THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE LiriMEnn Society OF New South Wales FOR THE YRAR 1918 Vol. XLIII. WITH NINETY-THREE PLATES, and 112 Text-figures. SYDNEY : PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR THE SOCIETY BY W. A. PEPPERDAV ik CO., 119a PITT STREET AND SOLD BY THE SOCIETY 1918-19. \V. A. PEPPKkDAY AND CO., GRNERAI. PRINTKRS, 119a PITT STREET, SYDNEY. CONTENTS OF PROCEEDINGS, 1918. PART I. (No. 1G9). (Issued Srd July, 1918). pa(;ks Presidential Address delivered at the Forty-third Annual Meet- ing, March 27th, 1918, Vjy Professor H. G. Chai'MAX, M.D., B.S., President 1-30 The Geology of the Lower Mesozoic Rocks of Queensland, with special Reference to their Distribution and Fossil Flora, and their Correlation with the Lower Mesozoic Rocks of other parts of Australia. By A. B. Walkom, D.Sc, Assistant Lecturer in Geology, University of Queensland. (Plates i.-ii., and six Text-figures) ... ... ... ... ... 37-11.5 Studies in Australian Neuroptera. No. 5. The Structure of the Cubitus in the Wings of the MyrmeJtont\d<^. By R. J. TiLLYAKD, ]SLA., D.Sc, F.L.S., F.E.S., Linnean Macleay Fellow of the Society in Zoology. (With three Text-figures) 116-122 On the Affinities of two interesting Fossil Insects from the Upper Carboniferous of Commentry, France. By R. J. Tilia'ak]>, M.A., D.Sc, F.L.S., F.E.S., Linnean Macleay Fellow of the Society in Zoology. (With three Text-figures) 123-134: Tha Origin of Yolk in the Ova of an Fiudoparasitic Copepod. By H. Leighton Kestevex, D.Sc, M.B., Ch.M. (Plate iii.) 13«;-Ul Contributions to our Knowledge of Soil-Fertility. No. xvi. The Search for Toxin-Pnjducers. By R. Greki-Smitii, D.Sc, Macleay Bacteriologist to the Society ... ... ... ... 142-190 On certain Shoot-bearing Tumours of Eucalypts and Angophoras; and their modifying influence on the natural Growth-habit of the Plants. By J. J. Fletcher and C. T. Musson. (Plates iv.-xxvi.) 191-233 Hon. Treasurer's Financial Statement and Balance Sheet ... 30-34 Elections and Announcements ... ... ... ... ... 135,234 Notes and Exhibits 235-236 27801 IV. CONTENTS. PART IL (No. 170). (Issued loth Septemhtr, lOtS). pages Oil the Seasonal Distribution of some Queensland Species of Arrella Ehrenbeij,' [Rhizopoda]. By C. D. Gilijes, M.8e., Biolof,'y Department, University of Queensland. (Four Text- fi^aires) 287-246 On the Leaf-Anatomy of Sovrola crassi/ofia [Goodeniace.*;], with special reference to the Epidermal Secretion. By Marjorie Isabel Collins, B.Sc, Demonstrator in Botany, Universit}^ of Adelaide. (Plates xxvii.-xxviii.; and six Text-figures) ... 247-259 A Fossil Insect-wing from the roof of the Coal-seam in the Syd- ney Harbour Colliery. By R. J. Till yard, M.A., D.Sc, F.L.S., F.E.S., Linnean Macleay Fellow of the Society in Zoology. (One Text-figure) 260-264 The Panorpoid Complex. A Study of the Phylogeny of the Holometabolous Insects, with special Reference to the Sub- classes Panorpoidea and Neiirapteroidea. [Introduction]. By R. J. Tillyakd, M.A., D.Sc, F.L.S., F.E.S., Linnean Macleay Fellow of the Society in Zoology 26.)-284 The Panorpoid Complex. Part i. The Wing-Coupling Apparatus, with special Reference to the Lepldopttm. By R. J. Till- YARD, M.A., D.Sc, F.L.S.. F.E.S., Linnean Macleay Fellow of the Society in Zoology. (Plates xxix.-xxx.; and .sixteen Text-figures) 2S6-819 The Geology and Petrology of the Great Serpentine Belt of New South Wales. Part vii. The Geology of the Loom V)e rah Dis- trict and a portion of the Goonoo Goonoo Estate. B3' W. N. Benson, B.A., D.Sc, F.G.S,, Profes.sor of Geology and Mineralogy in the University of Otago, N.Z., late Linnean Macleay Fellow of the Society in (Geology. (Plates xxxi.- xxxviii. ; and four Text-figures) 320-360. 363-384 With two Pahwntological Appendices by F. Chapman, F.R.M.S., A.L.S., Paheontologist to the National Museum, Melbourne. (Plates xxxix.-xlii.) 3Sr)-3y4 Studies in Australian Mecoptera. No. ii. The Wing-Venation of Chorista amtralis Klug. By R. J. Tillyakd, M.A., l^.Sc, F,L.S., F.E.S., Linnean Macleay Fellow of the Society in Zoology. (Plate xliii,, and four Text-figures) 395-408 The "Springing" of Tins of Preserved Fruit. By W, W, LEsTRANGE and R. Greio-Smith 409-414 Elections and Announcements 285,362,416 Notes and Exhibits 361,415,416 CONTENTS. V. PART III. (No. 171). (IsmuhI ISth Decemher, IfilSJ. pa(;es Mesozoic Insects of Queeiislaiul. No. 8. Odonata and Protodonntn. ^^y R. J. TiLLYAKD, M.A , D,,Sc., F.L.8., F.E.8., Linnean Macleay Fellow of the Society in Zoology. (Plates xliv.-xlv., and Text-tiguies 11-16) 417-436 The Carboniferous Trilobites of Australia. By JoHX MiT( hell, late Principal, Teclinical College at Newcastle, N.S.W, (Plates xlvi,-liii.) 437-494 New and rare Fieshwater Alga^ By G. I. Playfaik, late Science Research Scholar of the University of Sydne\'. (Plates liv.- Iviii., and eleven Text-tigures) ... ... ... ... ... 497-'")43 The Mosses of North Queensland. By Dr. V. F. Bkotiiekus and the Rev. W. Walter Watts o44-o67 Mesozoic In.sects of Queensland. No. 4. Htmiptera HeJeroptera : the Faniilj' Dun.sta7iiid< (Hemiptera) ... 584 El caiiops i s \OvthoptGva,) ... 262 Megapsychops (Neuroptera) ... 771 page Mesopano7'podes (Mecoptera) ... 435 Mesopanokpodid.^ (Mecopter Xematodinu.s (Coleoptera) Notopsychops (Neuroptera) Paradunstania (Hemiptera) Ferissoph I eh ia ( Odonat a ) Pterobryidium (Muaci)... Stenosialis (Megaloptera) Tasmomlpingus (Coleoptera) Tessellaria (Algie) TriassoleMes { Odonata ) . . . Triassolestin .q^. (Odonata) ) 436 . 730 . 759 . 585 . 422 . 558 . 823 743 . 508 . 418 . 418 Vlll. CONTENTS LIST OF PLATES Plate i. — Map of Queensland, showing the distribution of Lower Mesozoie Rocks. Plate ii. — (xeological Sketch-Map of S.E. Queensland, showing the areas occupied by the Lower Mesozoie Rocks. Plate iii. — Origin of yolk in the ova of an endoparasitic Copepod. Plates iv.-xxvi. — Shootbearing Tumours of Eucalypts and Angophoras, Plates xxvii.-xxviii. — Leaf-anatomy of Safrolacrasi^ifolia. Plate xxix. — Jugo-frenate Wing-coupling Apparatus {Microptery(ji(lif). Plate XXX. — Jugate {Hepialklre) and Frenate {Sphhigidie) Wing-coupling Apparatus. Plate xxxi. — Topographical Map of the Loomberah District. Plate xxxii. — Geological Map of the Loomberah District, Plate xxxiii. — Pillow-lavas exposed in the cutting b^^ the Loomberah Bridge. Plates xxxiv.-xxxviii. — Fossils from the Loomberah Limestone. Plates xxxix.-xli. — Devonian Foraminifera from the Tamworth District, N.S.W. Plate xlii. — CJuetetes steUiformis, sp.nov. Plate xliii.— Pupal Wing-tracheation of Chorista auf^tralis: Klug. Plate xliv. — Aeroplana mirahi/i.^, n.g. et sp. Principal preserved por- tions of the wings; { x 7). Plate xlv, — Aiiroplana mirahUiM, n.g. et sp. Restoration of fore- and hindwings; ( x 4). Plates xlvi.-liii. ^Carboniferous Trilobites of Australia. Plates liv.-lviii. — New and rare Freshwater Algte. Plate lix. — Restoration of right hemelytron (forewing) of Dnnstania pv/ehra Till. Plates Ix.-lxvi. — Sections of Stems of Climbing Plants. Plate Ixvii. — Archiptanorpa ma(jmfica Till. Plate Ixviii. — Prototheora petrosema Meyr. ; Rhyphu'^ hreris Walk. Plate Ixix. — Chorista austral is Klug; GaUiphoru rillosa Desv. Plate Ixx. — Spiracles of larvie of Muscoid Flies. Plate Ixxi. — Casuarina Luehmanni R. T. Baker. Plate Ixxii. — Grevilha juniperina R.Br. Plate Ixxiii. — Banksia marginata Cav. Plate Ixxi v. — Swampy plain between Gudgen by and Cotter River, at about 4,500 feet level. Plate Ixxv. — Eucalyptus Mai'sdeni, f. vel sp.n. Plate Ixxvi. — Meyapsychops illidgeJ (Froggatt). Plate Ixxvii. — Meyapsychojjs ilJklytl (Froggatt), Psychopsis gracilis, n.sp., Psychopsel/a gallardi, n.g. et sp. Plate Ixxviii. — Psychopsis gracilis, n.sp., Psychopsel/a gallardi, n.g. et sp. Plate Ixxix. — Psychopsis elegans ((4uer. ). Plates Ixxx.-lxxxiii. — Australian Cuiicida^. Plates Ixxxiv.-xc. — Phoma citricarpa McAlp. Plates xci.-xciii. — Agaricus campestria. PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF NIi:^\^ SOUTH W^ALES. WEDNESDAY, MARCH 27th, 1918. The Forty-third Annual General Meeting, and the Ordinary Monthl}^ Meeting, were held in the Linnean Hall, Tthaca Road, Elizabeth Bay, on Wednesday evening, March 27th, 1918. ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. Pi-ofessor H. G. Chapman, M.D., R.8., Pi-esident, in the Chair. The Minutes of the preceding Animal General Meeting (March 28th, 1917) were read and confirmed. The President delivered the Arnuial Address. PRESIDENTL\L ADDRESS. Ladies and Gentlemen, This is the forty-third occasion on which the President lias delivered an annual address to the Members of the Society. The progress of this Linnean Society, aiming at advancing the study of Natural Science in this newly-popidated continent, is also shown by your election of a graduate of an Australian University to the presidential chair. Such a selection bears witness to the increasing influence and preponderating numbers of the scientists trained in Australia in the personnel of the membership. This is the first occasion on which such an honour lias been conferred on a student of our Universities by the naturalists of our Society, I appreciate the honour that you have done me. I think, how- ever, that I should be ungrateful if I did not render some tribute to those who have given me of the best of their intellect and of their assistance. I feel that T owe my educational develop. 2 PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. ment to two men. One has ceased to be a Member of this Society and to continue his work in AustraHa, but, in a larger sphere, he still directs the labours and lends his kindly hand to encourage the early efforts to learn of Nature of those of another land. I refer to Charles James Martin. The other lives among us and sets us the example of an earnest student of the animals, plants, and rocks ai'ound us. 1 pa}^ my homage to Charles Hedley. You will pardon me if I spend a few minutes in pointing out what I owe to my chief teachers. The Australians are said to lack reverence and gratitude. Perhaps their critics are, some- times, astray. It is rather more than twenty-one years since I saw for the first time C. J. Martin. I was a student of medicine at the Medical School in Melbourne, and had reached my third year. We students had heard, towards the end of our second year, that the venerable Professor of Physiology, Dr. Halford, had been granted leave of absence, and that a lecturer had been appointed in his place. Early in the next year, I went, in the compan}^ of a fellow student, to find out if we could not start our year's reading before lectures commenced. The Long Vacation seemed too lengthy an holiday. We were young in many ways. We thought that in books lay the knowledge of natural pheno- mena. We had not learnt that our work in the laboratory was anything more than an attempt to assist our memories by visual- ising what we committed to our minds. I recollect that we went to the Old Medical School through the Grecian porch. We passed through the bare hall with its tablet in commemoration of Professor Kirkland, and into the asphalted court. On the right was the Department of Physiology. It consisted of a theatre into which opened the Professor's library and a small ante-room. Beyond stretched a commodious laboratory with benches equipped for chemical work, with gas, with water, and with shelves for bottles. A preparation-room in which the Professor's assist- ant made ready the microscopical sections and chemical solutions with which we worked, and two empty rooms completed the suite of rooms. As we walked to the door, I little thought that I was to spend the greater part of five out of the next six years within those walls. In answer to our knock, there appeared a tall, fair PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. S man in singlet and pants, a file in one hand and a piece of brass in the other. We asked for Professor Martin, and were curtly told to say what we wanted. Slowly it dawned on our minds that we were addressing a new type of teacher. Those we had formerly known were dignified and distant. We had never thought of them, even in the heat of summer, unbending so far as to remove their coats. Many of them never spoke to us unless covered by their academic I'obes, and we were taught to prepare for any interview with them by donning our academic attire. A new era in the Melbourne School of Medicine had already com- menced. I would not have you think that we students did not benefit from the instruction of those with whom we had only a formal association. The}" contributed to our education, but neither in the same way nor to the same extent as Dr. Martin, When we two had stated our errand and sought advice as to what books we should read, we were made not to value ourselves too highl}" for our desire to start work early by the kindly j^et satirical praise that we received. We were also informed that we could not do better than give some weeks to a renewed study of the microscopical specimens that we had mounted in the pre- ceding year. As to the books, we might take our choice. We were to study Physiology and the functions of the living organ- ism, not any description of them in a book. V\e went away with little understanding, and somewhat perplexed. One fact remained in my mind. I had to examine once more and to draw again the pieces of animal tissue prepared for micro- scopical study. I devoted the rest of the vacation to that labour, and I have kept to this day my sketches and those slides. It was several years before I realised the value of those few minutes' counsel. Scientific study not only includes the reading of books and pamphlets about natural objects and happenings, but de- mands the investigation of the things and of their behaviours. The books, papers, and monographs are the records of what other students have noted on these matters. I wonder often if we make this position plain in advocating more attention to scientific subjects. We suggest that children should be taught science in schools. We mean that the children should be given the objects 4 PRESIDEXTS ADDRESS. to handle and regard so as to become aware of what is known of them. Do we make the parent and the schoolteacher understand that education in science is the examination of things and not of words or descriptions? I fear that many of us who have some control over education in this State by means of ex- aminations and the institution of courses of instruction, some- times forget at what we aim. We demand too large a store of knowledge. We force the child to learn of Nature by books. We do not remember how slowly we acquired our own acquaint- ance with the world of matter about us. We yield to the critic w^ho tells us that we set too low a standard, and that we do not ask the child to know enough. We set out examinations with- out sufficient regard for the hours needed to experiment and to observe the facts necessary for an answer. I have tried often to persuade examiners and boards of examiners to give more weight to practical examinations. I like to ask students to record their observations on simple objects. M}^ fellow-examiners have said to me that the questions are so easy. They are easy to the student w^ho has learnt to stud}" things, and they mislead the student who does not know of things but only about words. Such students do not recognise what they see. Life, however, is concerned with the persons and objects around us, not with the descriptions of them that literary men may pen. I have told you that I used my microscope. To those hours of observation I ow e the interest that Dr. Martin took in my future education. Some weeks after lectures had begun, I went, at the close of the instruction, to ask a question about the act of breathing on high mountains. The conversation passed to personal topics. I mentioned that I had seen certain appear- ances in some sections of the lungs. I was invited to come into the laboratory to arrange the microscopical objects that Dr. Martin had brought with him from Sydney. Each day I spent an hour or so in looking at the specimens and putting them in the different drawers of the cabinets. Now and then, my teacher came to hear what I was doing or to invite me to look at some experiment that he was performing in the laboratory. I saw for the first time a working laboratory engaged in the observation PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. 0 of physiological plienoineiia. I noted that experiments were arranged to ascertain how these phenomena were brought about. I noticed how^ these experiments gave answers, at times precise, at other times inconclusive, as to the characters of the events examined. T was led to think of these experiments, to ask questions myself, to form my own answers from the sequence of the events of any experiment, and, indeed, to inquire of natural occurrences how they hajDpened. I trust that I do not weary you with these reminiscences, but T think that it would be advantageous to the people of this C(jmmonwealth if they knew more of the work of that laboratory. I believe that the citizens of this continent would have derived more benefit if Dr. Martin had possessed better opportunities of making others aware of the meaning of scientific education. Charles James Martin had that personal magnetism which gave him command over others. He did not preach to us on his doctrines, but he set us an example in his own attitude to the science that he taught. During the first year, I was the only undergraduate that worked daily in the laboratory at hours beyond those prescribed by the curriculum. Other older men came to do research at his inspiration. Dr. (later Professor) T. Cherry, J. F. Wilkinson, A. B. Colquhoun, A. C. Halford, A. Finch Noyes, and J. W. Barrett (now Sir James) were amongst the earliest workers. A little later, E. H. Embley commenced his investigation upon antesthetics, destined to become one of the principal studies of the laboratory during Dr. Martin's director- ship. Other undergraduates, among whom were R. A. O'Brien, now head of the Wellcome Research Laboratories in London, S. W^. Patterson, M. Lidwill, and, lastly, G. C. Mathieson, endowed with genius of highest order, who might have influenced the world for generations, was regarded as one of the brightest stai's of the rising generation of British scientists, but gave his life at Gallipoli while acting as a regimental medical ofHcer, came into the labora- tory in the next few years. All too soon. Dr. Martin's work among us came to an end. He held no Professorship. An offer from Belfast had been declined, but he accepted with reluctance the post of Director of the Li-ster Institute of Preventive Medi- 6 PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. cine ill London. This post is one of much importance, for the Institute is tlie largest medical research laboratory in the British Empire. Dr. Martin did not wish to leave Australia. His heart was with his students. His work lay in training them to continue what he had begun. His influence was growing in Melbourne. The years of sowing, at times disheartening, were almost over, and the days of fruition and reaping were at hand. An attempt to obtain for him a chair in the University failed, and one of the most inspiring scientific teachers that we have had in Aus- tralia left our shores. The influence that Dr. Martin wielded, was due to his personal relations with those around him. He worked with his students at the same tasks. He asked all to take an interest in his researches. When graduates or students started their own re- searches, he came each day to see what was going on. He made the necessary instruments with his own hands. He manipulated the apparatus or took the notes. He drew the conclusions or criticised the inferences. He expected discussion at every step. It is well, perhaps, that I remind you that he fitted up the work- shop, setting up tlie benches with his own hands. He repaired the gas engine that supplied the power. He made the apparatus before H. J. Grayson became the mechanic. He was carpenter, fitter and turner, glass worker and electrician for the laboratory, and for the rest of us. He was the chief under whom we all delighted to serve. I am afraid that we shall never be able to let you know how much we stand in his debt. I would like to add just a few words about his methods of teaching science. He did not use diagrams or models to any extent. If he referred to the structure of a muscle-fibre, he threw on the screen the image cast by a specimen of muscle through a projecting microscope. The students thus formed their own mental pictures of natural objects instead of accepting the interpretation that some other person had embodied in a diagram or model. Each lesson was a demonstration rather than an exposition. Experiment followed experiment throughout each lecture. These experiments were selected to answer the queries which rose in tlie mind as the result of the previous experiment. PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. 7 Great skill was manifested in choosing the experiments and in arranging their order. The sequence of the experiments was sufficient instruction to most students. The results were so obvious and the interpretation so easy that most of those who saw the demonstration needed no prompting as to the inferences and conclusions. Dr. Martin possessed little oratorical skill. He was not a successful lecturer. His expositions were by no means good accounts of all that is known on a subject. It was necessary to work with him to obtain his instruction. The student who attended classes with a note-book in which he intended to write all he meant to learn on a subject found the lectures most unsatisfactory. The lesson was not prepared for assimilation. The student found that he had to work out much for himself. If the student did what was asked of him, he had, at the end of the course, a training in the science of the func- tions of the living organisms. From Charles James Martin I learnt of the inductive and de- ductive methods of analysis. I observed how exj)eriments were employed. I saw how to select an experiment so that some precise inference could be drawn from it. I learnt of physics and chemistry and of their use in explaining the behaviour of living- cells, tissues, organs, and animals. To Charles Hedley I am indebted for a different awakening. I was a teacher of some years' standing in the University of Sydney before I became acquainted with Mr. Hedley. He was a neighbour, and our common interest in this Society led me to cultivate his friend- ship. I had attended classes in zoology and botany at the Uni- versity. During my holidays I had wandered through the bush or meandered over the rocky shore or beach. Many plants and animals attracted my notice, but I found my instruction had left me ignorant of what they were and how to learn of them. As I became acquainted with Mr. Hedley, I formed the habit of taking walks with him, and I was soon the pupil of an accom- plished naturalist. The trees, shrubs and herbs, rocks, birds, and insects had a message. I was led to look at them and see what they revealed. Until this time, science had appeared to me to need incessant analysis. I now saw the science of simple 8 FKK!SII)KXT*8 ADDRESS. observation. Tlie plants seemed to gi\ e me special interest, and I started to collect those around my home, to notice their con- struction, and to learn their names from their descriptions. T was told for the first time that much could be learnt from noting what plants occurred together, or how different plants favoured tlifierent localities and surroundings. I need not tell you much as to ]io\v Mr, Hedley made stone, animal, and green plant of such interest that I had to look at them. Few of you knew Charles James Martin, but all of you know Charles Hedley. There will be no one in this room who has not had some words from him on natural history, who has not had his attention turned to some (jbject of interest, and who has not been led by his inspira- tion to look again at some natural object. No naturalist has done more for those of us of the younger generation. I think some of the older naturalists do not realise how ditHcult it is for the Australian to obtain information about the things around him. There is an almost complete absence of simple books about our plants or animals. E^'en the elementary text-books used in schools are those of European authors, and deal with European forms. It seems to me that there is here an opportunity which should not be missed by those among us capable of supplying this information. AVe need cheap books dealing with the differ- ent forms of life of our bush, beaches, and waters. 8uch books as ha\ e been prepared cover a wide range. They deal with the birds, fishes, animals, or insects of Australia. I believe there would be a ready sale for cheap books dealing with the fauna and flora of small districts. When I started to examine the flower- ing plants about my home, T read once again Hooker's Botany, and then used Moore's Flora of New South Wales. I will not say how many hours I spent in discovering the name of a plant. No beginner will find it easy if he has to use Moore's Flora. The classification of plants depends on characters which are not readily ascertained. After several weeks, I named Bauera 7'ubioides, and was materially aided by the presence of eight petals. Observ^ation seems easy to those who have not observed. I cannot i-emember how often it became necessary to revise my description of the characters of a plant. I used to write them PRESIDENT S ADDKESS. 9 out as I recognised them in tlie })]knt. Wlien my account was completed, I started to find the family, the genus, and the species. If T found the correct genus, the rest was comparatively simple. How I wished for a book with some figures or diagrams of the fioral characters of the principal families of plants found in our bush! From these laboui-s, I learned to appreciate the value of precise observation. T have mentioned plants, Ijut our rocky foreshores are alive with animal life, and no one but a specialist can learn of them. Butterflies and moths attract many. We have a useful book about butterflies, and we would all welcome others treating of other kinds of insects. May I hope that the day is not very distant when ten or twenty of these useful books will have been written. On this occasion our th ^ == «e ■coo: C^ X i^ o 23 2? g © an ^< 31 O -^ '1 X vX ^ ^ ^ g i < ^ s . ^ O o -t; -1 s < ■-+3 ■g-3 S Ph GT} O . ^ 4^ S H X E- K w^ C « — O S _'' 'T r^ "^ <^ -x w -= 1^ 3^ R ^ 33 CO -d -d a 0) >» &i ^1 t) O o o o ^ cc O 0) S ;;;, w <1 &, -; a; - — - ' i^ -' K J3 a^ u X tff^ X 1^ a "^D ^ O o r^ O O t- o &cte : ce o ^ ^ ^P4 ;: S-.2 3^ S^l 0^ ;: S 1:i t^ '^is ^1 Cd Ou 5^ <^r-i: • c X ^ I ^^ o ;q te '3 <3 2 S 13 i ^ c ?^ S -^ £.f^ S 5 s^ ^ 2:< ^ a: 34 O CO O oS oo oo I ^ c 03 X H r^ a o") ai < L^ ^ :5 ^ „ Pq - - r^ O O "r; o •t o - c O aj C O -^ :^ _ o t^ C' 1 ^-< "-" ^^ F-^ 1 O C c: __, '^ o -t1 o GC c*^ ?" o IC ^ : tc a: le 1 _o £ 1 2 X 6 w -^ -^ 3 cS _o_ CC r^ § 3 $ ^ C3 ^ ,__l b^ S i >5 s i 1 p- 'p- X ^ p: ^ ■' -1 K ^ — '^ Q >': "t c ,^ I GO cc v. lft-';i S 1 .S? ?:' -^''^^' ot Ol c^f ^ ' -t ^ i 1 E^' =^ § l{ 1' 1 1^ ??*' '-i- - * ■5.1 ^ ^ ^ 0) '- "^ ■ ; O o C p o •It ■ ■ .1^ Hi - o cr. 2|. i f4 o o !2; i M ! j 1/ ^ -^ l^le ^ 5 ! i = i .= 1 1 2 ^ S 1^ <1g?2 ^■■^^ •■§ ..'o I>-^ •r- C X . 'S X 3a£ < =e s 1 o ^ ^ Q X 1 1 H - - II 36 ORDINARY MONTHLY MEETING. March 27th, 1918. Professor H. G. Chapman, M.D., B.S., President, in the Chair. The Donations and Exchanges received since the previous Monthly Meeting(28th November, 1917), amounting to 16 Vols., 155 Parts or Nos., 27 Bulletins, 8 Reports, and 7 Pamphlets, re- ceived from 75 Societies, Institutions, etc., and two private donors, were laid upon the table 37 THE GEOLOGY OF THE LOWER MESOZOIC ROCKS OF QUEENSLAND, With special referp:nce to their Distribution and Fossil Flora, and their Correlation with the Lower Mesozoic Rocks of other parts of Australia. By a. B. Walkom, D.Sc, Assistant Lecturer in Geology, THE University of Queensland. (Plates i.-ii., and six Text-figures). Contents. pac^e Introduction, AND .Scope OF Paper Acknowledgments Previous Literature The Lower Mesozoic Rocks OF Queensland (a) General . (h) Geological Succession (c) Lithological Characters ... W Coals f^e^ Extent and Distribution... (i,) The Ipswich Series... (ii.) The Bundamba Series (iii.) The Walloon Series (f) Artesian Water ... (g) Folding Movements The Flora of the Lower Mesozoic Rocks of Queensland (a) The Flora of the Ipswich Series (^/>; The Flora of the Walloon Series (c ) Comparison of the Floras of the Ipswich and Walloon Series (d) The Age of the Floras Correlation of the Queensland Lower Mesozoic Rocks with other Australian Lower Mesozoic Strata (a) New South Wales (h) Victoria (c) South Australia ... ( d) Western Australia (e ) Tasmania ... 88 41 42 45 45 47 48 50 52 52 58 54 58 60 (58 ti4 71 77 81 82 82 89 90 91 93 38 GEOLOGY OP LOWER MESOZOlC feOCKS OF QUEENSLAND, CfJ Summary ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 9o Geological History ... ... ... ... ... 96 Pal.*:ogeographical Considerations ... ... 102 SlTTVIMARY 11-2 Explanation or Pl.\tes ... ... 115 Introduction, and Scope of the Paper. In Eastern xA.ustralia and Tasmania there is no large develop- ment of rocks of marine origin, representing deposition during the period between the close of the Palaeozoic era and the beginning of the Cretaceous period. During this interval, with a single exception, the sediments deposited in this region were of origin other than marine; the organic remains included in these rocks consist for the most part of plants, but, in addition, fish* and insects! are abundant on some horizons, phyllopods are represented by Ef