticeable in this region a considerable

-&'

quantity of extravasated blood. 'J'he obliteration of the hinder
ends of the lateral vaginal canals, in my opinion, can only be
-caused by the embryos meeting them in their course backwards
and outwards, and actually tearing them away, or so compressing
them that they lose their identity. Although in the specimen,
the young are fairlj?- well advanced, yet tiie lateral vaginal canals
have not been able to regain their functional condition. Repair,
then, must be exceedingl}' slow, and for a considerable time after
parturition the lateral canals must be functionles.s, as carriers of
the spermatozoa. Such a condition of the lateral canals, con-
sequent upon parturition has, so far as I know, nevei- yet been
noted for an}' marsupial.

General Remarks. — Though conclusions drawn from the result
of an examination of one specimen are, in many cases, apt to be
premature, yet Sarcophihm presents, in the morphology of the
female genital organs, a number of features of special interest, to
which it is necessarjf that attention be drawn.

The arrangement of its female genital organs is undoubtedly
primitive — the presence of the per.sistent genital cord, the com-
plete separation, even after parturition, of the median cul-de-sacs,
the large and definite cloaca all prove this — but whether it is as
primitive as such a fo! m as Perameles, is not so capable of proof.
There is, on the one hand, an absence of any specialised structures,
-such as the lai'ger vaginal cseca of Perameles; but, on the other,

886 ANATOMY AND DKVELOPMENT OF MARSUPIALIA,

the presence of distinct era separating the uterine and vaginal
segments of the Miillerian ducts, and an elongated urogenitali
sinus are points in which the genital organs of Sarcophilus are
relatively more advanced than those of Pe^-ameles. At present,
I will content myself, for tlie purposes of this paper, with merelj'-
briefly pointing out above these points, reserving discussion, at
a greater length, for the future, when a larger number of speci-
mens have been examined.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. WiEDERSHEiM and Parker. — Comp. Anat. of Vertebrates. London, 1907..

2. Broom, R. — "A Contribution to the Development of the Common Pha-

langer." Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1898, p.705.

3. Hill, J. P. — " Contributions to the Morphology and Development of the

Female Urogenital Organs in the Marsupialia, No.i." Proc. Linn,

Soc. N. S. Wales, 1899, p. 42.

4. "Contributions, etc., Nos.ii.-v." Op. cit. 1900, p. 519.

5. "Contributions to the Embryology of the Marsupialia." iv

Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., Vol.xl., 1897.

6. Owen, R. — Corap. Anat. and Phys. of Vertebrates. Vol.iii. London.

7. Stirling, E. C — " On Some Points in the Anatomy of the Female Organs^

of Generation of the Kangaroo." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1889.

8. Van den Broek, A. J. P. — " On the relation of the Genital Ducts to the

Genital Gland in Marsupials." Konink. Akad. van Wetensch. te
Amsterdam, Proc. Sect. Sci. ix., p. 396, 1906.

9. Brass, A. — " Beitriige zur Kenntniss des weiblichen Urogenitals-system

der Marsupialen." Leipsig, 1880.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

' Reference letters.

hi., bladder — b.lvj., broad ligaments (anterior common expansion) — cl.y
clitoris-_^m., fimbriae — l.vag.c, lateral vaginul canal — l.m.v.c, left median«
vaginal cul-de-sac — op., opening of lateral vaginal canal into urogenitaQ
sinus — pv.p., pseudovaginal passage — r.m.v.c, right median vaginal cul-

BY T. THOMSON FLYNN. 887

4e-sac —r.ov., right ovary — r.ut., right uterus — lU.n., uterine neck — ur.,

(Ureter — ti.s., urogenital sinus.

J^ote. — The text-figures are tracings of Figs.4-12, and each is numbered

according to the figure from which it is taken. Figs.4-12 are reproductions

of photo-micrographs of sections, taken with Leitz's apparatus, using

incandescent gaslight.

Plate xxvi.

Sarcophilus satanicus.
Fig.l. — Female urogenital organs of adult, from dorsal aspect ( x 1).
Fig. 2. — Genital organs of 65 mm. mammary foetus (female), from the dorsal

aspect ( X 2).
Fig. 3. — Mammary foetus, measuring, in greatest length, 65mm. ( x about IJ).

Plates xxv.-xxxi.
Figs.4-12. — See explanations in the text, and also text-figures.

The Meeting concluded with an exhibition of very interesting
lantern-slides, shown by Mr. A. R. McCulloch, illustrating the
experiences of a naturalist during a recent visit to the New
Hebrides.

SPECIAL GENERAL MEETING.

December 21st, 1910.

Mr. C. Hedley, F.L.S., President, in the Chair.

Business : to elect an Auditor for the forthcoming audit, vice
Mr. F. H. Rayment, F.C.P.A,, who is eligible for re-election; and
who is recommended, by the Council, for election (in accordance
with the provisions of Rule xvi.).

No other nominations having been received, the President
.declared Mr. F. H. Rayment duly elected.

',72

888

DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES.

Received during the period November 25tb, 1909,
to November 30th, 1910.

(From the respective Societies, etc., unless otherwise mentioned. )

Adelaide-

Department of Mines, South Australia —

Review of Mining Operations in the State of South Australia
during the Half-years ended December 31st, 1909, and
June 30th, 1910. Nos.ll-12(1910).
Minister controlling Northern Territory —

Government Geologist's Report on the Tauami Gold Country.
WithPlans(1909)..

Public Library, Museum, etc, op South Australia —
Report of the Board of Governors for 1908-09(1909).

Royal Society op South Australia —
Memoirs. ii.2(1910).

Transactions and Proceedings, and Report. xxxiii.(1909).
Woods and Forests Department —

Annual Progress Report upon State Forest Administration
in South Australia for the Years 1908-09, and 1909-10
(1910). By W. Gill, F.L.S., F.R.H.S., Conservator of
Forests.

Amsterdam.

Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen —

Jaarboek, 1908(1909).

Proceedings of the Section of Sciences. xi.( 1908-09).
Verhandelingen. 2'i^Sectie. xiv.2-4,T.p.&c.; xv.l(1908-09).
Verslag van de Gewone Vergaderiogen, xvii.( 1908-09).

DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES. 889

Ann Arbor-

University of Michigan —

Eleventh Report of the Michigan Academy of Science,
March- April; 1909(1909).

Antwerp.

SOCIETE ROYALE DE GeOGRAPHIE d'ANVERS

Bulletin. xxxiii.(1909-10).

Auckland,

Auckland Institute and Museum —
Annual Report. 1909-10(1910).

Transactions of the New Zealand Institute. xli.-xlii.(1909-
10).

Baltimore,

Johns Hopkins University —

Hospital Bulletin, xx.224-225; xxi.226-235(1909-10).
University Circulars. 1909, 8-9; 1910, 1-4(1909-10).

Basel.

Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Basel —

Verhandlungen. xx.2-3(1909-10); xxi(1910).
Batavia.

KONINKLIJKE NaTUURKUNDIGE VeREENIGING IN NeDERL.InDIE.

Natuurkundig Tijdschrift. lxix.(1910).

Berkeley, Cal.

University of California —

Publications. Botany. iii.T.p.&c; iv. 1-6(1910).

Geology. Bulletin. v.22-30(1909-10).
Physiology. iii.l7,T.p.(kc.; iv.l-3(1909-10).
Zoology. v.5-12,T.p.&c.; vi.4-11; vii.l (1909-

10).
Univer-sity Bulletin. Third Series, iii.3 and
8(1910).
Berlin,

Archiv f. Naturgeschichte. 1904(lxx.Jahrg.) ii. 2,o(1909);

1906(lxxii.Jahrg.) ii., 1,3(1909); 1907(lxxiii.Jahrg.) ii.1,3
(1909); 1908(lxxiv.Jahrg.)i.2,i(1909); 1909,1.3(1909).

890 DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES.

Berlin.

Deutsche Entomologische Gesellschaft zu Berlin —

Deutsclie Entomologische Zeitschrift. 1909, 6; 1910, l-S'
(1909-10).

EiVTOMOLOGISCHER VeREIN ZU BeRLIN —

Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift. liv.34; lv.l-2(1909-10).

Gesellschaft f. Erdkunde zu Berlin —
Zeitschrift. 1909,8-10; 1910,1-7(1909-10).

Berne.

Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Bern —

Mitteilungen aus dem Jahre 1908, Nr.1665-1700; 1909, Nr.

1701-1739(1909).
SociETE Helvetique des Sciences Naturelles —

Actes, 91'"«., 92'°«. Sessions, 1908 (2 vols.); 1909 (2 vols.)

[n908-09].

Birmingham-

Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical Society —
Fauna of the Midland Plateau : No.l, Mycetozoa(W. B.

Grove; 1910); No. 2, Preliminary List of the Thysanura

and Collembola{W. E. Collinge; 1910).
List, 1909; Annual Report for 1908[n909].
Annual Report for 1909; List, 1910; Proceedings,xii.3(1910).

Bonn.

Naturhistorischer Verein in Bonn —

Sitzungsberichte. 1909,1(1909).
Verhandlungen. lxvi.l(1909).

Boston.

American Academy of Arts and Sciences —

Proceedings. xliv.26,T.p.&c.; lxv.l-15(1909-10).

Boston Society of Natural History —
Occasional Papers. vii.(1909).
Proceedings, xxxiv. 5- 8(1 909-10).

Bremen.

Natdrwissenschaftlicher Verrin —

Abhandlungen. xx. 1(1910).

DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES. 891

Brisbane.

Colonial Botanist's Department—

Four Separates : " Contributions to the Flora of Queens-
land " and "Contributions to the Flora of Queensland and
British New Guinea "[Queensland Agricultural Journal,
xxiii.l,3,4,5(July, September, October, November, 1909)],
Department of Agriculture and Stock —
Annual Report for the Year 1909-10(1910).
Queensland Agricultural Journal, xxiii.6; xxiv.1-6; xxv.1-5
(1909-10).

Geological Survey of Queensland —

Publications. Nos.222-226, 228-229(1909-10).

Royal Geographical Society of Australasia (Queensland-
Branch) —

Queensland Geographical Journal, xxiv., 1908-09(1909).

Brooklyn, U.S.A.

Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences —
Science Bulletin. 1.16(1909).

Brussels-

Academie Royale de Belgique —
Annuaire. 1910.

Bulletin de la Classe des Sciences. 1909, 4-8 and 12; 1910,.
1-6(1909-10).

Societe Entomologique de Belgique —
Annales. liii.(1909).
Memoires. xvii.(1909).

Societe Royale Botanique de Belgique —

Bulletin, xliv. 1907(1907-08); xlvi.l909(1909-10).

Societe Royale Zoologique et Malacologique de Belgique.
Annales. xliii.l908(1908).

Budapest.

Museum Nationale Hungaricum —
Annales. vii. 2(1909).

Buenos Aires.

Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires —
Anales. Serie iii. Tomo xii.(1909).

:692 DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES.

Buffalo.

Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences —
Bulletin. ix.3(1909).

Caen,

SoCIETB LiNNEKNNE DE NORMANDIB —

Bulletin. 6«Serie. i.l907(1909).
Memoires. xxiii.l-2,T.p.&c.(190809).

Calcutta.

Geological Survey of India —

Memoirs, xxxvii. 1-4(1909).

Palseontologia Indica. Series xv.: Vol.iv., Fasc.2(1910); Vol.
vi., Nos. 1-2(1 909)— New Series: Vol. ii., Memoir No. 5
(1908); Voliii., Memoir No.l(1909); Vol. vi., Memoirs
Nos.l-2(1909).

Records. xxxviii,2-4; xxxix.(1909-10).

Indian Museum —

Account of the Deep-sea Asteroidea collected by R.l.M.S.S.

"Investigator." By R. Koehler(1909).
Annotated List of the Asiatic Beetles in the Collection of
the Indian Museum. Part i. Fam. Gardbiche, Subfam.
Cicindelince{\^Q^).

Annual Report (Natural History Section), 1908-09(1909).
Craniological Data from the Indian Museum. (4to.l909).
Memoirs, i.4; ii.l-3(1909).
Records, iii. 1-3(1909).

Cambridge, England.

Cambridge Philosophical Society —
Proceedings. xv.3-6(1909-10).
Transactions, xxi. 9- 14(1 909- 10).

Cambridge, Mass.

Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College —

Annual Report of the Curator for 1908-09(1909).
Bulletin, lii.6, 14-17,T.p.&c.; liii.3-4; liv.l(1908-10).

DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES. 893?

Cape Town.
Department op Agriculture, Cape of Good Hope —

Geological Commission : Geological Map of the Colony of

the Cape of Good Hope. Sheets 32 and 40(1910).
Marine Investigations in S. Africa. Vol.v.(1908). Fromthe
Government Biologist.

Egyal Society of South Africa —
Transactions, i. 2(1 910).

South African Museum —
Annals. vi.3(1910).
Report for Year ended 31st December, 1909(1910).

Chicago.

Chicago Academy of Sciences —
Bulletin. iii.l-2(1909).
Bulletin of the Natural History Survey, vii. 1(1909).

Field Museum of Natural History —
Botanical Series. ii.7(1909).
Report Series, iii. 4(1910).

Christchurch, N-Z.
Philosophical Institute of Canterbury —

Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 1908-09. Parts

i.-iii.(1909)— Transactions. xxxv.-xlii.l902-09(1903-10;.
"The Sub-Antarctic Islands of New Zealand." 2 vols.(4to.
1909). Published by the Philosophical Institute of Can-
terbury.

Cincinnati, Ohio.

Cincinnati Society of Natural History —
Journal. xxi.2(1910).

Lloyd Library —

Bulletin. Nos.r2[ Pharmacy Series, No. 2], 13[Mycological

Series, No.4](1910).
Index to Vol.ii. of the Mycological Writings of G. A. Lloyd,.

1905-08(1910).
Mycological Notes, 32-35(1909-10).

694 DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES.

Colombo, Ceylon.
Colombo Museum —

Spolia Zeylanica. vi.22-24; vii.25(1909-10).

Columbus, Ohio.

Biological Club of the Ohio State University —
Ohio Naturalist. x.l-8(1909-10).

Ohio State University —

Bulletin, xiii. Nos.l6 and 22; xiv.6(1908-09).

'Copenhagen.

AcademieRoyale des Sciences et desLettres deDanemark —
Bulletin. 1909, 4-6; 1910, 1-3(1909-10).

.Kjobenhavns Universitets Zoologiske Museum —
"The Danish Ingolf-Expedition." vi.3(1910).

Naturhistoriske Forening I Kjobenhavn —

Videnskabelige Meddelelser for Aaret 1909(1910).

Dublin-

.Royal Dublin Society —

Economic Proceedings. i.l6,T.p.ctc.; ii. 1(1909-10).

Scientific Proceedings. New Series, xii. 14-29(1909-10).

Royal Irish Academy —

Proceedings, xxviii. Section B. Nos.l-8(1909-10).

Dunedin, N-Z.
Otago Institute —

Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, xl.-xli., 1907-08
(1908-09).

Edinburgh.

Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh —

Proceedings, xvii.l and 6; xviii. 1-2(1909-10).

Royal Society of Edinburgh —

Proceedings, xxix.7-8; xxx. 1-6(1 909-10).

Transactions, xlvii. 1-2(1909-10).

'Frankfurt am Main,

Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft —

Abhandlungen. xxx.4,T.p.ikc.; xxxii. (1909-10).

Ber.icht, 40-41, 1909, 1910(1909-10).

DONATIONS AND EXCHANGKS.

895

Freiburg i. Br.

Naturforschende Gesellschaft zo Freiburg r. Br —
Berichte, xviii.l(19l0).

Garrison, N.Y

American Naturalist, xliii. XOS..515-.516; xliv. Nos.51 7-526
(1909-10).

Geneva.
Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve — ■
Meinoires. xxxvi.2-3(1910).

Granville, Ohio.
Denison University Scientific Association —

Bulletin of the Scientific Laboratories, xiv.pp. 189-287, 289-
442; xv.pp.l-100(1909-10).

Graz.

Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein f. Steiermark —
Mitteilungen. xlvi 1909(1910).

Haarlem-
Societe Hollandaise des Sciences —

Archives Neerlandaises. Serie ii. xiv.5; xv.l-4(1909-10).

Programme pour I'Annee 1910.

Hague.
I^ederlandsche Entomologische Verbeniging —
Entomologische Berichten. Deel iii. 49-54(1910).
TijdschriftvoorEntomologie. lii,3-4,T.p.&c.; liii. 1-2(1909-10).

Halifax, N.S-

Nova Scotian Institute of Science —

Proceedings and Transactions. xii.2(1910).

Haider.

Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging —

Register op liet Tijdschrift, Serie i., Deel i.-vi.; Suppl. Deel

i.-ii.; Serie ii., Deel i.-x.(1875-1908)[1909].
Tijdschrift. 2'*^Serie. xi. 2(1 909).

Helsingfors.

SociETAs PRO Flora et Fauna Fennica —
Acta, xxiv., xxxii.(1909).
Meddelanden. xxxv.(1909).
73

896 DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES.

SOCIETAS SCIENTIARUM FeNNICA —

Acta, xxviii., xxx., xxxi., xxxv.-xxxvii.; xxxviii.1,3; xxxix.;

xl.l-4(19()2-10).
Bidrag till Kannedom, Ixvii., ]xviii.l-2.
Meteorologisches Jahrbuch fiir Finlande. Beilagezum Band

ii.;iii.l903(1910).
Observations Meteorologiques publies par I'lnstitut Central

de la Societe des Sciences de Finlande: Etat des Glaces

et des Neiges en Finlande pendant I'Hiver 1896-97, 1897-

98(1908-09).
Oefversigt. li.1908-09, Afd.A, Afd.C(1909).

Hobart.

Department of Mines —

Progress of the Mineral Industry of Tasmania for the
Quarters ending 30th September and 31st December, 1909;
31st March and 30th June, 1910.
Report of Secretary for Mines for Year 1909(1910).

Koyal Society of Tasmania —

Papers and Proceedings, 1909(n910).

Honolulu, T,H.

Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum —
Memoirs. ii.4,T.p.&c.(1909).

Indianopolis, Ind.

Indiana Academy of Science —

Proceedings, 1908(1909).

Jena.

Medicinisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft —

Jenaische Zeitschrift. xlv.2; xlvi.l-3(1909-10).

Lansing, Mich.

Michigan State Agricultural College Experiment Station.
Division of Bacteriology and Hygiene — Technical Bulletin.
Nos. 2-3(1 909). From Dr. C. Marshall

DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES. 897

La Plata.

Universidad Nacional de la Plata —

Revista del Museo de la Plata. xvi.(1909) — One Separate :
"La Ensenanza de la Quimica en la Universidad de La
Plata," por Dr. E. H. Ducloux[Extraido de Archives de
Pedagogia y Ciencias Afine.s; 1909J.

Leipsic.

ZOOLOGISOIIER AnZEIGER. XXxiv., XXXV., xxxvi.l-21(1909-10).
From the Publishers.

liiege.

SociETE Geologique de Belgique —

Annales. xxxiv.4; xxxvi. 2-3(1907-09).
Societe Royalb des Sciences de Liege —

Menioires. S'^^Serie. viii.(1909).

liincoln, U.S.A.

American Microscopical Society —
Transactions, xxix. 1(1909).

Ijondon.

Board of Agriculture and Fisheries —

Journal of the Board of Agriculture, xvi.8-12; xvii.1-7 and
two Supplements( 1909-10).

Leaflets: Nos.70, 110, 207, 227-231, 234-239(1909-10).
British Museum(Natural History) —

Catalogue of British Hymenoptera of the Family Chalcididce,
by C Morley(1910); Catalogue of Fossil Bryozoa, Creta-
ceous Bryozoa, Vol.ii., by J. W. Gregory(1909); Catalogue
of the Lepidoptera Phalaente, Vols, viii.-ix., by Sir Geo. F.
Hampson, Bart., Text and Plates(1909-10j: — Guide to the
British Vertebrates(1910); Guide to the Crustacea, Arach-
nida, Onychophora, and M3'riopoda(1910); Special Guide
No.4[Memorials of Charles Darvvin(1909)] — Haud-List of
Birds, Vol. v.( 1909) — Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera,
Vol. iii., by W. F. Kirby(1910).

Entomological Society —

Transactions. 1909,1-5(1909).

898 donations and exchangks.

Geological Society —

Geological Literature added to the Society's Library during

the year ended December 31st, 1908(1909).
Quarterly Journal, lxv.4; lxvi.l-3(1909-10).
LiNNEAN Society —

Journal. Botany, xxxix.27 1(1909). — Zoology, xxx.200-201;

xxxi.206-207(l909-10).
List of the Society. 1909-10.

Proceedings. 121st Session(Noveraber, 1908-June, 1909).
Transactions. Second Series. Botany, vii. 13-14(1909). —
Zoology, x.9; xiii.l-3(1909-10).
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew —

Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, 1909(1909).
Hooker's Icones Plantarum. Fourth Series, x. 1 (1910).
From the Benbharn Trustees.
Royal Microscopical Society —

Journal. 1909,5-6; 1910,1-5(1909-10).
Royal Society —

Philosophical Transactions. Series B.cc.Nos.273; cci. 274-277

(1909-10).
Proceedings. Series B. lxxxi.549-551; lx.xxii.552-560(1909-

10). [Biological Sciences].
Reports of tlie Evolution Committee, No. v. (1909).
Zoological Society —

Abstract of Proceedings. Nos.74-84, 86(1909-10).
Proceedings. 1909,-3-4; 1910,1-2(1909-10).
Transactions, xix. l-5,T.p.&c.( 1 909-10).

Madison, USA.

Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters —

Transactions, iii.-vii., ix., x.; xii.2; xvi., Part i.,Nos. 1-6(1876-
1909).

Madras.

Madras Govkrnmknt Museum —

Castes and Tribes of Southern India. By E. Thurston, C.I.E.^
assisted by K. Rangachari, M.A. 7 vols.(1909). [Per the
Superintendent, Government Press, Madras^.

DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES. 899

■Madrid,

RkAL SoCIEDAD EsPANOr.A DE HiSTORIA NATURAL

Boletin. ix.8-10; x.T-6(1909-lO).
Memorias. vi.3-5(1909-10).

Manchester.

Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society —

Memoirs and Proceedings, liv. 1-3(1 909-10).

Manchester Museum, Owens College —
Journal of Conchology. xiii.l-2(1910).
Publications of the Manchester Museum. ^05.64-66(1909).

Manila, P.I.

Bureau of Science of the Government of the Philippine

Islands —

Philippine Journal of Science. A. (Chemical and Geological
Sciences, and the Industries), iv.5-6; v. 1-4(1909-10) — B.
(Medical Sciences), iv.4-6; v.l-.3(1909-10)— C.(Botany).
iv.4-6; v.l-4(1909-10)— D.(Ethnology, Anthropology, and
General Biology), v. 1-3(19 10) — Division of Geology and
Mines: Minei'al Resources of the Philippine Islands(1910).
Department of the Interior : Bureau of Forestry —

Annual Report of the Director, 1908-09(1909).

Marseilles.

Faculte des Sciences de Marseille —
Annales. xvii.(1909).

Museb d'Histoire Naturelle de Marseille —
Annales. xi.-xii.(1907-08).

Massachusetts.

Tufts College —

Tufts College Studies. Scientific Series, ii.3; iii.l(1909-10).

Melbourne.

Australasian Institute of Mining Engineers —
Transactions. xiii.(1909).

Australasian Journal of Pharmacy —

Vols.xxiv. N"os. 287-288; xxv.Nos. 289-299(1 909-10). From
the Publisher.

900 donations and exchanges.

Australasian Ornithologists' Union —

"The Emu." ix.2-4; x.l-2(1909-10).
Chamber of Mines, Victoria —

Monthly Mining Report, vi. 11(1910).
Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics —

Official Year-Book of the Commonwealth of Australia.
No.3,1901-09(1910).
Department of Agriculture of Victoria —

Journal. vii.l2; viii.l-ll(1909-10).
Department of Mines: Geological Survey of Victoria —

Geological Map of Victoria, January, 1902(in eight sheets).
Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria —

Victorian Naturalist. xxvi.8-12,T.p.&c.; xxvii.l-7(1909-10).
National Museum, Melbourne —

Memoirs. No.3(1910).
Public Library, Museums, &c., of Victoria —

Report of the Trustees for 1909(1910).
Royal Geographical Society of Australasia (Victorian
Branch) —

Victorinn Geographical Journal. xxvi.-xxvii.(in one), 1908-
09('?1910).
Royal Society of Victoria —

Proceedings. New Series, xxii.2; xxiii. 1(1910).

Transactions, v. (1910).
University of Melbourne —

Annual Examination Papers, 1906-07, 1907-08, 1908-0&
(1907-09).

Calendar. 1910(1909),

Mexico.

Instituto Geologico de Mexico —

Boletin. Num.25, Text and Atlas(19lO).
Parergones. iii.2-5(1909-10).

Modena.

La Nuova Notarisia — Froui the Editor, Dr. G. B. De 7'oni.

Seriexx. Ottobre, 1909; xxi. Gennaio, Aprile, Luglio, Otto-
bre, 1910(1909-10).

DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES. 901

Monaco.

MUSEE OCEANOGRAPHIQUE DE MoNACO

Bulletin. vi.Nos. 151-155; vu.Nos.l56-181(1909-10).

Montevideo.

MusEO Nacional de Montevideo —

Anales. Vol. vii. [Flora Uruguaya, Tomo iv.] Ent.2, pp. 63-1 27,
pl.xvi.-xxxviii.(1910).

Montreal.

Royal Society of Canada —

Proceedings and Transactions. Third Series, ii.1-2; iii.
(1908-09),

Moscow.

SociETE Imperiale des Naturalistes —

Bulletin. Annee 1908, 1909(1909-10).

Munich.

Konigliche Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften —

Abhandlungen der Math.-pbysikal. Classe. xxiii.3,T.p ikc;

xxiv.2;xxv.l-3: Supplement Band i. 1-8; ii.l;iii.l(1908-09).
Sitzungsberichte der Math. -physikal. Classe. 1908,2; 1909,

l-19,T.p.&c.; 1910,1-4(1909-10).

Nantes.

Societe des Sciences Naturelles de l'Ouest de la France —

Bulletin. 2'"^Serie. viii.3-4; ix. 1-4(1908-09).

Naples.

R. Universita di Napoli —

Annuario (Nuova Serie). iii.( 1909-10).
ZooLOGiscHE Station zu Neapel —

Mittheilungen. xix.4; xx.l(1909-10).

New Haven, Conn.

Connecticut Academy —

Transactions, xvi.pp.1-1 16(1 910).

New Orleans-

Louisiana State Museum —

Second Biennial Report, 1908-10(1910).

902 DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES.

New York.

American Geographical Society —

Bulletin, xli.10-12; xlii. 1-9(1 909-10).
American Museum of Natural History —

Annual Report [Forty-first] for the Year 1909(1910).

Bulletin. xxvi.-xxvii.(1909-10).

Memoirs. ix.6,T.p.&c.(1909).
New York Academy of Sciences —

Annals. xix.l-2(1909).

Norman, U.S.A.

State University of Oklahoma —

Research Bulletin. Nos.l-2(in one)[1909].

Ottawa.

Geological Survey of Canada —

Publications, Nos.973 (Catalogue of Canadian Birds, new
edition), 980 and 1081 (in one), 1035, 1050 (with eight
loose maps), 1059, 1073, 1077(Memoir No.7), 1082(MenK)ir
No.6), 1085, 1097, 1120(Summary Report of the Geolo-
gical Survey Branch for 1909)[ 1909-10].
Pamphlet : " Suggestions to Librarians "(fscap. 1910).

Oxford.

Radcliffe Library, Oxford University Museum —
Catalogue of Books add.ed during 1909(1910),

Palo Alto, Cal.

Leland Stanford Junior University —

Publications. University Series. No.2(1909).

Paris.

Journal de Conchyliologie. lvii.3-4.; Iviii. 1(1909-10).
Museum d'Histoire Naturelle —

Bulletin. Annee 1908,7,T.p.(fec.; 1909,l-8,T.p.«tc.; 1910,1-2
(1908-10).

Nouvelles Archives. S'^^Serie. i.l-2(1909).
Societe Entomologique de France —

Annales. lxxviii.2-4; lxxix.l(1909-10).

DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES. 903

^OCIETE ZgOLOGIQUE DE FrANCE

Bulletin, xxxiii., xxxiv. (1908-09).
Memoires. xxi.(1909).

Perth, W.A,

Geological Survey of West Australia —

Annual Progress Report for the Year 1909(1910).

Bulletin. Nos.33,36,38(1909-10).
(tovernment Statistician, West Australia —

Monthly Statistical Abstract. 1909,Nos.ll3-115; 1910,ISros.
116-124(1909-10).
West Australian ^Iuseum and Art Gallery —

Records. i.l(1910).

Philadelphia.

Academy of Natural Sciences — -

Proceedings, lxi.2-3; Ixii. 1(1909-10).
American Philosophical Society —

List of the Society, February, 1910(1910).
Proceedings, xlviii. 192-1 93; xlix. 194(1909-10).
University op Pennsylvania —

Contributions from the Zoological Laboratory for 1909-10,
xv.(1910).
Zoological Society of Philadelphia —

Thirty-eighth Annual Report of the Board of Directors,
April, 1910(1910).

Pietermaritzburg.

Natal Government Museum — .

Annals. T.p.&c. of Vol. i.; ii.l(1908-09).

Plymouth.

M vrine Biological Association of the United Kingdom —
Journal. New Series. viii.5,T.p.&c.; ix. 1(1910).

Portici.

Labohatorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della R.
ScuoLA Superiore d'Agricoltura in Portici—
Bollettino. iv.(1910).

904 DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES-.

Portland, USA-

Portland Societv of Natuual History —
Proceedings. ii.8(1909).

Prague.

SoCIETAS EnTOMOLOGICA BOHEMIiE —

Acta, vi.2-4; vii.l-2(1909-10).

Pusa, India.

Agricultural Research Institute —

Agricultural Journal of India, iv.4; v. 1-3(1 909- 10).

Bulletin. Nos.l5, 16, 18(1909-10).

Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India Botan-
ical Series. ii.9; iii. 1 and 5(1910) — Entomological Series.
ii.8(1910). — Prospectus of the Agricultural Research.
Institute (1909) — Report of the Agricultural Research.
Institute, 1907-09 (1909)— Report on the Progress of
Agriculture in India for 1907-09(1909),

Richmond, N.S.W.

Hawkesbury Agricultural College —
H. A. C. Journal. vi.l2; vii.l-ll(1909-10).

St Louis.

Missouri Botanical Garden —

Twentieth Annual Report, 1909(1909).

St. Petersburg.

Academie Imperials des Sciences —

Annuaire du Musee Zoologique. 1909, xiv.3-4, u. Beilagfr
zum Bd.xiv; 1910,xv.l-2, u. Beilage zum Bd.xv.(1909-10).

Bulletin. 5™''Serie. xiii.4-5; xiv. 1-5; xv.1-3 and 5; xvi.1-5;.
xvii. 1-4(1 900-02)— e^Serie. iii.1909, 14-18, T.p. tc; 1910,
1-11, 13(1909-10).

■ Travaux du Laboratoire Zoologique et de la Station Biolo-
gique de Sebastopol pres TAcademie Imperiale des Sciences
de St. Petersbourg — [Four Separates from the Bulletin,^
1908; One Separate from the Memoires (8),xxii.,1908].

Travaux du Musee Botanique. ]Sros.5,7(1909-10).

DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES. 90&

CoMiTE Geologique (Institut des Mines) —

Bulletins, xxviii. 1-8(1909).

Menioires. Nouvelle Serie. Livraisons 40, 51-52(1909).

Russisch-Kaiserliche Mineralogische Gesellschaft —
M;iterialen ziir Geologie Russlands. xxi.v.(1909).
Verhandlungen. Zweite Serie. xlvi. 1(1908).

SociETAS Entomologica Rossica —

Revue Russe d'Entomologie. ix.3-4; x. 1-2(1910),
Tables Generales des Publications de la Societe Entomolo-
gique de Russie, &c., 1859-1908(1910).

San Francisco.
California Academy of Natural Sciences —

Proceedings. Fourth Sedes. iii.pp.49-56, 57-72(1909-10).

Santiago du Chili.

Societe Scientifique du Chili —
Actes. xviii.l-5(n908).

Stockholm.

Entomologiska Foreningen I Stockholm —
Entomologisk Tidskrift. xxx. 1-4(1909).

KONGL. SVENSKA VeTENSKAPS-AkADEMIE

Arkiv i.Botanik. ix. 1-4(1909-10)— A'emt. iii, 3-5(1909-10) —
2Iathematik, Astronomi och Fysik. v. 3-4; vi. 1(1909-10) —
Zoologi. V.4; vi.l-4(1900-10).

Ar.sbok 1909, 1910 Bilaga 1(1909-10).

Handlingar, N.F. xliv., xlv.l-7(1909-10).

Lefnadsteckningar, iv.4(1909).

Les Prix Nobel en 1907(1909).

Meddelanden. i.l 4-1 5,T.p.tL'c.( 1909).
Zootomischer Jnstitut dek Universitaet zu Stockholm —

Arbeiten. vii.(1910).

Stuttgart.

Verein f. vatehlaendische Naturkunde inWuerttembekg —
Jahreshefte. Ixv. Jalirgang nebst zwei Beilagen(1909).

■906 DONATIONS AND BXCHANGKS.

Sydney, N.S.W.

Australian Photographic Journal, xviii. Nos. 210-214 (No-
vember, 1909-March,1910) — Harrington's Photographic
Journal. xix.Nos.215-221 (April-October, 1910). From
the Ptihlishers.
Australian Museum —

Fifty-fifth and Fifty-sixth Annual Reports of the Trustees,
for the Years ended June 30th, 1909, June 30th, 1910
(1910).
Memoir, iv., Part 12(1910).
Records. vii.5,T.p.&c.; viii.l (1910).
Botanic Gardens and Domains, Sydney —

Critical Revision of the Genus Eiicahjflus. T.p.&c. to Vol.i.;
ii.l(Part xi.)[1909-L0]. By J. H. Maiden, Government
Botanist, &c.
Bureau of Statistics —

Official Year-Book of New South Wales, 1908-09, 1909-10,
Parts 1-2(1910).
Department of Agriculture, N.S.W. —

Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales. xx.l2; xxi.1-11
(1909-10).
Department of Agriculture, Forest Branch, N.S.W. —
Forest Flora of New South Wales. By J. H. Maiden,

Government Botanist, &c. iv.7-10; v.l(1909-10).
Report of the Forestry Branch for tlie Year ended 30th
June, 1909(1909).
Department of Fisheries, N.S.W. —

Annual Report of the Board for 1909(1910).
Pamphlet : "A Brief Review of the Fisheries of New South
Wales, Present and Potential." By D. G. Stead(8vo.
Sydney; 1910).
Department of Mines —

Annual Report of the Department of Mines for 1909(1910).
Memoirs : Palaeontology, No.5, Vol. ii. Part 2, Eiuydesma

(1910).
Records, ix. 1(1 910).

donations and exchanges, 907

Department of Public Instruction : Technical Education
Branch —
Technical Education Series, No. 16. A Research on the Pinet*
of Australia. By R. T. Baker and H. G. Smith (4to,,
Sydney, 1910).
Technological Museums : Annual Report, 1908, 1909(1910).
Government Bureau of Microbiology —

Report for 1909(1910).
Institution of Surveyors, New South Wales —

"The Surveyor." xxii.ll-I2; xxiii.l-10{1909-10).
New South Wales Naturalists' Club —

"Australian Naturalist." ii. 1-3(1910).
Public Library of New South Wales —

Report of the Trustees for the Year 1909(1910).
Royal Anthropological Society of Australasia —

"Science of Man" N.S. xi.9-12; xii.l-7(1910).
Royal Society of New South Waives —

Journal and Proceedings, xliii.2-4; xliv. 1(1909-10).
University of Sydney —
Calendar, 1910(1910).

Volume of Reprints of Papers from the Science Laboratories,
1903-04 to 1907-8. B. Anatomy, Biology, Geology, ic,
(1909).

Tokyo.

College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo —
Journal, xxvi 2,T.p.ifcc.; xxvii.3-14(1909-10).

Tokyo Zoological Society —

Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses. vii. 3(1910).

Toronto.

Canadian Institute —

Transactions, viii. 4[No. 1 9 J( 1 9 1 0) .

Trondhjem.

KoNGELIGE NoRSKE VlDENSICABERS SeLSKAI; —

Skrifter, 1908(1909).

:908 DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES.

Tunis.

Institut Pasteur de Tunis —

Archives. 1909,4; 1910,1-3(1909-10).
Turin.

MUSEO DI ZOOLOGIA, &C., DELLA R. UnIVERSITA DI ToRINO —

Bollettino. xxiv.Nos.596-615,T.p.&c.(1909).

Upsal.

KoNGL. Univeesitets-Bibliotheket I Upsal —

Bref och Skrif velser a£ och till Carl von Linne uied Under-
stod af Svenska Stateu utgifna af Upsala Universitet.
FiJrstaAfdel. Del iii.-iv.( 1 909-10)— Bulletin of the Geolo-
gical Institution, ix.-x. Nos.17-18, 19-20(1910); Index to
Bulletin, Vols, i.-x., 1893-1910 (1910)— Report of the
Swedish Zoological Expedition to Egypt and the White
Nile, 1901. Part iii.(1909).

Vienna.

K. K. Naturhistorisches Hopmuseum in Wien —
Annalen. xxiii. 1-2(1909).

K. K. ZOOLOGISCH-BOTANISCHE GeSELLSCHAFT

Verhandlungen. lix.7-10; lx-l-6(1909-10).

Washington, D.C.

Bureau of American Ethnology —

Bulletin. Nos.38, 39, 41, 42, 48(1909).
Carnegie Institution of Washington —

Publications. No.l21(1909).
Smithsonian Institution —

Annual Report of the Board of Regents for the Year ending
June 30th, 1908(1909;.
U. S. Department of Agriculture —

Bureau of Aiiimal Industry. Annual Reports, xxiv.-xxv.,
1907-1908(1909-10)— Bulletin, No3.39 Parts xxiv.-xxv.,
110 Parti., 113-121, 123(1909-10)— Circular,Nos.67,68(r.),
71, 94, 102, 112, 123, 124, 134(r.), 139, 140, 146-148, 152-
160(1904-10)— B.A.I.Order, Nos.159, 165(1909).

DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES. 909

U. S. Department of Agriculture (contd.) —

Bureau of Biological Survey. Bulletin, No.33(1908) — Cir-
cular, Nos.60(r.), 66, 70-73(1907-10) — " North American
Fauna," Nos.27-30(1908-09).

Bureau of Chemistry. Bulletin, Nos.84 Part iv., 98 Part i.(r.),
116, 122-129, 131(1908-10)— Circular, No.s.45, 46, 50, 52,
54(1909-10).

Bureau of Entomology. Bulletin, Nos.58 Parts iv.-v., 64 Part
viii., T.p.&c. of 66, 77, 80 Part v., 82 Parts ii.-v., 83 Parti.,
84,'85Partsi.-iv., vi.-viii.(1909-10)— Circular Nos.50(2nd
r.), 76(r.), 96, 111-121, 123, 124(1907-10)— Report of
Entomologist for 1909(1909)— Separate : "Practical In-
formation on the Dendroctonus Enemies of N.A. Forests"
^1909)— Technical Series, Nos.l6 Part iii., 17 Part i., 18,
19 Parts i.-ii.(1909-10).

Bureau of Plant Industry. Bulletin, Nos.139, 141, 145-148,
150-152, 154-161, 163-167, 169, 173-175,177,179(1909-10)
—Circular Nos.25, 28-32, 34-38, 41, 42, 46, 62-63(1909-10)
—P.B.I. 483, 526(1910).

Bureau of Soils. Bulletin, Nos.53,55, 57-60, 62-65(1909-10)
—Circular, Nos.20-2 1(1910).

Division of Publications. Circular, No. 6(1 909).

Farmers' Bulletin, Nos.353-364, 366-371, 373-400(1909-10).

Forest Service. Bulletin, Nos.70, 76, 78(1906-07)— Circular,
Nos.39(2nded.), 59(r.), 61(r.), 93, 94, 106, 116, 162, 164-
168, 172, 174(1907-10)— "Forest Trees of the Pacific
Slope "(1908).

'Office of Experiment Stations. Annual Report for Year
ended June 30th, 1908(1909)— Bulletin, Nos.203, 208-213,
220, 223, 225(1908-10)~Circular, Nos.51(r.), 70(r.), 84,
85, 87-89, 91-94, 96-97(1903-10)— Experiment Station
Record, xx.,1, 7-12, name and subject indexes; xxi.,1-5, 1;
xxii., 1-6(1908-10)— Farmers' Institute Lecture, No. 11
(1910).

Office of Public Roads. Bulletin, No.35(1909).

Report, No.89(1909).

Year Book, 1908, 1909(1909-10).

910 DONATIONS AND EXCHAN&ESi

U.S. Geological Survey —

Bulletin. Nos.34l, 360, 370, 373-^75, 377, 379; 380, 382-424-,

428(1909-10).
Mineral Resources of the United States, 1908(2 vols.; 1909)..
Professional Papers. Nos.64-67(1909).
Thirtieth Annual Report for Year ending June 30th, 1909

(1909).
Water Supply and Irrigation Papers. Nos.224, 227-236, 238^

241-245, 248, 249, 252(1909-10).
U.S. National Museum —

Annual Report for Year ending June 30th, 1909(1909).

Bulletin. Nos.6.3, 65-69, 72(1909-10).

Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium. xii.lO,

T.p.&c; xiii.l-2(1909-10).
Proceedings. xxxvi.(1909).
Washington Academy of Sciences —
Proceedings. xi.(1909).

Wellington, N.Z-

Department of Lands and Survey —

C1,B. Report on State Nurseries and Plantations for the

Year 1909-10(1910).

Dominion Museum—

Hand-List of Birds inhabiting New Zealand, tfcc.(1909) —

Hand-List of New Zealand Lepidoptera. Parts i.-ii.(l 909).

New Zealand Institute —

Transactions and Proceedings, xlii. 1909(1910).

private donors.

Benham, Prof. W. B., D.Sc, F. R.S., Dunedin — Five Separates

[Articles xi., xii., xiii., xiv., xvi., " Subantarctic Islands of

New Zealand"; 1909].
Cheeseman, T. F., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Auckland — One Separate

[Article xix., " Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand ";.

1909].
Distant, W. L., London — One Separate : " Rhyncliotal Notes,

No.52"[Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.(8), vi., October, 1910].

DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES. 911

Froggatt, W. W., F.L.S., Sydney — Pamphlet: "Locusts in
Australia and other Countries"[Departnient of Agriculture
of New South Wales : Farmers' Bulletin, No. 29; 1910].

KiRKALDY, G. W,, Honolulu — One Separate: "The Entomo-
logical work of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association,"
<fec.[Hawaiian Planters' Monthly, xxviii., pp. 405-420; Octo-
ber, 1909].

Lawrence, Sir Edwin Burning, Bart., London — "Bacon is
Shakespeare." 8vo. London, 1910.

McAlpine, D., Melbourne — " The Smuts of Australia, their
Structure, Life-History, Treatment, and Classification "(8vo.,
Melbourne, 1910) — Four Separates: (a) "Irish Blight in
Tomatoes "[Journ. Dept. Agric. of Victoria; January, 1910];
(b) "Book Notice "[Vict. Nat. xxvii.No.2]; (c) "The Smut
of Maize and its Treatment "[Journ. Dept. Agric, Victoria,
Maj', 1910]; (d) "Some Points of Practical Importance in
connection with the Life-History Stages of Fhytophthora
infestans (Mont.) De Bary[Annales Mycologici, viii.2,1910].

Maiden, J. H., F.L.S., Sydney — Photo copy of Rud. HofiFmann's
litho-portrait of Robert Brown(1859).

Patience, A., Glasgow — Two Separates: "On the Genus Phoxo-
cephalits " and " Preliminary Description of a new British
Amphipod "[Glasgow Naturalist, Vol.i., September, 1909].

Smith, E. A., I.S.O., London — Six Separates : (a) " Note on the
Genus Sniithia"[Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.(8), iv., September,
1909]; (b) "List of Mollusca from Christmas Island, Indian
Ocean " [Proc. Malacol. Soc. viii., September, 1909]; (c)
Ruwenzori Expedition Reports, No. 4, Mollusca[Trans. Zool.
Soc. xix., October, 1909]; (d) " The Genus Erato," (e) " The
Young Stage of Humphreyia," (/) ^'Thersites Hillieri"[Proc.
Malacol. Soc. ix.1,1910].

Smith, R. Greig-, D.Sc, Sydney— Pamphlet : " Northumberland
Sea-Fisheries; Report on the Scientific Investigations for
the Year 1909, and to June 30th, 1910"(1910).
74

912 DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES.

Steel, Thos., F.L.S., Sydney — *' History of the Collections con-
tained in the Natural History Departments of the British
Museum." Vol.i. (8vo. London, 1904) — Proceedings of the
Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria. Vol. v.
(1878)— Three Separates of Papers by Prof. Silvestri : (a)
"Nuova Contribuzione alia Conoscenza deli" Anajapyx vesicu-
losus Silv.(Thysanura)[Estralto dagli Annali dell R. Scuola
Superiore d'Agricoltura in Portici, vi., Febb. 1905]; (b)
" Descrizioni preliminari di novi generi Diplopodi[Zoolog.
Anzeiger. xxxv., 12-13, February, 1910]; (c) " Materiali per
una Revisione dei Diplopoda Oniscomorpha"[Portici, 1910].

Trickett, O., L.S. Department of Mines, Sydney — Map of the
Blue Mountains, from Lawson to Lith^ow: their Geological
and Topographical Features(1909).

Ward, A. R., Inglebuin, N.S.W. —Pamphlet: "The Cosmogony
Actual, a Statement of certain Stresses in Stellar Physics "
(8vo. Sydney, 1910).

Waters, A. W., Bournemouth, Eng. — One Separate : " Reports
on the Marine Biology of the Sudanese Red Sea, ifcc. No.xv.
Bryozoa\3 onrn. Linn. Sue. Zool. xxxi., June, 1910].

The following notice was inadvertently omitted from p. 434 :—

Mr. Henr}^ Deane delivered an address on the physiography
and botany, with a resume of the reports of Mr. H. Y. L. Brown,
Government Geologist of South Australia, and Mr. C. G. Gibson
of the Geological Survey of West Australia, upon the geology, of
the country along the route of the proposed Transcontinental
Railway Line, between Port Augusta, S.A., and Kalgoorlie, W.A.
By the aid of a large map, and a series of most informing lantern-
slides, for the most part from photographs taken by himself, Mr.
Deane succeeded in arousing and holding the attention of his
audience, as well as in whetting a desire to learn more of a region
which offers so many scientific problems for investigation, and is
so little known to naturalists.

The President, on behalf of the Meeting, tendered to Mr. Deane
very cordial thanks for his most interesting and enlightening
contribution to the business of the evening.

^(1910.)

(a) GENERAL INDEX.

Acids, Fatty, of Brain Lipoid5(Grey,
E. 0,295-303.

Address of the President(C. Hedley),
March 30th, 1910, 1-21.

Admission of ^Yomen to full Mem-
bership, 2.

Anatomy and Development of Mar-
supialia, Contributions to a Know-
ledge of, i.(Flynn, T. T.), 873-887.

Announcements, 47, 135, 306, 430,
656, 686, 803.

Ants. 6'ee Exhibits(Froggatt,W.W.;
Steel, T.).

Bacteria of Bac. coli-Groxnp, Perma-
nency of Characters of (Smith, R.
G.), 806-807.

Bacteria of Rhachitic Stools(Smith,
R. G.), 36-46.

Bacteria, Slime-forming, of the
Household Bath.Sponge(Smith, R. ,
G.), 29-35. !

Bacteriologist, Macleay, to the So-
ciety, Resum6of year's work, 4.

Baker(R. T.). See Exhibits.

Balance Sheet, 1909, 23.

Base, Continental, 17.

Bath-Sponge, Household, the Slime
of the(Smith, R. G.), 29-35.

Beetles. See Exhibits(Carter, H. J.;
Froggatt, W. W.; Stead, D. G.).

Betche{E.), and Maiden (J. H.).
Notes from the Botanic Gardens,
Sydney, No. 16, 788-802.

Birds of Lord Howe and Norfolk
Islands, Additional Note on(Ire-
dale, T.), 773-782.

, Further Notes on(HulI, A. F.

B)., 783-787.

.See Exhibits(Harrison, L.;

Hull, A. F. B.).
Borah Creek, New England, N.S.W.,

Ore-Deposits of (Cotton, L. A.),

496-520.
Brain Lipoids, Fatty Acids of(Grey,

E. C), 295-303.

Brown, Robert, rare portrait of,

exhibited, 136.
Burkett(N.). Elected a Member, 306-
BurrelltH.). Elected a Member, 656.

. See Exhibits.

(Mrs. H.). Elected a Member,

656.
Butler(A. L.). Elected a Member,52L

Cambage(R. H.). Contribution to
the Discussion on Jordan's Law
(Eucalypts and Angophora), 425-
426.

Campbell(J. H ). Re-elected Hon.
Treasurer, 185.

Garabidce, Australian, New Species
of(Sloane, T. G.), 378-406— Revi-
sional Notes on (Sloane, T. G.),
435-458.

from Dorrigo, N.S.W.(Sloane,

T. G.), 823-843.

Carne(J. E.). See Exhibits.

(W. M ). Note on the Occur-
rence of a Limestone Flora at
Grose Vale, 849-858.

. See Exhibits.

-(W. M.), and Musson(C. T.).

The Adventitious Roots of Mela-
letica linariifoha Sm., 662-665.

Carter(H. J.). Revision of Sympetes
and Helceiis: with Descriptions of
new Species of TenebrtonichelCole-
optera], 77-134.

. Tenehrionidce from Dorrigo,

N.S.W., 843-848.

See Exhibits.

Chapman(H. G.). Society's congra-
tulations offered to, on the award
of the Syme Prize, 1910, 47.

. Contribution to the Discus-
sion on Jordan's Law, 424.

A Contribution to the Study

of the Precipitins, 526-554.
Cheel(E.). Contribution to the Dis-
cussion on Jordan's Law (Genus
CaUistemon), 426-427.

u.

INDEX.

Clieel(E.). See Exhibits.
Cleland{J. B. )• Contribution to the

Discussion on Jordan's Law( Genus

Meliornis), 427-429.

. See Exhibits.

Cleland{J. B.), and Johnston(T. H.).

The Hiematozoa of Australian

Reptilia, No.i., 677-685.
Coleoptera described — Carabidce,^!^, \

435, 823; Pselaphidce, 691; Tene-

brionid(e, 77, 843.
Conglomerate, blood-red. (See Exhibits

(Stead, D. G.).
Continental Base of New South

Wales, 17-21.
Continental Shelf of New South

Wales, 12-17.
Contribution to a Knowledge of Ans-

tx:2i\vd.nHirudinea,V&ri v.(Goddard,

E. J.), 51-68— Part vi., 69-76.
Contributions to a Knowledge of the

Anatomy and Development of the

Marsupialia(Flynn, T. T.). No.i.,

873-887.
Contributions to our Knowledge of

Soil- Fertility, No.i.(Smith, R. G.),

808-822.
Cooper Prizes, announcement re-
specting, 686.
Cotton(L. A. ). Reappointment to a

Linnean Macleay Fellowship, 4 —

Resume of year's work, 7.
. The Ore- Deposits of Borah

Creek, New England, N.S.W.,

496-520.
Cotyledons, anomalous. See Exhibits

(Hall, E. C; Fletcher, J. J.;

Maiden, J. H.).
Current, Notonectian, 9-12.

David(T. W. E. ). Society's congra-
tulations offered to, on the occasion
of his being honoured by the
Sovereign, 308— Thanks from, 4.30.

Deane(H.). Address on the physio-
graphy, botany, and geology of the
Country along the route of the
proposed Transcontinental Railway
Line(notice of), 912.

. See. Exhibits.

Debenham(F. ). Elected a Member,
521.

Deposit, bacterial, from a distillery
pipe. See Exhibits(Steel, T.).

Desmidiacere, Polymorphism and
Life-History in the(Playfair, G. I.),
459-495.

Discussion on the Application of
Jordan's Law of Geminate Species
to the case of the Australian Fauna
and Flora, 50, 305, 416-429.

DixsonfT. S.). Elected a Vice-Pre-
sident, 125.

Donations and Exchanges, 27, 47, 1.35,
305, 430, 52], 656, 686, 803— For
the period, November, 1909-No-
vember, 1910, 888.

Dorrigo, N.S. W., Carabidce from
(Sloane, T. G.), 829-843- T^jie^ri-
07ikke from(Carter, H. J.), 843-848.

Dragontly-Larvse, on some Experi-
ments with(Tillyard,R. J.), 666-676.

Larva. iSee Exhibits(Tillyard,

R. J.).

Edward vii., His Majesty King,
decease of, referred to, 135— Letter
expressive of regret and sympathy
to His Excellency, the State Go-
vernor, 135— Reply thereto, 306.

Eggs of rare birds. See Exhibits
(Hull, A. B. F.),

Elections — Auditor, 887 — Council, 22
— Hon. Treasurer, 135 — Linnean
Macleay Fellows, 1910-11, 4— New
Members, 47, 135, 306. 521, 656,
803— President, 22 — Vice-Presi-
dents, 135.

Entomology, Australian, Studies in,
No.xvi.(Sloane, T. G.), 378-406).

of Nauru Island(Froggatt,

W. W.), 407-410).

Entozoa, remarkable or unrecorded.
See Exhibits( Johnston, T. H.).

Exchanges. See Donations and
Exchanges.

Exhibition, International Hygiene,
1911, attention called to Program,
306.

Exhibits : —

Baker(R. T.) [For Dr. E. C. Hall],

Flucalypt seedling witli three

cotyledons, 27 — Tickera-tibreand

manufactured products, 804.

Burrell(H.). Photo of a marine

mollusc ovipositing.
Carne(J. E. ). Tin- and wolfram-
ores from New England, 308.

INDEX

111.

Exhibits-: -

Carne( VV.M. ). Floral prolification

in a species of Teasel, 805. .
Carter(H. J. ). Coleoptera repre-
senting a new Family, 27.

Cheel(E. )• Fungi, remarkable or
unrecorded, 137, 433, 524, 689,
805; Timber-destroying,308-309:
Groundsel infected directly from
;«cidiospores, 660; teleutospores
produced, 805 — Orohanrhe, a
root-parasite, 660 — Sleeping Dis-
ease of Tomato-fruits, 48.

'Cleland(J. B. ). Abnormal flower
of CandoUea, 522— Portion of a
Sand-pipe, 309.

•Deane(H. ). Lantern-slides illus-
trating the Physiography and
Botany of the Country along the
route of the proposed Transcon-
tinental Railway Line, 912 — A
rare Grevillea from the Blue
Mountains, 433.

Tletcherl J. J. ). A rare Grevillea
from the Blue Mountains, pro-
bably a natural Hybrid, 433-435
— Angophora seedlings with ano-
malous cotyledons, 661 — (For
Mr. T. Stephens), portion of
plank destroyed bv "dry-rot,"
311.

Forsyth (W.). A rare Grevillea
from the Blue Mountains, 433.

Froggatt(W. W.). Coconut-Palm
Beetle and pupae, 431 — Fly in-
jurious to Apple twigs; Fly
parasitic upon Spiders; and a
large Longicorn and its Larvae,
from the Solomon Islands, 688 —
Piust-galls associated with Mites,
and other Plant-galls, 523 —
Shade-Midges, and Ants, 657.

HalKE. C). Eucalypt seedling
with anomalous cotyledons, 27 —
Seedlings with anomalous coty-
ledons, 138 — Hybrid Acacia
seedling, 310.

Hamilton(A. A.). A rare Grevillea
from the Blue Mountains, 433 —
Plants from unrecorded Locali-
ties, 688.

Harrison(L. ). Skins of the Oriental
Cuckoo, from Broadwater,
N.S.W., 522.

Exhibits : —

Hedley(C.). (For Mr. H. Burrell)
Photo of a marine Mollusc ovi-
positing, 805.
Hull(A. F. B.). Bird-skins and
eggs from Lord Howe and the
Kermadec Islands, 522; from the
islands off Port Stephens, 687—
Bird-skins from Lord Howe
Island, 804— Littler's " Hand-
book of the Birds of Tasmania,"
&c., 1.38.
Johnston (T. H.). Entozoa, re-
markable or unrecorded, 28, 309
432, 523, 659, 804— Plants in-
juriously affected by Gall-Mites,
136 — Potato-tubers destroyed by
an Agaric, 310— Tomato-fruit
affected by Irish Blight, 48.
Laseron(C. F.). Permo-Carbon-

iferous Fossils, 308.
Le Souef(A. S.). Photographs of
a gelded Wallaroo, and of Carpet
Snakes, 524.
McCulloch(A. R.). Fishes, re-
markable or unrecorded, from
West Australia and Victoria, 307;
from the Great Barrier Pieef, 431;
Port Darwin and West Australia,
688 — Lantern-slides illustrating
the experiences of a Naturalis"
during a visit to the New Heb-
rides, 887.
MoDonough(T. ). Large fruits of

Endiandra, 136.
Maiden(J.H.). A "cushion-plant"
from Bolivia; Hoffmann's litho
portrait of Robert Brown, 136—
Drawing of a seedling of Blood-
wood, with three cotyledons ; A
West Australian Eucalypt with
ternate juvenile leaves, 523 —
Fruits of .Jarrah; seedlings of
Cassytha, 431.
Stead(D. G.). Amphibious, im-
ported Freshwater Eels, 27 —
Estuary and Freshwater Perches,
657— Jaws of large Sunfish, 304
— Record of an addition to the
Fish-fauna ; a second record ;
blood-red Conglomerate from the
Barwon River,307 — Water-beetle
from the Dry Bogan, 659.

IV.

INDEX.

Exhibits : —

Steel(T.)- Ants, dead in quantity,
310 — Bacterial growth from a
distillery pipe, 687.

Stephens(T.). Portion of a plank
destroyed by "dry-rot," 311.

Tillyard(R. J.). Dragonfly larva,
after exposure to starvation and

dessication, 48.

4

Turner(F.). A rare South African
Protead, in flower; a variegated
form of an indigenous cultivated
plant; a European melilot from
the Hay District, 660 — An intro-
duced Mexican plant from the
Narromine District, 27 — An
Indian grass becoming common;
a fasciated Crucifer; a cultivated
indigenous Crotolaria, 805 —
Chenopodiaceous Plants from
Brewarrina, 48 — Richea, a re-
iiiarkable Epacrid from Tas-
mania, 690.

Experiments with Dragonfly-Larvae
(Tillyard, K. J.), 666-676.

Fellows, Linnean Macleay, Besum6s
of the year's work, 6-7.

Fellowships, Linnean- Macleay, elec-
tions to, 4 — Announcements re-
specting, 686, 803.

Fishes, remarkable or unrecorded.
See Exhibits(McCulloch, A. K.;
Stead, D. G.).

Fletcher(J. J.). Inquiries for Scien-
tific Records of Freshwater Eels in
Norfolk Island, 49 — Communica-
tion of letter aflirming their occur-
rence, 304.

. Contribution to the Discus-
sion on Jordan's La.vr{Batrachia),
417-418.

See Exhibits.

Flies. SeeExhibits(Froggatt,W.W.).

Flynn(T. T.). Contributions to a
Knowledge of the Anatomy and
Development of the Marsupialia.
No.i. The Genitalia of Sarco-
philus siitanicus{ 2 ), 873-887.

Forsyth(W.). 5'ee Exhibits.

Fossils, Permo-Carboniferous. See
Exhibits(Laseron, C. F. ).

FroggaWW. W.): The Entomolo-
gical Fauna of Nauru Island, of
the Ocean Island Group, 407-410.

. Contribution to the Discus-
sion on Jordan's La.y/{Cicadid<x),
418-419.

. Notes on Frmt-Flies{Tri/-

petidiv), with Descriptions of New
Species, 862-872.

Fruit-Flies (Trypeiida-), Notes on
(Froggatt, W. W.), 862-872.

. See Exhibits.

Fungi, remarkable or unrecorded.
See Exhibits(Cheel,E.C.; Froggatt,
W. W.; Johnston, T. H.).

Garland (J. R.). Elected a Vice-
President, 135.

Goddard(E. J.). Contribution to a
Knowledge of Australian Hiru-
dinea. Part v. Leech-Metamerism,
51-68— Part vi. The Distribution
of the Hirudinea, with Special
Reference to Australian Forms,
and Remarks on their Affinities,
together with Reflections on Zoo-
geography, 69-76.

. Reappointment to a Linnean

Macleay Fellowship,4— Retirement
from Fellowship, 47.

Grey(E. C). The Fatty Acids of
Brain Lipoids. Parti., 295-303.

Griffiths(E.). Elected a Member, 656.

Grose Vale, N. S. W., Note on the
Occurrence of a Limestone-Flora
at{Carne, W. M.), 849-858.

Haematozoa of Australian Reptilia,
No.i. (Johnston, T.H., and Cleland,
J. B.), 677-685.

Hall(E.C. ). Contribution to the Dis-
cussion on Jordan's La\v(i4caci«,
&c.), 426.

. See Exhibits.

Hamilton(A. A.). A new Species of
Lepidosperma [N. 0. Cyperace^]
from the Port Jackson District:
with some Miscellaneous Botanical
Notes, 411-415.

. See Exhibits.

Harris(R.H.). Elected a Member,803

Harrison(L. ). Se* Exhibits.

INDEX.

V.

ffIedley(C.,) Presidential Address,
March 30th, 1910, 1-21— Intro-
ductory, 1 — The Submarine Slope
of New South Wales: (l)TheNato-
.nectian Current, 9; (2)The Conti-
nental Shelf, 12; The Continental
Base, 17.

Re-elected President, 1910-

1 1 , 22.

See Discussion on Jordan's

Law, 429.

See Exhibits.

Hirudinea, Australian, Contributions
to a Knowledge of, Parts v. -vi.
(Goddard, E. J.), 51-76.

Hull! A. F. B. ). Description of a
Fossil iyoru'«[MoLLUscA : Polypla-
cophorct] from North-Western Tas-
mania, 654-655.

. Further Notes on the Birds

of Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands,
783-787.

See Exhibit;

Hybrids, plant. See Exhibits(Hall,

E. C; Fletcher, J. J.).
Hygiene, International Exhibition

of, 1911, Program, 305.

Iredale(T.). An Additional Note on
the Birds of Lord Howe and Nor-
folk Islands, 773-782.

Johnston(S. J. ). Contribution to the

Discussion on .Jordan's Law, 423-

424.
Johnston(T. H.), and Cleland(J. B.).

The Hrematozoa of Australian

Beptilia, No.i., 677-685.

. See Exhibits.

Jordan's Law of Geminate Spedes,

50, 305, 416.

Laseron(C. F.). .See Exhibits.
Law of (jieminate Species (Jordan's

Law), 50, 305, 416.
Lea(A. M.). Australian and Tas-

manian Pselaphidce, 691-772.
Lepidoptera, Australian, Revision of

— 6reome<r2«<t(Turner, A. J.), 555-

653; Tortricina(Mey r\ek, E.), 139-

294.
Le Souef( A. S. ). Elected a Member,

47.
. See Exhibits.

Libellulinffi, Australian, On some
remarkable. Part iii. Further
Notes on Camacinia Othello Till-
yard(Tillyard, R. J.), 859-861.

Life-History and Polymorphism in
the Desmidiace(i'[V\A.\i&\x, G. I.),
459-495.

Limestone- Flora, Note on the Occur-
rence of, at Grose Vale(Carne, W.
M.), 849-858.

Lipoids, Brain, the Fatty Acids of
(Grey, E. C), 295-303.

Lord Howe Island, Additional Note
on the Birds of(Iredale, T.), 773-
782— Further Notes on the Birds
of(Hull, A. F. B.), 783 787.

Lorica, Fossil, from N. VV. Tasmania
(Hull, A. F. B.), 654 655.

Lucas(A. H. S.). Elected a Vice-
President, 135.

McCulloch(A. R.). Note on the
identity of the Freshwater Perch,
432.

. See Exhibits.

McDonough(T.). 5ee Exhibits.

Maggot-Fly Trouble in Australia,
Offer of th«e Cooper Prizes, 686.

Maiden(J. H. ). Contribution to the
Discussion on Jordan's Law, 424.

. See Exhibits.

and BetchefE. ). Notes from

the Botanic Gardens, Sydney, No.
16, 788-802.

Marsupialia, Contribution to a Know-
ledge of the Anatomy and Devel-
opment of, i.(Flynn, T. T.), 873-
887.

Meeting, Special General, 803, 887.

Metamerism in the Hirudinea
(Goddard, E. J.), 51-68.

Meyrick(E. ). Revision of Austra-
lian Tortriciiia, 139-294.

Milford(F. F.). Letter from, affirm-
ing the occurrence of freshwater
Eels in Norfolk Island, 304.

Mollusc, ovipositing. See Exhibits
(Burrell, H. ). •

Musson(C. T.) and Carne(\V. M.).
The Adventitious Roots of Mela-
leuca liiiariijolia Sm., 662-665.

VI.

INDEX.

Nauru Island, Ocean Island Group,
Entomological Fauna of(Froggatt,
W. W.), 407 410.

New England District, N.S.W., Ore-
Deposits of Borah Creek(Cotton,
L. A.), 496-520.

Ores exhibited. See Ex-

hibits(Carne, J. E.).

New Hebrides. See Exhibits (Mc-
Culloch, A. R.).

New South Wales, Submarine Slope
of, 9.

Norfolk Island, Additional Note on
the Birds ot(Iredale, T.), 773-782—
Further Notes on the Birds of
(Hull,A.F.B.), 783-787— Occurrence
of Freshwater Eels in( Fletcher, J.
•J.), 49, 304.

Note on the Distinctiveness of the
Estuary and Freshwater Perches
(Stead, D. G.), 657-659- On the
Identity of the Freshwater Perch
(McCulloch. A. R.), 432.

Occurrence of a Lime-stone-
Flora at Grose Vale(Carne, W.
M.), 849-858.

Notes and Exhibits, 27, 48, 136, 304,
307, 431, 522, 657, 687, 804.

■ from the Botanic Gardens,

Sydney, No. 16(Maiden, J. H., and
Betche, E.), 788-802.

on Fruit-Flies ( Trypetidce),

with Descriptions of New Species
(Froggatt, W. W.), 862-872.

Obituary Notices — Dwyer(P.), 3 —
Forsyth ( W. ), 656— Kirkaldy (G.
W.), 3— Petterd(F. W.), 47-

Ocean Island Group, Entomological
Fauna of Nauru Island(Froggatt,
W. W.), 407-410.

Odonata, Australian(Tillyard, R. J.).
Experiments with Larvte, 666-676
— Jordan's Law applied to, 419-423
— LdhelbdhKP, On some remark-
able, iii., 859-861— Monograph of
the Genus Synthemis, 312-377.

01iver(W. R. B.). Elected a Mem-
ber, 306.

Ore-Deposits of Borah Creek(Cotton,
L. A.), 496-520.

Ores, tin, and wolfram. See Exhibits
(Carne, .J. E.).

Pairs of Species. 421-423.

Permanency of Characters of Bac-
teria of the Bac. co^i-group(Smith,
R. G.), 806-807.

Petrie(J. M.). Reappointment to a
Linnean Macleay Fellowship, 4 —
Rt^sum^ of year's work, 6.

Plants, remarkable or unrecorded.
See Exhibits(Carne, W. M.; Cle-
land, J.B.; Deane, H. ; Fletcher,
J. J.; Forsyth, \V.; Hall, E. C;
Hamilton, A. A. ; McDonough, T. ;
Maiden, J. H.; Turner, F.).

Playfair(G. I.). Polymorphism and
Life-History in the Desinidiacece,
459-495.

Polymorphism and Life-History in
the Z)eswi(diace(/'(Playfair, G, I.),
459-495.

Precipitins, Contribution to the Study
of (Chapman, H. G.), 526-554.

Prizes, Cooper, announced, 686.

Prolification, Horal, examples of. See
Exhibits(Carne, W. M.; Cleland,
J. B.).
! Pselai^hidiP, Australian and Tas-
i manian(Lea, A. M.), 691-772.

Pulleine(R. H.). Elected to Mem-
bership, 47.

Rayment(F.H.). Re-elected Auditor,

887.
Reptilia, Australian, H(i'mato:oa of

(Johnston, T. H., and Cleland, J.

B.), 677-685.
Revision of Australian Carabidce

(Sloane, T. G.), 435-458— G'eome-

<?-iVp(Turner, A. J.), 555-653 —

7'or<Wcma(Meyrick, E.), 13y-294.
Roots, Adventitious, of Melaleuca

linarii folia Sm. (Musson, C. T.,.

and Carne, W. M.), 662-665.
Rothwell(Miss A. R. ). Elected a

Member, 656.

Sand-pipe, portion of, exhibited. See

Exhibits(Cleland, J. B.).
Seedlings. See Exhibits(Hall, E. C.,.

Fletcher, J. J.; Maiden, J. H.).
Shelf, Continental, 12-17.
Slime of the Household Bath-Sponge

(Smith, R.G.), 29-35.
SloanefT. G.). Studies in Au.stralian.

Entomology No.xvi., New f^pecies

of Carabidce, 378-400.

INDEX,

Vll.

Sloane(T.G.) Eevisional Notes on
Australian Carabidcv, 435-458.

Carahidiv from Dorrigo,

of New South

N.S.W., 823-843.
Slope, Submarine,

Wales, 9-21.
Smith.R. G.). The Slime of the

Household Bath-Sponge, 29-35.
. The Bacterial Flora of

Rhachitic Stools, 36-46.

The Permanency of the

Charaoters of the Bacteria of the
Bac. co/?-group, 806-807.

. Contributions to our know-
ledge of Soil-Fertility, i. The
Action of Wax-solvents and the
Presence of ThermolabileBacterio-
toxins in Soil, 808-822.

Snakes, Carpet. See Exhibits (Le
Souef, A. S.).

Soil-Fertility, Contributions to our
knowledge of, i. (Smith, R. G.),
808-822.

Species, Geminate, Law of(.Jordan's
Law), 50, 305, 416— Pairs of: Inly-
ing Pairs, 421; Isolated Pairs, 421;
Overlapping Pairs, 421.

Stead(D. G.). Note on the Distinc-
tiveness of the Estuary and Fresh-
water Perches, 657-659.

. See Exhibits.

Steel(T. ). Elected a Vice-President,
135.

. See Exhibits.

Stephens(T.). See Exhibits.

Stools, Pihachitic, Bacterial Flora of
(Smith, R. G.), 36-46.

Synthemi'i, Monograph of the Genus
(Tillyard, R. J.), 312-377.

Tasmania, N.W., Fossil Lorica from
(Hull, A. B. F.), 654-655— Pse^a-
phidie oi{Leii, A. M.), 691-772.

Tenehrionido' , Descriptions of new
Species of(Carter, H. J.), 77-134—
From Dorrigo, N.S.W. (Carter, H.
J.), 843-848.

Tickera-(Posidonia-)fibre. See Ex-
hibits(Baker, R. T.).

Tillyard(R. J.). Monograph of the
Genus Synthemis, 312-377.

. Contribution to the Discus-
sion on Jordan's Law (Oaoiia^a),
419-423.

j . On some Experiments with

Dragonfly-Larvffi, 666-676.

On some remarkable Austra-

lian Libelluliiux, Part iii , Further
Notes on Camarinia Othello Till-
yard, 859-861.

See Exhibits.

Tortricina, Australian, Revision of

(Meyrick, E.), 139-294.
Turner(A.J.). Revision of Australian

Lepidoptera, Part v. ,(Fam. Geo-

METRiD.E ; Subfam. Geometrince),

5.55-653.
Turner(F.). See Exhibits.

Wallaroo. See Exhibits(Le Souef,
A. S.).

White(H.L.). Elected a Member,656.

Women, Admission of, to full Mem-
bership, 2.

Wright(G.) Elected a Member, 135.

Wymark( F). Elected a Member, .306.

Zoogeography, Reflections on, &c.
(Goddard, E. J.), 69-76

Vlll.

INDEX,

(6) BIOLOGICAL INDEX.

A special index of the genera and species referred to o?^ pp.564-650 of Dr.
Tiirner\^ Paper, ivill he found on pp. 650-653. Names so provided for, are
not here included.

Names in italics

are synonyms.

Page.

Page.

Abutilon oxycarpum ...

... 854

Acropolitis malacodes

... 173

Acacia

416, 549

passalotana

... 178

accola

... 551

rudis

176, 177

asparagoides

... 414

signigerana

173, 175

Baileyana ...

310, 426

siijnigerana

... 177

decunens ... 225, 310,

426, 854

Actenochioma ...

560, 563

juniperina

.. 414

Acthosus brunneus

... 843

leptoclada

... 551

laticornis ..

... 843

longifolia

... 854

Adelium Fergusoni

... 132

melanoxylon

172, 229

geminatum...

... 843

neriif olia ...

... 551

Helmsi

... 843

pendula

523, 551

porcatum var. fulgens

843, 848

penninervis

... 551

reductum

... 843

pycnantha... ... 6

550, 551

Adelotopus

405, 406

sp. ..

... 171

insignis

... 405

spectabilis ...

... 551

Adiantum afiine

... 858

Acsena ovina

... 854

formosum ...

... 858

sanguisorbfe

.. 854

Adoxophyes ... 162

203, 205

Acalla ...

... 291

bematica

.. 206

hastiana

... 291

cyrtosema ...

... 209

Acanthaceaj

... 856

epizeucta ...

... 207

Acanthoclinus littoreus

... 431

fasciculana...

... 209

Acanthophis antarctica

... 678

heteroidana

205, 206

Acibde/a...

.. 572

ioterma

... 205

Acidaliance

555, 556

melichroa ..

... 207

Acle7'is ...

... 291

panxantha

... 208

aspersana ...

... 291

privatana

... 209

Acroceuthes

162, 181

templana

... 208

metaxanthana

... 181

tiipselia

... 205

oxy gramma

... 201

vindicata ...

... 207

Aciogenys

... 435

Aeolostoma

162, 182

Acronychia Baueri

... 854

seutiferana

... 182

Isevis

.. 865

^sehnidaj ... 324, 325

, 327, 674

Acropolitis

162, 171

yEschninse ... _

. . 327

canana

... 174

Jisebnosoma

... 321

eerasta

... 176

Agaricacese

... 137

dolosana

... 172

Agasthenes Championi

131, 132

dryinodes

... 171

euclensis ...

129, 132

ergophora

... 175

Frenchi

... 132

excelsa

... 172

Goudiei

130, 132

heliochares

... 170

iStepheni ...

... 132

impletana ...

... 174

Westwoodi...

131, 132

lignigerana

... 177

Agathia

560, 563

magnana ...

171, 173

Agathiopsis

560, 563

INDKX

IX.

-Agonochila biguttata

cribripennis

curtula

macleayi ...

punctulata ...

quadiicollis

suturalis
Agonum
Agiionidse
Agrionoptera allbgenes

regalis
Aleurites
Allium ascalonicum

porrum
Alphitonia excelsa
Amarantaces! ...
Amarotypus edwardsi
Amarygmus striatus

tristis
Amblytelus curtus

discoidalis ...

marginicollis

minutus
Ampelideae
Amphibolurus barbatus

muricatus ...
Anagallis arvensis
Anas superciliosa
Anatrichis

australasi^ 441,

indica

lilliputana ...

pusilla

sexstiiata ... 441,

Anatropia craterana

iriodes

pentacosma ..
Anchomenus lafertei
Anchylostoma caninura
Andropogon pertusus

refractus

sericeus
Angophora cordifolia

intermedia...

lanceolata ...

subvelutina
Anguilla australis
Anisacantha divaricata
Aniso(jona

placoxantha

siniana

similatia
Anisolabris annulipes .

Page.

.. 839

840, 841

... 839

824, 840

824, 839

824, 83S

... 840

... 454

... 674

... 860

... 860

... 10

... 524

... 550

.. 854

... 856

... 378

... 843

.. 843

... 829

... 828

823, 827

... 823

... 854

424. 679

424, 679

... 855

... 781

442, 443

443, 444

... 444

443, 444

441, 443

443, 444

178, 179

... 179

... 185

... 457

... 524

... 857

... 857

... 857

.. 661

423, 426

138, 423

426

49

48,49

210

201

211

210, 211

... 408

Page.

Anisoptera

324,

325,

327

Ankistrodesmus nitzsehioid

ea

459

Anonaceae

...

853

Anthieidse

...

...

692

Anthistiria ciliata

...

137

Aotus villosa

805

Apasis beplegenoides

»•■•

848

sinuaticollis

843,

846,

847

Aphanopetalum resinosum

856

Apium leptophyllum

< < •

855

Aplochlora

• • •

650

Aplonis obscurus

...

781

Apodasmia

558,

560,

562

Aiaucaria

795

Archips

217

Arcyria nutans.,.

.^

524

Argiolestes

675

grisea

420

minima

...

...

420

Argyrocosma ...

558,

560

562

Argyroploce

142,

279,

294

Argyrotoxa

163,

281

285

bergmanniana

281

lyssodes

• . .

282

neurobapta

282

Argyrotota . .

> • t

281

Aristida vagans

857

Aristocosma

162

203

ehrysophilana

203

Armillaria mellea

• • >

310

Arotrophora

• * •

163

260

ammodes ...

• • <

• . •

265

anaptis

269

anemarcha..

> > t

264

arcuatalis ...

260

262

atimana

268

canthelias ...

263

castanea

...

263

charistis

...

261

chionauia ...

262

confusana ...

266

cosmoplaca

261

hemerana ..

. . .

266

humerella ...

266

lividana

266

268

ochraceella...

> . *

261

pertinax

>>•

265

pirastis

263

salebrata

265

xythopteiana

264

Arthrodesmus Bulnhe

imii

478

triangularis

495

Articolla

• • •

294

X.

INDEX.

Page.

Page.-

Artocarpus integrifolia

... 866

Bacillus coli

. 45, 526, 806

Arynchobdellidje

65, 67, 71

coli communis

.. 39,40,41,

Ascaris incurva

... 310

43, 44

lumbricoides

... 28

coli immobilis

.. 39, 41, 42,.

megalocephala

... 28

43, 44

Asclepiadeaj

... 855

fluorescens...

822A

Asperifolise

... 856

prodigiosus

811, 812, 819,

Asplenium amoenum ...

800, 801

822 A, 822B

Dormale

... 80]

sporogenes enteritidis ... 37

resectum ...

... 800

subtilis

822 A

i^a7\ australiense

... 801

typhi

... 526

unilaterale ..

800, 801

vulgaris

42-

Aster axillaris

... 244

Banksia marginata

136, 264

Asterolasia correifolia

var.

serrata

261, 262

Muelleri

... 789

sp 261,

264, 266, 263

Muelleri

... 789

spinulosa ...

263

Asthena

.. 649

Barringtonia sp.

10

glaucosa

... 650

Batrisodes apicicollis .

714

Asthenoptycha ...

162, 178

bimucronatus

717

conjunctana

.. 178

gibbicoUis ... 714

715, 716, 77'1

coiijunctana

... 178

insignicollis

._ 712

craterana ...

... 179

Kershawi ...

716

epiglypta

... 178

punctifrons

715

hemicryptana

178, 179

tenuicornis...

713, 715.

iriodes

... 179

tibialis

717

sphaltica ...

... 180

Bdellodrilus

63

Astroloma humifusum

415

Berta

560, 561

pinifolium

550, 551

Bibio imitator ,..

657

Astur approximans

... 781

Bidens pilosus ...

855

Atelodora

161, 203

Bignoniaceffi

856

agramma

... 204

Blattidas

408

pelochytana

203, 204

Blepegenes equestris .

843

Atriplex leptocarpum ...

... 415

Boannianiti

649, 650

Atteria

161, 221

Bolax glebaria ...

1S6

strigicinctana

... 221

Boletineaj

137

thiasodes ...

... 221

Boletus granulatus

137

Aulaxus rugicollis

... 705

hfedinus

137

Austroaischna anacantha

... 420

lacunosus ...

137

parvistigma

... 420

Bondia

143

Austrogomphus australis

420

attenuatana

.. 144

collaris

... 420

caseata

143, 144

ochraceus

... 666

diagramma

143, 145

Autanepsia

560, 563

dissolutana

... 144

Avena sativa

... 551

maleficana...

145

Axonopus

... 799

nigella

143, 145

semialatus ...

... 799

Bonellia sp

10

Azorella csespitosa

... 136

Boronia sp.

226

sp

... 136

Bothrideres Mastersi

721

Bothridium arcuatura.

28

Bacillus acidophilus ...

... 38

Brachynini

435

alatus

30, 31

Branchellion

.. 65. 69. 70

bifidus

... 37

Branchiobdella ...

63

bigeminus major ... 822A, 822B

Breynia oblongifolia .

856.

INDEX

XI.-

Page.

Page.

Brithysternum calcaratum

383, 386

Capua argillosana

.. 196-

macleayi ...

382,

383, 386

atristrigana

... 196

nodosum ...

..

384, 386

ceramica ...

... 199

Briza maxima ...

... 857

chimerinana

... 1 96

minor

... 857

clarana

... 194

Bromus arenarius

... 137

cnaphalodes

187

mollis

... 137

cosmopis ...

... 185

Broscini

... 380

debiliana

... 199

Bryaxis latidava

... 731

decolorana...

... 189-

Bursaria spinosa

... 853

deuterastis ...
diemeniana

191

... 185

Oaccecia

163,

■210, 216

disputana ...

... 200

australana ...

..

... 218

dryina

192, 193

chrysophilana

... 203

eft'ulgens ...

... 202

desmotana ...

... 241

ephedra

... 193

jucjicolana ...

... 233

epiloma

.. 202

liquidana ...

.. 252

epijyepla

... 209

lythrodana...

... 240

euphona

... 18»

metaxantliana

... 181

favillaceana

... 183

miserana ...

... 270

fusciceps ...

... 194

mnemosynava

... 233

hemicosmana

... 193

ophiodes7na

... 229

hyperetana...

195

polygraphana

... 218

intractana ...

... 196

postvittana...

... 225

isographa ...

... 187

psapharana

..

... 2.34

isoscelana ...

... 200

pyrosemaiia

, ,

... 240

leptospila ...

... 19a

responsana...

, .

... 225

leucospila ...

190

le^sidatana...

... 246

leucostacta...

... 202

thysanoma...

^ ,

... 217

vielancrocana

.. 199

ursina

.. 217

melichroa ...

-207

xylosteana ..

... 216

mersana

196

Calendula officinalis

... 433

montanana...

197, 198

Callistemon linearis

... 427

montis'agana

... 196

rigidus

.

... 427

notograpta ...

198

salignus

..

... 855

nummulata

... 187

speciosus ...

... 42G

obfuscatana

196

viminalis ...

, ^

426, 427

ophthalmias

.. 199

Callobdella

... 65

oxygona

194

Calotis lappulacea

... 855

oxygramma

201

Calotropis procera

... 867

panxantha

208

Camacinia

859

860, 861

paraloxa ...

200-

gigantea

... 860

parastaetis...

... 186

Othello

859, 860

panmiferana

167

Campanulace?e ...

... 855

pentacosma

185

Campephaga longicaudatu

.. 781

pentazona ...

185, 186

CandoUea sp. ...

< < *

... 522

periopa

184.

Caprifoliacese ..

... 855

petrochroa ...

258

Capua ... ... 140,

161,

162, 165,

phellodes ..

.. 183

180

,181

, 182, 183

phryctora ...

191

acritodes ...

... 190

placodes

197

acrodesma ...

... 169

placoxantha

201

alaudana ...

..

... 183

plathanana

185

ammochroa

...

... 190

i pseudarcha

188-

ill.

INDEX.

Page.

Page.

Capua scotinopa

...

199

Casuarina sp. ... ... 136,

152

scutiferana

. . *

182

Catascopus brevispinosus 398,

400

solana

194

chaudoiri 399,

400

aordidatana

. • •

196

cupricoUis ...

400

tarachota ...

...

192

elegans var. australasite

400

therniaterrima

195

laticollis

400

tripaelia

205

Cedrela toona

854

vacuana

194

Celastrinese

854

■Carabidee ... 378,435

437,

823

Cenchrus australis

857

Carabinse

378

Cenochlora 560,

561

Carabus ...

435

Cerace

221

Cardiopteris polymorpha

308

stipatana ...

221

Cardiothorax australis

134

Ceratitis capitata ... 863,

864

cordicoUis ...

843

catoirei ... .. 862,

864

dorrigoensis

843

844

loranthi 862,

863

egerius

843

punctata 862,

863

femoratus

845

rubivora

864

var. subdentatus

843

848

Ceratoferonia ...

436

iridipes ... 843,

845

846

phylarchus

823

pygmseus

134,

846

Cernia ...

556

Carduus lanceolata

855

Ceropria peregrina

843

Carenum

435

valga

843

Carex appressa

857

Chalcopterus punotulatus

844

longifolia ...

857

spp.

844

Cargillia australis

855

Chapelliera 2Muciflora.. .

413

■Carpocapsa trajectana

181

Charadrius xanthocheilus

781

»Carposina

143

146

Chattaehlora italica ...

550

autologa

149

Chelidonichthys kumu

660

berberidella

146

Chelisoches morio-

408

latebrosa

153

Chelodina longicoUis ... C

77

679

mediella ... 147,

148

150

oblonga 6

77,

679

mimodes ...

149

Chelone imbricata

10

nesolocha

148

149

mydas

69

neurophorella

152

Chelonia 6

77,

679

orphania ...

151

Chenopodiacese

48,

856

perileuca

154

Chenopodium ambrosiodes

856

petrsa

151

nitrariaceum

415

pinarodes ...

152

triangulare...

856

taiactis

147

Chlffiniini 4

35,

436

telesia

150

Chlffinioidius interstitialis

392

•Carposinidaj

142

pseciloides ...

393

Carumbium populifolium

856

prolixa

393

Casnonia

398

Chlasnius ... 435, ^-

36,

437

globulicollis

398

australis ... ... A

37,

438

riverhue

...

398

bihamatus

440

<Cassia australis

...

854

bimacAdatus

440

Ipevigata

854

binotatus

438

Cassytha paniculata ...

431

cet/lanicns ...

437

•Castelnaudia marginifera

823

darlingensis 437, 4

39,

441

nitidicollis

829

830

greyanus ...

438

speciosa ... 823,

829,

830

lieteviridis ... ... ■i

40,

441

vigorsi var. alteruans

823

maculifer ..

438

•Casuarina distyla

550

maculiger 4

38,

440

INDEX.

xin.

Pagk.

Page.

ChlseHius marginatum .. .

440, 441

Coccidium bigeminum

.. 523-

nigripes

... 440

ap

433,

52,3, 804

nigripes

... 440

Cocculus Moorei

... 853

ophonoides

437, 438

Coleoptera

... 409-

queenslandicus

438, 439

Colpodes

453, 457

rudicollis ..

438, 440

lafertei

457, 824

subcostatus

437, 4.39

nmcronatus

.. 458

Chlidanotidfe ...

... 142

violaceus ...

457, 458-

Chloeies...

560, 561

Comibsena

560, 562.

Chlorocoma

560, 561

Commelyna cyanea

... 857

Chlorodes

560, 563

Commelynaceae

.. 857

Chlorogomphus

327, 328

Comostola ... 558,

559,

560, 561

Choristhemis... 334

336, 368

Compositae .. 233,

551,

792, 855-

flavoterminata 369,

37_0, 373,

Conchylis albidana

... 194

374, 375

376, 377

aiiKenana ...

... 241

olivei ... 369,

371, 373,

cepsana

... 194

375, 377

diemeniana

... 185-

Chresmarcha ._

161, 219

divulsana ...

... 255-

delphica

... 219

fnscicepsana

... 194.

sibyllina

219, 220

galbana

... 241

Chrysochloroma 558

560, 562

incoiigruana

... 15!)

Chthonobdella limbata

... 72

mmululana

... 194.

Cicadidse

... 418

semiredana

... 241

Citriobatus multiflorus

.. 853

sid)furcatana

... 242

Clematis aristata

... 853

tasmaniana

... 251

glycinoides

... 853

vac2iana

... 194-

Clerodendron tomentosum

... 856

Conifene

424, 451

Climacteris scandens ..

... 781

Convolvulaceag ...

... 856

Clivina australasite

... 823

Coptocarpus

442, 449*

Closterium elegans

490, 491

australis

449, 450

gracile

... 490

championensis

.. 450

kutzingii

490, 494

chaudoiri ...

449, 450

pronum

490, 491

convexus ...

446,

449, 450

rostratum

490, 494

rar. championer

isis

... 449'

serratum

... 491

doddi

449, 450'

setaceum

490, 491

gibbus

449, 451

sp

... 459

impar

.

449, 451

Cnephasia ... 173

271, 280

nitidus

449, 451

aedilis

276

oviformis

451,

452, 453

catenata

.. 272

plani2}eyinis

446, 447

crotala

... 276

riverine' ...

... 446'

lenaea

... 273

thoracicus ...

449, 452-

mermera

... 277

Coptodera australis .

... 824

ochroptila ...

... 279

Cordulegaster ...

323,

324, 325,

orthias

... 273

326

327, 358'

pascuana ...

... 271

annulatus ...

... 324

periorma ...

... 271

Cordulephya

314

329, 358

phosphora

... 274

pygniffia

,

... 326

rigida

... 275

Corduliinae .. 312,

314,

315, 316,

rupicolana

... 275

323,

325,

327, 328,

stereodes ...

... 277

334

337, 676

sulfurosa ...

... 278

Cordulina

... 328

tribolana

... 276

Correa sp.

... 226*

StlV.

INDEX

<;^orythroichthys waitei
•Coseinoptycha ...

improbana ...
.jCosmarium

biretum

contractum . .

cyclopeum ...

Elfviwjii

var. saxonicum ...

ellipsoideum

flacum

foreatum

galeritum ...

gothlandicum /3 minus

hexagonum...

incrassatum

nitidulum ...

odontopleurum

papillatum...

protnherans

pseudoprotuberati^

Page.

... 432
143, 156
156, 157
... 482

... 482
478, 479

... 475
475, 480
475, 480

... 478

... 476

... 478
... 484
... 478
... 475
... 478
... 484

475, 476
... 482

476, 479
475, 478,

479, 483

aectangulare ^ angustins 475,

478, 479, 484

var. altius ... 477, 494

var. angustius ... 477, 478

var. australe ... 480, 481,

482, 494

var. Cambrense 476, 477, 478

var. cyclopeum 478, 479, 482,

483, 484, 494

var. dentatum 476, 477, 494

rar. Finmarkise 478, 479, 480,

482, 494

var. hexagonum 480, 494

var. Madagascarense . 480

var. nodulatum 476, 477, 478,

480, 482, 494

var. notatum 477, 478, 494

var. ocellatum ... 481, 494

.var. papillatum 483, 494

var. pateieforme 481, 482, 494

var. pseudoprotuberans 478

var. quadrigeminatum 477,

494
var. reniforme 479, 482, 484,

494
var. repandum ... 477, 494
var. rotundatum 479, 482, 494
rar. saxonicum... 480, 494
var. sexangulare 481, 485, 494
.rvr. subhexagonum 482, 483,

494

Page.

Cosmarium rar. subreniforme 479,

482, 483, 484, 494

var. sulcatum ... 482, 494

Regnesii ... ... ... 461

repandtwi ... 475, 476, 478

stxangulare 475, 481, 482
sukaiiLm ... 475,478,480,

481, 482

rar. incrassatum ... 478

trilobulatum ... ... 460

veiiustum ... ... ... 460

Gramhus humerella ... ... 266

orhraceellu.i ... ... 261

.ndnnavfjinellus ... ... 262

Crato.spiia rudibunda ... ... S65

Crinia spp. ... 417

Crcesia ... .. ... .. 291

holmiana ... ... . . 291

Cionaitium jacksonife... .. 805

Crotalaria Cunninghamii ... 805

juncea ... ... ... 791

Croton Verreauxii ... . 856

UrucifeiEB ... ... ... 853

Crypsiphona 560, 563

Cryptocarya erythroxylon ... 794

Cryptophila ... ... ... 216

nustralana ... ... .., 216

imme r-.'ia na... ... ... 218

Ctenisophus ... ... ... 693

Andersoni ... ... ... 756

longicornis 755, 772

nocti vagus ... ... ... 754

parvus ... ... ... 755

rivularis ... ... ... 755

vernalis ... ... ... 755

Cuculus inter 7nedius ... ... 522

canoroides ... ... ... 522

saturatus ... ... ... 522

Cudrania javanensis ... ... 856

Cupania semiglauca ... ... 854

Cuttsia viburnea ... .. 854

Cylicobdella 65, 72

Cymatoplex ... ... 560, 561

Cymbium sp. ... ... ... 805

Ci/modocea ciliafa(?) ... ... 796

Cynodon dactylon ... 136, 857
Cypeiacere ... 411, 413, 797, 857

Cyperus trinervis ... ... 415

Cysticercus sp. ... ... ... 310

Ljstobranchus ... ... ... 65

Cysto-soma saundersi .., ... 418

schmeltzi ... ... ... 418

Cytodites nudus ... ... 28

Cyttus nova^-zelandise ... ... 307

INDEX.

XV.

Page.

1

Page.

Dactylosternum abdominaU

i

409

Dichelia solatia...

194

Dacus cucumis ...

866

thermaterrima

... 195

frenchi

866

vicarina

... 225

kingii

866

1 Dichelopa

161, 282

kirki

871

achranta ...

... 283

passiflorje ... 870,

871

, 872

dichroa

... 283

pepisalse

869

loiicata

... 283

rarotongse ...

...

872

panoplana ...

282, 283

sigmoides

862

, 867

sabulosa

... 284

tongensis

870

tarsodes

... 284

tiryoni

86?

, 866

Dichondra repens

.. 856

zonatus

862

, 868

Dicranoncus

453, 456

Danthonia pilosa

857

queenslandicus

456

Darwinia fascicularis ...

424

Dictyocaulus viviparus

433

taxifolia

424

Diemenia psammophis

5

309, 678

Dasyneura

869

var. reticulata

..28,

659, 680,

zonata

868

682, 685

Daucus brachiatus

855

superrAliosa

... 309

Delinius...

435

textilis

309

, 659, 678

Dematiacepe

689

Dillwynia ericifolia

424

Demonsthra helleri

688

floiibunda ...

... 424

Dendrophis punctulatus

680

685

Dina

65

Desmidiaceas ... 459, 461,

463

464

Dineta

55, 69. 70

Desmodium brachypodium

854

Diplacodes hsmatodes

..

... 674

Diactenis

163

281

Diplodesma

560, 562

pteroneura

• . .

281

Dipsacus sp.

Diagramma affine

307

... 805

crassispinum

307

DipterirM

... 271

Dianella longifolia

857

gyiophodryas

... 276

Dianthus caryophyllus

138

imhriferana

... 271

Diaphoromerus femoralis

824

rejiuana

... 275

1

iridipennis

824

rupicolana ...

... 275

Diaphoropterus leucopygius

781

taamaniana
tribolana ...

... 251

Dichelachne sciurea ...

857

... 276

Dichelia ...

183

Dlpylidium caninum

... 28

argillosana

198

Docidium

467, 493

atristrigana

196

Archerii

.. 464

clarana

194

bacidoides ...

464

465, 466

cosmopis ..

185

hacidum

464,

465, 466,

diphtheroides

195

467

471, 473

disputana ...

200

clavatura ...

... 465

fcedana

225

coronatiim ...

464, 469

fw^ciceps

194

crenulatum...

464, 469

grotiana

183

Ehrenbergii

464,

465, 466,

hyperetana

195

467,

470, 471

iso.scelana ...

200

Georgicum ...

... 464

lunifera

196

hidicuni

... 464

montivagana

196

manubrium

464,

473, 474

panoplana ...

283

maximum ... 464,

465

469, 470

priimtana ...

209

nodidosmn . . .

464

466, 469

reversana ...

225

pkaiodermum

464, 465

scotinopa ..

199

subclavatum

... 465

sobrina

...

233

subgeo7-gicum

..

... 464

XVI.

INDKX.

Pagk.

Docidium trabecula ...464, 465, 466,

467, 468, 469, 470,

471, 49-2, 493, 495

var. baculoides ... 473, 493

var. baculum 473, 474, 493

var. Brefeldii 468, 470, 494

var. constrictum 465, 471,

47-2, 492

var. crassum ... ... 468

var. crenulatum 465, 466, 469,

470,471, 472,

492, 494

var. Delpontei 465, 466, 467,

470, 471, 472,

473, 474, 492

var. diadematum 470, 492

var. Ehrenbergii467, 470, 471,

472, 473, 474,

492, 493

I'M?-, elongatum . . . ... 471

var. Farquharsonii 465, 468,

492
var. Indicum ... ... 473

var. manubrium .. 474

var. maximum 469, 470, 492
var. nodulosum ... 464

var. ovatum ... 473, 492
var. pygma?um ... 475, 493
var. truncatum 468, 469, 470,
492, 493, 494

truncatum ...

464,

465,

468

Dodonsea ericifolia

424

filifolia

424

sp

283

viscosa

854

Doodia aspera ...

858

Drachmobola ...

162,

283,

285

ipnitis

285

periastra ...

285

strigulata

285

Drimys dipetala

853

Dules novemaculeatus ..

432,

657

Dysphania

560,

563

Dystrichothorax bicolor

829

vicious

824,

829

vittipennis ...

823,

828,

829

Ebenace*

855

Eboda

1*62,

290

exeristis

290

smaragdinana

290

291

Echidna zebra

688

Echinococcus polymorphus 310, 804

Page.

P^chinopogon ovatus ... .. 857'

Echinorhynchus sp. ... 659, 660

Ectroma ... ... ... 838

Ectropis fractaria ... ... 649

Eliretia acuminata ... ... 856

Elajocarpus holopetalus ... 788

Elaeodendron australe ... ... 854

Embothrium sp. ... ..219

Wickhami var. pinnata ... 795

Emcephalus gihbostis ... ... 79

Emydura kreli'tii 679

Eucara latum ... ... ... 115

tricostellus . . ... ... 77

Eneyalesthus punctipennis ... 843

Endiandra globosa ... ... 136

Sieberi ... ... ... 550

sp.(?) 856

Enhalus acoroides ... ... 796

Koenigii 796, 797

Enopa ... ... ... .. 146

mediella 146, 147

Enterococcus ... ... 39, 44

Epacrideae ... 551, 792, 855

Epacris 159, 416

iiuicronuJata ... ... 792

paludosa ... ,. ... 792

pulchella ... ... ... 424

purpurascens ... ... 424

Ejiagoge ... ... ... ... 183

grotiana ... ... ... 183

Epichorista ... 163,255,256

camacinana ... ... 257

illucida ... ... ... 257

iodes ... ... ... 258

microstictis ... ... 260

petrochroa ... ... .. 258

serena ... ... ... 256

smenodes ... ... ... 256

therina ... ... ... 259

Epicosmus elongatus ... ... 824

Epilobium glabellum ... ... 855

Epipristis ... ... 5b0, 563

Epischnia neurophorpJla ... 152

Epitrichosma ... . .. 281

neurobap)ta... ... 281, 282

Epitymhia ... ... ... 183

alaudayia ... ... ... 183

Epophthalmia ... ... ... 312

eifitaiacta ... ... ... 312

Eragrostis leptostachya ... 857

Eranthemum variabile ... 856

Erechtites arguta ... ... 855-

INDEX.

XVll.

Page, i

Page.

Eretes australis...

• t ...

659

Eucyclodes

560, 563

Eretmopus

560,

563

Eudalia castelnaui

395

Ericia

• . . •

210

f roggatti

395

cesiivana ...

210,

212

nigra

395

postkana ...

212

sublc-evis

395

Eriophyes spp

136

Eudyptula minor

687

Eromene apertella

• • ...

159

Eugenia Smithii

855

transcissella

. • < • *

262

Eulia

163, 269

Eryngium vesieulosum

> * •

689

copiosana ...

.. 270

Erythrsea australis

855

ministrana...

269

Espites basalis ...

, , . , ,

134

Euloxia ...

560, 561

Eucalyptus

416, 424

425

Eumelea...

557

albens

..

425

Euphorbiaceae ...

856

amygdalina

424,

425

Eupines ...

693, 717, 731

Bancroft! ...

• , •

425

aurora

730

Banksii

• • t . .

426

biclavata ...

.. 718, 731

Bridgesiana

426

bicolor

727

Caleyi

. •

309

bituberculata

724

Cambagei ...

138,

424

capitata

723, 724, 731

capitellata ...

. •

426

Carter!

723

coriacea

* • ...

426

eoncolor

723

corymbosa ...

• . • • .

523

distortieornis

719

dealbata

1 ■ • > •

425

diversicolor

719

Deanei

• > ...

426

exigua

723, 724

diversifolia...

. .

431

globulifera ...

. . 718

dives

• * • > >

424

Helenas

725, 727, 728

eugeiiioides

..

309

indistincta ...

727

eximia

27

inermis

728

goniocalyx ...

424

Isevifrons ...

723

hemiphloia...

'.'. 425

855

laticlava

731

macrorrhyncha

. .

426

litoralis

722

marginata ...

. . . . •

431

melanocephala

724

Moorei

424

425

mira

721, 729

patens

• * ...

523

modica

726

polyanthemos

...

424

nigra ... 725

726, 727, 728

regnans

. .

424

nigriceps ...

718

rostrata

.. . ,-

424

nigriclava ...

725, 727, 728

rubida

. * • . 1

425

nigricollis ...

718

Rudderi

. • . .

424

oblongifera...

720

saligna

...

426

pallipes

729

Seeana

• • - - .

424

pumilio

720

sideroxylon

550

551

quintana ...

718, 721

sp 136,

143, 293,

523,

recurva

729

863

sobrina

... 718

stellulata ...

424

425

sulcata

719, 731

tereticornis...

424, 425

, 855

tarsalis

730

viminalis ...

425

tibialis

728

vitrea

..

426

tuberculifera

720

VVoollsiana

. • • •

425

tuberosa

720, 729

Euchloris smaragdaria

• . •

579

vitrea

718

EucosmidfB

142, 161

,294

Euplectops

711

Eucrostes

• •

577

basalis

710

indigenata ...

577

bryophilus ...

707, 710

B

XVIU.

INDKX

Page.

Page,

Euplectops carinatifrons

... 701

Geobdella Whitmani ...

73

castor

... 702

Geometridse

555, 615-

conicicornis

... 706

GeometrinsB ... 555,

556, 557.

depresaicollis

... 709

565

573, 629

discopallidus

... 704

Geraniaceffi

660, 854

excisus

... 702

Geranium pilosum

... 854

Odewahnii...

706, 70S

Gerygone modesta

... 781

pollux

703, 708

Glossiphonia

65, 70

sculptus

703, 704

Glossiphoniidae ...52, 60,62,64, 65, 70

ziczac

... 708

Glycine clandestina

... 854

Euplectiis snhterraneus

696, 709

Gmelina Leichhardtii ...

... 136

Eupomatia laurina

... 853

Guaphalium japonicum

mr.

Eurylychnus

... 435

radicans...

... 414

blagravei ...

... 825

Gnathaphanus melanarius

... 824

dyschirioides

... 825

pulcher

... 824-

olliffi

... 825

Gnathobdellidc-e 52, 64, 65,

69, 71, 72

regularis ... 823, 824, 825

Gnathoxys insignitus ..

... 382

Eustrephus latifolius ...

... 857

sulcicollis

... 380

Eusynthemis

329, 330

Gobcea ...

.., 269

Eutaxia empetrifolia ...

790, 791

copiosana

269, 270

Evodia micrococca

660, 854

Gomphinae

320, 327

var. marmorata

... 660

Gomphocarpus fruticosus

.. 855-

Exocarpus cupressiformis

... 657

Gramineae ... 551,

797, 857

Grajtholita decolorana

... 189^

Falcunculus

... 429

mntatana ...

... 194

Festuca bromoides

... 857

Grevillea acanthifolia ...

... 434

Ficus benjamina

... 270

Gaudichaudii

433, 434

rubiginosa

... 550

laurifolia ...

433, 434

sp

... 270

sp

... 226

stephanocarpa

... 856

Gynandria

560, 561

Filices

799, 858

Fistulicola plicatus

... 310

Hwmadipsa

65, 71

Fomes fomentarius

... 308

Hasmatozoa

... 677

Forficulidffi

... 408

H;ementevia ... .. 65, 66, 67

Formicida?

... 410

Hajmocystidium chelodinse

677, 679

Fregetta grallaria

... 804

sp

... 679

Fidica alba

775, 778

H8emogregarina(Karyolysus

.)

Fusarium lycopersici ...

... 48

amethystina

677, 679

clelandi

677, 679

Gahnia aspera

... 857

dendrophidis 680

682, 685

melanocarpa

... 857

hinulias ... 680

684, 685

Gallinula alba ...

777, 778

megalocystis

... 685

Geaster pectinatus

... 689

morelise

678, 679

plicatus

... 689

pseudechis ...

678, 679

tenuipes
Geitonoplesium cymosum

... 689

shattocki ...

678, 679

... 857

sp 679, 680

682, 685

rfi i'^ A /^ r\ p^

Gentianeai

. . 855

varanicola ... 680, 683

684, 685

Geobdella ... 61, 62,

64, 6% 67,

Hsemopis

65

68, 69,

71, 72, 73,

Halich;eres nebulosus ...

... 4:u

74, 75, 76

opercular is

... 431

australiensis

... 73

Hamatopsis auricomus

... 768

limbata

... 72

Australasias

769

tristriata ...

61,73

Harmologa

163, 270

INDKX.

XIX.

Page.

Harmologa crobylota

270

miserana ...

270, 271

oblongana ...

270

Harpalin;e

380

Harpalini

386

Harpullia

725

Hedera sp.

.. 219

Helieus

77, 88

approximatus

93, 100

aridus

89

Brownii

89

castor

.. 92, 94, 104

comatus

93, 101

consularis .

.. 91, 93, 99

crenatipennis

94, 114

Derbyensis...

92, 93

echidna

114

echinatus ...

.. 94, 95, 96

elliptieus ...

. 92, 93, 100,

101, 103

elongatus ...

89

JalcatuH

90, 91,94, 96

French!

..94,112, 114

fulvo-hirtus

90

Georgei ... 92

, 94, 103, 104

Pagk,

Hellocosma

... 15S

aiithodes

... \b^

exoeca

... 160

incongruana

158, 159

rhodopnoana

... 159

Heliomystis

556,

560, 564

Helluonini

... 435

Gilesii ... 94, 104, 106, 107,

109, 110

granulatus 94

Haagi 94

Hopei ... ... ... 94

horridus 95, 96

Kirbyi 90

lubricus ... .. ... 89

Macleayi .,. ...94, 112, 114

Mastersii ... 92, 93, 94, 110

moniliferus 91, 92, 93

occidentalis ... 94, 106

opacicollis .. .. 94, 109, 110

ovatus 94, 95, 96

perforatus ... ... ... 90

Perronii ... 90, 91, 94, 96, 104

princeps ... 89

rugosipennis ...94, 106, 107

sparsus 93, 94, 110

Spencei 90

spinifer 93,98,90

Spinolae 90

squamosus ... ... 92, 93

subseriatus... ... ... 89

tuberculatus ... 94, 95, 96

Heleocharls multicaulis ... 414

Helichrysum cassinoides ... 792

diosmifolium ... ... 855

Helminthosporium Ravenelii... 68!'
Helobdella .. ... ... 65

Hemianax papuensis 421

Heraiclepsis ... ... ... 6.">

Hemicorduliatau 326,670,671

Hemicyclia australasica ... 550

Hemileia vastatrix 689

Hemiphaga spadicea 781

Hemithea ... 559, 560, 562

strigata 603

Hepialidse 557

Herpobdella 65, 70

Herpobdellidse ... 52, 64, 65, 69,

70, 71, 72
Heterocrossa ... ,,. ... 146

adreptella ... ... ... 146

mimica ... ... ... 157

Hibbertia fasciculata ... ... 253

linearis ... ... .. 253

Hibiscus heterophyllus ._ 854

Hilarographa ... ... ... 142

Himdia 678, 680, 684, 685

Hirudinea ...6, 7, 51, 52, 54, 57,

59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66,

69, 71, 72, 75, 76

Hirudo 54, 65, 66, 67

antipodum... ... ... 71

limbata 72

medicinalis ... ... 54

Hirudobdella ... 65,69,70,71

Holcoderus cseruleipennis ... 400

Hololeius 436

nitidulus ... ... ... 437

punctidatus weir. ... ... 437

Homona 162,210,258

£estivana ... ... ... 212

coffearia ... ... ... 210

tistulata 212

homogama ... ... ... 211

mediana ... ... ... 210

mermerodes ... ... 213

phansea ... ... ... 215

pharangitis 214

simana ... ... ... 211

similana ... ... ... 21 1

spargotis 215

XX.

INDEX.

Hordeum murinum
Humea elegans...
Hydrocharitacese

Hydrophilidae

Hyla ewingii var. calliscelis

kiefftii
Hyhenchna paludis
Hymenogastracese
Hymenophyllum paniculiflorum 802

Page.
... 857

550, 551
... 796
... 409

... 417
... 417
... 317
... 1.37

Walleri

... 802

Hyraenoptera

,.. 410

Hymenosporum flavum

... 853

Hypaulax ovalis

... 843

Hyperion

... 435

Hyperxena

158, 160

scierana

160, 161

Hypharpax nitens

824, 834

ovatus

834, 835

lectangulus

... 834

Hypographa

... 649

Ichthyobdellidas 52,

60, 62, 63,

64, 65, 69

Indigofera australis

... 854

Iridese

... 857

Iridomyrmex nitidus . . .

... 310

Isochorista ... 162, 164, 165

acrodesraa ...

... 169

callizyga

... 169

cerophanes..

... 165

chaodes

... 168

cosmuta

... 170

encotodes ...

166, 167

helota

... 168

melanocrypta

... 166

panseolana ...

... 168

parmiferana

... 167

pumicosa ...

... 167

ranulana ...

165, 168

Jacksonia Clarkii

... 791

scoparia

... 791

var. gonoclada ...

... 791

Sternbergiana

... 805

Jansia rugosa(?)

... 433

Jasmineae

... 855

Juncacese

... 857

Juncus polyanthemus ...

... 857

Keeneia sp

... 308

Kibara ...

. .. 794

Page

Labiatse 792, 856

Lacertilia ... ... 678, 680

Lachnothorax ... 396, 398, 435

formicodes 397,398

globulicoUis .398

palustris 396, 398

riverina; .. ... ... 398

Lacordairia cychroides . . . 824

sp.(?) 824

Lasmostenus ... ... ... 453

auatralis ... ... ... 454

complanatus ... 453, 454

Lamyrodes 162, 182

phileris ... ... ... 182

Larentianse ... ... 649, 650

Laspeyresia ... ... ... 142

Laurinete ... 136, 794, 856

Lebia civica ... ... ... 838

Lebiini ... ... 401

Lebiomorpha ... .. ... 838

benefica ... ... ... 838

Lecanomerus carter! ... 824, 835

curtus 824, 836

flavocinctus ... ... 835

major 824, 835

masters! ... ... ... 836

minor ... ... 835, 836

occidentalis ... ... 835

verticalis ... ... ... 835

LeguniinosEe ..'. 551, 790, 854

Leirodira auricollis ... ... 823

Lentinus cyathus ... ... 136

scleroticola... ... ... 137

Lepidium ruderale ... 805, 853
Lepidoptera ... 152, 555, 557

Lepidosperma ... ... 411, 412

earphoides ... ... ... 412

filiforme ... ... ... 413

HexuGSum ... ... 411, 412

Forsythii ... ... ... 411

pauciflorum ... ... 413

Lepidospora tenuissima ... 414

Leptochloa decipiens ... .. 857

Lestes analis ... ... ... 421

aridus ... ... .. 421

Leucestbes ... 559, 560, 561

Leucopogou juniperinus ... 8.55

Leucosarcia picata ... .. 781

Levenbookia dubia ... ... 792

Libellulidse . . . 324, 325, 327, 674,

675
Libellulina ... 322, 323, 325, 327,

859, 860

INDEX-

XXI.

Page.

Liliaceae «57

Limnatis... ... .. ... 65

Limnobdella 65, 70, 71

aiistralis ... 54, 55, 56, 66, 71
mauiana ... ... ... 71

Limnodynastes fletcheri .. 417

tasmaniensis ... ... 4J7

Limoniates 697, 708

australis .. ... ... 695

quadratipennis ... ... 695

subterraneus ... ... 696

ventialis 697

Limosa baueri ... .. ... 781

Lineas .. 854

Linum gallicum ... ... 854

Lipocarpha microcephala . . . 'i^7
Litsea dealbata... ... ... 856

Lobelia purpurascens ... ... 855

Lomatia silaifolia ... ... 264

Lonicera sp. ... ... ... 219

Lo'pkoderus ... ... ... 269

ministrana... ... ... 269

Loranthus peridulus ... 862, 863
Lorica affinis ... ... ... 654

duniana ... ... 654, 655

volvox ... ... 654, 655

Loxodactylus ... ... .. 436

LozoUenia ... ... ... 222

forsterana ... ... ... 222

Lumbricobdella... ... 65, 72

Lycoperdacese ... ... ... 689

Lycopersicum esculentum .. 48
Lygosoma(Hinulia) quoyi 680, 684,

685
tseniolatum... ... .. 678

tenue 678

Lygosoma(Liolepisma)guichenoti 679
Lygosoma (Lygosoma) ophio-

scincus ... ... ... 679

Lysinema pungens ... ... 159

Maeacus neraestrinus ... 432,

433

Alacadamia teinifolia ... 550,

551

Macrobdella

65

Macromia ...317,318,320,

322,

323,

328

melaiiia

317

tillyardi ..

Macromiinsa ... 316, 317, 318,

317
327

Macromina

329

Macroplectus calcaratus
cephalotes ...
octofoveatus

698
698
699

Page.

Macroplectus quadrifoveatus 697

sexfoveatus ... ... 700

tasmanicus... ... ... 698

Macropus giganteus .. 424,804

parryi 433,523

robustus ... 424, 523, 524

thetidis ... ... ... 523

Magnoliaceye ... ... ... 853

Majaqueus ^quinoctialis ... 779

Malvacete 854

Marsdenia rostrata ... ... 855

Marsupialia 873, 886

Mai'tynia fragrans ... ... 27

proboscidea ... ... 28

Maxates ... 560, 562

Medicago denticulata ... ... 854

minima ... ... 854

sativa . ... ... 551

Megalestris antarctica... ... 782

Melaleuca linariifolia ... 662, 665

spp 640,665

styphelioides ... ... 855

Melia composita ... ... 854

Meliacese 854

Melilotus ornithopodioides ... 661

Meliornis ... 427, 428, 429

australasiana ... ... 428

longirostris ... ... 427

mysticalis ... .. .. 427

nova>-hollandiae ... 427, 428

sericea 427, 428

Meliphagidaj 427, 428

Menephilus cojrulescens ... 843

parvulus 843

sydneyensis ... ... 843

Meneristes laticollis ... ... 843

servulus ... ... ... 843

Menispeimaceae ... ... 853

Mentha gracilis 85G

Meonis angusticollis 823, 825, 82()

ater 827

convexus ... ... ... 827

niger 826

Meridarchis 143, 146

trapeziella ... ... .. 146

zymota ... ... ... 146

Meritastis 163, 255

umbrosa ... ... ... 255

Mesobdella ... 64,65,67,71

Mesoplatns dubius .. .. 711

Pjdwardsii ... ... ... 711

Metallochlora 5(;(>, 562

Metathemis ... 335,336,346,301.

XXll.

INDEX.

Page.

Paoe.

Metatherais brevistyla 361,

.365, .366,

Nebriosoma

380

367,

368, 373,

Nematodirus filicollis .

, ,

433

374

376, .377

Nemoria ..

, ,

603

guttata 335,361,362,

363, 364.

Neothela

560,

561

365. 367,

370, 373,

Nephelium leiocarpum

,.

854

374, 375

, 376, 377

Nestor norjolcemis

781

var. pallida

363, 374

Neuroptera

48

nigra ...361,364,

373, .374,

Neurothemis

861

376, 377

Nicotiana suaveolens .

• • •

857

virgula ...361,363,

365, .367,

Nitzschia reversa

, ,

459

373, 374

, 376, 377

Notechis scutatus

678

Metrosideros viminalis

... 426

Notelaea longifolia

855

Micrasterias incisa

494

Notolestus sulcipennis

. 4 .

823

oscitans

461, 495

Notonecta

• • .

673

truncata

... 461

Notonomus

390,

392,

436

var. decemdentata

461, 494,

aeneomicans

833

495

angustibasis

823

Microbdella

64. 65, 70

australis

,.

833

biannulata

... 70

var. peneomicans

833

834

Micrococcus candidus ...

... 40

var. crenulata

823,

833

834

Microlrena stipoides

... 857

banksi

390

Microlestes

404, 405

bellingeri ...

823

832

atritasciatus

404, 405

fergusoni ...

.391

australiensis

... 405

latibasis

832

humeralis

... 405

melas

832

yarrae

... 405

nitescens ...

823,

831

833

Microphis pleurotasnia

... 432

nitidicollis ...

831,

832

833

Micropterygida;

... 557

planipectus

832

Mictoneura

162, 293

queenslandicus

832

flexanimana

293, 294

scotti

392

Migadopini

378, 380

sydneyensis

392

Miscelini

.. 4.35

variicollis ...

.391

Modiola multifida

. . 854

violaceo-marginatus

832

Mola mola

... 304

viridilimbatus

* • ■

832

Monimiaceas

... 794

Notornis alba ...

778

781

783

Monoctenianae .. 55(:

., 573, 649

Stanley!

778

Monopterus javanensis

... 27

Nunienius cyanopus

...

782

Monotoca scoparia

... 242

variegatus ...

782

Myoporinese

... 856

Nuridius fortis ...

389

Myoporum debile

... 856

grandis

388

Myrsineae

... 855

Nurus niger

389

Myrtaceae

551, 855

Nyctobates crenata

843

Mystropomus

... 435

Nyssanthes erecta

..

856

subcostatus

... 823

Myxogastrese

... 524

Odacanthini

395

Odonata 48,

313,

314,

419,

Nannodytheniis dalei ...

... 420

420

421

423

occidental is

... 420

Oenochlora

556

560

563

spp

... 357

Oenochrominae ...

556

Narcodes nigriventris ...

756, 772

Oenospila

560

, 562

pulchra

... 756

Oenothera rosea

855

varia

756, 757

tetraptera ...

855

Nautilus sp

10, 11

Oestrelata

776

INDEX.

xxiii.

Page.

Page.

Cestrelata leucop

-era

687

Oxygrapha

... 291

niontana ...

523, 785, 786,

literana

... 291

787, 804

porpacias

... 292

neglecta

523,

779, 780, 783,

Oxyuris vermicularis ...

... 28

784, 786, 787

Ozaenini ...

435

phillipi

780, 783, 784

Ozobranchus ... 56,

62, 65, 67

^. sp

780

branchiatus 59,

61, 66, 69

Oistophora

146

Margoi

... 65

mcdiella

146

Mendesi ,.

... 69

pterocosmana

147

Oligochfeta

6

Pachycephala longirostris

... 781

Onagrarieaj

855

Pachyma cocos ...

... 137

Oncodes fumatus

688

Pcedisca confusana

... 266

Oodes

435, 442, 444

iinmersana

... 254

bostocki

441, 445, 448

lignigerana...

.. 177

coiivexus

446, 449

Pakeohia crepusculana

.. 195

denisonensis

445. 447

Pakeosynthemis ..

.. 330

fitzrojensis

445,447

Palseotoma

163, 293

froggatti

445

, 446, 447, 448

styphelana

... 293

fuscitarsis ..

449

Palimbolus armatus ...

... 762

impressus ...

441, 445, 448

diraidiatus

... 762

inornatus ...

442, 444, 446

elegans

760, 772

interioris . . .

447

femoralis

759, 761

latus

442, 446

foveicornis

... 761

inodestus ...

441, 445, 448

f rater

... 758

oblongus ...

442

, 445, 446, 447

mirandus ... 759

, 761, 763

paroensis ..

446

puncticollis

... 761

parviceps ...

442, 445, 446

VictoriEe ... 758, 759

, 762, 763

planipennis

446, 447, 448

Palmeria scandens

.. 794

proxinms . . .

446

Pain bonis

... 435

pi/gnuFus . . .

443

guerinii

... 823

reichei

446

morbillosus..

... 823

sp

380

pradieri

... 823

thoracicus ...

449

Pandemia consociana ...

... 225

trisulcatus ...

445, 447

mediana

.. 210

waterhousei

445, 447

secniidana...

... 225

Oodini

435, 441, 442

Panicum glabrum

688, 804

Opercularia diphylla

689

gracile

... 415

Ophidia

677, 678, 679

linear e

... 688

Oplismenus setarius

857

pygina3um ...

... 857

Oribatidae

523

semialatum

798, 799

Orobanchacese ...

660

var. latifolium ...

... 797

Orobanche cernua

.. 660

viaticum

798, 799

Orobdella

56,

57, 65, 67, 72

Paramorpha

143, 154

Ijimai

.. 56, 57, 68

aquilana

154, 156

octonaria ...

.. 56, 57, 68

hapalopis ...

... 156

Whitmani ...

56,

57, 58, 65, 68

perileuca ..

.. 154

Orthetrum

323

rhachias

155, 156

caledonicum

326,674

semotheta ...

... 154

pruinosum ...

860

Paranurus

... 436

Orthoptera

408

Paraselena

162, 164

Otionhynchus sp.

410

tenella

... 164

Otrintus Jacksoni

.. 843

thamnas

164, 165

XXIV.

INDEX.

Parastranga

macrogona...
Paspalum ambiguum
Passiflora aurantia
Passifloreai
Pelagodroma marina
Pelleea falcata .
Penium spirostriolatum
Pentathemis membranulata
Penthina indecretana ...
Perameles

Percalates colonorum

fluviatilis ...
Pericalini
Peripatus
Periplaneta australasise .. 408

Peronea ... 142, 161, 162, 287, 288,
289, 290, 291, 293

Page.
162, 289
... 289
688, 804
... 855
... 855
... 687
.. 858
490, 494
... 321

177

875, 877, 878,

879, 880, 882,

883, 885, 886

432, 657, 659

432, 657, 658

398, 435

76

asperana ...

cristana

epidesma ...

flexilinea ...
Peronospora schleideni

schleideniana
Peronosporaceae
Persoonia chamaepeuce

sp

Petaleura ... 314

Petalia ...
Pexinola...

longirostris...
Phserosphaera ...
Phaethon phcenicurus
Phalloideas
Phaloniadae
Phascolarctos ...
Phaseolus lunatus

truxillensis,..
Phebalium Nottii
Phenaulax

stenomorpha
Pheropsophus ...
Philsemon

292

291

292

292

524

524

524

414

226

320, 327, 675

.. 327

... 146

146

424

781

433

142, 158

877

551

790

789

395

395

437

56, 61, 65, 67,

68, 69, 71, 72,

73, 74, 75, 76

pungens ... 60, 61, 65, 72

Philophlffus intermedius ... 824

luculentus 841, 842

var. guttifera 824, 841, 842
Phorodesma cassidara... ... 614

Phorticosomus ... ... 386, 388

Phorticosomus zabroides
Phricanthen

aspera7ia ...

inacroura ...
Phyllanthus Ferdinand!

Gastroemii ...
Phyllopetalia ...

patricia
Physalis peruviana
Physaloptera sp.
Phytolacca octandra ...
Phytolaccaceae ...
Phytophthora infestans
PhytoptidsB
Phytoptus oleivorus ...

py"

sp. ...
Pimelea ligustrina
Pisces
Piscicola...
Pisum sativum ..
Pittosporese

Placobdella

PlantaginesB
Plantago lanceolata

varia
Platycephalus fuscus ...
Platydema striata
Platynides
Platynini
Platynus...

cooki

macleayi ...

marginellus

marginicoUis

murrayanus

papuensis ...

planipennis

porphyriacus

queenslandic2is
Platyschisma rotundatum
Plectranthus parviHorus
Plectusodes breviceps ...
Pleurotivnium ...

Ehrenhfrgii

Georgkttm ...

medioheve ...

PlutellidiB

Pocillopora

Podaxaces!

Podaxon gegyptiacus ...

Podocarpus elata

Po'ciln-i ornatas

36,

Page.
386, 388-
... 291
291, 292
292
856
856
314, 420
420
856
309, 524
856
856
48-
136
136
136
523
, 550
69
65
, 551
. 853.
65, 70
. 856
. 856
856
. 660
. 843
. 453
. 453
. 453
455
454
457
454
454
455
457
455
456
308
856
705
467
471
471
472
142
11
525
525
550, 551
... 437

454,

454,

4.54,

INDEX,

XXV

Pogonoglossus

Polygonaceae
Polygonum convolvulus

gracile

hydropiper

minus
Polylopha

elaphris

pidesma
Polypodium blechnoides

cucuUatum...

fusco-pilosum

sarmentosum

Walleri

Polyporus eucalyptorum
Polyzoa ...
Pontobdella

291,

australiensis

macrothela...

muricata ...
Porosephalus sp.
PorpJiyrio stanleyi
Posidonia australis
Prasinocyma

Prenolepis(Nylandei-ia) Steeli
Primulacete
Pristoiiychus

australis
Procalyptis

oncota
Procellaria atlantica
Procordulia affinis

jacksoniensis
Promethis Pascoei
Proselena

annosana ...

camacinana
Prosopogmus chalybeipennis

oodiformis ...
Prostanthera Leichhardtii
Protea cynaroides
Proteace;e
Prothelymna

antiquana ...
Protophyta
Protoplectus pubescens

Page.

. 485

. 856

. 856

. 137

. 137

. 137

. 291

. 292

292

800

799

800

800

799

308

6, 7

56, 58, 59, 61,

65, 66, -67, 7C

58, 70

... 58, 68, 70

58

28, 309
777, 778

804

560,

453,

162,

562

410

855

453

454

204

204

... 781

... 420

... 420

... 843

... 163

163, 164

257

Pselaphidse

824
824
794
660
795
163
163
556, 560, 564
708

261,551,

Pselaphopus atriventris
bieolor
binodosus ...
clavatus

691, 692, 748,
762, 764

753
753
753
753

Page.
Pselaphopus unieolor... ... 753

Pselaphus bryophilus 751

elongatus 751

foveiventris ... .. 748

longepilosus ... 751, 752

pilosus .. ... 751, 752

pulchellus 752

tuberculiventris ... ... 749

villosus 750

Pseudagrion coeruleum ... 420

cyane ... ... 420, 670

P.seudechis porphyriacus 678, 679
Pseudomorphinge ... ... 405

Pseudophiyne australis ... 417

bibronii ... ... ... 417

Pseudoterpna castanea ... 648

Psocus sp. ... ... ... 692

Psophodes 429

Pterodontia mellii ... ... 688

Pteroheliaeus 81,124,125

abdominalis ... 124, 125

acuticoUis .. ... ... 124

alternatusC?) ... 122, 126

aicanus ... ... ... 125^

asellus .. ... ... 843

Bremei 124

cornutus ... ... ... 124

costatus ... .. ... 124

crenulatus ... 121, 123, 126-

Darwini ... .. ... 81

Darwiniensis ... 125, 126

depressiusculus ... 122, 125-
dispar ... ... ... 125

elongatus ... ... ... 125

frateinus ... ... ... 125

Guerinii ... ... ... 82-

hepaticus .. ... ... 125

hirtus ... ... ... 125

Icarus ... ... 78, 8L

insularis ... ... ... 125

laticollis ... ... ... 125

nigricornis ... ... 124

nodulosus 123, 126

Pascoei ... ... ... 124

piceus 119, 124

planus(?) 84a

pruinosus ... ... ... 125

puncticollis ... 121, 12(>

raucus ... . . .., 125

Reichei(?) 125

riverinae ... ... ... 124

septemcostatus 120, 121, 126
sinuaticollis ... .. 125

XXVI.

JNDEX.

Page.

Page.

Pterohela3US solidus

,

117, 124

Riehea dracophylla

... 690

spinicollis ...

..

... 124

Gunnii

... 690

undulatus ...

118, 125

Rioxa

... 872

vicarius

... 125

musse

... 872

Walked

117,

118, 124

Rosa rubiginosa

... 854

Pterostichini

... 453

Rosacese

.. 854

Puccinia calendulse

... 433

Eubus moluccanus

... 854

tasmanica ...

524

560, 805

parvifolius

... 854

Pucciniaceae

433

524, 689

Rumex Biownii

... 856

Puffinus carneipes

... 782

Rutacese

788, 854

chlororhynchus

779,

780, 781,
785

Rybaxis acanthosterna

742, 747,
772

grisea

... 780

acutidens

737, 747

griseus ... 776

,'780

784, 785

adumbrata... 733,

734, 740

puffinus

... 780

aleatoria

736, 746

sphenurus ...

... 785

antilope

747, 748

tenuirostris

... 780

atriclava

738, 747

PuUenwa foliolosa

... 790

biyophila

743, 747

glabra

• . •

... 414

crassipes

735, 747

setulosa

,.

... 790

electrica ... 741,

745, 748

sp

... 225

flavipcs

... 735

Pycnoscelus surinamensis

... 408

grandis

... 734

Pygopus lepidopus

... 679

Harti

747, 748

Pyi-gotis

* ■ •

162, 170

hirsuta

740, 747

callizyga . . .

... 169

hyalina

. 743

insignana ...

... 170

Isidorse

747, 748

plagiatana ...

.. 170

macrocephala 745

746, 772

Pyiioihachis

...

560, 561

ovensensis

740

Python amethystinus

677, 679

pallida

744, 746

spilotes

.'.'.28

, 424, 678

parvidens ...

732, 747

var. variegata

...28,

678, 679,

quadriceps

733, 734

685

quadrituberculata

734, 747

variegata ...

...

424, 524

5-foveata ... 741,
variabilis ...

744, 743
739, 746

Radiobacter

• • •

... 30

Rytus corniger

... 770

Eanunculaceffi ...

... 853

kingi

.. 769

Ranunculus sp.

... 136

porcellus

... 770

Ranzania makua

... 307

subulatus

.. 770

Rapanea (Myisine) variabil

is... 855

Reptilia ...

... 677

Sagola

... 694

Rhamneie

... 854

immota

... 694

Rhipiduia assimilis

... 781

laminata ...

... 694

pelzelni

.

... 781

punctulata..

... 694

Rhizobiuni

29,

30, 31, 32

Tasmania

693, 772

leguminosarum

32, 33

Sambucus xanthocarpa

... 855

limosospongias

29, 33, .35

Santalaceffi

.. 857

Rhizomoipha subterianea

... 433

Santalum obtusifolium

... 857

Rhizopogon luteolus

... 137

Sapindaceae

... 854

Rhomboceros ...

162, 180

Saragus

77, 81

nodioornis ...

... 180

Blackburni...

... 128

Rhodamnia trinervia

...

... 855

brunnipennis

128, 129

Rhuma ...

"556

, 560, 564

Darwini

... 81

Rhynchobdellidse

64,

65, 67, 70

Duhoulaii ...

... 77

Saragus French!
incisus
Macleayi ...
m agister
Masters! ..
montanus ...
Pascoei
patellij'ormis
Sarcina sp.
Sarcinocles

Sarcopetalum Harveyanum
.Sarcophilus ... 877,

885, 886 :
satan!cus ... 873, 874, 877,

879, 887

Sarothrocrep!s ... ... ... 838

blackburn! ... 824, 837

cort!cal!s ,. ... ... 837

setulosa 824, 837

suavis .. ... ... 824

Saxifragese ... ... .. 855

Schistodactylus brevipennis 771, 772

phantasma... ... .. 771

Schizomeria ovata ... ... 865

Schcenus Moore! ... ... 413

paucifloriis . . . ... ... 413

Sciaphila ... ... ... 271

comptana ... . ... 288

conjunctana ... ... 178

debiliana ... ... ... 199

dispidana ... ... ... 200

Jltxilineana ... ... 292

inconcisana ... ... Ill

projectana .. ... ... 181

rudisana ... ... ... Ill

■iidneyana ... ... ... 199

ivahlbomiana ... ... 271

Scleroltena b!cornis ... 48,49

■Sclerostomum edentatum ... 28

vulgare ... ... ... 28

Sclerotinia Libertiana . . . ... 433

Sclerotin!a sclerot!orum ... 433

ScoUoplecta 163, 288

comptana ... ... ... 288

molybdantha ... .. 288

Scoparia ... ... ... 147

Scopodes angulicoUis ... ... 824

Scopula arcuatalis ... ... 262

.Scyliorhinus marmoratus ... 688

Scymena variabilis ... ... 80

Secatophus ... ... 4.35, 436

.•Semilageneta ... 60, 62, G4, 65, 67,

69, 70

INDliX.

xxvu.

Page.

Page.

128, 129

Semilageneta Hilli

... 60

... 90

Semiscolex

... 72

... 129

Senecio pectinatus

... 524

... 81

sp

... 233

... 126

vulgaris

524, 525

... 127

Setalimorphus

393, 395

... 81

nanus

394, 395

77

punctiventris

394, 395

30,44

regularis

393, 395

... 556

Setalis niger

... 824

... 853

Siagonyx amplipennis...

... 824

578, 884,

Sida rhombifolia

... 854

Sideroxylon(Achras) australe... 865
Siegesbeekia orientalis ... 855

Simia satyrus ... ... ... 432

Sinapis alba .. 550

Sisyrinchium paniculatum ... 857
Smilax australis .. ... 857

Solanacese ... ... ... 551

Solaneaj ... .. ... .. 856

Solanum nigrum ... ... 856

pseudo-capsicum... ... 856

stelligerum... ... ... 856

verbascifolium ... 550, 551
xanthocarpum ... ... 856

Sonchus oleraceus ... ... 855

Sosineura ... ... 153, 157

mimiea ... ... ... 157

Spatalistis ... 162, 285, 286

conchodes ... 287

nummifera 287

rhopica ... ... ... 286

Spercha ... ... .- ... 183

intractana ... ... 183, 196

Sphodridai ... ... ... 453

Sphodrini 435, 453

Spiropteras anguinolenta ... 28
Sporobolus indicus ... 690,857

Lindleyi 857

Staurastrum brachiatum ... 462

forficulatum ... 485, 494

monticulosum ... 485, 494

orbiculare ... .. 462, 486

car. aculeatum 486, 488, 493

var. aggeratum.. 488, 493

var. bifarium .. 486, 487,

488, 493

var. forficulatum 486, 487,

488, 493

var. granulosum 486, 488, 493

var. muticum 485, 487, 493,

494

XXVUl.

INDEX.

Staurastrum sexangulare

var.
var.
var.
va7:
var.
car.

asperum

dentatum

gemmescens
platycerium
stellinum ...
subglabrum
stellinum ...
submonticulosum . . .
tohopekaHgense
Sterculia diveisifolia ...
Sterculiaceae
Sterictopsis
Sterrhinse
Stichonotus
leai ...

Stigmodera mustelamajor ... 134
pallidipennis ... . 134

Stipa pubescens ... ... 857

verticillata ... ... ... 857

Straparollus ammonitifoimis... 308
Streptococcus acidi lacti ... 40

sp 35, 37, 40, 41, 42,

43, 44, 45, 46
Stricklandia
Strongylus_^/ico//is
micr^irus . . .

Page.
462, 488,
493
489, 493
489, 493
489, 493
489, 493

488, 489

489, 493
... 488
... 486
... 487
... 854
... 854

556, 560, 562
... 555
... 378
378, 379

rubidus
Stylidieje
Stylidium sp. ...
Sympetes

acutifrons ...

bicolor

Bremei

contractus ...

Duhoulaii ...

excisif rons . . .

gagates

Madeayi ...

magister

orbicularis ...

patelliformis

quadratus ...

rotundatus...

subrugosus...

testudineus

tricostellus White 77

trico^tellus Breme
unchdatus ...
unicarinatus

435
433
433
659
792
522

... 77, 81, 87

... 77, 84, 87

... S3, 84, 87

77, 78, SO, 88

77, 78, 79, 87

77, 78, 80, 88

86, 87, 88

77, 78, 79, 86, 87

77, 78, 79, 80, 82,

85, 86, 88
... 77, 78, 81

86, 87, 88
.. 77, 82, 88
84, 86, 87, 88
79, 80, 82, 88
.. 77,82,88

78, 80, 88
78, 79, 80,
82, 88, 91
... 78, 79
77, 78, 80, 88
77, 78, 82, 88

77, Si

it,

it,

Page.
Sympetes(Encara)tricostellus . 77
Syncordulia ... ... ... 676

Synthemina ... 329, 335, 337

Synthemis 312, 314, 315, 316, 317,

318, 319, 320, 321,322,

323, 324, 325, 326, 327,

328, 329, 330, 331, 335,

336, 337, 342, 368, 674

brevutyla ...312, 315, 329, .3.30,

332, 335, 336, 366

claviculata ... 313, 315, 321, 322,

3.32, 335, 337, 338,

359, 361 , 373, 374,

375, 376

cyanitincta 313, 318, 319, 321,

.322, 332, 334, 335,

337, 338, 360, 373,

374, 376, 377

eustalacta ... 48, 312, 315, 319,

324, 325, 326, 329,

330,331, 332, 333,

335, 336, 3.37, 3,38,
340, .346, 349, 356,
357, 363, 364, ,371,
372, 373, .375, 376,
377, 420, 666, 670,

671, 673, 674

flavoterminata 313, 315, 317,

319,331, 3,32, 333, .334,

.3,36, 368, 369, 666-

guttata 312, 315, 319, 320, 331,

332, 333, 334, 335,

336, 361, 362, 375
leachii 312, 313, 321, 332, 335,

337,3.38, 346, 351, .3.55,

373, 374, .375, 376, 377

macrostigma 312, 315, 319, 321,

322, 324, 331, 3.32, 335,

336, 337, 338, 346, .350,

351, 352, 356, 357, 364,

372, 373, 375, 376, ,377,

670, 675

macrostigma macrostigma 354

macrostigma occidentalis 355,

374
macrostigma orientalis 355, 374,

375
martini ... ... 313, 351

miranda 312, 315, .322, ,333, ,3.35,
.337, 338, 350, 351, 373-
nigra 313, 315, 332, 334, 335
olivei ...313,315,319,322,

334, ,371

INDEX.

XXIX.

Page.

Synthemis primigenia .. 313, 315,

329, 330, 331, 332, 335,

.337, 338, 35S, 365, 373.

376

regina ...312, 315, 318, 319,

321, 322,330, 331, 332,

335, 336, 337, 338, 346,

3-17,348, 350, 351, 372,

373, 375, 376, 377

tasmanica ...321, 332, 335, 337-

338, 344, 346, 372, 373^

375, 376, 377, 420

virgula 312, 315, 332, 335, 367

TiBnia crassicollis

raarginata ...

saginata
Tagetes gland ulif era
Tecoma australis
Telephlebia
Tenebrionidffi ... 77
Teraphis helmsi
Teras

absumptana

basialbana . . .

canigerana . . .

caiidana

dotana

immemana . .

mersana

miseratia ...

post vii tana...

responsana...

relractatia ...

scitidana . . .

secretana ...

simitana

solatia
Ttratodes

favillaceana
Teropha...
Terpna ...
Tetrarhynchus spp.
Tetrasynandra ...
Tettigarcta crinita

tomentosa
Thalassia

Heinprichii
Thalassodes

pilaria

vermicularia
Themeda Forskalii
Thenarotes atriceps

28

28

28

855

856

314

132, 823, 843

824

291

... 270

... 225

270

291

229

218

196

270

... 225

225

225

225

225

211

194

183

183

435,4.36
558, 560, 563

310, 659

794

419

418

796

796, 797

558, 560, 562

595

597

137

824

Page.

Therapon jarbua

... 307

Thopha saccata

... 418

sessiliba

... 418

Thrincophora ...

... 171

impletana ...

171, 174

Thysanosoma giardi

... 659

Tiliacete

... 788

Tiliqua nigrolutea

... 424

scincoides ...

424, 679

Titena columbina

... 843

Todea barbara ...

... 424

f raseri

... 424

Tolyposporium anthisi

iiiae

... 137

Tortricidae

142,

161, 294

Tortricina

1.39,

142, 161

Tortrix ... 140, 161,

163,

164, 216,

219

222,

261, 280

aenopa

... 230

agrypna ...

... 247

amcenana ...

.. 241

anemarcha

.. 264

aphrotis

242, 244

arcaria

... 231

argyraspis ...

... 270

ashworthana

... 225

asthenopia ...

... 249

astrologana

... 223

aulacana ...

... 249

australana ...

... 218

calculata ...

... 223

canana

... 174

caryotis

... 227

cataractis ...

... 246

centurionana

... 266

ceramicana

... 270

cerussata ...

... 2.34

cetrata

230, 231

concolorana

... 254

concordana

... 253

conditana ...

223, 224

desmotana ...

... 241

divulsaua ...

... 255

dolosana

.. 172

dotatana ..

229, 230

echinitis

... 249

epichorda ..

... 249

euoela

... 250

eugramma ...

... 247

fabricata ...

... 233

fasckulana...

... 209

ferrea

"218,

239, 240

firmata

... 2.37

glaphyrana

... 255

XXX.

INDEX.

Tortrix haplodes

hydractis ...

immersana...

impfetann . .

indigestana

isochroa

jugicolana ...

laganodes ...

lathifea

liadelpha ...

liquidana ...

lycodes

lythrodana...

magna tia ...

molesta

nephaula ...

ocyptera

ophiodesma

oriarcha

paralia

paurozona ...

peloxythana

piperata

plastica

polygraphana

postvittana ..

psapharana

psaiodes

pyrosemana

pyrrhula

scandalota ...

scleropa

serrata

signigerana

sobriana

spodota

standishana

stigmatias ..

.stipularis ...

subfurcatana

tanyptera ...

tasmanica ...

technitis

telephanta ...

teniplana . . .

tessulatana...

trygodana ...

viridana

xylodes
Totanus glottis ...
Toxicum spp. ...
Trachylobdella ...
Trechus baldiensis

coxi

Pagk.

... 253

... 244

... 254

... 174

... 253

... 252

... 233
218, 238

... 248

... 227

.., 252

... 232

... 240

... 173

... 222

.. 251

... 231

... 229

... 240

... 243

... 242

... 234

... 239

... 234

... 218

... 225

... 234

... 238
218, 240

... 226

... 254

... 236

... 246

... 175

... 233

... 235

... 254

... 237

... 226

.. 242

... 228

... 251

... 245

... 250

... 208

... 246

... 254

... 222

... 224

... 781

... 843

... 65

... 843
824, 842

Page.

Trechus solidior

843

Trema aspera ...

• ■ •

856

Trichocephalus dispar

. . .

432

trichiurus

432

Trichosoma retusum ...

...

659

Trichostrongylus instabilis

659

Trichosurus vulpecula...

875

Tiicostularia pauciflora 412,

413

797

Tiifolium dubiuin

854

repens

854

Trigonotomini

.••

388

Ti-inga subavquata

781

Triploceras giacile

491

var. aculeatura ...

...

491

var. bidentatuna

491

var. bilobatum ...

491

uar. denticLilatum

492

var. occidentale

491

var. ornatum ...

...

491

var. serratum ...

492

var. superbimi ...

491

494

var. verticillatum

• t •

491

serratum

491

Triticum vulgare

• ■ .

551

Trocheta...

65

Trogosita (Tenebroides) mauii-

tanica

409

Tropc-eolum pentaphyllum

660

Trypanosoma chelodina

677

SP

678

,679

Trypeta ludens

875

mu>i<K

872

Trypetidffi

862

Turdus poliocephalus ...

781

Tymbarcha

162

286

cerinopa

286

glycera

286

Typhlops polygrammicus

678

Typhonium Brownii ...

689-

Tyraphus major

754

Tyromorphus auricomus

766

772,

cribratus

767

dispar

767

Ifevis ... 765

767

, 768.

Mastersi

767

nigricornis

767

nitidus

765

, 767

quadridentatus

764

speciosus ...

763

,772

spinosus

*.•

765-

Tyrus mirand.us

• ■ ■

75»

speciosns

...

76.3

spiTiosus

...

765.

INDEX.

XXXI,

Page. ,

Pagk.

Uliocnemis ... 558,

560,

563

Xanthidium inchoatum

... 47S

Umbellifeise

855

/3 mammiliatum ...

... 47a

Uncinaria stenocephala

524

Xanthium spinosum ..

... 855

Urolitha...

560,

562

Xanttiophoea grandis ...

403, 824

Uromycladiura tepperianum

523

nigricincta

... 403

Urtica ineisa

856

ornata

... 401

Urticacete

856

Xenothictis

163, 279

Ustilagineae

137

paragona

... 28a

Ustilago bromivora

137

semiota

... 280

utriculosa

137

Xerobdella

65. 71

Varanus gouldi

524

Xerotes longifolia

... 857

varius ... 680, 683,

684,

685

Xiphias gladius
Xylopertha sp

... 310
... 409

Verbena bonadensis ...

...

856

Xylosiroma giganteuin

... 30a

venosa

...

856

Xylotrupes nimrod

... 431

Verbenacete

856

Vibrio massuali

526

Zabrus tenebrioides

... 388

Vicia faba

551

Zacorisoa

161, 220

hirsuta

854

holantha

... 221

Vitis antarctica

854

Zieria cytisoides

... 789

clematidea

.. .

854

granulata

... 789

hypoglauea

854

obcordata

... 789

Vittadinia australis var. tenu-

robusta

... 788

issima

855

Smithii

Zoedera ater

... 789
... 823

Wahlenbergia gracilis...

855

Zosterops albogularis ...

... 781

Weslringia cephalantha

793

, 794

tenuirostris

... 781

Cheelii

792

Zygophyllum fruticulosum

... 259

rigida

793

Zyxotnma obtusum

... 860

rubisefolia

794

[Printed ol"f February 24th, 1911.]

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Monograph of the Genus %w^Aemw[NEcrROPTERA: Odonata]. By R.

J. TiLLYARD, M.A., F.E.S. (Plates iv.-ix.) ... 312

Studies in Australian Entomology. No.xvi.New Species of Garahichu

[Coleoptera]. By Thomas G. Sloane 37S

The Entomological Fauna of Nauru Island, of the Ocean Island

Group. By Walter W. Froggatt, F.L.S. 407

A new Species of Lepidosperma[N.O. Cyperacece] from the Port
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A. A. Hamilton... 411

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Revisional Notes on Australian Carabidce. Part iii. Tribes Oodini,

Chlceniini, and ,S'2;Aorfrwi[CoLEOPTERA] .. 4.35

Polymorphism and Life-History in the DesmidiacecelAhC.^: Coii-

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The Ore-Deposits of Borah Creek, New England, N. S.W. By Leo
A. Cotton, B.A., B.Sc, Linnean Macleay Fellow of the Society
in Geology. (Plates xv.-xvi.) 496

511ections and Announcements 306,4.30

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CONTENTS.

The Hon. Sir William Macleay, Kt., F.L.S., M.L.C. : (By the KJitor)

Professor W. Baldwin Spencer, M.A. : Contril)utions to out
Knowledge of Geratodus. Part I. — Tlie Blood Vessels. (Plates i.-v.) —
Prof. F. W, HuTTOX, F.R.S. : The Pliocene MoUusca of New Zealand.
(PI. VI. -IX.) — Prof. W. A. Haswell, M.A., D.Sc. : A Monograph of the
Temnocephalea. (PI. x.-xv.) — Prof. W. A. Haswell, M.A., D.Sc. : On
an apparently new Type of the Platyhehninthes (Trtmatoda?) (PI. xvi. ) —
Prof. T. Jeffeky Pakker, D.Sc, F.ll.S., and Miss J. G. Rich : ()l>serva-
tions on the Myology of Palinuruf: Edwardm, Hiitton. (PI. xvii.-xxi). —
Prof. J. T. WiL,soN, M.E., Ch.M., and C. J. Martin, M.B., B.Sc : Obser-
vations upon the Anatomy of the Muzzle of the Ornifhorhynchuii. ( i'l. x.xii.
xxiii.) — Prof. J. T. \ViL.soN, M.B., Ch.M., and C. J. Martin, M.B.,
B.Sc. : On the Peculiar Rod-like Tactile Organs in tlie Integument and
Mucous Membrane of the Muzzle of Ornithorhyachus. (PI. xxiv.-xxvi. ) —
C. Hedlky, F.L.S. : On Parmacochlea Fi'icheri, Smith. (PI. xxvii. ) —
Prof. R. Tate, F.L.S., F.G.S., &c. : On the Geographic IJelations of the
Floras of Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands — Baron von Mueller, K.C.M.G.,
F.R.S. : Notes on an Undescribed Acacia hom New South Wales. (PI.
xxviii.) — Baron von Mueller, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., and J. H. Maiden,
F.L.S., F.C.S. : Description of i New Hakea from Eastern New South
Wales. (PI. XXIX.) — R. Etiieuidge, Jun. : A Description of some of the
Weapons and Implements of thf Alligator Tribe, Port E.ssington, North
Australia (PL xxx.-xxxv.) — N. A. Colb, Ph.D. : New Nematodes from
Fiji and Australia. (PI. xxxvi.-XLIl)

Descriptive Catalogue op Australian Fishes. My Williau;
Macleay, F.L.S. [1881]. A few copies only. Price £\, ueo

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Issued November 16th, 1910.

Vol. ZXXV.
Part 3.

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CONTENTS.

Tlie Hon. Sir \Villi.4m Macleay, Kt., F.L.S., JM.L.C. : (By tlie Editor)

Professor W. Baldwin Spencer, M.A. : Contributions to our
Knowledge of Ceratodus. Part I. — The Blood Vessels. (Plates i.-v.) —
Prof. F. W. HuTTO^^ F.R.S. : The Pliocene Mollusca of New Zealand.
(PI. VI. -IX.) — Prof. W. A. Has WELL, M. A., D.Sc. :" A Monograph of the
Temnocephalece. (PI. x.-xv.) — Prof. W.^A. Haswell, M.A., D.Sc. : On
an apparently new Type of the Platyhelminthes (Trtmatoda?) (PI. xvi.) —
Prof. T. Jeffery Parker, D.Sc, F.ll.S., ami Miss J. G. Rich : Observa-
tions on the Myology of Palinurus Edicardm, Hutton. (Pi. xvii.-xxi). —
Prof. .J. T. WiLsox, M.B., Ch.M., and C. J. Martix, M.B., B.Sc : Obser-
vations upon the Anatomy of the Muzzle of the Ornithorhynchus. (PL xxii.)
xxin.) — Prof. J. T. Wilson, M.B., Ch.M., and C. J. Martin, M.B.,
B.Sc. : On the Peculiar Rod-like Tactile Organs in tlie Integument and
Mucous Memljraneof the Muzzle of Ornithorhynchus. (PI. xxiv.-xxvi. ) —
C. Hedley, F.L.S. : On Parinacochlea Fischeri, Smith. (PI. xxvii. ) —
Prof. R. Tate, F.L.S. , F.G.S., &c. : On the Geographic Relations of the
Floras of Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands — Baron von Mueller, K.C.M.G.,
F.R.S. : Notes on an Undescribed Acacia, from New South Wales. (PI.
xxviil) — Baron von Mueller, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., and .J. H. Maiden,
F.L.S., F.C.S. : Description of a, New Hukea from Eastern New South
Wales. (PI. XXIX.) — R. Etheridge, .Jun. : A Description of some of the
Weapons and Implements of the Alligator Tribe, Port Essingtoo, North
Australia (PI. xxx.-xxxv. ) — N. A. Cobb, Ph.D. : New Nematodes from
Fiji and Australia. (PL xxxvi.-xlii.)

Descriptive Catalogue of Australian Fishes. By William
Macleay, F.L.S. [1881]. A few copies only. Price £1, net.

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PROCEEDINGS, 1910, PART 3.

. CONTENTS,

PAGE

A Contribution to the Study of the Precipitins. By H. G. Chapman,

M.D., B.S 526

Revision of Australian Lepidoptera, v. By A. J. Turner, M.D.,

F.E.S 555

Description^ of a fossil Lorica [Mollusca : Polyplar.ophora] from
North-V/estern Tasmania. By F. A. Basset Hull (Plate xvii.,
figs. 1-2) 654

The Adventitious Roots of Melaleuca linariifolia Sm. By C. T.
MussoN and W. M. Carne, Hawkesbury Agricultural College
(Plates xviii xix.) 662

On some Experiments with Dragonfly Larvae. By R. J. Ttllyard,

M.A., F.E.S 666

The Hcematozoa of Australian Reptilia. No. i. By T. Harvey
Johnston, M.A., B.Sc, and J. Burton Cleland, M.D., Ch.M.
(Plate XX.) 677

Elections and Announcements ... ... ... ... 521,656,686

Notes and Exhibits 522,657,687

The following corrections in the explanation of the illustrations of Mr.
Tiilyard's paper, in the last Part of Proceedings, should be noted : —
P.322, in the legend of text-fig. 1— /or ( x 2), read ( xf).
P.326, in the legend of toxt-fig.2— /or ( x 25), read ( x 16).
Plate iv is wrongly lettered PI. v.
Plate v. is wrongly lettered PI. iv.
P.376. — After Plate vi. (wing- venation) read (all figs, x 5).

,, After Y\».ie Vi\ (appendages, etc.) reaci (figs. J -23, x 4).
P 377. — Figs. 24-26, a/fer penis read ( x 11).

,, Plate viii. (larvae); Fig. 1, for ( x 10) read ( x 7).

Fig. 2, for ( x 4) read ( x ,3^).
Figs. 3 and 5, for ( X 9) read ( x 8).
Fig. 4, for ( X 25) rea,d ( x 22).
Plate ix. (labia of nymphs)— Figs. 1-5, for ( x 25) read ( x 12).

6^77^^

,y.j

'/■'

Issued March 1st, 1911.

Vol. XXXV.

Part 4.

No. 140.

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CONTENTS.

PACK

Australian and Tasmanian Pselaphidce [Coleoptera], By Arthur

M. Lea, F.E.S. (Platexxi.) 691

An Additional Note on the Birds of Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands.

By Tom Iredale. {Communicated by A. F. Basset Hull) ... 773

Further Notes on the Birds of Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands. By

A. F. Basset Hull. (Plates xxii.-xxv.) 783

Notes from the Botanic Gardens, Sydney. No. 16. By J. H. Maiden

and E. Betche 783

The Permanency of the Characters of the Bacteria of the Bac. coli-
group. By R. Greig-Smith, D.Sc, Macleay Bacteriologist to
the Society '. 806

Contributions to our Knowledge of Soil-Fertility. i.The Action of
Wax-solvents and the Presence of Thermolabile Bacteriotoxins
in Soil. By R, Greig-Smitii, D.Sc, Macleay Bacteriologist to
the Society 808

Carabidce from Dorrigo, N. S.W. By Thomas G. Sloane 823

With an Appendix : Tenehrionidcn from Dorrigo. By H. J.
Carter, B.A., F.E.S 843

Note on the Occurrence of a Limestone -Flora at Grose Vale. By

W. M. Carne 849

On some remarkable Australian Libellulinoe. By R. J. Tillyard,
M.A., F.E.S. Part iii. Further Notes on Camacinia Othello
Tillyard. (Plate xvii., fig.3) 859

Notes on ¥ra'\i-¥\\es(Trypetid(e) with Descriptions of New Species.

By Walter W, Froggatt, F.L.S 862

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Anatomy and Development of
the Marsupialia . No. i.The Genitalia of Sarcophilus satanicus{ $ ).
By T. Thomson Flynn, B.Sc, Lecturer in Biology, University
of Tasmania. (Plates xxvi.-xxxi.) 873

Elections and Announcements ... ... ... .. ... 686,803

Notes and Exhibits 687,804

List of Donations and Exchanges 888

Title-page i.

Contents iii.

List of Plates ." vii.

List of New Generic Names viii.

Corrigenda , viii.

Index

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The Macleay Memorial Volume [issued October 13th, 1893].

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Price £3 3s. ■ ■ •

CONTENTS.

The Hon. Sir William Macleay, Kt., F.L.S., M.L.C. : (By. the Editor)

Professor W. Baldwin Spencer, M.A. : Contributions to our
Knowledge of Ceratodus. Part I. — The Blood Vessels. (Plates i.-v. ) —
Prof. F. W. HUTTON, F.R.S. : The Pliocene Mollusca of New Zealand.
(PI. VL-ix.) — Prof. W. A. Haswell, M. A., D.Sc. : A Monograph of the
Temnocephaleoi. (PI. x.-xv.) — Prof. W. A. Haswell, M.A., D.Sc. : On
an apparently new Type of the Platyhelminthes (Tremaloda ? ) (PI. xvi.) —
Prof. T. Jeffery Parker, D.Sc, F.R.S., and Mi.ss J. G. Rich : Observa-
tions on the Myology of Pcdlnurus Edwardsii, Hutton. (PI. xvii.-xxi). —
Prof. J. T. Wilson, M.B., Ch.M., and C. J. Martin, M.B,, B.Sc : Obser-
vations upon the Anatomy of the Muzzle of the Omithorhynchus. { PL xxii. )
xxin.) — Prof. J. T. Wilson, M.B., Ch.M., and C. J. Martin, M.B.,
B.Sc. : On the Peculiar Rod-like Tactile Organs in the Integument and
Mucous Membrane of the Muzzle of Omithorhynchus. (PI. xxiv.-xxvi.) —
C. Hedley, F.L.S. : On Parmacochlea Fischeri, Smith. (PI. xxvii.) —
Prof. R. Tate, F.L.S. , F.G.S., &c. : On the Geographic Relations of the
Floras of Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands — Baron von Mueller, K.C.M.G.,
F.R.S. : Notes on an Undescribed ^caa'a from New South Wales. (PI.
xxviii.) — Baron von Mueller, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., and J. H. Maiden,
F.L.S., F.C.S. : Description of x New Hakea from Eastern New South
Wales. (PI. xxix.) — R. Etheridge, Jun. : A Description of some of the
Weapons and Implements of the Alligator Tribe, Port Essington, North
Australia (PI. xxx.-xxxv.) — N. A. Cobb, Ph.D. : New Nematodes from
Fiji and Australia. (PI. xxxvi.-xlii.)

Descriptive Catalogue of Australian Fishes. By William
Macleay, F.L.S. [1881]. A few copies only. Price £\, uec.

The Transactions of the Entomological Society of New
South Wales, 2 vols., 8vo [Vol. i. live Parts, 1863-66; Vol. ii. five
Parts, 1869-73 ; all published], price £2, net, are also obtainable,
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